,,! ,,de/9y ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4  ,a          
,,critical ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e   
,,( ,a ,,future ,,life1  ,,by ,,william 
,,r\nseville ,,alg]4  ,,t5? ,,edition1  
,,) ,,six ,,new ,,*apt]s1 ,,&  ,a       
,complete ,bibliography ( ! ,subject4   
,note3 bibliography n includ$ "h        
,,compris+ #digg ,,books ,,relat+ ,,to  
,,! ,,nature1 ,,orig91 ,,& ,,de/9y ,,(  
,,! ,,s\l4 ,,! ,,titles ,,classifi$ ,,& 
,,arrang$ ,,*ronologically1 ,,) ,,notes1
 ,,& ,,indexes ,,( ,,! ,,au?ors ,,&     
,,subjects4  ,,by ,,ezra ,,abbot1       
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,new ,,te/am5t          
,,criticism ,,& ,,int]pretation ,,9 ,,! 
,,div9ity ,,s*ool ,,( ,,h>v>d           
,,univ]sity4   ,,bo/on3 ,,rob]ts        
,,bro!rs4 #ahhj  ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act 
( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahfj1 by ,,william
 ,,r\nseville ,,alg]1 9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice
 ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = 
! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4  ,copyright 
#ahgh1 ,w4,r4 ,alg]  ,,electrotyp$ ,,by 
,,johnson  ,,co41 ,,philada4  ,univ]sity
 ,press3 ,john ,wilson  ,son1           

,cambridge4   ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,t5?  
,,edition4   ,,?is "w has pass$ ?r\gh   
n9e editions1 & has be5 out ( pr9t n[ = 
ne>ly a ye>4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s :i* h   
elaps$ s9ce x 0 writt51 ! "q (          
immortality1 ! fai? & op9ions ( m5 & !  
drift ( criticism & d\bt conc]n+ x1 h   
be5 a subject ( dom9ant int]e/ to me1 & 
h occupi$ a l>ge space 9 my read+ &     
reflection4 ,accord+ly1 n[ t my publi%]1
 mov$ by ! con/ant dem& = ! volume1     
urges ! prep>ation ( a new edition      
introduc+ su* additional mat]ials z my  
cont9u$ rese>*es h ga!r$ or con/ruct$1  
,i gladly comply ) 8 reque/4  ,! pres5t 
"w is n only hi/oric b x is also        
polemic2 polemic1 h[ev]1 n 9 ! _s or    
int]e/ ( any p>ty or conv5ticle1 b 9 !  
_s & int]e/ ( sci5ce & humanity4        
,or?odoxy insi/s on doctr9es ^:         
irrationality 9 _! curr5t =ms is su* t  
!y c nev] be a basis = ! union ( all m54
 ,!re=e1 to discr$it ^!1 9 prep>ation = 
m reasonable & auspici\s views1 is a    
s]vice to ! :ole human race4 ,?is is my 

ju/ification = ! controv]sial quality   
:i* may frequ5tly /rike ! read]4  ,look+
 back ov] 8 pages1 aft] ne>ly a qu>t] ( 
a c5tury m ( inve/igation & exp]i5ce1 ! 
au?or is grateful t he f9ds no?+ to     
retract or expunge4 ,he has b to add su*
 ?\ghts & illu/rations z h occurr$ to   
him 9 ! c\rse ( 8 subsequ5t /udies4 ,he 
hopes t ! supplem5t>y *apt]s n[ publi%$ 
w be f\nd m sugge/ive & mature ?an !    
prec$+ ones1 :ile ! same 9 aim & tone4  
,= he /ill believes1 z he did 9 8 e>li] 
"t1 t !re is mu* ( error & sup]/ition1  
bigotry & cruelty1 to be purg$ out ( !  
prevail+ !ological cre$ & s5tim5t (     
,*ri/5dom4 ,& he /ill hopes1 z he did   
!n1 to contribute some?+ ( good influ5ce
 9 ?is direction4 ,! l>ge circulation ( 
! "w1 ! _m lett]s ( ?anks = x receiv$ by
 ! au?or f laym5 & cl]gym5 ( diff]5t    
d5om9ations1 ! num]\s av[$ & unav[$     
quotations f x 9 rec5t publications1 all
 %[ t x has n be5 produc$ 9 va91 b has  
borne fruit 9 mission>y s]vice = reason1
 lib]ty1 & *>ity4  ,?is v5tilat+ &      

illum9+ function ( fe>less & rev]5tial  
critical ?\ght w ne$ to be fulfill$ mu* 
long] 9 _m qu>t]s4 ,! doctr9e ( a future
 life has be5 made s frightful by !     
prepond]ance 9 x ( ! elem5ts ( mat]ial  
torture & sect>ian n>r[ness1 t a natural
 revulsion ( g5]\s s5tim5t jo9s ) !     
impulse ( mat]iali/ic sci5ce to produce 
a gr[+ disbelief 9 any life at all      
beyond ! grave4 ,no?+ else w d s mu* to 
r5ew & ext5d fai? 9 ,god & immortality z
 a noble & beautiful doctr9e ( ,god &   
immortality1 fre$ f disfigur+ t]ror1    
selfi%ness1 & favoritism4  ,! mo/ popul>
 prea*] 9 ,engl& has rec5tly ask$ 8     
fell[ believ]s1 ,c we g to our b$s &    
sleep :ile ,*9a1 ,india1 ,japan1 & o!r  
nations are be+ damn$8 ,! proprietor ( a
 great f\ndry 9 ,g]many1 :ile he talk$  
"o day ) a workman :o 0 fe$+ a furnace1 
accid5tally /epp$ back1 & fell headlong 
into a vat ( molt5 iron4 ,! ?\ght ( :at 
happ5$ !n horrifies ! imag9ation4 ,yet x
 0 all ov] 9 two or ?ree seconds4       
,multiply ! individual in/ance by       

unnumb]$ millions1 /ret* ! agony to     
temporal inf9ity1 & we confront !       
or?odox idea ( hell6  ,prote/+ human    
nature hurls (f su* a belief ) indignant
 disda91 except 9 ^? in/ances :]e ! v =m
 & vibration ( its n]v\s pulp h be5     
p]v]t$ by ! h>d5+ animus ( a dogmatic   
drill transmitt$ ?r\gh g5]ations4 ,to   
trace ! orig9 ( su* notions1 expose _!  
baselessness1 oblit]ate _! sway1 &      
replace !m ) conceptions ( a m rational 
& b5ignant ord]1 is a task :i* /ill ne$s
 to be done1 & to be done 9 _m =ms1 ov] 
& ov]1 aga9 & aga94 ,?\gh ea* repetition
 tell b slightly1 x tells4  ,e s\nd     
argum5t is in/antly cr[n$ ) univ]sal    
victory 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & !re=e mu/ at
 la/ be s 9 ! sight ( mank9d4 ,h[ev]    
sl[ly ! logic ( ev5ts limps aft] ! logic
 ( ?\ghts1 x always foll[s4 ,let ! m9d (
 "o man p]ceive ! true mean+ ( ! doctr9e
 ( ! g5]al resurrection & judgm5t &     
et]nal life1 z a natural evolution (    
hi/ory f )91 & x w spread to ! m9ds (   
all m52 & ! mis9t]pretation ( t doctr9e 

s long preval5t1 z a pret]natural       
irruption ( p[] f )\t1 w be set aside   
=ev]4 ,= !re is a provid5tial plan (    
,god1 n inject$ by arbitr>y miracle1 b  
inh]+ 9 ! ord] ( ! _w1 c5tr$ 9 !        
propulsive he>t ( humanity1 :i* beats   
?rob by ?rob along ! web ( ev5ts1 remov+
 ob/acles & cle>+ ! way = ! revelation (
 ! complet$ patt]n4 ,:5 x is done no    
trumpets may be bl[n1 no rocks r5t1 no  
graves op5$4 ,b all immortal spirits w  
be at _! goals1 & ! univ]se w be full ( 
music4  ,,new ,,york1 ,febru>y #bb1     
#ahgh4  ,,preface4   ,,:o foll[s tru?   
c>ries 8 /> 9 8 bra94 ,ev5 s bold a     
?\ght is no inappropriate motto = an    
intellectual workman1 if 8 he>t be fill$
 ) loyalty to ,god1 ! ,au?or ( tru? & ! 
,mak] ( />s4 ,9 ?is d\ble _s (          
indep5d5ce & submission x has be5 my    
desire to p]=m ! ardu\s task n[ f9i%$ & 
(f]$ to ! *>itable judgm5t ( ! read]4   
,"o may be c\rage\s to h&le bo? !       
traditions & ! novelties ( m51 & yet be 
mode/ be=e ! solemn my/]ies ( fate &    

nature4 ,he may place no veil be=e 8    
eyes & no f+] on 8 lips 9 pres5ce (     
popul> dogmas1 & yet %r9k f ! conceit ( 
e/eem+ 8 m9d a mirror ( ! univ]se4      
,ideas1 l co9s1 be> ! /amp ( ! age &    
bra9 !y 7 /ruck 94 ,_m a phantom :i*    
ought to h vani%$ at ! fir/ cock cr[+ ( 
reason /ill holds its seat on ! oppress$
 he>t ( fai? be=e ! t]ror /rick5 eyes ( 
! multitude4 ,e ?\ghtful s*ol> :o loves 
8 fell[ m5 mu/ feel x an obligation to d
 :at he c to remove pa9ful sup]/itions1 
& to spread ! peace ( a *e]ful fai? & ! 
:olesome light ( tru?4 ,! !ories 9      
!ological sy/ems be+ b philosophy1 :y   
%\ld !y n be freely subject$ to         
philosophical criticism8 ,i h endeavor$1
 )\t virul5ce1 arrogance1 or irrev]5ce  
t[>ds any ?+ sacr$1 to inve/igate !     
v>i\s doctr9es p]ta9+ to ! great subject
 treat$ 9 ^! pages4 ,_m p]sons1 ( c\rse1
 w f9d /atem5ts f :i* !y diss5t1        
s5tim5ts disagreeable to !m4 ,b1 :]e    
?\ght & discussion are s free & ! press 
s accessible z ) u1 no "o b a bigot w   

e/eem ?is a gr\nd ( compla9t4 ,may all  
su* passages be *>itably p]us$1 fairly  
weigh$1 &1 if uns\nd1 honorably refut$6 
,if ! "w be n animat$ ) a mean or false 
_s1 b be ca?olic & k9dly1 if x be n     
sup]ficial & pret5ti\s1 b be m>k$ by    
pati5ce & ?or\ghness1 is x too mu* to   
hope t no critic w assail x ) :olesale  
condemnation simply because 9 "s p>ts ( 
x !re are op9ions :i* he dislikes8 ,"o  
dispassionate argum5t is m valuable ?an 
a %[] ( missile names4 ,! mo/ vehem5t   
revulsion f a doctr9e is n inconsi/5t1 9
 a ,*ri/ian m9d1 ) ! sweete/ k9dness (  
feel+ t[>ds ! p]sons :o hold t doctr9e4 
,e>ne/ !ological debate may be c>ri$ on 
)\t ! slighte/ t\* ( ung5]\s p]sonality4
 ,:o b mu/ feel ! pa?os & admire ! *>ity
 ( ^! eloqu5t words ( ,h5ry ,giles8  ,e 
deep & reflective nature look+ int5tly  
'be=e & aft]1' look+ above1 ar\nd1      
b5ea?1 & f9d+ sil5ce & my/]y to all 8   
que/ion+s ( ! ,inf9ite1 _c b conceive ( 
exi/5ce z a b\ndless problem1 p]haps an 
inevitable d>kness betwe5 ! limitations 

( man & ! incompreh5sibility ( ,god4 ,a 
nature t s reflects1 t c>ries into ?is  
sublime & b\ndless obscurity '! l>ge    
disc\rse ( ,reason1' w n n>r[ its conc]n
 9 ! solution ( ! problem to its own    
petty safety1 b w brood ov] x ) an      
anxiety :i* ?robs = ! :ole ( humanity4  
,su* a nature mu/ ne$s be s]i\s2 b nev] 
w x be arrogant3 x w reg>d all m5 ) an  
embrac+ pity4 ,/range x %\ld ev] be     
o!rwise 9 respect to inquiries :i*      
belong to inf9ite relations1 t mean     
enmities1 bitt] hatr$s1 %\ld come into  
play 9 ^! fa?omless se>*+s ( ! s\l6 ,br+
 :at solution we may to ?is problem (   
measureless alt]natives1 :e!r by        
,reason1 ,scripture1 or ! ,*ur*1 fai? w 
nev] /& = fact1 nor ! firme/ confid5ce =
 actual consci\sness4 ,! man ( great &  
?\ghtful nature1 !re=e1 :o grapples 9   
real e>ne/ ) ?is problem1 h[ev] satisfi$
 he may be ) 8 own solution ( x1 h[ev]  
implicit may be 8 tru/1 h[ev] assur$ 8  
convictions1 w yet (t5 b[ d[n be=e !    
awful veil t %r\ds ! endless future1 put

 8 f+] on 8 lips1 & weep 9 sil5ce4  ,!  
pres5t "w is 9 a s5se1 an epitome ( !   
?\ght ( mank9d on ! de/9y ( man4 ,i h   
/riv5 to add value to x by              
compreh5siv5ess ( plan1 n conf9+ myself1
 z mo/ ( my pr$ecessors h conf9$        
!mselves1 to "o prov9ce or a few n>r[   
prov9ces ( ! subject1 b includ+ ! entire
 subject 9 "o volume2 by c>efulness (   
arrangem5t1  n pil+ ! mat]ial toge!r or 
pres5t+ x 9 a *aos ( facts & dreams1 b  
gr\p+ x all 9 its prop] relations2 by   
cle>ness ( explanation1 n leav+ ! curi\s
 problems pres5t$ :olly 9 ! d>k ) a m]e 
/atem5t ( !m1 b z f> z possible trac+ ! 
ph5om5a to _! orig9 & unveil+ _!        
purport2 by poetic life ( treatm5t1 n   
h&l+ ! diff]5t topics dryly & coldly1 b 
infus+ w>m? & color into !m2 by         
copi\sness ( in=mation1 n leav+ ! read] 
to hunt up e ?+ = himself1 b ref]r+ him 
to ! be/ s\rces = ! facts1 reason+s1 &  
h9ts :i* he may wi%2 & by p]sev]+       
pati5ce ( toil1 n ha/ily skimm+ "h & !re
 & hurry+ ! task (f1 b se>*+ & rese>*+ 9

 e available direction1 exam9+ & re     
exam9+ ea* moot$ po9t1 by ! devotion (  
twelve ye>s ( anxi\s labor4 ,h[ f> my   
ef=ts 9 ^! p>ticul>s h be5 successful is
 submitt$ to ! public4  ,to avoid !     
appe>ance ( p$antry 9 ! multiplication (
 foot notes1 ,i h ins]t$ _m au?orities  
incid5tally 9 ! text itself1 & h omitt$ 
all except su* z ,i ?\ght w\ld be desir$
 by ! read]4 ,e s*ol> kn[s h[ easy x is 
to increase ! numb] ( ref]5ces almo/    
indef9itely1 & also h[ deceptive su* an 
o/5sible evid5ce ( wide read+ may be4   
,:5 ! pr9t+ ( ?is volume 0 ne>ly        
complet$1 & ,i _h 9 "s in/ances made m  
ref]5ces ?an may n[ seem ne$ful1 ! ?\ght
 occurr$ to me t a full li/ ( ! books   
publi%$ up to ! pres5t "t on ! subject (
 a future life1 arrang$ accord+ to _!   
def9ite topics & 9 *ronological ord]1   
w\ld greatly enri* ! "w & c\ld n fail   
(t5 to be ( va/ s]vice4 ,accord+ly1 ^u  
solicitation1 a valu$ fri5d  ,mr4 ,ezra 
,abbot1 ,jr41 a g5tleman rem>kable = 8  
v>i$ & accurate s*ol>%ip  und]took t    

labori\s task = me2 & he has accompli%$ 
x 9 ! mo/ admirable mann]4 ,no read]1   
h[ev] le>n$1 b may f9d mu* important    
in=mation 9 ! bibliographical app5dix   
:i* ,i am ?us enabl$ to add to ?is      
volume4 ,e /ud5t :o h5ce=? wi%es to     
inve/igate any bran* ( ! hi/orical or   
philosophical doctr9e ( ! immortality ( 
! s\l1 or ( a future life 9 g5]al1 may  
?ank ,mr4 ,abbot = an invaluable aid4   
,z ,i n[ close ?is long labor & s5d =? !
 result1 ! oppressive s5se (            
responsibility :i* fills me is reliev$  
by ! consci\sness t ,i h h]e9 writt5    
no?+ z a bigot$ p>tisan1 no?+ 9 a petty 
_s ( op9ionativ5ess1 b h int5d$ e ?\ght 
= ! fur!rance ( tru?1 ! honor ( ,god1 ! 
good ( man4  ,! maje/ic !me ( our       
immortality allures yet baffles u4 ,no  
fle%ly implem5t ( logic or cunn+ tact ( 
bra9 c rea* to ! solution4 ,t secret    
lies 9 a tissueless realm :]e( no n]ve c
 report be=eh&4 ,we mu/ wait a little4  
,soon we %all grope & guess no m1 b     
grasp & "k4 ,mean:ile1 %all we n be     

magnanim\s to =give & help1 dilig5t to  
/udy & a*ieve1 tru/ful & cont5t to abide
 ! invisible issue8 ,9 "s happi] age1 :5
 ! human race %all h =gott51 9          
philan?ropic m9i/ries & spiritual       
wor%ip1 ! bigotries & diss5sions (      
s5tim5t & ?\ght1 !y may recov]1 9 its   
all embrac+ unity1 t g>m5t ( tru? :i*   
,god made orig9ally seamless z !        
firmam5t1 n[ = s long a "t torn 9 %r$s  
by hat+ s*ismatics4 ,oh1 :5 %all we le>n
 t a lov+ pity1 a filial fai?1 a pati5t 
mode/y1 be/ become u & fit our /ate8 ,! 
p$antic scioli/1 prat+ ( 8 cle>         
explanations ( ! my/]ies ( life1 is z f>
 f feel+ ! tru? ( ! case z an ape1 seat$
 on ! />ry summit ( ! dome ( night1     
*att]+ ) glee ov] ! awful prospect (    
inf9itude4 ,:at ord9>y tongue %all d>e  
to vocif]ate egoti/ic dogmatisms :]e an 
inspir$ apo/le :isp]s1 ) rev]5tial      
res]ve1 ,we see ?r\gh a glass d>kly8    
,!re are ?ree ?+s1 said an old monki%   
*ronicl]1 :i* (t5 make me sad4 ,fir/1 t 
,i "k ,i mu/ die2 second1 t ,i "k n :52 

?ird1 t ,i am ignorant :]e ,i %all !n   
be4  ,e/ primum durum quod scio me      
moriturum3 ,secundum1 timeo quia hoc    
nescio qu&o3 ,h9e t]tium1 flebo quod    
nescio ubi manebo4  ,man is ! lonely &  
sublime ,columbus ( ! creation1 :o1 w&]+
 on ?is cl\dy /r& ( "t1 sees drift$     
waifs & /range port5ts borne f> f an    
unkn[n some:]e1 caus+ him to believe 9  
ano!r _w4 ,comes n dea? z a means to be>
 him ?i!r8 ,accord+ly z hope re/s 9     
heav51 fe> %udd]s at hell1 or d\bt faces
 ! d>k transition1 ! future life is a   
sweet reliance1 a t]rible c]ta9ty1 or a 
pa!tic p]haps4 ,b liv+ 9 ! pres5t 9 !   
humble & lov+ dis*>ge ( its duties1 our 
s\ls h>moniz$ ) its conditions ?\gh     
aspir+ beyond !m1 :y %\ld we ev] despair
 or be tr\bl$ ov]mu*8 ,h we n et]nity 9 
our ?\ght1 inf9itude 9 our view1 & ,god 
= our guide8   ,,cont5ts   ,"p ,fir/4   
,,hi/orical ,,& ,,critical              
,,introductory ,,views4  ,,*apt] ,i4    
,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,orig9       
,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,dea?      

,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,gr\nds ,,( ,,!        
,,belief ,,9 ,a ,,future ,,life  ,,*apt]
 ,,iv4  ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,s\l',s       
,,de/9ation  ,"p ,second4  ,,e?nic      
,,?\ghts ,,conc]n+ ,a ,,future ,,life4  
,,*apt] ,i4  ,,b>b>ian ,,notions ,,( ,a 
,,future ,,life  ,,*apt] ,,ii4          
,,druidic ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future     
,,life  ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,sc&9avian     
,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life        
,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,etruscan ,,doctr9e ,,( 
,a ,,future ,,life  ,,*apt] ,v4         
,,egyptian ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future    
,,life  ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,bramanic ,,&   
,,buddhi/ ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future     
,,life  ,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,p]sian        
,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life        
,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,hebrew ,,doctr9e ,,( 
,a ,,future ,,life  ,,*apt] ,,ix4       
,,rabb9ical ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future   
,,life  ,,*apt] ,x4  ,,greek ,,&        
,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life        
,,*apt] ,,xi4  ,,mohamm$an ,,doctr9e ,,(
 ,a ,,future ,,life  ,,*apt] ,,xii4     
,,explanatory ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,field  

,,& ,,its ,,my?s  ,"p ,?ird4  ,,new     
,,te/am5t ,,tea*+s ,,conc]n+ ,a ,,future
 ,,life4  ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,pet]',s        
,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life        
,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future
 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,!       
,,hebrews  ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,doctr9e ,,(
 ,a ,,future ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,apocalypse
  ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,paul',s ,,doctr9e ,,(
 ,a ,,future ,,life  ,,*apt] ,v4        
,,john',s ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future     
,,life  ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,*ri/',s        
,,tea*+s ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,future ,,life  
,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,resurrection ,,(      
,,*ri/  ,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,ess5tial     
,,*ri/ian ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,dea? ,,&      
,,life  ,"p ,f\r?4  ,,*ri/ian ,,?\ghts  
,,conc]n+ ,a ,,future ,,life4  ,,*apt]  
,i4  ,,patri/ic ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a        
,,future ,,life  ,,*apt] ,,ii4          
,,m$iaval ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future     
,,life  ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,mod]n         
,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life  ,"p   
,fif?4  ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,critical      
,,diss]tations ,,conc]n+ ,a ,,future    

,,life4  ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a  
,,future ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,anci5t        
,,my/]ies  ,,*apt] ,,ii4                
,,metempsy*ois2 ,,or1 ,,transmigration  
,,( ,,s\ls  ,,*apt] ,,iii4              
,,resurrection ,,( ,,! ,,fle%  ,,*apt]  
,,iv4  ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,future           
,,puni%m5t2 ,,or1 ,,critical ,,hi/ory   
,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,hell  ,,*apt]   
,v4  ,,! ,,five ,,!oretic ,,modes ,,(   
,,salvation  ,,*apt] ,,vi4              
,,recognition ,,( ,,fri5ds ,,9 ,a       
,,future ,,life  ,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,local
 ,,fate ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,a/ronomic   
,,univ]se  ,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,critical  
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,disbelief ,,9 ,a ,,future
 ,,life  ,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,morality ,,(  
,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life    
,"p ,six?4  ,,supplem5t>y ,,*apt]s4     
,,*apt] ,i4  ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,_w     
,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,! ,,day ,,( ,,judgm5t  
,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,! ,,my?ological ,,hell
 ,,& ,,! ,,true ,,"o2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,law   
,,( ,,p]dition  ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,!      
,,gates ,,( ,,heav52 ,,or1 ,,! ,,law ,,(

 ,,salvation ,,9 ,,all ,,worlds  ,,*apt]
 ,v4  ,,resume ,,( ,,! ,,subject3 ,,h[  
,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,immortality ,,n[ ,,/&s   
,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,! ,,transi5t ,,& ,,!   
,,p]man5t ,,9 ,,! ,,de/9y ,,( ,,! ,,s\l 
,,"p ,,fir/4   ,,hi/orical ,,&          
,,critical ,,introductory ,,views4      
,,*apt] ,i4  ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,s\l',s  
,,orig94  ,,paus+1 9 a ?\ghtful h\r1 on 
t m\nt ( obs]vation :5ce ! :ole prospect
 ( life is visible1 :at a solemn vision 
greets u6 ,we see ! va/ procession (    
exi/5ce flitt+ across ! l&scape1 f !    
%r\d$ ocean ( bir?1 ov] ! illum9at$     
cont95t ( exp]i5ce1 to ! %r\d$ ocean (  
dea?4 ,:o c l+] !re & li/51 unmov$1 to !
 sublime lam5t ( ?+s t die8 ,al?\gh !   
great exhibition bel[ endures1 yet x is 
made up ( *anges1 & ! spectators %ift z 
(t54 ,ea* rank ( ! ho/1 z x advances f !
 mi/s ( its comm5c+ c>e]1 we>s a smile  
caught f ! morn+ light ( hope1 b1 z x   
draws ne> to ! fatal b\rne1 takes on a  
m\rnful ca/ f ! %ad[s ( ! unkn[n realm4 
,! places we occupy 7 n vacant be=e we  

came1 & w n be des]t$ :5 we g1 b are    
=ev] fill+ & empty+ afre%4  ,/ill to e  
draught ( vital brea? ,r5ew'd ?r\gh\t ! 
b\nds ( e>? & ocean1 ,! melan*oly gates 
( dea? ,respond ) sympa!tic motion4  ,we
 appe>1 !re is a %ort flutt] ( joys &   
pa9s1 a bright glimm] ( smiles & te>s1 &
 we are gone4 ,b :5ce did we come8 ,&   
:i!r d we g8 ,c human ?\ght div9e !     
answ]8  ,x adds no little solemnity &   
pa?os to ^! reflections to rememb] t e  
consid]ate p]son 9 ! unnumb]$           
successions t h prec$$ u1 has1 9 8 turn1
 confront$ ! same facts1 engag$ 9 ! same
 inquiry1 & be5 swept f 8 attempts at a 
!oretic solution ( ! problem into ! real
 solution itself1 :ile ! con/ant refra9 
9 ! song ( exi/5ce s\nd$ beh9d him1 ,"o 
g5]ation passe? away1 & ano!r g5]ation  
come?2 b ! e>? abide? =ev]4 ,! evanesc5t
 ph5om5a1 ! tragic plot & sc5]y ( human 
bir?1 action1 & dea?1 conceiv$ on !     
scale ( reality1 clo!d 9  ,! sob] color+
 tak5 f an eye ,t ha? kept wat* o'er    
man's mortality1  & view$ 9 a           

susceptible _s1 are1 inde$1 ov]:elm+ly  
impressive4 ,!y invoke ! intellect to   
its mo/ pi]c+ ?\ghts4 ,!y swell ! he>t  
to its utmo/ capacity ( emotion4 ,!y br+
 u ^u ! b5d$ knees ( wond] & pray]4     
,betwe5 two worlds life hov]s1 l a />'  
,twixt night & morn ^u ! horizon's v]ge4
 ,h[ little d we "k t :i* we are6 ,h[   
less :at we may be6 ,! et]nal surge ,(  
"t & tide rolls on1 & be>s af> ,our     
bubbles3 z ! old bur/1 new em]ge1 ,la%'d
 f ! foam ( ages3 :ile ! graves ,(      
empires heave b l "s pass+ waves4       
,widely reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( human life f !
 beg9n+1 :at a vision>y spectacle x is6 
,h[ miracul\sly p]man5t 9 ! :ole6 h[    
sorr[fully ephem]al 9 ! p>ts6 ,:at      
pa!tic s5tim5ts x awak5s6 ,amid/ :at    
awful my/]ies x hangs6 ,! subject ( !   
d]ivation ( ! s\l has be5 copi\sly      
discuss$ by hundr$s ( philosoph]s1      
physicians1 & poets1 f ,vyasa to ,des   
,c>tes1 f ,gal5 to ,ennemos]1 f ,orpheus
 to ,h5ry ,m1 f ,ari/otle to            
,frohs*amm]4 ,g]man lit]ature dur+ ! la/

 hundr$ ye>s has teem$ ) works treat+ ( 
?is "q f v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,! pres5t  
*apt] w pres5t a sket* ( ^! v>i\s       
speculations conc]n+ ! comm5cem5t &     
=tunes ( man ere 8 appe>ance on ! /age (
 ?is _w4  ,! fir/ !ory to acc\nt = !    
orig9 ( s\ls is t ( emanation4 ,?is is !
 analogical !ory1 con/ruct$ f ! results 
( s5sible obs]vation4 ,!re is1 x says1  
"o inf9ite ,be+1 & all f9ite spirits are
 portions ( 8 sub/ance1 exi/+ a :ile z  
sep>ate individuals1 & !n reassimilat$  
into ! g5]al s\l4 ,?is =m ( fai?1 ass]t+
 ! efflux ( all subord9ate exi/5ce out (
 "o ,supreme ,be+1 seems sometimes to   
re/ on an intuitive idea4 ,x is         
spontane\sly sugge/$ :5ev] man confronts
 ! ph5om5a ( creation ) reflective      
obs]vation1 & pond]s ! et]nal r\nd (    
bir? & dea?4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d traces (
 ?is belief all ov] ! _w2 f ! anci5t    
,h9du metaphysics ^: fundam5tal po/ulate
 is t ! necess>y life ( ,god is "o      
con/ant process ( radiation &           
resorption1 lett+ out & draw+ 91 to t   

mod]n ,engli% poetry :i* apo/rophizes ! 
glad & w9some *ild z  ,a silv] /ream    
,break+ ) laught] f ! lake ,div9e ,:5ce 
all ?+s fl[4  ,! conception t s\ls are  
emanations f ,god is ! mo/ obvi\s way ( 
acc\nt+ = ! prom95t facts t salute our  
inquiries4 ,x plausibly answ]s "s       
natural que/ions1 & boldly eludes o!rs4 
,= in/ance1 to ! e>ly /ud5t dem&+ !     
cause ( ! my/]i\s di/9ctions betwe5 m9d 
& body1 x says1 ! "o belongs to ! sy/em 
( passive matt]1 ! o!r comes f ! liv+   
,fa%ion] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,aga93 ?is !ory  
relieves u f ! burd5 t p]plexes ! f9ite 
m9d :5 x seeks to und]/& h[ ! c\rse (   
nature1 ! succession ( lives1 c be      
absolutely et]nal )\t involv+ an        
alt]nat+ or circul> movem5t4 ,! doctr9e 
( emanation has1 moreov]1 be5 support$  
by ! suppos$ analytic simil>ity ( ! s\l 
to ,god4 ,its fre$om1 consci\sness1     
intellig5ce1 love1 correspond ) :at we  
reg>d z ! attributes & ess5ce ( ,deity4 
,! inf]5ce1 h[ev] uns\nd1 is imm$iate1 t
 s\ls are consub/antial ) ,god1 dissev]$

 fragm5ts ( ,him1 s5t into bodies4 ,b1 9
 actual effect1 ! *ief recomm5dation (  
?is view has probably be5 ! v>iety (    
analogies & images "u :i* x admits (    
pres5tation4 ,! annual developm5ts (    
vegetable life f ! bosom ( ! e>?1 drops 
tak5 f a f\nta9 & reta9+ its prop]ties 9
 _! removal1 ! sep>ation ( ! air into   
di/9ct brea?s1 ! soil into individual   
atoms1 ! utt]ance ( a tone gradually dy+
 away 9 rev]b]at$ e*oes1 ! radiation (  
beams f a c5tral light1 ! exhalation (  
p>ticles ( moi/ure f ! ocean1 !         
evolution ( numb]s out ( an orig9al     
unity1 ^! are among ! illu/rations by   
:i* an exhau/less +5uity has support$ ! 
notion ( ! emanation ( s\ls f ,god4 ,t  
some?+ _c come out ( no?+ is an axiom   
re/+ on ! gr\nd ( our rational in/9cts4 
,& see+ all ?+s )9 our compreh5sion held
 9 ! *a9 ( causes & effects1 "o ?+      
always evolv+ f ano!r1 we leap to !     
conclusion t x is precisely ! same ) ?+s
 beyond our compreh5sion1 & t ,god is ! 
aborig9al res]voir ( be+ f :i* all !    

rills ( f9ite exi/5ce are emitt$4       
,aga9/ ?is doctr9e ! curr5t objections  
are ^! two4 ,fir/1 ! analogies adduc$   
are n applicable4 ,! ?+s ( _s & ^? (    
matt] h two di/9ct sets ( pr$icates &   
categories4 ,x is1 = example1 :olly     
illogical to argue t because ! circuit (
 ! wat]s is f ! sea1 ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 ov] 
! l&1 back to ! sea aga91 !re=e !       
d]ivation & c\rse ( s\ls f ,god1 ?r\gh  
life1 back to ,god1 mu/ be simil>4 ,!re 
are my/]ies 9 connection ) ! s\l t      
baffle ! mo/ lynx ey$ inve/igation1 & on
 :i* no kn[n facts ( ! physical _w c ?r[
 light4 ,secondly1 ! s*eme ( emanation  
dep5ds on a vulg> error1 belong+ to !   
infancy ( philosophic ?\ght1 &          
inconsi/5t ) "s necess>y tru?s4 ,x      
implies t ,god is sep>able into p>ts1 & 
!re=e bo? corporeal & f9ite4 ,divisible 
sub/ance is incompatible ) ! fir/       
pr$icates ( ,deity1 namely1 immat]iality
 & inf9ity4 ,be=e ! conception ( !      
illimitable1 spiritual unity ( ,god1 !  
doctr9e ( ! emanation ( s\ls f ,him     

fades away1 z ! m]e figm5t ( a dream+   
m9d brood+ ov] ! sugge/ions ( ph5om5a & 
app>5t correspond5ces4  ,! second       
explanation ( ! orig9 ( s\ls is t :i*   
says !y come f a previ\s exi/5ce4 ,?is  
is ! !ory ( imag9ation1 fram$ 9 ! free &
 s$uctive realm ( poetic ?\ght4 ,x is   
evid5t t ?is idea does n propose any    
solution ( ! absolute orig9ation ( !    
s\l1 b only (f]s to acc\nt = its        
appe>ance on e>?4 ,! pre exi/5ce ( s\ls 
has be5 mo/ widely affirm$4 ,ne>ly !    
:ole _w ( ,ori5tal ?9k]s h always taught
 x4 ,_m ( ! ,greek philosoph]s held x4  
,no small proportion ( ! e>ly ,*ur*     
,fa!rs believ$ x4#a ,& x is n )\t able  
advocates among ! s*ol>s & ?9k]s  #a    
,keil1 ,opuscula2 ,be ,pre exi/5tia     
,anim>um4 ,beausobre1 ,hi/4 du          
,mani*eisme1 lib4 vii4 cap4 iv4   ( our 
own age4 ,!re are two pr9cipal =ms ( ?is
 doctr9e2 "o ass]t+ an asc5t ( s\ls f a 
previ\s exi/5ce bel[ ! rank ( man1 ! o!r
 a desc5t ( s\ls f a high] sph]e4       
,g5]ation is ! true ,jacob's ladd]1 on  

:i* s\ls are ev] asc5d+ or desc5d+4 ,!  
=m] /atem5t is virtually t ( ! mod]n    
!ory ( developm5t1 :i* argues t ! s\ls  
kn[n to u1 obta9+ _! fir/ organic be+   
out ( ! gr\nd life ( nature1 h climb$ up
 ?r\gh a graduat$ s]ies ( bir?s1 f !    
m]e/ elem5t>y exi/5ce1 to ! plane (     
human nature4 ,a gift$ au?or1 ,dr4      
,h$ge1 has said conc]n+ pre exi/5ce 9 ^!
 two me?ods ( conceiv+ x1 writ+ 9 a half
 humor\s1 half s]i\s1 ve91 ,x is to be  
consid]$ z express+ r an exceptional ?an
 a univ]sal fact4 ,if "h & !re "s pure  
liv]1 or noble do]1 or prophet voice1   
sugge/s ! idea ( a rev5ant :o1 mov$ )   
pity = human k9d1 & *>g$ ) cele/ial     
m9i/ries1 has condesc5d$ to  ',soil 8   
pure ambrosial we$s ,) ! rank vapors (  
?is s9 worn m\ld1'  or if1 on ! o!r h&1 
! 'sup]fluity ( naught9ess' display$ by 
"s abnormal felon seems to w>rant !     
supposition ( a visit f ! ,pit1 ! great]
 portion ( mank9d1 we submit1 are mu*   
too gre5 = any plausible assumption ( a 
=egone tra9+ 9 good or evil4 ,?is planet

 is n _! mission>y /ation1 nor _!       
,botany ,bay1 b _! native soil4 ,or1 if 
we suppose !y pre exi/$ at all1 we mu/ r
 believe !y pre exi/$ z brutes1 & h     
travell$ into humanity by ! fi% f[l     
quadrup$ road ) a good deal ( !         
habitudes & du/ ( t tramp /ill /ick+ to 
!m4 ,! !ory ( developm5t1 d]iv+ human   
s\ls by an asc5sion f ! l[] /ages (     
rudim5t>y be+1 consid]$ z a fanciful    
hypo!sis or speculative toy1 is int]e/+1
 & n de/itute ( plausible aspects4 ,b1  
:5 inve/igat$ z a sev]e !sis1 x is f\nd 
devoid ( pro(4 ,x is en\gh "h to say t !
 mo/ au?oritative voices 9 sci5ce reject
 x1 decl>+ t1 ?\gh !re is a developm5t (
 progress 9 ! plan ( nature1 f ! m g5]al
 to ! m specific1 yet !re is no advance 
f "o type or race to ano!r1 no h9t t !  
same individual ev] crosses ! gu>d$     
b\nd>ies ( g5us f "o rank & k+dom to    
ano!r4 ,:atev] progress !re may be 9 !  
upw>d process ( natural creation or !   
/ages ( life1 yet to suppose t ! life   
p[]s ( insects & brutes survive !       

dissolution ( _! bodies1 &1 9 successive
 cross+s ( ! dea? gulf1 asc5d to        
humanity1 is a b>e assumption4 ,x befits
 ! deliri\s lips ( ,b$does1 :o says1    
,_h ,i be5 born a f\r legg'd *ild1      
me?9ks ,i might h f\nd ! /eps f dog to  
man ,& crept into 8 nature4 ,are !re n  
,^? t fall d[n out ( humanity ,into !   
/ory :]e ! f\r legg'd dwell8  ,! doctr9e
 t s\ls h desc5d$ f an ant]ior life on  
high may be exhibit$ 9 ?ree =ms1 ea*    
animat$ by a diff]5t motive4 ,! fir/ is 
! view ( "s ( ! ,mani*ean tea*]s1 t     
spirits 7 embodi$ by a ho/ile viol5ce & 
cunn+1 ! =ce & fraud ( ! apo/atiz$      
,devil4 ,adam & ,eve 7 angels s5t to    
obs]ve ! do+s ( ,lucif]1 ! rebel k+ (   
matt]4 ,he seiz$ ^! heav5ly spies &     
encas$ !m 9 fle%ly prisons4 ,& !n1 9    
ord] to pres]ve a p]man5t union ( ^!    
cele/ial natures ) matt]1 he contriv$ t 
_! race %\ld be propagat$ by ! sexes4   
,:5ev] by ! procreative act ! g]m body  
is prep>$1 a fi5d hies f bale1 or an    
angel /oops f bliss1 or a demon d>ts f 8

 hov]+ 9 ! air1 to inhabit & rule 8 gr[+
 clay h\se = a t]m ( e>?ly life4 ,!     
spasm ( impregnation ?rills 9 fatal     
summons to hell or heav51 & resi/lessly 
drags a _s into ! appo9t$ receptacle4   
,%akspe>e1 ^: g5ius seems to h t\*$ e   
%ape ( ?\ght ) adorn+ phrase1 makes     
,juliet1 di/ract$ ) ! mom5t>y fancy t   
,romeo is a murd]\s villa91 cry1  ,o    
,nature6 :at had/ ?\ to d 9 hell ,:5 ?\ 
did/ b[] ! _s ( a fi5d ,9 mortal p>adise
 ( su* sweet fle%8  ,! second me?od (   
expla9+ ! desc5t ( s\ls into ?is life is
 by ! supposition t ! /able bliss1 !    
uncontra/$ peace & sam5ess1 ( ! heav5ly 
exp]i5ce1 at la/ we>ies ! p ( ,p>adise1 
until !y seek relief 9 a fall4 ,! p]fect
 sweetness ( heav5 cloys1 ! utt] r\t9e &
 safety tire1 ! sali5t spirits1 till !y 
long = ! edge & haz>d ( e>?ly exposure1 
& w&] d[n to dwell 9 fle%ly bodies &    
brea/ ! tempe/ ( s91 /rife1 & sorr[1 s z
 to give a fre% *>m once m to ! repose &
 exempt$ joys ( ! cele/ial realm4 ,9 ?is
 way1 by a s]ies ( recurr+ lives bel[ & 

above1 novelty & *ange ) l>g] exp]i5ce &
 m vivid cont5tm5t are secur$1 ! t$ium &
 satiety ( fix$ happ9ess & protection   
are modifi$ by ! reli%+ opposition (    
v>i$ trials ( h>d%ip & pa91 !           
insuff]able monotony ( immortality brok5
 up & int]polat$ by epo*s ( surprise &  
t+l+ dang]s ( probation4  ,mortals1     
behold6 ! v angels quit ,_! mansions    
unsusceptible ( *ange1 ,amid y\r dang]\s
 b[]s to sit ,& ?r\gh y\r %>p           
vicissitudes to range6  ,?us r\nd & r\nd
 we run ?r\gh an et]nity ( lives &      
dea?s4 ,surfeit$ ) ! unqualifi$         
pleasures ( heav51 we /raggle d[n to ?is
 t]r5e nativity3 ,:51 amid ! s\r        
exposures & cruel /orms ( ! _w1 we h    
r5ew$ our appetite = ! div9e ambrosia ( 
peace & sweetness1 we =sake ! body &    
asc5d to heav52 ?is con/ant recurr5ce   
illu/rat+ ! great tru?s1 t alt]nation is
 ! law ( de/9y1 & t v>iety is ! spice ( 
life4  ,b ! mo/ common d]ivation ( !    
pres5t f a previ\s life is t :i* expla9s
 ! desc5t z a puni%m5t = s94 ,9 t e>li] 

& l(ti] /ate1 s\ls abus$ _! fre$om1 & 7 
doom$ to expiate _! (f5ces by a bani%$1 
imprison$1 & burd5some life on ! e>?4 ,!
 s\l1 ,plut>* writes1 has remov$1 n f   
,a!ns to ,s>dis1 or f ,cor9? to ,lemnos1
 b f heav5 to e>?2 & "h1 ill at ease1 & 
tr\bl$ 9 ?is new & /range place1 %e     
hangs h] head l a decay+ plant4         
,hundr$s ( passages to ! same purport   
might easily be cit$ f z _m anci5t      
writ]s4 ,sometimes ?is fall ( s\ls f _! 
orig9al e/ate 0 repres5t$ z a           
simultane\s ev5t3 a "p ( ! heav5ly army1
 "u an apo/ate lead]1 hav+ rebell$1 7   
defeat$1 & s5t5c$ to a *a9$ bodily life4
 ,our :ole race 7 transport$ at once f  
_! native %ores 9 ! sky to ! convict l& 
( ?is _w4 ,sometimes ! desc5t 0         
attribut$ to ! fre% fault ( ea*         
individual1 & 0 ?\ght to be con/antly   
happ5+4 ,a s\l ta9t$ ) impure desire1   
drawn d[nw>ds by corrupt mat]ial        
gravitation1 hov]+ ov] ! fumes ( matt]1 
inhal+ ! effluvia ( vice1 grew infect$ )
 c>nal long+s & contagions1 became f\l$ 

& clogg$ ) gross vapors & /eams1 &      
f9ally fell into a body & pursu$ ! life 
fitt$ to x bel[4 ,a cle> human *ild is a
 %9+ s]aph f heav5 sunk ?us l[4 ,m5 are 
degrad$ *]ubim4  ,our bir? is b a sleep 
& a =gett+3 ,! s\l t rises ) u1 our     
life's />1 ,ha? _h else:]e its sett+1 ,&
 come? f af>4  ,! !ory ( ! pre exi/5ce (
 ! s\l m]ely removes ! my/]y "o /age    
fur!r back1 & !re leaves ! problem ( our
 orig9 z hopelessly obscure z be=e4 ,x  
is suffici5tly refut$ by ! op5 fact t x 
is absolutely de/itute ( sci5tific      
basis4 ,! explanation ( its wide        
preval5ce z a belief is furni%$ by two  
consid]ations4 ,fir/1 !re 7 old         
au?oritative sages & poets :o lov$ to   
speculate & dream1 & :o publi%$ _!      
speculations & dreams to reign ov] !    
subject fancies ( cr$ul\s mank9d4       
,secondly1 ! conception 0 intr9sically  
h>moni\s1 & bore a *>m to fasc9ate !    
imag9ation & ! he>t4 ,! fragm5t>y       
visions1 brok5 snat*es1 my/ic /ra9s1    
incongru\s ?\ghts1 fad+ gleams1 ) :i*   

imp]fectrecollection comes lad5 f our   
*ildi% ye>s & our nightly dreams1 are   
ref]r$ by self pleas+ fancy to "s e>li] 
& nobl] exi/5ce4 ,we solve ! my/]ies (  
exp]i5ce by call+ !m ! veil$ ve/iges ( a
 bright life dep>t$1 pa!tic waifs drift$
 to ^! intellectual %ores ov] ! surge ( 
feel+ f ! wreck$ orb ( an ant]ior       
exi/5ce4 ,x gratifies our pride to ?9k !
 s\l a /> travell$ /rang]1 a disguis$   
pr9ce1 :o has pass+ly alight$ on ?is    
globe 9 8 et]nal w&]+s4 ,! gorge\s      
glimpses ( tru? & beauty "h v\*saf$ to  
g5ius1 ! wondr\s /ra9s ( feel+ t haunt !
 s\l 9 t5d] h\rs1 are feeble rem9isc5ces
 ( ! pr]ogatives we enjoy$ 9 ^? eons :5 
we trod ! planets t sail ar\nd ! upp] _w
 ( ! gods4 ,t ennui or pla9tive sadness 
:i* 9 all life's deep & lonesome h\rs   
seems native to our he>ts1 :at is x b ! 
no/algia ( ! s\l rememb]+ & p9+ aft] its
 di/ant home8 ,vague & =lorn airs come  
float+ into our consci\sness1 z f an    
inf9itely remote clime1 freight$ ) a    
luxury ( depress+ melan*oly4  ,ah6 n !  

nect>\s poppy lov]s use1 ,n daily       
labor's dull ,le!an spr+1 ,oblivion 9   
lo/ angels c infuse ,( ! soil'd glory & 
! trail+ w+4  ,h[ attractive all ?is mu/
 be to ! ?\ghts ( m51 h[ fasc9at+ to _! 
retrospective & aspir+ rev]ies1 x %\ld  
be ne$less to repeat4 ,h[ baseless x is 
z a philosophical !ory dem&+ sob]       
belief1 x %\ld be equally sup]flu\s to  
illu/rate fur!r4  ,! ?ird answ] to ! "q 
conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! s\l is t x is       
directly creat$ by ! volunt>y p[] (     
,god4 ,?is is ! !ory ( fai?1 in/9ctively
 %r9k+ f ! difficulty ( ! problem on its
 sci5tific gr\nd1 & evad+ x by a        
:olesale ref]5ce to ,deity4 ,"s writ]s h
 held t all s\ls 7 creat$ by ! ,div9e   
fiat at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & laid up 9 a  
secret repository1 :5ce !y are drawn z  
occasion calls4 ,! ,talmudi/s say1 ,all 
s\ls 7 made dur+ ! six days ( creation2 
& !re=e g5]ation is n by traduction1 b  
by infusion ( a s\l into body4 ,o!rs    
ma9ta9 t ?is production ( s\ls 0 n      
conf9$ to any pa/ p]iod1 b is cont9u$   

/ill1 a new s\l be+ fre%ly creat$ = e   
bir?4 ,:5ev] c]ta9 conditions meet1  ,!n
 ,god smites 8 h&s toge!r1 ,& /rikes out
 a s\l z a sp>k1 ,into ! organiz$ glory 
( ?+s1 ,f ! deeps ( ! d>k4  ,?is is !   
view ass]t$ by ,v9c5tius ,victor 9      
opposition to ! dogmatism ( ,t]tullian  
on ! "o h& & to ! d\bts ( ,augu/9e on ! 
o!r4#b ,x is call$ ! !ory (             
,insufflation1 because x affirms t ,god 
imm$iately brea!s a s\l into ea* new    
be+3 ev5 z 9 ! case ( ,adam1 ( :om we   
read t ,god brea!d into 8 no/rils !     
brea? ( life1 & he became a liv+ s\l4 ,!
 doctr9e drawn f ?is ,mosaic text1 t !  
s\l is a div9e sub/ance1 a brea? ( ,god1
 miracul\sly brea!d by ,him into e      
creature at ! comm5cem5t ( its exi/5ce1 
(t5 reappe>s1 & plays a prom95t "p 9 !  
hi/ory ( psy*ological op9ions4 ,x       
corresponds ) ! beautiful ,greek my? (  
,prome!us1 :o is fabl$ to h made a human
 image f ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & !n1 by fire 
/ol5 f heav51 to h animat$ x ) a liv+   
s\l4 ,s man1 z to 8 body1 is made (     

e>?ly clay2 b ! ,prome!an sp>k t =ms 8  
s\l is ! fre% brea? ( ,god4 ,!re is no  
objection to ! real gr\nd & ess5ce ( ?is
 !ory1 only to its =m & accompanim5ts4  
,x is purely an?ropomorphitic2 x        
conceives ,god z work+1 aft] ! mann] ( a
 man1 int]mitt5tly1 arbitr>ily4 ,x      
insulates ! orig9ation ( s\ls f ! fix$  
c\rse ( nature1 sev]s x f all connection
 ) t common process ( organic life :i*  
weaves its inscrutable web ?r\gh !      
univ]se1 t sy/em ( laws :i* expresses ! 
un*ang+ w ( ,god1 & :i* con/itutes !    
ord] by ^: solemn logic alone ,he acts4 
,! objection to ?is view is1 9 a ^w1 t x
 limits ! creative action ( ,god to     
human s\ls4 ,we suppose t ,he creates   
our bodies z well2 t ,he is ! imm$iate  
,au?or ( all life 9 ! same s5se 9 :i*   
,he is ! imm$iate ,au?or ( our s\ls4 ,! 
oppon5ts ( ! creation !ory1 :o /r5u\sly 
f\ght x 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 7 accu/om$ 
to urge aga9/ x ! fanciful objection t x
 puts ,god to an inv5u/  #b ,augu/9e1   
,de ,anima et ejus ,orig9e1 lib4 iv4    

employm5t sc>ce consi/5t ) 8 v]ecundi\s 
hol9ess2 =1 if x be true1 :5ev] !       
lascivi\s cons5t to uncleanness & are   
pleas$ to jo9 9 unlawful mixture1 ,god  
is =c$ to /& a spectator ( _! vile      
impurities1 /oop+ f 8 ?rone to att5d _! 
be/ial practices1 & ra9+ d[n %[]s ( s\ls
 to animate ! emissions ( _!            
concupisc5ce#c  ,a f\r? reply to !      
inquiry be=e u is furni%$ 9 ,t]tullian's
 fam\s doctr9e ( ,traduction1 ! ess5tial
 import ( :i* is t all human s\ls h be5 
transmitt$1 or br\ght ov]1 f ! s\l (    
,adam4 ,?is is ! !ological !ory3 = x    
arose f an exig5cy 9 ! dogmatic sy/em   
g5]ally held by ! patri/ic ,*ur*4 ,!    
univ]sal depravity ( human nature1 !    
inh]it$ corruption ( ! :ole race1 0 a   
fundam5tal po9t ( belief4 ,b h[         
reconcile ?is proposition ) !           
conception1 ent]ta9$ by _m1 t ea* new   
born s\l is a fre% creation f !         
sub/ance1 _s1 or brea? ( ,god8 ,augu/9e 
writes to ,j]ome1 ask+ him to solve ?is 
"q4#d ,t]tullian1 ^: f]vid m9d 0        

?or\ghly imbu$ ) mat]iali/ic notions1   
unhesitat+ly cut ?is ,gordian knot by   
ass]t+ t our fir/ p>5t bore )9 him !    
undevelop$ g]m ( all mank9d1 s t        
s9fulness & s\ls 7 propagat$ toge!r4 #e 
,?us ! p]plex+ qu]y1 h[ s\ls are held 9 
! *a9 ( orig9al s91 0 answ]$4 ,z ,ne&]  
says1 illu/rat+ ,t]tullian's view1 ,!   
s\l ( ! fir/ man 0 ! f\nta9 head ( all  
human s\ls3 all ! v>ieties ( individual 
human nature are b modifications ( t "o 
spiritual sub/ance4 ,9 ! light ( su* a  
?\ght1 we c see h[ ,nature might1 :5    
solit>y ,adam liv$1 fulfil ,le>'s wild  
conjuration1 &  ,all ! g]m5s spill ,at  
once t make +rateful man4  ,9 ! sev5?   
*apt] ( ! ,koran x is writt51 ,! ,"l    
drew =? _! po/]ity f ! lo9s ( ! sons (  
,adam4 ,! comm5tators say t ,god pass$ 8
 h& d[n ,adam's back1 & extract$ all !  
g5]ations :i* %\ld come into ! _w until 
! resurrection4 ,assembl$ 9 ! pres5ce ( 
! angels1 & endu$ ) und]/&+1 !y confess$
 _! dep5d5ce on ,god1 & 7 !n caus$ to   
return into ! lo9s ( _! great ance/or4  

,?is is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s doctr9es )9 ! 
:ole range ( philosophical hi/ory4 ,x   
implies ! /rict corporeality ( ! s\l2 & 
yet h[ inf9itely f9e mu/ be its         
att5uation :5 x has be5 diffus$ into    
c\ntless ?\s&s ( millions6 ,d] ,urkeim  
!ilt si* ins ,un5dli*e4  ,:at6 w ! l9e  
/ret* out to ! crack ( doom8  ,! :ole   
?\ght is absurd4 ,x 0 n rea*$ by an     
induction ( facts1 a /udy ( ph5om5a1 or 
any fair process ( reason+1 b 0         
arbitr>ily creat$ to rescue a dogma f   
o!rwise inevitable rejection4 ,x 0 !    
desp]ate clut* ( a heady !ologian reel+ 
9 a vortex ( ho/ile argum5t1 & ready to 
seize any fancy1 h[ev] artificial1 to   
save  #c ,edw>d ,w>r51 ,no ,pre         
,exi/5ce1 p4 #gd4  #d ,epi/ola ,,clxvi4 
#e ,de ,anima1 cap4 x4 et xix4   himself
 f fall+ "u ! ru9s ( 8 sy/em4 ,h5ry     
,wooln] publi%$ 9 ,london1 9 #afee1 a   
book call$ ,extraction ( ,s\l3 a sob] & 
judici\s inquiry to prove t s\ls are    
propagat$2 because1 if !y are creat$1   
orig9al s9 is impossible4  ,! !ological 

dogma ( traduction has be5 pres5t$ 9 two
 =ms4 ,fir/1 x is decl>$ t all s\ls are 
develop$ out ( ! "o sub/ance ( ,adam's  
s\l2 a view t logically implies an      
ultimate att5uat+ diffusion1 ridicul\sly
 absurd4 ,secondly1 x is held t ! eat+ (
 ! =bidd5 fruit corrupt$ all ! vital    
fluids ( ,eve2 & ?is corruption c>ri$   
vici\s & *aotic consequ5ces into h] ova1
 9 :i* lay ! s\ls ( all h] po/]ity1 )   
inf9itely little bodies1 already        
exi/+4#f ,?is =m is z incr$ible z ! o!r2
 = x equally implies a limitless        
di/ribution ( s\ls f a limit$ deposit4  
,z ,:ewell says1 ,?is successive        
inclusion ( g]ms 7,e9s*a*telungs ,!orie7
 implies t ea* s\l conta9s an inf9ite   
numb] ( g]ms4#g ,x necess>ily excludes !
 =mation ( new spiritual sub/ance3 else 
orig9al transmitt$ s9 is exclud$4 ,!    
doctr9e f9ds no p>allelism any:]e else 9
 nature4 ,:o1 no matt] h[ w$d$ to !     
!ology ( orig9al s9 & transmitt$ dea?1  
w\ld v5ture to /ret* ! same !sis ov] !  
animal races1 & affirm t ! dynamic      

pr9ciples1 or animat+ s\ls1 ( all       
s]p5ts1 eagles1 & lions1 7 once         
compress$ 9 ! fir/ patri>*al s]p5t1     
eagle1 or lion8  ,t ! :ole =mative p[] (
 all ! simultane\s memb]s ( our race 0  
conc5trat$ 9 ! fir/ cell g]m ( our      
orig9al prog5itor1 is a sci5tific       
impossibility & incr$ibl5ess4 ,! fatal  
sophi/ry 9 ! traducian acc\nt ( !       
transmission ( s\ls may be illu/rat$ 9 !
 foll[+ mann]4 ,! g]ms ( all ! apple    
trees n[ 9 exi/5ce did n lie 9 ! fir/   
apple se$4 ,all ! apple trees n[ exi/+ 7
 n d]iv$ by lit]al developm5t out ( !   
actual cont5ts ( ! fir/ apple se$4 ,no3 
b ! tru? is ?is4 ,!re 0 a p[] 9 ! fir/  
apple se$ to secure c]ta9 conditions2 t 
is1 to organize a c]ta9 /atus 9 :i* !   
pla/ic vegetative life ( nature w\ld    
posit new & simil> p[]s & mat]ials4 ,s n
 all s\ls 7 lat5t 9 ,adam's1 b only an  
organiz+ p[] to secure ! conditions on  
:i* ! ,div9e ,w t fir/ began1 w\ld1 9   
accordance ) ,8 creative plan1 =ev]     
cont9ue1 ,8 _s creation4 ,! di/9ction ( 

?is /atem5t f t ( traduction is !       
diff]5ce betwe5 evolution f "o orig9al  
g]m or /ock & actual production ( new   
be+s4 ,its di/9ction f ! ?ird !ory !    
!ory ( imm$iate creation is ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 an int]mitt5t int]position (     
arbitr>y acts & ! cont9u\s work+ ( a    
plan accord+ to laws sci5tifically      
traceable4  ,!re is ano!r solution to ! 
"q ( ! s\l's orig91 :i* has be5 prop\nd$
 by "s philosoph]s & may be call$ !     
speculative !ory4 ,its /atem5t is t !   
g]ms ( s\ls 7 creat$ simultane\sly ) !  
=mation ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 & 7        
copi\sly s[n abroad ?r\gh all nature1   
wait+ !re to be successively tak5 up &  
furni%$ ) ! conditions ( developm5t4#h  
,^! lat5t se$s ( s\ls1 sw>m+ 9 all      
places1 are drawn 9 ) ! fir/ brea? or   
imbib$ ) ! e>lie/ n\ri%m5t ( !  #f      
,h5n+s1 ,ges*i*te von d5 ,seel5 d]      
,m5s*51 s4 #ejj4  #g ,philosophy ( !    
,inductive ,sci5ces1 vol4 ,i4 b4 ix4 *4 
iv4 sect4 #d4  #h ,pl\cquet1 ,de ,orig9 
atque ,g5]atione ,anima ,humana ex      

,pr9cipiis ,monadologicis /abilita4  new
 born *ild into ! already con/ruct$ body
 :i* be=e has only a vegetative life4 ,!
 ,g]mans call ?is repres5tation         
pansp]mismus1 or ! dissem9ation !ory4   
,leibnitz1 9 8 celebrat$ monadology1    
c>ries ! same view a great deal fur!r4  
,he conceives ! :ole creat$ univ]se1    
visible & invisible1 to consi/ ( monads1
 :i* are n p>ticles ( matt]1 b          
metaphysical po9ts ( p[]4 ,^! monads are
 all s\ls4 ,!y are produc$ by :at he    
calls fulgurations ( ,god4 ,! di/9ction 
betwe5 fulguration & emanation is ?is3 9
 ! latt] case ! procession is           
hi/orically def9$ & complete2 9 ! =m]   
case x is mom5tane\s4 ,! monads are     
radiat$ f ! ,div9e ,w1 =? ?r\gh !       
creation1 by ! con/ant fla%es ( ,8      
volition4 ,all nature is compos$ ( !m1 &
 no?+ is depopulat$ & dead4 ,_! nak$ be+
 is =ce1 & _! inde/ructible pr$icates   
are p]ception1 desire1 t5d5cy to        
develop4 ,:ile !y lie dormant1 _!       
pot5tial capacities all inwrapp$1 !y    

con/itute :at we entitle matt]4 ,:51 by 
! ris+ /ir ( _! inh]5t long+1 !y leave  
_! passive /ate & rea* a condition (    
obscure consci\sness1 !y become animals4
 ,f9ally1 !y s f> unw9d _! bonds &      
evolve _! facultative pot5cies z to     
atta9 ! rank ( rational m9ds 9 ! grade (
 humanity4 ,g5]ation is m]ely ! me?od by
 :i* ! aspir+ monad lays ! organic basis
 = ! gr\p$ build+ ( its body4 ,man is a 
liv+ union ( monads1 "o reg5t monad     
presid+ ov] ! :ole organization4 ,t k+  
monad :i* has atta9$ to full            
app]ception1 ! free ex]cise ( p]fect    
consci\sness1 is ! immortal human s\l4  
#i ,any labor$ attempt to refute ?is    
+5i\s doctr9e is ne$less1 s9ce ! doctr9e
 itself is b ! develop$ /ructure ( a    
speculative conception ) no valid basis 
( obs]v$ fact4 ,x is a %e] hypo!sis1    
spun out ( ! self f$ b[els ( a priori   
assumption & metaphysic fancy4 ,x solves
 ! problems only by *anges ( _! =m1     
leav+ ! my/]ies z num]\s & deep z be=e4 
,x is a beautiful & sublime piece (     

lat5t poetry1 ! evolution & ar*itecture 
( :i* well display ! wond]ful g5ius (   
,leibnitz4 ,x is a m subtle & p[]ful    
process ( ?\ght ?an ,ari/otle's         
,organon1 a m pure & d>+ "w ( imag9ation
 ?an ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,b x      
spurns ! te/s ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & is 
entitl$ to rank only among ! spl5did    
curiosities ( philosophy2 a brilliant & 
plausible !orem1 n a sob] & solid       
induction4  ,"o m me?od ( treat+ !      
inquiry be=e u w complete ! li/4 ,x is  
:at we may prop]ly call ! sci5tific     
!ory1 ?\gh 9 tru? x is h>dly a !ory at  
all1 b r a c>eful /atem5t ( ! obs]v$    
facts1 & a mode/ confession ( inability 
to expla9 ! cause ( !m4 ,^? occupy+ ?is 
position1 :5 ask$ :at is ! orig9 ( s\ls1
 d n pret5d to unveil ! f9al secret1 b  
simply say1 ev]y:]e 9 ! _w ( life1 f    
bottom to top1 !re is an organic gr[? 9 
accordance ) conditions4 ,?is is :at is 
/yl$ ! !ory ( epig5esis1 & is adopt$ by 
! *ief physiologi/s ( ! pres5t day4     
,swamm]dam1 ,malebran*e1 ev5 ,cuvi]1 _h 

def5d$ ! doctr9e ( successive inclusion2
 b ,wolf1 ,blum5ba*1 & ,von ,ba]        
e/abli%$ 9 its place ! doctr9e (        
epig5esis4 #aj  #i ,leibnitz1           
,monadologie4  #aj ,ennemos]1 ,hi/oris* 
psy*ologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 tib] d5       
,ursprung d] m5s*li*5 ,seel51 zweite    
,auflage4   ,scrupul\sly conf9+ !mselves
 to ! mass ( collect$ facts & ! c\rse ( 
scrut9iz$ ph5om5a1 !y say !re is a      
natural production ( new liv+ be+s 9    
con=mity to c]ta9 laws1 & give an       
exposition ( ! fix$ conditions &        
sequ5ces ( ?is production4 ,"h !y humbly
 /op1 ackn[l$g+ t ! causal root ( p[]1  
:i* produces all ^! consequ5ces1 is an  
inexplicable my/]y4 ,_! attitude is well
 repres5t$ by ,sw$5borg :5 he says1 9   
ref]5ce to ?is v subject1 ,any "o may =m
 guesses2 b let no son ( e>? pret5d to  
p5etrate ! my/]ies ( creation4 #aa  ,let
 u notice n[ ! facts submitt$ to u4     
,fir/1 at ! base ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts (  
nature1 we see a mass ( app>5tly        
lifeless matt]4 ,out ( ?is crude        

sub/ratum ( ! outw>d _w we obs]ve a va/ 
v>iety ( organiz$ =ms produc$ by a      
v>i\sly nam$ b unkn[n ,p[]4 ,!y spr+ 9  
regul> me?ods1 9 det]m9ate %apes1 exi/  
on successive /ages ( rank1 ) m or less 
/rik+ dem>cations ( end[m5t1 & f9ally   
fall back aga91 z to _! physical        
con/itu5ts1 into ! inorganic /uff f :i* 
!y grew4 ,?is my/]i\s organiz+ ,p[]1    
pu%+ its animate & build$ receptacles up
 to ! level ( vegetation1 creates ! _w (
 plants4  ,e clod feels a /ir ( might1  
,an in/9ct )9 x t rea*es & t[]s1 ,&1    
grasp+ bl9dly above x = light1 ,climbs  
to a s\l 9 grass & fl[]s4  ,on ! level (
 s5sation1 :]e ! obscure rudim5ts ( w1  
und]/&+1 & s5tim5t comm5ce1 ?is life    
giv+ ,p[] creates ! _w ( animals4 ,& s1 
on ! /ill high] level ( reason & its    
concomitants1 x creates ! _w ( m54 ,9 a 
^w1 ! great g5]al fact is t an unkn[n   
,p[] call x :at we may1 ,nature1 ,vital 
,=ce1 or ,god creates1 on ! v>i\s planes
 ( its ex]cise1 diff]5t families (      
organiz$ be+s4 ,secondly1 a m special   

fact is1 t :5 we h ov]leap$ ! my/]y ( a 
comm5cem5t1 e be+ yields se$ accord+ to 
its k9d1 :]efrom1 :5 prop]ly condition$1
 its species is p]petuat$4 ,h[ mu*1 n[1 
does ?is second fact imply8 ,x is by    
add+ to ! obs]v$ ph5om5a an indef5sible 
hypo!sis t ! error ( traduction is      
obta9$4 ,we obs]ve t human be+s are     
begott5 by a deposit ( g]ms ?r\gh !     
g5]ative process4 ,to affirm t ^! g]ms  
are transmitt$ d[n ! g5]ations f !      
orig9al prog5itor ( ea* race1 9 :om !y  
all exi/$ at fir/1 is an unw>rant$      
ass]tion & involves absurdities4 ,x is  
refut$ bo? by ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire's   
fam\s exp]im5ts on eggs1 & by ! cross+ (
 species4#ab ,9 opposition to ?is       
!ological figm5t1 obs]vation & sci5ce   
require ! belief t ea* be+ is end[$     
indep5d5tly ) a g]m =m+ p[]4  ,organic  
life requires ?ree ?+s3 a fruitful g]m2 
a quick5+ impulse2 a n\ri%+ m$ium4      
,sci5ce pla9ly %[s u t ?is primal       
nucleus is giv51 9 ! human species1 by !
 union ( ! cont5ts ( a sp]m cell ) ^? ( 

a g]m cell2 t ?is dynamic />t is imp>t$ 
f ! life =ce ( ! p>5ts2 & t ?is fe$+    
environm5t is  #aa ,tract on ! ,orig9 & 
,propagation ( ! ,s\l1 *ap4 i4  #ab     
,fl\r5s1 ,am\nt ( ,life on ! ,globe1 "p 
ii4 *4 iii4 sect4 ii4  furni%$ by !     
circle ( co ord9at$ relations4 ,t !     
=mative p[] ( ! new organism comes f1 or
 at lea/ is :olly condition$ by1 ! p>5t 
organism1 %\ld be believ$1 because x is 
! obvi\s conclusion1 aga9/ :i* !re is   
no?+ to militate4 ,t ! s\l ( ! *ild     
comes 9 "s way f ! s\l ( ! p>5t1 or is  
/amp$ by x1 is also impli$ by ! normal  
resemblance ( *ildr5 to p>5ts1 n m 9    
bodily =m ?an 9 spiritual               
idiosyncrasies4 ,?is fact alone furni%es
 ! prop] qualification to ! acute &     
significant l9es ( ! ,platoniz+ poet3   
,:]e=e :o ?9ks f s\ls new s\ls to br+1  
,! same let presse ! sunne beames 9 8   
fi/ ,& squeeze out drops ( light1 or    
/rongly wr+ ,! ra9b[ till x die 8 h&s1  
well pre/4  ,t :i* is born ( ! fle% is  
fle%3 t :i* is born ( ! _s is _s4 ,z !  

body ( ! *ild is ! d]ivative ( a g]m    
elaborat$ 9 ! body ( ! p>5t1 s ! s\l ( !
 *ild is ! d]ivative ( a develop+       
impulse ( p[] imp>t$ f ! s\l ( ! p>5t4  
,& z ! body is su/a9$ by absorb+        
nutrition f matt]1 s ! s\l is su/a9$ by 
assimilat+ ! spiritual sub/ances ( !    
invisible k+dom4 ,! mo/ e!real elem5ts  
mu/ comb9e to n\ri% t consummate plant  
^: blossom is man's m9d4 ,?is           
repres5tation is n mat]ialism2 = _s     
belongs to a diff]5t sph]e & is !       
subject ( diff]5t pr$icates f matt]1    
?\gh equally "u a con/itution ( laws4   
,nor does ?is view pret5d to expla9 :at 
is inh]5tly transc5d5t3 x leaves !      
creation ( ! s\l )9 z wide a dep? & m>g9
 ( my/]y z ev]4 ,nei!r is ?is mode (    
expos+ ! problem a!i/ic4 ,x ref]s ! =ms 
( life1 all gr[?s1 all s\ls1 to !       
indef9able ,p[] t works ev]y:]e1 creates
 ea* ?+1 vivifies1 gov]ns1 & conta9s !  
univ]se4 ,&1 h[ev] t ,p[] be nam$1 is x 
n ,god8 ,& ?us we /ill rev]5tly hold t x
 is ,god's own h&s ,t rea* ?r\gh nature1

 m\ld+ m54 ,! anci5t h]oes ( ,greece &  
,india 7 fond ( trac+ _! g5ealogy up    
directly to _! deities1 & 7 pr\d to deem
 t 9 gu>d+ !m ! gods /oop$ to wat* ov] a
 race ( k+s1 a puissant & immortal /ock1
  ,^: glories /ream'd f ! same clond    
girt f\nts ,:5ce _! own dawn'd ^u !     
infant _w4  ,aft] all ! rese>*es t h be5
 made1 we yet f9d ! secret ( ! beg9n+ ( 
! s\l %r\d$ among ! fa?omless my/]ies ( 
! ,almighty ,creator1 & mu/ ascribe our 
bir? to ! ,w ( ,god z pi\sly z x 0 done 
9 ! elde/ my?ical epo*s ( ! _w4 ,not)/&+
 ! c>eless frivolity ( skepticism & !   
g>i% light ( sci5ce abroad 9 ?is mod]n  
"t1 !re are /ill /rick5 & ye>n+ dep?s ( 
wond] & sorr[ en\gh1 pr(\nd & awful     
%ad[s ( night & fe> en\gh1 to make u    
recognise1 9 ! gold5 joys t visit u     
r>ely1 9 ! illimitable visions t        
emancipate u (t51 9 ! une>?ly ?\ghts &  
dreams t ravi% our m9ds1 enigmatical    
intimations ( our k9%ip ) ,god1         
prophecies ( a sup] e>?ly de/9y ^:      
spl5dors already break ?r\gh ! cl\ds (  

ignorance1 ! folds ( fle%1 & ! curta9s (
 "t 9 :i* our spirits "h sit pavilion$4 
,augu/9e po9t$ly obs]ves1 ,x is no evil 
t ! orig9 ( ! s\l rema9s obscure1 if    
only its r$emption be made c]ta94#ac    
,non e/ p]iculum si origo animoe lateat1
 dum r$emptio cl>eat4 ,no matt] h[      
humanity orig9ates1 if its object be to 
produce fruit1 & t fruit be immortal    
s\ls4 ,:5 our organism has p]fect$ its  
int5d$ product1 will+ly w we let !      
decay+ body return into ! gr\nd1 if s be
 we are assur$ t ! rip5$ _s is borne    
into ! heav5ly g>n]4 ,let u1 9 close1   
r$uce ! problem ( ! s\l's orig9 to its  
la/ t]ms4 ,! am\nt ( =ce 9 ! univ]se is 
uni=m4#ad ,action & reaction be+ equal1 
no new creation ( =ce is possible3 only 
its directions1 deposits1 & receptacles 
may be alt]$4 ,no comb9ation ( physical 
processes c produce a previ\sly non     
exi/5t subject3 x c only initiate !     
modification1 developm5t1 assimilation1 
( realities already 9 be+4 ,some?+ _c   
come out ( no?+4 ,! quick5+ =mation ( a 

man1 !re=e1 implies ! exi/5ce1 fir/1 ( a
 mat]ial g]m1 ! basis ( ! body2         
secondly1 ( a p[] to imp>t to t g]m a   
dynamic impulse1 9 o!r words1 to deposit
 9 x a _s atom1 or monad ( life =ce4    
,n[1 ! fre% body is orig9ally a deta*$  
product ( ! p>5t body1 z an apple is !  
deta*$ product ( a tree4 ,s ! fre% s\l  
is a transmitt$ =ce imp>t$ by ! p>5t    
s\l1 ei!r directly f itself1 or else    
condition$ by x & drawn f ! gr\nd life (
 nature1 ! creative p[] ( ,god4 ,if     
filial s\l be begott5 by procession &   
sev]ance ( consci\s =ce f p>5tal s\l1 ! 
spiritual resemblance ( (fspr+ &        
prog5itors is cle>ly expla9$4 ,?is      
ph5om5on is also equally well expla9$ if
 ! p>5t s\l1 s call$1 be a die /rik+ !  
creative sub/ance ( ! univ]se into      
individual =m4 ,! latt] supposition     
seems1 ^u ! :ole1 ! m plausible &       
sci5tific4 ,g5]ation is a reflex        
condition mov+ ! life basis ( ! _w to   
produce a s\l1 z a physical impression  
moves ! s\l to produce a p]ception4#ae  

,b1 h[ev] deep ! my/]y ( ! s\l's orig91 
:atev] our conclusion 9 reg>d to x1 let 
u n =get t ! inmo/ ess5ce & v]ity ( !   
s\l is consci\s p[]2 & t all p[] defies 
annihilation4 ,x is an old decl>ation t 
:at beg9s 9 "t mu/ end 9 "t2 & ) !      
metaphysical %e>s ( t notion m ?an once 
! burn+ fai? 9 et]nal life has be5      
snuff$ out4 ,yet h[ obvi\s is its       
sophi/ry6 ,a be+ beg9n+ 9 "t ne$ n cease
 9 "t1 if ! ,p[] :i* orig9at$ x int5ds &
 provides = its p]petuity4 ,& t su* is !
 ,creative int5tion = man appe>s f !    
fact t ! gr& =ms ( belief 9 all ages    
issu+ f 8 m5tal organization h borne !  
/amp ( an expect$ immortality4 ,our     
ideas may disappe>1 b !y are always     
recov]able4 ,if ! s\ls ( m5 are ideas ( 
,god1 mu/ !y n be z endur+ z 8 m9d8  #ac
 ,epi/4 ,,clvi4  #ad ,f>aday1           
,cons]vation ( ,=ce1 ,phil4 ,mag41      
,april1 #aheg4  #ae ,dr4 ,frohs*amm]1   
,ursprang d] m5e*li*5 ,seel51 sect4     
#aae4   ,! naturali/ :o s imm]ses 8     
?\ghts 9 ! physical phases ( nature z to

 lose hold on inde/ructible c5tres (    
p]sonality1 %\ld bew>e le/ he lose !    
motive :i* propels man to beg9 "h1 by   
virtue & culture1 to climb t ladd] (    
life ^: endless sides are affections1 b 
^: discrete r\nds are ?\ghts4  ,,*apt]  
,,ii4  ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,dea?4  ,,dea? is n
 an entity1 b an ev5t2 n a =ce1 b a     
/ate4 ,life is ! positive exp]i5ce1 dea?
 ! negation4 ,yet 9 ne>ly e lit]ature   
dea? has be5 p]sonifi$1 :ile no k9dr$   
prosopopoeia ( life is any:]e to be     
f\nd4 ,) ! ,greeks1 ,?anatos 0 a god2 ) 
! ,romans1 ,mors 0 a goddess3 b no /atue
 0 ev] m\ld$1 no alt> ev] rais$1 to ,zoe
 or ,vita4 ,at fir/ ?\ght1 we %\ld      
anticipate ! rev]se ( ?is2 b1 9 tru?1 ! 
fact is q naturally z x is4 ,life is a  
cont9u\s process2 & any "o :o makes !   
ef=t w f9d h[ difficult x is to conceive
 ( x z an individual be+1 ) di/9ctive   
attributes1 functions1 & w4 ,x is an    
inw>d possession :i* we famili>ly       
exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! quiet r\t9e ( cu/om we  
feel no %ock ( surprise at x1 no impulse

 to give x imag9ative %ape & ornam5t4   
,on ! contr>y1 dea? is an imp5d+        
occurr5ce1 some?+ :i* we anticipate &   
%udd] at1 some?+ advanc+ t[>d u 9 "t to 
/rike or seize u4 ,its ext]nality to our
 liv+ exp]i5ce1 its ?reat5+ approa*1 !  
my/]y & al>m enwrapp+ x1 are provocative
 conditions = fanciful treatm5t1 mak+   
p]sonifications inevitable4  ,) ! ,old  
,aryan race ( ,india1 dea? is ,yama1 !  
s\l ( ! fir/ man1 dep>t$ to be ! k+ ( ! 
subt]ranean realm ( ! subsequ5t dead1 & 
return+ to call aft] him ea* ( 8        
desc5dants 9 turn4 ,to ! good he is mild
 & lovely1 b to ! impi\s he is clad 9   
t]ror & acts ) sev]ity4 ,! purely       
fanciful "* ( ?is ?\ght is obvi\s2 =1   
accord+ to x1 dea? 0 be=e dea?1 s9ce    
,yama himself di$4 ,yama does n really  
repres5t dea?1 b its arbit] & mess5g]4  
,he is ! rul] ov] ! dead1 :o himself    
c>ries ! summons to ea* mortal to become
 8 subject4  ,9 ! ,hebrew conception1   
dea? 0 a maje/ic angel1 nam$ ,sammael1  
/&+ 9 ! c\rt ( heav51 & fly+ !nce ov] ! 

e>?1 arm$ ) a sword1 to obey ! behe/s ( 
,god4 ,! ,talmudi/s develop$ & dress$ up
 ! ?\ght ) _m details1 half sublime1    
half fanta/ic4 ,he /rides ?r\gh ! _w at 
a /ep4 ,f ! soles ( 8 feet to 8 %\ld]s  
he is full ( eyes4 ,e p]son 9 ! mom5t ( 
dy+ sees him2 & at ! sight ! s\l        
retreats1 runn+ ?r\gh all ! limbs1 z if 
ask+ p]mission to dep>t f !m4 ,f 8 nak$ 
sword fall ?ree drops3 "o pales !       
c\nt5ance1 "o de/roys ! vitality1 "o    
causes ! body to decay4 ,"s ,rabb9s say 
he be>s a cup f :i* ! dy+ "o dr9ks1 or t
 he lets fall f ! po9t ( 8 sword a s+le 
acrid drop ^u ! suff]]'s tongue3 ?is is 
:at is call$ ta/+ ! bitt]ness ( dea?4   
,"h aga91 we see1 x is n /rictly dea? t 
is p]sonifi$4 ,! embodim5t is n ( !     
mortal act1 b ( ! decree det]m9+ t act4 
,! ,jewi% angel ( dea? is n a picture ( 
dea? 9 itself1 b ( ,god's decree com+ to
 ! fat$ individual :o is to die4  ,!    
,greeks sometimes depict$ dea? & sleep z
 tw9 boys1 "o black1 "o :ite1 borne     
slumb]+ 9 ! arms ( _! "m1 night4 ,9 ?is 

in/ance ! ph5om5on ( dissolv+           
unconsci\sness :i* falls on mortals1    
ab/ractly g5]aliz$ 9 ! m9d1 is !n       
concretely symboliz$4 ,x is a bold &    
happy /roke ( arti/ic g5ius2 b x 9 no   
way expresses or sugge/s ! sci5tific    
facts ( actual dea?4 ,!re is also a     
classic repres5tation ( dea? z a w+$ boy
 ) a p5sive br[ & an inv]t$ tor*1 a     
butt]fly at 8 feet4 ,?is beautiful      
image1 ) its affect+ accompanim5ts1     
conveys to ! behold] n ! v]ity1 nor an  
int]pretation1 ( dea?1 b ! s5tim5ts ( ! 
survivors 9 view ( _! b]eavem5t4 ,! sad 
br[ d5otes ! grief ( ! m\rn]1 ! w+$     
insect ! disembodi$ psy*e1 ! rev]s$ tor*
 ! desc5t ( ! s\l to ! "u _w2 b !       
reality ( dea? itself is n[h]e h9t$4  ,!
 ,romans give descriptions ( dea? z a   
female figure 9 d>k robes1 ) black w+s1 
) rav5\s tee?1 hov]+ ev]y:]e1 d>t+ "h & 
!re1 eag] = prey4 ,su* a view is a      
p]sonification ( ! my/]i\sness1         
sudd5ness1 inevitabl5ess1 & fe>fulness1 
connect$ ) ! subject ( dea? 9 m5's m9ds1

 r ?an ( dea? itself4 ,^! ?\ghts are    
gr\p$ into an imag9>y be+1 ^: sum (     
attributes are !n ignorantly bo?        
associat$ ) ! idea ( ! unkn[n cause &   
conf\nd$ ) ! visible effect4 ,x is1 9 a 
^w1 m]e poetry1 inspir$ by fe> & unguid$
 by philosophy4  ,dea? has be5 %[n 9 !  
guise ( a f[l] spread+ 8 net1 sett+ 8   
sn>es = m54 ,b ?is image conc]ns itself 
) ! accid5ts ( ! subject1 !             
unexpect$ness ( ! fatal bl[1 ! trea*]\s 
spr++ ( ! trap1 leav+ ! root ( ! matt]  
unt\*$4 ,! circum/ances ( ! mortal h\r  
are inf9itely v>i$1 ! he>t ( ! exp]i5ce 
is un*angeably ! same3 !re are a ?\s&   
modes ( dy+1 b !re is only "o dea?4 ,ev]
 s complete an exhibition ( ! occasions 
& accompanim5ts ( an ev5t is no         
explanation ( :at ! inmo/ reality ( !   
ev5t is4  ,! ,norse conception ( dea? z 
a va/1 cl\dy pres5ce1 d>kly sweep+ on   
its victims1 & be>+ !m away wrapp$ 9 its
 sable folds1 is evid5tly a free product
 ( imag9ation brood+ n s mu* on ! di/9ct
 ph5om5a ( an individual case z on !    

melan*oly my/]y ( ! disappe>ance ( m5 f 
! famili> places t knew !m once b miss  
!m n[4 ,9 a some:at k9dr$ mann]1 ! />tl+
 magnific5ce ( ! sket* 9 ! ,apocalypse1 
( dea? on ! pale horse1 is a product (  
pure imag9ation m$itat+ on ! :olesale   
slaught] :i* 0 to deluge ! e>? :5 ,god's
 av5g+ judgm5ts fell ^u ! enemies ( !   
,*ri/ians4 ,b to consid] ?is murd]\s    
w>rior on 8 :ite *>g] z lit]ally dea?1  
w\ld be z errone\s z to imag9e ! b>e    
arm$ execution] & ! guillot9e to be     
!mselves ! dea? :i* !y inflict4 ,no m   
appall+ picture ( dea? has be5 drawn ?an
 t by ,milton1 ^: dire image has ?is    
/roke ( tru? 9 x1 t its adumbrate       
=mlessness typifies ! disorganiz+ =ce   
:i* r$uces all cunn+ly built bodies (   
life to ! elem5tal wa/es ( be+4 ,!      
ince/u\s & mi/reat$ prog5y ( ,s9 is ?us 
del9eat$3  ,! %ape1 ,if %ape x might be 
call'd t %ape _h none ,di/+ui%able 9    
memb]1 jo9t1 or limb1 ,or sub/ance might
 be call'd t %ad[ seem'd1 ,= ea* seem'd 
ei!r1 black x /ood z night1 ,fi]ce z t5 

furies1 t]rible z hell1 ,& %ook a       
dreadful d>t3 :at seem'd 8 head ,!      
lik5ess ( a k+ly cr[n _h on4  ,b ! mo/  
common p]sonification ( dea? is z a     
skeleton br&i%+ a d>t2 & !n he is call$ 
! grisly k+ ( t]rors2 & p tremble at !  
?\ght ( him1 z *ildr5 d at ! "n ( a     
bugbe> 9 ! d>k4 ,:at sophi/ry ?is is6 ,x
 is z if we %\ld id5tify ! trophy ) !   
conqu]or1 ! ve/iges left 9 ! track ( a  
travell] ) ! travell] himself4 ,dea?    
lit]ally makes a skeleton ( man2 s man  
metaphorically makes a skeleton ( ,dea?6
 ,all ^! repres5tations ( dea?1 h[ev]   
beautiful1 or pa!tic1 or horrible1 are  
bas$ on sup]ficial appe>ances1 mislead+ 
analogies1 arbitr>y fancies1 p]turb$    
s5sibilities1 n on a firm hold (        
realities1 insight ( tru?1 &            
philosophical analysis4 ,!y are all to  
be bru%$ aside z phantoms ( nightm>e or 
artificial creations ( fiction4 ,poetry 
has mo/ly re/$1 hi!rto1 on no v]itable  
f\ndation ( sci5ce1 b on a vision>y     
f\ndation ( emotion4 ,x has wr\ght ^u   

flitt+1 s5sible ph5om5a r ?an ^u abid+  
sub/rata ( facts4 ,= example1 a t5d]    
,greek b>d p]sonifi$ ! life ( a tree z a
 ,hamadryad1 ! mov+ trunk & limbs h]    
undulat+ =m & beckon+ arms1 ! droop+    
b\ghs h] hair1 ! ru/l+ foliage h] voice4
 ,a mod]n poet1 end[$ ) ! same /r5g? (  
sympa?y1 b acqua9t$ ) vegetable *emi/ry1
 might p]sonify sap z a pale1 liquid    
maid51 asc5d+ ?r\gh ! roots & ve9s to   
meet air1 a blue boy rob$ 9 gold5 w>m?1 
desc5d+ ?r\gh ! leaves1 ) a :isp]1 to h]
 embrace4 ,s ! p]sonifications ( dea? 9 
lit]ature1 ?us f>1 give u no p5etrative 
glance into :at x really is1 help u to  
no acute def9ition ( x1 b poetically    
fa/5 on "s feature1 or accid5t1 or      
emotion1 associat$ ) x4  ,!re are 9     
popul> usage v>i\s metaphors to express 
:at is meant by dea?4 ,! pr9cipal ones  
are1 ext9ction ( ! vital sp>k1 dep>t+1  
expir+1 cutt+ ! ?read ( life1 giv+ up ! 
gho/1 fall+ asleep4 ,^! figurative modes
 ( spee* spr+ f extremely imp]fect      
correspond5ces4 ,inde$1 ! unlik5esses   

are m important & m num]\s ?an !        
lik5esses4 ,!y are simply artifices to  
indicate :at is s deeply obscure &      
intangible4 ,!y d n lay ! secret b>e1   
nor furni% u any aid 9 rea*+ to ! true  
ess5ce ( ! "q4 ,moreov]1 sev]al ( !m1 :5
 %>ply exam9$1 involve a fatal error4 ,=
 example1 ^u ! admitt$ supposition t 9 e
 case ( dy+ ! s\l dep>ts f ! body1 /ill1
 ?is sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body is n :at
 con/itutes dea?4 ,dea? is ! /ate ( !   
body :5 ! s\l has left x4 ,an act is    
di/9ct f its effects4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1   
turn f ! lit]>y inquiry to !            
metaphysical & sci5tific me?od1 to ga9  
any satisfactory idea & def9ition (     
dea?4  ,a ,g]man writ] ( extraord9>y    
acum5 & audacity has said1 ,only be=e   
dea?1 b n 9 dea?1 is dea? dea?4 ,dea? is
 s unreal a be+ t he only is :5 he is n1
 & is n :5 he is4#a ,?is p>adoxical &   
puzzl+ z x may appe> is susceptible ( q 
lucid int]pretation & def5ce4 ,= dea?   
is1 9 its nak$ significance1 ! /ate ( n 
be+4 ,( c\rse1 !n1 x has no exi/5ce save

 9 ! conceptions ( ! liv+4 ,we comp>e a 
dead  #a ,feu]ba*1 ,g$ank5 ub] ,tod &   
,un/]bli*keit1 sect4 #hd4   p]son ) :at 
he 0 :5 liv+1 & in/9ctively p]sonify !  
diff]5ce z dea?4 ,dea?1 /rictly analyz$1
 is only ?is ab/ract conceit or         
metaphysical non5tity4 ,dea?1 !re=e1 be+
 b a conception 9 ! m9d ( a liv+ p]son1 
:5 t p]son dies dea? ceases to be at    
all4 ,& ?us ! realization ( dea? is !   
dea? ( dea?4 ,he annihilates himself1   
dy+ ) ! d>t he drives4 ,hav+ 9 ?is mann]
 dispos$ ( ! p]sonality or entity (     
dea?1 x rema9s z an effect1 an ev5t1 a  
/ate4 ,accord+ly1 ! "q next arises1 ,:at
 is dea? :5 consid]$ 9 ?is its true     
aspect8  ,a positive mu/ be und]/ood    
be=e its relat$ negative c be           
intelligible4 ,bi*at def9$ life z ! sum 
( functions by :i* dea? is resi/$4 ,x is
 an id5tical proposition 9 v]bal        
disguise1 ) ! fault t x makes negation  
affirmation1 passiv5ess action4 ,dea? is
 n a dynamic ag5cy w>r+ aga9/ life1 b   
simply an occurr5ce4 ,life is ! op]ation

 ( an organiz+ =ce produc+ an organic =m
 accord+ to an ideal type1 & p]si/5tly  
pres]v+ t =m amid/ ! incessant molecul> 
activity & *ange ( its con/itu5t        
sub/ance4 ,t op]ation ( ! organic =ce   
:i* ?us con/itutes life is a cont9u\s   
process ( wa/e1 ca/+ (f ! old exhau/$   
matt]1 & ( replacem5t by assimilation ( 
new mat]ial4 ,! close ( ?is process (   
organific metamorphosis & desquamation  
is dea?1 ^: f9ality is utt]             
decomposition1 re/or+ all ! bodily      
elem5ts to ! orig9al inorganic          
conditions f :i* !y 7 tak54 ,! organic  
=ce ) :i* life beg9s con/ra9s *emical   
aff9ity to "w 9 special modes = !       
=mation ( special products3 :5 x is sp5t
 or disappe>s1 *emical aff9ity is at    
lib]ty to "w 9 its g5]al modes2 & t is  
dea?4 ,life is ! co ord9ation ( actions2
 ! imp]fection ( ! co ord9ation is      
disease1 its arre/ is dea?4 ,9 o!r      
words1 life is ! cont9u\s adju/m5t (    
relations 9 an organism ) relations 9   
its environm5t4 ,di/urb t adju/m5t1 & y 

h malady2 de/roy x1 & y h dea?4 ,life is
 ! p]=mance ( functions by an organism2 
dea? is ! ab&onm5t ( an organism to !   
=ces ( ! univ]se4 ,no function c be     
p]=m$ )\t a wa/e ( ! tissue ?r\gh :i* x 
is p]=m$3 t wa/e is repair$ by !        
assimilation ( fre% nutrim5t4 ,9 !      
balanc+ ( ^! two actions life consi/s4  
,! loss ( _! equipoise soon t]m9ates !m 
bo?2 & t is dea?4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1       
sci5tifically speak+1 to cause dea? is  
to /op t cont9u\s diff]5tiation &       
integration ( tissues & ( /ates (       
consci\sness con/itut+ life4 #b ,dea?1  
!re=e1 is no mon/]1 no =ce1 b ! act (   
completion1 ! /ate ( cessation2 & all ! 
bugbe>s nam$ dea? are b poor phantoms ( 
! fright5$ & *ildi% m9d4  ,life consi/+ 
9 ! con/ant diff]5tiation ( ! tissues by
 ! action ( oxyg51 & _! integration f ! 
bla/ema furni%$ by ! blood1 :y is n !   
h>mony ( ^! processes pres]v$ =ev]8 ,:y 
%\ld ! relation betwe5 ! integration &  
dis9tegration go+ on 9 ! human organism 
ev] fall out ( correspond5ce ) !        

relation betwe5 ! oxyg5 & food suppli$ f
 its environm5t8 ,t is to say1 :5ce     
orig9at$ ! s5t5ce ( dea? ^u man8 ,:y d  
we n live immortally z we are8 ,! curr5t
 reply is1 we die because our fir/ p>5t 
s9n$4 ,dea? is a p5alty inflict$ ^u !   
#b ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 pp4 
#ccd-cgc4   human race because ,adam    
disobey$ 8 ,mak]'s comm&4 ,we mu/       
consid] ?is !ory a little4  ,! n>rative 
9 ,g5esis1 ( ! creation ( man & ( !     
ev5ts 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 _c be trac$     
fur!r back ?an to ! "t ( ,solomon1 ?ree 
?\s& ye>s aft] ! alleg$ occurr5ces x    
describes4 ,?is portion ( ! book (      
,g5esis1 z has long be5 %[n1 is a di/9ct
 docum5t1 m>k$ by _m peculi>ities1 :i* 0
 ins]t$ 9 its pres5t place by ! compil] 
( ! eld] ,hebrew ,scriptures some:]e    
betwe5 sev5 & t5 c5turies be=e ,*ri/4#c 
,ewald has fully demon/rat$ t ! book (  
,g5esis consi/s ( _m sep>ate fragm5t>y  
docum5ts ( diff]5t ages1 arrang$ toge!r 
by a comp>atively late h&4 ,among ! lat]
 ( ^! pieces is ! acc\nt ( ! primeval   

pair 9 p>adise4 ,grotef5d argues1 ) mu* 
=ce & v>iety ( evid5ce1 t ?is /ory 0    
d]iv$ f a f> m anci5t leg5d book1 only  
fragm5ts ( :i* rema9$ :5 ! f9al         
collection 0 made ( ?is portion ( ! ,old
 ,te/am5t4#d ,_m s*ol>s h ?\ght ! acc\nt
 0 n ( ,hebrew orig91 b 0 borr[$ f !    
lit]>y traditions ( "s e>li] ,ori5tal   
nation4 ,ros5mull]1 ,von ,bohl51 & o!rs1
 say x be>s unmi/akable relation%ip to !
 ,z5dave/a :i* tells h[ ,ahriman1 ! old 
,s]p5t1 beguil$ ! fir/ pair into s9 &   
mis]y4 ,^! correspond5ces1 & also t     
betwe5 ! tree ( life & ! ,zoroa/rian    
plant hom1 :i* gives life & w produce ! 
resurrection1 are c]ta9ly /rik+4        
,buttmann sees 9 ,god's decl>ation to   
,adam1 ,behold1 ,i h giv5 y = food e h]b
 be>+ se$1 & e tree 9 :i* is fruit be>+ 
se$1 traces ( a prohibition ( animal    
food4 ,?is 0 n ! ve/ige ( a ,hebrew     
usage1 b ! veget>ian tradition ( "s sect
 es*ew+ meat1 a tradition drawn f ,s\?  
,asia1 :5ce ! fa!rs ( ! ,hebrew race    
came4#e ,ges5ius says1 ,_m ?+s 9 ?is    

n>rative 7 drawn f old] ,asiatic        
tradition4 #f ,knobel also affirms t    
num]\s matt]s 9 ?is relation 7 d]iv$ f  
traditions ( ,ea/ ,asian nations4#g     
,/ill1 x is n necess>y to suppose t !   
writ] ( ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis borr[$ any ?+
 f abroad4 ,! ,hebrew may z well h      
orig9at$ su* ideas z anybody else4 ,!   
,egyptians1 ! ,pho5icians1 ! ,*aldeans1 
! ,p]sians1 ! ,etruscans1 h k9dr$       
n>ratives held z mo/ anci5t & sacr$4#h  
,! ,*9ese1 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&]s1 ! ,nor?    
,am]ican ,indians1 also h _! leg5ds ( ! 
orig9 & alt]$ =tunes ( ! human race4 ,! 
resemblances betwe5 _m ( ^! /ories are  
bett] acc\nt$ = by ! intr9sic           
simil>ities ( ! subject1 ( ! m9d1 (     
nature1 & ( m5tal action1 ?an by !      
supposition ( d]ivation f "o ano!r4     
,reg>d+ ! ,hebrew n>rative z an indig5\s
 gr[?1 !n1 h[ %all we expla9 its orig91 
purport1 & au?ority8 ,( c\rse we _c     
receive x z a miracul\s revelation      
convey+ infallible tru?4 ,! ,bible1 x is
 n[ ackn[l$g$1 0 n giv5 9 ! provid5ce   

#c ,tu*1 ,komm5t> ub] ,g5esis1 s4       
xcviii4  #d ,zur alte/5 ,sag5poesie des 
,ori5ts4 ,zeits*rift d] deuts*5         
,morg5l&is*5 ,gesells*aft1 b& viii4 ss4 
#ggb-ggi4  #e ,my?ologus1 7,s*opfung &  
,sund5fall1 7 b& i4 s4 #acg4  #f        
,article ,adam1 9 ,encyclopadia by ,ers*
 & ,grub]4  #g ,die ,g5esis erkl>t1 s4  
#bh4  #h ,palfrey's ,academical         
,lectures1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ba-bh4   ( ,god
 to tea* a/ronomy1 geology1 *ronology1 &
 ! op]ation ( organic =ces1 b to help   
educate m5 9 morality & piety4 ,x is a  
religi\s1 n a sci5tific1 "w4 ,"s unkn[n 
,hebrew poet1 9 ! e>ly dawn ( rememb]$  
"t1 kn[+ little metaphysics & less      
sci5ce1 mus+ ^u ! =tunes ( man1 8       
wick$ness1 sorr[1 dea?1 & impress$ ) an 
in/9ctive conviction t ?+s c\ld n always
 h be5 s1 ca/+ ab\t = "s solution ( !   
dim1 pa!tic problem1 at la/ /ruck out ! 
beautiful & sublime poem record$ 9      
,g5esis1 :i* has n[ = _m a c5tury1 by   
,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 ,mohamm$ans1 be5      
cr$it$ z au!ntic hi/ory4 ,) 8 own h&s   

,god m\lds f e>? an image 9 8 own       
lik5ess1 brea!s life into x1 & new made 
man moves1 "l ( ! sc5e1 & lifts 8 face1 
illum9at$ ) s\l1 9 submissive love to 8 
,creator4 ,end[$ ) free w1 aft] a :ile  
he violat$ 8 ,mak]'s comm&3 ! div9e     
displeasure 0 awak5$1 puni%m5t ensu$1 & 
s ru%$ 9 ! t]rible ho/ ( ills "u :i* we 
suff]4 ,! problem mu/ e>ly arise3 !     
solution is1 to a c]ta9 /age ( ?\ght1 at
 once ! mo/ obvi\s & ! mo/ satisfactory 
conceivable4 ,x is ! tru?4 ,only x is   
ca/ 9 imag9ative1 n sci5tific1 =m1      
array$ 9 emblematic1 n lit]al1 g>b4 ,!  
,greeks _h a l(ty poem by "s e>ly unkn[n
 au?or1 sett+ =? h[ ,prome!us =m$ man ( 
clay & animat$ him ) fire f heav51 & h[ 
f ,p&ora's box ! horrid crew ( human    
vexations 7 let into ! _w4 ,! two       
n>ratives1 ?\gh mo/ unequal 9 dep? &    
dignity1 belong 9 ! same lit]>y &       
philosophical category4 ,nei!r 0 int5d$ 
z a pla9 record ( v]itable hi/ory1 ea*  
^w a nak$ fact1 b z a symbol ( its      
au?or's ?\ghts1 ea* phrase !            

metaphorical dress ( a speculative idea4
  ,ei*horn ma9ta9s1 ) no slight         
plausibility1 t ! :ole acc\nt ( ! ,g>d5 
( ,ed5 0 d]iv$ f a s]ies ( allegorical  
pictures :i* ! au?or _h se51 & :i* he   
translat$ f ! language ( pa9t+ into !   
language ( words4 ,at all ev5ts1 we mu/ 
take ! acc\nt z symbolic1 a succession (
 figurative expressions4 ,_m ( ! be/    
m9ds h always s consid]$ x1 f ,josephus 
to ,orig51 f ,ambrose to ,kant4 ,:at1   
!n1 are ! real ?\ghts :i* ! au?or ( ?is 
,hebrew poem on ! primal condition ( man
 meant to convey b5ea? 8 leg5d>y =ms (  
imag]y8 ,^! f\r are ! ess5tial ones4    
,fir/1 t ,god creat$ man2 secondly1 t he
 creat$ him 9 a /ate ( fre$om & happ9ess
 surr\nd$ by bless+s2 ?ird1 t ! favor$  
subject violat$ 8 ,sov]eign's ord]2     
f\r?1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is (f5ce he 0   
degrad$ f 8 bless$ condition1 b5ea? a   
load ( retributive ills4 ,! composition 
%[s ! *>act]i/ics ( a philosopheme or a 
my?1 a s*eme ( conceptions delib]ately  
wr\ght out to answ] an inquiry1 a /ory  

devis$ to acc\nt = an exi/+ fact or     
cu/om4 ,! picture ( ,god p]=m+ 8        
creative "w 9 six days & re/+ on !      
sev5?1 may h be5 drawn aft] ! sept5>y   
division ( "t & ! religi\s sep>ation ( !
 ,sabba?1 to expla9 & ju/ify t          
obs]vance4 ,! creation ( ,eve out ( !   
side ( ,adam 0 ei!r meant by ! au?or z  
an allegoric illu/ration t ! love (     
husb& & wife is ! mo/ p[]ful ( social   
bonds1 or z a pure my? seek+ to expla9 !
 incomp>able cleav+ toge!r ( husb& &    
wife by ! entirely poetic supposition t 
! fir/ woman 0 tak5 out ( ! fir/ man1   
bone ( 8 bone1 fle% ( 8 fle%4 ,all e>ly 
lit]atures teem ) exemplifications ( ?is
 process1 a spontane\s secretion by !   
imag9ation to acc\nt = "s pres5t$       
ph5om5on4 ,or p]haps ?is "p ( ! relation
 & he call$ h] woman manness1 because %e
 0 tak5 out ( man may be an in/ance ( ^?
 etymological my?s ) :i* anci5t         
lit]ature ab\nds4 ,woman is nam$ ,i%a   
because %e 0 tak5 out ( man1 ^: "n is   
,i%4 ,! b>b>\s treatm5t ! record "u     

consid]ation has receiv$1 ! utt]        
baselessness ( x 9 ! light ( tru? z     
f\ndation = lit]al belief1 f9d p]haps no
 fitt] exposure ?an 9 ! fact t = _m     
c5turies x 0 ! preval5t fai? ( ,*ri/5dom
 t e woman has "o rib m ?an man1 a      
p]man5t memorial ( ! ,div9e !ft f 8     
side4 ,unque/ionably1 !re are _m good   
p]sons n[ :o1 if ,ri*>d ,ow5 %\ld tell  
!m t man has ! same numb] ( ribs z      
woman1 w\ld ?9k ( ! second *apt] (      
,g5esis & d\bt 8 ^w6  ,!re is no reason 
= suppos+ ! s]p5t 9 ?is recital to be   
int5d$ z a repres5tative ( ,satan4 ,!   
e>lie/ trace ( su* an int]pretation is 9
 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 an anonym\s &    
apocryphal book compos$ probably a ?\s& 
ye>s lat]4 ,:at is said ( ! snake is !  
mo/ pla9ly my?ical ( all ! portions4    
,:at caus$ ! snake to crawl on 8 belly 9
 ! du/1 :ile o!r creatures walk on feet 
or fly ) w+s8 ,:y1 ! sly1 w9d+ creature1
 m subtle1 m dete/able1 ?an any bea/ ( !
 field1 deceiv$ ! fir/ woman2 & ?is is 8
 puni%m5t6 ,su* 0 probably ! m5tal      

process 9 ! writ]4 ,to seek a pr(\nd &  
true !ological dogma 9 su* a /atem5t is 
z absurd z to seek x 9 ! classic my? t !
 lapw+ ) 8 %>p beak *ases ! swall[      
because he is ! desc5dant ( ! enrag$    
,t]eus :o pursu$ poor ,progne ) a drawn 
sword4 ,or1 to cite a m apposite case1 z
 well might we seek a reliable hi/orical
 n>rative 9 ! foll[+ ,greek my?4 ,zeus  
once gave man a rem$y aga9/ old age4 ,he
 put x on ! back ( an ass & foll[$ on   
foot4 ,x be+ a hot day1 ! ass grew      
?ir/y1 & w\ld dr9k at a f\nt :i* a snake
 gu>d$4 ,! cunn+ snake knew :at preci\s 
burd5 ! ass bore1 & w\ld n1 except at ! 
price ( x1 let him dr9k4 ,he obta9$ !   
prize2 b ) x1 z a puni%m5t = 8 trick1 he
 incessantly suff]s ! ass's ?ir/4 ,?us !
 snake1 ca/+ 8 sk91 annually r5ews 8    
y\?1 :ile man is borne d[n by old age4#i
 ,9 all ^! cases ! m5tal action is ( !  
same k9d 9 motive1 me?od1 & result4  ,! 
au?or ( ! poem conta9$ 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( 
,g5esis does n say t man 0 made         
immortal4 ,! implication pla9ly is t he 

0 creat$ mortal1 tak5 f ! du/ &         
naturally to return aga9 to ! du/4 ,b by
 ! p[] ( ,god a tree 0 provid$ ^: fruit 
w\ld immortalize its p>tak]s4 ,! p5alty 
( ,adam's s9 0 directly1 n physical     
dea?1 b be+ =c$ 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[ to wr+
 8 subsi/5ce f ! /]ile gr\nd curs$ = 8  
sake2 x 0 indirectly lit]al dea?1 9 t he
 0 prev5t$ f eat+ ! fruit ( ! tree (    
life4 ,god s5t him out ( ! g>d51 le/ he 
eat & live =ev]4 ,he 0 !re=e1 accord+ to
 ! n>rative1 made orig9ally subject to  
dea?2 b an immortaliz+ antidote 0 prep>$
 = him1 :i* he =feit$ by 8              
transgression4 ,t ! writ] made use ( !  
trees ( life & k z embelli%+ allegories 
is mo/  #i ,alian1 no ,nat4 ,animal41   
lib4 vi4 cap4 #ea4   probable4 ,b1 if n1
 he 0 n ! only dev\t poet :o1 9 ! e>ly  
times1 ) sacr$ rev]5ce believ$ ! wond]s 
! inspir+ muse gave him z f ,god4 ,x is 
n cle> f ! ,biblical record t ,adam 0   
imag9$ ! fir/ man4 ,on ! contr>y1 !     
/atem5t t ,ca9 0 afraid t ^? :o met him 
w\ld kill him1 also t he w5t to ! l& (  

,nod & took a wife & build$ a city1     
implies t !re 0 ano!r & old] race4 ,fa!r
 ,peyr]e wrote a book1 call$            
,praadamita1 m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago1 
po9t+ out ?is fact & argu+ t !re really 
7 m5 be=e ,adam4 ,if sci5ce %\ld        
?or\ghly e/abli% ! tru? ( ?is view1     
religion ne$ n suff]2 b ! common !ology1
 inextricably built ^u & int]tangl$ ) ! 
dogma ( orig9al s91 w\ld be hopelessly  
ru9$4 ,b ! lead]s 9 ! sci5tific _w w n  
on t acc\nt %ut _! eyes nor refuse to   
reason4 ,*ri/ians %\ld foll[ _! example 
( tru? seek+1 ) a deep] fai? 9 ,god1    
fe>less ( results1 b resolv$ ^u rea*+   
reality4  ,x is a v s+ul> & important   
fact t1 f ! appe>ance 9 ,g5esis ( !     
acc\nt ( ! creation & s9 & puni%m5t ( ! 
fir/ pair1 n ! fa9te/ explicit allusion 
to x is subsequ5tly f\nd any:]e 9       
lit]ature until ab\t ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,_h x
 be5 all along cr$it$ 9 its lit]al s5se1
 z a div9e revelation1 c\ld ?is be s8   
,philo ,judaus gives x a ?or\ghly       
figurative mean+4 ,he says1 ,adam 0     

creat$ mortal 9 body1 immortal 9 m9d4   
,p>adise is ! s\l1 piety ! tree ( life1 
discrim9ative wisdom ! tree ( k2 ! s]p5t
 is pleasure1 ! flam+ sword turn+ e way 
is ! sun revolv+ r\nd ! _w4#aj ,jesus   
himself nev] once alludes to ,adam or to
 any "p ( ! /ory ( ,ed54 ,9 ! :ole ,new 
,te/am5t !re are b two important        
ref]5ces to ! tradition1 bo? ( :i* are  
by ,paul4 ,he says1 9 effect1 ,z ?r\gh !
 s9 ( ,adam all are condemn$ unto dea?1 
s by ! righte\sness ( ,*ri/ all %all be 
ju/ifi$ unto life4 ,x is n a gu>d$      
doctr9al /atem5t1 b an un/udi$1         
rhetorical illu/ration ( ! affiliation (
 ! s9ful & unhappy g5]ations ( ! pa/ )  
_! (f5d+ prog5itor1 ,adam1 ( ! believ+ &
 bless$ family ( ! *os5 ) _! r$eem+     
head1 ,*ri/4 ,he does n use ! ^w dea? 9 
! ,epi/le to ! ,romans prevail+ly 9 !   
n>r[ s5se ( physical dissolution1 b 9 a 
broad1 spiritual s5se1 z appe>s1 =      
example1 9 ^! in/ances3 ,to be c>nally  
m9d$ is dea?2 ,! law ( ! _s ( life 9    
,*ri/ ha? made me free f ! law ( s9 &   

dea?4 ,= ! spiritually m9d$ 7 n exempt f
 bodily dea?4 ,paul himself di$ ! bodily
 dea?4 ,8 idea ( ! relations ( ,adam &  
,*ri/ to humanity is m cle>ly express$ 9
 ! o!r passage already allud$ to4 ,x is 
9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 & appe>s to
 be ?is4 ,! fir/ man1 ,adam1 0 ( ! e>?1 
e>?y1 ! head & repres5tative ( a        
corruptible race ^: fle% & blood 7 nev] 
meant to inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,!      
second man1 ,*ri/ ! ,"l1 soon to return 
f heav51 0 a quick5+ _s1 head &         
repres5tative ( a ris5 spiritual race = 
:om is prep>$ ! et]nal inh]itance ( !   
sa9ts 9 light4 ,z by ! fir/ man came    
dea?1 ^: g]m is transmitt$ ) ! fle%1 s  
by ! second man comes ! resurrection ( !
 dead1 ^: type is se5 9 8 glorifi$      
asc5sion f ,hades to heav54 ,z 9 ,adam  
all die1 ev5 s 9  #aj ,de ,mundi        
,opificio1 liv lvi4 ,de ,*]ub4 viii4    
,*ri/ %all all be made alive4 ,^u all ! 
l9e ( ,adam s9 has entail$1 :at o!rwise 
w\ld n h be5 kn[n1 moral dea? & a       
disembodi$ desc5t to ! "u _w4 ,b !      

gospel ( ,*ri/1 & 8 resurrection z !    
fir/ fruits ( !m t slept1 proclaim to   
all ^? t are 81 at 8 spe$y com+1 a k9dr$
 deliv]ance f ! l[] gloom1 an inve/iture
 ) spiritual bodies1 & an admission into
 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ,paul1 !n1 
physical dea? is n ! retributive        
consequ5ce ( ,adam's s91 b is ! w ( !   
,creator 9 ! law ( nature1 ! s[+ (      
t]re/rial bodies = ! ga!r+ ( cele/ial   
bodies1 ! putt+ (f ( ! image ( ! e>?y = 
! putt+ on ( ! image ( ! heav5ly4 ,!    
specialty ( ! m>r+ & punitive int]f]5ce 
( s9 9 ! economy is1 9 addition to !    
p5alties 9 moral exp]i5ce1 !            
int]polation1 betwe5 ! fle%ly unclo?+ & 
! spiritual clo?+ ^u1 ( ! long1         
disembodi$1 subt]ranean resid5ce1 f !   
desc5t ( ,abel into its palpable        
solitude to ! asc5t ( ,*ri/ out ( its   
multitud9\s _w4 ,f ,adam1 9 ! fle%1     
humanity s9ks into ! grave realm2 f     
,*ri/1 9 ! _s1 x %all rise into heav54  
,_h man rema9$ innoc5t1 dea?1 consid]$ z
 *ange ( body & transition to heav51    

w\ld /ill h be5 8 portion2 b all !      
suff]+ & evil n[ actually associat$ )   
dea? w\ld n h be54  ,leav+ !            
,scriptures1 ! fir/ man appe>s 9        
lit]ature1 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght on !
 beg9n+ ( our race1 9 ?ree =ms4 ,!re is 
! ,my?ical ,adam1 ! embodim5t ( poetical
 mus+s1 fanciful conceits1 & speculative
 dreams2 !re is ! ,!ological ,adam1 !   
c5tral po/ulate ( a gr\p ( dogmas1 !    
support ( a fabric ( controv]sial ?\ght1
 ! lay figure to fill out & we> !       
hypo!tical dresses ( a doctr9al sy/em2 &
 !re is ! ,sci5tific ,adam1 ! fir/      
specim5 ( ! g5us man1 ! supposititi\s   
p]sonage :o1 z ! e>lie/ product1 on ?is 
grade1 ( ! ,creative organic =ce or     
,div9e en]gy1 comm5c$ ! s]ies ( human   
g5]ations4 ,! fir/ is a hypo/atiz$      
leg5d1 ! second a metaphysical          
p]sonification1 ! ?ird a philosophical  
hypo!sis4 ,! fir/ is an attractive heap 
( imag9ations1 ! next a dialectic mass (
 dogmatisms1 ! la/ a mode/ set ( !ories4
  ,philo says ,god made ,adam n f any   

*ance e>?1 b f a c>efully select$       
portion ( ! f9e/ & mo/ sift$ clay1 & t1 
z be+ directly creat$ by ,god1 he 0     
sup]ior to all o!rs g5]at$ by m51 !     
g5]ations ( :om det]iorate 9 ea* remove 
f him1 z ! attraction ( a magnet weak5s 
f ! iron r+ x t\*es along a *a9 (       
connect$ r+s4 ,! ,rabb9s say ,adam 0 s  
l>ge t :5 he lay d[n he rea*$ across !  
e>?1 & :5 /&+ 8 head t\*$ ! firmam5t3   
aft] 8 fall he wad$ ?r\gh ! ocean1      
,orion l4 ,ev5 a ,fr5* ,academician1    
,nicolas ,fleurion1 held t ,adam 0 "o   
hundr$ & tw5ty ?ree feet & n9e in*es 9  
height4 ,all creatures except ! angel   
,eblis1 z ! ,koran tea*es1 made         
obeisance to him4 ,eblis1 full ( envy & 
pride1 refus$1 & 0 ?ru/ into hell by    
,god1 :]e he began to plot ! ru9 ( ! new
 race4 ,"o effect ( ! =bidd5 fruit he   
ate 0 to cause rott5 tee? 9 8           
desc5dants4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,p>adise b "o  
day4 ,aft] he _h eat5 f ! prohibit$     
tree1 ,eve gave ( ! fruit to ! o!r      
creatures 9 ,ed51 & !y all ate ( x1 & s 

became mortal1 ) ! sole exception ( !   
pho5ix1 :o refus$ to ta/e x1 &          
consequ5tly rema9$ immortal4  ,! ,talmud
 tea*es t ,adam w\ld nev] h di$ _h he n 
s9n$4 ,! majority ( ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs &  
doctors1 f ,t]tullian & ,augu/9e to     
,lu!r & ,calv91 h ma9ta9$ ! same op9ion4
 ,x has be5 ! or?odox t is1 ! prevail+  
doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 affirm$ by ! ,synod  
at ,c>?age 9 ! ye> f\r hundr$ & eighte51
 & by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 9 ! ye> fifte5  
hundr$ & =ty five4 ,all ! evils :i*     
afflict ! _w1 bo? moral & mat]ial1 are  
direct results ( ,adam's s94 ,he conta9$
 all ! s\ls ( m5 9 himself2 & !y all    
s9n$ 9 him1 _! f$]al head & legal       
repres5tative4 ,:5 ! fatal fruit 0      
pluck$1  ,e>? felt ! w\nd1 & ,nature f  
h] seat1 ,sigh+ ?r\gh all h] works1 gave
 signs ( woe ,t all 0 lo/4  ,e>?quakes1 
tempe/s1 pe/il5ces1 pov]ty1 w>1 !       
endless brood ( di/ress1 ensu$4 ,= !n 7 
,turn'd askance ,! poles ( e>? twice t5 
degrees & m ,f ! sun's axle1 & ) labor  
pu%'d ,oblique ! c5tric globe4  ,adam's 

transc5d5t faculties & gifts 7 d>k5$ &  
dim9i%$ 9 8 deprav$ po/]ity1 & all base 
prop5sities let loose to torm5t1        
confuse1 & degrade !m4 ,we c sc>cely =m 
a conception ( ! g5ius1 ! beauty1 !     
bless$ness1 ( ! fir/ man1 say !         
!ologians 9 *orus4#aa ,augu/9e decl>es1 
,! mo/ gift$ ( our "t mu/ be consid]$1  
:5 comp>$ ) ,adam 9 g5ius1 z tortoises  
to birds 9 spe$4 ,adam1 writes ,dante1 0
 made f clay1 accompli%$ ) e gift t life
 c teem )4 ,?omas ,aqu9as tea*es t he 0 
immortal by grace ?\gh n by nature1 _h  
univ]sal k1 fell[%ipp$ ) angels1 & saw  
,god4 ,s\?1 9 8 fam\s s]mon on ,man !   
,image ( ,god1 aft] an elaborate        
panegyric ( ! wondr\s maje/y1 wisdom1   
peacefulness1 & bliss ( man be=e ! fall1
 exclaims1 ,ari/otle 0 b ! rubbi% ( an  
,adam1 & ,a!ns ! rudim5ts ( ,p>adise6   
,jean ,paul has amus+ly burlesqu$ ^!    
conceits4 ,adam1 9 8 /ate ( innoc5ce1   
possess$ a k ( all ! arts & sci5ces1    
univ]sal & s*ola/ic hi/ory1 ! sev]al    
p5al & o!r codes ( law1 & all ! old dead

 languages1 z well z ! liv+4 ,he 01 z x 
71 a liv+ ,pegasus & ,p9dus1 a movable  
lodge ( sublime light1 a royal lit]>y   
society1 a pocket seat ( ! ,muses1 & a  
%ort gold5 age ( ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?6      
,adam has be5 call$ ! ,man )\t a ,navel1
 because1 n be+ born ( woman1 !re c\ld  
be no umbilical cord to cut4 ,! ?\ght   
goes deep4 ,9 addition to ! my?ico      
!ological pictures ( ! me*anical        
creation & sup]lative condition ( ! fir/
 man1 two =ms ( /atem5t h be5 advanc$ by
 ?\ghtful /ud5ts ( nature4 ,"o is ! !ory
 ( *ronological progressive developm5t2 
! o!r is ! !ory ( !  #aa ,/rauss gives a
 multitude ( apposite quotations 9 8    
,*ri/li*e ,glaub5slehre1 b& i4 s4 #fia1 
sect4 #ea1 ff4   simultane\s creation ( 
organic families ( diff]5t species or   
typical =ms4 ,! advocate ( ! =m] goes   
back along ! int]m9able vi/as ( geologic
 "t1 trac+ 8 ance/ral l9e ?r\gh ! s9k+  
=ms ( animal life1 until1 ) ! aid ( a   
microscope1 he sees a clos$ vesicle (   
/ructureless membrane2 & ?is he         

recognises z ! sci5tific ,adam4 ,?is    
!ory has be5 br\ght into fre% discussion
 by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 8 ri* & /rik+ "w on !  
,orig9 ( ,species#ab ,! o!r view        
contra/s widely ) ?is1 & is n ess5tially
 diff]5t f ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis4 ,x %[s   
,god himself creat+ by regul> me?ods1 9 
natural mat]ials1 n by a viceg]5t law1 n
 ) ! an?ropomorphitic h&s ( an ext]nal  
pott]4 ,e organiz$ fabric1 h[ev]        
complex1 orig9ates 9 a s+le             
physiological cell4 ,e individual       
organism f ! simple plant kn[n z r$ sn[ 
to ! oak1 f ! zoophyte to man is        
develop$ f su* a cell4 ,?is is          
unque/ionable sci5tific k4 ,! ph5om5al  
process ( organic advancem5t is ?r\gh   
gr[? ( ! cell by selective appropriation
 ( mat]ial1 self multiplication ( !     
cell1 *emical trans=mations ( ! pabulum 
( ! cell1 end[m5t ( ! muscul> & n]v\s   
tissues produc$ by ^? trans=mations )   
vital & psy*ical prop]ties4  ,b ! ess5ce
 ( ! problem lies 9 ! "q1 ,:y does "o ( 
^! simple cells become a cabbage1 ano!r 

a rat1 ano!r a :ale1 ano!r a man8 ,)9 ! 
limits ( kn[n obs]vation dur+ hi/oric   
"t1 e organism yields se$ or be>s prog5y
 aft] its own k9d4 ,betwe5 all neighbor+
 species !re are impassable1 discrete   
*asms4 ,! direct reason1 !re=e1 :y "o   
cell /ops 9 completion at any giv5      
vegetable /age1 ano!r at a c]ta9 animal 
/age1 is t its produc+ p>5t 0 t         
vegetable or t animal4 ,n[1 go+ back to 
! fir/ individual ( ea* k9d1 :i* _h no  
det]m9+ p>5t l itself1 ! !ory ( !       
gradually ameliorat+ developm5t ( "o    
species out ( ! next bel[ x is "o mode (
 solv+ ! problem4 ,ano!r mode m         
satisfactory at lea/ to !ologians & _!  
allies is to conclude t ,god1 ! ,div9e  
,=ce1 by :om ! life ( ! univ]se is giv51
 made ! _w aft] an ideal plan1 includ+ a
 sy/ematic arrangem5t ( all ! possible  
modifications4 ,?is plan 0 9 8 ?\ght1 9 
! unity ( all its p>ts1 f ! beg9n+2 & ! 
animate creation is ! execution ( its   
diagrams 9 organic life4 ,in/ead ( !    
l9eal extraction ( ! complicat$ s*eme   

out ( "o cell1 !re has be51 f epo* to   
epo*1 ! simultane\s production ( all    
includ$ 9 "o ( its sections4 ,!         
,creator1 at 8 *os5 times1 call+ into   
exi/5ce a multitude ( cells1 gave ea* "o
 ! am\nt & type ( organic =ce :i* w\ld  
c>ry x to ! de/9$ grade & =m4 ,9 ?is    
mann] may h orig9at$1 at ! same "t1 !   
fir/ sp>r[1 ! fir/ horse1 ! fir/ man1 9 
%ort1 a :ole circle ( cong5]s4  ,!      
grassy clods n[ calv$2 n[ half appe>'d  
,! tawny lion1 paw+ to get free ,8 h9d] 
p>ts1 !n spr+s z broke f bonds1 ,&      
rampant %akes 8 br9d$ mane4  #ab ,! mo/ 
=cible def5ce ( ?is hypo!sis is t made  
by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,see1 9 8 volume (    
,essays1 ,no4 #b ( ! ,hay?orne ,pap]s4  
,also see ,ok51 ,ent/ehung des er/5     
,m5e*51 ,isis1 #ahai1 ss4 #aaag-aabc4   
,ea* creature1 !re=e1 w\ld be di/9ct f  
o!rs f ! fir/4 ,man1 ?\gh ris+ f n man1 
came =? %>ply def9$4 ,! races ?us       
orig9at$ 9 _! initiative repres5tatives 
by ! creative p[] ( ,god1 !nce=? possess
 9 !mselves ! p[]1 ea* "o1 9 ! g5]ative 

act1 to put its typical dynamic /amp ^u 
! primordial cells ( its imm$iate       
desc5dants4 ,adam1 !n1 0 a wild man1 ca/
 9 favor+ conditions ( climate1 end[$ ) 
! same faculties z n[1 only n 9 s high a
 degree4 ,=1 by 8 peculi> p[] ( =m+     
habits1 accumulat+ exp]i5ce1 transmitt+ 
acquirem5ts & t5d5cies1 he has sl[ly    
ris5 to 8 pres5t /ate ) all its weal? ( 
wisdom1 arts1 & com=ts4  ,by ei!r ( ^!  
!ories1 t ( ,d>w91 or t ( ,agassiz1 man1
 ! head ( ! great organic family ( !    
e>?1 & x matt]s n at all :e!r !re 7 only
 "o ,adam & ,eve1 or :e!r ea* sep>ate   
race _h its own ,adams & ,eves1#ac n    
m]ely a solit>y pair1 b simultane\s     
hundr$s1 man1 physically consid]$1 is   
indi/+ui%ably includ$ 9 ! creative plan 
"u ! same laws & =ces1 & visibly subject
 to ! same de/9ation1 z ! l[] animals4  
,he />ts ) a cell z !y d1 gr[s to       
maturity by assimilative organization & 
end[+ trans=mation ( =eign nutrim5t z !y
 d1 8 life is a cont9u\s process ( wa/e 
& repair ( tissues z !irs is1 & !re is1 

f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 no           
conceivable reason :y he %\ld n be      
subject to physical dea? z !y are4 ,!y h
 always be5 subject to dea?1 :i*1 !re=e1
 is an aborig9al con/itu5t ( ! ,creative
 plan4 ,x has be5 e/imat$1 ^u data      
furni%$ by sci5tific obs]vation1 t s9ce 
! appe>ance ( organic life on e>?1      
millions ( ye>s ago1 animals en\gh h di$
 to cov] all ! l&s ( ! globe ) _! bones 
to ! height ( ?ree miles4 ,consequ5tly1 
! hi/oric comm5cem5t ( dea? is n to be  
f\nd 9 ! s9 ( man4 ,we %all discov] x z 
a necessity 9 ! fir/ organic cell t 0   
ev] =m$4  ,! sph]ule ( =ce :i* is !     
primitive basis ( a cell sp5ds itself 9 
! dis*>ge ( its "w4 ,9 o!r words1 !     
am\nt ( vital action :i* c be p]=m$ by  
ea* liv+ cell has a def9ite limit4 ,:5 t
 limit is rea*$1 ! exhau/$ cell is dead4
 ,to /ate ! fact diff]5tly3 no function 
c be p]=m$ )\t ! dis9tegration ( a c]ta9
 am\nt ( tissue1 ^: compon5ts are !n    
remov$ z effete by ! excretory          
processes4 ,?is f9al exp5diture on ! "p 

( a cell ( its modification ( =ce is !  
act ( molecul> dea?1 ! g]m9al ess5ce (  
all decay4 ,t ?is organic law %\ld rule 
9 e liv+ /ructure is a necessity inh]5t 
9 ! actual conditions ( ! creation4 ,&  
:]ev] we look 9 ! realm ( physical man1 
ev5 f ! r$ outl9e ( beg9n+ ,adam to !   
amorph\s adipoc]e ( ! la/ corpse :5     
fate's black curta9 falls on our race1  
we %all disc]n dea?4 ,= dea? is ! o!r   
side ( life4 ,life & dea? are ! two h&s 
) :i* ! organic p[] works4  ,! ?reescore
 simple elem5ts kn[n to *emi/s die1 t   
is1 surr5d] _! peculi> p[]s & prop]ties1
 & ent] into new comb9ations to produce 
& support high] =ms ( life4 ,o!rwise ^! 
inorganic elem5tal wa/es w\ld be all t !
 mat]ial univ]se c\ld %[4  #ac ,!       
,div]sity ( ,orig9 ( ! ,human ,races1 by
 ,l\is ,agassiz1 ,*ri/ian ,exam9]1      
,july1 #ahej4   ,! simple plant consi/s 
( s+le cells1 :i*1 9 its developm5t1    
give up _! indep5d5t life = ! production
 ( a m exalt$ vegetable =m4 ,! =mation (
 a p]fectly organiz$ plant is made      

possible only ?r\gh ! cont9u\s dy+ &    
replacem5t ( its cells4 ,simil>ly1 9 !  
developm5t ( an animal1 ! con/itu5t     
cells die = ! good ( ! :ole creature2 & 
! m p]fect ! animal ! great] !          
subord9ation ( ! p>ts4 ,! cells ( !     
human body are incessantly dy+1 be+     
borne (f & replac$4 ,! epid]mis or sc>f 
sk9 is made ( millions ( ins5sible      
scales1 consi/+ ( =m] cells :i* h di$ 9 
ord] ) _! dead bodies to build ?is      
gu>dian wall ar\nd ! t5d] inn] p>ts4    
,?us1 dea?1 op]at+ )9 ! individual1 se5 
9 ! light ( natural sci5ce1 is a        
necessity1 is purely a =m ( self        
surr5d]+ b5efic5ce1 is1 inde$1 b a hidd5
 & indirect process & completion (      
life4#ad  ,& is n ! dea? ( ! total      
organism j z ne$ful1 j z b5ignant1 z !  
dea? ( ! compon5t atoms8 ,is x n ! same 
law1 /ill express+ ! same mean+8 ,!     
*emicalelem5ts :]e9 individuality is    
want+1 z ,wagn] says1 die t vegetable   
bodies may live4 ,individual vegetable  
bodies die t new individuals ( ! species

 may live1 & t !y may supply !          
conditions = animals to live4 ,!        
individual bea/ dies t o!r individuals (
 8 species may live1 & also = ! good (  
man4 ,! plant lives by ! elem5ts & by   
o!r plants3 ! animal lives by ! elem5ts1
 by ! plants1 & by o!r animals3 man     
lives & reigns by ! s]vice ( ! elem5ts1 
( ! plants1 & ( ! animals4 ,! individual
 man dies if we may tru/ ! law ( analogy
 = ! good ( 8 species1 & t he may furni%
 ! conditions = ! developm5t ( a high]  
life else:]e4 ,x is q obvi\s t1 if      
individuals did n die1 new individuals  
c\ld n live1 because !re w\ld n be room4
 ,x is also equally evid5t t1 if        
individuals did n die1 !y c\ld nev] h   
any o!r life ?an ! pres5t4 ,! =ego+     
consid]ations1 fa?om$ & appreciat$1     
trans=m ! in/itution ( dea? f caprice & 
puni%m5t into necessity & b5ignity4 ,9 !
 timid s5tim5tali/'s view1 dea? is      
horrible4 ,nature unrolls ! *>t (       
organic exi/5ce1 a convuls$ & lurid li/ 
( murd]]s1 f ! spid] 9 ! w9d[ to ! tig] 

9 ! jungle1 f ! %>k at ! bottom ( ! sea 
to ! eagle aga9/ ! floor ( ! sky4 ,z !  
p]fum$ fop1 9 an int]val ( reflection1  
gazes at ! spectacle ?r\gh 8 da9ty      
eyeglass1 ! prospect swims 9 blood &    
gl>es ) ! gha/ly phosphorus (           
corruption1 & he %udd]s ) sickness4 ,9 !
 philosophical naturali/'s view1 ! dy+  
panorama is :olly diff]5t4 ,c>nivor\s   
viol5ce prev5ts m pa9 ?an x inflicts2 ! 
w$d$ laws ( life & dea? we> ! solemn    
beauty & wield ! m]ciful functions (    
,god2 all is balanc$ & ameliorat+2 above
 ! slaught]\s /ruggle safely so> ! dove 
& ! ra9b[2 out ( ! *>nel blooms ! rose  
to :i* ! night+ale s+s love2 nor is !re 
poison :i* helps n heal?1 nor de/ruction
 :i* supplies n creation ) nutrim5t =   
great] good & joy4  ,by pa9t+ su*       
pictures z t ( a woman ) ,s9 writt5 on  
h] =ehead 9 great gl>+ lett]s1 giv+ to  
,dea? a globe entw9$ by a s]p5t1 or t ( 
,dea? z a  #ad ,h]mann ,wagn]1 ,d] ,tod1
 beleu*tet vom ,/&punkte d]             
,naturwiss5s*aft54  skeleton1 wav+ a    

black bann] ov] ! _w & s\nd+ ?r\gh a    
trumpet1 ,woe1 woe to ! inhabitants ( ! 
e>?6 by int]pret+ ! great ev5t z        
puni%m5t in/ead ( fulfilm5t1 ext]m9ation
 in/ead ( transition1 m5 h elaborat$1 9 
! fai? ( _! imag9ations1 a melodramatic 
dea? :i* nature nev] made4 ,truly1 to ! 
capable obs]v]1 dea? be>s ! d\ble aspect
 ( necessity & b5ignity3 necessity1     
because x is an ultimate fact1 z !      
mat]ial _w is made1 t1 s9ce organic     
action implies exp5diture ( =ce1 !      
modicum ( =ce giv5 to any physical      
organization mu/ f9ally be sp5t2        
b5ignity1 because a bodily immortality  
on e>? w\ld bo? prev5t all ! happ9ess ( 
p]petually ris+ millions & be an        
unspeakable curse ^u its possessors4  ,!
 b5evol5ce ( dea? appe>s f ?is fact1 t x
 b\ndlessly multiplies ! numb]s :o c    
enjoy ! pr]ogatives ( life4 ,x calls up 
ev] fre% g5]ations1 ) wond]+ eyes & eag]
 appetites1 to ! p]5nial banquet (      
exi/5ce4 ,_h ,adam n s9n$ & be5 expell$ 
f ,p>adise1 "s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs      

?\ght1 ! fix$ numb] ( sa9ts =ese5 by    
,god w\ld h be5 rea*$ & !n no m w\ld h  
be5 born4#ae  ,su* w\ld h be5 !         
necessity1 !re be+ no dea?4 ,b1 by !    
removal ( "o company z !y gr[ tir$ &    
sat$1 room is made = a new company to   
approa* & enjoy ! ev] r5ew+ spectacle & 
fea/ ( ! _w4 ,?us all ! delightful boons
 life has1 in/ead ( be+ coop$ )9 a      
little /ale circle1 are ceaselessly     
diffus$ & increas$4 ,vivaci\s claimants 
advance1 see :at is to be se51 p>take ( 
:at is furni%$1 are satisfi$1 & retire2 
& _! places are imm$iately tak5 by      
hungry successors4 ,?us ! tor* ( life is
 pass$ briskly1 ) picturesque & /imulat+
 effect1 along ! manifold race ( runn+  
ages1 in/ead ( sm\ld]+ /agnantly =ev] 9 
! moveless grasp ( "o4 ,! am\nt (       
enjoym5t1 ! quantity ( consci\s         
exp]i5ce1 ga9$ f any giv5 exhibition by 
a million p]sons to ea* ( :om x is      
successively %[n = "o h\r1 is1 beyond   
all "q1 imm5sely great] & ke5] ?an "o   
p]son c\ld h f x 9 a million h\rs4 ,!   

g5]ations ( m5 seem l fire flies glitt]+
 d[n ! d>k lane ( ,hi/ory2 b ea* sw>m _h
 its happy turn1 fulfill$ its h\r1 &    
rightfully gave way to its foll[]s4 ,!  
dis9t]e/$ b5efic5ce ( ! ,creator orda9s 
t ! same plants1 insects1 m51 %all n    
unsurr5d]+ly monopolize & /op ! bliss ( 
brea?4 ,dea? is ! e*o ( ! voice ( love  
rev]b]at$ f ! limit ( life4  ,!         
cumulative fund ( human exp]i5ce1 !     
s5sitive affiliat+ l9e ( hi/ory1 l a    
c]ebral cord ( p]sonal id5tity trav]s+ !
 c5turies1 r5d]s a cont9ual succession (
 g5]ations equival5t to ! endless       
exi/5ce ( "o g5]ation2 b ) ?is mighty   
diff]5ce1 t x pres]ves all ! edge &     
spice ( novelty4 ,= consid] :at w\ld be 
! result if dea? 7 aboli%$ & m5 end[$ ) 
an e>?ly immortality4 ,at fir/ !y might 
rejoice1 & ?9k _! la/1 dreade/ enemy    
de/roy$4 ,b :at a mi/ake6 ,9 ! fir/     
place1 s9ce none are to be remov$ f !   
e>?1 ( c\rse none mu/ come into x4 ,!   
space & mat]ial are all want$ by ^? n[ 9
 possession4 ,all are soon mature m5 &  

wom51 n ano!r infant ev] to hang ^u a   
"m's brea/ or be lift$ 9 a fa!r's arms4 
#ae ,augu/9e1 ,op4 ,imp4 iii4 #aih4     
,all ! prattl+ music1 fond c>es1 ye>n+  
love1 & gu%+ joys & hopes associat$ ) ! 
re>+ ( *ildr51 gone6 ,:at a /up5d\s     
fragm5t is /rick5 f ! fabric ( ^? enri*+
 satisfactions :i* give life its true/  
value & its pure/ *>m6 ,ages roll on4   
,!y see ! same ev]la/+ faces1 confront !
 same return+ ph5om5a1 engage 9 ! same  
worn out ex]cises1 or l\nge idly 9 !    
un*angeable conditions :i* be> no       
/imulant :i* !y h n exhau/$4 ,?\s&s (   
ye>s pass4 ,!y h drunk e atta9able spr+ 
( k dry4 ,n a prize /irs a pulse4 ,all  
pleasures1 p]mutat$ till +5uity is      
baffl$1 disgu/ !m4 ,no t]ror />tles !m4 
,no possible exp]im5t rema9s untri$2 nor
 is !re any uns\nd$ =tune left4 ,no dim 
m>vels & b\ndless hopes beckon !m )     
resi/less lures into ! future4 ,!y h no 
future4 ,"o ev]la/+ n[ is _! all4 ,at   
la/ ! incessant repetition ( id5tical   
ph5om5a1 ! unmitigat$ sam5ess ( ?+s1 !  

et]nal monotony ( affairs1 become       
unutt]ably burd5some & horrible4 ,full (
 loa?+ & immeasurable fatigue1 a we>9ess
 l ! weight ( a univ]se oppresses !m2 & 
:at w\ld !y n give = a *ange6 any ?+ to 
break ! nightm>e spell ( ennui1 to fl+  
(f ! dateless fle%1 to die1 to pass into
 "s unguess$ realm1 to lie d[n & sleep  
=ev]3 x w\ld be ! inf9ite boon6  ,take  
away f man all t is dep5d5t on1 or      
int]l9k$ )1 ! appo9tm5t ( dea?1 & x w\ld
 make su* fundam5tal alt]ations ( 8     
con/itution & relations t he w\ld no    
long] be man4 ,x w\ld leave u an almo/  
:olly diff]5t race4 ,if x is a div9e    
boon t m5 %\ld be1 !n dea? is a good to 
u2 = x enables u to be m54 ,)\t x !re   
w\ld nei!r be husb& & wife1 nor p>5t &  
*ild1 nor family he>? & alt>2 nor1      
inde$1 w\ld h>dly any ?+ be z x is n[4  
,! exi/5t ph5om5a ( nature & ! s\l w\ld 
comprise all4 ,& :5 ! jad$ individual1  
hav+ ma/]$ & exhau/$ ?is f9ite sum1     
look$ 9 va9 = any ?+ new or fur!r1 ! _w 
w\ld be a hateful dungeon to him1 & life

 an awful doom2 & h[ gladly he w\ld give
 all t lies b5ea? ! sun's gold5 r\nd &  
top ( sov]eignty to migrate into "s     
untri$ region & /ate ( be+1 or ev5 to   
r5\nce exi/5ce altoge!r & lie d[n =ev] 9
 ! attractive slumb] ( ! grave6 ,)\t    
dea?1 mank9d w\ld und]go ! fate (       
,sisyphus1 no future1 & 9 ! pres5t !    
oppression ( an intol]able task ) an a*+
 vacuum ( motive4 ,! c]ta9ty & ! my/]y (
 dea? create ! /imulus & ! romance (    
life4 ,give ! human race an e>?ly       
immortality1 & y exclude !m f e ?+      
great] & div9] ?an ! e>? af=ds4 ,:o c\ld
 cons5t to t8 ,take away dea?1 & a braz5
 wall girds 9 our n>r[ life1 aga9/ :i*1 
if we rema9$ m51 we %\ld da% & *afe 9 ! 
climax ( our mis]able long+1 z ! cag$   
lion or eagle beats aga9/ 8 b>s4  ,!    
gift ( an e>?ly immortality conf]r$ on a
 s+le p]son a boon :i* ?\ghtless myriads
 w\ld clasp ) frantic triumph w\ld      
prove1 p]haps1 a /ill m fe>ful curse ?an
 if di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole species4       
,reta9+ 8 human affections1 h[          

excruciat+ & rem$iless 8 grief mu/ be1  
to be s cut (f f all equal community (  
exp]i5ce & de/9y ) mank9d1 to see all   
:om he loves1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1   
fad+ away1 leav+ him alone1 to =m new   
ties aga9 to be dissolv$1 to wat* 8     
belov$ ones gr[+ old & infirm1 :ile he  
/&s )\t a *ange6 ,8 love w\ld be left1 9
 agony ( melan*oly gr&eur1 a solit>y    
angel hov]+ ov] a univ]se ( tombs on !  
tremul\s w+s ( memory & grief1 ^? w+s   
incapacitat$1 by 8 madly covet$         
pr]ogative ( dea?lessness1 ev] to move f
 above ! sad r[s ( fun]eal urns4        
,zanoni1 9 ,bulw]'s magnific5t          
conception1 says to ,viola1 ,! fl[]     
gives p]fume to ! rock on ^: brea/ x    
gr[s4 ,a little :ile1 & ! fl[] is dead2 
b ! rock /ill endures1 ! sn[ at its     
brea/1 ! sun%9e on its summit4 ,a       
dea?less individual 9 a _w ( ! dy+1 jo9$
 ) !m by ev] b]eav$ affections1 w\ld be 
! wret*$e/ creature conceivable4 ,z no  
man ev] yet pray$ = any ?+ he w\ld pray 
to be releas$1 to embrace de> objects 9 

8 arms & float away ) !m to heav51 or   
ev5 to lie d[n ) !m 9 ! k9d embrace ( "m
 e>?4 ,& if he _h no affections1 b liv$ 
a /oic exi/5ce1 exempt f e sympa?y1 9   
impassive solitude1 he c\ld n be happy1 
he w\ld n be man3 he mu/ be an          
intellectual m>ble ( ?\ght or a         
monum5tal my/]y ( woe4  ,dea?1 !re=e1 is
 b5ignity4 ,:5 m5 wi% !re 7 no su*      
appo9t$ ev5t1 !y are deceiv$1 & "k n :at
 !y wi%4 ,lit]ature furni%es a /range & 
pr(\nd1 ?\gh :olly un9t5tional1         
confirmation ( ?is view4 ,e =m 9 :i*    
lit]>y g5ius has set =? ! conception (  
an e>?ly immortality repres5ts x z an   
evil4 ,?is is true ev5 d[n to ,swift's  
pa9ful acc\nt ( ! ,/ruldbrugs 9 ! isl& (
 ,laputa4 ,! leg5d ( ! ,w&]+ ,jew1#af "o
 ( ! mo/ m>vell\s products ( ! human m9d
 9 imag9ative lit]ature1 is t]rific )   
its blazon$ revelation ( ! cont5ts ( an 
endless life on e>?4 ,?is /ory has be5  
embodi$1 ) great v>iety ( =m & motive1 9
 m ?an a hundr$ works4 ,e "o is1 )\t !  
writ]'s int5tion1 a disguis$ s]mon (    

gigantic =ce on ! b5ignity ( dea?4 ,z 9 
classic fable poor ,ti?on became        
immortal 9 ! dawn+ arms ( ,eos only to  
lead a %rivell$1 joyless1 repulsive     
exi/5ce2 & ! fair "y wit* ( ,cuma _h    
ample cause to regret t ev] ,apollo     
grant$ h] reque/ = z _m ye>s z %e held  
gra9s ( du/ 9 h] h&2 & z all tales (    
successful al*emi/s or ,rosicrucians    
concur 9 depict+ ! result to be utt]    
disappo9tm5t & revulsion f ! accurs$    
prize2 we may take x z evid5ce ( a      
spontane\s conviction 9 ! dep?s ( human 
nature a conviction sure to be br\ght   
out :5ev] ! attempt is made to describe 
9 life an opposite ?\ght t dea? is b5ign
 = man z he is con/itut$ & relat$ on    
e>?4 ,! voice ( human nature speaks tru?
 ?r\gh ! lips ( ,cic]o1 say+1 at ! close
 ( 8 essay on ,old ,age1 ,quodsi non    
sumus immortales futuri1 tam5 ex/+ui    
hom9i suo tempore optabile e/4  ,9 a    
conv]sation at ! h\se ( ,sappho1 a      
discussion once arose ^u ! "q :e!r dea? 
0 a bless+ or an evil4 ,"s ma9ta9$1 !   

=m] alt]native2 b ,sappho victori\sly   
clos$ ! debate by say+1 ,if x 7 a bless+
 to die1 ! immortal gods w\ld exp]i5ce  
x4 ,! gods live =ev]3 !re=e1 dea? is an 
evil4#ag ,! reason+ 0 plausible &       
brilliant4 ,yet its sophi/ry is         
complete4 ,to m51 condition$ z !y are 9 
?is _w1 dea? may be ! greate/ bless+2   
:ile to ! gods1 condition$ s diff]5tly1 
x may h no simil> application4  #af     
,bibliographical notice ( ! leg5d ( !   
w&]+ ,jew1 by ,paul ,lacroix2 trans4    
into ,engli% by ,g4,w4 ,?ornbury4       
,grasse1 ,d] ewige ,jude4  #ag ,fragm5t 
,x4 ,quot$ 9 ,m>e's ,hi/4 ,lit4 ,greece1
 book iii4 *ap4 v4 sect4 #ah4   ,because
 an e>?ly et]nity 9 ! fle% w\ld be a    
frightful calamity1 is no reason :y a   
heav5ly et]nity 9 ! _s w\ld be o!r ?an a
 blissful inh]itance4  ,?us !           
remon/rance :i* may be fallaci\sly bas$ 
on "s ( ! =ego+ consid]ations namely1 t 
!y w\ld equally make x appe> t !        
immortality ( man 9 any condition w\ld  
be undesirable is met4 ,a conclusion    

drawn f ! facts ( ! pres5t sc5e ( ?+s1 (
 c\rse1 w n apply to a sc5e             
inconceivably diff]5t4 ,^? ^: only      
bodies are _! m9ds may be fett]less1    
happy1 lead+ a wondr\s life1 beyond our 
deepe/ dream & f>!/ fancy1 & et]nally   
free f tr\ble or satiety4  ,dea? is to  
u1 :ile we live1 :at we ?9k x to be4 ,if
 we confront x ) analytic & defiant eye1
 x is t no?+ :i* ev] ceases 9 beg9n+ to 
be4 ,if1 lett+ ! sup]/iti\s s5ses       
tyrannize ov] u & c[ our bett] "p ( man1
 we cr\* be=e ! imag9ation ( x1 x       
assumes ! %ape ( ! skeleton mon>* :o    
takes ! _w = 8 empire1 ! electric fluid 
= 8 *>iot1 & "t = 8 sceptre4 ,9 !       
contemplation ( dea?1 hi!rto1 fancy     
inspir$ by fe> has be5 by f> too mu* !  
prom95t faculty & impulse4 ,! lit]ature 
( ! subject is usually gha/ly1 appall+1 
& absurd1 ) po9t ( view v>y+ f t ( !    
cr$ul\s ,h9du1 p]sonify+ dea? z a mon/] 
) a million m\?s dev\r+ all creatures & 
lick+ !m 9 8 flam+ lips z a fire dev\rs 
! mo?s or z ! sea swall[s ! torr5ts1#ah 

to t ( ! a!i/ic ,g]man dream]1 :o       
conv]ts nature into an immeasurable     
corpse work$ by galvanic =ces1 & t ( !  
bold ,fr5* philosoph]1 ,c>not1 ^:       
speculations h l$ to ! !ory t ! sun w   
f9ally exp5d all its heat1 & con/ellat$ 
life cease1 z ! sol> sy/em hangs1 l a   
dead orr]y1 a%y & spectral1 ! gho/ ( :at
 x 04 ,s ! extravagant au?or ( ,fe/us   
says1  ,god tore ! glory f ! sun's broad
 br[ ,& flung ! flam+ scalp away4  ,!   
subject %\ld be view$ by ! uncl\d$      
intellect1 guid$ by s]5e fai?1 9 ! light
 ( sci5tific k4 ,!n dea? is reveal$1    
fir/1 z an organic necessity 9 !        
primordial life cell2 secondly1 z !     
cessation ( a giv5 =m ( life 9 its      
completion2 ?irdly1 z a b5ignant law1 an
 expression ( ! ,creator's love2 f\r?ly1
 z ! inaugurat+ condition ( ano!r =m (  
life4 ,:at we are to ref] to s9 is all !
 seem+ lawlessness & untimel9ess ( dea?4
 ,_h n m5 s9n$1 all w\ld rea* a good age
 & pass away )\t suff]+4 ,dea? is       
b5ignant necessity2 ! irregul>ity & pa9 

associat$ ) x are an inh]it$ puni%m5t4  
,f9ally1 x is a condition ( improvem5t 9
 life4 ,dea? is ! incessant t\* ) :i* ! 
arti/1 ,nature1 is br++ h] works to     
p]fection4  ,physical dea? is exp]i5c$  
by man 9 common ) ! brute4 ,^u gr\nds ( 
physiology !re is no great] evid5ce =   
man's ,spiritual survival ?r\gh t       
ov]%ad[$ crisis ?an !re is = ! brute's4 
,& on gr\nds ( s5tim5t man ought n to   
%r9k f %>+ 8 op5 future ) ^! mute       
comrades4 ,des ,c>tes & ,malebran*e     
taught t animals are m]e ma*9es1 )\t    
s\ls1 work$ by ,god's arbitr>y p[]4     
,sw$5borg held t ! s\ls ( brutes are    
ext+ui%$ ) _! bodies4 #ai   #ah         
,?omson's trans4 ( ,bhagavad ,gita1 p4  
#gg4  #ai ,outl9es ( ! ,inf9ite1 *ap4   
ii4 sect4 iv4 #ac4   ,leibnitz1 by 8    
doctr9e ( et]nal monads1 su/a9s !       
immortality ( all creatures4  ,col]idge 
def5d$ ! same idea4 ,agassiz1 ) mu* p[] 
& beauty1 advocates ! ?\ght t animals z 
well z m5 h a future life4 #bj ,! old   
traditions affirm t at lea/ f\r bea/s h 

be5 translat$ to heav52 namely1 ! ass t 
spoke to ,balaam1 ! :ite foal t ,*ri/   
rode into ,j]usalem1 ! /e$ ,borak t bore
 ,mohamm$ on 8 fam\s night j\rney1 & !  
dog t wak5$ ! ,sev5 ,sleep]s4 ,to       
recognise1 z ,goe! did1 bro!rs 9 ! gre5 
wood & 9 ! teem+ air1 to sympa?ize ) all
 l[] =ms ( life1 & hope = !m an op5     
range ( limitless possibilities 9 !     
hospitable home ( ,god1 is surely m     
becom+ to a philosoph]1 a poet1 or a    
,*ri/ian1 ?an t c>eless scorn :i*       
commonly excludes !m f reg>d &          
contemptu\sly leaves !m to annihilation4
 ,?is subject has be5 g5ially treat$ by 
,ri*>d ,dean 9 8 ,essay on ! ,future    
,life ( ,brutes4  ,b on moral &         
psy*ological gr\nds ! di/9ction is va/  
betwe5 ! dy+ man & ! dy+ brute4         
,brets*neid]1 9 a beautiful s]mon on ?is
 po9t1 specifies f\r p>ticul>s4 ,man    
=esees & provides = 8 dea?3 ! brute does
 n4 ,man dies ) unrecomp5s$ m]it &      
guilt3 ! brute does n4 ,man dies )      
faculties & p[]s fitt$ = a m p]fect /ate

 ( exi/5ce3 ! brute does n4 ,man dies ) 
! expectation ( ano!r life3 ! brute does
 n4 ,?ree contra/s may be add$ to ^!4   
,fir/1 man desires to die amid/ 8       
fell[s3 ! brute creeps away by himself1 
to die 9 solitude4 ,secondly1 man int]s 
8 dead ) burial rites1 re>s a memorial  
ov] !m1 *]i%es recollections ( !m :i*   
(t5 *ange 8 subsequ5t "*3 b :o ev] he>d 
( a de] wat*+ ov] an expir+ comrade1 a  
de] fun]al w9d+ along ! gre5 glades ( ! 
=e/8 ,! b>r[s ( ,norway1 ! m\nds (      
,yucatan1 ! mummy pits ( ,memphis1 !    
rural cemet]ies ( our own day1 speak !  
human ?\ghts ( sympa!tic rev]5ce &      
po/hum\s survival1 typical ( some?+     
sup]ior to du/4 ,?irdly1 man (t5 makes  
dea? an active in/ead ( a passive       
exp]i5ce1 8 w z x is 8 fate1 a victory  
in/ead ( a defeat4#ba ,z ,mirabeau sank 
t[>ds 8 end1 he ord]$ !m to p\r p]fumes 
& roses on him1 & to br+ music2 & s1 ) !
 air ( a haughty conqu]or1 amid/ !      
volcanic smoke & ?und] ( reel+ ,france1 
8 giant _s w5t =?4 ,! patriot is pr\d to

 lay 8 body a sacrifice on ! alt> ( 8   
c\ntry's weal4 ,! philan?ropi/ rejoices 
to sp5d himself )\t pay 9 a noble cause1
 to (f] up 8 life 9 ! s]vice ( 8 fell[  
m54 ,?\s&s ( g5]\s /ud5ts h giv5 _!     
lives to sci5ce & clasp$ dea? amid/ _!  
trophi$ a*ievem5ts4 ,:o c c\nt !        
confessors :o h ?\ght x bliss & glory to
 be m>tyrs = tru? & ,god8 ,creatures    
capable ( su* de$s mu/ inh]it et]nity4  
,_! transc5d5t s\ls /ep f _! reject$    
mansions ?r\gh ! blue gateway ( ! air to
 ! lucid palace ( ! />s4 ,any mean]     
allotm5t w\ld be discordant & unbecom+  
_! rank4  ,contemplations l ^! exorcise 
! spectre ho/ ( ! bra9 & quell ! horrid 
brood ( fe>4 ,! noble purpose ( self    
sacrifice enables u to smile ^u ! grave1
 z "s sweet cl>ion's brea? /irs !       
soldi]'s scorn ( dang]4  #bj            
,contributions to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 vol4 i4 pp4 #fd-ff4     
,umbreit1 fib] das ,/]b5 ais e95 ,akt   
m5s*li* p]sonli*] ,selb//&igkeit4 ,/udi5
 und ,kritik51 #ahcg4   ,dea? p>ts ) its

 false frightfulness1 puts on its true  
beauty1 & becomes at once ! ev5+ /> (   
memory & ! morn+ /> ( hope1 ! ,hesp] ( !
 s9k+ fle%1 ! ,phosphor ( ! ris+ s\l4   
,let ! night come1 !n3 x %all be        
welcome4 ,&1 z we gird our lo9s to ent] 
! anci5t my/]y1 we w exclaim1 ) vani%+  
voice1 to ^? we leave beh9d1  ,?\gh ,i  
/oop ,into a d>k trem5d\s sea ( cl\d1 ,x
 is b = a "t ,i press ,god's lamp ,close
 to my brea/3 its spl5dor1 soon or late1
 ,w pi]ce ! gloom3 ,i %all em]ge        
some:]e4  ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,gr\nds ,,(  
,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,a ,,future ,,life4    
,,x is ! purpose ( ! foll[+ *apt] to    
describe ! orig9at+ supports ( ! common 
belief 9 a future life2 n to probe !    
dep? & te/ ! value ( ! v>i\s gr\nds out 
( :i* ! doctr9e gr[s1 b only to give a  
descriptive sket* ( :at !y are1 & a view
 ( ! process ( gr[?4 ,! objections urg$ 
by unbeliev]s belong to an op5          
discussion ( ! "q ( immortality1 n to an
 illu/rative /atem5t ( ! sugge/+ gr\nds 
on :i* ! popul> belief re/s4 ,:51 aft]  

suffici5t inve/igation1 we ask ourselves
 f :at causes ! almo/ univ]sal          
expectation ( ano!r life spr+s1 & by :at
 influ5ces x is n\ri%$1 we %all n f9d   
adequate answ] 9 less ?an f\r words3    
feel+1 imag9ation1 fai?1 & reflection4  
,! doctr9e ( a future life = man has be5
 creat$ by ! comb9$ =ce ( in/9ctive     
desire1 analogical obs]vation1          
prescriptive au?ority1 & philosophical  
speculation4 ,^! are ! f\r pill>s on :i*
 ! s\l builds ! temple ( its hopes2 or !
 f\r glasses ?r\gh :i* x looks to see   
its et]nal h]itage4  ,fir/1 x is obvi\s 
t man is end[$ at once ) =ekn[l$ge (    
dea? & ) a p[]ful love ( life4 ,x is n a
 love ( be+ "h2 = he (t5 loa!s ! sc5e   
ar\nd him4 ,x is a love ( self possess$ 
exi/5ce2 a love ( 8 own s\l 9 its c5tral
 consci\sness & b\nd$ royalty4 ,?is is  
an insep>able elem5t ( 8 v entity4      
,cr[n$ ) free w1 walk+ on ! cre/ ( ! _w1
 enfe(f$ ) individual faculties1 s]v$ by
 vassal nature ) tributes ( v>i\s joy1  
he _c be> ! ?\ght ( los+ himself1 (     

slid+ into ! g5]al abyss ( matt]4 ,8    
int]ior consci\sness is p]meat$ ) a self
 pres]v+ in/9ct1 & %udd]s at e glimpse (
 dang] or h9t ( dea?4 ,! s\l1 p]vad$ ) a
 gu>dian in/9ct ( life1 & see+ dea?'s   
/eady approa* to de/roy ! body1         
necessitates ! conception ( an escape   
into ano!r /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,fancy &     
reason1 ?us set at "w1 spe$ily con/ruct 
a ?\s& !ories fill$ ) details4 ,desire  
fir/ fa!rs ?\ght1 & !n ?\ght woos       
belief4  ,secondly1 man1 hold+ 8        
consci\s be+ preci\s beyond all ?+s1 &  
%r9k+ ) p]vasive anxieties f ! mom5t (  
de/9$ dissolution1 looks ar\nd ?r\gh !  
realms ( nature1 ) ?\ghtful eye1 9 se>* 
( p>allel ph5om5a fur!r develop$1       
significant sequels 9 o!r creatures'    
fates1 ^: evolution & fulfilm5t may     
haply ?r[ light on 8 own4 ,) eag] vision
 & he>t prompt$ imag9ation he scrut9izes
 :atev] appe>s relat$ to 8 object4 ,see+
 ! snake ca/ its old sl\gh & glide =?   
r5ew$1 he conceives1 s 9 dea? man b %$s 
8 fle%ly exuvia1 :ile ! _s em]ges1      

reg5]ate4 ,he beholds ! beetle break f  
its fil?y sepul*re & comm5ce its summ]  
"w2 & /raightway he hangs a gold5       
sc>sbaus 9 8 temples z an emblem ( a    
future life4 ,aft] vegetation's w9try   
dea?s1 hail+ ! return+ spr+ t br+s      
resurrection & life to ! graves ( ! sod1
 he dreams ( "s f> (f spr+ ( ,humanity1 
yet to come1 :5 ! fro/s ( man's unt[>d  
doom %all rel5t1 & all ! co/ly se$s s[n 
?r\gh ages 9 ! great e>? tomb %all %oot 
up 9 cele/ial %apes4 ,on ! moan+ sea    
%ore1 weep+ "s de> fri5d1 he p]ceives1  
n[ asc5d+ 9 ! dawn1 ! planet :i* he     
lately saw decl9+ 9 ! dusk2 & he is *e]$
 by ! ?\ght t  ,z s9ks ! day /> 9 !     
ocean b$1 ,& yet anon repairs 8 droop+  
head1 ,& tricks 8 beams1 & ) new spangl$
 ore ,flames 9 ! =ehead ( ! morn+ sky1  
,s ,lycidas1 sunk l[1 %all m\nt on high4
  ,"s travell] or poet tells him fabul\s
 tales ( a bird :i*1 gr[n ag$1 fills its
 ne/ ) spices1 &1 spontane\sly burn+1   
so>s f ! aromatic fire1 rejuv5esc5t = a 
?\s& ye>s2 & he _c b take ! pho5ix = a  

miracul\s type ( 8 own s\l spr++1 free &
 et]nal1 f ! a%es ( 8 corpse4 ,hav+     
wat*$ ! silkworm1 z x wove its cocoon & 
lay d[n 9 its oblong grave app>5tly     
dead1 until at l5g? x /ruggles =?1      
glitt]+ ) ra9b[ colors1 a w+$ mo?1 end[$
 ) new faculties & liv+ a new life 9 a  
new sph]e1 he conceives t s ! human s\l 
may1 9 ! fulness ( "t1 dis5tangle itself
 f ! imprison+ me%es ( ?is _w ( l>va1 a 
?+ ( _s beauty1 to sail ?r\gh heav5ly   
airs2 & h5ce=? he engraves a butt]fly on
 ! tomb/one 9 vivid prophecy (          
immortality4 ,?us a moraliz+ obs]vation 
( natural similitudes tea*es man to hope
 = an exi/5ce beyond dea?4  ,?irdly1 !  
prevail+ belief 9 a future life is      
spread & upheld by ! influ5ce (         
au?ority4 ,! doctr9e ( ! s\l's survival 
& transf]5ce to ano!r _w1 :]e its       
exp]i5ce dep5ds on conditions obs]v$ or 
violat$ "h1 conditions some:at )9 !     
control ( a select class ( m5 "h1 su* a 
doctr9e is ! v hid+ place ( ! p[] (     
prie/ craft1 a va/ eng9e ( int]e/ & sway

 :i* ! %rewd insight ( prie/hoods has   
(t5 devis$ & ! cunn+ policy ( /ates     
subsidiz$4 ,9 mo/ cases ( ?is k9d !     
ass]t$ doctr9e is plac$ on ! basis ( a  
div9e revelation1 & mu/ be implicitly   
receiv$4 ,god proclaims x ?r\gh 8 ano9t$
 m9i/]s3 !re=e1 to d\bt x or logically  
criticize x is a crime4 ,hi/ory be>s    
witness to su* a proc$ure :]ev] an      
organiz$ prie/hood has fl\ri%$1 f       
primeval pagan ,india to mod]n papal    
,rome4 ,x is traceable f ! d>k ,osirian 
%r9es ( ,egypt & ! initiat+ temple at   
,eleusis to ! fun]al fires ( ,gaul & !  
,druidic conclave 9 ! oak groves (      
,mona2 f ! reek+ alt>s ( ,mexico 9 ! "t 
( ,montezuma to ! masses = s\ls 9       
,purgatory said ?is day 9 half ! *ur*es 
( ,*ri/5dom4 ,mu* ( ! popul> fai? 9     
immortality :i* has prevail$ 9 all ages 
has be5 ow+ to ! au?ority ( its         
promulgators1 a deep & hone/ tru/ on !  
"p ( ! p 9 ! au?oritative dicta ( _!    
religi\s tea*]s4  ,9 all ! lead+ nations
 ( ! e>?1 ! doctr9e ( a future life is a

 tradition h&$ d[n f immemorial         
antiquity1 embalm$ 9 sacr$ books :i* are
 reg>d$ z infallible revelations f ,god4
 ,( c\rse ! ?\ghtless nev] ?9k (        
que/ion+ x2 ! rev]5t pi\sly embrace x2  
all are educat$ to receive x4 ,9        
addition to ! proclamation ( a future   
life by ! sacr$ books & by ! prie/ly    
hi]>*ies1 x has also be5 affirm$ by     
c\ntless individual sa9ts1 philosoph]s1 
& prophets4 ,mo/ p]sons readily accept x
 on tru/ f !m z a demon/rat$ !ory or an 
inspir$ k ( !irs4 ,x is natural = mode/ 
unspeculative m9ds1 busi$ ) worldly     
c>es1 to say1 ,^! le>n$ sages1 ^!       
!osophic se]s1 s mu* m gift$1 educat$1 &
 intimate ) ! div9e c\nsels & plan ?an  
we are1 ) s mu* deep] exp]i5ce & pur]   
insight ?an we h1 mu/ "k ! tru?3 we _c 9
 any o!r way d s well z to foll[ _!     
guidance & confide 9 _! ass]tions4      
,accord+ly1 multitudes receive ! belief 
9 a life to come on ! au?ority ( ! _w's 
intellectual & religi\s lead]s4         
,f\r?ly1 ! belief 9 a future life       

results f philosophical m$itation1 & is 
su/a9$ by rational pro(s4#a ,= !        
completion ( ! pres5t outl9e1 x n[      
rema9s to give a brief exposition ( ^!  
argum5ts4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce &       
cle>ness1 we mu/ arrange ^! reason+s 9  
five classes2 namely1 ! physiological1 !
 analogical1 ! psy*ological1 !          
!ological1 & ! moral4  ,!re is a gr\p ( 
consid]ations drawn f ! ph5om5a ( our   
bodily organization1 life & dea?1 :i*   
compose ! physiological argum5t = !     
sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,9 ! fir/      
place1 x is cont5d$ t ! human           
organization1 s wondr\sly vitaliz$1     
develop$1 & rul$1 c\ld n h gr[n up out (
 m]e matt]1 b implies a pre exi/5t m5tal
 entity1 a spiritual =ce or idea1 :i*   
con/itut$ ! primeval impulse1 gr\p$     
ar\nd itself ! organic conditions ( our 
exi/5ce1 & con/ra9$ ! mat]ial elem5ts to
 ! subsequ5t processes & results1       
accord+ to a pre>rang$ plan4#b ,?is     
dynamic ag5t1 ?is ontological cause1 may
 naturally survive :5 ! fle%ly          

organization :i* x has built ar\nd      
itself dissolves4 ,its indep5d5ce be=e !
 body began involves its indep5d5ce aft]
 ! body is end$4 ,/ahl has especially   
illu/rat$ 9 physiology ?is idea ( an    
indep5d5t s\l monad4  ,secondly1 z "s   
pot5tial be+ mu/ h prec$$ our bir?1 to  
assimilate & con/ruct ! physical sy/em1 
s ! great ph5om5a att5d+ our consci\s   
life necessitate1 bo? to our in/9ctive  
appreh5sion & 9 our philosophical       
conviction1 ! di/9ctive division ( man  
into body & s\l1 tab]nacle & t5ant4 ,!  
illu/ri\s ,bo]haave wrote a valuable    
diss]tation on ! di/9ction ( ! m9d f !  
body1 :i* is to be f\nd among 8 works4  
,e man kn[s t he dwells 9 ! fle% b is n 
fle%4 ,he is a free1 p]sonal m9d1       
occupy+ & us+ a mat]ial body1 b n       
id5tifi$ ) x4 ,ideas & passions ( purely
 immat]ial orig9 p]vade e n]ve ) t]rific
 int5sity1 & %ake 8 encas+ corporeity l 
an e>?quake4 ,a ?\ght1 a s5tim5t1 a     
fancy1 may pro/rate him z effectually z 
a bl[ on 8 bra9 f a hamm]4 ,he wills to 

move a palsi$ limb3 ! s\l is unaffect$  
by ! p>alysis1 b ! muscles refuse to    
obey 8 volition3 ! di/9ction betwe5 !   
p]son will+ & ! in/rum5t to be wield$ is
 unavoidable4  ,?irdly1 ! fact ( dea?   
itself irresi/ibly sugge/s ! duality (  
fle% & _s4 ,x is ! removal ( ! en]giz+  
m9d t leaves ! frame s empty &          
mean+less4 ,?9k ( ! undream+ sleep ( a  
corpse :i* dissolution is w9d+ 9 its    
*emical embrace4 ,a mom5t ago t h& 0    
uplift$ to clasp y\rs1 intellig5t acc5ts
 7 vocal on ^?  #a ,wohlf>?1 ,triumph   
des ,glaub5s an ,un/]bli*keit und       
,wi$]seh5 ub] j$5 ,zweifel4 ,opor9us1   
,hi/oria ,critica ,doctr9a de           
,immortalitate ,mortalium4  #b ,mull]1  
,elem5ts ( ,physiology1 book vi4 sect4  
i4 *4 #a4   lips1 ! light ( love beam$ 9
 t eye4 ,"o %udd]+ sigh1 & h[ cold1     
vacant1 =celess1 dead1 lies ! heap (    
clay6 ,x is impossible to prev5t !      
conviction t an invisible p[] has be5   
lib]at$2 t ! flight ( an animat+        
pr9ciple has produc$ ?is awful *ange4   

,:y may n t untraceable some?+ :i* has  
gone /ill exi/8 ,its vani%+ f our       
s5sible cognizance is no pro( ( its     
p]i%+4 ,n a %ad[ ( g5u9e evid5ce has ev]
 be5 af=d$ t ! real life p[]s ( any     
creature are de/roy$4#c ,9 ! abs5ce ( t 
pro(1 a multitude ( consid]ations urge u
 to inf] ! contr>y4 ,surely !re is room 
en\gh = ! contr>y to be true2 =1 z      
,jacobi pr(\ndly obs]ves1 life is n a =m
 ( body2 b body is "o =m ( life4 ,!re=e 
! s\l :i* n[ exi/s 9 ?is =m1 n appe>+ to
 be de/roy$ on its dep>ture h5ce1 mu/ be
 suppos$ to live h]eaft] 9 "s o!r =m4#d 
,a second s]ies ( obs]vations &         
reflections1 ga!r$ f p>tial simil>ities 
else:]e 9 ! _w1 are comb9$ to make !    
analogical argum5t = a future life4 ,=  
_m c5turies1 9 ! lit]ature ( _m nations1
 a /&>d illu/ration ( ! ?\ght t ! s\l   
survives ! decay ( its e>?y inve/iture  
has be5 drawn f ! metamorphosis ( !     
cat]pill> into ! butt]fly4#e ,?is _w is 
! sc5e ( our grub /ate4 ,! body is b a  
*rysalis ( s\l4 ,:5 ! prelim9>y exp]i5ce

 & /ages are f9i%$ & ! trans=mation is  
complete1 ! _s em]ges f its ca/ (f      
cocoon & brok5 cell into ! m e!real air 
& sunni] light ( a high] _w's et]nal    
day4 ,! emblematic correspond5ce is     
/rik+1 & ! inf]5ce is obvi\s &          
beautiful4 ,nor is ! *ange1 ! ga9 9     
end[m5ts & privileges1 great] 9 !       
suppos$ case ( man ?an x is f ! sl[ &   
loa?some worm on ! leaf to ! swift &    
glitt]+ insect 9 ! air4  ,secondly1 9 ! 
mat]ial _w1 s f> z we c judge1 no?+ is  
ev] absolutely de/roy$4 ,!re is no su*  
?+ z annihilation4 ,?+s are *ang$1      
trans=mations ab\nd2 b ess5ces d n cease
 to be4 ,take a giv5 quantity ( any k9d 
( matt]2 divide & subdivide x 9 t5 ?\s& 
ways1 by me*anical viol5ce1 by *emical  
solv5ts4 ,/ill x exi/s1 z ! same        
quantity ( matt]1 ) un*ang$ qualities z 
to its ess5ce1 & w exi/ :5 ,nature has  
manipulat$ x 9 all h] laboratories = a  
billion ages4 ,n[1 z a solit>y exception
 to ?is1 are m9ds absolutely de/roy$8   
are w1 consci5ce1 ?\ght1 & love         

annihilat$8 ,p]sonal intellig5ce1       
affection1 id5tity1 are insep>able      
compon5ts ( ! idea ( a s\l4 ,& :at me?od
 is !re ( cru%+ or evaporat+ ^! out (   
be+8 ,:at =ce is !re to compel !m into  
no?+8 ,dea? is n a sub/antive cause     
work+ effects4 ,x is itself m]ely an    
effect4 ,x is simply a *ange 9 ! mode ( 
exi/5ce4 ,t ?is *ange puts an end to    
exi/5ce is an ass]tion aga9/ analogy1 & 
:olly unsupport$4  ,?irdly1 foll[+ !    
analogy ( sci5ce & ! visible ord] ( be+1
 we are l$ to ! conception ( an asc5d+  
s]ies ( exi/5ces ris+ 9 regul> gradation
 f co>se to f9e1 f brutal to m5tal1 f   
e>?ly composite to simply spiritual1 &  
?us po9t+ up ! r\nds ( life's ladd]1    
?r\gh all nature1 to ! angelic ranks (  
heav54 ,!n1 feel+ 8 k9%ip & common      
vocation ) sup]nal be+s1 man is assur$ (
 a l(ti] condition (  #c ,sir ,humphry  
,davy1 ,proteus or ,immortality4  #d    
,bakewell1 ,natural ,evid5ce ( a ,future
 ,/ate4  #e ,butl]1 ,analogy1 "p i4 *4  
#a4   ( exi/5ce res]v$ = him4 ,!re are  

no su* imm5se1 vacantly yawn+ *asms1 z t
 w\ld be1 betwe5 our fle%ly e/ate & !   
,godhead4 ,nature takes no su* enorm\s  
jumps4 ,h] scal+ advance is by /aid &   
normal /eps4  ,!re's lifeless matt]4    
,add ! p[] ( %ap+1 ,& y've ! cry/al3 add
 aga9 ! organs ,:]e) to subdue su/5ance 
to ! =m ,& mann] ( "o's self1 & y've !  
plant3 ,add p[] ( motion1 s5ses1 & s =?1
 ,& y've all k9ds ( bea/s3 suppose a    
pig4 ,to pig add reason1 =esight1 & su* 
/uff1 ,!n y h man4 ,:at %all1 we add to 
man ,to br+ him high]8  ,fre$om f ! load
 ( clay1 emancipation ( ! _s into ! full
 range & ma/]dom ( a _s's p[]s6         
,f\r?ly1 _m /rong simil>ities betwe5 our
 entrance into ?is _w & our dep>ture out
 ( x w\ld make u believe t dea? is b    
ano!r & high] bir?4#f ,any "o acqua9t$ )
 ! /ate ( an unborn infant d]iv+ its    
sole nutrim5t1 its v exi/5ce1 f its     
vascul> connection ) its "m c\ld h>dly  
imag9e t its sep>ation f its "m w\ld    
introduce x to a new & indep5d5t life4  
,he w\ld r conclude t x w\ld p]i%1 l a  

twig wr5*$ f its p>5t limb4 ,s x may be 
9 ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body4 ,fur!r1 
z our lat5t or dimly grop+ s5ses 7      
useless :ile we 7 develop+ 9 embryo1 &  
!n impli$ ?is life1 s we n[ h1 9        
rudim5t>y condition1 c]ta9 p[]s (       
reason1 imag9ation1 & he>t1 :i* prophesy
 heav5 & et]nity2 & my/]i\s intimations 
ev] & anon rea* u f a div9] sph]e1  ,l  
h9ts & e*oes ( ! _w ,to spirits fold$ 9 
! womb4  ,! ,p]sian poet1 ,buzurgi1 says
 on ?is !me1  ,:at is ! s\l8 ,! sem9al  
pr9ciple f ! lo9s ( de/9y4 ,?is _w is ! 
womb3 ! body1 its envelop+ membrane3 ,! 
bitt]ness ( dissolution1 dame ,=tune's  
pangs ( *ildbir?4 ,:at is dea?8 ,to be  
born aga91 an angel ( et]nity4  ,fif?ly1
 _m cultivat$ ?9k]s h firmly believ$ t !
 s\l is n s "y z is usually ?\ght1 b is 
an old /ag] on ?is globe1 hav+ liv$     
?r\gh _m a previ\s exi/5ce1 "h or       
else:]e4#g ,!y su/a9 ?is conclusion by  
v>i\s consid]ations1 ei!r drawn f       
premises presuppos+ ! necess>y et]nity (
 spirits1 or re/+ on dusky rem9isc5ces1 

%ad[y recollections1 ( visions & ev5ts  
vani%$ long ago4 ,n[1 if ! idea ( =egone
 consci\s lives1 p]sonal c>e]s (t       
repeat$ ) unlo/ be+1 be admitt$1 z x    
frequ5tly has be5 by su* m5 z ,plato &  
,wordswor?1 all !  #f ,brets*neid]1     
,pr$igt5 ub] ,tod1 ,un/]bli*keit1 und   
,anf]/ehung4  #g ,james ,p>k]1 ,acc\nt (
 ! ,div9e ,goodness conc]n+ ! ,pre      
exi/5ce ( ,s\ls4   connect$ analogies ( 
! case c>ry u to ! belief t immortality 
awaits u4 ,we %all live ?r\gh ! next    
transition1 z we h liv$ ?r\gh ! pa/     
ones4  ,six?ly1 reject+ ! hypo!sis ( an 
ant]ior life1 & ent]ta9+ ! supposition t
 !re is no creat+ & ov]rul+ ,god1 b t   
all ?+s h aris5 by spontane\s developm5t
 or by *ance1 /ill1 we are n consi/5tly 
oblig$ to expect annihilation z ! fate (
 ! s\l4 ,fairly reason+ f ! analogy ( ! 
pa/1 across ! facts ( ! pres5t1 to !    
imp5d+ cont+5cies ( ! future1 we may say
 t ! next /age 9 ! unfold+ processes (  
nature is n ! de/ruction ( our          
consci\sness1 b issues 9 a pur] life1   

elevates u to a spiritual rank4 ,x is j 
to argue t if m9dless law or b\ndless   
=tuity made ?is _w & br\ght u "h1 x may 
z well make1 or h made1 ano!r _w1 & be> 
u !re4 ,law or *ance exclud+ ,god f ! "q
 may z easily make u immortal z mortal4 
,reason+ by analogy1 we may affirm t1 z 
life has be5 giv5 u1 s x w be giv5 u    
aga9 & =ev]4  ,sev5?ly1 fai? 9          
immortality is f$ by ano!r analogy1 n   
bas$ on reflection1 b in/9ctively felt4 
,e *ange ( mat]ial 9 our organism1 e    
*ange ( consci\sness1 is a k9d ( dea?4  
,we p>tially die z (t5 z we leave beh9d 
=gott5 exp]i5ces & lo/ /ates ( be+4 ,we 
die successively to infancy1 *ildhood1  
y\?1 manhood4 ,! pa/ is ! dead3 b our   
c\rse is /ill on1 =ev] on4 ,hav+ surviv$
 s _m dea?s1 we expect to survive all   
o!rs & to be ourselves et]nally4  ,!re  
is a ?ird clu/] ( reason+s1 d$uc$ f !   
di/9ctive nature ( _s1 con/itut+ !      
psy*ological argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l
 indep5d5t ( ! body4 ,9 ! outset1       
obvi\sly1 if ! s\l be an immat]ial      

entity1 its natural immortality foll[s2 
because dea? & decay c only be suppos$  
to take effect 9 dissoluble comb9ations4
 ,sev]al +5i\s reasons h be5 advanc$ 9  
pro( ( ! s\l's immat]iality1 reasons    
cog5t en\gh to h conv9c$ a l>ge class ( 
philosoph]s4#h ,x is suffici5t "h to    
notice ! foll[+ "o4 ,all motion implies 
a dynamic mov]4 ,matt] is dormant4 ,p[] 
is a reality entirely di/9ct f matt] 9  
its nature4 ,b man is ess5tially an     
active p[]1 a free w4 ,consequ5tly !re  
is 9 him an immat]ial pr9ciple1 s9ce all
 p[] is immat]ial4 ,t pr9ciple is       
immortal1 because subsi/+ 9 a sph]e (   
be+ ^: categories exclude ! possibility 
( dissolution4#i  ,secondly1 %\ld we    
admit ! human s\l to be mat]ial1 yet if 
x be an ultimate monad1 an indivisible  
atom ( m9d1 x is immortal /ill1 defy+   
all ! =ces ( de/ruction4 ,& t x actually
 is an uncomp\nd$ unit may be ?us prov$4
 ,consci\sness is simple1 n collective4 
,h5ce ! p[] ( consci\sness1 ! c5tral    
s\l1 is an absolute integ]4 ,= a liv+   

p]ceptive :ole _c be made ( dead        
imp]ceptive p>ts4 ,if ! s\l 7 composite1
 ea* compon5t "p w\ld be an individual1 
a di/+ui%able consci\sness4 ,su* n be+ !
 fact1 ! conclusion results t ! s\l is  
"o1 a simple sub/ance4#aj  #h ,a/rue1   
,diss]tation sur l',immat]ialite et     
l',immortalite de l',ame4 ,br\ghton1    
,def5ce ( ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,human ,s\l z  
an ,immat]ial & ,naturally ,immortal    
,pr9ciple4 ,m>/all]1 ,von d]            
,un/]bli*keit d] ,m5s*li*5 ,seele4  #i  
,&rew ,baxt]1 ,inquiry into ! ,nature ( 
! ,s\l4  #aj ,h]b>t1 ,lehrbu* zur       
,psy*ologie1 sect4 #aej4   ,( c\rse x is
 n liable to dea?1 b is naturally       
et]nal4  ,?irdly1 ! inde/ructibl5ess ( !
 s\l is a direct inf]5ce f its          
ontological *>act]i/ics4 ,reason1       
contemplat+ ! elem5ts ( ! s\l1 _c b     
embrace ! conviction ( its p]petuity &  
its ess5tial indep5d5ce ( ! fle%ly      
organization4 ,our life 9 its inn]mo/   
sub/antive ess5ce is be/ def9$ z a      
consci\s =ce4 ,our pres5t exi/5ce is !  

organic correlation ( t p]sonal =ce ) ! 
physical mat]ials ( ! body1 & ) o!r     
=ces4 ,! cessation ( t correlation at   
dea? by no means involves1 s f> z we c  
see1 ! de/ruction or !                  
dis9dividualization ( ! primal p]sonal  
=ce4 ,x is a fact ( /rik+ significance1 
(t5 notic$ by psy*ologi/s1 t we are     
unable to conceive ourselves z dead4 ,! 
negation ( itself is impossible to      
consci\sness4 ,! reason we h su* a dread
 ( dea? is t we conceive ourselves z    
/ill alive1 only 9 ! grave1 or w&]+     
?r\gh horrors & %ut out f wont$         
pleasures4 ,x belongs to mat]ial gr[?s  
to rip51 loos51 decay2 b :at is !re 9   
s5sation1 reflection1 memory1 volition1 
to crumble 9 pieces & rot away8 ,:y %\ld
 ! p[] ( hope1 & joy1 & fai?1 *ange into
 inanity & oblivion8 ,:at crucible %all 
burn up ! ultimate ( =ce8 ,:at mat]ial  
processes %all ev] dis9tegrate !        
simplicity ( _s8 ,e>? & plant1 muscle1  
n]ve1 & bra91 belong to "o sph]e1 & are 
subject to ! temporal fates t rule !re2 

b reason1 imag9ation1 love1 w1 belong to
 ano!r1 &1 immortally =tress$ !re1 laugh
 to scorn ! fretful sieges ( decay4     
,f\r?ly1 ! surviv+ sup]iority ( ! s\l1  
inf]r$ f its contra/ ( qualities to ^? (
 its e>?y environm5t1 is fur!r %[n by   
ano!r fact1 ! m9d's dream p[]1 & ! ideal
 realm x freely so>s or walks at l>ge 9 
:5 x pleases4#aa ,?is view has (t5 be5  
enl>g$ ^u1 especially by ,bonnet & ,sir 
,h5ry ,wotton4 ,! unhappy ,a*illes1     
exhau/$ ) weep+ = 8 fri5d1 lay1 heavily 
moan+1 on ! %ore ( ! f> s\nd+ sea1 9 a  
cle> spot :]e ! waves wa%$ 9 ^u ! bea*1 
:5 sleep took possession ( him4 ,! gho/ 
( mis]able ,patroclus calve to him &    
said1 ,sleepe/ ?\ & art =getful ( me1 ,o
 ,a*illes8 ,& ! son ( ,peleus cri$1     
,come ne>]3 let u embrace ea* o!r1 ?\gh 
b = a little :ile4 ,!n he /ret*$ out 8  
fri5dly h&s1 b caught him n2 = ! _s1    
%riek+1 vani%$ b5ea? ! e>? l smoke4     
,a/\nd$1 ,a*illes />t$ up1 clasp$ 8 h&s1
 & said1 dolefully1 ,alas6 !re is !n    
inde$ 9 ! subt]ranean abodes a _s &     

image1 b !re is no body 9 x4#ab ,! realm
 ( dreams is a _w ( my/ic realities1    
intangible1 yet exi/5t1 & all prophetic1
 ?r\gh :i* ! s\l nightly floats :ile !  
gross body slumb]s4 ,x is ev]la/+1      
because !re is no?+ 9 x = corruption to 
take hold (4 ,! appe>ances & s\nds ( t  
s(t inn] sph]e1 veil$ s remote f s5se1  
are reflections & e*oes f ! _s _w4 ,or  
are !y a direct vision & audi5ce ( x8 ,!
 s\l really is native resid5t 9 a _w (  
tru?1 goodness1 & beauty1 fell[ citiz5 )
 div9e ideas & affections4 ,?r\gh !     
s5ses x has k & communion ) ! h>d out]  
_w ( matt]4 ,:5 ! s5ses fall away1 x is 
left1 imp]i%able d5iz5 ( its own        
appropriate _w ( idealities4  #aa       
,s*ub]t1 ,die ,symbolik des ,traumes4   
#ab ,iliad1 lib4 xxiii4 ll4 #fj #ajf4   
,ano!r assemblage ( views1 bas$ on ! "* 
( ,god1 =m ! !ological argum5t = !      
future exi/5ce ( man4#ac ,/>t+ ) ! idea 
( a ,god ( inf9ite p]fections1 !        
immortality ( 8 *ildr5 is an imm$iate   
d$uction f ! et]nity ( 8 purposes4 ,=   

:atev] purpose ,god orig9ally gave man  
be+1 = ! dis9t]e/$ di/ribution (        
happ9ess1 = ! increase ( 8 own glory1 or
 :atev] else1 w he n = t same purpose   
cont9ue him 9 be+ =ev]8 ,9 ! abs5ce (   
any reason to ! contr>y1 we mu/ s       
conclude4 ,9 view ( ! unlimit$          
p]fections ( ,god1 ! fact ( consci\s    
responsible creatures be+ creat$ is     
suffici5t w>rant ( _! p]petuity4        
,o!rwise ,god w\ld be fickle4 ,or1 z "o 
has said1 he w\ld be a m]e drap]y pa9t]1
 no?+ )9 ! dress4  ,secondly1 leav+ out 
( sight ?is illu/ration ( an et]nal     
purpose 9 et]nal fulfilm5t1 & conf9+ our
 att5tion to ! analogy ( ! div9e works &
 ! dignity ( ! div9e ,work]1 we %all be 
fre%ly l$ to ! same conclusion4 ,has    
,god m\ld$ ! dead clay ( ! mat]ial      
univ]se into gleam+ globes & ord]$ !m to
 fly ?r\gh ! halls ( space =ev]1 & has  
he creat$1 out ( 8 own omnipot5ce1 m5tal
 p]sonalities reflect+ 8 own attributes1
 & doom$ !m to g out 9 endless night    
aft] bask+1 poor ephem]a1 9 ! sun%9e ( a

 mom5t>y life8 ,x is n to be imag9$ t   
,god ev] works 9 va94 ,yet if a s+le    
consci\sness be ext+ui%$ 9 ev]la/+      
non5tity1 s f> z ! production ( t       
consci\sness is conc]n$ he has wr\ght = 
no?+4 ,8 action 0 9 va91 because all is 
n[1 to t be+1 exactly ! same z if x _h  
nev] be54 ,god does no?+ 9 sport or     
unmean+ly3 lea/ ( all w\ld he create    
filial spirits1 dignifi$ ) ! solemn     
end[m5ts ( humanity1 )\t a high & s]i\s 
end4#ad ,to make m51 gift$ ) su* a      
transc5d5t l>gess ( p[]s1 :olly mortal1 
to rot =ev] 9 ! grave aft] life's swift 
day1 7 "w f> m unwor?y ( ,god ?an ! task
 0 to ,mi*ael ,angelo set him 9 mock]y  
by ,pietro1 ! tyrant :o succe$$ ,lor5zo 
! ,magnific5t 9 ! duk$om ( ,flor5ce1 t  
he %\ld scoop up ! sn[ 9 ! ,via ,l>ga1 &
 ) 8 highe/ art m\ld a /atue f x1 to    
dissolve ere night 9 ! gl[ ( ! ,italian 
sun4  ,?irdly1 x is an attribute (      
,inf9ite ,wisdom to proportion p[]s to  
results1 to adapt in/rum5ts to ends )   
exact fitness4 ,b if we are utt]ly to   

die ) ! ceas+ brea?1 !n !re is an amaz+ 
want ( symmetry betwe5 our end[m5ts &   
our opportunity2 our atta9m5ts are mo/  
sup]flu\sly sup]ior to our de/9y4 ,c x  
be t an e>? h\se ( six feet is to       
imprison =ev] ! intellect ( a ,la       
,place1 ^: telescopic eye1 pi]c+ !      
unf5c$ fields ( imm5sity1 sy/ematiz$ m  
worlds ?an !re are gra9s ( du/ 9 ?is    
globe8 ! he>t ( a ,borromeo1 ^: s]aphic 
love exp&$ to ! limits ( sympa!tic be+8 
! s\l ( a ,wycliffe1 ^: undaunt$ w1 9   
fai?ful consecration to duty1 fac$ !    
fires ( m>tyrdom & nev] bl5*$8 ! g5ius (
 a ,%akspe>e1 ^: imag9ation exhau/$     
worlds & !n inv5t$ new8 ,!re is va/     
incongruity betwe5 our faculties & !    
scope giv5 !m "h4 ,on all x sees bel[ ! 
s\l reads ,inadequate1 & rises  #ac     
,aebli1 ,un/]bli*keit d] m5s*li*5       
,seele1 se*/] ,brief4  #ad ,ulrici1     
,un/]bli*keit d] m5s*li*5 ,seele aus dem
 ,wes5 ,gottes erwies54   dissatisfi$ f 
e fea/1 crav+1 ) div9e hung] & ?ir/1 !  
ambrosia & nect> ( a fett]less &        

immortal _w4 ,7 we fat$ to p]i% at !    
goal ( ?reescore1 ,god w\ld h h>moniz$  
our p[]s ) our lot4 ,he w\ld nev] h set 
su* magnific5t conceptions ov] aga9/ su*
 poor possibilities1 nor h k9dl$ s      
insatiable an ambition = s trivial a    
prize ( du/ to du/4  ,f\r?ly1 "o ( !    
weightie/ supports ( ! belief 9 a future
 life is t yield$ by ! b5evol5ce ( ,god4
 ,annihilation is totally irreconcilable
 ) ?is4 ,t ,he ^: love = 8 creatures is 
inf9ite w absolutely de/roy !m aft] _!  
little span ( life1 :5 !y h j ta/$ !    
sweets ( exi/5ce & begun to "k ! noble  
delights ( spiritual progress1 & :ile   
illimitable heights ( glory & bless$ness
 are beckon+ !m1 is incr$ible4 ,we are  
unable to believe t :ile 8 *ildr5 turn  
to him ) ye>n+ fai? & gratitude1 ) f]v5t
 pray] & expectation1 he w spurn !m into
 unmitigat$ night1 blott+ out ^?        
capacities ( happ9ess :i* he gave !m ) a
 virtual promise ( endless increase4 ,w 
! affectionate ,god p]mit humanity1     
ensconc$ 9 ! field ( be+1 l a ne/ (     

gr\nd sp>r[s1 to be trodd5 9 by ! ho( ( 
annihilation8 ,love wat*es to pres]ve   
life4 ,x 7 ,molo*1 n ! univ]sal ,fa!r1 t
 c\ld cru% into dea? ^! multitudes (    
lov+ s\ls supplicat+ him = life1 da%    
into sil5t fragm5ts ^! miracul\s p]sonal
 h>ps ( a ?\s& /r+s1 ea* capable (      
vibrat+ a cele/ial melody ( praise &    
bliss4  ,fif?ly1 ! app>5t claims (      
ju/ice af=d presumptive pro(1 h>d to be 
resi/$1 ( a future /ate :]e9 !re are    
comp5sations = ! unm]it$ ills1 a        
complem5t = ! fragm5t>y exp]i5ces1 &    
rectification = ! wrongs1 ( ! pres5t    
life4#ae ,god is j2 b he works )\t      
impulse or caprice1 by laws ^:          
progressive evolution requires "t to %[ 
_! p]fect results4 ,?r\gh ! brief space 
( ?is exi/5ce1 :]e ! enc\nt]+ ( millions
 ( free intellig5ces )9 ! fix$          
conditions ( nature causes a seem+ m$ley
 ( good & evil1 ( discord & h>mony1     
wick$ness (t5 triumphs1 villany (t5     
outrea*es & tramples +5u\s nobility &   
helpless innoc5ce4 ,"s sa9tly spirits1  

victims ( disease & p5ury1 drag out _!  
ye>s 9 agony1 neglect1 & te>s4 ,"s bold 
m9ions ( selfi%ness1 ) se>$ consci5ces &
 n]ves ( iron1 pluck ! covet$ fruits (  
pleasure1 we> ! diadems ( society1 &    
sweep ?r\gh ! _w 9 pomp4 ,! virtu\s     
suff] undes]v$ly f ! guilty4 ,! idle    
?rive on ! indu/ri\s4 ,all ^! ?+s       
sometimes happ54 ,9 spite ( ! comp5sat+ 
t5d5cies :i* ride on all spiritual laws1
 9 spite ( ! my/]i\s ,nemesis :i* is    
?ron$ 9 e bosom & saturates ! moral     
atmosph]e ) influ5ce1 ! _w is full (    
wrongs1 suff]+s1 & unf9i%$ ju/ice4#af   
,!re mu/ be ano!r _w1 :]e ! remun]at+   
processes int]iorly begun "h %all be    
op5ly consummat$4 ,c x be t ,*ri/ &     
,h]od1 ,paul & ,n]o1 ,tim\r & ,f5elon1  
drop ?r\gh ! bl9d trap ( dea? into      
precisely ! same condition ( unwak+     
sleep8 ,n if !re be a ,god6  #ae ,m4    
,jules ,simon1 ,la ,religion ,naturelle1
 liv4 iii43 l',immortalite4  #af ,dr4   
,*alm]s1 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 *ap4    
#aj4   ,!re is a f9al assemblage (      

?\ghts p]ta9+ to ! likelihood ( ano!r   
life1 :i*1 arrang$ toge!r1 may be /yl$ !
 moral argum5t 9 behalf ( t belief4#ag  
,^! consid]ations are drawn f ! seem+   
fitness ( ?+s1 claims ( p>ts besee*+    
completion1 vatic9ations ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y
 =m a cumulative array ( probabilities  
^: guid+ =ef+]s all indicate "o tru?1 ^:
 consonant voices swell into a p[]ful   
/ra9 ( promise4 ,fir/1 consid] ! %r9k+ f
 annihilation naturally felt 9 e brea/4 
,if man be n de/9$ = p]5nial life1 :y is
 ?is dread ( non exi/5ce wov5 into !    
s\l's inmo/ fibres8 ,attractions are co 
ord9ate ) de/9ies1 & e normal desire    
=etells its own fulfilm5t4 ,man fades   
unwill+ly f 8 natal haunts1 /ill long+ =
 a life ( et]nal remembrance & love1 &  
confid+ 9 x4 ,all ov] ! _w gr[s ?is     
pa!tic race ( =get me nots4 ,%all n     
,heav5 pluck & we> !m on h] bosom8      
,secondly1 an emphatic presumption 9    
favor ( a second life arises f !        
premature mortality preval5t to su* a   
fe>ful ext5t 9 ! human family4 ,ne>ly "o

 half ( our race p]i% be=e rea*+ ! age (
 t5 ye>s4 ,9 t p]iod !y _c h fulfill$ ! 
total purposes ( _! creation4 ,x is b a 
"p we see1 & n ! :ole4 ,! de/9ies "h se5
 segm5t>y w appe> full circle beyond !  
grave4  ,! argum5t is h>dly met by      
ass]t+ t ?is untimely mortality is !    
puni%m5t = non obs]vance ( law2 =1 d5y+ 
any fur!r life1 w\ld a s*eme ( exi/5ce h
 be5 admitt$ e/abli%+ s awful a         
proportion ( violations & p5alties8 ,if 
!re be no balanc+ sph]e beyond1 !n all  
%\ld pass ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( a ripe &   
r\nd$ life4 ,b !re is ! mo/ p]plex+     
inequality4 ,at "o fell swoop1 infant1  
sage1 h]o1 revell]1 m>tyr1 are snat*$   
into ! invisible /ate4 ,!re is1 z a     
noble ?9k] has said1 an app>5t caprice 9
 ! disp5sation ( dea? /rongly indicative
 ( a hidd5 sequel4 ,immortality unravels
 ! o!rwise inscrutable my/]y4  ,?irdly1 
! function ( consci5ce furni%es ano!r   
atte/ation to ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( man4  
,?is viceg]5t ( ,god 9 ! brea/1 array$ 9
 spl5dors & t]rors1 :i* %akes & illum9es

 ! :ole circumf]5ce ( our be+ ) its     
?und]s & lightn+s1 gives ! good man1    
amid/ oppressions & woes1 a s]5e        
confid5ce 9 a future ju/ify+ rew>d1 &   
transfixes ! bad man1 ?r\gh all 8 ret9ue
 ( gu>ds & panopli$ def5ces1 ) icy pangs
 ( fe> & ) a horrid look+ = judgm5t to  
come4 ,! sublime gr&eur ( moral fre$om1 
! imp]ill+ dignities ( probation1 !     
trem5d\s responsibilities & haz>ds (    
man's felt p[] & position1 are all      
inconsi/5t ) ! supposition t he is m]ely
 to cross ?is petty /age ( e>? & !n     
:olly expire4 ,su* mom5t\s end[m5ts &   
exposures imply a correspond+ ar5a &    
c>e]4 ,aft] ! trial comes ! s5t5ce2 & t 
w\ld be z if a palace 7 built1 a pr9ce  
born1 tra9$1 cr[n$1 solely t he might   
occupy ! ?rone five m9utes6 ,!          
consecrat+1 royaliz+ idea ( duty _c be  
less ?an ! core ( et]nal life4          
,consci5ce is ! s5sitive corridor along 
:i* ! mutual :isp]s ( a div9e communion 
pass & repass4 ,a moral law & a free w  
#ag ,crombie1 ,natural ,!ology1 ,essay  

,,iv43 ,! ,argum5ts = ,immortality4     
,brets*neid]1 ,die ,religiose           
,glaub5slehre1 sect4 #bj-ba4   are !    
root by :i* we gr[ out ( ,god1 & ! /em  
by :i* we are graft$ into him4  ,f\r?ly1
 all probable surmis+s 9 favor ( a      
future life1 or any o!r moral doctr9e1  
are bas$ on t primal po/ulate :i*1 by   
virtue ( our rational & e?ical          
con/itution1 we are au?oriz$ & b\nd to  
accept z a comm5c+ axiom1 namely1 t !   
s*eme ( creation is z a :ole ! be/      
possible "o1 impell$ & controll$ by     
wisdom & b5ignity4 ,:atev]1 !n1 is an   
inh]5t "p ( ! plan ( nature _c be       
errone\s nor malignant1 a mi/ake nor a  
curse4 ,ess5tially & 9 ! f9ality1 e     
fundam5tal portion & elem5t ( x mu/ be  
good & p]fect4 ,s f> z sci5ce &         
philosophy h p5etrat$1 !y confirm by    
facts ?is a priori pr9ciple1 tell+ u t  
!re is no pure & uncomp5sat$ evil 9 !   
univ]se4 ,n[1 dea? is a regul> +r$i5t 9 
! m+l$ _w1 an ord]$ /ep 9 ! plan ( life4
 ,if dea? be absolute1 is x n an evil8  

,:at c ! ev]la/+ deprivation ( all good 
be call$ b an imm5se evil to its        
subject8 ,su* a doom w\ld be )\t        
possible solace1 /&+ alone 9 /eep       
contradiction to ! :ole p>allel moral   
univ]se4 ,!n might man utt] ! mo/ mov+ &
 melan*oly p>adox ev] express$ 9 human  
spee*3  ,:at good came to my m9d ,i did 
deplore1 ,because x p]i% mu/1 & n live  
ev]more4  ,fif?ly1 ! s\l1 if n outw>dly 
arre/$ by "s ho/ile ag5t1 seems capable 
( endless progress )\t ev] exhau/+ ei!r 
its own capacity or ! p]fections (      
inf9itude4#ah ,!re are be=e x unlimit$  
tru?1 beauty1 p[]1 nobl5ess1 to be      
contemplat$1 ma/]$1 acquir$4 ,)         
indefatigable alacrity1 insatiable      
faculty & desire1 x responds to !       
inf9ite call4 ,! obvi\s inf]5ce is t its
 de/9y is un5d+ advancem5t4             
,annihilation w\ld be a sequel absurdly 
incongru\s ) ! facts4 ,true1 ! body     
decays1 & all manife/$ en]gy fails2 b t 
is ! fault ( ! me*anism1 n ( ! _s4 ,7 we
 to live _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 z ,m>t9eau    

sugge/s1 no "o supposes new s\ls1 b only
 new organizations1 w\ld be ne$$4 ,& :at
 p]iod c we imag9e to t]m9ate ! unimp$$ 
_s's abilities to le>n1 to enjoy1 to    
exp&8 ,kant's fam\s demon/ration ( man's
 et]nal life on ! gr\nds ( practical    
reason is simil>4 ,! relat$ ideas (     
absolute virtue & a moral be+ necess>ily
 imply ! inf9ite progress ( ! latt]     
t[>ds ! =m]4 ,t progress is impossible  
except on condition ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce 
( ! same be+4 ,!re=e ! s\l is           
immortal4#ai  ,six?ly1 our :ole life "h 
is a /eady s]ies ( gr[+ prep>ations = a 
cont9u$ & asc5d+ life h]eaft]4 ,all !   
spiritual p[]s we develop are s mu*     
a?letic tra9+1 all ! ideal treasures we 
accumulate are s _m prelim9>y atta9m5ts1
 = a future life4 ,!y h ?is appe>ance & 
sup]scription4 ,man alone =ekn[s 8 own  
dea? & expects a succe$+ exi/5ce2 & t   
=esight is giv5 to prep>e him4 ,!re are 
wondr\s impulses 9 u1 con/itutional     
convictions presci5t ( futurity1 l ^?   
previs+ in/9cts 9 birds lead+ !m to take

 prep>atory flights be=e _! actual      
migration4  #ah ,addison1 ,spectator1   
,nos4 #c & #baj4  #ai ,jacob1 ,beweis   
fur die ,un/]bli*keit d] ,seele aus dem 
,begriffe d] ,pfli*t4   ,et]nity is !   
/uff ( :i* our love1 fly+ =w>d1 builds  
its ne/ 9 ! eaves ( ! univ]se4 ,if we   
saw w+s gr[+ out ^u a "y creature1 we   
%\ld be =c$ to conclude t he 0 int5d$ "s
 "t to fly4 ,x is s ) man4 ,by explor+  
?\ghts1 discipl9>y sacrifices1 sup]nal  
pray]s1 holy toils ( dis9t]e/$ness1 he  
fl$ges 8 s\l's p9ions1 lays up treasures
 9 heav51 & at la/ migrates to !        
attract+ clime4  ,"h sits he1 %ap+ w+s  
to fly3 ,8 he>t =ebodes a my/]y2 ,he    
names ! "n et]nity4  ,sev5?ly1 9 !      
degree ^! prep>ations are made 9 ob$i5ce
 to obscure in/9cts & ! develop+ laws ( 
exp]i5ce1 !y are accompani$ by          
significant premonitions1 lucid signals 
( ! future /ate look$ to1 assur+        
witnesses ( its reality4 ,! m "o lives =
 immortality1 ! m immortal ?+s he       
assimilates into 8 spiritual sub/ance1 !

 m confirm+ tok5s ( a dea?less          
inh]itance 8 fai? f9ds4 ,he becomes     
consci\s ( 8 own et]nity4#bj ,:5 hall[$ 
imag9ation weighs an*or & spreads sail  
to coa/ ! dim %ores ( ! o!r _w1 x he>s  
*e]ful voices ( welcome f ! headl&s &   
disc]ns beacons burn+ 9 ! port4 ,:5 9   
e>ne/ communion ) our inmo/ selves1     
solemn m$itations ( ,god1 my/]i\s       
influ5ces %$ f unse5 sph]es1 fall on our
 s\ls1 & _m a /range ?\ght1 transc5d+   
our wont$ !mes1 into glory peeps4 ,a    
vague1 con/ra9+ s5se ( invisible be+s1  
by :om we are engirt1 fills u4 ,we      
bl9dly feel t our rank & de/9ation are )
 !m4 ,lift b "o ?9 veil1 we ?9k1 & !    
occult ,univ]se ( ,_s w\ld break to     
vision ) cl\dy cr[ds ( angels4 ,?\s&    
h9ts *ance dropp$ f nature's sph]e1     
pregnant ) fri5dly tid+s1 reassure u4   
,/range1 said a gift$ metaphysician     
once1 t ! b>rel organ1 man1 %\ld t]m9ate
 e tune ) ! /ra9 ( immortality6 ,n      
/range1 b div9ely natural4 ,x is !      
t5tative prelude to ! ?rill+ music ( our

 et]nal bliss writt5 9 ! score ( de/9y4 
,:5 at night we gaze f> out into        
imm5sity1 along ! %9+ vi/as ( ,god's    
abode1 & are almo/ cru%$ by ! ov]:elm+  
prospects t sweep ^u our vision1 d n "s 
pre monitions ( our own unfa?om$        
greatness also /ir )9 u8 ,yes3 ! s5se ( 
,exi/5ce1 ! ideas ( ,"r & ,duty1 awful  
intuitions ( ,god & immortality1 ^!1 !  
gr& facts & sub/ance ( ! _s1 are        
indep5d5t & inde/ructible4 ,! bases ( ! 
,moral ,law1 !y %all /& 9 e tittle1     
al?\gh ! />s %\ld pass away4 ,= _!      
relations & root are 9 t :i* upholds !  
/>s1 ev5 ) worlds unse5 f ! f9ite1 ^:   
maje/ic & ev]la/+ arrangem5ts %all bur/ 
^u u z ! heav5s d ?r\gh ! night :5 !    
light ( ?is g>i% life gives place to !  
solemn spl5dors ( et]nity4  ,eigh?ly1 ! 
belief 9 a life beyond dea? has         
virtually prevail$ ev]y:]e & always4 ,& 
! argum5t f univ]sal cons5t1 z x is     
t]m$1 has ev] be5 e/eem$ "o ( ! =emo/   
te/imonies1 if n inde$ ! mo/ conv9c+    
te/imony1 to ! tru? ( ! doctr9e4 ,unless

 ! belief c be %[n to be artificial or  
s9ful1 x mu/ seem conclusive4 ,its      
innoc5ce is self evid5t1 & its          
naturalness is evid5c$ by its           
univ]sality4  #bj ,!odore ,p>k]1 ,s]mon 
( ,immortal ,life4   ,! rude/ & ! mo/   
poli%$1 ! simple/ & ! mo/ le>n$1 unite 9
 ! expectation1 & cl+ to x ?r\gh e ?+4  
,x is l ! rul+ pres5tim5t implant$ 9 ^? 
insects t are to und]go metamorphosis4  
,?is believ+ in/9ct1 s deeply seat$ 9   
our consci\sness1 natural1 innoc5t1     
univ]sal1 :5ce came x1 & :y 0 x giv58   
,!re is b "o fair answ]4 ,god & nature  
deceive n4  ,n9?ly1 ! consci\s1         
practical fai? ( civiliz$ nations1 to   
day1 9 a future life1 unque/ionably1 9 a
 majority ( individuals1 re/s directly  
on ! basis ( au?ority1 tru/ 9 a =eign   
ann\ncem5t4 ,!re are two =ms ( ?is      
au?ority4 ,! au?ority ( revelation is   
mo/ prom95t & ext5sive4 ,god has reveal$
 ! tru? f heav54 ,x has be5 exemplifi$  
by a miracul\s resurrection4 ,x is      
writt5 9 an infallible book1 & seal$ )  

au!nticat+ cr$5tials ( sup] natural     
purport4 ,x is !re=e to be accept$ )    
implicit tru/4 ,secondly1 ) "s1 !       
au?ority ( great m9ds1 r5[n$ = sci5tific
 k & speculative acum51 goes f>4 ,?\s&s 
( su* m51 rank+ among ! highe/ names (  
hi/ory1 h positively affirm$ !          
immortality ( ! s\l z a reliable tru?4  
,= in/ance1 ,goe! says1 on occasion ( ! 
dea? ( ,wiel&1 ,! de/ruction ( su* high 
p[]s is some?+ :i* c nev]1 & "u no      
circum/ances1 ev5 come into "q4 ,su* a  
dogmatic expression ( conviction re/+ on
 b>e philosophical gr\nds1 f a m9d s    
equipp$1 s acute1 & s free1 has great   
weight1 & mu/ influ5ce a mode/ /ud5t :o 
hesitates 9 confess$ incompet5ce4#ba ,! 
argum5t is ju/ly p[]ful :5 b humanly    
consid]$1 & :5 div9ely d]iv$1 ( c\rse1 x
 absolutely =ecloses all d\bts4  ,t5?ly1
 !re is ano!r life1 because a belief 9 x
 is necess>y to ord] ?is _w1 necess>y z 
a com=t & an inspiration to man n[4 ,a  
good old au?or writes1 ! v n]ves & s9ews
 ( religion is hope ( immortality4 ,!   

conviction t !re is a retributive life  
h]eaft] is ! moral cem5t ( ! social     
fabric4 ,take away ?is tru?1 & "o great 
motive ( patriots1 m>tyrs1 ?9k]s1 sa9ts1
 is gone4 ,take x away1 & to all l[ m9d$
 m5 selfi%ness becomes ! law1 e>?ly     
enjoym5t ! only good1 suff]+ & dea? !   
only evil4 ,life !n is to be supremely  
covet$ & nev] put 9 risk = any /ake4    
,self indulg5ce is to be secur$ at any  
haz>d1 little matt] by :at means4 ,ab&on
 all hope ( a life to come1 & f t in/ant
 !re is no?+ s]i\s 9 mortality4 ,9 ord] 
t ! _w %\ld be gov]nable1 e?ical1 happy1
 virtu\s1 magnanim\s1 is x possible t x 
%\ld be necess>y = ! _w to believe 9 an 
untru?8  ,s1 ?\ ha/ immortality 9 m9d8  
,ha/ gr\nds t w n let !e d\bt x8 ,!     
/ronge/ gr\nd h]e9 ,i f9d3 ,t we c\ld   
nev] d )\t x6  ,f9ally1 ! climax ( ^!   
argum5tations is capp$ by t gr& clos+   
consid]ation :i* we may entitle ! =ce ( 
congruity1 ! conv9c+ results ( a        
conflu5ce ( h>moni\s reasons4 ,!        
hypo!sis ( immortality accords ) !      

c>d9al facts ( obs]vation1 meets all    
po9ts ( ! case1 & satisfactorily answ]s 
e requirem5t4  #ba ,lewis1 ,influ5ce (  
,au?ority 9 ,matt]s ( ,op9ion4   ,x is !
 solution ( ! problem1 z ! fact (       
,neptune expla9$ ! p]turbations ( !     
adjac5t planets4 ,no?+ ev] gravitates   
t[>ds no?+2 & x mu/ be an unse5 orb t s 
draws our ye>n+ s\ls4 ,if x be n s1 !n  
:at t]rible contradictions /agg] u1 &   
:at a *ill+ doom awaits u6 ,oh1 :at     
mock+ irony !n runs ?r\gh ! l(tie/      
promises & hopes ( ! _w6 ,j z ! wise &  
good h le>n$ to live1 !y disappe> amid/ 
! unfeel+ waves ( oblivion1 l sn[ flakes
 9 ! ocean4 ,! sup] e>?ly desires ( man 
are !n creat$ 9 him only1 l swall[$     
diamonds1 to cut sl[ly ?r\gh 8 mat]ial  
%ell & de/roy him4  ,! d5ial ( a future 
life introduces discord1 grief1 &       
despair 9 e direction1 &1 by mak+ ea*   
/ep ( advanc$ culture ! asc5t to a wid] 
survey ( tantaliz+ glory & exp]i5c$     
sorr[1 z well z ! prep>ation = a great] 
fall & a sadd] loss1 turns fai?ful      

affection & h]oic ?\ght into bl9d furies
 sl++ flame4 ,unless immortality be     
true1 man appe>s a d>k riddle1 n made = 
t ( :i* he is made capable & desir\s3 e 
?+ is begun1 no?+ end$2 ! facts ( !     
pres5t sc5e are un9telligible2 ! pla9e/ 
analogies are violat$2 ! delicately ris+
 scale ( exi/5ce is brok5 (f abrupt2 our
 be/ reason+s conc]n+ ! "* & designs (  
,god1 also conc]n+ ! implications ( our 
own be+ & exp]i5ce1 are futile2 & !     
s\l's pr\d faculties tell glori\s lies z
 ?ick z />s4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! usual  
way ( ?9k+4  ,h[ev] =midable a front may
 be pres5t$ by ! spectral array ( d\bts 
& difficulties1 seem+ imp$im5ts to fai? 
9 immortality1 ! fai?ful s]vant ( ,god1 
equipp$ ) philosophical culture & a     
sa9tly life1 w fe>lessly advance ^u !m1 
scatt] !m "r & left1 & w9 victori\s     
access to ! prize4 ,s ! m>9] sometimes1 
(f ,sicilian %ores1 sees a wondr\s isl& 
ahead1 app>5tly /opp+ 8 way ) its       
cypress & c$> groves1 glitt]+ t[]s1 v9e 
wrea!d balconies1 & m>ble /airs slop+ to

 ! wat]'s edge4 ,he sails /raight =w>d1 
&1 sev]+ ! pill>$ porticos & gre5 g>d5s 
( ,fata ,morgana1 glides f> on ov] a    
glassy sea smil+ 9 ! undeceptive sun4   
,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,s\l',s
 ,,de/9ation4  ,,be=e exam9+1 9 _!      
multif>i\s detail1 ! special ?\ghts &   
fancies respect+ a future life preval5t 
9 diff]5t nations & times1 x may be well
 to take a sort ( bird's eye view ( ^?  
g5]al !ories ( ! de/9ation ( ! s\l "u   
:i* all ! individual v>ieties ( op9ion  
may be classifi$4 ,va/ & incongru\s z is
 ! het]og5e\s mass ( notions br\ght =?  
by ! hi/ory ( ?is prov9ce ( ! _w's      
belief1 ! :ole may be sy/ematiz$1       
discrim9at$1 & r$uc$ to a few           
compreh5sive heads4 ,su* an ar*itectural
 gr\p+ or outl9+ ( ! *ief s*emes ( ?\ght
 on ?is subject w yield sev]al          
advantages4  ,%[+ h[ ! diff]5t views    
arose f natural speculations on !       
correlat$ ph5om5a ( ! outw>d _w & facts 
( human exp]i5ce1 x af=ds an            
indisp5sable help t[>ds a philosophical 

analysis & explanation ( ! popul> fai? z
 to ! de/9y ( man aft] dea?1 9 all !    
imm5se div]sity ( its cont5ts4 ,an      
ord]ly arrangem5t & exposition ( ^!     
c>d9al !ories also =m an epitome hold+ a
 bewild]+ multitude ( p>ticul>s 9 its   
lucid & sep>at+ grasp1 *ang+ ! fruits ( 
le>n$ inve/igation f a cumb]some burd5  
on ! memory to a small numb] ( connect$ 
=mul>ies 9 ! reason4 ,^! !ories s]ve z a
 r[ ( mirrors hung 9 a l9e ( hi/oric    
p]spective1 reflect+ e relevant %ape &  
hue ( m$itation & fai? humanity has     
kn[n1 f ! ideal visions ( ! ,a!nian sage
 to ! in/9ctive sup]/itions ( ! ,fejee  
savage4 ,:5 we h adequately def9$ ^!    
!ories1 ( :i* !re are sev51 trac$ _!    
orig91 compreh5d$ _! significance &     
be>+s1 & dissect$ _! support+           
pret5sions1 !n ! :ole field ( our !me   
lies 9 light be=e u2 &1 h[ev] grotesque 
or my/]i\s1 simple or subtle1 may be !  
modes ( ?9k+ & feel+ 9 relation to !    
life beyond dea? reveal$ 9 our subsequ5t
 rese>*es1 we %all "k at once :]e to    

ref] !m & h[ to expla9 !m4 ,! precise   
object1 !re=e1 ( ! pres5t *apt] is to   
set =? ! compreh5sive !ories devis$ to  
solve ! problem1 ,:at becomes ( man :5  
he dies8  ,b a little :ile man fl\ri%es 
"h 9 ! bosom ( visible nature4 ,soon he 
disappe>s f our scrut9y1 miss$ 9 all !  
places t knew him4 ,:i!r has he gone8   
,:at fate has befall5 him8 ,x is an     
awful "q4 ,9 comp>ison ) its conc5trat$ 
int]e/1 all o!r affairs are *ildi% &    
mom5t>y4 ,:5ev] t solemn "q is ask$1    
e>?1 "t1 & ! he>t1 natural              
trans=mations1 />s1 fancy1 & ! brood+   
intellect1 are full ( vague oracles4    
,let u see :at intelligible answ]s c be 
con/ruct$ f _! responses4  ,! fir/ !ory 
:i* we %all consid] prop\nds itself 9 "o
 t]rible ^w1 annihilation4 ,logically   
?is is ! e>lie/1 hi/orically ! late/1   
view4 ,! heal?y consci\sness1 ! eag]    
fancy1 ! controll+ s5tim5t1 ! crude     
?\ght1 all ! uncurb$ in/9ctive          
conclusions ( primitive human nature1   
po9t =cibly to a cont9u$ exi/5ce = !    

s\l1 9 "s way1 :5 ! body %all h p]i%$4  
,& s hi/ory %[s u 9 all ! savage nations
 a vivid belief 9 a future life4 ,b to !
 philosophical obs]v]1 :o has by d9t (  
speculation fre$ himself f ! con/ra9+   
t5d5cies ( desire1 fai?1 imag9ation1 &  
au?ority1 ! ?\ght t man totally ceases )
 ! de/ruction ( 8 visible organism mu/  
occur z ! fir/ & simple/ settlem5t ( !  
"q4#a ,! totality ( manife/$ life has   
absolutely disappe>$3 :y n conclude t ! 
totality ( real life has actually lo/   
its exi/5ce & is no m8 ,t is ! natural  
inf]5ce1 unless by "s means ! contr>y c 
be prov$4 ,accord+ly1 among all civiliz$
 p1 e age has _h its skeptics1          
metaphysical disputants :o h m\rnfully  
or sc(f+ly d5i$ ! sep>ate survival ( !  
s\l4 ,?is is a necessity 9 ! inevitable 
sequ5ces ( obs]vation & !ory2 because1  
:5 ! skeptic1 suppress+ or escap+ 8     
biass$ wi%es1 ! trammels ( traditional  
op9ion1 & ! spontane\s convictions      
prophetic ( 8 own un9t]rupt$ be+1 fir/  
looks ov] ! wide sc5e ( human life &    

dea?1 & reflect+ly asks1 ,:at is !      
sequel ( ?is /range1 ev5tful hi/ory8    
obvi\sly ! conclusion sugge/$ by !      
imm$iate ph5om5a is t ( entire          
dissolution & blank oblivion4 ,?is      
result is avoid$ by call+ 9 ! aid (     
deep] philosophical consid]ations & (   
inspir+ moral tru?s4 ,b "s w n call 9 t 
aid2 & ! :ole sup]ficial appe>ance ( !  
case reg>d+ t alone1 z !y !n w is fatal 
to our imp]ial hopes4 ,! primordial clay
 claims its own f ! disanimat$ frame2 & 
! vani%$ life1 l ! flame ( an outburnt  
tap]1 has ceas$ to be4 ,m5 are l bubbles
 or foam flakes on ! _w's /ream+        
surface3 glitt]+ 9 a mom5t>y ray1 !y    
break & are gone1 & only ! d>k flood    
rema9s /ill fl[+ =w>d4 ,!y are l tones (
 music1 comm5c+ & end+ ) ! unpurpos$    
brea? t makes !m4 ,nature is a va/      
cong]ies ( me*anical sub/ances p]vad$ by
 m9dless =ces ( vitality4 ,consci\sness 
is a production :i* results f !         
f]m5tation & elaboration ( unconsci\s   
mat]ials2 & aft] a "t x deceases1 its   

conditions crumbl+ into _! inorganic    
gr\nds aga94  ,f ! abyss ( sil5ce & du/ 
intellig5t creatures break =?1 %9e1 &   
s9k back1 l meteor fla%es 9 a cl\d4 ,!  
g5]ations ( s5ti5t be+1 l ! annual gr[?s
 ( vegetation1 by spontaneity ( dynamic 
developm5t1 spr+ f dead matt]1 fl\ri%   
?r\gh _! de/9$ cycle1 & relapse into    
dead matt]4 ,! bosom ( nature is1 !re=e1
 at once ! wondr\s womb & ! magnific5t  
mausoleum ( man4 ,fate1 l an iron       
skeleton seat$ at ! summit ( ! _w on a  
?rone ( fre% gr[+ grass & m\ld]+ skulls1
 presides ov] all1 & annihilation is !  
univ]sal doom ( individual life4 ,su* is
 ! a!i/ic naturali/'s cre$4 ,h[ev]      
indef5sible or %ock+ x is1 x repeat$ly  
appe>s 9 ! annals ( speculation2 & any  
synopsis ( ! possible conclusions 9 :i* 
! inquiry into man's de/9y may re/ t    
%\ld omit ?is1 w\ld be grossly imp]fect4
  ,?is s*eme ( disbelief is met by      
insup]able objections4 ,x excludes "s   
ess5tial elem5ts ( ! case1 conf9es      
itself to a :olly empirical view2 &     

consequ5tly ! rel5tless solution x      
ann\nces applies only to a mutilat$     
problem4 ,to ass]t ! cessation ( ! s\l  
because its physical manife/ations ?r\gh
 ! body h ceas$1 is c]ta9ly to affirm   
)\t j w>rant4 ,x w\ld appe> impossible =
 volition & intellig5ce to  #a ,lal&e1  
,dictionnaire des ,a!es ,anci5s et      
,mod]nes4   orig9ate save f a free p>5t 
m9d4 ,num]\s cog5t evid5ces ( design    
seem to prove ! exi/5ce ( a ,god by ^: w
 all ?+s are ord]$ accord+ to a plan4   
,_m p[]ful impressions & argum5ts1      
in/9ctive1 critical1 or moral1 comb9e to
 tea* t 9 ! wreck ( matt] ! _s em]ges1  
dea?less1 f ! clos+ waves ( decay4 ,!   
confirmation ( t tru? becomes           
irresi/ible :5 we see h[ reason &       
consci5ce1 ) delight$ avidity1 seize ^u 
its adapt$ness alike to ! brighte/      
features & ! d>ke/ defects ( ! pres5t   
life1 ^: imp]fect symmetries & segm5ts  
are h>moni\sly fill$ out by ! adju/+    
complem5t ( a future /ate4#b  ,! next   
repres5tation ( ! fate ( ! s\l disposes 

( x by re absorption into ! ess5ce f :i*
 x emanat$4 ,!re is an et]nal f\nta9 (  
unmade life1 f :i* all individual1      
transi5t lives fl[1 & into :i* !y       
return4 ,?is conception arose 9 ! outset
 f a sup]ficial analogy :i* mu/ h       
obtrud$ itself ^u primitive notice &    
speculation2 = man is l$ to 8 fir/      
metaphysical inquiries by a feel+       
contemplation ( outw>d ph5om5a4 ,n[1 9 !
 mat]ial _w1 :5 individual =ms p]i%1 ea*
 s5sible compon5t relapses into its     
orig9al elem5t & becomes an             
undi/+ui%able portion ( x4 ,our exhal$  
brea? goes into ! g5]al air & is unit$ )
 x3 ! du/ ( our decay+ frames becomes "p
 ( ! gr\nd & vegetation4 ,s1 x is       
/rongly sugge/$1 ! lives ( ?+s1 ! s\ls (
 m51 :5 !y disappe> f u1 are rem]g$ 9 ! 
native _s :5ce !y came4 ,! ess5tial     
long+ ( e "p = union ) its :ole is      
reveal$ & vocal ?r\gh\t all nature4     
,wat] is sull5 9 /illness1 murmurs 9    
motion1 & nev] ceases its gloom or its  
compla9+ until x sleeps 9 ! sea4 ,l     

spray on ! rock1 ! /r&+ g5]ations /rike 
! sepul*re & are dissipat$ into univ]sal
 vapor4 ,z lightn+s sl9k back into !    
*>g$ bosom ( ! ?und] cl\d1 z eag] waves1
 sp5t1 subside 9 ! deep1 z furi\s gu/s  
die away 9 ! great atmosph]e1 s ! gleam+
 ranks ( g5ius1 ! /ruggl+ masses ( toil1
 ! pomp\s ho/s ( w>1 fade & dissolve    
away into ! peaceful bosom ( ! all      
engulf+ ,,s\l4 ,?is simple/1 e>lie/     
philosophy ( mank9d has _h mo/ ext5sive 
& p]man5t preval5ce4#c ,= immemorial    
c5turies x has possess$ ! m9d ( !       
c\ntless millions ( ,india4 ,baur ?9ks !
 ,egyptian id5tification ( ea* deceas$  
p]son ) ,osiris & ! burial ( him "u t   
"n1 7 meant to d5ote ! reception ( !    
individual human life into ! univ]sal   
nature life4 ,! doctr9e has be5         
implicitly held :]ev] pan!ism has f\nd a
 vot>y1 f ,anaxim&]1 to :om f9ite       
creatures 7 dis9tegrations or           
decompositions f ! ,inf9ite1 to ,alex&] 
,pope1 affirm+ t  ,all are b p>ts ( "o  
/up5d\s :ole1 ,^: body nature is1 & ,god

 ! s\l4  ,! fir/ reason]s1 :o gave su*  
an in]adicable direction & t+e to ! ?9k+
 ( aft] ages1 7 fur!rmore driv5 to !    
supposition ( a f9al absorption1 f !  #b
 ,drossba*1 ,die ,h>monie d] ,ergebnisse
 d] ,natur=s*ung mit d5 ,=d]ung5 des    
,m5s*li*5 ,gemu!s4  #c ,bl\nt1 ,anima   
,mundi2 or1 ,! ,op9ions ( ! ,anci5ts    
conc]n+ ,man's ,s\l aft] ?is ,life4     
impossibility1 9 t initiatory /age (    
?\ght1 ( grasp+ any o!r !ory :i* w\ld   
app>5tly meet ! case s well or be m     
satisfactory4 ,!y1 ( c\rse1 _h n yet    
arriv$ at ! idea t ,god is a p]sonal ,_s
 ^: nature is reveal$ 9 ! con/itutive   
*>act]i/ics ( ! human s\l1 & :o c>ries  
on 8 works f et]nity to et]nity )\t     
monoton\s repetition or we>isome        
/agnancy1 b ) p]petual v>iety 9 nev]    
ceas+motion4 ,:atev] comm5ces mu/ also  
t]m9ate1 !y said1 =gett+ t numb] beg9s )
 "o b has no end4 ,!y did n conceive ( !
 univ]se ( be+ z an et]nal l9e1 mak+    
immortality desirable = its endless     
novelty1 b imag$ x to !mselves z a      

circle1 mak+ an ev]la/+ individual      
consci\sness dreadful = its intol]able  
sam5ess1 an imm5se r\nd ( exi/5ce1      
ph5om5a1 & exp]i5ce1 go+ =? & return+   
into itself1 ov] & ov]1 =ev] & ev]4 ,to 
escape s repulsive a contemplation1 !y  
made dea? break ! f5c+ integum5t (      
consci\sness & empty all we>y           
p]sonalities into ! absolute abyss (    
be+4  ,aga93 ! extreme difficulty (     
appreh5d+ ! tru? ( a ,creator lit]ally  
inf9ite1 & ( a limitless creation1 w\ld 
lead to ! same result 9 ano!r way4 ,)\t 
d\bt1 x seem$ to ! naive ?9k]s (        
antiquity1 t if ho/s ( new be+s 7       
cont9ually com+ into life & increas+ !  
numb] ( ! inhabitants ( ! future /ate1 !
 f\nta9 f :i* !y proce$$ w\ld "s "t be  
exhau/$1 or ! univ]se gr[ ple?oric )    
population4 ,!re w\ld be no m sub/ance  
bel[ or no m room above4 ,! easie/ me?od
 ( surm\nt+ ?is problem w\ld be by !    
hypo!sis t all spirits come out ( a     
great ,_w ,_s1 &1 hav+ run _! mortal    
c>e]s1 are absorb$ into x aga94 ,_m     

especially ! deepe/ ,ori5tal dream]s h  
also be5 br\ght to solace !mselves ) ?is
 conclusion by a c\rse ( reason+ bas$ on
 ! exposures1 & assum$ inevitable       
suff]+s1 ( all f9ite be+4 ,!y argue t e 
exi/5ce bel[ ! absolute ,god1 because x 
is set ar\nd ) limitations1 is          
necess>ily obnoxi\s to all sorts (      
mis]ies4 ,its pleasures are only honey  
drops sc>ce ta/$ 9 a sea ( gall4 ,?is   
conviction1 ) its accompany+ s5tim5t1   
runs ?r\gh ! sacr$ books ( ! ,ea/1 is ! 
root & he>t ( _! !ology1 ! dogma t makes
 ! cruele/ p5ances pleasant if a r5ew$  
exi/5ce may ?us be avoid$4 ,! s5tim5t is
 n ali5 to human long+ & surmise1 z     
witnesses ! night ?\ght ( ! ,engli% poet
 :o1 _w sat$1 & sadly ye>n+1 cries ?r\gh
 ! />ry gloom to ,god1  ,:5 %all my s\l 
h] inc>nation quit1 ,&1 readopt$ to ?y  
ble/ embrace1 ,obta9 h] apo!osis 9 !e8  
,hav+ /at$ & trac$ ! doctr9e (          
absorption1 x rema9s to inve/igate !    
ju/ice ( its gr\nds4 ,! doctr9e />ts f a
 premise p>tly true & ends 9 a          

conclusion p>tly false4 ,we emanate f ! 
creative p[] ( ,god1 & are su/a9$ by ! 9
 fl[+ pres5ce ( 8 life1 b are n         
disc]ptions f 8 own be+1 any m ?an beams
 ( light are di/9ct sub/ances %ot out & 
%orn (f f ! sun to be aft]w>ds drawn    
back & assimilat$ into ! p>5t orb4 ,we  
are de/9$ to a h>moni\s life 9 8 unify+ 
love1 b n to be fus$ & lo/ z ins5ti5t   
p>ts ( 8 total consci\sness4 ,we are    
products (  ,god's w1 n compon5t atoms (
 8 s\l4 ,s\ls are to be 9 ,god z />s are
 9 ! firmam5t1 n z lumps ( salt are 9 a 
solv5t4 ,?is view is confirm$ by v>i\s  
argum5ts4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is        
support$ by ! philosophical di/9ction   
betwe5 emanation & creation4 ,!         
conception ( creation gives u a p]sonal 
,god :o wills to c]ta9 ends2 t (        
emanation r$uces ! ,supreme ,be+ to a   
gha/ly array ( laws1 revolv+ abysses1   
galvanic =ces1 nebul> /> du/1 dead      
ideas1 & vital fluids4 ,accord+ to !    
latt] supposition1 f9ite exi/5ces fl[ f 
! ,inf9ite z consequ5ces f a pr9ciple1  

or /reams f a f\nta92 accord+ to ! =m]1 
!y proce$ z effects f a cause1 or ?\ghts
 f a m9d4 ,t is pan!i/ic1 fatal1 &      
involves absorption by a logical        
necessity2 ?is is creative1 free1 & does
 n presuppose any circl+ return4        
,mat]ial ?+s are ?\ghts :i* ,god        
transi5tly contemplates & dismisses2    
spiritual creatures are ?\ghts :i* he   
p]man5tly expresses 9 concrete          
immortality4 ,! s\l is a ?\ght2 ! body  
is ! ^w 9 :i* x is clo!d4  ,secondly1 ! 
analogy :i* fir/ leads to belief 9      
absorption is falsely int]pret$4 ,tak5  
on its own gr\nd1 rightly appreciat$1 x 
legitimates a diff]5t conclusion4  ,a   
gra9 ( s& ?r[n into ! bosom ( ,sah>a    
does n lose its individual exi/5ce4     
,di/9ct drops are n annihilat$ z to _!  
simple atoms ( wat]1 ?\gh sunk 9 ! mid/ 
( ! sea4 ,! f9al p>ticles or monads (   
air or granite are n dissolv+ly bl5d$   
into cont9uity ( un9dividualiz$         
atmosph]e or rock :5 unit$ ) _! elem5tal
 masses1 b are ?ru/ unapproa*ably ap>t  

by molecul> repulsion4 ,n[1 a m9d1 be+1 
z we conceive1 no composite1 b an       
ultimate unity1 _c be cru%$ or melt$ f  
its integral p]si/5ce ( p]sonality4     
,?\gh plung$ into ! c5tre ( a surr\nd+  
wild]ness or ocean ( m9ds1 x mu/ /ill   
reta9 itself unlo/ 9 ! multitude4       
,!re=e1 if we admit ! exi/5ce ( an      
inclusive mundane ,s\l1 x by no means   
foll[s t less] s\ls receiv$ into x are  
depriv$ ( _! individuality4 ,x is "o n  
o!rwise ?an z ! sea is "o1 by a         
simil>ity & contiguity ( p>ts1 be+      
compos$ ( an innum]able ho/ ( di/9ct    
spirits1 z t is ( aque\s p>ticles2 & z !
 riv]s cont9ually dis*>ge into ! sea1 s 
! vehicul> p1 ^u ! disruption ( _!      
vehicles1 dis*>ge & incorporate into t  
ocean ( spirits mak+ ! mundane ,s\l4#d  
,?irdly1 e consid]ation furni%$ by !    
doctr9e ( f9al causes z appli$ to exi/+ 
creatures makes u ask1 ,:at use is !re 9
 call+ =? s\ls m]ely t !y may be tak5   
back aga98 ,to ju/ify _! creation1 !    
fulfilm5t ( "s educative aim1 & !n !    

la/+ fruition ( x1 appe> necess>y4 ,:y  
else %\ld a s\l be drawn f out ! un=m$  
va/ness1 & h its be+ /ruck into b\nds1 &
 be =c$ to pass ?r\gh su* appall+       
ordeals ( good & evil1 pleasure & agony8
 ,an individual ( any k9d is z important
 z its race2 = x conta9s 9 possibility  
all t its type does4 ,& ! purposes (    
?+s1 s f> z we c disc]n !m1 ! nature (  
our spiritual con/itution1 ! mean+ ( our
 circum/ances & probation1 ! result+    
t5d5cies ( our exp]i5ce1 all seem to    
prophesy1 n ! de/ruction1 b ! p]fection 
& p]petuation1 ( individual be+4  #d    
,tuck]1 ,light ( ,nature1 ,"p ,,ii4 *ap4
 xxii4   ,f\r?ly1 ! same inf]5ce is     
yield$ by apply+ a simil> consid]ation  
to ! ,creator4 ,all[+ him consci\sness &
 int5tions1 z we mu/1 :at object c\ld he
 h ei!r 9 ex]t+ 8 creative p[] or 9 s5d+
 out portions ( himself 9 new           
individuals1 save ! production ( s _m   
immortal p]sonalities ( w1 k1 & love1 to
 advance t[>ds ! p]fection ( hol9ess1   
wisdom1 & bless$ness1 fill+ 8 mansions )

 8 *ildr58 ,by ?us multiply+ 8 own image
 he adds to ! numb] ( happy creatures :o
 are to be b\nd toge!r 9 b&s ( glory1   
mutually receiv+ & return+ 8 affection1 
& swells ! tide ( consci\s bliss :i*    
fills & rolls =ev] ?r\gh 8 et]nal       
univ]se4  ,nor1 f9ally1 is x necess>y to
 expect p]sonal oblivion 9 ,god 9 ord]  
to escape f evil & w9 exub]ant happ9ess4
 ,^? ends are z well secur$ by !        
fruition ( ,god's love 9 u z by ! dr[n+ 
( our consci\sness 9 8 pl5itude (       
delight4 ,precisely h]e9 consi/s !      
fundam5tal di/9ction ( ! ,*ri/ian f !   
,brahmanic doctr9e ( human de/9y4 ,!    
,*ri/ian hopes to dwell 9 blissful union
 ) ,god's w1 n to be annihilat+ly sunk 9
 8 ess5ce4 ,to borr[ an illu/ration f   
,scotus ,erig5a1#e z ! air :5 ?or\ghly  
illum9$ by sun%9e /ill keeps its a]ial  
nature & does n become sun%9e1 or z iron
 all r$ 9 ! flame /ill keeps its        
metallic sub/ance & does n turn to fire 
itself1 s a s\l fully possess$ & mov$ by
 ,god does n 9 consequ5ce lose its own  

s5ti5t & intellig5t be+4 ,x is /ill a   
b\nd$ entity1 ?\gh recipi5t ( b\ndless  
div9ity4 ,?us evil ceases1 ea*          
p]sonality is pres]v$ & int5sely        
glorifi$1 &1 at ! same "t1 ,god is all 9
 all4 ,! totality ( p]fect$1 enraptur$1 
immortaliz$ humanity 9 heav5 may be     
describ$ 9 ?is mann]1 adopt+ ! ma/]ly   
expression ( ,col]idge3  ,& z "o body   
seems ! aggregate ,( atoms numb]less1   
ea* organiz$1 ,s1 by a /range & dim     
similitude1 ,inf9ite myriads ( self     
consci\s m9ds ,9 "o conta9+ ,_s live1 :o
 fills ,) absolute ubiquity ( ?\ght ,all
 8 involv$ monads1 t yet seem ,ea* to   
pursue its own self c5tr+ end4  ,a ?ird 
mode ( answ]+ ! "q ( human de/9y is by !
 conception ( a g5]al resurrection4     
,s\ls1 z fa/ z !y leave ! body1 are     
ga!r$ 9 "s int]m$iate /ate1 a />less    
grave _w1 a gho/ly limbo4 ,:5 ! pres5t  
cycle ( ?+s is complet$1 :5 ! clock ( "t
 runs d[n & its lifeless weight falls 9 
! socket1 & ,dea?'s empty helmet yawns  
grimly ov] ! fun]al hat*m5t ( ! _w1 !   

gates ( ?is long b>r$ receptacle ( !    
deceas$ w be /ruck op51 & its pale      
prison]s1 9 accumulat$ ho/s1 issue =?1 &
 ent] on ! immortal inh]itance res]v$ = 
!m4 ,9 ! sable l& ( ,hades all dep>t$   
g5]ations are biv\ack+ 9 "o va/ army4   
,on ! resurrection morn+1 /rik+ _! %ad[y
 t5ts1 !y w scale ! walls ( ! abyss1 &1 
re9ve/$ ) _! bodies1 ei!r plant _!      
bann]s on ! summits ( ! e>? 9 p]man5t   
encampm5t1 or /orm ! battlem5ts ( ! sky 
& colonize heav5 ) fle% & blood4  #e    
,philosophy & ,doctr9es ( ,erig5a1      
,univ]sali/ ,qu>t]ly ,review1 vol4 vii4 
p4 #ajj4   ,all advocates ( ! doctr9e ( 
psy*opanny*ism1 or ! sleep ( s\ls f dea?
 till ! la/ day1 9 addition to ! g5]al  
body ( or?odox ,*ri/ians1 h be5         
support]s ( ?is conclusion4#f  ,?ree    
explanations are possible ( ! orig9ation
 ( ?is belief4 ,fir/1 a man mus+ ov] !  
affect+ panorama ( ! seasons z x rolls  
?r\gh ! ye>1 budd+ life alt]nat+ )      
deadly desolation1 spr+ /ill br++ back !
 fre%ness ( leaves1 fl[]s1 & c>oll+     

birds1 z if rais+ !m f an annual int]m5t
 9 w9t]'s cold grave1 & !n ?9k+ ( !     
de/9y ( 8 own race1 h[ _m g5]ations h   
rip5$ & decay$1 h[ _m human crops h be5 
h>ve/$ f ! cradle & plant$ 9 ! tomb1    
might naturally  especially if he _h any
 ?+ ( ! poet's associat+ & creative m9d 
say to himself1 ,are we altoge!r        
p]i%able du/1 or are we se$ s[n = high] 
fields1 se$ ly+ dormant n[1 b at la/ to 
spr\t into swift immortality :5 ,god    
%all make a new sun%9e & dew omnipot5tly
 p5etrate ! dry m\ld :]e we t>ry8 ,no   
matt] h[ p>tial ! analogy1 h[ =c$ !     
process1 h[ false ! result1 su* imag]y  
w\ld soon] or lat] occur2 &1 hav+       
occurr$1 x is no m /range t x %\ld get  
lit]al acceptance ?an x is t _m o!r     
popul> figm5ts %\ld h secur$ ! firm     
e/abli%m5t !y h4  ,secondly1 a m\rn] j  
b]eav$ ( "o 9 :om 8 :ole love 0 g>n]$1  
di/ract$ ) grief1 8 faculties unbalanc$1
 8 s\l a *aos1 is ( sorr[ & fantasy all 
compact2 & he solaces himself ) ! ideal 
embodim5t ( 8 dreams1 half see+ :at he  

?9ks1 half believ+ :at he wi%es4 ,8     
desires pass ?r\gh unconsci\s volition  
into suppos$ facts4 ,be=e ! miracul\s   
p[] ( 8 grief wield$ imag9ation ! _w is 
flu5t1 & fate runs 9 ! m\lds he         
conceives4 ,! ador$ =m on :i* corruption
 n[ banquets1 he sees aga91 animat$1    
beam+1 clasp$ 9 8 arms4 ,he cries1 ,x _c
 be t ^? holy days are =ev] end$1 t ,i  
%all nev] m realize ! blissful dream 9  
:i* we trod ! sunny _w toge!r6 ,oh1 x   
mu/ be t "s "t ,god w give me back aga9 
t belov$ "o6 ! sepul*re clos$ s fa/ %all
 be unseal$1 ! dead be re/or$1 & all be 
z x 0 be=e6 ,! conception ?us once born 
out ( ! delirium ( busy ?\ght1 angui%$  
love1 & regnant imag9ation1 may 9 v>i\s 
ways w9 a fix$ foot+ 9 fai?4  ,?irdly1 !
 notion :i* we are n[ contemplat+ is "o 
l9k 9 a *a9 ( ?\ght :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t 
& ! range ( speculation1 ! !oriz+ m9d   
c\ld n fail to =ge4 ,! concat5ation (   
reflections is ?is4 ,dea? is ! sep>ation
 ( s\l & body4 ,t sep>ation is          
repulsive1 an evil4 ,!re=e x 0 n int5d$ 

by ! ,inf9ite ,goodness1 b 0 introduc$  
by a foe1 & is a =eign1 m>r+ elem5t4    
,f9ally ,god w vanqui% 8 antagoni/1 &   
bani% f ! creation all 8 ?w>t+          
int]f]5ces ) ! primitive p]fection (    
h>mony & happ9ess4 ,accord+ly1 ! s\ls   
:i* ,satan has caus$ to be sep>at$ f _! 
bodies are res]v$ ap>t until ! fulness (
 "t1 :5 !re %all be a univ]sal          
resurrection & re/oration4 ,s f> z      
reason is compet5t to pron\nce on ?is   
view consid]$ z a sequel to ! disembody+
 doom ( man1 x is an arbitr>y piece (   
fancy4 ,philosophy ignores x4 ,sci5ce   
gives no h9t ( x4  #f ,baumg>t51        
,beantwortung des ,s5ds*reib5s ,heyns   
vom ,s*lafe d] abges*i$55 ,seel54       
,*alm]s4 ,a/ronomical ,disc\rses1 iv4   
,x sprang f unw>rant$ metaphors1 p]v]t$1
 exagg]at$1 bas$ on analogies n p>allel4
 ,s f> z x assumes to re/ on revelation 
x w be exam9$ 9 ano!r place4  ,f\r?ly1  
aft] ! notion ( a great1 epo*al         
resurrection1 z a reply to ! inquiry1   
,:at is to become ( ! s\l8 a dogma is   

next enc\nt]$ :i* we %all /yle t ( a    
local & irrevocable conveyance4 ,!      
disembodi$ _s is convey$ to "s fix$     
region1#g a p5al or a blissful abode1   
:]e x is to t>ry unalt]ably4 ,?is idea (
 ! bani%m5t or admission ( s\ls1 accord+
 to _! des]ts1 or accord+ to an elective
 grace1 into an an*or$ location call$   
hell or heav51 a retributive or rew>d+  
resid5ce = et]nity1 we %all pass by )   
few words1 because x recurs = full]     
exam9ation 9 o!r *apt]s4 ,9 ! fir/      
place1 ! :ole picture is a gross simile 
drawn f occurr5ces ( ?is outw>d _w &    
unju/ifiably appli$ to ! =tunes ( ! m9d 
9 ! invisible sph]e ( ! future4 ,!      
figm5t ( a judicial transportation ( !  
s\l f "o place or planet to ano!r1 z if 
by a ,*>on's boat1 is a clatt]+ &       
repulsive conceit1 inadmissible by "o :o
 appreh5ds ! noiseless cont9uity (      
,god's self execut+ laws4 ,x is a j>r+  
me*anical cla% ?ru/ amid/ ! smoo?       
evolution ( spiritual de/9ies4 ,x       
comp>es ) ! facts z ! supposition t !   

planets are swung ar\nd ! sun by mat]ial
 *a9s comp>es ) ! law ( gravitation4    
,moral comp5sation is no bett] secur$ by
 imprisonm5t or fre$om 9 sep>ate        
localities ?an x is1 9 a common         
environm5t1 by ! fatal work+ ( _!       
int]ior =ces ( "*1 & _! relations ) all 
?+s else4 ,moreov]1 ^! antagoni/ k+doms1
 ,t>t>ean & ,elysian1 def9$ z ! ev]la/+ 
habitations ( dep>t$ s\ls1 h be5        
successively driv51 z dissipat$ visions1
 f _! assum$ latitudes & longitudes1 "o 
aft] ano!r1 by progressive discov]y1    
until n[ ! intellig5t m9d kn[s ( no     
assignable spot = !m4 ,s9ce we are n    
acqua9t$ ) any fix$ locations to :i* !  
s\l is to be c>ri$1 to abide !re =ev] 9 
appo9t$ joy or woe1 & s9ce !re is no    
sci5tific necessity nor moral use = !   
supposition ( su* places & ( !          
transf]r5ce ( ! dep>t$ to !m1 we _c     
hesitate to reject ! associat$ belief z 
a delud+ mi/ake4 ,! tru?1 z we conceive 
x1 is n t diff]5t s\ls are borne by     
con/abul>y app>itions to two immur$     

dwell+s1 manacl$ & hurri$ into ,tophet  
or salut$ & u%]$ into ,p>adise1 b t all 
s\ls spontane\sly pass into "o imm5se   
empire1 drawn !re9 by _! appropriate    
attractions1 to assimilate a /rictly    
discrim9ative exp]i5ce4 ,b1 z to ?is1   
let ea* ?9k] =m 8 own conclusion4  ,!   
fif? view ( ! de/9ation ( ! s\l may be  
call$ ! !ory ( recurr5ce4#h ,:5 man     
dies1 8 surviv+ _s is imm$iately born   
aga9 9 a new body4 ,?us ! s\ls1 assign$ 
9 a limit$ numb] to ea* _w1 cont9ually  
return1 ea* "o /ill =getful ( 8 previ\s 
lives4 ,?is seems to be ! specific cre$ 
( ! ,druses1 :o affirm t all s\ls 7     
creat$ at once1 & t ! numb] is un*ang$1 
:ile !y are born ov] & ov]4 ,a ,druse   
boy1 dreadfully al>m$ by ! dis*>ge ( a  
gun1 on be+ ask$ by a ,*ri/ian ! cause (
 8 fe>1 repli$1 ,i 0 born murd]$2 t is1 
! s\l ( a man :o _h be5 %ot  #g ,lange1 
,das ,l& d] ,h]rli*kelt4  #h ,s*midius1 
,diss4 de ,multiplici ,anim>um ,r$itu 9 
,corpora4   pass$ into 8 body at ! mom5t
 ( 8 bir?4#i ,! "y m\nta9e] w\ld seem1 f

 ! sudd5 viol5ce ) :i* he 0 snat*$ out (
 8 old h\se1 to h dragg$ a trail (      
connect+ consci\sness ov] into 8 new "o4
 ,z a g5]al rule1 9 di/9ction f su* an  
exception1 memory is l "o ( ^? passes   
:i* ! conductors ( railroad tra9s give  
_! pass5g]s1 good = ?is trip only4 ,!   
notion ( an endless succession ( lives  
on ! famili> /age ( ?is de> old _w1     
comm5c+ ea* ) clean wip$ tablets1       
possesses = "s m9ds a fa?omless         
allurem5t2 b o!rs wi% = no return pass  
on _! ticket to futurity1 pref]r+ an    
adv5tur\s ab&onm5t to fre% fields &     
pa/ures new1 9 unkn[n imm5sity1 to a    
r5ew$ excursion ?r\gh l&scapes already  
trav]s$ & exp]i5ces dra9$ be=e4         
,f\ri]'s doctr9e ( immortality belongs  
"h4 ,accord+ to 8 idea1 ! ,great ,s\l ( 
?is globe is a composite be+1 compris+  
ab\t t5 billions ( individual s\ls4 ,_! 
connection ) ?is planet w be = ne>ly    
eighty ?\s& ye>s4 ,!n ! :ole sum ( !m w 
sw>m to "s high] planet1 ,f\ri] himself1
 p]haps1 be+ ! old gray g&] t w head !  

flock1 pilot k+ ( _! flight4 ,ea* man is
 to enjoy ab\t f\r hundr$ bir?s on e>?1 
poetic ju/ice lead+ him successively    
?r\gh all ! grades & phases ( =tune1 f  
cripplehood & begg>y to p>agon%ip & !   
?rone4 ,! invisible resid5ce ( spirits &
 ! visible are bo? on ?is globe1 ! =m] 9
 ! ,great ,s\l1 ! latt] 9 bodies4 ,9 !  
o!r life ! s\l becomes a %>] 9 ! woes ( 
! ,great ,s\l1 :i* is z unhappy z sev5  
eigh?s ( ! inc>nat$ s\ls2 = its fate is 
a comp\nd ( ! fates ( ! human s\ls tak5 
collectively4 ,com+ into ?is outw>d sc5e
 at bir?1 we lose anew all memory ( pa/ 
exi/5ce1 b wake up aga9 9 ! ,great ,s\l 
) a p]fect recollection ( all our       
previ\s lives bo? 9 ! invisible & 9 !   
visible _w4 ,^! alt]nat+ passages betwe5
 ! two /ates w cont9ue until ! f9al     
swoop+ ( total humanity f ?is exhau/$   
planet 9 se>* ( a bett] abode4#aj  ,!   
idea ( ! recurr5ce ( s\ls is ! simple/  
means ( meet+ a difficulty /at$ ?us by !
 +5i\s ,abraham ,tuck] 9 8 ,light (     
,nature ,pursu$4 ,! numb]s ( s\ls daily 

p\r+ 9 f h5ce ^u ! next _w seem to      
require a proportionable dra9 f x       
some:]e or o!r2 = else ! c\ntry might be
 ov]/ock$4 ,! objection urg$ aga9/ su* a
 belief f ! fact t we d n rememb] hav+  
liv$ be=e is rebutt$ by ! ass]tion t    
,"s draught ( ,le! do? await1 ,z old    
my?ologies relate1 ,! slipp+ ?r\gh f    
/ate to /ate4  ,! !ory associat$ ) ?is  
,le!an draught is confirm$ by its       
responsive correspond5ce ) _m unutt]able
 exp]i5ces1 vividly felt or d>kly       
recognis$1 9 our deepe/ bosom4 ,x seems 
z if occasionally ! poppi$ drug or o!r  
oblivi\s antidote  #i ,*ur*ill1 ,m\nt   
,lebanon1 vol4 ii4 *4 #ab4  #aj ,f\ri]1 
,passions ( ! ,human ,s\l1 7,morell's   
translation17 ,introduction1 vol4 i4 pp4
 #ad-ah2 also pp4 #bcc-bcf4   adm9i/]$  
by nature _h be5 s mu* dilut$ t reason1 
only half baffl$1 /ruggles to deciph] ! 
dim runes & ve/iges ( a =egone /ate2  ,&
 ev] some?+ is or seems ,t t\*es u )    
my/ic gleams1 ,l glimpses ( =gott5      
dreams4  ,9 ^? excursive rev]ies1 f$ by 

hope & w+$ ) dream1 :i* sc\r ! gl5s &   
scale ! peaks ( ! l& ( ?\ght1 ?is nook (
 hypo!sis mu/ "s "t be discov]$4 ,&1    
br\ght to light1 x has mu* to int]e/ &  
to please2 b x is too de/itute (        
tangible pro( to be successfully ma9ta9$
 aga9/ assault4#aa  ,!re is ano!r fai? z
 to ! fate ( s\ls1 be/ /at$1 p]haps1 9 !
 phrase p]petual migration4 ,! s\l1 by  
successive dea?s & bir?s1 trav]ses !    
univ]se1 an ev]la/+ travell] ?r\gh !    
r\nds ( be+ & ! worlds ( space1 a       
transi5t soj\rn] briefly inhabit+       
ea*4#ab ,all reality is f9d+ its way up 
t[>ds ! attract+1 retreat+ ,godhead4    
,m9]als t5d to vegetables1 ^! to        
animals1 ^! to m54 ,bl9d b ye>n+ matt]  
aspires to _s1 intellig5t spirits to    
div9ity4 ,9 e gra9 ( du/ sleep an army (
 future g5]ations4 ,z e ?+ bel[ man     
gropes upw>d t[>ds 8 consci\s e/ate1 !  
trees be+ imp]fect m51 t seem to bemoan 
_! imprisonm5t1 root$ 9 ! gr\nd1 s man  
himself %all climb ! illimitable asc5t (
 creation1 e /ep a />4 ,! animal        

organism is a high] k9d ( vegetable1 ^: 
developm5t beg9s ) ^? sub/ances ) !     
production ( :i* ! life ( an ord9>y     
vegetable ends4#ac ,! fact1 too1 t      
embryonic man passes ?r\gh asc5d+ /ages 
undi/+ui%able f ^? ( l[] creatures1 is  
full ( mean+4 ,does x n betok5 a pres]v$
 epitome ( ! long hi/ory ( sl[ly ris+   
exi/5ce8 ,:at unplummet$ abysses ( "t & 
di/ance int]v5e f ! prim>y rock to !    
,victoria ,regia6 & aga9 f ! fir/ crawl+
 sp9e to ! fett]less m9d ( a ,s*ell+6   
,b1 snail pace by snail pace1 ^?        
immeasurable sep>ations h be5 bridg$    
ov]2 & s e ?+ t n[ lies at ! d>k basis (
 du/ %all f9ally rea* ! transpl5d5t apex
 ( intellect4 ,! objection ( !ological  
prejudice to ?is develop+ succession (  
asc5ts t x is degrad+ is an unheal?y    
mi/ake4 ,:e!r we h ris5 or fall5 to our 
pres5t rank1 ! actual rank itself is n  
alt]$4 ,& 9 "o respect x is bett] = man 
to be an advanc$ oy/] ?an a degrad$ god2
 = 9 ! =m] case ! pa? is upw>ds1 9 !    
latt] x is d[nw>ds4 ,we wake1 obs]ves a 

pr(\nd ?9k]1 & f9d ourselves on a /air3 
!re are o!r /airs bel[ u1 :i* we seem to
 h asc5d$2 !re are /airs above u1 _m a  
"o1 :i* g upw>d & out ( sight4 ,su* 0   
pla9ly ! tru/ ( ! au?or ( ! foll[+      
exhortation3  ,be wor?y ( dea?2 & s le>n
 to live ,t e inc>nation ( ?y s\l ,9 o!r
 realms1 & worlds1 & firmam5ts ,%all be 
m pure & high4  #aa ,b]tram1 ,prufung d]
 ,me9ung von d] ,praexi/5z d] m5e*li*5  
,seele4  #ab ,nurnb]g]1 ,/ill ,leb51 od]
 ub] die ,un/]bli*keit d] ,seele4  #ac  
,liebig1 ,animal ,*emi/ry1 *4 ix4       
,bulw] likewise has said1 ,et]nity may  
be b an endless s]ies ( ^? emigrations  
:i* m5 call dea?s1 ab&onm5ts ( home aft]
 home1 ev] to fair] sc5es & l(ti]       
heights4 ,age aft] age1 ! _s t glori\s  
nomad may %ift its t5t1 fat$ n to re/ 9 
! dull ,elysium ( ! hea!n1 b c>ry+ ) x  
ev]more its tw9 elem5ts1 activity &     
desire4  ,b !re is some?+               
unsatisfactory1 ev5 sad & dre>y1 9 ?is  
prospect ( incessant migration4 ,mu/ n !
 pilgrim p9e & tire = a goal ( re/8     

,exhau/$ ) w&]+s1 sat$ ) exp]im5ts1 w he
 n pray = ! exempt$ lot ( a cont5t$     
fruition 9 repose8 ,"o mu/ we>y at la/ (
 be+ ev5 s sublime a vagabond z he ^:   
nightly ho/elries are />s4 ,&1 besides1 
h[ w sund]$ fri5ds & lov]s1 betwe5 :om1 
on ! road1 races & worlds int]pose1 ev] 
ov] take ea* o!r1 & be conjo9$ to j\rney
 h& 9 h& aga9 or build a b[] toge!r by !
 way8 ,a poet ( f9e/ m\ld1 9 happie/    
mood1 once saw a leaf drop f a tree :i* 
ov]hung a mirror+ /ream4 ,! reflection (
 ! leaf 9 ! wat]y sky holl[ f> bel[     
seem$ to rise f b5ea? z swiftly z !     
object fell f above2 & ! two1 enc\nt]+  
at ! surface1 became "o4 ,!n he sang1   
t\*+ ) 8 /ra9 ! v m>r[ ( deepe/ human   
desire1  ,h[ spe$s1 f 9 ! riv]'s ?\ght1 
,! _s ( ! leaf t falls1 ,its heav5 9 t  
calm bosom wr\ght1 ,z m9e among yon     
crimson walls6 ,f ! dry b\gh x sp9s1 to 
greet ,its %ad[ on ! placid riv]3 ,s    
might ,i my companions meet1 ,nor roam !
 c\ntless worlds =ev]6  ,moreov]1 "s    
elem5ts ( ?is !ory are too grotesque1   

are ! too ra% inf]5ces f a too crude    
induction1 to w9 sob] cr$it to any      
ext5t4 ,x is easy to devise & c>ry out 9
 consi/5t descriptive details ! hypo!sis
 t ! s\l has ris51 ?r\gh t5 ?\s&        
transitions1 f ! condition ( r$ e>? or a
 tadpole to its pres5t rank1 & t1  ,z x 
once crawl'd ^u ! sod1 ,x yet %all gr[  
to be a god2  b :at sci5tific evid5ce is
 !re to confirm & e/abli% ! supposition 
z a tru?8 ,:y1 if x be s1 to borr[ !    
humor\s satire ( good old ,h5ry ,m1  ,!n
 x w foll[ t cold /opp+ curd ,& h>d5'd  
moldy *eese1 :5 !y h rid ,due circuits  
?r\gh ! he>t1 at la/ %all spe$ ,( life &
 s5se1 look ?or\gh our ?9 eyes ,& view !
 close :]e9 ! c[ did fe$ ,:5ce !y 7     
milk'd3 grosse pie cru/ w gr[ wise1 ,&  
pickl$ cucumb]s sans d\bt philosophize6 
,! =m ( ?is g5]al outl9e /alks tott]+ly 
on /ilts ( fancy1 & sprawls headlong ) a
 logical cra% at ! fir/ critical probe4 
,! f9al !ory ( ! de/9ation ( s\ls1 n[   
left to be set =?1 may be designat$ by !
 ^w transition4#ad ,x affirms t at dea? 

!y pass f ! sep>ate mat]ial worlds1 :i* 
are _! initiat+ nurs]ies1 into ! common 
spiritual _w1 :i* is ev]y:]e pres5t4    
,?us ! visible peoples ! invisible1 ea* 
p]son 9 8 turn consci\sly ris+ f ?is    
_w's rudim5t>y d>kness to t _w's        
univ]sal light4 ,dwell+ "h1 free s\ls1  
h\s$ 9 frames ( dissoluble clay1  ,we   
hold a middle rank 'twixt heav5 & e>?1  
,on ! la/ v]ge ( mortal be+ /&1 lose to 
! realm :]e angels h _! bir?1 ,j on !   
b\nd>ies ( ! _s l&4  ,:y has ,god brok5 
up ! solid mat]ial ( ! univ]se into     
innum]able little globes1 & swung ea* ( 
!m 9 ! c5tre ( an impassable solitude ( 
space1 unless x be to tra9 up 9 ! v>i\s 
sph]es sep>ate h\seholds = f9al union z 
a s+le div]sifi$ family 9 ! b\ndless    
spiritual _w8 #ae ,! surmise is n       
unreasonable1 b recomm5ds itself        
/rongly1 t1  ,if yond] />s be fill'd )  
=ms ( brea?+ clay l ours1 ,p]*ance !    
space :i* spreads betwe5 is = a _s's    
p[]s4  ,! s\l encas$ 9 fle% is !reby    
conf9$ to "o home1 its natal ne/2 b1    

lib]at$ at dea?1 x w&]s at w1           
unob/ruct$1 ?r\gh e _w & c]ulean deep2 &
 :]esoev] x is1 !re1 9 proportion to its
 own capacity & fitness1 is heav5 & is  
,god4#af ,all ^? _w spots s ?ickly      
scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,yggdrasill ( univ]sal  
space are b ! brief %elt]+ places :]e   
embryo intellig5ces clip _! %ells1 &    
:5ce1 z soon z fl$g$ ?r\gh ! discipl9e (
 e>?ly tea*+ & essays1 ! broodlet s\ls  
take w+ into ! mighty airs ( imm5sity1 &
 ?us ent] on _! et]nal emancipation4    
,?is conjecture is1 ( all :i* h be5 (f]$
 yet1 p]haps ! complete/1 lea/ p]plex$1 
be/ recomm5d$ by its h>mony ) our k &   
our hope4 ,& s "o might wi% to re/ 9 x )
 humble tru/4  ,! f9al de/9y ( an       
immortal s\l1 aft] its transition into !
 o!r _w1 mu/ be ei!r un5d+ progress     
t[>ds inf9ite p]fection1 or ! rea*+ (   
its p]ihelion at la/ & !n revolv+ 9     
un9t]rupt$ fruition4 ,9 ! =m] case1     
pursu+ an inf9ite aim1 ) ea* degree (   
its atta9m5t ! fly+ goal /ill rec$es4 ,9
 ! latt] case1 x w 9 due season t\* its 

b\nd & !re be satisfi$1  ,:5 weak ,"t   
%all be p\r'd out ,into ,et]nity1 &     
circul> joys ,dance 9 an endless r\nd4  
#ad ,taylor1 ,physical ,!ory ( ,ano!r   
,life1 *4 xii4  #ae ,taylor1 ,saturday  
,ev5+1 pp4 #ie-aaa4  #af ,taylor1       
,physical ,!ory ( ,ano!r ,life1 *4 xvii4
   ,?is result seems ! m probable ( !   
two2 = ! ass]tion ( c\ntless decillions 
( p]sonalities all progress+ beyond e   
conceivable limit1 on1 /ill on1 =ev]1 is
 incr$ible4 ,if endless l9e> progress 7 
! de/9y ( ea* be+1 ! :ole univ]se w\ld  
at la/ become a l9e6 ,& ?\gh x is true t
 ! idea ( an ev] novel *ase attracts &  
refre%es ! imag9ation1 :ile ! idea ( a  
monoton\s revolution repels & we>ies x1 
?is is simply because we judge aft] our 
poor e>?ly exp]i5ce & its flagg+        
analogies4 ,x w n be s if t revolution  
is ! vivid realization ( all our be+'s  
possibilities4  ,annihilation1          
absorption1 resurrection1 conveyance1   
recurr5ce1 migration1 transition1  ^!   
sev5 answ]s to ! "q ( our fate1 & ( its 

relation to ! c\rse ( nature1 are       
?9kable 9 words4 ,we may *oose f among  
!m1 b c con/ruct no real eigh?4 ,fir/1  
!re is a con/ant succession ( gr[? &    
decay4 ,second1 !re is a p]petual fl[ & 
ebb ( p]sonal emanation & imp]sonal     
resumption4 ,?ird1 !re is a cont9ual    
return ( ! same p]si/5t entities4 ,f\r?1
 all matt] may be sublimat$ to _s1 &    
s\ls alone rema9 to occupy b\ndless     
space4 ,fif?1 ! p[] ( dea? may cease1   
all ! a/ronomic orbs be populat$ &      
enjoy$1 ea* by "o g5]ation ( ev]la/+    
inhabitants1 ! pres5t ord] cont9u+ 9 ea*
 e>? until en\gh h liv$ to fill x1 !n   
all ( !m1 physically re/or$1 dwell+ on  
x1 ) no m bir?s or dea?s4 ,six?1 if     
matt] be n transmutable to s\l1 :5 t    
peculi> reality f :i* s\ls are develop$ 
is exhau/$1 & ! la/ g5]ation ( inc>nat$ 
be+s h ris5 f ! fle%1 ! mat]ial creation
 may1 9 addition to ! int] /ell> region1
 be et]nally appropriat$ by ! _s races  
to _! own free range & use1 ?r\gh       
adaptations ( faculty unkn[n to u n[2   

else x may vani% z a phantasmal         
spectacle4 ,or1 f9ally1 s\ls may be     
absolutely creat$ out ( no?+ by !       
omnipot5ce ( ,god1 & ! univ]se may be   
inf9ite3 !n ! process may proce$ =ev]4  
,b m5's beliefs are =m$ r by ! modes (  
?\ght !y h le>n$ to adopt ?an by any    
pro(s !y h te/$2 n by argum5tation ab\t 
a subject1 b by ! way ( look+ at x4 ,!  
morali/ reg>ds all creation z ! "w ( a  
p]sonal ,god1 a !atre ( moral ends1 a j 
,provid5ce wat*+ ov] ! p>ts1 & !        
consci\s immortality ( ! actors an      
inevitable accompanim5t4 ,! physici/    
contemplates ! univ]se z con/itut$ (    
atoms ( attraction & repulsion1 :i*     
subsi/ 9 p]fect mobility ?r\gh space1 b 
are concret$ 9 ! molecul> masses ( !    
planets4 ,! suns are va/ eng9es = !     
di/ribution ( heat or motion1 !         
equival5t ( all k9ds ( =ce4 ,?is1 9 its 
diffusion1 causes innum]able            
circulations & comb9ations ( ! orig9al  
atoms4 ,organic gr[?1 life1 is !        
fruition ( a =ce d]iv$ f ! sun4 ,decay1 

dea?1 is ! r5d]+ up ( t =ce 9 its       
equival5ts4 ,?us1 ! univ]se is a        
composite unity ( =ce1 a solid>ity (    
ultimate unities :i* are inde/ructible1 
?\gh 9 con/ant circulation ( new gr\p+s 
& j\rneys4 ,to ! religi\s fai? ( !      
morali/1 man is an et]nal p]son1 reap+  
:at he has s[$4 ,to ! speculative       
intellect ( ! physici/1 man is an atomic
 =ce1 to be lib]at$ into ! e!real m$ium 
until aga9 h>ness$ 9 "s organism4 ,9 bo?
 cases he is immortal3 b 9 t1 z a free  
citiz5 ( ! ideal _w2 9 ?is1 z a fly+    
p>ticle ( ! dynamic imm5sity4  ,,"p     
,,second4   ,,e?nic ,,?\ghts ,,conc]n+  
,a ,,future ,,life4  ,,*apt] ,i4        
,,b>b>ian ,,notions ,,( ,a ,,future     
,,life4  ,,proce$+ n[ to give an acc\nt 
( ! fancies & op9ions 9 reg>d to a      
future life :i* h be5 preval5t1 9       
diff]5t ages1 9 v>i\s nations ( ! e>?1 x
 w be be/ to beg9 by pres5t+1 9 a rapid 
s]ies1 "s sket*es ( ! conceits ( ^?     
unciviliz$ tribes :o did n s f> z our k 
rea*es possess a doctr9e suffici5tly    

di/9ctive & full1 or important en\gh 9  
its hi/orical relations1 to w>rant a    
detail$ treatm5t 9 sep>ate *apt]s4  ,we 
w glance fir/ at ! negroes4 ,accord+ to 
all acc\nts1 :ile !re are1 among !      
num]\s tribes1 div]sities & degrees (   
sup]/ition1 !re is yet1 ?r\gh\t ! native
 pagan population ( ,africa1 a m>k$     
g5]al agreem5t ( belief 9 ! survival ( !
 s\l1 9 spectres1 div9ation1 &          
wit*craft2 & !re is a g5]al simil>ity ( 
fun]al usages4 ,e>ly travell]s tell u t 
! ,bu%m5 conceiv$ ! s\l to be immortal1 
& z impalpable z a %ad[1 & t !y 7 mu*   
afraid ( ! return ( deceas$ spirits to  
haunt !m4 ,!y 7 accu/om$ to pray to _!  
dep>t$ c\ntrym5 n to mole/ !m1 b to /ay 
away 9 quiet4 ,!y also employ$ exorcis]s
 to lay ^! ill om5$ gho/s4 ,me9]s       
relates ( "s inhabitants ( ! ,gu9ea coa/
 t _! fe> ( gho/s & _! *ildi% cr$ulity  
rea*$ su* a pit* t !y ?rew _! dead into 
! ocean1 9 ! expectation ( ?us dr[n+ s\l
 & body toge!r4  ,sup]/itions z gross & 
lawless /ill h full sway4 ,wilson1 ^:   

travels & resid5ce !re = tw5ty ye>s h   
enabl$ him to furni% ! mo/ reliable     
in=mation1 says1 9 8 rec5t "w1#a ,a     
native ,african w\ld z soon d\bt 8      
pres5t z 8 future /ate ( be+4 ,e dream1 
e /ray sugge/ion ( ! m9d1 is int]pret$1 
) unque/ion+ cr$5ce1 z a visit f ! dead1
 a :isp] f a dep>t$ s\l4 ,if a man wakes
 up ) pa9s 9 8 bones or muscles1 x is   
because 8 _s has w&]$ abroad 9 ! night &
 be5 flogg$ by "s o!r _s4 ,on c]ta9     
occasions ! :ole community />t up at    
midnight1 ) clubs1 tor*es1 & hide\s     
yells1 to drive ! evil spirits out ( !  
village4 ,!y seem to believe t ! s\ls ( 
dead m5 take rank ) good or bad spirits1
 z !y h !mselves be5 good or bad 9 ?is  
life4 ,!y bury ) ! deceas$ clo?+1       
ornam5ts1 ut5sils1  #a ,we/]n ,africa1  
*4 xii4   & /at$ly convey food to !     
grave = ! use ( ! revisit+ _s4 ,) ! body
 ( k+ ,weir ( ! ,cavalla t[ns1 :o 0     
buri$ 9 ,decemb] ( #ahed1 9 pres5ce (   
sev]al mission>ies1 0 int]r$ a quantity 
( rice1 palm oil1 beef1 & rum3 x 0      

suppos$ ! gho/ ( ! sable mon>* w\ld come
 back & consume ^! articles4 ,! ,african
 tribes1 :]e _! notions h n be5 modifi$ 
by ,*ri/ian or by ,mohamm$an tea*+s1    
appe> to h no def9ite idea ( a heav5 or 
( a hell2 b future rew>d or puni%m5t is 
consid]$ "u ! g5]al conception ( an     
association1 9 ! disembodi$ /ate1 ) !   
b5ignant or ) ! demoniacal p[]s4  ,!    
,new ,zeal&]s imag9e t ! s\ls ( ! dead g
 to a place b5ea? ! e>?1 call$ ,re+a4 ,!
 pa? to ?is region is a precipice close 
to ! sea %ore at ! ,nor? ,cape4 ,x is   
said t ! natives :o live 9 !            
neighborhood c at night he> s\nds caus$ 
by ! pass+ ( spirits ?i!r ?r\gh ! air4  
,aft] a great battle !y are ?us w>n$ ( !
 ev5t long be=e ! news c arrive by      
natural means4#b ,x is a common         
sup]/ition ) !m t ! left eye ( e *ief1  
aft] 8 dea?1 becomes a />4 ,! ,pleiades 
are sev5 ,new ,zeal& *iefs1 bro!rs1 :o 7
 sla9 toge!r 9 battle & are n[ fix$ 9 ! 
sky1 "o eye ( ea*1 9 ! %ape ( a />1 be+ 
! only "p ( !m t is visible4 ,x has be5 

obs]v$ t ! my?ological doctr9e ( !      
glitt]+ ho/ ( heav5 be+ an assemblage ( 
! dep>t$ h]oes ( e>? nev] receiv$ a m   
+5i\s v]sion4#c ,c]ta9ly x is a         
magnific5t piece ( insul> egotism4 ,x is
 noticeable "h t1 9 ! ,norse my?ology1  
,?or1 hav+ sla9 ,?iasse1 ! giant g5ius (
 w9t]1 ?r[s 8 eyes up to heav51 & !y    
become />s4 ,%ungie1 a celebrat$ ,new   
,zeal& k+1 said he _h on "o occasion    
eat5 ! left eye ( a great *ief :om he _h
 kill$ 9 battle1 = ! purpose ( ?us      
increas+ ! glory ( 8 own eye :5 x %\ld  
be transf]r$ to ! firmam5t4 ,sometimes1 
app>5tly1 x 0 ?\ght t !re 0 a sep>ate   
immortality = ea* ( ! eyes ( ! dead1 !  
left asc5d+ to heav5 z a />1 ! "r1 9 !  
=m ( a _s1 tak+ flight = ,re+a4  ,!     
cu/om1 common 9 ,africa & 9 ,new ,zeal&1
 ( slay+ ! slaves or ! wives ( an       
important p]son at 8 dea? & bury+ !m )  
him1 prevails also among ! inhabitants (
 ! ,feejee ,isl&s4 ,a *ief's wives are  
sometimes /rangl$ on ^! occasions1      
sometimes buri$ alive4 ,"o cri$ to h]   

bro!r1 ,i wi% to die1 t ,i may accompany
 my husb& to ! l& :]e he has gone4 ,love
 me1 & make ha/e to /rangle me1 t ,i may
 ov]take him4#d ,dep>t+ s\ls g to !     
tribunal ( ,nd5gei1 :o ei!r receives !m 
into bliss1 or s5ds !m back1 z gho/s1 to
 haunt ! sc5es ( _! =m] exi/5ce1 or     
di/ributes !m z food to devils1 or      
imprisons !m = a p]iod & !n dooms !m to 
annihilation4 ,! ,feejees are also v mu*
 afraid ( ,samiulo1 rul] ( a subt]ranean
 _w1 :o sits at ! br9k ( a huge fi]y    
cav]n1 into :i* he hurls ! s\ls he      
dislikes4 ,9 ! road to ,nd5gei /&s an   
enorm\s giant1 arm$ ) an axe1 :o tries  
to maim & murd] ! pass+ s\ls4 ,a p[]ful 
*ief1 ^: gun 0 int]r$ ) him1 load$ x1 &1
 :5  #b ,%ortl&1 ,traditions ( ! ,new   
,zeal&]s1 *4 vii4  #c ,libr>y ( ,ent4   
,kn[l43 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s1 pp4 #bbc-bcg4 
#d ,wilkes1 ,n>rative ( ! ,u4 ,s4       
,explor+ ,exp$ition1 vol4 iii4 *4 #c4   
he came ne> ! giant1 %ot at him1 & ran  
by :ile ! mon/] 0 dodg+ ! bullet4  ,! p 
( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s held a confus$ m$ley (

 notions z to ano!r life4 ,9 diff]5t    
p]sons among !m 7 f\nd1 9 reg>d to ?is  
subject1 sup]/iti\s t]ror1 blank        
indiff]5ce1 positive unbelief4 ,! curr5t
 fancy 0 t ! s\ls ( ! *iefs 7 l$1 by a  
god ^: "n d5otes ! eyeball ( ! sun1 to a
 life 9 ! heav5s1 :ile plebeian s\ls w5t
 d[n to ,akea1 a lugubri\s und]gr\nd    
abode4 ,"s ?\ght spirits 7 de/roy$ 9 ?is
 realm ( d>kness2 o!rs1 t !y 7 eat5 by a
 /rong] race ( spirits !re2 o!rs /ill1 t
 !y surviv$ !re1 subsi/+ ^u liz>ds &    
butt]flies4#e ,:at a pite\s life !y mu/ 
h l$ "h ^: imag9ations c\ld only so> to 
a future s unattractive z ?is6  ,!      
,kamts*adales s5d all ! dead alike to a 
subt]ranean elysium1 :]e !y %all f9d    
aga9 _! wives1 clo!s1 tools1 huts1 & :]e
 !y %all fi% & hunt4 ,all is !re z "h1  
except t !re are no fire sp\t+ m\nta9s1 
no bogs1 /reams1 inundations1 &         
impassable sn[s2 & nei!r hunt+ nor fi%+ 
is ev] pursu$ 9 va9 !re4 ,?is l[]       
p>adise is b a beautifi$ ,kamts*atka1   
fre$ f discommod+ h>d%ips & cleans$ (   

torm5t+ ,cossacks & ,russians4 ,!y h no 
hell = ! rectification ( ! pres5t wrong 
relations ( virtue & mis]y1 vice &      
happ9ess4 ,! only di/9ction !y appe> to 
make is t all :o 9 ,kamts*atka are poor1
 & h few small & weak dogs1 %all !re be 
ri* & be furni%$ ) /rong & fat dogs4 ,! 
p[] ( imag9ation is v rem>kable 9 ?is   
raw p1 br++ ! future life s ne>1 &      
awak5+ su* an impati5t long+ = x & = _! 
=m] companions t !y (t51 ! soon] to     
secure a habitation !re1 anticipate !   
natural "t ( _! dea? by suicide4#f  ,!  
,esquimaux betray ! influ5ce ( _! clime 
& habits1 9 ! =mation ( _! ideas ( !    
life to come1 z pla9ly z ! ,kamts*adales
 d4 ,! employm5ts & enjoym5ts ( _!      
future /ate are rude & e>?y4 ,!y say !  
s\l desc5ds ?r\gh successive places (   
habitation1 ! fir/ ( :i* is full ( pa9s 
& horrors4 ,! good1 t is1 ! c\rage\s &  
skilful1 ^? :o h endur$ sev]e h>d%ips & 
ma/]$ _m seals1 pass+ ?r\gh ?is fir/    
resid5ce1 f9d t ! o!r mansions regul>ly 
improve4 ,!y f9ally rea* an abode (     

p]fect satisfaction1 f> b5ea? ! /orms ( 
! sea1 :]e ! sun is nev] obscur$ by     
night1 & :]e re9de] w&] 9 great droves  
beside wat]s t nev] congeal1 & :]e9 !   
:ale1 ! walrus1 & ! be/ sea f[ls always 
ab\nd4#g ,hell is deep1 b heav5 deep]   
/ill4 ,hell1 !y ?9k1 is among ! roots1  
rocks1 mon/]s1 & cold ( ! froz5 or vex$ 
& suff]+ wat]s2 b  ,b5ea? tempe/u\s seas
 & fields ( ice ,_! cre$ has plac$ a    
l[li] p>adise4  ,! ,gre5l&]s1 too1      
locat$ _! elysium b5ea? ! abysses ( !   
ocean1 :]e ! good ,_s ,torng>suk held 8 
reign 9 a happy & et]nal summ]4 ,!      
wiz>ds1 :o pret5d$ to visit ?is region  
at w1 describ$ ! disembodi$ s\ls z      
pallid1 &1 if "o  #e ,j>ves1 ,hi/4 ( !  
,s&wi* ,isl&s1 p4 #db4  #f ,*ri/oph     
,me9]s1 ,v]mis*te ,philosophis*e        
,s*rift51 #afi-agc4  #g ,pri*>d1        
,physical ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1 vol4 i4 *4   
#b4   s\ght to seize !m1 unsub/antial4#h
 ,"s ( ^! p1 h[ev]1 fix$ ! site (       
p>adise 9 ! sky1 & reg>d$ ! aurora      
borealis z ! play+ ( happy s\ls4 ,s     

,col]idge pictures ! ,lapl&]  ,m>k+ !   
/reamy bann]s ( ! ,nor?1 ,& ?9k+ he ^?  
spirits soon %\ld jo9 ,:o !re1 9 float+ 
robes ( rosy light1 ,dance sportively4  
,b o!rs believ$ ?is /ate ( re/lessness 9
 ! cl\ds 0 ! fate only ( ! wor?less1 :o 
7 !re p9*$ ) hung] & pli$ ) torm5ts4    
,all agre$ 9 look+ = ano!r /ate (       
exi/5ce1 :]e1 "u div]se circum/ances1   
happ9ess & mis]y %\ld be aw>d$1 9 "s    
degree at lea/1 accord+ to des]t4#i  ,! 
,p]uvians taught t ! reprobate 7 s5t5c$ 
to a hell situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 :]e
 !y mu/ endure c5turies ( toil & angui%4
 ,_! p>adise 0 away 9 ! blue dome (     
heav54 ,!re ! spirits ( ! wor?y w\ld    
lead a life ( tranquil luxury4 ,at !    
dea? ( a ,p]uvian noble 8 wives &       
s]vants frequ5tly 7 sla91 to g ) him &  
wait on him 9 t happy region4#aj ,_m    
au?ors1 includ+ ,prescott1 yield+ too   
easy cr$5ce to ! v que/ionable ass]tions
 ( ! ,spani% *ronicl]s1 h attribut$ to !
 ,p]uvians a belief 9 ! resurrection ( !
 body4 ,v>i\s travell]s & writ]s h also 

pr$icat$ ?is belief ( savage nations 9  
,c5tral ,africa1 ( c]ta9 ,s\? ,sea      
isl&]s1 & ( sev]al native tribes 9 ,nor?
 ,am]ica4 ,9 all ^! cases ! supposition 
is probably errone\s1 z we ?9k = !      
foll[+ reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! idea 
( a resurrection ( ! body is ei!r a late
 conception ( ! associative imag9ation1 
or else a doctr9e connect$ ) a          
speculative !ory ( recurr+ epo*s 9 !    
de/9y ( ! _w2 & x is 9 bo? in/ances too 
subtle & elaborate = an uncultivat$ p4  
,secondly1 9 none ( ! cases ref]r$ to   
has any reliable evid5ce be5 giv5 ( !   
actual exi/5ce ( ! belief 9 "q4 ,x has  
m]ely be5 inf]r$1 by p]sons to ^: m9ds !
 doctr9e 0 previ\sly famili>1 f ph5om5a 
by no means necess>ily imply+ x4 ,=     
example1 a rec5t au?or ascribes to !    
,feejees ! belief t !re w be a          
resurrection ( ! body j z x 0 at ! "t ( 
dea?4 ,! only datum on :i* he f\nds ?is 
a/\nd+ ass]tion is t !y (t5 seem to     
pref] to die 9 ! full vigor ( manhood r 
?an 9 decrepit old age6 #aa ,?irdly1 we 

"k t ! obs]vation & /atem5ts ( ! ,spani%
 monks & hi/orians1 9 reg>d to !        
religion ( ! pagans ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 7 ( 
! mo/ imp]fect & reckless "*4 ,!y       
p]petrat$ gross frauds1 su* z plant+ 9 !
 face ( high precipices :ite /ones 9 !  
%ape ( ! cross1 & !n po9t+ to !m 9 pro( 
( _! ass]tion t1 be=e ! ,*ri/ians came1 
! ,devil _h "h p>odi$ ! rites & doctr9es
 ( ! gospel4 #ab ,!y said ! ,mexican    
goddess1 wife ( ! sun1 0 ,eve1 or  #h   
,eg$e1 ,gre5l&1 *4 #ah4  #i ,dr4 ,k>l   
,&ree1 ,gronl&4  #aj ,prescott1 ,conque/
 ( ,p]u1 vol4 i4 *4 #c4  #aa ,ersk9e1   
,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #bdh4    
#ab ,s*oolcraft1 ,hi/ory1 c4 ( ! ,indian
 ,tribes1 "p v4 p4 #ic4   ! ,virg9 ,m>y1
 & ,quetzalcoatl 0 ,/4 ,?omas6 #ac ,su* 
affirm]s are to be cauti\sly foll[$4    
,f9ally1 x is a q significant fact t    
:ile "s po9t to ! pa9s :i* ! ,p]uvians  
took 9 embalm+ _! dead z a pro( t !y    
look$ = a resurrection ( ! body1 ,aco/a 
expressly says t !y did n believe 9 !   
resurrection1 & t ?is unbelief 0 ! cause

 ( _! embalm+4#ad ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1
 9 8 ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,p]uvian    
,incas1 says t :5 he ask$ "s ,p]uvians  
:y !y took s great c>e to pres]ve 9 !   
cemet]ies ( ! dead ! nails & hair :i* _h
 be5 cut (f1 !y repli$ t 9 ! day (      
resurrection ! dead w\ld come =? )      
:atev] ( _! bodies 0 left1 & !re w\ld be
 too great a press ( bus9ess 9 t day =  
!m to af=d "t to g hunt+ r\nd aft] _!   
hair & nails4#ae ,! fancy ( a ,*ri/ian  
is too pla9 "h4 ,if ! answ] 7 really    
made by ! natives1 !y 7 play+ a joke on 
_! cr$ul\s que/ion]1 or seek+ to please 
him ) di/ort$ e*oes ( 8 own fai?4  ,!   
conceits z to a future life ent]ta9$ by 
! ,mexicans v>i$ consid]ably f ^? ( _!  
neighbors ( ,p]u4 ,s\ls nei!r good nor  
bad1 or ^: virtues & vices balanc$ ea*  
o!r1 7 to ent] a m$ium /ate ( idl5ess & 
empty cont5t4 ,! wick$1 or ^? dy+ 9 any 
( c]ta9 enum]at$ modes ( dea?1 w5t to   
,mictlan1 a dismal hell )9 ! e>?4 ,!    
s\ls ( ^? /ruck by lightn+1 or dr[n$1 or
 dy+ by any ( a giv5 li/ ( diseases1    

also ! s\ls ( *ildr51 7 transf]r$ to a  
remote elysium1 ,tlalocan4 ,!re 0 a     
place 9 ! *ief temple :]e1 x 0 suppos$1 
once a ye> ! spirits ( all ! *ildr5 :o  
_h be5 sacrific$ to ,tlaloc invisibly   
came & assi/$ 9 ! c]emonies4 ,! ultimate
 heav5 0 res]v$ = w>riors :o bravely    
fell 9 battle1 = wom5 :o di$ 9 labor1 = 
^? (f]$ up 9 ! temples ( ! gods1 & = a  
few o!rs4 ,^! pass$ imm$iately to ! h\se
 ( ! sun1 _! *ief god1 :om !y accompani$
 = a t]m ( ye>s1 ) songs1 dances1 &     
revelry1 9 8 circuit ar\nd ! sky4 ,!n1  
animat+ ! =ms ( birds ( gay plumage1 !y 
liv$ z beautiful song/]s among ! fl[]s1 
n[ on e>?1 n[ 9 heav51 at _!            
pleasure4#af ,x 0 ! ,mexican cu/om to   
dress ! dead man 9 ! g>b appropriat$ to 
! gu>dian deity ( 8 craft or condition 9
 life4 ,!y gave him a jug ( wat]4 ,!y   
plac$ ) him slips ( pap] to s]ve z      
passports ?r\gh gu>d$ gates & p]il\s    
defiles 9 ! o!r _w4 ,!y made a fire ( 8 
clo!s & ut5sils1 to w>m ! %iv]+ s\l :ile
 trav]s+ a region ( cold w9ds beyond !  

grave4#ag ,! foll[+ s5t5ce occurs 9 a   
poem compos$ by "o ( ! old ,aztec       
mon>*s3 ,illu/ri\s nobles1 loyal        
subjects1 let u aspire to t heav5 :]e   
all is et]nal & corruption _c come4 ,!  
horrors ( ! tomb are b ! cradle ( ! sun1
 & ! %ad[s ( dea? are brilliant lights =
 ! />s4 #ah  #ac ,squi]1 ,s]p5t ,symbol 
9 ,am]ica1 p4 #ac4  #ad ,aco/a1 ,natural
 & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 book v4  
*4 #g4  #ae ,book ii4 *4 #g4  #af       
,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 book vi4  
sect4 #a4  #ag ,prescott1 ,conque/ (    
,mexico1 vol4 i4 *4 #f4  #ah ,ibid4     
sect4 #ci4   ,amid/ ! mass ( :imsical   
conceptions ent]+ into ! fai? ( ! widely
 spread tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 we f9d a
 rul+ agreem5t 9 ! c>d9al features ( _! 
?\ght conc]n+ a future /ate ( exi/5ce4  
,9 common ) ne>ly all b>b>\s nations1 !y
 felt great fe> ( app>itions4 ,! ,si\x 7
 9 ! habit ( address+ ! deceas$ at 8    
burial1 & implor+ him to /ay 9 8 own    
place & n come to di/ress !m4 ,_! fun]al
 cu/oms1 too1 f "o extremity ( ! cont95t

 to ! o!r1 7 v mu* alike4 ,^? :o h      
report$ _! op9ions to u1 f ! e>lie/     
,jesuit mission>ies to ! late/          
inve/igators ( _! m5tal *>act]i/ics1    
concur 9 ascrib+ to !m a deep tru/ 9 a  
life to come1 a *e]ful view ( its       
conditions1 & a rem>kable fre$om f !    
dread ( dy+4 ,*>levoix says1 ,! be/     
e/abli%$ op9ion among ! natives is !    
immortality ( ! s\l4 ,on ! basis ( an   
acc\nt writt5 by ,william ,p5n1 ,pope   
compos$ ! fam\s passage 9 8 ,essay on   
,man3  ,lo6 ! poor ,indian1 ^: untutor'd
 m9d ,sees ,god 9 cl\ds & he>s him 9 !  
w9d4 ,8 s\l pr\d ,sci5ce nev] taught to 
/ray ,f> z ! sol> walk or milky way3    
,yet simple nature to 8 fai? ha? giv51  
,beh9d ! cl\d topp'd hill1 an humbl]    
heav51 ,"s saf] _w 9 dep? ( woods       
embrac$1 ,or happi] isl& 9 ! wat]y wa/e4
 ,to be1 cont5ts 8 natural desire3 ,he  
asks no angel's w+1 no s]aph's fire1 ,b 
?9ks1 admitt$ to t equal sky1 ,8 fai?ful
 dog %all be> him company4  ,_! rude    
in/9ctive belief 9 ! s\l's survival1 &  

surmises z to its de/9y1 are impli$ 9 _!
 fun]al rites1 :i*1 z already /at$1 71 )
 "s exceptions1 /rik+ly simil> ev5 9 !  
remote/ tribes4#ai  ,9 ! b>k c(f91 ) a  
dead ,indian ! ,onondagas buri$ a kettle
 ( provisions1 a pair ( moccas9s1 a     
piece ( de] sk9 & s9ews ( ! de] to sew  
pat*es on ! moccas9s1 :i* x 0 suppos$ ! 
deceas$ w\ld we> out on 8 j\rney4 ,!y   
also furni%$ him ) a b[ & arr[s1 a      
tomahawk & knife1 to procure game ) to  
live on :ile pursu+ 8 way to ! l& (     
spirits1 ! blissful regions ( ,ha wah ne
 u4#bj ,sev]al ,indian nations1 in/ead (
 bury+ ! food1 susp5d$ x above ! grave1 
& r5ew$ x f "t to "t4 ,"s writ]s h      
expla9$ ?is cu/om by ! hypo!sis ( an    
,indian belief 9 two s\ls1 "o ( :i*     
dep>t$ to ! realm ( ! dead1 :ile ! o!r  
t>ri$ by ! m\nd until ! body 0 decay$1  
or until x _h itself f\nd a *ance to be 
born 9 a new body4#ba ,! supposition    
seems =c$ & extremely d\btful4 ,! tru?  
probably lies 9 a simpl] explanation1   
:i* w be (f]$ fur!r on4  #ai ,baumg>t51 

,ges*i*te d] ,volk] von ,am]ica1 xiii4  
haupts43 vom ,tod1 ,v]gribniss1 und     
,trau]4  #bj ,cl>ke1 ,onondaga1 vol4 l4 
p4 #ea4  #ba ,mull]1 ,ges*i*te d]       
,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 sect4 #ff4   
,! ,w9nebagoes locat$ p>adise above1 &  
call$ ! milky way ! ,road ( ! ,dead4 #bb
 ,x 0 s :ite ) ! cr[ds ( j\rney+ gho/s6 
,b almo/ all1 l ! ,ojibways1 imag9$ _!  
elysium to lie f> 9 ! ,we/4 ,! s\l1 fre$
 f ! body1 foll[s a wide beat5 pa?      
we/w>d1 & ent]s a c\ntry ab\nd+ ) all t 
an ,indian covets4 ,on ! bord]s ( ?is   
bless$ l&1 9 a long glade1 he f9ds 8    
relatives1 = _m g5]ations back1 ga!r$ to
 welcome him4#bc ,! ,*ippewas1 & sev]al 
o!r important tribes1 always k9dl$ fires
 on ! fre% graves ( _! dead1 & kept !m  
burn+ f\r successive nights1 to light ! 
w&]+ s\ls on _! way4#bd ,an ,indian my? 
repres5ts ! gho/s com+ back f ,ponemah1 
! l& ( ! ,h]eaft]1 & s++ ?is song to !  
miracul\s ,hiawa?a3  ,d n lay su* heavy 
burd5s ,on ! graves ( ^? y bury1 ,n su* 
weight ( furs & wampum1 ,n su* weight ( 

pots & kettles2 ,= ! spirits fa9t b5ea? 
!m4 ,only give !m food to c>ry1 ,only   
give !m fire to light !m4 ,f\r days is !
 _s's j\rney ,to ! l& ( gho/s & %ad[s1  
,f\r its lonely night encampm5ts4       
,!re=e1 :5 ! dead are buri$1 ,let a     
fire1 z night approa*es1 ,f\r times on !
 grave be k9dl$1 ,t ! s\l ^u its j\rney 
,may n grope ab\t 9 d>kness4 #be  ,!    
subject ( a future /ate seems to h be5  
by f> ! mo/ prom95t "o 9 ! ,indian      
imag9ation4 ,!y relate _m traditions (  
p]sons :o h ent]$ x1 & return$1 & giv5  
descriptions ( x4 ,a "y brave1 hav+ lo/ 
8 betro!d1 det]m9$ to foll[ h] to ! l& (
 s\ls4 ,f> ,s\?1 beyond ! region ( ice &
 sn[s1 he came to a lodge /&+ be=e !    
entrance to wide blue pla9s4 ,leav+ 8   
body !re1 he emb>k$ 9 a :ite /one canoe 
to cross a lake4 ,he saw ! s\ls ( wick$ 
,indians s9k+ 9 ! lake2 b ! good ga9$ an
 elysian %ore1 :]e all 0 w>m?1 beauty1  
ease1 & et]nal y\?1 & :]e ! air 0 food4 
,! ,ma/] ( ,brea? s5t him back1 b       
promis$ t he might at dea? return & /ay4

 #bf ,! ,wy&ots tell ( a dw>f1 ,t*a ka  
be*1 :o climb$ a tree :i* grew high] z  
(t5 z he blew on x4 ,at la/ he rea*$    
heav51 & discov]$ x to be an excell5t   
place4 ,he desc5d$ ! tree1 build+       
wigwams at int]vals 9 ! bran*es4 ,he !n 
return$ ) 8 si/] & nephew1 re/+ ea*     
night 9 "o ( ! wigwams4  #bb            
,s*oolcraft1 ,hi/ory1 c4 ( ! ,indian    
,tribes1 "p iv4 p4 #bdj4  #bc ,ibid4 "p 
ii4 p4 #ace4  #bd ,ibid4 "p v4 p4 #fd2  
"p iv4 p4 #ee4  #be ,longfell[1 ,song ( 
,hiawa?a1 xix43 ,! ,gho/s4  #bf         
,s*oolcraft1 ,indian 9 8 ,wigwam4 p #gi4
   ,he set 8 traps up !re to cat*       
animals4 ,ris+ 9 ! night to g & exam9e 8
 traps1 he saw "o all on fire1 &1 ^u    
approa*+ x1 f\nd t he _h caught ! sun6  
,:]e ! ,indian is f\nd believ+ 9 a      
,devil & a hell1 x is ! result ( 8      
int]c\rse ) ,europeans4 ,^! elem5ts (   
horror 7 =eign to 8 orig9al religion4#bg
 ,!re are 9 "s qu>t]s fa9t traces ( a   
s+le purgatorial or retributive         
conception4 ,x is a repres5tation (     

p>adise z an isl&1 ! ordeal consi/+ 9 ! 
passage ( ! d>k riv] or lake :i*        
surr\nds x4 ,! wor?y cross ) entire     
facility1 ! unwor?y only aft] t$i\s     
/ruggles4 ,"s say ! latt] are dr[n$2    
o!rs1 t !y s9k up to _! *9s 9 ! wat]1   
:]e !y pass et]nity 9 va9 desires to    
atta9 ! allur+ l& on :i* !y gaze4#bh    
,ev5 ?is notion may be a modification   
consequ5t ^u ,european influ5ce4 ,at all
 ev5ts1 x is subord9ate 9 =ce & only    
occasional 9 occurr5ce4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 9 !
 ,indian fai? m]cy swall[s up ! o!r     
attributes ( ! ,great ,_s4 ,! ,indian   
dies )\t fe>1 look+ = no puni%m5ts1 only
 = rew>ds4#bi ,he reg>ds ! ,ma/] (      
,brea? n z a holy judge1 b z a k9d fa!r4
 ,he welcomes dea? z op5+ ! door to a   
sweet l&4 ,ev] *>m+ly on 8 clos+ eyes   
dawns ! prospect ( ! aborig9al elysium1 
a gorge\s region ( s(t %ades1 glid+     
/reams1 v]dant groves wav+ 9 g5tle airs1
 w>bl+ birds1 h]ds ( /ately de] &       
buffalo br[s+ on level pla9s4 ,x is !   
e>? 9 noiseless & solemn                

metamorphosis4#cj  ,we %all conclude ?is
 *apt] by endeavor+ to expla9 ! purport 
& orig9 ( ! pr9cipal c]emonies & notions
 :i* h n[ be5 set =? p]ta9+ to !        
disembodi$ /ate4 ,! fir/ s\rce ( ^!     
p>ticul>s is to be s\ght1 n 9 any cle>  
m5tal p]ceptions1 or consci\s dogmatic  
belief1 b 9 ! natural work+s (          
affection1 memory1 & s5tim5t4 ,among    
almo/ e p1 f ! ,*9ese to ! ,araucanians1
 f ! ,e?iopians to ! ,dacotahs1 rites ( 
honor h be5 paid to ! dead1 v>i\s (f]+s 
h be5 plac$ at _! graves4 ,! ,v$as enjo9
 ! (f]+ ( a cake to ! gho/s ( ance/ors  
back to ! ?ird g5]ation4 ,! ,greeks 7   
wont to p\r w9e1 oil1 milk1 & blood into
 canals made 9 ! graves ( _! dead4 ,!   
e>ly ,*ri/ians adopt$ ^! ,fea/s ( !     
,dead z ,augu/9e & ,t]tullian call !m f 
! hea!n1 & ,celebrat$ !m ov] ! graves ( 
_! m>tyrs & ( _! o!r deceas$ fri5ds4    
,su* cu/oms z ^! among savages l !      
,%illooks or ! ,*octaws are usually     
suppos$ to imply ! belief t ! s\ls ( !  
deceas$ rema9 ab\t ! places ( sepulture 

& physically p>take ( ! n\ri%m5t ?us    
furni%$4 ,! int]pretation is f>!r fet*$ 
?an ne$ be1 & is unlikely2 or1 at all   
ev5ts1 if x be true 9 "s cases1 x is n !
 :ole tru?4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! p see t 
! food & dr9k rema9 unt\*$1 ! weapons & 
ut5sils are left unus$ 9 ! grave4       
,secondly1 !re are (t5 c]ta9 features 9 
! b>b>ic ritual obvi\sly metaphorical1  
incapable ( lit]al acceptance4 ,=       
in/ance1 ! ,w9nebagoes light a small    
fire on ! grave ( a deceas$ w>rior to   
light him on 8 j\rney to ! l& ( s\ls1   
#bg ,loskiel1 ,hi/4 ,mission ( ,unit$   
,bre?r5 to ,n4 ,a4 ,indians1 "p i4 *4   
#c4  #bh ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian 9 8       
,wigwam1 p4 #bjb4 ,hi/ory1 c4 ( ,indian 
,tribes1 "p iv4 p4 #agc4  #bi           
,s*oolcraft1 ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,tribes1 
"p ii4 p4 #fh4  #cj ,ibid4 pp4 #djc1    
#djd4   al?\gh !y say t j\rney ext5ds to
 a di/ance ( f\r days & nights & is     
:olly invisible4 ,!y light & t5d t wat* 
fire z a memorial ( _! dep>t$ companion 
& a rude expression ( _! own emotions2 z

 an unconsci\s emblem ( _! own /ruggl+  
fai?1 n z a beacon to ! /ray+ gho/4     
,aga91 ! ,indian "m1 los+ a nurs+       
infant1 spurts "s ( h] milk into ! fire1
 t ! little _s may n want = nutrim5t on 
its solit>y pa?4#ca ,plato approv+ly    
quotes ,hesiod's /atem5t t ! s\ls (     
noble m5 become gu>dian demons c\rs+ !  
air1 mess5g]s & ag5ts ( ! gods 9 ! _w4  
,!re=e1 he adds1 we %\ld rev]5ce _!     
tombs & e/abli% solemn rites & (f]+s    
!re2 ?\gh by 8 v /atem5t ^! places 7 n !
 dwell+s or haunts ( ! freely circuit+  
spirits4#cb  ,n by an intellectual      
doctr9e1 b by an in/9ctive association1 
:5 n resi/$ & correct$1 we connect !    
s\ls ( ! dead 9 our ?\ghts ) ! burial   
places ( _! =ms4 ,! ,new ,zeal& prie/s  
pret5d by _! spells to br+ w&]+ s\ls )9 
! enclos$ gravey>ds4#cc ,^! sepul*ral   
folds are full ( gho/s4 ,a s5tim5t      
native to ! human brea/ draws pilgrims  
to ! tombs ( ,%akspe>e & ,wa%+ton1 &1 if
 n re/ra9$ & guid$ by cultivat$ ?\ght1  
w\ld lead !m to make (f]+s !re4 ,until !

 dea? ( ,l\is ,,xv41 ! k+s ( ,france lay
 9 /ate & 7 s]v$ z 9 life = =ty days    
aft] !y di$4#cd ,x w\ld be ridicul\s to 
attempt to wr+ any doctr9al significance
 f ^! cu/oms4 ,! same s5tim5t :i*1 9 "o 
=m1 among ! ,alfo] inhabitants ( ! ,arru
 ,isl&s1 :5 a man dies1 leads 8         
relatives to assemble & de/roy :atev] he
 has left1 :i*1 9 ano!r =m1 causes !    
,papi/ to (f] burn+ c&les1 wrea?s1 &    
crosses1 & to recite pray]s1 be=e !     
%r9es ( ! dead sa9ts1 :i*1 9 /ill ano!r 
=m1 mov$ ,alb]t ,dur] to place all !    
pretty play?+s ( 8 *ild 9 ! c(f9 & bury 
!m ) x1 ?is same s5tim5t1 9 its undef9$ 
spontane\s work+s1 impell$ ! ,p]uvian to
 embalm 8 dead1 ! ,blackfoot to int] 8  
brave's hunt+ equipm5ts ) him1 & !      
,*]okee squaw to hang fre% food above ! 
totem on h] husb&'s grave po/4 ,:at %\ld
 we ?9k if we c\ld =esee t1 a ?\s& ye>s 
h5ce1 :5 ! pres5t doctr9es & cu/oms (   
,france & ,am]ica are =gott51 "s        
antiqu>y1 seek+ ! reason :y ! m\rn]s 9  
,p]e la ,*aise & ,m\nt ,auburn laid     

clu/]s ( fl[]s on ! graves ( _! lam5t$  
ones1 %\ld delib]ately conclude t x 0   
believ$ ! s\ls rema9$ 9 ! bodies 9 !    
tomb & enjoy$ ! p]fume ( ! fl[]s8 ,an   
,am]ican travell]1 writ+ f ,vi5na on    
,all ,sa9ts' ,day1 9 #ahee1 describes ! 
av5ues ( ! great cemet]y fill$ ) p hang+
 fe/oons ( fl[]s on ! tomb/ones1 & plac+
 burn+ c&les ( wax on ! graves1 & kneel+
 9 devotion2 x be+ _! *ildi% belief1 he 
says1 t _! pray]s on ?is day h efficacy 
to release _! deceas$ relatives f       
purgatory1 & t ! dim tap] flick]+ on !  
sod lights ! unb\nd s\l to its heav5ly  
home4 ,( c\rse ^! rites are n lit]al    
expressions ( lit]al beliefs1 b are  #ca
 ,&ree1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #bdf4  #cb    
,republic1 book v4 *4 #ae4  #cc ,r4     
,taylor1 ,new ,zeal&1 *4 #g4  #cd       
,me9]s1 ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d]          
,religion51 bu* iii4 abs*4 #a4   symbols
 ( ideas1 emblems ( s5tim5ts1 figurative
 & inadequate %ad[s ( a !ological       
doctr9e1 al?\gh1 z is well kn[n1 !re is1
 among ! mo/ ignorant p]sons1 sc>cely   

any delib]ately appreh5d$ di/9ction     
betwe5 image & entity1 mat]ial          
repres5tation & spiritual v]ity4  ,if a 
memb] ( ! ,oneida tribe di$ :5 !y 7 away
 f home1 !y buri$ him ) great solemnity1
 sett+ a m>k ov] ! grave2 & :5ev] !y    
pass$ t way aft]w>ds !y visit$ ! spot1  
s++ a m\rnful song & ca/+ /ones ^u x1   
?us giv+ symbolic expression to _!      
feel+s4 ,x w\ld be absurd to suppose ?is
 song an incantation to secure ! repose 
( ! buri$ brave1 & ! /ones ?r[n to      
prev5t 8 ris+2 yet x w\ld n be m        
incr$ible or m remote f ! facts ?an _m a
 commonly curr5t int]pretation ( b>b>ian
 usages4 ,an amus+ in/ance ( error well 
en=c+ ! ne$ ( extreme caution 9 draw+   
inf]5ces is af=d$ by ! example ( ^?     
explor]s :o1 f9d+ an ext5sive cemet]y   
:]e ! aborig9es _h buri$ all _! *ildr5  
ap>t f ! adults1 conclud$ !y _h discov]$
 ! rema9s ( an anci5t race ( pigmies6   
#ce  ,! influ5ce ( unspeculative        
affection1 memory1 & s5tim5t goes f>    
t[>ds acc\nt+ = ! fun]al ritual ( !     

b>b>ians4 ,b x is n suffici5t4 ,we mu/  
call 9 fur!r aid2 & t aid we f9d 9 !    
arbitr>y conceits1 ! poetic             
associations1 & ! creative =ce (        
unregulat$ fancy & imag9ation4 ,! poetic
 faculty :i*1 suppli$ ) mat]ials by     
obs]vation & speculation1 con/ruct$ !   
complex my?ologies ( ,egypt & ,greece1 &
 :i*1 turn+ on its own res\rces1 compos$
 ! ,arabian tales ( ! g5ii & ! mod]n    
lit]ature ( pure fiction1 is p>ticul>ly 
active1 f]tile1 & tyrannical1 ?\gh 9 a  
less cont9u\s & sy/ematic =m1 9 !       
b>b>ian m9d4 ,act+ by wild fits & />ts1 
!re is no end to ! extravagant          
conjectures & visions x bodies =?4      
,de/itute ( philosophical def9itions1   
totally unacqua9t$ ) critical di/9ctions
 or analytic reflection1 absurd notions1
 sob] convictions1 dim dreams1 & %>p    
p]ceptions run confus$ly toge!r 9 ! m9ds
 ( savages4 ,!re is to !m no cle> &     
p]man5t dem>cation betwe5 rational      
?\ghts & crazy fancies4 ,n[1 no ph5om5on
 c /rike m deeply or "w m p[]fully 9    

human nature1 /irr+ up ! explor+        
activities ( intellect & imag9ation1 ?an
 ! ev5t ( dea?1 ) its b]eav+ /roke &    
prophetic appeal4 ,accord+ly1 we %\ld   
expect to f9d among uncultivat$ nations1
 z we actually d1 a va/ m$ley (         
fragm5t>y ?\ghts & pictures plausible1  
/range1 lovely1 or t]rible relat+ to !  
place & fate ( ! disembodi$ s\l4 ,^!    
conceptions w\ld naturally take _! %ap+ 
& color+1 9 "s degree1 f !sc5]y1        
circum/ances1 & exp]i5ce amid/ :i* !y 7 
conceiv$ & born4 ,sometimes ^! figm5ts 7
 consci\sly ent]ta9$ z wilful inv5tions1
 di/9ctly contemplat$ z poetry4         
,sometimes !y 7 sup]/iti\sly cr$it$ 9   
all _! grossness ) full ass5t ( s\l4    
,sometimes all coexi/$ 9 vague          
bewild]m5t4 ,^! l9es ( sep>ation        
unque/ionably exi/$3 ! difficulty is to 
"k :]e1 9 giv5 in/ances1 to draw !m4 ,a 
few examples w s]ve at once to illu/rate
 !  #ce ,smi?sonian ,contributions1 vol4
 ii4 ,squi]'s ,aborig9al ,monum5ts1     
app5dix1 pp4 #abg-aca4   op]ation ( !   

pr9ciple n[ laid d[n1 & to pres5t /ill  
fur!r specim5s ( ! b>b>ian notions ( a  
future life4  ,"s ,indian tribes made   
(f]+s to ! spirits ( _! dep>t$ h]oes by 
ca/+ ! b\ghs ( v>i\s trees ar\nd ! a%1  
say+ t ! bran*es ( ?is tree 7 eloqu5t ) 
! gho/s ( _! w>rior sires1 :o came at   
ev5+ 9 ! *>iot ( cl\d to fire ! "y to   
de$s ( w>4#cf ,!re is an ,indian leg5d (
 a wit* :o wore a mantle compos$ ( !    
scalps ( murd]$ wom54 ,tak+ ?is (f1 %e  
%ook x1 & all ! scalps utt]$ %rieks (   
laught]4 ,ano!r describes a magician    
scudd+ across a lake 9 a boat ^: ribs 7 
live rattlesnakes4#cg ,an ex]cise ( m9d 
virtually id5tical ) t :i* gave ^!      
/rokes made ! ,philipp9e ,isl&]s say t !
 s\ls ( ^? :o die /ruck by lightn+ g up 
! beams ( ! ra9b[ to a happy place1 &   
animat$ ,ali to decl>e t ! pi\s1 on com+
 out ( _! sepul*res1 %all f9d await+ !m 
:ite w+$ camels ) saddles ( gold4 ,!    
,ajetas susp5d$ ! b[ & arr[s ( a deceas$
 ,papuan above 8 grave1 & conceiv$ him z
 em]g+ f b5ea? e night to g a hunt+4#ch 

,! fi%]man on ! coa/ ( ,lapl& 0 int]r$ 9
 a boat1 & a fl9t & combu/ibles 7 giv5  
him to light him along ! d>k cav]n\s    
passage he 0 to trav]se4 ,! ,dyaks (    
,borneo believe t e "o ^: head !y c get 
possession ( "h w 9 ! future /ate be _! 
s]vant3 consequ5tly1 !y make a bus9ess (
 head hunt+1 accumulat+ ! gha/ly visages
 ( _! victims 9 _! huts4#ci ,! ,c>ibs h 
a sort ( s5sual p>adise = ! brave &     
virtu\s1 :]e1 x is promis$1 !y %all     
enjoy ! sublimat$ exp]i5ce ( all _!     
e>?ly satisfactions2 b ! deg5]ate &     
c[>dly are ?reat5$ ) et]nal bani%m5t    
beyond ! m\nta9s1 :]e !y %all be task$ &
 driv5 z slaves by _! enemies4#dj ,!    
,hispaniolians locate _! elysium 9 a    
pleasant valley ab\nd+ ) guava1 delici\s
 fruits1 cool %ades1 & murmur+ rivulets1
 :]e !y expect to live aga9 ) _! dep>t$ 
ance/ors & fri5ds4#da ,! ,patagonians   
say ! />s are _! translat$ c\ntrym51 & !
 milky way is a field :]e ! dep>t$      
,patagonians hunt o/ri*es4 ,cl\ds are ! 
fea!rs ( ! o/ri*es !y kill4#db ,! play  

is "h se5 ( ! same my?ological          
imag9ation :i*1 9 ,italy1 pictur$ a     
wri?+ giant b5ea? ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 &1 9 
,gre5l&1 look$ on ! ,pleiades z a gr\p (
 dogs surr\nd+ a :ite be>1 & on ! belt (
 ,orion z a company ( ,gre5l&]s plac$   
!re because !y c\ld n f9d ! way to _!   
own c\ntry4 ,black ,bird1 ! r$\btable   
*ief ( ! ,o ,ma ,haws1 :5 dy+1 said to 8
 p1 ,bury me on yond] l(ty bluff on !   
banks ( ! ,miss\ri1 :]e ,i c see ! m5 & 
boats pass+ by on ! riv]4 #dc           
,accord+ly1 z soon z he ceas$  #cf      
,br[ne1 ,trees ( ,am]ica1 p4 #cbh4  #cg 
,s*oolcraft1 ,hi/4 c "p i4 pp4 #cb-cd4  
#ch ,e>l1 ,! ,papuans1 p4 #acb4  #ci    
,e>l1 ,! ,ea/]n ,seas1 *4 #h4  #dj      
,edw>ds1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 book i4
 *4 #b4  #da ,ibid4 *4 #c4  #db ,falkn]1
 ,patagonia1 *4 #e4  #dc ,catl91 ,nor?  
,am]ican ,indians1 vol4 ii4 p4 #f4   to 
brea!1 !y set him !re1 on 8 favorite    
/e$1 & heap$ ! e>? ar\nd him4 ,?is does 
n imply any believ$ doctr9e1 9 our s5se 
( ! t]m1 b is pla9ly a spontane\s       

transf]5ce = ! mom5t1 by ! poetic       
imag9ation1 ( ! s5tim5ts ( ! liv+ man to
 ! buri$ body4  ,! unhappy ,africans :o 
7 snat*$ f _! homes1 enslav$ & cruelly  
task$ 9 ! f> ,we/ ,india isl&s1 p9$ "u  
_! fate ) deadly homesickness4 ,! int5se
 long+ m\ld$ _! pla/ic belief1 j z !    
s5sation f "s hot bricks at ! feet ( a  
sleep+ man %ap$ 8 dreams into a j\rney  
up ! side ( ,atna4 ,!y fanci$ t if !y   
di$ !y %\ld imm$iately live aga9 9 _!   
fa!rl&4 ,!y committ$ suicide 9 great    
numb]s4 ,at la/1 :5 o!r means _h fail$  
to *eck ?is epidemic ( self de/ruction1 
a cunn+ ov]se] br\ght !m ropes & e      
facility = hang+1 & told !m to hang     
!mselves z fa/ z !y pleas$1 = _! ma/] _h
 b\ght a great plantation 9 ,africa1 & z
 soon z !y got !re !y w\ld be set to "w 
on x4 ,_! helpless cr$ulity took !      
impression2 & no m suicides occurr$4#dd 
,! mutual =mative influ5ces ex]t$ ^u a  
p's notions conc]n+ ! future /ate1 by ! 
imag9ation ( _! poets & ! peculi>ities (
 _! clime1 are p]haps n[h]e m           

conspicu\sly exhibit$ ?an 9 ! case ( !  
,cal$onians :o at an e>ly p]iod dwelt 9 
,nor? ,brita94 ,!y _h picturesque       
traditions locat+ ! habitation ( gho/s 9
 ! air above _! fog drap$ m\nta9s4 ,!y  
promis$ rew>ds = no?+ b valor1 & ?reat5$
 puni%m5ts = no?+ b c[>dice2 & ev5 ( ^! 
!y speak obscurely4 ,no?+ is said ( an  
"u _w4 ,!y suppos$ ! gho/s at dea?      
float$ upw>d naturally1 true *ildr5 ( ! 
mi/1 & dwelt =ev] 9 ! air1 :]e !y sp5t  
an inane exi/5ce1 indulg+ 9 sorr[ful    
memories ( ! pa/1 &1 9 unreal imitation 
( _! mortal occupations1 *as+ bo>s ( fog
 amid hills ( cl\d & valleys ( %ad[4 ,! 
au?ority = ^! views is ,ossian1 ^: g5u9e
 /ra9s1 ,dr4 ,good obs]ves1 assume a    
high] importance z hi/orical records ?an
 !y c claim :5 consid]$ z fragm5ts (    
exquisite poetry4  ,a d>k r$ /ream comes
 d[n f ! hill4 ,crugal sat ^u ! beam2 he
 t lately fell by ! h& ( ,sw>an /riv+ 9 
! battle ( h]oes4 ,8 face is l ! beam ( 
! sett+ moon2 8 robes are ( ! cl\ds ( ! 
hill2 8 eyes are l two decay+ flames2   

d>k is ! w\nd on 8 brea/4 ,! />s dim    
tw9kl$ ?r\gh 8 =m1 & 8 voice 0 l ! s\nd 
( a di/ant /ream4 ,dim & 9 te>s he /ood1
 & /ret*$ 8 pale h& ov] ! h]o4 ,fa9tly  
he rais$ 8 feeble voice1 l ! gale ( !   
re$y ,lego4 ',my gho/1 ,o',connal1 is on
 my native hills1 b my corse is on ! s&s
 ( ,ull94 ,?\ %alt nev] talk ) ,crugal  
nor f9d 8 lone /eps on ! hea?4 ,i am    
light z ! bla/ ( ,cromla1 & ,i move l ! 
%ad[ ( mi/4 ,connal1 son ( ,colg>1 ,i   
see ! d>k cl\d ( dea?4 ,x hov]s ov] !   
pla9s ( ,l5a4 ,! sons ( gre5 ,er9 %all  
fall4 ,remove f ! field ( gho/s4' ,l !  
d>k5$ moon1 he retir$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! :i/l+
 bla/4  ,we recognise "h sev]al lead+   
traits 9 all ! e>ly unspeculative fai?s1
 ! vapory =m1 ! e*oless motion1 ! m>ks (
 =m] w\nds1 ! feeble voice1 ! memory    
#dd ,me9]s1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion51 bu*
 xiv4 sect4 #gfe4   ( ! pa/1 ! m\rnful  
aspect1 & ! prophetic words4 ,b !       
rhetorical imag]y1 ! sc5]y1 ! location (
 ! _s _w 9 ! l[] cl\ds1 are /amp$ by    
emphatic climatic peculi>ities1 ^:      

orig9ation1 easily traceable1 ?r[s light
 on ! gr[? ( ! :ole mass ( su* notions  
ev]y:]e4  ,two g5]al s\rces h n[ be5    
describ$ ( ! b>b>ian conceptions 9      
relation to a future /ate4 ,fir/1 !     
natural op]ation ( an e>ne/ recollection
 ( ! dead2 sympa?y1 regret1 & rev]5ce = 
!m lead+ ! ?\ghts & ! he>t to grope aft]
 !m1 to brood ov] ! possibilities ( _!  
fate1 & to express !mselves 9 rites &   
emblems4 ,secondly1 ! my?ological or    
arbitr>y creations ( ! imag9ation :5 x  
is set /rongly at "w1 z x mu/ be by !   
solemn ph5om5a associat$ ) dea?4 ,b     
beyond ^! two compreh5sive /atem5ts !re 
is1 directly relat$ to ! matt]1 & wor?y 
( sep>ate illu/ration1 a curi\s action (
 ! m9d1 :i* has be5 v ext5sively        
exp]i5c$ & f]tile ( results4 ,x is a    
peculi> example ( ! unconsci\s          
imp>tation ( objective exi/5ce to m5tal 
ideas4 ,) ! dea? ( ! body ! man does n  
cease to live 9 ! remembrance1          
imag9ation1 & he>t ( 8 surviv+ fri5ds4  
,by an unphilosophical confusion1 ?is   

int]nal image is cr$it$ z an ext]nal    
exi/5ce4 ,! dead pass f _! cu/om>y      
haunts 9 our society to ! imp]i%able    
doma9 ( ideas4 ,?is vision>y _w ( memory
 & fantasy is project$ outw>d1 locat$1  
furni%$1 & con/itutes ! future /ate     
appreh5d$ by ! b>b>ian m9d4 ,feu]ba*    
says 9 8 subtle & able ,?\ghts on ,dea? 
& ,immortality1 ,! ,realm ( ,memory is !
 ,l& ( ,s\ls4 ,ossian1 amid ! midnight  
m\nta9s1 ?9k+ ( dep>t$ w>riors & li/5+  
to ! tempe/1 fills ! gale ) !           
imp]sonations1 ( 8 ?\ghts1 & exclaims1  
,i he> ! /eps ( ! dead 9 ! d>k eddy+    
bla/4  ,! b>b>ian bra9 seems to h be5   
g5]ally impregnat$ ) ! feel+ t e ?+ else
 has a gho/ z well z man4 ,! ,gauls l5t 
money 9 ?is _w ^u bills payable 9 !     
next4 ,!y ?rew lett]s ^u ! fun]al pile  
to be read by ! s\l ( ! deceas$4#de ,z !
 gho/ 0 ?\ght to reta9 ! sc>s ( injuries
 inflict$ ^u ! body1 s1 x appe>s1 ^!    
lett]s 7 ?\ght1 :5 de/roy$1 to leave    
impressions ( :at _h be5 writt5 on !m4  
,! cu/om ( burn+ or bury+ ?+s ) ! dead  

probably arose1 9 "s cases at lea/1 f ! 
supposition t e object has its mancs4 ,!
 obolus = ,*>on1 ! cake ( honey =       
,c]b]us1 ! %ad[s ( ^! articles w\ld be  
borne & us$ by ! %ad[ ( ! dead man4     
,leonidas say+1 ,bury me on my %ield3 ,i
 w ent] ev5 ,hades z a ,lac$amonian1 #df
 mu/ ei!r h us$ ! ^w ,hades by metonymy 
= ! grave1 or h imag9$ t a %ad[y fac    
simile ( :at 0 int]r$ 9 ! grave w5t into
 ! grim k+dom ( ,pluto4 ,x 0 a cu/om )  
"s ,indian tribes1 on ! new made grave (
 a *ief1 to slay 8 *os5 horse2 & :5 he  
fell !y suppos$  ,t !n1 ^u ! dead man's 
pla91 ,! rid] grasp'd 8 /e$ aga94  #de  
,pomponius ,mela1 ,de ,orbis ,situ1 iii4
 #b4  #df ,translation ( ,greek         
,an?ology1 9 ,bohn's ,libr>y1 p4 #eh4   
,! hunt] *ases ! de]1 ea* alike a %ade4 
,a ,feejee once1 9 pres5ce ( a          
mission>y1 took a weapon f ! grave ( a  
buri$ companion1 say+1 ,! gho/ ( ! club 
has gone ) him4 ,! ,iroquois tell ( a   
woman :o 0 *as$ by a gho/4 ,%e he>d 8   
fa9t w> :oop1 8 spectre voice1 & only   

escap$ ) h] life because 8 w> club 0 b a
 %ad[ wield$ by an arm ( air4 ,!        
,slavonians sacrific$ a w>rior's horse  
at 8 tomb4#dg ,no?+ seem$ to ! ,nor?man 
s noble z to ent] ,valhalla on          
horseback1 ) a num]\s ret9ue1 9 8 ri*e/ 
app>el & f9e/ armor4 ,x 0 firmly        
believ$1 ,mallet says1 t ,od9 himself _h
 decl>$ t :atsoev] 0 burn$ or buri$ ) ! 
dead accompani$ !m to 8 palace4#dh ,be=e
 ! ,mohamm$an era1 on ! dea? ( an ,arab1
 ! f9e/ camel he _h own$ 0 ti$ to a /ake
 beside 8 grave1 & left to expire (     
hung] ov] ! body ( 8 ma/]1 9 ord] t1 9 !
 region into :i* dea? _h introduc$ him1 
he %\ld be suppli$ ) 8 usual be>]4#di ,!
 ,*9ese :o surpass all o!r p 9 ! (f]+s &
 wor%ip paid at ! sepul*res ( _!        
ance/ors make little pap] h\ses1 fill !m
 ) images ( furniture1 ut5sils1         
dome/ics1 & all ! appurt5ances ( !      
family economy1 & !n burn !m1 ?us pass+ 
!m into ! invisible /ate = ! use ( !    
deceas$ :om !y m\rn & honor4#ej ,x is a 
t\*+ ?\ght ) ! ,gre5l&]s1 :5 a *ild     

dies1 to bury a dog ) him z a guide to !
 l& ( s\ls2 =1 !y say1 ! dog is able to 
f9d 8 way any:]e4#ea ,! %ad[ ( ! fai?ful
 s]vant guides ! %ad[ ( ! helpless *ild 
to heav54 ,9 fancy1 n )\t a mov$ he>t1  
"o sees ?is spiritual ,b]n>d dog be>+ ! 
gho/ *ild on 8 back1 ov] ! spectral     
,go?>d ( dea?1 safe into ! %elt]+       
hospice ( ! ,gre5l& p>adise4  ,x is     
/range to notice ! meet+ ( extremes 9 ! 
rude anti!tical correspond5ce betwe5    
,plato's doctr9e ( ar*etypal ideas1 !   
immat]ial patt]ns ( e>?ly ?+s1 & !      
belief ( savages 9 ! gho/s ( clubs1     
arr[s1 s&als1 & provisions4 ,!          
disembodi$ s\l ( ! philosoph]1 an et]nal
 idea1 turns f ! empty illusions ( matt]
 to n\ri% itself ) ! sub/ance ( real    
tru?4 ,! spectre ( ! ,mohawk dev\rs !   
spectre ( ! haun* ( roa/ v5ison hung ov]
 8 grave4 ,& :y %\ld n ! two %ades be   
conceiv$1 if ei!r8  ,pig1 bullock1      
goose1 mu/ h _! gobl9s too1 ,else ours  
w\ld h to g )\t _! d9n]s3 ,if t />vation
 doctr9e 7 b true1 ,h[ h>d ! fate (     

gorm&iz+ s9n]s6  ,! conception ( gho/s  
has be5 /ill fur!r introduc$ also into !
 realm ( ma!matics 9 an amus+ mann]4    
,bi%op ,b]keley1 bant]$ on 8 idealism by
 ,halley1 retort$ t he too 0 an ideali/2
 = 8 ultimate ratios t]ms only appe>+ ) 
!  #dg ,wilk9son1 ,dalmatia &           
,mont5egro1 vol4 i4 *4 #a4  #dh ,nor!rn 
,antiquities1 *4 #aj4  #di ,lam>t9e1    
,hi/ory ( ,turkey1 book i4 *4 #aj4  #ej 
,kidd1 ,*9a1 sect4 #c4  #ea ,crantz1    
,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 book iii4 *4 #f1     
sect4 #dg4   disappe>ance ( ! =ms 9 ^:  
relation%ip !y consi/ 7 b ! gho/s (     
dep>t$ quantities6 ,x may be add$ "h t1 
accord+ to ! tea*+s ( physiological     
psy*ology1 all memories or recollect$   
ideas are lit]ally ! gho/s ( dep>t$     
s5sations4  ,we h ?us se5 t ! conjur+   
=ce ( fe>1 ) its dread app>itions1 !    
surmis+1 half articulate /ruggles (     
affection1 ! dreams ( memory1 ! lights &
 gr\ps ( poetry1 ! crude g]ms (         
metaphysical speculation1 ! deposits ( !
 int] action ( human exp]i5ce & ph5om5al

 nature1 n[ 9 isolat$ fragm5ts1 aga91   
huddl$ indiscrim9ately toge!r conspire  
to compose ! b>b>ian notions ( a future 
life4  ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,druidic         
,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life4  ,,t  
/range body ( m51 commonly kn[n z !     
,druids1 :o con/itut$ :at may1 ) "s     
correctness1 be call$ ! ,celtic         
prie/hood1 7 ! recognis$ religi\s tea*]s
 ?r\gh\t ,gaul1 ,armorica1 a small "p ( 
,g]many on ! s\!rn bord]1 all ,great    
,brita91 & "s neighbor+ isl&s4 ,!       
notions 9 reg>d to a future life put =? 
by !m are /at$ only 9 a v imp]fect mann]
 by ! ,greek & ,roman au?ors 9 ^:       
surviv+ works we f9d allusions to !     
,druids or acc\nts ( ! ,celts4 ,sev]al  
mod]n writ]s especially ,borlase1 9 8   
,antiquities ( ,cornwall#a h collect$   
all ^! ref]5ces f ,diodorus1 ,/rabo1    
,procopius1 ,tacitus1 ,cas>1 ,mela1     
,val]ius ,maximus1 & ,m>cell9us4 ,x is  
!re=e ne$less to cite ! passages "h1 ! m
 s z1 ev5 ) ! aid ( all ! analytic &    
con/ructive comm5ts :i* c be fairly made

 ^u !m1 !y af=d u only a few g5]al      
views1 leav+ all ! details 9 pr(\nd     
obscurity4 ,! sub/ance ( :at we le>n f  
^! s\rces is ?is4 ,fir/1 t ! ,druids    
possess$ a body ( sci5ce & speculation  
compris+ ! doctr9e ( immortality1 :i* !y
 taught ) cle>ness & au?ority4          
,secondly1 t !y inculcat$ ! belief 9 a  
future life 9 insep>able connection ) ! 
great dogma ( metempsy*osis4 ,?irdly1 t 
! p held su* *e]ful & attractive views (
 ! future /ate1 & held !m ) su*         
e>ne/ness1 t !y wept ar\nd ! newborn    
infant & smil$ ar\nd ! corpse2 t !y     
enc\nt]$ dea? )\t fe> or reluctance4    
,?is rev]sal ( natural s5tim5ts %[s !   
tamp]+ ( a prie/hood :o _h motives4  ,a 
some:at m m9ute conception ( ! ,druidic 
view ( ! future life is furni%$ u by an 
old my?ologic tale ( ,celtic orig94#b   
,omitt+ ! /ory1 z irrelevant to our     
purpose1 we d]ive f x ! foll[+ ideas4 ,!
 s\l1 on be+ dive/$ ( its e>?ly envelop1
 is borne al(t4 ,! cl\ds are compos$ ( !
 s\ls ( lately deceas$ m54 ,!y fly ov] !

 heads ( armies1 inspir+ c\rage or /rik+
 t]ror4 ,n yet fre$ f t]re/rial         
affections1 !y m+le 9 ! passions &      
affairs ( m54 ,va9ly !y /rive to so>    
above ! atmosph]e2 an impassable wall ( 
sapphire resi/s _! w+s4 ,9 ! moon1      
millions ( s\ls trav]se trem5d\s pla9s (
 ice1 los+ all p]ception b t ( simple   
exi/5ce1 =gett+ ! adv5tures !y h pass$  
?r\gh & are ab\t to recomm5ce4 ,dur+    
eclipses1 on long tubes ( d>kness !y    
return to ! e>?1 &1 reviv$ by a beam (  
light f ! all quick5+ sun1 ent] newly   
=m$ bodies1 & beg9 aga9 ! c>e] ( life4  
,! disk ( ! sun consi/s ( an assemblage 
( pure s\ls swimm+ 9 an ocean ( bliss4  
,s\ls sulli$ ) e>?ly impurities are to  
be purg$ by repeat$ bir?s & probations  
till ! la/ /a9 is remov$1 & !y are all  
f9ally fitt$ to asc5d to a succession ( 
sph]es /ill high] ?an ! sun1 :5ce !y c  
nev] s9k aga9 to reside 9 ! circle ( !  
l[] globes & gross] atmosph]e4  #a ,book
 ii4 *4 #ad4  #b ,davies1 ,celtic       
,rese>*es1 app5dix1 pp4 #eeh-efa4   ,^! 

repres5tations are nei!r ,go?ic nor     
,roman1 b ,celtic4  ,b a f> m adequate  
exposition ( ! ,druidic doctr9e ( !     
s\l's de/9ies has be5 pres5t$ to u ?r\gh
 ! translation ( "s ( ! pres]v$         
treasures ( ! old ,b>dic lore ( ,wales4 
,! ,wel% b>ds = hundr$s ( ye>s 7 ! sole 
surviv+ repres5tatives ( ! ,druids4 ,_! 
poems num]\s manuscripts ( :i*1 ) app>5t
 au!ntication ( _! g5u95ess1 h be5      
publi%$ & expla9$ conta9 q full acc\nts 
( ! t5ets ( ,druidism1 :i* 0 n[h]e else 
s ?or\ghly sy/ematiz$ & e/abli%$ z 9    
anci5t ,brita94#c ,! curi\s read] w f9d 
?is :ole subject copi\sly treat$1 & all 
! mat]ials furni%$1 9 ! ,myvyrian       
,ar*aology ( ,wales1 a "w 9 two huge    
volumes1 publi%$ at ,london at ! beg9n+ 
( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,aft] ! introduction 
& triumph ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,brita91 =    
sev]al c5turies ! two sy/ems ( ?\ght &  
ritual mutually influ5c$ ea* o!r1       
corrupt+ & corrupt$4#d ,a /rik+ example 
9 po9t is ?is4 ,! notion ( a punitive & 
rem$ial transmigration belong$ to       

,druidism4 ,n[1 ,talies91 a fam\s ,wel% 
b>d ( ! six? c5tury1 locates ?is purify+
 metempsy*osis 9 ! ,hell ( ,*ri/ianity1 
:5ce ! s\l gradually rises aga9 to      
felicity1 ! way = x hav+ be5 op5$ by    
,*ri/6 ,cauti\sly elim9at+ ! ,*ri/ian   
admixtures1 ! foll[+ outl9e1 :i* we     
epitomize f ! pione]#e ( mod]n s*ol>s to
 ! ,wel% ,b>dic lit]ature1 af=ds a      
pretty cle> k ( t portion ( ! ,druidic  
!ology relat+ to ! future life4  ,!re   
are1 says "o ( ! ,b>dic triads1 ?ree    
circles ( exi/5ce4 ,fir/1 ! ,circle (   
,inf9ity1 :]e ( liv+ or dead !re is no?+
 b ,god1 & :i* none b ,god c trav]se4   
,secondly1 ! ,circle ( ,metempsy*osis1  
:]e all ?+s t live are d]iv$ f dea?4    
,?is circle has be5 trav]s$ by man4     
,?irdly1 ! ,circle ( ,felicity1 :]e all 
?+s spr+ f life4 ,?is circle man %all   
h]eaft] trav]se4 ,all animat$ be+s      
orig9ate 9 ! l[e/ po9t ( exi/5ce1 &1 by 
regul> gradations ?r\gh an asc5d+ s]ies 
( transmigrations1 rise to ! highe/ /ate
 ( p]fection possible = f9ite creatures4

 ,fate reigns 9 all ! /ates bel[ t (    
humanity1 & !y are all necess>ily evil4 
,9 ! /ates above humanity1 on ! contr>y1
 unmix$ good s prevails t all are       
necess>ily good4 ,b 9 ! middle /ate (   
humanity1 good & evil are s balanc$ t   
lib]ty results2 & free w & consequ5t    
responsibility are born4 ,be+s :o 9 _!  
asc5t h arriv$ at ! /ate ( man1 if1 by  
purity1 humility1 love1 & righte\sness1 
!y keep ! laws ( ! ,creator1 w1 aft]    
dea?1 rise into m glori\s sph]es1 & w   
cont9ue to rise /ill high]1 until !y    
rea* ! f9al de/9ation ( complete &      
endless happ9ess4 ,b if1 :ile 9 ! /ate (
 humanity1 "o p]v]ts 8 reason & w1 &    
atta*es himself to evil1 he w1 on dy+1  
fall into su* a /ate ( animal exi/5ce z 
corresponds ) ! bas5ess ( 8 s\l4 ,?is   
bas5ess may be s great z to precipitate 
him to ! l[e/ po9t ( be+2 b he %all     
climb !nce ?r\gh a s]ies ( bir?s be/    
fitt$ to free him f 8 evil prop5sities4 
,re/or$ to ! probation>y /ate1 he may   
fall aga92 b1 ?\gh ?is %\ld occur aga9 &

 aga9  #c ,sket* ( ,briti% ,b>dism1     
prefix$ to ,ow5's translation ( ! ,h]oic
 ,elegies ( ,llyw>* ,h54  #d ,h]b]t1    
,essay on ! ,neo ,druidic ,h]esy 9      
,britannia4  #e ,poems1 ,lyric &        
,pa/oral1 by ,edw>d ,williams1 vol4 ii4 
notes1 pp4 #aid-bef4   = a million (    
ages1 ! pa? to happ9ess /ill rema9s op51
 & he %all at la/ infallibly arrive at 8
 preorda9$ felicity1 & fall nev]more4 ,9
 ! /ates sup]ior to humanity1 ! s\l     
recov]s & reta9s ! entire recollection (
 its =m] lives4  ,we w quote a few      
illu/rative triads4 ,!re are ?ree       
necess>y purposes ( metempsy*osis3 to   
collect ! mat]ials & prop]ties ( e      
nature2 to collect ! k ( e ?+2 to       
collect p[] t[>ds remov+ :atev] is      
p]nici\s4 ,! k ( ?ree ?+s w subdue &    
de/roy evil3 k ( its cause1 its nature1 
& its op]ation4 ,?ree ?+s cont9ually    
dw9dle away3 ! ,d>k1 ! ,false1 ! ,dead4 
,?ree ?+s cont9ually increase3 ,light1  
,tru?1 ,life4  ,^! w prevail1 & f9ally  
absorb e ?+ else4 ,! s\l is an          

inconceivably m9ute p>ticle ( ! mo/     
ref9$ matt]1 end[$ ) inde/ructible life1
 at ! dissolution ( "o body pass+1      
accord+ to its m]its1 into a high] or   
l[] /age ( exi/5ce1 :]e x exp&s itself  
into t =m :i* its acquir$ prop5sities   
necess>ily give x1 or into t animal 9   
:i* su* prop5sities naturally reside4 ,!
 ultimate /ates ( happ9ess are          
ceaselessly und]go+ ! mo/ delightful    
r5ovations1 )\t :i*1 inde$1 no f9ite be+
 c\ld endure ! t$ium ( et]nity4 ,^! are 
n1 l ! dea? ( ! l[] /ates1 accompani$ by
 a susp5sion ( memory & ( consci\s      
id5tity4 ,all ! innum]able modes (      
exi/5ce1 aft] be+ cleans$ f e evil1 w   
=ev] rema9 z beautiful v>ieties 9 !     
creation1 & w be equally e/eem$1 equally
 happy1 equally fa!r$ by ! ,creator4 ,! 
successive occupation ( ^! modes (      
exi/5ce by ! cele/ial inhabitants ( !   
,circle ( ,felicity w be "o ( ! ways (  
v>y+ :at w\ld o!rwise be ! intol]able   
monotony ( et]nity4 ,! creation is yet 9
 its infancy4 ,! progressive op]ation ( 

! provid5ce ( ,god w br+ e be+ up f !   
great ,deep to ! po9t ( lib]ty1 & w at  
la/ secure ?ree ?+s = !m3 namely1 :at is
 mo/ b5eficial1 :at is mo/ desir$1 & :at
 is mo/ beautiful4 ,!re are ?ree        
/abilities ( exi/5ce3 :at _c be o!rwise1
 :at %\ld n be o!rwise1 :at _c be imag9$
 bett]2 & 9 ^! all %all end1 9 ! ,circle
 ( ,felicity4  ,su* is a ha/y synopsis (
 :at "h conc]ns u 9 ! !ology ( !        
,druids4 ,9 its gr\nd g]ms x 01 x seems 
to u1 unque/ionably import$ into ,celtic
 ?\ght & ,cymrian song f t prolific &   
immemorial ,h9du m9d :i* bore           
,brahmanism & ,buddhism z its fruit4    
,its e?ical tone1 intellectual          
elevation1 & glori\s climax are n       
unwor?y t free hi]>*y ( m9/rel prie/s ^:
 tea*+s 7 proclaim$1 z _! assemblies 7  
held1 9 ! face ( ! sun & 9 ! eye ( !    
light1 & ^: ?rill+ motto 01 ,,! ,,tru?  
,,aga9/ ,,! ,,_w4  ,! late/ publication 
on ! subject ( old ,wel% lit]ature is   
,talies92 or1 ,! ,b>ds & ,druids (      
,brita94 ,! au?or1 ,d4 ,w4 ,na%1 is     

obvi\sly famili> ) 8 !me1 & he ?r[s mu* 
light on _m po9ts ( x4 ,8 ridicule ( !  
arbitr>y t5ets & absurdities :i*        
,davies1 ,pughe1 & o!rs h taught 9 all  
good fai? z ,druidic lore & practice is 
ri*ly des]v$4 ,b1 despite ! le>n+ &     
acum5 display$ 9 8 able & valuable      
volume1 we mu/ ?9k ,mr4 ,na% goes :olly 
aga9/ ! record 9 d5y+ ! doctr9e (       
metempsy*osis to ! ,druidic sy/em1 &    
goes cle>ly beyond ! record 9 *>g+      
,edw>d ,williams & o!rs ) =g]y & fraud 9
 _! repres5tations ( anci5t ,b>dic      
doctr9es4#f ,9 support ( su* grave *>ges
 direct evid5ce is ne$$2 only suspici\s 
circum/ances are adduc$4 ,! non exi/5ce 
( public docum5ts is p]fectly           
reconcilable ) ! exi/5ce ( reliable oral
 acc\nts pres]v$ by ! initiat$ few1 "o (
 :om ,williams1 ) seem+ s9c]ity1 claim$ 
to be4  #f ,talies91 *4 iv4   ,,*apt]   
,,iii4  ,,sc&9avian ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a    
,,future ,,life4  ,,_m consid]ations    
comb9e to make x seem likely t at an    
e>ly p]iod a migration took place f     

,s\!rn ,asia to ,nor!rn ,europe1 :i*    
con/itut$ ! comm5cem5t ( :at aft]w>ds   
grew to be ! great ,go?ic family4 ,!    
correspond5ce ( _m ( ! lead+ doctr9es & 
symbols ( ! ,sc&9avian my?ology ) well  
kn[n ,p]sian & ,buddhi/ notions notions 
( a purely fanciful & arbitr>y "* is too
 peculi>1 app>5tly1 to admit ( any o!r  
explanation4#a ,b ! g]ms ( ?\ght &      
imag9ation transplant$ ?us f ! w>m &    
gorge\s climes ( ! ,ea/ to ! sn[y       
m\nta9s ( ,norway & ! h[l+ ridges (     
,icel&1 obta9$ a fre% developm5t1 )     
num]\s modifications & /range additions1
 f ! new life1 climate1 sc5]y1 & cu/oms 
to :i* !y 7 !re expos$4 ,! temptation to
 pr$atory habits & /rife1 ! necessity = 
an int5se ?\gh fitful activity aris+ f  
_! geographical situation1 ! fi]ce _s   
n\ri%$ 9 !m by _! actual life1 !        
trem5d\s ph5om5a ( ! ,arctic _w ar\nd   
!m1 all ^! influ5ces break out to our   
view 9 ! poetry1 & are reflect$ by _!   
results 9 ! religion1 ( ! ,nor?m54  ,f !
 flame _w1 ,muspelheim1 9 ! s\?1 9 :i*  

,surtur1 ! dread fire k+1 sits en?ron$1 
fl[$ d[n /reams ( heat4 ,f ! mi/ _w1    
,niflheim1 9 ! nor?1 9 ^: c5tral        
caldron1 ,hv]gelmir1 dwells ! gloomy    
dragon ,nidhogg1 rose floods ( cold     
vapor4 ,! fire & mi/ meet+ 9 ! yawn+    
abyss1 ,g9ungagap1 aft] v>i\s /ages (   
transition1 =m$ ! e>?4 ,!re 7 !n ?ree   
pr9cipal races ( be+s3 m51 ^: dwell+ 0  
,midg>d2 ,jotuns1 :o occupi$ ,utg>d2 & !
 ,asir1 ^: home 0 ,asg>d4 ,! ,jotuns1 or
 demons1 seem to h be5 orig9ally        
p]sonifications ( d>kness1 cold1 & /orm1
 ! di/urb+ =ces ( nature1 :atev] is     
ho/ile to fruitful life & peace4 ,!y 7  
fro/ giants rang$ 9 ! out] wa/es ar\nd !
 habitable fields ( m54 ,! ,asir1 or    
gods1 on ! o!r h&1 appe> to h be5       
p]sonifications ( light1 & law1 &       
b5ignant p[]1 ! ord]ly en]gies ( !      
univ]se4 ,betwe5 ! ,jotuns & ! ,asir !re
 is an implacable conte/4#b ,! ra9b[1   
,bifro/1 is a bridge lead+ f e>? up to !
 skyey dwell+ place ( ! ,asir2 & _!     
s5t9el1 ,heimdall1 ^: s5ses are s acute 

t he c he> ! grass spr+ 9 ! mead[s & !  
wool gr[ on ! backs ( ! %eep1 keeps     
incessant wat* ^u x4 ,_! *ief deity1 !  
fa!r ,zeus ( ! ,nor!rn pan!on1 0 ,od91 !
 god ( w>1 :o wak5$ ! _s ( battle by    
fl++ 8 spe> ov] ! heads ( ! p1 its      
inaudible hiss f heav5 be+ z ! song (   
,ate let loose on e>?4 ,next 9 rank 0   
,?or1 ! p]sonification ( ! explod+      
tempe/4 ,! cra%+ e*oes ( ! ?und] are 8  
*>iot :eels rattl+ ?r\gh ! cl\dy halls (
 ,?rudheim4 ,:5ev] ! lightn+ /rikes a   
cliff or an iceb]g1 !n ,?or has flung 8 
hamm]1 ,mjolnir1 at ,joton's head4  #a  
,vans ,k5n$y1 ,anci5t & ,h9du ,my?ology1
 pp4 #deb1 #dfc-dfd4  #b ,?orpe1 ,nor!rn
 ,my?ology1 vol4 ii4   ,bald] 0 ! god ( 
innoc5ce & g5tl5ess1 faire/1 k9de/1     
pure/ ( be+s4 ,light emanat$ f him1 &   
all ?+s lov$ him4 ,aft] ,*ri/ianity 0   
e/abli%$ 9 ! ,nor?1 ,jesus 0 call$ !    
,:ite ,*ri/1 or ! new ,bald]4 ,!        
appe>ance ( ,bald] amid/ ! fr5zi$ &     
bloody div9ities ( ! ,norse cre$ is     
beautiful z ! dew cool moon hang+ calmly

 ov] ! lurid /orm ( ,vesuvius4 ,he 0    
entitl$ ! ,b& 9 ! ,wrea? ( ! ,gods1     
because ) 8 fate t ( all ! re/ 0 b\nd   
up4 ,8 dea?1 om9\sly =etold f elde/     
antiquity1 w\ld be ! signal = ! ru9 ( ! 
univ]se4 ,asa ,loki 0 ! ,momus ,satan or
 ,devil ,buffoon ( ! ,sc&9avian         
my?ology1 ! half amus+1 half horrible   
embodim5t ( wit1 trea*]y1 & evil2 n[    
resid+ ) ! gods 9 heav51 n[ accompany+  
,?or on 8 frequ5t adv5tures1 n[ visit+ &
 plott+ ) 8 own ki? & k9 9 fro/y        
,jotunheim1 beyond ! e>? environ+ sea1  
or 9 livid ,helheim deep b5ea? ! doma9 (
 brea?+ humanity4#c  ,) a ,jotun woman1 
,ang]bode1 or ,mess5g] ( ,evil1 ,loki   
begets ?ree fell *ildr54 ,! fir/ is     
,f5ris1 a savage wolf1 s l>ge t no?+ b  
space c hold him4 ,! second is          
,jormung&ur1 :o1 ) 8 tail 9 8 m\?1 fills
 ! circuit ( ! ocean4 ,he is describ$ by
 ,sir ,walt] ,scott z  ,t great sea     
snake1 trem5d\s curl'd1 ,^: mon/r\s     
circle girds ! _w4  ,! ?ird is ,hela1 ! 
grim goddess ( dea?1 ^: f]oci\s aspect  

is half ( a pale blue & half ( a gha/ly 
:ite1 & ^: empire1 /ret*+ bel[ ! e>?    
?r\gh ,niflheim1 is full ( freez+ vapors
 & discom=table sights4 ,h] resid5ce is 
! spaci\s "u _w2 h] c\rt y>d1 fa9tness2 
h] ?re%old1 precipice2 h] door1 abyss2  
h] hall1 pa92 h] table1 hung]2 h] knife1
 />vation2 h] man s]vant1 delay2 h]     
h&maid1 sl[ness2 h] b$1 sickness2 h]    
pill[1 angui%2 & h] canopy1 curse4 ,/ill
 l[] ?an h] h\se is an abode yet m      
fe>ful & loa?some4 ,9 ,na/rond1 or /r& (
 corpses1 /&s a hall1 ! conception ( :i*
 is prodigi\sly awful & enorm\sly       
disgu/+4 ,x is plait$ ( s]p5ts' backs1  
wattl$ toge!r l wick] "w1 ^: heads turn 
inw>ds1 vomit+ poison4 ,9 ! lake ( v5om 
?us deposit$ )9 ^! imm5se wriggl+ walls 
( snakes ! wor/ ( ! damn$ wade & swim4  
,high up 9 ! sky is ,od9's hall1 !      
magnific5t ,valhalla1 or temple ( !     
sla94 ,! columns support+ its ceil+ are 
spe>s4 ,x is ro($ ) %ields1 & ! ornam5ts
 on its b5*es are coats ( mail4 ,!      
,valkyrs are ,od9's battle maids1 *oos]s

 ( h]oes = 8 banquet rooms4 ,) helmets  
on _! heads1 9 bloody h>ness1 m\nt$ on  
%ad[y /e$s1 surr\nd$ by meteoric        
lightn+s1 & wield+ flam+ swords1 !y hov]
 ov] ! conflict & po9t ! way to         
,valhalla to ! w>riors :o fall4 ,!      
valiant s\ls ?us receiv$ to ,od9's      
pres5ce are call$ ,e9h]i>1 or ! elect4  
,! ,valkyrs1 z :ite clad virg9s ) fl[+  
r+lets1 wait on !m 9 ! capacity ( cup   
be>]s4 ,ea* morn+1 at ! cr[+  #c        
,oehl5s*lag]1 ,gods ( ! ,nor?4 ,?is     
celebrat$ & brilliant poem1 ) ! copi\s  
notes 9 ,frye's translation1 af=ds !    
,engli% read] a full conception ( !     
,norse pan!on & its sali5t adv5tures4   
( a huge gold comb$ cock1 ! well arm$   
,e9h]i> ru% ?r\gh ,valhalla's five      
hundr$ & =ty doors into a great c\rt    
y>d1 & pass ! day 9 m]ciless fight+4    
,h[ev] pi]c$ & hewn 9 pieces 9 ^! fe>ful
 enc\nt]s1 at ev5+ e w\nd is heal$1 & !y
 return into ! hall :ole1 & are seat$1  
accord+ to _! exploits1 at a luxuri\s   
fea/4 ,! p]5nial bo> ,sehrimnir1        

delici\sly cook$ by ,&rimnir1 ?\gh      
dev\r$ e night1 is :ole aga9 e morn+ &  
ready to be s]v$ anew4 ,! two highe/    
joys ^! t]rible b]s]k]s & vik+s knew on 
e>? compos$ _! exp]i5ce 9 heav53 namely1
 a battle by day & a fea/ by night4 ,x  
is a vulg> error1 long preval5t1 t !    
,valhalla h]oes dr9k out ( ! skulls ( _!
 enemies4 ,?is notion1 ?\gh (t5 refut$1 
/ill l+]s 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,x arose f !  
false translation ( a phrase 9 ! dea?   
song ( ,ragn> ,lodbrok1 ! fam\s sea k+1 
,soon %all we dr9k f ! curv$ trees ( !  
head1 :i*1 z a figure = ! usual dr9k+   
horns1 0 errone\sly r5d]$ by ,olaus     
,wormius1 ,soon %all we dr9k f ! holl[  
cups ( skulls4 ,x is n ! heads ( m51 b !
 horns ( bea/s1 f :i* ! ,e9h]i> quaff   
,heidrun's mead4#d  ,no wom5 be+ ev]    
m5tion$ z ga9+ admission to ,valhalla or
 jo9+ 9 ! joys ( ! ,e9h]i>1 "s writ]s h 
affirm$ t1 accord+ to ! ,sc&9avian fai?1
 wom5 _h no immortal s\ls1 or1 at all   
ev5ts1 7 exclud$ f heav54 ,! *>ge is z  
baseless 9 ?is in/ance z :5 br\ght aga9/

 ,mohamm$anism4 ,valhalla 0 ! exclusive 
abode ( ! mo/ d>+ *ampions2 b ,valhalla 
0 n ! :ole ( heav54 ,v+olf1 ! ,hall (   
,fri5ds1 /ood beside ! ,hall ( ! ,sla91 
& 0 ! assembl+ place ( ! goddesses4#e   
,!re1 9 ! palace ( ,freya1 ! s\ls (     
noble wom5 7 receiv$ aft] dea?4 ,! eld] 
,edda says t ,?or guid$ ,roska1 a swift 
foot$ peasant girl :o _h att5d$ him z a 
s]vant on v>i\s excursions1 to ,freya's 
b[]1 :]e %e 0 welcom$1 & :]e %e rema9$  
=ev]4 ,! virg9 goddess ,gefjone1 !      
,nor!rn ,diana1 also _h a resid5ce 9    
heav51 & all :o di$ maid5s repair$      
?i!r4#f ,! pres5ce ( virg9 ?rongs )     
,gefjone1 & ! society ( noble matrons 9 
,v+olf1 %$ a t5d] gleam across ! c>nage 
& c>\sal ( ,valhalla4 ,m is said ( !    
latt] ! =m] is sc>cely visible to u n[  
because ! only record we h ( ! ,norse   
fai? is t conta9$ 9 ! fragm5t>y /ra9s ( 
f]oci\s ,skalds1 :o sang *iefly to      
w>riors1 & ! /aple matt] ( ^: songs 0   
feats ( m>tial pr[ess or ent]ta9+       
my?ological /ories4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is  

above ! heav5 ( ! ,asir a yet high]     
heav51 ! abode ( ! f> remov$ &          
inscrutable be+1 ! r>ely nam$ ,omnipot5t
 ,"o1 ! true ,all ,fa!r1 :o is at la/ to
 come =? above ! ru9s ( ! univ]se to    
judge & s5t5ce all creatures & to       
rebuild a bett] _w4 ,9 ?is highe/ region
 t[]s ! imp]i%able gold ro($ hall1      
,gimle1 bright] ?an ! sun4 ,!re is no   
h9t any:]e 9 ! ,skaldic /ra9s t good    
wom5 are repuls$ f ?is dwell+4  ,accord+
 to ! rude morality ( ! p & ! "t1 !     
contra/$ conditions ( admission to !    
upp] p>adise or condemnation to !       
inf]nal realm 7 ! admir$  #d ,pigott1   
,manual ( ,sc&9avian ,my?ology1 p4 #fe4 
#e ,keys]1 ,religion ( ! ,nor?m51 trans4
 by ,p5nock1 p4 #adi4  #f ,pigott1 p4   
#bde4   virtues ( /r5g?1 op5 h&$        
frankness1 reckless audacity1 or ! hat$ 
vices ( feebl5ess1 c[>dice1 deceit1     
humility4 ,^? :o h won fame by puissant 
feats & :o die 9 battle are snat*$ by ! 
,valkyrs f ! sod to ,valhalla4 ,to die 9
 arms is to be *os5 ( ,od91  ,9 ^: hall 

( gold ,! /eel clad gho/s _! wont$      
orgies hold4 ,"s taunt+ je/ begets ! w> 
( words3 ,9 clamor\s fray !y grasp _!   
gleamy swords1 ,&1 z ^u ! e>?1 ) fi]ce  
delight ,by turns r5ew ! banquet & !    
fight4  ,all1 on ! contr>y1 :o1 aft]    
lives ( ignoble labor or despicable     
ease1 die ( sickness1 s9k f _! b$s to ! 
dismal h\se ( ,hela4 ,9 ?is gigantic    
vault$ cav]n ! air smells l a newly     
/irr$ grave2 damp fogs rise1 holl[ sighs
 are he>d1 ! only light comes f fun]al  
tap]s held by skeletons2 ! hide\s que51 
:om ,?or eulogizes z ! ,sc\rg] ( ,c[>ds1
 sits on a ?rone ( skulls1 & sways a    
sceptre1 made ( a dead man's bone blea*$
 9 ! moonlight1 ov] a c\ntless multitude
 ( %iv]+ gho/s4#g ,b ! ,norse morali/s  
plunge to a yet d>k] doom ^? guilty (   
p]jury1 murd]1 or adult]y4 ,9 ,na/rond's
 grisly hail1 :i* is %ap$ ( s]p5ts'     
sp9es1 & ?r\gh ^: loop holes drops (    
poison drip1 :]e no sunlight ev] rea*es1
 !y welt] 9 a v5om sea & are gnaw$ by ! 
dragon ,nidhogg4#h ,9 a ^w1 :at to !    

crude moral s5se ( ! m>tial ,go? seem$  
piety1 virtue1 l$ to heav52 :at seem$   
blasphemy1 bas5ess1 l$ to hell4  ,! long
 w> betwe5 good & evil1 light & d>kness1
 ord] & discord1 ! ,asir & ! ,jotuns1 0 
at la/ to rea* a fatal crisis & end 9 "o
 univ]sal battle1 call$ ,ragn>okur1 or !
 ,twilight ( ! ,gods1 ^: result w\ld be 
! total de/ruction ( ! pres5t creation4 
,port5t\s inkl+s ( ?is dread enc\nt] 7  
abroad among all be+s4 ,a %udd]+        
anticipation ( x sat 9 a l[]+ fr[n (    
%ad[ on ! br[s ( ! deities4 ,9          
prep>ation = ,ragn>okur1 bo? p>ties     
anxi\sly secur$ all ! allies !y c\ld4   
,od9 !re=e joy\sly welcomes e valiant   
w>rior to ,valhalla1 z a recruit = 8    
ho/s on t day :5 ,f5ris %all break      
loose4 ,:5 ,hakon ,j>l fell1 ! ,valkyrs 
%\t$1 ,n[ does ! =ce ( ! gods gr[ /rong]
 :5 !y h br\ght ,hakon to _! home4 ,a   
,skald makes ,od9 say1 on ! dea? ( ,k+  
,eirilc ,blood ,axe1 z an excuse =      
p]mitt+ su* a h]o to be sla91 ,our lot  
is unc]ta93 ! gray wolf gazes on ! ho/ (

 ! gods2 t is1 we %all ne$ help at      
,ragn>okur4 ,b z all ! brave &          
magnanim\s *ampions receiv$ to ,valhalla
 7 enli/$ on ! side ( ! ,asir1 s all !  
mis]able c[>ds1 invalids1 & wret*es     
doom$ to ,hela's h\se w\ld fight = !    
,jotuns4 ,f day to day ! oppos$ armies1 
above & bel[1 increase 9 numb]s4 ,"s gr[
 impati5t1 "s tremble4 ,:5 ,bald] dies1 
& ! %ip ,nagelfra is complet$1 ! h\r (  
inf9ite susp5se w /rike4 ,nagelfra is a 
vessel = ! conveyance ( ! ho/s ( fro/   
giants to ! battle4 ,x is to be built ( 
dead m5's nails3 !re=e no "o %\ld die ) 
unpair$ nails1 = if he does he  #g      
,pigott1 pp4 #acg1 #ach4  #h ,!         
,voluspa1 /rophes #cd1 #ce4   furni%es  
mat]ials = ! con/ruction ( t %ip :i* m5 
& gods wi% to h f9i%$ z late z          
possible4#i  ,at l5g? ,loki trea*]\sly  
compasses ! murd] ( ,bald]4 ,! frightful
 =ebod+ :i* at once flies ?r\gh all     
he>ts f9ds voice 9 ! d>k ,rav5 ,song (  
,od94 ,hav+ *ant$ ?is obscure wail 9    
heav51 he m\nts 8 horse & rides d[n !   

bridge to ,helheim4 ,) resi/less        
incantations he raises f ! grave1 :]e %e
 has be5 int]r$ = ages1 wrapt 9 sn[s1   
wet ) ! ra9s & ! dews1 an ag$ vala or   
prophetess1 & =ces h] to answ] 8        
que/ions4 ,) appall+ replies he returns 
home1 gallop+ up ! sky4 ,& n[ ! crack ( 
doom is at h&4 ,heimdall hurries up &   
d[n ! bridge ,bifro/1 bl[+ 8 horn till  
its r\s+ bla/s e*o ?r\gh ! univ]se4 ,!  
wolf ,skoll1 f ^: pursuit ! fright5$ sun
 has fl$ r\nd ! heav5s s9ce ! fir/ dawn1
 ov]takes & dev\rs 8 bright prey4       
,nagelfra1 ) ! ,jotun ho/s on bo>d1     
sails swiftly f ,utg>d4 ,loki advances  
at ! head ( ! troops ( ,hela4 ,f5ris    
snaps 8 *a9 & ru%es =? ) jaws s ext5d$ t
 ! upp] t\*es ! firmam5t1 :ile ! "u re/s
 on ! e>?2 & he w\ld op5 !m wid] if !re 
7 room4 ,jormung&ur wri!s 8 entire l5g? 
ar\nd ,midg>d1 &1 lift+ 8 head1 bl[s    
v5om ov] air & sea4 ,sudd5ly1 9 ! s\?1  
heav5 cleaves asund]1 & ?r\gh ! brea* ! 
sons ( ,muspel1 ! flame g5ii1 ride out  
on horseback ) ,surtur at _! head1 8    

sword outfla%+ ! sun4 ,n[ ,od9 leads    
=w>d ! ,asir & ! ,e9h]i>1 & on ! pr$e/9$
 pla9 ( ,vigrid ! /rife comm5ces4       
,heimdall & ,loki mutually slay ea* o!r4
 ,?or kills ,jormung&ur2 b z ! mon/]    
expires he bel*es a flood ( v5om1 "u :i*
 ! mat*less ?und] god /agg]s & falls    
dead4 ,f5ris swall[s ,od91 b is in/antly
 r5t 9 twa9 by ,vid>1 ! /rong sil5t "o1 
,od9's dumb son1 :o well av5ges 8 fa!r  
on ! wolf by splitt+ ! jaws t dev\r$    
him4 ,!n ,surtur sl+s fire abroad1 & !  
reek rises ar\nd all ?+s4 ,iggdrasill1 !
 great ,a% ,tree ( ,exi/5ce1 tott]s1 b  
/&s4 ,all bel[ p]i%es4 ,f9ally1 !       
unnamable ,mighty ,"o appe>s1 to judge !
 good & ! bad4 ,! =m] hie f fad+        
,valhalla to et]nal ,gimle1 :]e all joy 
is to be !irs =ev]2 ! latt] are /orm$   
d[n f ,hela to ,na/rond1 !re1 "u curdl+ 
mi/s1 9 a snaky m>% ^: waves freeze     
black & ?aw 9 blood1 to be sc>$ =ev]1 = 
puni%m5t1 ) t]rors ev] new4 ,all /rife  
vani%es 9 endless peace4 ,by ! p[] (    
,all ,fa!r1 a new e>?1 gre5 & fair1     

%oots up f ! sea1 to be inhabit$ by a   
new race ( m5 free f sorr[4 ,! f\l1     
spott$ dragon ,nidhogg flies ov] !      
pla9s1 be>+ corpses & ,dea? itself away 
^u 8 w+s1 & s9ks out ( sight4#aj  ,x has
 g5]ally be5 ass]t$1 9 consonance ) !   
=ego+ view1 t ! ,sc&9avians believ$ t ! 
good & ! bad1 respectively 9 ,gimle &   
,na/rond1 w\ld exp]i5ce ev]la/+ rew>ds &
 puni%m5ts4 ,b ,blackwell1 ! rec5t      
editor ( ,p]cy's translation ( ,mallet's
 ,nor!rn ,antiquities z publi%$ 9       
,bohn's ,antiqu>ian ,libr>y1 argues )   
great =ce aga9/ ! correctness ( !       
ass]tion4#aa ,! po9t is  #i ,grimm1     
,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 s4 #gge1 note4  #aj
 ,keys]1 ,religion ( ! ,nor?m51 "p i4 *4
 vi4  #aa ,pp4 #dig-ejc4   dubi\s2 b x  
is ( no great importance1 s9ce we "k t !
 _s & l>ge outl9es ( _! fai? h be5      
reliably set =?4 ,t fai?1 ris+ f !      
impetu\s blood & rude m9d ( ! m>tial    
race ( ! ,nor?1 ga!r+ wond]ful          
embelli%m5ts f ! gl[+ imag9ation ( !    
,skalds1 react+1 d\bly n\ri%$ ! fi]ce   

valor & f]vid fancy f :i* x sprang4 ,x  
drove ! dragon pr[s ( ! ,vik+s m>aud+   
ov] ! seas4 ,x roll$ ! ,go?s' conqu]+   
squadrons across ! nations1 f ! %ores ( 
,f9l& & ,skag] ,rack to ! foot ( !      
,pyr5ees & ! gates ( ,rome4 ,! v f]ocity
 ) :i* x blaz$ consum$ itself1 & !      
conque/ ( ! flick]+ fai? by ,*ri/ianity 
0 easy4 ,dur+ ! dom9ion ( ?is religion1 
! e>ne/ s9c]ity ) :i* its disciples     
receiv$ x appe>s alike f ! fe>ful       
ent]prises x prompt$ !m to1 ! iron      
h>dihood & immeasurable contempt ( dea? 
x inspir$ 9 !m1 & ! sup]/iti\s          
obs]vances :i*1 ) pa9s & exp5ses1 !y    
scrupul\sly kept4 ,!y buri$1 ) ! dead1  
gold1 useful implem5ts1 ornam5ts1 t !y  
might desc5d1 furni%$ & %9+1 to ! halls 
( ,hela4 ,) a *iefta9 !y buri$ a pomp\s 
horse & spl5did armor1 t he might ride l
 a w>rior into ,valhalla4 ,! true       
,sc&9avian1 by age or sickness depriv$ (
 dy+ 9 battle1 ran himself ?r\gh1 or    
flung himself f a precipice1 9 ?is mann]
 to make am5ds = n expir+ 9 arm$ /rife1 

if haply ?us he might snat* a late seat 
among ! ,e9h]i>4 ,) ! same motive ! dy+ 
sea k+ _h himself laid on 8 %ip1 alone1 
& laun*$ away1 ) out /ret*$ sails1 ) a  
sl[ fire 9 ! hold1 :i*1 :5 he 0 fairly  
out at sea1 %\ld flame up &1 z ,c>lyle  
says1 wor?ily bury ! old h]o at once 9 !
 sky & 9 ! ocean4 ,surely !n1 if ev]1 ! 
k+dom ( heav5 suff]$ viol5ce1 & ! viol5t
 took x by =ce4  ,,*apt] ,,iv4          
,,etruscan ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future    
,,life4  ,,al?\gh ! liv+ =m & writt5    
annals ( ,etruria p]i%$ ?\s&s ( ye>s    
ago1 & al?\gh b slight ref]5ces to h]   
affairs h come d[n to u 9 ! docum5ts (  
contempor>y nations1 yet1 ?r\gh a       
comp>atively rec5t acquisition ( facts1 
we h q a di/9ct & satisfactory k ( h]   
condition & exp]i5ce :5 h] p[] 0        
palmie/4 ,we foll[ ! anci5t ,etruscans f
 ! cradle to ! tomb1 p]ceiv+ _! v>i\s   
national co/umes1 peculi> physiognomies1
 names & relation%ips1 h\ses1 furniture1
 ranks1 avocations1 games1 dy+ sc5es1   
burial processions1 & fun]al fe/ivals4  

,&1 fur!r ?an ?is1 we foll[ _! s\ls into
 ! _w to come1 behold !m 9 ! h&s ( good 
or evil spirits1 br\ght to judgm5t & !n 
aw>d$ _! des]ts ( bliss or woe4 ,?is k  
has be5 d]iv$ f _! sepul*res1 :i* /ill  
resi/ ! corrod+ h& ( ,"t :5 ne>ly e ?+  
else ,etruscan has m+l$ ) ! gr\nd4#a ,!y
 hew$ _! tombs 9 ! liv+ rock ( cliffs & 
hills1 or re>$ !m ( massive masonry4 ,!y
 pa9t$ or c>v$ ! walls ) descriptive &  
symbolic sc5es1 & cr[d$ _! int]iors )   
s>cophagi1 c9]>y urns1 vases1 goblets1  
mirrors1 & a ?\s& o!r articles cov]$ )  
pa9t+s & sculptures ri* 9 in=mation ( _!
 au?ors4 ,f a /udy ( ^! ?+s1 lately     
dis9t]r$ 9 imm5se quantities1 has be5   
con/ruct$1 = ! mo/ "p1 our pres5t       
acqua9tance ) ?is anci5t p4 ,/range t1  
:5 ! :ole sc5e ( life has pass$ away1 a 
sepul*ral _w %\ld survive & op5 itself  
to reveal ! pa/ & in/ruct ! future6 ,we 
seem to see1 ris+ f h] tombs1 & mov+    
solemnly among ! m\nds :]e all %e knew  
or c>$ = has = s _m ages be5 inurn$1 !  
gho/ ( a mighty p4 ,) deject$ air %e    

leans on a ru9$ temple & muses2 & h]    
%ad[y te>s fall sil5tly ov] :at 0 & is  
n4  ,! ,etruscans 7 accu/om$ to bury _! 
deceas$ outside _! walls2 & sometimes ! 
city ( ! liv+ 0 ?us surr\nd$ by a f>    
rea*+ city ( ! dead4 ,at ?is day !      
decay+ fronts ( ! h\ses ( ! dep>t$1 =   
miles ^u miles along ! road1 admoni% !  
liv+ travell]4 ,^! /one hewn sepul*res  
cr[d ne>ly e hill & gl54 ,:ole acres (  
!m are also f\nd ^u ! pla9s1 cov]$ by   
sev]al feet ( e>?1 :]e e spr+ ! pl\gh   
passes ov] !m1 & e autumn ! h>ve/ waves2
 b ! du/ b5ea? reposes well1 & kn[s no?+
 ( ?is4  ,"t buries graves4 ,h[ /range6 
a buri$ grave6 ,dea? _c f m dea? its own
 dead empire save4  ,! h\ses ( ! dead 7 
built 9 imitation ( ! h\ses ( ! liv+1   
only on a small] scale2 & ! int]ior     
arrangem5ts 7 s closely copi$ t x is    
said ! resemblance held 9 all b ! light 
( day & ! s\nd & motion ( life4 ,!      
images  #a ,mrs4 ,gray1 ,sepul*res (    
,etruria4   pa9t$ or et*$ on ! urns &   
s>cophagi t fill ! sepul*res 7 portraits

 ( ! deceas$1 accurate lik5esses1 v>y+ )
 age1 sex1 features1 & expression4 ,^!  
p]sonal portraits 7 tak5 & laid up "h1  
d\btless1 to pres]ve _! remembrance :5 !
 orig9al _h crumbl$ to a%es4 ,:at a t\*+
 voice is ?is f antiquity1 tell+ u t our
 poor1 fond human nature 0 ev] ! same6  
,! he>t long$ to be kept /ill 9         
remembrance :5 ! mortal frame 0 gone4 ,b
 h[ va9 ! wi% beyond ! vani%+ circle (  
he>ts t return$ its love6 ,=1 z we w&]  
?r\gh ^? sepul*res n[1 ?\s&s ( faces ?us
 pres]v$ look d[n ^u u ) a mute plea1 :5
 e ve/ige ( _! names & *>act]s is =ev]  
lo/1 & _! v du/ scatt]$ long ago4       
,along ! sides ( ! burial *amb] 7 rang$ 
massive /one %elves1 or sometimes b5*es1
 or tables1 ^u :i* ! dead 7 laid 9 a    
recl9+ po/ure1 to sleep _! long sleep4  
,x (t5 happ5s t on ^! rocky bi]s lie !  
helmet1 brea/plate1 greaves1 signet r+1 
& weapons1 or1 if x be a female1 !      
necklace1 e> r+s1 bracelet1 & o!r       
ornam5ts1 ea* 9 its relative place1 :5 !
 body !y once encas$ or adorn$ has n    

left a s+le fragm5t beh9d4 ,an antiqu>y 
once1 digg+ = discov]ies1 *anc$ to break
 ?r\gh ! ceil+ ( a tomb4 ,he look$ 92 & 
!re1 to quote 8 own words1 ,i beheld a  
w>rior /ret*$ on a c\* ( rock1 & 9 a few
 m9utes ,i saw him vani% "u my eyes2 =1 
z ! air ent]$ ! cemet]y1 ! armor1       
?or\ghly oxydiz$1 crumbl$ away into mo/ 
m9ute p>ticles1 & 9 a %ort "t sc>cely a 
trace ( :at ,i _h se5 0 left on ! c\*4  
,x is impossible to express ! effect ?is
 sight produc$ ^u me4  ,an important    
elem5t 9 ! religion ( ,etruria 0 !      
doctr9e ( ,g5ii1 a sy/em ( h\sehold     
deities :o wat*$ ov] ! =tunes (         
individuals & families1 & :o are        
cont9ually %[n on ! engrav+s 9 !        
sepul*res z guid+1 or actively int]e/$  
91 all ! incid5ts t happ5 to ^? "u _!   
c>e4 ,x 0 suppos$ t e p]son _h two g5ii 
allott$ to him1 "o incit+ him to good   
de$s1 ! o!r to bad1 & bo? accompany+ him
 aft] dea? to ! judgm5t to give 9 _!    
te/imony & turn ! scales ( 8 fate4 ,?is 
belief1 s9c]ely held1 w\ld obvi\sly     

wield a p[]ful influ5ce ov] _! feel+s 9 
! conduct ( life4  ,! doctr9e conc]n+ ! 
gods t prevail$ 9 ?is anci5t nation is  
le>n$ p>tly f ! classic au?ors1 p>tly f 
sepul*ral monum5tal rema9s4 ,x 0 some:at
 alli$ to t ( ,egypt1 b mu* m to t (    
,rome1 :o inde$ d]iv$ a consid]able     
portion ( h] my?ology f ?is s\rce4 ,z 9 
o!r pagan c\ntries1 a multitude (       
deities 7 wor%ipp$ "h1 ea* hav+ 8       
peculi> (fice1 =m ( repres5tation1 &    
cycle ( traditions4 ,x w\ld be useless  
to specify all4#b ,! goddess ( ,fate 0  
pictur$ ) w+s1 %[+ h] swiftness1 & ) a  
hamm] & nail1 to typify t h] decrees 7  
unalt]ably fix$4 ,! "n ( ! supreme god 0
 ,t9ia4 ,he 0 ! c5tral p[] ( ! _w (     
div9ities1 & 0 always repres5t$1 l      
,jupit] ,tonans1 ) a ?und]bolt 9 8 h&4  
,!re 7 twelve great cons5t+ gods1       
compos+ ! c\ncil ( ,t9ia1 & call$ ,!    
,s5ators ( ,heav54 ,!y 7 pitiless be+s1 
dwell+ 9 ! inmo/ recesses  #b ,mull]1   
,die ,etrusk]1 bu* iii4 kap4 iv4 sects4 
#g-ad4   ( heav51 ^: names x 0 n lawful 

to pron\nce4 ,yet !y 7 n deem$ et]nal1 b
 7 suppos$ to rise & fall toge!r4 ,!re 0
 ano!r class1 call$ ,! ,%r\d$ ,gods1    
/ill m awful1 pot5t1 & my/]i\s1 rul+ all
 ?+s1 & mu* l ! inscrutable ,necessity t
 fill$ ! d>k backgr\nd ( ! old ,greek   
religion4 ,la/1 b mo/ fe>$ & mo/ prom95t
 9 ! ,etruscan m9d1 7 ! rul]s ( ! l[]   
regions1 ,mantus & ,mania1 ! k+ & que5 (
 ! "u _w4 ,mantus 0 figur$ z an old man1
 we>+ a cr[n1 ) w+s at 8 %\ld]s1 & a    
tor* rev]s$ 9 8 h&4 ,mania 0 a fe>ful   
p]sonage1 frequ5tly propitiat$ ) human  
sacrifices4 ,macrobius says boys 7 (f]$ 
up at h] annual fe/ival = a long "t1    
till ! heads ( onions & poppies 7       
sub/itut$4#c ,intimately connect$ ) ^!  
div9ities 0 ,*>un1 _! *ief m9i/]1 !     
conductor ( s\ls into ! realm ( !       
future1 ^: dread image1 hide\s z !      
imag9ation c\ld conceive1 is con/antly  
introduc$ 9 ! sepul*ral pictures1 & :o )
 8 att5dant demons well illu/rates !    
t]rible "* ( ! sup]/ition :i* fir/      
creat$1 !n deifi$1 & !n trembl$ be=e    

him4 ,:o c become acqua9t$ ) su* horrors
 z ^! )\t draw+ a fre] brea?1 & feel+ a 
deep] gratitude to ,god1 z he rememb]s  
h[1 = _m c5turies n[1 ! religion ( love 
has be5 r$eem+ man f subt]ranean        
d>kness1 hatr$1 & fright1 to ! happ9ess 
& peace ( good w & tru/ 9 ! sweet1      
sunlit air ( day6  ,t a belief 9 a      
future exi/5ce =m$ a prom95t & controll+
 feature 9 ! cre$ ( ! ,etruscans#d is   
abundantly %[n by ! cont5ts ( _! tombs4 
,!y w\ld nev] h produc$ & pres]v$       
pa9t+s1 trac+s1 types1 ( su* a "* & 9   
su* quantities1 _h n ! doctr9es !y %ad[ 
=? possess$ a rul+ hold ^u _! hopes &   
fe>s4 ,! symbolic repres5tations        
connect$ ) ?is subject may be arrang$ 9 
sev]al classes4 ,fir/1 !re is an        
innum]able v>iety ( dea? b$ sc5es1 _m ( 
!m ( ! mo/ t\*+ & pa!tic "*1 su* z      
witnesses say c sc>cely be look$ ^u )\t 
te>s1 o!rs ( ! mo/ appall+ nature1 %[+  
p]fect ab&onm5t to fright1 screams1     
sobb+1 & despair4 ,! la/ h\r is describ$
 "u all circum/ances1 com+ to all sorts 

( p]sons1 pr9ce1 prie/1 peasant1 man1   
"m1 & *ild4 ,patri>*s are dy+ surr\nd$  
by gr\ps 9 e po/ure ( grief2 fri5ds are 
wav+ a m\rnful f>ewell to _! weep+      
lov]s2 wives are torn f ! embrace ( _!  
husb&s2 "s seem resign$ & will+ly go+1  
o!rs reluctant & driv5 9 t]ror4  ,! next
 s]ies ( engrav+s conta9 descriptions & 
emblems ( ! dep>ture ( ! s\l f ?is _w1 &
 ( its passage into ! next4 ,!re are    
v>i\s symbols ( ?is my/]i\s transition3 
"o is a snake ) a boy rid+ ^u its back1 
its amphibi\s nature pla9ly typify+ !   
tw(old exi/5ce allott$ to man4 ,! s\l is
 also (t5 %[n muffl$ 9 a veil & travell+
 g>b1 seat$ ^u a horse1 & foll[$ by a   
slave c>ry+ a l>ge sack ( provisions1 an
 emblem ( ! long & dre>y j\rney ab\t to 
be tak54 ,horses are depict$ h>ness$ to 
c>s 9 :i* disembodi$ spirits are seat$1 
a tok5 ( ! swift ride  #c ,saturnal4    
lib4 i4 cap4 #g4  #d ,d5nis1 ,cities &  
,cemet]ies ( ,etruria1 *4 xii4   ( !    
dead to _! doom4 ,sometimes ! s\l is    
g5tly invit$1 or l$1 by a good _s1      

sometimes beat51 or dragg$ away1 by !   
squalid & savage ,*>un1 ! horrible dea? 
k+1 or "o ( 8 m9i/]s2 sometimes a good &
 an evil _s are se5 cont5d+ = ! s\l2    
sometimes ! s\l is se51 on its knees1   
besee*+ ! aid ( its good g5ius & grasp+ 
at 8 dep>t+ w+1 z1 ) av]t$ face1 he is  
retir+2 & sometimes ! good & ! evil     
spirits are lead+ x away toge!r1 to     
abide ! s5t5ce ( ! tribunal ( ,mantus4  
,:ole companies ( s\ls are also set =?  
m>*+ 9 procession1 "u ! guidance ( a w+$
 g5ius1 to _! subt]ranean abode4        
,f9ally1 !re is a class ( repres5tations
 depict+ ! ultimate fate ( s\ls aft]    
judgm5t has be5 pass$4 ,"s are %[n seat$
 at banquet1 9 full enjoym5t1 accord+ to
 _! ideas ( bliss4 ,"s are %[n und]go+  
puni%m5t1 beat5 ) hamm]s1 /abb$ & torn  
by black demons4 ,!re are no pro(s t !  
,etruscans believ$ 9 ! translation ( any
 s\l to ! abode ( ! gods above ! sky1 no
 signs ( any pa? ris+ to ! sup]nal      
heav52 b !y cle>ly expect$ j            
discrim9ations to be made 9 ! "u _w4    

,into t realm _m gates are %[n lead+1 "s
 ( !m peaceful1 invit+1 surr\nd$ by     
app>5t emblems ( deliv]ance1 re/1 &     
bless$ness2 o!rs yawn+1 t]rific1 engirt 
by ! heads ( gna%+ bea/s & furies       
?reat5+ _! victim4  ,%[n is ! progress (
 ! guilty s\l ,f e>?'s worn ?re%old to !
 ?rone ( doom2 ,"h ! black g5ius to !   
dismal goal ,drags ! wan spectre f !    
un%elt]+ tomb1 ,:ile f ! side x nev] m  
may w>n ,! bett] angel1 sorr[+1 flees   
=lorn4 ,!re 7clos$ ! eigh?7 sev5 yawn+  
gates reveal ,! sev5fold angui% t awaits
 ! lo/4 ,clos$ ! eigh? gate1 = !re !    
happy dwell4 ,no glimpse ( joy beyond   
makes horror less4  ,9 ^! l9es1 f       
,bulw]'s le>n$ & ornate epic ( ,k+      
,ar?ur1 ! dire sev]ity ( ! ,etruscan    
doctr9e ( a future life is well         
indicat$1 ) ! local imag]y ( "s p>ts (  
x1 & ! imp5etrable obscurity :i* enwraps
 ! great sequel4  ,,*apt] ,v4           
,,egyptian ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future    
,,life4  ,,9 attempt+ to und]/& !       
conceptions ( ! anci5t inhabitants (    

,egypt on ! subject ( a future life1 we 
are fir/ met by ! inquiry :y !y took su*
 great pa9s to pres]ve ! bodies ( _!    
dead4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t no common    
motive c\ld h animat$ !m to su* lavi%   
exp5diture ( money1 "t1 & labor z !     
process ( embalm+ requir$4 ,x has be5   
tak5 = grant$ t only "s recondite       
!ological consid]ation c\ld expla9 ?is  
ph5om5on4 ,accord+ly1 x is n[ ! popul>  
belief t ! ,egyptians 7 s scrupul\s 9   
embalm+ _! dead & /or+ !m 9 repositories
 ( et]nal /one1 because !y believ$ t !  
dep>t$ s\ls w\ld at "s future "t come   
back & revivify _! =m] bodies1 if ^! 7  
kept f decay4 ,?is hypo!sis seems to u z
 false z x is gratuit\s4 ,9 ! fir/      
place1 !re is no evid5ce ( x :atev]1    
nei!r writt5 te/imony nor circum/antial 
h9t4 ,h]odotus tells u1 ,! ,egyptians   
say ! s\l1 on ! dissolution ( ! body1   
always ent]s into "s o!r animal !n born1
 &1 hav+ pass$ 9 rotation ?r\gh ! v>i\s 
t]re/rial1 aquatic1 & arial be+s1 aga9  
ent]s ! body ( a man !n born4#a ,!re is 

no ass]tion t1 at ! end ( ! ?ree ?\s&   
ye>s occupi$ by ?is circuit1 ! s\l w re 
ent] its =m] body4 ,! pla9 inf]5ce1 on !
 contr>y1 is t x w be born 9 a new body1
 z at ea* prec$+ /ep 9 ! s]ies ( its    
transmigrations4 ,secondly1 ! mutilation
 ( ! body 9 embalm+ =bids ! belief 9 its
 re/oration to life4 ,! bra9 0 extract$1
 & ! skull /uff$ ) cotton4 ,! entrails 7
 tak5 out1 & sometimes1 accord+ to      
,porphyry#b & ,plut>*1#c ?r[n into !    
,nile2 sometimes1 z mod]n exam9ations h 
reveal$1 b\nd up 9 f\r packages & ei!r  
replac$ 9 ! cavity ( ! /oma* or laid 9  
f\r vases beside ! mummy4 ,x is absurd  
to attribute1 )\t cle> cause1 to an     
enlight5$ p ! belief t ^! /acks (       
bra9less1 evisc]at$ mummies1 dri$ &     
%runk5 9 ov5s1 coat$ ) pit*1 b\nd up 9 a
 hundr$fold b&ages1 w\ld ev] revive1 &1 
inhabit$ by ! same s\ls t fl$ !m ?irty  
c5turies be=e1 aga9 walk ! /reets (     
,!bes6 ,besides1 a ?ird consid]ation    
dem&s notice4 ,by ! !ory ( metempsy*osis
 univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to h be5 held by !

 ,egyptians x is taught t s\ls at dea?1 
ei!r imm$iately1 or aft] a tempor>y     
soj\rn 9 hell or heav5 has /ruck !      
balance ( _! m]its1 are born 9 fre%     
bodies2 nev] t !y return into _! old    
ones4 ,b ! po9t is set beyond controv]sy
 by ! discov]y ( inscriptions1          
accompany+ pictures ( sc5es illu/rat+ ! 
felicity ( bless$ s\ls 9 heav51 to ?is  
effect3 ,_! bodies %all repose 9 _!     
tombs =ev]2 !y live 9 ! cele/ial regions
 et]nally1 enjoy+ ! pres5ce ( ! ,supreme
 ,god4 #d ,a writ] on ?is subject says1 
,a p :o believ$ 9 ! transmigration  #a  
,h]od4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #abc4  #b ,de      
,ab/95tia1 lib4 iv4 cap4 #aj4  #c       
,banquet ( ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m54  #d       
,*ampollion1 ,descr4 de l',egypte1      
,antiq4 tom ii4 p4 #acb4 ,/u>t's ,trans4
 ( ,greppo's ,essay1 p4 #bfb4   ( s\ls  
w\ld naturally take extraord9>y pa9s to 
pres]ve ! body f putrefaction1 9 ! hope 
( ! s\l aga9 jo9+ ! body x _h quitt$4 ,!
 rem>k is intr9sically untrue1 because !
 doctr9e ( transmigration coexi/s 9     

reconcil$ belief ) ! obs]v$ law ( bir?1 
infancy1 & gr[?1 n ) ! miracle (        
transition into reviv+ corpses4 ,!      
notion is likewise hi/orically refut$ by
 ! fact t ! believ]s ( t doctr9e 9 !    
?rong$ ,ea/ h nev] pres]v$ ! body1 b at 
once buri$ or burn$ x4 ,! :ole ,egyptian
 !ology is mu* m closely alli$ to !     
,h9du1 :i* exclud$1 ?an to ! ,p]sian1   
:i* emphasiz$1 ! resurrection ( ! body4 
,ano!r !ory :i* has be5 devis$ to expla9
 ! purpose ( ,egyptian embalm+1 is t x 0
 to unite ! s\l p]man5tly to its body1 &
 keep ! vital pr9ciple f p]i%+ or       
transmigrat+2 ! body & s\l ran toge!r   
?r\gh ! j\rney ( ! dead & its dread     
ordeal4 #e ,?is arbitr>y guess is       
incr$ible4 ,! pres]vation ( ! body does 
n appe> 9 any way n ev5 to ! rawe/ fancy
 to deta9 or unite ! s\l ) x2 = ! ?\ght 
is unavoidable t x is precisely ! abs5ce
 ( ! s\l :i* con/itutes dea?4 ,aga93 su*
 an explanation ( ! motive = embalm+ _c 
be correct1 because 9 ! hi]oglyphic     
repres5tations ( ! passage to ! judgm5t 

! sep>ate s\l is (t5 depict$ z hov]+ ov]
 ! body1 #f or z kneel+ be=e ! judges1  
or z pursu+ its adv5tures ?r\gh ! v>i\s 
realms ( ! creation4 ,:5 ! body is      
repres5t$1 ,*ampollion says1 x is z an  
aid to ! spectator1 & n z tea*+ a bodily
 resurrection4 ,%>pe's op9ion t !       
picture ( a bird pois$ ov] ! m\? ( a    
mummy1 ) ! emblems ( brea? & life 9 its 
claws1 implies ! doctr9e ( a g5]al      
physical resurrection1 is an inf]5tial  
leap ( ! mo/ />tl+ "*4 ,:at pro( is !re 
t ! symbol d5otes ?is8 ,hundr$s ( pa9t+s
 9 ! tombs %[ s\ls und]go+ _! respective
 allotm5ts 9 ! o!r _w :ile _! bodily    
mummies are quiet 9 ! sepul*res ( !     
pres5t4 ,9 8 treatise on ,isis &        
,osiris1 ,plut>* writes1 ,! ,egyptians  
believe t :ile ! bodies ( em95t m5 are  
buri$ 9 ! e>? _! s\ls are />s %9+ 9     
heav54 ,x is equally nons5sical 9 itself
 & unw>rant$ by evid5ce to imag9e t1 9 !
 ,egyptian fai?1 embalm+ ei!r reta9$ !  
s\l 9 ! body or pres]v$ ! body = a      
future return ( ! s\l4 ,:o c believe t x

 0 = ei!r ( ^? purposes t !y embalm$ !  
multitudes ( animals ^: mummies !       
explor] is /ill turn+ up8 ,!y pres]v$   
cats1 hawks1 bugs1 crocodiles1 monkeys1 
bulls1 ) z great pa9s z !y did m54#g ,:5
 ! ,can>y ,isl&s 7 fir/ visit$1 x 0 f\nd
 t _! inhabitants _h a cu/om ( c>efully 
embalm+ ! dead4 ,! same 0 ! case among !
 ,p]uvians1 ^: va/ cemet]ies rema9 to   
?is day cr[d$ ) mummies4 ,b !           
expectation ( a return ( ! s\ls into ^! 
pres]v$ bodies is n to be ascrib$ to ^? 
peoples4 ,h]odotus in=ms u t !          
,e?iopians1 hav+ dri$ ! bodies ( _!     
dead1 coat !m ) :ite pla/]1 :i* !y pa9t 
) colors to ! lik5ess ( ! deceas$ &     
encase 9 a transp>5t sub/ance4 ,! dead1 
?us kept f be+ (f5sive1 & yet pla9ly    
visible1 are reta9$ a  #e ,bonomi &     
,arundel on ,egyptian ,antiq41 p4 #df4  
#f ,pl4 xxxiii4 9 ,lepsius' ,todt5b4 d]4
 ,agypt]4  #g ,pettigrew1 ,hi/ (        
,egyptian ,mummies1 *4 xii4   :ole ye> 9
 ! h\ses ( _! ne>e/ relatives4 ,aft]w>ds
 !y are c>ri$ out & plac$ upright 9 !   

tombs ar\nd ! city4 #h ,x has be5 argu$1
 because ! ,egyptians exp5d$ s mu* 9    
prep>+ la/+ tombs & 9 adorn+ _! walls ) 
v>i$ embelli%m5ts1 t !y mu/ h ?\ght !   
s\l rema9$ 9 ! body1 a consci\s occupant
 ( ! dwell+ place provid$ = x4#i ,z well
 might x be argu$ t1 because ! anci5t   
savage tribes on ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 
:o obta9$ _! support by fi%+1 buri$ fi% 
hooks & bait ) _! dead1 !y suppos$ !    
dead bodies occupi$ !mselves 9 _! graves
 by fi%+6 ,! adornm5t ( ! tomb1 s lavi% 
& v>i$ ) ! ,egyptians1 0 a gratification
 ( ! spontane\s work+s ( fancy &        
affection1 & ne$s no f> fet*$           
explanation4 ,e nation has its fun]al   
cu/oms & its rites ( sepulture1 _m ( :i*
 w\ld be z difficult ( explanation z ^? 
( ,egypt4 ,! ,sc&9avian sea k+ 0        
sometimes buri$1 9 8 %ip1 9 a grave dug 
on "s headl& ov]look+ ! ocean4 ,!       
,scy?ians buri$ _! dead 9 rolls ( gold1 
sometimes weigh+ =ty or fifty solid     
p\nds4 ,diodorus ! ,sicilian says1 ,!   
,egyptians1 lay+ ! embalm$ bodies ( _!  

ance/ors 9 noble monum5ts1 see ! true   
visages & expressions ( ^? :o di$ ages  
be=e !m4 ,s !y take almo/ z great       
pleasure 9 view+ _! bodily proportions &
 ! l9eam5ts ( _! faces z if !y 7 /ill   
liv+ among !m4 #aj ,t in/9ct :i* leads u
 to obta9 portraits ( ^? we love1 &     
makes u unwill+ to "p ev5 ) _! lifeless 
bodies1 0 ! cause ( embalm+4 ,! bodies  
?us prep>$1 we "k f ! te/imony ( anci5t 
au?ors1 7 kept 9 ! h\ses ( _! *ildr5 or 
k9dr$1 until a new g5]ation1 :o knew n  
,joseph1 remov$ !m4 ,!n no?+ c\ld be m  
natural ?an t ! prie/hood %\ld take     
advantage ( ! cu/om1 s associat$ ) sacr$
 s5tim5ts1 & ?r[ !ological sanctions ov]
 x1 %r\d x 9 my/]y1 & secure a monopoly 
( ! p[] & pr(it aris+ f x4 ,x is n      
improbable1 too1 z has be5 sugge/$1 t   
hygi5ic consid]ations1 express+ !mselves
 9 political laws & prie/ly precepts1   
may at fir/ h _h an influ5ce 9 e/abli%+ 
! habit ( embalm+1 to prev5t ! pe/il5ces
 apt to arise 9 su* a climate f ! decay 
( animal sub/ances4  ,!re is great      

div]sity ( op9ion among ,egyptologi/s on
 ?is po9t4 ,"o ?9ks t embalm+ 0 suppos$ 
to keep ! s\l 9 ! body until aft] !     
fun]al judgm5t & int]m5t1 b t1 :5 !     
corpse 0 laid 9 its f9al receptacle1 !  
s\l proce$$ to accompany ! sun 9 its    
daily & nocturnal circuit1 or to        
transmigrate ?r\gh v>i\s animals &      
deities4 ,ano!r imag9es t ! process (   
embalm+ 0 believ$ to secure ! repose ( !
 s\l 9 ! o!r _w1 exempt f               
transmigrations1 s long z ! body 0 kept 
f decay4#aa ,p]haps ! diff]5t notions on
 ?is subject attribut$ by mod]n au?ors  
to ! ,egyptians may all h prevail$ among
 !m at diff]5t times or among di/9ct    
sects4 ,b x seems mo/ likely1 z we h    
said1 t embalm+ fir/ arose f physical & 
s5tim5tal consid]ations naturally       
op]at+1 r ?an f any  #h ,lib4 iii4 cap4 
#bd4  #i ,k5rick1 ,anci5t ,egypt1 vol4  
i4 *4 xxi4 sect4 iii4  #aj ,lib4 i4 cap4
 #g4  #aa ,libr>y ( ,ent]ta9+ ,k1 vol4  
ii4 *4 iii4   !ological doctr9e c>efully
 devis$2 al?\gh1 aft] ! prie/hood       

appropriat$ ! bus9ess1 x is altoge!r    
probable t !y int]wove x ) an artificial
 & elaborate sy/em ( sac]dotal dogmas1 9
 :i* 0 ! hid+ ( ! national p[]4  ,!     
second "q t arises is1 ,:at 0 !         
significance ( ! fun]al c]emonies       
celebrat$ by ! ,egyptians ov] _! dead8  
,:5 ! body _h be5 embalm$1 x 0 pres5t$  
be=e a tribunal ( =ty two judges sitt+ 9
 /ate on ! ea/]n bord]s ( ! lake        
,a*]usia4 ,!y made /rict inquiry into ! 
conduct & "* ( ! deceas$4 ,any "o might 
make compla9t aga9/ him1 or te/ify 9 8  
behalf4 ,if x 0 f\nd t he _h be5 wick$1 
_h di$ 9 debt1 or 0 o!rwise unwor?y1 he 
0 depriv$ ( honorable burial &          
ignom9i\sly ?r[n into a dit*4 ,?is 0    
call$ ,t>t>1 f ! wail+s ! s5t5ce produc$
 among 8 relatives4 ,b if he 0 f\nd to h
 l$ an upright life1 & to h be5 a good  
man1 ! honors ( a regul> int]m5t 7      
decre$ him4 ,! cemet]y a l>ge pla9      
environ$ ) trees & l9$ ) canals lay on !
 we/]n side ( ! lake1 & 0 nam$ ,elis\t1 
or re/4 ,x 0 rea*$ by a boat1 ! fun]al  

b>ge1 9 :i* no "o c\ld cross )\t an ord]
 f ! judges & ! paym5t ( a small fee4 ,9
 ^! & o!r p>ticul>s "s ( ! sc5es suppos$
 to be await+ ! s\l 9 ! o!r _w 7        
dramatically %ad[$ =?4 ,ea* rite 0 a    
symbol ( a reality exi/+1 9 solemn      
correspond5ce1 9 ! invisible /ate4 ,:at 
! prie/s did ov] ! body on e>? !        
judicial deities did ov] ! s\l 9 ,am5!4 
,x seems pla9 t ! ,greeks d]iv$ _m ( _! 
notions conc]n+ ! fate & /ate ( ! dead f
 ,egypt4 ,hades corresponds ) ,am5!2    
,pluto1 ) ! subt]ranean ,osiris2 ,m]cury
 psy*opompos1 ) ,anubis1 ! u%] ( s\ls2  
,aacus1 ,m9os1 & ,rhadaman?os1 ) ! ?ree 
assi/ant gods :o help 9 weigh+ ! s\l &  
pres5t ! result to ,osiris2 ,t>t>us1 to 
! dit* ,t>t>2 ,*>on's gho/ boat ov] !   
,/yx1 to ! b>ge convey+ ! mummy to !    
tomb2 ,c]b]us1 to ,oms2 ,a*]on1 to      
,a*]usia2 ! ,elysian ,fields1 to        
,elis\t4#ab ,k5rick ?9ks ! ,greeks may h
 develop$ ^! views = !mselves1 )\t      
indebt$ness to ,egypt4 ,b ! notions 7 9 
exi/5ce among ! ,egyptians at lea/      

twelve hundr$ ye>s be=e !y c be trac$   
among ! ,greeks4#ac ,& !y are too       
arbitr>y & sy/ematic to h be5           
indep5d5tly con/ruct$ by two nations4   
,besides1 ,h]odotus positively affirms t
 !y 7 d]iv$ f ,egypt4 ,sev]al o!r anci5t
 au?ors also /ate ?is2 & ne>ly e mod]n  
writ] on ! subject agrees 9 x4  ,!      
triumphs ( mod]n inve/igation into !    
antiquities ( ,egypt1 unlock+ !         
hi]oglyphics & lift+ ! curta9 f !       
secrets ( ages1 h unveil$ to u a f> m   
full & satisfactory view ( ! ,egyptian  
doctr9e ( ! future life ?an c be        
con/ruct$ f ! n>r[ glimpses af=d$ by !  
acc\nts ( ! old ,greek au?orities4 ,?ree
 s\rces ( k h be5 laid op5 to u4 ,fir/1 
! papyrus rolls1 "o ( :i* 0 plac$ 9 !   
bosom ( e mummy4 ,?is roll1 cov]$ )     
hi]oglyphics1 is call$ ! fun]al ritual1 
or book ( ! dead4 ,x s]v$ z a passport  
?r\gh ! burial rites4 ,x conta9$ ! names
 ( ! deceas$ & 8 p>5ts1 a s]ies ( pray]s
 he 0 to recite  #ab ,sp9eto on         
,egyptian ,antiq1 ,lectures ,,iv41 ,v4  

#ac ,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( !    
,anci5t ,egyptians1 #b;d ,s]ies1 vol4 i4
 *4 #ab4   be=e ! v>i\s div9ities he    
w\ld meet on 8 j\rney1 & repres5tations 
( "s ( ! adv5tures await+ him 9 ! unse5 
/ate4#ad ,secondly1 ! ornam5tal cases 9 
:i* ! mummies are enclos$ are pa9t$ all 
ov] ) sc5es sett+ =? ! realities & ev5ts
 to :i* ! s\l ( ! dead occupant has     
pass$ 9 ! o!r life4#ae ,?irdly1 ! v>i\s 
fates ( s\ls are sculptur$ & pa9t$ on ! 
walls 9 ! tombs1 9 *>act]s :i* h be5    
deciph]$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury3#af  ,^?  
my/ic1 /ony volumes on ! walls long     
writ1 ,^: s5se is late reveal'd to se>*+
 mod]n wit4  ,comb9+ ! in=mation ?us    
obta9$1 we le>n t1 accord+ to !         
,egyptian repres5tation1 ! s\l is l$ by 
! god ,?o? into ,am5!1 ! inf]nal _w1 !  
entrance to :i* lies 9 ! extreme we/1 on
 ! f>!r side ( ! sea1 :]e ! sun goes d[n
 "u ! e>?4 ,x 0 9 accordance ) ?is      
supposition t ,h]od caus$ to be engrav$1
 on a magnific5t monum5t erect$ to 8    
deceas$ wife1 ! l9e1 ,zeus1 ?is bloom+  

woman s5t beyond ! ocean4 #ag ,at !     
entrance sits a wide ?roat$ mon/]1 ov]  
^: head is ! inscription1 ,?is is !     
dev\r] ( _m :o g into ,am5!1 ! lac]ator 
( ! he>t ( him :o comes ) s9s to ! h\se 
( ju/ice4 ,! s\l next kneels be=e ! =ty 
two assessors ( ,osiris1 ) deprecat+    
assev]ations & int]cessions4 ,x !n comes
 to ! f9al trial 9 ! t]rible ,hall ( !  
two ,tru?s1 ! approv+ & ! condemn+2 or1 
z x is diff]5tly nam$1 ! ,hall ( ! d\ble
 ,ju/ice1 ! rew>d+ & ! puni%+4 ,"h !    
?ree div9ities ,horns1 ,anubis1 & ,?o?  
proce$ to weigh ! s\l 9 ! balance4 ,9 "o
 scale an image ( ,?mei1 ! goddess (    
,tru?1 is plac$2 9 ! o!r1 a he>t %ap$   
vase1 symboliz+ ! he>t ( ! deceas$ ) all
 ! actions ( 8 e>?ly life4 ,!n happy is 
he ,:o1 weigh$ 'ga9/ ,tru?1 d[n dips !  
awful scale4  ,?o? notes ! result on a  
tablet1 & ! deceas$ advances ) x to !   
foot ( ! ?rone on :i* sits ,osiris1 "l (
 ! dead1 k+ ( ,am5!4 ,he pron\nces !    
decisive s5t5ce1 & 8 assi/ants see t x  
is at once execut$4 ,! condemn$ s\l is  

ei!r sc\rg$ back to ! e>? /raightway1 to
 live aga9 9 ! =m ( a vile animal1 z "s 
( ! emblems appe> to d5ote2 or plung$   
into ! tortures ( a horrid hell ( fire &
 devils bel[1 z num]\s engrav+s set =?2 
or driv5 into ! atmosph]e1 to be vex$ & 
toss$ by tempe/s1 viol5tly :irl$ 9 bla/s
 & cl\ds1 till its s9s are expiat$1 &   
ano!r probation grant$ ?r\gh a r5ew$    
exi/5ce 9 human =m4  ,we h two acc\nts (
 ! ,egyptian divisions ( ! univ]se4     
,accord+ to ! fir/ view1 !y conceiv$ !  
creation to consi/ ( ?ree gr& dep>tm5ts4
 ,fir/ came ! e>?1 or zone ( trial1 :]e 
m5 live on probation4 ,next 0 !         
atmosph]e1 or zone ( temporal  #ad ,das 
,todt5bu* d] ,agypt]1 edit$ ) an        
introduction by ,dr4 ,lepsius4  #ae ,*4 
ix4 ( ,pettigrew's ,hi/ory ( ,egyptian  
,mummies4  #af ,*ampollion's ,lett]1    
dat$ ,!bes1 ,may #af1 #ahbi4 ,an ab/ract
 ( ?is lett] may be f\nd 9 ,/u>t's      
trans4 ( ,greppo's ,essay on            
,*ampollion's ,hi]oglyphic ,sy/em1      
app5dix1 note ,n4  #ag ,basnage1 ,hi/4 (

 ! ,jews1 lib4 ii4 *4 #ab1 sect4 #ai4   
puni%m5t1 :]e s\ls are afflict$ = _!    
s9s4 ,! rul] ( ?is girdle ( /orms 0     
,pooh1 ! ov]se] ( s\ls 9 p5ance4 ,su* a 
notion is f\nd 9 "s ( ! lat] ,greek     
philosoph]s1 & 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,alex&rian
 ,jews1 :o und\bt$ly drew x f ! prie/ly 
sci5ce ( ,egypt4 ,e "o w recollect h[   
,paul speaks ( ! pr9ce ( ! p[] (f ! air4
 ,& ,%akspe>e makes ! timid ,claudio    
%r9k f ! v]ge ( dea? ) horror1 le/ 8 s\l
 %\ld1 ?r\gh ages1  ,be imprison'd 9 !  
viewless w9ds1 ,& bl[n ) re/less viol5ce
 r\nd ab\t ,! p5d5t _w4  ,aft] _!       
purgation 9 ?is region1 all ! s\ls live 
aga9 on e>? by transmigration4#ah ,!    
?ird realm 0 9 ! s]5e blue sky among !  
/>s1 ! zone ( bless$ness1 :]e ! accept$ 
dwell 9 immortal peace & joy4 ,eusebius 
says1 ,! ,egyptians repres5t$ ! univ]se 
by two circles1 "o )9 ! o!r1 & a s]p5t )
 ! head ( a hawk tw9+ 8 folds ar\nd !m1 
?us =m+ ?ree sph]es1 e>?1 firmam5t1     
div9ity4  ,b ! repres5tation mo/ frequ5t
 & impos+ is t :i* pictures ! creation  

simply z hav+ ! e>? 9 ! c5tre1 & ! sun )
 8 att5dants z circulat+ ar\nd x 9 !    
brightness ( ! sup]ior1 & ! d>kness ( ! 
inf]nal1 firmam5t4 ,s\ls at dea? pass   
d[n ?r\gh ! we/ into ,am5!1 & are tri$4 
,if condemn$1 !y are ei!r s5t back to ! 
e>?1 or conf9$ 9 ! ne!r space =         
puni%m5t4 ,if ju/ifi$1 !y jo9 ! blissful
 company ( ! ,sun ,god1 & rise ) him    
?r\gh ! ea/ to j\rney along 8 cele/ial  
c\rse4 ,! upp] hemisph]e is divid$ into 
twelve equal p>ts1 correspond+ ) !      
twelve h\rs ( ! day4 ,at ! gate ( ea* ( 
^! gold5 segm5ts a s5t9el god is        
/ation$1 to :om ! newly arriv+ s\l mu/  
give its cr$5tials to secure a passage4 
,9 l mann]1 ! l[] hemisph]e is cut into 
! same numb] ( gloomy sections1         
correspond+ ) ! twelve h\rs ( ! night4  
,daily ! *ief div9ity1 9 robes ( light1 
trav]ses ! beam+ zones ( ! bless$1 :]e  
!y hunt & fi%1 or pl\gh & s[1 reap &    
ga!r1 9 ! ,fields ( ! ,sun on ! banks ( 
! heav5ly ,nile4 ,nightly1 array$ 9 deep
 black f head to foot1 he trav]ses !    

dismal zones ( ! damn$1 :]e !y und]go   
appropriate retributions4 ,?us ! future 
de/9y ( man 0 sublimely associat$ ) !   
m>* ( ! sun ?r\gh ! upp] & l[]          
hemisph]es4#ai ,a/ronomy 0 a "p ( !     
,egyptian's !ology4 ,he reg>d$ ! />s n  
figuratively1 b lit]ally1 z spirits &   
pure g5ii2 ! great planets z deities4 ,!
 cal5d> 0 a religi\s *>t1 ea* mon?1     
week1 day1 h\r1 be+ ! special *>ge & /& 
po9t ( a god4#bj  ,!re 0 mu* poetic     
beauty & e?ical p[] 9 ^! doctr9es &     
symbols4 ,! necessity ( virtue1 ! dread 
ordeals ( ! grave1 ! c]ta9ty (          
retribution1 ! my/ic circuits (         
transmigration1 a glori\s immortality1 !
 pa?s ( planets & gods & s\ls ?r\gh     
creation1 all 7 impressively en\nc$1    
dramatically %[n4  #ah ,lib]            
,metempsy*osis ,vet]um ,agyptiorum1     
edit$ & translat$ into ,lat9 f ! fun]al 
papyri by ,h4 ,brugs*4  #ai ,l',univ]s1 
,egypte ,anci5ne1 p> ,*ampollion        
,figeac1 pp4 #abc #ade4  #bj ,agyptis*e 
,glaub5slehre von ,dr4 ,ed4 ,ro?1 ss4   

#aga1 #agd4   ,! ,egypta9 s\l sail'd    
o'er ! skyey sea ,9 ark ( cry/al1 mann'd
 by beamy gods1 ,to drag ! deeps ( space
 & net ! />s1 ,:]e1 9 _! nebul\s %oals1 
!y %ore ! void ,& ?r\gh old ,night's    
,typhonian bl9dness %9e4 ,!n1 sol>iz$1  
he press'd t[>ds ! sun1 ,&1 9 ! heav5ly 
,hades1 hall ( ,god1 ,_h f9al welcome ( 
! firmam5t4  ,?is solemn l9k+ ( ! fate (
 man ) ! a/ronomic univ]se1 ?is gr&     
bl5d+ ( ! deepe/ ( moral doctr9es ) !   
mo/ augu/ ( physical sci5ces1 pla9ly    
betrays ! bra9 & h& ( t h]$it>y hi]>*y  
^: wisdom 0 ! wond] ( ! anci5t _w4      
,osburn ?9ks ! localization ( ,am5! 9 ! 
we/ may h aris5 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,"s     
sup]/iti\s ,egyptians1 travell+ we/w>ds1
 at twilight1 on ! great m>%es haunt$ by
 ! /range gray :ite ibis1 saw troops (  
^! sil5t1 solemn1 gho/like birds1       
motionless or sl[ /alk+1 & conceiv$ !m  
to be s\ls wait+ = ! fun]al rites to be 
paid1 t !y might s9k ) ! sett+ sun to _!
 de/9$ abode4#ba  ,t su* a sy/em (      
belief 0 too complex & elaborate to h   

be5 a popul> developm5t is evid5t4 ,b t 
x 0 really held by ! p !re is no room to
 d\bt4 ,p>ts ( x 7 publicly enact$ on   
fe/ival days by multitudes numb]+ m ?an 
a hundr$ ?\s&4 ,p>ts ( x 7 dimly %ad[$  
out 9 ! secret recesses ( temples1      
surr\nd$ by ! mo/ a/oni%+ accompanim5ts 
t unrivall$ le>n+1 skill1 weal?1 & p[]  
c\ld contrive4 ,its au?ority comm&$ !   
allegiance1 its *>m fasc9at$ !          
imag9ation1 ( ! p4 ,its =ce built !     
pyramids1 & en%r9$ :ole g5]ations (     
,egypt's embalm$ population 9 ri*ly     
adorn$ sepul*res ( ev]la/+ rock4 ,its   
sub/ance ( esot]ic k & fai?1 9 its =m ( 
exot]ic impo/ure & exhibition1 gave x   
vitality & endurance long4 ,9 ! vortex (
 *ange & decay x sank at la/4 ,& n[ x is
 only aft] its secrets h be5 buri$ =    
?irty c5turies t ! explor+ g5ius ( mod]n
 times has br\ght its hidd5 hi]oglyphics
 to light1 & taught u :at 7 ! doctr9es  
orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! alt> lore ( ^?    
prie/ly s*ools :i* once dott$ ! pla9s ( 
! ,delta & /udd$ ! banks ( elde/ ,nile1 

:]e n[1 disfigur$ & gigantic1 ! solemn  
,old ,syh9xes lift _! c\nt5ances bl&    
,a?w>t ! riv] sea & sea ( s&4  #ba      
,monum5tal ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 vol4 i4 *4 
#h4   ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,brahmanic ,,&    
,,buddhi/ ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future     
,,life4  ,,9 ! ,h9du views ( ! fate ( ! 
human s\l1 metaphysical subtlety &      
imag9ative va/ness1 intellect & fancy1  
slavi% tradition & audaci\s speculation1
 besott$ ritualism & heav5 /orm+        
spirituality1 are m+l$ toge!r on a scale
 ( gr&eur & int5sity :olly )\t a p>allel
 else:]e 9 ! lit]ature or fai? ( ! _w4  
,brahmanism1 ) its hundr$ million       
adh]5ts hold+ sway ov] ,india1 &        
,buddhism1 ) its f\r hundr$ million     
disciples scatt]$ ov] a doz5 nations1 f 
,java to ,japan1 & f ! ,ceylonese to !  
,samoy$es1 practically consid]$1 9      
ref]5ce to _! actually receiv$ dogmas & 
aims p]ta9+ to a future life1 agree     
suffici5tly to w>rant u 9 giv+ !m a     
g5]al exam9ation toge!r4 ,! *ief        
diff]5ce betwe5 !m w be expla9$ 9 !     

sequel4  ,! mo/ anci5t ,h9du doctr9e ( !
 future fate ( man1 z giv5 9 ! ,v$as1 0 
simple1 rude1 & v unlike ! =ms 9 :i* x  
has s9ce prevail$4 ,pr(essor ,wilson    
says1 9 ! introduction to 8 translation 
( ! ,rig ,v$a1 t ! ref]5ces to ?is      
subject 9 ! primeval ,sanscrit          
scriptures are sp>se & incomplete4 ,b no
 "o has s ?or\ghly elucidat$ ?is obscure
 "q z ,ro? ( ,tub+51 9 8 ma/]ly pap] on 
! ,morality ( ! ,v$as1 ( :i* !re is a   
translation1 by ,pr(essor ,:itney1 9 !  
,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal           
,society4#a ,! results ( 8 rese>*es may 
be /at$ 9 few words4  ,:5 a man dies1 ! 
e>? is invok$ to wrap 8 body up1 z a "m 
wraps h] *ild 9 h] g>m5t1 & to lie      
lightly on him4 ,he himself is address$ 
?us3 ,g =?1 g =? on ! anci5t pa?s :i*   
our fa!rs 9 old times h trodd53 ! two   
rul]s 9 bliss1 ,yama & ,v>una1 %alt ?\  
behold4 ,v>una judges all4 ,he ?ru/s !  
wick$ d[n into d>kness2 & n a h9t or    
clew fur!r ( _! doom is furni%$4 ,!y 7  
suppos$ ei!r to be annihilat$1 z        

,pr(essor ,ro? ?9ks ! ,v$as imply1 or   
else to live z demons1 9 s91 blackness1 
& woe4 ,! good g up to heav5 & are      
glorifi$ ) a %9+ spiritual body l t ( ! 
gods4 ,yama1 ! fir/ man1 orig9ator ( !  
human race on e>?1 is ! beg9n] & head ( 
r5ew$ humanity 9 ano!r _w1 & is t]m$ !  
,assembl] ( ,m54 ,x is a poetic & gr&   
conception t ! fir/ "o :o di$1 lead+ !  
way1 %\ld be ! patri>* & mon>* ( all :o 
foll[4 ,! old ,v$ic hymns imply t !     
dep>t$ good are 9 a /ate ( exalt$       
felicity1 b sc>cely picture =? any      
p>ticul>s4 ,! foll[+ passage1 v]sifi$ ) 
/rict fidelity to ! orig9al1 is z full &
 explicit z any3  ,:]e glory nev] fad+  
is1 :]e is ! _w ( heav5ly light1 ,! _w (
 immortality1 ! ev]la/+1 set me !re6    
,:]e ,yama reigns1 ,vivasvat's son1 9 ! 
inmo/ sph]e ( heav5 bright4 ,:]e ^?     
ab\nd+ wat]s fl[1 oh1 make me b immortal
 !re6 ,:]e !re is fre$om unre/ra9'd1 :]e
 ! triple vault ( heav5's 9 sight1 ,:]e 
worlds ( brighte/ glory are1 oh1 make me
 b immortal !re6 ,:]e pleasures &       

enjoym5ts are1 :]e bliss & raptures     
ne'er take flight1 ,:]e all desires are 
satisfi$1 oh1 make me b immortal !re6   
#a ,vol iii4 pp4 #cdb-cdf4   ,b ?is =m (
 doctr9e long ago pass$ f ! ,h9du       
remembrance1 lo/ 9 ! multiply+          
developm5ts & specifications ( a my/ical
 philosophy1 & a teem+ sup]/ition n\ri%$
 by an unb\nd$ imag9ation4  ,bo?        
,brahmans & ,buddhi/s conceive ( !      
creation on ! mo/ enorm\s scale4 ,m\nt  
,m]u rises f ! c5tre ( ! e>? to ! height
 ( ab\t two millions ( miles4 ,on its   
summit is ! city ( ,brahma1 cov]+ a     
space ( f\rte5 ?\s& leagues1 & surr\nd$ 
by ! /ately cities ( ! reg5ts ( !       
sph]es4 ,betwe5 ,m]u & ! wall ( /one =m+
 ! extreme circumf]5ce ( ! e>? are sev5 
conc5tric circles ( rocks4 ,betwe5 ^!   
rocky bracelets are cont95ts & seas4 ,9 
"s ( ! seas wall[ s+le fi%es ?\s&s (    
miles 9 e dim5sion4 ,! cele/ial spaces  
are occupi$ by a l>ge numb] ( heav5s1   
call$ dewa lokas1 increas+ 9 ! glory &  
bliss ( _! pr]ogatives4 ,! worlds bel[ !

 e>? are hells1 call$ n>aka4 ,!         
description ( tw5ty eight ( ^!1 giv5 9 !
 ,vi%nu ,purana1#b makes ! read] sup    
full ( horrors4 ,! ,buddhi/ ,books (    
,ceylon #c tell ( tw5ty six heav5s plac$
 9 regul> ord] above "o ano!r 9 ! sky1  
cr[d$ ) all imag9able delights4 ,!y also
 depict1 9 ! abyss und]nea? ! e>?1 eight
 great hells1 ea* conta9+ sixte5 small] 
ones1 ! :ole "o hundr$ & ?irty six      
compos+ "o gigantic hell4 ,! eight *ief 
hells are situat$ ov] "o ano!r1 ea*     
p>tially enclos+ & ov]lapp+ t next      
b5ea?2 & ! suff]+s inflict$ on _!       
un=tunate occupants are ( ! mo/ t]rific 
"*4 ,b ^! poor h9ts at ! local app>atus 
( rew>d & puni%m5t af=d no conception   
:atev] ( ! ext5t ( _! my?ological s*eme 
( ! univ]se4  ,!y call ea* complete sol>
 sy/em a sakwala1 & say t1 if a wall 7  
erect$ ar\nd ! space occupi$ by a       
million millions ( sakwalas1 rea*+ to ! 
highe/ heav51 & ! entire space 7 fill$ )
 mu/>d se$s1 a god might take ^! se$s1  
&1 look+ t[>ds any "o ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 

?r[ a s+le se$ t[>ds ea* sakwala until  
all ! se$s 7 gone1 & /ill !re w\ld be m 
sakwalas1 9 ! same direction1 to :i* no 
se$ _h be5 ?r[n1 )\t consid]+ ^? 9 ! o!r
 ?ree qu>t]s ( ! heav5s4 ,9 comp>ison ) 
?is ,ea/]n vision ( ! inf9itude (       
worlds1 ! wilde/ ,we/]n dream] ov] !    
vi/as op5$ by ! telescope may hide 8    
dim9i%$ head6 ,_! o!r conceptions are ( 
! same cru%+ magnitude1 ,?us1 :5 !      
demons1 on a c]ta9 occasion1 assail$ !  
gods1 ,siva us+ ! ,himalaya range = 8   
b[1 ,vasuke = ! /r+1 ,vi%nu = 8 arr[1 ! 
e>? = 8 *>iot ) ! sun & moon = its :eels
 & ! ,v$as = its horses1 ! />ry canopy =
 8 bann] ) ! tree ( ,p>adise = its /aff1
 ,brahma = 8 *>iote]1 & ! my/]i\s       
monosyllable ,om = 8 :ip r$uc$ !m all to
 a%es4#d  ,! five hundr$ million        
,brahmanic & ,buddhi/ believ]s hold t   
all ! gods1 m51 demons1 & v>i\s grades (
 animal life occupy+ ?is immeasurable   
array ( worlds compose "o cosmic family4
 ,! totality ( animat$ be+s1 f a        
dete/able gnat to  #b ,wilson's trans4  

pp4 #bjg-bji4  #c ,upham's trans4 vol4  
iii4 pp4 #h1 #ff1 #aei4  #d ,vans       
,k5n$y1 ,anci5t & ,h9du ,my?ology1 p4   
#dbi4   ?und]+ ,indra1 f ! meane/ worm  
to ! supreme ,buddha1 con/itute "o      
frat]nal race1 by ! unavoidable effects 
( ! law ( retribution con/antly         
int]*ang+ _! resid5ces 9 a succession ( 
ris+ & s9k+ exi/5ces1 rang+ ?r\gh all ! 
e>?s1 heav5s1 & hells ( ! univ]se1 b\nd 
by ! t]rible l9ks ( m]it & dem]it 9 !   
phantasmagoric dungeon ( bir?s & dea?s4 
,! ,vi%nu ,purana decl>es1 ,! univ]se1  
?is :ole egg ( ,brahma1 is ev]y:]e sw>m+
 ) liv+ creatures1 all ( :om are        
captives 9 ! *a9s ( acts4 #e  ,! "o     
prime po/ulate ( ^! ,ori5tal fai?s !    
gr\nd pr9ciple1 nev] to be que/ion$ any 
m ?an ! c5tral & /ation>y position ( !  
e>? 9 ! ,ptolemaic sy/em is t all be+s  
bel[ ! ,inf9ite ,"o are conf9$ 9 !      
circle ( exi/5ce1 ! :irl ( bir?s &      
dea?s1 by ! consequ5ces ( _! virtues &  
vices4 ,:5 a man dies1 if he has an     
excess ( good des]t1 he is born1 z a    

sup]ior be+1 9 "o ( ! heav5s4 ,accord+  
to ! nature & degree ( 8 m]it1 8 heav5ly
 exi/5ce is prolong$1 or p]haps repeat$ 
_m times 9 succession2 or1 if 8 next    
bir? occurs on e>?1 x is "u happy       
circum/ances1 z a sage or a k+4 ,b :5 he
 expires1 %\ld !re1 on ! o!r h&1 be an  
ov]balance ( ill des]t1 he is born z a  
demon 9 "o ( ! hells1 or may 9 repeat$  
lives run ! circuit ( ! hells2 or1 if he
 at once returns to ! e>?1 x is z a     
begg>1 a lepr\s outca/1 a wret*$        
cripple1 or 9 ! guise ( a rat1 a snake1 
or a l\se4  ,! illu/ri\s s\ls ( great & 
virtu\s m5 ,9 godlike be+s %all revive  
aga92 ,b base & vici\s spirits w9d _!   
way ,9 scorpions1 vultures1 %>ks1 &     
bea/s ( prey4 ,! fair1 ! gay1 ! witty1 &
 ! brave1 ,! fool1 ! c[>d1 c\rti]1      
tyrant1 slave1 ,ea* "o 9 a cong5ial =m1 
%all f9d ,a prop] dwell+ = 8 w&]+ m9d4  
,a specific evil is nev] cancell$ by be+
 c\nt]balanc$ by a great] good4 ,! fruit
 ( t evil mu/ be exp]i5c$1 & also ( t   
great] good1 by appropriate bir?s 9 !   

hells & heav5s1 or 9 ! high] & l[]      
grades ( e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,! two c\rses ( 
action mu/ be run ?r\gh indep5d5tly4    
,?is is :at is meant by ! phrases1 s (t5
 met ) 9 ,ori5tal works1 eat+ ! fruits (
 =m] acts1 b\nd 9 ! *a9s ( de$s4 ,m]it  
or dem]it c be balanc$ or neutraliz$    
only by ! full fruition ( its own       
natural & necess>y consequ5ces4#f ,! law
 ( m]it & ( dem]it is fate4 ,x works    
irresi/ibly1 ?r\gh all *anges &         
recurr5ces1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,!     
cessation ( virtue or ( vice does n put 
an end to its effects until its full =ce
 is exhau/$2 z an arr[ cont9ues 9 flight
 until all its imp>t$ p[] is sp5t4 ,a   
man faultlessly & scrupul\sly good ?r\gh
 8 pres5t life may be guilty ( "s f\l   
crime committ$ a hundr$ lives be=e & n  
yet expiat$4 ,accord+ly1 he may n[ suff]
 = x1 or 8 next bir? may take place 9 a 
hell4 ,on ! contr>y1 he may be cr$it$ ) 
"s great m]it acquir$ ?\s&s (  #e ,p4   
#bhf4  #f ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal 
,society1 vol4 iv4 p4 #hg4   g5]ations  

ago1 ^: fruit he has n eat51 & :i* may  
br+ him good =tune 9 spite ( pres5t s9s1
 or on ! roll+ & _m color$ :eel (       
metempsy*osis may secure = him next a   
cele/ial bir?place4 ,9 %ort p]iods1 x w 
be se51 !re is moral confusion1 b1 9 !  
long run1 exact comp5sation4  ,!        
exub]ant prodigi\sness ( ! ,h9du        
imag9ation is /rik+ly manife/ 9 its     
descriptions ( ! rew>ds ( virtue 9 !    
heav5s & ( ! puni%m5ts ( s9 9 ! hells4  
,visions pass be=e u ( beautiful groves 
full ( fragrance & music1 ab\nd+ 9      
delici\s fruits1 & birds ( gorge\s      
plumage1 cry/al /reams emb$d$ ) pe>ls1  
unruffl$ lakes :]e ! lotus blooms1      
palaces ( gems1 cr[ds ( fri5ds & lov]s1 
endless revelations ( tru?1 b\ndless    
grasp+s ( p[]1 all t c /ir & en*ant     
intellect1 w1 fancy1 & he>t4 ,9 "s ( !  
heav5s ! resid5ts h no bodily =m1 b     
enjoy purely spiritual pleasures4 ,9    
o!rs !y are self respl5d5t1 & trav]se ! 
e!r4 ,!y are _m miles 9 height1 "o be+  
describ$ ^: cr[n 0 f\r miles high & :o  

wore on 8 p]son sixty wagon loads (     
jewels4 ,! ord9>y lifetime ( !          
inhabitants ( ! dewa loka nam$          
,wasaw>tti equals n9e billions two      
hundr$ & sixte5 millions ( our ye>s4 ,!y
 brea! only once 9 sixte5 h\rs4  ,!     
rev]se ( ?is picture is /ill m vigor\sly
 drawn1 highly color$1 & div]sifi$ 9    
cont5ts4 ,! walls ( ! ,h9du hell are ov]
 a hundr$ miles ?ick2 & s dazzl+ is _!  
brightness t x bur/s ! eyes :i* look at 
!m any:]e )9 a di/ance ( f\r hundr$     
leagues4#g ,! poor creatures "h1 wrapp$ 
9 %r\ds ( fire1 wri! & yell 9 fr5zy (   
pa94 ,! v revelry & ec/asy ( t]ror &    
angui% fill ! :ole region4 ,! sk9s ( "s 
wret*es are tak5 (f f head to foot1 & !n
 scald+ v9eg> is p\r$ ov] !m4 ,a glutton
 is puni%$ ?us3 exp]i5c+ an insatiable  
hung] 9 a body z l>ge z ?ree m\nta9s1 he
 is tantaliz$ ) a m\? no l>g] ?an ! eye 
( a ne$le4#h ,! inf]nal torm5tors1 ?r[+ 
_! victims d[n1 take a flexible flame 9 
ea* h&1 & ) ^! la% !m alt]nately "r &   
left4 ,"o demon1 ,rahu1 is sev5ty six   

?\s& eight hundr$ miles tall3 ! palm ( 8
 h& measures fifty ?\s& acres2 & :5 he  
is enrag$ he ru%es up ! sky & swall[s ! 
sun or ! moon1 ?us caus+ an eclipse6 ,9 
! ,asiatic ,j\rnal = #ahdj is an article
 on ,! ,*9ese ,judges ( ! ,dead1 :i*    
describes a s]ies ( tw5ty f\r pa9t+s (  
hell f\nd 9 a ,buddhi/ temple4 ,devils 9
 human %apes are depict$ pull+ out !    
tongues ( sl&]]s ) r$hot wires1 p\r+    
molt5 lead d[n ! ?roats ( li>s1 ) burn+ 
prongs toss+ s\ls ^u m\nta9s plant$ )   
hooks ( iron reek+ ) ! blood ( ^? :o h  
gone be=e1 screw+ ! damn$ betwe5 planks1
 p\nd+ !m 9 husk+ mort>s1 gr9d+ !m 9    
rice mills1 :ile o!r fi5ds1 9 ! %ape (  
dogs1 lap up _! ooz+ gore4 ,b ! h>de/   
s5sibility mu/ by ?is "t cry1 ,hold6  ,)
 ! turmoil & pa9 ( entanglem5t 9 !      
vortex ( bir?s1 & all ! repulsive       
exposures ( f9ite life1 ! ,h9dus contra/
 ! idea ( an inf9ite re/ & bliss1 an    
endless  #g ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 
p4 #bf4  #h ,coleman1 ,my?ology ( !     
,h9dus1 p4 #aih4   exemption f evil &   

/ruggle1 an imm5se receptivity ( repos+ 
p[] & quieti/ic contemplation4 ,9       
consequ5ce ( _! endlessly v>i$1         
con/antly recurr+1 int5sely e>ne/       
speculations & mus+s ov] ?is contra/ (  
f9ite re/lessness & pa9 ) inf9ite peace 
& bless$ness1 a contra/ :i* con/itutes !
 prea*+ ( _! prie/s1 saturates _! sacr$ 
books1 fills _! ?\ghts1 & broods ov] all
 _! life1 ! ,ori5tals are p]vad$ ) a    
pr(\nd horror ( individual exi/5ce1 & ) 
a pr(\nd desire = absorption into !     
,inf9ite ,be+4 ,a few quotations f _!   
own au?ors w illu/rate ?is3  ,a s5ti5t  
be+ 9 ! repetition ( bir? & dea? is l a 
worm 9 ! mid/ ( a ne/ ( ants1 l a liz>d 
9 ! holl[ ( a bamboo t is burn+ at bo?  
ends4#i ,emancipation f all exi/5ce is !
 fulness ( felicity4#aj ,! be+ :o is    
/ill subject to bir? may n[ sport 9 !   
beautiful g>d5s ( heav51 n[ be cut to   
pieces 9 hell2 n[ be ,maha ,brahma1 n[ a
 degrad$ outca/2 n[ sip nect>1 n[ dr9k  
blood2 n[ repose on a c\* ) gods1 n[ be 
dragg$ ?r\gh a ?icket ( ?orns2 n[ reside

 9 a mansion ( gold1 n[ be expos$ on a  
m\nta9 ( lava2 n[ sit on ! ?rone ( !    
gods1 n[ be impal$ amid/ hungry dogs2 n[
 be a k+ glitt]+ ) c\ntless gems1 n[ a  
m5dicant tak+ a skull f door to door to 
beg alms2 n[ eat ambrosia z ! mon>* ( a 
dewa loka1 n[ wri! & die z a bat 9 !    
%rivell+ flame4#aa ,! ,supreme ,s\l & ! 
human s\l d n diff]1 & pleasure or pa9  
ascribable to ! latt] arises f its      
imprisonm5t 9 ! body4 ,! wat] ( !       
,ganges is ! same :e!r x run 9 ! riv]'s 
b$ or be %ut up 9 a decant]2 b a drop ( 
w9e add$ to ! wat] 9 ! decant] imp>ts   
its flavor to ! :ole1 :]eas x w\ld be   
lo/ 9 ! riv]4 ,! ,supreme ,s\l1 !re=e1  
is beyond accid5t2 b ! human s\l is     
afflict$ by s5se & passion4 ,happ9ess is
 only obta9$ 9 reunion ) ! ,supreme     
,s\l1 :5 ! disp]s$ individualities      
comb9e aga9 ) x1 z ! drops ( wat] ) !   
p>5t /ream4 ,h5ce ! slave %\ld rememb] t
 he is sep>at$ f ,god by ! body alone1 &
 exclaim1 p]petually1 ',bless$ be !     
mom5t :5 ,i %all lift ! veil f (f t     

face6 ! veil ( ! face ( my ,belov$ is ! 
du/ ( my body4'#ab ,a pi\s man 0 once   
born on e>?1 :o1 9 8 v>i\s              
transmigrations1 _h met eight hundr$ &  
tw5ty five ?\s& ,buddhas4 ,he rememb]$ 8
 =m] /ates1 b c\ld n enum]ate h[ _m     
times he _h be5 a k+1 a begg>1 a bea/1  
an occupant ( hell4 ,he utt]$ ^! words3 
',a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ( ! highe/ happ9ess
 on e>? are n equal to ! happ9ess ( "o  
day 9 ! dewa lokas2 & a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s
 ( ! deepe/ mis]y on e>? are n equal to 
! mis]y ( "o day 9 hell2 b ! mis]y (    
hell is reckon$ by millions ( c5turies4 
,oh1 h[ %all ,i escape1 & obta9 et]nal  
bliss8' #ac  #i ,ea/]n ,mona*ism1 p4    
#bdg4  #aj ,vi%nu ,purana1 p4 #efh4  #aa
 ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 p4 #ded4   
#ab ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 xvii4 p4   
#bih4  #ac ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal
 ,society1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aad4   ,! lit]>y
 products ( ! ,ea/]n m9d wond]fully     
ab\nd ) pa9ful descriptions ( !         
compromises1 uncleannesses1 &           
afflictions insep>ably connect$ )       

exi/5ce4 ,volumes w\ld be requir$ to    
furni% an adequate repres5tation ( !    
vivid & inexhau/ible amplification ) :i*
 !y set =? ! direful disgu/s & loa?some 
t]rors associat$ ) ! s]ies ( ideas      
express$ by ! words conception1 bir?1   
life1 dea?1 hell1 & reg5]ation4 ,! fif? 
*apt] 9 ! six? book ( ! ,vi%nu ,purana  
af=ds a good specim5 ( ^! details2 b1 to
 appreciate !m fully1 "o mu/ p]use      
disp]s$ passages 9 a hundr$ miscellane\s
 works3  ,z long z man lives1 he is     
imm]s$ 9 afflictions1 l ! se$ ( ! cotton
 amid/ ! d[n4 4 4 4 ,:]e c\ld man1      
scor*$ by ! fires ( ! sun ( ?is _w1 look
 = felicity1 7 x n = ! %ade af=d$ by !  
tree ( emancipation8 4 4 4 ,travell+ !  
pa? ( ! _w = _m ?\s&s ( bir?s1 man      
atta9s only ! we>9ess ( bewild]m5t1 & is
 smo!r$ by ! du/ ( imag9ation4 ,:5 t du/
 is wa%$ away by ! bl& wat] ( real k1 !n
 ! we>9ess is remov$4 ,!n ! int]nal man 
is at peace1 & obta9s supreme           
felicity4#ad  ,! result ( ^! views is ! 
awak5+ ( an unqu5*able desire to break f

 ! fett]s ( exi/5ce1 to be deliv]$ f !  
:irlpool ( transmigration4 ,bo?         
,brahmanism & ,buddhism are 9 ess5ce    
no?+ else ?an me?ods ( secur+ release f 
! *a9 ( inc>nat$ lives1 & atta9+ to     
id5tification ) ! ,inf9ite4 ,!re is a   
text 9 ! ,apocalypse :i* may be /rik+ly 
appli$ to ?is exemption f fur!r         
metempsy*osis3 ,him t ov]come? ,i w make
 a pill> 9 ! temple ( my ,god1 & he %all
 g no m out =ev]4 ,! te/imony ( all :o h
 inve/igat$ ! subject agrees ) ! foll[+ 
ass]tion by ,pr(essor ,wilson3 ,! common
 end ( e sy/em /udi$ by ! ,h9dus is !   
asc]ta9m5t ( ! means by :i* p]petual    
exemption f ! necessity ( repeat$ bir?s 
may be won4#ae ,9 comp>ison ) ?is aim1 e
 ?+ else is utt]ly insignificant4       
,prahlada1 on be+ (f]$ by ,vi%nu any    
boon he might ask1 exclaim$1 ,weal?1    
virtue1 love1 are z no?+2 = ev5         
lib]ation is 9 8 rea* ^: fai? is firm 9 
!e4 ,& ,vi%nu repli$1 ,?\ %alt1 !re=e1  
obta9 fre$om f exi/5ce4#af ,all true    
,ori5tals1 h[ev] favor$ or p]secut$ by  

e>?ly =tune1 /ill cry night & day upw>ds
 into ! inf9ite1 ) out/ret*$ arms &     
ye>n+ voice1  ,o ,"l1 our sep>ate lives 
de/roy6 ,m]ge 9 ?y gold our s\ls' alloy3
 ,pa9 is our own1 & ,?\ art ,joy6       
,accord+ to ! sy/em ( ,brahmanism1 !    
creation is regul>ly call$ into be+ &   
aga9 de/roy$ at ! beg9n+ & end ( c]ta9  
/up5d\s epo*s call$ kalpas4 ,f\r ?\s&   
?ree hundr$ & tw5ty million ye>s make a 
day ( ,brahma4 ,at ! end ( ?is day ! l[]
 worlds are consum$ by fire2 & ,brahma  
sleeps on ! abyss = a night z long  #ad 
,vi%nu ,p>ana1 p4 #fej4  #ae ,sankhya   
,k>ika1 preface1 p4 #c4  #af ,vi%nu     
,purana1 p4 #add4   z 8 day4 ,dur+ ?is  
night ! sa9ts1 :o 9 high ,jana loka h   
surviv$ ! dissolution ( ! l[] portions (
 ! univ]se1 contemplate ! slumb]+ deity 
until he wakes & re/ores ! mutilat$     
creation4 ,?ree hundr$ & sixty ( ^! days
 & nights compose a ye> ( ,brahma2 a    
hundr$ su* ye>s measure 8 :ole life4 ,!n
 a complete de/ruction ( all ?+s takes  
place1 e ?+ m]g+ into ! ,absolute ,"o1  

until he %all r\se himself r5ew$ly to   
manife/ 8 en]gies4#ag ,al?\gh creat$    
be+s :o h n obta9$ emancipation are     
de/roy$ 9 _! individual =ms at ! p]iods 
( ! g5]al dissolution1 yet1 be+ affect$ 
by ! good or evil acts ( =m] exi/5ce1 !y
 are nev] exempt$ f _! consequ5ces1 & :5
 ,brahma creates ! _w anew !y are !     
prog5y ( 8 w1 9 ! f\rfold condition (   
gods1 m51 animals1 & inanimate ?+s4#ah  
,& ,buddhism embodies virtually ! same  
doctr9e1 decl>+ ! :ole univ]se (        
sakwalas to be subject alt]nately to    
de/ruction & r5ovation1 9 a s]ies (     
revolutions to :i* nei!r beg9n+ nor end 
c be discov]$4  ,:at is ! ,brahmanic    
me?od ( salvation1 or secret (          
emancipation8 ,rightly appreh5d$ 9 !    
dep? & purity ( ! real doctr9e1 x is    
?is4 ,!re is 9 reality b ,,"o ,,s\l3 e  
?+ else is error1 illusion1 mis]y4      
,:oev] acquires ! k ( ?is tru? by       
p]sonal p]ception is !reby lib]at$4 ,he 
has won ! absolute p]fection ( !        
unlimit$ ,godhead1 & %all nev] be born  

aga94 ,:osoev] views ! ,supreme ,s\l z  
manifold1 dies dea? aft] dea?4 ,god is  
=mless1 b seems to assume =m2 z         
moonlight1 imp++ ^u v>i\s objects1      
appe>s crook$ or /raight4#ai ,bh>ata    
says to ! k+ ( ,sauriva1 ,! great end ( 
all is n union ( self ) ! ,supreme ,s\l1
 because "o sub/ance _c become ano!r4 ,!
 true wisdom1 ! g5u9e aim ( all1 is to  
"k t ,s\l is "o1 uni=m1 p]fect1 exempt f
 bir?1 omnipres5t1 undecay+1 made ( true
 k1 dissociat$ ) unrealities4#bj ,x is  
ignorance alone :i* enables ,maya to    
impress ! m9d ) a s5se ( individuality2 
= z soon z t is dispell$ x is kn[n t    
sev]alty exi/s n1 & t !re is no?+ b "o  
undivid$ ,:ole4 #ba ,! ,brahmanic       
scriptures say1 ,! ,et]nal ,deity       
consi/s ( true k4 ,brahma t is ,supreme 
is produc$ ( reflection4#bb ,! logic    
runs ?us4 ,!re is only ,"o ,s\l1 !      
absolute ,god4 ,all beside is empty     
deception4 ,t ,"o ,s\l consi/s ( true k4
 ,:oev] atta9s to true k1 !re=e1 is     
absolute ,god1 =ev] fre$ f ! sph]e (    

semblances4  ,! =ego+ exposition is     
philosophical & scriptural ,brahmanism4 
,b !re are num]\s s*ismatic sects :i*   
hold op9ions div]g+ f x 9 reg>d to !    
nature & de/9y ( ! human s\l4 ,!y may be
 consid]$ 9 two classes4 ,fir/1 !re are 
"s :o def5d ! idea ( ! p]sonal          
immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! ,siva ,gnana    
,po?am e/abli%es ! doctr9e ( ! s\l's    
et]nal exi/5ce z an individual be+4 #bc 
,! ,saiva s*ool  #ag ,vi%nu ,purana1 p4 
#be4 ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 p4 #cc1
 note4  #ah ,vi%nu ,p>ana1 pp4 #ci1     
#aaf4  #ai ,colebrooke1 ,essays1 vol4 i4
 p4 #cei4  #bj ,vi%nu ,purana1 p4 #beb4 
#ba ,vans ,k5n$y1 ,anci5t & ,h9du       
,my?ology1 p4 #bja4  #bb ,vi%nu ,purana1
 pp4 #edf1 #fdb4  #bc ,j\rnal ( !       
,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 vol4 ii4 p4 
#ada4   tea* t :51 at ! close ( e great 
p]iod1 all o!r develop$ exi/5ces are    
r5d]$ back to _! primordial /ate1 s\ls  
are except$4 ,^!1 once develop$ &       
deliv]$ f ! ?raldom ( _! m]it & dem]it1 
w ev] rema9 intimately unit$ ) ,deity & 

clo!d 9 ! respl5d5t wisdom4#bd          
,secondly1 !re are o!rs & probably at ! 
pres5t "t !y include a l>ge majority ( !
 ,brahmans :o believe 9 ! real be+ bo? (
 ! ,supreme ,s\l & ( sep>ate f9ite s\ls1
 conceiv+ ! latt] to be individualiz$   
p>ts ( ! =m] & _! true de/9y to consi/ 9
 secur+ absorption into x4 ,! relation (
 ! s\l to ,god1 !y ma9ta91 is n t ( rul$
 & rul]1 b t ( "p & :ole4 ,z gold is "o 
sub/ance /ill1 h[ev] div]sifi$ z        
bracelets1 ti>as1 e> r+s1 or o!r ?+s1 s 
,vi%nu is "o & ! same1 al?\gh modifi$ 9 
! =ms ( gods1 animals1 & m54 ,z ! drops 
( wat] rais$ f ! e>? by ! w9d s9k into !
 e>? aga9 :5 ! w9d subsides1 s ! v>iety 
( gods1 m51 & animals1 :i* h be5 deta*$ 
by ! agitation ( ! qualities1 are       
reunit$1 :5 ! di/urbance ceases1 ) !    
,et]nal4 #be ,! :ole obta9s its         
de/ruction 9 ,god1 l bubbles 9 wat]4 ,! 
,madhava sect believe t !re is a p]sonal
 ,all ,s\l di/9ct f ! human s\l4 ,_!    
pro(s are detail$ 9 "o ( ! ,maha        
,upani%ads4#bf ,^! two gr\ps ( sects1   

h[ev]1 agree p]fectly ) ! anci5t or?odox
 ,brahmans 9 accept+ ! fundam5tal dogma 
( a judicial metempsy*osis1 :]e9 ea* "o 
is fa/5$ by 8 acts & compell$ to        
exp]i5ce ! utt]mo/ consequ5ces ( 8 m]it 
or dem]it4 ,!y all co9cide 9 "o common  
aspiration z reg>ds ! highe/ end1       
namely1 emancipation f ! necessity (    
repeat$ bir?s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree
 is1 t ! "o class ( diss5t]s expect !   
fruition ( t deliv]ance to be a f9ite   
p]sonal immortality 9 heav52 ! o!r      
int]pret x z an unwall$ absorption 9 !  
,ov] ,s\l1 l a brea? 9 ! air2 :ile ! m  
or?odox believ]s reg>d x z ! entire     
id5tity ( ! s\l ) ! ,inf9ite ,"o4       
,aga9/ ! op9ion t !re is only "o ,s\l = 
all bodies1 z "o /r+ supports all ! gems
 ( a necklace1 "s ,h9du philosoph]s     
argue t ! plurality ( s\ls is prov$ by !
 consid]ation t1 if !re 7 b "o s\l1 !n  
:5 any "o 0 born1 or di$1 or 0 lame1 or 
deaf1 or occupi$1 or idle1 all w\ld at  
once be born1 die1 be lame1 deaf1       
occupi$1 or idle4 ,b ,pr(essor ,wilson  

says1 ,?is doctr9e ( ! multitud9\s      
exi/5ce or individual incorporation (   
,s\l cle>ly contradicts ! ,v$as4 ,!y    
affirm "o only exi/5t s\l to be         
di/ribut$ 9 all be+s4 ,x is beheld      
collectively or disp]s$ly1 l !          
reflection ( ! moon 9 /ill or tr\bl$    
wat]4 ,s\l1 et]nal1 omnipres5t1         
undi/urb$1 pure1 "o1 is multipli$ by !  
p[] ( delusion1 n ( its own nature4#bg  
,all ! ,brahmanic sects unite 9 ?9k+ t  
lib]ation f ! net ( bir?s is to be      
obta9$ & ! goal ( _! wi%es to be rea*$  
by "o means only2 & t is k1 real wisdom1
 an adequate sight ( ! tru?4 ,)\t ?is k 
!re is no possible emancipation2 b !re  
are ?ree ways ( seek+ ! ne$$ k4  #bd    
,ibid4 vol4 iv4 p4 #ae4  #be ,vi%nu     
,purana1 p4 #bhg4  #bf ,web]1           
,akademis*e ,vorlesung5 ub] ,indis*e    
,lit]aturges*i*te1 s4 #afj4  #bg        
,sankbya ,k>ika1 p4 #gj4   ,"s /rive1 by
 direct intellectual ab/raction & ef=t1 
by metaphysical speculation1 to grasp ! 
true pr9ciples ( be+4 ,o!rs try1 by     

volunt>y p5ance1 self abnegation1 & pa91
 to accumulate su* a degree ( m]it1 or  
to br+ ! s\l into su* a /ate (          
prep>$ness1 z w compel ! tru? to reveal 
itself4 ,& /ill o!rs devote !mselves to 
! wor%ip ( "s *os5 deity1 by ritual acts
 & f]vid contemplation1 to obta9 by 8   
favor ! ne$$ wisdom4 ,a few quotations  
may s]ve to illu/rate ! ,brahmanic      
attempts at w9n+ ?is "o ?+ ne$ful1 ! k  
:i* yields exemption f all inc>nate     
lives4  ,! ,sankhya philosophy is a     
regul> sy/em ( metaphysics1 to be /udi$ 
z "o w\ld /udy algebra4 ,x pres5ts to   
its disciples an exhau/ive /atem5t ( !  
=ms ( be+ 9 tw5ty five categories1 &    
decl>es1 ,he :o kn[s ! tw5ty five       
pr9ciples1 :atev] ord] ( life he may h  
ent]$1 & :e!r he we> braid$ hair1 a top 
knot only1 or be %av51 he is lib]at$4   
,?is discrim9ative wisdom releases =ev] 
f worldly bondage4#bh ,! virtu\s is born
 aga9 9 heav51 ! wick$ is born aga9 9   
hell2 ! fool w&]s 9 error1 ! wise man is
 set free4 ,by ignorance is bondage1 by 

k is deliv]ance4 ,:5 ,nature f9ds t s\l 
has discov]$ t x is to h] ! di/ress (   
migration is ow+1 %e is put to %ame by !
 detection1 & w suff] h]self to be se5  
no m4#bi ,?r\gh k ! sage is absorb$ into
 ,supreme ,_s4#cj ,! ,supreme ,_s       
attracts to itself him :o m$itates ^u x1
 z ! load/one attracts ! iron4#ca ,he :o
 seeks to obta9 a k ( ! ,s\l is gift$ ) 
x1 ! ,s\l r5d]+ itself conspicu\s to    
him4 ,man1 hav+ kn[n t ,nature :i* is   
)\t a beg9n+ or an end1 is deliv]$ f !  
grasp ( dea?4 ,s\ls are absorb$ 9 !     
,supreme ,s\l z ! reflection ( ! sun 9  
wat] returns to him on ! removal ( !    
wat]4#cb  ,! ?\ght und]ly+ ! la/ /atem5t
 is t !re is only "o ,s\l1 e individual 
consci\sness be+ b an illusory          
semblance1 & t ! k ( ?is fact con/itutes
 ! all covet$ emancipation4 ,z "o       
diffusive brea? pass+ ?r\gh ! p]=ations 
( a flute is di/+ui%$ z ! sev]al notes (
 ! scale1 s ! ,supreme ,_s is s+le1     
?\gh1 9 consequ5ce ( acts1 x seems      
manifold4 ,z e placid lakelet holds an  

unreal image ( ! "o real moon sail+     
above1 s ea* human s\l is b a deceptive 
reflection ( ! "o v]itable ,s\l1 or     
,god4 ,x may be wor? :ile to obs]ve t   
,plot9us1 z is well kn[n1 taught !      
doctr9e ( ! absolute id5tity ( ea* s\l )
 ! entire & indi/+ui%able entity ( ,god3
  ,?\gh ,god ext5ds beyond creation's   
rim1 ,yet e be+ holds ! :ole ( him4  ,x 
belongs to an unext5d$ sub/ance1 an     
immat]iality1 to be ev]y:]e by totality1
 n by portions4 ,if ,god be omnipres5t1 
he _c be s divid$ly1 a "p ( him "h & a  
"p  #bh ,ibid4 pp4 #a1 #af4  #bi ,ibid4 
pp4 #dh1 #adb1 #agd4  #cj ,vi%nu        
,purana1 p4 #eg4  #ca ,ibid4 p4 #fea4   
#cb ,rammohun ,roy1 ,translations f !   
,v$a1 #b;d ed41 ,london1 #ahcb1 pp4 #fi1
 #ci1 #aj4   ( him !re2 b ! :ole ( him  
mu/ be 9 e p>ticle ( matt]1 9 e po9t (  
space1 9 all inf9itude4  ,! ,brahmanic  
religion is a philosophy2 & x keeps an  
incomp>ably /rong hold on ! m9ds ( its  
devotees4 ,its mo/ vital & compreh5sive 
pr9ciple is express$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 

,! s\l itself is n susceptible ( pa91 or
 decay1 or dea?2 ! site ( ^! ?+s is     
nature2 b nature is unconsci\s2 !       
consci\sness t pa9 exi/s is re/rict$ to 
! s\l1 al?\gh ! s\l is n ! actual seat (
 pa94 ,?is is ! reason :y e ,h9du ye>ns 
s deeply to be fre$ f ! me%es ( nature1 
:y he s anxi\sly foll[s ! light ( fai? &
 p5ance1 or ! clew ( speculation1 ?r\gh 
all mazes ( my/]y4 ,x is t he may at la/
 gaze on ! c5tral ,,tru?1 & ?r\gh t     
sight seize ! fruition ( ! supreme &    
et]nal good ( man 9 ! unity ( 8 selfhood
 ) ! ,inf9ite1 & s be born no m &       
exp]i5ce no m tr\ble4 ,x is v /rik+ to  
contra/ ) ?is pr(\nd & gorge\s dream ( !
 ,ea/1 :atev] =m x assumes1 ! m         
practical & def9ite ?\ght ( ! ,we/1 z   
express$ 9 ^! l9es ( ,t5nyson's ,9      
,memoriam3  ,t ea*1 :o seems a sep>ate  
:ole1 ,%\ld move 8 r\nds1 &1 fus+ all ,!
 skirts ( self aga91 %\ld fall ,rem]g+ 9
 ! g5]al ,s\l1 ,is fai? z vague z all   
unsweet3 ,et]nal =m %all /ill divide ,! 
et]nal s\l f all beside1 ,& ,i %all "k  

him :5 we meet4  ,b is x n /ill m       
significant to notice t1 9 ! l9es :i*   
imm$iately succe$1 ! love inspir$ & deep
 mus+ g5ius ( ! ,engli% ?9k] c f9d      
ultimate repose only by recurr+ to ! v  
fai? ( ! ,h9du !osophi/8  ,& we %all sit
 at endless fea/1 ,enjoy+ ea* ! o!r's   
good3 ,:at va/] dream c hit ! mood ,(   
,love on e>?6 ,he seeks at lea/ ,^u !   
la/ & %>pe/ height1 ,be=e ! spirits fade
 away1 ,"s l&+ place1 to clasp & say1   
,f>ewell6 ,we lose ourselves 9 light6   
,we turn n[ to ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e ( a   
future life z di/+ui%$ f ! ,brahmanic4  
,! ,f\r ,sublime ,tru?s ( ,buddhism1 z  
!y are call$1 are ^!3 fir/1 t !re is    
sorr[2 secondly1 t e liv+ p]son         
necess>ily feels x2 ?irdly1 t x is      
desirable to be fre$ f x2 f\r?ly1 t !   
only deliv]ance f x is by t pure k :i*  
de/roys all cleav+ to exi/5ce4 ,a       
,buddha is a be+ :o1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+
 rea*$ ! ,buddha%ip1 :i* implies !      
possession ( inf9ite goodness1 inf9ite  
p[]1 & inf9ite wisdom1 is able to tea*  

m5 t true k :i* secures emancipation4   
,! ,buddha%ip t is1 ! possession (      
,supreme ,godhead is op5 to e "o1 ?\gh  
few ev] acquire x4 ,mo/ wond]ful &      
trem5d\s is ! process ( its atta9m5t4   
,^u a "t1 "s be+1 p]haps !n inc>nate z a
 mosquito alight+ on a muddy leaf 9 "s  
swamp1 pauses = a :ile to muse4 ,look+  
up ?r\gh inf9ite /ell> sy/ems1 ) hungry 
love & b\ndless ambition1 to ! ?rone &  
sceptre ( absolute imm5sity1 he v[s )9  
himself1 ,i w become a ,buddha4 ,! total
 influ5ces ( 8 pa/1 ! =ces ( de/9y1     
conspir+ ) 8 purpose1 omnipot5ce is 9 t 
resolution4 ,no?+ %all ev] turn him     
aside f x4 ,he might soon acquire =     
himself deliv]ance f ! dreadful vortex (
 bir?s2 b1 det]m9$ to a*ieve ! p[] (    
deliv]+ o!rs f _! mis]ies z s5ti5t be+s1
 he volunt>ily ?r[s himself into ! /ream
 ( successive exi/5ces1 & ) div9e       
pati5ce & =titude und]goes e ?+4  ,f t  
mom5t1 no matt] 9 :at =m he is          
successively born1 :e!r z a disgu/+ bug1
 a :ite elephant1 a mon>*1 or a god1 he 

is a ,bodhisat1 t is1 a c&idate press+  
t[>ds ! ,buddha%ip4 ,he at once beg9s   
practis+ ! t5 prim>y virtues1 call$     
p>amitas1 necess>y = ! secur+ ( 8 aim4  
,! p]iod requir$ = ! full ex]cise ( "o (
 ^! virtues is a bhumi4 ,its duration is
 ?us illu/rat$4 ,7 a ,bodhisat once 9 a 
?\s& bir?s to %$ a s+le drop ( blood1 he
 w\ld 9 ! space ( a bhumi %$ m blood ?an
 !re is wat] 9 a ?\s& oceans4 ,on acc\nt
 ( 8 m]it he might always be born amid/ 
! pleasures ( ! heav5s2 b s9ce he c\ld  
!re make no progress t[>ds 8 goal1 he   
pref]s be+ born 9 ! _w ( m54 ,dur+ 8    
gradual advance1 !re is no good he does 
n p]=m1 no h>d%ip he does n und]take1 no
 evil he does n will+ly suff]2 & all = !
 b5efit ( o!rs1 to obta9 ! means (      
emancipat+ ^? :om he sees fa/5$ by      
ignorance 9 ! afflictive circle ( acts4 
,:]ev] born1 act+1 or suff]+1 8 eye is  
/ill turn$ t[>ds t ,,empty ,,?rone1 at !
 apex ( ! univ]se1 f :i* ! la/ ,buddha  
has vault$ into ,nirwana4 ,! ,buddhi/s h
 _m scriptures1 especially "o1 call$ !  

,book ( ! ,five ,hundr$ & ,fifty ,bir?s1
 detail+ ! m>vell\s adv5tures ( !       
,bodhisat dur+ 8 num]\s transmigrations1
 :]e9 he exhibits = ea* species ( be+ to
 :i* he belongs a model "* & life4  ,at 
l5g? ! mom5t\s day dawns :5 ! unwe>iable
 ,bodhisat ent]s on 8 well e>n$         
,buddha%ip4 ,f t "t1 dur+ ! re/ ( 8     
life1 he goes ab\t prea*+ disc\rses1    
tea*+ e prep>$ creature he meets ! me?od
 ( secur+ et]nal deliv]ance4 ,leav+     
beh9d 9 ^! disc\rses a body ( wisdom    
suffici5t to guide to salvation all :o w
 give att5tive e> & he>t1 ! ,buddha !n 8
 sublime "w ( dis9t]e/$ love be+        
complet$ receives ! fruition ( 8 toil1 !
 sup] ess5tial prize ( ! univ]se1 !     
,inf9ite ,good4 ,9 a ^w1 he dies1 &     
ent]s ,nirwana4 ,!re is no m evil ( any 
sort = him at all =ev]4 ,! f9al fad+ e*o
 ( sorr[ has ceas$ 9 ! sil5ce ( p]fect  
bless$ness2 ! la/ undulation ( ! wave ( 
*ange has roll$ ^u ! %ore (             
immutability4  ,! only hi/oric ,buddha  
is ,sakya ,muni1 or ,gotama1 :o 0 born  

at ,kapila ab\t six c5turies be=e ,*ri/4
 ,8 tea*+s conta9 _m pr9ciples 9 common 
) ^? ( ! ,brahmans4 ,b he revolt$ aga9/ 
_! insuff]able conceit & cruelty4 ,he   
prote/$ aga9/ _! claim t no "o c\ld     
obta9 emancipation until aft] be+ born z
 a ,brahman & pass+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s rites 
& degrees ( _! ord]4 ,9 ! face ( ! mo/  
p[]ful & arrogant prie/hood 9 ! _w1 he  
prea*$ ! p]fect equality ( all mank9d1 &
 ! consequ5t abolition ( ca/es4 ,:oev]  
acquires a total deta*m5t ( affection f 
all exi/5ce is !reby releas$ f bir? &   
mis]y2 & ! means ( acquir+ t deta*m5t   
are freely (f]$ to all 9 8 doctr9e4     
,?us did ,gotama prea*4 ,he took !      
monopoly ( religion out ( ! h&s ( a     
ca/e1 & proclaim$ emancipation to e     
creature t brea!s4 ,he e/abli%$ 8 sy/em 
9 ! valley ( ! ,ganges ne> ! middle ( ! 
six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,x soon ov]ran !
 :ole c\ntry1 & held sway until ab\t    
eight hundr$ ye>s aft] ,*ri/1 :5 an     
awful p]secution & slaught] on ! "p ( ! 
upris+ ,brahmans drove x out ( ! l& )   

sword & fire4 ,! colossal figure :i* =  
f\rte5 c5turies _h be/ridd5 ! ,indian   
cont95t vani%$ sudd5ly1 l a ra9b[ at    
sunset4#cc  ,gotama's philosophy1 9 its 
ontological pr(undity1 is ( a subtlety &
 va/ness t w\ld rack ! bra9 ( a ,fi*te  
or a ,s*ell+2 b1 popul>ly /at$1 s f> z  
our pres5t purpose dem&s1 x is ?is4     
,exi/5ce is ! "o all inclusive evil2    
cessation ( exi/5ce1 or ,nirwana1 is !  
inf9ite good4 ,! cause ( exi/5ce is     
ignorance1 :i* leads "o to cleave to    
exi/+ objects2 & ?is cleav+ leads to    
reproduction4 ,if "o w\ld escape f ! *a9
 ( exi/5ce1 he mu/ de/roy ! cause ( 8   
conf9em5t 9 x1 t is1 evil desire1 or !  
cleav+ to exi/+ objects4 ,! me?od (     
salvation 9 ,gotama's sy/em is to       
vanqui% & annihilate all desire = exi/+ 
?+s4 ,h[ is ?is to be done8 ,by acquir+ 
an int5se p]ception ( ! mis]ies (       
exi/5ce1 on ! "o h&1 & an int5se        
p]ception1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! contra/$    
desirabl5ess ( ! /ate ( emancipation1 or
 ,nirwana4 ,accord+ly1 ! disc\rses (    

,gotama1 & ! sacr$ books ( ! ,buddhi/s1 
are fill$ ) vivid acc\nts ( e ?+ disgu/+
 & horrible connect$ ) exi/5ce1 & )     
vivid descriptions1 consci\sly falt]+ ) 
inadequacy1 ( e ?+ supremely fasc9at+ 9 
connection ) ,nirwana4 ,! ?ree          
reflections on ! imp]man5cy1 suff]+1 &  
unreality ( ! body are ?ree gates lead+ 
to ! city ( ,nirwana4 ,! con/ant claim  
is1 t :osoev] by adequate moral         
discipl9e & philosophical contemplation 
atta9s to a c]ta9 degree ( wisdom1 a    
c]ta9 degree ( intellectual insight1    
in/ead ( any long] cleav+ to exi/5ce1 w 
%udd] at ! ?\ght ( x1 &1 in/ead ( %r9k+ 
f dea?1 w be ravi%$ ) unfa?omable ec/asy
 by ! prospect ( ,nirwana4 ,!n1 :5 he   
dies1 he is free f all liability to a   
return4  ,:5 ,gotama1 e>ly 9 life1 _h   
accid5tally se5 9 succession a wret*$ly 
decrepit old man1 a loa?somely diseas$  
man1 & a decompos+ dead man1 !n ! ?ree  
worlds ( passion1 matt]1 & _s seem$ to  
him l a h\se on fire1 & he long$ to be  
extricat$ f ! dizzy :irl ( exi/5ce1 & to

 rea* ! /ill hav5 ( ,nirwana4 ,f9d+ ere 
long t he _h n[1 z ! rew>d ( 8          
incalculable endurances ?r\gh untold    
aons pa/1 become ,buddha1 he said to    
himself1 ,y h borne ! mis]y ( ! :ole    
r\nd ( transmigrations1 & h arriv$ at   
inf9ite wisdom1 :i* is ! highway to     
,nirwana1 !  #cc ,major ,cunn+ham1      
,bbilsa ,topes1 or ,buddhi/ ,monum5ts ( 
,c5tral ,india1 p4 #afh4   city ( peace4
 ,on t road y are ! guide ( all be+s4   
,beg9 y\r "w & pursue x ) fidelity4 ,f t
 "t until ! day ( 8 dea? he prea*$ !    
?ree laws ( mortality1 mis]y1 &         
mutability4 ,e morn+ he look$ ?r\gh ! _w
 to see :o %\ld be caught t day 9 ! net 
( tru?1 & took 8 measures accord+ly to  
prea* 9 ! he>+ ( m5 ! tru?s by :i* alone
 !y c\ld climb into ,nirwana4 ,:5 he 0  
expir+1 invisible gods1 ) huge & spl5did
 bodies1 came & /ood1 z ?ick z !y c\ld  
be pack$1 = a hundr$ & tw5ty miles ar\nd
 ! banyan tree "u :i* he await$         
,nirwana1 to gaze on him :o _h brok5 !  
circle ( transmigration4#cd  ,! sy/em ( 

,gotama di/+ui%es sev5 grades ( be+3 six
 subject to repeat$ dea? & bir?2 "o !   
condition ( ! rahats & ! ,buddha%ip     
exempt !refrom4 ,:o w9s ?is has rea*$ ! 
%ore ( ! /ormy ocean ( vicissitudes1 &  
is 9 safety =ev]4 ,baur says1 ,! aim (  
,buddhism is t all may obta9 unity ) !  
orig9al empty ,space1 s z to unpeople ! 
worlds4#ce ,?is end x seeks by          
purification f all modes ( cleav+ to    
exi/+ objects1 & by contemplative       
discrim9ation1 b nev] by ! fanatical &  
au/]e me?ods ( ,brahmanism4 ,edw>d      
,upham1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 decl>es
 ?is e>? to be ! only =d to ,nirwana4   
,o!rs also make ! same repres5tation3   
,= all t live & brea! h once be5 m51 ,& 
9 succession w be su* aga94  ,b !       
,buddhi/ au?ors d n always adh]e to ?is 
/atem5t4 ,we sometimes read ( m5's ent]+
 ! pa?s to ,nirwana 9 "s ( ! heav5s1    
likewise ( _! ent]+ ! f9al fruition     
?r\gh a decease 9 a dewa loka4 ,/ill1 x 
is ! common view t emancipation f all   
exi/5ce c be secur$ only by a human be+ 

on e>?4 ,! la/ bir? mu/ be 9 t =m4 ,!   
emblem ( ,buddha1 engrav$ on mo/ ( 8    
monum5ts1 is a :eel1 d5ot+ t he has     
f9i%$ & escap$ f ! circle ( exi/5ces4   
,h5ce=? he is nam$ ,ta?agata1 he :o has 
gone4  ,let u notice a little m m9utely 
:at ! ,buddhi/s say ( ,nirwana2 = h]e9  
to !m hides all ! p[] ( _! philosophy & 
lies ! absorb+ *>m ( _! religion4  ,!   
/ate t is peaceful1 free f body1 f      
passion1 & f fe>1 :]e bir? or dea? is n1
 t is ,nirwana4 ,nirwana puts an end to 
com+ & go+1 & !re is no o!r happ9ess4 ,x
 is a calm :]e9 no w9d bl[s4 ,!re is no 
diff]5ce 9 ,nirwana4 ,x is !            
annihilation ( all ! pr9ciples (        
exi/5ce4 ,nirwana is ! completion &     
opposite %ore ( exi/5ce1 free f decay1  
tranquil1 kn[+ no re/ra9t1 & ( great    
bless$ness4 ,nirwana is unmix$          
satisfaction1 entirely free f sorr[4 ,! 
w9d _c be squeez$ 9 ! h&1 nor c its     
color be told4 ,yet ! w9d is4 ,ev5 s    
,nirwana is1 b its prop]ties _c be told4
 ,nirwana1 l space1 is causeless1 does n

 live nor die1 & has no locality4 ,x is 
! abode ( ^? lib]at$ f exi/5ce4 ,nirwana
 is n1 except to ! be+ :o atta9s x4#cf  
#cd ,life ( ,gotama 9 ,j\rnal ( !       
,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 vol4 iii4   
#ce ,symbolik & ,my?ologie1 ?4 ii4 ab?4 
#b1 s4 #djg4  #cf ,= ^! quotations1 &   
o!rs simil>1 see ,h>dy's valuable "w1   
,ea/]n ,mona*ism1 *ap4 xxii41 on        
,nirwana1 its ,pa?s & ,fruition4   ,"s  
s*ol>s ma9ta9 t ! ,buddhi/ ,nirwana is  
no?+ b ! a!i/ic ,annihilation4 ,!       
subject is confess$ly a mo/ difficult   
"o4 ,b x seems to u t ! op9ion j /at$ is
 ! v anti!sis ( ! true int]pretation (  
,nirwana4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld be    
rememb]$ t !re are v>i\s sects (        
,buddhi/s4 ,n[1 ! ^w ,nirwana may be us$
 9 diff]5t s5ses by diff]5t s*ools4#cg  
,a few p]sons a small p>ty1 repres5t$   
p]haps by able writ]s may believe 9     
annihilation 9 our s5se ( ! t]m1 j z has
 happ5$ 9 ,*ri/5dom1 :ile ! common      
doctr9e ( ! p is ! opposite ( t4 ,9 !   
second place1 ) ! ,ori5tal horror (     

individuat$ exi/5ce1 & a highly poetical
 /yle ( writ+1 no?+ c\ld be m natural1 9
 depict+ _! ideas ( ! mo/ desirable /ate
 ( be+1 ?an t !y %\ld c>ry _! metaphors 
expressive ( repose1 fre$om f action &  
emotion1 to a pit* convey+ to our cold &
 lit]al ?\ght ! conceptions ( blank     
unconsci\sness & absolute no?+ness4     
,colebrooke says1 ,nirwana is n         
annihilation1 b unceas+ apa?y4 ,! notion
 ( x z a happy /ate seems d]iv$ f !     
exp]i5ce ( ec/asies2 or else ! pleasant1
 refre%$ feel+ ) :i* "o wakes f pr(\nd  
repose is ref]r$ to ! p]iod ( actual    
sleep4#ch ,a ,buddhi/ au?or speculates  
?us3 ,t ! s\l feels n dur+ pr(\nd       
trance1 is n = want ( s5sibility1 b =   
want ( s5sible objects4 ,wilson1        
,hodgson1 & ,vans ,k5n$y ?ree able      
?9k]s1 z well z s*ol>s1 9 ?is field     
agree t ,nirwana is n annihilation z we 
und]/& t ^w4 ,mr4 ,hodgson believes t ! 
,buddhi/s expect to be consci\s 9       
,nirwana ( ! et]nal bliss ( re/1 z !y   
are 9 ?is _w ( ! ceaseless pa9 (        

activity4 ,=bes also argues aga9/ !     
nihili/ic explanation ( ! ,buddhi/      
doctr9e ( futurity1 & says he is        
compell$ to conclude t ,nirwana d5otes  
imp]i%able be+ 9 a blissful quietude4#ci
 ,_m additional au?orities 9 favor ( ?is
 view might be adduc$1 en\gh to balance1
 at lea/1 ! names on ! o!r side4        
,koepp51 9 8 v fre%1 vigor\s1 & lucid   
"w1 j publi%$1 entitl$ ,! ,religion (   
,buddha1 & its ,orig91 says1 ,nirwana is
 ! bless$ ,no?+4 ,buddhism is ! ,gospel 
( ,annihilation4 ,b he =gets t ! motto  
on ! title page ( 8 volume is ! foll[+  
s5t5ce quot$ f ,sakya ,muni himself3 ,to
 ^? :o "k ! concat5ation ( causes &     
effects1 !re is nei!r be+ nor no?+4 ,to 
!m ,nirwana is4 ,consid]+ x1 !n1 z an   
op5 "q1 unsettl$ by any au?oritative    
ass]tion1 we w weigh ! probabilities ( !
 case4  ,no def9ition ( ,nirwana is m   
frequ5t ?an ! "o giv5 by ! ,kalpa       
,sutra1#dj namely1 cessation f action & 
fre$om f desire4 ,b ?is1 l _m ( ! o!r   
repres5tations1 su*1 = in/ance1 z !     

exclusion ( succession1 v pla9ly is n a 
d5ial ( all be+1 b only ( our pres5t    
modes ( exp]i5ce4 ,! dy+ ,gotama is said
 to h pass$ ?r\gh ! sev]al /ates1 "o    
aft] ano!r1 until he arriv$ at ! /ate   
:]e !re is no pa94 ,he !n cont9u$ to    
ent] ! o!r high] /ates1 & f ! highe/    
ent]$ ,nirwana4 ,c lit]al annihilation1 
! nak$ empt9ess ( non5tity1 be bett] ?an
  #cg ,burn\f1 ,introduction a          
l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme ,indi51        
,app5dice ,no4 ,i41 ,du mot ,nirvana4   
#ch ,colebrooke1 ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4    
#cec4  #ci ,elev5 ,ye>s 9 ,ceylon1 vol4 
ii4 *ap4 ix4  #dj ,tanslation by ,dr4   
,/ev5son1 p4 #bc4   ! highe/ /ate ( be+8
 ,x c be s only :5 we view ,no?+ on !   
positive side z id5tical ) ,all1 make   
annihilat+ deprivation equival5t to     
univ]sal be/[m5t1 reg>d negation z      
affirmation1 &1 9 ! la/ syn!sis (       
contradictions1 see ! abysmal ,vacuum z 
a ,pl5um ( fruition4 ,z ,ok5 says1 ,!   
ideal z]o is absolute unity2 n a        
s+ul>ity1 z ! numb] "o1 b an            

indivisibility1 a numb]lessness1 a      
homog5eity1 a transluc5cy1 a pure       
id5tity4 ,x is nei!r great nor small1   
quiesc5t nor mov$2 b x is1 & x is n1 all
 ?is4#da  ,fur!rmore1 if "s ( ! ,buddhi/
 repres5tations w\ld lead u to believe t
 ,nirwana is utt] no?+ness1 o!rs        
app>5tly imply ! opposite4 ,! disc\rses 
( ,buddha are a *>m to cure ! poison (  
evil desire2 a succession ( fruit be>+  
trees plac$ "h & !re to enable !        
travell] to cross ! des]t ( exi/5ce2 a  
p[] by :i* e sorr[ may be appeas$2 a    
door ( entrance to ! et]nal city (      
,nirwana4 ,! m9d ( ! rahat 7"o :o has   
obta9$ assurance ( emancipation & is    
only wait+ = x to arrive7 kn[s no       
di/urbance1 because x is fill$ ) !      
pleasure ( ,nirwana4 ,! sight ( ,nirwana
 be/[s p]fect happ9ess4 ,! rahat is     
emancipat$ f exi/5ce 9 ,nirwana1 z !    
lotus is sep>at$ f ! mud out ( :i* x    
spr+s4 ,fire may be produc$ by rubb+    
toge!r two /icks1 ?\gh previ\sly x _h no
 locality3 x is ! same ) ,nirawna4      

,nirwana is free f dang]1 peaceful1     
refre%+1 happy4 ,:5 a man :o has be5    
broil$ be=e a huge fire is releas$1 &   
goes quickly into "s op5 space1 he feels
 ! mo/ agreeable s5sation4 ,all ! evils 
( exi/5ce are t fire1 & ,nirwana is t   
op5 space4 ,^! passages indicate !      
cessation 9 ,nirwana ( all suff]+s1     
p]haps ( all pres5t modes ( exi/5ce1 b n
 ! total end ( be+4 ,x may be said t ^! 
are b figurative expressions4 ,! reply  
is1 s are ! contra/$ /atem5ts metaphors1
 & x is probable t ! expressions :i*    
d5ote ! survival ( pure be+ 9 ,nirwana  
are clos] approximations to ! int5t ( _!
 au?ors ?an ^? :i* h9t at an unconsci\s 
vacancy4 ,if ,nirwana 9 its orig9al     
mean+ 0 an utt] & inf9ite blank1 !n1 out
 ( t v ,no?+1 z ,max ,mull] says1 human 
nature made a new p>adise4  ,!re is a   
s*eme ( doctr9e held by "s ,buddhi/     
philosoph]s :i* may be ?us /at$4 ,!re   
are five con/itu5t elem5ts ( s5ti5t     
exi/5ce4 ,!y are call$ kh&as1 & are z   
foll[s3 ! organiz$ body1 s5sation1      

p]ception1 discrim9ation1 &             
consci\sness4 ,dea? is ! dissolution &  
entire de/ruction ( ^! kh&as1 & ap>t f  
!m !re is no syn!tical unit1 s\l1 or    
p]sonality4 ,yet 9 a c]ta9 s5se dea? is 
n ! absolute annihilation ( a human     
exi/5ce1 because x leaves a pot5tiality 
inh]5t 9 t exi/5ce4 ,!re is no id5tical 
ego to survive & be born aga92 b k>ma t 
is1 ! sum ( a man's action1 8 entire    
m]it & dem]it produces at 8 dea? a new  
be+1 & s on 9 cont9u$ s]ies until       
,nirwana is atta9$4 ,?us ! succession ( 
be+ is kept up ) transmitt$             
responsibility1 z a flame is transf]r$ f
 "o wick to ano!r4 ,x is evid5t en\gh1 z
 is ju/ly claim$ by ,h>dy & o!rs1 t !   
limitation ( exi/5ce to ! five kh&as1   
exclud+ ! idea ( any indep5d5t          
individuality1 makes dea?  #da ,elem5ts 
( ,physiophilosophy1 ,tulk's trans4 p4  
#i4   annihilation1 & r5d]s ! v         
conception ( a future life = ^? n[ liv+ 
an absurdity4 ,b we are conv9c$ t ?is   
view is ! speculative peculi>ity ( a    

sect1 & by no means ! common belief ( ! 
,buddhi/ populace or ! tea*+ ( ,gotama  
himself4 ,?is appe>s at ! outset f !    
fact t ,gotama is repres5t$ z hav+ liv$ 
?r\gh millions ( exi/5ces1 9 diff]5t    
/ates & worlds1 ) pres]v$ id5tity &     
memory4 ,! hi/ory ( 8 concat5at$ advance
 t[>ds ! ,buddha%ip is ! support+ basis 
& ! saturat+ _s ( docum5t>y ,buddhism4  
,& ! same idea p]vades ! :ole range (   
n>ratives relat+ to ! repeat$ bir?s &   
dea?s ( ! innum]able ,buddhi/ h]oes &   
sa9ts :o1 aft] s _m resid5ces on e>?1 9 
! hells1 9 ! dewalokas1 h at la/ rea*$  
emancipation4 ,!y recollect _!          
adv5tures2 !y rec\nt copi\s portions (  
_! exp]i5ce /ret*+ ?r\gh _m lives4      
,aga93 ! argum5ts cit$ f ,buddha seem   
aim$ to prove1 n t !re is absolutely no 
self 9 man1 b t ! five kh&as are n !    
self1 t ! real self is some?+ di/9ct f  
all t is expos$ to mis]y & *ange1 some?+
 deep1 wondr\s1 div9e1 inf9ite4 ,=      
in/ance1 ! report ( a debate on ?is     
subject betwe5 ,buddha & ,sa*aka closes 

) ^! words3 ,?us 0 ,sa*aka =c$ to       
confess t ! five kh&as are imp]man5t1   
connect$ ) sorr[1 unreal1 n ! self4#db  
,^! t]ms appe> to imply ! reality ( a   
self1 only t x is n to be conf\nd$ ) !  
appreh5sible elem5ts ( exi/5ce4         
,besides1 ! atta9m5t ( ,nirwana is held 
up z a prize to be labori\sly s\ght by  
p]sonal ef=t4 ,to secure x is a positive
 triumph q di/9ct f ! fat$ dissolution (
 ! kh&as 9 dea?4 ,n[1 if !re be 9 man no
 p]sonal entity1 :at is x t ) s mu* joy 
atta9s ,nirwana8 ,! g5u9e ,buddhi/      
notion1 z seems mo/ probable1 is t !    
consci\s ess5ce ( ! rahat1 :5 ! ext]ior 
elem5ts ( exi/5ce fall f ar\nd him1     
passes by a transc5d5t climax & discrete
 leap beyond ! out]mo/ limits (         
appreciable be+1 & becomes t ,,inf9ite  
:i* kn[s no *anges & is susceptible ( no
 def9itions4 ,9 ! ,ka gyur collection ( 
,tibetan sacr$ books1 compris+ a hundr$ 
volumes1 & n[ belong+ to ! ,cab9et (    
,manuscripts 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,p>is1
 !re are two volumes exclusively occupi$

 by a treatise on ,nirwana4 ,x is a     
significant fact t ! title ( ^! volumes 
is ,nirwana1 or ,deliv]ance f ,pa94 ,if 
,nirwana be simply annihilation1 :y is x
 n s /at$8 ,:y %\ld rec\rse be _h to a  
phrase p>tially descriptive ( "o        
feature1 in/ead ( compreh5sively ann\nc+
 or imply+ ! :ole case8  ,/ill fur!r3 x 
des]ves notice t1 accord+ to ! unanim\s 
affirmation ( ,buddhi/ au?ors1 if any   
,buddhi/ 7 (f]$ ! alt]native ( an       
exi/5ce z k+ ( a dewa loka1 keep+ 8     
p]sonality = a hundr$ million ye>s 9 !  
un9t]rupt$ enjoym5t ( p]fect happ9ess1  
or ( translation into ,nirwana1 he w\ld 
spurn ! =m] z defilem5t1 & w\ld )       
unutt]able avidity *oose ! latt]4 ,we   
mu/ !re=e suppose t by ,nirwana he      
und]/&s1 n nak$ de/ruction1 b "s my/]i\s
 good1 too va/ = logical compreh5sion1  
too obscure to ,occid5tal ?\ght to f9d  
expression 9 ,occid5tal language4  #db  
,h>dy1 ,manual1 p4 #dbg4   ,at ! mom5t  
:5 ,gotama ent]$ ^u ! ,buddha%ip1 l a   
vessel ov]fl[+ ) honey1 8 m9d ov]fl[$ ) 

! nect> ( oral in/ruction1 & he utt]$ ^!
 /anzas3  ,?r\gh _m diff]5t bir?s ,i h  
run1 va9ly seek+ ,! ar*itect ( ! desire 
resembl+ h\se4 ,pa9ful are repeat$      
bir?s4 ,o h\se build]6 ,i h se5 !e4     
,aga9 a h\se ?\ can/ n build = me4 ,i h 
brok5 ?y raft]s & ridge pole2 ,i h      
arriv$ at ! ext9ction ( evil desire2 ,my
 m9d is gone to ,nirwana4  ,h>dy1 :o    
/\tly ma9ta9s t ! g5u9e doctr9e (       
,buddha's philosophy is t !re is no     
transmigrat+ individuality 9 man1 b t ! 
k>ma creates a new p]son on !           
dissolution ( ! =m] "o1 confesses !     
difficulties ( ?is dogma to be s great t
 x is almo/ univ]sally repudiat$4 ,m4   
,obry publi%$ at ,p>is1 9 #ahef1 a small
 volume entirely devot$ to ?is subject1 
"u ! title ( ,! ,indian ,nirwana1 or !  
,enfran*isem5t ( ! ,s\l aft] ,dea?4 ,8  
conclusion1 aft] a c>eful & c&id        
discussion1 is1 t ,nirwana _h diff]5t   
mean+s to ! m9ds ( ! anci5t ,aryan      
prie/s1 ! or?odox ,brahmans1 ! ,sankhya 
,brahmans1 & ! ,buddhi/s1 b _h n to any 

( !m1 except+ possibly a few a!i/s1 !   
s5se ( /rict annihilation4 ,he ?9ks t   
,burn\f & ,b>!lemy ,sa9t ,hilaire       
!mselves w\ld h accept$ ?is view if !y  
_h paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! def9ite  
inquiry1 in/ead ( m]ely t\*+ ^u x 9 !   
c\rse ( _! m compreh5sive /udies4  ,:at 
,sp9oza decl>es 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce ,god  
is "o1 simple1 inf9ite2 8 modes ( be+   
are div]se1 complex1 f9ite /rongly      
resembles :at ! ,buddhi/s say ( ,nirwana
 & ! contra/$ vicissitudes ( exi/5ce1 & 
may p]haps ?r[ light on _! mean+4 ,!    
supposition ( immat]ial1 unlimit$1      
absolutely unalt]able be+ ! s*ola/ic ens
 s9e qualitate answ]s to ! descriptions 
( x mu* m satisfactorily ?an ! idea (   
unqualifi$ no?+ness does4 ,nirwana is   
real2 all else is ph5om5al4 ,!          
,sankhyas1 :o d n hold to ! non5tity nor
 to ! annihilation ( ! s\l1 b to its    
et]nal id5tification ) ! ,inf9ite ,"o1  
use nev]!less ne>ly ! same phrases 9    
describ+ x t ! ,buddhi/s d4 ,= example1 
!y say1 ,! s\l is nei!r a production nor

 productive1 nei!r matt] nor =m#dc ,!   
,vi%nu ,purana says1 ,! mundane egg1    
conta9+ ! :ole creation1 0 surr\nd$ by  
sev5 envelops1 wat]1 air1 fire1 e!r1    
egotism1 intellig5ce1 & f9ally !        
indiscrete pr9ciple#dd ,is n ?is        
,indiscrete ,pr9ciple ( ! ,brahmans !   
same z ! ,nirwana ( ! ,buddhi/s8 ,!     
latt] explicitly claim t man is capable 
( enl>g+ 8 faculties to inf9ity4  #dc   
,sankhya ,k>ika1 pp4 #af-ah4  #dd ,vi%nu
 ,purana1 p4 #ai4   ,nagas5a says to !  
k+ ( ,sagal1 ,nei!r does ,nirwana exi/  
previ\sly to its reception1 nor is t :i*
 0 n1 br\ght into exi/5ce3 /ill1 to !   
be+ :o atta9s x1 !re is ,nirwana4       
,accord+ to ?is /atem5t1 tak5 9         
connection ) ! hundr$s simil> to x1     
,nirwana seems to be a simple m5tal     
p]ception1 mo/ difficult ( acquirem5t1  
&1 :5 acquir$1 assimilat+ ! :ole        
consci\s be+ p]fectly to itself4 ,!     
,asangkrata ,sutra1 z translat$ by ,mr4 
,h>dy1 says1 ,f ! joyful exclamations ( 
^? :o h se5 ,nirwana1 its "* may be kn[n

 by ^? :o h n made ! same atta9m5t4 ,!  
sup]ficial ?9k]1 c>elessly scann+ !     
record$ say+s ( ,gotama & 8 expositors 9
 relation to ,nirwana1 is aw>e only ( a 
confus$ mass ( metaphysical hi]oglyphs &
 poetical metaphors2 b ! ,buddhi/ sages 
av[ t :oso1 by conc5trat$ /udy & tra9+ (
 8 faculties1 pursues ! inquiry )       
adequate p]sev]ance1 w at la/ elicit &  
behold ! real mean+ ( ,nirwana1 ! a*iev$
 insight & revelation =m+ ! wide/       
horizon ( raptur\s tru? ev] contemplat$ 
by ! human m9d4 ,! memorable rem>k (    
,sir ,william ,hamilton1 t capacity (   
?\ght is n to be con/itut$ into !       
measure ( exi/5ce1 %\ld %[ ! error ( ^? 
:o s unju/ifiably affirm t1 s9ce        
,nirwana is said to be nei!r corporeal  
nor incorporeal1 nor at all describable1
 x is !re=e absolutely no?+4 ,a l rem>k 
is also to be address$ to ^? :o draw !  
same unw>rantable conclusion ( !        
no?+ness ( ,nirwana f ! fact t x has no 
locality1 or f ! fact t x is sometimes  
said to exclude consci\sness4 ,plato1 9 

! ,timaus1 /igmatizes z a vulg> error ! 
notion t :at is n 9 any place is a      
non5tity4 ,_m a weighty philosoph] has  
foll[$ him 9 ?is op9ion4 ,! d5ial (     
place is by no means necess>ily ! d5ial 
( be+4 ,s1 too1 ) consci\sness4 ,x is   
conceivable t !re is a be+ sup]ior to   
all ! modes ( consci\sness n[ kn[n to u4
 ,we are1 inde$1 unable to def9e ?is1   
yet x may be4 ,! pr(\nde/ analysis %[s t
 consci\sness consi/s ( co ord9at$      
*anges4#de ,consci\sness is a succession
 ( *anges comb9$ & arrang$ 9 special    
ways4 ,n[1 9 contra/ to ! ,occid5tal    
?9k]1 :o covets alt]nation because 9 8  
cold climate action is ! means (        
enjoym5t1 ! ,h9du1 9 ! languid ,ea/1 :]e
 repose is ! condition ( enjoym5t1      
conceives ! highe/ bless$ness to consi/ 
9 exemption f e di/urbance1 9 an        
unruffl$ unity exclud+ all *anges4      
,!re=e1 :ile 9 "s ( its =ms 8 dream (   
,nirwana admits n consci\sness1 /ill1 x 
is n inconsi/5t ) a homog5e\s /ate (    
be+1 :i* he1 9 8 metaphysical & !osophie

 so>+s1 appreh5ds z ! gr&e/ & mo/       
ec/atic ( all4  ,! etymological =ce ( ! 
^w ,nirwana is ext9ction1 z :5 ! sun has
 set1 a fire has burn$ out1 or a lamp is
 ext+ui%$4 ,! fair laws ( int]pretation 
d n compel u1 9 cases l ?is1 to receive 
! sev]e/ lit]al significance ( a ^w z   
convey+ ! mean+ :i* a popul> doctr9e    
holds 9 ! m9ds ( its believ]s4 ,!re is  
almo/ always loos5ess1 vagu5ess1        
metaphor1 accommodation4 ,b take ! t]m  
be=e u 9 its /ricte/ s5se1 & m>k !      
result4 ,:5 a fire is ext+ui%$1 x is    
obvi\s t1 :ile ! flame has disappe>$1 ! 
sub/ance ( ! flame1 :atev] x 01 has n   
ceas$ to be1 has n be5  #de ,h]b]t      
,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 *4 xxv4
   actually annihilat$4 ,x has only     
ceas$ to be 9 a c]ta9 visible =m 9 :i* x
 exi/$ be=e2 b x /ill survives "u alt]$ 
conditions4 ,n[1 to comp>e ! putt+ out (
 a lamp to ! dea? ( a man1 ext9ction is 
n actual de/ruction1 b a transition ( ! 
flame into ano!r /ate ( be+4 ,t o!r     
/ate1 9 ! case ( ! s\l1 is ,nirwana4    

,!re is a f9al consid]ation1 possibly ( 
"s wor? 9 deal+ ) ?is obscure !me4 ,we w
 approa* x ?r\gh a prelim9>y qu]y &     
quotation4 ,t no?+ c ext5d beyond its   
limits is an id5tical proposition4 ,h[  
va/1 !n1 mu/ be ! s\l ( man 9 =m or 9   
p[]6  ,if s\ls be sub/ances corporeal1  
,be !y z big j z ! body is8 ,or %oot !y 
out to ! height e!real8 ,do? x n seem ! 
impression ( a seal ,c be no l>g] ?an ! 
wax8 ,! s\l ) t va/ latitude mu/ move   
,:i* measures ! objects t x do? descry4 
,s mu/ x be up/ret*'d unto ! sky ,& rub 
aga9/ ! />s4  ,c\s9 ass]ts t man is     
consci\s ( inf9ity1 t ! unconditional1 !
 absolute1 ! inf9ite1 is imm$iately kn[n
 9 consci\sness by diff]5ce1 plurality1 
& relation4 ,n[1 does n ! consci\sness (
 inf9ity imply ! inf9ity ( consci\sness8
 ,if n1 we are compell$ into !          
contradiction t a c]ta9 entity or =ce   
rea*es outside ( its out]mo/ b\nd>y4 ,! 
,buddhi/ ideal is n self annihilation1 b
 self univ]salization4 ,x is n !        
absorption ( a drop into ! sea1 b !     

dilatation ( a drop to ! sea4 ,ea* drop 
swells to ! :ole ocean1 ea* s\l becomes 
! ,b\ndless ,"o1 ea* rahat is id5tifi$ )
 ! total ,nirwana4 ,! riv]s ( emancipat$
 m5 nei!r disembogue into ! ocean ( _s  
nor evaporate into ! abyss ( non5tity1 b
 are bl5d$ ) inf9itude z an ontological 
integ]4 ,nirwana is unexpos$ &          
illimitable space4 ,buddhism is p]fect  
dis9t]e/$ness1 absolute self surr5d]4 ,x
 is ! gospel ( ev]la/+ emancipation =   
all4 ,x _c be t a delib]ate suicide (   
s\l is ! ideal hold+ ! deepe/ desire (  
f\r hundr$ millions ( p4 ,nirwana is n  
negation1 b a pure positive )\t         
alt]nation or foil4  ,"s light may be   
?r[n on ! subject by contemplat+ !      
successive /ates ?r\gh :i* ! dy+ ,gotama
 pass$4 ,max ,mull] describes !m1 aft] !
 ,buddhi/ docum5ts1 ?us3 ,he ent]s into 
! fir/ /age ( m$itation :5 he feels     
fre$om f s91 acquires a k ( ! nature (  
all ?+s1 & has no desire except t (     
,nirvana4 ,b he /ill feels pleasure2 he 
ev5 uses 8 reason+ & discrim9at+ p[]s4  

,! use ( ^! p[]s ceases 9 ! second /age 
( m$itation1 :5 no?+ rema9s b a desire  
aft] ,nirvana1 & a g5]al feel+ (        
satisfaction aris+ f 8 intellectual     
p]fection4 ,t satisfaction1 also1 is    
ext+ui%$ 9 ! ?ird /age4 ,indiff]5ce     
succe$s2 yet !re is /ill self           
consci\sness1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( physical
 pleasure4 ,9 ! f\r? /age ^! la/        
remnants are de/roy$2 memory fades away1
 all pleasure & pa9 are gone1 & ! doors 
( ,nirvana n[ op5 be=e him4 ,we mu/ so> 
/ill high]1 &1 ?\gh we may feel giddy  &
 disgu/$1#df we mu/ sit out ! trag$y    
till ! curta9 falls4 ,aft] ! f\r /ages (
 m$itation are pass$1 ! ,buddha 7& e be+
 is to become a ,buddha7 ent]s fir/ into
 ! inf9ity ( space1 !n into ! inf9ity ( 
intellig5ce1 & !nce he passes into !    
?ird region1 ! realm ( no?+4 ,b ev5 "h  
!re is no re/4 ,!re is /ill some?+ left1
 ! idea ( ! no?+ 9 :i* he rejoices4 ,t  
also mu/ be de/roy$2 & x is de/roy$ 9 ! 
f\r? & la/ region1 :]e !re is n ev5 !   
idea ( a no?+ left1 & :]e !re is        

complete re/1 undi/urb$ by no?+1 or :at 
is n no?+4#dg ,analyze away all         
p>ticul>s until y rea* an uncolor$      
b\ndlessness ( pure immat]iality1 free f
 e pr$icam5t2 & t is ,nirwana4 ,?is is  
"o possible way ( conceiv+ ! fate ( !   
s\l2 & ! speculative m9d mu/ conceive x 
9 e possible way4 ,h[ev] closely !      
result resembles ! vulg> notion (       
annihilation1 ! diff]5ce 9 me?od (      
approa* & ! diff]5ce to ! contemplator's
 feel+ are imm5se4 ,! ,buddhi/ appreh5ds
 ,nirwana z inf9itude 9 absolute &      
et]nal equilibrium3 ! a!i/ f9ds ,nirwana
 9 a c(f94 ,t is ?\ght ( ) rapture1 ?is1
 ) horror4  ,x %\ld be notic$1 be=e we  
close ?is *apt]1 t "s ( ! ,h9dus give a 
spiritual int]pretation to all ! gross  
physical details ( _! s highly color$ & 
extravagant my?ology4 ,"o ( _! sacr$    
books says1 ,pleasure & pa9 are /ates ( 
! m9d4 ,heav5 is t :i* delights ! m9d1  
hell is t :i* gives x pa94 ,h5ce vice is
 call$ hell1 & virtue is call$ heav54   
,ano!r au?or says1 ,! fire ( ! angry m9d

 produces ! fire ( hell1 & consumes its 
possessor4 ,a wick$ p]son causes 8 evil 
de$s to imp+e ^u himself1 & t is hell4  
,! v>i\s sects ( my/ics1 alli$ 9 fai? & 
feel+ to ! ,sufis1 :i* are q num]\s 9 ! 
,ea/1 agree 9 a deep metaphorical       
explanation ( ! vulg> notions p]ta9+ to 
,deity1 judgm5t1 heav51 & hell4  ,9     
conclusion1 ! mo/ rem>kable fact 9 ?is  
:ole field ( inquiry is ! contra/ ( !   
,ea/]n horror ( individuality & long+ = 
absorption ) ! ,we/]n cl++ to p]sonality
 & abhorr5ce ( dissolution4#dh ,! true  
,ori5tali/1 :e!r ,brahman1 ,buddhi/1 or 
,sufi1 is 9 love ) dea?4 ,?r\gh ?is gate
 he expects to quit 8 frail & pitiable  
consci\sness1 los+ himself1 ) all evil1 
to be born anew & f9d himself1 ) all    
good1 9 ,god4 ,all s5se1 passion1 c>e1 &
 grief %all cease ) deliv]ance f !      
spectral semblances ( ?is false life4   
,all pure contemplation1 p]fect repose1 
unsulli$ & unrippl$ joy %all beg9 )     
entrance ^u ! true life beyond4 ,?us    
?9k+1 he feels t dea? is ! av5ue to     

inf9ite expansion1 fre$om1 peace1 bliss2
 & he longs = x ) an int5sity n dream$ (
 by m frigid natures4 ,he (t5 comp>es   
himself1 9 ?is _w aspir+ t[>ds ano!r1 to
 an enamor$ mo? drawn t[>ds ! fire1 & he
 exclaims1 ) a sigh & a ?rill1  #df ,n  
disgu/1 b wond] & awe1 fa?omless        
intellectual emotion1 at s unp>allel$ a 
ph5om5on ( our miracul\s human nature4  
#dg ,buddhism & ,buddhi/ ,pilgrims1 p4  
#ai4  #dh ,burn\f1 ,le ,bhagavata       
,purana1 tome i4 livre iii4 *4 #bh3     
,acquisition de la ,delivrance1 *4 #ca4 
,m>*e de l'ame individuelle4 ,highe/    
nature wills ! capture2 ',light to      
light6' ! in/9ct cries2 ,& 9 agoniz+    
rapture falls ! mo?1 & bravely dies4    
,?9k n :at ?\ art1 ,believ]2 ?9k b :at  
?\ may/ become ,= ! ,_w is ?y deceiv]1 &
 ! ,light ?y only home4 #di  ,! ,we/]n  
m9d approa*es ! subject ( dea?          
negatively1 /ripp+ (f ! attributes (    
f9ite be+2 ! ,ea/]n m9d1 positively1    
putt+ on ! attributes ( inf9ite be+4    
,negative acts1 d5y+ function1 are      

antipa!tic1 & l[] ! s5se ( life2        
positive acts1 affirm+ function1 are    
sympa!tic1 & raise ! s5se ( life4 ,!re=e
 ! end to :i* ^? look1 annihilation1 is 
dread$2 t to :i* ^! look1 ,nirwana1 is  
desir$4 ,to become no?+1 is measureless 
horror2 to become all1 is b\ndless      
ec/asy4  #di ,milnes1 ,palm ,leaves4    
,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,p]sian ,,doctr9e ,,(  
,a ,,future ,,life4  ,,! "n ( ,zoroa/]  
is connect$1 ei!r z au?or or z revis]1 )
 t rem>kable sy/em ( rites & doctr9es   
:i* con/itut$ ! religion ( ! anci5t     
,iranians1 & :i* yet f9ds adh]5ts 9 !   
,gheb]s ( ,p]sia & ! ,p>sees ( ,india4  
,pl9y1 foll[+ ! affirmation ( ,ari/otle1
 ass]ts t he fl\ri%$ six ?\s& ye>s be=e 
,plato4 ,moyle1 ,gibbon1 ,volney1       
,rhode1 concur 9 ?r[+ him back into ?is 
va/ antiquity4 ,f\*]1 ,holty1 ,he]51    
,ty*s51 ,guizot1 assign 8 bir? to !     
beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4     
,hyde1 ,prideaux1 ,du ,p]ron1 ,kleuk]1  
,h]d]1 ,klapro?1 & o!rs1 br+ him d[n to 
ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat]4        

,mean:ile1 sev]al weighty names press ! 
scale 9 favor ( ! hypo!sis ( two or ?ree
 ,zoroa/]s1 liv+ at sep>ate epo*s4 ,s ! 
le>n$ m5 diff]1 & ! g5u9e date 9 "q _c1 
at pres5t at lea/1 be decid$4 ,x is     
comp>atively c]ta9 t1 if he 0 ! au?or ( 
! "w attribut$ to him1 he mu/ h fl\ri%$ 
z e>ly z ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,!   
probabilities seem1 ^u ! :ole1 t he liv$
 f\r or five c5turies e>li] ?an t1 ev51 
9 ! pre hi/oric "t1 z ,spiegel says4    
,h[ev]1 ! settlem5t ( ! era ( ,zoroa/]  
is n a necess>y condition ( discov]+ !  
era :5 ! religion commonly trac$ to him 
0 9 full preval5ce z ! e/abli%$ fai? ( !
 ,p]sian empire4 ,! latt] may be        
conclusively fix$ )\t cle>+ up ! =m]4 ,&
 x is kn[n1 )\t disputation1 t t        
religion :e!r x 0 prim>ily ,p]sian1     
,m$ian1 ,assyrian1 or ,*aldean 0 fl\ri%+
 at ,babylon 9 ! maturity ( its p[] 9 ! 
"t ( ! ,hebrew prophets ,ezekiel1       
,j]emiah1 & ,daniel1 tw5ty five hundr$  
ye>s ago4  ,! celebrat$ "w on ! religion
 ( ! anci5t ,m$es & ,p]sians by ,dr4    

,hyde1 publi%$ 9 #agjj1 mu/ be foll[$ ) 
mu* caution & be tak5 ) _m              
qualifications4 ,! au?or 0 biass$ by    
uns\nd !ories ( ! relation ( ! ,hebrew  
!ology to ! ,p]sian1 & 01 ( c\rse1      
ignorant ( ! mo/ au?oritative anci5t    
docum5ts aft]w>ds br\ght to light4 ,8   
"w1 !re=e1 ?\gh le>n$ & valuable1       
consid]+ ! "t :5 x 0 writt51 is vitiat$ 
by num]\s mi/akes & defects4 ,9 #agfb1  
,anquetil du ,p]ron1 return+ to ,france 
f protract$ j\rney+ & abode 9 ! ,ea/1   
br\ght home1 among ! fruits ( 8         
rese>*es1 manuscripts purport+ to be    
p>ts ( ! old ,p]sian ,bible compos$ or  
collect$ by ,zoroa/]4 ,x 0 writt5 9 a   
language hi!rto unkn[n to ,european     
s*ol>s1 "o ( ! primitive dialects (     
,p]sia4 ,?is "w1 ( :i* he soon publi%$ a
 ,fr5* v]sion at ,p>is 0 entitl$ by him 
! ,z5d ,ave/a4 ,x confirm$ all t 0      
previ\sly kn[n ( ! ,zoroa/rian religion1
 &1 by its allusions1 /atem5ts1 &       
implications1 ?rew great additional     
light ^u ! subject4  ,a furi\s          

controv]sy1 /imulat$ by p]sonal         
rivalries & national jeal\sy1 imm$iately
 arose4 ,du ,p]ron 0 d5\nc$ z an impo/or
 or an ignoramus1 & 8 publication       
/igmatiz$ z a wret*$ =g]y ( 8 own1 or a 
gross imposition palm$ ^u him by "s ly+ 
pundit4 ,sir ,william ,jones & ,john    
,ri*>dson1 bo? di/+ui%$ ,engli%         
,ori5tali/s1 & ,me9]s 9 ,g]many1 7 !    
*ief impugn]s ( ! docum5t 9 h&4         
,ri*>dson ob/9ately w5t beyond 8 data1 &
 did n live long en\gh to retract2 b    
,sir ,william1 ^u an increase (         
in=mation1 *ang$ 8 views1 & regrett$ 8  
fir/ inconsid]ate zeal & some:at mi/ak5 
*ampion%ip4 ,! able/ def5d] ( ,du ,p]ron
 0 ,kleuk]1 :o translat$ ! :ole "w f    
,fr5* into ,g]man1 add+ _m corrections1 
new argum5ts1 & rese>*es ( great        
ability4 ,8 "w 0 pr9t$ at ,riga1 9 sev5 
qu>to volumes1 f #aggg to #aghc4 ,!     
progress & results ( ! :ole discussion  
are well en\gh indicat$ 9 ! v>i\s pap]s 
:i* ! subject drew =? 9 ! volumes ( !   
,asiatic ,rese>*es & ! numb]s ( !       

,asiatic ,j\rnal4 ,! conclusion 0 t1    
:ile ,du ,p]ron _h inde$ betray$ p>tial 
ignorance & crudity1 & _h committ$ "s   
gl>+ errors1 !re 0 n ! lea/ gr\nd = d\bt
 t 8 ass]t$ discov]y 0 9 e ess5tial :at 
x claim$ to be4 ,x is a sort ( litany2 a
 collection ( pray]s & ( sacr$ dialogues
 held betwe5 ,ormuzd & ,zoroa/]1 f :i* !
 ,p]sian sy/em ( !ology may be inf]r$ & 
con/ruct$ ) "s approa* to complet5ess4  
,! assailants ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,z5d     
,ave/a 7 effectually sil5c$ :51 "s ?irty
 ye>s lat]1 ,pr(essor ,rask1 a well kn[n
 ,dani% l+ui/1 dur+ 8 inquiries 9 !     
,ea/1 f\nd o!r copies ( x1 & gave to !  
_w su* in=mation & pro(s z c\ld n be    
suspect$4 ,he1 discov]+ ! close         
aff9ities ( ! ,z5d ) ,sanscrit1 l$ ! way
 to ! mo/ brilliant triumph yet a*iev$  
by comp>ative philology4 ,portions ( !  
"w 9 ! orig9al "* 7 publi%$ 9 #ahbi1 "u 
! sup]vision ( ,burn\f at ,p>is & (     
,ol%aus5 at ,hamburg4 ,! "q ( ! g5u95ess
 ( ! dialect exhibit$ 9 ^! specim5s1    
once s freely moot$1 has be5 discuss$1 &

 def9itively settl$ 9 ! affirmative1 by 
sev]al em95t s*ol>s1 among :om may be   
m5tion$ ,bopp1 ^: ,comp>ative ,gramm> ( 
! ,sanscrit1 ,z5d1 ,greek1 ,lat91       
,li?uanian1 ,go?ic1 & ,g]man ,languages 
is an a/oni%+ monum5t ( erudition &     
toil4 ,x is ! conviction ( ,major       
,rawl9son t ! ,zoroa/rian books ( !     
,p>sees 7 import$ to ,bombay f ,p]sia 9 
_! pres5t /ate 9 ! sev5? c5tury ( our   
era1 b t !y 7 writt5 at lea/ twelve     
c5turies e>li]4#a  ,b ! two s*ol>s ^:   
op9ions ^u any subject )9 ?is dep>tm5t (
 le>n+ are n[ ! mo/ au?oritative are    
,pr(essor ,spiegel ( ,erlang51 &        
,pr(essor ,we/]ga>d ( ,cop5hag54 ,_!    
inve/igations1 /ill 9 progress1 made )  
all ! aids furni%$ by _! pr$ecessors1 & 
also ) ! advantage ( newly discov]$     
mat]ials & processes1 are ( c\rse to be 
reli$ on 9 pref]5ce to ! e>li]1 & 9 "s  
respects necess>ily crud]1 rese>*es4 ,x 
appe>s t ! prop] ,zoroa/rian ,scriptures
 namely1 ! ,yasna1 ! ,visp]$1 !         
,v5didad1 ! ,ya%ts1 ! ,nyai%1 !         

,afrigans1 ! ,gahs1 ! ,sirozah1 & a few 
o!r fragm5ts 7 compos$ 9 an anci5t      
,iranian dialect1 :i* may z ,pr(essor   
,w4 ,d4 ,:itney sugge/s 9 8 v lucid &   
able article 9 vol4 v4 ( ! ,j\rnal ( !  
,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society mo/ fitly be 
call$ ! ,ave/an dialect4 7,no o!r book 9
 ?is dialect1 we believe1 is kn[n to be 
9 exi/5ce n[47 ,x is difficult to say :5
 ^!  #a ,wilson1 ,p>si ,religion        
,unfold$1 p4 #dje4   docum5ts 7 writt52 
b 9 view ( all ! relevant in=mation n[  
possess$1 includ+ t drawn f ! deciph]$  
cunei=m inscriptions1 ! mo/ probable    
date is ab\t a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4    
,pr(essor ,r4 ,ro? ( ,tub+5 ^: au?ority 
h]e9 z an orig9al inve/igator is p]haps 
h>dly second to any o!r man's says !    
books ( ! ,zoroa/rian fai? 7 writt5 a   
consid]able "t be=e ! rise ( ! ,a*am5ian
 dyna/y4 ,he is conv9c$ t ! :ole        
sub/antial cont5ts ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a are  
_m c5turies old] ?an ! ,*ri/ian era4#b  
,pr(essor ,mull] ( ,ox=d also holds !   
same op9ion4#c ,& ev5 ^? :o set ! date (

 ! lit]>y record a few c5turies lat]1 z 
,spiegel does1 freely admit ! great     
antiquity ( ! doctr9es & usages !n fir/ 
committ$ to manuscript4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury
 be=e ,*ri/1 ,alex&] ( ,mac$on ov]ran ! 
,p]sian empire4 ,) ! new rule new       
influ5ces prevail$1 & ! old national    
fai? & ritual fell into decay & neglect4
 ,e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1
 ,arde%ir ov]?rew ! ,p>?ian dom9ion 9   
,p]sia & e/abli%$ ! ,sassanian dyna/y4  
,"o ( 8 fir/ acts 01 /imulat$ d\btless  
by ! surviv+ ,magi & ! old piety ( ! p1 
to re9augurate ! anci5t religion4 ,a    
fre% zeal ( loyalty broke out1 & all !  
pre/ige & vigor ( ! long suppress$      
wor%ip 7 re/or$4 ,! ,zoroa/rian         
,scriptures 7 n[ s\ght =1 :e!r 9        
manuscript or 9 ! memories ( ! prie/s4  
,x w\ld seem t only remnants 7 f\nd4 ,! 
collection1 su* z x 01 0 9 ! ,ave/an    
dialect1 :i* _h gr[n p>tially obsolete &
 un9telligible4 ,! au?orities accord+ly 
_h a translation ( x made 9 ! spee* ( ! 
"t1 ,pehlevi4 ,?is translation mo/ ( :i*

 has rea*$ u writt5 9 ) ! orig9al1      
s5t5ce aft] s5t5ce =ms ! real ,z5d      
language1 (t5 conf\nd$ by ! lit]>y      
public ) ,ave/an4 ,! translation ( !    
,ave/an books1 probably made "u ^!      
circum/ances z e>ly z ,a4 ,d4 #cej1 is  
call$ ! ,huzv>es*4 ,9 reg>d to "s ( ^!  
p>ticul>s !re are que/ions /ill "u      
inve/igation1 b ^u :i* x is n wor? our  
:ile to pause "h4 ,= example1 ,spiegel  
?9ks ! ,z5d id5tical ) ! ,pehlevi ( !   
f\r? c5tury2 ,we/]ga>d believes x       
entirely di/9ct f ,pehlevi1 & 9 tru?    
only a disguis$ mode ( writ+ ,p>see1 !  
olde/ =m ( ! mod]n ,p]sian language4  ,!
 s\rce f :i* ! fulle/ & cle>e/ k ( !    
,zoroa/rian fai?1 z x is n[ held by !   
,p>sees1 is drawn1 is ! ,desatir & !    
,bundehe%4 ,! =m] "w is ! unique ve/ige 
( an ext9ct dialect call$ ! ,mahabadian1
 accompani$ by a ,p]sian translation &  
comm5t>y4 ,x is impossible to asc]ta9 ! 
c5tury :5 ! ,mahabadian text 0 writt52 b
 ! translation into ,p]sian 01 mo/      
probably1 made 9 ! sev5? c5tury ( !     

,*ri/ian era4#d ,spiegel1 9 #ahdg1 says 
!re c be no d\bt ( ! spuri\sness ( !    
,desatir2 b he gives no reasons = !     
/atem5t1 & we d n "k t x is bas$ on any 
o!r argum5ts ?an ^? :i*1 advanc$ by ,de 
,sacy1 7 refut$ by ,von ,hamm]4 ,!      
,bundehe% is 9 ! ,pehlevi or ,z5d       
language1 & 0 writt51 x is  #b ,ueb] die
 ,heilig5 ,s*rift5 d] ,ari]4 ,jahrbu*]  
fur ,deuts*e ,!ologie1 #aheg1 b& ii4 ss4
 #adf1 #adg4  #c ,essay on ! ,v$a & !   
,z5d ,ave/a1 p4 #bd4 ,see also ,buns5's 
,*ri/ianity & ,mank9d1 vol4 iii4 p4     
#aad4  #d ,b>on von ,hamm]1 9           
,heidelb]g] ,jabrbu*] d] ,lit]atur1     
#ahbc4 ,id4 9 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1       
,juillet1 #ahcc4 ,dabi/an1 ,prelim9>y   
,disc\rse1 pp4 xix4  lxv4   ?\ght1 ab\t 
! sev5? c5tury1 b 0 d]iv$1 x is claim$1 
f a m anci5t "w4#e ,! book entitl$      
,revelations ( ,ardai ,viraf exi/s 9    
,pehlevi probably ( ! f\r? c5tury1      
accord+ to ,troy]1#f & is believ$ to h  
be5 orig9ally writt5 9 ! ,ave/an tongue1
 ?\gh ?is is extremely d\btful4 ,x gives

 a detail$ n>rative ( ! sc5]y ( heav5 & 
hell1 z se5 by ,ardai ,viraf dur+ a     
visit ( a week :i* 8 s\l leav+ 8 body = 
t l5g? ( "t paid to ^? regions4 ,_m lat]
 & enl>g$ v]sions ( ?is h appe>$4 ,"o ( 
!m1 dat+ f ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 translat$
 into ,engli% by ,t4 ,a4 ,pope & publi%$
 9 #ahaf4 ,sanscrit translations (      
sev]al ( ! be=e nam$ writ+s are also 9  
exi/5ce4 ,& sev]al o!r comp>atively     
rec5t works1 sc>cely ne$+ m5tion "h1    
al?\gh consid]$ z some:at au?oritative  
by ! mod]n foll[]s ( ,zoroa/]1 are to be
 f\nd 9 ,guz]atee1 ! pres5t dialect ( ! 
,indian ,p>sees4 ,a full exposition ( ! 
,zoroa/rian religion1 ) satisfactory    
pro(s ( its antiquity & docum5t>y       
g5u95ess1 is pres5t$ 9 ! ,prelim9>y     
,disc\rse & ,notes to ! ,dabi/an4 ,?is  
curi\s & ent]ta9+ "w1 a fund ( /range & 
valuable lore1 is an hi/orico critical  
view ( ! pr9cipal religions ( ! _w1     
especially ( ! ,ori5tal sects1 s*ools1 &
 mann]s4 ,x 0 compos$ 9 ,p]sian1        
app>5tly by ,mohsan ,fani1 ab\t ! ye>   

#afde4 ,an ,engli% translation1 )       
elaborate explanatory matt]1 by ,david  
,%ea & ,an?ony ,troy]1 0 publi%$ at     
,london & at ,p>is 9 #ahdc4g  ,9 ^!     
records !re are obscurities1            
incongruities1 & *asms1 z might         
naturally be anticipat$1 admitt+ !m to  
be /rictly :at !y w\ld pass =4 ,^!      
faults may be acc\nt$ = 9 sev]al ways4  
,fir/1 9 a rude /age ( philosophical    
culture1 incomplet5ess ( !ory1          
inconsi/5t conceptions 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 
a sy/em1 are n unusual1 b are r to be   
expect$1 & are sl[ to become tr\blesome 
to its adh]5ts4 ,secondly1 di/9ct       
contempor>y ?9k]s or sects may give     
expression to _! v>i\s views 9 lit]>y   
productions ( ! same date & possess+ a  
balanc$ au?ority4 ,or1 ?irdly1 !        
het]og5e\s conceptions 9 "s p>ticul>s   
met ) 9 ^! scriptures may be a result ( 
! fact t ! collection conta9s writ+s (  
di/9ct ages1 :5 ! same problems _h be5  
diff]5tly approa*$ & _h giv5 bir? to    
oppos+ or div]g5t speculations4 ,! lat] 

works ( c\rse _c h ! au?ority ( ! e>li] 
9 decid+ que/ions ( anci5t belief3 !y   
are to be tak5 r z comm5t>ies1 int]pret+
 & c>ry+ out 9 detail _m po9ts t lie    
only 9 obscure h9ts & allusions 9 !     
prim>y docum5ts4 ,b x is a significant  
fact t1 9 ! g5]ic g]ms ( doctr9e &      
cu/om1 9 ! ess5tial outl9es ( sub/ance1 
9 rhetorical imag]y1 9 practical morals1
 ! /atem5ts ( all ^! books are alike3 !y
 only v>y 9 subord9ate matt]s & 9       
degrees ( fulness4  ,! *>ge has         
repeat$ly be5 urg$ t ! mat]ials ( ! m   
rec5t ( ! ,p>see ,scriptures ! ,desatir 
& ! ,bundehe% 7 drawn f ,*ri/ian &      
,mohamm$an s\rces4 ,no evid5ce ( value =
 su/a9+ su* ass]tions has be5 adduc$4   
,"u ! circum/ances1 sc>cely any motive =
 su* an imposition appe>s4 ,9 view ( !  
:ole case1  #e ,dabi/an1 vol4 i4 p4     
#bbf1 note4  #f ,ibid4 p4 #ahe1 note4   
#g ,review$ 9 ,asiatic ,j\rnal1 #ahdd1  
pp4 #ehb-eie4   ! rev]se supposition is 
r to be cr$it$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h   
ample evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( ! g5]al     

,zoroa/rian sy/em long ant]ior to ! rise
 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! te/imony ( ! classic 
au?ors to say no?+ ( ! kn[n antiquity ( 
! language 9 :i* ! sy/em is pres]v$ is  
demon/rative on ?is po9t4 ,secondly1 !  
/rik+ agreem5t 9 reg>d to fundam5tal    
doctr9es1 p]vad+ _s1 & ritual =ms betwe5
 ! acc\nts 9 ! classics & ^? 9 ! ,ave/an
 books1 & ( bo? ^! ) ! lat] writ+s &    
traditional practice ( ! ,p>sees1       
furni%es p[]ful presumption t ! religion
 0 a connect$ developm5t1 possess+ !    
same ess5tial features f ! "t ( its     
national e/abli%m5t4 ,?irdly1 we h      
unque/ionable pro(s t1 dur+ ! p]iod f ! 
,babyloni% captivity to ! adv5t ( ,*ri/1
 ! ,jews borr[$ & adapt$ a great deal f 
! ,p]sian !ology1 b no pro( t ! ,p]sians
 took any ?+ f ! ,jewi% !ology4 ,?is is 
abundantly confess$ by su* s*ol>s z     
,ges5ius1 ,ros5mull]1 ,/u>t1 ,lucke1 ,de
 ,wette1 ,ne&]2 & x w h>dly be *all5g$  
by any "o :o has inve/igat$ ! subject4  
,b ! ,jewi% !ology be+ ?us impregnat$ ) 
g]ms f ! ,p]sian fai?1 & be+ 9 a s5se ! 

hi/oric "m ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 x is f> m 
reasonable1 9 seek+ ! orig9 ( dogmas    
common to ,p>sees & ,*ri/ians1 to trace 
!m ?r\gh ! ,ph>isees to ,zoroa/]1 ?an to
 imag9e !m sudd5ly foi/$ ^u ! =m] by    
=g]y on ! "p ( ! latt] at a late p]iod4 
,f\r?ly1 x is notori\s t ,mohamm$1 9 =m+
 8 religion1 made :olesale draughts ^u  
previ\sly exi/+ fai?s1 t _! adh]5ts     
might m readily accept 8 tea*+s1 f9d+ !m
 l>gely 9 unison ) _! own4 ,x is        
altoge!r m likely1 aside f hi/oric      
evid5ce :i* we possess1 t he drew f !   
t5ets & imag]y ( ! ,gheb]s1 ?an t !y1 :5
 subdu$ by 8 armies & p]secut$ by 8 rule
 f _! native l&1 introduc$ new doctr9es 
f ! ,koran into ! ance/ral cre$ :i* !y s
 rev]$ t nei!r exile nor dea? c\ld make 
!m abjure x4 ,=1 driv5 by ^? fi]ce      
proselytes1 ! victori\s ,arabs1 to !    
m\nta9s ( ,kirman & to ! ,indian coa/1  
!y clung ) unconqu]able t5acity to _!   
religion1 /ill scrupul\sly practis+ its 
rites1 pr\dly m9dful ( ! "t :5 e        
village1 f ! %ore ( ! ,caspian ,sea to !

 outlet ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 _h its       
spl5did fire temple1  ,& ,iran l a      
sunfl[] turn'd ,:]e'er ! eye ( ,mi?ra   
burn'd4  ,we !re=e see no reason =      
believ+ t important ,*ri/ian or         
,mohamm$an ideas h be5 int]polat$ into !
 old ,zoroa/rian religion4 ,! influ5ce  
has be5 9 ! o!r direction4 ,rely+ !n1   
?\gh ) caution1 on :at ,dr4 ,edw>d ,ro? 
says1 t ! c]ta9ty ( our possess+ a      
correct k ( ! lead+ anci5t doctr9es ( ! 
,p]sians is n[ beyond all "q1 we w try  
to exhibit s mu* ( ! sy/em z is necess>y
 = appreciat+ its doctr9e ( a future    
life4  ,9 ! deep backgr\nd ( ! ,magian  
!ology looms1 9 my/]i\s obscurity1 !    
belief 9 an inf9ite ,fir/ ,pr9ciple1    
,z]uana ,ak]ana4 ,accord+ to mo/ ( !    
s*ol>s :o h inve/igat$ x1 ! mean+ ( ?is 
t]m is ,"t )\t ,b\nds1 or absolute      
duration4 ,b ,bohl5 says x signifies !  
,untreat$ ,:ole2 & ,s*legel ?9ksit      
d5otes ! ,indivisible ,"o4 ,! conception
 seems to h be5 to ! p mo/ly an unappli$
 ab/raction1 too va/ & remote to become 

prom95t 9 _! speculation or influ5tial 9
 _! fai?4 ,spiegel1 inde$1 ?9ks !       
conception 0 d]iv$ f ,babylon1 & add$ to
 ! sy/em at a lat] p]iod ?an ! o!r      
doctr9es4 ,! beg9n+ ( vital !ology1 !   
s\rce ( actual e?ics to ! ,zoroa/rians1 
0 9 ! idea ( ! two antagoni/ p[]s1      
,ormuzd & ,ahriman1 ! fir/ emanations ( 
,z]uana1 :o divide betwe5 !m 9 unre/+   
/rife ! empire ( ! univ]se4 ,! =m] is ! 
,pr9ciple ( ,good1 ! p]fection (        
intellig5ce1 b5efic5ce1 & light1 ! s\rce
 ( all reflect$ excell5ce4 ,! latt] is !
 ,pr9ciple ( ,evil1 ! contriv] ( mis]y &
 dea?1 ! k+ ( d>kness1 ! in/igator ( all
 wrong4 ,) sublime beauty ! anci5t      
,p]sian said1 ,light is ! body (        
,ormuzd2 ,d>kness is ! body ( ,ahriman4 
,!re has be5 mu* dispute :e!r ! ,p]sian 
!ology grew out ( ! idea ( an ess5tial &
 et]nal dualism1 or 0 bas$ on !         
conception ( a p>tial & tempor>y battle2
 9 o!r words1 :e!r ,ahriman 0 orig9ally 
& necess>ily evil1 or fell f a div9e    
e/ate4  ,9 ! fragm5t>y docum5ts :i* h   

rea*$ u1 ! :ole subject lies 9          
confusion4 ,x is sc>cely possible to    
unravel ! tangl$ me%4 ,sometimes x seems
 to be taught t ,ahriman 0 at fir/ good1
 an angel ( light :o1 ?r\gh envy ( 8    
great compe]1 sank f 8 primal purity1   
d>k5$ into hatr$1 & became ! rancor\s   
enemy ( tru? & love4 ,at o!r times he   
appe>s to be consid]$ z ! pure          
primordial ess5ce ( evil4 ,! v>i\s views
 may h prevail$ 9 diff]5t ages or 9     
diff]5t s*ools4 ,^u ! :ole1 h[ev]1 we   
hold ! op9ion t ! real ,zoroa/rian idea 
( ,ahriman 0 moral & free1 n physical & 
fatal4 ,! :ole basis ( ! univ]se 0 good2
 evil 0 an aft] p]v]sion1 a =eign       
int]polation1 a battl+ mixture4 ,fir/1 !
 p]fect ,z]uana 0 once all 9 all3       
,ahriman1 z well z ,ormuzd1 proce$$ f   
him2 & ! inf]5ce t he 0 pure w\ld seem  
to belong to ! idea ( 8 orig94          
,secondly1 s f> z ! acc\nt ( ,satan giv5
 9 ! book ( ,job p]haps ! e>lie/        
appe>ance ( ! ,p]sian notion 9 ,jewi%   
lit]ature w>rants any inf]5ce or        

supposition at all1 x w\ld lead to !    
image ( "o :o 0 orig9ally a pr9ce 9     
heav51 & :o mu/ h fall5 !nce to become !
 build] & pot5tate ( hell4 ,?irdly1 t   
matt] is n an ess5tial core ( evil1 !   
utt] antagoni/ ( _s1 & t ,ahriman is n  
evil by an intr9sic necessity1 w appe> f
 ! two conceptions ly+ at ! base & cr[n 
( ! ,p]sian sy/em3 t ! creation1 z x    
fir/ came f ! h&s ( ,ormuzd1 0 p]fectly 
good2 & t f9ally ! purifi$ mat]ial _w   
%all exi/ aga9 un/a9$ by a brea? ( evil1
 ,ahriman himself becom+ l ,ormuzd4 ,he 
is n1 !n1 aborig9al & inde/ructible evil
 9 sub/ance4 ,! conflict betwe5 ,ormuzd 
& him is ! tempor>y e?ical /ruggle (    
light & d>kness1 n ! int]nec9e          
ontological w> ( _s & matt]4 ,ro? says1 
,ahriman 0 orig9ally good3 8 fall 0 a   
det]m9ation ( 8 w1 n an inh]5t necessity
 ( 8 nature4 #h ,:atev] o!r conceptions 
may be f\nd1 :atev] inconsi/5cies or    
contradictions to ?is may appe>1 /ill1  
we believe ! g5u9e ,zoroa/rian view 0   
su* z we h n[ /at$4 ,! opposite doctr9e 

arose f ! m ab/ruse lucubrations ( a m  
mod]n "t1 & is ,mani*aan1 n ,zoroa/rian4
  #h ,zoroa/ris*e ,glaub5slehre1 ss4    
#cig1 #cih4   ,ormuzd creat$ a respl5d5t
 & happy _w4 ,ahriman in/antly made     
de=mity1 impurity1 & gloom1 9 opposition
 to x4 ,all beauty1 virtue1 h>mony1     
tru?1 bless$ness1 7 ! "w ( ! =m]4 ,all  
ugl9ess1 vice1 discord1 falsehood1      
wret*$ness1 belong$ to ! latt]4 ,!y     
grappl$ & mix$ 9 a million ho/ile %apes4
 ,?is univ]sal battle is ! gr\nd (      
e?ics1 ! cl>ion call to m>%al out !     
ho/ile ho/s ( good & ill2 & all o!r w>  
is b a result & a symbol ( x4 ,! /rife  
?us indicat$ betwe5 a ,deity & a ,devil1
 bo? subord9ate to ! unmov$ ,,et]nal1 0 
! ,p]sian solution ( ! problem ( evil1  
_! answ] to ! /agg]+ "q1 :y pleasure &  
pa91 b5evol5ce & malignity1 are s       
conflict+ly m+l$ 9 ! works ( nature & 9 
! s\l ( man4 ,9 ! long /ruggle t ensu$1 
,ormuzd creat$ multitudes ( co op]ant   
angels to assail 8 foe1 /ock+ ! clean   
empire ( ,light ) cele/ial allies ( 8   

holy bann]1 :o hang f heav5 9 great     
numb]s1 ready at ! pray] ( ! righte\s   
man to hie to 8 aid & "w him a ?\s&fold 
good4 ,ahriman1 likewise1 creat$ an     
equal numb] ( assi/ant demons1 peopl+ ! 
fil?y doma9 ( ,d>kness ) c\nt]balanc+   
sw>ms ( inf]nal foll[]s ( 8 pirate flag1
 :o lurk at ! summit ( hell1 wat*+ to   
snat* e opportunity to ply _! vocation (
 s9 & ru94 ,!re are su* ho/s ( ^!       
invisible antagoni/s s[n abroad1 &      
incessantly active1 t e /> is cr[d$ &   
all space teems ) !m4 ,ea* man has a    
good & a bad angel1 a f]v] & a dev1 :o  
are endeavor+ 9 e mann] to acquire      
control ov] 8 conduct & possession ( 8  
s\l4  ,! ,p]sians curi\sly p]sonifi$ !  
s\rce ( organic life 9 ! _w "u ! emblem 
( a primeval bull4 ,9 ?is symbolic bea/ 
7 pack$ ! se$s & g]ms ( all ! creatures 
aft]w>ds to p ! e>?4 ,ahriman1 to ru9 ! 
creation ( :i* ?is animal 0 ! life      
m$ium1 s\ght to kill him4 ,he set ^u him
 two ( 8 devs1 :o are call$ adepts (    
dea?4 ,!y /ung him 9 ! brea/1 & plagu$  

him until he di$ ( rage4 ,b1 z he 0 dy+1
 f 8 "r %\ld] sprang ! &rogynal         
,kaiomorts1 :o 0 ! /ock root ( humanity4
 ,8 body 0 made f fire1 air1 wat]1 &    
e>?1 to :i* ,ormuzd add$ an immortal    
s\l1 & ba!d him ) an elixir :i* r5d]$   
him fair & glitt]+ z a y\? ( fifte51 &  
w\ld h pres]v$ him s p]5nially _h x n   
be5 = ! assaults ( ! ,evil ,"o4#i       
,ahriman1 ! enemy ( all life1 det]m9$ to
 slay him1 & at la/ accompli%$ 8 object2
 b1 z ,kaiomorts fell1 f 8 se$1 ?r\gh ! 
p[] ( ,ormuzd1 orig9at$ ,mes*ia &       
,mes*iane1 male & female1 ! fir/ human  
pair1 f :om all our race h desc5d$4 ,!y 
w\ld nev] h di$1#aj b ,ahriman1 9 !     
guise ( a s]p5t1 s$uc$ !m1 & !y s9n$ &  
fell4 ,?is acc\nt is p>tly drawn f t    
lat] treatise1 ! ,bundehe%1 ^:          
my?ological cosmogony rem9ds u ( !      
,sc&9avian ,ym]4 ,b we conceive x to be 
/rictly reliable z a repres5tation ( !  
,zoroa/rian fai? 9 its ess5tial         
doctr9es2 = ! e>li] docum5ts1 ! ,yasna1 
! ,ye%ts1 & ! ,v5didad1 conta9 ! same   

?+s 9 obscure & undevelop$ expressions4 
,!y1 too1 make repeat$ m5tion ( !       
my/]i\s bull1 & ( ,kaiomorts4#aa ,!y    
inv>iably repres5t dea? z result+  #i   
,kleuk]1 ,z5d ,ave/a1 b& i4 anhang #a1  
s4 #bfc4  #aj ,ibid4 b& i4 s4 #bg4  #aa 
,yasna1 #bd? ,i,ia4   f ! ho/ility (    
,ahriman4 ,! e>lie/ ,ave/an acc\nt ( !  
e>?ly condition ( m5 describes !m z liv+
 9 a g>d5 :i* ,yima or ,jems*id _h      
enclos$ at ! comm& ( ,ormuzd4#ab ,dur+ !
 gold5 age ( 8 reign !y 7 free f heat & 
cold1 sickness & dea?4 ,9 ! g>d5 :i*    
,yima made !y l$ a mo/ beautiful life1 &
 !y bore none ( ! m>ks :i* ,ahriman has 
s9ce made ^u m54 ,b ,ahriman's envy &   
hatr$ knew no re/ until he & 8 devs _h1 
by _! wiles1 brok5 into ?is p>adise1    
betray$ ,yima & 8 p into falsehood1 & s1
 by introduc+ corruption into _! he>ts1 
put an end to _! glori\s e>?ly          
immortality4 ,?is view is set =? 9 !    
op5+ f>g>ds ( ! ,v5didad2 & x has be5   
cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 an elaborate         
contribution ^u ! ,old ,iranian         

,my?ology by ,pr(essor ,we/]ga>d4#ac    
,dea?1 l all o!r evils1 0 an aft]       
effect1 ?ru/ into ! purely good creation
 ( ,ormuzd by ! cunn+ malice ( ,ahriman4
 ,! ,v5didad1 at its comm5cem5t1 rec\nts
 ! v>i\s products ( ,ormuzd's b5efic5t  
p[]1 & adds1 aft] ea* p>ticul>1 ,!reupon
 ,ahriman1 :o is full ( dea?1 made an   
opposition to ! same4  ,accord+ to !    
,zoroa/rian modes ( ?\ght1 :at w\ld h   
be5 ! fate ( man _h ,ahriman n exi/$ or 
n int]f]$8 ,pla9ly1 mank9d w\ld h liv$  
on =ev] 9 innoc5ce & joy4 ,!y w\ld h be5
 bless$ ) all placid delights1 exempt f 
hate1 sickness1 pa91 & e o!r ill2 &1 :5 
! e>? 0 full ( !m1 ,ormuzd w\ld h tak5 8
 s9less subjects to 8 own realm ( light 
on high4 ,b :5 !y =sook ! true s]vice ( 
,ormuzd1 fall+ into deceit & defilem5t1 
!y became subjects ( ,ahriman2 & he w\ld
 inflict on !m1 z ! creatures ( 8 hat$  
rival1 all ! calamities 9 8 p[]1        
dissolve ! ma/]ly workman%ip ( _! bodies
 9 dea?1 & !n take _! s\ls z prison]s   
into 8 own d>k abode4 ,_h ,mes*ia       

cont9u$ to br+ meet praises1 x w\ld h   
happ5$ t :5 ! "t ( man1 creat$ pure1 _h 
come1 8 s\l1 creat$ pure & immortal1    
w\ld imm$iately h gone to ! seat (      
bliss4#ad ,heav5 0 de/9$ = man ^u       
condition t he 0 humble ( he>t1 ob$i5t  
to ! law1 & pure 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$4 ,b 
by believ+ ! lies ( ,ahriman !y became  
s9n]s1 & _! s\ls mu/ rema9 9 8 ne!r     
k+dom until ! resurrection ( _!         
bodies4#ae ,ahriman's triumph ?us       
culm9ates 9 ! dea? ( man & t bani%m5t ( 
! disembodi$ s\l into hell :i* takes !  
place ( its orig9ally int5d$ reception  
into heav54  ,! law ( ,ormuzd1 reveal$  
?r\gh ,zoroa/]1 furni%es to all :o      
fai?fully obs]ve x 9 purity ( ?\ght1    
spee*1 & action1 :5 body & s\l h        
sep>at$1 atta9m5t ( p>adise 9 ! next    
_w1#af :ile ! neglect]s ( x w pass into 
! dwell+ ( ! devs1#ag aft] dea? w h no  
"p 9 p>adise1 b w occupy ! place (      
d>kness  #ab ,die ,sage von ,ds*ems*id4 
,von ,pr(essor ,r4 ,ro?4 ,9 ,zeits*rift 
d] ,deuts*5 ,morgeul&is*5 ,gesells*aft1 

b& iv4 ss4 #dag-dca4  #ac ,web]1        
,indis*e ,/udi51 b& iii4 #h4 #daa4  #ad 
,ye%t ,,lxxxvii4 ,kleuk]1 b& ii4 sect4  
#baa4  #ae ,bundehe%1 *4 xv4  #af ,ave/a
 die ,heilig5 ,s*rift5 d] ,p>s54 ,von   
,dr4 ,f4 ,spiegel1 b& i4 s1 #aga4  #ag  
,ibid4 s4 #aeh4   de/9$ = ! wick$4#ah ,!
 ?ird day aft] dea?1 ! s\l advances ^u !
 way creat$ by ,ormuzd = good & bad1 to 
be exam9$ z to its conduct4 ,! pure s\l 
passes up f ?is evanesc5t _w1 ov] !     
bridge ,*9evad1 to ! _w ( ,ormuzd1 &    
jo9s ! angels4 ,! s9ful s\l is b\nd & l$
 ov] ! way made = ! godless1 & f9ds its 
place at ! bottom ( gloomy hell4#ai ,an 
,ave/an fragm5t #bj & ! ,viraf ,nameh   
give ! same acc\nt1 only ) m picturesque
 fulness4 ,on ! so>+ bridge ! s\l meets 
,ra%ne ra/1 ! angel ( ju/ice1 :o tries  
^? t pres5t !mselves be=e him4 ,if !    
m]its prevail1 a figure ( dazzl+        
sub/ance1 radiat+ glory & fragrance1    
advances & acco/s ! ju/ifi$ s\l1 say+1  
,i am ?y good angel3 ,i 0 pure at !     
fir/1 b ?y good de$s h made me pur]2 & !

 happy "o is /raightway l$ to ,p>adise4 
,b :5 ! vices outweigh ! virtues1 a d>k 
& frightful image1 featur$ ) ugl9ess &  
exhal+ a noisome smell1 meets ! condemn$
 s\l1 & cries1 ,i am ?y evil _s3 bad    
myself1 ?y crimes h made me worse4 ,!n !
 culprit /agg]s on 8 unc]ta9 foo?old1 is
 hurl$ f ! dizzy causeway1 & precipitat$
 into ! gulf :i* yawns horribly bel[4 ,a
 suffici5t reason = believ+ ^! la/      
details no late & =eign int]polation1 is
 t ! ,v5didad itself conta9s all t is   
ess5tial 9 !m1 ,g>otman1 ! heav5 (      
,ormuzd1 op5 to ! pure1 ,dutsakh1 !     
abode ( devs1 ready = ! wick$1 ,*9evad1 
! bridge ( ordeal1 ^u :i* all mu/       
ent]4#ba  ,"s au?ors h claim$ t ! anci5t
 disciples ( ,zoroa/] believ$ 9 a       
purify+1 int]m$iate /ate = ! dead4      
,passages /at+ su* a doctr9e are f\nd 9 
! ,ye%ts1 ,sades1 & 9 lat] ,p>see works4
 ,b :e!r ! translations we n[ possess ( 
^! passages are accurate1 & :e!r !      
passages !mselves are au?oritative to   
e/abli% ! anci5t preval5ce ( su* a      

belief1 we h n yet ! means = decid+4    
,!re 0 a ye>ly solemnity1 call$ !       
,fe/ival = ! ,dead1 /ill obs]v$ by !    
,p>sees1 held at ! season :5 x 0 ?\ght t
 t portion ( ! s9ful dep>t$ :o _h end$  
_! p5ance 7 rais$ f ,dutsakh to e>?1 f  
e>? to ,g>otman4 ,du ,p]ron says t ?is  
took place only dur+ ! la/ five days ( !
 ye>1 :5 ! s\ls ( all ! deceas$ s9n]s :o
 7 und]go+ puni%m5t _h p]mission to     
leave _! conf9em5t & visit _! relatives2
 aft] :i*1 ^? n yet purifi$ 7 to return1
 b ^? = :om a suffici5t atonem5t _h be5 
made 7 to proce$ to ,p>adise4 ,= pro( t 
?is doctr9e 0 held1 ref]5ce is made to !
 foll[+ passage1 ) o!rs3 ,dur+ ^! five  
days ,ormuzd empties hell4 ,! imprison$ 
s\ls %all be fre$ f ,ahriman's plagues  
:5 !y pay p5ance & are a%am$ ( _! s9s2 &
 !y %all receive a heav5ly nature2 !    
m]itori\s de$s ( !mselves & ( _!        
families cause ?is lib]ation3 all ! re/ 
mu/ return to ,dutsakh4#bb ,rhode ?9ks  
?is 0 a "p ( ! old ,p]sian fai?1 & !    
s\rce (  #ah ,ibid4 s4 #abg4  #ai ,ibid4

 ss4 #bdh-beb4 ,v5didad1 ,f>g>d ,,xix4  
#bj ,kleuk]1 b& i4 ss4 xxxi4 xxxv4  #ba 
,spiegel1 ,v5didad1 ss4 #bjg1 #bbi1     
#bcc1 #bej4  #bb ,kleuk]1 b& ii4 s4     
#agc4   ! ,roman ,ca?olic doctr9e (     
purgatory4#bc ,b1 :e!r s or n1 x is     
c]ta9 t ! ,zoroa/rians reg>d$ ! :ole    
resid5ce ( ! dep>t$ s\ls 9 hell z       
tempor>y4  ,! duration ( ! pres5t ord] (
 ! _w 0 fix$ at twelve ?\s& ye>s1 divid$
 into f\r equal epo*s4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree   
?\s& ye>s1 ,ormuzd creates & reigns     
triumphantly ov] 8 empire4 ,?r\gh ! next
 cycle1 ,ahriman is con/ruct+ & c>ry+ on
 8 ho/ile works4 ,! ?ird epo* is occupi$
 ) a drawn battle betwe5 ! upp] & l[]   
k+s & _! adh]5ts4 ,dur+ ! f\r? p]iod1   
,ahriman is to be victori\s1 & a /ate ( 
?+s inconceivably dreadful is to        
prevail4 ,! brightness ( all cle> ?+s w 
be %r\d$1 ! happ9ess ( all joyful       
creatures be de/roy$1 innoc5ce disappe>1
 religion be sc(f$ f ! _w1 & crime1     
horror1 & w> be rampant4 ,fam9e w       
spread1 pe/s & plagues /alk ov] ! e>?1 &

 %[]s ( black ra9 fall4 ,b at la/       
,ormuzd w rise 9 8 might & put an end to
 ^! awful sc5es4 ,he w s5d on e>? a     
savior4 ,sosios*1 to deliv] mank9d1 to  
w9d up ! f9al p]iod ( "t1 & to br+ ! ar*
 enemy to judgm5t4 ,at ! s\nd ( ! voice 
( ,sosios* ! dead w come =?4 ,good1 bad1
 indiff]5t1 all alike w rise1 ea* 9 8   
ord]4 ,kaiomorts1 ! orig9al s+le ance/or
 ( m51 w be ! fir/l+4 ,next1 ,mes*ia &  
,mes*iane1 ! primal p>5t pair1 w appe>4 
,& !n ! :ole multitud9\s family ( mank9d
 w ?rong up4 ,! g5ii ( ! elem5ts w r5d] 
up ! sacr$ mat]ials intru/$ to !m1 &    
rebuild ! decompos$ bodies4 ,ea* s\l w  
recognise1 & ha/5 to reoccupy1 its old  
t5em5t ( fle%1 n[ r5ew$1 improv$1       
immortaliz$4 ,=m] acqua9tances w !n "k  
ea* o!r4 ,behold1 my fa!r6 my "m6 my    
bro!r6 my wife6 !y %all exclaim4 #bd  ,9
 ?is exposition we h foll[+ ! guidance (
 ,du ,p]ron1 ,f\*]1 ,kleuk]1 ,j4 ,g4    
,mull]1 & o!r e>ly s*ol>s 9 ?is field   
attribut$ ! doctr9e ( a g5]al & bodily  
resurrection ( ! dead to ! anci5t       

,zoroa/rians4 ,! subsequ5t rese>*es (   
,burn\f1 ,ro?1 & o!rs1 h %[n t sev]al1  
at lea/1 ( ! passages :i* ,anquetil     
suppos$ to tea* su* a doctr9e 7         
errone\sly translat$ by him1 & d n      
really conta9 x4 ,& rec5tly ! gr\nd has 
be5 (t5 assum$ t ! doctr9e ( !          
resurrection does n belong to ! ,ave/a1 
b is a m mod]n dogma1 d]iv$ by ! ,p>sees
 f ! ,jews or ! ,*ri/ians1 & only =c$ ^u
 ! old text by mis9t]pretation ?r\gh !  
,pehlevi v]sion & ! ,p>see comm5t>y4 ,a 
"q ( s grave importance dem&s c>eful    
exam9ation4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( t reliable    
translation ( ! entire orig9al docum5ts1
 & t ?or\gh elaboration ( all ! extant  
mat]ials1 :i* we are await+ f ! h&s (   
,pr(essor ,spiegel1 ^: second volume has
 long be5 due1 & ,pr(essor ,we/]ga>d1 ^:
 second & ?ird volumes are eag]ly look$ 
=1 we mu/ make ! be/ use ( ! res\rces   
actually available1 & !n leave ! po9t 9 
su* plausible light z exi/+ te/imony &  
fair reason+ c ?r[ ^u x4 ,9 ! fir/      
place1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t1 admitt+ !    

doctr9e to be n[h]e m5tion$ 9 ! ,ave/a1 
/ill1 x does n foll[ t ! belief 0 n     
preval5t :5 !  #bc ,rhode1 ,heilige     
,sage des ,z5dvolks1 s4 #daj4  #bd      
,bundehe%1 *4 xxxi4   ,ave/a 0 writt54  
,we "k t ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ two       
c5turies believ$ a great _m ?+s ( :i*   
!re is no /atem5t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4    
,spiegel holds t ! doctr9e 9 debate is n
 9 ! ,ave/a1 ! text ( :i* 9 its pres5t  
=m he ?9ks 0 writt5 aft] ! "t (         
,alex&]4#be ,b he confesses t !         
resurrection !ory 0 9 exi/5ce long be=e 
t "t4#bf ,n[1 if ! ,ave/a1 committ$ to  
writ+ ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 at a 
"t :5 ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection is kn[n
 to h be5 believ$1 conta9s no ref]5ce to
 x1 ! same relation ( facts may j z well
 h exi/$ if we date ! record sev5       
c5turies e>li]4 ,we possess only a small
 & brok5 portion ( ! orig9al ,zoroa/rian
 ,scriptures2 z ,ro? says1 songs1       
invocations1 pray]s1 snat*es (          
traditions1 p>ts ( a code1 ! %att]$     
fragm5ts ( a once /ately build+4 ,if we 

c\ld recov] ! complete docum5ts 9 _!    
e>lie/ condition1 x might appe> t ! n[  
lo/ p>ts conta9$ ! doctr9e ( ! g5]al    
resurrection fully =m$4 ,we h _m        
explicit ref]5ces to _m anci5t          
,zoroa/rian books no long] 9 exi/5ce4 ,=
 example1 ! ,p>sees h a v e>ly acc\nt t 
! ,ave/a at fir/ consi/$ ( tw5ty "o     
,nosks4 ,( ^! b "o has be5 pres]v$      
complete1 & small p>ts ( ?ree or f\r    
o!rs4 ,! re/ are utt]ly want+4 ,! fif?  
,nosk1 :]e( n any portion rema9s to u1 0
 call$ ! ,d az ah ,hama/4 ,x conta9$    
?irty two *apt]s1 treat+1 among o!r ?+s1
 ( ! upp] & ne!r _w1 ( ! resurrection1 (
 ! bridge ,*9evad1 & ( ! fate aft] dea?4
 #bg ,if ?is evid5ce be true1 & we "k ( 
no reason = n cr$it+ x1 x is p]fectly   
decisive4 ,b1 at all ev5ts1 ! abs5ce f !
 extant p>ts ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a ( ! doctr9e
 "u exam9ation w\ld be no pro( t t      
doctr9e 0 n receiv$ :5 ^? docum5ts 7    
p5n$4  ,secondly1 we h ! unequivocal    
ass]tion ( ,!opompus1 9 ! f\r? c5tury   
be=e ,*ri/1 t ! ,magi taught ! doctr9e (

 a g5]al resurrection4#bh ,at ! appo9t$ 
epo* ,ahriman %all be subdu$1 & m5 %all 
live aga9 & %all be immortal4 ,&        
,diog5es adds1 ,eudemus ( ,rhodes       
affirms ! same ?+s4 ,ari/otle calls     
,ormuzd ,zeus1 & ,ahriman ,haides1 !    
,greek names respectively ( ! "l ( !    
/>ry ,olympians above1 & ! mon>* ( !    
,/ygian gho/s b5ea?4 ,ano!r =m also 9   
:i* ! e>ly ,greek au?ors betray _!      
acqua9tance ) ! ,p]sian conception ( a  
conflict betwe5 ,ormuzd & ,ahriman is 9 
! idea express$ by ,x5ophon 9 8         
,cyropadia1 9 ! dialogue betwe5 ,araspes
 & ,cyrus ( two s\ls 9 man1 "o a        
brilliant efflux ( good1 ! o!r a dusky  
emanation ( evil1 ea* be>+ ! lik5ess (  
its p>5t4#bi ,s9ce we "k f ,!opompus t  
c]ta9 conceptions1 illu/rat$ 9 !        
,bundehe% & n conta9$ 9 ! fragm5t>y     
,ave/an books :i* h rea*$ u1 7 actually 
receiv$ ,zoroa/rian  #be ,/udi5 ub] das 
,z5d ,ave/a1 9 ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5  
,morg5l&is*5 ,gesells*aft1 #ahee1 b& ix4
 s4 #aib4  #bf ,spiegel1 ,ave/a1 b& i4  

s4 #af4  #bg ,dabi/an1 vol4 i4 pp4      
#bgb-bgd4  #bh ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,lives
 ( ! ,philosoph]s1 ,introduction1 sect4 
vi4 ,plut>*1 conc]n+ ,isis & ,osiris4   
#bi ,lib4 vi4 cap4 i4 sect4 #da4   t5ets
 f\r c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 we are /rongly
 support$ 9 giv+ cr$5ce to ! doctr9al   
/atem5ts ( t book z af=d+1 9 spite ( its
 lat5ess1 a correct epitome ( ! old     
,p]sian !ology4  ,?irdly1 we are /ill   
fur!r w>rant$ 9 admitt+ ! antiquity ( ! 
,zoroa/rian sy/em z includ+ !           
resurrection !ory1 :5 we consid] !      
int]nal h>mony & organic connection (   
p>ts 9 x2 h[ ! doctr9es all fit toge!r1 
& imply ea* o!r1 & c\ld sc>cely h exi/$ 
ap>t4 ,m5 7 ! creatures ( ,ormuzd4 ,!y  
%\ld h liv$ immortally "u 8 favor & 9 8 
realm4 ,b ,ahriman1 by trea*]y1 obta9$  
possession ( a l>ge portion ( !m4 ,n[1  
:51 at ! end ( ! f\r? p]iod into :i* !  
_w c\rse 0 divid$ by ! ,magian !ory1 z  
,!opompus te/ifies1 ,ormuzd ov]comes ?is
 ar* adv]s>y1 w he n rescue 8 own       
un=tunate creatures f ! realm ( d>kness 

9 :i* !y h be5 imprison$8 ,:5 a k+ /orms
 an enemy's ca/le1 he deliv]s f !       
dungeons 8 own soldi]s :o 7 tak5        
captives 9 a =m] defeat4 ,! expectation 
( a great prophet1 ,sosios*1 to come &  
vanqui% ,ahriman & 8 sw>ms1             
unque/ionably appe>s 9 ! ,ave/a         
itself4#cj ,) ?is notion1 9 insep>able  
union1 ! ,p>see tradition1 runn+        
cont9u\sly back1 z is claim$1 to a v    
remote "t1 jo9s ! doctr9e ( a g5]al     
resurrection2 a doctr9e lit]ally /at$ 9 
! ,v5didad1#ca & 9 _m o!r places 9 !    
,ave/a1#cb :]e x has n yet be5 %[n to be
 an int]polation1 b only suppos$ s by v 
que/ionable con/ructive inf]5ces4 ,!    
cons5t ( intr9sic adju/m5t & ( hi/oric  
evid5ce w\ld1 !re=e1 lead to !          
conclusion t ?is 0 an old ,zoroa/rian   
dogma4 ,9 dispro( ( ?is conclusion we   
believe !re is no direct positive       
evid5ce :atev]1 & no inf]5tial argum5t  
cog5t en\gh to produce conviction4  ,!re
 are suffici5t reasons = ! belief t !   
doctr9e ( a resurrection 0 q e>ly adopt$

 f ! ,p]sians by ! ,jews1 n borr[$ at a 
mu* lat] "t f ! ,jews by ! ,p>sees4 ,!  
conception ( ,ahriman1 ! evil s]p5t1    
be>+ dea?1 7die ,s*lange ,angrama9yus d]
 voll ,tod i/17 is int]wr\ght f ! fir/  
?r\gh\t ! ,zoroa/rian s*eme4 ,9 !       
,hebrew records1 on ! contr>y1 su* an   
idea appe>s b incid5tally1 briefly1     
r>ely1 & only 9 ! lat] books4 ,! acc\nt 
( ! introduction ( s9 & dea? by ! s]p5t 
9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 dates f a "t subsequ5t  
to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,captivity4 ,von    
,bohl51 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,book (  
,g5esis1 says ! n>rative 0 drawn f !    
,z5d ,ave/a4 ,ros5mull]1 9 8 comm5t>y on
 ! passage1 says ! n>rator _h 9 view !  
,zoroa/rian notions ( ! s]p5t ,ahriman &
 8 de$s4 ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,haug an acute &    
le>n$ writ]1 ^: op9ion is entitl$ to    
great weight1 z he is ! fre%e/ s*ol>    
acqua9t$ ) ?is :ole field 9 ! light (   
all t o!rs h done ?9ks x c]ta9 t        
,zoroa/] liv$ 9 a remote antiquity1 f   
fifte5 hundr$ to two ?\s& ye>s be=e     
,*ri/4 ,he says t ,judaism aft] ! exile 

&1 ?r\gh ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity aft]w>ds 
receiv$ an important influ5ce f         
,zoroa/rianism1  #cj ,spiegel1 ,ave/a1  
b& i4 ss4 #af1 #bdd4  #ca ,f>g>d        
,,xviii1 ,spiegel's ,ueb]setzung1 s4    
#bcf4  #cb ,kleuk]1 b& ii4 ss4 #abc1    
#abd1 #afd4   an influ5ce :i*1 9 reg>d  
to ! doctr9e ( angels1 ,satan1 & !      
resurrection ( ! dead1 _c be mi/ak54#cc 
,! ,hebrew !ology _h no demonology1 no  
,satan1 until aft] ! resid5ce at        
,babylon4 ,?is is admitt$4 ,well1 is n !
 resurrection a p5dant to ! doctr9e (   
,satan8 ,)\t ! idea ( a ,satan !re w\ld 
be no idea ( a retributive bani%m5t (   
s\ls into hell1 & ( c\rse no occasion = 
a v9dicat+ re/oration ( !m !nce to _!   
=m] or a sup]ior /ate4  ,on ?is po9t !  
!ory ( ,rawl9son is v important4 ,he    
argues1 ) v>i\s pro(s1 t ! ,duali/ic    
doctr9e 0 a h]esy :i* broke out v e>ly  
among ! primitive ,aryans1 :o !n 7 !    
s+le ance/ry ( ! subsequ5t ,iranians &  
,indians4 ,?is h]esy 0 =cibly suppress$4
 ,its adh]5ts1 driv5 out ( ,india1 w5t  

to ,p]sia1 &1 aft] sev]e conflicts &    
f9al admixture ) ! ,magians1 !re        
e/abli%$ _! fai?4#cd ,! sole passage 9 !
 ,old ,te/am5t tea*+ ! resurrection is 9
 ! s call$ ,book ( ,daniel1 a book full 
( ,*aldean & ,p]sian allusions1 writt5  
less ?an two c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 long  
aft] we "k x 0 a receiv$ ,zoroa/rian    
t5et1 & long aft] ! ,hebrews _h be5     
expos$ to ! :ole tide & atmosph]e ( !   
triumphant ,p]sian p[]4 ,! un*angeable  
t5acity ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians is a       
prov]b4 ,h[ (t5 ! ,hebrew p laps$ into  
idolatry1 accept+ ,pagan gods1 doctr9es1
 & ritual1 is notori\s4 ,&1 9 p>ticul>1 
h[ completely subject !y 7 to ,p]sian   
influ5ce appe>s cle>ly 9 l>ge p>ts ( !  
,biblical hi/ory1 especially 9 ! ,books 
( ,e/h] & ,ezekiel4 ,! orig9 ( ! t]m    
,beelzebub1 too1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is  
pla94 ,to say t ! ,p]sians d]iv$ !      
doctr9e ( ! resurrection f ! ,jews seems
 to u z arbitr>y z x w\ld be to affirm t
 !y also borr[$ f !m ! cu/om1 m5tion$ by
 ,ezekiel1 ( weep+ = ,tammuz 9 ! gates (

 ! temple4  ,9 view ( ! :ole case z x   
/&s1 until fur!r rese>*es ei!r /r5g!n x 
or put a diff]5t aspect ^u x1 we feel   
=c$ to ?9k t ! doctr9e ( a g5]al        
resurrection 0 a compon5t elem5t 9 !    
anci5t ,ave/an religion4 ,a fur!r "q (  
consid]able int]e/ arises z to ! nature 
( ?is resurrection1 :e!r x 0 conceiv$ z 
physical or z spiritual4 ,we h no data  
to furni% a det]m9ate answ]4 ,plut>*    
quotes f ,!opompus ! op9ion ( ! ,magi1 t
 :51 at ! subdual ( ,ahriman1 m5 are    
re/or$ to life1 !y w ne$ no n\ri%m5t &  
ca/ no %ad[4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t !y mu/
 be spirits4 ,! inf]5ce is n reliable2 =
 ! idea may be t all causes ( decay w be
 remov$1 s t no food w be necess>y to   
supply ! wa/+ processes :i* no long]    
exi/2 & t ! entire creation w be s full 
( light t a %ad[ w be impossible4 ,x    
might be ?\ght t ! famili> ,p]sian      
conception ( angels1 bo? good & evil1   
f]v]s & devs1 & ! reception ( dep>t$    
s\ls into _! company1 ) ,ormuzd 9       
,g>otman1 or ) ,ahriman 9 ,dutsakh1 w\ld

 exclude ! belief 9 a future bodily     
resurrection4 ,b ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans
 at ?is day believe 9 immat]ial angels &
 devils1 & 9 ! imm$iate entrance (      
disembodi$ s\ls ^u rew>d or  #cc ,die   
,lehre ,zoroa/]s na* d5 alt5 ,li$]n des 
,z5dave/a4 ,zeits*rift d] ,morg5l&is*5  
,gesells*aft1 b& ix4 ss4 #bhf1 #fhc-fib4
  #cd ,rawl9son's ,h]odotus1 vol4 i4 pp4
 #dbf-dca4   puni%m5t 9 _! society1 &   
/ill believe 9 _! f9al return to ! e>?1 
& 9 a re/oration to !m ( _! =m]         
tab]nacles ( fle%4 ,discordant1         
incoh]5t1 z ! two beliefs may be1 if _! 
coexi/5ce is a fact ) cultivat$ &       
reasonable p n[1 mu* m 0 x possible ) an
 undiscipl9$ & cr$ul\s populace ?ree    
?\s& ye>s 9 ! pa/4 ,aga91 x has be5     
argu$ t ! indignity ) :i* ! anci5t      
,p]sians treat$ ! dead body1 refus+ to  
bury x or to burn x1 le/ ! e>? or ! fire
 %\ld be pollut$1 is incompatible ) !   
supposition t !y expect$ a resurrection 
( ! fle%4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is         
difficult to reason safely to any       

dogmatic conclusions f ! fun]al cu/oms (
 a p4 ,^! usages are s mu* a matt] (    
caprici\s prie/ly ritual1 ance/ral      
tradition1 unreason+ in/9ct1 bl9d or    
morbid sup]/ition1 t any consi/5t       
doctr9al con/ruction is n fairly to be  
put ^u !m4 ,secondly1 ! ,zoroa/rians did
 n express scorn or loa?+ = ! corpse by 
_! mann] ( dispos+ ( x4 ,! greate/ pa9s 
7 tak5 to keep x f disgu/+ decay1 by    
plac+ x 9 ! drie/1 pure/1 op5e/ place1  
^u a summit :]e fre% w9ds blew1 & :]e   
c]ta9 bea/s & birds1 acc\nt$ mo/ sacr$1 
might eat ! corruptible portion3 !n !   
clean bones 7 c>efully buri$4 ,! dead   
body _h yield$ to ! ho/ile work+ (      
,ahriman1 & become 8 possession4 ,!     
prie/s bore x out on a b$ or a c>pet1 & 
expos$ x to ! light ( ! sun4 ,! demon 0 
?us exorcis$2 & ! body became fur!r     
purifi$ 9 be+ eat5 by ! sacr$ animals1 &
 no putresc5ce 0 left to contam9ate e>?1
 wat]1 or fire4#ce ,fur!rmore1 x is to  
be notic$ t ! mod]n ,p>sees dispose ( _!
 dead 9 exactly ! same mann] depict$ 9 !

 e>lie/ acc\nts2 yet !y zeal\sly hold to
 a lit]al resurrection ( ! body4 ,if !  
giv+ ( ! fle% to ! dog & ! vulture 9 _! 
case exi/s ) ?is belief1 x may h done s 
) _! ance/ors be=e ,nebu*adnezz> swept !
 ,jews to ,babylon4 ,f9ally1 x is q     
reasonable to conclude t ! old ,p]sian  
doctr9e ( a resurrection did include !  
physical body1 :5 we recollect t 9 !    
,zoroa/rian s*eme ( ?\ght !re is no     
ho/ility to matt] or to e>?ly life1 b   
all is reg>d$ z pure & good except s f> 
z ! s]p5t ,ahriman has introduc$ evil4  
,! expulsion ( ?is evil ) 8 ultimate    
ov]?r[1 ! re/oration ( all z x 0 at     
fir/1 9 purity1 gladness1 & et]nal life1
 w\ld be ! obvi\s & consi/5t c>ry+ out (
 ! sy/em4 ,hatr$ ( e>?ly life1 contempt 
= ! fle%1 ! notion ( an ess5tial &      
irreconcilable w>f>e ( s\l aga9/ body1  
are ,brahmanic & ,mani*aan1 n           
,zoroa/rian4 ,/ill1 ! gr\nd plan & /yle 
( ?\ght may n h be5 consi/5tly adh]$ to4
 ,! expectation t ! v same body w\ld be 
re/or$ 0 kn[n to ! ,jews a c5tury or two

 be=e ,*ri/4 ,"o ( ! m>tyrs ^: hi/ory is
 told 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,maccabees1 9 
! agonies ( dea? pluck$ out 8 own b[els1
 & call$ on ! ,"l to re/ore !m to him   
aga9 at ! resurrection4 ,consid]+ !     
notion ( a resurrection ( ! body z a    
s5su\s burd5 on ! idea ( a resurrection 
( ! s\l1 x may h be5 a lat] developm5t  
orig9at+ ) ! ,jews4 ,b x seems to u     
decid$ly m probable t ! ,magi held x z a
 "p ( _! cre$ be=e !y came 9 contact ) !
 *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,su* an op9ion may be
 mode/ly held until fur!r in=mation is  
#ce ,spiegel1 ,ave/a1 ss4 #hb1 #ajd1    
#aji1 #aaa1 #abb4   af=d$ #cf or "s new 
& fatal objection br\ght4  ,aft] ?is    
resurrection a ?or\gh sep>ation w be    
made ( ! good f ! bad4 ,fa!r %all be    
divid$ f *ild1 si/] f bro!r1 fri5d f    
fri5d4 ,! innoc5t "o %all weep ov] !    
guilty "o1 ! guilty "o %all weep =      
himself4 ,( two si/]s "o %all be pure1  
"o corrupt3 !y %all be treat$ accord+ to
 _! de$s4 #cg ,^? :o h n1 9 ! int]m$iate
 /ate1 fully expiat$ _! s9s1 w1 9 sight 

( ! :ole creation1 be rem&$ to ! pit (  
puni%m5t4 ,b ! au?or ( evil %all n exult
 ov] !m =ev]4 ,_! prison h\se w soon be 
?r[n op54 ,! pangs ( ?ree t]rible days &
 nights1 equal to ! agonies ( n9e ?\s&  
ye>s1 w purify all1 ev5 ! wor/ ( !      
demons4 ,! angui%$ cry ( ! damn$1 z !y  
wri! 9 ! lurid caldron ( torture1 ris+  
to heav51 w f9d pity 9 ! s\l ( ,ormuzd1 
& he w release !m f _! suff]+s4 ,a blaz+
 />1 ! comet ,gurtzs*]1 w fall ^u ! e>?4
 ,9 ! heat ( its conflagration1 great & 
small m\nta9s w melt & fl[ toge!r z     
liquid metal4 ,?r\gh ?is gl[+ flood all 
human k9d mu/ pass4 ,to ! righte\s x w  
prove z a pleasant ba?1 ( ! temp]ature (
 milk2 b on ! wick$ ! flame w inflict   
t]rific pa94 ,ahriman w run up & d[n    
,*9evad 9 ! p]plexities ( angui% &      
despair4 ,! e>? wide /ream ( fire1 fl[+ 
on1 w cleanse e spot & e ?+4 ,ev5 !     
loa?some realm ( d>kness & torm5t %all  
be burni%$ & made a "p ( ! all inclusive
 ,p>adise4 ,ahriman himself1 reclaim$ to
 virtue1 repl5i%$ ) primal light1 abjur+

 ! memories ( 8 envi\s ways1 & furl+    
!nce=? ! sable /&>d ( 8 rebellion1 %all 
become a m9i/]+ _s ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 &1   
toge!r ) ,ormuzd1 *ant ! praises ( ,"t  
)\t ,b\nds4 ,all d>kness1 falsehood1    
suff]+1 %all flee utt]ly away1 & ! :ole 
univ]se be fill$ by ! illum9ation ( good
 spirits bless$ ) fruitions ( et]nal    
delight4 ,9 reg>d to ! fate ( man1  ,su*
 are ! p>ables ,z>tu%i address'd ,to    
,iran's fai?1 9 ! anci5t ,z5d ,ave/4    
#cf ,w9dis*mann has n[ 7#ahfc7 fully    
prov$ ?is1 9 8 ,zoroa/ris*e ,/udi54     
,spiegel frankly av[s x3 ,ave/a1 b&     
iii41 e9leitung1 s4 lxxv4  #cg ,rhode1  
,heilige ,sage des ,z5dvolks1 s4 #dfg4  
,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,hebrew ,,doctr9e ,,( 
,a ,,future ,,life4  ,,on ! "o extreme1 
a l>ge majority ( ,*ri/ian s*ol>s h     
ass]t$ t ! doctr9e ( a retributive      
immortality is cle>ly taught ?r\gh\t !  
,old ,te/am5t4 ,able writ]s1 l ,bi%op   
,w>burton1 h ma9ta9$1 on ! o!r extreme1 
t x says no?+ :atev] ab\t a future life1
 b r implies ! total & et]nal end ( m5 9

 dea?4 ,b ! mo/ judici\s1 tru/wor?y     
critics hold an int]m$iate position1 &  
affirm t ! ,hebrew ,scriptures %[ a     
g5]al belief 9 ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! _s1
 n inde$ z exp]i5c+ rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 
b z surviv+ 9 ! common sil5ce & gloom ( 
! "u _w1 a desolate empire ( d>kness    
yawn+ b5ea? all graves & peopl$ ) dream 
l gho/s4#a  ,a numb] ( important        
passages h be5 cit$ f diff]5t p>ts ( !  
,old ,te/am5t by ! advocates ( ! view   
fir/ m5tion$ above4 ,x w be well = u to 
notice ^! & _! misuse be=e proce$+ f>!r4
  ,! translation ( ,eno* has be5 reg>d$ 
z a revelation ( ! immortality ( man4 ,x
 is s+ul> t ,dr4 ,prie/ley %\ld sugge/1 
z ! probable fact1 s %e] & baseless a   
hypo!sis z he does 9 8 notes ^u ! ,book 
( ,g5esis4 ,he says1 ,eno* 0 probably a 
prophet au?oriz$ to ann\nce ! reality ( 
ano!r life aft] ?is2 & he might be      
remov$ into x )\t dy+1 z an evid5ce ( ! 
tru? ( 8 doctr9e4 ,! gross mat]ialism ( 
?is supposition1 & ! failure ( ,god's   
design :i* x implies1 are a suffici5t   

refutation ( x4 ,&1 besides ! utt]      
unlikelihood ( ! ?\ght1 x is entirely   
de/itute ( support 9 ! premises4 ,"o ( !
 mo/ curi\s ( ! _m /range ?+s to be f\nd
 9 ,w>burton's argum5t = ! ,div9e       
,legation ( ,moses an argum5t m>k$1 z is
 well kn[n1 by pr(\nd erudition1 &1 9 _m
 respects1 by consummate ability is !   
use he makes ( ?is acc\nt to prove t    
,moses believ$ ! doctr9e ( immortality1 
b purposely obscur$ ! fact f :i* x might
 be drawn by ! p1 9 ord] t x might n    
int]f]e ) 8 doctr9e ( ! temporal special
 provid5ce ( ,jehovah ov] ! ,jewi%      
nation4 ,su* a c\rse is inconsi/5t )    
s\nd morality1 mu* m ) ! "* ( an inspir$
 prophet ( ,god4  ,! only hi/ory we h ( 
,eno* is 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ! ,book (     
,g5esis4 ,! sub/ance ( x is z foll[s3 ,&
 ,eno* walk$ ) ,god dur+ 8 appo9t$ ye>s2
 & !n he 0 n1 = ,god took him4 ,! au?or 
( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 foll[+ !     
example ( ^? ,rabb9s :o1 sev]al c5turies
 be=e 8 "t1 began to give my/ical       
int]pretations ( ! ,scriptures1 inf]s f 

?is /atem5t t ,eno* 0 borne into heav5  
)\t ta/+ dea?4 ,b x is n c]ta9ly kn[n :o
 ! au?or ( t epi/le 02 &1 :oev] he 01 8 
op9ion1 ( c\rse1 c h no au?ority ^u a   
subject ( criticism l  #a ,boett*]1 ,de 
,inf]is ,rebusque po/ mortem futuris ex 
,hebraorum et ,gracoram ,op9ionibus4    
?is4 ,reply+ to ! supposititi\s argum5t 
furni%$ by ?is passage1 we say1 ,take ! 
acc\nt z x reads1 & x nei!r ass]ts nor  
implies ! idea commonly held conc]n+ x4 
,x says no?+ ab\t translation or        
immortality2 nor c any ?+ ( ! k9d be    
legitimately d$uc$ f x4 ,its pla9 mean+ 
is no m nor less ?an ?is3 ,eno* liv$    
?ree hundr$ & sixty five ye>s1 fe>+ ,god
 & keep+ 8 comm&m5ts1 & !n he di$4 ,_m (
 ! ,rabb9s1 fond z !y are ( f9d+ 9 !    
,p5tateu* ! doctr9e ( future bless$ness 
= ! good1 int]pret ?is n>rative z only  
signify+ an immature dea?2 = ,eno*1 x w 
be recollect$1 rea*$ b ab\t half !      
av]age age ( ! o!rs ^: names are m5tion$
 9 ! *apt]4 ,_h ?is occurr5ce be5 int5d$
 z ! revelation ( a tru?1 x w\ld h be5  

fully & cle>ly /at$2 o!rwise x c\ld n   
answ] any purpose4 ,z ,le ,cl]c obs]ves1
 ,if ! writ] believ$ s important a fact 
z t ,eno* 0 immortal1 x is wond]ful t he
 relates x z secretly & obscurely z if  
he wi%$ to hide x4 ,b1 f9ally1 ev5      
admitt+ t ! acc\nt is to be reg>d$ z    
tea*+ lit]ally t ,god took ,eno*1 x by  
no means proves a revelation ( ! doctr9e
 ( g5]al immortality4 ,x does n %[ t    
anybody else w\ld ev] be translat$ or   
w\ld 9 any way ent] ^u a future /ate (  
exi/5ce4 ,x is n put =? z a revelation2 
x says no?+ :atev] conc]n+ a revelation4
 ,x seems to mean ei!r t ,eno* sudd5ly  
di$1 or t he disappe>$1 nobody knew     
:i!r4 ,b1 if x really means t ,god took 
him into heav51 x is m natural to ?9k t 
t 0 done z a special favor ?an z a sign 
( :at await$ o!rs4 ,no g5]al cause is   
/at$1 no consequ5ce d$uc$1 no pr9ciple  
laid d[n1 no reflection add$4 ,h[1 !n1 c
 x be said t ! doctr9e ( a future life =
 man is reveal$ by x or implicat$ 9 x8  
,! removal ( ,elijah 9 a *>iot ( fire1 (

 :i* we read 9 ! second *apt] ( !       
,second ,book ( ,k+s1 is usually suppos$
 to h s]v$ z a miracul\s pro( ( ! fact t
 ! fai?ful s]vants ( ,jehovah 7 to be   
rew>d$ ) a life 9 ! heav5s4 ,! au?or (  
?is book is n kn[n1 & c h>dly be guess$ 
at ) any degree ( plausibility4 ,x 0    
unque/ionably writt51 or r compil$1 a   
long "t probably sev]al hundr$ ye>s aft]
 ! prophets ^: wond]ful adv5tures x     
rec\nts _h pass$ away4 ,! int]nal       
evid5ce is suffici5t1 bo? 9 quality &   
quantity1 to demon/rate t ! book is = ! 
mo/ "p a collection ( traditions4 ,?is  
*>act]i/ic applies ) p>ticul> =ce to !  
asc5sion ( ,elijah4 ,b grant ! lit]al   
tru? ( ! acc\nt3 x w n prove ! po9t 9   
support ( :i* x is advanc$1 because x   
does n purport to h be5 done z a        
revelation ( ! doctr9e 9 "q1 nor did x 9
 any way answ] ! purpose ( su* a        
revelation4 ,s f> f ?is1 9 fact1 x does 
n seem ev5 to h sugge/$ ! b>e idea (    
ano!r /ate ( exi/5ce 9 a s+le in/ance4  
,= :5 ,eli%a return$ )\t ,elijah1 & told

 ! sons ( ! prophets at ,j]i*o t 8 ma/] 
_h gone up 9 a *>iot ( fire1 :i* ev5t !y
 knew be=eh& 0 go+ to happ51 !y1 in/ead 
( ask+ ! p>ticul>s or exult+ ov] !      
revelation ( a life 9 heav51 calmly said
 to him1 ,behold1 !re be ) ?y s]vants   
fifty sons ( /r5g?3 let !m g1 we pray   
!e1 & seek = ,elijah1 le/ p]adv5ture a  
:irlw9d1 ! bla/ ( ! ,"l1 ha? caught him 
up & ca/ him ^u "o ( ! m\nta9s or into  
"o ( ! valleys4 ,& he said1 ,ye %all n  
s5d4 ,b :5 !y urg$ him till he 0 a%am$1 
he said1 ,s5d4 ,?is is all t is told u4 
,_h x occurr$ z is /at$1 x w\ld n s     
easily h pass$ f notice1 b mighty       
inf]5ces1 nev] to be =gott51 w\ld h be5 
drawn f x at once4 ,! /ory z x /&s      
rem9ds "o ( ! clos+ sc5e 9 ! c>e] (     
,romulus1 speak+ ( :om ! hi/orians say1 
,9 ! ?irty sev5? ye> ( 8 reign1 :ile he 
0 review+ an army1 a tempe/ arose1 9 !  
mid/ ( :i* he 0 sudd5ly snat*$ f ! eyes 
( m54 ,h5ce "s ?\ght he 0 kill$ by !    
s5ators1 o!rs1 t he 0 borne al(t to !   
gods4#b ,if ! asc5sion ( ,elijah to     

heav5 9 a *>iot ( fire did really take  
place1 & if ! books held by ! ,jews z   
inspir$ & sacr$ conta9$ a hi/ory ( x at 
! "t ( our ,savior1 x is c]ta9ly s+ul> t
 nei!r he nor any ( ! apo/les allude to 
x 9 connection ) ! subject ( a future   
life4  ,! miracles p]=m$ by ,elijah & by
 ,eli%a 9 re/or+ ! dead *ildr5 to life  
relat$ 9 ! sev5te5? *apt] ( ! ,fir/     
,book ( ,k+s & 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( !       
,second ,book are (t5 cit$ 9 pro( ( !   
position t ! doctr9e ( immortality is   
reveal$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! n>ration (
 ^! ev5ts is f\nd 9 a record ( unkn[n   
au?or%ip4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! miracles 7    
effect$1 if !y 7 miracles1 ! prophet    
measur+ himself ^u ! *ild1 8 eyes ^u 8  
eyes1 8 m\? ^u 8 m\?1 8 h&s ^u 8 h&s1 & 
9 "o case ! *ild sneez+ sev5 times1     
looks dubi\s4 ,! two acc\nts s closely  
resemble ea* o!r z to ca/ /ill great]   
suspicion ^u bo?4 ,9 addition to ^!     
consid]ations1 & ev5 fully grant+ !     
reality ( ! miracles1 !y d n t\* ! real 
controv]sy1 namely1 :e!r ! ,hebrew      

,scriptures conta9 ! reveal$ doctr9e ( a
 consci\s immortality or ( a future     
retribution4 ,! prophet said1 ,o ,"l my 
,god1 let ?is *ild's s\l1 ,i pray !e1   
come into 8 inw>d p>ts aga94 ,& ! ,"l   
he>d ! voice ( ,elijah1 & ! s\l ( ! *ild
 came into him aga91 & he reviv$4 ,n[1 !
 mo/ ?is c %[ is t ! *ild's s\l 0 !n    
exi/+ 9 a sep>ate /ate4 ,x does n prove 
t ! s\l 0 immortal1 nor t x 0 exp]i5c+  
retribution1 nor ev5 t x 0 consci\s4 ,& 
we d n d5y t ! anci5t ,jews believ$ t ! 
spirits ( ! dead reta9$ a n]veless1     
%ad[y be+ 9 ! solemn vaults ( ! "u _w4  
,! ,hebrew ^w r5d]$ s\l 9 ! text is     
susceptible ( ?ree mean+s3 fir/1 ! %ade1
 :i*1 ^u ! dissolution ( ! body1 is     
ga!r$ to its fa!rs 9 ! great subt]ranean
 congregation2 second1 ! brea? ( a      
p]son1 us$ z synonym\s ) 8 life2 ?ird1 a
 "p ( ! vital brea? ( ,god1 :i* !       
,hebrews reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( ! life ( all
 creatures1 & ! )draw+ ( :i* !y suppos$ 
0 ! cause ( dea?4 ,x is cle> t nei!r (  
^! mean+s c prove any ?+ 9 reg>d to !   

real po9t at issue1 t is1 conc]n+ a     
future life ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4  ,"o (
 ! /ronge/ argum5ts br\ght to support ! 
proposition :i* we are combat+ at lea/1 
s consid]$ by ne>ly all ! ,rabb9s1 & by 
n a few mod]n critics is ! acc\nt ( !   
vivification ( ! dead record$ 9 ! ?irty 
sev5? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,ezekiel4 ,!    
prophet 0 c>ri$ 9 ! _s ( ,jehovah t is1 
m5tally1 9 a prophetic ec/asy into a    
valley full ( dry bones4 ,! bones came  
toge!r1 ! fle%  #b ,livy1 i4 #af2 ,dion4
 ,hal4 ii4 #ef4   grew on !m1 ! brea?   
came into !m1 & !y liv$ & /ood on _!    
feet1 an exce$+ great army4 ,x %\ld fir/
 be obs]v$ t ?is acc\nt is n giv5 z an  
actual occurr5ce1 b1 aft] ! mann] (     
,ezekiel1 z a prophetic vision meant to 
symbolize some?+4 ,n[1 ( :at 0 x int5d$ 
z ! symbol8 a doctr9e1 or a com+ ev5t8 a
 g5]al tru? to enlight5 & guide unc]ta9 
m51 or an approa*+ deliv]ance to console
 & enc\rage ! despond+ ,jews8 ,x is fair
 to let ! prophet be 8 own int]pret]1   
)\t aid f ! glosses ( prejudic$ !oriz]s4

 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t at ?is "t !    
prophet & 8 c\ntrym5 7 be>+ ! griev\s   
burd5 ( bondage 9 a =eign nation4 ,&    
,jehovah said to me1 ,son ( man1 ^!     
bones d5ote ! :ole h\se ( ,israel4      
,behold1 !y say1 ,our bones are dri$1 & 
our hope is lo/1 & we are cut (f4 ,?is  
pla9ly d5otes _! pres5t suff]+ 9 !      
,babyloni% captivity1 & _! despair ( be+
 deliv]$ f x4 ,!re=e prophesy1 & say to 
!m1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah1 ,behold1  
,i w op5 y\r graves & cause y to come up
 out ( y\r graves1 ,o my p1 & br+ y into
 ! l& ( ,israel4 ,t is1 ,i w rescue y f 
y\r slav]y & re/ore y to fre$om 9 y\r   
own l&4 ,! dry bones & _! subsequ5t     
vivification1 !re=e1 cle>ly symbolize ! 
mis]y ( ! ,israelites & _! spe$y        
re/oration to happ9ess4 ,dea? is        
frequ5tly us$ 9 a figurative s5se to    
d5ote mis]y1 & life to signify happ9ess4
 ,b ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! doctr9e ( !        
resurrection is taught z a reveal$ tru? 
9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures are n will+ to  
let ?is passage pass s easily4 ,mr4     

,b>nes says1 ,! illu/ration proves t !  
doctr9e 0 "o ) :i* ! p 7 famili>4 ,j]ome
 /ates ! argum5t m fully1 ?us3 ,a       
similitude drawn f ! resurrection1 to   
=e%ad[ ! re/oration ( ! p ( ,israel1    
w\ld nev] h be5 employ$ unless !        
resurrection itself 7 believ$ to be a   
fact ( future occurr5ce2 = no "o ?9ks ( 
confirm+ :at is unc]ta9 by :at has no   
exi/5ce4  ,x is n difficult to reply to 
^! objections ) conv9c+ =ce4 ,fir/1 !   
vision 0 n us$ z pro( or confirmation1 b
 z symbol & prophecy4 ,secondly1 ! use (
 any ?+ z an illu/ration does by no     
means imply t x is commonly believ$ z a 
fact4 ,= in/ance1 we are told 9 ! n9?   
*apt] ( ! ,book ( ,judges t ,jo?am      
relat$ an allegory to ! p z an          
illu/ration ( _! conduct 9 *oos+ a k+1  
say+1 ,! trees once on a "t w5t =? to   
ano9t a k+ ov] !m2 & !y said to ! olive 
tree1 ,come ?\ & reign ov] u2 & s on4   
,does x foll[ t at t "t x 0 a common    
belief t ! trees actually w5t =?        
occasionally to *oose !m a k+8 ,?irdly1 

if a giv5 ?+ is g5]ally believ$ z a     
fact1 a p]son :o uses x expressly z a   
symbol1 ( c\rse does n !reby give 8     
sanction to x z a fact4 ,& if a belief 9
 ! resurrection ( ! dead 0 g5]ally      
ent]ta9$ at ! "t ( ! prophet1 its orig9 
is n impli$1 & x does n foll[ t x 0 a   
doctr9e ( revelation1 or ev5 a true     
doctr9e4 ,f9ally1 !re is "o consid]ation
 :i* %[s conclusively t ?is vision 0    
nev] int5d$ to typify ! resurrection2   
namely1 t x has no?+ correspond+ to !   
mo/ ess5tial "p ( t doctr9e4 ,:5 ! bones
 h come toge!r & are cov]$ ) fle%1 ,god 
does n call up ! dep>t$ spirits ( ^!    
bodies f ,%eol1 does n br+ back ! vani%$
 lives to animate _! =m] tab]nacles1 n[ 
miracul\sly r5ew$4 ,no3 he b brea!s on  
!m ) 8 vivify+ brea?1 & /raightway !y   
live & move4 ,?is is n a resurrection1 b
 a new creation4 ,! common idea ( a     
bodily re/oration implies &1 t any j    
retribution be compatible ) x1 x        
necess>ily implies ! vivification ( !   
dead frame1 n by ! introduction ( new   

life1 b by ! re9/alm5t ( ! v same life  
or _s1 ! id5tical consci\sness t be=e   
animat$ x4 ,su* is n repres5t$ z be+ !  
case 9 ,ezekiel's vision ( ! valley (   
dry bones4 ,t vision _h no ref]5ce to ! 
future /ate4  ,9 ?is connection1 !      
revelation made by ! angel 9 8 prophecy1
 record$ 9 ! twelf? *apt] ( ! ,book (   
,daniel1 conc]n+ ! ?+s :i* %\ld happ5 9 
! ,messianic times1 mu/ n be pass$ )\t  
notice4 ,x reads z foll[s3 ,& _m ( !    
sleep]s ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd %all awake1 ^?
 to life ev]la/+1 & ^! to %ame1 to      
contempt ev]la/+4 ,& !y t are wise %all 
%9e z ! brightness ( ! firmam5t1 & !y t 
turn _m to righte\sness1 z ! />s = ev] &
 ev]4 ,no "o c d5y t a judgm5t1 9 :i*   
rew>d & puni%m5t %all be di/ribut$      
accord+ to m]it1 is "h cle>ly =etold4 ,!
 mean+ ( ! text1 tak5 ) ! connection1   
is1 t :5 ! ,messiah appe>s & e/abli%es 8
 k+dom ! righte\s %all enjoy a bodily   
resurrection ^u ! e>? to honor &        
happ9ess1 b ! wick$ %all be left bel[ 9 
d>kness & dea?4#c ,?is seems to imply1  

fairly en\gh1 t until ! adv5t ( !       
,messiah none ( ! dead exi/$ consci\sly 
9 a /ate ( retribution4 ,! doctr9e ( !  
passage1 z is well kn[n1 0 held by "s ( 
! ,jews at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 &1
 less di/9ctly1 = ab\t two c5turies     
previ\s4 ,be=e t "t no traces ( x c be  
f\nd 9 _! hi/ory4 ,n[1 _h a doctr9e (   
su* int5se int]e/ & ( su* va/ importance
 z ?is be5 a matt] ( revelation1 x seems
 h>dly possible t x %\ld h be5 conf9$ to
 "o brief & solit>y text1 t x %\ld h    
fla%$ up = a s+le mom5t s brilliantly1 &
 !n vani%$ = ?ree or f\r c5turies 9 utt]
 d>kness4 ,fur!rmore1 ne>ly "o half ( ! 
,book ( ,daniel is writt5 9 ! ,*aldee   
tongue1 & ! o!r half 9 ! ,hebrew1       
indicat+ t x _h two au?ors1 :o wrote _! 
respective portions at diff]5t p]iods4  
,its critical & m9ute details ( ev5ts   
are hi/ory r ?an prophecy4 ,! great] "p 
( ! book 0 und\bt$ly writt5 z late z    
ab\t a hundr$ & sixty ye>s be=e ,*ri/1  
long aft] ! awful simplicity & solitude 
( ! orig9al ,hebrew !ology _h be5 m>r$ &

 corrupt$ by an int]mixture ( ! doctr9es
 ( ^? hea!n nations ) :om ! ,jews _h be5
 (t5 br\ght 9 contact4 ,su* be+ ! facts 
9 ! case1 ! text is evid5tly )\t =ce to 
prove a div9e revelation ( ! doctr9e x  
tea*es4  ,9 ! tw5ty second *apt] ( !    
,gospel by ,mat!w1 ,jesus says to !     
,sadducees1 ,b z t\*+ ! resurrection ( !
 dead1 h ye n read t :i* 0 spok5 unto y 
by ,god1 say+1 ,i am ! ,god ( ,abraham1 
& ! ,god ( ,isaac1 & ! ,god ( ,jacob8   
,god is n ! ,god ( ! dead1 b ( ! liv+4  
,! passage to :i* ref]5ce is made is    
writt5 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ! ,book (       
,exodus4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! =ce ( !   
,savior's argum5t1 ! ext5t ( mean+ x _h 
9 8 m9d1 & ! am\nt ( k attribut$ by x to
 ,moses1 x w be necess>y to det]m9e fir/
 ! def9ite purpose he _h  #c ,wood1 ,!  
,la/ ,?+s1 p4 #de4   9 view 9 8 reply to
 ! ,sadducees1 & h[ he propos$ to       
accompli% x4 ,we %all f9d t ! use he    
made ( ! text does n imply t ,moses _h !
 slighte/ idea ( any sort ( future life 
= man1 mu* less ( an immortal life (    

bless$ness = ! good & ( suff]+ = ! bad4 
,we %\ld suppose1 be=eh&1 t su* w\ld be 
! case1 s9ce ^u exam9+ ! decl>ation     
cit$1 ) its context1 we f9d x to be     
simply a /atem5t made by ,jehovah       
expla9+ :o he 01 t he 0 ! anci5t        
national gu>dian ( ! ,jews1 ! ,"l ,god (
 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob4 ,?is does n
 seem to conta9 ! mo/ di/ant allusion to
 ! immortality ( man1 or to h sugge/$   
any su* ?\ght to ! m9d ( ,moses4 ,x %\ld
 be di/9ctly und]/ood f ! outset t      
,jesus did n quote ?is passage f !      
,p5tateu* z prov+ any ?+ ( itself1 or z 
enabl+ him to prove any ?+ by x         
directly1 b z be+ ( ackn[l$g$ au?ority  
to ! ,sadducees !mselves1 to =m ! basis 
( a process ( reason+4 ,! purpose he _h 
9 view1 pla9ly1 0 to conv9ce !          
,sadducees ei!r ( ! possibility or ( !  
actuality ( ! resurrection ( ! dead3 its
 possibility1 if we assume t by         
resurrection he meant ! ,jewi% doctr9e (
 a mat]ial re/oration1 ! reunion ( s\l &
 body2 its actuality1 if we suppose he  

meant ! consci\s immortality ( ! s\l    
sep>ate f ! body4 ,if ! resurrection 0  
physical1 ,*ri/ demon/rates to !        
,sadducees its possibility1 by refut+ ! 
false notion ^u :i* !y bas$ _! d5ial (  
x4 ,!y said1 ,! resurrection ( ! body is
 impossible1 because ! pr9ciple ( life1 
! consci\sness1 has utt]ly p]i%$1 & !   
body _c live alone4 ,he repli$1 ,x is   
possible1 because ! s\l has an exi/5ce  
sep>ate f ! body1 &1 consequ5tly1 may be
 reunit$ to x4 ,y admit t ,jehovah said1
 aft] !y 7 dead1 ,i am ! ,god (         
,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob3 b he is !   
,god ( ! liv+1 & n ( ! dead1 = all live 
unto him4 ,y mu/ confess ?is4 ,! s\l1   
!n1 survives ! body1 & a resurrection is
 possible4 ,x w be se5 t ?is implies    
no?+ conc]n+ ! nature or duration ( !   
sep>ate exi/5ce1 b m]ely ! fact ( x4 ,b1
 if ,*ri/ meant by ! resurrection ( !   
dead z we ?9k he did ! introduction ( ! 
disembodi$ & consci\s s\l into a /ate ( 
et]nal bless$ness1 ! ,sadducees d5i$ its
 reality by ma9ta9+ t no su* ?+ z a s\l 

exi/$ aft] bodily dissolution4 ,he !n   
prov$ to !m its reality 9 ! foll[+      
mann]4 ,y believe = ,moses1 to ^:       
au?ority y implicitly b[1 relates x t   
,god said1 ,i am ! ,god ( ,abraham1     
,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & ?is1 long aft] !y   
di$4 ,b evid5tly he _c be said to be !  
,god ( t :i* does n exi/3 !re=e _! s\ls 
mu/ h be5 /ill alive4 ,& if ,jehovah 0  
emphatically _! ,god1 _! fri5d1 ( c\rse 
he w %[ !m 8 lov+ k9dness4 ,!y are1 !n1 
9 a consci\s /ate ( bless$ness4 ,!      
,savior does n imply t ,god said s mu* 9
 sub/ance1 nor t ,moses int5d$ to tea*1 
or ev5 knew1 any ?+ l x1 b t1 by add+ to
 ! passage cit$ a premise ( 8 own1 :i* 8
 he>]s grant$ to be true1 he c\ld d$uce 
s mu* f x by a tra9 ( new & unansw]able 
reason+4 ,8 oppon5ts 7 compell$ to admit
 ! legitimacy ( 8 argum5t1 &1 impress$  
by its surpass+ beauty & =ce1 7 sil5c$1 
if n conv9c$4 ,! cr$it ( ?is cog5t pro( 
( human immortality1 namely1 t ,god's   
love = man is a pl$ge & w>rant ( 8      
et]nal bless$ness a pro( ^: orig9ality &

 significance set x f> beyond all       
p>allel is due to ! dim grop+s ( no     
,hebrew prophet1 b to ! inspir$ insight 
( ! great ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4  ,!     
v>i\s passages yet unnotic$ :i* purport 
to h be5 utt]$ by ,jehovah or at 8      
comm&1 & :i* are urg$ to %[ t ! reality 
( a retributive life aft] dea? is a     
reveal$ doctr9e ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 w be 
f\nd1 ^u critical exam9ation1 ei!r to   
owe _! entire relevant =ce to           
mi/ranslation1 or to be fairly refut$ by
 ! reason+s already advanc$4 ,pr(essor  
,/u>t admits t he f9ds only "o          
consid]ation to %[ t ,moses _h any idea 
( a future retribution2 & t is1 t !     
,egyptians expressly believ$ x2 & he is 
n able to compreh5d h[ ,moses1 :o dwelt 
s long among !m1 %\ld be ignorant ( x4#d
 ,! reason+ is obvi\sly inconsequ5tial4 
,x is n c]ta9 t ! ,egyptians held ?is   
doctr9e 9 ! "t ( ,moses3 x may h        
prevail$ among !m be=e or aft]1 & n     
dur+1 t p]iod4 ,if !y believ$ x at t "t1
 x may h be5 an esot]ic doctr9e1 ) :i*  

he did n become acqua9t$4 ,if !y believ$
 x1 & he knew x1 he might h class$ x )  
o!r hea!n doctr9es1 & suppos$ x false4  
,&1 ev5 if he himself believ$ x1 he     
might possibly n h inculcat$ x ^u !     
,israelites2 & ! "q is1 :at he did      
actually tea*1 n :at he knew4  ,!       
op9ions ( ! ,jews at ! "t ( ! ,savior h 
no be>+ ^u ! po9t 9 h&1 because !y 7    
acquir$ at a lat] p]iod ?an t ( ! writ+ 
( ! records we are n[ consid]+4 ,!y 7   
=m$1 & gradually grew 9 consi/5cy &     
favor1 ei!r by ! natural progress (     
?\ght among ! ,jews !mselves1 or1 m     
probably1 by a bl5d+ ( ! intimations ( !
 ,hebrew ,scriptures ) ,g5tile          
speculations1 ! doctr9es ( ! ,egyptians1
 ,h9dus1 & ,p]sians4 ,we leave ?is      
portion ( ! subject1 !n1 ) ! foll[+     
proposition4 ,9 ! canonic books ( ! ,old
 ,disp5sation !re is n a s+le g5u9e     
text1 claim+ to come f ,god1 :i* tea*es 
explicitly any doctr9e :atev] ( a life  
beyond ! grave4 ,t doctr9e z x exi/$    
among ! ,jews 0 no "p ( _! pure         

religion1 b 0 a "p ( _! philosophy4 ,x  
did n1 z !y held x1 imply any ?+ l our  
pres5t idea ( ! immortality ( ! s\l     
reap+ 9 ! spiritual _w :at x has s[$ 9 !
 physical4 ,x simply decl>$ ! exi/5ce ( 
human gho/s amid/ unbrok5 gloom &       
/illness 9 ! cav]n\s dep?s ( ! e>?1 )\t 
rew>d1 )\t puni%m5t1 )\t employm5t1     
sc>cely ) consci\sness1 z w imm$iately  
appe>4  ,we proce$ to ! second g5]al    
division ( ! subject4 ,:at does ! ,old  
,te/am5t1 ap>t f ! revelation claim$ to 
be conta9$ 9 x1 & reg>d+ only ^?        
portions ( x :i* are confess$ly a       
collection ( ! poetry1 hi/ory1 &        
philosophy ( ! ,hebrews1 intimate       
conc]n+ a future /ate ( exi/5ce8 ,exam9+
 ^! writ+s ) an unbias$ m9d1 we discov] 
t 9 diff]5t portions ( !m !re are l>ge  
v>iations & opposition ( op9ion4 ,9 "s  
books we trace an und\bt+ belief 9 c]ta9
 rude notions ( ! future condition (    
s\ls2 9 o!r books we enc\nt] unqualifi$ 
d5ials ( e su* ?\ght4 ,man lie? d[n &   
rise? n1 sighs ! despair+ ,job4 ,! dead 

_c praise ,god1 nei!r any t g d[n into  
d>kness1 wails ! rep9+ ,psalmi/4 ,all g 
to "o place1  #d ,exegetical ,essays1   
7,&ov]1 #ahcj17 p4 #ajh4   & ! dead "k n
 any ?+1 ass]ts ! disbeliev+ ,prea*]4   
,^! inconsi/5cies we %all n /op to po9t 
out & comm5t ^u4 ,!y are immat]ial to   
our pres5t purpose1 :i* is to br+       
toge!r1 9 _! g5]al agreem5t1 ! sum &    
sub/ance ( ! ,hebrew ideas on ?is       
subject4  ,! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! s\l is 
necess>ily impli$ by ! di/9ction !      
,hebrews made betwe5 ! grave1 or        
sepul*re1 & ! "u _w1 or abode ( %ades4  
,! ,hebrew words bor & keb] mean simply 
! n>r[ place 9 :i* ! dead body is buri$2
 :ile ,%eol repres5ts an imm5se cav]n 9 
! int]ior ( ! e>? :]e ! gho/s ( !       
deceas$ are assembl$4 ,:5 ! patri>* 0   
told t 8 son ,joseph 0 sla9 by wild     
bea/s1 he cri$ al\d1 9 bitt] sorr[1 ,i w
 g d[n to ,%eol unto my son1 m\rn+4  ,he
 did n expect to meet ,joseph 9 ! grave2
 = he suppos$ 8 body torn 9 pieces &    
scatt]$ 9 ! wild]ness1 n laid 9 ! family

 tomb4 ,! dead are said to be ga!r$ to  
_! p1 or to sleep ) _! fa!rs1 & ?is :e!r
 !y are int]r$ 9 ! same place or 9 a    
remote region4 ,x is writt51 ,abraham   
gave up ! gho/1 & 0 ga!r$ unto 8 p1     
not)/&+ 8 body 0 laid 9 a cave 9 ! field
 ( ,ma*pelah1 close by ,hebron1 :ile 8 p
 7 buri$ 9 ,*aldea & ,mesopotamia4      
,isaac gave up ! gho/ & di$1 & 0 ga!r$  
unto 8 p2 & !n we read1 z if x 7 done   
aft]w>ds1 ,8 sons1 ,jacob & ,esau1 buri$
 him4 ,^! in/ances might be multipli$4  
,!y prove t to be ga!r$ unto "o's fa!rs 
means to desc5d into ,%eol & jo9 !re !  
ho/s ( ! dep>t$4 ,a belief 9 ! sep>ate  
exi/5ce ( ! s\l is also involv$ 9 !     
belief 9 necromancy1 or div9ation1 !    
preval5ce ( :i* is %[n by ! /]n laws    
aga9/ ^? :o engag$ 9 its unhall[$ rites1
 & by ! hi/ory ( ! wit* ( ,endor4 ,%e1 x
 is said1 by magical spells evok$ ! %ade
 ( old ,samuel f bel[4 ,x mu/ h be5 ! _s
 ( ! prophet t 0 suppos$ to rise2 = 8   
body 0 buri$ at ,ramah1 m ?an sixty     
miles f ,endor4 ,! fai? ( ! ,hebrews 9 !

 sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! s\l is %[n1        
fur!rmore1 by ! fact t ! language !y    
employ$ expresses1 9 e in/ance1 !       
di/9ction ( body & _s4 ,!y _h p>ticul>  
words appropriat$ to ea*4 ,z ?y s\l     
live?1 is a ,hebrew oa?4 ,) my _s )9 me 
w ,i seek !e e>ly4 ,i1 ,daniel1 0 griev$
 9 my _s 9 ! mid/ ( my body3 ! figure "h
 repres5ts ! s\l 9 ! body z a sword 9 a 
%ea?4 ,our bones are scatt]$ at ! m\? ( 
! "u _w1 z :5 "o cutte? & cleave? wood  
^u ! e>?2 t is1 ! s\l1 expell$ f its    
case ( clay by ! murd]]'s weapon1 flees 
into ,%eol & leaves its exuvioe at !    
entrance4 ,?y voice %all be z t ( a _s  
out ( ! gr\nd3 ! ^w ,lh]e us$ signifies 
! %ade evok$ by a necromanc] f ! region 
( dea?1 :i* 0 imag9$ to speak 9 a feeble
 :isp]4  ,! t]m rephaim is us$ to d5ote 
! manes ( ! dep>t$4 ,! etymology ( ! ^w1
 z well z its use1 makes x mean ! weak1 
! relax$4 ,i am c\nt$ z !m t g d[n into 
! "u _w2 ,i am z a man t ha? no /r5g?4  
,?is fa9t1 p[]less condition accords ) !
 idea t !y 7 de/itute ( fle%1 blood1 &  

animal life1 m]e umbroe4 ,^! gho/s are  
describ$ z be+ ne>ly z de/itute (       
s5sation z !y are ( /r5g?4 ,!y are call$
 ! inhabitants ( ! l& ( /illness4 ,!y   
exi/ 9 an inactive1 p>tially torpid     
/ate1 ) a dreamy consci\sness ( pa/ &   
pres5t1 nei!r suff]+ nor enjoy+1 &      
seldom mov+4 ,h]d] says ( ! ,hebrews1 ,!
 sad & m\rnful images ( _! gho/ly realm 
di/urb$ !m1 & 7 too mu* = _! self       
possession4 ,respect+ ^! images1 he     
adds1 ,_! volunt>y =ce & en]gy 7        
de/roy$4 ,!y 7 feeble z a %ade1 )\t     
di/9ction ( memb]s1 z a n]veless brea?4 
,!y w&]$ & flitt$ 9 ! d>k ne!r _w4 ,?is 
w&]+ & flitt+1 h[ev]1 is r ! _s (       
,h]d]'s poetry ?an ( t ( ! ,hebrews2 = !
 :ole t5or & drift ( ! repres5tations 9 
! ,old ,te/am5t %[ t ! /ate ( disembodi$
 s\ls is deep quietude4 ,fre$ f bondage1
 pa91 toil1 & c>e1 !y repose 9 sil5ce4  
,! gho/ summon$ f b5ea? by ! wit* (     
,endor said1 ,:y ha/ ?\ disquiet$ me to 
br+ me up8 ,x 01 inde$1 9 a dismal abode
 t !y took _! long quiet2 b !n x 0 9 a  

place :]e ! wick$ ceas$ f tr\bl+ & !    
we>y 7 at re/4  ,^? passages :i*        
attribute active employm5ts to ! dwell]s
 9 ! "u _w are specim5s ( poetic lic5se1
 z ! context always %[s4 ,:5 ,job says1 
,be=e ,jehovah ! %ades b5ea? tremble1 he
 likewise decl>es1 ,! pill>s ( heav5    
tremble & are conf\nd$ at 8 rebuke4 ,:5 
,isaiah breaks =? 9 t /irr+ lyric to !  
,k+ ( ,babylon1  ,! "u _w is 9 commotion
 on acc\nt ( !e1 ,to meet !e at ?y com+2
 ,x /irre? up be=e !e ! %ades1 all !    
mighty ( ! e>?2 ,x ar\se? f _! ?rones   
all ! k+s ( ! nations2 ,!y all acco/ !e1
 & say1 ,art ?\ too become weak z we8   
he also exclaims1 9 ! same connection1  
,ev5 ! cypress trees exult ov] !e1 ,& ! 
c$>s ( ,lebanon1 say+1 ,s9ce ?\ art     
fall51 ,no man come? up to cut u d[n4   
,! activity ?us vividly describ$ is     
evid5tly a m]e figure ( spee*3 s is x 9 
! o!r in/ances :i* picture ! rephaim z  
employ$ & 9 motion4 ,:y1 compla9+ly     
sigh$ ! afflict$ patri>*1 :y di$ ,i n at
 my bir?8 ,= n[ %\ld ,i lie d[n & be    

quiet2 ,i %\ld slumb]2 ,i %\ld !n be at 
re/4 ,& ! wise man says1 9 8 prea*+1    
,!re is no "w1 nor device1 nor k1 nor   
wisdom1 9 ,%eol4 ,:at has already be5   
said is suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact t ! 
,hebrews _h an idea t ! s\ls ( m5 left  
_! bodies at dea? & exi/$ z dim %ad[s1 9
 a /ate ( undi/urb$ repose1 9 ! b[els ( 
! e>?4  ,%eol is directly d]iv$ f a     
,hebrew ^w1 signify+1 fir/1 to dig or   
excavate4 ,x means1 !re=e1 a cavity1 or 
empty subt]ranean place4 ,its d]ivation 
is usually connect$1 h[ev]1 ) ! second>y
 mean+ ( ! ,hebrew ^w ref]r$ to1 namely1
 to ask1 to desire1 f ! notion ( dem&+1 
s9ce rapaci\s ,orcus lays claim unsp>+ly
 to all2 or1 z o!rs h fancifully con/ru$
 x1 ! object ( univ]sal inquiry1 !      
unkn[n mansion conc]n+ :i* all are      
anxi\sly inquisitive4 ,! place is       
conceiv$ on an imm5se scale1 %r\d$ 9    
accompanim5ts ( gloomy gr&eur & peculi> 
awe3 an enorm\s cav]n 9 ! e>?1 fill$ )  
night2 a /up5d\s holl[ k+dom1 to :i* are
 poetically attribut$ valleys & gates1 &

 9 :i* are congregat$ ! slumb]\s & %ad[y
 ho/s ( ! rephaim1 nev] able to g out ( 
x aga9 =ev]4 ,its awful /illness is     
unbrok5 by noise4 ,its ?ick d>kness is  
un*e]$ by light4 ,x /ret*es f> d[n "u ! 
gr\nd4 ,x is wond]fully deep4 ,9        
language t rem9ds "o ( ,milton's        
description ( hell1 :]e 0  ,no light1 b 
r d>kness visible1  ,job describes x z !
 l& ( d>kness1 l ! blackness ( dea?     
%ade1 :]e is no ord]1 & :]e ! light is z
 d>kness4 ,! foll[+ passages1 select$   
almo/ at r&om1 w %[ ! ideas ent]ta9$ ( !
 place1 & confirm & illu/rate ! =ego+   
/atem5ts4 ,b he consid]s n t 9 ! valleys
 ( ,%eol are h] gue/s4 ,n[ %all ,i g d[n
 into ! gates ( ,%eol4 ,! gr\nd slave   
asund]1 & ! e>? op5$ h] m\?1 & swall[$  
!m up1 & _! h\ses1 & all _! m51 & all _!
 goods3 !y & all t app]ta9$ to !m w5t   
d[n alive into ,%eol1 & ! e>? clos$ ^u  
!m4 ,its dep? is contra/$ ) ! height ( !
 sky4 ,?\gh !y dig into ,%eol1 !nce %all
 m9e h& take !m2 ?\gh !y climb up to    
heav51 !nce w ,i br+ !m d[n4 ,x is !    

de/9ation ( all2 =1 ?\gh ! ,hebrews     
believ$ 9 a _w ( glory above ! solid    
ceil+ ( ! dome ( day1 :]e ,jehovah & !  
angels dwelt1 !re 0 no promise1 hope1 or
 h9t t any man c\ld ev] g !re4 ,! dirge 
l burd5 ( _! poetry 0 lit]ally ^! words3
 ,:at man is he t live? & %all n see    
dea?8 ,%all he deliv] 8 _s f ! h& (     
,%eol8 ,! old ,hebrew graves 7 crypts1  
wide1 deep holes1 l ! habitations ( !   
troglodytes4 ,9 ^! subt]ranean caves !y 
laid ! dead d[n2 & s ! ,grave became !  
"m ( ,%eol1 a r5dezv\s ( ! fa!rs1 a     
realm ( ! dead1 full ( et]nal gho/ life4
  ,?is "u _w is dre>y & altoge!r        
undesirable1 save z an escape f extreme 
angui%4 ,b x is n a place ( retribution4
 ,jahn says1 ,t1 9 ! belief ( ! anci5t  
,hebrews1 !re 7 diff]5t situations 9    
,%eol = ! good & ! bad1 _c be prov$4#e  
,! sudd5 t]m9ation ( ! pres5t life is ! 
judgm5t ! ,old ,te/am5t ?reat5s ^u      
s9n]s2 its happy prolongation is ! rew>d
 x promises to ! righte\s4 ,texts t     
prove ?is might be quot$ 9 numb]s f     

almo/ e page4 ,! wick$ %all be turn$    
into ,%eol1 & all ! nations t =get ,god1
 n to be puni%$ !re1 b z a puni%m5t4 ,x 
is true1 ! good & ! bad alike pass into 
t gloomy l&2 b ! =m] g d[n tranquilly 9 
a good old age & full ( days1 z a %ock (
 corn fully ripe come? 9 its season1    
:ile ! latt] are sudd5ly hurri$ !re by  
an untimely & mis]able fate4 ,! man t   
loves ! ,"l %all h l5g? ( days2 ! unju/1
 ?\gh = a mom5t he fl\ri%es1 yet ! w9d  
bl[e?1 & :]e is he8  ,we %all p]haps ga9
 a m cle> & adequate k ( ! ideas !      
,hebrews _h ( ! s\l & ( its fate1 by    
m>k+ ! diff]5t mean+s ( ! words !y us$  
to  #e ,biblical ,ar*eology1 sect4 #cad4
   d5ote x4 ,ne%amah1 prim>ily mean+    
brea? or airy efflu5ce1 next expresses !
 ,_s ( ,god z imp>t+ life & =ce1 wisdom 
& love2 also ! _s ( man z its emanation1
 creation1 or su/a9$ object4 ,! citation
 ( a few texts 9 :i* ! ^w occurs w set  
?is 9 a full light4 ,! ,"l ,god =m$ man 
( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & brea!d into 8      
no/rils ! _s ( exi/5ce1 & man became a  

consci\s be+4 ,x is ! div9e _s ( man1   
ev5 ! inspiration ( ! ,almighty1 t give?
 him und]/&+4 ,! ,_s ( ,god made me1 & 8
 brea? gave me life4  ,ruah signifies1  
orig9ally1 a brea?+ or bl[+4 ,two o!r   
mean+s are directly connect$ ) ?is4     
,fir/1 ! vital _s1 ! pr9ciple ( life z  
manife/$ 9 ! brea? ( ! m\? & no/rils4 ,&
 !y w5t 9 unto ,noah into ! ark1 two &  
two ( all fle% 9 ^: no/rils 0 ! brea? ( 
life4 ,second1 ! w9d1 ! motions ( ! air1
 :i* ! ,hebrews suppos$ caus$ by ! brea?
 ( ,god4 ,by ! bla/ ( ?9e ang] ! wat]s 7
 ga!r$ on an heap4 ,! *annels ( wat]s 7 
se51 & ! f\ndations ( ! _w 7 discov]$1  
,o ,"l1 at ! bla/ ( ! brea? ( ?y        
no/rils4 ,s !y reg>d$ ! ?und] z 8 voice4
 ,! voice ( ,jehovah cutte? out ! fi]y  
lightn+s1 & %ake? ! wild]ness ( ,kade%4 
,?is ^w is also frequ5tly plac$ = !     
rational _s ( man1 ! seat ( intellect & 
feel+4 ,x is likewise sometimes         
repres5tative ( ! "* & disposition ( m51
 :e!r good or bad4 ,hosea speaks ( a _s 
( vile lu/4 ,9 ! ,second ,book (        

,*ronicles we read1 ,!re came out a _s1 
& /ood be=e ,jehovah1 & said1 ,i w      
entice ,k+ ,ahab to 8 de/ruction4 ,i w g
 out & be a ly+ _s 9 ! m\? ( all 8      
prophets4 ,bel%azz> says to ,daniel1 ,i 
"k t ! _s ( ! holy gods is 9 !e4        
,f9ally1 x is appli$ to ,jehovah1       
signify+ ! div9e _s1 or p[]1 by :i* all 
animate creatures live1 ! univ]se is    
fill$ ) motion1 all extraord9>y gifts ( 
skill1 g5ius1 /r5g?1 or virtue are      
be/[$1 & m5 incit$ to =sake evil & walk 
9 ! pa?s ( tru? & piety4 ,?\ s5de/ =? ?y
 _s1 !y are creat$1 & ?\ r5ewe/ ! face (
 ! e>?2 ?\ take/ away _! brea?1 !y die &
 return to _! du/4 ,jehovah w be a _s ( 
ju/ice 9 !m t sit to adm9i/] judgm5t4 ,x
 seems to be impli$ t ! life ( man1 hav+
 emanat$ f ! _s1 is to be aga9 absorb$ 9
 x1 :5 x is said1 ,!n %all ! du/ return 
to ! e>? z x 01 & ! _s %all return unto 
,god :o gave x4  ,nephe% is b p>tially a
 synonym = ! ^w ^: significations we h j
 consid]$4 ,! diff]5t s5ses x be>s are  
/rangely int]*ang$ & conf\nd$ 9 ,k+     

,james's v]sion4 ,its fir/ mean+ is     
brea?1 ! brea?+ ( a liv+ be+4 ,next x   
means ! vital _s1 ! indwell+ life ( !   
body4 ,if any mis*ief foll[1 ?\ %alt    
take life = life4 ,! mo/ adequate r5d]+ 
( x w\ld be1 9 a great majority (       
in/ances1 by ! t]m life4 ,9 jeop>dy ( 8 
life n s\l ha? ,adonijah spok5 ?is4 ,x  
sometimes repres5ts ! intellig5t s\l or 
m9d1 ! subject ( k & desire4 ,my s\l    
kn[e? "r well44 ,also ! he>t1 is (t5 us$
 m frequ5tly p]haps ?an any o!r t]m z   
mean+ ! vital pr9ciple1 & ! seat (      
consci\sness1 intellect1 w1 & affection4
 ,jehovah said to ,solomon1 9 answ] to 8
 pray]1 ,lo1 ,i h giv5 !e a wise & an   
und]/&+ he>t4 ,! lat] ,jews speculat$   
mu*1 ) _m cabali/ic ref9em5ts1 on ^!    
diff]5t words4 ,!y said _m p]sons 7     
suppli$ ) a ,nephe% )\t a ,ruah1 mu* m  
)\t a ,ne%amah4 ,!y decl>$ t ! ,nephe%  
7,psy*e7 0 ! s\l ( ! body1 ! ,ruah      
7,pneuma7 ! s\l ( ! ,nephe%1 & !        
,ne%amah 7,n\s7 ! s\l ( ! ,ruah4 ,"s ( !
 ,rabb9s ass]t t ! de/9ation ( !        

,nephe%1 :5 ! body dies1 is ,%eol2 ( !  
,ruah1 ! air2 & ( ! ,ne%amah1 heav54 #f 
,! ,hebrews us$ all ^? words 9 speak+ ( 
brutes1 to d5ote _! s5sitive exi/5ce1 t 
!y did 9 ref]5ce to m54 ,!y held t life 
0 9 e in/ance an emission1 or brea?1 f !
 ,_s ( ,god4 ,b !y d n intimate (       
brutes1 z !y d ( m51 t !y h surviv+     
%ades4 ,! au?or ( ! ,book (             
,ecclesia/es1 h[ev]1 bluntly decl>es t  
all h "o brea?1 & all g to "o place1 s t
 a man ha? no pre em95ce above a bea/4  
,z f> z ! words us$ to express exi/5ce1 
s\l1 or m9d1 legitimate any inf]5ce1 x  
w\ld seem to be1 ei!r t ! ess5tial life 
is p\r$ out at dea? z s mu* air1 or else
 t x is receiv$ aga9 by ,god1 9 bo?     
cases imply+ naturally1 ?\gh n (        
philosophic necessity1 ! close (        
consci\s1 individual exi/5ce4 ,b !      
exam9ation we h made ( _! real op9ions  
%[s t1 h[ev] obvi\sly ?is conclusion    
might fl[ f _! pneumatology1 x 0 n !    
expectation !y *]i%$4 ,!y believ$ !re 0 
a dismal empire 9 ! e>? :]e ! rephaim1  

or gho/s ( ! dead1 repos$ =ev] 9 a /ate 
( semi sleep4  ,x is a l& ( %ad[s3 yea1 
! l& ,itself is b a %ad[1 & ! race ,t   
dwell !re9 are voices1 =ms ( =ms4 ,&    
e*oes ( !mselves4  ,t ! ,hebrews1 dur+ !
 "t cov]$ by _! sacr$ records1 _h no    
conception ( a retributive life beyond !
 pres5t1 knew no?+ ( a bless$           
immortality1 is %[n by two conclusive   
argum5ts1 9 addition to ! positive      
demon/ration af=d$ by ! views :i*1 z we 
h se51 !y did actually hold 9 reg>d to !
 future lot ( man4 ,fir/1 !y 7 puzzl$1  
!y 7 tr\bl$ & di/ress$1 by ! moral      
ph5om5a ( ! pres5t life1 ! mis=tunes ( !
 righte\s1 ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$4 ,read 
! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es1 ! ,book ( ,job1 
"s ( ! ,psalms4 ,_h !y be5 acqua9t$ )   
future rew>d & puni%m5t1 !y c\ld easily 
h solv$ ^! problems to _! satisfaction4 
,secondly1 !y reg>d$ life z ! "o bless+1
 dea? z ! "o evil4 ,some?+ ( sadness1 we
 may suppose1 0 9 ! wise man's tones :5 
he said1 ,a liv+ dog is bett] ?an a dead
 lion4 ,obey ,jehovah's laws1 t ?y days 

may be long 9 ! l& he give? !e2 ! wick$ 
%all n live out half 8 days3 su* is !   
burd5 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x 0 res]v$ = a
 lat] age to see life & immortality     
br\ght to light1 & = ! disciples ( a    
cle>] fai? to feel t dea? is ga94  ,!re 
are _m passages 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures 
g5]ally suppos$ & really appe>+1 ^u a   
slight exam9ation1 n aft]w>ds to tea*   
doctr9es diff]5t f ^? "h /at$4 ,we w    
give two examples 9 a cond5s$ =m4 ,?\   
wilt n leave  #f ,tractatus de ,anima a 
,r4 ,mos*eh ,kordu]o4 ,9 ,kabbala       
,d5udata4 tom4 i4 p>s ii4   my s\l 9    
,%eol3 4 4 4 at ?y "r h& are pleasures =
 ev]more4 ,?is text1 prop]ly translat$ &
 expla9$1 means1 ,?\ wilt n leave me to 
mis=tune & untimely dea?3 4 4 4 9 ?y    
royal favor is prosp]ity & l5g? ( days4 
,i "k t my ,r$eem] live?34 4 4 9 my fle%
 ,i %all see ,god4 ,! g5u9e mean+ ( ?is 
triumphant exclamation ( fai? is1 ,i "k 
t ,god is ! ,v9dicator ( ! upright1 & t 
he w yet ju/ify me be=e ,i die4 ,a      
p>ticul> exam9ation ( ! rema9+ passages 

( ?is "* ) :i* errone\s conceptions are 
g5]ally connect$ w\ld %[1 fir/1 t 9     
ne>ly e case ^! passages are n          
accurately translat$2 secondly1 t !y may
 be satisfactorily int]pret$ z ref]r+   
m]ely to ?is life1 & _c by a s\nd       
exegesis be expla9$ o!rwise2 ?irdly1 t !
 mean+ usually ascrib$ to !m is         
inconsi/5t ) ! :ole g5]al t5or1 & )     
numb]less positive & explicit /atem5ts1 
( ! books 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 f\r?ly1 t  
if !re are1 z !re dubi\sly seem to be 9 
"s ( ! ,psalms1 texts imply+ ! asc5t (  
s\ls aft] dea? to a heav5ly life1 =     
example1 ,?\ %alt guide me ) ?y         
c\nt5ance1 & aft]w>d receive me to      
glory1 !y 7 ! product ( a late p]iod1 & 
reflect a fai? n native to ! ,hebrews1 b
 fir/ kn[n to !m aft] _! int]c\rse ) !  
,p]sians4  ,*ri/ians reject ! allegoriz+
 ( ! ,jews1 & yet traditionally accept1 
on _! au?ority1 doctr9es :i* c be d$uc$ 
f _! ,scriptures 9 no o!r way ?an by !  
absurd hypo!sis ( a d\ble or my/ic s5se4
 ,= example1 scores ( ,*ri/ian au?ors h 

taught ! dogma ( a g5]al resurrection ( 
! dead1 d$uc+ x f su* passages z ,god's 
s5t5ce ^u ,adam3 ,f ! du/ wa/ ?\ tak51 &
 unto ! du/ %alt ?\ return2 z ,joel's   
patriotic picture ( ! ,jews victori\s 9 
battle1 & ( ! vanqui%$ hea!n ga!r$ 9 !  
valley ( ,jeho%aphat to witness _!      
in/allation z rul]s ( ! e>?2 & z !      
decl>ation ( ! ,god ( battles3 ,i am he 
t kills & t makes alive1 t w\nds & t    
heals4 ,& !y ma9ta9 t ! doctr9e (       
immortality is inculcat$ 9 su* texts z  
^!3 :5 ,moses asks to see ,god1 & !     
reply is1 ,no man c see me & live2 :5   
,ba?%eba b[s & says1 ,let my "l ,k+     
,david live =ev]2 & :5 ! sacr$ poet     
praises ,god1 say+1 ,?\ ha/ deliv]$ my  
s\l f dea?1 m9e eyes f te>s1 & my feet f
 fall+4 ,su* int]pretations ( ,scripture
 are lam5table 9 ! extreme2 _! context  
%[s !m to be absurd4 ,! mean+ is =c$    
into ! words1 n d]iv$ f !m4  ,su* z we h
 n[ se5 7 ! anci5t ,hebrew ideas ( !    
future /ate4 ,to ^? :o receiv$ !m ! life
 to come 0 *e]less1 (f]+ no attraction  

save t ( peace to ! we>y suff]]4 ,on !  
o!r h&1 x _h no t]ror save ! natural    
revulsion ( ! human he>t f ev]la/+      
d>kness1 sil5ce1 & dreams4 ,9 view (    
deliv]ance f s dre>y a fate1 by         
translation ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ to !     
spl5dors ( ! _w above ! firmam5t1 !re   
are _m exultations 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1
 & 9 o!r portions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4  ,!
 ,hebrew views ( ! s\l & its de/9y1 z   
disc]n$ ?r\gh ! intimations ( _!        
,scriptures are v ne>ly :at1 f a fair   
consid]ation ( ! case1 we %\ld suppose  
!y w\ld be1 agree+ 9 ! ma9 ) ! natural  
speculations ( o!r e>ly nations ^u !    
same subject4 ,^! op9ions und]w5t b     
little alt]ation until a c5tury or a    
c5tury & a half be=e ! dawn ( ! ,*ri/ian
 era4  ,?is is %[n by ! phraseology ( ! 
,septuag9t v]sion ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & by ! 
allusions 9 ! s call$ ,apocryphal books4
 ,9 ^!1 s f> z !re are any relevant     
/atem5ts or implications1 !y are ( !    
same "* z ^? :i* we h expla9$ f ! m     
anci5t writ+s4 ,?is is true1 ) ! notable

 exceptions ( ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon & !  
,second ,maccabees1 nei!r ( :i* docum5ts
 c be dat$ e>li] ?an a hundr$ & tw5ty   
ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! =m] conta9s !       
doctr9e ( transmigration4 ,! au?or says1
 ,be+ wise1 ,i came into a body         
undefil$4#g ,b1 ) ! exception ( ?is & "o
 o!r passage1 !re is little or no?+ 9 ! 
book :i* is def9ite on ! subject ( a    
future life4 ,x is difficult to tell :at
 ! au?or's real fai? 03 8 words seem r  
rhetorical ?an dogmatic4 ,he says1 ,to  
be alli$ unto wisdom is immortality2 b  
o!r expressions w\ld appe> to %[ t by   
immortality he means m]ely a dea?less   
po/hum\s fame1 leav+ an et]nal memorial 
( himself to all :o %all come aft] him4 
,aga9 he decl>es1 ,! _s :5 x is gone =? 
returne? n2 nei!r ! s\l receiv$ up come?
 aga94 ,& "h we f9d1 too1 ! fam\s text1 
,god creat$ man to be immortal1 & made  
him to be an image ( 8 own et]nity4     
,nev]!less1 ?r\gh envy ( ! devil came   
dea? into ! _w1 & !y t hold ( 8 side d  
f9d x4#h ,^u ! :ole1 x is pretty cle> t 

! writ] believ$ 9 a future life2 b !    
details are too p>tially & obscurely    
%ad[$ to be drawn =?4 ,we may1 h[ev]1   
haz>d a conjecture on ! passage la/     
quot$1 especially ) ! help ( ! light ca/
 ^u x f its evid5t ,p]sian orig94 ,:at  
is x1 express$ by ! t]m dea?1 :i* is    
f\nd by ! adh]5ts ( ! devil di/9ctively8
 ,dea? _c "h be a metaphor = an inw>d   
/ate ( s9 & woe1 because x is contra/$ )
 ! pla9ly lit]al phrases1 creat$ to be  
immortal1 an image ( ,god's et]nity4 ,x 
_c signify simply physical dissolution1 
because ?is is f\nd z well by ,god's    
s]vants z by ! devil's4 ,its g5u9e mean+
 is1 mo/ probably1 a desc5t into ! black
 k+dom ( sadness & sil5ce "u ! e>?1 :ile
 ! s\ls ( ! good 7 receiv$ up4  ,!      
,second ,book ( ,maccabees ) emphasis   
repeat$ly ass]ts future retribution & a 
bodily resurrection4 ,9 ! sev5? *apt] a 
full acc\nt is giv5 ( sev5 bro!rs & _!  
"m :o suff]$ m>tyrdom1 firmly su/a9$ by 
fai? 9 a glori\s rew>d = _! h]oic       
fidelity1 to be reap$ at ! resurrection4

 ,"o ( !m says to ! tyrant by ^: ord] he
 0 tortur$1 ,z = !e1 ?\ %alt h no       
resurrection to life4 ,nicanor1 ble$+ f 
_m horrible w\nds1 pluck$ out 8 b[els & 
ca/ !m ^u ! ?rong1 &1 call+ ^u ! ,"l (  
life & _s to re/ore him ^? aga91 at !   
day ( resurrection1 he ?us di$4#i ,o!r  
passages 9 ?is book to ! same effect x  
is ne$less to quote4 ,! details ly+     
lat5t 9 ^? we h quot$ w soon be         
illum9at$ & fill$ out :5 we come to     
treat ( ! op9ions ( ! ,ph>isees4 #aj  #g
 ,cap4 viii4 #bj4  #h ,cap4 ii4 #bc1    
#bd4  #i ,cap4 xiv4 #df4  #aj ,see a v  
able discussion ( ! relation betwe5 !   
ideas conc]n+ immortality1 resurrection1
 judgm5t1 & retribution1 conta9$ 9 !    
,old ,te/am5t ,apocrypha1 & ^? 9 ! ,new 
,te/am5t1 by ,fris*1 ins]t$ 9 ,ei*horn's
 ,allgeme9e ,biblio!k d] ,biblis*5      
,lit]atur1 b& iv4 /uck iv4   ,!re liv$ 9
 ,alex&ria a v le>n$ ,jew nam$ ,philo1 !
 au?or ( volum9\s writ+s1 a zeal\s      
,israelite1 b deeply imbu$ bo? ) !      
doctr9es & ! _s ( ,plato4 ,he 0 born    

ab\t tw5ty ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & surviv$   
him ab\t ?irty ye>s4 ,! weight ( 8 "*1 !
 =ce ( 8 tal5ts1 ! fasc9at+ adaptation (
 8 peculi> philosophical speculations & 
( 8 bold & subtle allegorical           
expositions ( ,scripture to ! m9d ( 8   
age & ( ! succe$+ c5turies1 toge!r ) !  
em95t lit]>y position & r5[n e>ly secur$
 = him by a concurr5ce ( causes1 h      
comb9$ to make him ex]t accord+ to !    
express$ convictions ( ! be/ judges1 su*
 z ,lucke & ,norton a great] influ5ce on
 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian op9ions ?an any    
s+le man1 ) ! exception ( ! ,apo/le     
,paul1 s9ce ! days ( ,*ri/4 ,x is       
important1 & w be int]e/+1 to see "s    
explanation ( 8 views on ! subject ( a  
future life4 ,a synopsis ( !m mu/       
suffice4  ,philo 0 a ,platonic          
,alex&rian ,jew1 n a ,zoroa/rian        
,pale/9ian ,ph>isee4 ,x 0 a curr5t say+ 
among ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 ,vel ,plato    
,philonizat1 vel ,philo ,platonizat4 ,he
 has little to say ( ! ,messiah1 no?+ to
 say ( ! ,messianic es*atology4 ,we     

speak ( him 9 ?is connection because he 
0 a ,jew1 fl\ri%+ at ! comm5cem5t ( !   
,*ri/ian epo*1 & contribut+ mu*1 by 8   
cabali/ic int]pretations1 to lead       
,*ri/ians to imag9e t ! ,old ,te/am5t   
conta9$ ! doctr9e ( a spiritual         
immortality connect$ ) a sy/em ( rew>ds 
& puni%m5ts4  ,?ree pr9cipal po9ts      
include ! sub/ance ( ,philo's fai? on ! 
subject 9 h&4 ,he reject$ ! notion ( a  
resurrection ( ! body & held to !       
natural immortality ( ! s\l4 ,he        
ent]ta9$ ! mo/ pr(\nd & spiritual       
conceptions ( ! intr9sically deadly     
nature & wret*$ fruits ( all s91 & ( !  
self conta9$ welf>e & self rew>d+       
results ( e elem5t ( virtue1 9 !mselves1
 indep5d5t ( "t & place & reg>dless (   
ext]nal be/[m5ts ( woe or joy4 ,he also 
believ$ at ! same "t 9 contra/$         
localities above & bel[1 appo9t$ z !    
resid5ces ( ! disembodi$ s\ls ( good & (
 wick$ m54 ,we w quote miscellane\sly   
v>i\s passages f him 9 pro( &           
illu/ration ( ^! /atem5ts3  ,man's      

bodily =m is made f ! gr\nd1 ! s\l f no 
creat$ ?+1 b f ! ,fa!r ( all2 s t1      
al?\gh man 0 mortal z to 8 body1 he 0   
immortal z to 8 m9d4#aa ,complete virtue
 is ! tree ( immortal life4#ab ,vices & 
crimes1 ru%+ 9 ?r\gh ! gate ( s5sual    
pleasure1 *ang$ a happy & immortal life 
= a wret*$ & mortal "o4#ac ,ref]r+ to ! 
allegory ( ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 he says1 ,!   
dea? ?reat5$ = eat+ ! fruit 0 n natural1
 ! sep>ation ( s\l & body1 b p5al1 !    
s9k+ ( ! s\l 9 ! body4#ad ,dea? is      
tw(old1 "o ( man1 "o ( ! s\l4 ,! dea? ( 
man is ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body2 !  
dea? ( ! s\l is ! corruption ( virtue   
#aa ,mangey's edition ( ,philo's works1 
vol4 i4 p4 #cb4  #ab ,ibid4 p4 #ch4  #ac
 ,ibid4 p4 #cg4  #ad ,ibid4 p4 #fe4   & 
! assumption ( vice4#ae ,to me1 dea? ) !
 pi\s is pref]able to life ) ! impi\s4  
,= ^? s dy+1 dea?less life deliv]s2 b ^?
 s liv+1 et]nal dea? seizes4#af ,he     
writes ( ?ree k9ds ( life1 "o ( :i*     
nei!r asc5ds nor c>es to asc5d1 grop+ 9 
! secret recesses ( ,hades & rejoic+ 9 !

 mo/ lifeless life4#ag ,comm5t+ on !    
promise ( ! ,"l to ,abram1 t he %\ld be 
buri$ 9 a good old age1 ,philo obs]ves t
 ,a poli%$1 purifi$ s\l does n die1 b   
emigrates3 x is ( an inext+ui%able &    
dea?less race1 & goes to heav51 escap+ !
 dissolution & corruption :i* dea? seems
 to introduce4#ah ,a vile life is ! true
 ,hades1 despicable & obnoxi\s to e sort
 ( execration4 #ai ,diff]5t regions are 
set ap>t = diff]5t ?+s1 heav5 = ! good1 
! conf9es ( ! e>? = ! bad4#bj ,he ?9ks !
 ladd] se5 by ,jacob 9 8 dream is a     
figure ( ! air1 :i*1 rea*+ f e>? to     
heav51 is ! h\se ( unembodi$ s\ls1 !    
image ( a popul\s city hav+ = citiz5s   
immortal s\ls1 "s ( :om desc5d into     
mortal bodies1 b soon return al(t1 call+
 ! body a sepul*re f :i* !y ha/51 &1 on 
light w+s seek+ ! l(ty e!r1 pass et]nity
 9 sublime contemplations4#ba ,! wise   
inh]it ! ,olympic & heav5ly region to   
dwell 91 always /udy+ to g above2 ! bad1
 ! inn]mo/ p>ts ( ,hades1 always labor+ 
to die4#bb ,he lit]ally accr$its !      

acc\nt1 9 ! sixte5? *apt] ( ,numb]s1 ( !
 swall[+ ( ,korah & 8 company1 say+1 ,! 
e>? op5$ & took !m alive into ,hades4#bc
 ,ignorant m5 reg>d dea? z ! end (      
puni%m5ts1 :]eas 9 ! ,div9e judgm5t x is
 sc>cely ! beg9n+ ( !m4#bd ,he describes
 ! m]itori\s man z flee+ to ,god &      
receiv+ ! mo/ intimate honor ( a firm   
place 9 heav52 b ! reprobate man is     
dragg$ bel[1 d[n to ! v l[e/ place1 to  
,t>t>us itself & pr(\nd d>kness4#be ,he 
:o is n firmly held by evil may by      
rep5tance return to virtue1 z to !      
native l& f :i* he has w&]$4 ,b he :o   
suff]s f incurable vice mu/ endure its  
dire p5alties1 bani%$ into ! place ( !  
impi\s until ! :ole ( et]nity4#bf  ,su*1
 !n1 0 ! sub/ance ( ,philo's op9ions on 
! !me be=e u1 z inde$ _m m passages1 :i*
 we h omitt$ z sup]flu\s1 might be cit$ 
f him to %[4 ,man 0 made orig9ally a    
mortal body & an immortal s\l4 ,he %\ld 
h be5 happy & pure :ile 9 ! body1 & on  
leav+ x h so>$ up to ! realm ( light &  
bliss on high1 to jo9 ! angels4         

,abraham1 leav+ 8 mortal "p1 0 add$ to !
 p ( ,god1  #ae ,ibid4 p4 #fe4  #af     
,ibid4 p4 #bcc4  #ag ,ibid4 p4 #dgi4    
#ah ,ibid4 p4 #eac4  #ai ,ibid4 p4 #ebg4
  #bj ,ibid4 p4 #eee4  #ba ,ibid4 p4    
#fda1 #fdb4  #bb ,ibid4 p4 #fdc4  #bc   
,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #agh4  #bd ,ibid4 p4 
#dai4  #be ,mangey's edition ( ,philo's 
,works1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcc4  #bf ,ibid4   
vol4 i4 p4 #aci4   enjoy+ immortality & 
made simil> to ! angels4 ,= ! angels are
 ! army ( ,god1 bodiless & happy        
s\ls4#bg ,b1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( evil1 all :o 
yield to s9 & vice lose t e/ate ( bright
 & bless$ immortality1 & become         
discordant1 wret*$1 despicable1 &1 aft] 
! dissolution ( ! body1 are ?ru/ d[n to 
gloom & manifold j retribution 9 ,hades4
 ,he believ$ 9 ! pre exi/5ce1 & 9 a     
limit$ transmigration1 ( s\ls4 ,"h he   
leaves ! subject1 say+ no?+ ( a         
resurrection or f9al re/oration1 & n    
speculat+ z to any o!r ( ! details4 #bh 
,we pass on to speak ( ! ,jewi% sects at
 ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,!re 7 ?ree ( ^!1        

c>d9ally diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 _! !ories ( 
! future fate ( man4 ,fir/1 !re 7 !     
skeptical1 mat]iali/ic ,sadducees1      
weal?y1 pr\d1 few4 ,!y op5ly d5i$ !     
exi/5ce ( any disembodi$ s\ls1 av[+ t m5
 utt]ly p]i%$ 9 ! grave4 ,! cl\d faile? 
& passe? away3 s he t goe? d[n to !     
grave do? n return4#bi ,we read 9 !     
,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ,! ,sadducees say   
!re is no resurrection1 nei!r angel nor 
_s4 ,at ! same "t !y accept$ !          
,p5tateu*1 only reject+ or expla9+ away 
^? portions ( x :i* relate to ! sep>ate 
exi/5ce ( s\ls & to _! subt]ranean      
abode4 ,!y /rove to conf\nd _! oppon5ts1
 ! advocates ( a future life1 by su*    
p]plex+ que/ions z ! "o !y address$ to  
,jesus1 ask+1 9 ! case ( a woman :o _h  
_h sev5 successive husb&s1 :i* "o ( !m  
%\ld be h] husb& 9 ! resurrection4 ,all 
t we c ga!r conc]n+ ! ,sadducees f !    
,new ,te/am5t is amply confirm$ by      
,josephus1 :o explicitly decl>es1 ,_!   
doctr9e is t s\ls die ) ! bodies4  ,!   
second sect 0 ! ascetical &             

philosophical ,ess5es1 ( :om ! v>i\s    
in=mation giv5 by ,philo 9 8 celebrat$  
pap] on ! ,!rapeuta agrees ) ! acc\nt 9 
,josephus & ) ! scatt]$ gleams 9 o!r    
s\rces4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,ess5es on !     
subject ( our pres5t inquiry 0 mu* l t (
 ,philo himself2 & 9 "s p>ticul>s x     
rem>kably resembles t ( _m ,*ri/ians4   
,!y reject$ ! notion ( ! resurrection ( 
! body1 & ma9ta9$ ! inh]5t immortality (
 ! s\l4 ,!y said t ! s\ls ( m51 com+ out
 ( ! mo/ subtle & pure air1 are b\nd up 
9 _! bodies z 9 s _m prisons2 b1 be+    
fre$ at dea?1 !y d rejoice1 & are borne 
al(t :]e a /ate ( happy life =ev] is    
decre$ = ! virtu\s2 b ! vici\s are      
assign$ to et]nal puni%m5t 9 a d>k1 cold
 place4 #cj ,su* s5tim5ts appe> to h    
inspir$ ! h]oic ,eleaz>1 ^: spee* to 8  
foll[]s is report$ by ,josephus1 :5 !y 7
 besieg$ at ,masada1 urg+ !m to ru% on !
 foe1 = dea? is bett] ?an life1 is !    
only true life1 lead+ ! s\l to inf9ite  
fre$om & joy above4#ca  #bg ,ibid4 p4   
#afd4  #bh ,see1 9 ! ,analekt5 ( ,keil &

 ,tzs*irn]1 b& i /uck ii41 an article by
 ,dr4 ,s*reit]1 entitl$ ,philo's ,ide5  
ub] ,un/]bli*keit1 ,auf]/ehung1 und     
,v]geltung4  #bi ,lightfoot 9 ,matt4    
xxii4 #bc4  #cj ,josephus1 ,de ,bell4   
lib4 ii4 cap4 #h4  #ca ,ibid4 lib4 vii4 
cap4 #h4   ,b by f> ! mo/ num]\s &      
p[]ful ( ! ,jewi% sects at t "t1 & ev]  
s9ce1 7 ! eclectic1 traditional1 =mali/ 
,ph>isees3 eclectic1 inasmu* z _! fai? 0
 =m$ by a p>tial comb9ation ( v>i\s     
sy/ems2 traditional1 s9ce !y all[$ a m  
imp]ative sway to ! au?ority ( ! ,fa!rs1
 & to oral leg5ds & precepts1 ?an to !  
pla9 lett] ( ,scripture2 =mali/1 = !y   
neglect$ ! weighti] spiritual matt]s ( !
 law 9 a scrupul\s ti?+ ( m9t1 cum91 &  
anise se$1 a pret5ti\s we>+ ( broad     
phylact]ies1 an utt]+ ( long pray]s 9 ! 
/reets1 & ! v>i\s o!r hypocritical      
prie/ly p>aph]nalia ( a sev]e me*anical 
ritual4  ,f ,josephus we le>n t !       
,ph>isees believ$ t ! s\ls ( ! fai?ful t
 is1 ( all :o punctili\sly obs]v$ ! law 
( ,moses & ! traditions ( ! eld]s w\ld  

live aga9 by transmigration into new    
bodies2 b t ! s\ls ( all o!rs1 on leav+ 
_! bodies1 7 doom$ to a place (         
conf9em5t b5ea?1 :]e !y mu/ abide =ev]4 
,^! are 8 words3 ,! ,ph>isees believe t 
s\ls h an immortal /r5g? 9 !m1 & t 9 !  
"u _w !y w exp]i5ce rew>ds or puni%m5ts 
accord+ z !y h liv$ well or ill 9 ?is   
life4 ,! righte\s %all h p[] to live    
aga91 b s9n]s %all be deta9$ 9 an       
ev]la/+ prison4#cb ,aga91 he writes1 ,! 
,ph>isees say t all s\ls are            
incorruptible1 b t only ! s\ls ( good m5
 are remov$ into o!r bodies4#cc ,!      
fragm5t entitl$ ,conc]n+ ,hades1 =m]ly  
attribut$ to ,josephus1 is n[ ackn[l$g$ 
on all sides to be a gross =g]y4 ,!     
,greek culture & philosophical t9cture )
 :i* he 0 imbu$ l$ him to reject !      
doctr9e ( a bodily resurrection2 & ?is  
is probably ! reason :y he makes no     
allusion to t doctr9e 9 8 acc\nt ( !    
,ph>isees4 ,t su* a doctr9e 0 held among
 !m is pla9 f passages 9 ! ,new         
,te/am5t1 passages :i* also %$ light ^u 

! /atem5t actually made by ,josephus4   
,jesus says to ,m>?a1 ,?y bro!r %all    
rise aga94 ,%e replies1 ,i "k t he %all 
rise 9 ! resurrection1 at ! la/ day4 ,"s
 ( ! ,ph>isees1 fur!rmore1 did n conf9e 
! privilege or p5alty ( transmigration1 
& ( ! resurrection1 to ! righte\s4 ,!y  
once ask$ ,jesus1 ,:o did s91 ?is man or
 8 p>5ts1 t he 0 born bl9d8 ,pla9ly1 he 
c\ld n h be5 born bl9d = 8 own s9s      
unless he _h kn[n a previ\s life4 ,paul1
 too1 says ( !m1 9 8 spee* at ,cas>ea1  
,!y !mselves also all[ t !re %all be a  
resurrection ( ! dead1 bo? ( ! j & ( !  
unju/4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is v probably an    
exception to _! prevail+ belief4 ,_!    
religi\s intol]ance1 !ocratic pride1    
h]$it>y national vanity1 & sect>ian     
=malism1 (t5 l$ !m to despise & ov]look 
! ,g5tile _w1 haughtily re/rict+ ! boon 
( a r5ew$ life to ! legal *ildr5 (      
,abraham4  ,b ! gr& s\rce n[ op5 to u ( 
k conc]n+ ! prevail+ op9ions ( ! ,jews  
on our pres5t subject at & subsequ5t to 
! "t ( ,*ri/ is ! ,talmud4 ,?is is a    

collection ( ! traditions ( ! oral law1 
7,mis*na17 ) ! copi\s precepts & comm5ts
 7,gem>a7 ( ! mo/ le>n$ & au?oritative  
,rabb9s4 ,x is a wond]ful monum5t ( my?s
 & fancies1 pr(\nd speculations &       
ridicul\s pu]ilities1 antique  #cb      
,antiq4 lib4 xviii4 cap4 #a4cc ,de      
,bell4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #h4   leg5ds &     
cabali/ic subtleties1 cr[n$ & load$ ) ! 
national peculi>ities4 ,! ,jews rev]5ce 
x extravagantly1 say+1 ,! ,bible is     
salt1 ! ,mis*na pepp]1 ! ,gem>a balmy   
spice4 ,rabbi ,solomon b5 ,joseph s+s1 9
 our poet's v]sion1  ,! ,kabbala &      
,talmud ho> ,?an all ! ,prophets prize  
,i m2 ,= wat] is all ,bible lore1 ,b    
,mis*na is pure w9e4  ,! rambl+ "* &    
b>b>\s dialect ( ?is "w h jo9$ ) v>i\s  
o!r causes to )hold f x f> too mu* ( !  
att5tion ( ,*ri/ian critics4 ,sav+ by   
old ,lightfoot & ,pocock1 sc>cely a     
contribution has ev] be5 (f]$ u 9       
,engli% f ?is important field4 ,!       
,g]mans h done f> bett]2 & num]\s huge  
volumes1 ! co/ly fruits ( _! toils1 are 

/&+ on neglect$ %elves4 ,! es*atological
 views d]iv$ f ?is s\rce are au!ntically
 ,jewi%1 h[ev] closely !y may resemble  
"s portion ( ! popul> ,*ri/ian          
conceptions ^u ! same subject4 ,!       
correspond5ces betwe5 "s ,jewi% & "s    
,*ri/ian !ological dogmas betok5 !      
influx ( an adult]at$ ,judaism into a   
nasc5t ,*ri/ianity1 n ! reflex ( a pure 
,*ri/ianity ^u a receptive ,judaism4 ,x 
is important to %[ ?is2 & x appe>s f    
sev]al consid]ations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x
 is demon/rable1 x is unque/ion$1 t at  
lea/ ! g]ms & outl9es ( ! dogmas ref]r$ 
to 7 9 actual exi/5ce among ! ,ph>isees 
be=e ! conflict betwe5 ,*ri/ianity &    
,judaism arose4,secondly1 9 ! ,rabb9ical
 writ+s ^! dogmas are mo/ fundam5tal1   
vital1 & p]vad+1 9 relation to ! :ole   
sy/em2 b 9 ! ,*ri/ian !y seem subord9ate
 & incid5tal1 h e appe>ance ( be+       
+rafts1 n outgr[?s4 ,?irdly1 9 !        
apo/olic age ,judaism 0 a consolidat$1  
petrifi$ sy/em1 def5d$ f outw>d influ5ce
 on all sides by an invuln]able bigotry1

 a haughty exclusiv5ess2 :ile           
,*ri/ianity 0 9 a "y & vigor\s1 an      
assimilat+ & =mative1 /ate4 ,f\r?ly1 !  
ov]we5+ sect>ian vanity & scorn ( !     
,jews1 despis+1 hat+1 & fe>+ !          
,*ri/ians1 w\ld n p]mit !m to adopt     
peculi>ities ( belief f ! latt]2 b !    
,*ri/ians 7 und5iably ,jews 9 almo/ e ?+
 except 9 ass]t+ ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus3
 !y claim$ to be ! g5u9e ,jews1 *ildr5 (
 ! law & realiz]s ( ! promise4 ,! ,jewi%
 dogmas1 !re=e1 desc5d$ to !m z a       
natural l9eal inh]itance4 ,f9ally1 9 !  
,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! lett]s ( ,paul1 & 
! progress ( ! ,ebionites1 7:i* sect    
includ$ ne>ly all ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/  
c5tury17 we c trace /ep by /ep ! actual 
work+s1 9 reliable hi/ory1 ( ! process t
 we affirm1 namely1 ! assimilation (    
,jewi% elem5ts into ! popul>            
,*ri/ianity4  ,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,rabb9ical
 ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life4  ,,! 
/>t+ po9t 9 ! ,talmud on ?is subject is 
) ! effects ( s9 ^u ! human race4 ,man 0
 made radiant1 pure1 immortal1 9 ! image

 ( ,god4 ,by s9 he 0 obscur$1 defil$1   
burd5$ ) mortal decay & judgm5t4 ,9 ?is 
repres5tation t mis]y & dea? 7 an aft]  
doom br\ght into ! _w by s91 !          
,rabb9ical au?orities /rik+ly agree4 ,! 
te/imony is irresi/ible4 ,we ne$ n quote
 confirmations ( ?is /atem5t1 z e s*ol> 
9 ?is dep>tm5t w accept x at once4 ,b z 
to :at is meant precisely by ! t]m dea?1
 z us$ 9 su* a connection1 !re is no    
little obscurity & div]sity ( op9ion4 ,9
 all probability1 "s ( ! ,ph>isaical    
fa!rs p]haps ! majority ( !m conceiv$ t1
 if ,adam _h n s9n$1 he & 8 po/]ity w\ld
 h be5 physically immortal1 & w\ld ei!r 
h liv$ =ev] on ! e>?1 or h be5          
successively transf]r$ to ! home (      
,jehovah ov] ! firmam5t4 ,!y call !     
devil1 :o is ! *ief accus] 9 ! heav5ly  
c\rt ( ju/ice1 ! angel ( dea?1 by ! "n (
 ,sammael4 ,rabbi ,reub5 says1 ,:5      
,sammael saw ,adam s91 he imm$iately    
s\ght to slay him1 & w5t to ! heav5ly   
c\ncil & clamor$ = ju/ice aga9/ him1    
plead+ ?us3 ',god made ?is decree1 ,9 ! 

day ?\ eate/ ( ! tree ?\ %alt surely    
die4 ,!re=e give him to me1 = he is m9e1
 & ,i w kill him2 to ?is end 0 ,i       
creat$2 & give me p[] ov] all 8         
desc5dants4' ,:5 ! cele/ial ,sanh$rim   
p]ceiv$ t 8 petition 0 j1 !y decre$ t x 
%\ld be grant$4#a ,a great _m           
expressions ( k9dr$ t5or might easily be
 adduc$1 leav+ x h>dly possible to d\bt 
z inde$ we are n aw>e t any "o does d\bt
 t _m ( ! ,jews lit]ally held t s9 0 !  
sole cause ( bodily dissolution4 ,b1 on 
! o!r h&1 !re 7 z c]ta9ly o!rs :o did n 
ent]ta9 t idea1 b und]/ood & expla9$ !  
t]ms 9 :i* x 0 sometimes convey$ 9 a    
diff]5t1 a p>tially figurative1 s5se4   
,rabbi ,samuel b5 ,david writes1 ,al?\gh
 ! fir/ ,adam _h n s9n$1 yet dea? w\ld h
 be52 = dea? 0 creat$ on ! fir/ day4 ,! 
ref]5ce "h is1 z ,rabbi ,b]e*ias        
expla9s1 to ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis :]e we   
read t d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep1 by 
:i* is to be und]/ood ! angel ( dea?1 :o
 has d>k5$ ! face ( man4#b ,! ,talmudi/s
 g5]ally believ$ also 9 ! pre exi/5ce ( 

s\ls 9 heav51 & 9 a spiritual body      
inve/+ & fitt+ ! s\l = heav51 z ! pres5t
 c>nal body inve/s & fits x = ! e>?4    
,s*oettg5 has collect$ num]\s           
illu/rations 9 po9t1 ( :i* ! foll[+ may 
s]ve z specim5s4#c ,:5 ! fir/ ,adam _h n
 s9n$1 he 0 e way an angel ( ! ,"l1     
p]fect & spotless1 & x 0 decre$ t he    
%\ld live =ev] l "o ( ! cele/ial m9i/]s4
 ,! s\l _c asc5d into ,p>adise except x 
be fir/ inve/$ ) a  #a ,s*oettg51       
,diss]tatio de ,hi]osolyma ,coele/i1    
cap4 iii4 sect4 #i4  #b ,s*oettg51 ,hora
 ,biblica et ,talmudica1 9 ,rom4 v4 #ab1
 et 9 ,johan4 iii4 #ai4  #c ,ibid4 9 #b 
,cor4 v4 #b4   clo?+ adapt$ to t _w1 z !
 pres5t is = ?is _w4 ,^! notions d n    
h>monize ) ! ?\ght t man 0 orig9ally    
de/9$ = a physical et]nity on ?is globe4
 ,all ?is difficulty disappe>s1 we ?9k1 
& ! true metaphorical =ce (t5 int5d$ 9 !
 ^w dea? comes to view1 ?r\gh ! foll[+  
conception1 occupy+ ! m9ds ( a portion (
 ! ,jewi% ,rabb9s1 z we are l$ to       
believe by ! clews furni%$ 9 ! close    

connection betwe5 ! ,ph>isaic & !       
,zoroa/rian es*atology1 by simil> h9ts 9
 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & by "s q
 explicit decl>ations 9 ! ,talmud       
itself1 :i* we %all soon cite 9 a       
diff]5t connection4 ,god at fir/ int5d$ 
t man %\ld live = a "t 9 pure bless$ness
 on ! e>?1 & !n )\t pa9 %\ld und]go a   
glori\s *ange mak+ him a p]fect pe] ( ! 
angels1 & be translat$ to _! l(ty abode 
9 8 own pres5ce2 b1 :5 he s9n$1 ,god    
gave him ov] to manifold suff]+1 & on ! 
de/ruction ( 8 body adjudg$ 8 nak$ s\l  
to desc5d to a doleful imprisonm5t bel[ 
! grave4 ,! immortality meant = man 0 a 
timely asc5t to heav5 9 a p>adisal      
clo?+1 )\t dy+4 ,! doom br\ght on him by
 s9 0 ! alt]ation ( t desirable *ange ( 
bodies & asc5sion to ! sup]nal spl5dors1
 = a p]man5t disembodim5t & a dread$    
desc5t to ! subt]ranean glooms4 ,x is a 
,talmudical z mu* z x is a ,paul9e idea1
 t ! triumphant p[] ( ! ,messiah w\ld   
re/ore :at ! un=tunate fall ( ,adam     
=feit$4 ,n[1 if we c %[ z we ?9k we c1 &

 z we %all try to d 9 a lat] "p ( ?is   
article t ! lat] ,jews expect$ !        
,messianic resurrection to be ! prelude 
to an asc5t into heav51 & n ! beg9n+ ( a
 gross e>?ly immortality1 x w p[]fully  
confirm ! !ory :i* we h j indicat$4 ,:51
 says "o ( ! old ,rabb9s1 ! dead 9      
,israeliti% e>? are re/or$ alive1 _!    
bodies w be z ! body ( ! fir/ ,adam be=e
 he s9n$1 & !y %all all fly into ! air l
 birds4#d  ,at all ev5ts1 :e!r ! g5]al  
,rabb9ical belief 0 9 ! primitive       
de/9ation ( man to a heav5ly or to an   
e>?ly immortality1 :e!r ! dea? decre$ ^u
 him 9 consequ5ce ( s9 0 ! dissolution (
 ! body or ! wret*$ness ( ! s\l1 !y all 
agree t ! bani%m5t ( s\ls into ! realm (
 blackness "u ! grave 0 a "p ( ! p5alty 
( s94 ,"s ( !m ma9ta9$1 z we ?9k1 t1 _h 
!re be5 no s91 s\ls w\ld h pass$ to     
heav5 9 glorifi$ bodies2 o!rs ( !m      
ma9ta9$1 z we ?9k1 t1 _h !re be5 no s91 
!y w\ld h liv$ et]nally ^u e>? 9 _!     
pres5t bodies2 b all ( !m agre$1 x is   
undisput$1 t 9 consequ5ce ( s9 s\ls 7   

condemn$ to ! "u _w4 ,no man w\ld h se5 
! dismal realm ( ! sepul*re _h !re n be5
 s94 ,! e>lie/ ,hebrew conception 0 t   
all s\ls w5t d[n to a common abode1 to  
sp5d et]nity 9 d>k slumb] or n]veless   
grop+4 ,?is view 0 fir/ modifi$ soon    
aft] ! ,p]sian captivity1 by !          
expectation t !re w\ld be discrim9ation 
at ! resurrection :i* ! ,jews _h le>n$  
to look =1 :5 ! j %\ld rise b ! wick$   
%\ld be left4  ,! next alt]ation ( _!   
notions on ?is subject 0 ! subdivision (
 ! und]world into ,p>adise & ,geh5na1 a 
conception kn[n among !m probably z e>ly
 z a c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 & v prom95t ) !m
 9 ! apo/olic age4 ,:5 ,rabbi  #d       
,s*oettg51 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #dd4          
,jo*anan 0 dy+1 8 disciples ask$ him1   
',light ( ,israel1 ma9 pill> ( ! "r1 ?\ 
/rong hamm]1 :y do/ ?\ weep8' ,he       
answ]$1 ',two pa?s op5 be=e me1 ! "o    
lead+ to bliss1 ! o!r to torm5ts2 & ,i  
"k n :i* ( !m w be my doom4'#e ,p>adise 
is sep>at$ f hell by a di/ance no great]
 ?an ! wid? ( a ?read4#f ,s1 9 ,*ri/'s  

p>able ( ,dives & ,laz>us1 ,abraham's   
bosom & hell are two divisions4 ,!re are
 ?ree doors into ,geh5na3 "o 9 !        
wild]ness1 :]e ,korah & 8 company 7     
swall[$2 "o 9 ! sea1 :]e ,jonah desc5d$ 
:5 he 'cri$ out ( ! belly ( hell2' "o 9 
,j]usalem1 = ! ,"l says1 ',my furnace is
 9 ,j]usalem4'#g ,! "u _w is divid$ into
 palaces1 ea* ( :i* is s l>ge t x w\ld  
take a man ?ree hundr$ ye>s to roam ov] 
x4 ,!re are di/9ct ap>tm5ts :]e ! hell  
puni%m5ts are inflict$4 ,"o place is s  
d>k t its "n is ',night ( ,horrors4#h ,9
 ,p>adise !re are c]ta9 mansions = !    
pi\s f ! ,g5tile peoples1 & = ^? mundane
 k+s :o h done k9dness to !             
,israelites4#i ,! fire ( ,geh5na 0 k9dl$
 on ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ ,sabba?1 & %all nev]
 be ext+ui%$4#aj ,! ,egyptians1         
,p]sians1 ,h9dus1 & ,greeks1 ) all ( :om
 ! ,jews held relations ( int]c\rse1 _h1
 9 _! popul> repres5tations ( ! "u _w ( 
! dead1 regions ( peace & honor = !     
good1 & regions ( fire = ! bad4 ,! idea 
may h be5 adopt$ f !m by ! ,jews1 or x  

may h be5 at la/ develop$ among         
!mselves1 fir/ by ! imag9ative poetical1
 aft]w>ds by ! lit]ally believ+1        
transf]5ce bel[ ( hi/orical & local     
imag]y & associations1 su* z ^? connect$
 ) ! +ulf+ ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah 9 fire &
 sulphur1 & ) ! loa!d fires 9 ! valley (
 ,h9nom4  ,_m ( ! ,rabb9s believ$ 9 !   
transmigration or revolution ( s\ls1 an 
immemorial doctr9e ( ! ,fa/1 & develop$ 
x into ! mo/ ludicr\s & m>vell\s        
details4#aa ,b1 ) ! exception ( ^? :o   
adopt$ ?is ,indian doctr9e1 ! ,rabb9s   
suppos$ all dep>t$ s\ls to be 9 ! "u _w1
 "s 9 ! division ( ,p>adise1 o!rs 9 t ( 
hell4 ,"h !y fanci$ ^! s\ls to be       
long+ly await+ ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah4    
,messiah & ! patri>*s weep toge!r 9     
,p>adise ov] ! delay ( ! "t ( !         
k+dom4#ab ,9 ?is quotation ! ,messiah is
 repres5t$ z be+ 9 ! "u _w1 = ! ,jews   
expect$ t he w\ld be a man1 v likely "s 
"o :o _h already liv$4 ,= a delegation 0
 once s5t to ask ,jesus1 ,art ?\ ,elias8
 art ?\ ! ,messiah8 art ?\ t prophet8   

,light is ?us ?r[n ^u ! ,rabb9ical say+ 
t x 0 d\bt$ :e!r ! ,messiah w\ld come f 
! liv+1 or ! dead4#ac ,borr[+ "s ,p]sian
 modes ( ?9k+1 & add+ !m to _! own      
inord9ate national pride1 ! ,rabb9s soon
 began  #e ,talmud1 tract4 ,b]a*o?4  #f 
,eis5m5g]1 ,entdecktes ,jud5?um1 ?4 ii4 
cap4 v4 s4 #cae4  #g ,lightfoot1 9      
,matt4 v4 #bb4  #h ,s*rod]1 ,satzung5 & 
,gebrau*e des ,talmudis* ,rabb9is*5     
,jud5?ums1 s4 #djh4  #i ,s*oettg51 9    
,johan4 xiv4 #b4  #aj ,nov4 ,te/4 ex    
,talmude1 etc4 illu/ratum a ,j4 ,g4     
,m5s*51 p4 #abe4  #aa ,basnage1 ,hi/4 ( 
,jews1 lib4 iv4 cap4 #cj4 ,also1        
,traditions ( ! ,rabb9s1 9 ,blackwood = 
,april1 #ahcc4  #ab ,eis5m5g]1 ?4 ii4 s4
 #cjd4  #ac ,lightfoot1 9 ,matt4 ii4    
#af4   to fancy t ! obs]vance or non    
obs]vance ( ! ,ph>isaic ritual1 & k9dr$ 
p>ticul>s1 mu/ ex]t a great effect 9    
det]m9+ ! de/9ation ( s\ls & _!         
condition 9 ! "u _w4 ,obs]ve ! foll[+   
quotations f ! ,talmud4 ,abraham sits at
 ! gate ( hell to see t no ,israelite   

ent]s4 ,circumcision is s agreeable to  
,god1 t he swore to ,abraham t no "o :o 
0 circumcis$ %\ld desc5d into hell4#ad  
,:at does ,abraham to ^? circumcis$ :o h
 s9n$ too mu*8 ,he takes ! =esk9s f     
,g5tile boys :o di$ )\t circumcision1 & 
places !m on ^? ,jews :o 7 circumcis$ b 
h become godless1 & !n kicks !m into    
hell4#ae ,hell "h d5otes t division 9 ! 
"u _w :]e ! condemn$ are puni%$4 ,!     
y\ng] ,buxtorf1 9 a preface to 8 fa!r's 
,synagoga ,judaica1 gives num]\s        
specim5s ( ,jewi% repres5tations ( !    
efficacy ( circumcision be+ s great t no
 "o :o has und]gone x %all g d[n into   
hell4 ,*ildr5 c help _! deceas$ p>5ts   
out ( hell by _! good de$s1 pray]s1 &   
(f]+s4#af ,beyond all d\bt1 says        
,gfror]1 ! anci5t ,jewi% synagogue      
inculcat$ ! doctr9e ( sup]]ogatory good 
works1 ! m]it ( :i* w5t to b5efit !     
dep>t$ s\ls4#ag ,"h all s\ls 71 9 ! "u  
_w1 ei!r 9 t "p ( x call$ ,p>adise1 or 9
 t nam$ ,geh5na1 accord+ to c]ta9       
conditions4 ,b 9 :i*ev] place !y 71 & "u

 :atev] circum/ances1 !y 7 all t>ry+ 9  
expectation ( ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah4  ,h[
 deeply root$1 h[ eag]ly *]i%$1 ! ,jewi%
 belief 9 ! approa*+ appe>ance ( !      
,messiah 01 & :at a spl5did gr\p ( ideas
 & imag9ations !y clu/]$ ar\nd 8 reign1 
are well kn[n facts4 ,he 0 to be a      
desc5dant ( royal ,david1 an inspir$    
prophet1 prie/1 & k+1 0 to subdue ! :ole
 e>? b5ea? 8 ,jewi% sceptre & e/abli% f 
,j]usalem a !ocratic empire ( unexampl$ 
glory1 hol9ess1 & delight4 ,9 s mu* !   
cons5t 0 g5]al & e>ne/2 ?\gh 9 reg>d to 
_m fur!r details !re w\ld seem to h be5 
an incongru\s div]sity ( op9ions4 ,!y   
suppos$ ! com+ ( ! ,messiah w\ld be     
prec$$ by t5 frightful woes1#ah also by 
! appe>ance ( ! prophet ,elias z a      
=]unn]4#ai ,!re are a few passages 9 !  
,rabb9ical writ+s :i*1 unless !y 7 =g$ &
 int]polat$ by ,*ri/ians at a late      
p]iod1 %[ t !re 7 9 ! ,jewi% m9d        
anticipations ( ! p]sonal desc5t ( !    
,messiah into ! "u _w4#bj ,aft] ?is !   
,messiah1 ! son ( ,david1 came to !     

gates ( ! und]world4 ,b :5 ! b\nd1 :o   
are 9 ,geh5na1 saw ! light ( ! ,messiah1
 !y began rejoic+ to receive him1 say+1 
',he %all lead u up f ?is d>kness4' ,!  
captives %all  #ad ,s*rod]1 s4 #ccb4    
#ae ,eis5m5g]1 ?4 ii4 kap4 vi4 s4 #cdj4 
#af ,ibid4 s4 #ceh4  #ag ,ges*i*te des  
,ur*ri/5?ums1 zweit4 ab?4 s4 #ahf4      
,maimonides also ass]ts ! doctr9e (     
sup]]ogatory works3 see p4 #bcg ( ,h4   
,h4 ,b]n>d's ,selections f ! ,yad       
,ha*azakah ( ,maimonides4  #ah          
,sur5husius1 ,mis*na1 p>s t]tia1 p4     
#cjh4  #ai ,lightfoot1 9 ,matt4 xvii4   
#aj4  #bj ,= a g5]al view ( ! ,jewi%    
es*atology1 see ,gfror]1 ,ges*i*te des  
,ur*ri/5?ums1 kap4 x42 ,eis5m5g]1       
,entdecktes ,jud5?um1 ?4 ii4 kap4 xv4   
xvii4   asc5d f ! "u _w1 ,s*e*9ah at _! 
head4#ba ,gfror] d]ives ! orig9 ( !     
doctr9e t ,*ri/ rescu$ s\ls out ( ! "u  
_w1 f a ,jewi% notion1 pres]v$ 9 !      
,talmud1#bb t ! j patri>*s sometimes did
 x4#bc ,b]?oldt adduces ,talmudical     
decl>ations to %[ t ?r\gh ! ,messiah    

,god w\ld h]eaft] lib]ate ! ,israelites 
f ! "u _w1 on acc\nt ( ! m]it (         
circumcision#bd ,s*oettg5 quotes ?is    
/atem5t f ! ,soh>3 ,messia %all die1 &  
%all rema9 9 ! /ate ( dea? a "t1 & %all 
rise4#be ,! s call$ ,f\r? ,book ( ,ezra 
says1 9 ! sev5? *apt]1 ,my son1 ! ,*ri/1
 %all die3 !n foll[ ! resurrection & !  
judgm5t4 ,al?\gh x is cle>1 f v>i\s o!r 
s\rces1 z well z f ! acc\nt 9 ,john xii4
 #cd1 t !re 0 a preval5t expectation    
among ! ,jews t ! ,messiah w\ld abide   
=ev]1 x also seems q c]ta9 t !re 7 at ! 
same "t at lea/ obscure pres5tim5ts1    
bas$ on prophecies & traditions1 t he   
mu/ die1 t an important "p ( 8 mission 0
 connect$ ) 8 dea?4 ,?is appe>s f su*   
passages z we h cit$ above1 f\nd 9 e>ly 
,rabb9ical writ]s1 :o w\ld c]ta9ly be v 
unlikely to borr[ & adapt a new idea (  
su* a "* f ! ,*ri/ians2 & f ! mann] 9   
:i* ,jesus assumes 8 dea? to be a "p ( !
 ,messianic fate & int]prets !          
,scriptures z necess>ily po9t+ to t     
effect4 ,he *>ges 8 disciples ) be+     

fools & bl9d 9 n s und]/&+ ! doctr9e2   
?us seem+ to imply t x 0 pla9ly kn[n to 
"s4 ,b ?is "q ! orig9 ( ! idea ( a      
suff]+1 aton+1 dy+ ,messiah is          
confess$ly a v nice & obscure "o4 ,!    
evid5ce1 ! sil5ce1 ! inf]5ces1 !        
presumptions & d\bts on ! subject are   
su*1 t "s ( ! mo/ ?or\gh & imp>tial     
/ud5ts say !y are unable to decide ei!r 
way4  ,h[ev] ! =ego+ "q be decid$1 x is 
admitt$ by all t ! ,jews e>ne/ly look$ =
 a resurrection ( ! dead z an           
accompanim5t ( ! ,messiah's com+4 ,:e!r 
,*ri/ 0 to g d[n into ! "u _w1 or to sit
 en?ron$ on ,m\nt ,zion1 9 ei!r case !  
dead %\ld come up & live aga9 on e>? at 
! bla/ ( 8 summon+ trumpet4 ,rabbi      
,j]emiah comm&$1 ,:5 y bury me1 put %oes
 on my feet1 & give me a /aff 9 my h&1 &
 lay me on "o side1 t :5 ! ,messiah     
comes ,i may be ready4#bf ,mo/ ( !      
,rabb9s made ?is resurrection p>tial4   
,:oev] d5ies ! resurrection ( ! dead    
%all h no "p 9 x1 = ! v reason t he     
d5ies x4#bg ,rabbi ,abbu says1 ,a day ( 

ra9 is great] ?an ! resurrection ( !    
dead2 because ! ra9 is = all1 :ile !    
resurrection is only = ! j4#bh ,sodom & 
,gomorrah %all n rise 9 ! resurrection (
 ! dead4#bi ,rabbi ,*ebbo says1 ,!      
patri>*s s vehem5tly desir$ to be buri$ 
9  #ba ,s*oettg51 ,de ,messia1 lib4 vi4 
cap4 v4 sect4 #a4  #bb ,eis5m5g]1 ?4 ii4
 ss4 #cdc1 #cfd4  #bc ,ges*i*te ,ur*ri/4
 kap4 viii4 s4 #ahd4  #bd ,*ri/ologia   
,judaorum ,jesu ,apo/olorumque ,atate1  
sect4 #cd1 7,de ,desc5su ,messia ad     
,inf]os47  #be ,de ,messia1 lib4 vi4    
cap4 v4 sect4 #b4  #bf ,lightfoot1 9    
,matt4 xxvii4 #eb4  #bg ,witsius1       
,diss]tatio de ,seculo1 etc4 sect4 #i4  
#bh ,nov4 ,te/4 ,illu/ratum1 etc4 a     
,meus*51 p4 #fb4  #bi ,s*oettg51 9      
,johan4 vi4 #ci4   ! l& ( ,israel1      
because ^? :o are dead 9 t l& %all be ! 
fir/ to revive & %all dev\r 8 ye>s1 !   
ye>s ( ! ,messiah4 ,b = ^? j :o are     
int]r$ beyond ! holy l&1 x is to be     
und]/ood t ,god w make a passage 9 !    
e>?1 ?r\gh :i* !y w be roll$ until !y   

rea* ! l& ( ,israel4#cj ,rabbi ,jo*anan 
says1 ,moses di$ out ( ! holy l&1 9 ord]
 to %[ t 9 ! same way t ,god w raise up 
,moses1 s he w raise all ^? :o obs]ve 8 
law4 ,! national bigotry ( ! ,jews      
rea*es a pit* ( extravagance 9 "s ( _!  
views t is amus+4 ,= in/ance1 !y decl>e 
t "o ,israeliti% s\l is de>] & m        
important to ,god ?an all ! s\ls ( a    
:ole nation ( ! ,g5tiles6 ,aga91 !y say1
 ,:5 ,god judges ! ,israelites1 he w /&1
 & make ! judgm5t brief & mild2 :5 he   
judges ! ,g5tiles1 he w sit1 & make x   
long & sev]e6 ,!y affirm t !            
resurrection w be effect$ by means ( a  
dew2 & !y quote to t effect ?is v]se f  
,canticles3 ,i sleep1 b my he>t wake?2  
my head is fill$ ) dew1 & my locks )    
drops ( ! night4 ,"s ass]t t !          
resurrection w be imm$iately caus$ by   
,god1 :o nev] gives to any "o ! ?ree    
keys ( bir?1 ra91 & ! resurrection ( !  
dead4 ,o!rs say t ! p[] to raise & judge
 ! dead w be delegat$ to ! ,messiah1 &  
ev5 g s f> z to ass]t t ! trumpet ^:    

=midable bla/s w !n %ake ! univ]se is to
 be "o ( ! horns ( t ram :i* ,abraham   
(f]$ up in/ead ( 8 son ,isaac6 ,"s      
conf9e ! resurrection to fai?ful ,jews1 
"s ext5d x to ! :ole ,jewi% nation1 "s  
?9k all ! righte\s ( ! e>? w h "p 9 x1 &
 "s /ret* its pale ar\nd all mank9d     
alike4#ca ,!y seem to agree t !         
reprobate w\ld ei!r be left 9 ! wret*$  
regions ( ,%eol :5 ! j arose1 or else be
 ?ru/ back aft] ! judgm5t1 to rema9 !re 
=ev]4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! righte\s aft] _! 
resurrection w\ld nev] die aga91 b asc5d
 to heav54 ,! ,jews aft] a "t1 :5 !     
increase ( geographical k _h annihilat$ 
f ! e>? _! old ,ed5 :5ce ! s9ful ,adam 0
 expell$1 *ang$ its location into ! sky4
 ,?i!r1 z ! lat] fables ran1 ,elijah 0  
borne 9 8 *>iot ( fire by ! horses !re(4
 ,rabbi ,p9*as says1 ,c>efulness leads u
 to innoc5ce1 innoc5ce to purity1 purity
 to sanctity1 sanctity to humility1     
humility to fe> ( s9s1 fe> ( s9s to     
piety1 piety to ! holy _s1 ! holy _s to 
! resurrection ( ! dead1 ! resurrection 

( ! dead to ! prophet ,elias4#cb ,!     
writ+s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs conta9  
_m allusions to ?is bless$ habitation ( 
sa9ts above ! cl\ds4 ,x is illu/rat$ 9 !
 foll[+ qua9t ,rabb9ical n>rative4      
,rabbi ,jeho%a b5 ,levi once bes\ght !  
angel ( dea? to take him up1 ere he di$1
 to cat* a glimpse ( ,p>adise4 ,/&+ on !
 wall1 he sudd5ly snat*$ ! angel's sword
 & sprang ov]1 swe>+ by ,almighty ,god t
 he w\ld n come out4 ,dea? 0 n all[$ to 
ent] ,p>adise1 & ! son ( ,levi did n    
re/ore 8 sword until he _h promis$ to be
 m g5tle t[>ds ! dy+4#cc ,! righte\s 7  
nev] to return to ! du/1 b at ! end  #cj
 ,s*oettg51 ,de ,messia1 lib4 vi4 cap4  
vi4 sect4 #bg4  #ca ,see an able        
diss]tation on ,jewi% ,notions ( !      
,resurrection ( ! ,dead1 prefix$ to     
,humphrey's ,translation ( ,a!nagoras on
 ! ,resurrection4  #cb ,sur5husius1     
,mis*na1 p>s t]tia1 p4 #cji4  #cc       
,s*rod]1 s4 #dai4   ( ! ?\s& ye>s1 !    
duration ( ! ,messiah's e>?ly reign1 :5 
! ,"l is lift$ up1 ,god %all fit w+s to 

! j1 l ! w+s ( eagles4#cd ,9 a ^w1 !    
,messiah & 8 r$eem$ ones w\ld asc5d into
 heav5 to ! "r h& ( ,god4 ,s ,paul1 :o  
said1 ,i am a ,ph>isee1 ! son ( a       
,ph>isee1 decl>es t :5 ! dead h ris5 we 
%all be caught up 9 ! cl\ds to be =ev] )
 ! ,"l4  ,we =be> to notice a ?\s&      
curi\s details ( speculation & fancy 9  
:i* individual ,rabb9s indulg$2 =       
in/ance1 _! common notion conc]n+ ! bone
 luz1 ! s+le bone :i*1 )/&+ dissolution1
 %all =m ! nucleus ( ! resurrection     
body4 ,x 0 a preval5t belief ) !m t !   
resurrection w\ld take place 9 ! valley 
( ,jeho%aphat1 9 pro( ( :i* !y quote ?is
 text f ,joel3 ,let ! hea!n be wak5$ &  
come up to ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat2 = !re
 w ,i sit to judge ! nations ar\nd4 ,to 
?is day1 :]ev] scatt]$ abroad1 fai?ful  
,jews cl+ to ! expectation ( !          
,messiah's com+1 & associate ) 8 day !  
resurrection ( ! dead4#ce ,! /atem5t 9 !
 ,song ( ,solomon1 ,! k+ is held 9 !    
gall]ies1 means1 says a ,rabb9ical book1
 t ! ,messiah is deta9$ 9 ,p>adise1     

fett]$ by a woman's hair6 ,e day1       
?r\gh\t ! _w1 e consi/5t ,israelite     
repeats ! words ( ,moses ,maimonides1 ! 
pe]less ,rabbi1 ( :om x is a prov]b t f 
,moses to ,moses !re arose n a ,moses3  
,i believe ) a p]fect fai? t ! ,messiah 
w come1 & ?\gh he delays1 nev]!less1 ,i 
w always expect him till he come4 ,!n   
%all glory cov] ! liv+1 & ! ris51 *ildr5
 ( ,israel1 & confusion fall on _!      
,g5tile foes4 ,9 almo/ e in* ( !        
beautiful valley ( ,jeho%aphat a ,jew   
has be5 buri$4 ,all ov] ! slopes ( !    
hill sides ar\nd lie ! ?ick clu/]+      
sepul*ral slabs1 %[+ h[ eag]ly ! *os5 p 
seek to sleep 9 ! v spot :]e ! fir/ ris+
 ( ! dead %all be4 ,entranc$ & mute1  ,9
 old ,jeho%aphat's valley1 !y ,( ,israel
 ?9k ! assembl$ _w ,w /& ^u t awful day1
 ,:5 ! ,ark's light1 al(t unfurl'd1     
,among ! op5+ cl\ds %all %9e1 ,div9ity's
 own radiant %r9e4  ,any "o famili> ) ! 
,p]sian !ology#cf w at once notice a    
/rik+ resemblance betwe5 _m ( its dogmas
 & ^?1 fir/1 ( ,ph>isaism1 secondly1 ( !

 popul> ,*ri/ianity4 ,"s exam9ation (   
?is subject prop]ly belongs "h4 ,!re is1
 !n1 z is well kn[n1 a circle or gr\p ( 
ideas1 p>ticul>ly p]ta9+ to es*atology1 
:i* appe> 9 ! lat] ,jewi% writ+s1 &     
rem>kably correspond to ^? held by !    
,p>sees1 ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/]4 ,! same  
notions also reappe> 9 ! e>ly           
,*ri/ianity z popul>ly und]/ood4 ,we w  
specify "s ( ^! correspond5ces4 ,!      
doctr9e ( angels1 receiv$ by ! ,jews1 _!
 names1 (fices1 rank1 & de/9y1 0 borr[$ 
& =m$  #cd ,s*oettg51 de ,messia1 lib4  
vi4 cap4 vi4 sect4 #bc2 cap4 vii4 ss4   
#c1 #d4  #ce ,john ,all51 ,mod]n        
,judaism1 *4 vi4 & xv4  #cf ,see ,abriss
 d] ,religion ,zoroa/]s na* d5          
,z5dbu*]n1 von ,abbe ,f\*]1 9 ,kleuk]'s 
,z5d ,ave/a1 b& i4 zweit anhang1 ss4    
#cbh-cdb4   by !m dur+ & j aft] !       
,babyloni% captivity1 & is mu* l t :i*  
!y f\nd among _! enslav]s4#cg ,! gu>dian
 angels appo9t$ ov] nations1 spok5 ( by 
,daniel1 are ,p]sian4 ,! angels call$ 9 
! ,apocalypse ! sev5 spirits ( ,god s5t 

=? into all ! e>?1 9 ,ze*>iah ! sev5    
eyes ( ,god :i* run to & fro ?r\gh all !
 e>?1 are ! ,ams*asp&s ( ! ,p]sian fai?4
 ,! w>s ( ! angels are describ$ z       
m9utely by ! old ,p]sians z by ,milton4 
,! ,z5d ,ave/a pictures ,ahriman        
pregnant ) ,dea?1 7die alte             
holl5s*lange1 tods*wang]e ,ahriman17 z  
,milton describes ! womb ( ,s9 be>+ t   
fatal mon/]4 ,! ,gahs1 or second ord] ( 
angels1 ! ,p]sians suppos$1#ch 7 employ$
 9 prep>+ clo?+ & lay+ x up 9 heav5 to  
clo! ! righte\s aft] ! resurrection1 a  
fancy frequ5t among ! ,rabb9s &         
repeat$ly allud$ to 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4  
,) bo? ! ,p]sians & ! ,jews1 all our    
race bo? sexes sprang f "o orig9al man4 
,) bo?1 ! fir/ pair 7 s$uc$ & ru9$ by   
means ( fruit :i* ! devil gave to !m4 ,)
 bo?1 !re 0 a belief 9 demoniacal       
possessions1 devils or bad spirits ent]+
 human bodies4 ,) bo?1 !re 0 !          
expectation ( a great ,deliv]]1  !      
,p]sian ,sosios*1 ! ,jewi% ,messiah1 ^: 
com+ w\ld be prec$$ by fe>ful woes1 :o  

w\ld triumph ov] all evil1 raise ! dead1
 judge ! _w1 sep>ate ! righte\s & !     
wick$1 purge ! e>? ) fire1 & in/all a   
reign ( glori\s bless$ness4#ci ,!       
conception ( an "u _w1 says ,dr4 ,ro?1 0
 kn[n c5turies be=e ,zoroa/]2 b probably
 he 0 ! fir/ to add to ! old belief !   
idea t ! "u _w 0 a place ( purification1
 :]e9 s\ls 7 purg$ f all traces ( s94#dj
 ,( ?is belief 9 a subt]ranean purgatory
 !re are num]\s unmi/akable evid5ces &  
examples 9 ! ,rabb9ical writ+s4#da  ,^! 
notions & o!rs ! ,ph>isees e>ly adopt$1 
& wr\ght into ! texture ( :at !y call$ !
 ,oral ,law1 t body ( v]bally transmitt$
 leg5ds1 precepts1 & dogmas1 aft]w>ds   
writt5 out & collect$ 9 ! ,mis*na1 to   
:i* ,*ri/ repeat$ly allud$ ) su*        
sev]ity1 say+1 ,ye by y\r traditions    
make ! comm&m5ts ( ,god ( none effect4  
,to "s doctr9es ( k9dr$ "* & orig9 ) ^! 
,paul ref]s :5 he w>ns 8 read]s aga9/ ! 
wor%ipp+ ( angels1 endless g5ealogies1  
philosophy falsely s call$1 & v>i\s     
besett+ h]esies ( ! "t4 ,b o!rs 7 s wov5

 & assimilat$ into ! sub/ance ( ! popul>
 ,judaism ( ! age1 z inculcat$ by !     
,rabb9s1 t ,paul himself held !m1 ! l+]+
 ve/iges ( 8 e>ne/ ,ph>isaic education &
 organiz$ exp]i5ce4 ,!y naturally f\nd  
_! way into ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*1          
pr9cipally compos$ ( ,ebionites1        
,*ri/ians :o _h be5 ,jews2 & f x !y 7   
nev] sep>at$1 b h come to u 9 seem+     
or?odox g>b1 & are g5]ally  #cg ,s*rod]1
 p4 #che4  #ch ,yacna1 ,ha #daa4        
,kleuk]1 zweit4 auf4 s4 #aih4  #ci ,die 
,heilig5 ,s*rift5 d] ,p>s51 von ,dr4 ,f4
 ,spiegel1 kap4 ii4 ss4 #cb-cg4 ,/udi5 &
 ,kritik51 #ahhe1 b& i41 ,i/ die ,lehre 
von d] ,anf]/ehung des ,leibes ni*t e9  
alt ,p]sis*e ,lehre8 ,f4 ,nork1 ,my!n d]
 ,alt5 ,p]s] als ,quell5 ,*ri/li*]      
,glaub5slehr5 und ,rituali54  #dj ,die  
,zoroa/ris*5 ,glaub5slehre1 von ,dr4    
,edu>d ,ro?4 s4 #dej4  #da ,see1 ,9 tom4
 i4 ,kabbala ,d5udata1 ,synopsis        
,dogmatum ,libri ,soh> pp4 #ajh1 #aji1  
#aac4   reta9$ n[4 ,/ill1 !y 7 errors4  
,!y are incr$ible to ! ?9k+ m9ds ( to   

day4 ,x is be/ to get rid ( !m by !     
tru?1 t !y are pagan gr[?s introduc$    
into ,*ri/ianity1 b to be discrim9at$ f 
x4 ,by remov+ ^! antiquat$ & incr$ible  
excresc5ces f ! real religion ( ,*ri/1  
we %all save ! ess5tial fai? f !        
suspicion :i* _! association ) x1 _!    
fanci$ id5tity ) x1 invites & provokes4 
,! correspond5ces betwe5 ! ,p]sian & !  
,ph>isaic fai?1 9 reg>d to doctr9es1 are
 ( too arbitr>y & peculi> a "* to all[ u
 = a mom5t to suppose !m to h be5 an    
indep5d5t product spontane\sly develop$ 
9 ! two nations2 ?\gh ev5 9 t case !    
doctr9es 9 "q h no sanction ( au?ority1 
n be+ ,mosaic nor ,prophetic1 b only    
,rabb9ical4 ,"o mu/ h receiv$ f ! o!r4  
,:i* 0 ! be/[] & :i* ! recipi5t is q    
pla94#db ,!re is n a :it ( evid5ce to   
%[1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ample presumption  
to disprove1 t a c]ta9 cycle ( notions 7
 kn[n among ! ,jews previ\s to a p]iod (
 mo/ intimate & con/ant int]c\rse betwe5
 !m & ! ,p]sians4 ,b be=e t p]iod ^?    
notions 7 an integral "p ( ! ,p]sian    

!ology4 ,ev5 ,prideaux admits t ! fir/  
,zoroa/] liv$ & ,magianism fl\ri%$ at   
lea/ a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,& ! dogmas
 we ref] to are fundam5tal features ( ! 
religion4 ,^! dogmas ( ! ,p]sians1 n    
d]iv$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t nor kn[n among !
 ,jews be=e ! captivity1 soon aft] t "t 
began to %[ !mselves 9 _! lit]ature1 &  
be=e ! op5+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 prom95t 
elem5ts ( ! ,ph>isaic belief4 ,! inf]5ce
 is unavoidable t ! conflu5ce ( ,p]sian 
?\ght & feel+ ) ,hebrew ?\ght & feel+1  
jo9$ ) ! mat]ials & fl[+ 9 ! *annels ( !
 subsequ5t exp]i5ce ( ! ,jews1 =m$ a    
m+l$ deposit ab\t ! age ( ,*ri/1 :i*    
deposit 0 ,ph>isaism4 ,aga93 ! doctr9es 
common to ,zoroa/rianism & ,ph>isaism 9 
! =m] seem to be prime s\rces1 9 ! latt]
 to be late products4 ,9 ! =m]1 !y      
compose an organic1 complete1 insep>able
 sy/em2 9 ! latt]1 !y are disconnect$1  
mix$ piecemeal1 &1 to a consid]able     
ext5t1 hi/orically traceable to an orig9
 beyond ! native1 national m9d4 ,x is a 
significant fact t ! abnormal symbolic  

bea/s describ$ by sev]al ( ! ,jewi%     
prophets1 & 9 ! ,apocalypse1 7 borr[$ f 
,p]sian art4 ,sculptures repres5t+ ^! h 
be5 br\ght to light by ! rec5t rese>*es 
at ,p]sepolis4 ,f9ally1 all e>ly        
ecclesia/ical hi/ory inconte/ably %[s t 
,p]sian dogmas ex]t$ on ! ,*ri/ianity ( 
! fir/ c5turies an enorm\s influ5ce1 a  
p]vasive & p]v]t+ p[] unsp5t yet1 & :i* 
x is "o ( ! highe/ tasks ( hone/ &      
labori\s ,*ri/ian /ud5ts 9 ! pres5t day 
to expla91 def9e1 & sep>ate4 ,:at 0 t   
,mani*aanism :i* ne>ly fill$ ,*ri/5dom =
 a hundr$ ye>s1 :at 0 x1 9 great "p1 b  
an influx ( tradition1 speculation1     
imag9ation1 & s5tim5t1 f ,p]sia8 ,!     
,gno/ic ,*ri/ians ev5 _h a scripture    
call$ ,zoroa/]'s ,apocalypse4#dc ,! wise
 m5 f ! ea/1 :o knelt be=e ! infant     
,*ri/1 & op5$ _! treasures1 & gave him  
gifts1 gold1 frank9c5se1 & myrrh1 7     
,p]sian ,magi4 ,we may imag9atively     
reg>d t sacr$ sc5e z an emblematical    
figure ( ! f> diff]5t tributes :i*  #db 
,lucke1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,(f5b>ung des  

,johannes1 kap4 #b1 sect4 #h4  #dc      
,kleuk]1 ,z5d ,ave/a1 b& ii4 anhang i4  
s4 #ab4   a little lat] came f _! c\ntry
 to 8 religion1 ! un=tunate             
contributions t p]meat$ & corrupt$ s mu*
 ( ! =m 9 :i* x !nce=? appe>$ & spread4 
,9 ! pure gospel's pri/9e day1 ere x _h 
h>d5$ into !ological dogmas or become   
encumb]$ ) speculations & comm5ts1 f !  
lips ( ,god's ,ano9t$ ,son repeat$ly    
fell ! e>ne/ w>n+1 ,bew>e ( ! leav5 ( ! 
,ph>isees4 ,!re is f> m ne$ to h ?is    
w>n+ intellig5tly he$$ n[1 com+ ) r$\bl$
 emphasis f ! ,ma/]'s own m\?1 ,bew>e ( 
! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,=1 z ! gospel is
 n[ g5]ally set =? & receiv$1 t leav5   
has leav5$ well nigh ! :ole lump ( x4   
,,*apt] ,x4  ,,greek ,,& ,,roman        
,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life4  ,,!  
disembodi$ s\l1 z conceiv$ by ! ,greeks1
 & aft] !m by ! ,romans1 is mat]ial1 b (
 s ?9 a contexture t x _c be felt ) !   
h&s4 ,x is exhal$ ) ! dy+ brea?1 or     
issues ?r\gh a w>rior's w\nds4 ,! sword 
passes ?r\gh its un9jur$ =m z ?r\gh !   

air4 ,x is to ! body :at a dream is to  
wak+ action4 ,reta9+ ! %ape1 l9eam5ts1 &
 motion ! man _h 9 life1 x is imm$iately
 recognis$ ^u appe>+4 ,x quits ! body ) 
mu* reluctance1 leav+ t w>m & vigor\s   
inve/iture = a *ill & =celess exi/5ce4  
,x glides along )\t noise & v swiftly1 l
 a %ad[4 ,x is unable to ent] ! l[]     
k+dom & be at peace until its des]t$    
body has be5 buri$ ) sacr$ rites3       
mean:ile1 nak$ & sad1 x flits re/lessly 
ab\t ! gates1 utt]+ doleful moans4  ,!  
e>ly ,greek au?ors describe ! creation z
 a /up5d\s holl[ globe cut 9 ! c5tre by 
! plane ( ! e>?4 ,! upp] hemisph]e is   
light$ by b5efic5t lum9>ies2 ! l[]      
hemisph]e is fill$ ) unv>y+ blackness4  
,! top ( ! high] sph]e is ,heav51 !     
bright dwell+ ( ! ,olympian gods2 its   
bottom is ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! home (   
liv+ m54 ,! top ( ! l[] sph]e is ,hades1
 ! abode ( ! gho/s ( ! dead2 its bottom 
is ,t>t>us1 ! prison ( ! ,titans1       
rebelli\s giants vanqui%$ by ,zeus4 ,e>?
 lies half way f ! cope ( ,heav5 to !   

floor ( ,t>t>us4 ,?is di/ance is s great
 t1 accord+ to ,hesiod1 x w\ld take an  
anvil n9e days to fall f ! c5tre to !   
nadir4 ,"s ( ! anci5ts seem to h surmis$
 ! sph]icity ( ! e>?1 & to h ?\ght t    
,hades 0 simply its d>k side1 ! dead be+
 our antipodes4 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 ,ulysses 
rea*es ,hades by sail+ across ! ocean   
/ream & pass+ ! et]nal night l& ( !     
,cimm]ians1 :]eupon he comes to ! edge (
 ,a*]on1 ! moat ( ,pluto's sombre h\se4 
,virgil also says1 ,"o pole ( ! e>? to u
 always po9ts al(t2 b ! o!r is se5 by   
black ,/yx & ! inf]nal gho/s1 :]e ei!r  
dead night =ev] reigns or else ,aurora  
returns ?i!r f u & br+s !m back ! day4#a
 ,b ! preval5t notion evid5tly 0 t      
,hades 0 an imm5se holl[ region n f> "u 
! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & t x 0 to be rea*$
 by desc5t ?r\gh "s cav]n1 l t at       
,av]nus4  ,?is subt]ranean place is !   
de/9ation ( all alike1 rapaci\s ,orcus  
sp>+ no "o1 good or bad4 ,x is wrapp$ 9 
obscurity1 z ! etymology ( its "n       
implies1 a place :]e "o _c see4  ,no sun

 e'er gilds ! gloomy horrors !re2 ,no   
*e]ful gales refre% ! /agnant air4  ,!  
dead are disconsolate 9 ?is dismal      
realm1 & ! liv+ %r9k f ent]+ x1 except z
 a refuge f intol]able afflictions4 ,!  
%ade ( ! pr9celie/ h]o dwell+ !re !  #a 
,georg4 lib4 i4 ,,ii4 #bdb-bej4   swift 
foot$ ,a*illes says1 ,i w\ld wi%1 be+ on
 e>?1 to s]ve = hire ano!r man ( poor   
e/ate1 r ?an rule ov] all ! dead4 ,s\ls 
c>ry !re _! physical peculi>ities1 !    
fre% & gha/ly lik5esses ( ! w\nds :i* h 
despat*$ !m ?i!r1 s t !y are kn[n at    
sight4 ,companies ( fell[ c\ntrym51     
knots ( fri5ds1 are toge!r !re1 pres]v+ 
_! remembrance (e>?ly =tunes & belov$   
relatives left beh9d1 & eag]ly que/ion+ 
ea* newly arriv+ s\l = tid+s f above4   
,:5 ! s\l ( ,a*illes is told ( ! glori\s
 de$s ( ,neoptolemus1 he goes away tak+ 
mighty /eps ?r\gh ! mead[ ( asphodel 9  
joyfulness1 because he _h he>d t 8 son 0
 v illu/ri\s4#b ,sophocles makes ! dy+  
,antigone say1 ,dep>t+1 ,i /rongly *]i% 
! hope t ,i %all be fondly welcom$ by my

 fa!r1 & by my "m1 & by my bro!r4#c ,x  
is important to notice t1 accord+ to !  
e>ly & popul> view1 ?is ,hades1 ! d>k   
dwell+ ( ! joyless images ( deceas$     
mortals1 is ! de/9ation ( univ]sal      
humanity4 ,9 opposition to its dolor\s  
gloom & repulsive inanity are vividly   
pictur$ ! glad light ( day1 ! glory &   
happ9ess ( life4 ,n wor? s mu* to me z  
my life1 says ! incomp>able son (       
,peleus1 are all ! treasures :i* popul\s
 ,troy possess$1 nor all :i* ! /ony     
?re%old ( ,phoebus ,apollo conta9s 9    
rocky ,py?o4 ,ox51 & fat %eep1 &        
trophies1 & horses ) gold5 manes1 may be
 acquir$ by ef=t2 b ! brea? ( man to    
return aga9 is n to be obta9$ by plund] 
nor by pur*ase1 :5 once x has pass$ !   
b>ri] ( 8 tee?4  ,x is n probable t all 
! ornam5tal details associat$ by ! poets
 ) ! fate & /ate ( ! dead z !y are set  
=?1 = in/ance1 by ,virgil 9 ! six? book 
( ! ,aneid 7 ev] cr$it$ z lit]al tru?4  
,b !re is no reason to d\bt t ! ess5tial
 features ( ?is my?ological sc5]y 7     

accept$ 9 ! vulg> belief4 ,= in/ance1 t 
! popul> m9d hone/ly held t1 9 "s vague 
s5se or o!r1 ! gho/1 on leav+ ! body1   
flitt$ d[n to ! dull banks ( ,a*]on &   
(f]$ a %ad[y obolus to ,*>on1 ! slov5ly 
old f]ryman1 = a passage 9 8 boat1 seems
 atte/$ n only by a ?\s& av]m5ts to t   
effect 9 ! curr5t lit]ature ( ! "t1 b   
also by ! inv>iable cu/om ( plac+ an    
obolus 9 ! dead man's m\? = t purpose :5
 he 0 buri$4  ,! ,greeks did n view !   
bani%m5t ( s\ls 9 ,hades z a puni%m5t = 
s91 or ! result ( any brok5 law 9 ! plan
 ( ?+s4 ,x 0 to !m m]ely ! fulfilm5t ( !
 inevitable fate ( creatures :o mu/ die1
 9 ! ord] ( nature1 l successive gr[?s (
 fl[]s1 & ^: s\ls 7 too feeble to rank )
 gods & climb into ,olympus4 ,t man %\ld
 cease f 8 sub/antial life on ! bright  
e>? & subside into sunless ,hades1 a    
vapid =m1 ) n]veless limbs & fa9t voice1
 a gho/ly vision bemoan+ 8 exi/5ce )    
idle lam5tation1 or busy+ himself ) !   
mi/y mock]ies ( 8 =m] pursuits1 0       
melan*oly en\gh2 b x 0 8 natural de/9y1 

& n an av5g+ judgm5t4  ,b t p[]ful      
in/9ct 9 man :i* desires to see villany 
puni%$ & goodness rew>d$ c\ld n fail1   
among s cultivat$ a p z ! ,greeks1 to   
develop a doctr9e ( future comp5sation =
 ! contra/$ des]ts ( s\ls4 ,! e>lie/    
trace ( ! idea (  #b ,odyssey1 lib4 xi4 
,,ii4 #ech1 #eci4  #c ,antigone1 ,,ii4  
#hgb-hgd4   retribution :i* we f9d c>ri$
 =w>d into ! invisible _w is ! puni%m5t 
( ! ,titans1 ^? mon/]s :o tri$ by pil+  
up m\nta9s to /orm ! heav5ly abodes1 &  
to wre/ ! ,?und]]'s bolts f 8 h&4 ,?is  
g]m is sl[ly exp&$2 & next we read ( a  
few specifi$ crim9als1 :o _h be5        
excessively impi\s1 p]sonally (f5d+     
,zeus1 condemn$ by 8 direct indignation 
to a sev]e expiation 9 ,t>t>us4 ,!      
insult$ deity wreaks 8 v5geance on !    
tir$ ,sisyphus1 ! mock$ ,tantalus1 !    
gnaw$ ,tityus1 & o!rs4 ,aft]w>ds we meet
 ! /atem5t t condign retribution is     
always inflict$ = ! two flagrant s9s (  
p]jury & blasphemy4 ,f9ally1 we disc]n a
 g5]al preval5ce ( ! belief t puni%m5t  

is decre$1 n by v9dictive caprice1 b on 
! gr\nds ( univ]sal morality1 all s\ls  
be+ oblig$ 9 ,hades to pass be=e        
,rhadaman?us1 ,m9os1 or ,aacus1 ?ree    
upright judges1 to be dealt )1 accord+  
to _! m]its1 ) imp>tial accuracy4 ,!    
di/ribution ( poetic ju/ice 9 ,hades at 
la/ became1 9 _m au?ors1 s melodramatic 
z to furni% a fair subject = burlesque4 
,"s ludicr\s examples ( ?is may be se5 9
 ,lucian's ,dialogues ( ! ,dead4 ,a f9e 
in/ance ( x is also furni%$ 9 ! ,emp]or 
,julian's ,symposium4 ,! gods prep>e = !
 ,roman emp]ors a banquet1 9 ! air1 bel[
 ! moon4 ,! good emp]ors are admitt$ to 
! table ) honors2 b ! bad ones are hurl$
 headlong d[n into ,t>t>us1 amid/ !     
d]isive %\ts ( ! spectators4  ,z !      
notion t ! wra? ( ! gods w\ld pursue _! 
enemies 9 ! future /ate gave rise to a  
belief 9 ! puni%m5ts ( ,t>t>us1 s !     
notion t ! di/+ui%+ k9dness ( ! gods    
w\ld foll[ _! favorites gave rise to !  
my? ( ,elysium4 ,! ,elysian ,fields 7   
e>lie/ portray$ ly+ on ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! 

e>?1 /ret*+ f ! v]ge ( ,oceanus1 :]e !  
sun set at eve4 ,!y 7 fr+$ ) p]petual   
gre51 p]fum$ ) ! fragrance ( fl[]s1 &   
et]nally fann$ by refre%+ breezes4 ,!y 7
 repres5t$ m]ely z ! select abode ( a   
small numb] ( liv+ m51 :o 7 ei!r !      
mortal relatives or ! special favorites 
( ! gods1 & :o 7 transport$ ?i!r )\t    
ta/+ dea?1 !re to pass an immortality   
:i* 0 describ$1 ) great inconsi/5cy1    
sometimes z purely happy1 sometimes z   
joyless & we>isome4 ,to all except a few
 *os5 ones ?is region 0 utt]ly          
inaccessible4 ,hom] says1 ,b = y1 ,o    
,m5elaus1 x is n decre$ by ! gods to    
die2 b ! immortals w s5d y to ! ,elysian
 pla91 because y are ! son 9 law (      
,zeus4#d ,_h ! inh]itance ( ?is clime   
be5 proclaim$ z ! rew>d ( h]oic m]it1 _h
 x be5 really believ$ atta9able by      
virtue1 x w\ld h be5 held up z a prize  
to be /riv5 =4 ,! :ole acc\nt1 z x 0 at 
fir/1 be>s ! impress ( imag9ative       
fiction z legibly ^u its front z ! /ory 
( ! dragon wat*$ g>d5 ( ,hesp]us's      

daught]s1 ^: trees bore gold5 apples1 or
 ! /ory ( ! en*ant$ isle 9 ! ,arabian   
tales4  ,! e>ly location ( ,elysium1 & !
 conditions ( admission to x1 7         
gradually *ang$2 & at l5g? x reappe>$1 9
 ! "u _w1 z ! abode ( ! j4 ,on "o side (
 ! primitive ,hades ,t>t>us _h n[ be5   
drawn up to admit ! condemn$ into its   
p5al tortures1 & on ! o!r side ,elysium 
0 l[]$ d[n to rew>d ! ju/ifi$ by receiv+
 !m into its peaceful & p]5nial         
happ9ess2 :ile1 betwe5 ! two1 ,erebus   
#d ,odyssey1 lib4 iv4 ,,ii4 #eee-egj4   
rema9$ z an int]m$iate /ate ( negation &
 gloom = uns5t5c$ %ades4 ,! highly      
color$ descriptions ( ?is subt]ranean   
heav51 frequ5tly f\nd !nce=?1 x is to be
 suppos$ 7 r>ely accept$ z solid        
v]ities4 ,!y 7 sc>cely ev] us$1 to our  
k1 z motives 9 life1 incitem5t 9        
difficulties1 consolation 9 sorr[4 ,!y 7
 mo/ly set =? 9 poems1 works ev5        
pr(ess$ly fictiti\s4 ,!y 7 (t5 d5i$ &   
ridicul$ 9 spee*es & writ+s receiv$ )   
public applause4 ,/ill1 !y unque/ionably

 ex]t$ "s influ5ce on ! common modes (  
?\ght & feel+1 _h a %ad[y seat 9 !      
popul> imag9ation & he>t1 help$ m5 to   
conceive ( a bless$ life h]eaft] & to   
long = x1 & took away some?+ ( !        
artificial horror ) :i*1 "u ! p[] (     
root$ sup]/ition1 _! dep>t+ gho/s hail$ 
! dusky limits ( futurity3  ,umbra ,non 
tacitas ,erebi s$es1 ,ditisque pr(undi  
,pallida regna petunt4  ,fir/1 !n1 f a  
/udy ( ! ,greek my?ology we f9d all !   
dead a dull populace ( gho/s flutt]+    
?r\gh ! neutral melan*oly ( ,hades )\t  
discrim9ation4 ,& f9ally we disc]n 9 !  
_w ( ! dead a sad middle region1 ) a    
,p>adise on ! "r & a ,hell on ! left1 ! 
:ole presid$ ov] by ?ree incorruptible  
judges1 :o appo9t ! new corn]s _! places
 9 accordance ) _! des]ts4  ,! "q n[    
arises1 ,:at did ! ,greeks ?9k 9        
relation to ! asc5t ( human s\ls into   
heav5 among ! gods8 ,did !y except none 
f ! rem$iless doom ( ,hades8 ,0 !re no  
pa? = ! wise/ & be/ s\ls to climb />ry  
,olympus8 ,to dispose ( ?is inquiry     

fairly1 f\r di/9ct consid]ations mu/ be 
exam9$4 ,fir/1 ,ulysses sees 9 ! inf]nal
 regions ! image ( ,h]akles %oot+ !     
%ad[s ( ! ,/ymphalian birds1 :ile 8 s\l 
is said to be rejoic+ ) fair legg$ ,hebe
 at ! banquets ( ! immortal gods 9 !    
skies4 ,to expla9 ?is1 we mu/ rememb] t 
,h]akles 0 ! son ( ,alcm5e1 a mortal    
woman1 & ( ,zeus1 ! k+ ( ! gods4        
,accord+ly1 9 ! flames on ,m\nt ,oeta1 !
 surviv+ gho/ :i* he d]iv$ f 8 "m       
desc5ds to ,hades1 b ! purifi$ s\l      
inh]it$ f 8 fa!r has ! prop] nature &   
rank ( a deity1 & is receiv$ into !     
,olympian synod4#e ,( c\rse no bless$   
life 9 heav5 = ! g5]ality ( m5 is "h    
impli$4 ,h]akles1 be+ a son & favorite (
 ,zeus1 has a correspond+ de/9y         
exceptional f t ( o!r m54  ,secondly1   
ano!r d\ble repres5tation1 some:at      
simil>1 b hav+ an entirely diff]5t      
int]pretation1 occurs 9 ! case ( ,orion1
 ! h&some ,hyrian hunt] :om ,artemis    
lov$4 ,at "o "t he is describ$1 l !     
spectre ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 *as+

 ov] ! ,/ygian pla9 ! disembodi$ animals
 he _h 9 8 lifetime kill$ on ! m\nta9s3 
,swift ?r\gh ! gloom a giant hunt]      
flies3 ,a pond]\s braz5 mace1 ) direful 
sway1 ,al(t he :irls to cru% ! savage   
prey2  #e ,ovid1 ,met4 lib4 ix4 ,,ii4   
#bde-bgb4   ,grim bea/s 9 tra9s1 t by 8 
trun*eon fell1 ,n[1 phantom =ms1 %oot   
o'er ! lawn ( hell4  ,9 ! common belief 
?is1 )\t d\bt1 0 receiv$ z actual fact4 
,b at ano!r "t ,orion is deifi$ & %[n z 
"o ( ! gr&e/ con/ellations ( ! sky1  ,a 
belt$ giant1 :o1 ) arm uplift1 ,?reat5+ 
! ?rone ( ,zeus1 =ev] /&s1 ,sublimely   
impi\s4  ,?is1 obvi\sly1 is m]ely a     
poetic symbol1 a beautiful artifice     
employ$ by ! poets to p]petuate a leg5d 
by associat+ x ) ! imp]i%able hi]oglyphs
 ( ! galaxy4 ,x is n cr$ible t m5 imag9$
 t gr\p ( />s only outl9$ 9 su* %ape by 
! help ( arbitr>y fancy to be lit]ally !
 translat$ hunt] himself4 ,! mean+      
simply 0 t he 0 immortaliz$ ?r\gh !     
et]nal l9k+ ( 8 "n & =m ) a /ell> clu/] 
:i* w\ld always %9e ^u m54 ,! rev]5ce & 

gratitude ( a weak _w = ! h]oes &       
b5efactors !y c\ld n compreh5d1 nam$ !m 
div9ities1 :om !y did /> toge!r to an   
idolatr\s immortality :i* nationaliz$ ! 
heav5s ) ! %9+ %apes ( ! great & brave4 
,^! types ( poetry1 symbols l5t to      
infant sci5ce1 7 nev] meant to indicate 
a lit]al translation & metamorphosis (  
human s\ls1 b 7 honors paid to !        
memories ( illu/ri\s m51 emblems & pl$g$
 securities ( _! unfad+ fame4 ,) :at    
glori\s *>act]s1 ) :at =ms ( dea?less   
beauty1 defiant ( decay1 ! sky 0 writt5 
ov]6 ,g out ?is ev5+ b5ea? ! old roll+  
dome1 :5 ! />ry scroll is outspread1 & y
 may /ill read ! rev]ies ( ! m>vell+    
m9ds ( ! antique _w1 z fre% 9 _! magic  
lovel9ess z :5 ! b>ds & se]s ( ,olympus 
& ! ,agean fir/ /amp$ !m 9 heav54 ,!re !
 great snake b9ds 9 8 bright coil half !
 mighty ho/4 ,!re is ,arion ) 8 h>p & ! 
*>m$ dolph94 ,! fair ,&rom$a1 /ill *a9$ 
to h] et]nal rock1 looks m\rnfully t[>ds
 ! deliv]+ h]o ^: conqu]+ h& be>s al(t !
 petrific visage ( ,m$usa4 ,f> (f 9 !   

nor? ! gigantic ,bootes is se5 driv+    
t[>ds ! ,c5taur & ! ,scorpion4 ,& yond]1
 smil+ b5ignantly ^u ! crews ( _m a home
 b\nd %ip1 are reveal$ ! tw9 bro!rs1    
jo9$ 9 ! embrace ( an undy+ fri5d%ip4   
,?irdly1 x is ass]t$ by sev]al ,lat9    
au?ors1 9 g5]al t]ms1 t ! gho/ goes to  
,hades b ! s\l asc5ds to heav52 & x has 
be5 inf]r$ mo/ errone\sly t ?is /atem5t 
conta9s ! doctr9e ( an abode = m5 aft]  
dea? on high ) ! gods4 ,ovid expresses !
 real ?\ght 9 full1 ?us3  ,t]ra tegit   
c>nem2 tumulum circumvolat umbra2 ,orcus
 habet manes2 spiritus a/ra petit4  ,!  
e>? conceals ! fle%2 ! %ade flits r\nd !
 tomb2 ! "u _w receives ! image2 ! _s   
seeks ! />s4 ,^? conv]sant ) ! op9ions  
!n preval5t w sc>cely d\bt t ^! words 7 
meant to express ! return ( ! composite 
man to ! primordial elem5ts ( :i* he 0  
made4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ! dissolv+         
individual are absorb$ 9 ! g5]al elem5ts
 ( ! univ]se4 ,e>? goes back to e>?1    
gho/ to ! realm ( gho/s1 brea? to ! air1
 fi]y ess5ce ( s\l to ! l(ty e!r 9 ^:   

pure radiance ! />s burn4 ,euripides    
expressly says t :5 man dies ea* "p goes
 :5ce x came1 ! body to ! gr\nd1 ! _s to
 ! e!r4#f ,!re=e ! (t5 misund]/ood      
phrase ( ! ,roman writ]s1 ! s\l seeks ! 
/>s1 m]ely d5otes ! imp]sonal m+l+ aft] 
dea? ( ! div9e portion ( man's be+ ) !  
p>5t ,div9ity1 :o 0 suppos$ inde$ to    
p]vade all ?+s1 b m especially to reside
 beyond ! empyrean4  ,f\r?ly3 :at %all  
be said ( ! apo!osis ( _! celebrat$     
h]oes & emp]ors by ! ,greeks & ,romans1 
:]eby ^! 7 elevat$ to ! dignity (       
deities1 & seats 7 assign$ !m 9 heav58  
,:at 0 ! mean+ ( ?is c]emony8 ,x does n 
signify t a cele/ial immortality awaits 
all good m52 because x appe>s z a ?+    
atta9able by v few1 is only allott$ by  
vote ( ! ,s5ate4 ,nei!r 0 x suppos$     
actually to conf] on its recipi5ts      
equality ( attributes ) ! great gods1   
mak+ !m pe]s ( ,zeus & ,apollo4 ,!      
homage receiv$ z gods by ,alex&] & o!rs 
dur+ _! lives1 ! deification ( ,julius  
,cas> dur+ ! mo/ le>n$ & skeptical age (

 ,rome1 ) o!r obvi\s consid]ations1 r5d]
 su* a supposition inadmissible4 ,9 view
 ( all ! direct evid5ce & collat]al     
probabilities1 we conclude t ! g5u9e    
import ( an anci5t apo!osis 0 ?is3 t !  
s\l ( ! deceas$ p]son s honor$ 0        
admitt$1 9 def]5ce to 8 transc5d5t      
m]its1 or z a special favor on ! "p ( ! 
gods1 into heav51 into ! div9e society4 
,he 0 really a human s\l /ill1 b 0 call$
 a god because1 in/ead ( desc5d+1 l !   
multitude ( human s\ls1 to ,hades1 he 0 
tak5 into ! abode & company ( ! gods    
above ! sky4 ,?is int]pretation d]ives  
support f ! rem>kable decl>ation (      
,ari/otle1 t ( two fri5ds "o mu/ be     
unwill+ t ! o!r %\ld atta9 apo!osis1    
because 9 su* case !y mu/ be =ev]       
sep>at$4#g ,"o w\ld be 9 ,olympus1 ! o!r
 9 ,hades4 ,! belief t any1 ev5 a favor$
 few1 c\ld ev] obta9 ?is bless+1 0 ( q  
limit$ developm5t1 & probably sprang f !
 esot]ic recesses ( ! ,my/]ies4 ,to call
 a human s\l a god is n s bold a spee* z
 x may seem4 ,plot9us says4 ,:oev] has  

wisdom & true virtue 9 s\l itself diff]s
 b little f sup]ior be+s1 9 ?is alone   
be+ inf]ior to !m1 t he is 9 body4 ,su* 
an "o1 dy+1 may !re=e prop]ly say1 )    
,emp$ocles1 ',f>ewell6 a god immortal n[
 am ,i4'  ,! expir+ ,vespasian exclaim$1
 ,i %all soon be a god4#h ,mure says t !
 doctr9e ( apo!osis belong$ to ! ,graco 
,pelasgic race ?r\gh all _! hi/ory4#i   
,s5eca sev]ely satirizes ! c]emony1 & ! 
popul> belief :i* upheld x1 9 an        
elaborate lampoon call$                 
,apocolocyntosis1 or ! reception (      
,claudius among ! pumpk9s4 ,! broad     
trave/y (  #f ,! ,suppliants1 l4 #ecc4  
#g ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 lib4 viii4 cap4  
#g4  #h ,suetonius1 cap4 xxiii4  #i     
,hi/4 ,greek ,lit]ature1 vol4 i4 *4 #b1 
sect4 #e4   ,deification exhibit$ 9     
,pumpk9ification obvi\sly measures !    
di/ance f ! hone/ cr$ulity ( "o class & 
p]iod to ! ke5 infidelity ( ano!r4  ,"o 
( ! mo/ important passages 9 ,greek     
lit]ature1 9 :atev] aspect view$1 is    
compos$ ( ! writ+s ( ! great ,!ban      

lyri/4 ,let u see :at repres5tation is  
!re made ( ! fate ( man 9 ! unse5 _w4 ,!
 e?ical p]ception1 pr(\nd feel+1 & se>*+
 m9d ( ,p9d> c\ld n all[ him to rema9   
satisfi$ ) ! undiscrim9at+ views ( !    
future /ate preval5t 9 8 "t4 ,^u su* a  
man ! problem ( dea? mu/ weigh z a      
consci\s burd51 & 8 reflections w\ld    
naturally lead him to improv$           
conclusions4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d him     
repres5t+ ! ,bless$ ,isles n z ! hav5 ( 
a few favorites ( ! gods1 b z ! rew>d ( 
virtue2 & ! puni%m5ts ( ! wick$1 too1   
are n dep5d5t on fickle incl9ations1 b  
are decre$ by immutable "r4 ,he does n  
describe ! common multitude ( ! dead1   
lead+ a d>k sad exi/5ce1 l phantoms 9 a 
dream3 8 ref]5ces to dea? & ,hades seem 
*e]ful 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( _m o!r anci5t 
,greek au?ors4 ,dionysius !             
,rhetorician1 speak+ ( 8 ,?r5es1 dirges 
sung at fun]als1 says1 ,simonides lam5t$
 ! dead pa!tically1 ,p9d> magnific5tly4 
,8 conceptions ( ! life to come 7       
insep>ably connect$ ) c]ta9 def9ite     

locations4 ,he believ$ ,hades to be !   
de/9ation ( all our mortal race1 b      
conceiv$ x subdivid$ into a ,t>t>us = ! 
impi\s & an ,elysium = ! righte\s4 ,he  
?\ght t ! />ry firmam5t 0 ! solid floor 
( a _w ( spl5dor1 bliss1 & immortality1 
inhabit$ by ! gods1 b fatally           
inaccessible to man4 ,:5 he ?9ks ( ?is  
place1 x is ) a sigh1 a sigh t man's    
aspirations t[>ds x are va9 & 8 attempts
 to rea* x irrev]5t4 ,?is latt] ?\ght he
 en=ces by an e>ne/ allusion to ! my? ( 
,bell]ophon1 :o1 d>+ to so> to ! c]ulean
 seat ( ! gods on ! w+$ /e$ ,pegasus1 0 
puni%$ = 8 arrogance by be+ hurl$ d[n   
headlong4 ,^! ass]tions are to be su/a9$
 by citations ( 8 own words4 ,! ref]5ces
 made are to ,donaldson's edition4  ,9 !
 second ,py?ian ,ode#aj ,p9d> repeats1 &
 w\ld appe> to endorse1 ! old monitory  
leg5d ( ,ixion1 :o = 8 outrage\s crimes 
0 b\nd to an ev] revolv+ :eel 9 ,hades &
 made to utt] w>n+s aga9/ su* (f5ces z 8
 own4 ,9 ! fir/ ,py?ian we read1 ,hundr$
 head$ ,typhon1 enemy ( ! gods1 lies 9  

dreadful ,t>t>us4#aa ,among ! pres]v$   
fragm5ts ( ,p9d> ! "o numb]$ two hundr$ 
& tw5ty ?ree reads ?us3 ,! bottom (     
,t>t>us %all press !e d[n ) solid       
necessities4 ,! foll[+ is f ! fir/      
,i/hmian ,ode3 ,he :o1 lay+ up private  
weal?1 laughs at ! poor1 does n consid] 
t he %all close up 8 life = ,hades )\t  
honor4#ab ,! latt] "p ( ! t5? ,nemean   
,ode rec\nts1 ) e appe>ance ( dev\t     
belief1 ! hi/ory ( ,ca/or & ,pollux1 !  
god begott5 tw9s1 :o1 rev]s+ conditions 
) ea* o!r on successive days & nights1  
sp5t _! int]*angeable immortality ea*   
alt]nately 9 heav5 & 9 ,hades4 ,!       
a/ronomical int]pretation ( ?is acc\nt  
may be correct2 b its applicability to !
 wond]+ fai? ( ! e>li] poets is         
extremely d\btful4  #aj ,l4 #ci4  #aa   
,,li4 #ae1 #af4  #ab ,l4 #fh4   ,! sev5?
 ,i/hmian conta9s ?is rem>kable s5t5ce3 
,unequal is ! fate ( man3 he c ?9k (    
great ?+s1 b is too ephem]al a creature 
to rea* ! braz5 floor$ seat ( ! gods4#ac
 ,a simil> s5tim5t is express$ 9 ! six? 

,nemean3 ,m5 are a m]e no?+2 :ile to !  
gods ! braz5 heav5 rema9s a firm abode  
=ev]4#ad ,! "o hundr$ & second fragm5t  
is suppos$ to be a "p ( ! dirge compos$ 
by ,p9d> on ! dea? ( ! gr&fa!r (        
,p]icles4 ,x runs 9 ?is way3 ,:oso by   
good =tune has se5 ! ?+s 9 ! holl[ "u ! 
e>? kn[s inde$ ! end ( life3 he also    
kn[s ! beg9n+ v\*saf$ by ,zeus4 ,x ref]s
 to initiation 9 ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 
& means t ! initiate und]/&s ! life :i* 
foll[s dea?4 ,x is well kn[n t a cle>   
doctr9e ( future retribution 0 inculcat$
 9 ! ,my/]ies long be=e x f\nd g5]al    
publication4 ,! n9ety fif? fragm5t is   
all t rema9s to u ( a dirge :i* appe>s1 
f ! allusion 9 ! fir/ l9e1 to h be5 sung
 at a fun]al s]vice p]=m$ at midnight1  
or at lea/ aft] sunset4 ,:ile x is night
 "h ) u1 to ^? bel[ %9es ! might ( !    
sun2 & ! r$ rosi$ mead[s ( _! suburbs   
are fill$ ) ! frank9c5se tree1 & ) gold5
 fruits4 ,"s delight !mselves !re ) /e$s
 & ex]cises1 o!rs ) games1 o!rs ) lyres2
 & among !m all fair blossom+ =tune     

blooms1 & a fragrance is di/ill$ ?r\gh !
 lovely region1 & !y con/antly m+le all 
k9ds ( (f]+s ) ! f> %9+ fire on ! alt>s 
( ! gods4 ,?is evid5tly is a picture ( !
 happy sc5es 9 ! fields t /ret* ar\nd ! 
,city ( ! ,bless$ 9 ! "u _w1 & is       
introduc$ z a com=t to ! m\rn]s ov] !   
dead body4  ,! ensu+ passage ! mo/      
important "o on our subject is f !      
second ,olympic ,ode4#ae ,an honorable1 
virtu\s man may re/ assur$ z to 8 future
 fate4 ,! s\ls ( ! lawless1 dep>t+ f ?is
 life1 suff] puni%m5t4 ,"o b5ea? ! e>?1 
pron\nc+ s5t5ce by a hateful necessity  
impos$ ^u him1 decl>es ! doom = (f5ces  
committ$ 9 ?is realm ( ,zeus4 ,b ! good 
lead a life )\t a te>1 among ^? honor$  
by ! gods = hav+ always delight$ 9      
virtue3 ! o!rs endure a life too        
dreadful to look ^u4 ,:oev] has _h      
resolution ?rice 9 bo? worlds to /&     
firm1 & to keep 8 s\l pure f evil1 has  
f\nd ! pa? ( ,zeus to ! t[] ( ,kronos1  
:]e ! airs ( ! ocean brea! ar\nd ! ,isle
 ( ! ,bless$1 & :]e "s f respl5d5t      

trees1 o!rs f ! wat] glitt] gold5 fl[]s1
 ) g>l&s(:i* !y wrea! _! wri/s & br[s 9 
! righte\s assemblies ( ,rhadaman?us1   
:om fa!r ,kronos has z 8 will+ assi/ant4
 ,! pa? ( ,zeus1 9 ! above quotation1   
means ! pa? :i* ,zeus takes :5 he goes  
to visit 8 fa!r ,kronos1 :om he         
orig9ally de?ron$ & bani%$1 b ) :om he  
is n[ reconcil$1 & :o has become ! rul] 
( ! dep>t$ spirits ( ! j1 9 a peaceful &
 joy\s region4  ,! foll[+ passage       
con/itutes ! n9ety eigh? fragm5t4 ,to ^?
 :o desc5d f a fruitless & ill />r$ life
 ,p]sephone ! ,que5 ( ! ,dead w grant a 
comp5sation = _! =m] mis=tune1 aft]     
eight ye>s ! judicial p]iod ( atonem5t &
 lu/ration = great crimes grant+ !m _!  
lives aga94 ,!n1 illu/ri\s k+s1 /rong1  
#ac ,ll4 #db-dd4  #ad ,ll4 #d-f4  #ae   
,ll4 #ee-gh4   swift1 wise1 !y %all     
become ! mightie/ lead]s2 & aft]w>ds !y 
%all be invok$ by m5 z sacr$ h]oes4 ,9  
?is piece1 z 9 ! prec$+ "o :]e ref]5ce  
is made to ! ?rice liv+ man1 is conta9$ 
! doctr9e1 e>ly br\ght f ! ,ea/1 t s\ls 

may repeat$ly return f ! dead & 9 new   
bodies lead new lives4 ,"o o!r fragm5t1 
! n9ety six?1 add$ to ! =ego+1 w make up
 all ! important g5u9e passages 9 ,p9d> 
relat+ to ! future life4 ,by a b5efic5t 
allotm5t1 all travel to an end free+ f  
toil4 ,! body inde$ is subject to ! p[] 
( dea?2 b ! et]nal image is left alive1 
& ?is alone is alli$ to ! gods4 ,:5 we  
are asleep1 x %[s 9 _m dreams ! approa*+
 judgm5t conc]n+ happ9ess & mis]y4 ,:5  
our physical limbs are /ret*$ 9         
ins5sible repose1 ! inw>d _s1 rally+ its
 sleepless & prophetic p[]s1 =etells !  
balanc+ aw>ds ( ano!r _w4  ,we mu/ n    
:olly conf\nd ) ! my?ological s*emes ( !
 vulg> cre$ ! belief ( ! nobl]          
philosoph]s1 _m ( :om1 z is well kn[n1  
*]i%$ an exalt$ fai? 9 ! survival ( !   
consci\s s\l & 9 a j retribution4       
,/rike6 "o ( !m said1 ) ! dauntless     
c\rage ( an immortal1 to a tyrant :o _h 
?reat5$ to h him bray$ 9 a mort>3 /rike6
 y may cru% ! %ell ( ,anax>*us3 y _c t\*
 8 life4 ,?an all ! maze ( fabul\s      

fancies & physical rites 9 :i* ! dreams 
( ! poets & ! guesses ( ! p 7 entangl$1 
h[ mu* m  ,j 0 ! presci5ce ( ! et]nal   
goal,that gleam$1 'mid ,cyprian %ades1  
on ,z5o's s\l1 ,or %one to ,plato 9 !   
lonely cave1 ,god 9 all space1 & life 9 
e grave6  ,an acc\nt ( ! ,greek views on
 ! subject ( a future life :i* %\ld omit
 ! doctr9e ( ,plato w\ld be defective   
inde$4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is sublime        
autocrat 9 ! realms ( intellect has     
transc5d$ calculation4 ,h[ev] coldly 8  
?\ghts may h be5 reg>d$ by 8 contempor>y
 c\ntrym51 !y soon obta9$ cosmopolitan  
audi5ce1 & surviv+ ! ravages ( "t &     
ignorance1 ov]leap+ ! b>s ( rival s*ools
 & sects1 appreciat$ & diffus$ by !     
l(tie/ spirits ( succe$+ ages1 closely  
bl5d$ ) _! own speculations by _m       
,*ri/ian !ologians h held an almo/      
unp>allel$ dom9ion ov] ! m9ds ( millions
 ( m5 = m ?an fifty g5]ations4  ,9 !    
v>i\s dialogues ( ,plato1 writt5 at     
diff]5t p]iods ( 8 life1 !re are num]\s 
v>iations & inconsi/5cies ( doctr9e4    

,!re are also _m my?ical passages       
obvi\sly int5d$ z symbolic /atem5ts1    
poetic drap]y1 by no means to be h&l$ or
 look$ at z ! sev]e outl9es ( dialectic 
tru?4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ^! works !re are a  
va/ numb] ( op9ions & expressions       
introduc$ by ! int]locutors1 :o (t5     
belong to antagoni/ic s*ools (          
philosophy1 & = :i*1 ( c\rse1 ,plato is 
n to be held responsible4 ,mak+ all[ance
 = ^! facts1 & resolutely grappl+ ) ! _m
 o!r difficulties ( ! task1 we %all n[  
attempt to exhibit :at we consid] 7 !   
real tea*+s ( ,plato 9 relation to !    
fate ( ! s\l4 ,?is exposition1 sket*y z 
x is1 & op5 to "q z x may be 9 "s       
p>ticul>s1 is ! c>efully weigh$ result (
 e>ne/1 pati5t1 & repeat$ /udy ( all !  
relevant passages4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 x  
is pla9 t ,plato _h a firm religi\s &   
philosophical fai? 9 ! immortality ( !  
s\l1 :i* 0 cont9ually attract+ 8 ?\ghts1
 mak+ x a favorite !me ) him & ex]t+ no 
fa9t influ5ce on 8 life4 ,?is fai? re/$ 
bo? on anci5t traditions1 to :i* he     

frequ5tly ref]s ) inv>iable rev]5ce1 &  
on metaphysical reason+s1 :i* he ov] &  
ov] pres5ts 9 =ms ( consci5ti\s         
elaboration4 ,!re are two te/s ( 8      
s9c]ity ( fai?3 fir/1 t he always treats
 ! subject ) pr(\nd s]i\sness2 secondly1
 t he always uses x z a practical       
motive4 ,i d n ?9k1 said ,socrates1 t   
any "o :o %\ld n[ he> u1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 a
 comic poet1 w\ld say t ,i am talk+     
idly4#af ,aga91 ref]r+ to ,hom]'s       
description ( ! judgm5ts 9 ,hades1 he   
says1 ,i1 !re=e1 ,callicles1 am p]suad$ 
by ^! acc\nts1 & consid] h[ ,i may      
exhibit my s\l be=e ! judge 9 ! mo/     
heal?y condition4#ag ,to a base man no  
man nor god is a fri5d on e>? :ile liv+1
 nor "u x :5 dead1 say ! s\ls ( _!      
ance/ors to ! liv+2 b live honorably1 & 
:5 y\r de/9$ fate br+s y bel[ y %all    
come to u z fri5ds to fri5ds4#ah ,we are
 plants1 n ( e>?1 b ( heav54#ai ,we />t1
 !n1 ) ! affirmation t ,plato hone/ly & 
cordially believ$ 9 a future life4      
,secondly1 8 e?ical & spiritual beliefs1

 l ^? ( ne>ly all ! anci5ts1 7 closely  
int]wov5 ) physical !ories & local      
relations4 ,! _w to him consi/$ ( two   
p>ts1 ! cele/ial region ( ideas1 & !    
mundane region ( mat]ial ph5om5a1       
correspond+ pretty well1 z ,lewes       
sugge/s1 to our mod]n conception ( heav5
 & e>?4 ,ne> ! close ( ! ,phado1        
,socrates says t ! e>? is n ( ! k9d &   
magnitude usually suppos$4 ,we dwell 9 a
 decay$ & corrod$1 muddy & fil?y region 
9 ! s$im5t & holl[s ( ! e>?1 & imag9e t 
we inhabit its upp] p>ts2 j z if "o     
dwell+ 9 ! bottom ( ! sea %\ld ?9k t he 
dwelt on ! sea1 &1 behold+ ! sun ?r\gh !
 wat]1 %\ld imag9e t ! sea 0 ! heav5s4  
,s1 if we c\ld fly up to ! summit ( !   
air z fi%es em]g+ f ! sea to behold :at 
is on ! e>? "h & em]ge h5ce1 we %\ld "k 
t ! true e>? is !re4 ,! p !re dwell ) ! 
gods1 & see ?+s z !y really are2 & :at !
 sea is to u ! air is to !m1 & :at ! air
 is to u ! e!r is to !m4 ,aga91 9 ! t5? 
book ( ! ,republic1 elev5? *apt]1 ! s\l 
is metaphorically said 9 ! sea ( ?is    

corporeal life to get /ones & %ell fi%  
atta*$ to x1 &1 f$ on e>?1 to be r5d]$  
to a great ext5t e>?y1 /ony1 & savage1 l
 ! m>9e ,glaucus1 "s p>ts ( ^: body 7   
brok5 (f & o!rs worn away by ! waves1   
:ile su* quantities ( %ells1 sea we$1 & 
/ones _h gr[n to him t he m resembl$ a  
bea/ ?an a man4 ,9 keep+ ) ! :ole t5or (
 ! ,platonic tea*+1 ?is is a f9e        
illu/ration ( ! fall5 /ate ( man 9 8    
vile environm5t ( fle% "h bel[4 ,! s\l1 
9 its e>?ly soj\rn1 embodi$ "h1 is z mu*
 mutilat$ & degrad$ f its equipp$ & pure
 condition 9 its l(ty natal home1 !     
ar*etypal _w ( ,tru? above ! base ,babel
 ( mat]ial exi/5ce1 z ,glaucus 0 on  #af
 ,phado1 #dj4  #ag ,gorgias1 #agc4  #ah 
,m5ex5us1 #ai4  #ai ,timaus1 #ga4       
desc5d+ f 8 human life on ! sunny %ore  
to 8 encru/$ %ape & bl9d pr[l+ 9 !      
mon/r\s deep4  ,at ano!r "t ,plato      
contra/s ! situation ( ! s\l on e>? )   
its situation 9 heav5 by ! fam\s        
comp>ison ( ! d>k cave4 ,he supposes m51
 unable to look upw>ds1 dwell+ 9 a cav]n

 :i* has an op5+ t[>ds ! light ext5d+   
l5g?wise ?r\gh ! top ( ! cav]n4 ,a great
 _m images1 c>ry+ v>i\s objects & talk+ 
al\d1 pass & repass along ! edge ( !    
op5+4 ,_! %ad[s fall on ! side ( ! cave 
bel[1 9 front ( ! dwell]s !re2 also !   
e*oes ( _! talk s\nd back f ! wall4 ,n[1
 ! m51 nev] hav+ be5 or look$ out ( !   
cave1 w\ld suppose ^! %ad[s to be ! real
 be+s1 ^! e*oes ! real voices4 ,z       
respects ?is figure1 says ,plato1 we mu/
 comp>e ourselves ) su* p]sons4 ,!      
visible region ar\nd u is ! cave1 ! sun 
is ! light1 & ! s\l's asc5t into !      
region ( m9d is ! asc5t out ( ! cave & !
 contemplation ( ?+s above4#bj  ,/ill   
aga91 ,plato describes ! e!real pa?s &  
motions ( ! gods1 :o1 9 _! *>iots1 :i*  
are ! planets & />s1 ride ?r\gh !       
univ]se1 accompani$ by all pure s\ls1 ! 
family ( true sci5ce1 contemplat+ ?+s z 
!y really are4 ,rea*+ ! summit1 !y      
proce$ outside1 &1 /&+ on ! back (      
heav51 its revolution c>ries !m r\nd1 & 
!y behold t sup]cele/ial region :i* no  

poet "h c ev] s+ ( z x des]ves4 ,9 ?is  
ar*etypal _w all s\ls ( m5 h dwelt1 ?\gh
 few h memory en\gh left1 aft] _! fall  
hi!r1 to call to m9d =m] ?+s f ! pres5t4
 ,n[1 ( ju/ice & temp]ance1 & :atev]    
else s\ls deem preci\s1 !re are "h b    
fa9t resemblances1 dull images2 b beauty
 0 !n spl5did to look on :5 we1 9       
company ) ! gods1 beheld t blissful     
spectacle1 & 7 initiat$ into t mo/      
bless$ ( all my/]ies1 :i* we celebrat$  
:5 we 7 unaffect$ by ! evils t await$ u 
9 "t to come1 & :5 we beheld1 9 ! pure  
light1 p]fect & calm visions1 be+       
ourselves pure & z yet unmask$ ) ?is    
%ell ( a body to :i* we are n[          
fett]$4#ba  ,to suppose all ?is employ$ 
by ,plato z m]e fancy & metaphor is to  
commit an egregi\s error4 ,9 /udy+ an   
anci5t au?or1 we mu/ =sake ! mod]n /&   
po9t ( analysis1 & envelop ourselves 9 !
 anci5t atmosph]e ( ?\ght1 :]e poetry & 
sci5ce 7 z indi/+ui%ably bl5d$ 9 !      
p]sonal beliefs z oxyg5 & nitrog5 are 9 
! common air4 ,we h n a d\bt t ,plato   

means to tea*1 lit]ally1 t ! s\l 0      
always immortal1 & t 9 its ant]ior /ates
 ( exi/5ce1 9 ! realm ( ideas on high1 x
 0 9 ! mid/ ( ^? ess5tial realities ^:  
%ift+ %ad[s alone x c behold 9 its laps$
 condition & bodily imprisonm5t "h4 ,t  
he closely int]twi/$ e?ical ) physical  
!ories1 spiritual de/9ies ) insph]+     
localities1 ! =tunes ( m5 ) !           
revolutions ( ! e>? & />s1 is a fact :i*
 "o c h>dly read ! ,timaus & fail to    
see2 a fact :i* cont9ually reappe>s4 ,x 
is /rik+ly %[n 9 8 idea ( ! consummation
 ( all ?+s at regul> epo*s det]m9$ by ! 
recurr5ce ( a gr&  #bj ,republic1 lib4  
vii4 cap4 #a #d4  #ba ,phadrus1 #ef-eh1 
#fc1 #fd4   revolution ( ! univ]se1 a   
p]iod vulg>ly kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,platonic
 ,ye>4#bb ,! second po9t1 !re=e1 9 !    
pres5t explanation ( ,plato's doctr9e ( 
ano!r life1 is ! conception t !re is 9 !
 empyrean a glori\s _w ( incorruptible  
tru?1 beauty1 & goodness1 ! place ( !   
gods1 ! native haunt ( s\ls2 & t human  
s\ls1 hav+ yield$ to base attractions & 

sunk into bodies1 are b bani%$ soj\rn]s 
9 ?is ph5om5al _w ( evanesc5t %ad[s &   
illusions1 :]e !y are /ung ) resi/less  
long+s = ! skies1 & only solac$ by !    
vague & brok5 rem9isc5ces ( _! =m] /ate4
  ,?irdly1 ,plato taught t aft] dea? an 
un]r+ judgm5t & comp5sation await all   
s\ls4 ,e s\l be>s 9 itself ! pla9       
evid5ce ( its quality & de$s1 its vices 
& virtues2 & 9 ! unse5 /ate x w meet    
inevitable aw>ds on its m]its4 ,to g to 
,hades ) a s\l full ( crimes is ! wor/ (
 all evils4#bc ,:5 a man dies1 he       
possesses 9 ! o!r _w a de/9y suit$ to ! 
life :i* he has l$ 9 ?is4#bd ,9 ! second
 book ( ! ,republic he says1 ,we %all 9 
,hades suff] ! puni%m5t ( our misde$s   
"h2 & he argues at mu* l5g? ! absolute  
impossibility ( 9 any way escap+ ?is4 ,!
 fact ( a full rew>d = all wisdom &     
ju/ice1 a full retribution = all folly &
 vice1 is ass]t$ unequivocally 9 scores 
( passages1 mo/ ( !m expressly connect+ 
! =m] ) ! notion ( an asc5t to ! bright 
region ( tru? & intellect1 ! latt] ) a  

desc5t to ! black p5al realm ( ,hades4  
,let ! citation ( a s+le fur!r example  
suffice4 ,"s s\ls1 be+ s5t5c$1 g to     
places ( puni%m5t b5ea? ! e>?2 o!rs are 
borne upw>d to "s region 9 heav54#be ,he
 proves ! g5u95ess ( 8 fai? 9 ?is       
doctr9e by cont9ually urg+ x1 9 ! mo/   
e>ne/1 unaffect$ mann]1 z an animat+    
motive 9 ! =mation ( "* & ! conduct (   
life1 say+1 ,he :o neglects 8 s\l w pass
 lamely ?r\gh exi/5ce1 & aga9 pass into 
,hades1 aimless & uns]viceable4#bf  ,!  
f\r? & la/ /ep 9 ?is exposition is to %[
 ! p>ticul> =m 9 :i* ,plato held 8      
doctr9e ( future retribution1 ! way 9   
:i* he suppos$ ! consequ5ces ( pres5t   
good & evil w\ld appe> h]eaft]4 ,he     
receiv$ ! ,ori5tal !ory (               
transmigration4 ,s\ls are born ov] &    
ov]4 ,! bani%m5t ( ! wick$ to ,t>t>us is
 provisional1 a prep>ation = _! return  
to inc>nate life4 ,! resid5ce ( ! good 9
 heav5 is cont+5t1 & w be lo/ ! mom5t !y
 yield to c>elessness or mat]ial        
solicitations4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* !y

 are reborn1 ! happ9ess or mis]y ( _!   
r5ew$ exi/5ce1 dep5d on _! "* & conduct 
9 _! previ\s c>e]2 & ?us a poetic ju/ice
 is secur$4 ,at ! close ( ! ,timaus1    
,plato describes ! :ole animal k+dom z  
consi/+ ( degrad$ human s\ls1 f ! tribe 
( birds1 :i* 7 light m9d$ s\ls1 to !    
tribe ( oy/]s1 :i* h receiv$ ! mo/      
remote habitations z a puni%m5t ( _!    
extreme ignorance4 ,aft] ?is mann]1 !n1 
bo? =m]ly &  #bb ,/atesman1 #ad1 #ae4   
#bc ,gorgias1 #afe4  #bd ,republic1 lib4
 vi4 cap4 i4  #be ,phadrus1 #fa4  #bf   
,timaus1 #ah4   n[1 animals             
transmigrate1 exp]i5c+ _! *anges ?r\gh !
 loss or acquisition ( intellect &      
folly4 ,! g5]al doctr9e ( metempsy*osis 
is /at$ & impli$ v frequ5tly 9 _m ( !   
,platonic dialogues4 ,"s rec5t writ]s h 
tri$ to expla9 ^! repres5tations z      
figures ( spee*1 n int5d$ to portray !  
lit]al facts1 b m]ely to h9t _! moral   
equival5ts4 ,su* p]sons seem to u to    
hold ,plato's pages 9 ! full gl>e ( !   
n9ete5? c5tury & read !m 9 ! philosophic

 _s ( ,bacon & ,comte1 in/ead ( hold+ !m
 9 ! old %ades ( ! ,academy & pond]+ !m 
9 ! m>vell+ _s ( ,py?agoras &           
,emp$ocles4  ,we are l$ by ! foll[+     
consid]ations to ?9k t ,plato really    
meant to accr$it ! transmigration ( s\ls
 lit]ally4 ,fir/1 he (t5 makes use ( !  
curr5t poetic imag]y ( ,hades1 & (      
anci5t traditions1 av[$ly 9 a loose     
metaphorical way1 z moral helps1 call+  
!m fables4 ,b ! metempsy*osis he sets   
=?1 )\t any su* qualification or gu>d1 )
 s mu* e>ne/ness & frequ5cy1 z a promise
 & a w>n+1 t we are =c$1 9 ! abs5ce (   
any indication to ! contr>y1 to suppose 
t he meant ! /atem5ts z sob] fact & n z 
my?ical drap]y4 ,z ) a p>able1 ( c\rse  
we ne$ n int]pret all ! ornam5tal       
details lit]ally2 b we mu/ accept !     
c5tral idea4 ,& 9 ! pres5t case !       
fundam5tal ?\ght is t ( repeat$ bir?s ( 
! s\l1 ea* bir? trail+ retributive      
effects f ! =egone4 ,= example1 ! la/   
f\r *apt]s ( ! t5? book ( ! ,republic   
conta9 ! acc\nt ( ,erus1 a ,pamphylian1 

:o1 aft] ly+ dead on ! battle field t5  
days1 reviv$1 & told :at he _h se5 9 !  
o!r /ate4 ,plato 9 ! outset explicitly  
names ?is recital an apologue4 ,x       
rec\nts a multitude ( moral & physical  
p>ticul>s4 ,^! details may fairly en\gh 
be consid]$ 9 "s degreeas my?ical       
drap]y1 or z ! usual traditional pa9t+2 
b ! ess5tial conception runn+ ?r\gh !   
acc\nt1 = ! sake ( :i* x is told1 we are
 n at lib]ty to expla9 away z empty     
metaphor4 ,n[1 t ess5tial conception is 
precisely ?is3 t s\ls aft] dea? are     
adjudg$ to ,hades or to heav5 z a       
recomp5se = _! s9 or virtue1 & t1 aft]  
an appropriate soj\rn 9 ^? places1 !y   
are born aga91 ! =m] asc5d+1 squalid &  
sc>r$1 f b5ea? ! e>?1 ! latt] desc5d+1  
pure1 f ! sky4 ,9 p]fect consonance )   
?is conclusion is ! moral drawn by      
,plato f ! :ole n>rative4 ,he simply    
says1 ,if ! company w be p]suad$ by me1 
consid]+ ! s\l to be immortal & able to 
be> all evil & good1 we %all always     
p]sev]e 9 ! road :i* leads upw>ds4      

,secondly1 ! conception ( !             
metempsy*osis is ?or\ghly coh]5t )      
,plato's :ole philosophy4 ,if he 0 9    
e>ne/ ab\t any doctr9e1 x 0 ! doctr9e t 
all k is rem9isc5ce4 ,! foll[+          
decl>ations are 84 ,s\l is old] ?an     
body4 ,s\ls are cont9ually born ov] aga9
 f ,hades into ?is life4 ,to se>* & le>n
 is simply to revive ! images ( :at !   
s\l saw 9 its pre exi/5t /ate ( be+ 9 ! 
_w ( realities4#bg ,:y %\ld we hesitate 
to attribute a s9c]e belief 9 !         
metempsy*osis to ! ackn[l$g$ au?or ( !  
doctr9e t ! s\l liv$ 9 ano!r _w be=e    
appe>+ "h1 & t its k is b rem9isc5ce8   
,if born f ! o!r _w  #bg ,m5ex5us1 #ae4 
once1 we may be _m times2 & !n all t is 
want$ to complete ! dogma (             
transmigration is ! idea ( a presid+    
ju/ice4 ,_h n ,plato t idea8  ,?irdly1 !
 doctr9e ( a judicial metempsy*osis 0   
mo/ pr(\ndly root$ 9 ! popul> fai?1 z a 
/rict v]ity1 ?r\gh\t ! great ,ea/1 ages 
be=e ! "t ( ,plato1 & 0 famili>ly kn[n  
?r\gh\t ,greece 9 8 "t4 ,x _h be5       

import$ ?i!r by ,musaus & ,orpheus at an
 e>ly p]iod1 0 aft]w>ds widely recomm5d$
 & e/abli%$ by ! ,py?agoreans1 & 0      
unque/ionably held by _m ( ,plato's     
contempor>ies4 ,he ref]s once to ^? :o  
/rongly believe t murd]]s :o h gone to  
,hades w be oblig$ to come back & end _!
 next lives by suff]+ ! same fate :i* !y
 _h be=e inflict$ on o!rs4#bh ,x is also
 a rem>kable fact t he /ates !          
conditions ( transmigration1 & ! means (
 secur+ exemption f x1 9 ! same way t ! 
,h9dus h f immemorial "t3 ,! s\l :i* has
 beheld ! ess5ce ( tru? rema9s free f   
h>m until ! next revolution2 & if x c   
pres]ve ! vision ( ! tru? x %all always 
rema9 free f h>m1 t is1 be exempt f     
bir?2 b :5 x fails to behold ! field (  
tru? x falls to ! e>? & is implant$ 9 a 
body4#bi ,?is /atem5t & sev]al o!rs 9 ! 
context corresponds precisely ) ,h9du   
!ology1 :i* proclaims t ! s\l1 ^u atta9+
 real wisdom1 t is1 ^u p5etrat+ b5ea?   
illusions & gaz+ on reality1 is fre$ f !
 pa9ful necessity ( repeat$ bir?s4 ,n[1 

s9ce ! ,h9dus & ! ,py?agoreans held !   
doctr9e z a sev]e tru?1 & ,plato /ates x
 9 ! id5tical =ms :i* !y employ$1 & nev]
 implies t he is m]ely poetiz+1 we      
naturally conclude t he1 too1 v]itably  
inculcates x z fact4  ,f9ally1 we are ! 
m confirm$ 9 ?is supposition :5 we f9d t
 8 l9eal disciples & mo/ compet5t       
exp\nd]s1 su* z ,proclus1 & ne>ly all 8 
lat] comm5tators1 su* z ,ritt]1 h s     
und]/ood him4 ,! great *orus ( 8        
int]pret]s1 f ,plot9us to ,l]\x1 )      
sc>cely a diss5ti5t voice1 approve !    
op9ion pron\nc$ by ! le>n$ ,g]man       
hi/orian ( philosophy1 t ! conception ( 
! metempsy*osis is s closely int]wov5   
bo? ) 8 physical sy/em & ) 8 e?ical z to
 ju/ify ! conviction t ,plato look$ ^u x
 z legitimate & valid1 & n z a m]ely    
figurative exposition ( ! s\l's life    
aft] dea?4 ,to sum up ! :ole 9 "o       
s5t5ce3 ,plato taught ) grave e>ne/ness 
! immortality ( ! s\l1 subject to a     
discrim9at+ retribution1 :i* op5$ = its 
tempor>y resid5ces ?ree local regions1  

heav51 e>?1 & ,hades1 & :i* sometimes l$
 x ?r\gh diff]5t grades ( embodi$ be+4  
,o ?\ y\? :o ?9ke/ t ?\ art neglect$ by 
! gods1 ! p]son :o has become m wick$   
dep>ts to ! m wick$ s\ls2 b he :o has   
become bett] dep>ts to ! bett] s\ls1 bo?
 9 life & 9 all dea?s4#cj  ,:e!r        
,ari/otle taught or d5i$ ! immortality (
 ! s\l has be5 ! subject ( innum]able   
debates f 8 own "t until n[4 ,x is      
c]ta9ly a mo/ om9\s fact t 8 great "n   
has be5 cit$ z au?ority = reject+ !     
doctr9e ( a future life by s _m  #bh ,! 
,laws1 b4 ix4 *4 #aj4  #bi ,phadrus1    
#fj-fb4  #cj ,! ,laws1 lib4 x4 cap4 #ac4
   ( 8 ke5e/ foll[]s2 = ?is has be5 true
 ( weighty repres5tatives ( e g5]ation (
 8 disciples4 ,antagoni/ic advocates h  
collect$ f 8 works a l>ge numb] ( v>y+  
/atem5ts1 endeavor+ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! 
lit]al & ! figurative1 ! esot]ic & !    
popul>4 ,x is n wor? our :ile "h1 ei!r =
 _! intr9sic int]e/ or = _! hi/oric     
importance1 to quote ! passages & exam9e
 ! argum5ts4 ,all t is requir$ = our    

purpose may be express$ 9 ! language (  
,ritt]1 :o has c>efully inve/igat$ !    
:ole subject3 ,no passage 9 8 extant    
works is decisive2 b1 f ! g5]al context 
( 8 doctr9e1 x is cle> t he _h no       
conception ( ! immortality ( any        
individual rational entity4#ca  ,x w\ld 
take a :ole volume in/ead ( a *apt] to  
set =? ! multif>i\s contra/+ t5ets (    
individual ,greek philosoph]s1 f ! age (
 ,ph]ecydes to t ( ,iambli*us1 9        
relation to a future life4 ,n a few     
held1 ) ,emp$ocles1 t human life is a   
p5al /ate1 ! doom ( su* immortal s\ls z 
= guilt h be5 disgrac$ & expell$ f      
heav54 ,man is a fall5 god condemn$ to  
w&] on ! e>?1 sky aspir+ b s5se cl\d$4  
,purg$ by a suffici5t p5ance1 he returns
 to 8 =m] godlike exi/5ce4 ,:51 leav+   
?is body1 ?\ come/ to ! free e!r1 ?\    
%alt be no long] a mortal1 b an undy+   
god4 ,notions ( ?is sort fairly repres5t
 no small proportion ( ! speculations ^u
 ! fate ( ! s\l :i* (t5 reappe> ?r\gh\t 
! c\rse ( ,greek lit]ature4 ,ano!r class

 ( philosoph]s are repres5t$ by su*     
names z ,m>cus ,anton9us1 :o1 comp>+    
dea? to disemb>kation at ! close ( a    
voyage1 says1 ,if y l& ^u ano!r life1 x 
w n be empty ( gods3 if y l& 9 non5tity1
 y w h done ) pleasures1 pa9s1 &        
drudg]y4#cb ,& aga9 he writes1 ,if s\ls 
survive1 h[ has e!real space made room =
 !m all f et]nity8 ,h[ has ! e>? f\nd   
room = all ! bodies buri$ 9 x8 ,!       
solution ( ! latt] problem w solve !    
=m]4 ,! corpse turns to du/ & makes     
space = ano!r3 s ! _s1 let loose into ! 
air1 aft] a :ile dissolves1 & is ei!r   
r5ew$ into ano!r s\l or absorb$ into !  
univ]se4 ,?us room is made =            
succession4#cc ,^! passages1 x w be     
obs]v$1 leave ! survival ( ! s\l at all 
entirely hypo!tical1 &1 ev5 suppos+ x to
 survive1 all[ x b a tempor>y duration4 
,su* 0 ! common view ( ! great sect ( ! 
,/oics4 ,!y all agre$ t !re 0 no real   
immortality = ! s\l2 b !y diff]$ greatly
 z to ! "t ( its dissolution4 ,9 ! words
 ( ,cic]o1 ,diu mansuros aiunt animos2  

semp]1 negant3 !y say s\ls endure = a   
long "t1 b n =ev]4 ,clean!s taught t !  
int5sity ( exi/5ce aft] dea? w\ld dep5d 
on ! /r5g? or weakness ( ! p>ticul> s\l4
 ,*rysippus held t only ! s\ls ( ! wise 
& good w\ld survive at all4#cd ,panatius
 said ! s\l always di$ ) ! body1 because
 x 0 born ) x1 :i* he prov$ by !        
resemblances ( *ildr5's s\ls to ^? ( _! 
p>5ts4#ce ,s5eca has a great _m         
contradictory passages on ?is subject   
#ca ,hi/4 ,anc4 ,phil4 p4 iii4 b4 ix4 *4
 #d4  #cb ,m$itations1 lib4 iii4 cap4   
#c4  #cc ,ibid4 lib4 iv4 cap4 #ba4  #cd 
,plut>*1 ,plac4 ,phil4 iv4 #g4  #ce     
,tusc4 ,qua/4 lib4 i4 cap4 #cb4   9 8   
works2 b 8 prepond]ant au?ority1 ^u !   
:ole1 is t ! s\l & ! body p]i%          
toge!r4#cf ,at "o "t he says1 ,! day ?\ 
fe>e/ z ! la/ is ! bir?day ( et]nity4 ,z
 an infant 9 ! womb is prep>+ to dwell 9
 ?is _w1 s ought we to consid] our      
pres5t life z a prep>ation = ! life to  
come4#cg ,at ano!r "t he says1 ) /unn+  
bluntness1 ,!re is no?+ aft] dea?1 &    

dea? itself is no?+4  ,po/ mortem nihil 
e/1 ipsaque mors nihil4 #ch  ,besides ! 
my/ics1 l ,plot9us1 :o affirm$ ! /rict  
et]nity ( ! s\l1 & ! ,/oics1 l          
,poseidonius1 :o believ$ t ! s\l1 hav+  
_h a beg9n+1 mu/ h an end1 al?\gh x     
might endure = a long p]iod aft] leav+ !
 body1 !re 7 among ! ,greeks & ,romans  
two o!r classes ( believ]s 9 a future   
life1 namely1 ! ignorant body ( ! p1 :o 
cr$it$1 m or less fully1 ! common fables
 conc]n+ ,hades2 & an educat$ body (    
select m9ds1 :o1 :ile ca/+ (f ! popul>  
sup]/itions1 yet clung t5aci\sly to !   
great fact ( immortality 9 "s =m or o!r1
 )\t attempt+ to def9e ! precise mode ( 
x4  ,!re 0 among ! illit]ate populace1  
bo? ,greek & ,roman1 ev5 f ! age (      
,eumolpus to t ( ,augu/us1 a good deal (
 firm fai? 9 a future life1 accord+ to !
 gross s*eme & p>ticul>s pres]v$ to u   
/ill 9 ! classic my?ology4 ,a ?\s&      
curr5t allusions & /atem5ts 9 ! g5]al   
lit]ature ( ^? times prove ! actual     
exi/5ce ( a common & lit]al belief 9    

,hades ) all its accompanim5ts4 ,?is 0  
f> f be+1 9 ! av]age appreh5sion1 a m]e 
my?4 ,plato says1 ,_m1 ( _! own accord1 
h wi%$ to desc5d into ,hades1 induc$ by 
! hope ( !re see+ & be+ ) ^? !y h       
lov$4#ci ,he also says1 ,:5 a man is    
ab\t to die1 ! /ories ( future puni%m5t 
:i* he _h =m]ly ridicul$ tr\ble him )   
fe>s ( _! tru?4#dj ,& t frightful       
acc\nts ( hell really sway$ & t]rifi$ ! 
p1 ev5 s late z ! "t ( ! ,roman         
republic1 appe>s f ! e>ne/ & elaborate  
argum5ts employ$ by v>i\s writ]s to     
refute !m4  ,! same ?+ is %[n by !      
religi\s ritual enact$ at fun]als &     
fe/ivals1 ! =ms ( public & private      
wor%ip obs]v$ till aft] ! conv]sion (   
,con/ant9e4 ,! cake ( rice & honey borne
 9 ! dead h& = ,c]b]us1 ! p]iodical     
(f]+s to ! gho/s ( ! dep>t$1 z at !     
fe/ivals call$ ,f]alia & ,p>5talia1#da !
 pictures ( ! sc5]y ( ! "u _w1 hung 9 ! 
temples1 ( :i* !re 0 a fam\s "o by      
,polygnotus1#db all imply a lit]al      
cr$it+ ( ! vulg> doctr9e4 ,alt>s 7 set  

up on ! spots :]e ,tib]ius & ,caius     
,grac*us 7 murd]$1 & s]vices 7 !re p]=m$
 9 honor ( _! manes4 ,fe/us1 an old     
,roman lexicograph] :o liv$ 9 ! second  
or ?ird c5tury1 tells u !re 0 9 !       
,comitium a /one cov]$ pit :i* 0 suppos$
 to be !  #cf ,*ri/oph ,me9]s1 ,v]mis*te
 ,philosophis*e ,s*rift54 ,comm5t>ius   
quo ,/oicorum ,s5t5tia2 de ,animorum po/
 mortem ,/atu satis illu/rantur4  #cg   
,epi/4 #ajb4  #ch ,troades1 #a4 #cig4   
#ci ,phado1 #cd4  #dj ,republic1 lib4 i4
 cap4 #e4  #da ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 lib4 ii4   
,,ii4 #ecj-ehj4  #db ,pausanias1 lib4 x4
 cap4 #bh4   m\? ( ,orcus1 & 0 op5$ ?ree
 days 9 ! ye> = s\ls to rise out into ! 
upp] _w4#dc ,apuleius describes1 9 8    
treatise on ! god ( ,socrates1 ! ,roman 
conceptions ( ! dep>t$ spirits ( m54 ,!y
 call$ all disembodi$ human s\ls        
lemures4 ,^? ( good m5 7 l>es1 ^? ( bad 
m5 l>va4 ,& :5 x 0 unc]ta9 :e!r !       
specifi$ s\l 0 a l> or a l>va1 x 0 nam$ 
manes4 ,! l>es 7 mild h\sehold gods to  
_! po/]ity4 ,! l>va 7 w&]+1 frightful   

%apes1 h>mless to ! pi\s1 b de/ructive  
to ! reprobate4#dd  ,! belief 9         
necromancy is well kn[n to h prevail$   
ext5sively among ! ,greeks & ,romans4   
,ari/ophanes repres5ts ! c[>d1 ,pis&]1  
go+ to a necromanc] & ask+ to see 8 own 
s\l1 :i* _h long dep>t$1 leav+ him a man
 ) brea? alone4#de ,9 ,lat9 lit]ature no
 popul> t]ror is m frequ5tly allud$ to  
or exemplifi$ ?an ! dread ( see+ gho/s4 
,e "o w recall ! /ory ( ! phantom t     
appe>$ 9 ! t5t ( ,brutus be=e ! battle (
 ,philippi4 ,x p]vades ! ,haunt$ ,h\se (
 ,plautus4 ,callima*us wrote ! foll[+   
c\plet z an epitaph on ! celebrat$      
misan?rope3  ,timon1 hat'/ ?\ ! _w or   
,hades worse8 ,speak cle>6 ,hades1 ,o   
fool1 because !re are m ( u "h6 #df     
,py?agoras is said once to h expla9$ an 
e>?quake z be+ caus$ by a synod ( gho/s 
assembl$ "u gr\nd6 ,x is "o ( ! be/ ( ! 
num]\s jokes attribut$ to ! great       
,samian2 a good nut = ! _s rapp]s to    
crack4 ,!re is an epigram by ,diog5es   
,la]tius1 on "o ,lycon1 :o di$ ( ! g\t3 

,he :o be=e c\ld n s mu* z walk alone1  
,! :ole long road to ,hades travell'd 9 
"o night6  ,philo/ratus decl>es t ! %ade
 ( ,apollonius appe>$ to a skeptical    
disciple ( 8 & said1 ,! s\l is          
immortal4#dg ,x is unque/ionable t !    
sup]/iti\s fables ab\t ! "u _w & gho/s  
_h a p[]ful hold1 = a v long p]iod1 ^u !
 ,greek & ,roman imag9ation1 & 7 widely 
accept$ z facts4  ,at ! same "t1 !re 7  
_m p]sons ( m advanc$ culture to :om su*
 co>se & fanciful repres5tations _h     
become incr$ible1 b :o /ill held loyally
 to ! simple idea ( ! survival ( ! s\l4 
,!y *]i%$ a /rong expectation ( ano!r   
life1 al?\gh !y reject$ ! revolt+ =m &  
drap]y 9 :i* ! doctr9e 0 usually set =?4
 ,x5ophon puts ! foll[+ spee* into ! m\?
 ( ! expir+ ,cyrus3 ,i 0 nev] able1 my  
*ildr51 to p]suade myself t ! s\l1 z    
long z x 0 9 a mortal body1 liv$1 b :5 x
 0 remov$ f ?is1 t x di$2 nei!r c\ld ,i 
believe t ! s\l ceas$ to ?9k :5 sep>at$ 
f ! un?9k+ & s5seless body2 b x seem$ to
 me mo/ probable t :5 pure & free f any 

union ) ! body1 !n x became mo/  #dc ,de
 ,significatione ,v]borum1 v]bum        
,manalis4  #dd ,less+1 ,wie die ,alt5 d5
 ,tod gebildet4  #de ,ayes1 ,i4 #adhe4  
#df ,epigram ,,iv4  #dg ,vita           
,apollonii1 lib4 viii4 cap4 #ca4        
wise4#dh ,e "o has read ( ! "y man ^:   
fai? & curiosity 7 s excit$ by ,plato's 
writ+s t he committ$ suicide to te/ !   
fact ( futurity4 ,callima*us tells !    
/ory neatly3  ,cleombrotus1 !           
,ambracian1 hav+ said1 ',f>ewell1 ,o    
sun6' leap'd f a l(ty wall into ! _w ,( 
gho/s4 ,no deadly ill _h *anc$ to him at
 all2 ,b he _h read 9 ,plato's book ^u !
 s\l4 #di  ,! fall+ ( ,cato on 8 sword  
at ,utica1 aft] c>efully p]us+ ! ,phado1
 is equally famili>4  ,9 ! case (       
,cic]o1 too1 not)/&+ 8 fluctuations (   
feel+ & ! obvi\s contradictions (       
s5tim5t 9 "s ( 8 lett]s & 8 m delib]ate 
essays1 x is1 ^u ! :ole1 pla9 en\gh t1  
:ile he always reg>d$ ! vulg> notions z 
pu]ile falsehoods1 ! hope ( a glori\s   
life to come 0 p[]ful 9 him4 ,?is may be

 /at$ z ! result ( a pati5t inve/igation
 & balanc+ ( all t he says on ! subject1
 & ( ! circum/ances "u :i* he says x4   
,to cite & criticize ! passages "h w\ld 
occupy too mu* space to too little      
pr(it4  ,at ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 ,titus 
made a spee* to 8 soldi]s1 9 ! c\rse ( x
 say+ to !m1 ,^? s\ls :i* are sev]$ f _!
 fle%ly bodies by ! sword 9 battle1 are 
receiv$ by ! pure e!r & jo9$ to t       
company :i* are plac$ among ! />s4#ej ,!
 beautiful /ory ( ,cupid & ,psy*e1 t    
lovelie/ ( all ! my?s conc]n+ !         
immortality ( ! s\l1 0 a creation by no 
means =eign to ! preval5t ideas & feel+s
 ( ! "t :5 x 0 writt54 ,! ,diss]tations 
( ,maximus ,tyrius ab\nd ) s5t5ces l !  
foll[+4 ,?is v ?+ :i* ! multitude call  
dea? is ! bir? ( a new life1 & ! beg9n+ 
( immortality4#ea ,:5 ,ph]ecydes lay    
sick1 consci\s ( spiritual en]gy1 he c>$
 n = bodily disease1 8 s\l /&+ erect &  
look+ = release f its cumb]some ve/m5t4 
,s a man 9 *a9s1 see+ ! walls ( 8 prison
 crumbl+1 waits = deliv]ance1 t f !     

d>kness 9 :i* he has be5 buri$ he may   
so> to ! e!real regions & be fill$ )    
glori\s light4#eb  ,! conception ( man z
 a memb] ( ! cosmic family ( gods & g5ii
 0 kn[n to all ! classic philosoph]s1 & 
0 *]i%$ by ! l>g] portion ( !m4 ,p9d>   
affirms "o orig9 = gods & m54 ,plato    
makes wise s\ls accompany ! gods 9 _!   
excursions ab\t ! sky4 ,cic]o argues t  
heav51 & n ,hades1 is ! de/9ation ( !   
s\l at dea?1 because ! s\l1 be+ light]  
?an ! e>?ly elem5ts surr\nd+ x "h1 w\ld 
rise al(t ?r\gh ! natural =ce (         
gravitation4#ec ,plut>* says1 ,demons   
are ! spies & sc\ts ( ! gods1 w&]+ &    
circuit+ ar\nd on _! comm&s4 ,disembodi$
 s\ls  #dh ,cyropadia1 lib4 viii4 cap4  
#g4  #di ,epigram ,,xxiv4  #ej          
,josephus1 ,de ,bell4 lib4 vi4 cap4 #a4 
#ea ,diss4 ,,xxv4  #eb ,diss4 ,,xli4    
#ec ,tusc4 ,que/4 lib i4 cap4 #ag4   &  
demons 7 ! same4 ,! preval5ce ( su*     
ideas z ^! produc$ 9 ! ,greek & ,roman  
imag9ation a pr(\nd s5se ( invisible    
be+s1 a s5se :i* 0 fur!r int5sifi$ by ! 

popul> p]sonifications ( all natural    
=ces1 z 9 f\nta9s & trees1 full ( laps+ 
naiads & ru/l+ dryads4 ,an illu/rative  
fact is furni%$ by an effect ( !        
tradition t ,!tis1 snat*+ ! body (      
,a*illes f ! fun]al pile1 convey$ him to
 ,leuke1 an isl& 9 ! ,black ,sea4 ,!    
m>9]s sail+ by (t5 fanci$ !y saw 8      
mighty %ade flitt+ along ! %ore 9 ! dusk
 ( ev5+4#ed ,b a passage 9 ,hesiod      
yields a m adequate illu/ration3 ,:5 !  
mortal rema9s ( ^? :o fl\ri%$ dur+ !    
gold5 age 7 hidd5 b5ea? ! e>?1 _! s\ls  
became b5efic5t demons1 /ill hov]+ ov] !
 _w !y once inhabit$1 & /ill wat*+1     
clo!d 9 ?9 air & glid+ rapidly ?r\gh e  
region ( ! e>?1 z gu>dians ov] ! affairs
 ( m54#ee  ,b !re 7 always "s :o d5i$ ! 
common doctr9e ( a future life & sc(f$  
at its physical features4 ,?r\gh !      
absurd extravagances ( poets & augurs1 &
 ?r\gh ! gr[? ( critical ?\ght1 ?is     
unbelief w5t on increas+ f ! days (     
,anaxagoras1 :5 x 0 dea? to call ! sun a
 ball ( fire1 to ! days ( ,catil9e1 :5  

,julius ,cas> c\ld be *os5 ,pontifex    
,maximus1 almo/ be=e ! ,s5ate _h ceas$  
to rev]b]ate 8 voice op5ly ass]t+ t dea?
 0 ! utt] end ( man4 ,plut>* dilates ^u 
! wide skepticism ( ! ,greeks z to !    
inf]nal _w1 at ! close ( 8 essay on !   
maxim1 ,live conceal$4 ,! port5t\s gr[? 
( irrev]5t unbelief1 ! imm5se *ange (   
feel+ f awe to ribaldry1 is made obvi\s 
by a glance f ! kn[n gravity ( ,hesiod's
 ,desc5t ( ,!seus & ,piri?\s into       
,hades1 to ,lucian's ,katapl\s1 :i*     
repres5ts ! cobbl] ,mycillus leap+ f !  
banks ( ! ,/yx1 swimm+ aft] ,*>on's     
boat1 climb+ into x ^u ! %\ld]s ( !     
tyrant ,megap5!s & torm5t+ him ! :ole   
way4 ,pl9y1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1       
affirms t dea? is an ev]la/+ sleep4#ef  
,! :ole great sect ( ! ,epicureans unit$
 9 support+ t belief by ! comb9$ =ce (  
ridicule & argum5t4 ,_! views are ! mo/ 
fully & ably def5d$ by ! consummate     
,lucretius1 9 8 ma/]ly poem on ! ,nature
 ( ,?+s4 ,horace1#eg ,juv5al1#eh        
,p]sius1#ei concur 9 sc\t+ at ! tales   

:i* once1 :5 recit$ on ! /age1 _h made  
va/ audi5ces p]ceptibly tremble4#fj ,&  
,cic]o asks1 ,:at old woman is s insane 
z to fe> ^! ?+s8#fa  ,!re 7 two classes 
( p]sons :o s\ght diff]5tly to free     
mank9d f ! t]rors :i* _h inve/$ ! :ole  
prospect ( dea? & ano!r _w4 ,! fir/ 7 ! 
mat]iali/s1 :o endeavor$ to prove t dea?
 0 to man ! absolute end ( e ?+4        
,secondly1 !re 7 ! lat] ,platoni/s1 :o  
ma9ta9$ t ?is _w is ! only ,hades1 t    
heav5 is our home1 t all dea? is asc5t  
to bett] life4 ,to rema9 on high ) !    
gods is life2 to desc5d into ?is _w is  
dea?1 a desc5t into ,orcus1 !y said4 ,! 
foll[+ c\plet1 ( an unkn[n date1 is     
translat$ f ! ,greek ,an?ology3         
,diog5es1 ^: tub /ood by ! road1 ,n[1   
be+ dead1 has ! />s = 8 abode4  #ed     
,mull]1 ,greek ,lit]ature1 *4 vi4  #ee  
,works & ,days1 lib4 i4 ,,ii4 #abj-abe4 
#ef ,lib4 ii4 cap4 #g4  #eg ,lib4 i4    
epi/4 #af4  #eh ,sat4 ,,ii4  #ei ,sat4  
,,ii4  #fj ,tusc4 ,que/4 lib4 i4 cap4   
#af4  #fa ,ibid4 cap4 #ba4   ,macrobius 

writes1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,dream (      
,scipio1 ,"h1 on e>?1 is ! cav]n ( ,dis1
 ! inf]nal region4 ,! riv] ( oblivion is
 ! w&]+ ( ! m9d =gett+ ! maje/y ( its   
=m] life & ?9k+ a resid5ce 9 ! body !   
only life4 ,phlege?on is ! fires ( wra? 
& desire4 ,a*]on is retributive sadness4
 ,cocytus is wail+ te>s4 ,/yx is !      
:irlpool ( hatr$s4 ,! vulture et]nally  
te>+ ! liv] is ! torm5t ( an evil       
consci5ce4#fb  ,to ! anci5t ,greek 9    
g5]al1 dea? 0 a sad doom4 ,:5 he lo/ a  
fri5d1 he sigh$ a melan*oly f>ewell aft]
 him to ! fad$ %ore ( gho/s4 ,summon$   
himself1 he dep>t$ ) a l+]+ look at !   
sun1 & a te>ful adieu to ! bright day & 
! gre5 e>?4 ,to ! ,roman1 dea? 0 a grim 
reality4 ,to meet x himself he gird$ up 
8 lo9s ) artificial firmness4 ,b at its 
ravages among 8 fri5ds he wail$ 9       
angui%$ ab&onm5t4 ,to 8 dy+ vision !re 0
 inde$ a future2 b %apes ( di/ru/ & %ad[
 /ood ^u its disconsolate bord]s2 &1 :5 
! prospect _h no horror1 he /ill %rank f
 its poppi$ gloom4  #fb ,lib4 i4 cap4   

#i1 #aj4   ,,*apt] ,,xi4  ,,mohamm$an   
,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life4       
,,islam has be5 a mighty p[] 9 ! e>?    
s9ce ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,a m    
en]getic & tr5*ant fai? ?an x 0 = eight 
hundr$ ye>s has n appe>$ among m54      
,f9ally expell$ f its />tl+ encampm5ts 9
 ,spa9 & ! ,ar*ipelago1 x /ill rules )  
t5aci\s hold ov] ,turkey1 a "p ( ,t>t>y1
 ,pale/9e1 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 & l>ge      
portions ( ,africa4 ,at ?is mom5t1 z to 
adh]5ce & influ5ce1 x is subord9ate only
 to ! two =emo/ religi\s sy/ems 9 ! _w1 
,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,! dogmatic    
/ructure ( ,islam z a !ology & its      
practical p[] z an exp]im5tal religion  
(f] a problem ( ! grave/ int]e/4 ,b we  
mu/ ha/5 on to give an exposition (     
m]ely ^? elem5ts 9 x :i* are connect$ ) 
its doctr9e ( a future life4  ,x is a   
matt] ( entire notoriety t !re is b !   
lea/ am\nt ( orig9ality 9 ! t5ets ( !   
,mohamm$an fai?4 ,! bl5d+ toge!r ( ^?   
t5ets 0 di/9ctive1 ! unify+ s\l brea!d  
into !m 0 a new creation1 & ! great aim 

to :i* ! :ole 0 subord9at$ 0 peculi>2 b 
! compon5t doctr9es !mselves1 ) slight  
exception1 exi/$ be=e z av[$ pr9ciples 9
 ! v>i\s sy/ems ( belief & practice t   
prevail$ ar\nd4 ,mohamm$ adopt$ _m ( !  
notions & cu/oms ( ! pagan ,arabs1 !    
c5tral dogma ( ! ,jews z to ! unity (   
,god1 mo/ ( ! traditions ( ! ,hebrew    
,scriptures1 innum]able fanciful        
conceits ( ! ,rabb9s1#a :ole doctr9es ( 
! ,magians ) _! details1 "s views ( !   
,gno/ics1 & ext5sive portions ( a       
corrupt$ ,*ri/ianity1 gr\p+ !m toge!r ) 
_m modifications ( 8 own1 & su*         
additions z 8 g5ius af=d$ & 8 exig5cies 
requir$4 ,! motley /rangely results 9 a 
compact & sy/ematic work+ fai?4  ,!     
,islamites are divid$ into two great    
sects1 ! ,sunnees & ! ,%eeahs4 ,!       
,arabs1 ,t>t>s1 & ,turks are ,sunnees1  
are dom9ant 9 numb]s & au?ority1 are    
/rict lit]ali/s1 & are commonly consid]$
 ! or?odox believ]s4 ,! ,p]sians are    
,%eeahs1 are inf]ior 9 po9t ( numb]s1   
are some:at fre] 9 c]ta9 int]pretations1

 plac+ a mass ( tradition1 l ! ,jewi%   
,mis*na1 on a level ) ! ,koran1#b & are 
usually reg>d$ z h]etical4 ,to apply our
 own ecclesia/ical phraseology to !m1 ! 
latt] are ! ,moslem ,prote/ants1 ! =m] !
 ,moslem ,ca?olics4 ,yet 9 relation to  
almo/ e ?+ :i* %\ld seem at all         
fundam5tal or vital !y agree 9 _!       
tea*+s4 ,_! diff]5ces 9 g5]al are ^u    
trivial op9ions1 or especially ^u ritual
 p>ticul>s4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,%eeahs s5d   
all ! ,sunnees to hell because 9 _!     
ablutions !y wa% f ! elb[ to ! f+] tips2
 ! ,sunnees return ! complim5t to _!    
rival sect>i/s because !y wa% f ! f+]   
tips to ! elb[4 ,)9 ^! two gr&          
d5om9ations ( ,%eeah &  #a ,rabbi       
,abraham ,geig]1 ,prize ,essay ^u ! "q1 
propos$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn1 ,0 hat 
,mohamm$ aus dem ,jud5?um aufg5omm58  #b
 ,m]rick1 ,translation ( ! ,%eeah       
,traditions ( ,mohamm$ 9 ! ,hyat ul     
,kuloob1 note x4   ,sunnee are f\nd a   
multitude ( petty sects1 sep>at$ f ea*  
o!r on v>i\s que/ions ( speculative fai?

 & c]emonial practice4 ,"s take ! ,koran
 alone1 & t 9 its pla9 lit]al s5se1 z _!
 au?ority4 ,o!rs read ! ,koran 9 !      
explanatory light ( a va/ collection (  
p>ables1 prov]bs1 leg5ds1 purport+ to be
 f ,mohamm$4 ,!re is no less ?an a score
 ( my/ic allegoriz+ sects#c :o r$uce    
almo/ e ?+ 9 ! ,koran to symbol1 or     
spiritual signification1 & "s ( :om z ! 
,sufis are ! mo/ rapt & imag9ative ( all
 ! en?usia/ic devotees 9 ! _w4  ,a      
c>d9al po9t 9 ! ,mohamm$an fai? is !    
ass]t$ exi/5ce ( angels1 cele/ial &     
inf]nal4 ,eblis is ,satan4 ,he 0 an     
angel ( l(ty rank2 b :5 ,god creat$     
,adam & bade all ! angels wor%ip him1   
,eblis refus$1 say+1 ,i 0 creat$ ( fire1
 he ( clay3 ,i am m excell5t & w n b[ to
 him4#d ,^u ?is ,god condemn$ ,eblis &  
expell$ him f ,p>adise4 ,he !n became ! 
unappeasable foe & s$uc+ de/roy] ( m54  
,he is ! fa!r ( ^? sw>ms ( j9s1 or evil 
spirits1 :o cr[d all he>ts & space )    
temptations & pave ! t5 ?\s& pa?s to    
hell ) lures = m54  ,! next consid]ation

 prelim9>y to a cle> exhibition ( our   
special subject1 is ! doctr9e (         
pr$e/9ation1 ! unfl9*+ fatalism :i*     
p]vades & cr[ns ?is religion4 ,! brea? (
 ?is appall+ fai? is saturat$ )         
fatality1 & its v "n ( ,islam means     
,submission4 ,9 heav5 ! prophet saw a   
prodigi\s wax tablet1 call$ ! ,pres]v$  
,table1 on :i* 7 writt5 ! decrees ( all 
ev5ts betwe5 ! morn+ ( creation & ! day 
( judgm5t4 ,! burn+ core ( ,mohamm$'s   
prea*+ 0 ! proclamation ( ! "o true ,god
 ^: volition be>s ! irresi/ible de/9y ( 
! univ]se2 & insep>ably associat$ ) ?is 
0 an int5se hatr$ ( idolatry1 fann$ by !
 w+s ( ,god's wra? & produc+ a fanatic  
s5se ( a div9e commission to av5ge him  
on 8 insult]s & v9dicate = him 8        
rightful wor%ip f e nation4 ,!re is an  
app>5t conflict betwe5 ! ,mohamm$an     
repres5tations ( ,god's absolute        
pr$e/9ation ( all ?+s1 & ! abundant     
exhortations to all m5 to accept ! true 
fai? & br+ =? good works1 & ?us make    
sure ( an acceptable acc\nt 9 ! day (   

judgm5t4 ,! =m] make ,god's irrev]sible 
w all 9 all4 ,! latt] seem to place     
alt]native conditions be=e m51 & to     
imply 9 !m a p[] ( *oice4 ,b ?is is a   
contradiction insep>able f ! discussion 
( ,god's inf9ite sov]eignty & man's     
individual fre$om4 ,! inconsi/5cy is z  
gross 9 ,augu/9e & ,calv9ism z x is 9 ! 
,arabian lawgiv] & ! cre$ ( ! ,sunnees4 
,! ,koran1 in/ead ( solv+ ! difficulty1 
boldly cuts x1 & does t 9 exactly ! same
 way z ! ?or\gh ,calv9i/4 ,god has      
respectively elect$ & reprobat$ all !   
de/9$ inhabitants ( heav5 & hell1       
unalt]ably1 indep5d5tly ( _! *oice or   
action4 ,at ! same "t1 reception ( !    
true fai?1 & a life con=m$ to x1 are    
virtually necess>y = salvation1 because 
x is decre$ t all ! elect %all pr(ess & 
obey ! true fai?4 ,_! ob$i5t reception (
 x proves !m to be elect$4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 x is =eorda9$ t none ( ! reprobate %all
 become disciples & foll[]s ( !         
,prophet4 ,_! rejection (  #c ,*ur*ill1 
,m\nt ,lebanon1 vol4 i4 *4 xv4  #d      

,sale's ,translation ( ! ,koran1 *4 vii4
   him1 _! wick$ misbelief1 is ! evid5ce
 ( _! orig9al reprobation4 ,z ! ,koran  
itself expresses x1 salvation is = all  
:o are will+ to be w>n$2 b !y %all n be 
w>n$ unless ,god please3#e all :o %all  
be will+ to walk uprightly2 b !y %all n 
be will+ unless ,god wille?4#f  ,b su*  
f9e drawn di/9ctions are easily lo/ f   
sight or spurn$ 9 ! eag] affray (       
affairs & ! imm95t /raits ( ! s\l4 ,:ile
 9 dogma & !ory ! pr(ession ( an or?odox
 belief1 toge!r ) scrupul\s pray]1 fa/+1
 alms1 & ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 or !   
abs5ce ( ^! ?+s1 simply d5otes ! =egone 
det]m9ations ( ,god 9 reg>d to ! giv5   
individuals1 9 practice & feel+ !       
contra/$ beliefs & c\rses ( conduct are 
held to obta9 heav5 & hell4 ,& we f9d1  
accord+ly1 t ,mohamm$ spoke z if ,god's 
primeval ord9ation _h fix$ all ?+s =ev]1
 :5ev] he wi%$ to awak5 9 8 foll[]s     
reckless valor & implicit submission4   
,:ole armies _c slay him :o is fat$ to  
die 9 8 b$4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 he s\ght  

to w9 conv]ts1 to move 8 he>]s by       
?reat5+s & p]suasions1 he spoke z if e  
?+ p]ta9+ to human weal & woe1 pres5t & 
future1 re/$ on conditions )9 ! *oice ( 
m54 ,say1 ',!re is b "o ,god1 & ,mohamm$
 is 8 prophet1' & heav5 %all be y\r     
portion2 b cl+ to y\r delusive errors1 &
 y %all be companions ( ! inf]nal fire4 
,practically speak+1 ! ess5ce (         
propag&i/ ,islam 0 a s5tim5t l ?is4 ,all
 m5 :o d n foll[ ,mohamm$ are accurs$   
misbeliev]s4 ,we are ,god's *os5 av5g]s1
 ! commission$ in/rum5ts = r$uc+ 8 foes 
to submission4 ,engag$ 9 t "w1 ! hilts (
 all our scimit>s are 9 8 h&4 ,he       
snat*es 8 s]vant m>tyr f ! battle field 
to heav54 ,?us ! weapons ( ! unbeliev]s 
s5d _! sla9 to p>adise1 :ile ! weapons (
 ! believ]s s5d _! sla9 to hell4 ,up1   
!n1 ) ! cresc5t bann]1 &1 dripp+ )      
idolatr\s gore1 let x gleam ov] m\nta9 &
 pla9 till our sickles h reap$ ! e>?6 ,!
 sword is ! key ( heav5 & ! key ( hell4 
,a drop ( blood %$ 9 ! cause ( ,allah1 a
 night sp5t 9 arms1 is ( m avail ?an two

 mon?s ( fa/+ & pray]4 ,:oev] falls 9   
battle1 8 s9s are =giv54 ,9 ! day (     
judgm5t 8 w\nds %all be respl5d5t z     
v]milion & odorif]\s z musk4#g ,an      
infuriat$ zeal aga9/ idolat]s &         
unbeliev]s inflam$ ! ,moslem he>t1 a    
fi]ce m>tial en?usiasm fill$ ! ,moslem  
s\l1 & tangible visions ( p>adise & hell
 float$1 illum9ate1 throughthe,moslem   
imag9ation4 ,& s f ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ! 
,caucasus1 f ,si]ra ,leone to !         
,pyr5ees1 ! polity ( ,mohamm$ ov]ran !  
nations1 ) ! ,koran 9 its left h&1 !    
ext]m9at+ blade 9 its "r1 "o ?und] %\t  
/ill break+ f its awful lips3 ,pr(ess   
,islam1 & live1 ) ! cle> prospect (     
et]nal bliss beyond life2 reject x1 &   
die1 ) ! full c]ta9ty ( et]nal angui%   
beyond dea?4 ,:5 ! crusad+ ,*ri/ians & !
 ,s>ac5ic ho/s met 9 battle1 ! conflict 
0 ! v fr5zy ( fanaticism4 ,!re ! "q (   
salvation or damnation lay on ! gr\nd   
betwe5 ! m>%all$ armies1 to be f\ght = &
 c>ri$ by ! /rong]4 ,*ri/ & ,allah      
enc\nt]$1 & ! endless fate ( _! oppos$  

#e ,koran1 *4 lxxiv4  #f ,ibid4 *4      
lxxxi4  #g ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall (   
,rome1 *4 #a4   foll[]s hung on ! swift 
turn+ issue4 ,nev] h ! appall+ ideas ( !
 invisible _w s mu* & s di/9ctly m+l$ ) 
! fury ( mortal /rife z 9 ?is in/ance4  
,to ! eyes ( ,turk & ,arab ! smoke ( !  
inf]nal pit appe>$ to break up f ! gr\nd
 9 ! re> ( ! infidel l9es4 ,z !         
squadrons ( ! fai?ful mov$ on to ! *>ge1
 t pit yawn$ to receive ! miscreant ho/2
 & 9 *as+ ! foe ! prophet's *ampions    
believ$ !y 7 driv+ _! antagoni/s d[n ! v
 slopes ( p]dition4 ,:5 at l5g? /eel    
cla%$ ^u /eel & ! yell ( dea? %ook !    
air1 ! /rife 0 n s mu* betwe5 arm & arm 
z betwe5 _s & _s1 & ea* deadly ?ru/ 0   
felt to pi]ce ! life at once ( ! body & 
( ! s\l4#h  ,t t]rible sup]/ition       
prevails almo/ univ]sally among !       
,mussulmans1 designat$ ! ,beat+ 9 !     
,sepul*re1 or ! exam9ation & torture ( !
 body 9 ! grave4 ,z soon z a corpse is  
int]r$1 two black & livid angels1 call$ 
! ,exam9]s1 ^: names are ,munke] &      

,nake]1 appe>1 & ord] ! dead p]son to   
sit up & answ] c]ta9 que/ions z to 8    
fai?4 ,if he give satisfactory replies1 
!y suff] him to re/ 9 peace1 refre%$ by 
airs f p>adise2 b if he prove to h be5  
an unbeliev] or h]etic1 !y beat him on !
 temples ) iron maces till he ro>s al\d 
) pa9 & t]ror4 ,!y !n press ! e>? on !  
body1 :i* rema9s gnaw$ & /ung by dragons
 & scorpions until ! la/ day4 ,"s sects 
give a figurative explanation ( ^!      
circum/ances4 ,! utt] d5ial ( ! :ole    
repres5tation is a s*ismatic peculi>ity 
( ! sect ( ,motozallites4 ,b all true   
believ]s1 bo? ,sunnee & ,%eeah1 dev\tly 
accept x lit]ally4 ,! comm5tators decl>e
 t x is impli$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se ( !      
,koran itself3 ,h[1 !re=e1 w x be ) !m  
:5 !y die & ! angels %all /rike _! faces
 & _! backs8 #i  ,! int]m$iate /ate (   
s\ls f ! "t ( dea? until ! resurrection 
has be5 ! subject ( ext5sive speculation
 & argum5t ) ! ,islamites4 ,! s\ls ( !  
prophets1 x is ?\ght1 are admitt$       
directly to heav54 ,! s\ls ( m>tyrs1    

accord+ to a tradition receiv$ f        
,mohamm$1 re/ 9 heav5 9 ! crops ( gre5  
birds :o eat ( ! fruits & dr9k ( ! riv]s
 !re4 ,z to ! location ( ! s\ls ( !     
common cr[d ( ! fai?ful1 ! conclusions  
are v>i\s4 ,"s ma9ta9 t !y & ! s\ls ( ! 
impi\s alike sleep 9 ! du/ until ! end1 
:5 ,israfil's bla/s w /ir !m into life  
to be judg$4 ,b ! g5]al & or?odox       
impression is t !y t>ry 9 "o ( ! heav5s1
 enjoy+ a prep>atory bless$ness4 ,! s\ls
 ( ! wick$1 x is commonly held1 aft] be+
 refus$ a place 9 ! tomb & also be+     
repuls$ f heav51 are c>ri$ d[n to ! l[] 
abyss1 & ?r[n into a dungeon "u a gre5  
rock1 or into ! jaw ( ,eblis1 !re to be 
treat$ ) =eta/es ( _! f9al doom until   
summon$ to ! judgm5t4#aj  ,a v prom95t  
doctr9e 9 ! ,moslem cre$ is t ( !       
resurrection ( ! body4 ,?is is a c5tral 
feature 9 ! or?odox fai?4 ,x is exp\nd$ 
9 all ! emphatic details ( its gross    
lit]ality by _! au?oritative doctors1 & 
is dwelt ^u ) unwe>i$ reit]ation by !   
,koran4 ,true1 "s m9or h]etical sects   

give x a spiritual int]pretation2 b !   
great  #h ,taylor1 ,hi/4 ( ,fanaticism1 
sect4 vii4  #i ,*4 xlvii4  #aj ,sale1   
,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 sect4 iv4   body (
 believ]s accept x unhesitat+ly 9 its   
mo/ physical %ape4 ,! intr9sic          
unnaturalness & improbability ( ! dogma 
7 evid5tly felt by ,mohamm$ & 8         
expositors2 & all ! m !y /rove to bol/] 
x up & en=ce its reception by vehem5t   
affirmations & elaborate illu/rations4  
,9 ! second *apt] ( ! ,koran x is relat$
 t1 9 ord] to remove ! skepticism (     
,abraham z to ! resurrection1 ,god      
wr\ght ! miracle ( re/or+ f\r birds :i* 
_h be5 cut 9 pieces & scatt]$4 ,9 *apt] 
sev5?1 ,god says1 ,we br+ ra9 ^u a )]$  
c\ntry & cause ! fruits to spr+ =?4 ,?us
 w we br+ ! dead f _! graves4 ,! prophet
 frequ5tly rebukes ^? :o reject ?is     
belief4 ,:at aile? !m1 t !y believe n ! 
resurrection8#aa ,is n ,he :o creat$ man
 able to quick5 ! dead8#ab ,! sc(f]s    
say1 ',%all we be rais$ to life1 & our  
=efa!rs too1 aft] we h become du/ &     

bones8 ,?is is no?+ b sorc]y4'#ac ,fir/1
 ,israfil w bl[ ! bla/ ( con/]nation4   
,aft] an int]val1 he w bl[ ! bla/ (     
exam9ation1 at :i* all creatures w die &
 ! mat]ial univ]se w melt 9 horror4     
,?irdly1 he w bl[ ! bla/ ( resurrection4
 ,^u t in/ant1 ! assembl$ s\ls ( mank9d 
w issue f 8 trumpet1 l a sw>m ( bees1 & 
fill ! atmosph]e1 seek+ to be reunit$ to
 _! =m] bodies1 :i* w !n be re/or$1 ev5 
to _! v hairs4  ,! day ( judgm5t        
imm$iately foll[s4 ,?is is ! dreadful   
day = :i* all o!r days 7 made2 & x w    
come ) blackness & con/]nation to       
unbeliev]s & evil do]s1 b ) peace &     
delight to ! fai?ful4 ,! total race (   
man w be ga!r$ 9 "o place4 ,mohamm$ w   
fir/ advance 9 front1 to ! "r h&1 z     
int]cessor = ! pr(essors ( ,islam4 ,!   
prec$+ prophets w appe> ) _! foll[]s4   
,gabriel w hold susp5d$ a balance s     
/up5d\s t "o scale w cov] p>adise1 ! o!r
 hell4 ,ha? ! news ( ! ov]:elm+ day (   
judgm5t rea*$ !e8#ad ,:oev] ha? wr\ght  
ei!r good or evil ( ! weight ( an ant   

%all 9 t day behold ! same4#ae ,an      
infallible scrut9y %all se>* & weigh e  
man's de$s1 & exact ju/ice %all be done1
 & no =eign help c avail any "o4 ,"o s\l
 %all n be able to obta9 any ?+ 9 behalf
 ( ano!r s\l4#af ,e man ( !m on t day   
%all h bus9ess en\gh ( 8 own to employ 8
 ?\ghts4#ag ,9 all ! ,mohamm$an         
repres5tations ( ?is great trial & ( !  
pr9ciples :i* det]m9e its decisions1 no 
ref]5ce is made to ! doctr9e (          
pr$e/9ation1 b all turns on /rict       
equity4 ,reckon+ a reception or         
rejection ( ! true fai? z a cr[n+ m]it  
or dem]it1 ! only "q is1 ,d 8 good works
 outweigh1 by s mu* z a hair1 8 evil    
works8 ,if s1 he goes to ! "r2 if n1 he 
mu/ take ! left4 ,! solit>y trace (     
fatalism or r favoritism is ?is3 t no   
idolat]1 once 9 hell1 c ev] possibly be 
releas$1 :ile no ,islamite1 h[ev] wick$1
 c be damn$ et]nally4 ,! puni%m5t (     
unbeliev]s is ev]la/+1 t ( believ]s     
limit$4 ,! opposite ( ?is op9ion is a   
great h]esy ) ! g5]ality ( ! ,moslems4  

,"s say ! judgm5t w require b ! tw9kl+ (
 an eye2 o!rs t x w occupy fifty ?\s&   
ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t ! sun w be drawn f its
 %ea? & burn insuff]ably1 & ! wick$ w /&
 look+ up1 _! feet %od ) %oes ( fire1 & 
_! skulls boil+ l pots4 ,at la/1  #aa   
,*4 lxxxiv4  #ab ,*4 lxxv4  #ac ,*4     
xxxvii41 lvi4  #ad ,koran1 *4 lxxxviii4 
#ae ,ibid4 *4 xcix4  #af ,ibid4 *4      
lxxxii4  #ag ,ibid4 *4 lxxx4   :5 s5t5ce
 has be5 pass$ on !m1 all s\ls are =c$  
to try ! passage ( al ,sirat1 a bridge  
?9n] ?an a hair1 %>p] ?an a razor1 &    
hott] ?an flame1 spann+ 9 "o frail ar* !
 immeasurable di/ance1 directly ov]     
hell1 f e>? to p>adise4 ,"s affect a    
metaphorical solution ( ?is air sev]+   
causeway1 & take x m]ely z a symbol ( ! 
true ,sirat1 or bridge ( ?is _w1 namely1
 ! true fai? & ob$i5ce2 b e or?odox     
,mussulman firmly holds x z a physical  
fact to be surm\nt$ 9 ! la/ day4#ah     
,mohamm$ lead+ ! way1 ! fai?ful &       
righte\s w trav]se x ) ease & z quickly 
z a fla% ( lightn+4 ,! ?9 edge broad5s  

b5ea? _! /eps1 ! surr\nd+ support (     
convoy+ angels' w+s hides ! fire lake   
bel[ f _! sight1 & !y are swiftly       
envelop$ 9 p>adise4 ,b z ! infidel ) 8  
evil de$s essays to cross1 ?orns        
entangle 8 /eps1 ! lurid gl>e b5ea?     
bl9ds him1 & he soon topples ov] & :irls
 into ! blaz+ abyss4 ,9 ,dr4 ,fro?+ham's
 f9e translation f ,ruck]t1  ,:5 ! wick$
 o'er x goes1 /&s ! bridge all sp>kl+2  
,& 8 m9d bewild]'d gr[s1 & 8 eye swims  
d>kl+4 ,wak5+1 giddy+1 !n comes 91 ) a  
deadly fright1 ,memory ( all 8 s91 ru%+ 
on 8 sight4 ,b :5 =w>d /eps ! j1 he is  
safe e'en "h3 ,r\nd him ga!rs holy tru/1
 & drives back 8 fe>4 ,ea* good de$'s a 
mi/1 t wide1 gold5 bord]s gets2 ,& = him
 ! bridge1 ea* side1 %9es ) p>apets4    
,betwe5 hell & p>adise is an impassable 
wall1 al ,araf1 sep>at+ ! torm5t$ f !   
happy1 & cov]$ ) ^? s\ls ^: good works  
exactly c\nt]poise _! evil works1 & :o  
are1 consequ5tly1 fitt$ = nei!r place4  
,! prophet & 8 exp\nd]s h mu* to say (  
?is n>r[ int]m$iate abode4#ai ,its      

lukew>m d5iz5s are contemptu\sly spok5  
(4 ,x is said t ,araf seems hell to !   
bless$ b p>adise to ! damn$2 = does n e 
?+ dep5d on ! po9t ( view8  ,!          
,mohamm$an descriptions ( ! doom ( !    
wick$1 ! torm5ts ( hell1 are con/antly  
repeat$ & are copi\s & vivid4 ,ref]5ce  
to *apt] & v]se w\ld be sup]flu\s1 s9ce 
almo/ e page ( ! ,koran ab\nds 9 su*    
t9ts & tones z ! foll[+4 ,! unbeliev]s  
%all be companions ( hell fire =ev]4 ,^?
 :o disbelieve we w surely ca/ to be    
broil$ 9 hell fire3 s (t5 z _! sk9s %all
 be well burn$ we w give !m o!r sk9s 9  
ex*ange1 t !y may ta/e ! %>p] torm5t4 ,i
 w fill hell entirely full ( g5ii & m54 
,!y %all be dragg$ on _! faces into     
hell1 & x %all be said unto !m1 ',ta/e  
ye t torm5t ( hell fire :i* ye reject$ z
 a falsehood4' ,! unbeliev]s %all be    
driv5 into hell by troops4 ,!y %all be  
tak5 by ! =elocks & ! feet & flung into 
hell1 :]e !y %all dr9k scald+ wat]4 ,_! 
only ent]ta9m5t %all be boil+ wat]1 & !y
 %all be fuel = hell4 ,! smoke ( hell   

%all ca/ =? sp>ks z big z t[]s1 resembl+
 yell[ camels 9 color4 ,!y :o believe n 
%all  #ah ,w4 ,c4 ,taylor1 ,mohamm$anism
 & its ,sects4  #ai ,koran1 *4 viii4    
,sale1 ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 p4 #abe4   
h g>m5ts ( fire fitt$ on !m1 & !y %all  
be beat5 ) maces ( r$ hot iron4 ,! true 
believ]s1 ly+ on c\*es1 %all look d[n ^u
 ! infidels 9 hell & laugh !m to scorn4 
,!re is a tradition t a door %all be %[n
 ! damn$ op5+ into p>adise1 b :5 !y     
approa* x1 x %all be sudd5ly %ut1 & !   
believ]s )9 w laugh4 ,pitiless &        
horrible z ^! expressions f ! ,koran    
are1 !y are m]ciful comp>$ ) ! pictures 
9 ! lat] traditions1 ( wom5 susp5d$ by  
_! hair1 _! bra9s boil+1 susp5d$ by _!  
tongues1 molt5 copp] p\r$ d[n _! ?roats1
 b\nd h&s & feet & dev\r$ piecemeal by  
scorpions1 hung up by _! heels 9 flam+  
furnaces & _! fle% cut (f on all sides )
 scissors ( fire4 #bj ,_! popul> tea*+s 
divide hell into sev5 /ories1 sunk "o "u
 ano!r4 ,! fir/ & milde/ is = ! wick$   
among ! true believ]s4 ,! second is     

assign$ to ! ,jews4 ,! ?ird is ! special
 ap>tm5t ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,!y f\r? is     
allott$ to ! ,sabians1 ! fif? to !      
,magians1 & ! six? to ! mo/ ab&on$      
idolat]s2 b ! sev5? ! deepe/ & wor/     
belongs to ! hypocrites ( all religions4
 ,! fir/ hell %all f9ally be empti$ &   
de/roy$1 on ! release ( ! wret*$        
believ]s !re2 b all ! o!r hells w reta9 
_! victims et]nally4  ,if ! visions (   
hell :i* fill$ ! fancies ( ! fai?ful 7  
mat]ial & gl[+1 equally s 7 _!          
conceptions ( p>adise4 ,on ?is _w ( !   
bless$ 7 lavi%$ all ! *>ms s fasc9at+ to
 ! ,ori5tal luxuri\sness ( s5sual       
languor1 & :i* ! poetic ,ori5tal        
imag9ation knew s well h[ to depict4 ,z 
soon z ! righte\s h pass$ ,sirat1 !y    
obta9 ! fir/ ta/e ( _! approa*+ felicity
 by a refre%+ draught f ,mohamm$'s      
,pond4 ,?is is a squ>e lake1 a mon?'s   
j\rney 9 circuit1 its wat] :it] ?an milk
 or silv] & m fragrant ?an to be        
comp>able to any ?+ kn[n by mortals4 ,z 
_m cups are set ar\nd x z !re are />s 9 

! firmam5t2 & :oev] dr9ks f x w nev]    
?ir/ m4 ,!n comes p>adise1 an ec/atic   
dream ( pleasure1 fill$ ) sp>kl+ /reams1
 honey$ f\nta9s1 %ady groves1 preci\s   
/ones1 all fl[]s & fruits1 bloom+ y\?s1 
circulat+ goblets1 black ey$ h\ris1     
inc5se1 brilliant birds1 delightsome    
music1 unbrok5 peace4#ba ,a ,%eeah      
tradition makes ! prophet promise to    
,ali twelve palaces 9 p>adise1 built (  
gold & silv] bricks laid 9 a cem5t (    
musk & amb]4 ,! pebbles ar\nd !m are    
diamonds & rubies1 ! e>? saffron1 its   
hillocks camphor4 ,riv]s ( honey1 w9e1  
milk1 & wat] fl[ ?r\gh ! c\rt ( ea*     
palace1 _! banks adorn$ ) v>i\s         
respl5d5t trees1 int]sp]s$ ) b[]s       
consi/+ ea* ( "o holl[ transp>5t pe>l4  
,9 ea* ( ^! b[]s is an em]ald ?rone1 ) a
 h\ri ^u x array$ 9 sev5ty gre5 robes & 
sev5ty yell[ robes ( s f9e a texture1 & 
%e h]self s transp>5t1 t ! m>r[ ( h]    
ankle1 not)/&+ robes1 fle%1 & bone1 is z
 di/9ctly visible z a flame 9 a glass   
vessel4 ,ea* h\ri has sev5ty locks (    

hair1 e "o "u ! c>e ( a maid1 :o p]fumes
 x ) a c5s] :i* ,god has made to smoke )
 inc5se )\t ! pres5ce ( fire2 & no      
mortal has ev] brea!d su* fragrance z is
 !re exhal$4 #bb  #bj ,hyat ul ,kuloob1 
*4 x4 p4 #bjf4  #ba ,koran1 *4 lv4 *4   
lvi4  #bb ,hyat ul ,kuloob1 *4 xvi4 p4  
#bhf4   ,su* a doctr9e ( ! future life z
 t "h set =?1 x is pla91 0 /rik+ly      
adapt$ to w9 & "w f]vidly on ! m9ds ( ! 
imag9ative1 voluptu\s1 indol5t1         
passionate races ( ! ,ori5t4 ,x         
possesses a nucleus ( j & natural moral 
conviction & s5tim5t1 ar\nd :i* is gr\p$
 a composite ( a score ( sup]/itions    
afloat be=e ! rise ( ,islam1 set (f ) ! 
arbitr>y drap]y ( a poetic fancy1 color$
 by ! peculi> idiosyncrasies ( ,mohamm$1
 emphasiz$ to suit 8 special ends1 & all
 inflam$ ) a v9dictive & propag&i/      
animus4 ,any ^w fur!r 9 explanation ( ! 
orig91 or 9 refutation ( ! s\ndness1 (  
?is sy/em ( belief once s imm95tly      
aggressive & /ill s widely e/abli%$ w\ld
 seem to be sup]flu\s4  ,,*apt] ,,xii4  

,,explanatory ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,field  
,,& ,,its ,,my?s4  ,,survey+ ! ?\ght (  
mank9d ^u ! subject ( a future life1 z  
?us f> exam9$1 "o c h>dly fail to be    
/ruck by ! multitud9\s v>iety ( op9ions 
& pictures x pres5ts4 ,:5ce & h[ arose  
?is het]og5e\s mass ( notions8  ,9      
consequ5ce ( ! end[m5ts ) :i* ,god has  
creat$ man1 ! doctr9e ( a future life   
arises z a normal fact 9 ! developm5t ( 
8 exp]i5ce4 ,b ! =ms & accompanim5ts ( !
 doctr9e1 ! imm5se div]sity ( dress &   
colors x appe>s 91 are subject to all ! 
laws & accid5ts t m\ld & clo! ! products
 )9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( ?\ght &          
lit]ature4 ,we mu/ ref] ! e?nic         
conceptions ( a future /ate to ! same   
s\rces to :i* o!r portions ( poetry &   
philosophy are ref]r$1 namely1 to !     
action ( s5tim5t1 fancy1 & reason1 fir/2
 !n to ! fur!r action1 reaction1 &      
int]action ( ! pictures1 dogmas1 &      
reason+s ( au?oritative poets1 prie/s1 &
 philosoph]s on "o side1 & ( ! feel+1   
fai?1 & ?\ght ( cr$ul\s multitudes &    

docile pupils on ! o!r4 ,9 ! light ( ^! 
great c5tres ( intellectual activity1   
p>5ts ( intellectual products1 !re is   
no?+ p]ta9+ to ! subject be=e u1 h[ev]  
curi\s1 :i* may n be intelligibly       
expla9$1 se5 naturally to spr+ out (    
c]ta9 conditions ( man's m9d & exp]i5ce 
z relat$ ) ! life ( society & ! ph5om5a 
( ! _w4  ,s f> z ! views ( ! future life
 set =? 9 ! religions ( ! anci5t nations
 con/itute sy/ematically develop$ &     
arrang$ s*emes ( doctr9e & symbol1 !    
orig9 ( !m !re=e ne$s no fur!r          
explanation ?an is furni%$ by a         
contemplation ( ! regulat$ ex]cise ( !  
speculative & imag9ative faculties4 ,b s
 f> z ^? repres5tations conta9 unique1  
grotesque1 isolat$ p>ticul>s1 _!        
production is acc\nt$ = by ?is g5]al    
law3 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( human culture1 :5
 ! natural s5sibilities are int5sely    
prepond]ant 9 p[]1 & ! critical judgm5t 
is 9 abeyance1 :atev] /rongly moves !   
s\l causes a poetical secretion on ! "p 
( ! imag9ation4#a ,?us ! ra9b[ is       

p]sonifi$2 a wat]fall is suppos$ to be  
haunt$ by spiritual be+s2 a volcano )   
fi]y crat] is se5 z a ,cyclops ) "o     
flam+ eye 9 ! c5tre ( 8 =ehead4 ,?is law
 holds n only 9 relation to impressive  
objects or appe>ances 9 nature1 b also 9
 relation to occurr5ces1 traditions1    
usages4 ,9 ?is way innum]able my?s      
arise1 explanatory or amplify+ ?\ghts   
secret$ by ! /imulat$ imag9ation & !n   
n>rat$ z ev5ts4 ,sometimes ^! tales are 
giv5 & receiv$ 9 good fai? = tru?1 z    
,grote abundantly proves 9 8 volume on  
,leg5d>y ,greece2 sometimes !y are      
cle>ly ! gleeful play ( ! fancy1 z :5 x 
is said t ! hat$ infant ,h]akles hav+   
be5 put to ,h]a's brea/ z %e lay asleep 
9 heav51 %e1 ^u wak+1 ?ru/ him away1 & !
 lacteal fluid1 /ream+ a?w>t ! firmam5t1
 orig9at$ ! ,milky ,way6 ,to apply ?is  
law to our special subject3  #a         
,*amb]s's ,pap]s = ! ,p1 vol4 i43 ,!    
,my?1 p4 #a4   ,:at w\ld be likely to "w
 m p[]fully on ! m9ds ( a crude1        
s5sitive p1 9 an e>ly /age ( ! _w1 ) no 

elaborate discipl9e ( religi\s ?\ght1   
?an ! facts & ph5om5a ( dea?8 ,pla9ly1  
ar\nd ?is c5tre !re mu/ be deposit$ a   
va/ quantity ( ideas & fantasies4 ,!    
task is to discrim9ate !m1 trace _!     
individual orig91 & classify !m4  ,"o ( 
! mo/ int]e/+ & difficult que/ions      
connect$ ) ! subject be=e u is ?is3     
,:at1 9 any giv5 "t & place1 7 ! limits 
( ! popul> belief8 ,h[ mu* ( ! curr5t   
repres5tations 9 relation to ano!r life 
7 held z /rict v]ity8 ,:at portions 7   
reg>d$ z fable or symbolism8 ,x is      
obvi\s en\gh t among ! civiliz$ nations 
( antiquity ! di/9ctions ( lit]al       
/atem5t1 allegory1 hi/oric report1      
embelli%$ leg5d1 satire1 poetic         
creation1 philosophical hypo!sis1       
religi\s my?1 7 m or less g5]ally kn[n4 
,= example1 :5 ,as*ylus makes "o ( 8    
*>act]s say1 ,yond] comes a h]ald3 s    
,du/1 ,clay's ?ir/y si/]1 tells me1 !   
p]sonification1 unque/ionably1 0 z      
purpos$ & consci\s z x is :5 a poet 9 ! 
n9ete5? c5tury says1 ,?ir/ div$ f !     

braz5 gl>e ( ! sky & clut*$ me by !     
?roat4 ,s1 too1 :5 ,hom] describes ! bag
 ( ,aolus1 ! w9ds1 9 possession ( !     
sailors on bo>d ,ulysses' %ip1 ! half   
humor\s allegory _c be mi/ak5 = religi\s
 fai?4 ,x is equally obvi\s t ^!        
di/9ctions 7 n always c>efully obs]v$1 b
 7 (t5 conf\nd$4 ,!re=e1 9 respect to ! 
fai? ( primitive times1 x is impossible 
to draw any broad1 fix$ l9es & say      
conclusively t all on ?is side 0        
consci\sly consid]$ z fanciful play or  
emblem1 all on t side z e>ne/ fact4 ,ea*
 p>ticul> 9 ea* case mu/ be exam9$ by   
itself & be decid$ on its own m]its by !
 light & weight ( ! moral probabilities4
 ,= example1 if !re 0 any hi/oric basis 
= ! my? ( ,h]akles dragg+ ,c]b]us out ( 
,hades1 x 0 t ?is h]o =cibly ent]$ !    
,my/]ies & dragg$ out to light ! enactor
 ( ! "p ( ! ?ree head$ dog4 ,! ag$ ,nor?
 man1 committ+ m>tial suicide r ?an die 
9 8 peaceful b$1 und\bt$ly accept$ !    
ensangu9$ picture ( ,valhalla z a tru?4 
,virgil1 dismiss+ ,aneas f ! ,t>t>ean   

realm ?r\gh ! ivory gate by :i* false   
dreams & fictiti\s visions are wont to  
issue1 pla9ly wr\ght z a poet on        
imag9ative mat]ials4  ,x %\ld be        
recollect$ t mo/ ( ! e>ly peoples _h no 
rigid =mul>ies ( fai? l ! ,*ri/ian      
cre$s4 ,! writ+s pres]v$ to u are (t5 r 
fragm5ts ( individual speculations &    
hopes ?an rehe>sals ( public dogmas4    
,plato is f> f reveal+ ! contemporane\s 
belief ( ,greece 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,?omas  
,aqu9as reveals ! contemporane\s belief 
( ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 ,rome1  
among e cultur$ p1 !re 7 diff]5t classes
 ( m9ds1 ! philosoph]s1 ! prie/s1 !     
poets1 ! w>riors1 ! common multitude1 ^:
 modes ( ?9k+ 7 9 contra/1 ^: me?ods (  
int]pret+ _! ance/ral traditions & !    
ph5om5a ( human de/9y 7 widely ap>t1 ^: 
respective beliefs _h f> diff]5t        
b\nd>ies4 ,! op5ly skeptical ,euripides 
& ,lucian are to be borne 9 m9d z well z
 ! app>5tly cr$ul\s ,hesiod & ,hom]4 ,( 
c\rse ! ,fables ( ,asop 7 n lit]ally    
cr$it$4 ,nei!r1 z a g5]al ?+1 7 !       

,metamorphoses ( ,ovid4 ,) ! anci5ts1   
:ile !re 0 a g5]al national ca/ ( fai?1 
!re 7 likewise v>ieties ( individual &  
sect>ian belief & unbelief1 skepticism &
 cr$ulity1 solemn reason & recreative   
fancy4  ,! p ( ,ly/ra1 z we read 9 !    
,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 actually ?\ght      
,b>nabas & ,paul 7 ,zeus & ,h]mes1 &    
br\ght ox5 & g>l&s to (f] !m !          
sacrifices appropriate to ^? deities4   
,peisi/ratus obta9$ rule ov] ,a!ns by   
dress+ a /ately woman1 by ! "n ( ,phye1 
z ,a!ne1 & pass+ (f h] comm&s z ^? ( !  
tutel>y goddess4 ,h]odotus ridicules ! p
 = unsuspici\sly accept+ h]4#b ,!       
incr$ibl5ess ( a doctr9e is no ob/acle  
to a popul> belief 9 x4 ,:osoev] ?9ks ( 
! e>ne/ reception ( ! dogma (           
transub/antiation ! conv]sion ( a :eat5 
waf] into ! inf9ite ,god by ne>ly ?ree  
qu>t]s ( ,*ri/5dom at ?is mom5t1 mu/    
p]mit ! p>adox to pass un*all5g$4       
,d\btless ! clos+ eye ( _m an expir+    
,greek reflect$ ! pitiless old o>sman   
ply+ 8 fro/ cold boat across ! ,/ygian  

f]ry1 & 8 fail+ e> caught ! ru% ( !     
,phlege?onian surge4 ,x is equally c]ta9
 t1 at ! same "t1 _m ano!r laugh$ at ^! 
?+s z *ildi% fictions1 fitt$ only to    
sc>e ! baby ( a girl4  ,/rick5 memory1  
ye>n+ emotion1 k9dl$ fancy1 a s5sitive &
 timor\s obs]vation ( natural ph5om5a1  
ru/l+ leaves1 wav]+ %ad[s1 app>5t       
effects ( unkn[n causes1 ea* is a       
sup]/iti\s "m ( beliefs4 ,! ,sonora     
,indians say t dep>t$ s\ls dwell among !
 caves & rocks ( ! cliffs1 & t ! e*oes  
(t5 he>d !re are _! voices4 ,rusk9      
sugge/s t ! cause ( ! ,greeks surr\nd+ !
 l[] _w resid5ce ( ,p]sephone ) popl>   
groves 0 t ! frailness1 fragility1 &    
incon/ancy ( ! leafage ( ! popl> tree   
resembl$ ! fanci$ gho/ p4 ,we c v easily
 imag9e h[1 9 ! breeze at ! entrance to 
"s subt]ranean desc5t1  ,a gho/ly rank  
,( popl>s1 l a halt$ tra9 ( %ades1      
,trembl$4  ,! op]ations ( fi]ce         
passions1 hate1 fright1 & rage1 9 a bra9
 boil+ ) blood & fire1 make pictures :i*
 ! savage aft]w>ds holds 9 remembrance z

 facts4 ,he does n by reflection        
consci\sly di/+ui% ! int]nal acts &     
sights ( ! m9d f objective v]ities4     
,b>b>ians z travell]s & psy*ologi/s h   
repeat$ly obs]v$ usually pay great      
att5tion to ! vag>ies ( madm51 ! do+s & 
utt]ances ( ! insane4 ,^! p]sons are    
reg>d$ z possess$ by high] be+s4 ,_!    
words are oracles3 ! horrible %apes1 !  
grotesque sc5es1 :i* _! disord]$ &      
inflam$ faculties conjure up1 are eag]ly
 caught at1 & su* acc\nts ( !m z !y are 
able to make out are treasur$ up z      
revelations4 ,?is fact is ( no slight   
importance z an elem5t 9 ! h9t+ basis ( 
! beliefs ( uncultivat$ tribes4 ,_m a   
vision ( delirium1 _m a rav+ m$ley (    
insanity1 has be5 accept$ z tru?4#c     
,ano!r ph5om5on1 closely alli$ to ! =m]1
 has wr\ght 9 a simil> mann] & /ill m   
widely4 ,x has be5 a common sup]/ition )
 b>b>\s nations 9 e "p ( ! _w1 f        
,timbuctoo to ,sib]ia1 to suppose t     
dreams are real  #b ,lib4 i4 cap4 #fj4  
#c ,de ,boismont1 ,rational ,hi/ory (   

,halluc9ations1 *4 #ae3 ,(              
,halluc9ations consid]$ 9 a             
,psy*ological1 ,hi/orical1 & ,religi\s  
,po9t ( ,view4   adv5tures :i* ! s\l    
passes ?r\gh1 fly+ abroad :ile ! body   
lies1 a dormant %ell1 wrapp$ 9 slumb]4  
,! p[] ( ?is influ5ce 9 n\ri%+ a copi\s 
cr$ulity may easily be imag9$4  ,! orig9
 ( _m notions t\*+ a future /ate1 f\nd 9
 lit]ature1 is to be trac$ to ^? rambl+ 
?\ghts & poetic rev]ies ) :i* ev5 ! mo/ 
philosophical m9ds1 9 c]ta9 moods1      
indulge !mselves4 ,= example1 ,sir      
,isaac ,newton d\bts :e!r !re be n      
sup]ior intellig5cies :o1 subject to !  
,supreme1 ov]see & control ! revolutions
 ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,& ,goe!1 fill$ )  
sorr[ by ! dea? ( ,wiel&1 mus+ on ! fate
 ( 8 dep>t$ fri5d1 solemnly surmis$ t he
 _h become ! s\l ( a _w 9 "s f> realm ( 
space4 ,! same m5tal ex]cises :i* supply
 ! b>b>ian sup]/itions reappe> 9        
discipl9$ m9ds1 on a high] plane & 9 m  
ref9$ =ms4 ,culture & sci5ce d n deliv] 
u f all illusion & secure u sob] views  

con=m$ to fact4 ,/ill1 :at we ?9k amid !
 solid realities ( wak+ life1 fancy 9 h]
 sleep disjo9t$ly rev]b]ates f holl[    
fields ( dream4 ,! metaphysician or     
!ologian1 in/ead ( re/+ cont5t$ ) m]e   
snat*es & glimpses1 sets himself        
delib]ately to reason out a complete    
!ory4 ,9 ^! elaborate ef=ts _m an op9ion
 & metaphor1 plausible or absurd1 sweet 
or direful1 is born & takes its place4  
,!re is 9 ! human m9d a natural passion 
= congruity & complet5ess1 a passion    
extremely f]tile 9 complem5t>y products4
 ,= example1 ! e>ly ,jewi% notion (     
lit]ally sitt+ d[n at table ) ,abraham &
 ,isaac & ,jacob1 9 ! resurrection1 0   
gradually develop$ by accretion ( assi/+
 p>ticul>s into all ! details ( a       
consummate banquet1 at :i* ,levia?an 0  
to be ! fi%1 ,behemo? ! roa/1 & s on4#d 
,9 ! con/ruction ( doctr9es or (        
disc\rses1 "o ?\ght sugge/s1 "o premise 
or conclusion necessitates1 ano!r4 ,?is 
g5etic application is sometimes pla9ly  
to be se5 ev5 9 p>ts ( incoh]5t s*emes4 

,= in/ance1 ! conception t man has      
return$ into ?is life f ant]ior         
exp]i5ces ( x is met by ! oppos+ fact t 
he does n rememb] any prec$+ c>e]4 ,!   
explanatory idea is at once hit ^u ( a  
f\nta9 ( oblivion a riv] ,le! f :i* !   
disembodi$ s\l dr9ks ere x reappe>s4    
,once e/abli% 9 ! popul> imag9ation !   
conception ( ! ,olympian synod ( gods1 &
 a ?\s& dramatic tales ( action &       
adv5ture1 appropriate to ! *>act]s ( !  
div9e p]sonages1 w inevitably foll[4  ,!
 int]e/1 cunn+1 & au?ority ( prie/hoods 
are ano!r s\rce ( prevail+ op9ions      
conc]n+ a life to come4 ,_m nations1    
e>ly & late1 h be5 q "u ! spiritual     
direction ( prie/s1 & h believ$ almo/ e 
?+ !y said4 ,num]\s motives conspire to 
make ! prie/ concoct fictions & ex]t 8  
p[] to ga9 cr$5ce = !m4 ,he mu/ h an    
allur+ly color$ elysium to rew>d 8      
ob$i5t disciples4 ,:5 8 tea*+s are      
reject$ & 8 au?ority mock$1 8 class     
isolation & inc5s$ pride f9d a natural  
satisfaction 9 ?reat5+ ! reprobate ali5s

 t a ra9 ( fire w "o day wa% !m d[n !   
smok+ gulfs ( sulphur4 ,! ,m>onites1 a  
sect ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians 9 ,syria1     
pur*ase ( _! prie/s a few y>ds ( l& 9   
heav51 to secure a resid5ce !re :5  #d  
,corrodi1 ,ges*4 des ,*iliasmns1 ?4 i4  
abs*n4 #ae3 ,ga/mahl des ,levia?an4  !y 
die4#e ,! ,siamese ,buddhi/s accumulate 
silv] & bury x 9 secret1 to supply !    
ne$s ( ! s\l dur+ its w&]+ 9 ! sep>ate  
/ate4 ,?is fooli% op9ion robs ! /ate (  
imm5se sums4 ,! lords & ri* m5 erect    
pyramids ov] ^! treasures1 & = _! great]
 security place !m 9 *>ge ( !           
talapo9s6#f ,:51 = "s reason or o!r1    
ei!r z a matt] ( neatness & conv5i5ce1  
or z a prev5tive ( mutual claw+1 or = "s
 to u unimag9able end1 ! au?oritative   
,skald wi%$ to induce ! ,nor?m5 to keep 
_! nails close cut1 he devis$ ! awful   
my? ( ! %ip ,nagelfra1 & made 8 raw m9d$
 p swall[ x z tru?4 ,! same process 0   
foll[$ unque/ionably 9 a ?\s& o!r cases1
 9 diff]5t p>ticul>s ( ?\ght & aim1 9   
diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4  ,9 a bird's eye   

survey ( ! broad field we h trav]s$1 "o 
_c help notic+ ! m>k$ influ5ce ( !      
pres5t sc5]y & habits1 hi/ory &         
associations1 ( a p 9 decid+ ! "* ( _!  
anticipations ( ! future4 ,! ,esquimaux 
p>adise is surr\nd$ by great pots full (
 boil$ walrus meat4 ,! ,turk's heav5 is 
a gorge\sly idealiz$ pleasure g>d5 or   
cele/ial h>em4 ,z ! app>ition ( a man   
w&]s into ! next /ate1 a %ad[ ( 8 pres5t
 /ate floats ov] into ! future ) him4 ,!
 ,h]eaft] is ! image flung by ! ,n[4    
,heav5 & hell are ! upw>d & d[nw>d e*oes
 ( ! e>?4 ,l ! spectre ( ! ,brock5 on ! 
,h>tz ,m\nta9s1 our ideas ( ano!r life  
are a reflection ( our pres5t exp]i5ce  
?r[n 9 colossal on ! cl\d curta9s (     
futurity4 ,*>les ,lamb1 pu%+ ?is        
elucidat+ obs]vation mu* fur!r1 says1 ,!
 %ap+s ( our heav5s are ! modifications 
( our con/itutions4 ,a tribe ( savages  
has be5 describ$ :o hop$ to g aft] dea? 
to _! =efa!rs 9 an "u gr\nd elysium ^:  
glory consi/$ 9 et]nal drunk5ness1 t be+
 _! highe/ conception ( bliss & glory4  

,:at c be m pite\s ?an ! contemplation (
 ^? b>b>ians ^: exi/5ce "h is s wret*$ t
 ev5 _! imag9ation & fai? h lo/ all     
reb\nd1 & :o conceive ( ! l& ( s\ls only
 z poor] & h>d] ?an ?is1 expect+ to be  
task$ & beat5 !re by /rong] spirits1 &  
to h no?+ to eat8 ,! relation ( ma/] &  
s]vant1 ! tyranny ( class1 is reflect$  
ov] into ! o!r life 9 ^? ari/ocratic    
notions :i* break out frequ5tly 9 !     
hi/ory ( our subject4 ,! ,ph>isees "s ( 
!m1 at lea/ exclud$ ! rabble f !        
resurrection4 ,! ,p]uvians conf9$ _!    
heav5 to ! nobility4 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s   
said ! s\ls ( ! ,atuas1 ! nobles1 7     
immortal1 b ! ,cookees p]i%$ entirely4  
,me9]s decl>es t ! ,russians1 ev5 s late
 z ! times ( ,pet] ! ,great1 believ$ t  
only ! ,cz> & ! boy>s c\ld rea* heav54  
,x 0 almo/ a univ]sal cu/om among savage
 nations :5 a *iefta9 di$ to slay 8     
wives & s]vants1 t _! gho/s might       
accompany 8 to p>adise1 to wait on him  
!re z "h4 ,ev5 among ! ,greeks1 z ,bulw]
 has well rem>k$1 ! ,hades ( ! anci5ts 0

 n = ! _m2 & ! dwell]s ( ,elysium are   
*iefly conf9$ to ! olig>*y ( e>?4  ,!   
co>se & selfi% assumption on ! "p ( man 
( sup]iority ov] woman1 bas$ on 8       
brawn9ess & tyranny1 has sometimes      
appe>$ 9 ! =m ( an ass]tion t  #e       
,*ur*ill1 ,mt4 ,lebanon1 vol4 iii4 *4   
#g4  #f ,pallegoix1 ,description du     
,royaume de ,siam1 *4 xx4 p4 #aac4      
wom5 h no s\ls1 or at lea/ _c atta9 to !
 highe/ heav5 possible = man4 ,! =m]    
/atem5t has be5 vulg>ly attribut$ to !  
,moslem cre$1 b ) utt] falsity4 ,a pi\s 
& ag$ female disciple once ask$ ,mohamm$
 conc]n+ h] future condition 9 heav54 ,!
 prophet repli$1 ,!re w n be any old    
wom5 9 heav54 ,%e wept & bewail$ h]     
fate1 b 0 com=t$ ^u ! graci\s assurance 
f ! prophet's lips1 ,!y w all be "y aga9
 :5 !re4 ,! ,buddhi/s relate t ,gotama  
once direct$ que5 ,prajapati1 8 fo/] "m1
 to prove by a miracle ! error ( ^? :o  
suppos$ x impossible = a woman to atta9 
,nirwana4 ,%e imm$iately made z _m      
repetitions ( h] own =m z fill$ ! skies 

( all ! sakwalas1 &1 aft] p]=m+ v>i\s   
wond]s1 di$ & rose into ,nirwana1 lead+ 
aft] h] five hundr$ virtu\s pr9cesses4#g
  ,h[ spontane\sly ! idiosyncrasies ( m5
 9 ! pres5t are flung across ! abysm    
into ! future /ate is exhibit$ amus+ly1 
& ) a r\gh pa?os1 9 an old tradition ( a
 dialogue betwe5 ,sa9t ,patrick &       
,ossian4 ,! b>d contra/s ! apo/le's     
pitiful psalms ) 8 own magnific5t songs1
 & says t ! virtu\s ,f+al is enjoy+ !   
rew>ds ( 8 valor 9 ! a]ial exi/5ce4 ,!  
sa9t rejo9s1 ,no matt] = ,f+al's wor?2  
be+ a pagan1 assur$ly he roa/s 9 hell4  
,9 hot wra? ! hone/ ,cal$onian poet     
cries1 ,if ! *ildr5 ( ,morni & ! tribes 
( ! clan ,ovi 7 alive1 we w\ld =ce brave
 ,f+al out ( hell1 or ! same habitation 
%\ld be our own4#h  ,_m ( ! mo/ affect+ 
facts & problems 9 human exp]i5ce &     
de/9y h f\nd expression1 hypo!tic       
solution1 9 /rik+ my?s pres]v$ 9 !      
popul> traditions ( nations4 ,! mutual  
resemblances 9 ^! leg5ds 9 "s cases1    
?\gh among f> sep>at$ peoples1 are v    

significant & impressive4 ,!y d5ote t1  
mov$ by simil> motives & ex]cis$ on !   
same solicit+ !mes1 human desire & ?\ght
 naturally f9d v5t 9 simil> !ories1     
/ories1 & emblems4 ,! imag9ation ( man1 
z ,gfror] says1 runs 9 ruts :i* n itself
 b nature has beat54  ,! in/9ctive %r9k+
 f dea? felt by man w\ld1 soon] or lat]1
 q naturally sugge/ ! idea t dea? 0 n an
 orig9al feature 9 ! div9e plan ( ! _w1 
b a retributive additional discord4     
,b5ignant nature meant h] *ildr5 %\ld   
live on 9 happy cont5tm5t "h =ev]2 b s9 
& ,satan came 91 & dea? 0 ! v5geance t  
foll[$ _! do+s4 ,! ,p]sians fully       
develop$ ?is speculation4 ,! ,hebrews   
ei!r also orig9at$ x1 or borr[$ x f !   
,p]sians2 & aft]w>ds ! ,*ri/ians adopt$ 
x4 ,traces ( ! same conception appe>    
among ! remote/ & rude/ nations4 ,!     
,c>ibbeans h a my? to ! effect t ! :ole 
race ( m5 7 doom$ to be mortal because  
,c>us1 ! fir/ man1 (f5d$ ! great god    
,tiri4 ,! ,*]okees ascribe to ! ,great  
,_s ! int5tion ( mak+ m5 immortal on    

e>?2 b1 !y say1 ! sun :5 he pass$ ov]   
told !m !re 0 n room en\gh1 & t p _h    
bett] die6 ,!y also say t ! ,creator    
attempt$ to make ! fir/ man & woman out 
( two /ones1 b fail$1 & aft]w>ds fa%ion$
 !m ( clay2 & !re=e x is t !y are       
p]i%able4#i ,!  #g ,h>dy1 ,manual (     
,buddhism1 p4 #cad4  #h ,logan1 ,scotti%
 ,gael1 *4 xiv4  #i ,squi]1 ,s]p5t      
,symbol1 p4 #fg1 note c4   ,indians ( ! 
,oronoco decl>e t ! ,great ,_s dwelt = a
 :ile1 at fir/1 among m54 ,z he 0 leav+ 
!m1 he turn$ ar\nd 9 8 canoe & said1 ,ye
 %all nev] die1 b %all %$ y\r sk9s4 ,an 
old woman w\ld n believe :at he said2 he
 !re=e recall$ 8 promise & v[$ t !y %\ld
 die4  ,! ?\ght ( m ?an "o dea? t !     
composite man is simplifi$ by a s]ies ( 
sep>at+ dea?s has repeat$ly f\nd place4 
,! ,new ,te/am5t speaks ( ! second dea?2
 b t is a metaphorical phrase1          
descriptive1 z !re employ$1 (           
condemnation & suff]+4 ,x is a ?\ght (  
,plato t ! ,deity put intellect 9 s\l1 &
 s\l 9 a mat]ial envelope4 ,foll[+ ?is  

h9t1 ,plut>* says1 9 8 essay on ! ,face 
9 ! ,moon1 t ! e>? furni%es ! body1 !   
moon ! s\l1 ! sun ! m9d4 ,! fir/ dea? we
 die1 he cont9ues1 makes u two f ?ree2 !
 second makes u "o f two4 ,! ,feejees   
tell h[ "o ( _! w>riors1 see+ ! spectre 
( a rec5tly deceas$ enemy ( 81 ?rew 8 w>
 club at x & kill$ x4 ,!y believ$ ! _s  
itself 0 ?us de/roy$4 ,!re is some?+    
pa!tic 9 ?is accumulation ( dissolution 
^u dissolution1 ?is pursuit ( dea? aft] 
dea?4 ,we seem to he>1 9 ?is ?9         
succession ( ! gho/s ( gho/s1 ! fa9t]   
gr[+ e*oes ( ! body fade away4  ,_m     
n>ratives reveal ! fond hov]+ ( ! human 
m9d ov] ! problem ( avoid+ dea?         
altoge!r4 ,! ,hebrew ,scriptures h made 
u famili> ) ! translation ( ,eno* & !   
asc5sion ( ,elijah )\t ta/+ dea?4 ,!    
,h9dus tell ( ,divadassa1 :o1 z a rew>d 
= 8 exce$+ virtue & piety1 0 p]mitt$ to 
asc5d to heav5 alive4#aj ,!y also say t 
! good ,trisanku1 hav+ pleas$ a god1 0  
elevat$ 9 8 liv+ body to heav54#aa ,!   
,buddhi/s ( ,ceylon pres]ve a leg5d ( ! 

elevation ( "o ( ! royal desc5dants (   
,maha ,sammata to ! sup]ior heav5s )\t  
und]go+ dea?4#ab ,!re are ,buddhi/      
traditions1 fur!rmore1 ( f\r o!r p]sons 
:o 7 tak5 up to ,indra's heav5 9 _!     
bodies )\t ta/+ dea?1 namely1 ! musician
 ,gattila1 & ! k+s ,sadh9a1 ,nirni1 &   
,m&hatu4#ac ,a beautiful my? ( !        
translation ( ,cyrus is f\nd 9          
,fird\si's ,%ah ,nameh3  ,ky ,khosru    
b['d himself be=e 8 ,god3 ,9 ! bright   
wat] he wa%'d 8 head & 8 limbs2 ,& he   
spake to himself ! ,z5d ,ave/a's pray]s2
 ,& he turn'd to ! fri5ds ( 8 life &    
exclaim'd1 ',f>e ye well1 f>e ye well = 
ev]more6 ,:5 to morr['s sun lifts its   
blaz+ bann]1 ,& ! sea is gold1 & ! l& is
 purple1 ,?is _w & ,i %all be p>t$ =ev]4
 ,ye w nev] see me aga91 save 9         
,memory's dreams4',:5 ! sun uplift$ 8   
head f ! m\nta91 ,! k+ _h vani%'d f !   
eyes ( 8 nobles4 ,!y roam'd ar\nd 9 va9 
attempts to f9d him2  #aj ,vans ,k5n$y1 
,anci5t & ,h9du ,my?ology1 p4 #dca4  #aa
 ,vi%nu ,purana1 p4 #cga4  #ab ,upham1  

,sacr$ ,books ( ,ceylon1 vol4 i4        
,introduction1 p4 #ag4  #ac ,h>dy1      
,manual ( ,buddhism1 p4 #be1 note4   ,& 
e "o1 z he came back to ! place1 ,bade a
 long f>ewell to ! k+ ( ! _w4 ,nev] ha? 
any "o se5 su* a m>vel ,no1 ?\gh he live
 long 9 ! _w ,t a man %\ld g alive into 
! pres5ce ( ,god4  ,!re is a ,greek /ory
 t ,emp$ocles1 aft] a sacr$ fe/ival1 0  
drawn up to heav5 9 a spl5dor ( cele/ial
 effulg5ce4#ad ,philo/ratus relates a   
tradition ( ! ,cretans1 affirm+ t1      
,apollonius hav+ ent]$ a temple to      
wor%ip1 a s\nd 0 he>d z ( a *orus (     
virg9s s++1 ,come f ! e>?2 come into    
heav52 come4 ,& he 0 tak5 up1 nev] hav+ 
be5 se5 aft]w>ds4 ,"h may be cit$ also !
 exquisite fable ( ,endymion4 ,zeus     
promis$ to grant :at he %\ld reque/4 ,he
 begg$ = immortality1 et]nal sleep1 &   
nev] fad+ y\?4 ,accord+ly1 9 all 8      
surpass+ beauty he slumb]s on ! summit (
 ,latmus1 :]e e night ! enamor$ moon    
/oops to kiss 8 spotless =ehead4 ,"o ( !
 mo/ rem>kable fragm5ts 9 ! traditions (

 ! ,am]ican aborig9es is t conc]n+ !    
f9al dep>ture ( ,t>5yawagon1 a my?ic    
*ief ( sup]natural k & p[]1 :o in/ruct$ 
& unit$ ! ,iroquois4 ,he sprang across  
va/ *asms betwe5 ! cliffs1 & %ot ov] !  
lakes ) incr$ible spe$1 9 a spotless    
:ite canoe4 ,at la/ ! ,ma/] ( ,brea?    
summon$ him4 ,sudd5ly ! sky 0 fill$ )   
melody4 ,:ile all eyes 7 turn$ up1      
,t>5yawagon 0 se51 seat$ 9 8 sn[ :ite   
canoe1 9 mid air1 ris+ ) e bur/ ( !     
heav5ly music1 till he vani%$ beyond !  
summ] cl\ds1 & all 0 /ill4#ae  ,ano!r   
my?ological me?od ( avoid+dea? is by    
ba?+ 9 "s immortal f\nta94 ,! ,greeks   
tell ( ,glaucus1 :o by *ance discov]$ & 
plung$ 9 a spr+ ( ?is *>m$ virtue1 b 0 s
 *agr9$ at be+ unable to po9t x out to  
o!rs t he flung himself into ! ocean4   
,he c\ld n die1 & s became a m>9e deity1
 & 0 annually se5 (f ! headl&s sport+ ) 
:ales4 ,! se>* = ! ,f\nta9 ( ,y\? by !  
,spani>ds :o l&$ 9 ,florida is well     
kn[n4 ,h[ ) a va9 eag]ness did ,ponce de
 ,leon1 ! batt]$ old w>rior1 seek aft] !

 magic wave b5ea? :i* he %\ld s9k to    
em]ge free f sc>s & /a9s1 z fre% & fair 
z :5 fir/ he donn$ ! knightly h>ness6   
,khiz]1 ! ,w&]+ ,jew ( ! ,ea/1          
accompani$ ,isk&] ,zulk>na9 7! ,ori5tal 
"n = ,alex&] ! ,great7 9 8 celebrat$    
exp$ition to f9d ! f\nta9 ( life4#af    
,zulk>na91 com+ to a place :]e !re 7    
?ree hundr$ & sixty f\nta9s1 despat*$   
?ree hundr$ & sixty m51 ord]+ ea* man to
 select "o ( ! f\nta9s 9 :i* to wa% a   
dry salt$ fi% :]e) he 0 furni%$4 ,!     
in/ant ,khiz]'s fi% t\*$ ! wat] ( !     
f\nta9 :i* he _h *os51 x sprang away1   
alive4 ,khiz] leap$ 9 aft] x & drank4   
,!re=e he _c die till ! la/ trump s\nds4
 ,mean:ile1 clad 9 a gre5 g>b1 he roams 
?r\gh ! _w1 a p]sonifi$ spr+ ( ! ye>4   
#ad ,lewes1 ,biographical ,hi/ory (     
,philosophy1 vol4 i4 p4 #ace1 7#a/ ,eng4
 edit47  #ae ,s*oolcraft1 ,notes on !   
,iroquois1 *4 ix4  #af ,adv5tures (     
,hatim ,tai1 p4 #abe4   ,! same         
influ5ces :i* h caus$ dea? to be        
int]pret$ z a punitive aft] piece 9 !   

creation1 & :i* h inv5t$ cases :]e9 x 0 
set aside1 h also fabricat$ tales (     
returns f its %r\d$ realm4 ,! ,?racian  
lov]'s h>p1 draw+ iron te>s d[n ,pluto's
 *eek1 won 8 mi/ress half way to ! upp] 
light1 & w\ld h :olly r$eem$ h] _h he n 
9 impati5ce look$ back4 ,! grim k+ (    
,hades1 yield+ to passionate entreaties1
 rel5t$ s f> z to let ! hapless         
,protesilaus return to 8 m\rn+          
,laodameia = ?ree h\rs4 ,at ! swift end 
( ?is poor p]iod he di$ aga92 & ?is "t  
%e di$ ) him4 ,erus1 :o 0 kill$ 9       
battle1 & ,tim>*us1 ^: s\l 0 rapt f him 
9 ! cave ( ,trophonius1 bo? return$1 z  
we read 9 ,plato & ,plut>*1 to relate ) 
circum/antial detail :at !y saw 9 ! o!r 
_w4 ,alce/is1 :o s nobly di$ to save h] 
husb&'s life1 0 br\ght back f ! region (
 ! dead1 by ! int]position ( ,h]akles1  
to sp5d happy ye>s ) h] grateful        
,admetus4 ,! cunn+ ,sisyphus1 :o 0 s    
notori\s = 8 trea*]y1 by a %rewd plot   
obta9$ leave1 aft] 8 dea?1 to visit !   
e>? aga94 ,safely up 9 ! light1 he v[$  

he w\ld /ay2 b old ,h]mes psy*opompus   
=cibly dragg$ him d[n4  ,:5 ,columbus   
l&$ at ,san ,salvador1 ! natives ?\ght  
he _h desc5d$ f ! sun1 & by signs       
inquir$ if he _h n4 ,! ,hawaiians took  
,capta9 ,cook = ! god ,lono1 :o 0 once  
_! k+ b 0 aft]w>ds deifi$1 & :o _h      
prophesi$1 z he 0 dy+1 t he %\ld 9 aft] 
times return4 ,te ,:>ew>a1 a ,new ,zeal&
 y\?1 relates a long acc\nt ( ! return (
 8 aunt f ! o!r _w1 ) a m9ute           
description ( h] adv5tures & obs]vations
 !re4#ag ,s*oolcraft gives a picturesque
 n>rative ( a j\rney made by a ,wy&ot   
brave to & f ! l& ( s\ls4#ah  ,!re is a 
gr\p ( /rangely pleas+ my?s1 closely    
alli$ to ! two prec$+ classes1 %[+ h[ ! 
popul> he>t & imag9ation glorify _!     
h]oes1 &1 fondly believ+ !m too godlike 
to die1 fancy !m only remov$ to "s      
secret place1 :]e !y /ill live1 & :5ce 9
 ! "t ( ne$ !y w come aga9 to rescue or 
to bless _! p4 ,greece dream$ t h] swift
 foot$ ,a*illes 0 yet alive 9 ! ,:ite   
,isl&4 ,d5m>k long saw k+ ,holg] l+]+ on

 ! old w>rior cairns ( 8 c\ntry4        
,portugal tru/$ t h] beaute\s pr9ce     
,seba/ian _h escap$ f ! fatal field to !
 ,ea/1 & w\ld "o day return to claim 8  
usurp$ realm4#ai ,s1 too1 ( ,rod]ick !  
,go?1 :o fell 9 disa/r\s battle ) !     
,arabs1 ! ,visiogo?ic traditions & fai? 
( ! p long insi/$ t he w\ld reappe>4 ,! 
,swiss h]dsm5 believe ! f\nd]s ( _!     
conf$]acy /ill sleep 9 a cav]n on !     
%ores ( ,luc]ne4 ,:5 ,switz]l& is 9     
p]il1 ! ,?ree ,tells1 slumb]+ !re 9 _!  
antique g>b1 w wake to save h]4 ,sweetly
 & (t51 ! anci5t ,briti% lays allude to 
! puissant ,ar?ur borne away to ! my/ic 
vales ( ,avalon1 & yet to be hail$ 9 8  
native k+dom1 ,excalibur once m gleam+ 9
 8 h&4 ,! /ra9s ( ! ,tr\bad\rs swell &  
r+ z !y tell ( ,*>lemagne sleep+ b5ea?  
#ag ,%ortl&1 ,traditions ( ! ,new       
,zeal&]s1 p4 #abh4  #ah ,hi/ory1 c4 (   
,indian ,tribes1 "p ii4 p4 #bce4  #ai   
,!re is a fanatic sect ( ,seba/iani/s 9 
,brazil n[4 ,see ,brazil & !            
,brazilians1 by ,kidi] & ,flet*]1 pp4   

#eai-eba4   ! ,unt]sb]g1 bid+ 8 appo9t$ 
"t to rise1 resume 8 unrivall$ sceptre1 
& glorify ! ,frank race4 ,& :at gr& &   
weird ballads picture great ,b>b>ossa   
seat$ 9 ! vaults ( ,kyffhaus]1 8 be>d   
gr[n ?r\gh ! /one table 9 front ( him1  
t>ry+ till he may come =?1 ) 8 m9/rels &
 knights ar\nd him1 9 ! crisis h\r (    
,g]many's =tunes6 ,! ,indians ( ,pecos1 
9 ,new ,mexico1 /ill anxi\sly expect !  
return ( ,montezuma2 :ile 9 ,san ,dom+o1
 on ! ,rio ,gr&e1 a s5t9el e morn+      
asc5ds to ! top ( ! highe/ h\se1 at     
sunrise1 & looks out ea/w>d = ! com+ ( !
 great *ief4#bj ,! peasants ( ,brittany 
ma9ta9 z a rec5t travell] te/ifies t    
,napoleon is /ill alive 9 concealm5t    
some:]e1 & w "o day be he>d ( or se5 9  
pomp & victory4 ,"o o!r dead man !re has
 be5 :o 0 expect$ to return4 ! hat$     
,n]o1 ! popul> horror ( :om %[s itself 9
 ! %udd]+ belief express$ 9 !           
,apocalypse & 9 ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles t  
he 0 /ill alive & w\ld reappe>4#ba      
,alian1 9 8 ,v>i\s ,hi/ory1 rec\nts !   

foll[+ s+ul> circum/ances conc]n+ !     
,m]opes :o inhabit$ ! valley (          
,ano/an4#bb ,x w\ld seem to prove t no  
possible conceit ( speculation p]ta9+ to
 our subject has be5 un?\ght (4 ,a riv] 
( grief & a riv] ( pleasure1 he says1   
laps$ ?r\gh ! valley1 _! banks cov]$ )  
trees4 ,if "o ate ( ! fruit gr[+ on !   
trees beside ! =m] /ream1 he bur/ into a
 flood ( te>s & wept till he di$4 ,b if 
he p>took ( t hang+ on ! %ore ( ! latt]1
 8 bliss 0 s great t he =got all        
desires2 &1 /range/ ( all1 he return$   
ov] ! track ( life to y\? & infancy1 &  
!n g5tly expir$4 ,he turn$  ,into 8     
ye/]days1 & w&]'d back ,to di/ant       
*ildhood1 & w5t out to ,god ,by ! gate (
 bir?1 n dea?4  ,mohamm$1 dur+ 8 night  
j\rney1 saw1 9 ! l[] heav51 ,adam1 !    
fa!r ( mank9d1 a maje/ic old man1 ) all 
8 po/]ity :o 7 de/9$ = p>adise on "o    
side1 & all :o 7 de/9$ = hell on ! o!r4 
,:5 he look$ on ! "r he smil$ & rejoic$1
 b z (t5 z he look$ on ! left he m\rn$ &
 wept4 ,h[ f9ely ?is reveals ! /up5d\s  

pa?os !re is 9 ! !ological conception ( 
a ,f$]al ,head ( humanity6  ,! idea ( a 
great t]m9al crisis is met ) s (t5 9    
review+ ! hi/ory ( human ef=ts to grasp 
& solve ! problem ( ! _w's de/9y1 t we  
mu/ consid] x a normal concomitant ( su*
 !oriz+s4 ,! m9d reels & loses itself 9 
try+ to conceive ( ! ev]la/+ cont9uance 
( ! pres5t ord]1 or ( any "o fix$ c\rse 
( ?+s1 b f9ds relief 9 ! notion ( a     
revolution1 an end1 & a fre% />t4 ,!    
,mexican ,cataclysm or univ]sal cra%1 ! 
close ( ! ,h9du ,calpa1 ! ,p]sian       
,resurrection1 ! ,/oic ,conflagration1 !
 ,sc&9avian ,ragn>okur1 ! ,*ri/ian ,day 
( ,judgm5t1 all embody ?is "o ?\ght4 ,! 
,drama ( ,humanity is play$ out1 !      
curta9 falls1 & :5 x rises aga9  #bj    
,abbe ,dom5e*'s ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9
 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 ,vol4
 ,i4 *4 viii4  #ba ,/u>t1 ,comm5t>y on !
 ,apocalypse3 ,excursus ^u *4 xiii4 v4  
#ah4  #bb ,lib4 iii4 cap4 #ah4   all is 
comm5c$ afre%4 ,! clock ( creation runs 
d[n & has to be w\nd up anew4 ,!        

,brahmans are n[ expect+ ! t5? avat> (  
,vi%nu4 ,! ,p>sees look = ,sosios* to   
come1 to consummate ! triumph ( good1 & 
to raise ! dead ^u a r5ew$ e>?4 ,!      
,buddhi/s await ! bir? ( ,maitri        
,buddha1 :o is t>ry+ 9 ! dewa loka      
,tusita until ! "t ( 8 adv5t ^u e>?4 ,! 
,jews are pray+ = ! appe>ance ( !       
,messiah4 ,& _m ,*ri/ians affirm t !    
second adv5t ( ,jesus draws nigh4  ,"o m
 fact1 ev5 9 a ha/y survey ( "s ( ! mo/ 
peculi> op9ions curr5t 9 bygone times z 
to a future life1 c sc>cely fail to     
attract notice4 ,x is ! s con/ant l9k+ (
 ! s\l's fate ) ! skyey spaces & ! />s1 
9 fond explor+s & a/rologic dreams4     
,n[h]e are ! k+ly greatness & ! immortal
 aspir+ ( man m f9ely %[n4 ,! load/one (
 8 de/9y & ! prophetic gravitation ( 8  
?\ghts are upw>d1 into ! et]nal bosom ( 
heav5's inf9ite hospitality4  ,ye />s1  
:i* are ! poetry ( heav56 ,if 9 y\r     
bright leaves we w\ld read ! fate ,( m5 
& empires1 'tis to be =giv51 ,t1 9 our  
aspirations to be great1 ,our de/9ies   

o'erleap _! mortal /ate ,& claim a k9dr$
 ) y2 = ye are ,a beauty & a my/]y1 &   
create ,9 u su* love & rev]5ce f af> ,t 
=tune1 fame1 p[]1 life1 h nam$ !mselves 
a />4  ,:at an immeasurable contra/     
betwe5 ! dy+ ,*]okee1 :o w\ld leap into 
heav5 ) a w> :oop on 8 tongue & a /r+ ( 
scalps 9 8 h&1 & ! dy+ ,*ri/ian1 :o     
sublimely murmurs1 ,fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i
 commit my _s6 ,:at a sweep ( ?\ght1 f !
 poor woman ^: pi\s notion ( heav5 0 t x
 0 a place :]e %e c\ld sit all day 9 a  
clean :ite apron & s+ psalms1 to ! f>   
see+ & sympa!tic natural philosoph] ^:  
lov+ fai? embraces all ranks ( creatures
 & :o conceives ( p>adise z a spiritual 
conc]t ( ! comb9$ worlds ) all _!       
inhabitants 9 pres5ce ( _! ,creator6    
,yet f ! explanatory consid]ations :i* h
 be5 set =? we c und]/& ! d]ivation ( ! 
multif>i\s sw>m ( notions afloat 9 ! _w1
 z ! fifte5 hundr$ v>ieties ( apple n[  
kn[n h all be5 d]iv$ f ! solit>y :ite   
crab4 ,diff]5ces ( fancy & op9ion among 
m5 are z natural z fancies & op9ions    

are4 ,! m9d ( a p gr[s f ! e>? ( its    
deposit$ hi/ory1 b brea!s 9 ! air ( its 
liv+ lit]ature4#bc ,by 8 philosophic    
le>n+ & poetic sympa?y ! cosmopolitan   
s*ol> w9s ! la/ victory ( m9d ov] matt]1
 frees himself f local conditions &     
temporal t+es1 &1 "u ! light ( univ]sal 
tru?1 traces1 ?r\gh ! causal influ5ces (
 soil & clime & hi/ory1 & ! color$      
?reads ( great individualities1 !       
=mation ( peculi> national cre$s4 ,?r\gh
 s5se ! b>b>ian m9d fe$s on ! raw       
pabulum furni%$ by ! imm$iate ph5om5a ( 
! _w & ( its own life4 ,?r\gh culture ! 
civiliz$ m9d fe$s on ! elaborat$        
sub/ance ( lit]ature1  #bc ,s*\w1 ,e>?1 
,plants1 & ,man1 *4 xxx4   sci5ce1 &    
art4 ,plants eat inorganic1 animals eat 
organiz$1 mat]ial4 ,! ignorant man lives
 on s5sations obta9$ directly f nature2 
! educat$ man lives also on s5sations   
obta9$ f ! symbols ( o!r p's s5sations4 
,! illit]ate savage hunts = 8 m5tal liv+
 9 ! wild =e/ ( consci\sness2 ! erudite 
philosoph] lives also on ! psy*ical     

/ores ( =egone m54  ,,note4 ,to ! t5    
in/ances1 /at$ on pages #baj1 #baa1 (   
rem>kable m5 :o aft] _! dea? 7 popul>ly 
imag9$ to be /ill alive1 & de/9$ to     
appe> aga91 an elev5? may be add$4 ,!   
,indians ( ,pecos1 9 ,new ,mexico1      
anxi\sly expect ! return ( ,montezuma4  
,9 ,san ,dom+o1 on ! ,rio ,gr&e1 a      
s5t9el e morn+ asc5ds to ! ro( ( !      
highe/ h\se at sunrise & looks out      
ea/w>d = ! com+ ( ! great *ief4 ,see !  
,abbe ,dom5e*'s ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9
 ! ,great ,des]ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 
ii4 *4 viii4  ,,"p ,,?ird4   ,,new      
,,te/am5t ,,tea*+s ,,conc]n+ ,,afuture  
,,life4   ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,pet]',s        
,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life4  ,,9  
ent]+ ^u an inve/igation ( ! ?\ghts ( ! 
,new ,te/am5t writ]s conc]n+ ! fate (   
man aft] 8 bodily dissolution1 we may   
comm5ce by glanc+ at ! v>i\s allusions  
conta9$ 9 ! record to op9ions on ?is    
subject preval5t at ! "t ( ! ,savior or 
imm$iately aft]w>ds1 b :i* =m$ no "p ( 8
 religion1 or 7 mix$ ) mi/akes4  ,!re   

are sev]al incid5ts record$ 9 ! ,gospels
 :i* %[ t a belief 9 ! transmigration ( 
! s\l 0 receiv$ among ! ,jews4 ,z ,jesus
 0 pass+ ne> ,siloam ) 8 disciples1 he  
saw a man :o _h be5 bl9d f 8 bir?2 & !  
disciples said to him1 ,ma/]1 :o did s91
 ?is man or 8 p>5ts1 t he 0 born bl9d8  
,! drift ( ?is "q is1 ,did ! p>5ts ( ?is
 man commit "s great crime1 = :i* !y 7  
puni%$ by hav+ _! *ild born bl9d1 or did
 he come into ! _w "u ?is calamity 9    
expiation ( ! iniquities ( a previ\s    
life8 ,jesus d5ies ! doctr9e involv$ 9  
?is int]rogation1 at lea/1 z f> z 8     
reply t\*es x at all2 = he r>ely ent]s  
into any discussion or refutation (     
incid5tal errors4 ,he says1 ,nei!r ha?  
?is man s9n$ nor 8 p>5ts z ! cause ( 8  
bl9dness2 b ! regul> work+s ( ! laws (  
,god are made manife/ 9 him3 moreov]1 x 
is a provid5tial occasion (f]$ me t ,i  
%\ld %[ ! div9ity ( my mission by giv+  
him sight4  ,:5 ,h]od he>d ( ! miracles 
& ! fame ( ,jesus1 he said1 ,?is is     
,john ! ,bapti/1 :om ,i behead$3 he is  

ris5 f ! dead2 & !re=e mighty works are 
wr\ght by him4 ,?is brief /atem5t pla9ly
 %[s t ! belief 9 ! reappe>ance ( a     
dep>t$ _s1 9 bodily =m1 to run ano!r    
c>e]1 0 extant 9 ,judea at t p]iod4 ,!  
,evangeli/s relate ano!r circum/ance to 
! same effect4 ,jesus ask$ 8 disciples  
:o ! p ?\ght he 04 ,& !y repli$1 ,"s ?9k
 t ?\ art ,john ! ,bapti/1 "s ,elias1 & 
"s ,j]emiah or "s o!r ( ! old prophets1 
a =]unn] ( ! ,messiah4 ,!n ,jesus ask$1 
,b :o ?9k ye t ,i am8 ,& ,simon ,pet]   
said1 ,?\ art ! promis$ ,messiah        
himself4 ,!re 0 a prophetic tradition   
among ! ,jews1 drawn f ! words (        
,mala*i1 t be=e ! ,messiah 0 reveal$    
,elias w\ld appe> & proclaim 8 com+4    
,!re=e1 :5 ! disciples ( ,*ri/ recognis$
 him z ! great ,ano9t$1 !y 7 tr\bl$ ab\t
 ?is prophecy1 & said to _! ,ma/]1 ,:y d
 ! ,scribes say t ,elias mu/ fir/ come8 
,he replies to !m1 9 sub/ance1 ,x is ev5
 s3 ! prophet's words %all n fail3 !y   
are already fulfill$4 ,b y mu/ int]pret 
! prophecy aright4 ,x does n mean t !   

anci5t prophet himself1 9 physical =m1  
%all come ^u e>?1 b t "o ) 8 (fice1 9 8 
_s & p[]1 %all g be=e me4 ,if ye are    
able to und]/& ! true import ( !        
promise1 x has be5 realiz$4 ,john !     
,bapti/ is ! ,elias :i* 0 to come4 ,!   
,new ,te/am5t1 !re=e1 has allusions to !
 doctr9e ( transmigration1 b gives x no 
w>rant4  ,! ,jewi% expectations 9 reg>d 
to ! ,messiah1 ! nature ( 8 k+dom1 & !  
ev5ts :i* !y suppos$ w\ld att5d 8 com+  
or transpire dur+ 8 reign1 7 ! s\rce &  
f\ndation ( ! phraseology ( a great _m  
passages 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures & ( ! 
s5se ( n a few4 ,! national ideas &     
hopes ( ! ,jews at t "t 7 s+ul>ly int5se
 & ext5sive4 ,_! influ5ce ov] ! imm$iate
 disciples ( ,jesus & ! au?ors ( ! ,new 
,te/am5t is (t5 v evid5t 9 !            
int]pretations !y put ^u 8 tea*+s1 & 9  
_! own words4 ,/ill1 _! intellectual &  
spiritual obtus5ess to ! true drift ( _!
 ,ma/]'s ?\ghts 0 n s great1 _! mi/akes 
are nei!r s num]\s nor s gross1 z x is  
frequ5tly suppos$ !y 74 ,?is is prov$ by

 ! fact t :5 !y use ! language ( !      
,messianic expectations ( ! ,jews 9 _!  
writ+s !y (t5 d x1 n 9 ! mat]ial1 b 9 a 
spiritual s5se4 ,:5 !y fir/ came "u !   
in/ruction ( ,jesus1 !y 7 fully imbu$ ) 
! common notions ( _! nation & age4 ,by 
8 influ5ce _! ideas 7 sl[ly & ) great   
difficulty spiritualiz$ & made to       
approa* 8 own 9 "s degree4 ,b x is      
unque/ionably true t !y nev] n ev5 aft] 
8 dea? arriv$ at a cle> appreciation ( !
 full sublimity1 ! pure spirituality1 ! 
ultimate significance1 ( 8 mission & 8  
words4 ,/ill1 !y did ca/ (f & rise above
 ! grossly c>nal expectations ( _!      
c\ntrym54 ,p>tially in/ruct$ 9 !        
spiritual nature ( ,*ri/'s k+dom1 &     
p>tially biass$ by _! ,jewi%            
prepossessions1 !y int]pret$ a "p ( 8   
language figuratively1 accord+ to 8 real
 mean+1 & a "p ( x lit]ally1 accord+ to 
_! own notions4 ,! result ( ?is 0 sev]al
 doctr9es nei!r taught by ,*ri/ nor held
 by ! ,jews1 b =m$ by conjo9+ &         
elaborat+ a portion ( ! conceptions (   

bo?4 ,^! doctr9es are to be f\nd 9 !    
,new ,te/am5t2 b x %\ld be di/9ctly     
und]/ood t ! religion ( ,*ri/ is n      
responsible = !m1 is to be sep>at$ f !m4
  ,! fundam5tal & p]vad+ aim ( t epi/le 
( ,pet] ! g5u95ess ( :i* is unque/ion$ &
 ! same is true 9 a great degree ( 8    
spee*es record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les  
is to exhort ! ,*ri/ians to :om x is    
writt5 to purify !mselves by fai?1 love1
 & good works2 to /& firmly amid/ all _!
 tribulations1 support$ by !            
expectations & prep>$ to meet !         
conditions ( a glori\s life 9 heav5 at !
 close ( ?is life4 ,es*atology1 !       
doctr9e ( ! ,la/ ,?+s1 ) its practical  
inf]5ces1 all insep>ably int]wov5 ) !   
mission ( ,*ri/1 =ms ! basis & scope ( !
 :ole docum5t4  ,pet] believ$ t :5 ,*ri/
 _h be5 put to dea? 8 _s1 surviv+1      
desc5d$ into ! sep>ate /ate ( dep>t$    
s\ls4 ,hav+ cit$ f ! sixte5? ,psalm !   
decl>ation1 ,?\ wilt n leave my s\l 9 ! 
"u _w1 he says x 0 a prophecy conc]n+   
,*ri/1 :i* 0 fulfill$ 9 8 resurrection4 

,! s\l ( ?is ,jesus 0 n left 9 ! "u _w1 
b ,god ha? rais$ him up1 :]e( we all are
 witnesses4 ,:5 x is writt5 t 8 s\l 0 n 
left 9 ! subt]ranean abode ( disembodi$ 
spirits1 ( c\rse ! inf]5ce _c be avoid$ 
t x 0 suppos$ to h be5 !re = a "t4  ,9 !
 next place1 we are w>rant$ by sev]al   
consid]ations 9 ass]t+ t ,pet] believ$ t
 d[n !re1 9 ! gloomy realm ( %ades1 7   
ga!r$ & deta9$ ! s\ls ( all ! dead      
g5]ations4 ,we attribute ?is view to    
,pet] f ! comb9$ =ce ( ! foll[+ reasons3
 because su* 01 notori\sly1 ! belief ( 8
 ance/ral & contempor>y c\ntrym52       
because he speaks ( ! resurrection (    
,jesus z if x 7 a wond]ful prophecy or  
unp>allel$ miracle1 a signal & mo/      
significant exception to ! univ]sal law2
 because he says expressly ( ,david t he
 is n yet asc5d$ into ! heav5s1 & if    
,david 0 /ill reta9$ bel[1 und\bt$ly all
 72 because ! same doctr9e is pla9ly    
inculcat$ by o!r ( ! ,new ,te/am5t      
writ]s2 &1 f9ally1 because ,pet]        
himself1 9 ano!r "p ( ?is epi/le1       

decl>es1 9 unequivocal t]ms1 t ! s\l (  
,*ri/ w5t & prea*$ to ! s\ls conf9$ 9 ! 
"u _w1 = su* is ! p]spicu\s mean+ ( !   
fam\s text1 be+ put to dea? 9 ! body1 b 
kept alive 9 ! s\l1 9 :i* also he w5t & 
prea*$ w5t z a h]ald to ! spirits 9     
prison4 ,! mean+ we h attribut$ to ?is  
celebrat$ passage is ! simple & consi/5t
 explanation ( ! words & ! context1 & is
 :at mu/ h be5 convey$ to ^? famili> ) !
 receiv$ op9ions ( t "t4 ,accord+ly1 we 
f9d t1 ) ! exception ( ,augu/9e1 x 0 s  
und]/ood & int]pret$ by ! :ole body ( ! 
,fa!rs4#a ,x is likewise s held n[ by an
 imm5se majority ( ! mo/ au?oritative   
mod]n comm5tators4 ,ros5mull] says1 9 8 
comm5t>y on ?is text1 ,t by ! spirits 9 
prison is meant s\ls ( m5 sep>at$ f _!  
bodies & deta9$ z 9 cu/ody 9 ! "u _w1   
:i* ! ,greeks call ,hades1 ! ,hebrews   
,%eol1 c h>dly be d\bt$1 7vix dubit>i   
posse videtur47 ,su* has ev] be5 & /ill 
is ! common conclusion ( ne>ly all ! be/
 critical !ologians1 z volumes (        
citations might easily be made to %[4 ,!

 reasons :i* l$ ,augu/9e to give a      
diff]5t exposition ( ! text be=e u are  
su* z %\ld make1 9 ?is case1 ev5 8 great
 "n h little or no weight4 ,he firmly   
held1 z reveal$ & unque/ionable tru?1#b 
! :ole doctr9e :i* we ma9ta9 is impli$ 9
 ! pres5t passage2 b he 0 s p]plex$ by  
c]ta9 difficult qu]ies#c z to locality &
 me?od & circum/ance1 address$ to him ) 
ref]5ce to ?is text1 t he1 wav]+ly1 & at
 la/1 gave x an allegorical             
int]pretation4 ,8 exegesis is n only    
arbitr>y & oppos$ to ! ca?olic doctr9e (
 ! ,*ur*2 x is also s f> fet*$ & =c$ z  
to be de/itute (  #a ,see1 = example1   
,clem4 ,alex4 ,/romata1 lib4 vi42       
,cyprian1 ,te/4 adv4 ,judaos1 lib4 ii4  
cap4 #bg1 ,lactantius1 ,div94 ,in/it4   
lib4 vii4 cap4 #bj4  #b ,epi/4 ,,xcix4  
#c ,ibid4   plausibility4 ,he says !    
spirits 9 prison may be ! s\ls ( m5     
conf9$ 9 _! bodies "h 9 ?is life1 to    
prea* to :om ,*ri/ came f heav54 ,b !   
c>eful read] w obs]ve t ,pet] speaks z  
if ! spirits 7 collect$ & kept 9 "o     

common cu/ody1 ref]s to ! spirits ( a   
g5]ation long ago dep>t$ to ! dead1 &   
repres5ts ! prea*+ z tak+ place 9 !     
int]val betwe5 ,*ri/'s dea? & 8         
resurrection4 ,a glance f ! eighte5? to 
! tw5ty second v]se inclusive %[s       
indisputably t ! ord] ( ev5ts n>rat$ by 
! apo/le is ?is3 ,fir/1 ,*ri/ 0 put to  
dea? 9 ! fle%1 suff]+ = s9s1 ! j = !    
unju/2 secondly1 he 0 quick5$ 9 ! _s2   
?irdly1 he w5t & prea*$ to ! spirits 9  
prison2 f\r?ly1 he rose f ! dead2       
fif?ly1 he asc5d$ into heav54 ,h[ is x  
possible = any "o to d\bt t ! text "u   
consid]ation tea*es 8 subt]ranean       
mission dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 bodily burial8 
,9 ! exposition ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ put 
=? by ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& "u ,edw>d ,,vi41 
?is text 9 ,pet] 0 ref]r$ to z an       
au?oritative pro( ( ! article on ,*ri/'s
 desc5t into ! "u _w2 & :51 "s ye>s     
lat]1 ?atref]5ce 0 /rick5 out1          
notori\sly x 0 n because ! ,episcopal   
rul]s 7 conv9c$ ( a mi/ake1 b because !y
 _h become afraid ( ! associat$ ,romi%  

doctr9e ( purgatory4  ,if ,pet] believ$ 
z he und\bt$ly did t ,*ri/ aft] 8       
crucifixion desc5d$ to ! place ( dep>t$ 
spirits1 :at did he suppose 0 ! object (
 t desc5t8 ,calv9's !ory 0 t he w5t into
 hell 9 ord] t he might !re suff]       
vic>i\sly ! accumulat$ agonies due to ! 
,,lo/1 ?us placat+ ! j wra? ( ! ,fa!r & 
pur*as+ ! release ( ! elect4 ,a         
suffici5t refutation ( t dogma1 z to its
 philosophical basis1 is f\nd 9 its     
immorality1 its =5sic te*nicality4 ,z a 
mode ( expla9+ ! ,scriptures1 x is      
refut$ by ! fact t x is n[h]e pla9ly    
/at$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b is arbitr>ily 
con/ruct$ by =c$ & indirect inf]5ces f  
v>i\s obscure texts1 :i* texts c be     
p]fectly expla9$ )\t involv+ x at all4  
,= :at purpose1 !n1 0 x ?\ght t ,jesus  
w5t to ! imprison$ s\ls ( ! "u _w8 ,!   
mo/ natural supposition ! conception mo/
 9 h>mony ) ! "* & details ( ! re/ ( !  
s*eme & ) ! prevail+ ?\ght ( ! "t w\ld  
be t he w5t !re to rescue ! captives f  
_! sepul*ral bondage1 to conqu] dea? & !

 devil 9 _! own doma91 op5 ! doors1     
break ! *a9s1 proclaim good tid+s ( com+
 r$emption to ! spirits 9 prison1 &1    
ris+ !nce1 to asc5d to heav51 prep>+ !  
way = !m to foll[ ) him at 8 expect$    
return4 ,?is1 inde$1 is ! doctr9e ( !   
,judaiz+ apo/les1 ! unbrok5 ca?olic     
doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,paul writes to !    
,colossians1 & to ! ,ephesians1 t1 :5   
,*ri/ _h spoil$ ! pr9cipalities & p[]s (
 ! _w ( ! dead1 he asc5d$ up on high1   
lead+ a multitude ( captives4 ,pet]     
himself decl>es1 a little f>!r on 9 8   
epi/le1 t ! glad tid+s 7 prea*$ to !    
dead1 t1 ?\gh !y _h be5 p]secut$ &      
condemn$ 9 ! fle% by ! w ( m51 !y might 
be bless$ 9 ! _s by ! w ( ,god4#d ,*ri/ 
fulfill$ ! law (  #d ,see ,ros5mull]'s  
explanation 9 hoc loco4   dea?1#e       
desc5d+ to ! place ( sep>ate spirits1 t 
he might decl>e deliv]ance to ! quick & 
! dead by com+ triumphantly back & go+  
into heav51 an evid5t tok5 ( ! removal (
 ! p5alty ( s9 :i* hi!rto _h fatally    
doom$ all m5 to ! "u _w4#f  ,let u see  

if ?is w n enable u to expla9 ,pet]'s   
language satisfactorily4 ,dea?1 ) ! l[] 
resid5ce succe$+ x1 let x be rememb]$1  
01 accord+ to ! ,jewi% & apo/olic       
belief1 ! fruit ( s91 ! judgm5t pron\nc$
 on s94 ,b ,*ri/1 ,pet] says1 0 s9less4 
,he 0 a lamb )\t blemi% & )\t spot4 ,he 
did no s91 nei!r 0 guile f\nd 9 8 m\?4  
,!re=e he 0 n expos$ to dea? & ! "u _w  
on 8 own acc\nt4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 x is  
writt5 t he bore our s9s 9 8 own body on
 ! tree1 t he suff]$ = s9s1 ! j = !     
unju/1 9 ord] to give ! words _! cle>1  
full mean+ x is n necess>y to attribute 
to !m ! s5se ( a vic>i\s sacrifice (f]$ 
to qu5* ! ang] ( ,god or to furni%      
comp5sation = a brok5 comm&m5t2 b ?is   
s5se1 namely1 t al?\gh 9 8 s9lessness he
 0 exempt f dea?1 yet he suff]$ = u1 he 
volunt>ily di$1 ?us und]go+ = our sakes 
t :i* 0 to o!rs ! p5alty ( _! s94 ,!    
object ( 8 dy+ 0 n to conciliate !      
ali5at$ ,fa!r or to adju/ ! unbalanc$   
law3 x 0 to desc5d into ! realm ( !     
dead1 h]ald+ ,god's p>don to ! captives1

 & to return & rise into heav51 op5+ &  
%[+ to 8 disciples ! way ?i!r4 ,=1 ow+  
to 8 moral s9lessness1 or to 8 delegat$ 
omnipot5ce1 if he 7 once 9 ! abode ( !  
dead1 he mu/ return3 no?+ c\ld keep him 
!re4 ,epiphanius describes ! devil      
compla9+1 aft] ,*ri/ _h bur/ ?r\gh 8    
nets & dungeons1 ,mis]able me6 :at %all 
,i d8 ,i did n "k ,god 0 conceal$ 9 t   
body4 ,! son ( ,m>y has deceiv$ me4 ,i  
imag9$ he 0 a m]e man4#g ,9 an          
apocryphal writ+ ( v e>ly date1 :i* %[s 
"s ( ! op9ions abroad at t "t1 "o ( !   
*ief devils1 aft] ,*ri/ _h appe>$ 9     
hell1 cleav+ its grisly prisons f top to
 bottom & releas+ ! captives1 is        
repres5t$ upbraid+ ,satan 9 ^! t]ms3 ,o 
pr9ce ( all evil1 au?or ( dea?1 :y did/ 
?\ crucify & br+ d[n to our regions a   
p]son righte\s & s9less8 ,!reby ?\ ha/  
lo/ all ! s9n]s ( ! _w4#h ,aga91 9 an   
anci5t treatise on ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 we
 read z foll[s3 ,9 ! bait ( ,*ri/'s fle%
 0 secretly ins]t$ ! hook ( 8 div9ity4  
,?is ! devil knew n1 b1 suppos+ he mu/  

/ay :5 he 0  #e ,see ,k+'s ,hi/ory ( !  
,apo/les' ,cre$1 #c;d ed41 pp4 #bcd-bci4
 ,! purpose ( ,*ri/'s desc5t 0 to und]go
 ! laws ( dea?1 pass ?r\gh ! :ole       
exp]i5ce ( man1 conqu] ! devil1 break ! 
fett]s ( ! captives1 & fix a "t = _!    
resurrection4 ,to ! same effect1 old    
,hil>y1 ,bi%op ( ,poicti]s1 9 8 comm5t>y
 on ,psalm cxxxviii41 says1 ,x is a law 
( human necessity t1 ! body be+ buri$1 !
 s\l %\ld desc5d ad int]os4  #f         
,ambrose1 ,de ,fide1 etc41 lib4 iv4 cap4
 #a1 decl>es t no "o asc5d$ to heav5    
until ,*ri/1 by ! pl$ge ( 8             
resurrection1 solv$ ! *a9s ( ! "u _w &  
translat$ ! s\ls ( ! pi\s4 ,also ,cyril1
 ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 9 8 f\r?           
cate*etical lecture1 sect4 #aa1 affirms 
t ,*ri/ desc5d$ into ! "u _w to deliv]  
^? :o1 f ,adam d[nw>ds1 _h be5 imprison$
 !re4  #g ,9 ,assumptionem ,*ri/i4  #h  
,evan4 ,nicodemi1 cap4 xviii4   dev\r$1 
gre$ily swall[$ ! corpse1 & ! bolts ( ! 
ne!r _w 7 wr5*$ asund]1 & ! ensn>$      
dragon himself dragg$ f ! abyss4#i ,pet]

 himself explicitly decl>es1 ,x 0 n     
possible t he %\ld be held by dea?4     
,!odoret says1 ,:oev] d5ies !           
resurrection ( ,*ri/ rejects 8 dea?4#aj 
,if he di$1 he mu/ ne$s rise aga94 ,& 8 
resurrection w\ld demon/rate ! =giv5ess 
( s9s1 ! op5+ ( heav5 to m51 %[+ t !    
bond :i* _h b\nd 9 despair ! captives 9 
! regions ( dea? = s _m voiceless ages 0
 at la/ brok54 ,accord+ly1 ,god1 hav+   
loos$ ! *a9s ( ! "u _w1 rais$ him up &  
set him at 8 own "r h&4#aa  ,& n[ ! "q1 
n>r[$ d[n to ! smalle/ compass1 is ?is3 
,:at is ! precise1 real signification ( 
! sacrificial & o!r connect$ t]ms       
employ$ by ,pet]1  ^? phrases :i* n[1 by
 ! int5se associations ( a long "t1     
convey s /rong a ,calv9i/ic s5se to mo/ 
read]s8 ,pet] says1 ,ye "k t ye 7 r$eem$
 ) ! preci\s blood ( ,*ri/4 ,if !re 7 n 
s mu* indet]m9at5ess ( ?\ght1 s mu*     
un?9k+ reception ( traditional1 confus$ 
impressions ( ,scripture texts1 x w\ld  
be sup]flu\s to obs]ve t by ! ^w blood  
"h1 & 9 all p>allel passages1 is meant  

simply & lit]ally dea?3 ! m]e blood1 !  
m]e %$d+ ( ! blood1 ( ,*ri/1 ( c\rse1   
c\ld h no virtue1 no moral efficacy1 (  
any sort4 ,:5 ! infuriat$ ,jews cri$1 ,8
 blood be on u1 & on our *ildr56 !y     
meant1 ,let ! responsibility ( 8 dea?   
re/ on u4 ,:5 ! ,engli% hi/orian says1  
,sidney gave 8 blood = ! cause ( civil  
lib]ty1 ! mean+ is1 he di$ = x4 ,s1 no  
"o w d5y1 :5ev] ! ,new ,te/am5t speaks 9
 any way ( r$emption by ! blood ( !     
crucifi$ ,son ( ,man1 ! unque/ionable   
mean+ is1 r$emption by 8 dea?4 ,:at1 !n1
 does ! phrase r$emption by ! dea? (    
,*ri/ mean8 ,let x be not$ "h let x be  
p>ticul>ly notic$ t ! ,new ,te/am5t     
n[h]e 9 explicit t]ms expla9s ! mean+ ( 
?is & ! k9dr$ phrases3 x simply uses !  
phrases )\t int]pret+ !m4 ,!y are       
rhetorical figures ( spee*1 necess>ily1 
^u :atev] !ological sy/em we reg>d !m4  
,no s9n] is lit]ally wa%$ f 8           
transgressions & guilt 9 ! blood ( !    
slaught]$ ,lamb4 ,^! expressions1 !n1   
are poetic images1 meant to convey a    

tru? 9 ! language ( association & feel+1
 ! tradition>y language ( imag9ation4 ,!
 det]m9ation ( _! precise significance  
is :olly a matt] ( fallible human       
con/ruction & inf]5ce1 & n a matt] (    
inspir$ /atem5t or div9e revelation4    
,?is is s1 beyond a "q1 because1 we     
repeat1 !y are figures ( spee*1 hav+ no 
direct explanation 9 ! records :]e !y   
occur4 ,! ,calv9i/ic view ( ! atonem5t 0
 a !ory devis$ to expla9 ?is scriptural 
language4 ,x 0 devis$ )\t suffici5t     
consid]ation ( ! peculi> notions & _s1 !
 peculi> grade ( culture1 & ! "t1 f :i* 
t language sprang4 ,we freely admit !   
inadequacy ( ! ,unit>ian  #i ,ruff9us1  
,expos4 9 ,symb4 ,apo/4  #aj ,comm4 9 #b
 ,tim4 ii4 #ai4  #aa ,by a mi/ake & a   
false read+1 ! common v]sion has ! pa9s 
( dea?1 in/ead ( ! *a9s ( ! "u _w4 ,!   
s5se requires ! latt]4 ,besides1 num]\s 
manuscripts read non ,,ascii *>act]s4   
,see1 fur!rmore1 ,ros5mull]'s ?or\gh    
criticism 9 loc4 ,likewise see          
,rob9son's ,new ,te/am5t ,greek         

,lexicon1 9 ,,nac4   doctr9e ( !        
atonem5t to expla9 ! figures ( spee* 9  
:i* ! apo/les decl>e _! doctr9e4 ,b1    
s9ce ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme 0 devis$ by     
human ?\ght to expla9 ! ,new ,te/am5t   
language1 any s*eme :i* expla9s t       
language z well has equal ,scripture    
claims to cr$5ce2 any :i* bett] expla9s 
x1 ) %>p]1 broad] mean+ & few]          
difficulties1 has sup]ior claims to be  
receiv$4  ,we are n[ prep>$ to /ate :at 
we believe 0 ! mean+ orig9ally associat$
 )1 & meant to be convey$ by1 ! phrases 
equival5t to r$emption by ! dea? (      
,*ri/4 ,9 consequ5ce ( s91 ! s\ls ( all 
mank9d1 aft] leav+ ! body1 7 %ut up 9 ! 
oblivi\s gloom ( ! "u _w4 ,*ri/ alone1  
by virtue ( 8 p]fect hol9ess1 0 n       
subject to any "p ( ?is fate4 ,b1 9     
fulfilm5t ( ! ,fa!r's graci\s designs1  
he will+ly submitt$1 ^u leav+ ! body1 to
 g among ! dead1 t he might decl>e !    
good tid+s to !m1 & bur/ ! b>s (        
d>kness1 & return to life1 & rise into  
heav5 z a pl$ge ( ! future translation (

 ! fai?ful to t cele/ial _w1 in/ead ( _!
 bani%m5t into ! dismal bondage bel[1 z 
hi!rto4 ,! dea? ( ,*ri/1 !n1 0 !        
r$emption ( s9n]s1 9 t 8 dea? impli$ 8  
asc5t1 because x 0 n possible t he %\ld 
be hold5 ( dea?2 & 8 asc5sion visibly   
demon/rat$ ! tru? t ,god _h =giv5 m5 _! 
s9s & w\ld receive _! s\ls to 8 own     
abode on high4  ,?ree v /rong           
confirmations ( ! correctness ( ?is     
int]pretation are af=d$ 9 ! decl>ations 
( ,pet]4 ,fir/1 he nev] ev5 h9ts1 9 !   
fa9te/ mann]1 t ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 to h   
any effect on ,god1 any p[] to *ange 8  
feel+ or 8 gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 n to make a   
pur*as+ expiation = s9s & ?us to        
reconcile ,god to u2 b x 01 by a        
revelation ( ! ,fa!r's freely p>don+    
love1 to give u p5it5ce1 purification1  
confid5ce1 & a reg5]at+ piety1 & s to   
reconcile u to ,god4 ,he says 9 "o      
place1 9 emphatic words1 t ! express    
purpose ( ,*ri/'s dea? 0 simply t he    
might lead u to ,god4 ,9 ! same /ra91 9 
ano!r place1 he def9es ! object (       

,*ri/'s dea? to be t we1 be+ deliv]$ f  
s9s1 %\ld live unto righte\sness4 ,x is 
pla9 t 9 lit]al reality he ref]s our    
m>vell\s salvation to ! volunt>y        
goodness ( ,god1 & n to any vic>i\s     
ransom paid 9 ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 :5 he
 says1 ,! ,god ( all grace ha? call$ u  
unto 8 et]nal glory by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! 
dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 n1 !n1 to appease ! fi]ce
 ju/ice ( ,god by rectify+ ! claims ( 8 
inexorable law1 b x 0 to call out &     
e/abli% 9 m5 all moral virtues by ! p[] 
( fai? 9 ! sure gift ( et]nal life seal$
 to !m ?r\gh ! asc5sion ( ! ,savior4    
,=1 secondly1 ! practical inf]5ces drawn
 by ,pet] f ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 & !         
exhortations f\nd$ ^u x1 are inconsi/5t 
) ! prevail+ !ory ( ! atonem5t4 ,^u t   
view ! apo/le w\ld h said1 ,*ri/ has    
paid ! debt & secur$ a seat 9 heav5 = y1
 elect$ ones3 !re=e believe 9 !         
suffici5cy ( 8 (f]+s1 & exult4 ,b n s4  
,he calls on u 9 ?is wise3 ,=asmu* z    
,*ri/ ha? suff]$ = u1 arm y\rselves ) ! 
same m9d4 ,*ri/ suff]$ = y1 leav+ an    

example t ye %\ld foll[ 8 /eps4 ,! :ole 
burd5 ( 8 practical argum5t bas$ on !   
mission ( ,*ri/ is1 ! obligation ( a    
religi\s _s & ( pure morals4 ,he does n 
speak1 z _m mod]n sect>i/s h spok51 ( ! 
fil?y rags ( righte\sness2 b he says1   
,live no long] 9 s9s1 h a meek & quiet  
_s1 :i* is 9 ! sight ( ,god ( great     
price1 be ye holy 9 all mann] (         
conv]sation1 purify y\r s\ls by ob$i5ce 
to ! tru?1 be ye a holy prie/hood to (f]
 up spiritual sacrifices1 h a good      
consci5ce1 avoid evil & d good1 above   
all1 h f]v5t love1 = love w cov] a      
multitude ( s9s4 ,no c&id p]son c p]use 
! epi/le & n see t ! great moral d$uc$ 9
 x f ! mission ( ,*ri/ is ?is3 ,s9ce    
heav5 is (f]$ y1 /rive by p]sonal virtue
 to be prep>$ = x at ! judgm5t :i* %all 
soon come4 ,! disciple is n told to tru/
 9 ! m]its ( ,jesus2 b he is urg$ to    
ab/a9 f evil1 & sanctify ! ,"l ,god 9 8 
he>t1 & love ! bre?r51 & obey ! laws1 & 
d well1 gird+ up ! lo9s ( 8 m9d 9       
sobriety & hope4 ,?is is n ,calv9ism4   

,! ?ird =tification ( ?is exposition is 
furni%$ by ! foll[+ fact4 ,accord+ to   
our view1 ! dea? ( ,*ri/ is emphasiz$1 n
 on acc\nt ( any importance 9 itself1 b 
z ! necess>y condition prelim9>y to 8   
resurrection1 ! humiliat+ prelude to 8  
glori\s asc5t into heav54 ,! really     
ess5tial1 significant ?+ is n 8 suff]+1 
vic>i\s dea?1 b 8 triumph+1 typical     
asc5sion4 ,n[1 ! pla91 repeat$ /atem5ts 
( ,pet] /rik+ly co9cide ) ?is           
repres5tation4 ,he says1 ,god rais$     
,*ri/ up f ! dead1 & gave him glory1 t  
is1 receiv$ him into heav51 t y\r fai? &
 hope might be 9 ,god4 ,aga9 he writes1 
,bless$ be ,god1 :o accord+ to 8        
abundant m]cy ha? begott5 u aga9 unto a 
lively hope by ! resurrection ( ,jesus  
,*ri/ f ! dead unto an incorruptible    
inh]itance 9 heav54 ,/ill aga91 he      
decl>es t ! figure ( baptism1 signify+  
!reby ! answ] ( a good consci5ce t[>d   
,god1 saves u by ! resurrection ( ,jesus
 ,*ri/1 :o is gone into heav54 ,accord+ 
to ! commonly receiv$ doctr9e1 in/ead ( 

^! la/ words ! apo/le ought to h said1  
saves u by ! dea? ( him :o suff]$ 9     
expiation ( our s9s4 ,he does n say s4  
,f9ally1 9 ! intrepid spee* t ,pet] made
 be=e ! ,jewi% c\ncil1 ref]r+ to _!     
wick$ crucifixion ( ,jesus1 he says1    
,him ha? ,god rais$ up to 8 own "r h&1  
to be a ,lead] & a ,savior1 to give     
rep5tance to ,israel & =giv5ess ( s9s4  
,h[ pla9ly remission ( s9s is "h        
pr$icat$1 n ?r\gh ,*ri/'s ignom9i\s     
suff]+1 b ?r\gh 8 heav5ly exaltation6 ,t
 exaltation %[$ 9 dramatic pro( t by    
,god's grace ! dom9ion ( ! l[] _w 0 ab\t
 to be brok5 & an access to ! cele/ial  
_w to be v\*saf$4  ,if ,*ri/ b\ght (f   
our m]it$ puni%m5t & e>n$ our           
acceptance1 !n salvation c no m be      
reckon$ ( grace1 b ( debt4 ,b ! :ole    
,new ,te/am5t doctr9e is1 t s9n]s are   
ju/ifi$ freely ?r\gh ! r$emption t is 9 
,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,! r$emption t is 9 ,*ri/6
 ,take ^! words lit]ally1 & !y yield no 
intelligible mean+4 ,! s5se int5d$ to be
 convey$ or sugge/$ by !m dep5ds on     

int]pretation2 & "h disagreem5t arises4 
,! ,calv9i/ says !y mean ! r$emption    
und]tak51 a*iev$1 by ,*ri/4 ,we say !y  
mean ! r$emption proclaim$1 br\ght to   
light1 by ,*ri/4 ,! latt] explanation is
 z close to ! language z ! =m]4 ,nei!r  
is unequivocally e/abli%$ by ! /atem5t  
itself4 ,we ought !re=e to adopt ! "o   
:i* is at once mo/ rational & plausible 
9 itself1 & mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! peculi>    
op9ions & culture ( ! p]son by :om1 & ( 
! "t :51 ! docum5t 0 writt54 ,all ^!    
consid]ations1 hi/orical1 philosophical1
 & moral1 und5iably favor our           
int]pretation1 leav+ no?+ to support !  
o!r save ! popul> !ological belief (    
mod]n ,prote/ant ,*ri/5dom1 a belief :i*
 is ! gradual product ( a few great1    
mi/ak5 tea*]s l ,augu/9e & ,calv94  ,we 
d n f9d ! slighte/ difficulty 9 expla9+ 
%>ply & broadly1 ) all its niceties (   
phraseology1 ea* "o ( ! texts urg$ 9    
behalf ( ! preval5t doctr9e ( !         
atonem5t1 )\t involv+ ! ess5tial        
features ( t doctr9e4 ,?ree demon/rable 

ass]tions ( fact af=d u all ! requisite 
mat]ials4 ,fir/1 x 0 a preval5t belief )
 ! ,jews1 t1 s9ce dea? 0 ! p5alty ( s91 
! suff]+ ( dea? 0 9 itself expiatory ( !
 s9s ( ! dy+ man4#ab ,lightfoot says1 ,x
 is a common & mo/ kn[n doctr9e ( !     
,talmudi/s1 t rep5tance & ritual        
sacrifice expiate "s s9s1 dea? ! re/4   
,dea? wipes (f all unexpiat$ s9s4#ac    
,?oluck says1 ,x 0 a ,jewi% op9ion t !  
dea? ( ! j aton$ = ! p4#ad ,he quotes f 
! ,talmud an explicit ass]tion to t     
effect1 & ref]s to sev]al le>n$         
au?orities = fur!r citations &          
confirmations4  ,secondly1 ! apo/les    
conceiv$ ,*ri/ to be s9less1 &          
consequ5tly n on 8 own acc\nt expos$ to 
dea? & subject to ,hades4 ,if1 !n1 dea? 
0 an atonem5t = s9s1 & he 0 s9less1 8   
volunt>y dea? 0 expiatory = ! s9s ( !   
_w2 n 9 an arbitr>y & unhe>d ( way1     
accord+ to ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme1 b 9 !    
common way1 accord+ to a ,ph>isaic      
notion4 ,& ?irdly1 x 0 p>tly a ,jewi%   
expectation conc]n+ ! ,messiah t he     

w\ld1#ae & p>tly an apo/olic conviction 
conc]n+ ,*ri/ t he did1 break ! bolts ( 
! old ,hadean prison & op5 ! way = human
 asc5t to heav54 ,z ,j]ome says1 ,be=e  
,*ri/ ,abraham 0 9 hell1 aft] ,*ri/ !   
crucifi$ ?ief 0 9 p>adise2#af = until ! 
adv5t ( ,*ri/ all alike w5t d[n into !  
"u _w1 heav5 be+ %ut until ,*ri/ ?rew   
aside ! flam+ sword t turn$ e way4#ag   
,^! ?ree ?\ghts t dea? is ! expiatory   
p5alty ( s91 t ,*ri/ 0 himself s9less1 t
 he di$ z ,god's envoy to release !     
prison]s ( gloom & be _! pione] to bliss
 leave no?+ to be desir$ 9 expla9+ !    
sacrificial t]ms & k9dr$ phrases employ$
 by ! apo/les 9 ref]5ce to 8 mission4   
,)\t "q1 ,pet]1 l 8 companions1 look$ = 
! spe$y return ( ,*ri/ f heav5 to judge 
all1 & to save ! wor?y4 ,indications (  
?is belief are num]\sly af=d$ 9 8 words4
 ,! end ( all ?+s is at h&3 be ye !re=e 
sob] & wat* unto pray]4 ,y %all give    
acc\nt to him t is ready to judge !     
quick & ! dead4 ,"h ! common idea ( t "t
 namely1 t ! resurrection ( ! captives (

 !  #ab ,witsius1 ,diss]tatio de ,seculo
 hoc et futuro1 sect4 #h4  #ac          
,lightfoot on ,matt4 xii4 #cb4  #ad     
,comm4 on ,john i4 #bi4  #ae ,god %all  
lib]ate ! ,israelites f ! "u _w4        
,b]?oldt's ,*ri/ologia ,judaorum1 sect4 
xxxiv41 7,de desc5su ,messia ad         
,inf]os17 note #b4 ,! captives %all     
asc5d f ! "u _w1 ,%e*9ah at _! head4    
,s*oettg5 de ,messia1 lib4 vi4 cap4 #e1 
sect4 #a4  #af ,see 8 ,lett] to         
,heliodorus1 ,epiat4 ,,xxxv41 ,b5$ict4  
ed4  #ag ,comm4 9 ,eccles4 cap4 iii4    
#ba1 et cap4 ix4   "u _w w\ld occur at !
 return ( ,*ri/ is und\bt$ly impli$4    
,salvation is n[ ready to be reveal$ 9 !
 la/ "t4 ,t y\r fai? may be f\nd unto   
praise & honor & glory at ! appe>+ (    
,jesus ,*ri/4 ,be sob]1 & hope to ! end 
= ! grace t is to be br\ght unto y at ! 
revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,be ye       
examples to ! flock1 & :5 ! *ief ,%eph]d
 %all appe> ye %all receive an unfad+   
cr[n ( glory4 ,god %all s5d ,jesus      
,*ri/1 4 4 4 :om ! heav5s mu/ receive   

until ! times ( ! re/itution ( all ?+s4 
,x is evid5t t ! au?or ( ^! passages    
expect$ ! second com+ ( ! ,"l ,jesus to 
consummate ! affairs ( 8 k+dom4  ,if !  
apo/le _h =m$ def9ite conclusions z to !
 f9al fate ( unbeliev+1 wick$1 reprobate
 m51 he has n /at$ !m4 ,he und5iably    
implies c]ta9 g5]al facts ^u ! subject1 
b leaves all ! details 9 obscurity4 ,he 
adjures 8 read]s ) exce$+ e>ne/ness he  
ov] & ov] aga9 adjures !m to =sake e    
mann] ( s9ful life1 to /rive = e k9d (  
righte\s conv]sation1 t by fai? &       
goodness !y may receive ! salvation ( _!
 s\ls4 ,he mu/ h suppos$ an opposite    
fate 9 "s sort to imp5d ov] ^? :o did   
o!rwise1 reject+ ,*ri/1 revell+ 9       
lascivi\sness & idolatry4 ,ev]y:]e he   
makes ! di/9ction betwe5 ! fai?ful & !  
wick$ prom95t1 & pres5ts ! idea t ,*ri/ 
%all come to judge !m bo?1 & %all rew>d 
! =m] ) gladness1 cr[ns1 & glory2 :ile x
 is j z cle>ly impli$ z if he _h said x 
t ! latt] %all be condemn$ & puni%$4 ,:5
 a judge sits 9 trial on ! good & ! bad1

 & accepts ^?1 pla9ly ! inf]5ce is t he 
rejects ^!1 unless ! contr>y be /at$4   
,:at _! doom is 9 its nature1 :at 9 its 
duration1 is nei!r decl>$1 nor inf]rible
 f :at is decl>$4 ,all t ! writ] says on
 ?is po9t is sub/antially repeat$ or    
conta9$ 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( 8 epi/le1 f    
v]ses #ab to #ai4 ,a slight explanatory 
p>aphrase ( x w make ! position cle> s  
f> z x c be made cle>4 ,*ri/ian         
believ]s1 9 ! fi]y trials :i* are to try
 y1 /& firm1 ev5 rejoic+ t y are fell[  
suff]]s ) ,*ri/1 a pl$ge t :5 8 glory is
 reveal$ y %all p>take ( x ) him4 ,see  
to x t y are free f crime1 free f s9s = 
:i* y ought to suff]2 !n1 if p]secut$ & 
sla9 = y\r ,*ri/ian pr(ession & virtues1
 falt] n4 ,! t]rible "t prec$+ ! second 
adv5t ( y\r ,ma/] is at h&4 ,! suff]+s (
 t "t w beg9 ) ! ,*ri/ian h\sehold2 b h[
 mu* m dreadful w be ! suff]+s ( ! close
 ( t "t among ! disob$i5t t spurn !     
gospel ( ,god6 ,if ! righte\s %all )    
great difficulty be snat*$ f ! p]ils &  
woes encompass+ t "t1 surely x w happ5 v

 mu* worse ) ungodly s9n]s4 ,!re=e let  
all :o suff] 9 ob$i5ce to ,god commit ! 
keep+ ( _! s\ls to him 9 well do+4  ,!  
s\ls ( m5 7 conf9$ 9 ! "u _w = s94 ,*ri/
 came to turn m5 f s9 & despair to      
hol9ess & a reconcil+ fai? 9 ,god4 ,he  
w5t to ! dead to decl>e to !m ! good    
tid+s ( p>don & approa*+ deliv]ance     
?r\gh ! free grace ( ,god4 ,he rose into
 heav5 to demon/rate & visibly exhibit !
 r$emption ( m5 f ! "u _w doom ( s9n]s4 
,he 0 soon to return to ! e>? to        
complete ! unf9i%$ "w ( 8 commission$   
k+dom4 ,8 accept$ ones %\ld !n be tak5  
to glory & rew>d4 ,! reject$ ones %\ld  
,_! fate is left 9 gloom1 )\t a def9ite 
clew4  ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a  
,,future ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to   
,,! ,,hebrews4  ,,! ,epi/le to !        
,hebrews 0 writt5 by "s p]son :o 0      
orig9ally a ,jew1 aft]w>ds a zeal\s     
,*ri/ian4 ,he 0 unque/ionably a man (   
rem>kable tal5t & eloqu5ce & ( l(ty     
religi\s views & feel+s4 ,he liv$ 9 ! "t
 ( ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,jesus1 &       

app>5tly 0 acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,! individual 
au?or%ip x is n[ impossible to det]m9e )
 c]ta9ty4 ,_m ( ! mo/ le>n$1            
unprejudic$1 & able critics h ascrib$ x 
to ,apollos1 an ,alex&rian ,jew1 a      
compe] ( ,paul & a fell[ citiz5 (       
,philo4 ,?is op9ion is m probable ?an   
any o!r4 ,inde$1 s num]\s are !         
resemblances ( ?\ghts & words 9 ! writ+s
 ( ,philo to ^? 9 ?is epi/le1 t ev5 !   
wild conjecture has be5 haz>d$ t ,philo 
himself at la/ became a ,*ri/ian & wrote
 to 8 ,hebrew c\ntrym5 ! essay :i* has  
s9ce commonly pass$ = ,paul's4 ,no "o c 
exam9e ! hundr$s ( illu/rations ( !     
epi/le ga!r$ f ,philo by ,c>pzov1 9 8   
le>n$ b ill reason$ "w1 )\t be+ greatly 
impress$4 ,! supposition :i* has        
repeat$ly be5 accept$ & urg$1 t ?is     
composition 0 fir/ writt5 9 ,hebrew1 &  
aft]w>ds translat$ into ,greek by ano!r 
p]son1 is absurd1 9 view ( ! ma/]ly     
skill & eloqu5ce1 critical niceties1 &  
felicities 9 ! use ( language1 display$ 
9 x4 ,we c\ld easily fill a p>agraph ) !

 names ( ^? em95t 9 ! ,*ur* su* z       
,t]tullian1 ,hippolytus1 ,erasmus1      
,lu!r1 ,le ,cl]c1 & ,ne&] :o h conclud$ 
t1 :oev] ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to !       
,hebrews 01 he 0 n ,paul4 ,! li/ ( ^?   
names w\ld rea* f ! ,egyptian ,orig51 ^:
 c&or & erudition 7 )\t p>allel 9 8 age1
 to ! ,g]man ,bleek1 ^: ma/]ly &        
exhau/ive "w is a monum5t ( unit$ tal5t 
& toil1 leav+ little to be desir$4 ,x is
 n )9 our pres5t aim to argue ?is po9t3 
we w !re=e simply ref] ! read] to !     
?or\gh & unansw]able discussion &       
settlem5t ( x by ,norton4#a  ,! g5]al   
object ( ! composition is1 by %[+ !     
sup]iority ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em to !      
,hebrew1 to arm ! conv]ts f ,judaism to 
:om x is address$ aga9/ ! temptations to
 des]t ! fulfill+ fai? ( ,*ri/ & to     
return to ! emblematic fai? ( _! fa!rs4 
,?is aim gives a p]vad+ ca/ & color to !
 entire treatm5t to ! reason+ &         
especially to ! *os5 imag]y ( ! epi/le4 
,omitt+1 = ! mo/ "p1 :atev] is n        
ess5tially int]wov5 ) ! subject ( dea?1 

! resurrection1 & future exi/5ce1 & ) ! 
mission ( ,*ri/ 9 relation to ^?        
subjects1 we advance to ! consid]ation (
 ! views :i* ! epi/le pres5ts or implies
 conc]n+ ^? po9ts4 ,x is to be premis$ t
 we are =c$ to con/ruct f fragm5ts &    
h9ts ! !ological fabric t /ood 9 ! m9d (
 ! writ]4 ,! sugge/ion also is q obvi\s 
t1 s9ce ! lett] is address$ solely to ! 
,hebrews & describes ,*ri/ianity z !    
completion (  #a ,*ri/ian ,exam9]1 vols4
 = #ahbg #bi4   ,judaism1 an acqua9tance
 ) ! *>act]i/ic ,hebrew op9ions & hopes 
at t "t may be indisp5sable = a full    
compreh5sion ( its cont5ts4  ,! view ( !
 intr9sic nature & rank ( ,*ri/ on :i* !
 epi/le re/s seems v pla9ly to be t     
great ,logos doctr9e :i* float$ 9 !     
philosophy ( ! apo/olic age & is s fully
 develop$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john3 ,! ,logos
 ( ,god1 alive1 en]getic1 irresi/ibly   
pi]c+1 to ^: eyes all ?+s are b>e & op52
 fir/ begott5 ( ,god2 fai?ful to ,him t 
made him2 inf]ior to ,god1 sup]ior to   
all beside2 by :om ,god made ! worlds2  

^: seat is at ! "r h& ( ,god1 ! angels  
look+ up to him1 & ! _w to come put 9   
subjection to him4 ,! au?or1 ?us assum+ 
! imm5sely sup] human rank & ! pre      
exi/5ce ( ,*ri/1 tea*es t1 by ! good w (
 ,god1 he desc5d$ to ! _w 9 ! =m ( a    
man1 to save !m t 7 )\t fai? & 9 fe>1 !m
 t 7 lo/ ?r\gh s94 ,god br+e? 9 ! fir/  
begott5 into ! _w4 ,:5 he come? into !  
_w he sai?1 ,sacrifice & (f]+ ?\ w\lde/ 
n1 b a body ha/ ?\ prep>$ = me4 ,jesus 0
 made a little :ile inf]ior to ! angels4
 ,=asmu*1 !n1 z ! *ildr5 are p>tak]s (  
fle% & blood1 he also himself likewise  
p>took ( ! same2 t is1 9 ord] to pass   
?r\gh an exp]i5ce l t ( ^? :om he wi%$  
to deliv]1 he assum$ _! nature4 ,he     
take? n hold ( angels1 b he take? hold (
 ! se$ ( ,abraham3 9 o!r words1 he aim$ 
n to assi/ angels1 b m54 ,^! passages1  
tak5 9 connection ) ! :ole scope & drift
 ( ! docum5t 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 decl>e t
 ,jesus 0 a _s 9 heav51 b came to ! e>?1
 tak+ ^u him a mortal frame ( fle% &    
blood4  ,:y he did ?is is ! "q t        

naturally arises next4 ,we d n see h[ x 
is possible = any p]son to read ! epi/le
 ?r\gh intellig5tly1 9 ! light ( an     
adequate k ( contempor>y ,hebrew        
op9ions1 & n p]ceive t ! au?or's answ]  
to t inquiry is1 t ,*ri/ assum$ ! guise 
& fate ( humanity 9 ord] to die2 & di$ 9
 ord] to rise f ! dead2 & rose f ! dead 
9 ord] to asc5d to heav52 & asc5d$ to   
heav5 9 ord] to reveal ! grace ( ,god   
op5+ ! way = ! cele/ial exaltation &    
bless$ness ( ! s\ls ( fai?ful m54 ,we w 
comm5ce ! pro( & illu/ration ( ^!       
/atem5ts by br++ toge!r "s ( ! pr9cipal 
passages 9 ! epi/le :i* involve !       
objects ( ! mission ( ,*ri/1 & !n /at+ !
 ?\ght t *iefly und]lies & expla9s !m4  
,we see ,jesus :o 0 made a little :ile  
inf]ior to ! angels1 9 ord] t by !      
k9dness ( ,god he might ta/e dea? = e   
man ?r\gh ! suff]+ ( dea? cr[n$ ) glory 
& honor4 ,) ! be/ critics1 we h alt]$ ! 
arrangem5t ( ! clauses 9 ! =ego+ v]se1  
to make ! s5se cle>]4 ,! exact mean+ is1
 t ! exaltation ( ,*ri/ to heav5 aft] 8 

dea? au!nticat$ 8 mission1 %[$ t 8 dea? 
_h a div9e mean+ = m52 t is1 %[$ t !y   
also %\ld rise to heav54 ,:5 he _h by   
himself made a purification ( our s9s1  
he sat d[n at ! "r h& ( ! ,maje/y on    
high4 ,= ?is cause he is ! ,m$iator ( ! 
new cov5ant1 t1 8 dea? hav+ occurr$1 7= 
! r$emption ( ! transgressions "u ! fir/
 cov5ant17 !y :i* are call$ might ent]  
^u possession ( ! promis$ et]nal        
inh]itance4 ,! =ce ( ?is la/ passage1 ) 
its context1 turns on ! d\ble s5se ( !  
,greek ^w = cov5ant1 :i* likewise means 
a w4 ,sev]al /atem5ts 9 ! epi/le %[ !   
au?or's belief t ! subjects ( ! old     
disp5sation _h ! promise ( immortal life
 9 heav51 b _h nev] realiz$ ! ?+        
itself4#b ,n[1 he ma9ta9s ! purpose ( ! 
new disp5sation to be ! actual          
revelation & be/[m5t ( ! reality :i*    
anci5tly 0 only promis$ & typically     
=e%ad[$2 & 9 ! passage be=e u he figures
 ,*ri/ ! au?or ( ! ,*ri/ian cov5ant z ! 
mak] ( a w by :i* believ]s are appo9t$  
heirs ( a heav5ly immortality4 ,he !n   

foll[+ ! analogy ( te/am5t>y legacies & 
legatees  describes ^? heirs z ent]+ on 
possession ( t et]nal inh]itance by !   
dea? ( ! ,te/ator4 ,he 0 l$ to employ   
precisely ?is language by two obvi\s    
reasons3 fir/1 = ! sake ( t p>onomasia (
 :i* he 0 evid5tly fond2 secondly1 by ! 
fact t x really 0 ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ) !   
succe$+ resurrection & asc5sion1 :i*    
demon/rat$ bo? ! reality ( ! ?+ promis$ 
9 ! w & ! au?ority ( ! ,te/ator to be/[ 
x4  ,all ! expressions ?us f> cit$1 &   
k9dr$ ones scatt]$ ?r\gh ! "w1 convey a 
cle> & consi/5t mean+1 ) %>p outl9es &  
coh]5t details1 if we suppose _! au?or  
ent]ta9$ ! foll[+ g5]al !ory2 & o!rwise 
!y _c be satisfactorily expla9$4 ,a     
dreadful fe> ( dea?1 introduc$ by s91 0 
tyranniz+ ov] m54 ,9 consequ5ce (       
consci\s ali5ation f ,god ?r\gh         
transgressions1 !y %udd]$ at dea?4 ,!   
writ] does n say :at !re 0 9 dea? t made
 x s fe>$2 b we "k t ! prevail+ ,hebrew 
conception 01 t dea? l$ ! nak$ s\l into 
! sil5t1 d>k1 & dre>y region ( ! "u _w1 

a doleful fate1 f :i* !y %rank ) sadness
 at ! be/1 guilt conv]t+ t natural      
melan*oly into dread =ebod+4 ,9 ! abs5ce
 ( any evid5ce or presumption :atev] to 
! contr>y1 we are au?oriz$1 nay1 r =c$1 
to conclude t su* a conception is impli$
 9 ! passages we are consid]+4 ,n[1 !   
mission ( ,jesus 0 to deliv] m5 f t fe> 
& bondage1 by assur+ !m t ,god w\ld     
=give s9 & annul its consequ5ce4 ,in/ead
 ( bani%+ _! disembodi$ spirits into !  
sepul*ral ,%eol1 he w\ld take !m to     
himself into ! glory above ! firmam5t4  
,?is aim ,*ri/ accompli%$ by lit]ally   
exemplify+ ! tru?s x implies2 t is1 by  
p]sonally assum+ ! lot ( man1 dy+1 ris+ 
f among ! spirits ( ! dead1 & asc5d+    
beyond ! veil into heav54 ,by 8 dea? &  
victori\s asc5t he purg$ our s9s1 r$eem$
 transgressions1 ov]?rew him t has ! p[]
 ( dea?1 9 ! s5se t he !reby1 z ! writ] 
?\ght1 swept away ! suppos$ tra9 ( evils
 caus$ by s91 namely1 all ! concomitants
 ( a bani%m5t aft] dea? into ! *e]less  
subt]ranean empire4  ,x w be well n[ to 

notice m fully1 9 ! au?or's s*eme1 !    
idea t ,*ri/ did locally asc5d into !   
heav5s1 into ! pres5ce ( ,god1 :]e he   
ev] live?1 &  #b xi4 #ac1 #af1 et al4   
,see *ap4 x4 #cf1  :]e to receive !     
promise mo/ pla9ly means to obta9 ! ?+  
promis$1 z x does sev]al times 9 !      
epi/le4  ,s ,paul1 9 8 spee* at ,antio*1
 7,acts xiii4 #cb1 #cc17 says1 ,we      
decl>e unto y glad tid+s1 h[ t ! promise
 :i* 0 made unto ! fa!rs1 ,god ha?      
fulfill$ ! same unto u _! *ildr51 9 t he
 ha? rais$ up ,jesus aga9 t by ?is asc5t
 he = ! fir/ "t op5$ ! way = o!rs to    
asc5d to him :]e he is1 avoid+ ! doom ( 
,hades4  ,we h a great ,high ,prie/1 :o 
has pass$ ?r\gh ! heav5s1 ,jesus1 ! ,son
 ( ,god4 ,*ri/ is n ent]$ into ! mo/    
holy place1 made ) h&s1 ! figure ( !    
true1 b into heav5 itself1 n[ to appe> 9
 ! pres5ce ( ,god = u4 ,inde$1 t ,jesus1
 9 a mat]ial & local s5se1 rose to      
heav51 is a conception fundam5tal to !  
epi/le & prom95t on all its face4 ,x is 
mu* m necess>y = u to %[ t ! au?or      

believ$ t ! m5 :o _h previ\sly di$ _h n 
ris5 ?i!r1 b t x 0 ! ,savior's mission  
to op5 ! way = _! asc5sion4  ,x is      
extremely significant1 9 ! outset1 t    
,jesus is call$ ! fir/ lead] & ! br+] to
 ! end ( our fai?2 = ! words 9 ?is      
clause :i* ! common v]sion r5d]s au?or &
 f9i%]#c mean1 f _! lit]al =ce & ! lat5t
 figure !y conta91 a guide :o runs ?r\gh
 ! c\rse to ! goal s z to w9 & receive !
 prize1 br++ u aft] him to ! same       
consummation4 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! passage
 we %all next adduce4 ,hav+ enum]at$ a  
long li/ ( ! *oice/ wor?ies ( ! ,old    
,te/am5t1 ! writ] adds1 ,^! all1 hav+   
obta9$ te/imony ?r\gh fai?1 did n       
realize ! promise1#d ,god hav+ provid$ a
 bett] ?+ = u1 t !y )\t u %\ld n be     
p]fect$1 %\ld n be br\ght to ! end1 !   
end ( human de/9y1 t is1 exaltation to  
heav54 ,und\bt$ly ! au?or "h means to   
say t ! fai?ful s]vants ( ,god "u !     
,mosaic disp5sation 7 res]v$ 9 ! "u _w  
until ! asc5sion ( ! ,messiah4 ,augu/9e 
s expla9s ! text 9 h&1 decl>+ t ,*ri/ 0 

! fir/ t ev] rose f ! "u _w4#e ,! same  
exposition is giv5 by ,orig51#f & inde$ 
by ne>ly e "o ( ! ,fa!rs :o has und]tak5
 to give a critical int]pretation ( !   
passage4 ,?is doctr9e itself 0 held by  
,ca?olic ,*ri/5dom = a ?\s& ye>s2 is n[ 
held by ! ,roman1 ,greek1 & ,engli%     
,*ur*es2 b is1 = ! mo/ "p1 reject$ or   
=gott5 by ! diss5t+ sects1 f two causes4
 ,x has s g5]ally sunk out ( sight among
 u1 fir/1 f ignorance1 ignorance ( !    
anci5t le>n+ & op9ions on :i* x re/$ & (
 :i* x 0 ! necess>y completion2         
secondly1 f rationali/ic speculations1  
:i*1 lead+ m5 to discr$it ! tru? ( !    
doctr9e1 l$ !m arbitr>ily to d5y its    
exi/5ce 9 ! ,scripture1 mak+ !m p]v]sely
 =ce ! texts t /ate x & wilfully bl9k ! 
texts t h9t x4 ,:e!r ?is be a prop] &   
s\nd me?od ( proce$+ 9 critical         
inve/igations any "o may judge4 ,to u x 
seems equally unmanly & immoral4 ,we "k 
( b "o ju/ifiable c\rse1 & t is1 )      
pati5ce1 ) e>ne/ness1 & ) all possible  
aids1 to labor to disc]n ! real & full  

mean+ ( ! words accord+ to ! und]/&+ &  
int5tion ( ! au?or4 ,we d s else:]e1    
reg>dless ( consequ5ces4 ,no o!r me?od1 
9 ! case ( ! ,scriptures1 is exempt f   
guilt4  ,! mean+ 7namely1 to br+ to !   
end7 :i* we h above attribut$ to ! ^w   
,,nac7translat$ 9 ! common v]sion to    
make p]fect7 is ! fir/ mean+ & !  #c    
,rob9son's ,lexicon1 fir/ edition1 "u   
,,nac2 also see ,philo1 cit$ !re4  #d   
,*4 x4 #cf4  #e ,epi/4 ,,clxiv4 sect4   
ix41 ed4 ,b5$ict9a4  #f ,de ,pr9cipiis1 
lib4 ii4 cap4 #b4   etymological =ce ( !
 ^w4 ,t we d n ref9e ^u x ov] nicely 9 !
 pres5t in/ance1 ! foll[+ examples f    
v>i\s p>ts ( ! epi/le unimpea*ably      
witness4 ,= x 0 prop] t ,god1 9 br++ _m 
sons unto glory1 %\ld make him :o 0 !   
fir/ lead] ( _! salvation p]fect rea* ! 
end ?r\gh suff]+s2 t is1 %\ld raise him 
to heav5 aft] he _h pass$ ?r\gh dea?1 t 
he1 hav+ himself arriv$ at ! glori\s    
heav5ly goal ( human de/9y1 might br+   
o!rs to x4 ,*ri/1 be+ made p]fect1      
7br\ght ?r\gh all ! int]m$iate /eps to !

 end17 became ! cause ( et]nal salvation
 to all !m t obey him2 call$ ( ,god an  
high prie/4 ,! context1 & ! aft]        
ass]tion ( ! writ] t ! prie/hood (      
,jesus is ex]cis$ 9 heav51 %[ t ! ^w    
p]fect$1 z employ$ "h1 signifies exalt$ 
to ! "r h& ( ,god4 ,p]fection 7br++ unto
 ! end7 0 n by ! ,levitical prie/hood4  
,! law p]fect$ no?+1 b x 0 ! additional 
introduction ( a bett] hope by :i* we   
draw ne> unto ,god4 ,! law make? m5 high
 prie/s :i* h infirmity1 :i* are n      
suff]$ to cont9ue1 by reason ( dea?2 b !
 ^w ( ! oa? aft] ! law make? ! ,son     
p]fect = ev]more1 br+e? him to ! end1   
namely1 an ev]la/+ prie/hood 9 ! heav5s4
 ,t ,*ri/ian believ]s are n "u ! fir/   
cov5ant1 :]eby1 ?r\gh s91 m5 comm5c+ ) !
 blood ( ,abel1 ! fir/ dea? 7 doom$ to !
 l[] _w1 b are "u ! second cov5ant1     
:]eby1 ?r\gh ! graci\s purpose ( ,god1  
tak+ effect 9 ! blood ( ,*ri/1 ! fir/   
resurrection1 !y are already by fai?1 9 
imag9ation1 translat$ to heav51 ?is is  
pla9ly :at ! au?or tea*es 9 ! foll[+    

words3 ,ye are n come to ! palpable m\nt
 t burne? ) fire1 & to blackness &      
tempe/1 :]e s t]rible 0 ! sight t ,moses
 exce$+ly trembl$1 b ye are come to     
,m\nt ,zion1 to ! heav5ly ,j]usalem1 &  
to an innum]able company ( angels1 & to 
,god1 & to ! spirits ( ! p]fect$ j1 & to
 ,jesus1 ! m$iator ( ! new cov5ant1 & to
 ! lu/ral blood :i* speaks bett] ?+s ?an
 t ( ,abel4 ,! connection "h demon/rates
 t ! s\ls ( ! righte\s are call$        
p]fect$1 z hav+ arriv$ at ! goal ( _!   
de/9y 9 heav54 ,aga91 ! au?or1 :5 speak+
 ( ! sure & /eadfa/ hope ( et]nal life1 
di/+ui%es ,jesus z a non-,,ascii        
*>act]s1 "o :o runs be=e z a sc\t or    
lead]3 ! ,=]unn]1 :o = u has ent]$ )9 ! 
veil1 t is1 has pass$ beyond ! firmam5t 
into ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,! ,jews call$ ! 
outw>d or l[]mo/ heav5 ! veil4#g ,b !   
mo/ conclusive consid]ation ^u ! op9ion 
we are argu+ = & x mu/ be entirely      
conv9c+ is to be drawn f ! fir/ half ( !
 n9? *apt]4 ,to appreciate x1 x is      
requisite to rememb] t ! ,rabb9s ) ^:   

notions our au?or 0 famili> & "s ( :i*  
he adopts 9 8 reason+ 7 accu/om$ to     
comp>e ! ,jewi% temple & city ) ! temple
 & city ( ,jehovah above ! sky1 consid]+
 ! =m] z m9iature types ( ! latt]4 ,?is 
mode ( ?\ght 0 orig9ally le>n$ by       
philosophical ,rabb9s f ! ,platonic     
doctr9e ( ideas1 )\t d\bt1 & 0 ent]ta9$ 
figuratively1 spiritually2 b 9 !        
unreflect+1 popul> m9d ! ,hebraic views 
to :i* x gave rise 7 soon grossly       
mat]ializ$ & locat$4 ,!y also d]iv$ !   
same conception f ,god's comm& to ,moses
 :5 he 0 ab\t to build ! tab]nacle3  #g 
,s*oettg51 ,hora ,hebraica et ,talmudica
 9 #b ,cor4 xii4 #b4   ,see ?\ make all 
?+s accord+ to ! patt]n %[$ to !e 9 !   
m\nt4 ,!y ref9$ ^u ^! words ) _m        
conceits4 ,!y comp>$ ! ?ree divisions ( 
! temple to ! ?ree heav5s3 ! out] ,c\rt 
( ! ,g5tiles correspond$ ) ! fir/ heav51
 ! ,c\rt ( ! ,israelites ) ! second     
heav51 & ! ,holy ( ,holies repres5t$ !  
?ird heav5 or ! v abode ( ,god4         
,josephus writes1 ,! temple has ?ree    

comp>tm5ts3 ! fir/ two = m51 ! ?ird =   
,god1 because heav5 is inaccessible to  
m54#h ,n[1 our au?or says1 ref]r+ to ?is
 triple symbolic arrangem5t ( ! temple1 
,! prie/s w5t always into ! fir/        
tab]nacle1 accompli%+ ! s]vice1 b into !
 second w5t ! high prie/ alone1 once e  
ye>1 n )\t blood2 ?is1 :i* 0 a figure = 
! "t !n pres5t1 signify+ t ! way into ! 
holie/ ( all#i 0 n yet laid op52 b ,*ri/
 be+ come1 an high prie/ ( ! future good
 ?+s1 by 8 own blood he ent]$ 9 once    
into ! holy place1 hav+ obta9$ et]nal   
deliv]ance4 ,! po9ts ( ! comp>ison "h   
in/itut$ are ^!3 ,on ! great annual day 
( atonem5t1 aft] ! dea? ( ! victim1 !   
,hebrew high prie/ w5t into ! adytum ( !
 e>?ly temple1 b none c\ld foll[2       
,jesus1 ! ,*ri/ian high prie/1 w5t aft] 
8 own dea? into ! adytum ( ! heav5ly    
temple1 & enabl$ ! fai?ful to ent] !re  
aft] him4 ,imag]y l ! =e go+1 :i*       
implies a ,sanctum ,sanctorum above1 !  
glori\s prototype ( t bel[1 is frequ5t 9
 ! ,talmud4#aj ,to remove all unc]ta9ty 

f ! exposition ?us pres5t$1 if any d\bt 
l+]1 x is only necess>y to cite "o m    
passage f ! epi/le4 ,we h1 !re=e1       
bre?r51 by ! blood ( ,jesus1 lead+ into 
! holie/1 a free road1 a new & bless$   
road1 :i* he ha? inaugurat$ = u ?r\gh ! 
veil1 t is to say1 ?r\gh 8 fle%4 ,z !re 
0 no entrance = ! prie/ into ! holie/ ( 
! temple save by ! removal ( ! veil1 s  
,*ri/ c\ld n ent] heav5 except by !     
removal ( 8 body4 ,! blood ( ,jesus "h1 
z 9 mo/ cases 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 means !
 dea? ( ,jesus1 involv+ 8 asc5sion4     
,*ryso/om1 comm5t+ on ^! v]ses1 says1 9 
explanation ( ! ^w non-,,ascii *>act]s1 
,*ri/ laid out ! road & 0 ! fir/ to g   
ov] x4 ,! fir/ way 0 ( dea?1 lead+ ad   
inf]os to ! "u _w2 ! o!r is ( life1     
lead+ to heav54  ,! int]pretation we h  
giv5 ( ^! passages reconciles & bl5ds t 
"p ( ! kn[n contempor>y op9ions :i*     
applies to !m1 & expla9s & ju/ifies !   
natural =ce ( ! imag]y & words employ$4 
,its accuracy seems to u unque/ionable  
by any c&id p]son :o is compet5tly      

acqua9t$ ) ! subject4 ,! sub/ance ( x   
is1 t ,jesus came f ,god to ! e>? z a   
man1 laid d[n 8 life t he might rise f !
 dead into heav5 aga91 into ! real      
,sanctum ,sanctorum ( ! univ]se1 !reby  
prov+ t fai?ful believ]s also %all rise 
?i!r1 be+ ?us deliv]$1 aft] ! patt]n ( 8
 evid5t deliv]ance1 f ! imprisonm5t ( ! 
realm ( dea? bel[4  ,we n[ proce$ to    
quote & unfold five di/9ct passages1 n  
yet br\ght =w>d1 f ! epi/le1 ea* ( :i*  
proves t we are n mi/ak5 9 attribut+ to 
! writ]  #h ,antiq4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #f1  
sect4 #d2 ibid4 cap4 #g1 sect4 #g4  #i  
,philo decl>es1 ,! :ole univ]se is "o   
temple ( ,god1 9 :i* ! holie/ ( all is  
heav54 ,de ,mon>*ia1 p4 #bbb1 ed4       
,mangey4  #aj ,s*oettg51 ,diss]tatio de 
,hi]osolyma ,coele/i1 cap4 #b1 sect4 #i4
   ( x ! above /at$ g5]al !ory4 ,9 !    
fir/ v]se :i* we %all adduce x is c]ta9 
t ! ^w dea? includes ! entrance ( ! s\l 
into ! subt]ranean k+dom ( gho/s4 ,x is 
writt5 ( ,*ri/ t1 9 ! days ( 8 fle%1 :5 
he _h e>ne/ly pray$ to ,him t 0 able to 

d x1 to save him f dea?1 he 0 he>d1 & 0 
advanc$ to be a high prie/ 9 ! heav5s1 0
 made high] ?an ! heav5s4 ,n[1 obvi\sly1
 ,god did n rescue ,*ri/ f dy+1 b he    
rais$ him1 non-,,ascii *>act]s1 f ! _w (
 ! dead4  ,s ,*ryso/om decl>es1 ref]r+  
to ?is v text1 ,n to be reta9$ 9 !      
region ( ! dead1 b to be deliv]$ f x1 is
 virtually n to die4#aa ,moreov]1 !     
phrase above translat$ to save him f    
dea? may be translat$1 ) equal          
propriety1 to br+ him back safe f dea?4 
,! ,greek v]b non-,,ascii *>act]s1 to   
save1 is (t5 s us$ to d5ote ! safe      
re/oration ( a w>rior f an incursion    
into an enemy's doma94 ,! same use made 
"h by our au?or ( ! t]m dea? we h also  
f\nd made by ,philo ,judaus4 ,! wise1   
,philo says1 inh]it ! ,olympic & heav5ly
 region to dwell 91 always /udy+ to g   
above2 ! bad inh]it ! inn]mo/ p>ts ( !  
"u _w1 always labor+ to die4#ab ,!      
anti!sis betwe5 go+ above & dy+1 & !    
m5tion ( ! "u _w 9 connection ) ! latt]1
 prove t to die "h means1 or at lea/    

includes1 go+ bel[ aft] dea?4  ,!       
,septuag9t v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t     
twice translates ,%eol by ! ^w dea?4#ac 
,! ,hebrew ^w = dea?1 mave?1 is         
repeat$ly us$ = ! abode ( ! dead4#ad ,& 
! nail ( ! int]pretation we are urg+ is 
cl5*$ by ?is s5t5ce f ,orig53  ,! "u _w1
 9 :i* s\ls are deta9$ by dea?1 is call$
 dea?4#ae ,brets*neid] cites ne>ly a    
doz5 passages f ! ,new ,te/am5t :]e1 9 8
 judgm5t1 dea? is us$ to d5ote ,hades4  
,aga93 we read t ,*ri/ took human nature
 ^u him 9 ord] t by means ( 8 own dea?  
he might r5d] him t has ! p[] ( dea? t  
is1 ! devil idle1 & deliv] ^? :o ?r\gh  
fe> ( dea? 7 all _! lifetime subject to 
bondage4 ,x is app>5t at once t ! m]e   
dea? ( ,*ri/1 s f> f end+ ! sway (      
,dea?1 w\ld be giv+ ! grim mon/] a new  
victory1 incomp>ably ! mo/ important he 
_h ev] a*iev$4 ,!re=e1 ! only way to    
make adequate s5se ( ! passage is to jo9
 ) ! ,savior's dea? :at foll[$ x1       
namely1 8 resurrection & asc5sion4 ,x 0 
! ,hebrew belief t s91 introduc$ by !   

fraud ( ! devil1 0 ! cause ( dea?1 & !  
doom] ( ! disembodi$ spirits ( m5 to !  
l[] cav]ns ( d>kness & re/4 ,!y         
p]sonifi$ ,dea? z k+1 tyranniz+ ov]     
mank9d2 &1 unless 9 sev]e affliction1 !y
 dread$ ! h\r :5 !y mu/ lie d[n "u 8    
sceptre & s9k into 8 voiceless k+dom (  
%ad[s4 ,*ri/ broke ! p[] ( ,satan1 clos$
 8 busy reign1 rescu$ ! captive s\ls1 & 
reliev$ ! timor\s he>ts ( ! fai?ful1 by 
ris+ triumphantly f  #aa ,homil4 ,epi/4 
ad ,heb4 9 hoc loc4  #ab ,quod a ,deo   
mitt4 ,somn41 p4 #fdc1 ed4 ,mangey4  #ac
 #b ,sam4 xxii4 #f2 ,prov4 xxiii4 #ad4  
#ad ,ps4 ix4 #ac4 ,prov4 vii1 #bg4  #ae 
,comm4 9 ,epi/4 ad ,rom41 lib4 vi4 cap4 
#f1 sect4 #f43 ,inf]ni locus 9 quo anima
 det9ebantur a morte mors appellatur4   
! long b\nd dom9ion ( ! grave1 & asc5d+ 
9 a new pa? ( light1 pione]+ ! sa9ts to 
immortal glory4  ,9 ano!r "p ( ! epi/le1
 ! writ]1 hav+ previ\sly expla9$ t z !  
high prie/ aft] ! dea? ( ! expiatory    
goat ent]$ ! typical holy place 9 !     
temple1 s ,*ri/ aft] 8 own dea? ent]$ ! 

true holy place 9 ! heav5s1 goes on to  
gu>d aga9/ ! analogy be+ =c$ any fur!r  
to d5y ! necessity ( ,*ri/'s s]vice be+ 
repeat$1 z ! prie/'s 0 annually repeat$1
 say+1 ,= !n he mu/ h di$ _m times s9ce 
! f\ndation ( ! _w2 b1 on ! contr>y1 x  
suffices t once1 at ! close ( ! ages1   
?r\gh ! sacrifice ( himself he ha?      
appe>$ 9 heav5 = ! abrogation ( s94#af  
,! r5d]+ & explanation we give ( ?is    
language are ^? adopt$ by ! mo/ di/+ui%$
 comm5tators1 & mu/ be ju/ifi$ by any "o
 :o exam9es ! prop] punctuation ( !     
clauses & /udies ! context4 ,! simple   
idea is1 t1 by ! sacrifice ( 8 body     
?r\gh dea?1 ,*ri/ rose & %[$ himself 9 !
 pres5ce ( ,god4 ,! au?or adds t ?is 0  
done unto ! annull+ ( s94 ,x is )       
ref]5ce to ^! la/ words pr9cipally t we 
h cit$ ! passage4 ,:at d !y mean8 ,9 :at
 s5se c ! pass+ ( ,*ri/'s s\l into heav5
 aft] dea? be said to h done away ) s98 
,9 ! fir/ place1 ! op5 manife/ation (   
,*ri/'s dis5?rall$ & ris5 s\l 9 !       
sup]nal pres5ce ( ,god did n 9 any s5se 

abrogate s9 itself1 lit]ally consid]$1  
because all k9ds ( s9 t ev] 7 ^u ! e>?  
among m5 be=e h be5 ev] s9ce1 & are n[4 
,9 ! second place1 t miracul\s ev5t did 
n annul & remove human guilt1 !         
consci\sness ( s9 & responsibility = x1 
because1 9 fact1 m5 feel ! /+ & load (  
guilt n[ z badly z ev]2 & ! v epi/le    
be=e u1 z well z ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t1  
addresses ,*ri/ians z be+ expos$ to     
con/ant & v>i$ dang] ( incurr+ guilt &  
woe4 ,b1 9 ! ?ird place1 ! asc5sion (   
,jesus did %[ v pla9ly to ! apo/les &   
fir/ ,*ri/ians t :at !y suppos$ to be ! 
great outw>d p5alty ( s9 0 annull$2 t x 
0 no long] a necessity = ! _s to desc5d 
to ! l[] _w aft] dea?2 t fatal doom1    
entail$ on ! g5]ations ( humanity by s91
 0 n[ abrogat$ = all :o 7 wor?y4 ,su*1  
we h n a d\bt1 is ! true mean+ ( !      
decl>ation "u review4  ,?is exposition  
is p[]fully confirm$ by ! two succe$+   
v]ses1 :i* we w next pass to exam9e4 ,z 
x is appo9t$ = m5 to die once1 b aft]   
?is ! judgm5t1 s ,*ri/1 hav+ be5 (f]$   

once to be> ! s9s ( _m1 %all appe> a    
second "t1 )\t s91 = salvation unto ^?  
expect+ him4 ,man dies once1 & !n passes
 into t /ate ( sep>ate exi/5ce 9 ! "u _w
 :i* is ! legal judgm5t = s94 ,*ri/1    
tak+ ^u himself1 ) ! nature ( man1 !    
burd5 ( man's lot & doom1 di$ once1 & !n
 rose f ! dead by ! graci\s p[] ( !     
,fa!r1 be>+ away ! outw>d p5alty ( s94  
,he w come aga9 into ! _w1 un9volv$1 !  
next "t1 ) any ( ! accompanim5ts or     
consequ5ces ( s91 to save !m t look =   
him1 & victori\sly lead !m into heav5 ) 
him4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 z all ?r\gh !      
writ+s ( ! apo/les1  #af ,griesba* 9    
loc42 & ,ros5mull]4   s91 dea?1 & ! "u  
_w are ?ree segm5ts ( a circle1 ea*     
necess>ily imply+ ! o!rs4 ,! same rem>k 
is to be made ( ! contra/$ t]ms         
righte\sness1 grace1 immortal life above
 ! sky2 #ag ! =m] be+ trac$ f ! s9ful & 
fall5 ,adam1 ! latt] f ! righte\s & ris5
 ,*ri/4  ,! au?or says1 ,if ! blood (   
bulls & goats sanctifies unto !         
purification ( ! fle%1 h[ mu* m %all !  

blood ( ,*ri/1 :o hav+#ah an et]nal _s  
(f]$ himself faultless to ,god1 cleanse 
y\r consci\sness6 ,! argum5t1 fully     
express$1 is1 if ! blood ( p]i%able     
brutes cleanses ! body1 ! blood ( !     
immortal ,*ri/ cleanses ! s\l4 ,! impli$
 inf]5ce is1 t z ! =m] fitt$ ! outw>d   
man = ! ritual privileges ( ! temple1 s 
! latt] fitt$ ! inw>d man = ! spiritual 
privileges ( heav54 ,?is appe>s cle>ly f
 :at foll[s 9 ! next *apt]1 :]e ! writ] 
says1 9 effect1 t x is n possible = !   
blood ( bulls & ( goats to take away    
s9s1 h[ev] (t5 x is (f]$1 b t ,*ri/1 :5 
he _h (f]$ "o sacrifice = s9s1 =ev] sat 
d[n at ! "r h& ( ,god4 ,! reason giv5 = 
! efficacy ( ,*ri/'s (f]+ is t he sat   
d[n at ! "r h& ( ,god4 ,:5 ! *os5       
animals 7 sacrific$ = s9s1 !y utt]ly    
p]i%$1 & !re 0 an end4 ,b :5 ,*ri/ 0    
(f]$1 8 s\l surviv$ & rose into heav51  
an evid5t sign t ! p5alty ( s91 :]eby m5
 7 doom$ to ! "u _w aft] dea?1 0        
aboli%$4 ,?is p]fectly expla9s !        
language2 & no?+ else1 x seems to u1 c  

p]fectly expla9 x4  ,t ,*ri/ w\ld       
spe$ily reappe> f heav5 9 triumph1 to   
judge 8 foes & save 8 disciples1 0 a    
fundam5tal article 9 ! primitive ,*ur*  
s*eme ( ! la/ ?+s4 ,!re are unmi/akable 
evid5ces ( su* a belief 9 our au?or4 ,= 
yet a little :ile1 & ! com+ "o w come1 &
 w n delay4 ,provoke "o ano!r unto love 
& good works1 4 4 4 s mu* ! m z ye see !
 day draw+ ne>4 ,!re is ano!r ref]5ce to
 ?is approa*+ adv5t1 :i*1 ?\gh obscure1 
af=ds important te/imony4 ,jesus1 :5 he 
_h asc5d$1 sat d[n at ! "r h& ( ,god1   
h5ce=w>d wait+ till 8 enemies be made 8 
foot/ool4 ,t is to say1 he is t>ry+ 9   
heav5 = ! appo9t$ "t to arrive :5 he    
%all come into ! _w aga9 to consummate !
 full & f9al purposes ( 8 mission4 ,we  
may leave ?is division ( ! subject      
e/abli%$ beyond all "q1 by cit+ a text  
:i* explicitly /ates ! idea 9 s _m      
words3 ,unto !m t look = him he %all    
appe> ! second "t4 ,t expectation ( !   
spe$y second com+ ( ! ,messiah :i*      
haunt$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 !re=e1         

unque/ionably occupi$ ! m9d ( ! compos] 
( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4  ,if ! writ] 
( ?is epi/ol>y essay _h a firm & detail$
 op9ion z to ! exact fate to be allott$ 
to wick$ & p]si/5t unbeliev]s1 8        
allusions to t op9ion are too few &     
vague = u to det]m9e precisely :at x 04 
,we w briefly quote ! sub/ance ( :at he 
says ^u ! subject1 & add a ^w 9 reg>d to
 ! inf]5ces x does1 or x does n1 w>rant4
 ,if "u ! ,mosaic disp5sation e         
transgression receiv$ a j recomp5se1 h[ 
%all we escape if we neglect s great a  
salvation1 fir/ proclaim$ by !  #ag     
,ne&]1 ,plant+ & ,tra9+ ( ! ,*ur*1      
,ryl&'s trans4 p4 #bih4  #ah            
,non-,,ascii *>act]s is (t5 us$ 9 ! s5se
 ( )1 or possess+4 ,see ,wahl's ,new    
,te/am5t ,lexicon4   ,"l8 ,z !          
,israelites t 7 l$ out ( ,egypt by      
,moses1 on acc\nt ( _! unbelief &       
provocations1 7 n p]mitt$ to ent] !     
promis$ l&1 b p]i%$ 9 ! wild]ness1 s let
 u fe>1 le/1 a promise be+ left u (     
ent]+ into 8 re/1 any ( y %\ld seem to  

come %ort ( x4 ,*ri/ became ! cause (   
et]nal salvation to all !m t obey him4  
,he ha? br\ght unto ! end =ev] !m t are 
sanctifi$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! la/      
specifications are p>tial1 & t no?+ is  
said ( ! fate ( ^? n includ$ "u !m4 ,x  
is impossible = ^? :o 7 once enlight5$1 
4 4 4 if !y %all fall away1 to r5ew !m  
aga9 unto rep5tance4 4 4 4 ,b1 belov$1  
we are p]suad$ bett] ?+s ( y1 ev5 ?+s t 
accompany salvation4 ,we are n ( !m :o  
draw back unto ! de/ruction1 b ( !m :o  
believe unto ! pres]vation1 ( ! s\l4 ,if
 we s9 wilfully aft] we h receiv$ ! k ( 
! tru?1 !re is no long] left a sacrifice
 = s9s1 b a c]ta9 fe>ful look+ = (      
judgm5t1 & ( fi]y indignation to dev\r !
 adv]s>ies4 ,x is a fe>ful ?+ to fall   
into ! h&s ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,if !y escap$ 
n :o refus$ him t spoke on e>?1 ,moses1 
mu* m we %all n escape if we turn away f
 him t speaks f heav51 7,*ri/47 ,9 view 
( ! =ego+ passages1 :i* repres5t !      
entire tea*+ ( ! epi/le 9 relation to ! 
ultimate de/9ation ( s9n]s1 we mu/ ass]t

 z foll[s4 ,fir/1 ! au?or gives no h9t (
 ! doctr9e ( lit]al torm5ts 9 a local   
hell4 ,secondly1 he is /ill fur!r f     
favor+ nay1 he unequivocally d5ies !    
doctr9e ( unconditional1 univ]sal       
salvation4 ,?irdly1 he ei!r expect$ t ! 
reprobate w\ld be absolutely de/roy$ at 
! second com+ ( ,*ri/1  :i* does n seem 
to be decl>$2 or t !y w\ld be exil$ =ev]
 f ! k+dom ( glory into ! sad & slumb]\s
 "u _w1 :i* is n cle>ly impli$2 or t !y 
w\ld be puni%$ accord+ to _! evil1 & !n1
 re/or$ to ,div9e favor1 be exalt$ into 
heav5 ) ! orig9al elect1 :i* is n writt5
 9 ! record2 or1 la/ly1 t !y w\ld be    
dispos$ ( 9 "s way unkn[n to him1 :i* he
 does n av[4 ,he makes no allusion to   
su* a t]rific conception z is express$  
by our mod]n use ( ! ^w hell3 he        
emphatically pr$icates conditionality ( 
salvation1 he ?reat5s s9n]s 9 g5]al t]ms
 ) sev]e judgm5t4 ,fur!r ?an ?is he has 
neglect$ to /ate 8 fai?4 ,if x rea*$ any
 fur!r1 he has pref]r$ to leave !       
/atem5t ( x 9 vague & impressive gloom4 

,let u /op a mom5t & epitomize ! /eps we
 h tak54 ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,god1 0 a _s 9
 heav54 ,he came ^u ! e>? 9 ! guise (   
humanity to und]go its :ole exp]i5ce &  
to be its r$eem]4 ,he di$1 pass$ ?r\gh !
 vanqui%$ k+dom ( ! grave1 & rose into  
heav5 aga91 to exemplify to m5 t ?r\gh !
 grace ( ,god a way 0 op5$ to escape !  
"u _w1 ! great ext]nal p5alty ( s91 &   
rea* a bett] c\ntry1 ev5 a heav5ly4 ,f 8
 seat at ,god's "r h&1 he %\ld ere long 
desc5d to complete ,god's designs 9 8   
mission1 judge 8 enemies & lead 8       
accept$ foll[]s to heav54 ,! all        
important ?\ght runn+ ?r\gh ! l5g? &    
bread? ( ! treatise is ! asc5sion (     
,*ri/ f ! mid/ ( ! dead non-,,ascii     
*>act]sinto ! cele/ial pres5ce1 z !     
pl$ge ( our asc5t4 ,among ! ?+s ( :i* we
 are speak+1 ?is is ! capital           
consid]ation1 non-,,ascii *>act]s ! mo/ 
ess5tial po9t1 t we h su* a high prie/1 
:o ha? sat d[n at ! "r h& ( ! ?rone ( ! 
,maje/y 9 ! heav5s4 ,ne&] says1 ?\gh    
app>5tly )\t p]ceiv+ ! ext5t ( its      

ult]ior significance1 ,! conception ( ! 
resurrection 9 relation to ! :ole       
,*ri/ian sy/em lies at ! basis ( ?is    
epi/le4  ,a brief sket* & exposition ( !
 scope ( ! epi/le 9 g5]al w ca/ light & 
confirmation ^u ! int]pretation we h    
giv5 ( its doctr9e ( a future life 9    
p>ticul>4 ,! "o compreh5sive design ( ! 
writ]1 x is p]fectly cle>1 is to prove  
to ! ,*ri/ian conv]ts f ! ,hebrews !    
sup]iority ( ,*ri/ianity to ,judaism1 & 
?us to arm !m aga9/ apo/asy f ! new     
cov5ant to ! anci5t "o4 ,he beg9s by %[+
 t ,*ri/1 ! br+] ( ! gospel1 is great]  
?an ! angels1 by :om ! law 0 giv51#ai & 
consequ5tly t 8 ^w is to be rev]5c$ /ill
 m ?an !irs4#bj ,next he argues t       
,jesus1 ! ,*ri/ian ,m$iator1 z ! ,son ( 
,god1 is cr[n$ ) m au?ority & is wor?y (
 m glory ?an ,moses1 ! ,jewi% m$iator1 z
 ! s]vant ( ,god2 & t z ,moses l$ 8 p   
t[>ds ! re/ ( ,canaan1 s ,*ri/ leads 8 p
 t[>ds ! f> bett] re/ ( heav54 ,he !n   
advances to demon/rate ! sup]iority (   
,*ri/ to ! ,levitical prie/hood4 ,?is he

 e/abli%es by po9t+ out ! facts t !     
,levitical prie/ _h a transi5t honor1   
be+ aft] ! law ( a c>nal comm&m5t1 8    
(f]+s ref]r+ to ! fle%1 :ile ,*ri/ has  
an un*angeable prie/hood1 be+ aft] ! p[]
 ( an endless life1 8 (f]+ ref]r+ to !  
s\l2 t ! ,levitical prie/ once a ye> w5t
 into ! symbolic holy place 9 ! temple1 
unable to admit o!rs1 b ,jesus rose into
 ! real holy place itself above1 op5+ a 
way = all fai?ful disciples to foll[2 & 
t ! ,hebrew temple & c]emonies 7 b !    
small type & %ad[ ( ! gr& ar*etypal     
temple 9 heav51 :]e ,*ri/ is ! immortal 
,high ,prie/1 fulfill+ 9 ! pres5ce (    
,god ! complet$ reality ( :at ,judaism  
m]ely m9iatur$1 an emblematic patt]n t  
c\ld make no?+ p]fect4 ,by him !re=e let
 u cont9ually (f] to ,god ! sacrifice ( 
praise4 ,! au?or int]sp]ses1 & closes )1
 exhortations to /eadfa/ fai?1 pure     
morals1 & f]v5t piety4  ,!re is "o po9t 
9 ?is epi/le :i* des]ves1 9 its ess5tial
 connection ) ! doctr9e ( ! future life1
 a sep>ate treatm5t4 ,x is ! subject ( !

 ,atonem5t4 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 !   
sacrifices 9 ! ,hebrew ritual & !       
suff]+s & dea? ( ,*ri/ w\ld1 f ! nature 
( ! case1 irresi/ibly sugge/ !          
sacrificial t]ms & metaphors :i* our    
au?or uses 9 a l>ge "p ( 8 argum5t4     
,moreov]1 8 precise aim 9 writ+ compell$
 him to make ^! resemblances z prom95t1 
z significant1 & z effective z possible4
 ,griesba* says well1 9 8 le>n$ & able  
essay1 ,:5 x 0 impossible = ! ,jews1    
lately br\ght to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 to te>
 away ! attractive associations ( _!    
ance/ral religion1 :i* 7 tw9$ among ! v 
roots ( _! m9ds1 & !y 7 consequ5tly 9   
dang] ( fall+ away f ,*ri/1 ! mo/ +5i\s 
au?or ( ?is epi/le met ! case by a      
ma/]ly exp$i5t4 ,he in/itut$ a c>eful   
comp>ison1 %[+ ! sup]iority (           
,*ri/ianity to ,judaism ev5 9 reg>d to !
 v po9t :]e ! latt] seem$ s mu* m       
glori\s1 namely1 9 prie/hoods1 temples1 
#ai ,heb4 i4 #d #ad1 ii4 #b2 ,acts vii4 
#ec2 ,gal4 iii4  #bj ,heb4 ii4 #a #c4   
alt>s1 victims1 lu/rations1 & k9dr$     

?+s4#ba ,t ^! comp>isons are sometimes  
us$ by ! writ] analogically1            
figuratively1 imag9atively1 = ! sake (  
practical illu/ration & impression1 n   
lit]ally z logical expressions & pro(s (
 a dogmatic !ory ( atonem5t1 is made    
suffici5tly pla9 by ! foll[+ quotations4
 ,! bodies ( ^? bea/s ^: blood is br\ght
 into ! holy place by ! high prie/ = s9 
are burn$ )\t ! camp4 ,:]e=e ,jesus     
also1 t he might sanctify ! p ?r\gh 8   
own blood1 suff]$ )\t ! gate4 ,let u g  
=? !re=e unto him )\t ! camp1 be>+ 8    
reproa*4 ,e "o w at once p]ceive t ^!   
s5t5ces are n critical /atem5ts (       
!ological tru?s1 b are imag9ative       
expressions ( practical lessons1        
spiritual exhortations4 ,aga91 we read1 
,x 0 necess>y t ! patt]ns ( ! heav5ly   
?+s %\ld be purifi$ ) sacrific$ animals1
 b ! heav5ly ?+s !mselves ) bett]       
sacrifices ?an ^!4 ,c]ta9ly x is only by
 an ex]cise ( ! imag9ation1 = spiritual 
impression1 n = philosophical argum5t1 t
 heav5 c be said to be defil$ by ! s9s (

 m5 on e>? s z to ne$ cleans+ by !      
lu/ral blood ( ,*ri/4 ,! writ] also     
appeals to 8 read]s 9 ^! t]ms3 ,to d    
good & to communicate =get n2 = ) su*   
sacrifices ,god is well pleas$4 ,!      
purely practical aim & rhetorical me?od 
) :i* ! sacrificial language is employ$ 
"h are evid5t en\gh4 ,we believe x is   
us$ 9 ! same way :]ev] x occurs 9 !     
epi/le4  ,! consid]ations :i* h conv9c$ 
u1 & :i* we ?9k ought to conv9ce e      
unprejudic$ m9d1 t ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( 
a sub/itutional expiation = s91 a       
placation ( ,div9e wra? by ! (f]+ (     
,div9e blood1 0 n 9 ! m9d ( ! au?or1 &  
does n in=m 8 expressions :5 !y are     
rightly und]/ood1 may be briefly        
pres5t$4 ,fir/1 ! notion t ! suff]+ (   
,*ri/ 9 itself ransom$ lo/ s\ls1 b\ght !
 )held grace & p>don ( ,god = u1 is     
confess$ly =eign & repulsive to !       
in/9ctive moral s5se & to natural       
reason1 b is suppos$ to re/ on !        
au?ority ( revelation4 ,secondly1 t     
doctr9e is n[h]e specifically /at$ 9 !  

epi/le1 b is assum$1 or inf]r$1 to      
expla9 language :i* to a sup]ficial look
 seems to imply x1  p]haps ev5 seems to 
be inexplicable )\t x2#bb b 9 reality   
su* a view is inconsi/5t ) t language :5
 x is accurately /udi$4 ,= example1     
notice ! foll[+ passage3 ,:5 ,*ri/ come?
 into ! _w1 he is repres5t$ z say+1 ,i  
come to d ?y w1 ,o ,god4 ,by ! :i* w1 ! 
writ] cont9ues1 we are sanctifi$ ?r\gh !
 (f]+ ( ! body ( ,jesus4 ,t is1 ! dea? (
 ,*ri/1 involv+ 8 resurrection &        
asc5sion into heav51 fulfils &          
exemplifies ! graci\s purpose ( ,god1 n 
pur*ases = u an o!rwise impossible      
b5ignity4 ,! above cit$ explicit        
decl>ation is irreconcilable  #ba       
,opuscula3 ,de ,imag9ibus ,judaicis 9   
,epi/4 ad ,hebraos4  #bb ,t ^! texts 7 n
 orig9ally und]/ood z imply+ any vic>i\s
 efficacy 9 ,*ri/'s pa9ful dea?1 b z    
attribut+ a typical p[] to 8 triumphant 
resurrection1 8 glori\s return f ! _w ( 
! dead into heav51 appe>s v pla9ly 9 !  
foll[+ in/ance1 ,!odoret1 "o ( ! e>lie/ 

explanatory writ]s on ! ,new ,te/am5t1  
says1 :ile expressly speak+ ( ,*ri/'s   
dea?1 ! suff]+s ?r\gh :i* he 0 p]fect$1 
,8 resurrection c]tifi$ a resurrection =
 u all4 ,comm4 9 ,epi/4 ad ,heb4 cap4   
#b1 v4 #aj4   ) ! ?\ght t ,*ri/ came    
into ! _w to die t he might appease !   
flam+ ju/ice & ang] ( ,god1 & by vic>i\s
 agony buy ! remission ( human s9s3 x   
conveys ! idea1 on ! contr>y1 t ,god s5t
 ,*ri/ to prove & illu/rate to m5 ! free
 fulness ( 8 =giv+ love4 ,?irdly1 !     
idea1 :i* we ?9k 0 ! idea ( ! au?or ( ! 
,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 t ,*ri/1 by 8    
dea?1 resurrection1 & asc5t1 demon/rat$ 
to ! fai? ( m5 ,god's m]ciful removal ( 
! suppos$ outw>d p5alty ( s91 namely1 ! 
bani%m5t ( s\ls aft] dea? to ! "u _w1 & 
l$ ! way1 z _! =]unn]1 into heav51 ?is  
idea1 :i* is n %ock+ to ! moral s5se nor
 pla9ly absurd to ! moral reason1 z !   
,augu/9ian dogma is1 n only yields a m  
%>ply def9$1 consi/5t1 & satisfactory   
explanation ( all ! relat$ language ( ! 
epi/le1 b is also :i* _c be said ( ! o!r

 doctr9e 9 h>mony ) ! contempor>y       
op9ions ( ! ,hebrews1 & w\ld be !       
natural & almo/ inevitable developm5t f 
!m & complem5t ( !m 9 ! m9d ( a         
,ph>isee1 :o1 conv9c$ ( ! dea? &        
asc5sion ( ! s9less ,jesus1 ! appo9t$   
,messiah1 _h become a ,*ri/ian4  ,9     
support ( ! la/ ass]tion1 :i* is ! only 
"o t ne$s fur!r pro(1 we submit ! foll[+
 consid]ations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 e "o   
famili> ) ! es*atology ( ! ,hebrews kn[s
 t at ! "t ( ,*ri/ ! belief prevail$ t !
 s9 ( ,adam 0 ! cause ( dea? among m54  
,9 ! second place1 x is equally well    
kn[n t !y believ$ ! de/9ation ( s\ls ^u 
leav+ ! body to be ! "u _w4 ,!re=e does 
x n foll[ by all ! necessities ( logic8 
!y believ$ t s9 0 ! cause ( ! desc5t (  
disembodi$ spirits to ! dre>y l[] realm4
 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x is notori\s &       
und\bt$ t ! ,jews ( t age expect$ t1 :5 
! ,messiah %\ld appe>1 ! dead ( _!      
nation1 or at lea/ a portion ( !m1 w\ld 
be rais$ f ! "u _w & be reclo!d )       
bodies1 & w\ld reign ) him = a p]iod on 

e>? & !n asc5d to heav54 ,n[1 :at c\ld  
be m natural ?an t a p]son hold+ ?is    
cre$1 :o %\ld be br\ght to believe t    
,jesus 0 ! true ,messiah & aft] 8 dea?  
_h ris5 f among ! dead into heav51 %\ld 
imm$iately conclude t ?is 0 a pl$ge or  
illu/ration ( ! abrogation ( ! gloomy   
p5alty ( s91 ! deliv]ance ( s\ls f !    
subt]ranean prison1 & _! admission to ! 
pres5ce ( ,god beyond ! sky8 ,we deem   
?is an impregnable position4 ,e relevant
 text t we consid] 9 its light          
additionally =tifies x by ! /rik+ mann] 
9 :i* su* a conception fits1 fills1 &   
expla9s ! words4 ,to ju/ify ^!          
int]pretations1 & to su/a9 p>ticul>     
features ( ! doctr9e :i* !y express1    
almo/ any am\nt ( evid5ce may be summon$
 f ! writ+s bo? ( ! mo/ au?oritative & (
 ! simple/ ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 beg9n+ )   
,ju/9 ,m>tyr1#bc philosoph] ( ,neapolis1
 at ! close ( ! apo/olic age1 & end+ )  
,john ,hob>t1#bd ,bi%op ( ,new ,york1 9 
! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we refra9
 f adduc+ ! ?rong ( su* au?orities "h1  

because !y w be m appropriately br\ght  
=w>d 9 future *apt]s4  #bc ,dial4 cum   
,tryph4 cap4 v4 et cap4 lxxx4#bd ,/ate (
 ! ,dep>t$4   ,! intellig5t read] w     
obs]ve t ! ess5tial po9t ( diff]5ce     
di/+ui%+ our exposition ( ! fundam5tal  
doctr9e ( ! composition 9 review1 on !  
"o h&1 f ! ,calv9i/ic int]pretation ( x1
 &1 on ! o!r h&1 f ! ,unit>ian          
explanation ( x1 is ?is4 ,calv9ism says 
t ,*ri/1 by 8 dea?1 8 vic>i\s pa9s1     
appeas$ ! wra? ( ,god1 satisfi$ ! claims
 ( ju/ice1 & pur*as$ ! salvation ( s\ls 
f an agoniz+ & endless hell4            
,unit>ianism says t ,*ri/1 by 8 tea*+s1 
_s1 life1 & miracles1 reveal$ ! "* ( !  
,fa!r1 set an example = man1 gave       
c]ta9ty to great tru?s1 & ex]t$ moral   
influ5ces to reg5]ate m51 r$eem !m f s91
 & fit !m = ! bless$ k+dom (            
immortality4 ,we und]/& ! writ] ( !     
,epi/le to ! ,hebrews really to say 9   
subtraction f :at ! ,calv9i/1 9 addition
 to :at ! ,unit>ian1 says t ,*ri/1 by 8 
resurrection f ! tyrann\s realm ( dea?1 

& asc5t into ! unb>r$ heav51 demon/rat$ 
! fact t ,god1 9 8 sov]eign grace1 9 8  
free & wondr\s love1 w\ld =give mank9d  
_! s9s1 remove ! anci5t p5alty (        
transgression1 no m doom+ _! disembodi$ 
spirits to ! noiseless & ev]la/+ gloom (
 ! "u _w1 b admitt+ !m to 8 own pres5ce1
 above ! firmam5tal floor1 :]e ! beams (
 8 *amb]s are laid1 & :]e he reigne?    
=ev]1 cov]$ ) light z ) a g>m5t4        
,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a        
,,future ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,apocalypse4   
,,be=e attempt+ to exhibit ! doctr9e ( a
 future life conta9$ 9 ! ,apocalypse1 we
 propose to give a brief acc\nt ( :at is
 conta9$1 relat+ to ?is subject1 9 !    
,epi/le ( ,james1 ! ,epi/le ( ,jude1 & !
 7s call$7 ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet]4  ,! 
ref]5ces made by ,james to ! gr\p (     
po9ts includ$ "u ! g5]al !me ( ! ,future
 ,life are s few & indirect1 or vague1 t
 x is impossible to con/ruct any ?+ l a 
complete doctr9e f !m1 save by some:at  
arbitr>y & unc]ta9 suppositions4 ,8     
purpose 9 writ+1 evid5tly1 0 practical  

exhortation1 n dogmatic in/ruction4 ,8  
epi/le conta9s no expository outl9e ( a 
sy/em2 b x has allusions & h9ts :i*     
pla9ly imply "s p>tial views belong+ to 
a sy/em1 :ile ! o!r p>ts ( x are left   
obscure4 ,he says t evil desire br+s =? 
s91 & s91 :5 x is f9i%$1 br+s =? dea?4  
,b :e!r he int5d$ ?is text z a moral    
metaphor to convey a spiritual mean+1 or
 z a lit]al /atem5t ( a physical fact1  
or z a compreh5sive enunciation includ+ 
bo? ^! ideas1 !re is no?+ 9 ! context   
positively to det]m9e4 ,he (f]s n !     
fa9te/ clew to 8 conception ( ! purpose 
( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,he    
uses ! ^w = ! ,jewi% hell b once1 & !n1 
und5iably1 9 a figurative s5se1 say+ t a
 curbless & defil+ tongue is set on fire
 ( ,geh5na4 ,he appe>s to adopt ! common
 notion ( 8 contempor>y c\ntrym5 9 reg>d
 to demoniacal exi/5ces1 :5 he decl>es t
 ! devils believe !re is "o ,god1 &     
tremble1 & :5 he exclaims1 ,resi/ !     
devil1 & he w flee f y4 ,he insi/s on ! 
necessity ( a fai? t ev9ces itself 9    

good works & 9 all ! virtues1 z ! means 
( acceptance ) ,god4 ,he comp>es life to
 a vani%+ vapor1 d5\nces t]ribly ! wick$
 & dissolute ri* m5 :o wanton 9 crimes &
 oppress ! poor4 ,!n he calls on !      
suff]+ bre?r5 to be pati5t "u _!        
afflictions until ! com+ ( ! ,"l2 to    
ab/a9 f oa?s1 be f]v5t 9 pray]1 &       
e/abli% _! he>ts1 = ! com+ ( ! ,"l      
drawe? nigh4 ,grudge n "o aga9/ ano!r1  
bre?r51 le/ ye be condemn$3 behold1 !   
,judge /&e? be=e ! door4 ,"h ! return ( 
,*ri/1 to f9i% 8 "w1 sit 9 judgm5t1     
accept "s1 & reject o!rs1 is cle>ly     
impli$4 ,& if ,james held ?is elem5t ( !
 g5]al s*eme ( es*atology held by ! o!r 
apo/les z %[n 9 _! epi/les1 x is        
altoge!r probable t he also embrac$ !   
re/ ( t s*eme4 ,!re are no means (      
def9itely asc]ta9+ :e!r he did or did n2
 ?\gh1 accord+ to a v le>n$ & acute     
!ologian1 ano!r fundam5tal "p ( t g5]al 
sy/em ( doctr9e is to be f\nd 9 ! la/   
v]se ( ! epi/le1 :]e ,james says t he :o
 conv]ts a s9n] f ! error ( 8 ways %all 

save a s\l f dea? & hide a multitude (  
s9s4 ,brets*neid] ?9ks t sav+ a s\l f   
dea? "h means rescu+ x f a desc5t into !
 "u _w1 ! ^w dea? be+ (t5 us$ 9 ! ,new  
,te/am5t z by ! ,rabb9s to d5ote !      
subt]ranean abode ( ! dead4#a ,?is  #a  
,brets*neid]1 ,religiose ,glaub5slehre1 
sect4 #ei4   int]pretation may seem =c$ 
to an unle>n$ read]1 :o exam9es ! text =
 p]sonal pr(it1 b w n seem at all       
improbable to "o :o1 to le>n its hi/oric
 mean+1 reads ! text 9 ! light$ =egr\nd 
( a m9d ov] ^: backgr\nd lies a fitly   
arrang$ k ( all ! mat]ials requisite =  
an adequate criticism4 ,= su* a man 0   
,brets*neid] himself4  ,! es*atological 
implications & ref]5ces 9 ! ,epi/le (   
,jude are ( pretty mu* ! same "* & ext5t
 z ^? :i* we h j consid]$4 ,a ?or\gh    
/udy & analysis ( ?is brief docum5t w %[
 t x may be fairly divid$ into ?ree     
heads & be reg>d$ z hav+ ?ree objects4  
,fir/1 ! writ] exhorts 8 read]s to      
cont5d e>ne/ly = ! fai? once deliv]$ to 
! sa9ts1 to rememb] ! words ( ,*ri/'s   

apo/les1 to keep !mselves 9 ! love (    
,god1 look+ = et]nal life4 ,he desires  
to /ir !m up to dilig5ce 9 ef=ts to     
pres]ve _! doctr9al purity & _! p]sonal 
virtue4 ,secondly1 he w>ns !m ( ! fe>ful
 dang] ( depravity1 pride1 &            
lascivi\sness4 ,?is w>n+ he en=ces by   
sev]al examples ( ! t]rible judgm5ts (  
,god on ! rebelli\s & wick$ 9 o!r times4
 ,among ^! in/ances is ! case ( !       
,cities ( ! ,pla91 et]nally de/roy$ by a
 /orm ( fire = _! uncleanness2 also !   
example ( ! fall5 angels1 :o kept n _!  
fir/ e/ate1 b left _! prop] habitation1 
& are res]v$ 9 ev]la/+ *a9s & d>kness   
unto ! judgm5t ( ! great day4 ,! writ]  
"h adopts ! doctr9e ( fall5 angels1 & ! 
connect$ views1 z !n commonly receiv$   
among ! ,jews4 ,?is doctr9e is n (      
,*ri/ian orig91 b 0 drawn f ,p]sian &   
o!r ,ori5tal s\rces1 z is abundantly    
%[n1 ) details1 9 almo/ e hi/ory (      
,jewi% op9ions1 9 almo/ e ,biblical     
comm5t>y4#b ,9 ?is connection ,jude     
cites a leg5d f an apocryphal book1     

call$ ! ,asc5sion ( ,moses1 ( :i* ,orig5
 gives an acc\nt4#c ,! sub/ance ( !     
tradition is1 t1 at ! decease ( ,moses1 
,mi*ael & ,satan cont5d$ :e!r ! body    
%\ld be giv5 ov] to dea? or be tak5 up  
to heav54 ,! apposit5ess ( ?is allusion 
is1 t1 :ile 9 ?is /rife ! ar*angel d>$ n
 rail aga9/ ,satan1 yet ! wick$ m5 :om  
,jude is d5\nc+ d n hesitate to         
blaspheme ! angels & to speak evil ( !  
?+s :i* !y "k n4 ,woe unto su* ungodly  
m53 glutton\s spots1 dewless cl\ds1     
fruitless trees pluck$ up & twice dead1 
!y are orda9$ to condemnation4 ,?irdly1 
! epi/le ann\nces ! second com+ ( ,*ri/1
 9 ! la/ "t1 to e/abli% 8 tribunal4 ,!  
,prophecy ( ,eno* an apocryphal book1   
recov]$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury is quot$ z 
say+1 ,behold1 ! ,"l come?1 ) t5 ?\s& ( 
8 sa9ts1 to execute judgm5t ^u all1 & to
 convict ! ungodly ( _! ungodly de$s4#d 
,jude1 !n1 anticipat$ ! return ( ! ,"l1 
at ! judgm5t ( ! great day1 to judge !  
_w2 consid]$ ! "u _w1 or abode ( ! dead1
 n z a region ( fire1 b a place (       

imprison+ gloom1 :]e9 to defil$ &       
blasphem+ dream]s is res]v$ ! blackness 
( d>kness =ev]2  #b ,e4 g4 ,/u>t's      
,diss]tation on ! ,angelology ( !       
,scriptures1 publi%$ 9 vol4 i4 ( !      
,biblio!ca ,sacra4  #c ,de ,pr9cipiis1  
lib4 iii4 cap #b4 ,see1 also1 9         
,mi*aelis's ,introduction to ! ,new     
,te/am5t1 sect4 #d ( ! *apt] on ,jude4  
#d ,book ( ,eno*1 translat$ by ,dr4 ,r4 
,laur5ce1 cap4 ii4   ?\ght x imm95tly   
necess>y = m5 to be dilig5t 9 /riv+ to  
secure _! salvation1 because all s5sual 
mock]s1 n hav+ ! _s1 b walk+ aft] _! own
 ungodly lu/s1 w\ld be lo/4 ,he probably
 expect$ t1 :5 all free cont+5cies 7 pa/
 & ,*ri/ _h pron\nc$ s5t5ce1 ! condemn$ 
w\ld be doom$ et]nally into ! black     
abyss1 & ! accept$ w\ld rise into !     
immortal glory ( heav54 ,he closes 8    
lett] ) ^! significant words1 :i* pla9ly
 imply mu* ( :at we h j be5 sett+ =?3   
,ev]la/+ honor & p[]1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/
 our ,"l1 be unto ,god1 :o is able to   
keep y f fall+ & to pres5t y faultless  

be=e ! face ( 8 glory ) exce$+ joy4#e   
,! fir/ *apt] ( ! s call$ ,second       
,epi/le ( ,pet] is n occupi$ ) !ological
 propositions1 b ) hi/orical1 e?ical1 & 
practical /atem5ts & exhortations4 ,^!  
are1 inde$1 ( su* a "*1 & s express$1 t 
!y cle>ly presuppose c]ta9 op9ions 9 !  
m9d ( ! writ]4 ,fir/1 he evid5tly       
believ$ t a m]ciful & holy message _h   
be5 s5t f ,god to m5 by ,jesus ,*ri/1   
:]eby are giv5 unto u exce$+ great &    
preci\s promises4 ,! sub/ance ( ^!      
promises 0 a call to escape ! corruption
 ( ! _w1 & ent] into glory & be p>tak]s 
( ! ,div9e nature4 ,by p>tak+ ( ! ,div9e
 nature1 we und]/& ! writ] to mean ent]+
 ! ,div9e abode & condition1 asc5d+ into
 ! safe & et]nal joy ( ! cele/ial       
pr]ogatives4 ,t ! au?or "h d5otes heav5 
by ! t]m glory1 z ! o!r ,new ,te/am5t   
writ]s frequ5tly d1 appe>s di/9ctly f ! 
sev5te5? & eighte5? v]ses ( ! *apt]1    
:]e1 ref]r+ to ! incid5t at ! baptism ( 
,jesus1 he decl>es1 ,!re came a voice f 
! excell5t glory1 say+1 ',?is is my     

belov$ ,son2' & ?is voice1 :i* came f   
heav51 we he>d4 ,secondly1 our au?or    
reg>d$ ?is glori\s promise z cont+5t on 
! fulfilm5t ( c]ta9 conditions4 ,x 0 to 
be realiz$ by means ( fai?1 c\rage1 k1  
temp]ance1 pati5ce1 godl9ess1 k9dness1 &
 love4 ,he t ha? ^! ?+s %all nev] fall1 
b an entrance %all be m9i/]$ unto him   
abundantly into ! ev]la/+ k+dom ( our   
,"l & ,savior1 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! writ]   
furni%es u no clew to 8 idea ( !        
p>ticul> "p p]=m$ by ,*ri/ 9 our        
salvation4 ,he says n a ^w conc]n+ !    
suff]+s or dea? ( ! ,savior2 & !        
extremely scanty & indef9ite allusions  
made to ! relation 9 :i* ,*ri/ 0 suppos$
 to /& betwe5 ,god & m51 & ! r$emption &
 reconciliation ( m5 ) ,god1 d n enable 
u to draw any dogmatic conclusions4 ,he 
speaks ( false tea*]s1 :o %all br+ 9    
damnable h]esies1 ev5 d5y+ ! ,"l t b\ght
 !m4 ,b :e!r by ?is la/ phrase he means 
to imply a ransom ( imprison$ s\ls f !  
"u _w by ,*ri/'s desc5t ?i!r & victory  
ov] its p[]s1 or a pur*as$ exemption (  

s9n]s f _! m]it$ doom by ! vic>i\s      
suff]+s ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 or a practical  
reg5]ative r$emption ( disciples f _!   
s9s by ! moral influ5ces ( 8 mission1 8 
tea*+s1 example1 & "*1 !re is no?+ 9 !  
epi/le cle>ly to decide2 ?\gh1 =m+ our  
judgm5t by ! aid ( o!r s\rces (         
in=mation1 we %\ld conclude 9 favor ( ! 
fir/ ( ^! ?ree conceptions z mo/        
probably express+ ! writ]'s ?\ght4  #e  
,griesbu*'s read+ ( ! #be? v]se ( ,jude4
   ,! second *apt] ( ! epi/le is almo/  
an exact p>allel ) ! ,epi/le ( ,jude3 9 
_m v]ses x is ! same1 ^w = ^w4 ,x       
?reat5s unclean1 self will$1 unju/1 &   
blasphem+ m51 t !y %all be res]v$ unto !
 day ( judgm5t1 to be puni%$4 ,x w>ns   
su* p]sons by cit+ ! example ( !        
rebelli\s angels1 :o 7 ?ru/ d[n into    
,t>t>us1 & fa/5$ 9 *a9s ( d>kness until 
! judgm5t4 ,x speaks ( curs$ *ildr51 to 
:om is res]v$ ! mi/ ( d>kness =ev]4     
,h]e91 pla9ly en\gh1 is betray$ ! common
 notion ( ! ,jews ( t "t1 ! conception (
 a dismal "u _w1 conta9+ ! evil angels (

 ! ,p]sian !ology1 & :]e ! wick$ 7 to be
 rem&$ aft] judgm5t & et]nally          
imprison$4  ,! ?ird & la/ *apt] is tak5 
up ) ! doctr9e ( ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 
,be m9dful ( ! words ( ! prophets &     
apo/les1 kn[+ ?is fir/1 t 9 ! la/ days  
!re %all be sc(f]s1 :o w say1 ',:]e is !
 promise ( 8 com+8 = s9ce ! fa!rs fell  
asleep all ?+s cont9ue z f ! beg9n+4' ,!
 writ] meets ?is skeptical ass]tion )   
d5ial1 & po9ts to ! ,deluge1 :]eby ! _w 
t !n 01 be+ ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 p]i%$4 ,8   
argum5t is1 ! _w 0 ?us de/roy$ once1    
!re=e x may be de/roy$ aga94 ,he !n goes
 on to ass]t positively rely+ = au?ority
 on old traditions & curr5t dogmas t !  
heav5s & ! e>? :i* are n[ are kept by ! 
^w ( ,god 9 /ore to be de/roy$ by fire 9
 ! day ( judgm5t1 :5 ! p]dition (       
ungodly m5 %all be seal$4 ,! delay ( !  
,"l to fulfil 8 promise is n f          
procra/9ation1 b f 8 long suff]+ :o is n
 will+ t any %\ld p]i%4 ,he waits t all 
may come to rep5tance4 ,b 8 pati5ce w   
end1 & ! day ( ,god come z a ?ief 9 !   

night1 :5 ! heav5s1 be+ on fire1 %all   
pass away ) a cra%1 & ! elem5ts melt )  
f]v5t heat4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ^!  
decl>ations may be expla9$1 ?\gh 9 ei!r 
case ! ev5ts !y ref] to are to occur 9  
connection ) ! physical reappe>ance (   
,*ri/4 ,fir/1 !y may be tak5 9 a highly 
figurative s5se1 z mean+ ! moral ov]?r[ 
( evil & ! e/abli%m5t ( righte\sness 9 !
 _w4 ,simil> expressions 7 (t5 us$ ?us  
by ! anci5t ,hebrew prophets1 :o        
describe ! triumphs ( ,israel & !       
de/ruction ( _! enemies1 ! ,edomites or 
! ,assyrians1 by ! int]position (       
,jehovah's arm1 9 su* phrases z ^!4 ,!  
m\nta9s melt1 ! valleys cleave asund] l 
wax be=e a fire1 l wat]s p\r$ ov] a     
precipice4 ,! heav5s %all be roll$ up l 
a scroll1 all _! ho/s %all melt away &  
fall d[n2 = ,jehovah holde? a great     
slaught] 9 ! l& ( ,edom3 h] /reams %all 
be turn$ into pit*1 & h] du/ into       
brim/one1 & h] :ole l& %all become burn+
 pit*4 ,! suppression ( ,satan's p[] & !
 sett+ up ( ! ,messiah's k+dom might1   

accord+ to ! prophetic idiom1 be        
express$ 9 awful images ( fire & woe1 ! 
de/ruction ( ! old1 & ! creation ( a    
new1 heav5 & e>?4 ,b1 secondly1 ?is     
phraseology1 z us$ by ! writ] ( ! epi/le
 be=e u1 may h a lit]al significance1   
may h be5 int5d$ to pr$ict /rictly t !  
_w %all be burn$ & purg$ by fire at !   
second com+ ( ! ,"l4 ,t su* a cata/rophe
 w\ld take place 9 ! la/ day1 or occurr$
 p]iodically1 0 notori\sly ! doctr9e ( !
 ,p]sians & ( ! ,/oics4#f ,= our own "p1
 we are conv9c$ t ! latt] is ! real     
mean+ ( ! writ]4 ,?is seems to be %[n   
alike by ! connection ( 8 argum5t1 by ! 
prosaic lit]ality ( detail ) :i* he     
speaks1 & by ! e>ne/ exhortations he    
imm$iately bases on ! decl>ation he has 
made4 ,he reasons t1 s9ce ! _w 0 de/roy$
 once by wat]1 x may be aga9 by fire4 ,!
 deluge he c]ta9ly reg>d$ z lit]al3 0 n1
 !n1 9 8 conception1 ! fire1 too1       
lit]al8 ,he says1 ) calm1 prosaic       
precision1 ,! e>? & ! works t are !re9  
%all be burn$ up4 ,see+1 !n1 t all ^!   

?+s %all be dissolv$1 :at mann] ( p]sons
 ought ye to be 9 all hol9ess1 look+ = a
 new heav5 & a new e>?1 & /riv+ t ye may
 be f\nd by him 9 peace1 )\t spot1 &    
blameless6 ,we d n suppose ?is writ]    
expect$ ! annihilation ( ! physical     
creation1 b only t ! fire w\ld de/roy   
all unransom$ creatures f its surface1 &
 ?or\ghly purify its frame1 & make x    
clean & fit = a new race ( s9less &     
immortal m54  ,te>s %all n break f _!   
full s\rce1 ,nor ,angui% /ray f h]      
,t>t>ean d51 ,! gold5 ye>s ma9ta9 a     
c\rse ,n undiv]sifi$1 ?\gh smoo? & ev51 
,we n be mock'd ) glimpse & %ad[ !n1    
,bright s]aphs mix famili>ly ) m51 ,&   
e>? & sky compose a univ]sal heav54  ,we
 h n[ arriv$ at ! ?re%old ( ! la/ book 9
 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t book :i*1 9 ! words 
( ,lucke1 lies l a ,sph9x at ! l(ty     
outgate ( ! ,bible4 ,!re are ?ree modes 
( int]pret+ ! ,apocalypse1 ea* ( :i* has
 _h num]\s & di/+ui%$ advocates4 ,fir/1 
x may be reg>d$ z a cong]ies ( inspir$  
prophecies1 a sc5ic unfold+1 )          

infallible =esight1 ( ! *ief ev5ts (    
,*ri/ian hi/ory f ! fir/ c5tury till n[1
 & onw>ds4 ,?is view ! comb9$ effect ( !
 facts 9 ! case & ( all ! j             
consid]ations appropriate to ! subject  
compels u to reject4 ,!re is no evid5ce 
to support x2 ! application ( x is cr[d$
 ) egregi\s follies & absurdities4 ,we  
?us simply /ate ! result ( our be/      
inve/igation & judgm5t1 = !re is no     
space "h to discuss x 9 detail4         
,secondly1 ! book may be tak5 z a       
symbolic exhibition ( ! transitional    
crises1 exposures1 /ruggles1 & triumphs 
( ! individual s\l1 a description (     
p]sonal exp]i5ce1 a picture ( ! inn]    
life ( ! ,*ri/ian 9 a ho/ile _w4 ,!     
cont5ts ( x c be made to answ] to su* a 
*>act]ization only by ! det]m9$ ex]cise 
( an unre/ra9$ fancy1 or by ! !ory ( a  
d\ble s5se1 z ! ,sw$5borgians exp\nd x4 
,?is me?od ( int]pret+ ! ,revelation is 
adopt$1 n by s*ol>ly ?9k]s1 :o1 by !    
light ( le>n+ & common s5se1 seek to    
disc]n :at ! writ] meant to express1 b  

by ^? p]sons :o g to ! obscure docum5t1 
) traditional sup]/ition & lawless      
imag9ations1 to see :at lessons !y c f9d
 !re = _! exp]im5tal guidance &         
edification4 ,we suppose t e intellig5t 
& in=m$ /ud5t :o has  #f ,cic]o de ,nat4
 ,deorum1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #df4 ,also      
,ovid1 ,m9ucius ,felix1 ,s5eca1 & o!r   
au?orities1 z quot$ by ,ros5mull] on #b 
,pet] iii4 #g4   exam9$ ! subject ) c&id
 indep5d5ce holds x z an exegetical     
axiom t ! ,apocalypse is nei!r a pure   
prophecy1 blaz+ full illum9ation f      
,patmos along ! track ( ! com+ c5turies1
 nor an exhau/ive vision ( ! exp]i5ce ( 
! fai?ful ,*ri/ian disciple4 ,we are ?us
 br\ght to ! ?ird &1 z we ?9k1 ! correct
 mode ( consid]+ ?is rem>kable "w4 ,x is
 an outbur/ f ! comm+l$ & see?+ mass (  
op9ions1 p]secutions1 hopes1 g5]al      
exp]i5ce1 & expectation ( ! "t :5 x 0   
writt54 ,?is is ! view :i* w\ld         
naturally arise 9 ! m9d ( an imp>tial   
/ud5t f ! nature ( ! case1 & f          
contemplat+ ! f]vid fai?1 suff]+1 l[]+  

elem5ts1 & ?ick com+ ev5ts ( ! apo/olic 
age4 ,x also /rik+ly corresponds )      
num]\s express /atem5ts & ) ! :ole      
obvi\s _s & plan ( ! "w2 = its          
descriptions & appeals h ! vivid colors1
 ! ?rill+ tones1 ! significantly detail$
 allusions to exp]i5ces & op9ions &     
anticipations notori\sly exi/+ at ! "t1 
:i* belong to pres5t or imm$iately      
imp5d+ sc5es4 ,?is way ( consid]+ !     
,apocalypse likewise enables "o :o is   
acqua9t$ ) ! e>ly ,jewi% ,*ri/ian       
doctr9es1 leg5ds1 & hopes1 to expla9    
cle>ly a l>ge numb] ( passages 9 x ^:   
obscurity has puzzl$ _m a comm5tator4   
,we %\ld be glad to give v>i\s          
illu/rations ( ?is1 if our limits did n 
conf9e u /rictly to ! "o class ( texts  
belong+ to ! doctr9e ( a future life4   
,fur!rmore1 ne>ly all ! mo/ gift$       
critics1 su* z ,ewald1 ,bleek1 ,lucke1  
,de ,wette1  ^? ^: words on su* matt]s z
 ^! are weightie/1 n[ agree 9 conclud+ t
 ! ,revelation ( ,john 0 a product spr++
 out ( ! int5se ,jewi% ,*ri/ian belief &

 exp]i5ce ( ! age1 & ref]r+1 9 its      
dramatic sc5]y & pr$ictions1 to         
occurr5ces suppos$ to be !n transpir+ or
 v close at h&4 ,f9ally1 ?is view 9     
reg>d to ! ,apocalypse is /rongly       
confirm$ by a comp>ison ( t production )
 ! sev]al o!r works simil> to x 9 "* &  
ne>ly contemporane\s 9 orig94 ,^!       
apocryphal productions 7 writt5 or      
compil$ accord+ to ! pretty g5]al       
agreem5t ( ! great s*ol>s :o h criticiz$
 !m some:]e betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/    
c5tury be=e1 & ! middle ( ! second      
c5tury aft]1 ,*ri/4 ,we m]ely propose   
"h1 9 ! briefe/ mann]1 to indicate !    
doctr9e ( a future life conta9$ 9 !m1 z 
an introduction to an exposition ( t    
conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,apocalypse4  
,9 ! ,,te/am5t ,,( ,,! ,,twelve         
,,patri>*s x is writt5 t ! "u _w %all be
 spoil$ ?r\gh ! dea? ( ! ,mo/ ,exalt$4#g
 ,aga91 we read1 ,! ,"l %all make battle
 aga9/ ! devil1 & conqu] him1 & rescue f
 him ! captive s\ls ( ! righte\s4 ,! j  
%all rejoice 9 ,j]usalem1 :]e ! ,"l %all

 reign himself1 & e "o t believes 9 him 
%all reign 9 tru? 9 ! heav5s4#h ,f>!r on
 ! writ] says ( ! ,"l1 aft] giv+ an     
acc\nt ( 8 crucifixion1 ,he %all rise up
 f ! "u _w & asc5d into heav54#i ,^!    
extracts seem to imply ! common doctr9e 
( t "t1 t ,*ri/ desc5d$ into ! "u _w1   
fre$ ! captive sa9ts1 & rose into heav51
 & w\ld soon return to e/abli% 8 ?rone 9
 ,j]usalem1 to reign !re = a "t ) 8     
accept$ foll[]s4  #g ,see ?is book 9    
,fabricii ,codex ,pseudepigraphus       
,vet]is ,te/am5ti1 ,te/4 ,lev4 sect4 iv4
  #h ,ibid4 ,te/4 ,dan4 sect4 v4  #i    
,ibid4 ,te/4 ,b5j4 sect4 ix4   ,! ,,f\r?
 ,,book ,,( ,,ezra conta9s scatt]$      
decl>ations & h9ts ( ! same nature4#aj  
,x describes a vision ( ! ,messiah1 on  
,m\nt ,zion1 di/ribut+ cr[ns to ^?      
confessors ( 8 "n :o _h di$ 9 _!        
fidelity4#aa ,! _w is said to be full ( 
sorr[s & oppressions2 & z ! s\ls ( ! j  
ask :5 ! h>ve/ %all come1#ab = ! good to
 be rew>d$ & ! wick$ to be puni%$1 !y   
are told t ! day ( lib]ation is n f>    

di/ant1 ?\gh t]rible trials & sc\rges   
mu/ yet prec$e x4 ,my ,son ,jesus %all  
be reveal$4 ,my ,son ! ,*ri/ %all die2 &
 !n a new age %all come1 ! e>? %all give
 up ! dead1 s9n]s %all be plung$ into ! 
bottomless abyss1 & ,p>adise %all appe> 
9 all its glory4#ac ,! ,son ( ,god w    
come & consume 8 enemies ) fire2 b !    
elect w be protect$ & made happy4#ad  ,!
 ,,asc5sion ,,( ,,isaiah is pr9cipally  
occupi$ ) an acc\nt ( ! rapture ( ! s\l 
( t prophet ?r\gh ! sev5 heav5s1 & ( :at
 he !re saw & le>n$4 ,x describes !     
desc5t ( ,*ri/1 ! belov$ ,son ( ,god1   
?r\gh all ! heav5s1 to ! e>?2 8 dea?2 8 
resurrection aft] ?ree days2 8 victory  
ov] ,satan & 8 angels1 :o dwell 9 !     
welk9 or high] region ( ! air2 & 8      
return to ! "r h& ( ,god4#ae ,x pr$icts 
great apo/asy & s9 among ! disciples ( !
 apo/les1 & mu* diss5sion respect+ !    
ne>ness ( ! second adv5t ( ,*ri/4#af ,x 
emphatically decl>es t ,*ri/ %all come )
 8 angels1 & %all drag ,satan & 8 p[]s  
into ,geh5na4 ,!n all ! sa9ts %all      

desc5d f heav5 9 _! heav5ly clo?+1 &    
dwell 9 ?is _w2 :ile ! sa9ts :o _h n di$
 %all be simil>ly clo!d1 & aft] a "t    
leave _! bodies "h1 t !y may assume _!  
/ation 9 heav54 ,! g5]al resurrection & 
judgm5t w foll[1 :5 ! ungodly w be      
dev\r$ by fire4#ag ,! au?or z ,ges5ius1 
) almo/ all ! re/ ( ! critics1 says 0   
unque/ionably a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian1 & 8    
pr9cipal design 0 to set =? ! spe$y     
second com+ ( ,*ri/1 & ! glori\s triumph
 ( ! sa9ts t w\ld foll[ ) ! condign     
puni%m5t ( ! wick$4  ,! fir/ book ( !   
,,sibyll9e ,,oracles conta9s a /atem5t t
 9 ! gold5 age ! s\ls ( all m5 pass$    
peacefully into ! "u _w1 to t>ry !re    
until ! judgm5t2 a pr$iction ( a future 
,messiah2 & an acc\nt ( 8 dea?1         
resurrection1 & asc5sion4 ,! second book
 beg9s ) a description ( ! horrors t w  
prec$e ! la/ "t1 ?reats aga9/ ! p]secut+
 tyrants1 & promises to ! fai?ful1      
especially to ! m>tyrs1 & closes ) an   
acc\nt ( ! g5]al judgm5t1 :5 ,elijah    
%all come f heav51 consum+ flames break 

out1 all s\ls be summon$ to ! tribunal (
 ,god at ^: "r h& ,*ri/ w sit1 ! bodies 
( ! dead be rais$1 ! righte\s be        
purifi$1 & ! wick$ be plung$ into f9al  
ru94  ,! fundam5tal ?\ght & aim ( !     
apocryphal ,,book ,,( ,,eno* are !      
second com+ ( ,*ri/ to judge ! _w1 !    
enc\ragem5t ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & ! w>n+  #aj
 ,see ! ab/ract ( x giv5 9 section vi4 (
 ,/u>t's ,comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse4    
#aa ,cap4 ii4 #ab ,cap4 iv4 #ac ,cap4   
v41 vii4 #ad ,cap4 xiii41 xvi4  #ae     
,asc5sio ,isaia ,vatis1 a ,ric>do       
,laur5ce1 cap4 ix41 x41 xi4  #af ,ibid4 
cap4 ii41 iii4  #ag ,ibid4 cap4 iv4     
#ac-ah4   ( _! oppressors by decl>ations
 ( approa*+ deliv]ance to ^? & v5geance 
to ^!4 ,?is is transp>5t at frequ5t     
int]vals ?r\gh ! :ole book4#ah ,ye      
righte\s1 wait ) pati5t hope3 y\r cries 
h cri$ = judgm5t1 & x %all come1 & !    
gates ( heav5 %all be op5$ to y4 ,woe to
 y1 p[]ful oppressors1 false witnesses6 
= y %all sudd5ly p]i%4 ,! voices ( sla9 
sa9ts accus+ _! murd]]s1 ! oppressors ( 

_! bre?r51 rea* to heav5 ) int]c$+ cries
 = swift ju/ice4#ai ,:5 t ju/ice comes1 
! horse %all wade up to 8 brea/1 & !    
*>iot %all s9k to its axle1 9 ! blood ( 
s9n]s4#bj ,! au?or tea*es t ! s\ls ( m5 
at dea? g into ! "u _w1 a place deep &  
d>k1 :]e all s\ls %all be collect$2 :]e 
!y %all rema9 9 d>kness till ! day (    
judgm5t1 ! spirits ( ! righte\s be+ 9   
peace & joy1 sep>at$ f ! torm5t$ spirits
 ( ! wick$1 :o h spurn$ ! ,messiah &    
p]secut$ 8 disciples4#ba ,a day (       
judgm5t is at h&4 ,behold1 he come?1 )  
t5 ?\s& ( 8 sa9ts1 to execute judgm5t4  
,!n ! righte\s %all rise f ! "u _w1 be  
approv$1 become z angels1 & asc5d to    
heav54 ,b ! wick$ %all n rise3 !y rema9 
imprison$ bel[ =ev]4#bb ,! angels desc5d
 to e>? to dwell ) m51 & ! sa9ts asc5d  
to heav5 to dwell ) angels4#bc ,f beg9n+
 to end1 l ! ,apocalypse1 ! book is     
fill$1 says ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 7& ! mo/   
c>eless read] mu/ rem>k x17 ) ?reats = !
 wick$ p]secutors & consolations = !    
suff]+ pi\s4 ,a great numb] ( rem>kable 

correspond5ces betwe5 passages 9 ?is    
book & passages 9 ! ,apocalypse solicit 
a notice :i* our pres5t s+le object w n 
all[ u to give !m "h4 ,an "u _w divid$  
into two p>ts1 a happy = ! good1 a      
wret*$ = ! bad2 tempor>y woes prevail+  
on ! e>?2 ! spe$y adv5t ( ,*ri/ = a     
v9dication ( 8 p[] & 8 s]vants2 !       
resurrection ( ! dead2 ! f9al           
translation ( ! accept$ into heav51 & ! 
hopeless doom+ ( ! reject$ into ! abyss1
 ^! are ! features 9 ! book be=e u :i*  
we are n[ to rememb]4  ,!re is "o o!r   
extant apocryphal book ^: cont5ts are   
/rictly appropriate to ! subject we h 9 
h&1 namely1 ! ,,apocalypse ,,(          
,,john4#bd ,x claims to be ! "w ( !     
,apo/le ,john himself4 ,x repres5ts     
,john z go+ to ,m\nt ,tabor aft] !      
asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 & !re pray+ t x may be
 reveal$ to him :5 ! second com+ ( ,*ri/
 w occur1 & :at w be ! consequ5ces ( x4 
,9 answ] to 8 reque/1 a long & m9ute    
disclosure is made4 ,! sub/ance ( x is1 
t1 aft] fam9es & woes1 ,anti*ri/ w appe>

 & reign ?ree ye>s4 ,!n ,eno* & ,elijah 
w come to expose him2 b !y w die1 & all 
m5 ) !m4 ,! e>? w be purifi$ ) fire1 !  
dead w rise1 ,*ri/  #ah ,book ( ,eno*1  
translat$ into ,engli% by ,dr4 ,r4      
,laur5ce4 ,see p>ticul>ly ! foll[+      
places3 i4 #a #e2 lii4 #g2 liv4 #ab2    
lxi4 #ae2 lxii4 #ad1 #ae2 xciv42 xcv42  
civ4  #ai ,ibid4 cap4 ix4 #i #aa2 xxii4 
#e #h2 xlvii4 #a-d4  #bj ,ibid4 cap4    
xcviii4 #c4  #ba ,ibid4 cap4 x4 #f #i1  
#ae1 #af2 xxii4 #b #e1 #aa #ac2 cii4 #f2
 ciii4 #e4  #bb ,ibid4 cap4 xxii4 #ad1  
#ae2 xlv4 #b2 xlvi4 #d2 #a4 #a-d4  #bc  
cap4 xxxviii4 xl4  #bd ,see ! ab/ract ( 
x giv5 9 ,lucke's ,e9leit4 9 die ,(f5b>4
 ,joh41 cap4 #b1 sect4 #ag4   w desc5d 9
 pomp1 ) myriads ( angels1 & ! judgm5t w
 foll[4 ,! spirits ( ,anti*ri/ w be     
hurl$ into a gulf ( out] d>kness1 s deep
 t a heavy /one w\ld n plunge to !      
bottom 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,unbeliev]s1 s9n]s1 
hypocrites1 w be ca/ into ! "u _w2 :ile 
true ,*ri/ians are plac$ at ! "r h& (   
,*ri/1 all radiant ) glory4 ,! good &   

accept$ w !n dwell 9 an e>?ly p>adise1 )
 angels1 & be free f all evils4  ,9     
addition to ^! /ill extant ,apocalypses1
 we h ref]5ces 9 ! works ( ! ,fa!rs to a
 great _m o!rs long s9ce p]i%$2         
especially ! ,apocalypses ( ,adam1      
,abraham1 ,moses1 ,elijah1 ,hy/aspes1   
,paul1 ,pet]1 ,?omas1 ,c]9?us1 & ,/eph54
 ,s f> z we h any clew1 by pres]v$      
quotations or o!rwise1 to ! cont5ts ( ^!
 lo/ productions1 !y seem to h be5 mu*  
occupi$ ) ! topics ( ! av5g+ & r$eem+   
adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 ! f9al judgm5t (    
mank9d1 ! sup]nal & subt]ranean         
localities1 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 !  
inauguration ( an e>?ly p>adise1 !      
condemnation ( ! reprobate to ! abyss   
b5ea?1 ! translation ( ! elect to !     
,angelic realm on high4 ,^! works1 all  
tak5 toge!r1 7 pla9ly ! (fspr+ ( ! m+l$ 
mass ( gl[+ fai?s1 suff]+s1 fe>s1 &     
hopes1 ( ! age !y belong$ to4 ,an       
acqua9tance ) !m w help u to appreciate 
& expla9 _m ?+s 9 our some:at k9dr$ ,new
 ,te/am5t ,apocalypse1 by plac+ u       

p>tially 9 ! circum/ances & m5tal       
attitude ( ! writ] & ( ^? = :om x 0     
writt54  ,! ,p]sian ,jewi% & ,jewi%     
,*ri/ian notions & *>act]i/ics ( ! ,book
 ( ,revelation are m>k$ & prevail+1 z e 
prep>$ read] mu/ p]ceive4 ,! ?reefold   
division ( ! univ]se into ! upp] _w ( ! 
angels1 ! middle _w ( m51 & ! "u _w ( ! 
dead2 ! keys ( ! bottomless pit2 ! abode
 ( ,satan1 ! accus]1 9 heav52 8 revolt2 
! w> 9 ! sky betwe5 8 s$uc$ ho/ & !     
angelic army "u ,mi*ael1 & ! ?ru/+ d[n (
 ! =m]2 ! banquet ( birds on ! fle% (   
k+s1 mighty m51 & horses2 ! battle (    
,gog & ,magog2 ! t>ry+ ( s\ls "u ! alt> 
( ,god2 ! temple 9 heav5 conta9+ ! ark (
 ! cov5ant1 & ! sc5e ( a v>i\s ritual   
s]vice2 ! twelve gates ( ! cele/ial city
 be>+ ! names ( ! twelve tribes ( !     
*ildr5 ( ,israel1 & ! twelve f\ndations 
( ! walls hav+ ! names ( ! twelve       
,apo/les ( ! ,lamb2 ! bodily            
resurrection & g5]al judgm5t1 & !       
details ( its sequel1 all ^! doctr9es & 
specim5s ( imag]y1 ) a hundr$ o!rs1 c>ry

 u at once into ! ,z5d ,ave/a1 !        
,talmud1 & ! ,ebioniti% docum5ts ( !    
e>lie/ ,*ri/ians1 :o mix$ _!            
int]pretations ( ! mission & tea*+ (    
,*ri/ ) ! poetic visions ( ,zoroa/] & ! 
cabali/ic dogmatics ( ! ,ph>isees4 #be  
,x is a/oni%+ t any intellig5t p]son c  
p]use ! ,apocalypse & /ill suppose t x  
is occupi$ ) prophecies ( remote ev5ts1 
ev5ts to transpire successively 9 di/ant
 ages & v>i\s l&s4 ,imm$iat5ess1        
imm95cy1 haz>d\s urg5cy1 swiftness1     
al>ms1 are writt5 all ov] ! book4 ,a    
susp5se1 frightfully ?rill+1 fills x1 z 
if ! _w 7 hold+ its brea? 9 view ( !    
univ]sal cra% t 0 com+ ) electric       
velocity4  #be ,see1 e4 g41 ,corrodi1   
,kritis*e ,ges*i*te des ,*iliasmus1 b&  
ii4 ?4 #c #g2 ,gfror]1 ,ges*i*te        
,ur*ri/5?ums1 ab?4 ii4 kap4 #h #aj2     
,s*ottg5 9 ,apoc4 xii4 #f #i2 ibid4 9 #b
 ,cor4 v4 #b4   ,f\r words compose ! key
 to ! ,apocalypse3 ,rescue1 ,rew>d1     
,ov]?r[1 ,v5geance4 ,! foll[]s ( ,*ri/  
are n[ p]secut$ & sla9 by ! tyrannical  

rul]s ( ! e>?4 ,let !m be ( good *e]3 !y
 %all spe$ily be deliv]$4 ,_! tyrants   
%all be trampl$ d[n 9 blood fl[+ up to !
 horse bridles1 & !y %all reign 9 glory4
 ,"h is ! fai? & ! pati5ce ( ! sa9ts1   
tru/+ t1 if true unto dea?1 !y %all h a 
cr[n ( life1 & %all n be hurt ( ! second
 dea?1 b %all soon rejoice ov] !        
triumphant e/abli%m5t ( ! ,messiah's    
k+dom & ! condign puni%m5t ( 8 enemies  
:o are n[ mak+ !mselves drunk ) ! blood 
( ! m>tyrs ( ,jesus4 ,! ,bea/1 describ$ 
9 ! ?irte5? *apt]1 is unque/ionably     
,n]o2 & ?is fact %[s ! expect$          
imm$iat5ess ( ! ev5ts pictur$ 9         
connection ) ! rise & de/ruction ( t    
mon/r\s despot4#bf ,! tru? ( ?is        
repres5tation is seal$ by ! v fir/ v]ses
 ( ! book1 indicat+ ! nature ( its      
cont5ts & ! p]iod to :i* !y ref]3 ,!    
revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* ,god gave
 unto him1 to %[ unto 8 s]vants ?+s :i* 
mu/ %ortly come to pass3 ,bless$ are !y 
:o he> ! words ( ?is prophecy & keep !m2
 = ! "t is at h&4  ,?is rescue & rew>d (

 ! fai?ful1 ?is ov]?r[ & puni%m5t ( !   
wick$1 7 to be effect$ by ! ag5cy ( a   
unique & sublime p]sonage1 :o 0 expect$ 
v soon to appe>1 ) an army ( angels f   
heav51 = ?is purpose4 ,! conception ( ! 
nature1 rank1 & (fices ( ,jesus ,*ri/   
:i* exi/$ 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] ( !         
,apocalypse is 9 "s respects b obscurely
 h9t$ 9 ! words he employs2 yet !       
relation%ip ( ^? words to o!r & full]   
s\rces ( in=mation 9 ! contemporane\s   
notions ( 8 c\ntrym5 is su* z to give u 
great help 9 arriv+ at 8 ideas4 ,he     
repres5ts ,*ri/ z di/9ct f & subord9ate 
to ,god4 ,he makes ,*ri/ say1 ,to him t 
ov]come? ,i w give p[] ov] ! nations1   
ev5 z ,i receiv$ ( my ,fa!r4 ,he        
*>act]izes him z ! beg9n+ ( ! creation (
 ,god1 & describes him z m\nt$ on a :ite
 horse1 lead+ ! heav5ly armies to w>1 & 
8 "n is call$ ! ,logos ( ,god4 ,^! t]ms 
evid5tly correspond to ! phrases 9 !    
introduction to ! ,gospel ( ,john1 & 9 !
 ,book ( ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 :]e are  
unfold$ "s portions ( t great doctr9e1 s

 preval5t among ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 :i* 0    
borr[$ & adapt$ by !m f ! ,p]sian       
,honov]1 ! ,hebrew ,wisdom1 & !         
,platonic ,logos4#bg ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 !    
,logos1 & ! ,logos 0 ) ,god1 & all ?+s 7
 made by him2444 & ! ,logos 0 made fle% 
& dwelt among u4#bh ,god ( our fa!rs1 & 
,"l ( m]cy1 :o ha/ made all ?+s by ?y   
,logos4#bi ,?9e almighty ,logos leap$   
d[n f heav5 f 8 royal ?rone1 a fi]ce    
w>rior1 into ! mid/ ( a l& (            
de/ruction4#cj ,pla9ly en\gh1 !         
,apocalyptic view ( ,*ri/ is bas$ on t  
pr(\nd ,logos doctr9e s copi\sly  #bf   
,see ! excursus by ,/u>t 9 8 ,comm5t>y  
on ! ,apoc4 xiii4 #ah1 :i* conclusively 
%[s t ! ,bea/ c\ld be no o!r ?an ,n]o4  
#bg ,lucke1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,evang4    
,joh4  #bh ,evang4 ,joh4 i4 #a1 #c1 #ad4
  #bi ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 ix4 #a1 #b4   
#cj ,ibid4 xviii4 #ae4   develop$ 9 !   
writ+s ( ,philo ,judaus & s di/9ctly    
endors$ 9 num]\s passages ( ! ,new      
,te/am5t4 ,fir/1 !re is ! absolute ,god4
 ,next1 !re is ! ,logos1 ! fir/ begott5 

,son & repres5tative image ( ,god1 !    
in/rum5tal cause ( ! creation1 ! head ( 
all creat$ be+s4 ,?is ,logos1 born into 
our _w z a man1 is ,*ri/4 ,ar\nd him are
 clu/]$ all ! features & actions t      
compose ! doctr9e ( ! la/ ?+s4 ,! va/ "w
 ( r$emption & judgm5t laid ^u him has 9
 "p be5 already execut$1 & 9 "p rema9s  
yet to be done4  ,we are fir/ to        
inquire1 !n1 into ! significance ( :at !
 writ] ( ! ,apocalypse supposes has     
already be5 effect$ by ,*ri/ 9 8 (ficial
 relations betwe5 ,god & m51 s f> z     
reg>ds ! g5]al subject ( a life beyond !
 grave4 ,a few brief & vague b          
compreh5sive expressions include all t  
he has writt5 :i* furni%es u a guide to 
8 ?\ghts on ?is p>ticul>4 ,he describes 
,jesus1 :5 advanc$ to 8 native sup]em95t
 dignity 9 heav51 z ! ,logos1 clo!d 9 a 
ve/ure dipp$ 9 blood1 & also z ! ,lamb t
 0 sla91 to :om ! cele/ial ?rong s+ a   
new song1 say+1 ,?\ ha/ r$eem$ u unto   
,god by ?y blood4 ,*ri/1 he says1 lov$  
u1 & wa%$ u f our s9s 9 8 own blood4 ,he

 repres5ts ! ris5 ,savior z decl>+1 ,i  
am he t live?1 & 0 dead1 &1 behold1 ,i  
am alive = ev]more1 & h ! keys ( ! "u _w
 & ( dea?4 ,jesus ,*ri/1 aga9 he writes1
 is ! fai?ful witness1 ! fir/ begott5 f 
! dead4 ,:at1 n[1 is ! real mean+ ( ^!  
pregnant phrases8 ,:at is ! complete    
doctr9e to :i* fragm5t>y ref]5ces are "h
 made8 ,we are confid5t t x is ?is4     
,mank9d1 9 consequ5ce ( s91 7 ali5at$ f 
,god1 & bani%$1 aft] dea?1 to ,hades1 ! 
subt]ranean empire ( %ad[s4 ,*ri/1 leav+
 8 exalt$ /ate 9 heav51 0 born into ! _w
 z a mess5g]1 or fai?ful witness1 (     
surpris+ grace to !m f ,god1 & di$ t he 
might fulfil 8 mission z ! ag5t ( _!    
r$emption1 by desc5d+ into ! great      
prison realm ( ! dead1 &1 ex]t+ 8       
irresi/ible p[]1 return !nce to light & 
life1 & asc5d into heav5 z ! =]unn] &   
pl$ge ( ! deliv]ance & asc5sion ( o!rs4 
,moses ,/u>t1 comm5t+ on ! clause fir/  
begott5 f ! dead1 says1 ,*ri/ 0 9 fact !
 fir/ :o enjoy$ ! privilege ( a         
resurrection to et]nal glory & he 0     

con/itut$ ! lead] ( all :o %\ld aft]w>ds
 be ?us rais$ f ! dead4#ca ,all :o _h   
di$1 ) ! sole exception ( ,*ri/1 7 yet 9
 ! "u _w4 ,he1 s9ce 8 triumphant subdual
 ( its p[] & return to heav51 possess$  
au?ority ov] x1 & w\ld ere long summon  
its ho/s to resurrection1 z he decl>es3 
,i 0 dead1 &1 behold1 ,i am alive = ev] 
m1 & h ! keys ( ! "u _w4 ,! figure is t 
( a conqu]or1 :o1 return+ f a captur$ & 
subdu$ city1 be>s ! key ( x ) him1 a    
trophy ( 8 triumph & a pl$ge ( its      
submission4 ,! text ,?\ ha/ r$eem$ u    
unto ,god by ?y blood is n receiv$ 9 an 
absolutely lit]al s5se by any !ological 
sect :atev]4 ,! sev]e/ ,calv9i/ does n  
suppose t ! physical blood %$ on ! cross
 is meant2 b he expla9s x z d5ot+ !     
aton+ efficacy ( ! vic>i\s suff]+s (    
,*ri/4 ,b ?is int]pretation is z =c$ &  
con/ructive an exposition z ! "o we h   
giv51 & is n  #ca ,/u>t1 ,comm4 9 ,apoc4
 i4 #e4   w>rant$ by ! !ological op9ions
 ( ! apo/olic age1 :i* d1 on ! contr>y1 
support & necessitate ! o!r4 ,! direct  

/atem5t is1 t m5 7 r$eem$ unto ,god by !
 blood ( ,*ri/4 ,all agree t 9 ! ^w     
blood is wrapp$ up a figurative mean+4  
,! ,calv9i/ic dogma makes x d5ote !     
satisfaction ( ! law ( retributive      
ju/ice by a sub/itutional angui%4 ,we   
ma9ta9 t a true hi/orical exegesis1 ) f>
 less viol5ce to ! use ( language1 &    
consi/5tly ) kn[n contemporane\s ideas1 
makes x d5ote ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 & ! ev5ts 
:i* 7 suppos$ to h foll[$ 8 dea?1       
namely1 8 appe>ance among ! dead1 & 8   
asc5t to heav51 prep>atory to _! asc5t1 
:5 !y %\ld no long] be exil$ 9 ,hades1 b
 %\ld dwell ) ,god4 ,out ( an abundance 
( illu/rative au?orities we w cite a    
few4  ,augu/9e describes ! anci5t sa9ts 
z be+ 9 ! "u _w1 9 places mo/ remote f !
 tortures ( ! impi\s1 wait+ = ,*ri/'s   
blood & desc5t to deliv] !m4#cb         
,epiphanius says1 ,*ri/ 0 ! fir/ t rose 
f ! "u _w to heav5 f ! "t ( !           
creation4#cc ,lactantius affirms1       
,*ri/'s desc5t into ! "u _w & asc5t into
 heav5 7 necess>y to give man ! hope ( a

 heav5ly immortality4#cd ,hil>y (       
,poicti]s says1 ,*ri/ w5t d[n into      
,hades = two reasons3 fir/1 to fulfil ! 
law impos$ on mank9d t e s\l on leav+ ! 
body %all desc5d into ! "u _w1 &1       
secondly1 to prea* ! ,*ri/ian religion  
to ! dead4#ce ,*ryso/om writes1 ,:5 !   
,son ( ,god come?1 ! e>? %all bur/ op51 
& all ! m5 t ev] 7 born1 f ,adam's bir? 
up to t day1 %all rise up out ( !       
e>?4#cf ,ir5aus te/ifies1 ,i h he>d f a 
c]ta9 presbyt]1 :o he>d x f ^? :o _h se5
 ! apo/les & receiv$ _! in/ructions1 t  
,*ri/ desc5d$ into ! "u _w1 & prea*$ !  
gospel & 8 own adv5t to ! s\ls !re1 &   
remitt$ ! s9s ( ^? :o believ$ on him4#cg
 ,eusebius records t1 aft] ! asc5sion ( 
,jesus1 ,?omas s5t ,?addeus1 "o ( !     
,sev5ty1 to ,abg>us1 ,k+ ( ,edessa4 ,?is
 disciple told ! k+ h[ t ,jesus1 hav+   
be5 crucifi$1 desc5d$ into ! "u _w1 &   
bur/ ! b>s :i* _h nev] be=e be5 brok51 &
 rose aga91 & also rais$ ) himself !    
dead t _h slept = ages2 & h[ he desc5d$ 
alone1 b asc5d$ ) a great multitude to 8

 ,fa!r2 & h[ he 0 ab\t to come aga9 to  
judge ! liv+ & ! dead4#ch ,f9ally1 we   
cite ! foll[+ und5iable /atem5t f       
,daille's fam\s "w on ! ,"r ,use ( !    
,fa!rs3 ,t heav5 %all n be op5$ till !  
second com+ ( ,*ri/ & ! day ( judgm5t1 t
 dur+ ?is "t ! s\ls ( all m51 ) a few   
exceptions1 are %ut up 9 ! "u _w1  0    
held by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,ir5aus1          
,t]tullian1 ,augu/9e1 ,orig51           
,lactantius1 ,victor9us1 ,ambrose1      
,*ryso/om1 ,!odoret1 ,o,ecumenius1      
,aretas1 ,prud5tius1 ,!ophylact1 ,b]n>d1
  #cb ,de ,civitate ,dei1 lib4 xx4 cap4 
#ae4  #cc ,9 ,resurrectionem ,*ri/i4    
#cd ,div94 ,in/it4 lib4 iv4 cap4 #ai1   
#bj4  #ce ,hil>y 9 ,ps4 cxviii4 et cxix4
  #cf ,homil4 9 ,rom4 viii4 #be4  #cg   
,adv4 ,h>es4 lib4 iv4 sect4 #de4  #ch   
,ecc4 ,hi/4 lib4 i4 cap4 #ac4   & _m    
o!rs1 z is confess$ by all4 ,?is doctr9e
 is lit]ally held by ! :ole ,greek ,*ur*
 at ! pres5t day4 ,nor did any ( !      
,lat9s expressly d5y any "p ( x until ! 
,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l   

#adci4ci  ,9 view ( ^! quotations1 & (  
volumes ( simil> ones :i* might be      
adduc$1 we submit to ! c&id read] t !   
mean+ mo/ probably 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] ( !
 ,apocalypse :5 he wrote ! words        
r$emption by ! ,blood ( ,*ri/ 0 ?is1 !  
rescue c]tifi$ to m5 by ! commission$   
p[] & devot$ self sacrifice ( ,*ri/ 9   
dy+1 go+ d[n to ! mighty congregation ( 
! dead1 proclaim+ good tid+s1 break+ !  
hopeless bondage ( dea? & ,hades1 &     
asc5d+ z ! pione] ( a new way to ,god4  
,if be=e 8 dea? all m5 7 suppos$ to g   
d[n to helpless conf9em5t 9 ! "u _w on  
acc\nt ( s91 b aft] 8 resurrection !    
promise ( an asc5sion to heav5 0 made to
 !m ?r\gh 8 gospel & exemplification1 !n
 well might ! grateful believ]s1 fix+ _!
 he>ts on 8 will+ m>tyrdom 9 _! behalf1 
exclaim1 ,he lov$ u1 & wa%$ u f our s9s 
9 8 own blood1 & ha? made u k+s & prie/s
 unto ,god4 ,x is c]ta9ly f> m natural1 
f> m reasonable1 to suppose t !         
scriptural phrase ! blood ( ,*ri/ means 
! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ) its hi/orical         

consequ5ces1 ?an to imag9e t x signifies
 a complicat$ & my/]i\s s*eme (         
sac]dotal or e?ical expiation1          
especially :5 t s*eme is unrelat$ to    
contemporane\s op9ion1 irreconcilable   
)morality1& confess$ly n[h]e pla9ly /at$
 9 ,scripture1 b a matt] ( late &       
labori\s con/ruction & inf]5ce4 ,we h n 
spok5 ( ! /rictly moral & subjective    
mission & "w ( ,*ri/1 z conceiv$ by !   
au?or ( ! ,apocalypse1  8 influ5ces to  
cleanse ! spr+s ( "*1 purify & inspire !
 he>t1 rectify & elevate ! motives1     
reg5]ate & sanctify ! s\l & ! life1     
because all ?is is pla9 & unque/ion$4 ,b
 he also believ$ 9 some?+ additional to 
?is1 an objective function3 & :at t 0 we
 ?9k is correctly expla9$ above4  ,we   
are next to inquire m imm$iately into ! 
clos+ p>ts ( ! doctr9e ( ! la/ ?+s4     
,*ri/ has appe>$1 decl>$ ! tid+s (      
grace1 di$1 visit$ ! dead1 ris5         
victori\sly1 & gone back to heav51 :]e  
he n[ t>ries4 ,b !re rema9 _m ?+s = him1
 z ! es*atological ,k+1 yet to d4 ,:at  

are !y8 & :at details are connect$ ) !m8
 ,fir/ ( all1 he is soon to return f    
heav51 visit+ ! e>? a second "t4 ,! fir/
 *apt] ( ! book beg9s by decl>+ t x is a
 revelation ( ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly come to
 pass1 & bless$ is he t reade?2 = ! "t  
is at h&4 ,! la/ *apt] is full ( su*    
repetitions z ^!3 ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly be 
done2 ,behold1 ,i come quickly2 ,! "t is
 at h&2 ,he t is unju/1 let him be unju/
 /ill1 & he t is holy1 let him be holy  
/ill2 ,surely ,i come quickly2 ,ev5 s1  
come1 ,"l ,jesus4 ,h]d] says1 9 8 acute 
& eloqu5t "w on ! ,apocalypse1 ,!re is b
 "o voice 9 x1 ?r\gh all its epi/les1   
seals1 trumpets1 signs1 & plagues1      
namely1 ,,! ,,"l ,,is ,,com+6 ,! s\ls ( 
! m>tyrs1 impati5tly wait+1 "u ! alt>1 !
 completion ( ! great drama1 cry1 ,h[   
long1 ,o ,"l1 do/ ?\ delay to av5ge our 
blood8 & !y are told t !y %all  #ci     
,lib4 ii4 cap4 #d1 pp4 #bgb1 #bgc ( !   
,engli% translation4   re/ only = a     
little season4 ,t]tullian writes1 )\t a 
trace ( d\bt1 ,is n ,*ri/ quickly to    

come f heav5 ) a quak+ ( ! :ole univ]se1
 ) a %udd]+ ( ! _w1 amid/ ! wail+s ( all
 m5 save ! ,*ri/ians8 ,! ,apocalyptic   
se] makes ,*ri/ say1 ,behold1 ,i come z 
a ?ief 9 ! night3 bless$ is he t wat*e?4
 ,accord+ly1 a s5t9el gaz$ :]ev] a      
,*ri/ian pray$1 &1 ?\gh all ! wat*m5 di$
 )\t ! sight1 ! expectation l+]$ =      
c5turies4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,new ,te/am5t
 "t to borr[ ! words ( "o ( ! mo/       
compet5t ( liv+ s*ol>s c>ri$ =w>d to !  
acc\nt ( ,*ri/ 9 ye>s to come ! visions 
:i* 8 /ay1 z !y suppos$1 0 too %ort to  
realize1 & assign$ to him a quick return
 to f9i% :at 0 yet unfulfill$4 ,!       
suff]+1 ! scorn1 ! rejection ( m51 !    
cr[n ( ?orns1 7 ov] & gone2 ! diadem1 ! 
cl>ion1 ! fla% ( glory1 ! troop (       
angels1 7 ready to bur/ ^u ! _w1 & might
 be look$ = at midnight or at noon4#dj  
,secondly1 :5 ,*ri/ return$1 he 0 to    
av5ge ! suff]+s & rew>d ! fidelity ( 8  
foll[]s1 tread ! hea!n tyrants 9 ! w9e  
press ( 8 wra?1 & cr[n ! p]secut$ sa9ts 
) a p>ticipation 9 8 glory4 ,:5 ! "t ( 8

 wra? is come1 he %all give rew>d to !  
prophets1 & to ! sa9ts1 & to !m t fe> 8 
"n1 & %all de/roy !m t de/roy ! e>?4 ,! 
k+s1 capta9s1 mighty m51 ri* m51 bondm51
 & freem51 %all cry to ! m\nta9s &      
rocks1 ,fall on u1 & hide u f ! wra? ( !
 ,lamb4 ,to him t ov]come?1 & doe? my   
works1 ,i w give p[] ov] ! ,g5tiles2 ,i 
w give him ! morn+ />2 ,i w grant him to
 sit ) me on my ?rone4 ,indep5d5tly1    
moreov]1 ( ^! di/9ct texts1 ! :ole book 
is p]vad$ ) ! ?\ght t1 at ! spe$y second
 adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 all 8 enemies %all 
be fe>fully puni%$1 8 s]vants em95tly   
comp5sat$ & glorifi$4#da  ,?irdly1 !    
writ] ( ! ,apocalypse expect$ 9         
accordance ) t ,jewi% anticipation ( an 
e>?ly ,messianic k+dom :i* 0 adopt$ ) "s
 modifications by ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians t  
,jesus1 on 8 return1 hav+ subdu$ 8 foes1
 w\ld reign = a season1 9 great glory1  
on ! e>?1 surr\nd$ by ! sa9ts4 ,a door 0
 op5$ 9 heav51 & ! se] look$ 91 & saw a 
vision ( ! r$eem$ ar\nd ! ?rone1 & he>d 
!m s++ a new song unto ! ,lamb t 0 sla91

 9 ! c\rse ( :i*1 p>ticul>iz+ ! favors  
obta9$ = !m by him1 !y say1 ,we %all    
reign ^u ! e>?4 ,aga91 ! writ] says t ! 
wor%ipp]s ( ! bea/ & ( 8 image %all be  
torm5t$ ) fire & brim/one 9 ! pres5ce ( 
! holy angels1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,lamb4 
,n[1 ! lake ( sulphur\s fire into :i* ! 
reprobate 7 to be ?ru/ 0 locat$1 n 9 !  
sky1 b "u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! =ego+   
/atem5t1 !re=e1 implies t ,*ri/ & 8     
angels w\ld be t>ry+ on ! e>? :5 ! f9al 
woe ( ! condemn$ 0 inflict$4 ,b we ne$ n
 rely on indirect argum5ts4 ,! writ]    
explicitly decl>es  #dj ,m>t9eau1       
,s]mon1 ,! ,god ( ,revelation 8 own     
,int]pret]4  #da ,x seems to h be5 a    
,jewi% expectation t :5 ! ,messiah %\ld 
appe> he w\ld ?ru/ 8 enemies into       
,hades4 ,9 a passage ( ! ,talmud ,satan 
is repres5t$ z see+ ! ,messiah "u !     
,?rone ( ,glory3 he falls on 8 face at !
 sight1 exclaim+1 ,?is is ! ,messiah1 :o
 w precipitate me & all ! ,g5tiles into 
! "u _w4 ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/ologia1 sect4   
#cf4   t1 9 8 vision ( :at 0 to take    

place1 ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrs1 ^? :o 7 sla9 =
 ! witness ( ,jesus1 liv$ & reign$ )    
,*ri/ a ?\s& ye>s1 :ile ! re/ ( ! dead  
liv$ n aga9 until ! ?\s& ye>s 7 f9i%$4  
,?is is ! fir/ resurrection4 ,!n ,satan 
0 loos$ out ( 8 prison1 & ga!r$ ! ho/s (
 ,gog & ,magog to battle1 & w5t up on ! 
bread? ( ! e>? & compass$ ! camp ( !    
sa9ts ab\t1 & fire came d[n out ( heav5 
& dev\r$ !m4 ,x seems impossible to     
avoid see+ 9 ?is passage a pla9 /atem5t 
( ! mill5nial reign ( ,*ri/ on ! e>? ) 8
 ris5 m>tyrs4  ,f\r?ly1 at ! t]m9ation (
 ! p]iod j ref]r$ to1 ! au?or ( !       
,apocalypse ?\ght all ! dead w\ld be    
rais$ & ! tribunal ( ! g5]al judgm5t    
held4 ,z ,lactantius says1 ,all s\ls are
 deta9$ 9 cu/ody 9 ! "u _w until ! la/  
day2 !n ! j %all rise & reign2 aft]w>ds 
!re w be ano!r resurrection ( !         
wick$4#db ,! "t ( ! dead is come1 t !y  
%\ld be judg$4 ,& ,i saw ! dead1 small &
 great1 /& be=e ,god2 & ! books 7 op5$1 
& ! dead 7 judg$ out ( ^? ?+s :i* 7     
writt5 9 ! books1 accord+ to _! works4  

,& ! sea gave up ! dead :i* 7 9 x1 &    
dea? & ! "u _w deliv]$ up ! dead :i* 7 9
 !m1 & !y 7 judg$1 e man accord+ to 8   
works4 ,bless$ & holy is he t ha? "p 9 !
 fir/ resurrection3 on su* ! second dea?
 ha? no p[]1 b !y %all be prie/s ( ,god 
& ( ,*ri/1 & reign ) him a ?\s& ye>s4   
,?is text1 ) its d>k & tacit ref]5ce by 
contra/ to ^? :o h no lot 9 ! mill5nial 
k+dom1 br+s u to ! next /ep 9 our       
exposition4  ,=1 fif?ly1 aft] ! g5]al   
resurrection & judgm5t at ! close ( !   
?\s& ye>s1 ! s5t5ce ( a hopeless doom to
 hell is to be execut$ on ! condemn$4   
,:osoev] 0 n f\nd writt5 9 ! book ( life
 0 ca/ into ! lake ( fire4 ,! fe>ful1 & 
unbeliev+1 & ! abom9able1 & murd]]s1 &  
:oremong]s1 & sorc]]s1 & idolat]s1 & all
 li>s1 %all h _! "p 9 ! lake :i* burne? 
) fire & brim/one2 :i* is ! second dea?4
 ,! second dea? is a t]m us$ by ,onkelos
 9 8 ,t>gum1#dc & sometimes 9 ! ,talmud1
 & by ! ,rabb9s g5]ally4 ,x d5otes1 z   
employ$ by !m1 ! return ( ! wick$ into  
hell aft] _! summons !nce = judgm5t4#dd 

,9 ! ,apocalypse1 its relative mean+ is 
?is4 ,! m>tyrs1 :o 7 sla9 = _!          
allegiance to ! gospel1 di$ once1 &     
desc5d$ into ! "u _w1 ! common realm (  
dea?4 ,at ! com+ ( ,*ri/ !y 7 to rise & 
jo9 him1 & to die no m4 ,?is 0 ! fir/   
resurrection4 ,at ! close ( ! mill5nium1
 all ! re/ ( ! dead 7 to rise & be      
judg$1 & ! reject$ portion ( !m 7 to be 
?ru/ back aga9 bel[4 ,?is 0 a second    
dea? = !m1 a fate f :i* ! righte\s 7    
exempt4 ,!re 0 a diff]5ce1 greatly = !  
worse 9 ! latt]1 betwe5 _! condition 9 !
 two dea?s4 ,9 ! =m] !y desc5d$ to ! d>k
 "u _w1 ! sil5t & tempor>y abode ( !    
univ]sal dead2 b 9 ! latt] !y w5t d[n   
into ! lake ( fire & brim/one1 :]e !    
devil & ! bea/ & ! false prophet are1 & 
%all be torm5t$ day & night =  #db      
,div94 ,in/it4 lib4 vii4 cap4 #bj1 #ba1 
#bf4  #dc on ,deut4 xxxiii4 #f4  #dd    
,gfror]1 ,ges*i*te des ,ur*ri/5?ums1    
kap4 #aj4 s4 #bhi4   ev] & ev]4 ,= ,dea?
 & ,hades1 hav+ deliv]$ up ! dead :i* 7 
9 !m1 7 ca/ into ! lake ( fire4 ,?is is 

! second dea?4 ,x is pla9 t "h ! common 
locality ( dep>t$ s\ls is p]sonifi$ z   
two demons1 ,dea? & ,hades1 & ! real    
?\ght meant to be convey$ is1 t ?is     
region is to be sunk b5ea? a ,t>t>ean   
dr5*1 :i* %all h5ce=? roll 9 burn+      
bill[s ov] its victims !re1 ! smoke ( _!
 torm5t asc5d+ up = ev] & ev]4 ,?is     
awful imag]y ( a lake ( flam+ sulphur1 9
 :i* ! damn$ 7 plung$1 0 ( comp>atively 
late orig9 or adoption among ! ,jews1 f 
:om ! ,*ri/ians receiv$ x4 ,! native    
,hebrew conception ( ! /ate ( ! dead 0 t
 ( ! voiceless gloom & dismal slumb] (  
,%eol1 :i!r all alike w5t4 ,! notion (  
fi]y tortures inflict$ !re on ! wick$ 0 
ei!r conceiv$ by ! ,ph>isees f ! loa!d  
horrors ( ! fil? fire kept 9 ! vale (   
,h9nom1 outside ( ,j]usalem1 7:i* is !  
op9ion ( mo/ comm5tators17 or 0 imag9$ f
 ! sea ( burn+ brim/one t %[]$ f heav5 &
 subm]g$ ,sodom & ,gomorrah 9 a va/ fire
 pool1 7:i* is ma9ta9$ by ,brets*neid] &
 o!rs17 or 0 d]iv$ f ! ,egyptians1 or ! 
,p]sians1 or ! ,h9dus1 or ! ,greeks1 all

 ( :om _h lakes & riv]s ( fire 9 _!     
!ological hells1 long be=e hi/ory       
reveals ! exi/5ce ( su* a belief among !
 ,jews1 7:i* is ! conclusion ( _m le>n$ 
au?ors & critics47  ,we h n[ rea*$ ! la/
 feature 9 ! s*eme ( es*atology %ad[$ =?
 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ! mo/ obscure &       
difficult po9t ( all1 namely1 ! locality
 & ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ! f9al felicity 
( ! sav$4 ,! difficulty ( cle>ly settl+ 
?is "q is tw(old1 aris+1 fir/1 f ! swift
 & p>tial glimpses :i* are all t ! writ]
 yields u on ! subject1 &1 secondly1 f !
 impossibility ( decid+ ) precision h[  
mu* ( 8 language is to be reg>d$ z      
figurative & h[ mu* z lit]al1 :]e !     
poetic pres5tation ( symbol ends & :]e !
 direct /atem5t ( fact beg9s4 ,a l>ge "p
 ( ! book is c]ta9ly writt5 9 prophetic 
figures & images1 spiritual visions1    
nev] meant to be accept$ 9 a prosaic    
s5se ) sev]e detail4 ,& yet1 at ! same  
"t1 all ^! imag9ative emblems 71        
unque/ionably1 int5d$ to =e%ad[1 9 v>i\s
 k9ds & degrees1 doctr9al conceptions1  

hopes1 fe>s1 ?reats1 promises1 hi/orical
 realities1 pa/1 pres5t1 or future4 ,b  
to sep>ate %>ply ! dress & ! sub/ance1 !
 sup]impos$ symbols & ! und]ly+         
realities1 is always an ardu\s1 (t5 an  
impossible1 a*ievem5t4 ,! writ] ( !     
,apocalypse pla9ly believ$ t ! s\ls (   
all1 except ! m>tyrs1 at dea? desc5d$ to
 ! "u _w1 & w\ld rema9 !re till aft] !  
second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,b :e!r he ?\ght t 
! m>tyrs 7 except$1 & w\ld at dea?      
imm$iately rise into heav5 & !re await !
 fulfilm5t ( "t1 is a disput$ po9t4 ,=  
our own "p1 we ?9k x extremely d\btful1 
& %\ld r decide 9 ! negative4 ,9 ! fir/ 
place1 8 expressions on ?is subject seem
 ess5tially figurative4 ,he describes ! 
pray]s ( ! sa9ts z be+ p\r$ out f gold5 
vials & burn$ z inc5se on a gold5 alt> 9
 heav5 be=e ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,"u t alt>1 
he says1 ,i saw ! s\ls ( !m t 7 sla9 = !
 ^w ( ,god4 ,if ! s\ls ( ! m>tyrs1 9 8  
belief1 7 really admitt$ into heav51    
w\ld he h conceiv$ ( !m z huddl$ "u !   
alt> & n walk+ at lib]ty8 ,does n ! :ole

 idea appe> r l a rhetorical image ?an l
 a sob] !ological doctr9e8 ,true1 ! sc5e
 is pictur$ 9 heav52 b !n x is a        
picture1 & n a conclusion4 ,) ,de       
,wette1 we reg>d x1 n z a dogmatic1 b z 
a poetical & prophetic1 repres5tation4  
,& 9 reg>d to ! se]'s vision ( !        
innum]able company ( ! r$eem$ 9 heav51  
surr\nd+ ! ?rone & celebrat+ ! praises (
 ,god & ! ,lamb1 surely x is obvi\s     
en\gh t ?is1 l ! o!r affiliat$ visions1 
is a vision1 by inspir$ insight1 9 !    
pres5t t5se1 ( :at is yet to occur 9 !  
successive unfold+ ( ! rapid sc5es 9 !  
great drama ( ,*ri/'s r$emptive "w1 a   
prophetic vision ( ! future1 n ( :at    
already is4 ,we "k t 9 ,t]tullian's "t !
 idea 0 ent]ta9$ by "s t ,*ri/ian       
m>tyrs1 z a special allotm5t1 %\ld pass 
at once f _! suff]+s to heav51 )\t go+1 
z all o!rs mu/1 into ! "u _w2 b !       
evid5ce prepond]ates ) u1 ^u ! :ole1 t  
no su* doctr9e is really impli$ 9 !     
,apocalypse4 ,9 ! f\rte5? *apt]1 ! au?or
 describes ! hundr$ & =ty f\r ?\s& :o 7 

r$eem$ f among m51 z /&+ ) ! ,lamb on   
,m\nt ,zion & he>+ a voice f heav5 s++ a
 new song1 :i* no man1 save ! hundr$ &  
=ty f\r ?\s&1 c\ld le>n4 ,!             
probabilities are c]ta9ly /ronge/ t ?is 
great company ( ! select$ fir/ fruits   
unto ,god & ! ,lamb1 n[ /&+ on ! e>?1 _h
 n yet be5 9 heav52 = !y only le>n !    
heav5ly song :i* is sung be=e ! ?rone by
 he>+ x *ant$ d[n f heav5 9 a voice l   
multitud9\s ?und]s4  ,f9ally1 ! mo/     
conv9c+ pro( t ! writ] did n suppose t !
 m>tyrs ent]$ heav5 be=e ! second adv5t 
( ,*ri/ a pro( :i*1 tak5 by itself1 w\ld
 seem to leave no d\bt on ! subject is  
?is4 ,9 ! fam\s sc5e detail$ 9 ! tw5tie?
 *apt] usually call$ by comm5tators !   
m>tyr sc5e x is said t ! s\ls ( !m t 7  
behead$ = ! ^w ( ,god1 & :i* _h n       
wor%ipp$ ! bea/1 liv$ & reign$ ) ,*ri/ a
 ?\s& ye>s4 ,?is is ! fir/ resurrection4
 ,n[1 is x n c]ta9 t if ! writ] suppos$ 
^! s\ls _h nev] be5 9 ! "u _w1 b 9      
heav51 he c\ld n h designat$ _!         
prelim9>y desc5t f above z ! fir/       

resurrection1 ! fir/ ris+ up8 ,t phrase 
implies1 we ?9k1 t all ! dead 7 bel[3 ! 
fai?ful & *os5 ones 7 to rise fir/ to   
reign a :ile ) ,jesus1 & aft] t ! re/   
%\ld rise to be judg$4 ,aft] t judgm5t1 
:i* 0 expect$ to be on e>? 9 pres5ce ( !
 desc5d$ ,lamb & 8 angels1 ! lo/ 7 to be
 plung$1 z we h already se51 into !     
subt]ranean pit ( torture1 ! unqu5*able 
lake ( fire4 ,b :at 0 to become ( !     
righte\s & r$eem$8 ,:e!r1 by !          
,apocalyptic repres5tation1 !y 7 to     
rema9 =ev] on e>?1 or to asc5d into     
heav51 is a "q :i* has be5 zeal\sly     
debat$ = ov] sixte5 hundr$ ye>s1 & 9 "s 
!ological circles is /ill w>mly         
discuss$4 ,7 ! angels :o came d[n to !  
e>? ) ,*ri/ to ! judgm5t nev] to return 
to _! native seats8 ,7 !y p]man5tly to  
transf] _! dea?less citiz5%ip f ! sky to
 ,judea8 ,7 ! con/itution ( human nature
 & ! ess5ce ( human society to be       
abrogat$1 & ! memb]s ( ! human family to
 cease enl>g+1 le/ !y %\ld ov]fl[ !     
bord]s ( ! _w8 ,0 ,god himself lit]ally 

to des]t 8 anci5t abode1 &1 ) ! cele/ial
 city & all its angelic hi]>*y1 float f 
! desolat$ firmam5t to ,m\nt ,zion1 !re 
to set up ! c5tral et]nity ( 8 ?rone4   
,we _c believe t su* is ! mean+1 :i* !  
se] ( ! ,apocalypse wi%$ to convey by 8 
symbolic visions & pictures1 any m ?an  
we c believe t he means lit]ally to say 
t he saw a woman 9 heav5 clo!d ) ! sun1 
& ! moon "u h] feet1 & ^u h] head a cr[n
 ( twelve />s1 or t !re 7 actually      
armies 9 heav51 seat$ on :ite horses &  
clo!d 9 f9e l951 :ite & clean1 :i* is ! 
righte\sness ( sa9ts4 ,our conviction is
 t he expect$ ! ,savior w\ld asc5d ) 8  
angels & ! r$eem$ into heav51 ! glori\s 
habitation ( ,god above ! sky4 ,he      
speaks 9 "o place ( ! temple ( ,god 9   
heav51 into :i* no man c\ld ent] until !
 sev5 plagues 7 fulfill$1 & 9 ano!r     
place says t ! great multitude ( !      
r$eem$ are be=e ! ?rone ( ,god 9 heav51 
& s]ve him day & night 9 8 temple2 & 9  
/ill ano!r place he describes two       
prophets1 mess5g]s ( ,god1 :o _h be5    

sla91 z com+ to life1 & he>+ a great    
voice f heav5 say+ to !m1 ',come up     
hi!r2' & !y asc5d$ up to heav5 9 a cl\d1
 & _! enemies beheld !m4 ,de ,wette     
writes1 ,x is c]ta9 t an ab/ract        
conception ( heav5ly bless$ness ) ,god  
duskily hov]s ov] ! ,new ,te/am5t       
es*atology4 ,we ?9k ?is is true ( !     
,book ( ,revelation4  ,x 0 a ,p]sian    
,jewi% idea t ! orig9al de/9ation ( man1
 _h he n s9n$1 0 heav54 ,! apo/les ?\ght
 x 0 a "p ( ! mission ( ,*ri/ to re/ore 
t lo/ privilege4 ,we ?9k ! writ] ( !    
,apocalypse %>$ 9 t belief4 ,8 allusions
 to a new heav5 & a new e>?1 & to !     
desc5t ( a ,new ,j]usalem f heav51 & o!r
 relat$ p>ticul>s1 are symbols nei!r    
novel nor viol5t to ,jewi% m9ds1 b bo?  
famili> & expressive1 to d5ote a purify+
 glorification ( ! _w1 ! in/allation ( a
 div9e k+dom1 & ! brilliant reign (     
univ]sal righte\sness & happ9ess among  
m51 z if "u ! v eyes ( ! ,messiah & ! v 
sceptre ( ,god4 ,! ,*ri/ians %all reign 
9 ,j]usalem1 :i* %all be adorn$ )       

indescribable spl5dors & %all be ! c5tre
 ( a _w wide dom9ion1 ! sav$ nations ( !
 e>? surr\nd+ x & walk+ 9 ! light ( x1  
_! k+s br++ _! glory & honor into x4    
,god %all wipe away all te>s f _! eyes1 
& !re %all be no m dea?4 ,t is1 ^u !    
:ole1 z we und]/& ! scatt]$ h9ts        
relevant to ! subject to imply1 :5 ,*ri/
 returns to ! ,fa!r ) 8 *os51 he w leave
 a reg5]at$ e>?1 ) ,j]usalem = its gold5
 & pe]less capital1 peopl$1 & to be     
peopl$1 ) rejoic+ & immortal m51 :o w   
keep ! comm&m5ts1 be exempt f anci5t    
evils1 hold intimate communion ) ,god & 
! ,lamb1 &1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 pass
 up to heav5 ?r\gh t swift & pa9less    
*ange1 allud$ to by ,paul1 :]eby x 0    
int5d$ at ! fir/ t s9less man1 8        
corruptible & mortal putt+ on           
incorruption & immortality1 %\ld be     
fitt$ = ! companion%ip ( angels 9 ! pure
 radiance ( ! cele/ial _w1 & %\ld be    
translat$ ?i!r )\t ta/+ ! bitt]ness (   
dea?1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be ! subt]ranean 
bani%m5t ( ! disembodi$ gho/4  ,,*apt]  

,,iv4  ,,paul',s ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a       
,,future ,,life4  ,,! pr9cipal          
difficulty 9 arriv+ at ! sy/em ( ?\ght &
 fai? 9 ! m9d ( ,paul arises f !        
fragm5t>y "* ( 8 extant writ+s4 ,!y are 
n complete treatises drawn out 9        
indep5d5t /atem5ts1butspecial lett]s    
full ( lat5t implications4 ,!y 7 writt5 
to meet p>ticul> em]g5cies1 to give     
advice1 to convey or ask in=mation &    
sympa?y1 to argue or decide conc]n+     
v>i\s matt]s to a consid]able ext5t ( a 
p]sonal or local & temporal nature4     
,obvi\sly _! au?or nev] suspect$ !y w\ld
 be ! p]man5t & imm5sely influ5tial     
docum5ts !y h s9ce become4 ,!y 7 n      
compos$ z ord]ly developm5ts or full    
pres5tations ( a cre$1 b r z supplem5ts 
to m adequate oral in/ruction previ\sly 
imp>t$4 ,he says to ! ,!ssalonians1     
,bre?r51 /& fa/ & hold ! traditions :i* 
ye h be5 taught1 :e!r by ^w or by our   
epi/le4 ,sev]al ( 8 lett]s also p]haps  
_m h be5 lo/4 ,he exhorts ! ,colossians 
to read likewise ! epi/le f ,laodicea4  

,9 8 pres5t ,fir/ ,epi/le to !          
,cor9?ians he intimates t he _h         
previ\sly correspond$ ) !m1 9 ! words1  
,i wrote to y 9 a lett]4 ,!re are good  
reasons1 too1 = suppos+ t he transmitt$ 
o!r epi/les ( :i* we h n[ no acc\nt4    
,ow+1 !re=e1 to ! facts t 8 pr9cipal    
in/ructions 7 giv5 by ^w ( m\?1 & t 8   
surviv+ writ+s set =? no sy/ematic array
 ( doctr9es1 we h no *oice left1 if we  
desire to "k :at 8 op9ions conc]n+ !    
future life 71 :5 d$uc$ & arrang$1 b to 
ex]cise our le>n+ & our faculties ^u !  
imp]fect discussions & ! significant    
h9ts & clews 9 8 extant epi/les4 ,br++  
^! toge!r1 9 ! light ( contempor>y      
,ph>isaic & ,*ri/ian conceptions &      
op9ions1 we may con/ruct a sy/em f !m   
:i* w repres5t 8 !ory2 some:at z !      
naturali/ f a few fragm5t>y bones       
describes ! entire skeleton to :i* !y   
belong$4 ,z we proce$ to foll[ ?is      
process1 we mu/ p>ticul>ly rememb] !    
lead+ notions 9 ! doctr9al belief ( !   
,jews at t p]iod1 & ! fact t ,paul      

himself 0 br\ght up at ! feet (         
,gamaliel1 aft] ! mo/ /raite/ ord] ( !  
sect1 a ,ph>isee4 ,:5 on trial at       
,j]usalem1 he cri$1 ,m5 & bre?r51 ,i am 
a ,ph>isee1 ! son ( a ,ph>isee3 ( ! hope
 ( ! resurrection ( ! dead ,i am call$ 9
 "q4 ,we c h>dly suppose t he w\ld      
entirely ?r[ (f ! influ5ce & =m ( !     
,ph>isaic dogmas & grasp ,*ri/ianity 9  
its pure spirituality4 ,x is mo/        
reasonable to expect :at we %all f9d    
actually ! fact t he w\ld mix ! doctr9al
 & emotional results ( 8 ,ph>isaic tra9+
 ) ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 ?us =m+ a composite
 sy/em consid]ably modifi$ f any !n     
exi/+4 ,inde$1 a great _m obscure texts 
9 ,paul may be made p]spicu\s by        
citations f ! old ,talmudi/s4 ,consid]+ 
! value & ! importance ( ?is means (    
illu/rat+ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x is neglect$
 by mod]n comm5tators 9 a v rem>kable   
mann]4  ,9 common ) 8 c\ntrym5 & !      
,g5tiles1 ,paul und\bt$ly believ$ 9 a _w
 ( light & bliss situat$ ov] ! sky1 :]e 
! ,deity1 surr\nd$ by 8 angels1 reigns 9

 immortal spl5dor4 ,accord+ to !        
,greeks1 ,zeus & ! o!r gods1 ) a few    
select h]oes1 !re liv$ an imp]i%able    
life4 ,accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 !re 0 !   
h\se ( ,jehovah1 ! habitation ( et]nity1
 ! _w ( holy angels4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t   
conta9s _m sublime allusions to ?is     
place4 ,jacob 9 8 dream saw a ladd] set 
up t rea*$ unto heav51 & ! angels 7     
asc5d+ & desc5d+ ^u x4 ,fix+ 8 eyes ^u !
 summit1 ! patri>* exclaim$1 n ref]r+1 z
 is commonly suppos$1 to ! gr\nd on :i* 
he lay1 b to ! op5+ 9 ! sky ?r\gh :i* ! 
angels 7 pass+ & repass+1 ,surely ?is is
 ! h\se ( ,god & ?is ! gate ( heav54    
,jehovah is describ$ z rid+ ov] ! heav5 
( heav5s2 z tread+ ^u ! ar* ( ! sky4 ,! 
firmam5t is spok5 ( z ! solid floor ( 8 
abode1 :]e he laye? ! beams ( 8 *amb]s 9
 ! wat]s1 ! wat]s above1 :i* ! ,book (  
,g5esis says 7 divid$ f ! wat]s b5ea?4  
,?\gh ?is div9e _w on high 0 9 ! e>ly   
ages almo/ univ]sally reg>d$ z a local  
reality1 x 0 n conceiv$ by ,jews or     
,g5tiles to be ! de/9$ abode ( human    

s\ls4 ,x 0 ?\ght to be exclusively      
occupi$ by ,jehovah & 8 angels1 or by ! 
gods & _! mess5g]s4 ,only "h & !re 7    
scatt]$ a few dim traditions1 or poetic 
my?s1 ( a prophet1 a h]o1 a god desc5d$ 
man1 :o1 z a special favor1 _h be5 tak5 
up to ! sup]nal mansions4 ,! common     
de/9ation ( ! disembodi$ spirits ( m5 0 
! d>k1/up5d\s realms ( ! "u _w4 ,z      
,augu/9e obs]ves1 ,*ri/ di$ aft] _m2 he 
rose be=e any3 by dy+ he suff]$ :at _m  
_h suff]$ be=e2 by ris+ he did :at no "o
 _h ev] done be=e4#a ,^! ideas ( !      
cele/ial & ! inf]nal localities & ( !   
fate ( man 7 ( c\rse ent]ta9$ by ,paul  
:5 he became a ,*ri/ian4 ,a few texts by
 way ( evid5ce ( ?is fact w "h suffice4 
,t at ! "n ( ,jesus e knee %\ld b[1 ( ^?
 9 heav51 & ^? on e>?1 & ^? "u ! e>?4   
,he t desc5d$ fir/ into ! l[] p>ts ( !  
e>? is ! same also t asc5d$ up f> above 
all heav5s4 ,! unt5abl5ess ( t          
explanation :i* makes ! desc5t into !   
l[] p>ts ( ! e>? ref] to ,*ri/'s desc5t 
to e>? f 8 pre exi/5t /ate 9 heav5 mu/  

be evid5t1 z x seems to u1 to e m9d4    
,ir5aus1 discuss+ ?is v text f          
,ephesians1 exposes ! absurdity &       
/igmatizes ! h]esy ( ^? :o say t !      
inf]nal _w is ?is e>?1 7qui dicunt      
inf]os quidem esse hunc mundum47#b ,i   
knew a man caught up to ! ?ird heav51 4 
4 4 caught up into p>adise4 ,! ?reefold 
heav5 ( ! ,jews1 "h allud$ to1 01 fir/1 
! region ( ! air1 suppos$ to be inhabit$
 by evil spirits4 ,paul repeat$ly       
expresses ?is idea1 z :5 he speaks ( !  
pr9ce ( ! p[] ( ! air1 ! _s t worke? 9 !
 *ildr5 ( disob$i5ce1 & :5 he says1 ,=  
we wre/le n aga9/ fle% & blood1 b aga9/ 
pr9cipalities1 aga9/ p[]s1 aga9/ ! rul]s
 ( ! d>kness1 aga9/ wick$ spirits 9     
heav5ly places4 ,! second heav5 compris$
 ! region ( ! planet>y bodies4 ,! ?ird  
lay beyond ! firmam5t1 & 0 ! actual     
resid5ce ( ,god & ! angelic ho/s4 ,^!   
quotations1 su/a9$ z !y are by ! well   
kn[n previ\s op9ions ( ! ,jews1 z well z
 by num]\s unequivocal texts 9 ! writ+s 
( ! o!r apo/les & by _m additional ones 

9 ^?  #a ,en>ratio 9 ,psalmum ,,xc4  #b 
,adv4 ,h>es4 lib4 v4 cap4 #ca4   (      
,paul1 are conclusive evid5ce t he      
believ$ 9 ! receiv$ heav5 above ! blue  
e!r & /ell> dome1 & 9 ! receiv$ ,hadean 
abyss b5ea? ! e>?4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all    
evid5ce to ! contr>y1 e presumption     
ju/ifies ! supposition t he also believ$
  z we "k all 8 or?odox contempor>ies   
did t t "u _w 0 ! abode ( all m5 aft]   
dea?1 & t t ov] _w 0 solely ! dwell+    
place ( ,god & ! angels4 ,nay1 we are n 
left to conjecture2 = he expressly      
decl>es ( ,god t he dwelle? 9 ! light   
:i* no man c approa* unto4 ,?is         
conclusion w be abundantly e/abli%$ 9 ! 
c\rse ( ! foll[+ exposition4  ,) ^!     
prelim9>ies1 we are prep>$ to see :at 0 
,paul's doctr9e ( dea? & ( salvation4   
,!re are two preval5t !ories on ?is     
subject1 bo? ( :i* we deem p>tly        
scriptural1 nei!r ( !m :olly s4 ,on ! "o
 extreme1 ! consi/5t disciple ( ,augu/9e
 ! hi/oric ,calv9i/ attributes to !     
apo/le ! belief t ! s9 ( ,adam 0 ! sole 

cause ( lit]al dea?1 t b = ,adam's fall 
m5 w\ld h liv$ on ! e>? =ev] or else h  
be5 translat$ bodily to heav5 )\t any   
previ\s process ( dea?4 ,t su* really 0 
n ! view held by ,paul we are conv9c$4  
,inde$1 !re is "o prom95t feature 9 8   
fai? :i* by itself proves t !           
dis5gagem5t ( ! s\l f ! mat]ial frame   
did n seem to him an abnormal ev5t caus$
 by ! cont+5cy ( s94 ,we ref] to 8      
doctr9e ( two bodies1 ! outw>d man & !  
inw>d man1 ! e>?ly h\se & ! heav5ly     
h\se1 ! natural body & ! spiritual body4
 ,ne&] says ?is is an express ass]tion (
 ,paul's belief t man 0 n lit]ally made 
mortal by s91 b 0 naturally de/9$ to    
em]ge f ! fle% into a high] =m ( life4#c
 ,paul ?\ght t1 9 ! orig9al plan ( ,god1
 man 0 int5d$ to drop 8 gross1          
corruptible body & put on an            
incorruptible "o1 l ! glori\s body ( !  
ris5 ,*ri/4 ,he di/9ctly decl>es1 ,fle% 
& blood _c inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god4       
,!re=e1 we _c int]pret ! ^w dea? to mean
 m]ely ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f its pres5t 

tab]nacle1 :5 he says1 ,by "o man s9    
ent]$ into ! _w1 & dea? by s92 & s dea? 
pass$ ^u all m54 ,on ! o!r extreme1 !   
fully develop$ ,pelagian ! common       
,unit>ian holds t ! ^w dea? is always   
us$ 9 ! argum5ts ( ,paul 9 a spiritual  
or figurative s5se1 m]ely mean+ moral   
ali5ation f ,god 9 guilt1 mis]y1 &      
despair4 ,und\bt$ly x is us$ ?us 9 _m   
in/ances1 z :5 x is writt51 ,i 0 alive  
)\t ! law once2 b1 :5 ! comm&m5t came1  
s9 rose to life1 & ,i di$4 ,b 9 /ill m  
num]\s cases x means some?+ m ?an !     
consci\sness ( s9 & ! result+ wret*$ness
 9 ! brea/1 & implies some?+ ext]nal1   
me*anical1 visible1 z x 74 ,= example1  
,s9ce by man came dea?1 by man came also
 ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,any "o :o    
reads ! context ( ?is s5t5ce may see t !
 t]ms dea? & resurrection anti!tically  
balance ea* o!r1 & ref] n to an inw>d   
exp]i5ce1 b to an outw>d ev5t1 n to a   
moral *ange1 b to ! physical desc5t &   
resurrection4 ,x is c]ta9 t "h ! words  
are n employ$ 9 a moral s5se4 ,!        

phraseology ,paul uses 9 /at+ !         
connection ( ! s9 ( ,adam ) dea?1 !     
connection ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ )   
immortal life1 is too peculi>1 emphatic1
 & ext5sive n to be load$ )  #c ,plant+ 
& ,tra9+1 ,ryl&'s trans4 p4 #bdj4   a m 
g5]al & vivid significance ?an ! simple 
unhapp9ess ( a s5se ( guilt1 ! simple   
peace & joy ( a reconcil$ consci5ce4 ,! 
advocates1 !n1 ( bo? !ories ! ,calv9i/  
ass]t+ t ,paul suppos$ s9 to be ! only  
reason :y we d n live et]nally 9 ! _w ) 
our pres5t organization1 & ! ,rationali/
 ass]t+ t ! apo/le nev] employs ! ^w    
dea? except ) a purely int]ior          
signification are alike beset by        
insup]able difficulties1 p]plex$ by     
passages :i* defy _! fair analysis & =ce
 !m ei!r to use a viol5t int]pretation  
or to confess _! ignorance4  ,we mu/    
!re=e seek out "s ?ird view1 :i*1       
reject+ ! errors1 %all comb9e ! tru?s & 
supply ! defects ( ! two =m]4 ,we h n[  
to pres5t su* a view1 a !ory ( ! ,paul9e
 doctr9e ( ! la/ ?+s :i* obvi\sly       

expla9s & fills out all ! relat$        
language ( ! epi/les4 ,we suppose he    
unfold$ x fully 9 8 prea*+1 :ile 9 8    
supplem5t>y & p]sonal lett]s he only    
alludes to su* disconnect$ p>ts ( x z !n
 rose ^u 8 ?\ghts4 ,a sy/ematic         
developm5t ( x z a :ole1 ) copi\s       
allusions & labor$ def5ces1 0 n ne$$ !n1
 z x might seem to u to h be54 ,= !     
fundam5tal notions on :i* x re/$ 7 !    
common belief ( ! nation & age4 ,geology
 & a/ronomy _h n di/urb$ ! cr$it ( a    
def9itely locat$ ,hades & heav51 nor _h 
free metaphysics %>p5$ ! common m9d to  
skeptical qu]ies4 ,! view itself1 z we  
conceive x occupi$ ! m9d ( ,paul1 is    
?is4 ,dea? 0 a "p ( ! creative plan = u 
f ! fir/1 simply loos+ ! _s f its       
corruptible body1 clo?+ x ) an e!real   
vehicle1 & imm$iately translat+ x to    
heav54 ,s9 m>r$ ?is plan1 ali5at$ u f ! 
,div9e favor1 introduc$ all mis]y1      
physical & moral1 & doom$ ! s\l1 ^u !   
fall ( its e>?ly h\se1 to desc5d into ! 
slumb]\s gloom ( ! "u _w4 ,?us dea? 0   

*ang$ f a pleasant organic fulfilm5t &  
deliv]ance1 spiritual inve/iture &      
heav5ly asc5t1 to a pa9ful puni%m5t     
condemn+ ! nak$ gho/ to a resid5ce bel[ 
! grave4 ,z ,ewald says1 ?r\gh ,adam's  
s9 dea? acquir$ its significance z pa9 &
 puni%m5t4#d ,h]e9 is ! explanation ( ! 
^w dea? z us$ by ,paul 9 ref]5ce to !   
consequ5ce ( ,adam's (f5ce4 ,*ri/ came  
to reveal ! free grace & gift ( ,god 9  
r$eem+ u f our doom & re/or+ our heav5ly
 de/9y4 ,?is he exemplifi$1 9 accordance
 ) ! ,fa!r's w1 by dy+1 desc5d+ into !  
dre>y _w ( ! dead1 vanqui%+ ! =ces !re1 
ris+ !nce1 & asc5d+ to ! "r h& ( ! ?rone
 ( heav5 z our =]unn]4 ,on ! v v]ge ( ! 
!ory j /at$ z ,paul's1 ,ne&] hov]s 9 8  
exposition ( ! apo/le's views1 b fails  
to grasp its !ological scope &          
consequ5ces4 ,krabbe decl>es t dea? did 
n arise f ! native p]i%abl5ess ( ! body1
 b f s94#e ,?is /atem5t ,ne&]           
controv]ts1 ma9ta9+ t s9 introduc$ no   
ess5tial *ange 9 ! physical organization
 ( man1 b m]ely 9 ! mann] 9 :i* 8 e>?ly 

exi/5ce t]m9ates4 ,_h x n be5 = s91 dea?
 w\ld h be5 only ! =m ( a high]         
developm5t ( life4#f ,exactly s4 ,)     
innoc5ce1 ! s\l at dea?  #d ,s5ds*reib5 
des ,apo/els ,paulus1 s4 #baj4  #e ,die 
,lehre von o] ,sunde und vom ,tode1 cap4
 xi1 s4 #aib4  #f ,ne&]'s ,plant+ &     
,tra9+1 book vi4 *4 #a4   w\ld h asc5d$ 
pleasantly1 9 a new body1 to heav52 b s9
 compell$ x to desc5d pa9fully1 )\t any 
body1 to ,hades4 ,we w cite a few ( !   
pr9cipal texts f :i* ?is g5]al outl9e   
has be5 inf]r$ & con/ruct$4  ,! sub/ance
 ( ! fif? *apt] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans
 may be ?us /at$4 ,z by ! (f5ce ( "o1 s9
 ent]$ into ! _w1 & ! judgm5t ( ! law   
came ^u all m5 9 a s5t5ce ( condemnation
 unto dea?1 s by ! righte\sness ( "o1 ! 
free gift ( ,god came ^u all m5 9 a     
s5t5ce ( ju/ification unto life2 t z s91
 by ,adam's (f5ce1 ha? reign$ unto dea?1
 s grace1 by ,*ri/'s righte\sness1 might
 reign unto et]nal life4 ,n[1 we ma9ta9 
t ! words dea? & life _c 9 ! pres5t     
in/ance be entirely expla9$1 9 a        

spiritual s5se1 z signify+ di/urbance & 
woe 9 ! brea/1 or peace & bliss !re1    
because ! :ole connect$ disc\rse is n ^u
 ! int]nal cont+5t exp]i5ce (           
individuals1 b ^u ! common necessity ( !
 race1 an objective s5t5ce pass$ ^u     
humanity1 foll[$ by a public gift (     
rev]sal & annulm5t4 ,s1 too1 we d5y t ! 
words c be ju/ly tak51 9 _! /rictly     
lit]al s5se1 z mean+ cessation or       
cont9uance ( physical exi/5ce on ! e>?1 
because1 9 ! fir/ place1 t w\ld be      
inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( a spiritual    
body )9 ! fle%ly "o & ( a glori\s       
inh]itance res]v$ 9 heav51 a doctr9e by 
:i* ,paul pla9ly %[s t he recognis$ a   
natural organic provision1 irrespective 
( s91 = a *ange 9 ! =m & locality (     
human exi/5ce4 ,secondly1 we submit t   
dea? & life "h _c mean dep>ture f ! body
 or cont9uance 9 x1 because t is a matt]
 ) :i* ,*ri/'s mission did 9 no way     
int]f]e1 b left exactly z x 0 be=e2     
:]eas1 9 ! ?+ really meant by ,paul1    
,*ri/ is repres5t$ z /&+1 at lea/       

p>tially1 9 ! same relation betwe5 life 
& m5 t ,adam /&s 9 betwe5 dea? & m54 ,! 
reply to ! "q1 ,:at is t relation8 w at 
once def9e ! g5u9e signification ( !    
t]ms dea? & life 9 ! in/ance "u review4 
,& ?us x is to be answ]$4 ,! dea? br\ght
 on mank9d by ,adam 0 n only int]nal    
wret*$ness1 b also ! condemnation ( !   
disembodi$ s\l to ! "u _w2 ! life !y 7  
assur$ ( by ,*ri/ 0 n only int]nal      
bless$ness1 b also ! deliv]ance ( ! s\l 
f its subt]ranean prison & its reception
 into heav5 9 a body cele/ial1 accord+  
to its orig9al de/9y _h s9 n befall54   
,?is int]pretation is explicitly put =? 
by ,!odoret 9 8 comm5ts on ?is same     
passage1 7,rom4 v4 #ae-ah47 ,he says1   
,!re mu/ be a correspond5ce betwe5 !    
disease & ! rem$y4 ,adam's s9 subject$  
him to ! p[] ( dea? & ! tyranny ( !     
devil4 ,9 ! same mann] t ,adam 0        
compell$ to desc5d into ! "u _w1 we all 
are associates 9 8 fate4 ,?us1 :5 ,*ri/ 
rose1 ! :ole humank9d p>took 9 8        
vivification4#g ,orig5 also & :o1 aft] !

 apo/les !mselves1 knew _! ?\ghts & _!  
use ( language bett] ?an he8            
emphatically decl>es 9 exposition ( !   
expression ( ,paul1 ! wages ( s9 is dea?
 t !  #g ,impatib41 dialogue iii4 pp4   
#acb1 #acc1 ed4 ,sirmondi4   "u _w 9 :i*
 s\ls are deta9$ is call$ dea?4#h  ,z 9 
,adam all die1 ev5 s 9 ,*ri/ %all all be
 made alive4 ,^! words _c be expla9$1 ,z
 9 ,adam ! necessity ( physical dea?    
came on all1 s 9 ,*ri/ t necessity %all 
be remov$1 because ,*ri/'s mission did n
 t\* physical dea?1 :i* 0 /ill reign+ z 
ev]1 be=e ,paul's eyes4 ,nei!r c !      
passage signify1 ,z ?r\gh ,adam         
wret*$ness is ! portion ( e he>t ( man1 
s ?r\gh ,*ri/ bless$ness %all be giv5 to
 e he>t1 because1 :ile ! language itself
 does n h9t t ?\ght1 ! context          
demon/rates t ! real ref]5ce is n to an 
inw>d exp]i5ce1 b to an outw>d ev5t1 n  
to ! p]sonal reg5]ation ( ! s\l1 b to a 
g5]al resurrection ( ! dead4 ,! "t      
ref]r$ to is ! second com+ ( ,*ri/2 & ! 
=ce ( ! text mu/ be ?is3 ,z by our      

bodily lik5ess to ! fir/ man & g5etic   
connection ) him ?r\gh s9 we all die l  
him1 t is1 leave ! body & g into ! "u   
_w1 & rema9 !re1 s by our spiritual     
lik5ess to ! second man & r$eem+        
connection ) him ?r\gh ! free grace (   
,god we %all all rise !nce l him1 reviv$
 & re/or$4 ,adam 0 ! head ( a condemn$  
race1 doom$ to ,hades by ! visible      
occurr5ce ( dea? 9 l9eal desc5t f him2  
,*ri/ is ! head ( a p>don$ race1 de/9$ =
 heav5 9 consonance ) ! pla9 tok5 ( 8   
resurrection & asc5sion4 ,aga91 ! apo/le
 writes1 ,9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 at ! la/ 
trump1 ! dead %all be rais$             
incorruptible1 & we 7:o are !n liv+7    
%all be *ang$2 = ?is corruptible mu/ put
 on incorruption1 & ?is mortal          
immortality4 ,!n %all be br\ght to pass 
! say+ t is writt51 ',dea? is swall[$ up
 9 victory8 ,o ,dea?1 :]e is ?y /+8 ,o  
,hades1 :]e is ?y victory8' ,! writ]    
evid5tly exults 9 ! ?\ght t1 at ! second
 com+ ( ,*ri/1 dea? %all lose its       
retributive "* & ! "u _w be baffl$ ( its

 expect$ prison]s1 because ! liv+ %all  
in/antly exp]i5ce ! *ange ( bodies fitt+
 !m to asc5d to heav5 ) ! return+ &     
triumphant ,"l4 ,paul also ann\nces t   
,jesus ,*ri/ ha? aboli%$ dea? & ha?     
br\ght life & immortality to light4 ,!  
^w dea? "h _c mean physical dissolution1
 because ,*ri/ did n aboli% t4 ,x _c    
d5ote p]sonal s9 & unhapp9ess1 because t
 w\ld n correspond ) & su/a9 ! obvi\s   
mean+ ( ! contra/$ memb] ( ! s5t5ce4    
,its adequate & consi/5t s5se is ?is4   
,god int5d$ t man %\ld pass f a         
prelim9>y exi/5ce on e>? to an et]nal   
life 9 heav52 b s9 ?w>t$ ?is glori\s    
design & alt]$ our fate to a bani%m5t   
into ! *e]less "u _w4 ,b n[1 by ! tea*+s
 & resurrection ( ,*ri/1 we are assur$ t
 ,god ( 8 inf9ite goodness has det]m9$  
freely to =give u & re/ore our orig9al  
de/9ation4 ,our desc5t & abode bel[ are 
aboli%$ & our heav5ly immortality made  
cle>4 ,we e>ne/ly desire to be clo!d ^u 
) our h\se :i* is f heav51 if s be t1   
be+ clo!d1 we %all n be f\nd nak$4 ,n t 

we desire to be unclo!d1 b clo!d ^u1 t  
mortality may be swall[$ up ( life4  #h 
,comm4 9 ,epi/4 ad ,rom4 lib4 vi4 cap4  
#f1 sect4 #f4 ,also see ,j]ome1 ,comm4 9
 ,ecc4 iii4 #ba4 ,pr(essor ,mau1 9 8    
able treatise ,von dem ,tode dem ,solde 
d] ,sund51 & d] ,aufhebung desselb5 dur*
 die ,auf]/ehung ,*ri/i1 cog5tly argues1
 aga9/ ,krabbe1 t dea? z ! puni%m5t ( s9
 is n bodily dissolution1 b wret*$ness &
 condemnation to ! "u _w1 7am&atio      
,orcum47 ,9 ,pelt's ,!ologis*e          
,mit>beit51 #ahch1 heft ii4 ss4         
#ajg-ajh4   ,9 ^! rem>kable words !     
apo/le expresses sev]al p>ticul>s ( :at 
we h already pres5t$ z 8 g5]al doctr9e4 
,he /ates 8 conviction t1 :5 8 e>?ly    
h\se ( ?is tab]nacle dissolves1 !re is a
 div9ely con/ruct$1 heav5ly1 & et]nal   
h\se prep>$ = him4 ,he expresses 8      
desire at ! com+ ( ! ,"l n to be dead1 b
 /ill liv+1 & !n to be dive/$ ( 8 e>?ly 
body & inve/$ ) ! heav5ly body1 t ?us1  
be+ fitt$ = translation to !            
incorruptible k+dom ( ,god1 he might n  

be f\nd a nak$ %ad[ or gho/ 9 ! "u _w4  
,ruck]t says1 9 8 comm5t>y1 & ! be/     
critics agree ) him1 ,paul h]e9 desires 
to become immortal )\t pass+ ! gates (  
dea?4 ,language simil> to ! =ego+ 9 its 
peculi> phrases is f\nd 9 ! ,jewi%      
,cabbala4 ,! ,zoh> describes ! asc5t ( !
 s\l to heav5 clo!d ) spl5dor1 &        
aft]w>ds illu/rates its mean+ 9 ^! t]ms3
 ,z !re is giv5 to ! s\l a g>m5t ) :i*  
%e is clo!d 9 ord] to e/abli% h] 9 ?is  
_w1 s !re is giv5 h] a g>m5t ( heav5ly  
spl5dor 9 ord] to e/abli% h] 9 t _w4#i  
,s 9 ! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah ! ,prophet an
 apocryphal book writt5 by "s ,jewi%    
,*ri/ian z e>ly1 )\t d\bt1 z ! close ( !
 second c5tury ! foll[+ passages occur4 
,speak+ ( :at 0 reveal$ to him 9 heav51 
! prophet says1 ,!re ,i saw all ! sa9ts1
 f ,adam1 )\t ! clo?+ ( ! fle%3 ,i view$
 !m 9 _! heav5ly clo?+ l ! angels :o    
/ood !re 9 great spl5dor4 ,aga9 he says1
 ,all ! sa9ts f heav5 9 _! heav5ly clo?+
 %all desc5d ) ! ,"l & dwell 9 ?is _w1  
:ile ! sa9ts :o h n di$ %all be clo!d l 

^? :o come f heav54 ,!n ! g5]al         
resurrection w take place & !y w asc5d  
toge!r to heav54#aj ,s*oettg51 comm5t+  
on ?is text1 7#b ,cor4 v4 #b1 7 likewise
 quotes a l>ge numb] ( examples ( l     
phraseology f ,rabb9ical writ]s4 ,!     
/atem5ts ?us f> made & pro(s (f]$ w be  
amply illu/rat$ & confirm$ z we g on to 
consid] ! *ief compon5t p>ts ( ! ,paul9e
 s*eme ( ! la/ ?+s4 ,=1 hav+ pres5t$ !  
g5]al outl9e1 x w be useful1 9 treat+ s 
complex & difficult a !me1 to analyze x 
by details4  ,we are met ^u ! ?re%old ( 
our inquiry by ! ess5tial "q1 ,:at1     
accord+ to ,paul1 0 ! mission ( ,*ri/8  
,:at did he accompli%8 ,a cle> reply to 
?is "q comprises ?ree di/9ct            
propositions4 ,fir/1 ! apo/le pla9ly    
repres5ts ! resurrection1 & n !         
crucifixion1 z ! efficaci\s feature 9   
,*ri/'s "w ( r$emption4 ,:5 we recollect
 ! almo/ univ]sal preval5ce ( ! opposite
 notion among exi/+ sects1 x is a/oni%+ 
h[ cle> x is t ,paul g5]ally dwells ^u !
 dy+ ( ,*ri/ solely z ! necess>y        

prelim9>y to 8 ris+4 ,if ,*ri/ be n     
ris51 !n is our prea*+ va91 & y\r fai?  
also is va93 ye are yet 9 y\r s9s4 ,^!  
words are irreconcilable ) t doctr9e :i*
 connects our ju/ification ) ! aton+    
dea?1 & n ) ! typical resurrection1 (   
,*ri/4 ,t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s1 & t he 0 
buri$1 & t he rose aga9 ! ?ird day4 ,to 
place a vic>i\s /ress ^u ! fir/ clause (
 ?is text is z arbitr>y z x w\ld be to  
place x ^u ! second2 b naturally        
emphasize ! ?ird clause1  #i ,laur5ce1  
,asc5sio ,isaia ,vatis1 app5dix1 p4     
#afh4  #aj ,laur5ce1 ,asc5sio ,isaia    
atis1 cap4 #i1 v4 #g1 #i2 cap4 #d4   &  
all is cle>4 ,! inf]5ces & exhortations 
drawn f ! mission ( ,*ri/ are n usually 
connect$ 9 any ess5tial mann] ) 8 pa9ful
 dea?1 b directly ) 8 glori\s           
resurrection out f among ! dead unto !  
heav5ly bless$ness4 ,if we h be5 plant$ 
toge!r 9 ! lik5ess ( 8 dea?1 we %all be 
also 9 ! lik5ess ( 8 resurrection4 ,s9k+
 into ! wat]1 :5 buri$ by baptism into !
 dea? ( ,*ri/1 01 to ^? initiat$ into ! 

,*ri/ian religion1 a symbol ( ! desc5t (
 ,*ri/ among ! dead2 ris+ out ( ! wat] 0
 a symbol ( ! asc5t ( ,*ri/ into heav54 
,if ye !n be ris5 ) ,*ri/1 seek ^? ?+s  
:i* are above1 :]e ,*ri/ sitte? on ! "r 
h& ( ,god4 ,:5 ,paul cries1 exult+ly1   
,?anks be to ,god1 :o ?r\gh ,*ri/ give? 
u ! victory ov] ! /+ ( dea? & ! /r5g? ( 
s91 ,j]ome says1 ,we _c & d>e n int]pret
 ?is victory o!rwise ?an by !           
resurrection ( ! ,"l4#aa ,comm5t+ on !  
text ,to ?is end ,*ri/ bo? di$ & liv$   
aga91 t he might reign bo? ov] ! dead & 
! liv+1 ,!odoret says t ,*ri/1 go+ ?r\gh
 all ^! ev5ts1 promis$ a resurrection to
 u all4 ,paul makes no appeal to u to   
believe 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 to believe 9 !
 aton+ sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 b he          
unequivocally affirms1 ,if ?\ %alt      
believe 9 ?9e he>t t ,god ha? rais$ him 
f ! dead1 ?\ %alt be sav$4 ,paul        
conceiv$ t ,*ri/ di$ 9 ord] to rise aga9
 & conv9ce m5 t ! ,fa!r w\ld freely     
deliv] !m f ! bondage ( dea? 9 ! "u _w4 
,all ?is took place on acc\nt ( s91 0   

only made requisite by s91 "o ( ^:      
consequ5ces 0 ! subt]ranean conf9em5t ( 
! s\l1 :i* o!rwise1 ^u des]t+ its clayey
 t5t1 w\ld imm$iately h be5 clo!d ) a   
spiritual body & h asc5d$ to heav54 ,t  
is to say1 ,*ri/ 0 deliv]$ because ( our
 (f5ces & 0 rais$ aga9 because ( our    
ju/ification4 ,9 ,romans viii4 #aj !    
preposition occurs twice 9 exactly !    
same con/ruction z 9 ! text j quot$4 ,9 
! latt] case ! au?ors ( ! common v]sion 
h r5d]$ x because (4 ,!y %\ld h done s 9
 ! o!r in/ance1 9 accordance ) ! natural
 =ce & e/abli%$ usage ( ! ^w 9 ?is      
connection4 ,! mean+ is1 ,our (f5ces _h 
be5 committ$1 !re=e ,*ri/ 0 deliv]$ into
 ,hades2 our p>don _h be5 decre$1 !re=e 
,*ri/ 0 rais$ into heav54 ,su* z we h n[
 /at$ is ! real mat]ial :i* has be5     
di/ort$ & exagg]at$ into ! preval5t     
doctr9e ( ! vic>i\s atonem5t1 ) all its 
dread concomitants4#ab ,! believ]s ( t  
doctr9e suppose !mselves oblig$ to      
accept x by ! language ( ! epi/les4 ,b !
 view above ma9ta9$ z t ( ,paul solves e

 difficulty & gives an intellig5t &     
consi/5t mean+ to all ! phrases usually 
?\ght to legitimate ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme (
 r$emption4 ,:ile we d5y ! correctness (
 ! ,calv9i/ic int]pretation ( ^?        
passages 9 :i* occur su* expressions z  
,*ri/ gave himself = u1 di$ = our s9s1  
we also affirm ! inadequacy  #aa ,comm4 
9 ,osee1 lib4 iii4 cap4 #ac4  #ab ,die  
,lehre von ,*ri/i ,holl5fahrt na* d]    
,heil4 ,s*rift1 d] alte/5 ,kir*e1 d5    
,*ri/li*5 ,symbol51 und na* ihr]        
un5dli*5 ,wi*tigkeit und vielumfass5d5  
,b$eutung d>ge/ellt1 von ,joh4 ,ludwig  
,konig4 ,! au?or pres5ts 9 ?is "w an    
irresi/ible array ( citations &         
au?orities4 ,9 an app5dix he gives a li/
 ( a hundr$ au?ors on ! !me ( ,*ri/'s   
desc5t into hell4   ( ! explanations (  
!m propos$ by ,unit>ians1 & ass]t t _!  
g5u9e =ce is ?is4 ,*ri/ di$ & rose t we 
might be fre$ ?r\gh fai? f ! great      
entail$ consequ5ce ( s91 ! bondage ( !  
"u _w2 behold+1 ?r\gh 8 asc5sion1 our   
heav5ly de/9ation re/or$4 ,god made him1

 :o knew no s91 to be s9 on our acc\nt1 
t we might become ! righte\sness ( ,god 
9 him1 might ?r\gh fai? 9 him be assur$ 
( salvation4 ,9 o!r words1 ,*ri/1 :o 0 n
 expos$ to ! evils br\ght on m5 by s91  
did n ?9k 8 div9e e/ate a ?+ eag]ly to  
be reta9$1 b desc5d$ to ! e/ate ( man1  
und]w5t ! p5alties ( s9 z if he 7       
himself a s9n]1 & !n rose to ! "r h& (  
,god1 by ?is tok5 to assure m5 ( ,god's 
graci\s det]m9ation to =give !m &       
re9/ate !m 9 _! =feit$ primal           
privileges4 ,if we be reconcil$ by 8    
dea?1 mu* m %all we be sav$ by 8 life4  
,t is1 if ,*ri/'s com+ f heav5 z an     
ambassador f ,god to die conv9ces u (   
,god's p>don+ good w t[>ds u1 mu* m does
 8 ris+ aga9 into heav51 :]e he n[      
lives1 deliv] u f ! fe> ( ! "u _w       
condemnation & assure u ( ! heav5ly     
salvation4 ,except 9 ! light & ) ! aid (
 ! !ory we h be5 urg+1 a l>ge numb] (   
texts l ! =ego+ _c1 z we ?9k1 be        
int]pret$ )\t con/ructive viol5ce1 & ev5
 ) t viol5ce _c convey _! full po9t &   

p[]4  ,secondly1 9 ,paul's doctr9e ( !  
r$eem+ "w ( ,*ri/ we recognise some?+   
di/9ct f any subjective effect 9 animat+
 & purify+ ! he>ts & lives ( m54 ,*ri/  
ha? r$eem$ u f ! curse ( ! law4 ,9 ,*ri/
 we h r$emption ?r\gh 8 blood1 ev5 !    
=giv5ess ( s9s4 ,no?+ b ! mo/ desp]ate  
exegesis c make ^! & _m simil> texts    
signify simply ! purg+ ( individual     
brea/s f _! (f5ces & guilt4 ,seek+ !    
g5u9e mean+ ( ,paul1 we are =c$ to agree
 ) ! ov]:elm+ majority ( ! critics &    
believ]s ( all ,*ri/5dom1 f ! v times ( 
! apo/les till n[1 & decl>e t ^!        
passages ref] to an outw>d deliv]ance ( 
m5 by ,*ri/1 ! removal by him ( a common
 doom re/+ on ! race 9 consequ5ce ( s94 
,:at ,paul suppos$ t doom 01 & h[ he    
?\ght x 0 remov$1 let u try to see4 ,x  
is necess>y to premise t 9 ,paul's      
writ+s ! phrase ! righte\sness ( ,god is
 (t5 us$ by metonymy to mean ,god's mode
 ( acc\nt+ s9n]s righte\s1 & is         
equival5t to ! ,*ri/ian me?od (         
salvation4 ,by ! de$s ( ! law no fle%   

%all be ju/ifi$2 b ! righte\sness ( ,god
 )\t ! law is manife/$1 freely ju/ify+  
!m ?r\gh ! r$emption t is 9 ,*ri/4 ,h[  
evid5tly 9 ?is v]se ! righte\sness (    
,god d5otes ,god's me?od ( ju/ify+ !    
guilty by a free p>don proclaim$ ?r\gh  
,*ri/6 ,! apo/le employs ! ^w fai? 9 a  
k9dr$ te*nical mann]1 sometimes mean+ by
 x promise1 sometimes ! :ole evangelic  
app>atus us$ to e/abli% fai? or prove ! 
realization ( ! promise4 ,:at if "s did 
n believe8 ,%all _! unbelief make ! fai?
 ( ,god )\t effect8 ,evid5tly by fai? is
 int5d$ promise or purpose4 ,is ! law   
aga9/ ! promises ( ,god8 ,god =bid6 ,b  
be=e fai? came we 7 kept "u ! law1 %ut  
up unto ! fai? :i* %\ld aft]w>ds be     
reveal$4 ,"h fai? pla9ly means ! object 
( fai?1 ! manife/$ fulfilm5t ( !        
promises3 x means ! gospel4 ,aga91 ,:]e(
 he ha? (f]$ fai? to all1 9 t he ha?    
rais$ him f ! dead4 ,ha? (f]$ fai? "h   
signifies1 unque/ionably1 z ! common    
v]sion well expresses x1 ha? giv5       
assurance1 or ha? exemplifi$ ! pro(4    

,:]e=e ! law 0 our s*oolma/] to br+ u   
unto ,*ri/1 t we might be ju/ifi$ by    
fai?4 ,b aft] t fai? is come1 we are no 
long] "u a s*oolma/]4 ,9 ?is in/ance    
fai? c]ta9ly means ,*ri/ianity1 9       
contradi/9ction to ,judaism1 &          
ju/ification by fai? is equival5t to    
salvation by ! grace ( ,god1 %[n ?r\gh !
 mission ( ,*ri/4 ,x is n s mu* int]nal 
& individual 9 its ref]5ce z x is public
 & g5]al4 ,we believe t no man1 sacr$ly 
resolv$ to admit ! tru?1 c /udy ) a     
purpos$ ref]5ce to ?is po9t all !       
passages 9 ,paul's epi/les :]e ! ^w fai?
 occurs1 )\t be+ conv9c$ t = ! mo/ "p x 
is us$ 9 an objective s5se1 9           
contradi/9ction to ! law1 z synonym\s ) 
! gospel1 ! new disp5sation ( grace4    
,!re=e ju/ification by fai? does n      
usually mean salvation ?r\gh p]sonal    
belief1 ei!r 9 ! m]its ( ! ,r$eem] or 9 
any ?+ else1 b x means salvation by !   
plan reveal$ 9 ! gospel1 ! free         
remission ( s9s by ! =be>ance ( ,god4 ,9
 ^? in/ances :]e fai? is us$ 9 a        

subjective s5se = p]sonal belief1 x is  
nev] describ$ z ! effectual cause (     
salvation1 b z ! condition ( p]sonal    
assurance ( salvation4 ,grace has       
outw>dly come to all2 b only ! believ]s 
inw>dly "k x4 ,?is ,paul9e use ( t]ms 9 
te*nical s5ses lies broadly on ! face ( 
! ,epi/les to ! ,romans & ! ,galatians4 
,new ,te/am5t lexicons & comm5t>ies1 by 
! be/ s*ol>s ( e d5om9ation1 ackn[l$ge x
 & illu/rate x4 ,m>k n[ ^! texts4 ,& by 
him all t believe are ju/ifi$ f all ?+s 
f :i* ye c\ld n be ju/ifi$ by ! law (   
,moses4 ,to decl>e 8 righte\sness1 t he 
might be j & ! ju/ifi] ( him t believe? 
9 ,jesus4 ,:at ?+s 7 ga9 to me "u       
,judaism ,i c\nt$ loss 9 comp>ison )    
,*ri/1 t ,i may be f\nd 9 him1 n hav+   
m9e own righte\sness1 :i* is ( ! law1 b 
! righte\sness :i* is ( ,god ?r\gh fai? 
9 ,*ri/4 ,by ! de$s ( ! law no man c be 
ju/ifi$1 b ye are sav$ ?r\gh fai?4 ,we  
submit t ^! passages1 & _m o!rs 9 !     
epi/les1 f9d a p]fect explanation 9 !   
foll[+ outl9e ( fai?1 comm5c$ 9 ! m9d ( 

,paul :ile he 0 a ,ph>isee1 complet$ :5 
he 0 a ,*ri/ian4 ,! righte\sness ( !    
law1 ! me?od ( salvation by keep+ ! law1
 is impossible4 ,! s9 ( ! fir/ man broke
 t :ole plan & doom$ all s\ls helplessly
 to ! "u _w4 ,if a man n[ %\ld keep e   
tittle ( ! law )\t res]vation1 x w\ld n 
release him f ! bondage bel[ & secure = 
him an asc5t to heav54 ,b :at ! law c\ld
 n d is done = u 9 ,*ri/4 ,s9 hav+      
de/roy$ ! righte\sness ( ! law1 t is1 ! 
fatal p5alty ( ,hades hav+ r5d]$        
salvation by ! law impossible1 !        
righte\sness ( ,god1 t is1 a new me?od (
 salvation1 has be5 br\ght to light4    
,god has s5t 8 ,son to die1 desc5d into 
! "u _w1 rise aga91 & return to heav51  
to proclaim to m5 ! glori\s tid+s (     
ju/ification by fai?1 t is1 a           
disp5sation ( grace freely annull+ !    
great consequ5ce ( s9 & invit+ !m to    
heav5 9 ! ,r$eem]'s foot/eps4 ,paul     
unequivocally decl>es t ,*ri/ broke up !
 bondage ( ! "u _w by 8 irresi/ible     
entrance & exit1 9 ! foll[+ text3 ,:5 he

 _h desc5d$ fir/ into ! l[] p>ts ( !    
e>?1 he asc5d$ up on high1 lead+ a      
multitude ( captives4 ,:at c be pla9]   
?an t8 ,! same ?\ght is also conta9$ 9  
ano!r passage1 a passage :i* 0 ! s\rce (
 ^? trem5d\s pictures s frequ5t 9 !     
ca!drals ( ! ,middle ,age1  ,*ri/us     
spoliat ,inf]num3 ,god ha? =giv5 y all  
trespasses1 blott+ out ! h&writ+ (      
ord9ances t 0 aga9/ u1 & took x away1   
nail+ x to ,*ri/'s cross2 &1 hav+ spoil$
 pr9cipalities & p[]s1 he made a %[ (   
!m1 op5ly triumph+ ov] !m 9 ,*ri/4 ,!   
entire !ory :i* und]lies ! exposition we
 h j set =? is /at$ 9 s _m words 9 !    
passage we next cite4 ,= ! ^w           
righte\sness 9 ord] to make ! mean+ m   
p]spicu\s we simply sub/itute me?od (   
salvation1 :i* is unque/ionably its     
signification "h4 ,!y ! ,jews be+       
ignorant ( ,god's me?od ( salvation1 &  
go+ ab\t to e/abli% _! own me?od1 h n   
submitt$ !mselves unto ,god's4 ,= ,*ri/ 
is ! end ( ! law = a way ( salvation to 
e "o t believe?4 ,= ,moses describe? !  

me?od ( salvation :i* is ( ! law1 t !   
man :o doe? ^! ?+s %all be bless$ 9 !m4 
,b ! me?od ( salvation :i* is ( fai?    
fai? "h means ! gospel1 ,*ri/ianity     
speake? on ?is wise3 ,say n 9 ?y he>t1  
',:o %all asc5d into heav58' t is1 to   
br+ ,*ri/ d[n2 or1 ',:o %all desc5d into
 ! "u _w8' t is1 to br+ up ,*ri/ aga9 f 
among ! dead4 ,?is has be5 done already1
 once = all4 ,& if ?\ %alt believe 9 ?9e
 he>t t ,god ha? rais$ him f ! dead1 ?\ 
%alt be sav$4 ,! apo/le av[s t 8 he>t's 
desire & 8 pray] unto ,god = ,israel is1
 t !y may be sav$2 & he ass]ts t !y _c  
be sav$ by ! law ( ,moses1 b only by !  
gospel ( ,*ri/2 t is1 fai?2 t is1 !     
disp5sation ( grace4  ,paul's conception
 ( ! =emo/ feature 9 ,*ri/'s mission is 
precisely ?is4 ,he came to deliv] m5 f !
 /]n law ( ,judaism1 :i* c\ld n wipe    
away _! transgressions nor save !m f    
,hades1 & to e/abli% !m 9 ! free grace (
 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* ju/ifies !m f all pa/ 
s9 & seals !m = heav54 ,:at c\ld be a m 
explicit decl>ation ( ?is ?an ! foll[+8 

,:5 ! fulness ( ! "t 0 come1 ,god s5t =?
 8 ,son to r$eem !m t 7 "u ! law4 ,h]e9 
is ! explanation ( t p]il\s combat :i*  
,paul wag$ s _m ye>s1 & 9 :i* he prov$  
victori\s1 ! great battle betwe5 !      
,g5tile ,*ri/ians & ! ,judaiz+          
,*ri/ians2 a subject ( altoge!r s+ul>   
importance1 )\t a m9ute acqua9tance )   
:i* a l>ge "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _c be   
und]/ood4 ,*ri/ gave himself = our s9s1 
t he might deliv] u f ?is pres5t evil   
_w1 accord+ to ! w ( ,god4 ,n[1 !       
,hebrew t]ms correspond+ ) ! ,engli%    
t]ms pres5t _w & future _w 7 us$ by !   
,jews to d5ote ! ,mosaic & ! ,messianic 
disp5sations4 ,we believe ) ,s*oettg5 & 
o!r good au?orities t su* is ! s5se ( ! 
phrase pres5t _w 9 ! in/ance be=e u4 ,n 
only is t int]pretation su/a9$ by ! usus
 loqu5di1 x is also ! only def5sible    
mean+2 = ! effect ( ! e/abli%m5t ( !    
gospel 0 n to deliv] m5 f ! pres5t _w1  
?\gh x did deliv] !m f ! hopeless       
bondage ( ,judaism1 :]e9 salvation 0 by 
,*ri/ians consid]$ impossible4 ,& t is  

precisely ! argum5t ( ! ,epi/le to !    
,galatians1 9 :i* ! text occurs4 ,9 a   
succe$+ *apt]1 :ile speak+ expressly ( !
 ext]nal =ms ( ! ,jewi% law1 ,paul says1
 ,by ! cross ( ,*ri/ ! _w is crucifi$   
unto me1 & ,i unto ! _w2 & he in/antly  
adds1 by way ( explanation1 = 9 ,*ri/   
,jesus nei!r circumcision availe? any   
?+1 nor uncircumcision4 ,und5iably1 _w  
"h means ,judaism2 z ,ros5mull] phrases 
x1 ,judaica vanitas4 ,9 ano!r epi/le1   
:ile expo/ulat+ ) 8 read]s on ! folly ( 
subject+ !mselves to obs]vances 9 meat &
 dr9k1 & new moons & sabba?s1 aft] !    
h&writ+ ( ord9ances t 0 aga9/ !m _h be5 
blott$ out1 tak5 away1 nail$ to ! cross1
 ,paul remon/rates ) !m 9 ^! words3     
,:]e=e1 if ye be dead ) ,*ri/ f !       
rudim5ts ( ! _w1 :y1 z ?\gh liv+ 9 ! _w1
 are ye subject to ord9ances8 ,we %\ld  
suppose t no intellig5t p]son c\ld "q t 
?is means1 ,n[ t by ! gospel ( ,*ri/ ye 
are emancipat$ f ! te*nical requisitions
 ( ,judaism1 :y are ye subject to its   
ord9ances1 z if ye 7 /ill liv+ "u its   

rule8 z _m ( ! be/ comm5tators agree 9  
say+1 tanquam viv5tes adhuc 9 ,judaismo4
 ,f ^! collective passages1 & f o!rs l  
!m1 we draw ! conclusion1 9 ,paul's own 
words1 t1 ,:5 we 7 *ildr51 we 7 9       
bondage "u ! rudim5ts ( ! _w1 ! weak &  
begg>ly elem5ts ( ,judaism2 b1 n[ t !   
fulness ( ! "t has come1 & ,god has s5t 
=? 8 ,son to r$eem u1 we are call$ to   
receive ! adoption ( sons & become heirs
 ( ,god1 inh]itors ( a heav5ly de/9y4   
,we ?9k t ! intellig5t & c&id read]1 :o 
is famili> ) ,paul's epi/les1 w         
recognise ! foll[+ features 9 8 belief &
 tea*+4 ,fir/1 all mank9d alike 7 "u s9 
& condemnation4 ,jews & ,g5tiles all are
 "u s94 ,all ! _w is subject to ! s5t5ce
 ( ,god4 ,& we ma9ta9 t t condemn+      
s5t5ce consi/$1 p>tly at lea/1 9 !      
bani%m5t ( _! disembodi$ s\ls to ,hades4
 ,secondly1 a promise 0 giv5 to         
,abraham1 be=e ! introduction ( !       
,mosaic disp5sation1 t 9 8 se$ t is1 9  
,*ri/ all ! nations ( ! e>? %\ld be     
bless$4 ,:5 ,paul speaks1 z he does 9   

num]\s in/ances1 ( ! hope ( et]nal life 
:i* ,god1 :o _c lie1 promis$ be=e ! _w  
began1 ! promise giv5 be=e ! f\ndation (
 ! _w1 ! promise made ( ,god unto !     
fa!rs1 t ,god w\ld raise ! dead1 ! date 
ref]r$ to is n :5 ! decree 0 =m$ 9 !    
et]nal c\nsels ( ,god1 previ\s to !     
orig9 ( ! e>?1 b :5 ! cov5ant 0 made )  
,abraham1 be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,jewi%  
disp5sation4 ,! ?+ promis$ pla9ly 01    
accord+ to ,paul's idea1 a r$emption f  
,hades & an asc5sion to heav52 = ?is is 
fully impli$ 9 8 expectation ( !        
resurrection ( ! dead f ! int]m$iate    
/ate1 & _! be+ clo!d 9 cele/ial bodies4 
,?is promise made unto ,abraham by ,god1
 to be fulfill$ by ,*ri/1 ! law1 :i* 0  
f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds1 c\ld n
 disannul4 ,t is1 z any "o may see by ! 
context1 ! law c\ld n secure !          
inh]itance ( ! ?+ promis$1 b 0 only a   
tempor>y arrangem5t on acc\nt (         
transgressions1 until ! se$ %\ld come to
 :om ! promise 0 made4 ,9 o!r words1 !re
 0 no mode ( salvation by ! law2 ! law  

c\ld n give life2 = if x c\ld x w\ld h  
sup]s$$ ! promise1 made x )\t effect1   
:]eas ! inviolable promise ( ,god 01 t 9
 ! "o se$ ( ,abraham t is1 9 ,*ri/ alone
 %\ld salvation be prea*$ to all t      
believ$4 ,= if !y :i* are ( ! law be    
heirs1 fai? is made useless1 & ! promise
 is made useless4 ,9 ! mean "t1 until   
,*ri/ be come1 all are %ut up "u s94    
,?irdly1 ! special advantage ( ! ,jews  
01 t unto !m ?is promise ( ,god 0       
committ$1 z ! *os5 cov5ant p4  ,!       
,g5tiles1 groan+ "u ! univ]sal s5t5ce ( 
s91 7 ignorant ( ! sure promise ( a     
common salvation yet to be br\ght4 ,:ile
 ! ,jews indulg$ 9 gl[+ & exclusive     
expectations ( ! ,messiah :o 0 glori\sly
 to r$eem !m1 ! ,g5tiles 7 ali5s f !    
commonweal? ( ,israel1 /rang]s f !      
cov5ants ( promise1 hav+ no hope & )\t  
,god 9 ! _w4 ,f\r?ly1 9 ! fulness ( "t  
long aft] ! ,scripture1 =esee+ t ,god   
w\ld ju/ify ! hea!n1 _h prea*$ ! gospel 
be=eh& unto ,abraham1 say+1 ,9 ?y se$   
%all all nations be bless$ ,*ri/ r$eem$ 

u f ! curse ( ! law1 be+ made a curse = 
u1 t ! bless+ promis$ to ,abraham might 
come ^u ! ,g5tiles4 ,x 0 ! precise      
mission ( ,*ri/ to realize & exemplify &
 publi% to ! :ole _w ! fulfilm5t ( t    
promise4 ,! promise itself 01 t m5 %\ld 
be releas$ f ! "u _w ?r\gh ! imputation 
( righte\sness by grace t is1 ?r\gh free
 =giv5ess & rise to heav5 z accr$it$    
sons & heirs ( ,god4 ,?is aim & purpose 
( ,*ri/'s com+ 7 effect$ 9 8            
resurrection4 ,b h[ did ! ,g5tiles ent] 
into belief & p>ticipation ( ! glad     
tid+s8 ,?us1 accord+ to ,paul3 ,! dea?1 
desc5t1 resurrection1 & asc5t ( ,jesus1 
& 8 resid5ce 9 heav5 9 a spiritual =m1  
dive/$ him ( 8 nationality4#ac ,he 0 !n 
to be kn[n no m aft] ! fle%4 ,he 0 no   
long] an e>?ly ,jew1 address+ ,jews1 b a
 heav5ly _s & son ( ,god1 a glorifi$    
lik5ess ( ! spirits ( all :o 7 adopt$ z 
sons ( ,god1 appeal+ to !m all z jo9t   
heirs ) himself ( heav54 ,he has ris5   
into univ]sality1 & is accessible to !  
s\l ( e "o t believe?4 ,9 him !re is    

nei!r ,greek nor ,jew1 circumcision nor 
uncircumcision1 b>b>ian1 ,scy?ian1 bond 
nor free4 ,! exp]i5ce result+ 9 a he>t  
rais$ into fell[%ip ) him 9 heav5 is !  
inw>d seal assur+ u t our fai? is n va94
 ,ye ,g5tiles1 :o =m]ly 7 af> (f1 are n[
 made nigh by ! blood ( ,*ri/2 = he ha? 
brok5 d[n ! middle wall ( p>tition      
betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles1 hav+ aboli%$ 9 
8 fle% ! enmity1 namely1 ! law (        
comm&m5ts 9 ord9ances1 9 ord] to make 9 
himself ( twa9 "o new man4 ,= ?r\gh him 
we bo? h access by "o _s unto ! ,fa!r4  
,n[1 !re=e1 ye are no m /rang]s &       
=eign]s1 b fell[ citiz5s ) ! sa9ts & ( !
 h\sehold ( ,god4 ,circumcision 0 ( !   
fle%2 & ! va9 hope ( salvation by x 0   
conf9$ to ! ,jews4 ,grace 0 ( ! _s2 & ! 
reveal$ assurance ( salvation by x 0    
giv5 to ! ,g5tiles too1 :5 ,*ri/ di$ to 
! nationaliz+ fle%1 rose 9 ! univ]saliz+
 _s1 & f heav5 imp>tially exhibit$      
himself1 ?r\gh ! prea*+ ( ! gospel1 to !
 appropriat+ fai? ( all4  ,! =ego+      
positions might be fur!r sub/antiat$ by 

apply+ ! g5]al !ory !y conta9 to !      
explication ( scores ( individual texts 
:i* x fits & unfolds1 & :i*1 we ?9k1 _c 
^u any o!r view be int]pret$ )\t =c$    
con/ructions unw>rant$ by a ?or\gh      
acqua9tance ) ! m9d ( ,paul & ) ! m9d ( 
8 age4 ,b we mu/ be cont5t ) "o or two  
su* applications z specim5s4 ,! ^w my/]y
 (t5 occurs 9 ! lett]s ( ,paul4 ,its    
curr5t mean+ 9 8 "t 0 some?+ conceal$1  
some?+ into :i* "o mu/ be initiat$ 9    
ord] to und]/& x4  #ac ,m>t9eau1        
,liv]pool ,controv]sy3 ,inconsi/5cy ( ! 
,s*eme ( ,vic>i\s ,r$emption4   ,!      
,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 = in/ance1 7 n     
necess>ily any ?+ intr9sically d>k & h>d
 to be compreh5d$1 b ?+s hidd5 f public 
gaze & only to be kn[n by initiation    
into !m4 ,paul uses ! t]m 9 a simil> way
 to d5ote ! peculi> s*eme ( grace1 :i*  
_h be5 kept secret f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1   
hidd5 f ages & g5]ations1 b n[ made     
manife/4 ,no "o d5ies t ,paul means by  
?is my/]y ! v he>t & ess5ce ( ! gospel1 
precisely t :i* di/+ui%es x f ! law &   

makes x a univ]sal me?od ( salvation1 a 
wondr\s sy/em ( grace4 ,s mu* is        
irresi/ibly evid5t f ! way & !          
connection 9 :i* he uses ! t]m4 ,he     
writes ?us 9 explanation ( ! great my/]y
 z x 0 dramatically reveal$ ?r\gh ,*ri/3
 ,:o 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle%1 i4 e4 se5 9 ! 
body dur+ 8 life on e>?1 ju/ifi$ 9 ! _s1
 i4 e4 fre$ aft] dea? f ! necessity (   
imprisonm5t 9 ,hades1 se5 ( angels1 i4  
e4 9 _! fell[%ip aft] 8 resurrection1   
prea*$ unto ! ,g5tiles1 i4 e4 aft] !    
gift ( tongues on ,p5teco/ day1 believ$ 
on 9 ! _w1 i4 e4 8 gospel widely accept$
 ?r\gh ! labors ( 8 disciples1 receiv$  
up into glory1 i4 e4 tak5 into heav5 to 
! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,! revelation ( !     
my/]y means1 !n1 ! visible enactm5t &   
exhibition1 ?r\gh ! resurrection (      
,*ri/1 ( ,god's free =giv5ess ( m51     
r$eem+ !m f ! ,hadean gloom to ! heav5ly
 glory4 ,! ^w glory 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t   
confess$ly (t5 signifies ! illum9ation (
 heav51 ! def9$ abode ( ,god & 8 angels4
 ,rob9son collects1 9 8 ,lexicon1 num]\s

 examples :]e9 he says x means t /ate   
:i* is ! portion ( ^? :o dwell ) ,god 9 
heav54 ,n[1 ,paul repeat$ly speaks ( !  
call+ ( believ]s to glory z "o ( ! *ief 
bless+s & new pr]ogatives ( ! gospel4   
,be+ ju/ifi$ by fai?1 we rejoice 9 hope 
( ! glory ( ,god4 ,walk wor?y ( ,god1 :o
 ha? call$ y unto 8 glory4 ,we speak    
wisdom to ! initiates1 ! hidd5 wisdom ( 
,god 9 a my/]y1 :i* be=e ! _w ! ,jewi%  
disp5sation ,god orda9$ = our glory4    
,fle% & blood _c inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god3 
behold1 ,i %[ y a my/]y3 we %all all be 
*ang$ 9 a mom5t1 & put on immortality4  
,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! lett] to !          
,colossians1 ,paul speaks ( ! hope :i*  
is laid up = y 9 heav51 :]e( ye h he>d 9
 ! gospel2 also ( ! inh]itance ( ! sa9ts
 9 light3 !n he says1 ,god w\ld n[ make 
kn[n among ! ,g5tiles ! my/]y1 :i* is1  
,*ri/ among y1 ! hope ( glory4 ,9 !     
light ( :at has gone be=e1 h[           
significant & h[ cle> is ?is decl>ation6
 ,all h s9n$1 & fail$ to atta9 unto !   
glory ( ,god2 b n[1 ?r\gh ! fai? (      

,jesus ,*ri/1 ?r\gh ! disp5sation br\ght
 to light by ,*ri/1 ! righte\sness (    
,god ,god's me?od ( salvation is unto   
all t believe4 ,t is1 by ! law all 7 %ut
 up 9 ,hades1 b by grace !y are n[      
ransom$ & to be receiv$ to heav54 ,!    
same ?\ght or s*eme is conta9$ 9 t      
rem>kable passage 9 ! ,epi/le to !      
,galatians :]e ,paul says ! free ,isaac 
& ! bond woman ,hag> 7 an allegory1     
tea*+ t !re 7 two cov5ants1 "o by       
,abraham1 ! o!r by ,moses4 ,! ,mosaic   
cov5ant ( ! law answ]s to ! ,j]usalem   
:i* is on e>?1 & is 9 bondage ) h]      
*ildr51 & belongs only to ! ,jews4 ,!   
,abrahamic cov5ant ( promise answ]s to !
 ,j]usalem :i* is above1 & is free1 & is
 ! "m ( u all4 ,9 ! =m]1 we 7 begott5   
unto bondage4 ,9 ! latt]1 ,*ri/ ha? made
 u free4  ,we w notice b "o m text 9    
pass+3 x is1 ( all ! pro( texts ( !     
doctr9e ( a sub/itutional expiation1 !  
"o :i* has ev] be5 reg>d$ z ! v         
,a*illes4 ,& yet x c be made to support 
t doctr9e only by ! aid ( arbitr>y      

assumptions & mi/ranslations1 :ile by   
its v t]ms x p]fectly co9cides ) nay1   
expressly decl>es  ! !ory :i* we h be5  
advocat+ z ! g5u9e int]pretation (      
,paul4 ,! usual comm5tators1 9 _!       
treatm5t ( ?is passage1 h exhibit$ a    
long cont9u$ s]ies ( p]v]sions &        
sophisms1 af=d+ a /rong example (       
unconsci\s prejudice4 ,! correct ,greek 
read+ ( ! text is ju/ly r5d]$ ?us3 ,:om 
,god set =?1 a m]cy seat ?r\gh ! fai? 9 
8 blood1 to exhibit 8 righte\sness ?r\gh
 ! remission ( =m] s9s by ! =be>ance (  
,god4 ,= r5d]+ non-,,ascii *>act]s m]cy 
seat1 ! usus loqu5di & ! int]nal h>mony 
( mean+ are 9 our favor1 & also ! weight
 ( _m or?odox au?orities1 su* z         
,!odoret1 ,orig51 ,!ophylact1           
,o,ecumenius1 ,erasmus1 ,lu!r1 & f      
,pelagius to ,bu%nell4 ,/ill1 we are    
will+ to admit ! r5d]+ ( x by s9 (f]+4  
,t makes no important diff]5ce 9 !      
result4 ,*ri/ 0 a s9 (f]+1 9 !          
conception ( ,paul1 9 ?is s5se3 t :5 he 
0 n himself subject to dea?1 :i* 0 !    

p5alty ( s91 he yet di$ 9 ord] to %[    
,god's purpose ( remov+ t p5alty ( s9   
?r\gh 8 resurrection4 ,= r5d]+          
non-,,ascii *>act]s ?r\gh1 no def5ce is 
ne$$3 ! only wond] is1 h[ x ev] c\ld h  
be5 "h translat$ =4 ,n[1 let two or ?ree
 facts be notic$4  ,fir/1 ! ,new        
,te/am5t phrase ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 ! fai? (
 ,jesus1 is v unfairly & unw>rantably   
made to mean an int]nal affection t[>ds 
,*ri/1 a belief ( m5 9 him4 ,its g5u9e  
mean+ is ! same z ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 or !
 religion ( ,*ri/1 ! sy/em ( grace :i*  
he br\ght4#ad ,:o c d\bt t su* is !     
mean+ ( ! ^w 9 ^! in/ances8 ,cont5d = ! 
fai? once deliv]$ to ! sa9ts2 ,greet !m 
t love u 9 ! fai?2 ,h n ! fai? ( our ,"l
 ,jesus ,*ri/ ) respect ( p]sons4 ,s1 9 
! text n[ "u our notice1 ! fai? :i* is 9
 8 blood means ! disp5sation ( p>don &  
ju/ification1 ! sy/em ( fai?1 :i* 0     
confirm$ & exemplifi$ to u 9 8 dea? &   
resurrection4 ,secondly1 ! righte\sness 
( ,god1 :i* is "h said to be po9t$ out  
by ,*ri/'s dea?1 d5otes simply1 9       

,pr(essor ,/u>t's words1 ,god's p>don+  
m]cy1 or acquittal1 or gratuit\s        
ju/ification1 9 :i* s5se1 he says truly1
 x is almo/ always us$ 9 ,paul's        
epi/les4#ae ,x signifies nei!r m nor    
less ?an ,god's me?od ( salvation by    
freely =giv+ s9s & treat+ ! s9n] z if he
 7 righte\s1 ! me?od ( salvation n[     
c>ri$ into effect & reveal$ 9 ! gospel  
br\ght by ,*ri/1 & dramatically enact$ 9
 8 passion & asc5sion4 ,fur!rmore1 we   
ask att5tion to ! fact t ! ord9>y       
int]pret]1 h>d press$ by 8 unscriptural 
cre$1 int]polates a disjunctive         
conjunction 9 ! oppos+ tee? ( ,paul's   
pla9 /atem5t4 ,paul says1 z ! common    
v]sion has x1 ,god is j1 & i4 e4 ev5 !  
ju/ifi]4 ,! cre$ b\nd comm5tators read  
x1  #ad ,rob9son has ga!r$ a great numb]
 ( in/ances 9 8 ,lexicon1 "u ! ^w ,fai?1
 :]e9 x c only mean1 z he says1 ! sy/em 
( ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 ! gospel4  #ae     
,/u>t's ,romans i4 #ag1 iii4 #be1 #bf1  
c4   j & yet ! ju/ifi]4 ,we w n[ pres5t 
! true mean+ ( ! :ole passage1 9 our    

view ( x1 accord+ to ,paul's own use (  
language4 ,to e/abli% a conviction ( !  
correctness ( ! exposition1 we only ask 
! +5u\s read] c>efully to /udy ! clauses
 ( ! ,greek text & recollect ! =ego+    
data4 ,god has set ,*ri/ =?1 to be to u 
a sure sign t we h be5 =giv5 & r$eem$   
?r\gh ! fai? t 0 prov$ by 8 triumphant  
return f dea?1 ! disp5sation ( grace    
inaugurat$ by him4 ,h]e9 ,god has       
exhibit$ 8 me?od ( sav+ s9n]s1 :i* is by
 ! free remission ( _! s9s ?r\gh 8      
k9dness4 ,?us ,god is prov$ to be       
dispos$ to save1 & to be sav+1 by !     
sy/em ( grace %[n ?r\gh ,jesus1 him t   
believe?4 ,9 consequ5ce ( s91 m5 7 "u   
s5t5ce ( condemnation to ! "u _w4 ,9 !  
fulness ( "t ,god fulfill$ 8 anci5t     
promise to ,abraham4 ,he freely ju/ifi$ 
m51 t is1 =gave !m1 r$eem$ !m f _! doom1
 & w\ld soon op5 ! sky = _! abode ) him4
 ,?is s*eme ( r$emption 0 c>ri$ out by  
,*ri/4 ,t is to say1 ,god proclaim$ x to
 m51 & ask$ _! belief 9 x1 by sett+ =?  
,*ri/ to die1 desc5d among ! dead1 rise 

!nce1 & asc5d into heav51 z an          
exemplify+ c]tification ( ! tru? ( !    
glad tid+s4  ,?irdly1 ,paul tea*es t "o 
aim ( ,*ri/'s mission 0 to purify1      
animate1 & exalt ! moral *>act]s ( m51 &
 rectify _! conduct1 to produce a       
subjective sanctification 9 !m1 & s     
prep>e !m = judgm5t & fit !m = heav54 ,!
 e/abli%m5t ( ?is proposition w conclude
 ! pres5t "p ( our subject4 ,he writes1 
,our ,savi\r1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 gave himself
 = u1 t he might r$eem u f all iniquity 
& purify unto himself a peculi> p zeal\s
 ( good works4 ,let e "o t name? ! "n ( 
,*ri/ dep>t f iniquity4 ,9 v>i\s ways he
 (t5 repres5ts ! fact t believ]s h be5  
sav$ by grace ?r\gh ,*ri/ z ! v reason1 
! int5sifi$ motive1 :y !y %\ld          
scrupul\sly keep e tittle ( ! moral law 
& ab/a9 ev5 f ! appe>ance ( evil1 walk+ 
wor?y ( _! high vocation4 ,! grace (    
,god t br+e? salvation to all m5 ha?    
appe>$1 tea*+ u t1 d5y+ all ungodl9ess &
 worldly lu/s1 we %\ld live sob]ly1     
righte\sly1 & godly 9 ?is pres5t _w4    

,bad m51 t obey n ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 su* 
*>act]s z ?ieves1 extortion]s1 drunk>ds1
 adult]]s1 %all n inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god4
 ,he proclaims1 9 unmi/akable t]ms1 ,god
 w r5d] to e man accord+ to 8 de$s1 wra?
 & tribulation to ! evil do]1 honor &   
peace to ! well do]1 :e!r ,jew or       
,g5tile4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f ^! 
& o!r l decl>ations is unavoidable4 ,x  
is t e "o1 ,jew & ,g5tile1 %all /& be=e 
! judgm5t seat ( ,*ri/ & receive accord+
 to ! de$s done 9 ! body2 = !re is no   
respect ( p]sons4 ,& "o "p ( ,*ri/'s    
mission 0 to ex]t a hall[+ moral        
influ5ce on m51 to make !m righte\s1 t  
!y might pass ! b> ) acquittal4 ,b !    
read] :o recollects ! class ( texts     
adduc$ a little :ile s9ce w rememb] t an
 opposite conclusion 0 z unequivocally  
drawn f !m4 ,!n ,paul said1 ,by fai? ye 
are ju/ifi$1 )\t ! de$s ( ! law4 ,n[ he 
says1 ,= n ! he>]s ( ! law are j be=e   
,god1 b ! do]s ( ! law %all be ju/ifi$ 9
 ! day :5 ,god %all judge ! secrets ( m5
 by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,is !re a             

contradiction1 !n1 9 ,paul8 ,only 9     
appe>ance4 ,let u di/+ui% & expla94 ,9 !
 two quotations above1 ! apo/le is      
ref]r+ to two diff]5t ?+s4  ,fir/1 he   
w\ld say1 ,by ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 ! free    
grace ( ,god decl>$ 9 ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 
ye are ju/ifi$1 gratuit\sly deliv]$ f t 
necessity ( imprisonm5t 9 ,hades :i* is 
! p5alty ( s9 doom$ ^u ! :ole race f    
,adam1 & f :i* no am\nt ( p]sonal virtue
 c\ld avail to save m54 ,secondly1 :5 he
 exclaims1 ,"k ye n t ! unrighte\s %all 
n inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god8 8 ?\ght is ( a 
spiritual qualification ( "*1           
indisp5sable = positive admission among 
! ble/ 9 heav54 ,t is to say1 ! imp>tial
 p5alty ( primeval s9 consign$ all m5 to
 ,hades4 ,!y c\ld n by _! own ef=ts     
escape !nce & w9 heav54 ,t fat$         
inability ,god has remov$1 & ?r\gh ,*ri/
 reveal$ its removal2 b1 t "o %\ld      
actually obta9 ! (f]$ & possible prize (
 heav51 p]sonal purity1 fai?1 ob$i5ce1  
hol9ess1 are necess>y4 ,9 ,paul's       
conception ( ! s*eme ( ,*ri/ian         

salvation1 !n1 !re 7 two di/9ct p>ts3   
"o1 :at ,god _h done = all2 ! o!r1 :at  
ea* man 0 to d = himself4 ,& ! two great
 classes ( seem+ly ho/ile texts fill+ 8 
epi/les1 :i* h puzzl$ s _m read]s1      
become cle> & h>moni\s :5 we p]ceive &  
rememb] t by righte\sness & its k9dr$   
t]ms he sometimes means ! ext]nal &     
fulfill$ me?od ( r$eem+ m5 f !          
transmitt$ necessity ( bondage 9 ! "u   
_w1 & sometimes means ! int]nal &       
cont+5t qualifications = actually       
realiz+ t r$emption4 ,9 ! =m] in/ance he
 ref]s to ! objective mode ( salvation &
 ! revelation ( x 9 ,*ri/4 ,9 ! latt]1  
he ref]s to ! subjective fitness = t    
salvation & ! c]titude ( x 9 ! believ]4 
,s1 too1 ! words dea? & life1 9 ,paul's 
writ+s1 are g5]ally *>g$1 by a          
con/ructio proegnans1 ) a d\ble s5se1 "o
 spiritual1 individual1 cont+5t1 ! o!r  
me*anical1 common1 absolute4 ,dea?1 9   
its full ,paul9e =ce1 includes inw>d    
guilt1 condemnation1 & mis]y1 & outw>d  
desc5t into ! "u _w4 ,life1 9 its full  

,paul9e =ce1 includes inw>d rectitude1  
peace1 & joy1 & outw>d asc5t into ! upp]
 _w4 ,hol9ess is necess>y1 = )\t x no "o
 c see ! ,"l2 yet by itself x c secure  
only inw>d life3 x is ineffectual to w9 
heav54 ,grace by itself m]ely exempts f 
! fatality ( ! condemnation to ,hades3 x
 (f]s et]nal life 9 heav5 only ^u       
condition ( pati5t cont9uance 9 well do+
 by fai?1 ob$i5ce to ! tru?1 &          
sanctification ( ! _s4 ,b ,god's free   
grace & man's dilig5t fidelity1 comb9$1 
give ! full fruition ( bless$ness 9 !   
he>t & ( glory & immortality 9 ! sky4   
,su*1 z we h set =? 9 ! =ego+ ?ree      
divisions1 0 ,paul's view ( ! mission ( 
,*ri/ & ( ! me?od ( salvation4 ,x has   
be5 = c5turies p]v]t$ & mutilat$4 ,!    
toil n[ is by unprejudic$ inspection to 
br+ x =w>d 9 its g5u9e complet5ess1 z x 
/ood 9 ,paul's own m9d & 9 ! m9ds ( 8   
contempor>ies4 ,! ess5tial view1        
epitomiz$ 9 a s+le s5t5ce1 is ?is4 ,!   
indep5d5t grace ( ,god has int]f]$1     
fir/1 to save man f ,hades1 & secondly1 

to enable him1 by ! co op]ation ( 8 own 
virtue1 to get to heav54 ,"h are two    
sep>ate means conjo9$ to effect ! end1  
salvation4 ,n[1 comp>e1 9 ! light ( ?is 
/atem5t1 ! ?ree great !ological !ories (
 ,*ri/5dom4 ,! ,,unit>ian1 ov]look+ !   
objective ju/ification1 or (f]$         
r$emption f ! dea? realm to ! sky home1 
:i* :e!r x be a tru? or an error is     
surely 9 ! epi/les1 makes ! subjective  
sanctification all 9 all4 ,! ,,calv9i/1 
9 8 !ory1 comp>atively scorns !         
subjective sanctification1 :i* ,paul    
insi/s on z a necessity = ent]+ ! k+dom 
( ,god1 &1 hav+ p]v]t$ ! objective      
ju/ification f its real hi/oric mean+1  
exagg]ates x into ! all 9 all4 ,!       
,,roman ,,ca?olic holds t ,*ri/ simply  
remov$ ! load ( orig9al s9 & its entail$
 doom1 & left ea* p]son to /& or fall by
 8 own m]its1 9 ! help+ communion ( !   
,*ur*4 ,he also ma9ta9s t a "p ( ,*ri/'s
 (fice 0 to ex]t an influ5ce = ! moral  
improvem5t & consecration ( human "*4 ,8
 error1 z an int]pret] ( ,paul's ?\ght1 

is1 t he1 l ! ,calv9i/1 attributes to   
,*ri/'s dea? a vic>i\s efficacy by      
suff]+ ! pangs ( mank9d's guilt to buy  
_! ransom f ! inexorable ju/ice ( ,god2 
:]eas ! apo/le really repres5ts ,*ri/'s 
r$eem+ mission z consi/+ simply 9 a     
dramatic exemplification ( ! ,fa!r's    
spontane\s love & purpose to p>don pa/  
(f5ces1 unbolt ! gates ( ,hades1 &      
receive ! wor?y to heav54 ,moreov]1 :ile
 ,paul describes ! heav5ly salvation z  
an undes]v$ gift f ! grace ( ,god1 !    
,ca?olic (t5 seems to make x a prize to 
be e>n$1 "u ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation1 by  
good works :i* may fairly *all5ge t     
rew>d4 ,h[ev]1 we h little d\bt t ?is   
app>5t opposition is r 9 ! practical    
mode ( exhortation ?an 9 any int]ior    
diff]5ce ( dogma2 = ,paul himself makes 
p]sonal salvation h+e on p]sonal        
conditions1 ! prov9ce ( grace be+ se5 9 
! new ext5sion to man ( ! opportunity & 
invitation to secure 8 own acceptance4  
,& s ! ,roman ,ca?olic exposition (     
,paul's doctr9e is mu* m ne>ly correct  

?an any o!r int]pretation n[ preval5t4  
,we %\ld expect1 a priori1 t x w\ld be1 
s9ce t ,*ur*1 conta9+ two ?irds (       
,*ri/5dom1 is ! mo/ intimately connect$1
 by its s*ol>s1 memb]s1 & traditions1 ) 
! apo/olic age4  ,a prom95t feature 9 ! 
belief ( ,paul1 & "o des]v+ di/9ct      
notice z necess>ily involv+ a           
consid]able "p ( ! !ory :i* we h        
attribut$ to him1 is ! supposition t    
,*ri/ 0 ! fir/ p]son1 clo!d ) humanity &
 exp]i5c+ dea?1 admitt$ into heav54 ,(  
all ! ho/s :o _h liv$ & di$1 e s\l _h   
gone d[n into ! dusky "u _w4 ,!re !y all
 7 held 9 durance1 wait+ = ! ,great     
,deliv]]4 ,9 ! spl5dors ( ! realm ov] ! 
sky1 ,god & 8 angels dwelt alone4 ,t we 
d n err 9 ascrib+ ?is belief to ,paul we
 might summon ! :ole body ( ! ,fa!rs to 
te/ify 9 almo/ unbrok5 phalanx1 f       
,polyc>p to ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,! ,roman1      
,greek1 & ,engli% ,*ur*es /ill ma9ta9 ! 
same dogma4 ,b ! apo/le's own pla9 words
 w be suffici5t = our purpose4 ,t ,*ri/ 
%\ld suff]1 & t he %\ld be ! fir/ t %\ld

 rise f among ! dead4 ,n[ is ,*ri/ ris5 
f among ! dead & become ! fir/ fruits ( 
!m t slept4 ,he is ! beg9n+1 ! fir/ born
 f among ! dead1 t among all he might h 
! pre em95ce4 ,god rais$ ,*ri/ f among !
 dead1 & set him at 8 own "r h&#af 9 !  
heav5ly places1 f> above e pr9cipality1 
& p[]1 & might1 & dom9ion4 ,! la/ words 
ref] to diff]5t ord]s ( spirits1 suppos$
  #af ,griesba* argues at l5g?1 & %[s   
unansw]ably1 t ?is passage _c be> a     
moral int]pretation1 b necess>ily has a 
physical & local s5se4 ,griesba*ii      
,opuscula ,academica1 ed4 ,gabl]1 vol4  
ii4 pp4 #ade-adi4   by ! ,jews to p !   
a]ial region bel[ ! heav5 ( ,god4 ,god  
ha? 7already 9 our anticipat+ fai?7     
rais$ u up toge!r ) ,*ri/ & made u sit 9
 heav5ly places ) him4 ,^! te/imonies   
are en\gh to %[ t ,paul believ$ ,jesus  
to h be5 rais$ up to ! abode ( ,god1 !  
fir/ man ev] exalt$ ?i!r1 & t ?is 0 done
 z a pl$ge & illu/ration ( ! same       
exaltation await+ ^? :o believe4 ,if we 
be dead ) ,*ri/1 we believe we %all also

 live ) him4 ,& ! apo/le tea*es t we are
 n only connect$ ) ,*ri/'s resurrection 
by ! outw>d ord] & sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 b   
also by an inw>d gift ( ! _s4 ,he says t
 to e ob$i5t believ] is giv5 an         
exp]im5tal k ( ! p[] ( ! resurrection ( 
,*ri/1 :i* is ! seal ( ,god )9 him1 !   
pl$ge ( 8 own cele/ial de/9ation4 ,aft] 
t ye believ$1 ye 7 seal$ ) t holy _s (  
promise :i* is ! e>ne/ ( our inh]itance 
until ! r$emption ( ! pur*as$           
possession4 ,! (fice ( ?is gift ( ! _s  
is to awak5 9 ! believ+ ,*ri/ian a vivid
 realization ( ! ?+s 9 /ore = him1 & a  
p]fect conviction t he %all yet possess 
!m 9 ! uncl\d$ pres5ce ( ,god1 beyond ! 
canopy ( azure & ! />s4 ,eye ha? n se51 
nor e> he>d1 nor ! he>t ( man conceiv$1 
! ?+s :i* ,god ha? prep>$ = !m t love   
him4 ,b he ha? reveal$ !m unto u2 = we h
 receiv$ 8 _s1 t we might "k !m4 ,! _s  
be>e? witness ) our _s t we are *ildr5 &
 heirs ( ,god1 ev5 jo9t heirs ) ,*ri/1 t
 we may be glorifi$ i4 e4 advanc$ into  
heav5 ) him4  ,we w leave ?is topic ) a 

brief p>aphrase ( ! celebrat$ passage 9 
! eigh? *apt] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 
,n only d ! g5]ality ( mank9d groan 9   
pa9 9 ?is decay+ /ate1 "u ! bondage (   
p]i%able elem5ts1 travail+ =            
emancipation f ! fle% into ! lib]ty ( ! 
heav5ly glory appo9t$ = ! sons & heirs (
 ,god1 b ev5 we1 :o h ! fir/ fruits ( ! 
_s1 i4 e4 ! assurance spr++ f !         
resurrection ( ,*ri/1 we too wait1      
pa9fully long+ = ! adoption1 t is1 our  
r$emption f ! body4 ,by long+ = !       
adoption1 or filiation1 is meant        
impati5t desire to be receiv$ into heav5
 z *ildr5 to ! enjoym5t ( ! privileges (
 _! ,fa!r's h\se4 ,god pr$et]m9$ t ^?   
call$ %\ld be con=m$ to ! image ( 8     
,son1 i4 e4 %\ld pass ?r\gh ! same c\rse
 ) ,*ri/ & rea* ! heav5ly goal1 t he    
might be ! fir/ born among _m bre?r54   
,to ! secur+ ( ?is end1 :om he call$1 !m
 he also ju/ifi$1 i4 e4 ransom$ f       
,hades2#ag & :om he ju/ifi$1 !m he also 
glorifi$1 7i4 e4 advanc$ to ! glory (   
heav547 ,x is evid5t t ,paul look$ = !  

spe$y second com+ ( ! ,"l 9 ! cl\ds (   
heav51 ) angels & p[] & glory4 ,he      
expect$ t at t "t all enemies w\ld be   
ov]?r[n & puni%$1 ! dead w\ld be rais$1 
! liv+ w\ld be *ang$1 & all t 7 ,*ri/'s 
w\ld be translat$ to heav54#ah ,! ,"l   
,jesus %all be reveal$ f  #ag ,t ju/ify 
(t5 means1 9 ,paul's usage1 to absolve f
 ,hades1 we h conclud$ f a direct /udy (
 8 doctr9es & language4 ,we f9d t       
,brets*neid] gives x ! same def9ition 9 
8 ,lexicon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,see non  
,,ascii *>act]s  #ah ,e "o %all rise 9 8
 own division ( ! great army ( ! dead1  
,*ri/1 ! fir/ fruits2 aft]w>ds1 !y t are
 ,*ri/'s1 at 8 com+4   heav51 ) 8 mighty
 angels1 9 flam+ fire1 tak+ v5geance on 
!m t "k n ,god & obey n ! gospel (      
,*ri/4 ,we %all n all sleep1 b we %all  
all be *ang$1 9 a mom5t1 at ! la/ trump4
 ,we :o are alive & rema9 until ! com+ (
 ! ,"l %all n anticipate ^? t are       
asleep4 ,= ! ,"l himself %all desc5d f  
heav5 ) a %\t1 ) ! voice ( ! ar*angel1 &
 ) ! trump ( ,god2#ai & ! dead 9 ,*ri/  

%all rise fir/4 ,!n we :o are alive &   
rema9 %all be caught up ) !m 9 ! cl\ds1 
to meet ! ,"l 9 ! air2 & s we %all      
always be ) ! ,"l4 ,bre?r51 y ne$ n t ,i
 %\ld specify ! "t to y2 = y\rselves are
 p]fectly aw>e t ! day ( ! ,"l s come? z
 a ?ief 9 ! night4 ,! "t is %ort4 ,i    
pray ,god y\r :ole _s1 s\l1 & body be   
pres]v$ blameless unto ! com+ ( our ,"l 
,jesus ,*ri/4 ,at 8 appe>+ he %all judge
 ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,! ,"l is at h&4 ,!   
au?or ( ^! s5t5ces und5iably look$ = !  
great adv5t soon4 ,?an ,paul1 inde$1 no 
"o m e>ne/ly believ$ 7or did m to /r5g!n
 9 o!rs t belief7 9 t spe$y return (    
,*ri/1 ! anticipation ( :i* ?rill$ all  
e>ly ,*ri/5dom ) hope & dread1 & kept ! 
disciples day & night on ! /ret* & />t (
 expectation to he> ! awful bla/ ( !    
judgm5t trump & to see ! glori\s vision 
( ! ,son ( ,god desc5d+ amid/ a convoy (
 angels4 ,:at sublime emotions mu/ h    
ru%$ ?r\gh ! apo/le's s\l :5 he ?\ght t 
he1 z a survivor ( dea?'s reign on e>?1 
might behold ! resurrection )\t himself 

ent]+ ! grave6 ,^u a "t :5 he %\ld be   
p]*ance at home1 or at ,damascus1 or1 x 
might be1 at ,j]usalem1 ! sun w\ld      
become z blood1 ! moon z sackclo? (     
hair1 ! la/ trump w\ld swell ! sky1 &1  
,lo6 ! nations ( ! dead1 ,:i* d outnumb]
 all e>?'s races1 rise1 ,& high 9       
sumless myriads ov]head ,sweep pa/ him 9
 a cl\d1 z 'tw]e ! skirts ,( ! ,et]nal  
pass+ by4  ,! resurrection :i* ,paul    
?\ght w\ld att5d ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ 0
 ! ris+ ( ! summon$ spirits ( ! deceas$ 
f _! re/ 9 ! "u _w4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly x 0 n !
 re/oration ( _! decompos$ bodies f _!  
graves1 al?\gh t incr$ible surmise has  
be5 g5]ally ent]ta9$4 ,he says1 :ile    
answ]+ ! "q1 ,h[ are ! dead rais$ up1 & 
) :at body d !y come8 ,t :i* ?\ s[e/1 ?\
 s[e/ n t body :i* %all be1 b nak$ gra93
 ,god give? x a body z x ha? pleas$ him4
 ,! comp>ison is1 t s ! nak$ s\l is s[n 
9 ! "u _w1 & ,god1 :5 he raise? x1 give?
 x a fitt+ body4 ,he does n hesitate to 
call ! man a fool :o expects !          
re/oration ( ! same body t 0 buri$4 ,8  

:ole argum5t is explicitly aga9/ t idea4
 ,!re are bodies cele/ial1 z well z     
bodies t]re/rial3 ! fir/ man 0  #ai     
,rabbi ,akiba says1 9 ! ,talmud1 ,god   
%all take & bl[ a trumpet a ?\s& godlike
 y>ds 9 l5g?1 ^: e*o %all s\nd f end to 
end ( ! _w4 ,at ! fir/ bla/ ! e>? %all  
tremble4 ,at ! second1 ! du/ %all "p4   
,at ! ?ird1 ! bones %all come toge!r4   
,at ! f\r?1 ! memb]s %all gr[ w>m4 ,at !
 fif?1 !y %all be cr[n$ ) ! head4 ,at ! 
six?1 ! s\l %all re ent] ! body4 ,& at !
 sev5?1 !y %all /& erect4 ,corrodi1     
,ges*i*te des ,*iliasmus1 b& i4 s4 #cee4
   ( ! e>?1 e>?y2 ! second man 0 ! ,"l f
 heav52 & z we h borne ! image ( ! e>?y1
 we %all also be> ! image ( ! heav5ly2 =
 fle% & blood _c inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god4 
,9 view ( ^! decl>ations1 x is a/oni%+ t
 any "o c suppose t ,paul believ$ 9 !   
resurrection ( ^! pres5t bodies & 9 _!  
transf]5ce into heav54 ,9 ?is tab]nacle 
we groan1 be+ burd5$1 &1 ,:o %all deliv]
 me f ?is body ( dea?8 he cries4 ,if ev]
 !re 0 a man ^: goad+ exp]i5ce1 ke5     

intellectual en]gies1 & moral           
s5sibilities1 made him we>y ( ?is sl[1  
gross body1 & passionately to long = a m
 correspond+1 swift1 & pure inve/iture1 
x 0 ,paul4 ,& 9 8 !ory ( ! glori\s body 
( ,*ri/1 accord+ to :i* our vile body   
%all be *ang$1 he reliev$ 8 impati5ce & 
f$ 8 desire4 ,:at 8 conception ( t body 
01 def9itely1 we _c tell2 b d\btless x 0
 ! idea ( a vehicle adapt$ to 8 m\nt+ & 
ard5t s\l1 & 9 _m p>ticul>s v unlike ?is
 pres5t groan+ load ( clay4 ,! epi/les (
 ,paul conta9 no cle> implication ( !   
notion ( a mill5nium1 a ?\s& ye>s' reign
 ( ,*ri/ ) 8 sa9ts on ! e>? aft] 8      
second adv5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 _m       
places1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( !   
,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians1        
7suppos+ t lett] to be 817 he says t !  
,"l & !y t are 8 w directly pass into   
heav5 aft] ! consummation ( 8 desc5t f  
heav5 & _! resurrection f ! dead4 ,b !  
decl>ation ,he mu/ reign till he ha? put
 all enemies "u 8 feet1 tak5 ) its      
context1 is ?\ght1 by ,b]?oldt1         

,billro?1 ,de ,wette1 & o!rs1 to imply t
 ,*ri/ w\ld e/abli% a mill5nial k+dom on
 e>?1 & reign 9 x engag$ 9 vanqui%+ all 
ho/ile =ces4 ,aga9/ ?is exegesis we h to
 say1 fir/1 t1 s f> z t goes1 ! va/     
prepond]ance ( critical au?orities is   
oppos$ to x4 ,secondly1 if ?is conque/ 7
 to be secur$ on e>?1 !re is no?+ to %[ 
t x ne$ occupy mu* "t3 "o h\r might     
answ] = x z well z a ?\s& ye>s4 ,!re is 
no?+ "h to %[ t ,paul means j :at !     
,rabb9s taught4 ,?irdly1 ev5 if ,paul   
suppos$ a consid]able p]iod mu/ elapse  
be=e all enemies w\ld be subdu$1 dur+   
:i* p]iod ,*ri/ mu/ reign1 x does n     
foll[ t he believ$ t reign w\ld be on   
e>?3 x might be 9 heav54 ,! enemies     
ref]r$ to are1 9 "p at lea/1 ! wick$    
spirits occupy+ ! regions ( ! upp] air2 
= he specifies ^! pr9cipalities1        
au?orities1 & p[]s4#bj ,& ! au?or ( !   
,epi/le to ! ,hebrews repres5ts ,god z  
say+ to ,jesus1 ,sit ?\ on my "r h&1    
until ,i make ?9e enemies ?y foot/ool4  
,f\r?ly1 x seems c]ta9 t1 if 9 !        

apo/le's ?\ght a ?\s& ye>s 7 int]polat$ 
betwe5 ,*ri/'s second com+ & ! deliv]+ (
 8 m$iatorial sceptre to ,god1 he w\ld h
 said s1 at lea/ some:]e 9 8 writ+s4 ,he
 w\ld naturally h dwelt ^u x a little1 z
 ! ,*ilia/s did s mu*4 ,in/ead ( t1 he  
repeat$ly contradicts x4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1
 ) ,ruck]t1 we _c  #bj ,! apocryphal    
,asc5sion ( ,isaiah1 already spok5 (1   
gives a detail$ description ( ! upp] air
 z occupi$ by ,satan & 8 angels1 among  
:om fight+ & evil de$s rage2 b ,*ri/ 9 8
 asc5t conqu]s & spoils !m all1 & %[s   
himself a victor ev] bright5+ z he rises
 successively ?r\gh ! :ole sev5 heav5s  
to ! feet ( ,god4 ,asc5sio ,vatis       
,isaia1 cap4 vi x4   see any reason = n 
suppos+ t1 accord+ to ,paul1 ! end 0    
imm$iately to succe$ ! com+1 z          
non-,,ascii *>act]s w\ld prop]ly        
indicate4  ,! doctr9e ( a long e>?ly    
reign ( ,*ri/ is n d$uc$ f ?is passage1 
by c&id int]pretation1 because x mu/ be 
!re1 b foi/$ into x1 by ,rabb9ical      
in=mation1 because x may be !re4  ,paul 

di/9ctly tea*es t ! believ]s :o di$ be=e
 ! second com+ ( ! ,savior w\ld rema9 9 
! "u _w until t ev5t1 :5 !y & ! trans=m$
 liv+ %\ld asc5d toge!r ) ! ,"l4 ,all ! 
relevant expressions 9 8 epi/les1 save  
two1 are obvi\sly 9 h>mony ) ?is        
conception ( a tempor>y subt]ranean     
soj\rn1 wait+ = ! appe>ance ( ,jesus f  
heav5 to u%] 9 ! resurrection4 ,b 9 !   
fif? *apt] ( ! ,second ,epi/le to !     
,cor9?ians he writes1 ,abid+ 9 ! body we
 are abs5t f ! ,"l4 ,x is usually       
inf]r$1 f ^! words & ^? :i* foll[ !m1 t 
! apo/le expect$ :5ev] he di$ to be     
in/antly ) ,*ri/4 ,c]ta9ly !y d mean    
pretty ne>ly t2 b !y mean x 9 connection
 ) ! second adv5t & ! accompany+        
circum/ances & ev5ts2 = ,paul believ$ t 
_m ( ! disciples  possibly himself w\ld 
live until ,*ri/'s com+4 ,all ?r\gh ^!  
two *apt]s 7! f\r? & fif?7 x is obvi\s1 
f ! m>k$ use ( ! t]ms we & y1 & f o!r   
consid]ations1 t we "h ref]s solely to !
 writ]1 ! individual ,paul4 ,x is !     
plural ( accommodation us$ by common    

cu/om & cons5t4 ,9 ! =m ( a slight      
p>aphrase we may unfold ! g5u9e mean+ ( 
! passage 9 h&4 ,9 ?is body ,i am       
afflict$3 n t ,i w\ld m]ely be releas$ f
 x1 = !n ,i %\ld be a nak$ _s4 ,b ,i    
e>ne/ly desire1 unclo?+ myself ( ?is    
e>?ly body1 at ! same "t to clo! myself 
) my heav5ly body1 t ,i may lose all my 
mortal "p & its woes 9 ! full exp]i5ce (
 heav5's et]nal life4 ,god has det]m9$ t
 ?is result %all come to me soon] or    
lat]1 & has giv5 me a pl$ge ( x 9 !     
witness+ _s4 ,b x _c happ5 s long z ,i  
t>ry 9 ! fle%1 ! ,"l delay+ 8 appe>ance4
 ,hav+ ! infallible e>ne/ ( ! _s1 ,i d n
 dread ! *ange1 b desire to ha/5 x4     
,confid5t ( acceptance 9 t day at !     
judgm5t seat ( ,*ri/1 be=e :i* we mu/   
all !n /&1 ,i long = ! crisis :51 dive/$
 ( ?is body & inve/$ ) ! immortal =m    
wr\ght = me by ,god1 ,i %all be ) ! ,"l4
 ,/ill1 kn[+ ! t]ror :i* %all environ ! 
,"l at 8 com+ to judgm5t1 ,i plead ) m5 
to be prep>$4 ,:oev] c>efully exam9es ! 
:ole connect$ passage1 f iv4 #f to v4   

#af1 w see1 we ?9k1 t ! above p>aphrase 
truly exposes its mean+4  ,! o!r text   
allud$ to z an app>5t exception to !    
doctr9e ( a resid5ce 9 ! l[] l& ( gho/s 
int]v5+ betwe5 dea? & ! asc5sion1 occurs
 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians3 ,i am 9 
a /rait betwixt two1 hav+ a desire to   
dep>t & to be ) ,*ri/1 :i* is f> bett]2 
b t ,i %\ld abide 9 ! fle% is m ne$ful =
 y4 ,!re are ?ree possible ways ( reg>d+
 ?is passage4 ,fir/1 we may suppose t   
,paul1 see+ ! adv5t ( ! ,"l po/pon$     
long] & long]1 *ang$ 8 idea ( !         
int]m$iate /ate ( deceas$ ,*ri/ians1 &  
?\ght !y w\ld sp5d t p]iod ( wait+ 9    
heav51 n 9 ,hades4 ,ne&] advocates ?is  
view4 ,b !re is little to su/a9 x1 & x  
is load$ ) fatal difficulties4 ,a *ange 
( fai? s important & s bright 9 its view
 z ?is mu/ h seem$ "u ! circum/ances    
w\ld h be5 cle>ly & fully /at$4         
,att5tion w\ld h be5 e>ne/ly invit$ to s
 great a favor & com=t2 exultation &    
gratitude w\ld h be5 express$ ov] s     
unhe>d ( a boon4 ,moreov]1 :at _h       

occurr$ to effect ! alleg$ new belief8  
,! unexpect$ delay ( ,*ri/'s com+ might 
make ! apo/le wi% t 8 dep>t$ fri5ds 7   
t>ry+ above ! sky in/ead ( b5ea? !      
sepul*re2 b x c\ld furni% no gr\nd to   
w>rant a sudd5 fai? 9 t wi% z a fulfill$
 fact4 ,besides1 ! tru? is t ,paul nev] 
ceas$1 ev5 to ! la/1 to expect ! spe$y  
arrival ( ! ,"l & to reg>d ! int]val z a
 comp>ative trifle4 ,9 ?is v epi/le he  
says1 ,! ,"l is at h&3 be c>eful = no?+4
 ,secondly1 we may imag9e t he expect$  
himself1 z a div9ely *os5 & specially   
favor$ s]vant1 to g to ,*ri/ 9 heav5 z  
soon z he di$1 if t %\ld happ5 be=e !   
,"l's appe>ance1 :ile ! great multitude 
( believ]s w\ld abide 9 ! "u _w until ! 
g5]al resurrection4 ,! dea? he 0 9 p]il 
( & is ref]r+ to 0 t ( m>tyrdom = !     
gospel at ! h&s ( ,n]o4 ,& _m ( ! ,fa!rs
 ma9ta9$ t 9 ! case ( e wor?y ,*ri/ian  
m>tyr !re 0 an exception to ! g5]al     
doom1 & t he 0 p]mitt$ to ent] heav5 at 
once4 ,/ill1 to argue su* a ?\ght 9 !   
text be=e u requires an hypo!sis f>     

fet*$ & unsupport$ by a s+le cle>       
decl>ation ( ! apo/le himself4 ,?irdly1 
we may assume & x seems to u by f> !    
lea/ encumb]$ & ! mo/ plausible !ory t  
attempts to meet ! case t ,paul believ$ 
!re w\ld be v\*saf$ to ! fai?ful        
,*ri/ian dur+ 8 transi5t abode 9 ! "u _w
 a m intimate & bless$ spiritual        
fell[%ip ) 8 ,ma/] ?an he c\ld exp]i5ce 
:ile 9 ! fle%4 ,= ,i am p]suad$ t nei!r 
dea? sep>ation f ! body nor dep? ! "u _w
 %all be able to sep>ate u f ,god's     
love1 :i* he has manife/$ ?r\gh ,*ri/4  
,he may ref]1 !re=e1 by 8 hopes ( be+   
/raightway ) ,*ri/ on leav+ ! body1 to a
 spiritual communion ) him 9 !          
disembodi$ /ate bel[1 & n to 8 physical 
pres5ce 9 ! sup]nal realm1 ! latt] n be+
 atta9able previ\s to ! resurrection4   
,inde$1 a little f>!r on 9 ?is same     
epi/le1 he pla9ly %[s t he did n        
anticipate be+ receiv$ to heav5 until   
aft] ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,he says1   
,we look = ! ,savior f heav51 :o %all   
*ange our vile body & fa%ion x l unto 8 

own glori\s body4 ,?is *ange is !       
prelim9>y prep>ation to asc5t to heav51 
:i* *ange he repeat$ly repres5ts z      
indisp5sable4  ,:at ,paul believ$ w\ld  
be ! c\rse & fate ( ?+s on e>? aft] !   
f9al consummation ( ,*ri/'s mission is a
 matt] ( inf]5ce f 8 brief & p>tial     
h9ts4 ,! mo/ probable & consi/5t view   
:i* c be con/ruct$ f ^? h9ts is ?is4 ,he
 ?\ght all mank9d w\ld become reconcil$ 
& ob$i5t to ,god1 & t dea?1 los+ its    
punitive "*1 w\ld become :at x 0        
orig9ally int5d$ to be1 ! m]e *ange ( ! 
e>?ly = a heav5ly body prep>atory to a  
direct asc5sion4 ,!n %all ! ,son himself
 be subject unto ,him t put all ?+s "u  
him1 t ,god may be all 9 all4 ,!n placid
 virtues & innoc5t joys %\ld fill ! _w1 
& human life be :at x 0 9 ,ed5 ere guilt
 =bade angelic visitants & conv]se )    
heav54#ba ,s :5 )\t a  #ba ,ne&] ?9ks   
,paul's idea 0 t ! p]fect$ k+dom ( ,god 
w\ld !n bl5d itself h>moni\sly ?r\gh\t 8
 unb\nd$ dom9ions4 ,we believe 8        
appreh5sion is correct4 ,?is globe w\ld 

become a "p ( ! g5]al p>adise1 an ante  
room or a l ow] /ory to ! ,temple ( !   
,univ]se4   previ\s desc5t into ,hades1 
z ! context proves ?is mortal %all h put
 on immortality1 !n %all be br\ght to   
pass ! say+ :i* is writt51 ',dea? %all  
be swall[$ up 9 victory4 ,o ,dea?1 ?\   
la/ enemy1 :]e is ?y /+8 ,o ,hades1 ?\  
gloomy prison1 :]e is ?y victory8' ,!   
exposition j (f]$ is confirm$ by its    
/rik+ adapt$ness to ! :ole ,paul9e      
s*eme4 ,x is also ! int]pretation giv5  
by ! e>lie/ ,fa!rs1 & by ! ,*ur* 9 g5]al
 until n[4 ,?is idea ( m5 be+ *ang$ &   
ris+ into heav5 )\t at all ent]+ !      
disembodi$ /ate bel[ 0 evid5tly 9 ! m9d 
( ,milton :5 he wrote ! foll[+ l9es3  ,&
 f ^! corporeal nutrim5ts1 p]haps4 ,y\r 
bodies may at la/ turn all to _s1 ,&1   
w+'d1 asc5d e!real1 may1 at *oice1 ,"h1 
or 9 heav5ly p>adise1 dwell4  ,x n[     
rema9s to see :at ,paul ?\ght 0 to be ! 
f9al portion ( ! h>d5$ & p]sev]+ s9n]4  
,"o class ( passages 9 8 writ+s1 if tak5
 by !mselves1 w\ld lead u to believe t  

on t po9t he _h no fix$ convictions 9   
reg>d to p>ticul>s1 b1 ?9k+ ^! beyond ! 
pres5t rea* ( reason1 cont5t$ himself ) 
! g5]al assurance t all su* p]sons w\ld 
meet _! j des]ts1 & !re left ! subject 9
 obscurity4 ,god w r5d] to e man to !   
,jew fir/1 & also to ! ,greek accord+ to
 8 de$s4 ,:atsoev] a man s[e?1 t %all he
 also reap4 ,s !n e "o ( u %all give an 
acc\nt ( himself to ,god4 ,at ! judgm5t 
seat ( ,*ri/ e "o %all receive ! ?+s    
done 9 8 body1 accord+ to t he ha? done1
 :e!r x be good or :e!r x be bad4 ,f ^! 
& a few k9dr$ texts we might inf] t !   
au?or1 aw>e t he knew b 9 "p1 simply    
held ! belief )\t attempt+ to pry into  
special me?ods1 details1 & results t at 
! "t ( ! judgm5t all %\ld h exact       
ju/ice4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 h unfold$ 9 8   
prea*+ m9utia ( fai? n expla9$ 9 8      
lett]s4  ,a second class ( passages 9 ! 
epi/les ( ,paul w\ld naturally cause !  
common read] to conclude t he imag9$ t !
 unreg5]ate ^? unfit = ! pres5ce ( ,god 
7 to be annihilat$ :5 ,*ri/1 aft] 8     

second com+1 %\ld return to heav5 ) 8   
sa9ts4 ,^? :o "k n ,god & obey n !      
gospel ( ,*ri/ %all be puni%$ ) ev]la/+ 
de/ruction f ! pres5ce & glory ( ! ,"l  
:5 he %all come4 ,! end ( ! enemies ( ! 
cross ( ,*ri/ is de/ruction4 ,! vessels 
( wra? fitt$ = de/ruction4 ,z _m z h    
s9n$ )\t law %all p]i% )\t law4 ,b x is 
to be obs]v$ t ! ^w "h r5d]$ de/ruction 
ne$ n signify annihilation4 ,x (t51 ev5 
9 ,paul's epi/les1 pla9ly means sev]e   
puni%m5t1 dreadful mis]y1 moral ru91 &  
retribution4 ,= example1 fooli% &       
hurtful lu/s1 :i* dr[n m5 9 de/ruction &
 p]dition1 pi]c+ !m ?r\gh ) _m sorr[s4  
,x may or may n h t s5se 9 ! in/ances   
above cit$4 ,_! mean+ is intr9sically   
unc]ta93 we mu/ br+ o!r passages &      
di/9ct consid]ations to aid our         
int]pretation4  ,f a ?ird selection (   
texts 9 ,paul's epi/les x is n /range t 
"s p]sons h d$uc$ ! doctr9e (           
unconditional1 univ]sal salvation4 ,z 9 
,adam all die1 ev5 s 9 ,*ri/ %all all be
 made alive4 ,b ! g5u9e explanation (   

?is s5t5ce1 we are con/ra9$ to believe1 
is z foll[s3 ,z1 foll[+ aft] ! example (
 ,adam1 all s\ls desc5d bel[1 s1 foll[+ 
aft] ,*ri/1 all %all be rais$ up1 t is1 
at ! judgm5t1 aft] :i* ev5t "s may be   
tak5 to heav51 o!rs bani%$ aga9 into    
,hades4 ,we tru/ 9 ! liv+ ,god1 :o is ! 
,savior ( all m51 especially ( !m t     
believe4 ,?is means t all m5 h be5 sav$ 
n[ f ! unconditional s5t5ce to ,hades   
br\ght on !m by ! fir/ s91 b n all "k ! 
glad tid+s3 ^? :o receive !m into       
believ+ he>ts are already exult+ ov] _! 
deliv]ance & _! hopes ( heav54 ,all are 
objectively sav$ f ! unavoidable &      
univ]sal necessity ( ,hadean            
imprisonm5t2 ! ob$i5t believ]s are also 
subjectively sav$ f ! cont+5t & p]sonal 
risk ( incurr+ t doom4 ,god ha? %ut !m  
all up toge!r 9 unbelief1 t he might h  
m]cy ^u all4 ,all "h means bo? ,jews &  
,g5tiles2 & ! ref]5ce is to ! univ]sal  
annulm5t ( ! univ]sal fatality1 & !     
imp>tial (f] ( heav5 to e "o :o         
sanctifies ! tru? 9 8 he>t4 ,9 "s cases 

! ^w all is us$ ) rhetorical loos5ess1 n
 ) logical rigidness1 & d5otes m]ely all
 ,*ri/ians4 ,ruck]t %[s ?is well 9 8    
comm5t>y on ! fifte5? *apt] ( ,fir/     
,cor9?ians4 ,9 o!r in/ances !           
univ]sality1 :i* is inde$ pla9ly !re1   
applies to ! removal f ! race ( !       
inh]it$ doom2 :ile a conditionality is  
unque/ionably impli$ z to ! actual      
salvation ( ea* p]son4 ,we say ,paul    
does con/antly repres5t p]sonal         
salvation z dep5d+ on conditions1 z     
beset by p]ils & to be e>ne/ly /riv5 =4 
,le/ t by any means ,i myself %\ld be a 
ca/away4 ,deliv] su* an "o to ,satan = !
 de/ruction ( ! fle%1 t ! _s may be sav$
 9 ! day ( ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,:]e=e we      
labor1 t1 :e!r pres5t or abs5t1 we may  
be accept$ ( ! "l4 ,to !m t are sav$ we 
are a savor ( life unto life2 to !m t   
p]i%1 a savor ( dea? unto dea?4 ,*>ge !m
 t are ri* t !y be humble & d good1 lay+
 up 9 /ore a good f\ndation1 t !y may   
lay hold on et]nal life4 ,x is cle>1 f  
^! & _m simil> passages ( ,paul1 t he   

did n believe 9 ! unconditional         
salvation1 ! positive me*anical         
salvation1 ( all individuals1 b held    
p]sonal salvation to be a cont+5t       
problem1 to be work$ out1 ?r\gh !       
p]mitt+ grace ( ,god1 by ,*ri/ian fai?1 
works1 & "*4 ,h[ pla9ly ?is is conta9$1 
too1 9 8 doctr9e ( a resurrection ( ! j 
& ! unju/1 & ( a day ( judgm5t1 f ^:    
augu/ tribunal ,*ri/ is to pron\nce     
s5t5ce accord+ to ea* man's de$s6 ,at ! 
same "t1 ! und5iable fact des]ves       
p>ticul> remembrance t he says1 &       
app>5tly kn[s1 no?+ :atev] ( a hell1 9 !
 pres5t acceptation ( t t]m1 a prison   
h\se ( fi]y tortures4 ,he assigns !     
realm ( ,satan & ! evil spirits to !    
air1 ! vex$ region betwe5 e>? & heav51  
accord+ to ! demonology ( 8 age &       
c\ntry4 #bb  ,f9ally1 !re is a f\r?     
class ( passages1 f :i* we might inf] t 
! apo/le's fai? m]ely exclud$ !         
reprobate f p>ticipat+ 9 ! asc5t )      
,*ri/1 j z "s ( ! ,ph>isees exclud$ !   
,g5tiles f _! resurrection1 & !re left !

 subject 9 d>kness4  #bb ,a detail$ &   
mo/ curi\s acc\nt ( ?is region1 :i* he  
calls ,t>t>us1 is giv5 by ,angu/9e4 ,de 
,g54 ad4 lit4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #ad1 #ae1  
ed4 ,b5$ict9a4   ,!y t are ,*ri/'s1 !   
dead 9 ,*ri/1 %all rise4 ,no s5suali/1  
extortion]1 idolat]1 ha? any inh]itance 
9 ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ & ( ,god4 ,!re is laid
 up a cr[n ( righte\sness1 :i* ! ,"l    
%all give 9 t day to all !m t love 8    
appe>+4 ,9 all ^!1 & 9 _m o!r cases1 !re
 is a m>k$ omission ( any ref]5ce to !  
ultimate positive disposal ( ! wick$4   
,/ill1 aga9/ ! supposition ( 8 hold+ !  
doctr9e t all except good ,*ri/ians w\ld
 be left bel[ et]nally1 we h 8 repeat$  
explicit av[als4 ,i h hope t[>ds ,god t 
!re %all be a resurrection bo? ( ! j & !
 unju/4 ,we mu/ all appe> be=e ! judgm5t
 seat ( ,*ri/4 ,^! la/ /atem5ts1 h[ev]1 
prove only t ,paul ?\ght ! bad z well z 
! good w\ld be rais$ up & judg$3 !y are 
n inconsi/5t ) ! belief t ! condemn$    
w\ld aft]w>ds ei!r be annihilat$1 or    
rem&$ ev]la/+ly to ! "u _w4 ,?is v      

belief1 we ?9k1 is conta9$ 9 t rem>kable
 passage :]e ,paul writes to !          
,philippians t he /rives if by any means
 he may atta9 unto ! resurrection4 ,n[1 
! common resurrection ( ! dead = judgm5t
 ne$$ n to be /riv5 =3 x w\ld occur to  
all unconditionally4 ,b !re is ano!r    
resurrection1 or ano!r "p rema9+ to     
complete ! resurrection1 namely1 aft] ! 
judgm5t1 a ris+ ( ! accept$ to heav54   
,all %all rise f ,hades ^u ! e>? to     
judgm5t4 ,?is ,paul calls simply !      
resurrection1 ,non ,,ascii ,*>act]s     
,aft] ! judgm5t1 ! accept$ %all rise to 
heav54 ,?is ,paul calls1 ) di/9ctive    
emphasis1 ,non ,,ascii ,*>act]s ! pre   
em95t or complete resurrection1 ! prefix
 be+ us$ z an int5sive4 ,?is is :at !   
apo/le consid]s unc]ta9 & labors to     
secure1 /ret*+ =w>d & press+ t[>ds !    
goal = ! prize ( t call upw>ds1 ,non    
,,ascii ,*>act]s 7t invitation to       
heav517 :i* ,god has ext5d$ ?r\gh ,*ri/4
 ,^? :o are condemn$ at ! judgm5t c h no
 "p 9 ?is completion ( ! resurrection1  

_c ent] ! heav5ly k+dom1 b mu/ be puni%$
 ) ev]la/+ de/ruction f ! pres5ce &     
glory ( ! ,"l1 t is1 z we suppose is    
signifi$1 be ?ru/ into ! "u _w =        
ev]more4 ,z uness5tial to our object1 we
 h omitt$ an exposition ( ! ,paul9e     
doctr9e ( ! natural rank & prop] or     
delegat$ (fices ( ,*ri/ 9 ! univ]se2    
also an exam9ation ( ! validity ( !     
d\bts & argum5ts br\ght aga9/ ! g5u95ess
 ( ! less] epi/les ascrib$ to ,paul4 ,9 
close1 we w sum up 9 brief array ! lead+
 conceptions 9 8 view ( ! la/ ?+s4      
,fir/1 !re is a _w ( immortal light &   
bliss ov] ! sky1 ! exclusive abode (    
,god & ! angels f ( old2 & !re is a     
dre>y _w ( d>kness & repose "u ! e>?1 ! 
abode ( all dep>t$ human spirits4       
,secondly1 dea? 0 orig9ally meant to    
lead s\ls into heav51 clo!d 9 new &     
div9e bodies1 imm$iately on ! fall ( !  
pres5t tab]nacle2 b s9 broke t plan &   
doom$ s\ls to pass disembodi$ into      
,hades4 ,?irdly1 ! ,mosaic disp5sation (
 law c\ld n deliv] m5 f t s5t5ce2 b ,god

 _h promis$ ,abraham t ?r\gh "o ( 8     
po/]ity !y %\ld be deliv]$4 ,to fulfil t
 promise ,*ri/ came4 ,he illu/rat$      
,god's unpur*as$ love & =giv5ess &      
det]m9ation to re/ore ! orig9al plan1 z 
if m5 _h nev] s9n$4 ,*ri/ effect$ ?is   
aim1 9 conjunction ) 8 tea*+s1 by dy+1  
desc5d+ into ,hades1 z if ! doom ( a    
s9ful man 7 ^u him also1 subdu+ ! p[]s (
 t prison h\se1 ris+ aga91 & asc5d+ into
 heav51 ! fir/ "o ev] admitt$ !re f     
among ! dead1 ?us exemplify+ ! fulfill$ 
expectation ( ! creature t 0 groan+ &   
travail+ 9 pa9 to be born into ! fre$om 
( ! heav5ly glory ( ! sons ( ,god4      
,f\r?ly1 ju/ification by fai?1 !re=e1   
means ! r$emption f ,hades by acceptance
 ( ! disp5sation ( free grace :i* is    
proclaim$ 9 ! gospel4 ,fif?ly1 e        
sanctifi$ believ] receives a pl$ge or   
e>ne/ ( ! _s seal+ him z ,god's & assur+
 him ( acceptance ) ,*ri/ & ( advance to
 heav54 ,six?ly1 ,*ri/ is spe$ily to    
come a second "t1 come 9 glory & p[]    
irresi/ible1 to consummate 8 mission1   

raise ! dead1 judge ! _w1 e/abli% a new 
ord] ( ?+s1 & return into heav5 ) 8 *os5
 ones4 ,sev5?ly1 ! /ubbornly wick$      
portion ( mank9d w be return$ et]nally  
into ! "u _w4 ,eigh?ly1 aft] ! judgm5t !
 subt]ranean realm ( dea? w be %ut up1  
no m s\ls go+ into x1 b all m5 at _!    
dissolution be+ in/antly inve/$ )       
spiritual bodies & asc5d+ to ! glories (
 ! ,"l4 ,f9ally1 ,jesus hav+ put d[n all
 enemies & re/or$ ! primeval p>adise w  
yield up 8 m$iatorial ?rone1 & ,god !   
,fa!r be all 9 all4  ,! prep>atory      
rudim5ts ( ?is sy/em ( ! la/ ?+s exi/$ 9
 ! belief ( ! age1 & x 0 itself compos$ 
by ! union ( a !oretic int]pretation ( !
 life ( ,*ri/ & ( ! connect$ ph5om5a    
succe$+ 8 dea?1 ) ! elem5ts ( ,ph>asaic 
,judaism1 all m+l$ 9 ! crucible ( ! s\l 
( ,paul & fus$ by ! fires ( 8 exp]i5ce4 
,x illu/rates a great numb] ( puzzl+    
passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 )\t !       
necessity ( rec\rse to ! unnatural1     
incr$ible1 unw>rant$ dogmas associat$ ) 
!m by ! unique1 isolat$ peculi>ities (  

,calv9ism4 ,! int]pretation giv5 above1 
moreov]1 has ?is /rong confirmation (   
its accuracy1 namely1 t x is arriv$ at f
 ! /& po9t ( ! ?\ght & life ( ! ,apo/le 
,paul 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 n f ! /& po9t ( !
 !ology & exp]i5ce ( ! educat$ ,*ri/ian 
( ! n9ete5? c5tury4  ,,*apt] ,v4        
,,john',s ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future     
,,life4  ,,we are n[ to see if we c     
det]m9e & expla9 :at 7 ! views ( !      
,apo/le ,john ^u ! subject ( dea? &     
life1 condemnation & salvation1 !       
resurrection & immortality4 ,to und]/& 8
 op9ions on ^! po9ts1 x is obvi\sly     
necess>y to exam9e 8 g5]al sy/em (      
!ological ?\ght4 ,john is reg>d$ z !    
writ] ( ! proem to ! f\r? ,gospel1 also 
( ?ree brief epi/les4 ,!re are su*      
widely spread d\bts ( 8 be+ ! au?or ( ! 
,apocalypse t x has seem$ bett] to      
exam9e t production sep>ately1 leav+ ea*
 "o free to attribute its doctr9e ( !   
la/ ?+s to :atev] p]son kn[n or unkn[n  
he believes wrote ! book4 ,x is true t !
 au?or%ip ( ! f\r? ,gospel itself is    

p[]fully disput$2 b an inve/igation ( t 
"q w\ld lead u too f> & deta9 u too long
 f our real aim1 :i* is n to discuss !  
g5u95ess or ! au?ority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t
 docum5ts1 b to %[ _! mean+ 9 :at !y    
actually conta9 & imply conc]n+ a future
 life4 ,x is necess>y to premise t we   
?9k x c]ta9 t ,john wrote ) "s ref]5ce  
to ! spr\t+ philosophy ( 8 "t1 !        
,platonic & ,ori5tal speculations s e>ly
 engraft$ ^u ! /ock ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 
,= ! peculi> !ories :i* 7 matur$ &      
sy/ematiz$ 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies by
 ! ,gno/ic sects 7 float+ ab\t1 9 crude 
& fragm5t>y =ms1 at ! close ( ! fir/    
c5tury1 :5 ! apo/le wrote4 ,!y          
imm$iately awak5$ diss5sion & al>m1     
cries ( h]esy & or?odoxy1 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,"s
 mod]n writ]s d5y ! pres5ce 9 ! ,new    
,te/am5t ( any allusion to su* views2 b 
! weight ( evid5ce on ! o!r side        
int]nal1 f simil>ity ( phrase1 &        
ext]nal1 f ! te/imony ( e>ly ,fa!rs is1 
:5 accumulat$ & appreciat$1 ov]:elm+4   
,among ^! ,gno/ic notions ! mo/         

di/9ctive & prom95t 0 ! belief t ! _w 0 
creat$ & ! ,jewi% disp5sation giv51 n by
 ! true & inf9ite ,god1 b by a          
subord9ate & imp]fect deity1 ! absolute 
,god rema9+ sep>ate f all creat$ ?+s1   
unkn[n & af>1 9 ! suffici5cy ( 8        
aborig9al pl]oma or fulness4 ,! ,gno/ics
 also ma9ta9$ t ,creative ,p[]1 ,reason1
 ,life1 ,tru?1 ,love1 & o!r k9dr$       
realities1 7 individual be+s1 :o _h     
emanat$ f ,god1 & :o by _! own effici5cy
 con/ruct$1 illum9at$1 & c>ri$ on !     
v>i\s prov9ces ( creation & races (     
exi/5ce4 ,_m o!r op9ions1 fanciful1     
absurd1 or recondite1 :i* !y held1 x is 
n necess>y "h to /ate4 ,! evangeli/1 )\t
 allud+ p]haps to any p>ticul> tea*]s or
 sy/ems ( ^! doctr9es1 b only to _!     
g5]al scope1 trav]ses by 8 decl>ations  
p>tially ! same gr\nd ( ?\ght :i* !y    
cov]1 /at+ dogmatically ! positive facts
 z he appreh5d$ !m4 ,he agrees ) "s ( ! 
,gno/ic doctr9es & diff]s f o!rs1 n     
sett+ himself to foll[ or to oppose !m  
indiscrim9ately1 b to d ei!r z ! tru?   

seem$ to him to require4  ,!re are two  
me?ods ( seek+ ! mean+ ( ! introduction 
to ! f\r? ,gospel :]e ! ,johannean      
doctr9e ( ! ,logos is cond5s$4 ,we may  
/udy x grammatically1 or hi/orically2   
morally1 or metaphysically2 f ! po9t (  
view ( exp]im5tal religi\s fai?1 or f t 
( contempor>y speculative philosophy4   
,he :o omits ei!r ( ^! ways ( reg>d+ !  
subject mu/ arrive at an int]pretation  
ess5tially defective4 ,bo? modes (      
inve/igation are indisp5sable = acquir+ 
a full compreh5sion ( ! expressions     
employ$ & ! ?\ghts int5d$4 ,b to be     
fitt$ to und]/& ! !me 9 its hi/orical   
aspect :i*1 9 ?is case1 = purposes (    
criticism1 is by f> ! m important  "o   
mu/ be intellig5tly acqua9t$ ) ! ,hebrew
 p]sonification ( ! ,wisdom1 also ( !   
,^w1 ( ,god2 ) ! ,platonic conception ( 
ar*etypal ideas2 ) ! ,alex&rian ,jewi%  
doctr9e ( ! ,div9e ,logos2 & ) !        
relevant ,gno/ic & ,*ri/ian speculation 
& phraseology ( ! fir/ two c5turies4    
,especially mu/ ! /ud5t be famili> )    

,philo1 :o 0 an em95t ,platonic ,jewi%  
philosoph] & a celebrat$ writ]1 fl\ri%+ 
previ\s to ! composition ( ! f\r?       
,gospel1 9 :i*1 inde$1 !re is sc>cely a 
s+le sup]human pr$icate ( ,*ri/ :i* may 
n be p>allel$ ) /rik+ clos5ess f 8      
extant works4 ,9 all ^! fields are f\nd1
 9 imp]fect proportions & fragm5ts1 !   
mat]ials :i* are develop$ 9 ,john's     
belief ( ! ,logos become fle%4 ,to      
pres5t all ^! mat]ials "h w\ld be       
some:at out ( place & w\ld require too  
mu* room4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 simply /ate1 
z briefly & cle>ly z possible1 ! f9al   
conclusions to :i* a ?or\gh /udy has l$ 
u1 draw+ su* illu/rations z we d advance
 almo/ entirely f ,philo4#a  #a ,! read]
 :o wi%es to see 9 smalle/ compass & mo/
 lucid ord] ! facts requisite = !       
=mation ( a judgm5t is ref]r$ to        
,lucke's ,diss]tation on ! ,logos1 to   
,norton's ,/atem5t ( ,reasons1 & to     
,ne&]'s exposition ( ! ,johannean !ology
 9 8 ,plant+ & ,tra9+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ne>ly 
e ?+ important1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal1  

is collect$ 9 ^! ?ree s\rces tak5       
toge!r1 & set =? ) great c&or1 p[]1 &   
skill4 ,diff]+ 9 _! conclusions1 !y     
supply pretty adequate means = !        
indep5d5t /ud5t to conclude = himself4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 :at view ( ! ,fa!r     
himself1 ! absolute ,deity1 d ^! writ+s 
pres5t8 ,john conceives ( ,god no "o c  
well collate ! relevant texts 9 8 works 
)\t p]ceiv+ ?is z ! "o p]fect & et]nal  
,_s1 9 himself invisible to mortal eyes1
 ! ,p]sonal ,love1 ,life1 ,tru?1 ,light1
 9 :om is no d>kness at all4 ,?is       
corresponds entirely ) ! pure/ & highe/ 
idea ! human m9d c =m ( ! "o untreat$   
inf9ite ,god4 ,! apo/le1 !n1 go+ back to
 ! p]iod ant]ior to ! mat]ial creation1 
& so>+ to ! contemplation ( ! sole ,god1
 does n conceive ( him z be+ utt]ly     
alone1 b z hav+ a ,son ) him1 an only   
begott5 ,son1 a belov$ companion be=e ! 
f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 !       
,logos1 & ! ,logos 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,logos 
0 ,god4 ,he 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god4 ,all   
?+s 7 made ?r\gh him1 & )\t him 0 no?+  

made t 0 made4 ,! true explanation ( ^! 
words1 accord+ to _! und5iable hi/orical
 & _! un=c$ grammatical4 ,!re is an     
,engli% translation ( x1 by ,pr(essor   
,g4 ,r4 ,noyes1 9 ! numb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian 
,exam9] = ,m>* & ,may1 #ahdi1 mean+1 is 
z foll[s4 ,be=e ! mat]ial creation1 :5  
,god 0 yet ! sole be+1 8 fir/           
production1 ! ,logos1 0 a ,son1 at once 
! image ( himself & ! idea ( ! yet      
uncreat$ _w4 ,by him ?is p]sonal ,idea1 
,son1 or ,logos all ?+s 7 aft]w>d       
creat$2 or1 m exactly1 ?r\gh him1 by    
means ( him1 all ?+s became1 t is1 7    
br\ght1 f _! be+ 9 a /ate ( conception 9
 ! m9d ( ,god1 into actual exi/5ce 9    
space & "t4 ,?us ,philo says1 ,god is ! 
mo/ g5]ic2 second is ! ,logos ( ,god4#b 
,! ,logos is ! fir/ begott5 ,son4#c ,!  
,logos ( ,god is above ! :ole _w1 & is !
 mo/ anci5t & g5]ic ( all t _h a        
beg9n+4#d ,no?+ int]v5es betwe5 ! ,logos
 & ,god on :om he re/s4#e ,?is s5sible  
_w is ! junior son ( ,god2 ! ,s5ior is !
 ,idea1#f or ,logos4 ,! %ad[ & seem+    

portrait ( ,god is 8 ,logos1 by :i*1 z  
by an assum$ in/rum5t1 he made ! _w4 ,z 
,god is ! orig9al ( ! image "h call$    
%ad[1 s ?is image becomes ! orig9al (   
o!r ?+s4#g ,! intelligible _w1 or _w (  
ar*etypal ideas1 is ! ,logos ( ! _w     
creat+ ,god2 z an intelligible or ideal 
city is ! ?\ght ( ! ar*itect reflect+ to
 build a s5sible city4#h ,( ! _w1 ,god  
is ! cause by :i*1 ! f\r elem5ts !      
mat]ial f :i*1 ! ,logos ! in/rum5t ?r\gh
 :i*1 ! goodness ( ! ,creator ! end =   
:i*1 x 0 made4#i ,^! citations f ,philo 
cle>ly %[1 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 t
 doctr9e ( ! ,logos :i* began fir/ argu+
 to ! ,div9e ,be+ f human analogies )   
sep>at+ ! conception ( a plan 9 ! m9d ( 
,god f its execution 9 fact2 proce$$ )  
p]sonify+ t plan1 or sum ( ideas1 z a   
m$iat+ ag5t betwe5 motive & action1     
betwe5 impulse & fulfilm5t2 & end$ )    
hypo/atiz+ ! arrang+ p[] ( ! ,div9e     
?\ght z a sep>ate be+1 8 intellectual   
image or ,son1 8 fir/ & p]fect          
production4 ,!y unequivocally express ^!

 ?\ghts3 t ,god is ! only be+ :o 0 f    
et]nity2 t ! ,logos 0 ! fir/ begott51   
antemundane be+1 t he 0 ! lik5ess1      
image1 imm$iate manife/ation1 ( ! ,fa!r2
 t he 0 ! m$ium ( creation1 ! in/rum5tal
 means 9 ! outw>d =mation ( ! _w4       
,hi/ory %[s u ?is doctr9e unfold$ by    
m9ute /eps1 :i* x w\ld be t$i\s to      
foll[1 f ! ,book ( ,prov]bs to ,philo   
,judaus & ,john1 f ,plato to ,ju/9      
,m>tyr & ,a?anasius4 ,b ! rapid sket* j 
pres5t$ may be suffici5t n[4  ,:5 x is  
writt51 & ! ,logos 0 ,god1 ! mean+ is n 
/rictly lit]al4 ,to gu>d aga9/ its be+ s
 consid]$1 ! au?or tautologically       
repeats :at he _h said imm$iately be=e1 
! same 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god4 ,^u !       
supposition t ! ,logos is /rictly       
id5tical ) ,god1 ! v]ses make utt]      
nons5se4 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ,god1 & ,god 0 ) 
,god1 & ,god 0 ,god4 ,god 0 9 ! beg9n+ )
 ,god4 ,b suppose ! ,logos to mean an   
ante mundane b subord9ate be+1 :o 0 a   
p]fect image or lik5ess ( ,god1 & ! s5se
 is bo? cle> & satisfactory1 & no       

viol5ce is done ei!r to hi/orical data  
or to grammatical dem&s4 ,& ! ,logos 0  
,god1 t is1 0 ! mirror or facsimile (   
,god4 ,s1 employ+ ! same idiom1 we are  
accu/om$ to say  #b ,mangey's edition ( 
,philo1 vol4 i4 p4 #hb4  #c ,ibid4 p4   
#cjh4  #d ,ibid4 p4 #aba4  #e ,ibid4 p4 
#efj4  #f ,ibid4 p4 #bgg4  #g ,ibid4 p4 
#ajf4  #h ,ibid4 p4 #e4  #i ,ibid4 p4   
#afb4   ( an accurate repres5tation ( a 
p]son1 ,x is ! v man himself6 ,or1 )\t !
 use ( ?is idiom1 we may expla9 !       
expression ! ,logos 0 ,god ?us3 ,he /&s 
9 ! place ( ,god to ! l[] creation3     
practically consid]$1 he is z ,god to u4
 ,z ,philo writes1 ,to ! wise & p]fect !
 ,mo/ ,high is ,god2 b to u1 imp]fect   
be+s1 ! ,logos ,god's int]pret] is      
,god4#aj  ,! inw>d significance ( !     
,logos doctr9e1 9 all its degrees &     
phases1 circum/antially & ess5tially1 f 
fir/ to la/1 is ! revelation ( ,god4    
,god himself1 9 himself1 is conceiv$ z  
absolutely )drawn beyond ! appreh5sion (
 m51 9 b\ndless imm5sity & inaccessible 

secrecy4 ,8 own nature is hidd51 z a    
?\ght is hidd5 9 ! m9d2 b he has ! p[] (
 reveal+ x1 z a ?\ght is reveal$ by     
speak+ x 9 a ^w4 ,t utt]$ ^w is !       
,logos1 & is aft]w>ds conceiv$ z a      
p]son1 & z creative1 !n z build+ &      
glorify+ ! _w4 ,all ( ,god t is s5t =? f
 passive concealm5t into active         
manife/ation is ! ,logos4 ,! t]m ,logos 
compreh5ds1 ,norton says1 all !         
attributes ( ,god manife/$ 9 ! creation 
& gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,logos is !  
hypo/asis ( ! unfold$ portion1 ! reveal+
 p[]1 ! self %[+ faculty1 ! manife/+    
action1 ( ,god4 ,! ess5tial idea1 !n1   
conc]n+ ! ,logos is t he is ! means     
?r\gh :i* ! hidd5 ,god comes to !       
cognizance ( 8 creatures4 ,9 h>mony )   
?is prevail+ philosophy "o :o believ$ ! 
,logos to h be5 inc>nat$ 9 ,*ri/ w\ld   
suppose ! purpose ( 8 inc>nation to be !
 full] revelation ( ,god to m54 ,&      
,m>t9eau says1 ,! view ( revelation :i* 
is implicat$ 9 ! folds ( ! ,logos       
doctr9e t ev]y:]e p]vades ! f\r?        

,gospel1 is t x is ! appe>ance to be+s  
:o h some?+ ( a div9e _s )9 !m1 ( a yet 
div9] )\t !m1 lead+ !m to ! div9e/ (    
all1 :o embraces !m bo?4 ,?is is a f9e  
/atem5t ( ! practical religi\s aspect ( 
,john's conception ( ! nature & (fice ( 
! ,savior4  ,s9ce he reg>d$ ,god z      
p]sonal love1 life1 tru?1 & light1 &    
,*ri/1 ! embodi$ ,logos1 z 8 only       
begott5 ,son1 an exact image ( him 9    
manife/ation1 x foll[s t ,john reg>d$   
,*ri/1 next 9 rank bel[ ,god1 z p]sonal 
love1 life1 tru?1 & light2 & ! belief t 
he 0 ! necess>y m$ium ( communicat+ ^!  
,div9e bless+s to m5 w\ld naturally     
result4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d t ,john      
repeats1 z fall+ f ! lips ( ,*ri/1 all !
 decl>ations requir$ by & support+ su*  
an hypo!sis4 ,i am ! way1 ! tru?1 & !   
life4 ,no man come? unto ! ,fa!r b by   
me4 ,b ,philo1 too1 _h writt5 be=e 9    
precisely ! same /ra94 ,witness !       
correspond5ces betwe5 ! foll[+          
quotations respectively f ,john &       
,philo4 ,i am ! bread :i* came d[n f    

heav5 to give life to ! _w4#aa ,:oso    
eate? my body & dr9ke? my blood ha?     
et]nal life4#ab ,behold1 ,i ra9 bread ^u
 y f heav53 ! heav5ly food ( ! s\l is ! 
^w ( ,god1 & ! ,div9e ,logos1 f :om all 
et]nal in/ructions & wisdoms fl[4#ac ,! 
bread ! ,"l gave u to eat 0 8 ^w4#ad    
,except ye eat my fle% & dr9k my blood1 
ye h no life  #aj ,mangey's edition (   
,philo1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abh4  #aa ,john vi4
 #cc4 #da4  #ab ,ibid4 #ed4  #ac ,quot$ 
by ,g4 ,s*eff] 9 8 ,treatise ,de ,usu   
,philonis 9 ,int]pretatione ,novi       
,te/am5ti1 p4 #hb4  #ad lbid4 p4 #ha4   
9 y4#ae ,he alone c become ! heir (     
incorporeal & div9e ?+s ^: :ole s\l is  
fill$ ) ! salubri\s ,^w4#af ,e "o t see?
 ! ,son & believe? on him %all h ev]la/+
 life4#ag ,he /ra9s e n]ve t[>ds !      
highe/ ,div9e ,logos1 :o is ! f\nta9 (  
wisdom1 9 ord] t1 draw+ f t spr+1 he may
 escape dea? & w9 ev]la/+ life4#ah ,i am
 ! liv+ bread :i* came d[n f heav53 if  
any man eat ( ?is bread he %all live    
=ev]4#ai ,lift+ up 8 eyes to ! e!r1 man 

receives manna1 ! ,div9e ,logos1 heav5ly
 & immortal n\ri%m5t = ! "r desir+      
s\l4#bj ,god is ! p]5nial f\nta9 ( life2
 ,god is ! f\nta9 ( ! mo/ anci5t        
,logos4#ba ,z ! liv+ ,fa!r ha? s5t me1 &
 ,i live by ! ,fa!r1 s he t eate? me1   
ev5 he %all live by me4#bb ,does x n    
seem p]fectly pla9 t ,john's doctr9e ( !
 ,*ri/ is at bottom id5tical ) ,philo's 
doctr9e ( ! ,logos8 ,! diff]5ce (       
developm5t 9 ! two doctr9es1 s f> z !re 
is a diff]5ce1 is t ! latt] view is     
philosophical1 ab/ract2 ! =m]1          
practical1 hi/orical4 ,philo describes !
 ,logos ideally1 fill+ ! sup]s5sible    
sph]e1 m$iat+ betwe5 ! _w & ,god2 ,john 
pres5ts him really1 inc>nat$ z a man1   
effect+ ! r$emption ( our race4 ,! same 
dignity1 ! same (fices1 are pr$icat$ (  
him by bo?4 ,john decl>es1 ,9 him !     
,div9e ,logos 0 life1 & ! life 0 ! light
 ( m54#bc ,philo ass]ts1 ,no?+ is m     
lum9\s & irradiat+ ?an ! ,div9e ,logos1 
by ! p>ticipation ( :om o!r ?+s expel   
d>kness & gloom1 e>ne/ly desir+ to      

p>take ( liv+ light4#bd ,john speaks (  
,*ri/ z ! only begott5 ,son1 :o is 9 !  
bosom ( ! ,fa!r4#be ,philo says1 ,!     
,logos is ! fir/ begott5 ,son ( ,god1   
betwe5 :om & ,god no?+ int]v5es4#bf     
,john writes1 ,! ,son ( man w give y !  
food ( ev]la/+ life2 = him ha? ,god !   
,fa!r seal$4#bg ,philo writes1 ,! /amp (
 ! seal ( ,god is ! immortal ,logos4#bh 
,we h ?is f ,john3 ,he 0 manife/$ to    
take away our s9s2 & 9 him is no s94#bi 
,& ?is f ,philo3 ,! ,div9e ,logos is    
free f all s9s1 volunt>y &              
involunt>y4#cj  ,! ,johannean ,*ri/ is !
 ,philonean ,logos born into ! _w z a   
man4 ,& ! ,logos 0 made fle%1 & dwelt   
among u1 full ( grace & tru?4 ,!        
sub/ance ( :at has ?us f> be5 e/abli%$  
may n[ be concisely /at$4 ,! ess5tial   
?\ght1 :e!r ! subject be metaphysically 
or practically consid]$1 is ?is4 ,god is
 ! et]nal1 inf9ite p]sonality ( love &  
tru?1 life & light4 ,! ,logos is 8 fir/ 
born ,son1 8 exact image1 ! reproduction
 ( 8 be+1 ! next l[] p]sonality ( love &

 tru?1 life & light1 ! in/rum5t = creat+
 & rul+ ! _w1 ! revelation ( ,god1 !    
m$ium ( communication betwe5 ,god & 8   
works4 ,*ri/ is t ,logos come ^u ! e>? z
 a man to save ! p]i%+1 prov+ 8 pre     
exi/5ce & sup]human nature by 8         
miracul\s k & works4 ,t ! belief        
express$ 9 ! la/ s5t5ce is correctly    
attribut$ to ,john w  #ae ,john vi4 #ec4
  #af ,philo1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhb4  #ag     
,john vi4 #dj4  #ah ,philo1 vol4 i4 p4  
#efj4  #ai ,john vi4 #ea4  #bj ,philo1  
vol4 i4 p4 #dih4  #ba ,ibid4 pp4 #ege1  
#bjg4  #bb ,john vi4 #eg4  #bc ,john i4 
#d4  #bd ,philo1 vol4 i4 p4 #aba4  #be  
,john i4 #ah4  #bf ,philo1 vol4 i4 pp4  
#dbg1 #efj4  #bg ,john vi4 #bg4  #bh    
,philo1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fjf4  #bi #a ,john 
iii4 #e4  #cj ,philo1 vol4 i4 p4 #efb4  
be repeat$ly sub/antiat$ be=e ! close ( 
?is *apt]3 9 reg>d to ! /atem5ts 9 !    
prec$+ s5t5ces no fur!r pro( is ?\ght   
necess>y4  ,) ! aid ( a little          
repetition1 we w n[ attempt to make a   
/ep ( progress4 ,! tok5s ( en]gy1 ord]1 

spl5dor1 b5efic5ce1 9 ! univ]se1 are n1 
accord+ to ,john1 z we h se51 ! effects 
( angelic p]sonages1 emanat+ gods1      
,gno/ic aons1 b are ! work+s ( ! self   
reveal+ p[] ( ! "o true & et]nal ,god1  
?is p[] be+ conceiv$ by ,john1 accord+  
to ! philosophy ( 8 age1 z a prop]      
p]son1 ,god's in/rum5t 9 creation4      
,reason1 life1 light1 love1 grace1      
righte\sness1 k9dr$ t]ms s ?ickly       
scatt]$ ov] 8 pages1 are n to him1 z !y 
7 to ! ,gno/ics1 sep>ate be+s1 b are ! v
 work+ ( ! ,logos1 consub/antial        
manife/ations ( ,god's nature &         
attributes4 ,b mank9d1 fall5 into folly 
& vice1 p]v]sity & s91 ly+ 9 d>kness1 7 
ignorant t ^! ,div9e qualities 7 9      
reality m$iate exhibitions ( ,god1      
imm$iate exhibitions ( ! ,logos4 ,!     
light 0 %9+ 9 d>kness1 & ! d>kness      
compreh5d$ x n4 ,!n1 to reveal to m5 !  
tru?1 to reg5]ate !m & conjo9 !m ?r\gh  
himself ) ! ,fa!r 9 ! exp]i5ce ( et]nal 
life1 ! hypo/atiz$ ,logos left 8        
transc5d5t glory 9 heav5 & came into !  

_w 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,no man ha? se5  
,god at any "t3 ! only begott5 ,son :o  
is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 he ha? reveal$  
him4 ,i came d[n f heav5 to d ! w ( ,him
 t s5t me4 ,?is w is t all :o see &     
believe on ! ,son %all h ev]la/+ life4  
,god s lov$ ! _w t he gave 8 only       
begott5 ,son1 t :osoev] believe? 9 him  
%\ld n p]i%1 b h ev]la/+ life4 ,! bread 
( ,god is ,he :o come? d[n f heav5 &    
give? life to ! _w4 ,! doctr9e ( ! pre  
exi/5ce ( s\ls1 & ( _! be+ born into !  
_w 9 ! fle%1 0 rife 9 ,judea :5 ?is     
,gospel 0 writt51 & is repeat$ly allud$ 
to 9 x4#ca ,t ,john applies ?is doctr9e 
to ,*ri/ 9 ! foll[+ & 9 o!r in/ances is 
obvi\s4 ,be=e ,abraham 01 ,i am4 ,i came
 =? f ! ,fa!r & am come into ! _w4      
,fa!r1 glorify ?\ me ) ! glory :i* ,i _h
 ) !e be=e ! _w 04 ,:at & if ye %all see
 ! ,son ( ,man asc5d up :]e he 0 be=e8  
,z = ourselves1 we d n see h[ x is      
possible = any unprejudic$ p]son1 aft]  
/udy+ ! f\r? ,gospel fai?fully ) !      
requisite helps1 to d\bt t ! writ] ( x  

believ$ t ,jesus pre exi/$ z ! ,div9e   
,logos1 & t he became inc>nate to reveal
 ! ,fa!r & to br+ m5 into ! exp]i5ce (  
true et]nal life4 ,john decl>es ?is1 9 8
 fir/ epi/le1 9 s _m words1 say+1 ,!    
liv+ ,logos1 ! et]nal life :i* 0 ) !    
,fa!r f ! beg9n+1 0 manife/$ unto u2 &1 
,god s5t 8 only begott5 ,son into ! _w t
 we might live ?r\gh him4 ,:e!r !       
doctr9e ?us set =? 0 really ent]ta9$ &  
taught by ,jesus himself1 or :e!r x is !
 int]pretation put on 8 language by "o  
^: m9d 0 full ( ! notions ( ! age1 are  
di/9ct que/ions4 ,) ! settlem5t ( ^!    
que/ions we are n n[ conc]n$3 su* a     
discussion w\ld be m appropriate :5     
exam9+ ! g5u9e mean+ ( ! words ( ,*ri/4 
,all t is necess>y "h is ! sugge/ion t  
:5 we %[ ! !ological sy/em ( ,john x    
does n necess>ily foll[ t t is ! true   
#ca ,john i4 #ba2 ix4 #b4   tea*+ (     
,*ri/4 ,hav+ adopt$ ! ,logos doctr9e1 x 
might t+e & turn 8 ?\ghts & words :5    
report+ f memory1 aft] ! lapse ( _m     
ye>s1 ! disc\rses ( 8 ,ma/]4 ,he might  

unconsci\sly1 "u su* an influ5ce1       
repres5t lit]ally :at 0 figuratively    
int5d$1 & reflect f 8 own m9d lights &  
%ades1 associations & mean+s1 ov] all or
 mu* ( :at he wrote4 ,!re are           
philosophical & lit]>y peculi>ities :i* 
h =c$ _m ( ! be/ critics to make ?is    
di/9ction betwe5 ! int5d$ mean+ (       
,*ri/'s decl>ations z he utt]$ !m1 & _! 
receiv$ mean+ z ?is evangeli/ report$   
!m4 ,norton says1 ,:e!r ,/4 ,john did or
 did n adopt ! ,platonic conception ( ! 
,logos is a "q n important to be settl$ 
9 ord] to det]m9e our own judgm5t       
conc]n+ its tru?4#cb ,lucke has writt5  
to ! same effect1 b m fully3 ,we are    
all[$ to di/+ui% ! s5se 9 :i* ,john     
und]/ood ! words ( ,*ri/1 f ! orig9al   
s5se 9 :i* ,*ri/ us$ !m4#cc  ,x is to be
 obs]v$ t 9 all t has be5 br\ght =w>d1  
?us f>1 !re is n ! fa9te/ h9t ( ! n[    
curr5t notion ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,! idea put  
=? by ,john is n at all alli$ ) ! idea t
 ! inf9ite ,god himself assum$ a human  
%ape to walk ! e>? & und]go mortal      

suff]+s4 ,x is simply said t t manife/$ 
& reveal+ portion ( ! ,div9e attributes 
:i* con/itut$ ! hypo/atiz$ ,logos 0     
inc>nat$ & display$ 9 a p]fect1 s9less  
sample ( man1 ?us exhibit+ to ! _w a    
f9ite image ( ,god4 ,we w illu/rate ?is 
doctr9e ) ref]5ce to ! inf]5ces to be   
drawn f x 9 reg>d to human nature4 ,john
 repeat$ly says1 9 effect1 ,god is tru?1
 ,god is light1 ,god is love1 ,god is   
life4 ,he likewise says ( ! ,savior1 ,9 
him 0 life1 & ! life 0 ! light ( m51 &  
reports him z say+ ( himself1 ,i am !   
tru?1 ,i am ! life1 ,i am ! light ( !   
_w4 ,! fundam5tal mean+ ( ^! decl>ations
 s num]\s1 /rik+1 & v>i$ 9 ! writ+s (   
,john is1 t all ^? qualities :i* !      
consci\sness ( humanity has recognis$ z 
,div9e are consub/antial ) ! be+ ( ,god2
 t all ! reflections ( !m 9 nature & man
 belong to ! ,logos1 ! elde/ ,son1 !    
fir/ production1 ( ,god2 & t 9 ,jesus _!
 p]sonality1 ! v ,logos himself1 0      
consci\sly embodi$1 to be br\ght ne>] to
 m51 to be exemplifi$ & recomm5d$ to !m4

 ,reason1 p[]1 tru?1 light1 love1       
bless$ness1 are n individual aons1      
memb]s ( a hi]>*y ( deities1 b are !    
reveal+ elem5ts ( ! "o true ,god4 ,!    
p]sonality ( ! ab/ract & absolute       
fulness ( all ^! sub/antial qualities is
 ,god4 ,! p]sonality ( ! disc]pt$       
portion ( !m %[n 9 ! univ]se is !       
,logos4 ,n[1 t latt] p]sonality ,*ri/ 04
 ,consequ5tly1 :ile he 0 a man1 he 0 n  
m]ely a man1 b 0 also a sup]natural     
mess5g] f heav51 s5t into ! _w to       
imp]sonate ! image ( ,god "u ! condition
 ( humanity1 free f e s9ful defect &    
spot4 ,?us1 be+ ! manife/+ repres5tative
 ( ! ,fa!r1 he c\ld say1 ,he t ha? se5  
me ha? virtually se5 ! ,fa!r4 ,n t !y 7 
id5tical 9 p]son1 b t !y 7 simil> 9     
nature & "*1 _s & design3 bo? 7 et]nal  
hol9ess1 love1 tru?1 & life4 ,i & my    
,fa!r are "o ?+1 79 ess5ce1 n 9         
p]sonality47 ,no?+ c be m  #cb ,/atem5t 
( ,reasons1 #a/ ed4 p4 #bci4  #cc       
,*ri/ian ,exam9]1 ,may1 #ahdi1 p4 #dca4 
unequivocally pron\nc$ ?an !            

subord9ation ( ! ,son to ! ,fa!r t !    
,fa!r s5t him1 t he c\ld d no?+ )\t !   
,fa!r1 t 8 ,fa!r 0 great] ?an he1 t 8   
te/imony 0 confirm$ by ! ,fa!r's 9 a    
hundr$ places by ,john1 bo? z au?or     
writ+ 8 own words & z int]pret] report+ 
,*ri/'s4 ,!re is n a text 9 ! record t  
implies ,*ri/'s id5tity ) ,god1 b only 8
 id5tity ) ! ,logos4 ,! id5tity ( !     
,logos ) ,god is elem5t>y1 n p]sonal4 ,f
 ?is view x foll[s t e man :o possesses1
 kn[s1 & exhibits ! elem5ts ( ! ,div9e  
life1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ,god1 is 9 t      
degree a son ( ,god1 ,*ri/ be+ pre      
em95tly ! ,son on acc\nt ( 8 pre em95t  
lik5ess1 8 sup]natural div9ity1 z !     
inc>nate ,logos4  ,t ! apo/le held &    
taught ?is conclusion appe>s1 fir/1 f ! 
fact1 o!rwise inexplicable1 t he records
 ! same sublime /atem5ts conc]n+ all    
good ,*ri/ians1 ) no o!r qualification  
?an t ( degree1 t he does conc]n+ ,*ri/ 
himself4 ,0 ,jesus ! ,son ( ,god8 ,to z 
_m z receiv$ him he gave p[] to become !
 sons ( ,god4 ,!re is 9 ,philo a passage

 correspond+ rem>kably ) ?is "o f ,john3
  ,^? :o h k ( ! tru? are prop]ly call$ 
sons ( ,god3 he :o is /ill unfit to be  
nam$ a son ( ,god %\ld endeavor to      
fa%ion himself to ! fir/ born ,logos (  
,god4#cd ,0 ,jesus f above1 :ile wick$  
m5 7 f b5ea?8 ,!y are n ( ! _w1 ev5 z ,i
 am n ( ! _w4 ,0 ,jesus s5t among m5 ) a
 special commission8 ,z ?\ ha/ s5t me   
into ! _w1 ev5 s h ,i also s5t !m into !
 _w4 ,0 ,jesus ! subject ( a peculi>    
glory1 be/[$ ^u him by ! ,fa!r8 ,! glory
 :i* ?\ gave/ me ,i h giv5 !m1 t !y may 
be "o1 ev5 z we are "o4 ,_h ,jesus an   
inspiration & a k n v\*saf$ to ! pr9ces 
( ?is _w8 ,ye h an unction f ! ,holy    
,"o1 & ye "k all ?+s4 ,did ,jesus p]=m  
miracul\s works8 ,he t believe? on me1 !
 works t ,i d %all he d also4 ,9 ! light
 ( ! g5]al pr9ciple laid d[n1 t ,god is 
! actual fulness ( tru? & love & light &
 bless$ness2 t ,*ri/1 ! ,logos1 is !    
manife/$ imp]sonation ( !m2 & t all m5  
:o receive him p>take ( _! ,div9e       
sub/ance & enjoy _! pr]ogative1 ! texts 

j cit$1 & num]\s o!r simil> ones1 are   
transp>5t4 ,x is difficult to see h[ on 
any o!r hypo!sis !y c be made to express
 an intelligible & consi/5t mean+4      
,secondly1 we are br\ght to ! same      
conclusion by ! synonym\s use & frequ5t 
int]*ange ( diff]5t t]ms 9 ! ,johannean 
writ+s4 ,n only x is said1 ,:oev] is    
born ( ,god _c s91 b x is also writt51  
,e "o t doe? righte\sness is born (     
,god2 & aga91 ,:osoev] believe? t ,jesus
 is ! ,*ri/ is born ( ,god4 ,9 o!r      
words1 hav+ a good "* & lead+ a j life1 
he>tily receiv+ & obey+ ! revelation    
made by ,*ri/1 are id5tical phrases4 ,he
 t ha? ! ,son ha? life4 ,:osoev]        
transgresse? & abide? n 9 ! doctr9e (   
,*ri/ ha? n ,god4 ,?is is ! victory t   
ov]come? ! _w1 ev5 our fai? 9 ! doctr9e 
( ,*ri/4 ,he t dwelle? 9 love dwelle? 9 
,god & ,god 9 him4 ,he t keepe? !       
comm&m5ts dwelle? 9 ,god & ,god 9 him4  
,he t confesse? t ,jesus is ! ,son (    
,god1 ,god  #cd ,philo1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbg4
   dwelle? 9 him & he 9 ,god4 ,he t doe?

 good is ( ,god4 ,god ha? giv5 to u     
et]nal life1 & ?is life is 9 8 ,son4 ,! 
,son ( ,god is come1 & ha? giv5 u an    
und]/&+ t we may "k ! true ,god & et]nal
 life4 ,f ^! citations1 & f o!r passages
 :i* w readily occur1 we ga!r ! foll[+  
pregnant results4 ,to d ! tru?1 walk 9 !
 tru?1 walk 9 ! light1 keep ! comm&m5ts1
 d righte\sness1 abide 9 ! doctr9e (    
,*ri/1 d ! w ( ,god1 d good1 dwell 9    
love1 abide 9 ,*ri/1 abide 9 ,god1 abide
 9 life1 all are expressions mean+      
precisely ! same ?+4 ,!y all signify    
ess5tially ! consci\s possession (      
goodness2 9 o!r words1 ! practical      
adoption ( ! life & tea*+s ( ,jesus2 or1
 9 /ill o!r t]ms1 ! p]sonal assimilation
 ( ! spiritual realities ( ! ,logos1 :i*
 are love1 life1 tru?1 light4 ,jesus    
hav+ be5 s5t into ! _w to exemplify !   
*>act]i/ics & claims ( ! ,fa!r1 & to    
reg5]ate m5 f unbelief & s9 to fai? &   
righte\sness1 ^? :o 7 walk+ 9 d>kness1  
believ]s ( lies & do]s ( unrighte\sness1
 ^? :o 7 abid+ 9 ali5ation & dea?1 might

 by receiv+ & foll[+ him be re/or$ to ! 
favor ( ,god & pass f d>kness & dea?    
into life & light4 ,?is is et]nal life1 
t !y %\ld "k !e1 ! only true ,god1 &    
,jesus ,*ri/ :om ?\ ha/ s5t4  ,! next   
*ief po9t 9 ! doctr9e ( ,john is 8      
belief 9 an evil be+1 ! p]sonality (    
wick$ness1 & ! relation betwe5 him & bad
 m54 ,!re h be51 f ! e>ly c5turies1 ke5 
disputes on ! "q :e!r ?is apo/le uses ! 
t]ms devil & evil "o ) lit]al belief or 
) figurative accommodation4 ,we h n a   
d\bt t ! =m] is ! true view4 ,! popul>  
d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( evil spirits1 ) an  
ar* demon ov] !m1 is ! bir? ( a         
philosophy mu* lat] ?an ! apo/olic age4 
,! use ( ! t]m devil m]ely z ! poetic or
 e?ical p]sonification ( ! s$uctive     
influ5ces ( ! _w is ! fruit ( !ological 
speculation nei!r orig9at$ nor adopt$ by
 ! ,jewi% prophets or by ! ,*ri/ian     
apo/les4 ,:oso w rememb] ! prevail+ fai?
 ( ! ,jews at t "t1 & ! g5]al /ate (    
speculative op9ion1 & w recollect !     
education ( ,john1 & notice ! p>ticul>  

mann] 9 :i* he alludes to ! subject     
?r\gh\t 8 epi/les & 9 8 reports ( !     
disc\rses ( ,jesus1 we ?9k w be conv9c$ 
t ! ,johannean sy/em includes a belief 9
 ! actual exi/5ce ( ,satan accord+ to ! 
curr5t ,ph>isaic dogma ( t age4 ,x is n 
to be disguis$1 ei!r1 t ! inve/igations 
( ! able/ critics h l$ an ov]:elm+      
majority ( !m to ?is int]pretation4 ,i  
write unto y1 "y m51 because ye h       
ov]come ! evil "o4 ,he t is begott5 (   
,god gu>de? himself1 & ! evil "o t\*e?  
him n4 ,he t committe? s9 is ( ! devil1 
= ! devil s9ne? f ! beg9n+4 ,:osoev] is 
born ( ,god _c s94 ,9 ?is ! *ildr5 (    
,god are manife/1 & ! *ildr5 ( ! devil4 
,ye are ( y\r fa!r ! devil1 & 8 lu/s ye 
w d4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^!1 & o!r      
passages ( a k9dr$ & complem5t>y nature1
 yield ! foll[+ view4 ,good m5 are alli$
 to ,god1 because _! *>act]i/ics are !  
same z 81 tru?1 light1 love1 life1      
righte\sness4 ,z he is1 s are we 9 ?is  
_w4 ,bad m5 are alli$ to ! devil1       
because _! *>act]i/ics are ! same z 81  

falsehood1 d>kness1 hatr$1 dea?1 s94    
,ca91 :o slew 8 bro!r1 0 ( ! evil "o4 ,!
 facts1 !n1 ( ! great moral problem ( ! 
_w1 accord+ to ,john1 7 ^!4 ,god is !   
inf9ite ,fa!r1 ^: nature & attributes   
compreh5d all holy1 beautiful1 desirable
 realities1 & :o w\ld draw mank9d to 8  
bless$ embrace =ev]4 ,! goodness1       
illum9ation1 & joy ( holy s\ls reflect 8
 hol9ess & display 8 reign4 ,! devil is 
! great _s ( wick$ness1 ^: attributes   
compreh5d all evil1 d>k1 fe>ful         
realities1 & :o entices mank9d to s94 ,!
 wick$ness1 gloom1 & mis]y ( corrupt    
s\ls reveal 8 lik5ess & 8 k+dom4  ,! =m]
 manife/s himself 9 ! glories ( ! _w & 9
 ! div9e qualities ( ! s\l4 ,! latt]    
manife/s himself 9 ! :ole hi/ory (      
temptation & s9 & 9 ! vici\s t5d5cies ( 
! he>t4 ,good m51 ^? possess+ pre       
em95tly ! moral qualities ( ,god1 are 8 
*ildr51 are born ( him1 t is1 are       
inspir$ & l$ by him4 ,bad m51 ^?        
possess+ 9 a rul+ degree ! qualities ( !
 devil1 are 8 *ildr51 are born ( him1 t 

is1 are animat$ & gov]n$ by 8 _s4  ,:e!r
 ! evangeli/ gave to 8 own m9d any      
philosophical acc\nt ( ! orig9 & de/9y (
 ! devil or n is a "q conc]n+ :i* 8     
writ+s are n explicit en\gh = u to      
det]m9e4 ,9 ! beg9n+ he repres5ts ,god z
 mak+1 by means ( ! ,logos1 all ?+s t 7 
made1 & 8 light z %9+ 9 d>kness t       
compreh5d$ x n4 ,n[1 he may h conceiv$ (
 matt] z uncreat$1 et]nally exi/+ 9     
=mless night1 ! gr\nd ( ! devil's be+1 &
 may h limit$ ! "w ( creation to break+ 
up ! sightless *aos1 def9+ x into ord]ly
 %apes1 fill+ x ) light & motion1 &     
peopl+ x ) *ildr5 ( heav54 ,su* 0 !     
,p]sian fai?1 famili> at t "t to !      
,jews4 ,ne&]1 ) o!rs1 objects to ?is    
view t x w\ld de/roy ,john's mono!ism & 
make him a duali/1 a believ] 9 two self 
exi/5ts1 aborig9al & ev]la/+ antagoni/s4
 ,x only ne$s to be obs]v$1 9 reply1 t  
,john 0 n a philosoph] ( su* ?or\gh     
dialectic tra9+ z to r5d] x impossible =
 inconsi/5cies to coexi/ 9 8 ?\ghts4 ,9 
fact1 any "o :o w exam9e ! beliefs ( ev5

 su* m5 z ,orig5 & ,augu/9e w p]ceive t 
su* an objection is n valid4 ,"s writ]s 
( ability & em95ce h tri$ to ma9ta9 t ! 
,johannean conception ( ,satan 0 ( "s   
exalt$ ar*angel :o apo/atiz$ f ! law (  
,god & fell f heav5 into ! abyss (      
night1 s91 & woe4 ,!y c\ld h be5 l$ to  
su* an hypo!sis only by preconceiv$     
notions & prejudices1 because !re is n 9
 ,john's writ+s ev5 ! obscure/          
intimation ( su* a doctr9e4 ,on !       
contr>y1 x is writt5 t ! devil is a li> 
& ! fa!r ( lies f ! beg9n+1 ! same      
phrase us$ to d5ote ! primitive         
companion%ip ( ,god & 8 ,logos ant]ior  
to ! creation4 ,! devil is spok5 ( by   
,john1 ) prom95t consi/5cy1 z be>+ !    
same relation to d>kness1 falsehood1 s91
 & dea? t ,god be>s to light1 tru?1     
righte\sness1 & life1 t is1 z be+ _!    
orig9al p]sonality & s\rce4 ,:e!r !     
belief itself be true or n1 be          
reconcilable ) pure ,*ri/ianity or n1 9 
our op9ion ,john und\bt$ly held ! belief
 ( ! p]sonality ( ! s\rce ( wick$ness1 &

 suppos$ t ! great body ( mank9d _h be5 
s$uc$ by him f ! free s]vice ( heav51 & 
_h become infatuat$ 9 8 bondage4  ,j "h 
9 ! s*eme ( ,*ri/ianity arises !        
necessity1 appe>s ! pr(\nd significance 
9 ! apo/olic belief1 ( t dis9t]e/$      
int]f]5ce ( ,god ?r\gh 8 revelation 9   
,*ri/ :i* aim$ to break ! reign+ p[] (  
s9 & r$eem lo/ m5 f ! tyranny ( ,satan4 
,= ?is purpose ! ,son ( ,god 0 manife/$1
 t he might de/roy ! works ( ! devil4   
,t is to say1 ! revelation ( ! nature & 
w ( ,god 9 ! works ( ! creation & 9 !   
human s\l 0 n en\gh1 ev5 :5 aid$ by !   
law ( ,moses1 to pres]ve m5 9 ! tru? & !
 life4 ,!y _h be5 s$uc$ by ! evil "o    
into s91 ali5at$ f ! ,div9e favor1 &    
plung$ 9 d>kness & dea?4 ,a full]1 m    
p[]ful manife/ation ( ! "*1 claims1     
attractions ( ! ,fa!r 0 necess>y to     
recall ! b5ight$ w&]]s f _! lo/ /ate &  
re/ore !m to ^? "r relations & to t     
consci\s communion ) ,god 9 :i* alone   
true life consi/s4 ,!n1 & = t purpose1  
,jesus ,*ri/ 0 commission$ to appe>1 a  

pre exi/5t be+ ( mo/ exalt$ rank1       
migrat+ f ! sup] /ell> sph]e into ?is   
_w1 to embody & mirror =? ?r\gh ! fle%  
^? *>act]i/ics :i* are ! natural        
attributes ( ,god ! ,fa!r & ! ess5tial  
conditions ( heav5 ! home4 ,9 him !     
glori\s features ( ! ,div9ity 7 m9iatur$
 on a f9ite scale & p]fectly exhibit$1  
?us reveal+1 7z ,ne&] says1 9 8         
exposition ( ,john's doctr9e17 = ! fir/ 
"t1 9 a compreh5sible mann]1 :at a be+ t
 ,god is ^: holy p]sonality man 0 creat$
 to repres5t4 ,s ,philo says1 ,! ,logos 
is ! image ( ,god1 & man is ! image ( ! 
,logos4#ce ,!re=e1 accord+ to ?is view1 
man is ! image ( ! image ( ,god4 ,!     
dimm$1 imp]fect reflection ( ! ,fa!r1   
orig9ally %9+ 9 nature & ! s\l1 w\ld    
enable all :o _h n suppress$ x & lo/ ! k
 ( x1 to recognise at once & adore !    
illum9at$ image ( ,him manife/$ & mov+  
be=e !m 9 ! p]son ( ! ,son2 ! fa9t      
gleams ( ,div9e qualities yet left )9 _!
 s\ls w\ld spontane\sly bl5d ) ! full   
spl5dors irradiat+ ! =m ( ! inspir$ &   

immaculate ,*ri/4 ,?us !y w\ld ent] into
 a new & int5sifi$ communion ) ,god1 &  
exp]i5ce an unp>allel$ dep? ( peace &   
joy1 an inspir$ assurance ( et]nal life4
 ,b ^? :o1 by worldl9ess & wick$ness1 _h
 obscur$ & de/roy$ all _! natural k (   
,god & _! aff9ities to him1 be+ )\t !   
inw>d prep>ation & susceptibility = !   
,div9e :i* ! ,savior embodi$ & manife/$1
 w\ld n be able to receive x1 & ?us w\ld
 pass an infallible s5t5ce ^u !mselves4 
,:5 ! ,com=t] is come1 he w convict ! _w
 ( s91 because !y believe n on me4 ,he t
 believe? on ! ,son ha? et]nal life2 b  
he t believe? n is condemn$ already1 9 t
 he love? d>kness r ?an light4 ,h]eby "k
 we ! _s ( tru? & ! _s ( error3 he t    
kn[e? ,god he>e? u2 he t is n ( ,god    
he>e? n u4 ,:o is a li> b he t d5ie? t  
,jesus is ! ,*ri/8 ,! idea is1 t su* a  
d5ial mu/ be caus$ by inw>d depravity1  
c\ld only spr+ f an evil "*4  ,9 ! gr\nd
 ?\ght j pres5t$ we may f9d !           
explanation ( ! seem+ly obscure &       
confus$ use ( t]ms 9 ! foll[+ in/ances1 

& le>n to und]/& m fully ,john's idea ( 
! effect ( spiritual contact ) ,*ri/4   
,he t doe? righte\sness is born ( ,god4 
,he t believe? ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/ is  
born ( ,god4 ,he t d5ie? ! ,son1 ! same 
ha? n ! ,fa!r4 ,he t ha? ! ,son ha?     
life4 ,^! passages all become p]spicu\s 
& concordant 9 view ( ,john's conception
 ( ! inw>d unity (  #ce ,philo1 vol4 i4 
p4 #ajf4   tru?1 or ! univ]sal on5ess ( 
! ,div9e life1 9 ,god1 9 ,*ri/1 9 all   
s\ls t p>take ( x4 ,a "* 9 h>mony ) ! "*
 ( ,god w1 by virtue ( its inh]5t light 
& aff9ity1 recognise ! k9dr$ attributes 
or *>act]i/ics ( ,god1 :]ev] manife/$4  
,he :o p]ceives & embraces ! ,div9ity 9 
! "* ( ,*ri/ proves !reby t he 0 prep>$ 
to receive x by k9dr$ qualities resid+ 9
 himself1 proves t he 0 di/9ctively (   
,god4 ,he :o fails to p]ceive ! peculi> 
glory ( ,*ri/ proves !reby t he 0       
ali5at$ & bl9d$ by s9 & d>kness1        
di/9ctively ( ! evil "o4 ,v>y+ !        
expression to illu/rate ! ?\ght1 if !   
light & w>m? ( a liv+ love ( ,god 7 9 a 

s\l1 x w\ld necess>ily1 :5 br\ght into  
contact ) ! conc5trat$ radiance (       
,div9ity inc>nat$ & beam+ 9 ,*ri/1      
effect a m f]v5t1 consci\s1 & abid+     
union ) ! ,fa!r ?an c\ld be kn[n be=e he
 0 ?us reveal$4 ,b if iniquities1 s9ful 
lu/s1 possess+ ! s\l1 _h made x h>d &   
cold1 ev5 ! blaze ( spotless virtues &  
miracul\s end[m5ts 9 ! manife/+ ,messiah
 w\ld be ! radiation ( light ^u d>kness 
ins5sible to x4 ,!re=e1 ! pres5tation ( 
! ,div9e cont5ts ( ! s\l or "* ( ,jesus 
to diff]5t p]sons 0 an un]r+ te/ ( _!   
previ\s moral /ate3 ! good w\ld appreh5d
 him ) a ?rill ( unison1 ! bad w\ld n4  
,to h ! ,son1 to h ! ,fa!r1 to h ! tru?1
 to h et]nal life1 all are ! same ?+3   
h5ce1 :]e "o is pr$icat$ or d5i$ all are
 pr$icat$ or d5i$4  ,cont9u+ our        
inve/igation1 we %all f9d ! di/9ction   
drawn ( a s5sual or p]i%+ life & a      
spiritual or et]nal life4 ,! t]m _w     
7kosmos7 is us$ by ,john app>5tly 9 two 
diff]5t s5ses4 ,fir/1 x seems to signify
 all mank9d1 divid$ sometimes into !    

unbeliev]s & ! ,*ri/ians4 ,*ri/ is !    
propitiation = our s9s1 & n = ours only1
 b also = ! s9s ( ! :ole _w4 ,god s5t n 
8 ,son to condemn ! _w1 b t ! _w ?r\gh  
him might be sav$4 ,x is und5iable t _w 
"h means n ! e>?1 b ! m5 on ! e>?4      
,secondly1 _w 9 ! dialect ( ,john means 
all ! evil1 all ! vitiat+ p[]1 ( !      
mat]ial creation4 ,n[ %all ! ,pr9ce (   
?is _w be ca/ out4 ,x is n meant t ?is  
is ! devil's _w1 because ,john decl>es 9
 ! beg9n+ t ,god made x2 b he means t   
all diabolic influ5ce comes f ! d>kness 
( matt] fight+ aga9/ ! light ( ,div9ity1
 & by a figure he says _w1 mean+ ! evils
 9 ! _w1 mean+ all ! follies1 vanities1 
s9s1 s$uctive influ5ces1 ( ! d>k & e>?y1
 ! temporal & s5sual4 ,9 ?is case ! love
 ( ! _w means almo/ precisely :at is    
express$ by ! mod]n ^w worldl9ess4 ,love
 n ! _w1 nei!r ! ?+s t are 9 ! _w4 ,if  
any man love ! _w1 ! love ( ! ,fa!r is n
 9 him4  ,9 a ve9 /rik+ly simil>1 ,philo
 writes1 ,x is impossible = ! love ( !  
_w & ! love ( ,god to coexi/1 z x is    

impossible = light & d>kness to         
coexi/4#cf ,= all t is 9 ! _w1 says     
,john1 ! lu/ ( ! fle%1 & ! gre$ ( !     
eyes1 & ! pomp ( liv+1 is n ( ! ,fa!r1 b
 is ( ! _w4 ,& ! _w passes away1 ) ! lu/
 !re(3 b he t does ! w ( ,god abides    
=ev]4 ,he :o is tak5 up & absorb$ 9 !   
gauds & pleasures ( "t & s5se has no    
deep spr+ ( religi\s exp]i5ce3  #cf     
,philo1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fdi4   8 enjoym5ts 
are ( ! decay+ body2 8 he>t & 8 ?\ghts  
are set on ?+s :i* soon fly away4 ,b !  
e>ne/ believ] 9 ,god pi]ces ?r\gh all ^!
 sup]ficial & transitory objects &      
pursuits1 & fa/5s 8 affections to       
imp]i%able v]ities3 he feels1 f> d[n 9 8
 s\l1 ! liv+ well ( fai? & fruition1 !  
cool fre% f\nta9 ( spiritual hope & joy1
 ^: /ream ( life fl[s unto et]nity4 ,!  
va9 s5suali/ & holl[ worldl+ has no true
 life 9 him3 8 love rea*es n beyond !   
grave4 ,! loyal s]vant ( duty & dev\t   
wor%ipp] ( ,god has a _s ( consci\s     
sup]iority to dea? & oblivion3 ?\gh !   
sky fall1 & ! m\nta9s melt1 & ! seas    

fade1 he kn[s he %all survive1 because  
immat]ial tru? & love are dea?less4 ,!  
:ole ?\ght conta9$ 9 ! texts we are     
consid]+ is embodi$ ) s+ul> =ce & beauty
 9 ! foll[+ passage f "o ( ! sacr$ books
 ( ! ,h9dus3 ,:o w\ld h immortal life   
mu/ bew>e ( outw>d ?+s1 & seek inw>d    
tru?1 purity1 & fai?2 = ! trea*]\s &    
evanesc5t _w flies f its vot>ies1 l !   
mirage1 or devil c>1 :i* moves s swiftly
 t "o _c asc5d x4 ,! m]e negation ( real
 life or bless$ness is pr$icat$ ( !     
c>eless worldl+2 positive dea? or       
mis]able condemn$ unre/ is pr$icat$ ( ! 
bad he>t$ s9n]4 ,bo? ^! classes ( m51 ^u
 accept+ ,*ri/1 t is1 ^u own+ ! ,div9e  
*>act]i/ics inc>nate 9 him1 ent] ^u a   
purifi$1 exalt$1 & new exp]i5ce4 ,he t  
hates 8 bro!r is a murd]] & abides 9    
dea?4 ,we "k t we h pass$ f dea? unto   
life1 because we love ! bre?r54 ,?is new
 exp]i5ce is di/9ctively1 emphatically1 
life2 x is spiritual peace1 joy1 tru/1  
communion ) ,god1 & !re=e immortal4 ,x  
br+s ) x its own suffici5t evid5ce1     

leav+ its possessor free f misgiv+      
d\bts1 consci\s ( 8 et]nity4 ,he t      
believe? on ! ,son ( ,god ha? ! witness 
9 himself4 ,h]eby "k we t we dwell 9 him
 & he 9 u1 because he ha? giv5 u ( 8 _s4
 ,t ye may "k t ye h et]nal life4  ,!   
objects ( ,*ri/'s mission1 s f> z !y    
ref] to ! tw(old purpose ( reveal+ !    
,fa!r by an imp]sonation ( 8 image1 &   
giv+ new moral life to m5 by awak5+ )9  
!m a consci\s fell[%ip ) ,div9e tru? &  
goodness1 h already be5 unfold$4 ,b ?is 
does n include ! :ole3 all ?is might h  
be5 accompli%$ by 8 appe>ance1          
au?oritative tea*+s1 miracles1 & return 
to heav51 )\t dy+4 ,:y1 !n1 did he die8 
,:at 0 ! mean+ or aim ( 8 dea? &        
resurrection8 ,! apo/le conceives t he  
came n only to reveal ,god & to reg5]ate
 m51 b also to be a propitiation = m5's 
s9s1 to r$eem !m f ! p5alty ( _! s9s2 & 
x 0 = ?is end t he mu/ suff] ! doom (   
physical dea?4 ,ye "k t he 0 manife/$ to
 take away our s9s4 ,x is ! m difficult 
to tell exactly :at ?\ghts ?is language 

0 int5d$ by ,john to convey1 because 8  
writ+s are s brief & miscellane\s1 s    
unsy/ematic & incomplete4 ,he does n    
expla9 8 own t]ms1 b writes z if        
address+ ^? :o _h previ\sly receiv$ su* 
oral in/ruction z w\ld make !           
obscurities cle>1 ! h9ts complete1 & !  
fragm5ts :ole4 ,we w fir/ quote f ,john 
all ! important texts be>+ on ! po9t    
be=e u1 & !n endeavor to disc]n & expla9
 _! s5se4 ,if we walk 9 ! light z ,god  
is 9 ! light1 ! blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 8 
,son1 cleanse? u f all s94 ,he is !     
propitiation = our s9s4 ,y\r s9s are    
=giv5 ?r\gh 8 "n4  ,! :ole _w is subject
 to ! evil "o4 ,^! texts1 few & vague z 
!y are1 comprise e ?+ directly said by  
,john ^u ! atonem5t & r$emption3 o!r    
relevant passages m]ely repeat ! same   
sub/ance4 ,c]ta9ly ^! /atem5ts d n (    
!mselves tea* any ?+ l ! ,augu/9ian     
doctr9e ( expiatory suff]+s to placate !
 ,fa!r's indignation at s9 & s9n]s1 or  
to remove1 by pay+ ! awful debt (       
ju/ice1 ! insup]able b>s to =giv5ess4   

,no?+ ( t sort is any:]e intimat$ 9 !   
,johannean docum5ts1 ev5 9 ! fa9te/     
mann]4 ,s f> f say+ t !re 0 unwill+ness 
or inability 9 ! ,fa!r to take !        
initiative = our ransom & p>don1 he     
expressly av[s1 ,h]e9 is love1 n t we   
lov$ ,god1 b t he lov$ u & s5t 8 ,son to
 be ! propitiation = our s9s4 ,in/ead ( 
exclaim+1 ) ! majority ( mod]n          
!ologians1 ,believe 9 ! aton+ dea?1 !   
sub/itutional suff]+s1 ( ,*ri/1 & y\r   
s9s %all !n all be wa%$ away1 & y %all  
be sav$1 he explicitly says1 ,if we     
confess our s9s1 he is fai?ful & j to   
=give u our s9s4 ,& aga93 ,:osoev]      
believe? 9 him n 9 8 dea?1 b 9 him %all 
h et]nal life4 ,! allusions 9 ,john to !
 doctr9e ( r$emption & reconciliation d 
n mean1 x is pla9 en\gh1 ! buy+ (f ( !  
victims ( et]nal condemnation by !      
vic>i\s pa9s ( ,jesus4 ,:at1 !n1 d !y   
mean8 ,!y are too few1 %ort1 & obscure =
 u to decide ?is "q conclusively by _!  
own light alone4 ,we mu/ get assi/ance f
 abroad4  ,! read] w rememb] t x 0 !    

,jewi% belief1 & ! reta9$ belief ( !    
conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity1 at t "t1 t m5's 
s\ls1 9 consequ5ce ( s91 7 doom$ ^u     
leav+ ! body to desc5d into ! "u _w4    
,?is 0 ! objective p5alty ( s91 inh]it$ 
f ,adam4 ,n[1 ,*ri/ 9 8 sup]angelic /ate
 9 heav5 0 n involv$ 9 s9 or 9 its doom 
( dea? & subt]ranean bani%m5t4 ,yet at !
 w ( ! ,fa!r he became a man1 w5t ?r\gh 
our e>?ly exp]i5ces1 di$ l a s9n]1 &    
aft] dea? desc5d$ into ! prison (       
disembodi$ s\ls bel[1 !n rose aga9 &    
asc5d$ into heav5 to ! ,fa!r1 to %[ m5 t
 _! s9s 7 =giv51 ! p5alty tak5 away1 & !
 pa? op5$ = !m too to rise to et]nal    
life 9 ! cele/ial mansions ) ,*ri/ & be 
) him :]e he is4 ,*ri/'s dea?1 !n1      
cleanses m5 f s91 he is a propitiation =
 _! s9s1 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by 8        
resurrection f ! p[] ( dea? & 8 asc5t to
 heav5 he %[$ m5 t ,god _h remov$ !     
great p5alty ( s93 by 8 dea? & asc5sion 
he 0 ! m$ium ( giv+ !m ?is k4 ,secondly1
 ! joy1 gratitude1 love to ,god1 awak5$ 
9 !m by su* glori\s tid+s1 w\ld purify  

_! natures1 exalt _! s\ls into spiritual
 fre$om & virtue1 into a bless$ & ,div9e
 life4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,*ri/ 0 a  
vic>i\s sacrifice1 n 9 ! s5se t he      
suff]$ in/ead ( ! guilty1 to pur*ase _! 
r$emption f ! iron ju/ice ( ,god1 b 9 ! 
s5se t1 :5 he 0 p]sonally free f any ne$
 to suff]1 he di$ = ! sake ( o!rs1 to   
reveal to !m ! mighty boon ( ,god's free
 grace1 assur+ !m ( ! wondr\s gift ( a  
heav5ly immortality4 ,?is repres5tation 
p]fectly fills & expla9s ! language1 )\t
 viol5ce or arbitr>y suppositions1 does 
x 9 h>mony ) all ! exegetical           
consid]ations1 hi/orical & grammatical2 
:i* no o!r view t we "k ( c d4  ,!re are
 sev]al indep5d5t facts :i* l5d /rong   
confirmation to ! correctness ( !       
exposition n[ giv54 ,we "k t we h n     
directly prov$ ! ju/ice ( t exposition1 
only con/ructively1 inf]5tially1        
e/abli%$ x2 n %[n x to be true1 only    
made x appe> plausible4 ,b t            
plausibility becomes an extreme         
probability nay1 %all we n say c]ta9ty8 

:5 we weigh ! foll[+ te/imonies = x4    
,fir/1 ?is precise doctr9e is           
unque/ionably conta9$ 9 o!r p>ts ( !    
,new ,te/am5t4 ,we h 9 prec$+ *apt]s    
demon/rat$ its exi/5ce 9 ,paul's        
epi/les1 9 ,pet]'s1 9 ! ,epi/le to !    
,hebrews1 & 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,!re=e1    
s9ce ,john's phraseology is bett]       
expla9$ by x ?an by any o!r hypo!sis1 x 
is altoge!r likely t 8 real mean+ 0 !   
same4  ,secondly1 ! t]ms light &        
d>kness1 s frequ5t 9 ?is evangeli/1 7 n 
orig9at$ by him1 b adopt$4 ,!y 7 reg>d$ 
by ! ,p]sian !ology1 by ,plato1 by      
,philo1 by ! ,gno/ics1 z hav+ a physical
 basis z well z a spiritual             
significance4 ,9 _! conceptions1        
physical light1 z well z spiritual      
hol9ess1 0 an efflux or manife/ation f !
 sup]nal ,god2 physical d>kness1 z well 
z spiritual depravity1 0 an emanation or
 effect f ! inf]nal ,satan1 or pr9ciple 
( evil4 ,is x n s 9 ! usage ( ,john8 ,he
 uses ! t]ms1 x is true1 prevail+ly 9 a 
moral s5se3 /ill1 !re is mu* 9 8        

/atem5ts t looks z if he suppos$ !y _h a
 physical gr\nd4 ,if s1 !n h[ natural is
 ?is connection ( ?\ght6 ,all good comes
 f ! dazzl+ _w ( ,god beyond ! sky2 all 
evil comes f ! ne!r _w ( 8 adv]s>y1 !   
pr9ce ( d>kness4 ,t ,john believ$ 9 a   
local heav5 on high1 ! resid5ce ( ,god1 
is made c]ta9 by scores ( texts too pla9
 to be evad$4 ,w\ld he n1 !n1 9 all     
probability1 believe 9 a local hell8    
,believ+1 z he c]ta9ly did1 9 a devil1 !
 au?or & "l ( d>kness1 falsehood1 &     
dea?1 w\ld he n conceive a k+dom = him8 
,9 ! developm5t ( ideas rea*$ at t "t1 x
 is evid5t t ! conception ( ,god impli$ 
an upp] _w1 8 respl5d5t abode1 & t !    
conception ( ,satan equally impli$ an "u
 _w1 8 gloomy realm4 ,to ! latt] human  
s\ls 7 doom$ by s94 ,f ! =m] ,*ri/ came1
 & return$ to x aga91 to %[ t ! ,fa!r   
w\ld =give our s9s & take u !re4        
,?irdly1 ,john expect$ t ,*ri/1 aft]    
dea?1 w\ld return to ! ,fa!r 9 heav54   
,?is appe>s f cle> & reit]at$ /atem5ts 9
 8 reports ( ! ,savior's words4 ,b aft] 

! resurrection he tells u t ,jesus _h n 
yet asc5d$ to ! ,fa!r1 b 0 j on ! po9t (
 go+4 ,t\* me n1 = ,i am n yet asc5d$ to
 my ,fa!r2 b g to my bre?r51 & say unto 
!m1 ,i asc5d unto my ,fa!r4 ,:]e1 !n1   
did he suppose ! s\l ( 8 crucifi$ ,ma/] 
_h be5 dur+ ! int]val betwe5 8 dea? & 8 
resurrection8 ,dormant 9 ! body1 dead ) 
! body1 laid 9 ! tomb8 ,t is oppos$ to !
 doctr9e ( un9t]rupt$ life :i* p]vades 8
 writ+s4 ,besides1 su* a belief 0 held  
only by ! ,sadducees1 :om ! ,new        
,te/am5t /igmatizes4 ,to assume t su* 0 
,john's conception ( ! fact is an       
arbitr>y supposition1 )\t ! lea/ w>rant 
f any s\rce :atev]4 ,if he imag9$ ! s\l 
( ,jesus dur+ t "t to h be5 nei!r 9     
heav5 nor 9 ! sepul*re1 is x n pretty   
sure t he suppos$ x 0 9 ! "u _w1 !      
common receptacle ( s\ls1 :]e1 accord+  
to ! belief ( t age1 e man w5t aft]     
dea?8  ,f\r?ly1 x is to be obs]v$1 9    
favor ( ?is g5]al int]pretation1 t !    
doctr9e x unfolds is 9 h>mony ) !       
contempor>y op9ions1 a natural          

developm5t f !m1 a developm5t :i* w\ld  
be =c$ ^u ! m9d ( a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian     
accept+ ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ z a fact4
 ,x 0 ! ,jewi% op9ion t ,god dwelt ) 8  
holy angels 9 a _w ( ev]la/+ light above
 ! firmam5t4 ,x 0 ! ,jewi% op9ion t !   
dep>t$ s\ls ( m51 on acc\nt ( s91 7     
conf9$ b5ea? ! e>? 9 ,satan's & dea?'s  
d>k & slumb]\s cav]n ( %ad[s4 ,x 0 !    
,jewi% op9ion t ! ,messiah w\ld raise ! 
righte\s dead & reign ) !m on e>?4 ,n[1 
! fir/ ,*ri/ians clung to ! ,jewi% cre$ 
& expectations1 ) su* modifications     
m]ely z ! v>iation ( ! actual ,jesus & 8
 de$s f ! !oretical ,messiah & 8        
anticipat$ a*ievem5ts compell$4 ,!n1 :5 
,*ri/ hav+ be5 receiv$ z ! br+] ( glad  
tid+s f ! ,fa!r di$1 & aft] ?ree days   
rose f ! dead & asc5d$ to ,god1 promis+ 
8 bre?r5 t :]e he 0 !y %\ld come1 mu/ !y
 n h reg>d$ x all z a dramatic          
exemplification ( ! fact t ! region (   
dea? 0 no long] a hopeless dungeon1 s9ce
 "o mighty en\gh to solve its *a9s &    
bur/ its gates _h return$ f x8 mu/ !y n 

h consid]$ him z a pl$ge t _! s9s 7     
=giv51 _! doom rev]s$1 & heav5          
atta9able8  ,john1 9 common ) all ! fir/
 ,*ri/ians1 evid5tly expect$ t ! second 
adv5t ( ! ,"l w\ld soon take place1 to  
consummate ! objects he _h left unf9i%$1
 to raise ! dead & judge !m1 ju/ify+ !  
wor?y & condemn+ ! unwor?y4 ,!re 0 a    
well kn[n ,jewi% tradition t ! appe>ance
 ( ,anti*ri/ w\ld imm$iately prec$e !   
triumphant com+ ( ! ,messiah4 ,john     
says1 ,ev5 n[ are !re _m ,anti*ri/s3    
!reby we "k t x is ! la/ h\r4#cg ,abide 
9 him1 t1 :5 he %all appe>1 we may n be 
a%am$ be=e him at 8 com+4 ,t we may h   
boldness 9 ! day ( judgm5t4 ,!          
evangeli/'s outlook = ! return ( !      
,savior is also %[n at ! end ( 8        
,gospel4 ,jesus said n unto him1 ',he   
%all n die2' b1 ',if ,i w t he t>ry till
 ,i come1 :at is t to !e8' ,t ! doctr9e 
( a univ]sal resurrection :i* ! ,jews   
probably d]iv$1 ?r\gh _! communication )
 ! ,p]sians1 f ! ,zoroa/rian sy/em1 &1 )
 v>i\s modifications1 adopt$ is embodi$ 

9 ! foll[+ passage1 :o c d\bt8 ,! h\r is
 com+ :5 all t are 9 ! graves %all he> !
 voice ( ! ,son ( ,man & %all come =?4  
,t a g5]al resurrection w\ld lit]ally   
occur "u ! auspices ( ,jesus 0 surely ! 
mean+ ( ! writ] ( ^? words4 ,:e!r t     
?\ght 0 int5d$ to be convey$ by ,*ri/ 9 
! exact t]ms he really us$ or n is a    
sep>ate "q1 ) :i* we are n n[ conc]n$1  
our object be+ simply to set =? ,john's 
views4 ,"s comm5tators1 seiz+ ! lett] & 
neglect+ ! _s1 h inf]r$ f v>i\s texts t 
,john expect$ t ! resurrection w\ld be  
limit$ to fai?ful ,*ri/ians1 j z ! m    
rigid ( ! ,ph>isees conf9$ x to !       
righte\s ,jews4 ,except ye eat ! fle% ( 
! ,son ( ,man & dr9k 8 blood1 ye h no   
life 9 y4 ,:oso eate? my fle% & dr9ke?  
my blood ha? et]nal life2 & ,i w raise  
him up at ! la/ day4  #cg ,see ! able & 
imp>tial discussion ( ,john's belief on 
?is subject conta9$ 9 ,lucke's ,comm5t>y
 on ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 i4 #ah-bh4 
,to =ce ?is figure into a lit]al mean+  
is a mi/ake2 = 9 ! prec$+ *apt] x is    

expressly said t ,!y t h done good %all 
come =? unto ! resurrection ( life2 !y t
 h done evil unto ! resurrection (      
condemnation4 ,bo? %all rise to be      
judg$2 b z we conceive ! mo/ probable   
s5se ( ! phrases ! good %all be receiv$ 
to heav51 ! bad %all be rem&$ to ! "u   
_w4 ,has no life 9 him ( c\rse _c mean  
is absolutely dead1 annihilat$1 b means 
has n fai? & virtue1 ! elem5ts (        
bless$ness1 ! qualifications = heav54 ,!
 p>ticul> figurative use ( words 9 ^!   
texts may be illu/rat$ by p>allel idioms
 f ,philo1 :o says1 ,( ! liv+ "s are    
dead2 on ! contr>y1 ! dead live4 ,= ^?  
lo/ f ! life ( virtue are dead1 ?\gh !y 
rea* ! extreme ( old age2 :ile ! good1  
?\gh !y are disjo9$ f ! body1 live      
immortally4#ch ,aga9 he writes1         
,dea?less life deliv]s ! dy+ pi\s2 b !  
dy+ impi\s ev]la/+ dea? seizes4#ci ,& a 
great _m passages pla9ly %[ t "o elem5t 
( ,philo's mean+1 9 su* phrases z ^!1   
is1 t he believ$ t1 ^u _! leav+ ! body1 
! s\ls ( ! good w\ld asc5d to heav51    

:ile ! s\ls ( ! bad w\ld desc5d to      
,hades4 ,^! discrim9at$ ev5ts he suppos$
 w\ld foll[ dea? at once4 ,8 ?or\gh     
,platonism _h wean$ him f ! ,p]sian     
,ph>isaic doctr9e ( a common int]m$iate 
/ate deta9+ ! dead bel[ until !         
triumphant adv5t ( a ,r$eem] %\ld u%] 9 
! great resurrection & f9al judgm5t4#dj 
,john decl>es salvation to be           
conditional4 ,! blood ( ,*ri/ t is1 8   
dea? & :at foll[$ cleanses u f all s91  
if we walk 9 ! light z he is 9 ! light2 
n o!rwise4 ,he t believe? n ! ,son %all 
n see et]nal life1 b ! wra? ( ,god      
abide? on him4 ,if any man see 8 bro!r  
commit a s9 :i* is n unto dea?1 he %all 
pray1 & %all receive life = !m t s9 n   
unto dea?4 ,!re is a s9 unto dea?3 ,i d 
n say t he %all pray = x4 ,belov$1 n[   
are we ! sons ( ,god1 & x do? n yet     
appe> :at we %all be2 b we "k t :5 he   
,*ri/ %all appe> we %all be l him1 = we 
%all see him z he is4 ,e man t ha? ?is  
hope 9 him purifie? himself1 ev5 z he is
 pure4 ,! heads ( ! doctr9e :i* seems to

 und]lie ^! /atem5ts are z foll[4 ,*ri/ 
%all come aga94 ,all ! dead %all rise = 
judicial ordeal4 ,^? c\nt$ wor?y %all be
 accept$1 be transfigur$ into !         
resemblance ( ! glori\s ,r$eem] & ent]  
into et]nal bless$ness 9 heav54 ,! re/  
%all be doom$ to ! d>k k+dom ( dea? 9 ! 
"u _w1 to rema9 !re = aught t is h9t$ to
 ! contr>y =ev]4 ,f ^! premises two     
practical inf]5ces are drawn 9          
exhortations4 ,fir/1 we %\ld e>ne/ly    
/rive to fit ourselves = acceptance by  
moral purity1 bro!rly love1 & pi\s fai?4
 ,secondly1 we %\ld seek p>don = our s9s
 by confession & pray]1 & take he$ le/  
by aggravat$ s9 we deprave our s\ls     
beyond recov]y4 ,!re are ^? :o s9 unto  
dea?1 = :om x is hopeless to pray4      
,light1 tru?1 & ! div9e life ( heav5 c  
nev] receive !m2 d>kness1 falsehood1 & !
 deep realm ( dea? irrevocably swall[   
!m4  ,& n[ we may sum up 9 a few words !
 ess5tial results ( ?is :ole inquiry    
into ! pr9ciples ( ,john's !ology1      
especially z compos+ & %[n 9 8 doctr9e (

 a  #ch ,vol4 i4 p4 #eed4  #ci ,ibid4 p4
 #bcc4  #dj ,see vol4 i4 pp4 #aci1 #daf1
 #dag1 #eee1 #fdc1 #fdh2 vol4 ii4 pp4   
#agh1 #dcc4   future life4 ,fir/1 ,god  
is p]sonal love1 tru?1 light1 hol9ess1  
bless$ness4 ,^! realities1 z conc5trat$ 
9 _! incompreh5sible absolut5ess1 are ! 
elem5ts ( 8 inf9ite be+4 ,secondly1 ^!  
spiritual sub/ances1 z diffus$ ?r\gh !  
worlds ( ! univ]se & exp]i5c$ 9 ! s\ls (
 moral creatures1 are ! m$ium ( ,god's  
revelation ( himself1 ! direct pres5ce &
 work+ ( 8 ,logos4 ,?irdly1 ! p]sons :o 
prevail+ly p>take ( ^! qualities are    
,god's loyal subjects & approv$ *ildr51 
9 peaceful communion ) ! ,fa!r1 ?r\gh ! 
,son1 possess+ et]nal life4 ,f\r?ly1    
,satan is p]sonal hatr$1 falsehood1     
d>kness1 s91 mis]y4 ,^! realities1 9 _! 
ab/ract nature & s\rce1 are 8 be+2 9 _! 
special manife/ations !y are 8 efflux & 
p[]4 ,fif?ly1 ! p]sons :o p>take rul+ly 
( ^! qualities are ! devil's enslav$    
subjects & l9eal *ildr53 9 s9ful bondage
 to him1 9 deprav$ communion ) him1 !y  

dwell 9 a /ate ( ho/ile bani%m5t &      
unhapp9ess1 :i* is moral dea?4 ,six?ly1 
,*ri/ 0 ! ,logos :o1 desc5d+ f 8 ant]ior
 glory 9 heav51 & appe>+ 9 mortal fle%1 
embodi$ all ! ,div9e qualities 9 an     
unflaw$ model ( humanity1 ga!r$ up &    
exhibit$ all ! spiritual *>act]i/ics ( !
 ,fa!r 9 a /a9less & p]fect s\l         
sup]naturally fill$ & illum9$1 ?us to   
be> into ! _w a m intelligible &        
effective revelation ( ,god ! ,fa!r ?an 
nature or common humanity yield$1 to %9e
 ) reg5]at+ radiance ^u ! deadly d>kness
 ( ^? :o 7 grop+ 9 ly+ s9s1 t !y might h
 life & t !y might h x m abundantly4    
,sev5?ly1 ! fickle & p]i%+ exp]i5ce (   
unbeliev+ & wick$ m51 ! vagrant life (  
s5suality & worldl9ess1 ! %all[ life 9  
va9 & transitory ?+s1 gives place 9 !   
s\l ( a ,*ri/ian to a pr(\ndly e>ne/1   
un*ang+ exp]i5ce ( tru? & love1 a /eady 
& ev]la/+ life 9 ,div9e & ev]la/+ ?+s4  
,eigh?ly1 ! exp]im5tal reception ( !    
reveal$ grace & v]ity by fai? &         
disciple%ip 9 ,jesus is accompani$ by   

int]nal conv9c+ pro(s & seals ( _!      
g5u95ess1 validity1 & immortality4 ,!y  
awak5 a new consci\sness1 a new life1   
inh]5tly ,div9e & self w>rant+4 ,n9?ly1 
,*ri/1 by 8 inc>nation1 dea?1           
resurrection1 & asc5sion1 0 a           
propitiation = our s9s1 a m]cy seat     
pl$g+ =giv5ess2 t is1 he 0 ! m$ium ( %[+
 u t m]cy ( ,god :i* annull$ ! p5alty ( 
s91 ! desc5t ( s\ls to ! gloomy "u _w1 &
 op5$ ! cele/ial doma9s = ! ransom$     
*ildr5 ( e>? to jo9 ! s9less angels (   
heav54 ,t5?ly1 ,*ri/ 0 spe$ily to make a
 second adv5t4 ,9 t la/ day ! dead %\ld 
come =? = judgm5t1 ! good be exalt$ to  
unfad+ glory ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 & ! bad
 be left 9 ! l[] region ( noiseless     
%ad[s & dreams4 ,^! t5 po9ts ( view1 we 
believe1 comm& all ! pr9cipal features (
 ! !ological l&scape :i* occupi$ ! m5tal
 vision ( ! writ] ( ! ,gospel & epi/les 
be>+ ! sup]scription1 ,john4  ,,*apt]   
,,vi4  ,,*ri/',s ,,tea*+s ,,conc]n+ ,,! 
,,future ,,life4  ,,9 approa*+ ! tea*+s 
( ! ,savior himself conc]n+ ! future    

fate ( man1 we %\ld ?r[ (f ! weight (   
cre$s & prejudices1 &1 by ! aid ( all ! 
appliances 9 our p[]1 endeavor to rea*  
b5ea? ! imag]y & uness5tial p>ticul>s ( 
8 in/ructions to le>n _! b>e            
significance 9 tru?4 ,?is is made       
difficult by ! s+ul> p]v]sions 8        
religion has und]gone2 by ! loss ( a    
complete k ( ! peculi>ities ( !         
,messianic age 9 ! lapse ( ! ages s9ce2 
by ! almo/ univ]sal *ange 9 our         
associations1 modes ( feel+ & ?\ght1 &  
/yles ( spee*2 & by ! gradual accretion 
& h>d5+ ( false doctr9es & sect>ian     
biases & wilfulness4 ,z we exam9e !     
words ( ,*ri/ to f9d _! real mean+1 !re 
are f\r prom95t consid]ations to be     
especially weigh$ & borne 9 m9d4  ,fir/1
 we mu/ n =get ! poetic ,ea/]n /yle     
common to ! ,jewi% prophets2 _! symbolic
 enunciations 9 bold figures ( spee*3 ,i
 am ! door2 ,i am ! bread ( life2 ,i am 
! v9e2 ,my %eep he> my voice2 ,if ^!    
%\ld hold _! peace1 ! /ones w\ld        
imm$iately cry out4 ,?is d>+ emblematic 

language 0 natural to ! ,ori5tal        
nations2 & ! ,bible is full ( x4 ,is !  
ov]?r[ ( a c\ntry =etold8 ,x is n said1 
,babylon %all be de/roy$1 b ,! sun %all 
be d>k5$ at 8 go+ =?1 ! moon %all be z  
blood1 ! />s %all fall f heav51 & ! e>? 
%all /agg] to & fro z a drunk5 man4 ,if 
we w\ld truly und]/& ,*ri/'s            
decl>ations1 we mu/ n ov]look !         
*>act]i/ics ( figurative language4 ,= he
 spake to ! multitude 9 p>ables1 & )\t a
 p>able spake he n unto !m2 & a p>able1 
( c\rse1 is n to be tak5 lit]ally1 b    
holds a lat5t s5se & purpose :i* are to 
be s\ght out4 ,! greate/ inju/ice is    
done to ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ :5 8 words are 
/udi$ z ^? ( a dry s*ola/ic1 a          
metaphysical morali/1 n z ^? ( a pr(\nd 
poet1 a ma/] 9 ! spiritual realm4       
,secondly1 we mu/ rememb] t we h b      
fragm5t>y reports ( a small "p ( !      
tea*+s ( ,*ri/4 ,he 0 engag$ 9 ! active 
prosecution ( 8 mission probably ab\t   
?ree ye>s1 at ! %orte/ ov] "o ye>2 :ile 
all ! diff]5t words ( 8 record$ 9 ! ,new

 ,te/am5t w\ld n occupy m ?an five h\rs4
 ,only a little fraction ( :at he said  
has be5 transmitt$ to u2 & ?\gh ?is "p  
may conta9 ! ess5ce ( ! :ole1 yet x mu/ 
naturally 9 "s in/ances be obscure &    
difficult ( appreh5sion4 ,we mu/ !re=e  
comp>e diff]5t passages ) ea* o!r1      
c>efully probe !m all1 & expla91 s f> z 
possible1 ^? ^: mean+ is recondite by ^?
 ^: mean+ is obvi\s4 ,"s p]sons may be  
surpris$ to ?9k t we h b a small portion
 ( ! say+s ( ,jesus4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is 
unque/ionable4 ,& p]haps !re is no m    
reason t we %\ld h a full report ( 8    
words ?an !re is t we %\ld h a complete 
acc\nt ( 8 do+s2 & ! evangeli/ decl>es1 
,!re are also _m o!r ?+s :i* ,jesus did1
 ! :i*1 if !y %\ld e "o be writt51 ,i   
suppose t ev5 ! _w itself c\ld n conta9 
! books4  ,?irdly1 :5 exam9+ !          
in/ructions ( ,jesus1 we %\ld recollect 
t he adopt$1 & appli$ to himself & to 8 
k+dom1 ! common ,jewi% phraseology      
conc]n+ ! ,messiah & ! ev5ts t 7 expect$
 to att5d 8 adv5t & reign4 ,b he did n  

take up ^! phrases 9 ! p]v]t$ s5se held 
9 ! corrupt op9ions & e>?ly hopes ( !   
,jews3 he us$ !m spiritually1 9 ! s5se  
:i* accord$ ) ! true ,messianic         
disp5sation z x 0 arrang$ 9 ! =eca/+    
provid5ce ( ,god4 ,no inve/igation ( !  
,new ,te/am5t %\ld be unaccompani$ by an
 obs]vance ( ! fundam5tal rule (        
int]pretation1 namely1 t ! /rid5t ( a   
book1 especially ( an anci5t1 obscure1 &
 fragm5t>y book1 %\ld imbue himself z   
?or\ghly z he c ) ! k & _s ( ! op9ions1 
ev5ts1 influ5ces1 circum/ances1 ( ! "t  
:5 ! docum5t 0 writt51 & ( ! p]sons :o  
wrote x4 ,! inquir] mu/ be equipp$ = 8  
task by a ma/]y ( ! ,rabb9ism (         
,gamaliel1 at ^: feet ,paul 0 br\ght up2
 = ! ,jewi% m9d ( t age 0 fill$1 & its  
religi\s language direct$1 by ?is       
,rabb9ism4 ,guid$ by ?is pr9ciple1      
furni%$ ) ! necess>y in=mation1 9 !     
helpful light ( ! be/ results ( mod]n   
critical s*ol>%ip1 we %all be able to   
expla9 _m d>k texts1 & to satisfy       
ourselves1 at lea/ 9 a degree1 z to !   

g5u9e sub/ance ( ,*ri/'s decl>ations    
t\*+ ! future de/9ies ( m54  ,f9ally1 he
 :o /udies ! ,new ,te/am5t ) pati5t     
?or\ghness & ) hone/ %>pness w arrive at
 a di/9ction mo/ important to be made & 
to be kept 9 view1 namely1 a di/9ction  
betwe5 ! real mean+ ( ,*ri/'s words 9 8 
own m9d & ! actual mean+ und]/ood 9 !m  
by 8 auditors & report]s4#a ,"h we      
approa* a mo/ delicate & vital po9t1    
hi!rto too little notic$1 b de/9$ yet to
 become prom95t & fruitful4 ,a l>ge     
numb] ( religi\s phrases 7 9 common use 
among ! ,jews at ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,he     
adopt$ !m1 b infus$ into !m a deep]1 a  
correct mean+1 z ,cop]nicus did into !  
old a/ronomic =mulas4 ,b ! by/&]s :o    
li/5$ to 8 disc\rses1 he>+ ! famili>    
t]ms1 seiz$ ! famili> mean+1 &          
errone\sly attribut$ x to him4 ,x is    
c]ta9 t ! ,savior 0 (t5 misund]/ood &   
(t5 n und]/ood at all4 ,:5 he decl>$    
himself ! ,messiah1 ! p w\ld h made him 
a k+ by =ce6 ,ev5 ! apo/les frequ5tly   
grossly fail$ to appreciate 8 _s & aims1

 wr5*$ unw>rantable inf]5ces f 8 words1 
& qu>rell$ = ! prec$5cy 9 8 com+ k+dom &
 = seats at 8 "r h&4 ,9 num]\s cases x  
is gl>+ly pla9 t 8 ideas 7 f> f _!      
conceptions ( !m4 ,we h no d\bt ! same 0
 true 9 _m o!r in/ances :]e x is n s    
cle>4 ,he repeat$ly reproves !m = folly 
& sl[ness because !y did n p]ceive !    
s5se ( 8 in/ructions4 ,p]haps !re 0 a   
slight impati5ce 9 8 tones :5 he said1  
,h[ is x t ye d n und]/& t ,i spake x n 
to y conc]n+ bread1 t ye %\ld bew>e ( ! 
leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees & ( ! ,sadducees8   
,jesus utt]$ 9 e/abli%$ phrases new &   
pr(\ndly spiritual ?\ghts4 ,! apo/les   
educat$ 91 & full (1 z !y evid5tly 71 ! 
dogmas1 prejudices1 &  #a ,see ?is      
di/9ction affirm$ by ,de ,wette1 9 !    
preface to 8 ,comm5tatio de ,morte      
,jesus ,*ri/i ,expiatoria4 ,see also    
,?urn1 ,jesus und se9e ,apo/el 9        
,wid]spru* 9 ,ansehung d] ,lehre von d] 
,ewigcn ,v]damnniss4 ,9 ,s*]]'s         
,s*rift=s*4 sect4 i4 nr4 #d4   hopes (  
_! age & l& w\ld naturally1 to "s ext5t1

 misappreh5d 8 mean+4 ,!n1 aft] a       
tumultu\s int]val1 writ+ out 8          
in/ructions f memory1 h[ p]fectly       
natural t _! own convictions & s5tim5ts 
w\ld h a p[]ful influ5ce 9 modify+ &    
%ap+ ! animus & ! v]bal expressions 9 _!
 reports6 ,"u ! circum/ances1 t we %\ld 
n[ possess ! v equival5ts ( 8 words )   
/rict lit]alness1 & convey+ 8 v         
int5tions p]fectly translat$ f !        
,aramaan into ! ,greek tongue1 w\ld     
imply ! mo/ su/a9$ & amaz+ ( all        
miracles4 ,!re is no?+ :atev] t         
indicates any su* miracul\s int]v5tion4 
,!re is no?+ to discr$it ! fair         
presumption t ! writ]s 7 left to _! own 
abilities1 "u ! inspiration ( an e>ne/  
consecrat+ love & tru?fulness4 ,& we    
mu/1 ) due limitations1 di/+ui% betwe5 !
 orig9al words & consci\s mean+ ( !     
sublime ,ma/]1 illu/rat$ by ! emphasis &
 discrim9ation ( 8 looks1 tones1 &      
ge/ures1 & ! appreh5d$ mean+ record$    
long aft]w>ds1 %ap$ & color$ by pass+   
?r\gh ! m9ds & p5s ( ! sometimes        

diss5ti5t & always imp]fect disciples4  
,he once decl>$ to !m1 ,i h _m ?+s to   
say unto y1 b ye are n able to be> !m4  
,admitt+ 8 infallibility1 z we may1 yet 
ass]t+ _! fallibility1 z we mu/1 &      
accompani$1 too1 z 8 words n[ are by _m 
v obscur+ circum/ances1 x is extremely  
difficult to lay ! h& on discrim9at$    
texts & say1 non ,,ascii *>act]s  ,!    
,messianic doctr9e preval5t among !     
,jews 9 ! "t ( ,jesus appe>s to h be5   
built up little by little1 by religi\s  
fai?1 national pride1 & prie/ly desire1 
out ( lit]al int]pretations ( figurative
 prophecy1 & ,cabali/ic int]pretations (
 pla9 language1 & ,rabb9ical traditions 
& speculations1 additionally corrupt$ 9 
"s p>ticul>s by int]c\rse ) ! ,p]sians4 
,"u all ?is 0 a c5tral spiritual g]m ( a
 ,div9e promise & plan4 ,a ,messiah 0   
really to come4 ,x 0 9 answ]+ !         
que/ions1 :at k9d ( a k+ he 0 to be1 &  
ov] :at sort ( a k+dom he 0 to reign1 t 
! errors crept 94 ,! ,messianic         
conceptions :i* h come d[n to u ?r\gh ! 

,prophets1 ! ,t>gums1 incid5tal         
allusions 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,talmud1 
& ! few o!r traditions & records yet 9  
exi/5ce1 are v div]se & sometimes       
contradictory4 ,!y agre$ 9 ard5tly look+
 = an e>?ly sov]eign 9 ! ,messiah1 "o :o
 w\ld rise up 9 ! l9e ( ,david & by !   
p[] ( ,jehovah deliv] 8 p1 puni% _!     
enemies1 subdue ! _w to 8 sceptre1 &    
reign ) ,div9e auspices ( b5efic5ce &   
spl5dor4 ,!y also expect$ t !n a portion
 ( ! dead w\ld rise f ! "u _w & assume  
_! bodies aga91 to p>ticipate 9 !       
triumphs & bless+s ( 8 e>?ly k+dom4 ,8  
p]sonal reign 9 ,judea 0 :at !y usually 
meant by ! phrases ! k+dom ( heav51 !   
k+dom ( ,god4 ,! apo/les *]i%$ ^! ideas1
 & express$ !m 9 ! t]ms common to _!    
c\ntrym54 ,b we _c d\bt t ,jesus employ$
 ?is & k9dr$ language 9 a pur] & deep]  
s5se1 :i* we mu/ take pa9s to di/+ui% f 
! e>ly & l+]+ errors associat$ ) x4  ,^u
 ! ?re%old ( our subject we meet )      
pr$ictions ( a second com+ ( ,*ri/ f    
heav51 ) p[] & glory1 to sit on 8 ?rone 

& judge ! _w4 ,! port5t\s imag]y 9 :i*  
^! prophecies are clo!d is tak5 f ! old 
prophets2 & to !m  we mu/ turn to le>n  
its usage & =ce4 ,! ,hebrews call$ any  
signal manife/ation ( p[] especially any
 dreadful calamity a com+ ( ! ,"l4 ,x 0 
a com+ ( ,jehovah :5 8 v5geance /rew$ ! 
gr\nd ) ! corpses ( ,s5na*]ib's ho/2 :5 
its /orm swept ,j]usalem z ) fire1 &    
bore ,israel into bondage2 :5 its sword 
came d[n ^u ,idumea & 0 ba!d 9 blood ^u 
,edom4 ,! day ( ! ,"l is ano!r t]m (    
precisely simil> import4 ,x occurs 9 !  
,old ,te/am5t ab\t fifte5 times4 ,9 e   
in/ance x means "s mighty manife/ation (
 ,god's p[] 9 calamity4 ,^! occasions   
are pictur$ =? ) ! mo/ a/\nd+ figures ( 
spee*4 ,isaiah describes ! approa*+     
de/ruction ( ,babylon 9 ^! t]ms3 ,! />s 
( heav5 & ! con/ellations !re( %all give
 no light2 ! sun %all be d>k5$1 ! moon  
%all n %9e1 ! heav5s %all %ake1 & ! e>? 
%all remove out ( h] place & be z a     
fright5$ %eep t no man take? up4 ,!     
,jews expect$ t ! com+ ( ! ,messiah w\ld

 be prec$$ by _m fe>ful woes1 9 ! mid/ (
 :i* he w\ld appe> ) pe]less pomp &     
might4 ,! day ( 8 com+ !y nam$          
emphatically ! day ( ! ,"l4 ,jesus      
actually appe>$1 n1 z !y expect$1 a     
w>rior travell+ 9 ! greatness ( 8 /r5g?1
 ) dy$ g>m5ts f ,bozrah1 /a9+ 8 raim5t )
 blood z he trampl$ 9 ! w9e vat (       
v5geance1 b ! true ,messiah1 ,god's     
=eorda9$ & ano9t$ ,son1 despis$ &       
reject$ ( m51 br++ good tid+s1 publi%+  
peace4 ,x mu/ h be5 impossible = ! ,jews
 to receive su* a ,messiah )\t          
explanations4 ,^? few :o became conv]ts 
appreh5d$ 8 ,messianic language1 at lea/
 to "s ext5t1 9 ! s5se :i* previ\sly    
occupi$ _! m9ds4 ,he knew t (t5 he 0 n  
und]/ood2 & he frequ5tly said to 8      
foll[]s1 ,:o ha? e>s to he>1 let him    
he>4 ,8 disciples once ask$ him1 ,:at   
%all be ! sign ( ?y com+1 & ( ! end ( ! 
_w8 ,he repli$1 sub/antially1 ,!re %all 
be w>s1 fam9es1 & unhe>d ( trials2 &    
imm$iately aft] ! sun %all be d>k5$1 !  
moon %all n give h] light1 ! />s %all   

fall f heav51 & ! p[]s ( ! heav5s %all  
be %ak54 ,!n %all !y see ! ,son ( ,man  
com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav5 ) great p[]4 ,&  
he %all sit ^u ! ?rone ( 8 glory1 & all 
nations %all be ga!r$ be=e him1 & he    
%all sep>ate !m "o f ano!r4 ,t ?is      
language 0 und]/ood by ! evangeli/s & ! 
e>ly ,*ri/ians1 9 accordance ) _!       
,ph>isaic notions1 z tea*+ lit]ally a   
physical reappe>ance ( ,*ri/ on ! e>?1 a
 resurrection1 & a g5]al judgm5t1 we    
fully believe4 ,^? ideas 7 preval5t at !
 "t1 are express$ 9 scores ( places 9 ! 
,new ,te/am5t1 & are ! direct /rong     
ass]tion ( ! words !mselves4 ,b t su* 0 
! mean+ ( ,*ri/ himself we mu* m ?an    
d\bt4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 8 own language
 9 reg>d to 8 second com+ !re is n !    
lea/ h9t ( a resurrection ( ! dead3 !   
sc5e is conf9$ to ! liv+1 & to ! e>?4   
,secondly1 ! figures :i* he employs 9   
?is connection are ! same z ^? us$ by ! 
,jewi% prophets to d5ote great & signal 
ev5ts on ! e>?1 & may be s tak5 "h )\t  
viol5ce to ! idiom4 ,?irdly1 he         

expressly fix$ ! date ( ! ev5ts he      
ref]r$ to )9 t g5]ation2 & if1 !re=e1 he
 spoke lit]ally1 he 0 grossly 9 error1 &
 8 prophecies fail$ ( fulfilm5t1 a      
conclusion :i* we _c adopt4 ,to suppose 
t he p>took 9 ! false1 me*anical dogmas 
( ! c>nal ,jews w\ld be equally         
irreconcilable ) ! common idea ( 8      
,div9e inspiration1 & ) ! pr(\nd        
p5etration & spirituality ( 8 own m9d4  
,he c]ta9ly us$ mu* ( ! phraseology ( 8 
contempor>y c\ntrym51 metaphorically1 to
 convey 8 own pur] ?\ghts4 ,we h no d\bt
 he did s 9 reg>d to ! descriptions ( 8 
second com+4 ,let u /ate 9 a =m (       
p>aphrase :at 8 real in/ructions on ?is 
po9t seem to u to h be53 ,y _c believe t
 ,i am ! ,messiah1 because ,i d n deliv]
 y f y\r oppressors & trample on !      
,g5tiles4 ,y\r m9ds are cl\d$ ) errors4 
,! ,fa!r ha? s5t me to f\nd ! k+dom (   
peace & righte\sness1 & ha? giv5 me all 
p[] to rew>d & puni%4 ,by my ^w %all !  
nations ( ! e>? be honor$ & bless$1 or  
be ov]:elm$ ) fire2 & e man mu/ /& be=e 

my judgm5t seat4 ,! end ( ! _w is at !  
doors4 ,! ,mosaic disp5sation is ab\t to
 be clos$ 9 ! fe>ful tribulations ( !   
day ( ! ,"l1 & my disp5sation to be set 
up4 ,:5 y see ,j]usalem encompass$ )    
armies1 "k t ! day is at h&1 & flee to !
 m\nta9s2 = n "o /one %all be left ^u   
ano!r4 ,!n ! p[] ( ,god w be %[n on my  
behalf1 & ! sign ( ! ,son ( ,man be se5 
9 heav54 ,my tru?s %all prevail1 & %all 
be own$ z ! crit]ia ( ,div9e judgm5t4   
,accord+ to !m1 all ! righte\s %all be  
di/+ui%$ z my subjects1 & all !         
iniquit\s %all be sep>at$ f my k+dom4   
,"s ( ^? /&+ "h %all n ta/e dea? till   
all ^! ?+s be fulfill$4 ,!n x w be se5 t
 ,i am ! ,messiah1 & t ?r\gh ! et]nal   
pr9ciples ( tru? :i* ,i h proclaim$ ,i  
%all sit ^u a ?rone ( glory1 n lit]ally1
 9 p]son1 z y ?\ght1 bless+ ! ,jews &   
curs+ ! ,g5tiles1 b spiritually1 9 !    
tru?1 disp5s+ joy to good m5 & woe to   
bad m51 accord+ to _! des]ts4 ,su* we   
believe to be ! mean+ ( ,*ri/'s own     
pr$ictions ( 8 second com+4 ,he         

figuratively id5tifies himself ) 8      
religion accord+ to t idiom by :i* x is 
writt51 ,moses ha? 9 e city !m t read   
him1 be+ read 9 ! synagogues e ,sabba?  
day4 ,8 figure ( himself z ! univ]sal   
judge is a bold p]sonification2 = he    
else:]e says1 ,he t believe? 9 me       
believe? n 9 me1 b 9 ,him t s5t me4 ,&  
aga91 ,he t rejecte? me1 ,i judge him n3
 ! ^w t ,i h spok51 t %all judge him4 ,8
 com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav5 ) great p[] &   
glory 0 :51 at ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1
 ! old age clos$ & ! new began1 !       
ob/acles to 8 religion 7 remov$ & 8     
?rone e/abli%$ on ! e>?4#b ,! apo/les   
und\bt$ly und]/ood ! doctr9e diff]5tly2 
b t su* 0 8 own ?\ght we conclude1      
because he did sometimes und5iably use  
figurative language 9 t way1 & because !
 o!r mean+ is an error1 n 9 h>mony ei!r 
) 8 "*1 8 m9d1 or 8 mission4  ,?is      
int]pretation is s important t x may ne$
 to be illu/rat$ & confirm$ by fur!r    
in/ances3 ,:5 ! ,son ( ,man sits on !   
?rone ( 8 glory1 & all nations are ga!r$

 be=e him1 8 angels %all sev] ! wick$ f 
among ! j1 & %all ca/ !m into a furnace 
( fire3 !re %all be weep+ & gna%+ (     
tee?4 ,a few su* picturesque phrases h  
l$ to ! g5]al belief 9 a great _w       
judgm5t at ! end ( !  #b ,norton1       
,/atem5t ( ,reasons1 ,app5dix4   appo9t$
 "t1 aft] :i* ! condemn$ are to be ?r[n 
into ! tortures ( an unqu5*able _w (    
flame4 ,h[ arbitr>y & viol5t a          
conclusion ?is is1 h[ unw>rant$ & gross 
a p]v]sion ( ! language ( ,*ri/ x is1 we
 may easily see4 ,! fact t ! old        
prophets (t5 describ$ fe>ful mis=tunes &
 woes 9 images ( cl\ds & flame & fall+  
/>s1 & o!r port5t\s symbols1 & t ?is    
/yle 0 !re=e famili> to ! ,jews1 w\ld   
make x v natural = ,jesus1 9 =etell+ su*
 an ev5t z ! com+ de/ruction (          
,j]usalem1 9 conflagration & massacre1 )
 ! irretrievable subv]sion ( ! old      
disp5sation1 to picture x =? 9 a simil> 
way4 ,fire 0 to ! ,jews a common emblem 
( calamity & deva/ation2 & judgm5ts     
incomp>ably less mom5t\s ?an ^? ga!r$   

ab\t ! fall ( ,j]usalem & ! disp]sion ( 
! self boa/$ favorites ( ,jehovah 7 (t5 
describ$ by ! prophets 9 appall+ images 
( d>k5$ planets1 %ak+ heav5s1 cl\ds1    
fire1 & blackness4 ,joel1 speak+ ( a day
 ( ! ,"l1 :5 !re %\ld be fam9e & dr\ght1
 & a horrid army ( de/roy+ insects1 be=e
 :om a fire dev\re?1 & beh9d !m a flame 
burne?1 draws ! sc5e 9 ^! t]rific       
colors3 ,! e>? %all quake be=e !m2 ! sun
 & moon %all be d>k1 & ! />s %all )draw 
_! %9+2 & ! ,"l %all utt] 8 voice be=e 8
 t]rible army ( locu/s1 cat]pill>s1 &   
de/roy+ worms3 ,ezekiel repres5ts ,god z
 say+1 ,! h\se ( ,israel is to me become
 dross3 !re=e ,i w ga!r y into ! mid/ ( 
,j]usalem3 z !y ga!r silv]1 brass1 iron1
 t91 & lead into ! mid/ ( ! furnace to  
bl[ ! fire ^u x1 s w ,i ga!r y1 & bl[ ^u
 y 9 ! fire ( my wra?1 & ye %all be     
melt$ 9 ! mid/ !re(4 ,we read 9 ,isaiah1
 ,! ,assyrian %all flee1 & 8 pr9ces %all
 be afraid1 sai? ! ,"l1 ^: fire is 9    
,zion & 8 furnace 9 ,j]usalem4 ,mala*i  
also says1 ,! day come? t %all burn z a 

furnace1 & all t d wick$ly %all be      
/ubble1 & %all be burn$ up root & bran*4
 ,!y %all be trodd5 z a%es b5ea? ! feet 
( ! righte\s4 ,! mean+ ( ^! passages1 & 
( _m o!r simil> ones1 is1 9 e in/ance1  
"s sev]e temporal calamity1 "s dire     
example ( ,jehovah's retributions among 
! nations ( ! e>?4 ,_! au?ors nev]      
dream$ ( tea*+ t !re is a place ( fire  
beyond ! grave 9 :i* ! wick$ dead %all  
be torm5t$1 or t ! natural creation is  
f9ally to be dev\r$ by flame4 ,x is     
p]fectly c]ta9 t n a s+le text 9 ! ,old 
,te/am5t 0 meant to tea* any su* doctr9e
 z t4 ,! judgm5ts %ad[$ =? 9 k9dr$      
metaphors by ,*ri/ are to be und]/ood 9 
! light ( ?is fact4 ,_! mean+ is1 t all 
unju/1 cruel1 false1 impure m5 %all     
endure sev]e puni%m5ts4 ,?is g5]al ?\ght
 is fe>fully di/9ct2 b e ?+ beyond all  
details are left 9 utt] obscurity4  ,9 !
 augu/ sc5e ( ! ,k+ 9 judgm5t1 :5 !     
s5t5ce has be5 pron\nc$ on ^? at ! left 
h&1 ,dep>t f me1 ye curs$1 into ev]la/+ 
fire prep>$ = ! devil & 8 angels1 x is  

writt51 & !y %all g away into ev]la/+   
puni%m5t4 ,x is obvi\s to rem>k t !     
imag]y ( a fi]y prison built = ,satan & 
! fall5 angels1 & into :i* ! bad %all be
 f9ally doom$1 is poetical language1 or 
language ( accommodation to ! curr5t    
notions ( ! "t4 ,^! />tl+ ,ori5tal      
figures are us$ to wrap & convey !      
ass]tion t ! wick$ %all be sev]ely      
puni%$ accord+ to _! des]ts4 ,no lit]al 
ref]5ce seems to be made ei!r to !      
p>ticul> "t1 to !  special place1 or to 
! di/9ctive "*1 ( ! puni%m5t2 b ! m]e   
fact is /at$ 9 a mann] to fill !        
consci5ce ) awe & to /amp ! practical   
lesson vividly on ! memory4 ,b admitt+ !
 clauses app>5tly descriptive ( ! nature
 ( ?is retribution to be metaphorical1  
yet :at %all we ?9k ( its duration8 ,is 
x absolutely un5d+8 ,!re is no?+ 9 !    
record to enable a c&id inquir] to answ]
 t "q decisively4 ,s f> z ! lett] (     
,scripture is conc]n$1 !re are no data  
to give an indubitable solution to !    
problem4 ,x is true ! ^w ev]la/+ is     

repeat$2 b1 :5 imp>tially weigh$1 x     
seems a sudd5 rhetorical expression1 (  
indef9ite =ce1 us$ to height5 !         
impressiv5ess ( a sublime dramatic      
repres5tation1 r ?an a cauti\s          
philosophical t]m employ$ to convey an  
ab/ract conception4 ,!re is no reason   
:atev] = suppos+ t ,*ri/'s m9d 0        
p>ticul>ly direct$ to ! metaphysical    
idea ( endlessness1 or to ! mu* m       
metaphysical idea ( timelessness4 ,!    
presumptive evid5ce is t he spoke       
popul>ly4 ,_h he be5 *>g$ to reveal a   
doctr9e s trem5d\s1 s awful1 s          
unutt]ably mom5t\s 9 its practical      
relations1 z t ( ! endless close ( all  
probation at dea?1 is x conceivable t he
 w\ld m]ely h c\*$ x 9 a few figurative 
expressions & left x z a matt] ( obscure
 inf]5ce & unc]ta9ty8 ,no3 9 t case1 he 
w\ld h it]at$ & reit]at$ x1 def9$1      
gu>d$1 illu/rat$ x1 & h left no         
possibility ( hone/ mi/ake or d\bt ( x4 
,! ,greek ^w non-,,ascii *>act]s1 & !   
same is true ( ! correspond+ ,hebrew ^w1

 translat$ ev]la/+ 9 ! ,engli% ,bible1  
has n 9 its popul> usage ! rigid =ce (  
et]nal duration1 b v>ies1 is n[ appli$  
to objects z evanesc5t z man's e>?ly    
life1 n[ to objects z la/+ z et]nity4#c 
,its p[] 9 any giv5 case is to be s\ght 
f ! context & ! reason ( ! ?+4  ,isaiah1
 hav+ ?reat5$ ! unrighte\s nations t !y 
%\ld conceive *aff & br+ =? /ubble1 t _!
 own brea? %\ld be fire to dev\r !m1 & t
 !y %\ld be burnt l lime1 l ?orns cut up
 9 ! fire1 makes ! t]ror smitt5 s9n]s & 
hypocrites cry1 ,:o among u c dwell 9   
dev\r+ fire8 ,:o among u c dwell 9      
ev]la/+ burn+s8 ,yet 8 ref]5ce is solely
 to an outw>d1 temporal judgm5t 9 ?is   
_w4 ,! ,greek adjective r5d]$ ev]la/+ is
 etymologically1 & by univ]sal usage1 a 
t]m ( duration1 b indef9ite1 its ext5t (
 mean+ dep5d+ on ! subjects ( :i* x is  
pr$icat$4 ,!re=e1 :5 ,*ri/ connects ?is 
^w ) ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 x is         
impossible to say ) any c]ta9ty1 judg+ f
 ! language itself1 :e!r he implies t ^?
 :o die 9 _! s9s are hopelessly lo/1    

p]fectly irr$eemable =ev]1 or n1 ?\gh ! 
probabilities are v /rongly 9 ! latt]   
direction4 ,ev]la/+ puni%m5t may mean1 9
 philosophical /rictness1 a puni%m5t    
absolutely et]nal1 or may be a popul>   
expression d5ot+1 ) g5]al indef9it5ess1 
a v long duration4 ,s9ce 9 all ,greek   
lit]ature1 sacr$ & pr(ane1 non-,,ascii  
*>act]s is appli$ to ?+s t end1 t5 times
 z (t5 z x is to ?+s immortal1 no fair  
critic c ass]t positively t :5 x is     
connect$ ) future puni%m5t x has ! /r+5t
 mean+ ( metaphysical endlessness4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 no "o has any critical  #c ,see
 ,*ri/ian ,exam9] = ,m>*1 #ahed1 pp4    
#bhj-big4   "r to say positively t 9 su*
 cases x has n t mean+4 ,! ,ma/] has n  
expla9$ 8 words on ?is po9t1 b has left 
!m veil$4 ,we c settle ! "q itself      
conc]n+ ! limit$ness or ! unlimit$ness (
 future puni%m5t only on o!r gr\nds ?an 
^? ( textual criticism1 ev5 on gr\nds ( 
enlight5$ reason po/ulat+ ! c>d9al      
pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity & ( e?ics4 ,w n 
! unimp$$ ,_s ( ,*ri/ lead all free m9ds

 & lov+ he>ts to "o conclusion8 ,b t    
conclusion is to be held mode/ly z a    
tru/$ inf]5ce1 n dogmatically z a       
receiv$ revelation4  ,ano!r po9t 9 !    
,savior's tea*+s :i* x is ( ! utmo/     
importance to und]/& is ! s5se 9 :i* he 
us$ ! ,jewi% phrases ,resurrection ( !  
,dead & ,resurrection at ! ,la/ ,day4 ,!
 ,ph>isees look$ = a re/oration ( !     
righte\s f _! graves to a bodily life4  
,?is ev5t !y suppos$ w\ld take place at 
! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah2 & ! "t ( 8    
com+ !y call$ ! la/ day4 ,s ! ,apo/le   
,john says1 ,already are !re _m         
anti*ri/s2 :]eby we "k t x is ! la/ "t4 
,n[1 ,jesus claim$ to be ! ,messiah1    
clo!d 9 8 functions1 ?\gh he int]pret$  
^? functions z c>ry+ an int]ior & moral1
 n an outw>d & physical1 =ce4 ,?is is ! 
w ( ,him t s5t me1 t e "o :i* see? !    
,son & believe? on him %\ld h ev]la/+   
life2 & ,i w raise him up at ! la/ day4 
,aga91 :5 ,m>?a told ,jesus t %e knew h]
 bro!r ,laz>us w\ld rise aga9 9 !       
resurrection at ! la/ day1 he repli$1 ,i

 am ! resurrection & ! life3 he t       
believe? 9 me1 ?\gh he 7 dead1 yet %all 
he live2 & :osoev] live? & believe? 9 me
 %all nev] die4 ,?is utt]ance is surely 
metaphorical2 = belief 9 ,jesus does n  
prev5t physical dissolution4 ,! ?\ghts  
conta9$ 9 ! v>i\s passages belong+ to   
?is subject1 :5 drawn out1 comp>$1 &    
/at$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 seem to u to be z    
foll[s3 ,y suppose t 9 ! la/ day y\r    
,messiah w re/ore ! dead to live aga9 ^u
 ! e>?4 ,i am ! ,messiah1 & ! la/ days h
 !re=e arriv$4 ,i am commission$ by !   
,fa!r to be/[ et]nal life ^u all :o     
believe on me2 b n 9 ! mann] y h        
anticipat$4 ,! true resurrection is n   
call+ ! body f ! tomb1 b op5+ ! f\nta9s 
( et]nal life 9 ! s\l4 ,i am come to op5
 ! spiritual _w to y\r fai?4 ,he t      
believe? 9 me & keepe? my comm&m5ts has 
pass$ f dea? unto life1 become consci\s 
t ?\gh seem+ly he passes into ! grave1  
yet really he %all live ) ,god =ev]4 ,! 
true resurrection is1 to come into !    
exp]i5ce ( ! tru? t ',god is n ! ,god ( 

! dead1 b ( ! liv+2 = all live unto     
him4' ,ov] ! s\l t is fill$ ) su* an    
exp]i5ce1 dea? has no p[]4 ,v]ily1 ,i   
say unto1 y1 ! h\r is com+1 & n[ is1 :5 
! dead1 ! ignorant & guilty1 buri$ 9    
trespasses & s9s1 %all he> ^! tru?s     
decl>$1 & !y t believe %all lay hold ( !
 life ?us (f]$ & be bless$4 ,! ,fa!r ha?
 giv5 me au?ority to execute judgm5t1 t 
is1 to lay d[n ! pr9ciples by :i* m5    
%all be judg$ accord+ to _! des]ts4 ,all
 mank9d %all be judg$ 9 ! spiritual /ate
 by ! _s & precepts ( my religion z     
v]itably z if 9 _! graves ! g5]ations ( 
! dead he>d my voice & came =?1 ! good  
to bless$ness1 ! evil to mis]y4 ,!      
judgm5t :i* is1 z x 71 committ$ unto me1
 is n really committ$ unto me1 b unto ! 
tru? :i* ,i decl>e2 = ( m9e own self ,i 
c d no?+4 ,we believe ?is p>aphrase     
expresses ! ess5tial mean+ ( ,*ri/'s own
 decl>ations conc]n+ a resurrection & an
 associat$ judgm5t4 ,com+ to br+ f !    
,fa!r au!nticat$ tid+s ( immortality1 & 
to reveal ! laws ( ! ,div9e judgm5t1 he 

decl>$ t ^? :o believ$ & kept 8 words 7 
deliv]$ f ! t]ror ( dea?1 &1 kn[+ t an  
endless life ( bless$ness 0 await+ !m1  
imm$iately ent]$ ^u its exp]i5ce4 ,he   
did n tea* ! doctr9e ( a bodily         
re/oration1 b said1 ,9 ! resurrection1 t
 is1 9 ! spiritual /ate succe$+ dea?1 !y
 nei!r m>ry nor are giv5 9 m>riage1 b   
are z ! angels ( heav54  ,he did n tea* 
! doctr9e ( a tempor>y sleep 9 ! grave1 
b said to ! p5it5t ?ief on ! cross1 ,?is
 day %alt ?\ be ) me 9 ,p>adise3        
in/antly ^u leav+ ! body _! s\ls w\ld be
 toge!r 9 ! /ate ( ! bless$4  ,x is (t5 
said t ! words ( ,jesus 9 relation to ! 
dead he>+ 8 voice & com+ =? mu/ be tak5 
lit]ally2 = ! metaphor is ( too extreme 
viol5ce4 ,b x is 9 keep+ ) 8 usage4 ,he 
says1 ,let ! dead bury _! dead4 ,x is f>
 less bold ?an ,?is is my body2 ?is is  
my blood4 ,x is n ne>ly s /rong z       
,paul's adjuration1 ,awake1 ?\ t        
sleepe/1 & rise f ! dead1 & ,*ri/ %all  
give !e light4 ,x is n m d>+ly          
imag9ative ?an ! ass]tion t ! h]oes     

sleep+ 9 ,m>a?on's gory b$ /irr$ 9 _!   
graves :5 ,leonidas f\ght at ,!rmopyla2 
or ?an ,*ri/'s own words1 ,if ?\ had/   
fai? l a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 ?\ c\ld/ say 
to ?is m\nta91 ,be ?\ ca/ into yond]    
sea1 & x %\ld obey y4 ,s "o might say1  
,:]e'er ! gospel comes1 ,x spreads div9]
 light2 ,x calls dead s9n]s f _! tombs  
,& gives ! bl9d _! sight4  ,& 9 ! latt] 
days1 :5 x has done its "w1 & ! glori\s 
measure ( human r$emption is full1      
lib]ty1 intellig5ce1 & love %all /& h& 9
 h& on ! m\nta9 summits & raise up !    
long g5]ations ( ! dead to behold !     
complet$ fruits ( _! toils4 ,9 ?is      
figurative moral s5se ,jesus probably   
spoke :5 he said1 ,?\ %alt be recomp5s$ 
at ! resurrection ( ! j4 ,he ref]r$     
simply to ! rew>ds ( ! virtu\s 9 ! /ate 
beyond ! grave4 ,! phraseology 9 :i* he 
clo!d ! ?\ght he accommodat+ly adopt$ f 
! curr5t spee* ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,!y       
unque/ionably meant by x ! gr\p (       
notions conta9$ 9 _! dogma ( ! de/9$    
physical re/oration ( ! dead f _!       

sepul*res at ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah4 ,& x 
seems p]fectly pla9 to u1 on an imp>tial
 /udy ( ! record1 t ! evangeli/1 9      
report+ 8 words1 took ! ,ph>isaic dogma1
 & n m]ely ! ,*ri/ian tru?1 ) !m4 ,b t  
,jesus himself modifi$ & spiritualiz$ ! 
mean+ ( ! phrase :5 he employ$ x1 ev5 z 
he did ! o!r contemporane\s language    
descriptive ( ! ,messianic (fices &     
times1 we conclude = two reasons4 ,fir/1
 he c]ta9ly did (t5 use language 9 t    
spiritual way1 dress+ 9 bold metaphors  
moral ?\ghts ( inspir$ insight & tru?4  
,secondly1 ! moral doctr9e is ! only "o 
t is true1 or t is 9 keep+ ) 8          
p5etrative ?\ght4 ,! notion ( a physical
 resurrection is an error borr[$ mo/    
likely f ! ,p]sians by ! ,ph>isees1 & n 
belong+ to ! ess5tial elem5ts (         
,*ri/ianity4 ,! notion be+ preval5t at !
 "t 9 ,judea1 & be+ usually express$ 9  
c]ta9 appropriat$ phrases1 :5 ,*ri/ us$ 
^? phrases 9 a true spiritual s5se !    
apo/les w\ld naturally appreh5d f !m !  
c>nal mean+ :i* already fill$ _! m9ds 9 

common ) ! m9ds ( _! c\ntrym54  ,! ^w   
,hades1 translat$ 9 ! ,engli% ,new      
,te/am5t by ! ^w hell1 a ^w ( ne>ly !   
same etymological =ce1 b n[ convey+ a q 
diff]5t mean+1 occurs 9 ! disc\rses (   
,jesus only ?ree sev]al times4 ,! o!r   
in/ances ( its use are repetitions or   
p>allels4 ,fir/1 ,& ?\1 ,cap]naum1 :i*  
art exalt$ to heav51 %alt be br\ght d[n 
to ! "u _w2 t is1 ! great & pr\d city   
%all become p[]less1 a heap ( ru9s4     
,second1 ,^u ?is rock ,i w f\nd my      
,*ur*1 & ! gates ( ! "u _w %all n       
prevail aga9/ x2 t is1 ! p[]s ( d>kness1
 ! opposition ( ! wick$1 ! /r5g? ( evil1
 %all n de/roy my religion2 9 spite ( !m
 x %all ass]t its organization & ov]come
 all ob/acles4  ,! rema9+ example ( !   
,savior's use ( ?is ^w is 9 ! p>able (  
,dives & ,laz>us4 ,! ri* man is         
describ$1 aft] dea?1 z suff]+ 9 ! "u _w4
 ,see+ ! begg> af> (f 9 ,abraham's      
bosom1 he cries1 ,fa!r ,abraham1 pity   
me1 & s5d ,laz>us1 t he may dip ! tip ( 
8 f+] 9 wat] & cool my tongue2 = ,i am  

torm5t$ 9 ?is flame4 ,well kn[n fancies 
& op9ions are "h wr\ght up 9 sc5ic =m to
 convey c]ta9 moral impressions4 ,x w be
 notic$ t ! impli$ division ( ! "u _w   
into two p>ts1 ) a gulf betwe5 !m1      
corresponds to ! common ,g5tile notion (
 an ,elysian region ( delightful mead[s 
= ! good & a ,t>t>ean region ( blackness
 & fire = ! bad1 bo? includ$ 9 "o       
subt]ranean k+dom1 b divid$ by an       
int]val4 #d  ,! dramatic details ( !    
acc\nt ,laz>us be+ borne into bliss by  
angels1 ,dives ask+ to h a mess5g] s5t f
 bale to w>n 8 surviv+ bro!rs re/ on    
op9ions afloat among ! ,jews ( t age1   
d]iv$ f ! ,p]sian !ology4 ,zoroa/]      
prays1 ,:5 ,i %all die1 let ,aban &     
,bahman c>ry me to ! bosom ( joy4#e ,& x
 0 a common belief among ! ,p]sians t   
s\ls 7 at seasons p]mitt$ to leave      
purgatory & visit _! relatives on e>?4#f
 ,x is evid5t t ! n>rative be=e u is n a
 hi/ory to be lit]ally con/ru$1 b a     
p>able to be c>efully analyz$4 ,! imag]y
 & ! p>ticul>s are to be laid aside1 & !

 c5tral ?\ghts to be drawn =?4 ,take !  
words lit]ally1 t ! ri* man's immat]ial 
s\l1 wri?+ 9 flames1 wi%$ ! tip ( a f+] 
dipp$ 9 wat] to cool 8 tongue1 & !y are 
ridicul\s4 ,take !m figuratively1 z a   
type ( unkn[n spiritual angui%1 & !y are
 awful4 ,besides1 _h ,*ri/ int5d$ to    
tea* ! doctr9e ( a local burn+ hell1 he 
surely w\ld h enunciat$ x 9 pla9 words1 
) solemn it]ation & explanatory         
amplifications1 in/ead ( m]ely ins9uat+ 
x incid5tally1 9 metaphorical  #d ,see  
copi\s illu/rations by ,ros5mull]1 9    
,luc4 cap4 xvi4 #bb1 #bc4 ,hic locus e/ 
p>tes ubi se via f9dit 9 ambas3 ,dext]a1
 qua ,ditis magni sub mo5ia t5dit2 ,hac 
it] ,elysium nobis3 at lava malorum     
,ex]cet po5as1 et ad impia ,t>t>a       
mittit4  #e ,rhode1 ,heilige ,sage des  
,z5dvolks1 s4 #djh4  #f ,ibid4 s4 #daj4 
t]ms1 9 a pr(ess$ p>able4 ,! s5se ( !   
p>able is1 t ! =mal di/9ctions ( ?is _w 
w h no influ5ce 9 ! allotm5ts ( ! future
 /ate1 b w (t5 be rev]s$ !re2 t a       
righte\s ,provid5ce1 kn[+ e ?+ "h1 rules

 h]eaft]1 & w disp5se comp5sat+ ju/ice  
to all2 t m5 %\ld n wait = a h]ald to   
rise f ! dead to w>n !m1 b %\ld he$ !   
in/ructions !y already h1 & s live 9 !  
life t n[ is1 z to avoid a mis]able     
condemnation1 & secure a bless$         
acceptance1 9 ! life t is to come4 ,by  
inculcat+ ^! tru?s 9 a /rik+ mann]1     
?r\gh ! aid ( a p>able bas$ on ! famili>
 poetical conceptions ( ! future _w &   
its sc5]y1 ,*ri/ no m endorses ^?       
conceptions ?an by us+ ! ,messianic     
phrases ( ! ,jews he approves ! false   
c>nal views :i* !y jo9$ ) t language4   
,to int]pret ! p>able lit]ally1 !n1 &   
suppose x meant to tea* ! actual exi/5ce
 ( a locat$ hell ( fire = s9n]s aft]    
dea?1 is to disreg>d ! proprieties (    
criticism4  ,geh5na1 or ! equival5t     
phrase1 ,geh5na ( fire1 un=tunately     
translat$ into our tongue by ! ^w hell1 
is to be f\nd 9 ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ 9 only 
five indep5d5t in/ances1 ea* ( :i*1 aft]
 trac+ ! orig9al ,jewi% usage ( ! t]m1  
we w briefly exam9e4 ,geh5na1 or ! ,vale

 ( ,h9nom1 is d]iv$ f two ,hebrew words1
 ! fir/ mean+ a vale1 ! second be+ ! "n 
( its own]4 ,! place ?us call$ 0 ! ea/]n
 "p ( ! beautiful valley t =ms ! s\!rn  
b\nd>y ( ,j]usalem4 ,"h ,molo*1 ! horrid
 idol god wor%ipp$ by ! ,ammonites1 & by
 ! ,israelites dur+ _! idolatr\s lapses1
 0 set up4 ,?is mon/r\s idol _h ! head (
 an ox & ! body ( a man4 ,x 0 holl[2 &1 
be+ fill$ ) fire1 *ildr5 7 laid 9 its   
arms & dev\r$ alive by ! heat4 ,?is     
expla9s ! t]rific d5unciations utt]$ by 
! prophets aga9/ ^? :o made _! *ildr5   
pass ?r\gh ! fire to ,molo*4 ,! spot 0  
sometimes entitl$ ,tophet1 a place (    
abhorr5ce2 its "n be+ d]iv$1 z "s ?9k1 f
 a ^w mean+ to vomit ) loa?+1 or1 z o!rs
 suppose1 f a ^w signify+ drum1 because 
drums 7 beat5 to dr[n ! %rieks ( ! burn+
 *ildr54 ,aft] ^! horrible rites 7      
aboli%$ by ,josiah1 ! place became an   
utt] abom9ation4 ,all fil?1 ! (fal ( !  
city1 ! c>casses ( bea/s1 ! bodies (    
execut$ crim9als1 7 ca/ indiscrim9ately 
into ,geh5na4 ,fires 7 kept con/antly   

burn+ to prev5t ! infection ( !         
atmosph]e f ! putrify+ mass4 ,worms 7 to
 be se5 prey+ on ! relics4 ,! prim>y    
mean+1 !n1 ( ,geh5na1 is a valley       
outside ( ,j]usalem1 a place (          
corruption & fire1 only to be ?\ght ( ) 
execration & %udd]+4  ,n[1 x 0 n only 9 
keep+ ) ,ori5tal rhetoric1 b also       
natural 9 itself1 t figures ( spee* %\ld
 be tak5 f ^! obvi\s & dreadful facts to
 symbolize any dire evil4 ,= example1 h[
 naturally might a ,jew1 speak+ ( "s f\l
 wret*1 & /&+1 p]haps1 )9 sight ( !     
place1 exclaim1 ,he des]ves to be hurl$ 
into ! fires ( ,geh5na6 ,s ! t]m w\ld   
gradually become an accept$ emblem (    
abom9able puni%m5t4 ,su* 0 ! fact2 & ?is
 gives a p]spicu\s mean+ to ! ^w )\t    
suppos+ x to imply a fi]y prison h\se ( 
angui% 9 ! future _w4 ,isaiah ?reat5s ! 
,k+ ( ,assyria ) ru9 9 ^! t]ms3 ,tophet 
is orda9$ ( old1 & prep>$ = ! k+3 x is  
made deep & l>ge2 ! pile !re( is fire & 
mu* wood2 ! brea? ( ,jehovah1 l a /ream 
( brim/one1 do? k9dle x4 ,! prophet ?us 

portrays1 ) ! dread imag]y ( ,geh5na1   
approa*+ disa/] & ov]?r[4 ,a ?or\gh /udy
 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t %[s t ! ,jews1 dur+ !
 p]iod :i* x cov]s1 did n believe 9     
future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 b expect$ t  
all s\ls )\t discrim9ation w\ld pass _! 
%ad[y dream lives 9 ! sil5ce ( ,%eol4   
,betwe5 ! t]m9ation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t   
hi/ory & ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,new1 v>i\s   
=ms ( ! doctr9e ( future retribution _h 
be5 introduc$ or develop$ among ! ,jews4
 ,b dur+ ?is p]iod few1 if any1 decisive
 in/ances c be f\nd 9 :i* ! image ( p5al
 fire is connect$ ) ! future /ate4 ,on !
 contr>y1 d>kness1 gloom1 blackness1    
pr(\nd & p]petual night1 are ! t]ms     
employ$ to *>act]ize ! abode & fate ( ! 
wick$4  ,josephus says t1 9 ! fai? ( !  
,ph>isees1 ! wor/ crim9als 7 bani%$ to !
 d>ke/ "p ( ! "u _w4 ,philo repres5ts ! 
deprav$ & condemn$ z grop+ 9 ! l[e/ &   
d>ke/ "p ( ! creation4 ,! ^w ,geh5na is 
r>ely f\nd 9 ! lit]ature ( ?is "t1 & :5 
x is x commonly seems to be us$ ei!r    
simply to d5ote ! dete/able ,vale (     

,h9nom1 or else pla9ly z a g5]al symbol 
( calamity & horror1 z 9 ! eld]         
prophets4  ,b 9 "s ( ! ,t>gums1 or      
,*aldee p>aphrases ( ! ,hebrew          
,scriptures1  especially 9 ! ,t>gum (   
,jona?an b5 ,uzziel1 we meet repeat$    
applications ( ! ^w ,geh5na to signify a
 puni%m5t by fire 9 ! future /ate4#g    
,?is is a fact ab\t :i* !re c be no "q4 
,& to ! docum5ts %[+ su* a usage ( ! ^w1
 ! be/ s*ol>s are pretty well agre$ 9   
assign+ a date z e>ly z ! days ( ,*ri/4 
,! evid5ce af=d$ by ^! ,t>gums1 toge!r )
 ! m>k$ application ( ! t]m by ,jesus   
himself1 & ! simil> g5]al use ( x       
imm$iately aft] bo? by ,*ri/ians &      
,jews1 r5d] x n improbable t ,geh5na 0  
kn[n to ! contempor>ies ( ! ,savior z ! 
metaphorical "n ( hell1 a region ( fire1
 9 ! "u _w1 :]e ! reprobate 7 suppos$ to
 be puni%$ aft] dea?4 ,b admitt+ t1 be=e
 ,*ri/ began to tea*1 ! ,jews _h modifi$
 _! e>ly conception ( ! "u _w z ! sil5t 
& sombre abode ( all ! dead 9 common1 & 
_h divid$ x into two p>ts1 "o :]e !     

wick$ suff]1 call$ ,geh5na1 "o :]e !    
righte\s re/1 call$ ,p>adise1 /ill1 t   
modification hav+ be5 borr[$1 z is      
hi/orically evid5t1 f ! ,g5tiles1 or1 if
 develop$ among !mselves1 at all ev5ts  
unconnect$ ) revelation1 ( c\rse        
,*ri/ianity is n involv$ ) ! tru? or    
falsity ( x1 is n responsible = x4 ,x   
does n necess>ily foll[ t ,jesus gave   
precisely ! same mean+ to ! ^w ,geh5na t
 8 contempor>ies or successors did4 ,he 
may h us$ x 9 a modifi$ emblematic s5se1
 z he did _m o!r curr5t t]ms4 ,9 /udy+ 8
 language1 we %\ld especially free our  
m9ds bo? f ! tyranny ( pre ,*ri/ian     
notions & dogmas & f ! associations &   
influ5ces ( mod]n cre$s1 & seek to      
int]pret x 9 ! light ( 8 own in/ructions
 & 9 ! _s ( 8 own m9d4  ,we w n[ exam9e 
! cases 9 :i* ,*ri/ uses ! t]m ,geh5na1 
& ask :at x means4  ,fir/3 ,:osoev] %all
 say to 8 bro!r1 ,?\ vile wret*6 %all be
 9 dang] ( ! fi]y ,geh5na4 ,int]pret ?is
 lit]ally1 & x tea*es t :osoev] calls 8 
bro!r a  #g ,ges5ius1 ,hebrew ,!saurus1 

,ge ,h9nom4   wick$ apo/ate is 9 dang] (
 be+ ?r[n into ! fil?y flames 9 ! ,vale 
( ,h9nom4 ,b no "o supposes t su* 0 its 
mean+4 ,jesus w\ld say1 z we und]/& him1
 ,i am n come to de/roy1 b to fulfil1 ! 
law2 to %[ h[ at ! culm9ation ( ! old   
disp5sation a high] & /rict] "o op5s4 ,i
 say unto y1 t1 unless y\r righte\sness 
exce$s t ( ! ,ph>isees1 y _c ent] !     
k+dom ( heav54 ,! conditions (          
acceptance "u ! new ord] are f> m pr(\nd
 & difficult ?an "u ! old4 ,t said1     
,:osoev] commits murd] %all be expos$ to
 legal puni%m5t f ! public tribunal4    
,?is says1 ,an invisible inw>d puni%m5t1
 z mu* to be dread$ z ! judgm5ts ( !    
,sanh$rim1 %all be inflict$ ^u ^? :o    
h>bor ! secret passions t lead to crime2
 :osoev]1 out ( an angry he>t1 insults 8
 bro!r1 %all be expos$ to spiritual     
retributions typifi$ by ! horrors ( yon 
flam+ valley4 ,!y ( old "t took         
cognizance ( outw>d crimes by outw>d    
p5alties4 ,i take cognizance ( inw>d s9s
 by inw>d returns m sure & m fe>ful4    

,second3 ,if ?y "r eye be a s\rce (     
temptation to !e1 pluck x out & fl+ x   
away2 = x is bett] = !e t "o ( ?y memb]s
 p]i% ?an t ?y :ole body %\ld be ca/    
into ,geh5na4 ,give ^! words a lit]al   
int]pretation1 & !y mean1 ,if y\r eyes  
or y\r h&s are ! occasions ( crime1 if  
!y tempt y to commit (f5ces :i* w expose
 y to public execution1 to ! ignom9y &  
torture heap$ ^u felons put to a %ameful
 dea? & !n flung among ! burn+ fil? (   
,geh5na1 pluck !m out1 cut !m (f        
betimes1 & save y\rself f su* a         
frightful end2 = x is bett] to live ev5 
?us maim$ ?an1 hav+ a :ole body1 to be  
put to a viol5t dea?4 ,no "o c suppose t
 ,jesus meant to convey su* an idea z t 
:5 he utt]$ ^! words4 ,we mu/1 !n1      
attribute a deep]1 an exclusively moral1
 significance to ! passage4 ,x means1   
,if y h "s bosom s91 to d5y & root out  
:i* is l te>+ out an eye or cutt+ (f a  
h&1 pause n1 b ov]come & de/roy x       
imm$iately1 at :atev] co/ ( ef=t &      
suff]+2 = x is bett] to endure ! pa9 (  

fight+ & smo!r+ a bad passion ?an to    
submit to x & all[ x to rule until x    
acquires complete control ov] y1 p]vades
 y\r :ole nature ) its mis]able unre/1 &
 br+s y at la/ into a /ate ( woe ( :i*  
,geh5na & its dreadful associations are 
a fit emblem4 ,a v]se spok51 accord+ to 
,m>k1 9 imm$iate connection ) ! pres5t  
passage1 confirms ! figurative s5se we h
 attribut$ to x3 ,:osoev] %all cause "o 
( ^! little ones t believe 9 me to fall1
 x 7 bett] = him t a mill/one 7 hang$   
ar\nd 8 neck & he 7 plung$ into ! mid/ (
 ! sea2 t is1 9 lit]al t]ms1 a man _h   
bett] meet a great calamity1 ev5 ! loss 
( life1 ?an commit a f\l crime & ?us br+
 ! woe ( guilt ^u 8 s\l4  ,! phrase1 _! 
worm die? n1 & _! fire is n qu5*$1 is a 
"p ( ! imag]y naturally sugge/$ by !    
sc5e 9 ! ,valley ( ,h9nom1 & 0 us$ to   
give great] vividness & =ce to ! moral  
impression ( ! disc\rse4 ,by an         
int]pretation result+ ei!r f prejudice  
or ignorance1 x is g5]ally held to tea* 
! doctr9e ( lit]al fire torm5ts endur+  

=ev]4 ,x is a direct quotation f a      
passage 9 ,isaiah :i* signifies t1 9 a  
glori\s age to come1 ,jehovah w cause 8 
wor%ipp]s to g =? f new moon to new moon
 & look ^u ! c>casses ( ! wick$1 & see  
!m dev\r$ by fire :i* %all n be qu5*$ & 
gnaw$ by worms :i* %all n die1 until !  
la/ relics ( !m are de/roy$4  ,?ird3    
,fe> n !m t kill ! body b are n able to 
kill ! s\l2 b r fe> ,him :o is able to  
de/roy bo? s\l & body 9 ,geh5na4 ,a     
simil> use ( figurative language1 9 a   
/ill bold] mann]1 is f\nd 9 ,isaiah4    
,int5d+ to say no?+ m ?an t ,assyria    
%\ld be ov]?r[n & cru%$1 ! prophet bur/s
 out1 ,"u ! glory ( ! ,k+ ( ,assyria    
,jehovah %all k9dle a burn+ l ! burn+ ( 
a fire2 & x %all burn & dev\r 8 ?orns & 
8 bri]s 9 "o day1 & %all consume ! glory
 ( 8 =e/ & ( 8 fruitful field1 bo? s\l &
 body4 ,read+ ! :ole passage 9 ,mat!w ) 
a s+le eye1 its mean+ w be app>5t4 ,we  
may p>aphrase x ?us4 ,jesus says to 8   
disciples1 ,y are n[ go+ =? to prea* !  
gospel4 ,my religion & its de/9ies are  

intru/$ to y\r h&s4 ,z y g f place to   
place1 be on y\r gu>d2 = !y w p]secute  
y1 & sc\rge y1 & deliv] y up to dea?4 ,b
 fe> !m n4 ,x is en\gh = ! disciple t he
 be z 8 ma/]2 & if !y h done s unto me1 
h[ mu* m %all !y unto y6 ,d n1 ?r\gh fe>
 ( ho/ile m51 :o c only kill y\r bodies 
& are n able 9 any wise to injure y\r   
s\ls1 %r9k f dang] & prove recreant to !
 mom5t\s duties impos$ ^u y2 b be       
inspir$ to proclaim ! pr9ciples ( !     
heav5ly k+dom ) e>ne/ness & c\rage1 9 ! 
face ( all p]ils1 by fe>+ ,god1 him :o  
is able to plunge bo? y\r s\ls & y\r    
bodies 9 abom9ation & agony1 him :o1 if 
y prove unfai?ful & become slo?ful      
s]vants or wick$ traitors1 w leave y\r  
bodies to a viol5t dea? & aft] t y\r    
s\ls to bitt] %ame & angui%4 ,fe> n !   
temporal1 physical p[] ( y\r enemies1 to
 be turn$ f y\r "w by x2 b r fe> !      
et]nal1 spiritual p[] ( y\r ,god1 to be 
made fai?ful by x4  ,f\r?3 ,woe unto y1 
,scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites6 = ye  
compass sea & l& to make "o proselyte2  

&1 :5 he is made1 ye make him tw(old m a
 *ild ( ,geh5na ?an y\rselves4 ,t is1   
,ye make him twice z bad z y\rselves 9  
hypocrisy1 bigotry1 extortion1 impurity1
 & malice1 a subject ( d\ble guilt & (  
d\ble retribution4  ,f9ally1 ,jesus     
exclaims to ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o kill$ !    
prophets1 ,s]p5ts1 brood ( vip]s6 h[ c  
ye escape ! condemnation ( ,geh5na8 ,t  
is to say1 ,v5om\s creatures1 bad m56 y 
des]ve ! fate ( ! wor/ crim9als2 y are  
wor?y ( ! pollut$ fires ( ,geh5na2 y\r  
vices w surely be foll[$ by condign     
puni%m5t3 h[ c su* depravity escape !   
sev]e/ retributions8  ,^! five are all !
 di/9ct in/ances 9 :i* ,jesus uses ! ^w 
,geh5na4 ,x is pla9 t he always uses !  
^w metaphorically4 ,we !re=e conclude t 
,*ri/ianity1 correctly und]/ood1 nev]   
implies t et]nal fire awaits s9n]s 9 !  
future _w1 b t moral retributions1      
accord+ to _! de$s1 are ! portion ( all 
m5 "h & h]eaft]4 ,!re is no m reason to 
suppose t ess5tial ,*ri/ianity conta9s !
 doctr9e ( a fi]y inf]nal _w ?an !re is 

to suppose t x really means to decl>e t 
,god is a gl[+ mass ( flame1 :5 x says1 
,our ,god is a consum+ fire4 ,we mu/    
rememb] ! metaphorical "* ( mu*         
scriptural language4 ,wick$ness is a    
fire1 9 t x preys ^u m5 & draws d[n !   
displeasure ( ! ,almighty1 & consumes   
!m4  ,z ,isaiah writes1 ,wick$ness      
burne? z ! fire1 ! ang] ( ,jehovah d>k5s
 ! l&1 & ! p %all be ! food ( ! fire4 ,&
 ,james decl>es to pr\d extortion]s1 ,! 
ru/ ( y\r cank]$ gold & silv] %all eat  
y\r fle% z x 7 fire4  ,:5 ,jesus says1  
,x %all be m tol]able = ,sodom &        
,gomorrah 9 ! day ( judgm5t ?an = t city
 :i* w n li/5 to ! prea*+ ( my k+dom1 b 
drives my disciples away1 he uses a     
famili> figure to signify t ,sodom &    
,gomorrah w\ld at su* a call h rep5t$ 9 
sackclo? & a%es4 ,! guilt ( ,*oraz9 &   
,be?saida 01 !re=e1 m h>d5$ ?an !irs1 & 
%\ld receive a sev]] puni%m5t2 or1 mak+ 
all[ance = ! natural exagg]ation ( ?is  
k9d ( language1 he means1 ,t city ^:    
iniquities & scornful unbelief lead x to

 reject my k+dom :5 x is pr(f]$ %all be 
br\ght to judgm5t & be ov]:elm$ ) av5g+ 
calamities4 ,two p>allel illu/rations ( 
?is image are giv5 u by ! old prophets4 
,isaiah says1 ,babylon %all be z :5 ,god
 ov]?rew ,sodom & ,gomorrah4 ,& ,j]emiah
 compla9s1 ,! puni%m5t ( ,j]usalem is   
great] ?an ! puni%m5t ( ,sodom4 ,x is   
c]ta9ly rem>kable t su* passages %\ld   
ev] h be5 ?\ght to tea* ! doctr9e ( a   
f9al1 univ]sal judgm5t day break+ on !  
_w 9 fire4  ,! subject ( our ,"l's      
tea*+s 9 reg>d to ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$  
is includ$ 9 two classes ( texts1 & may 
be summ$ up 9 a few words4 ,"o class (  
texts relate to ! visible e/abli%m5t (  
,*ri/ianity z ! true religion1 ! ,div9e 
law1 at ! de/ruction ( ! ,jewi% p[]1 &  
to ! frightful woes :i* %\ld !n fall ^u 
! murd]]s ( ,*ri/1 ! bitt] enemies ( 8  
cause4 ,all ^! ?+s 7 to come ^u t       
g5]ation1  7 to happ5 be=e "s ( !m !n   
/&+ !re ta/$ dea?4 ,! o!r class ( texts 
& !y are by f> ! m num]\s signify t !   
k+dom ( ,tru? is n[ reveal$ & set up2 t 

all m5 are b\nd to accept & obey x )    
rev]5ce & love1 & ?us become its bless$ 
subjects1 ! happy & immortal *ildr5 (   
,god2 t ^? :o spurn its (f]s1 break its 
laws1 & violate its pure _s %all be     
puni%$1 inevitably & fe>fully1 by moral 
retributions proportion$ to ! degrees ( 
_! guilt4 ,*ri/ does n tea* t ! good are
 immortal & t ! bad %all be annihilat$1 
b t all alike1 bo? ! j & ! unju/1 ent] !
 spiritual _w4 ,he does n tea* t ! bad  
%all be et]nally mis]able1 cut (f f all 
possibility ( am5dm5t1 b simply t !y    
%all be ju/ly judg$4 ,he makes no       
def9itive ref]5ce to duration1 b leaves 
u at lib]ty1 pe]+ into ! gloom z be/ we 
c1 to suppose1 if we ?9k x mo/          
reasonable1 t ! conditions ( our        
spiritual nature are ! same 9 ! future z
 n[1 & !re=e t ! wick$ may g on 9 evil  
h]eaft]1 or1 if !y w1 all turn to       
righte\sness1 & ! univ]se f9ally become 
z "o sea ( hol9ess & z "o flood (       
praise4  ,ano!r portion ( ,*ri/'s       
doctr9e ( ! future life h+es on ! phrase

 ! k+dom ( heav54 ,mu* is impli$ 9 ?is  
t]m & its accompanim5ts1 & may be drawn 
out by answ]+ ! que/ions1 ,:at is heav58
 ,:o are citiz5s (1 & :o are ali5s f1 ! 
k+dom ( ,god8 ,let u fir/ exam9e !      
subord9ate mean+s & %ades ( mean+ ) :i* 
! ,savior sometimes uses ^! phrases4    
,ye %all see heav5 op5 & ! angels ( ,god
 asc5d+ & desc5d+ ^u ! ,son ( ,man4 ,no 
confirmation ( ! lit]al s5se ( ?is t is 
af=d$ by any incid5t f\nd 9 ! ,gospels4 
,!re is e reason = suppos+ t he meant by
 x1 ,!re %all be op5 manife/ations (    
sup]natural p[] & favor be/[$ ^u me by  
,god1 evid5t signs ( direct             
communications betwe5 u4 ,8 ,div9e works
 & in/ructions ju/ifi$ ! /atem5t4 ,! ^w 
heav5 z "h us$1 !n1 does n mean any     
p>ticul> place1 b means ! approv+       
pres5ce ( ,god4 ,! in/9cts & natural    
language ( man prompt u to consid]      
objects ( rev]5ce z above u4 ,we kneel  
bel[ !m4 ,! spl5dor1 my/]y1 inf9ity1 ( !
 />ry regions help on ! delusion4 ,b    
surely no "o possess+ cle> spiritual    

p]ceptions w ?9k ! lit]al facts 9 ! case
 mu/ correspond to ?is1 t ,god mu/ dwell
 9 a place ov]head call$ heav54 ,he is  
an ,omnipres5ce4  ,bless$ are ye :5 m5  
%all revile y & p]secute y = my sake3   
rejoice1 = great is y\r rew>d 9 heav54  
,?is passage probably means1 ,9 ! mid/ (
 tribulation be exce$+ glad2 because y  
%all be abundantly rew>d$ 9 a future    
/ate = all y\r pres5t suff]+s 9 my      
cause4 ,9 t case1 heav5 signifies !     
spiritual _w1 & does n involve ref]5ce  
to any precisely locat$ spot4 ,or x may 
mean1 ,be n di%e>t5$ by insults &       
p]secutions met 9 ! cause ( ,god2 = y   
%all be greatly bless$ 9 y\r inw>d life3
 ! approval ( consci5ce1 ! immortal love
 & pity ( ,god1 %all be y\rs3 ! m y are 
hat$ & abus$ by m5 unju/ly1 ! clos] &   
sweet] %all be y\r communion ) ,god4 ,9 
t case1 heav5 signifies fell[%ip ) !    
,fa!r1 & is indep5d5t ( any p>ticul> "t 
or place4  ,our ,fa!r1 :o art 9 heav54  
,jesus 0 n ! au?or ( ?is s5t5ce4 ,x 0 a 
"p ( ! ,rabb9ical synagogue s]vice1 & 0 

bas$ ^u ! ,hebrew conception ( ,god z   
hav+ 8 abode 9 an especial s5se ov] !   
firmam5t4 ,! ,savior uses x z ! language
 ( accommodation1 z is evid5t f 8       
conv]sation ) ! woman ( ,sam>ia2 = he   
told h] t no exclusive spot 0 an        
acceptable place ( wor%ip1 s9ce ,god is 
a ,_s2 & !y t wor%ip him mu/ wor%ip him 
9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,no "o :o compreh5ds !   
mean+ ( ! words c suppose t ! ,inf9ite  
,_s occupies a conf9$ local habitation1 
& t m5 mu/ lit]ally j\rney !re to be )  
him aft] dea?4 ,:]ev] !y may be n[1 !y  
are away f him or ) him1 accord+ to _!  
*>act]s4 ,aft] dea? !y are m bani%$ f   
him or m imm$iately ) him1 in/antly1    
:]ev] !y are1 accord+ to ! _s !y are (4 
,lay n up = y\rselves treasures on e>?1 
b 9 heav54 ,9 o!r words1 ,be n absorb$ 9
 ef=ts to accumulate ho>ds ( gold &     
silv]1 & to get h\ses & l&s1 :i* w soon 
pass away2 b r labor to acquire heav5ly 
treasures1 wisdom1 love1 purity1 & fai?1
 :i* w nev] pass f y\r possession nor   
cease f y\r enjoym5t4  ,i g to prep>e a 

place = y4 ,& if ,i g & prep>e a place =
 y1 ,i w come aga9 & receive y unto     
myself1 t :]e ,i am !re ye may be also4 
,to und]/& ?is text1 we mu/ c>efully    
/udy ! :ole f\r *apt]s ( ! connection 9 
:i* x /&s4 ,!y ab\nd 9 bold symbols4 ,an
 in/ance ( ?is is se5 :]e ,jesus1 hav+  
wa%$ 8 disciples' feet1 says to !m1 ,ye 
are clean1 b n all4 ,= he knew :o %\ld  
betray him4 ,!re=e said he1 ,ye are n   
all clean4 ,! actual mean+ ( ! passage  
be=e u may be illu/rat$ by a %ort       
p>aphrase ( x ) ! context3 ,let n y\r   
he>ts be tr\bl$ by ! ?\ght t ,i mu/ die 
& be remov$ f y2 = !re are o!r /ates (  
be+ besides ?is e>?ly life4 ,:5 !y      
crucify me1 z ,i h said to y be=e1 ,i   
%all n p]i%1 b %all pass into a high]   
/ate ( exi/5ce ) my ,fa!r4 ,:i!r ,i g ye
 "k1 & ! way ye "k3 my ,fa!r is ! end1 &
 ! tru?s t ,i h decl>$ po9t out ! way4  
,if ye lov$ me1 ye w\ld rejoice because 
,i say t ,i g to ! ,fa!r4 ,& if ,i g to 
him1 if1 :5 !y h put me to dea?1 ,i pass
 into an unse5 /ate ( bless$ness & glory

 7z ,i prophesy unto y t ,i %all17 ,i w 
reveal myself unto y aga91 & tell y4 ,i 
g be=e y z a pione]1 & w surely come    
back & confirm1 ) irresi/ible evid5ce1 !
 reality ( :at ,i h already told y4     
,!re=e1 tr\ble n y\r he>ts1 b be ( good 
*e]4  ,!re is joy 9 ! pres5ce ( ! angels
 ( ,god ov] "o s9n] t rep5te?4 ,!       
s5tim5t ( ?is ,div9e decl>ation simply  
implies t all good be+s sympa?ize ) e   
triumph ( goodness2 t ! liv+ *a9 (      
mutual int]e/ runs ?r\gh ! spiritual    
univ]se1 mak+ "o family ( ^? on e>? & ^?
 9 ! invisible /ate4  ,t\* me n2 = ,i am
 n yet asc5d$ to my ,fa!r4 ,cl+ n to me1
 deta9 me n1 = ,i h n yet left ! _w     
=ev]1 to be 9 ! spiritual /ate ) my     
,fa!r2 & ere ,i d ?is ,i mu/ seek my    
disciples1 to conv9ce !m ( my           
resurrection & to give !m my p>t+       
commission & bless+4 ,he us$ ! common   
language1 = x 0 ! only language :i* %e  
:om he address$ w\ld und]/&2 & al?\gh1  
lit]ally int]pret$1 x convey$ ! idea ( a
 local heav5 on high1 yet at ! same "t x

 convey$1 & 9 ! only way intelligible to
 h]1 all ! tru? t 0 important1 namely1 t
 :5 he disappe>$ he w\ld /ill be liv+1 &
 be1 fur!rmore1 ) ,god4  ,:5 ,*ri/      
f9ally w5t f 8 disciples1 he seem$ to !m
 to rise & vani% t[>ds ! cl\ds4 ,?is    
w\ld confirm _! previ\s mat]ial         
conceptions1 & ! old =ms ( spee* w\ld be
 h&$ d[n1 /r5g!n$ by ^! ph5om5a1        
misund]/ood 9 !mselves & exagg]at$ 9 _! 
importance4 ,we g5]ally speak n[ (      
,god's ?rone1 ( heav51 z situat$ f> away
 9 ! blue e!r2 we po9t upw>d to ! _w (  
bliss1 & say1 ,!re ! cele/ial hosannas  
roll2 !re ! happy ones1 ! un=gott5 ones 
( our love1 wait to welcome u4 ,^! =ms (
 spee* are entirely natural2 !y are     
h>mless2 !y aid 9 giv+ def9it5ess to our
 ?\ghts & feel+s1 & x is well to cont9ue
 _! use2 x w\ld be difficult to express 
our ?\ghts )\t !m4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ und]/&
 t !y are n /rictly & exclusively true4 
,god is ev]y:]e2 & :]ev] he is !re is   
heav5 to ! spirits t are l him &1       
consequ5tly1 see him & enjoy 8 ineffable

 bless$ness4  ,jesus sometimes uses !   
phrase k+dom ( heav5 z synonym\s ) !    
,div9e w1 ! spiritual pr9ciples or laws 
:i* he 0 inspir$ to proclaim4 ,_m ( 8   
p>ables 7 spok5 to illu/rate ! diffusive
 p[] & ! incomp>able value ( ! tru? he  
taught1 z :5 he said1 ,! k+dom ( heav5  
is l a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 :i* becomes a  
great tree2 x is l unto leav51 :i* a    
woman put 9 two measures ( meal until ! 
:ole 0 leav5$2 x is l a treasure hid 9 a
 field1 or l a goodly pe>l ( great      
price1 :i*1 a man f9d+1 he goes & sells 
all t he has & buys x4 ,9 ^! examples ! 
k+dom ( heav5 is pla9ly a p]sonification
 ( ! reveal$ w ( ,god1 ! true law (     
salvation & et]nal life4 ,9 answ] to !  
"q :y he spoke s _m ?+s to ! p 9        
p>ables1 ,jesus said to 8 disciples1    
,because x is giv5 unto y to "k !       
my/]ies ( ! k+dom ( heav52 b unto !m x  
is n giv52 t is1 ,y are prep>$ to und]/&
 ! hi!rto conceal$ tru?s ( ,god's       
gov]nm5t1 if set =? pla9ly2 b !y are n  
prep>$4  ,"h z also 9 ! p>ables ( !     

v9ey>d let out to husb&m51 & ( ! man :o 
s[$ good se$ 9 8 field1 & 9 a few o!r   
cases ! k+dom ( heav5 means ,god's      
gov]nm5t1 8 mode ( deal+ ) m51 8 me?od (
 e/abli%+ 8 tru?s 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,!    
k+dom ( heav5 sometimes signifies       
p]sonal purity & peace1 fre$om f s5sual 
solicitations4 ,!re be eunu*s :i* h made
 !mselves eunu*s = ! k+dom ( heav5's    
sake4 ,he t is able to receive x1 let   
him receive x4  ,*ri/ frequ5tly uses !  
t]m k+dom ( heav5 9 a some:at re/rict$1 
traditional s5se1 bas$ 9 =m b n 9 _s ^u 
! ,jewi% expectations ( ! ,messiah's    
k+dom4 ,be ye sure ( ?is1 t ! k+dom (   
,god is come nigh unto y2 ,i mu/ prea* !
 k+dom ( ,god to o!r cities also2       
,rep5t1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4     
,*ri/ 0 *>g$ to be> to m5 a new         
revelation f ,god ( 8 gov]nm5t & laws1 t
 he might reign ov] !m z a mon>* ov]    
consci\s & loyal subjects4 ,_m %all come
 f ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 & %all sit d[n )    
,abraham & ,isaac & ,jacob 9 ! k+dom (  
heav52 b ! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom %all be ca/ 

out into out] d>kness4 ,! s5se ( ^!     
texts is z foll[s4 ,god is n[ (f]+ unto 
y1 ?r\gh me1 a spiritual disp5sation1 a 
new k+dom2 b1 unless y fai?fully he$ x &
 fulfil its conditions1 y %all be       
reject$ f x & lose ! ,div9e favor4      
,al?\gh1 by y\r position z ! *os5 p1 & 9
 ! l9e ( revelation1 y are its natural  
heirs1 yet1 unless y rule y\r spirits & 
lives by its comm&s1 y %all see !       
despis$ ,g5tiles enjoy+ all ! privileges
 y\r fai? all[s to ! rev]$ patri>*s (   
y\r nation1 :ile y\rselves are %ut out f
 !m & ov]:elm$ ) %ame & angui%4 ,y\r    
pride ( desc5t1 haught9ess ( _s1 &      
reliance ^u dead rites unfit y = ! true 
k+dom ( ,god1 ! inw>d reign ( humility &
 righte\sness2 & ! v publicans & h>lots1
 rep5t+ & humbl+ !mselves1 %all g into x
 be=e y4  ,to be welcom$ "u ?is         
,messianic disp5sation1 to become a     
citiz5 ( ?is spiritual k+dom ( ,god1 !  
,savior decl>es t !re are c]ta9         
indisp5sable conditions4 ,a man mu/     
rep5t & =sake 8 s9s4 ,?is 0 ! burd5 (   

,john's prea*+1 t ! c&idate = ! k+dom ( 
heav5 mu/ fir/ be baptiz$ ) wat] unto   
rep5tance1 z a sign t he abjures & is   
cleans$ f all 8 old errors & iniquities4
 ,!n he mu/ be baptiz$ ) ! ,holy ,_s & )
 fire1 t is1 mu/ le>n ! positive        
pr9ciples ( ! com+ k+dom1 & apply !m to 
8 own "*1 to purge away e corrupt ?+4   
,he mu/ be born aga91 born ( wat] & ( ! 
,_s3 9 o!r words1 he mu/ be br\ght out f
 8 impurity & wick$ness into a new &    
,div9e life ( hol9ess1 awak5$ to a      
consci\s exp]i5ce ( purity1 tru?1 &     
love1 ! great prime elem5ts 9 ! reign ( 
,god4 ,he mu/ be guileless & l[ly4      
,:osoev] w n receive ! k+dom ( ,god z a 
little *ild %all 9 no wise ent] !re94   
,! k+dom ( heav51 ! bett] disp5sation   
:i* ,*ri/ came to e/abli%1 is ! humility
 ( contrite he>ts1 ! innoc5ce ( little  
*ildr51 ! purity ( undefil$ consci5ces1 
! fruit ( good works1 ! tru? ( univ]sal 
laws1 ! love ( ,god1 & ! consci\s       
exp]i5ce ( an inde/ructible1 bless$ be+4
 ,^? :o ent] into ^! qualities 9 fai?1 9

 feel+1 & 9 action are full citiz5s ( t 
et]nal k+dom2 all o!rs are ali5s f x4   
,heav51 !n1 accord+ to ,*ri/'s use ( !  
^w1 is n di/9ctively a _w situat$       
some:]e 9 imm5sity1 b a purely spiritual
 exp]i5ce1 hav+ no?+ to d ) any special 
"t or place4 ,x is a /ate ( ! s\l1 or a 
/ate ( society1 "u ! rule ( tru?1 gov]n$
 by ,god's w1 ei!r 9 ?is life or 9 a    
future4 ,he said to ! "y rul] :o _h     
walk$ fai?fully 9 ! law1 & ^: good      
traits drew =? 8 love1 ,?\ art n f> f ! 
k+dom ( ,god4 ,x is evid5t t ?is does n 
mean a b\nd$ place ( abode1 b a true    
/ate ( "*1 a virtu\s mode ( life ,my    
k+dom is n ( ?is _w4 ,e "o t is ( ! tru?
 he>e? my voice4 ,t is1 ,my k+dom is !  
realm ( tru?1 ! dom9ion ( ,god's w1 &   
all true m5 are my subjects4 ,evid5tly  
?is is n a mat]ial b a moral reign &    
!re=e unlimit$ by seasons or places4    
,:]ev] purity1 tru?1 love1 ob$i5ce1     
prevail1 !re is ,god1 & t is heav54 ,x  
is n necess>y to dep>t into "s di/ant   
sph]e to meet ! ,inf9ite ,holy ,"o &    

dwell ) him4 ,he is on ! v du/ we tread1
 he is ! v c5tre ( our s\ls & brea? (   
our lives1 if we are only 9 a /ate t is 
fitt$ to recognise & enjoy him4 ,he t   
ha? s5t me is ) me3 ! ,fa!r ha? n left  
me alone1 = ,i always d ^? ?+s :i*      
please him4 ,x is a fair inf]5ce f su*  
/atem5ts z ?is t to d ) consci\s        
adoration & love ^? ?+s t please ,god is
 to be ) him1 )\t reg>d to "t or place2 
& t is heav54 ,i speak t :i* ,i h se5 ) 
my ,fa!r1 ,god1 & ye d t :i* ye h se5 ) 
y\r fa!r1 ! devil4 ,no "o w suppose t   
,jesus meant to tell ! wick$ m5 :om he 0
 address+ t !y committ$ _! iniquities 9 
consequ5ce ( lessons le>n$ 9 a previ\s  
/ate ( exi/5ce ) an ar* fi5d1 ! p>5t (  
all evil4 ,8 mean+1 !n1 01 ,i br+ =? 9  
words & de$s ! ?+s :i* ,i h le>n$ 9 my  
secret s\l f inspir$ communion ) inf9ite
 goodness & p]fection2 y br+ =? ! ?+s   
:i* y h le>n$ f communion ) ! s\rce ( s9
 & woe1 t is1 f\l prop5sities1 cruel    
passions1 & evil ?\ghts4  ,i come =? f !
 ,fa!r & am come into ! _w2 aga9 ,i     

leave ! _w & g unto ! ,fa!r4 ,i g unto  
,him t s5t me4 ,s9ce x is decl>$ t ,god 
is an ,omnipres5t ,_s1 & t ^? :o obey & 
love him see him & are ) him ev]y:]e1 ^!
 /rik+ words mu/ be> "o ( ! two foll[+  
int]pretations4 ,fir/1 !y may imply 9   
g5]al t man is creat$ & s5t into ?is    
/ate ( be+ by ! ,fa!r1 & t aft] !       
t]m9ation ( ! pres5t life ! s\l is      
admitt$ to a clos] union ) ! ,p>5t ,_s4 
,?is gives a natural mean+ to ! language
 :i* repres5ts dy+ z go+ to ! ,fa!r4 ,n 
t x is necess>y to travel to rea* ,god1 
b t ! spiritual v]ity is mo/ adequately 
express$ "u su* a metaphor4 ,b1         
secondly1 & m probably1 ! phraseology "u
 consid]ation may be meant z an ass]tion
 ( ! ,div9e orig9 & au?ority ( ! special
 mission ( ,*ri/4 ,nei!r came ,i (      
myself1 b ,he s5t me2 ,! words t ,i     
speak unto y ,i speak n ( myself2 ,z !  
,fa!r ha? taught me1 ,i speak ^! ?+s4   
,^! passages d n necess>ily tea* ! pre  
exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ & 8 desc5t f heav5 9 !  
fle%4 ,t is a c>nal int]pretation :i*   

does great viol5ce to ! g5u9e nature ( !
 claims put =? by our ,savior4 ,!y may  
m]ely decl>e ! sup]natural commission ( 
! ,son ( ,god1 8 direct inspiration &   
au?ority4 ,he did n volunt>ily assume 8 
great "w1 b 0 ,div9ely ord]$ on t       
s]vice4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ text3 ,!       
baptism ( ,john1 :5ce 0 x1 f ,heav51 or 
( m58 ,t is to say1 0 x ( human or (    
,div9e orig9 & au?ority8 ,s :5 x is said
 t ! ,son ( ,man desc5d$ f heav51 or 0  
s5t by ! ,fa!r1 ! mean+ 9 ,*ri/'s m9d   
probably 0 t he 0 rais$ up1 did 8 works1
 spoke 8 words1 by ! inspiration & ) !  
sanction ( ,god4 ,! accuracy ( ?is      
int]pretation is se5 by ! foll[+        
citation f ! ,savior's own words1 :5 he 
is speak+ 9 8 pray] at ! la/ supp] (    
s5d+ 8 disciples out to prea* ! gospel3 
,z ?\ ha/ s5t me into ! _w1 ev5 s h ,i  
also s5t !m into ! _w4 ,! ref]5ce1      
evid5tly1 is to a ,div9e *oice & seal+1 
n to a desc5t ^u ! e>? f ano!r sph]e4   
,t ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel believ$ t  
,*ri/ desc5d$ f heav5 lit]ally we h n ! 

%ad[ ( a d\bt4 ,he repeat$ly speaks (   
him z ! great sup] angelic ,logos1 !    
fir/ born ,son & p]fect image ( ,god1 ! 
in/rum5tal cause ( ! creation4 ,8 m9d 0 
fill$ ) ! same views1 ! same l(ty ,logos
 !ory t is s abundantly set =? 9 !      
writ+s ( ,philo ,judaus4 ,he reports &  
describes ! ,savior 9 con=mity ) su* a  
!ological po/ulate4 ,possess$ ) ! =egone
 conclusion t ,jesus 0 ! ,div9e ,logos1 
desc5d$ f ! cele/ial abode1 & born into 
! _w z a man1 9 endeavor+ to write out f
 memory1 ye>s aft] !y 7 utt]$1 !        
,savior's words1 x is probable t he     
unconsci\sly misappreh5d$ & t+$ !m      
accord+ to 8 !ory4 ,! ,delphic apo!gm1  
,"k ?yself1 0 said to h desc5d$ f heav53
  ,e coelo desc5dit non ,,ascii *>act]s4
  ,by a famili> ,jewi% idiom1 to asc5d  
into heav5 meant to le>n ! w ( ,god4#h  
,& :atev] bore ! direct sancion ( ,god 0
 said to desc5d f heav54 ,:5 9 ^!       
figurative t]ms ,jesus ass]t$ 8 ,div9e  
commission1 x seems t "s und]/ood him   
lit]ally1 & conclud$ p]haps 9 consequ5ce

 ( 8 miracles1 jo9$ ) _! own            
speculations t he 0 ! ,logos inc>nat$4  
,t su* a conclusion 0 an unw>rant$      
inf]5ce f metaphorical language & f a   
=egone pagan dogma appe>s f 8 own       
explanatory & ju/ify+ words spok5 to !  
,jews4 ,= :5 !y accus$ him ( mak+       
himself ,god1 he replies1 ,if 9 y\r law 
!y are call$ gods to :om ! ^w ( ,god    
came1 *>ge ye him :om ! ,fa!r ha?       
sanctifi$ & s5t into ! _w ) blasphemy1  
because he says he is ! ,son ( ,god8    
,*ri/'s language 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel  #h  
,s*oettg51 9 ,john iii4 #ac4   may be   
fairly expla9$ )\t imply+ 8 actual pre  
exi/5ce or sup]human nature4 ,b x does n
 seem to u t ,john's possibly c be4 ,8  
miracles1 accord+ to ! common idea ( !m1
 did n prove him to be ! coequal fac    
simile1 b m]ely prov$ him to be !       
delegat$ envoy1 ( ,god4  ,we may sum up 
! consid]ation ( ?is po9t 9 a few words4
 ,*ri/ did n ess5tially mean by ! t]m   
heav5 ! _w ( light & glory locat$ by !  
,hebrews1 & by "s o!r nations1 j above !

 visible firmam5t4 ,8 mean+1 :5 he spoke
 ( ! k+dom ( ,god or heav51 0 always1 9 
"s =m1 ei!r ! reign ( ju/ice1 purity1 & 
love1 or ! invisible _w ( spirits4 ,if t
 _w1 heav51 be 9 fact1 & 7 9 8          
conception1 a sph]e locat$ 9 space1 he  
nev] allud$ to its position1 b left x   
p]fectly 9 ! d>k1 keep+ 8 in/ructions   
scrupul\sly free f any su* commitm5t4   
,he said1 ,i g to ,him t s5t me2 ,i w   
come aga9 & receive y unto myself1 t :]e
 ,i am !re ye may be also4 ,! ref]5ces  
to locality are vague & my/]i\s4 ,!     
nature ( 8 words1 & _! scant9ess1 are z 
if he _h said1 ,we %all live h]eaft]2 we
 %all be ) ! ,fa!r2 we %all be toge!r4  
,all ! re/ is my/]y1 ev5 to me3 x is n  
important to be kn[n1 & ! ,fa!r ha?     
conceal$ x4 ,su*1 almo/1 are 8 v words4 
,a little :ile1 & ye %all n see me2     
aga91 a little :ile1 & ye %all see me1  
because ,i g to ! ,fa!r4 ,fa!r1 ,i w t  
!y also :om ?\ ha/ giv5 me be ) me :]e  
,i am4 ,:e!r heav5 be te*nically a      
mat]ial abode or a spiritual /ate x is (

 little importance to u to "k2 & !      
tea*+s ( ,jesus seem to h no?+ to d ) x4
 ,! important ?+s = u to "k are t !re is
 a heav51 & h[ we may prep>e = x2 & on  
^! po9ts ! revelation is explicit4 ,to  
suppose ! ,savior ignorant ( "s ?+s is n
 inconsi/5t ) 8 end[m5ts2 = he himself  
av[$ 8 ignorance1 say+1 ,( t day kn[e?  
no man2 no1 n ev5 ! angels :i* are 9    
heav51 nei!r ! ,son1 b ! ,fa!r4 ,& x    
adds an awful solemnity1 an             
indescribably excit+ int]e/1 to 8       
dep>ture f ! _w1 to conceive him hov]+  
on ! v]ge ( ! same my/]y :i* has        
envelop$ e pass+ mortal1  hov]+ !re )   
*a/5$ wond] & curiosity1 inspir$ ) an   
absolute tru/ t 9 t fa?omless obscurity 
! ,fa!r w\ld be ) him1 & w\ld unveil new
 realms ( life1 & w\ld enable him to    
come back & assure 8 disciples4 ,he     
c]ta9ly did n reveal ! details ( !      
future /ate3 :e!r he 0 acqua9t$ ) !m    
himself or n we _c tell4  ,we next      
advance to ! mo/ important portion ( !  
words ( ,*ri/ reg>d+ ! life & de/9y ( ! 

s\l1 ^? p>ts ( 8 doctr9e :i* are mo/ ( a
 p]sonal1 exp]im5tal "*1 s\nd+ ! f\nta9s
 ( consci\sness1 pi]c+ to ! divid+      
asund] ( our be+4 ,x is (t5 said t      
,jesus ev]y:]e takes = grant$ ! fact (  
immortality1 t x und]lies & p]meates all
 he does & says4 ,we %\ld "k at once t  
su* a be+ mu/ be immortal2 su* a life   
c\ld nev] be liv$ by an ephem]al        
creature2 ( all possible pro(s (        
immortality he is himself ! sublime/4   
,?is is true1 b n ! :ole tru?4 ,!       
resi/less assurance1 ! ,div9e           
inspiration1 ! sublime repose1 ) :i* he 
enunciates ! v>i\s ?\ghts connect$ ) !  
!me ( endless exi/5ce1 are inde$        
m>vell\s4 ,b he n only au?oritatively   
assumes ! tru? ( a future life3 he      
speaks directly ( x 9 _m ways1 (t5      
returns to x1 cont9ually hov]s ab\t x1  
reasons = x1 exhorts ^u x1 makes mo/ ( 8
 in/ructions h+e ^u x1 %[s t x is a     
favorite subject ( 8 communion4 ,we may 
put ! ju/ice ( ^! /atem5ts 9 a cle>     
light by br++ toge!r & expla9+ "s ( 8   

scatt]$ utt]ances4  ,8 express language 
tea*es t man 9 ?is _w is a tw(old be+1  
lead+ a tw(old life1 physical &         
spiritual1 ! "o temporal1 ! o!r et]nal1 
! "o apt unduly to absorb 8 affections1 
! o!r really des]v+ 8 pr(\nde/ c>e4 ,?is
 sep>ation ( ! body & ! s\l1 & survival 
( ! latt]1 is br\ght to light 9 v>i\s   
/rik+ =ms & ) v>i\s pi]c+ applications4 
,9 view ( ! dang]s t beset 8 disciples  
on _! mission1 he exhort$ & w>n$ !m ?us3
 ,fe> n !m :i* h p[] to kill ! body &   
aft]w>ds h no m t !y c d2 b r fe> ,him  
:o c kill bo? s\l & body2 ,:osoev] w    
save 8 life %all lose x2 & :osoev] w    
lose 8 life = my sake %all f9d x2 t is1 
:osoev]1 = ! sake ( sav+ ! life ( 8     
body1 %r9ks f ! duties ( ?is dang]\s "t1
 %all lose ! highe/ welf>e ( ! s\l2 b   
:osoev] love? 8 l[] life 9 ! body less  
?an he loves ! virtues ( a consecrat$ _s
 %all w9 ! true bless$ness ( 8 s\l4 ,bo?
 ( ^! passages %[ t ! s\l has a life &  
int]e/ sep>ate f ! mat]ial tab]nacle4 ,)
 :at pa?os & conv9c+ p[] 0 ! same fai?  

express$ 9 8 ejaculation f ! cross1     
,fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s6 an  
expression ( tru/ :i*1 "u su*           
circum/ances ( des]tion1 horror1 &      
agony1 c\ld only h be5 prompt$ by t     
inspiration ( ,god :i* he always claim$ 
to h4  ,*ri/ once reason$ ) ! ,sadducees
 z t\*+ ! dead1 t !y rise2 9 o!r words1 
t ! s\ls ( m5 ^u ! decease ( ! body pass
 into ano!r & an un5d+ /ate ( exi/5ce3  
,nei!r c !y die any m2 = !y are equal ) 
! angels1 & are *ildr5 ( ,god1 be+      
*ildr5 ( ! resurrection4 ,8 argum5t 01 t
 ,god is ! ,god ( ! liv+1 n ( ! dead2 t 
is1 ! spiritual nature ( man involves   
su* a relation%ip ) ,god z pl$ges 8     
attributes to its p]petuity4 ,! ?\ght   
:i* supports ?is reason+ p5etrates f>   
into ! s\l & grasps ! moral relations   
betwe5 man & ,god4 ,x is mo/ int]e/+    
view$ z ! unqualifi$ affirmation by     
,jesus ( ! doctr9e ( a future life :i*  
%all be dea?less4  ,b ! ,savior usually 
/ood 9 a m impos+ attitude & spoke 9 a m
 comm&+ tone ?an are indicat$ 9 ! =ego+ 

s5t5ces4 ,! prevail+ /& po9t f :i* he   
spoke 0 t ( an oracle giv+ responses f !
 inn] %r9e ( ! ,div9ity4 ,! words &     
s5tim5ts he utt]$ 7 n 81 b ! ,fa!r's2 & 
he utt]$ !m 9 ! cle> tones ( k &        
au?ority1 n 9 ! :isp]+ acc5ts (         
speculation or surmise4 ,h[ ^! entranc+ 
tid+s came to him he knew n3 !y 7 no    
creations ( 82 !y rose spontane\sly )9  
him1 be>+ ! miracul\s sign & seal (     
,god1 a recomm5dation he c\ld no m "q or
 resi/ ?an he c\ld d5y 8 own exi/5ce4   
,he 0 set ap>t z a mess5g] to m54 ,!    
tide ( inspiration well$ up till x fill$
 e n]ve & crevice ( 8 be+ ) consci\s    
life & ) an ov]ma/]+ recognition ( its  
liv+ relations ) ! ,omnipres5t &        
,ev]la/+ ,life4 ,/raightway he knew t ! 
,fa!r 0 9 him & he 9 ! ,fa!r1 & t he 0  
commission$ to reveal ! m9d ( ! ,fa!r to
 ! _w4  ,he knew1 by ! direct k (       
inspiration & consci\sness1 t he %\ld   
live =ev]4 ,be=e 8 ke51 full1 spiritual 
vitality ! ?\ght ( dea? fl$ away1 !     
?\ght ( annihilation c\ld n come4 ,s f> 

remov$ 0 8 s\l f ! p]ception ( int]ior  
sleep & decay1 s broad & p[]ful 0 8     
consci\sness ( inde/ructible life1 t he 
saw q ?r\gh ! crumbl+ husks ( "t & s5se 
to ! cry/al sea ( _s & ?\ght4 ,s absorb+
 0 8 s5se ( et]nal life 9 himself t he  
ev5 con/ruct$ an argum5t f 8 p]sonal    
feel+ to prove ! immortality ( o!rs1    
say+ to 8 disciples1 ,because ,i live1  
ye %all live also2 ,ye believe 9 ,god1  
believe also 9 me4 ,ye believe :at ,god 
decl>es1 = he _c be mi/ak52 believe :at 
,i decl>e = 8 inspiration makes me      
infallible :5 ,i say !re are _m sph]es (
 life = u :5 ?is is end$4  ,x 0 f !     
fulness ( ?is exp]i5ce t ,jesus address$
 8 he>]s4 ,he spoke n s mu* z "o :o _h  
fai? t immortal life w\ld h]eaft] be    
reveal$ & c]tifi$1 b r z "o already 9 ! 
insight & possession ( x1 z "o ^: foot  
already trod ! et]nal floor & ^: vision 
pi]c$ ! imm5se horizon4 ,v]ily1 v]ily1  
,i say unto y1 he t he>e? my ^w &       
believe? on ,him t s5t me ha? ev]la/+   
life1 & %all n come into condemnation1 b

 is pass$ f dea? unto life4 ,be+ himself
 br\ght to ?is immovable assurance (    
immortal life by ! special inspiration (
 ,god1 x 0 8 aim to br+ o!rs to ! same  
bless$ k4 ,8 ef=ts to effect ?is =m a   
mo/ con/ant feature 9 8 tea*+s4 ,8 own  
def9ition ( 8 mission 01 ,i am come t !y
 might h life1 & t !y might h x m       
abundantly4 ,we see by ! p]si/5t drift (
 8 words t he /rove to lead o!rs to !   
same spiritual po9t he /ood at1 t !y    
might see ! same prospect he saw1 feel !
 same c]titude he felt1 enjoy ! same    
communion ) ,god & s5se ( immortality he
 enjoy$4 ,z ! ,fa!r raise? up ! dead &  
quick5e? !m1 ev5 s ! ,son quick5e? :om  
he w2 ,= z ! ,fa!r ha? life 9 himself1 s
 ha? he giv5 ! ,son to h life 9 himself2
 ,fa!r1 glorify ?y ,son1 t ?y ,son also 
may glorify !e2 z ?\ ha/ giv5 him p[]   
ov] all fle%1 t he might give et]nal    
life to z _m z ?\ ha/ giv5 him3 & ?is is
 life et]nal1 t !y might "k !e1 ! only  
true ,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/ :om ?\ ha/    
s5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! mission ( ,*ri/ 0  

to awak5 9 m5 ! exp]i5ce ( immortal     
life2 & t w\ld be produc$ by imp>t+ to  
!m reproduc+ 9 !m ! exp]i5ce ( 8 own    
s\l4 ,let u notice :at /eps he took to  
secure ?is end4  ,he beg9s by dem&+ !   
unres]v$ cr$5ce ( m5 to :at he says1    
claim+ to say x ) express au?ority f    
,god1 & giv+ miracul\s cr$5tials4       
,:atsoev] ,i speak1 !re=e1 z ! ,fa!r    
said to me1 s ,i speak4 ,?is claim to   
inspir$ k he advances s emphatically t x
 _c be ov]look$4 ,he !n ann\nces1 z an  
unque/ionable tru?1 ! supreme claim (   
man's spiritual int]e/s ^u 8 att5tion & 
labor1 alike f _! inh]5t sup]iority & _!
 endur+ subsi/5ce4 ,= :at %all x pr(it a
 man if he ga9 ! :ole _w & lose 8 own   
s\l8 ,?\ fool1 ?is night ?y s\l %all be 
requir$ ( !e3 !n ^: %all be ^? ?+s ?\   
ha/ ga!r$8 ,labor n = ! meat :i* p]i%e?1
 b = t meat :i* endure? unto ev]la/+    
life4  ,! inspiration :i* dictat$ ^!    
in/ructions evid5tly bas$ !m ^u !       
pr(\nde/ spiritual philosophy1  ^u !    
tru? t man lives at once 9 a sph]e (    

mat]ial objects :i* is comp>atively     
unimportant because he w soon leave x1 &
 9 a sph]e ( moral realities :i* is all 
important because he w live 9 x =ev]4   
,man %all n live by bread alone1 b by e 
^w t proce$e? out ( ! m\? ( ,god4 ,!    
body1 exi/+ 9 ! sph]e ( mat]ial         
relations1 is support$ by mat]ial bread2
 b ! s\l1 exi/+ 9 ! sph]e ( spiritual   
relations1 is support$ by tru?1 ! n\ri%+
 brea? ( ,god's love4 ,we are 9 ! et]nal
 _w1 !n1 at pres5t4 ,its laws &         
influ5ces p5etrate & rule u2 its e!real 
tides lave & be> u on2 our exp]i5ce &   
de/9y 9 x are decid$ e mom5t by our     
*>act]s4 ,if we are pure 9 he>t1 h vital
 fai? & =ce1 we %all see ,god & h new   
revelations made to u4 ,su* are among ! 
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity4     
,!re is ano!r class ( texts1 bas$ ^u a  
highly figurative /yle ( spee*1 /rik+   
,ori5tal idioms1 ! explanation ( :i* w  
ca/ fur!r light ^u ! bran* ( ! subject  
imm$iately be=e u4 ,z ! liv+ ,fa!r ha?  
s5t me1 & ,i live by ! ,fa!r1 s he t    

eate? me1 ev5 he %all live by me2 t is1 
,z ! bless$ ,fa!r ha? inspir$ me ) ! k (
 him1 & ,i am bless$ ) ! consci\sness ( 
8 immortal love1 s he t believes &      
assimilates ^! tru?s z ,i proclaim !m1  
he %all exp]i5ce ! same bless$ness ?r\gh
 my in/ruction4 ,! words4 ,i am ! bread 
( life are expla9$ by ! words ,i am !   
tru?4 ,! decl>ation ,:oso eate? my fle% 
ha? et]nal life is illu/rat$ by !       
decl>ation ,:osoev] he>e? my ^w &       
believe? on ,him t s5t me ha? ev]la/+   
life4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+   
:at ,jesus meant :5 he said1 ,i h meat  
to eat ye "k n (3 my meat is to d ! w ( 
,him t s5t me4 ,:y %\ld we n ) ! same   
ease1 ^u ! same pr9ciples1 int]pret 8   
k9dr$ expression1 ,?is is ! bread :i*   
come? d[n f heav51 t a man may eat !re( 
& n die8 ,! idea to be convey$ by all   
?is phraseology is1 t :osoev] und]/&s1  
accepts1 assimilates1 & br+s out 9 e>ne/
 exp]i5ce1 ! tru?s ,*ri/ taught1 w\ld   
realize ! life ( ,*ri/1 feel ! same     
assurance ( ,div9e favor & et]nal       

bless$ness4 ,he t eate? my fle% & dr9ke?
 my blood dwelle? 9 me & ,i 9 him2 t is1
 we h ! same "*1 are f$ by ! same       
nutrim5t1 re/ 9 ! same exp]i5ce4        
,=tunately1 we are n left to guess at ! 
accuracy ( ?is exegesis3 x is demon/rat$
 f ! lips ( ! ,ma/] himself4 ,:5 he knew
 t ! disciples murmur$ at :at he _h said
 ab\t eat+ 8 fle%1 & call$ x a h>d say+1
 he said to !m1 ,x is ! _s t quick5e?2 !
 fle% pr(ite? no?+3 ! words t ,i speak  
unto y1 !y are _s & !y are life4 ,b !re 
are "s ( y t believe n4 ,any man :o     
he>tily believ$ :at ,*ri/ said t he 0   
,div9ely au?oriz$ to decl>e1 & did      
decl>e1 ! p]vad+ goodness ( ! ,fa!r & ! 
immortal bless$ness ( ! s\ls ( 8 *ildr51
 by ! v t]ms 0 deliv]$ f ! bondage ( fe>
 & comm5c$ ! consci\sness ( et]nal life4
 ,( c\rse1 we are n to suppose t fai? 9 
,*ri/ obta9s immortality itself = !     
believ]3 x only rectifies & lights up ! 
conditions ( x1 & awak5s ! consci\sness 
( x4 ,i am ! resurrection & ! life3     
:osoev] live? & believe? 9 me %all nev] 

die4 ,we suppose ?is means1 he %all "k t
 he is nev] to p]i%3 x _c ref] to       
physical dissolution1 = ! believ] dies  
equally ) ! unbeliev]2 x _c ref] to     
immortal exi/5ce 9 itself1 = ! unbeliev]
 is z immortal z ! believ]3 x mu/ ref]  
to ! bless$ nature ( t immortality & to 
! p]sonal assurance ( x1 because ^!     
,*ri/ does imp>t to ! disciple1 :ile !  
unreg5]ate unbeliev] 9 8 doctr9e1 (     
c\rse1 has !m n4 ,com+ f ,god to reveal 
8 inf9ite love1 exemplify+ ! ,div9e     
elem5ts ( an immortal nature 9 8 :ole   
c>e]1 com+ back f ! grave to %[ its     
sceptre brok5 & to po9t ! way to heav51 
well may ,*ri/ proclaim1 ,:osoev]       
believes 9 me kn[s he %all nev] p]i%4   
,among ! ,savior's p>ables is an        
impressive "o1 :i* we _c help ?9k+      
p]haps fancifully 0 int5d$ to illu/rate 
! deal+s ( ,provid5ce 9 ord]+ ! e>?ly   
de/9y ( humanity4 ,s is ! k+dom ( ,god1 
z if a man %\ld ca/ se$ into ! gr\nd & !
 se$ %\ld gr[ up2 b :5 ! fruit is ripe  
he putte? 9 ! sickle1 because ! h>ve/ is

 come4 ,m5 are se$ s[n 9 ?is _w to rip5 
& be h>ve/$ 9 ano!r4 ,! figure1 tak5 on 
! scale ( ! human race & ! :ole e>?1 is 
sublime4 ,:e!r su* an image 7 orig9ally 
sugge/$ by ! p>able or n1 ! conception  
is consi/5t ) ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,! pi\s 
,/]l+ prays1  ,give ?\ ! life :i* we    
require1 ,t1 root$ fa/ 9 !e1 ,f !e to !e
 we may aspire1 ,& e>? ?y g>d5 be4  ,!  
symbol %ock+ly p]v]t$ f its orig9al     
beautiful mean+ by ! mi/ak5 belief t we 
sleep 9 our graves until a di/ant       
resurrection day is (t5 appli$ to burial
 gr\nds4 ,let its appropriate           
significance be re/or$4 ,life is !      
field1 dea? ! reap]1 ano!r sph]e ( be+ !
 imm$iate g>n]4 ,an enlight5$ ,*ri/ian1 
in/ead ( entitl+ a gravey>d ! g>d5 ( !  
dead1 & look+ = its long buri$ =ms to   
spr+ f its cold embrace1 w he> ! angel  
say+ aga91 ,!y are n "h3 !y are ris54 ,!
 l9e :i* writt5 on ,klop/ock's tomb is a
 melan*oly error1 engrav$ on 8 cradle   
w\ld h be5 an inspir+ tru?3  ,se$ s[n by
 ,god to rip5 = ! h>ve/4  ,sev]al       

fragm5t>y spee*es1 :i* we h n yet       
notic$1 ( ! mo/ trem5d\s & ev5 exhau/ive
 import1 are report$ z hav+ fall5 f !   
lips ( ,*ri/ at diff]5t times4 ,^!      
s5t5ces1 rapid & incomplete z !y are 9 !
 =m 9 :i* !y h rea*$ u1 d yet give u    
glimpses ( ! mo/ mom5t\s "* into !      
pr(\nde/ ?\ghts ( 8 m9d4 ,!y are        
suffici5t to enable u to g5]alize _!    
fundam5tal pr9ciples1 & con/ruct !      
outl9es1 if we may s speak1 ( 8 !ology1 
8 inspir$ conception ( ,god1 ! univ]se1 
& man1 & ! result+ duties & de/9y ( man4
 ,we w briefly br+ toge!r & int]pret ^! 
passages1 & d$uce ! sy/em :i* !y seem to
 presuppose & re/ ^u4  ,jesus told !    
woman ( ,sam>ia t ,god 0 to be wor%ipp$ 
acceptably nei!r 9 t m\nta9 nor at      
,j]usalem exclusively1 b any:]e1 if x 7 
wor?ily done4 ,god is a ,_s2 & !y t     
wor%ip him mu/ wor%ip him 9 _s & 9 tru?4
 ,?is passage1 ) o!rs1 tea*es !         
spirituality & omnipres5ce ( ,god4 ,*ri/
 conceiv$ ( ,god z an inf9ite ,_s4      
,aga91 com=t+ 8 fri5ds 9 view ( 8       

approa*+ dep>ture1 he said1 ,9 my       
,fa!r's h\se are _m mansions3 if x 7 n s
 ,i w\ld h told y4 ,i g to prep>e a     
place = y4 ,"h he pla9ly figures !      
univ]se z a h\se conta9+ _m ap>tm5ts1   
all p]vad$ & rul$ by ! ,fa!r's pres5ce4 
,he 0 ab\t tak+ leave ( ?is e>? to      
proce$ to ano!r "p ( ! creation1 & he   
promis$ to come back to 8 foll[]s &     
assure !m !re 0 ano!r abode prep>$ = !m4
 ,*ri/ conceiv$ ( ! univ]se1 ) its      
innum]able divisions1 z ! h\se ( ,god4  
,fur!rmore1 he reg>d$ tru? or ! ess5tial
 laws & "r t5d5cies ( ?+s & ! w ( ,god z
 id5tical4 ,he said he came into ! _w to
 d ! w ( ,him t s5t him2 t is1 z he at  
ano!r "t express$ x1 he came into ! _w  
to be> witness unto ! tru?4 ,?us he     
pray$1 ,fa!r1 sanctify !m ?r\gh ! tru?3 
?y ^w is tru?4 ,*ri/ conceiv$ ( pure    
tru? z ! w ( ,god4 ,f9ally1 he taught t 
all :o obey ! tru?1 or d ! w ( ,god1    
!reby con/itute "o family ( bre?r51 "o  
family ( ! accept$ *ildr5 ( ,god1 9 all 
worlds =ev]4 ,he t doe? ! tru? come? to 

! light1 t 8 de$s may be made manife/ t 
!y are wr\ght 9 ,god2 ,:osoev] %all d ! 
w ( ,god1 ! same is my bro!r1 & my si/]1
 & "m2 ,ye %all "k ! tru?1 & ! tru? %all
 make y free4 ,:osoev] committe? s9 is !
 s]vant ( s94 ,& ! s]vant abide? n 9 !  
h\se =ev]2 b ! son abide? =ev]4 ,if !   
,son1 !re=e1 make y free1 ye %all be    
free inde$4 ,t is to say1 tru? gives a  
good man ! fre$om ( ! univ]se1 makes him
 "k himself an heir1 immortally &       
ev]y:]e at home2 s9 gives ! wick$ man   
ov] to bondage1 makes him feel afraid ( 
be+ an outca/1 loads him ) h>d%ips z a  
s]vant4 ,:oev] w believe ! revelations (
 ,*ri/1 & assimilate 8 exp]i5ce1 %all   
lose ! wret*$ burd5s ( unbelief & fe> & 
be no long] a s]vant1 b be made free    
inde$1 be+ adopt$ z a son4  ,! :ole     
conception1 !n1 is ?is3 ,! univ]se is "o
 va/ h\se1 compris+ _m subord9ate       
mansions4 ,all ! moral be+s t dwell 9 x 
compose "o immortal family4 ,god is !   
univ]sal ,fa!r4 ,8 w ! tru? is ! law ( !
 h\sehold4 ,:oev] obeys x is a wor?y son

 & has ! ,fa!r's approbation2 :oev]     
disobeys x is ali5at$ & degrad$ into !  
condition ( a s]vant4 ,we may roam f    
room to room1 b c nev] get lo/ outside !
 walls beyond ! rea* ( ! ,pat]nal arms4 
,dea? is v>iety ( sc5]y & progress (    
life3  ,we b[ our heads ,at go+ out1 we 
?9k1 & ent] /raight ,ano!r gold5 *amb] (
 ! ,k+'s1 ,l>g] ?an ?is we leave1 &     
loveli]4  ,:o c compreh5d ! idea1 9 its 
ov]:elm+ magnific5ce & 9 its t\*+       
beauty1 its sweep+ amplitude embrac+ all
 my/]ies1 its delicate fitness meet+ all
 wants1 )\t be+ impress$ & /irr$ by x1  
ev5 to ! reg5]ation ( 8 s\l8 ,if !re is 
any ?+ calculat$ to make man feel & live
 l a *ild ( ,god1 x w\ld surely seem to 
be ?is conception4 ,its unrivall$       
simplicity & v]isimilitude compel !     
ass5t ( ! m9d to its reality4 ,x is !   
mo/ adequate & sublime view ( ?+s t ev] 
ent]$ ! reason ( man4 ,x is wor?y !     
inspiration ( ,god1 wor?y ! prea*+ ( !  
,son ( ,god4 ,all ! artificial &        
arbitr>y s*emes ( fanciful !ologians are

 z ridicul\s & imp]t95t be=e x z !      
(f5sive fl>+ ( tor*es 9 ! face ( "o :o  
sees ! /eady & solemn spl5dors ( ! sun4 
,to live 9 ! h>mony ( ! tru? ( ?+s1 9 ! 
consci\s love ( ,god & enjoym5t (       
immortality1 bless$ *ildr51 ev]y:]e at  
home 9 ! hospitable mansions ( ! ev]la/+
 ,fa!r1 ?is is ! exp]i5ce to :i* ,*ri/  
calls 8 foll[]s2 & any es*atology       
inconsi/5t ) su* a conception is n 84   
,!re are two g5]al me?ods (             
int]pretation respectively appli$ to !  
words ( ,*ri/1 ! lit]al1 or me*anical1 &
 ! spiritual1 or vital4 ,! =m] leads to 
a belief 9 8 second visible adv5t ) an  
army ( angels f heav51 a bodily         
resurrection ( ! dead1 a univ]sal       
judgm5t1 ! burn+ up ( ! _w1 et]nal      
tortures ( ! wick$ 9 an abyss ( inf]nal 
fire1 a heav5 locat$ on ! ar* ( !       
,hebrew firmam5t4 ,! latt] gives u a    
gr\p ( ! pr(\nde/ moral tru?s clu/]$    
ab\t ! illum9at+ & emphasiz+ mission (  
,*ri/1 seal$ ) ,div9e sanctions1 tru?s (
 univ]sal obligation & ( all r$eem+ p[]4

 ,! =m] me?od is /ill adopt$ by ! great 
body ( ,*ri/5dom1 :o are l&$ by x 9 a   
sy/em ( doctr9es well nigh id5tical ) ^?
 ( ! ,ph>isees1 aga9/ :i* ,*ri/ s       
emphatically w>n$ 8 foll[]s1 a sy/em (  
traditional dogmas n hav+ ! slighte/    
support 9 philosophy1 nor ! lea/ contact
 ) ! realities ( exp]i5ce1 nor ! fa9te/ 
color ( inh]5t or hi/orical probability4
 ,9 ?is age !y are absolutely incr$ible 
to unhamp]$ & /udi\s m9ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 ! latt] me?od is pursu$ by ! gr[+ body 
( rational ,*ri/ians1 & x guides !m to a
 consi/5t array ( inde/ructible moral   
tru?s1 simple1 fundam5tal1 & exhau/ive1 
an array ( spiritual pr9ciples comm&+   
univ]sal & implicit homage1 rob$ 9 _!   
own brightness1 accr$it$ by _! own      
fitness1 arm$ ) ! lovel9ess & t]ror ( _!
 own rew>d+ & av5g+ div9ity1 fla%+ 9    
mutual lights & s\nd+ 9 consonant e*oes 
alike f ! law ( nature & f ! s\l ( man1 
z ! ,son ( ,god1 ) miracul\s voice1     
speaks betwe54  ,,*apt] ,,vii4          
,,resurrection ,,( ,,*ri/4  ,,( all !   

s+le ev5ts t ev] 7 suppos$ to h occurr$ 
9 ! _w1 p]haps ! mo/ augu/ 9 its moral  
associations & ! mo/ /up5d\s 9 its l9eal
 effects1 bo? on ! outw>d =tunes & on ! 
inw>d exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 is !           
resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/ f ! dead4   
,if1 !re=e1 !re is "o !me 9 all ! range 
( ?\ght wor?y ( c&id consid]ation1 x is 
?is4 ,!re are two ways ( exam9+ x4 ,we  
may1 z unque/ion+ ,*ri/ians1 inquire h[ 
! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s repres5t x1 :at  
premises !y assume1 :at /atem5ts !y     
make1 & :at inf]5ces !y draw4 ,?us1 )\t 
p]v]sion1 )\t mixture ( our own notions1
 we %\ld con/ruct ! ,scripture doctr9e (
 ! resurrection ( ! ,savior4 ,aga9 z    
critical s*ol>s & philosophical ?9k]s1  
we may /udy t doctr9e 9 all its p>ts1   
scrut9ize x 9 all its be>+s1 trace1 z f>
 z possible1 ! /eps & processes ( its   
=mation1 discrim9ate z well z we c1 by  
all fair te/s1 :e!r x be entirely       
correct1 or :olly errone\s1 or p>tly    
true & p>tly false4 ,bo? ( ^! me?ods (  
inve/igation are necess>y to a full     

und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,bo? are obligatory
 ^u ! e>ne/ inquir]4 ,:oso w\ld bravely 
face 8 beliefs & intellig5tly compreh5d 
!m1 ) _! gr\nds & _! issues1 ) a dev\t  
desire = ! pure tru?1 :atsoev] x may be1
 putt+ 8 tru/ 9 ! ,god :o made him1 w   
nev] %r9k f ei!r ( ^! c\rses (          
exam9ation4 ,:oso does %r9k f ^!        
inquiries is ei!r a moral c[>d1 afraid (
 ! results ( an hone/ se>* aft] t tru? (
 ?+s :i* expresses ! w ( ! ,creator1 or 
a spiritual slugg>d1 fright5$ by a call 
to m5tal ef=t & torpidly cl++ to ease ( 
m9d4 ,& :oso1 accept+ ! p]sonal *all5ge 
( criticism1 c>ries on ! inve/igation ) 
prejudice & passion1 hold+ errors       
because he ?9ks !m safe & useful1 &     
reject+ realities because he fancies !m 
dang]\s & evil1 is an intellectual      
traitor1 disloyal to ! sacr$ laws by :i*
 ,god h$ges ! holy fields & rules !     
responsible subjects ( ! realm ( tru?4  
,we %all comb9e ! two modes ( inquiry1  
fir/ s+ly ask+ :at ! ,scriptures decl>e1
 !n critically seek+ :at ! facts w      

w>rant1 x be+ unimportant to u :e!r ^!  
l9es exactly co9cide or div]ge some:at1 
! tru? itself be+ all4 ,we n[ pass to an
 exam9ation ( ,*ri/'s resurrection f    
five po9ts ( view3 fir/1 z a fact2      
second1 z a fulfilm5t ( prophecy2 ?ird1 
z a pl$ge2 f\r?1 z a symbol2 & fif?1 z a
 !ory4  ,! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t     
speak ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 9 ! fir/
 place1 z a fact4 ,jesus :om ye slew &  
hang$ on a tree1 him ha? ,god rais$ up4 
,x c\ld n h be5 view$ by !m 9 ! light ( 
a !ory or a leg5d1 nor1 inde$1 z any ?+ 
else ?an a m>vell\s b lit]al fact4 ,?is 
appe>s f _! m9ute acc\nts ( ! sc5es at !
 sepul*re & ( ! disappe>ance ( 8 body4  
,_! decl>ations ( ?is are mo/           
unequivocal1 emphatic1 it]at$1 ,! ,"l is
 ris5 inde$4 ,all t 0 mo/ important 9 _!
 fai? !y bas$ ^u x1 all t 0 mo/ preci\s 
to !m 9 ?is life !y /ak$ ^u x4 ,else :y 
/& we 9 jeop>dy e h\r8 ,!y held x be=e  
_! inn] vision z a guid+ /> ?r\gh !     
night ( _! suff]+s & dang]s1 & freely   
p\r$ out _! blood ^u ! cruel %r9es (    

m>tyrdom 9 te/imony t x 0 a fact4 ,t !y 
believ$ he lit]ally rose f ! grave 9    
visible =m also appe>s1 & /ill m =cibly1
 f _! descriptions ( 8 frequ5t          
manife/ations to !m4 ,^! %[ t 9 _! fai? 
he assum$ at 8 resurrection ! same body 
9 :i* he _h liv$ be=e1 :i* 0 crucifi$ & 
buri$4 ,all attempts1 :e!r by           
,sw$5borgians or o!rs1 to expla9 ?is    
,scripture language z signify+ t he rose
 9 an immat]ial body1 are futile4#a ,he 
appe>$ to _! s5ses & 0 recognis$ by 8   
id5tical bodily =m4 ,he p>took (        
physical food ) !m4 ,!y gave him a piece
 ( broil$ fi% & ( an honey comb2 & he   
ate be=e !m4 ,! m>ks 9 8 h&s & side 7   
felt by ! incr$ul\s ,?omas1 & conv9c$   
him4 ,he said to !m1 ,h&le me1 & see2 = 
a _s ha? n fle% & bones z ye see me h4  
,to a c&id m9d !re c h>dly be a "q t !  
gospel records describe ! resurrection (
 ,*ri/ z a lit]al fact1 t 8 s\l         
reanimat$ ! deceas$ body1 & t 9 x he %[$
 himself to 8 disciples4 ,yet t !re are 
a few texts imply+ ! immat]iality ( 8   

resurrection body t !re are two acc\nts 
( x 9 ! gospels we _c d5y4  ,we advance 
to see :at is ! hi/orical evid5ce = !   
fact ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,?is     
argum5t1 ( c\rse1 turns *iefly on "o    
po9t1 namely1 ! compet5cy ( ! witnesses1
 & ! validity ( _! te/imony4#b ,we w    
pres5t ! usually exhibit$ s*eme ( pro( z
 /rongly z we c4#c ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^?  
:o te/ifi$ to ! resurrection 7 num]\s   
en\gh1 s f> z m]e numb]s g1 to e/abli% !
 fact beyond "q4 ,paul decl>es !re 7    
above five hundr$ :o f _! p]sonal k c\ld
 affirm ( ! ,"l's resurrection4 ,b      
p>ticul>ly !re 7 ! elev5 apo/les1 ! two 
,m>ys1 ,cleopas1 & ! disciples f :om    
,joseph & ,mat?ias ! c&idates = ,judas  
,isc>iot's apo/le%ip 7 select$1 consi/+ 
probably ( mo/ ( ! sev5ty4 ,if ! evid5ce
 ( any numb] ( m5 ought to conv9ce u ( !
 alleg$ ev5t1 !n1 "u ! exi/+            
circum/ances1 t ( twelve ought4         
,important matt]s ( hi/ory are (t5      
unhesitat+ly receiv$ on ! au?ority ( a  
s+le hi/orian4 ,if ! occurr5ces at ! "t 

7 suffici5t to demon/rate to a          
reasonable m9d ! reality ( !            
resurrection1 !n ! unanim\s te/imony (  
twelve m5 to ^? occurr5ces %\ld conv9ce 
u4 ,! oa?s ( a ?\s& w\ld be no /rong]4  
,^! m5 possess$ suffici5t abilities to  
be tru/$1 good p[]s ( judgm5t1 & v>i$   
exp]i5ce4 ,! selection ( !m by ,him :o  
knew :at 0 9 man1 ! boldness & effici5cy
 ( _! lives1 ! fruits ( _! labors       
ev]y:]e1 amply prove _!  #a ,! opposite 
view is ably argu$ by ,bu% 9 8 valuable 
treatise on ! ,resurrection4  #b        
,%]lock1 ,trial ( ! ,witnesses4  #c     
,ditton1 ,demon/ration ( ! ,resurrection
 ( ,*ri/4 ,= a /]nly fai?ful e/imate ( !
 cog5cy ( ?is argum5t1 x mu/ be rememb]$
 t all ! data1 e fact & po/ulate 9 ea*  
/ep ( ! reason+1 re/ on ! hi/orical     
au?ority ( ! f\r ,gospels1 docum5ts ^:  
au?or%ip & date are lo/ 9 obscurity4    
,ev5 ( or?odox !ologians few1 ) any     
claims to s*ol>%ip1 n[ hold t ^!        
,gospels1 z !y /&1 7 writt5 by ! p]sons 
^: names !y be>4 ,!y w&] & wav] 9 a ?ick

 fog4 ,see ,milman's ,hi/ory (          
,*ri/ianity1 vol4 i4 *4 ii4 app5dix ii4 
g5]al intellig5ce & en]gy4 ,& !y _h1    
too1 ! mo/ abundant opportunities ( k 9 
reg>d to ! facts to :i* !y bore witness4
 ,!y 7 pres5t 9 ! places1 at ! times1 :5
 & :]e ! ev5ts occurr$4 ,e motive w\ld  
conspire to make !m scrut9ize ! subject 
& ! att5dant circum/ances4 ,& x seems !y
 did exam9e2 = at fir/ "s d\bt$1 b      
aft]w>ds believ$4 ,!y _h be5 close      
companions ( ,jesus = m ?an a ye> at !  
lea/4 ,!y _h /udi$ 8 e feature1 look1   
ge/ure4 ,!y mu/ h be5 able to recognise 
him1 or to detect an impo/or1 if !      
absurd idea ( an attempt$ imposition c  
be ent]ta9$4 ,!y saw him _m times1 ne>  
at h&1 9 ! broad light4 ,n only did !y  
see him1 b !y h&l$ 8 w\nd$ limbs & li/5$
 to 8 wondr\s voice4 ,if ^! means ( kn[+
 ! tru? 7 n en\gh to make _! evid5ce    
valid1 !n no opportunities c\ld be      
suffici5t4  ,:oso all[s its full =ce to 
! argum5t ?us f> w admit t ! te/imony ( 
! witnesses to ! resurrection is        

conclusive1 unless he suspects t by "s  
cause !y 7 ei!r incapacitat$ to weigh   
evid5ce fairly1 or 7 l$ wilfully to     
/ifle ! tru? & publi% a falsehood4 ,v   
few p]sons h ev] be5 incl9$ to make ?is 
*>ge1 t ! apo/les 7 ei!r wild en?usia/s 
( fancy1 or crafty calculators ( fraud2 
& no "o has ev] be5 able to support !   
position ev5 ) mod]ate plausibility4    
,grant+1 9 ! fir/ place1 hypo!tically1 t
 ! disciples 7 ev] s great en?usia/s 9  
_! g5]al "* & conduct1 /ill1 !y c\ld n h
 be5 at all s 9 relation to !           
resurrection1 because1 be=e x occurr$1  
!y _h no belief1 expectations1 nor      
?\ghts ab\t x4 ,by _! own frank         
confessions1 !y did n und]/& ,*ri/'s    
pr$ictions1 nor ! anci5t suppos$        
prophecies ( t ev5t4 ,& )\t a /rong     
fai?1 a burn+ hopeful desire1 or some?+ 
( ! k9d1 = x to spr+ f1 & re/ on1 & be  
n\ri%$ by1 evid5tly no en?usiasm c\ld   
exi/4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d t previ\s to ! 
?ird day aft] ,*ri/'s dea? !y said no?+1
 ?\ght no?+1 ab\t a resurrection2 b f t 

"t1 z by an inspiration f heav51 !y 7   
r\s$ to bo? words & de$s4 ,! sudd5      
a/oni%+ *ange "h allud$ to is to be     
acc\nt$ = only by suppos+ t 9 ! mean "t 
!y _h be5 br\ght to a belief t !        
resurrection _h occurr$4 ,b1 secondly1 x
 is to be notic$ t ^! witnesses 7 n     
en?usia/s on o!r subjects4 ,no "o c\ld  
be ! subject ( su* an ov]we5+ en?usiasm 
z ! hypo!sis supposes1 )\t betray+ x 9 8
 conduct1 )\t be+ ov]ma/]$ & l$ by x z  
an insane man is by 8 mania4 ,! v       
opposite ( all ?is 0 actually ! case ) !
 apo/les4 ,! ,gospels are unpret5d+1    
dispassionate n>ratives1 )\t rhapsody1  
adulation1 or vanity4 ,_! :ole conduct  
disproves ! *>ge ( fanaticism4 ,_!      
appeals 7 address$ m to reason ?an to   
feel+2 _! de$s 7 m c\rage\s ?an ra%4 ,!y
 avoid$ tumult1 insult1 & dang] :5ev] !y
 c\ld honorably d s2 b1 :5 duty call$1  
_! noble intrepidity %rank n4 ,!y 7 firm
 z ! trunks ( oaks to meet ! agony &    
horror ( a viol5t dea? :5 x came2 yet !y
 r %unn$ ?an s\ght to we> ! glori\s cr[n

 f b5ea? ^: crimson circlet drops (     
bloody sweat mu/ drip f a m>tyr's br[s4 
,! numb] ( ! witnesses = ! resurrection1
 ! abilities !y possess$1 _!            
opportunities = kn[+ ! facts1 prove !   
impossibility ( _! be+ dup$1 unless we  
suppose !m to h be5 bl9d fanatics4 ,?is 
we h j %[n !y 7 n4 ,w\ld x n1 moreov]1  
be mo/ m>vell\s if !y 7 su* heat$       
fanatics1 all ( !m1 s _m m58  ,b !re is 
"o fur!r foo?old = ! disbeliev] 9 !     
hi/oric resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,he may   
say1 ,i confess ! witnesses 7 capable ( 
kn[+1 & und\bt$ly did "k1 ! tru?2 b1 =  
"s reason1 !y suppress$ x1 & proclaim$ a
 deception4 ,z to ?is *>ge1 we n only   
d5y ! actuality1 b ev5 ! possibility1 ( 
its tru?4 ,! n>ratives ( ! evangeli/s   
conta9 ! /ronge/ evid5ces ( _! hone/y4  
,! _m little unacc\ntable circum/ances  
!y rec\nt1 :i* are s _m difficulties 9 !
 way ( critical belief1 ! real & !      
app>5t inconsi/5cies1 none ( ^! w\ld h  
be5 p]mitt$ by fraudul5t au?ors4 ,!y are
 ! mo/ natural ?+s 9 ! _w1 suppos+ _!   

writ]s unsuspici\sly hone/4 ,!y also    
frankly confess _! own & ea* o!rs'      
errors1 ignorance1 prejudices1 & faults4
 ,w\ld !y h done ?is save f simple he>t$
 tru?fulness8 ,w\ld a design+ knave     
volunt>ily reveal to a suspici\s scrut9y
 actions & traits naturally subv]sive ( 
confid5ce 9 him8 ,! conduct ( !         
disciples "u ! circum/ances1 ?r\gh all !
 sc5es ( _! aft] lives1 proves _!       
undivid$ & e>ne/ hone/y4 ,! cause !y _h 
esp\s$ 01 if we d5y its tru?1 to ! la/  
degree repulsive 9 itself & 9 its       
concomitants1 & !y 7 surr\nd$ )         
allurem5ts to des]t x4 ,yet h[ unyield+1
 wond]ful1 0 _! dis9t]e/$ devot$ness to 
x1 )\t exception6 ,n "o1 ov]come by     
t]ror or b[$ by /rong angui%1 %rank f 8 
self impos$ task & cri$ out1 ,i confess6
 ,no2 b :5 !y1 & _! fir/ foll[]s :o knew
 :at !y knew1 7 laid ^u racks & torn1 :5
 !y 7 mangl$ & dev\r$ alive by wild     
bea/s1 :5 !y 7 manacl$ fa/ amid/ !      
flames till _! s\ls rode =? into heav5 9
 *>iots ( fire1 amid/ all ?is1 n "o ( !m

 ev] ackn[l$g$ fraud or r5\nc$ 8 belief 
9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,7 !y n      
hone/8 ,o!rs h di$ 9 support ( !ories & 
op9ions ) :i* _! convictions & passions 
_h become int]wov53 !y di$ r ?an d5y    
facts :i* 7 )9 ! cognizance ( _! s5ses4 
,c\ld any man1 h[ev] firm & dauntless1  
"u ! circum/ances1 g ?r\gh ! trials !y  
bore1 )\t a feel+ ( tru? & ( ,god to    
support him8  ,^! rem>ks are p>ticul>ly 
=cible 9 connection ) ! c>e] ( ,paul4   
,end[$ ) brilliant tal5ts1 le>n$1 liv+  
at ! "t & place1 he mu/ h be5 able to =m
 a reliable op9ion4 ,& yet1 :ile all !  
motives t commonly actuate m5 l\dm\!d   
consi/5cy1 fame1 weal?1 pride1 pleasure1
 ! root$ =ce ( invet]ate prejudices  all
 7 beckon+ to him f ! temples & palaces 
( ! ,ph>isaic e/abli%m5t1 he spurn$ !   
gl[+ visions ( 8 ambition & da%$ to e>? 
! bright dreams ( 8 y\?4 ,he rang$      
himself among ! ,*ri/ians1 ! feeble1    
despis$1 p]secut$ ,*ri/ians2 &1 aft]    
hav+ suff]$ e ?+ humanity c\ld be>1 hav+
 prea*$ ! resurrection ev]y:]e ) unfl9*+

 p[]1 he 0 at la/ crucifi$1 or behead$1 
by ,n]o2 & !re1 expir+ among ! sev5     
hills ( ,rome1 he gave ! resi/less      
te/imony ( 8 dea? to ! resurrection (   
,jesus1 gasp+1 z x 71 ) 8 la/ brea?1 ,x 
is true4 ,grant+ ! hone/y ( ^! m51 we   
c\ld n h any great] pro( ( x ?an we h   
n[4  ,b di%one/y 9 ?is matt] 0 n m]ely  
untrue2 x 0 also impossible4 ,if fraud  
is admitt$1 a conspiracy mu/ h be5 =m$  
among ! witnesses4 ,b t a conspiracy (  
su* a "* %\ld h be5 ent]$ into by su* m5
 is 9 itself incr$ible1 9 ! outset4 ,&  
!n1 if x _h be5 ent]$ into1 x mu/       
infallibly h brok5 ?r\gh1 be5 f\nd out1 
or be5 betray$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! disa/]s1  
p]ils1 t]rible trials1 to :i* x & its   
fabricators 7 aft]w>ds expos$4 ,prove t 
a body ( f twelve to five hundr$ m5 c\ld
 =m a plan to palm (f a gross falsehood 
^u ! _w1 & c\ld !n adh]e to x unfalt]+ly
 ?r\gh ! sev]e/ disappo9tm5ts1 dang]s1  
suff]+s1 diff]5ces ( op9ion1 diss5sion (
 feel+ & action1 )\t retir+ f !         
und]tak+1 lett+ out ! secret1 or betray+

 ea* o!r 9 a s+le in/ance 9 ! c\rse (   
ye>s1 prove ?is1 & y prove t m5 may d & 
d>e1 d5y & suff]1 n only )\t motives1 b 
9 direct opposition to _! duty1 int]e/1 
desire1 prejudice1 & passion4 ,!        
disciples c\ld n h pret5d$ !            
resurrection f s5sitiv5ess to ! probable
 *>ge t !y _h be5 mis]ably deceiv$2 = !y
 did n und]/& _! ,ma/] to pr$ict any su*
 ev5t1 nor _h !y ! slighte/ expectation 
( x4 ,!y c\ld n h pret5d$ x = ! sake (  
e/abli%+ & giv+ au?ority to ! good      
precepts & doctr9es ,jesus taught2      
because su* a c\rse w\ld h be5 9 !      
pla9e/ antagonism to all ^? pr9ciples   
!mselves1 & because1 too1 !y mu/ h kn[n 
bo? ! utt] wick$ness & ! desp]ate haz>ds
 & =lornness ( su* an attempt to give a 
fictiti\s sanction to moral tru?s4 ,9   
su* an ent]prise !re 0 be=e !m n !      
fa9te/ probability ( ev5 ! slighte/     
success4 ,e selfi% motive w\ld t5d to   
det] !m2 = pov]ty1 hatr$1 disgrace1     
/ripes1 imprisonm5t1 contempt1 & dea?   
/>$ 9 _! faces f ! fir/ /ep t way4      

,di%one/y1 delib]ate fraud1 !n1 9 ?is   
matt]1 0 n m]ely untrue1 b 0 impossible4
 ,! conclusion f ! :ole view is1 !re=e1 
! conviction t ! evid5ce ( ! witnesses =
 ! resurrection ( ,jesus is wor?y (     
cr$5ce4  ,!re are ?ree consid]ations1   
fur!r1 wor?y ( notice 9 e/imat+ ! /r5g? 
( ! hi/oric argum5t = ! resurrection4   
,fir/1 ! conduct ( ! ,savior himself 9  
relation to ! subject4 ,! *>ge (        
unbalanc$ en?usiasm is inconsi/5t ) !   
:ole "* & life ( ,jesus2 b suppose on   
?is po9t he 0 an en?usia/1 & really     
believ$ t ?ree days aft] 8 dea? he w\ld 
rise aga94 ,9 t case1 w\ld n 8 m9d h    
dwelt ^u ! wond]ful anticipat$ ph5om5on8
 ,w\ld n 8 :ole s\l h be5 wrapp$ up 9 x1
 & 8 spee* h be5 almo/ incessantly ab\t 
x8 ,yet he spoke ( x only ?ree or f\r   
times1 & !n ) obscurity4 ,aga93 suppose 
he 0 an impo/or4 ,an impo/or w\ld h>dly 
h risk$ 8 reputation volunt>ily on :at  
he knew c\ld nev] take place4 ,_h he    
done s1 8 only reliance mu/ h be5 ^u !  
cr$ul\s en?usiasm ( 8 foll[]s4 ,he w\ld 

!n h made x ! *ief topic1 w\ld h /riv5  
/r5u\sly to make x a liv+ & int5se hope1
 an immovable1 all controll+ fai?1      
conc5trat+ on x _! desires &            
expectations1 he>t & s\l4 ,b he really  
did n d ?is at all4 ,he did n ev5 make  
!m und]/& :at 8 vatic9ations ( !        
resurrection meant4 ,& :5 !y saw 8      
unt5ant$ body hang+ on ! cross1 !y slunk
 away 9 confusion & despair4 ,admit1    
aga91 t ,*ri/ 0 en?usia/1 or impo/or1 or
 bo?3 ^! qualities exi/ n 9 ! grave4 ,"h
 0 _! end4 ,!y c\ld nei!r raise him f ! 
dead nor move him f ! tomb4 ,no         
consid]ations 9 any way connect$ ) ,*ri/
 himself1 !re=e1 c acc\nt = ! occurr5ces
 t succe$$ 8 dea?4  ,secondly1 if !     
resurrection did n take place1 :at      
became ( ! ,savior's body8 ,we h already
 giv5 reasons :y ! disciples c\ld n h   
falsely pret5d$ ! resurrection4 ,x is   
also impossible t !y obta9$1 or         
surreptiti\sly dispos$ (1 ! dead &      
int]r$ body2 because x 0 9 a tomb ( rock
 securely seal$ aga9/ !m1 & wat*$ by a  

gu>d :i* !y c\ld nei!r bribe nor ov]p[]2
 because !y 7 too mu* di%e>t5$ & al>m$  
to try to get x2 because !y c\ld n      
possibly want x1 s9ce !y expect$ a      
temporal ,messiah1 & _h no hope ( a     
resurrection l t :i* !y soon began      
proclaim+ to ! _w4 ,& z = ! /ory told by
 ! wat*1 or r by ! *ief prie/s &        
,ph>isees1 x has n consi/5cy en\gh to   
hold toge!r4 ,its fooli% unlikelihood   
has always be5 transp>5t4 ,x is         
unreasonable to suppose t fre% gu>ds    
w\ld slumb] at a po/ :]e ! p5alty (     
slumb]+ 0 dea?4 ,&1 if "o or two did    
sleep1 x is absurd to ?9k all w\ld d s4 
,besides1 if !y slept1 h[ knew !y :at   
transpir$ 9 ! mean "t8 ,c\ld !y h dream$
 x8 ,dreams are n tak5 9 legal          
depositions2 &1 fur!rmore1 x w\ld be an 
a/\nd+1 gratuit\s miracle if !y all     
dream$ ! same ?+ at ! same "t4  ,f9ally1
 a p[]ful collat]al argum5t 9 pro( ( !  
resurrection ( ,*ri/ is furni%$ by !    
conduct ( ! ,jews4 ,x might seem t if ! 
gu>ds told ! *ief prie/s1 scribes1 &    

,ph>isees1 ( ! miracles :i* occurr$ at !
 sepul*re1 !y mu/ imm$iately h believ$ &
 proclaim$ _! belief 9 ! ,messiah%ip &  
resurrection ( ! crucifi$ ,savior4 ,b !y
 _h previ\sly rema9$ invuln]able to z   
cog5t pro( z ?is w\ld af=d4 ,!y _h      
ackn[l$g$ ! miracles wr\ght by him :5 he
 0 alive1 b attribut$ !m ev5 8 works (  
b5efic5ce to demoniacal p[]4 ,!y said1  
,he ca/e? out devils by ! p[] (         
,beelzebub1 ! pr9ce ( devils4 ,s !y act$
 9 ! pres5t case1 &1 not)/&+ ! pe]less  
miracle relat$ by ! s5t9els1 /ill p]si/$
 9 _! ali5ation f ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,_!  
int5sely *]i%$ preconceptions respect+ !
 ,messiah1 _! p]secution & crucifixion (
 ,jesus1 ! gl>+ inconsi/5cy ( 8 tea*+s &
 exp]i5ce ) mo/ t !y expect$1 ^! ?+s    
compell$ _! incr$ulity to e pro( ( !    
,messiah%ip ( ! contemn$ & murd]$       
,naz>5e4 ,=1 if !y admitt$ ! facts on   
:i* su* pro( 0 bas$1 !y w\ld mis9t]pret 
!m & d5y ! inf]5ces ju/ly drawn f !m4   
,?is 0 pla9ly ! case4 ,x may be affirm$ 
t ! ,jews believ$ ! resurrection1       

because !y took no fair measures to     
disprove x1 b ?reat5$ ^? :o decl>$ x4   
,s9ce !y _h e inducem5t to demon/rate   
its falsity1 & might1 x seems1 h done s 
_h x be5 false1 & yet nev] made !       
feeble/ ef=t to unmask ! alleg$ fraud1  
we mu/ suspect t !y 7 !mselves secretly 
conv9c$ ( its tru?1 b d>$ n let x be    
kn[n1 = fe> x w\ld prevail1 become      
mighty 9 ! e>?1 & pu% !m f _! seats4 ,9 
! rage & bl9dness ( _! prejudices1 !y   
cri$1 ,8 blood be on u & on our *ildr56 
,& f t g5]ation to our own1 _! hi/ory   
has af=d$ a liv+ pro( ( ! hi/oric tru? (
 ! gospel1 & ( ! /ability ( its *ief    
corn] /one1 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,!  
triumphal progress ( ,*ri/ianity f      
conqu]+ to conqu]+1 toge!r ) ! baffl$   
plans & complete subjection ( ! ,jews1  
%[ t _! provid5tial prep>atory mission  
has be5 fulfill$4 ,if ,god is 9 hi/ory1 
guid+ ! moral drift ( human affairs1 !n 
! dazzl+ success ( ! proclamation ( !   
ris5 ,r$eem] is ! ,div9e seal ^u ! tru? 
( 8 mission & ! reality ( 8 apo!osis4   

,plant+ himself on ?is gr\nd1 surr\nd+  
himself ) ^! evid5ces1 ! rev]5tial      
,*ri/ian w at lea/ = a long "t to come  
cl+ firmly to ! accept$ fact ( !        
resurrection ( ,*ri/1 reg>dless ( :atev]
 misgiv+s & p]plexities may tr\ble ! m9d
 ( ! iconocla/ic & critical tru? seek]4 
,! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 assum+ !       
resurrection ( ,*ri/ z a fact1 describe 
x z a fulfilm5t ( prophecy4 ,luke       
reports f ! ris5 ,savior ! words1 ,o    
fools1 & sl[ ( he>t to believe all t !  
prophets h spok56 ,ought n ,*ri/ to h   
suff]$ ^! ?+s1 & to ent] into 8 glory8  
,?us x is writt51 & ?us x behoov$ ,*ri/ 
to suff]1 & to rise f ! dead ! ?ird day4
 ,pet] decl>es t ! patri>* ,david be=e  
spake ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,& ,paul
 also affirms1 ,t ! promise :i* 0 made  
unto ! fa!rs1 ,god ha? fulfill$ ! same  
unto u _! *ildr51 9 t he ha? rais$ up   
,jesus aga94 ,"o c sc>cely hesitate 9   
decid+ ! mean+ ( ^! words z !y 7 us$ by 
! apo/les4 ,! unanim\s op9ion &         
int]pretation ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/    

c5turies1 & ( all ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 leave 
no %ad[ ( a d\bt t x 0 believ$ t !      
resurrection ( ,jesus 0 repeat$ly =etold
 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 expect$ by !        
prophets1 & fulfill$ 9 ! ev5t z a seal (
 ! inspir$ prophecy4 ,fur!rmore1 ,jesus 
himself repeat$ly prophesi$ 8 own       
resurrection f ! dead1  ?\gh 8 disciples
 did n und]/& 8 mean+ until ! ev5t put a
 cle> comm5t on ! words4 ,he *>g$ ^? :o 
saw 8 transfiguration on ! m\nt1 ,tell x
 to no man until ! ,son ( ,man be ris5  
aga9 f ! dead4 ,! *ief prie/s told      
,pilate t !y rememb]$ t ,jesus said1    
:ile he 0 yet alive1 ,aft] ?ree days ,i 
w rise aga94 ,/&+ 9 ! temple at         
,j]usalem1 ,jesus said once1 ,de/roy ?is
 temple1 & 9 ?ree days ,i w raise x up4 
,:51 !re=e1 he 0 ris5 f ! dead1 8       
disciples rememb]$ t he _h said ?is unto
 !m2 & !n !y und]/ood t he _h spok5 ( ! 
temple ( 8 body4 ,x is p]fectly pla9 t !
 ,new ,te/am5t repres5ts ! resurrection 
( ,*ri/ z ! fulfilm5t ( prophecies1 ^?  
prophecies hav+ be5 s exp\nd$ by him4   

,!re are few problems pres5t$ to ! c&id 
,*ri/ian s*ol> ( to day m p]plex+ ?an ! 
"o involv$ 9 ! subject ( ^! prophecies4 
,paul decl>es to ,k+ ,agrippa1 ,i say   
none o!r ?+s ?an ^? :i* ! prophets &    
,moses did say %\ld come3 t ,*ri/ %\ld  
suff]1 & t he %\ld be ! fir/ t %\ld rise
 f ! dead & %\ld %[ light unto !        
,g5tiles4 ,x is va9 to attempt to       
disguise ! fact t ! +5u\s /ud5t _c f9d  
^! prophecies 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z we n[ 
h x4 ,he w se>* x ?r\gh 9 va91 unless 8 
eyes create :at !y see4 ,let any man    
endeavor to discov] a passage 9 !       
,hebrew ,scriptures :i*1 tak5 ) its     
context1 c fairly be> su* a s5se4 ,!re  
is n a %ad[ ( valid evid5ce ( any k9d to
 support ! m]ely traditional notions on 
?is subject4 ,! only way ( disc]n+      
pr$ictions ( a dea?1 desc5t1 & asc5t1 ( 
! ,messiah1 9 ! law & ! prophets1 is by 
! application ( ,cabali/ic me?ods (     
int]pretation1 !ories ( occult types1   
d\ble s5ses1 me?ods :i* n[ are n        
tol]able to intellig5t m54 ,t ,rabb9ical

 int]pretation :i* made ! /ory ( ,i%mael
 & ,isaac1 ! two *ildr5 borne to        
,abraham by ,hag> & ,s>ah1 an allegory  
ref]r+ to ! two cov5ants ( ,judaism &   
,*ri/ianity1 c\ld easily extract any    
desir$ mean+ f any giv5 text4 ,be>+ 9   
m9d ! preval5ce ( ?is k9d ( exegesis    
among ! ,jews1 & rememb]+ also t !y     
possess$ 9 ! times ( ,jesus a va/ body (
 oral law1 to :i* !y attribut$ z great  
au?ority z to ! writt51 !re are two     
possible ways ( hone/ly meet+ !         
difficulty be=e u4  ,fir/3 9 ,god's     
c\nsels x 0 det]m9$ t a ,messiah %\ld   
aft]w>ds arise among ! ,jews4 ,! reveal$
 hope ( ?is /irr$ ! prophets & ! popul> 
he>t4 ,x became v>i\sly & vaguely h9t$ 9
 _! writ+s1 /ill m v>i\sly & copi\sly   
unfold$ 9 _! traditions4 ,! conception (
 him gradually took =m2 & !y began to   
look = a w>rior prophet1 a national     
deliv]]1 a !ocratic k+4 ,jesus1 be+ !   
true ,messiah1 ?\gh a v diff]5t p]sonage
 f ! "o meant by ! writ]s & und]/ood by 
! p1 yet be+ ! ,messiah =eorda9$ by     

,god1 appli$ ^! ,messianic passages to  
himself1 & expla9$ !m accord+ to 8      
exp]i5ce & fate4 ,?is w satisfactorily  
cle> up ! application ( "s texts4 ,&    
o!rs may be truly expla9$ z poetical    
illu/rations1 rhetorical accommodations1
 z :5 he applies to ,judas1 at ! ,la/   
,supp]1 ! words ( ! ,psalm1 ,he t eate? 
) me lifte? up 8 heel aga9/ me2 & :5 he 
ref]s to ,jonah's t>ry 9 ! :ale's belly 
z a symbol ( 8 own de/9$ /ay b5ea? !    
grave = a simil> l5g? ( "t4 ,or1        
secondly1 we may conclude t ! prophecies
 "u consid]ation1 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,new    
,te/am5t1 7 n d]iv$ f any sacr$ docum5ts
 n[ 9 our possession1 b ei!r f p]i%$    
writ+s1 or f oral s\rces1 :i* we "k 7   
abundant !n4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr says !re 0    
=m]ly a passage 9 ,j]emiah to ?is       
effect3 ,! ,"l rememb]$ ! dead :o 7     
sleep+ 9 ! e>?1 & w5t d[n to !m to prea*
 salvation to !m4 #d ,!re 7 float+ 9 !  
,jewi% m9d1 at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 at lea/ "s 
fragm5t>y traditions1 vague             
expectations1 t ! ,messiah 0 to die1    

desc5d to ,%eol1 rescue "s ( ! captives1
 & triumphantly asc5d4 ,x is true1 ?is  
/atem5t is d5i$ by "s2 b ! weight (     
critical au?orities seems to u to       
prepond]ate 9 its favor1 & ! intr9sic   
hi/orical probabilities leave h>dly a   
d\bt ( x 9 our own m9ds4#e ,n[1 ?ree    
alt]natives are (f]$ u4 ,ei!r ,jesus    
int]pret$ ,moses1 ! ,psalms1 & !        
,prophets1 on ! ,rabb9ical gr\nd ( a    
d\ble s5se1 ) my/ic applications2 or he 
accept$ ! prophecies ref]r$ to1 f oral  
traditions held by 8 c\ntrym52 or !     
apo/les misund]/ood1 & 9 consequ5ce     
p>tially misreport$1 him4 ,all we c     
positively say is t ^! precise          
pr$ictions are pla9ly n 9 ! ,jewi%      
,scriptures1 und\bt$ly 7 9 ! oral law1 &
 7 c]ta9ly receiv$ by ! apo/les z       
au?oritative4  ,cont9u+ our inquiry into
 ! apo/olic view ( ! resurrection (     
,*ri/1 we %all p]ceive t x is mo/       
prom95tly set =? z ! c]tificate ( our   
r$emption f !  #d ,dial4 cum ,tryph4    
sect4 lxxii4  #e ,discuss$1 ) full li/ (

 ref]5ces1 9 ,/rauss's ,life ( ,jesus1  
"p iii4 cap4 i4 sect4 #aab4   k+dom (   
dea? to ! same glori\s de/9y :i* await$ 
him ^u 8 asc5sion into heav54 ,! apo/les
 reg>d$ 8 resurrection z a sup]natural  
seal set on 8 mission1 w>rant+ 8 claims 
z an inspir$ deliv]] & tea*]4 ,!reby1 !y
 ?\ght1 ,god op5ly sanction$ & confirm$ 
8 promises4 ,!reby1 !y consid]$1 0 %[n  
to m5 ,god's bless$ grace1 freely =giv+ 
_! s9s1 & secur+ to !m1 by ?is pl$ge1 a 
deliv]ance f ! doom ( s9 z he _h ris5 f 
x1 & an acceptance to a heav5ly         
immortality z he _h asc5d$ to x4 ,!     
resurrection ( ,*ri/1 !n1 & n 8 dea?1 0 
to !m ! po9t ( vital int]e/1 ! h+e on   
:i* all hung4 ,does n ! record pla9ly %[
 ?is to an imp>tial read]8 ,:]ev] !     
apo/les prea*1 :5ev] !y write1 !y appeal
 n to ! dea? ( a veil$ ,deity1 b to !   
resurrection ( an appo9t$ mess5g]2 n to 
a vic>i\s atonem5t or pur*ase effect$ by
 ! mortal suff]+s ( ,jesus1 b to !      
confirmation ( ! good tid+s he br\ght1  
af=d$ by ! ,fa!r's rais+ him f ! dead4  

,:]e( he ha? giv5 assurance unto all1 9 
t he ha? rais$ him f ! dead1 ,paul      
proclaim$ on ,m>s ,hill4 ,9 ! disc\rses 
( ! apo/les record$ 9 ! ,book ( ,acts1  
we f9d t1 :5 !y prea*$ ! new religion to
 new audi5ces1 ! great doctr9e 9 all    
cases set =? z fundam5tal & absorb+ is !
 resurrection2 n an aton+ dea?1 b a     
ju/ify+ resurrection4 ,he di$ = our s9s1
 & rose = our ju/ification4 ,"s ( !     
,a!nians ?\ght ,paul a sett] =? ( two   
/range gods1 ,jesus & ,resurrection4 ,& 
:5 !y desire to *>act]ize ,*ri/1 !      
di/+ui%+ culm9at+ phrase :i* !y         
inv>iably select %[s on :at _! m9ds re/$
 z ( *ief import3 !y describe him z ! "o
 :om ,god ha? rais$ f ! dead4 ,if we    
believe t ,jesus di$ & rose aga91 ev5 s 
!m also :i* sleep 9 ,jesus w ,god br+ ) 
him4 ,t ye may "k :at is ! exce$+       
greatness ( ,god's p[] t[>d u :o        
believe1 accord+ to ! work+ ( 8 mighty  
p[] :i* he wr\ght 9 ,*ri/ :5 he rais$   
him f ! dead & set him at 8 own "r h& 9 
heav54 ,x is pla9 "h t ! dy+ ( ,*ri/ is 

reg>d$ m]ely z prelim9>y to 8 ris+1 & t 
8 resurrection & entrance into heav5 are
 receiv$ z an assurance t fai?ful       
disciples1 too1 %all obta9 admission    
into ! heav5ly k+dom4  ,! ,calv9i/ic    
doctr9e is t ! unutt]able vic>i\s       
agonies ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/ placat$ ! wra? 
( ,god1 satisfi$ 8 ju/ice1 & ransom$ !  
s\ls ( ! elect f ! tortures ( hell1 & t 
8 resurrection 0 simply 8 victori\s     
return f a p5al conflict ) ! p[]s (     
,satan4 ,! ,unit>ian doctr9e is t !     
viol5t dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 an expression (   
self sacrific+ love1 to ex]t a moral p[]
 on ! he>ts ( m51 & t 8 resurrection 0 a
 miracul\s pro( ( ! au?ority & tru? ( 8 
tea*+s1 a demon/ration ( human          
immortality4 ,we ma9ta9 t nei!r ( ^!    
views fully conta9s ! true repres5tation
 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! artificial       
horrors ( ! =m] _c be =c$ into nor wrung
 out ( ! writt5 words2 :ile ! natural   
simplicity & meag]ness ( ! latt] _c be  
made to fill up ! writt5 words )        
adequate significance4 ,!re is a m$ium  

doctr9e1 bas$ on ! conceptions preval5t 
at ! "t ! ,*ri/ian sy/em 0 con/ruct$ &  
writt52 a doctr9e :i* equally avoids !  
cr$ul\s excess ( ! ,calv9i/ic           
int]pretation & ! skeptical pov]ty ( !  
,unit>ian2 a doctr9e :i* fully expla9s  
all ! relevant language ( ! ,new        
,te/am5t )\t viol5ce2 a doctr9e :i*1 =  
our own "p1 we feel sure accurately     
repres5ts ! ideas meant to be convey$ by
 ! ,scripture au?ors4 ,we w /ate x1 & !n
 quote1 = its illu/ration & = _! own    
explanation1 ! pr9cipal texts relat+ to 
! resurrection ( ,jesus4  ,on acc\nt (  
s91 :i* _h ali5at$ man f ,god & unfitt$ 
him = heav51 he 0 condemn$ aft] dea? to 
desc5d z a disembodi$ s\l into ! d>k    
k+dom ( ! grave1 ! "u _w4 ,9 t *e]less  
realm ( helpless %ades & /illness all   
dep>t$ human spirits 7 prison]s1 & mu/  
be1 until ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 :5 !y1  
or a "p ( !m1 %\ld rise4 ,?is 0 ! ,jewi%
 belief4 ,n[1 ! apo/les 7 ,jews1 :o _h !
 ideas ( _! c\ntrym51 to :i*1 ^u becom+ 
,*ri/ians1 !y add$ ! new conceptions =m$

 9 _! m9ds by ! tea*+s1 "*1 de$s1 dea?1 
resurrection1 ( ,*ri/1 mix$ ) _! own    
m$itations & exp]i5ce4 ,accept+1 ) ^!   
previ\s notions1 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ 
z a fact & a fulfilm5t ( prophecy1 !y   
imm$iately suppos$ t 8 triumphant exit f
 ! prison ( ! dead & return to heav5 7 !
 prefiguration ( ! simil> deliv]ance (  
o!rs & _! entrance into heav54 ,!y      
consid]$ him z ! fir/ born f ! dead1 !  
fir/ fruits ( ! dead4 ,!y emphatically  
*>act]ize 8 return to life z a          
resurrection out f among ! dead1        
non-,,ascii *>act]s1 pla9ly imply+ t !  
re/ ( ! dead /ill rema9$ bel[4#f ,!y    
receiv$ 8 exp]i5ce 9 ?is respect z !    
reveal+ type ( t :i* 0 await+ 8 foll[]s4
 ,s f> z relates to ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( 
! s\l1 ! re/oration ( ! wid['s son by   
,elijah1 or ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1   
logically implies all t is impli$ 9 !   
m]e resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,b c]ta9      
notions ( localities1 ( a r$emptive     
asc5t1 & an op5+ ( heav5 = ! r$eem$     
spirits ( m5 to asc5d ?i!r1 7 associat$ 

exclusively ) ! la/4 ,:51 ?r\gh ! w (   
,god1 ,*ri/ rose1 !n fir/ humanity      
triumphant pass$ ! cry/al ports ( light1
 & seiz$ et]nal y\?6 ,_! view 0 n t     
,*ri/ effect$ all ?is by means ( 8 own2 
b t ! free grace ( ,god decre$ x1 & t   
,*ri/ came to c>ry ! plan into          
execution4 ,god1 = 8 great love to u1   
ev5 :5 we 7 dead 9 s9s1 has quick5$ u   
toge!r ) ,*ri/4 ,?is 0 effect$ z 9      
dramatic %[3 ,*ri/ di$1 :i* 0 suff]+ !  
fate ( a s9n]2 he w5t 9 _s to !         
subt]ranean abode ( spirits1 :i* 0 be>+ 
! p5alty ( s92 he rose aga91 :i* 0 %[+ !
 p5alty ( s9 remov$ by ,div9e =giv5ess2 
he asc5d$ into heav51  :i* 0 reveal+ !  
way = our asc5t ?r[n op54 ,su* is !     
g5]al scope ( ?\ght 9 close & vital     
connection ) :i* ! doctr9e ( !          
resurrection ( ,*ri/ /&s4 ,we %all sp>e 
enl>g+ on ^? p>ts ( x :i* h be5         
suffici5tly prov$ & illu/rat$ 9 prec$+  
*apt]s1 & conf9e our att5tion z mu* z   
may be to ^? portions :i* h direct      
relations ) ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,x  

is our object1 !n1 to %[ :at we ?9k w   
pla9ly appe> 9 ! light ( ! above g5]al  
/atem5t t1 to ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 ! 
resurrection1 & n ! dea?1 ( ,*ri/ is !  
fact ( c5tral mom5t1 is ! assur+ seal ( 
our =giv5ess1 reconciliation1 & heav5ly 
adoption4  #f ,wood1 ,! ,la/ ,?+s1 pp4  
#ca-dd4   ,!y saw two anti!tical />t+   
po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d3 a c>e] ( ru91
 beg9n+ ) condemn$ ,adam 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed5
 at ! foot ( ! =bidd5 tree1 dragg+ a    
fle%ly race d[n into ,%eol2 a c>e] (    
rem$y1 beg9n+ ) victori\s ,*ri/ 9 ! g>d5
 ( ,joseph at ! m\? ( ! r5t sepul*re1   
guid+ a spiritual race up into heav54   
,! ,savior himself is report$ z say+1 ,i
 lay d[n my life t ,i may take x aga93 !
 dy+ 0 n = ! sake ( sub/itutional       
suff]+1 b = ! sake ( a resurrection4    
,except a corn ( :eat die1 x abide?     
alone2 b1 if x die1 x br+e? =? mu*      
fruit4 ,a woman :5 %e is 9 travail ha?  
sorr[2 b z soon z %e is deliv]$ ( ! *ild
 %e rememb]e? no m ! angui%1 = joy t a  
man is born into ! _w4 ,! context "h %[s

 ! ,savior's mean+ to be t ! woe ( 8    
dea? w\ld soon be lo/ 9 ! weal ( 8      
resurrection4 ,! dea? 0 m]ely ! necess>y
 antec$5t to ! significant resurrection4
 ,bless$ be ! ,god & ,fa!r ( our ,"l    
,jesus ,*ri/1 :o1 accord+ to 8 abundant 
m]cy1 ha? begott5 u aga9 unto a liv+    
hope by ! resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/ f 
! dead unto an inh]itance1              
incorruptible1 undefil$1 & t fade? n    
away1 res]v$ 9 heav5 = y :o are kept by 
! p[] ( ,god ?r\gh fai? unto salvation  
ready to be reveal$4 ,him ha? ,god rais$
 on high by 8 "r h&1 to give rep5tance  
to ,israel & =giv5ess ( s9s4 ,h[ cle> x 
is "h t n ! vic>i\s dea? ( ,*ri/ buys (f
 s9n]s1 b 8 resurrection %[s s9s to be  
freely =giv51 ! p5alty remitt$6 ,rememb]
 t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 rais$ f ! dead1       
accord+ to my gospel3 !re=e ,i endure   
all ?+s = ! elect's sake1 t !y may obta9
 ! salvation :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus )    
et]nal glory4 ,be x kn[n unto y1 !re=e1 
m51 bre?r51 t ?r\gh ,him :om ,god rais$ 
aga9 is prea*$ unto y ! =giv5ess ( s9s4 

,! passage 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1   
n9? *apt]1 f ! tw5ty ?ird v]se to !     
tw5ty sev5?1 mo/ emphatically connects !
 annull+ ( s9 ?r\gh ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ 
) 8 asc5d$ appe>ance 9 heav54 ,jesus :o 
0 deliv]$ = our (f5ces & 0 rais$ aga9 = 
our ju/ification3 t is1 ,jesus di$      
because he _h ent]$ ! condition ( s9ful 
humanity1 ! p5alty ( :i* 0 dea?2 he 0   
rais$ to %[ t ,god _h =giv5 u our s9s & 
w\ld receive u to heav5 in/ead ( bani%+ 
u to ! "u _w4 ,if ?\ %alt confess ) ?y  
m\? ! ,"l ,jesus1 & %alt believe 9 ?9e  
he>t t ,god ha? rais$ him f ! dead1 ?\  
%alt be sav$4 ,belief 9 ! resurrection (
 ,*ri/ is "h und5iably made ! great     
condition ( salvation4 ,no text c be    
f\nd 9 :i* belief 9 ! dea?1 or blood1 or
 aton+ m]its1 ( ,*ri/ is made t         
condition4 ,& yet n9e t5?s ( ,*ri/5dom  
by _! cre$s are to day proclaim+1       
,believe 9 ! vic>i\s suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 & 
?\ %alt be sav$2 believe n 9 !m1 & ?\   
%alt be damn$6 ,god ha? bo? rais$ up !  
,"l & w also raise up u4 ,if ,*ri/ be n 

rais$1 y\r fai? is va93 ye are yet 9 y\r
 s9s4 ,?is text _c be expla9$ ^u !      
common ,calv9i/ic or ,unit>ian !ories4  
,:e!r ,*ri/ 0 ris5 or n made no diff]5ce
 9 _! ju/ification be=e ,god if 8 dea?  
_h aton$ = !m1 made no diff]5ce 9 _!    
moral condition1 :i* 0 z x 02 b if ,*ri/
 _h n ris51 !n !y 7 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t  
heav5 _h be5 op5$ = !m3 !y 7 yet held 9 
! necessity ( desc5d+ to ! "u _w1 !     
p5alty ( _! s9s4 ,! c>eful read] w      
obs]ve t1 9 _m places 9 ! ,scriptures   
:]e a burd5 & /ress ( importance seem   
laid ^u ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 !re imm$iately  
foll[s a ref]5ce to 8 resurrection1 %[+ 
t ! dy+ is only ref]r$ to z ! prep>atory
 /ep to ! ris+1 ! resurrection be+ !    
ess5tial ?+4 ,! ,apo/le ,paul sc>cely   
speaks ( ! dea? ( ! ,savior except 9    
connection ) 8 resurrection1 ,bleek     
says1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,epi/le to !   
,hebrews4 ,x is ,*ri/ t di$1 yea1 r1 t  
is ris5 aga9 & is n[ at ! "r h& ( ,god4 
,if we believe t ,jesus di$ & rose aga94
 ,to ?is end ,*ri/ bo? di$1 & rose &    

liv$ aga94 ,he di$ = !m & rose aga94 ,we
 confid5tly av[1 !re=e1 t ! ,*ri/ian    
,scriptures conc5trate ! mo/ ess5tial   
significance & value ( ! mission (      
,jesus 9 8 resurrection1 describ+ x z ! 
,div9e seal ( 8 claims1 ! visible pro( &
 pl$ge ( our r$emption1 by ,god's freely
 =giv+ grace1 f ! fatal bondage ( dea?'s
 sepul*ral doma9 to ! bless$ spl5dors ( 
heav5's immortal life4  ,!re rema9 a    
class ( passages to be p>ticul>ly       
notic$1 9 :i* an extraord9>y emphasis   
seems to be laid on ,*ri/'s suff]+s1    
,*ri/'s blood1 ,*ri/'s dea?1 ?ree       
phrases t mean virtually ! same ?+ & are
 us$ int]*angeably4 ,! peculi> prom95ce 
giv5 to ! idea ( ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ 9 !
 in/ances n[ ref]r$ to is su* z might   
lead "o to suppose t "s my/]i\s efficacy
 0 meant to be attribut$ to x4 ,b we ?9k
 an accurate exam9ation ( ! subject w %[
 t ^! texts are really 9 full h>mony ) !
 view we h be5 ma9ta9+4 ,admitt+ t !    
resurrection ( ,*ri/ 0 ! sole           
circum/ance ( ultimate mean+ &          

importance1 /ill1 8 viol5t & pa9ful dea?
 w\ld naturally be spok5 ( z (t5 &      
/rongly z x is1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 ! 
*ief gr\nd ( wond] & claim = gratitude  
to him 0 t he %\ld h left 8 pre exi/5t  
/ate ( undi/urb$ bliss & glory1 &       
submitt$ to su* humiliation & angui% =  
o!rs1 = s9n]s4 ,secondly1 x 0 !         
pr]equisite to 8 resurrection1 ! same1 9
 effect1 ) x1 s9ce ! =m] mu/ lead to !  
latt]2 =1 z ! =emo/ apo/le said1 ,x 0 n 
possible t he %\ld be hold5 9 dea?4  ,! 
apo/olical writ]s d n speak ( salvation 
by ! blood ( ,*ri/ any m pla9ly ?an !y d
 ( salvation by ! "n ( ,*ri/1 salvation 
by grace1 & salvation by fai?4 ,if at "o
 "t !y id5tify him ) ! sacrificial lamb1
 at ano!r "t !y z di/9ctively id5tify   
him ) ! high prie/ (f]+ himself1 & aga9 
) ! great ,%eph]d ( ! %eep1 & aga9 ) !  
m$iator ( ! new cov5ant1 & aga9 ) !     
second ,adam4 ,^! are all figures (     
spee*1 &1 tak5 sup]ficially1 !y det]m9e 
no?+ z to doctr9e4 ,! propriety & !     
g5u9e "* & =ce ( ! metaphor are 9 ea*   

case to be c>efully s\ght ) ! lights (  
le>n+ & "u ! guidance ( a docile c&or4  
,! ?\ghts t1 9 consequ5ce ( transmitt$  
s91 all dep>t$ s\ls ( m5 7 conf9$ 9 ! "u
 _w t ,*ri/1 to c>ry out & reveal+ly    
exemplify ! free grace ( ! ,fa!r1 came  
into ! _w1 di$ a cruel dea?1 desc5d$ to 
! prison _w ( ! dead1 decl>$ !re ! glad 
tid+s1 rose !nce & asc5d$ into heav51 ! 
=]unn] ( ! ransom$ ho/s to foll[1 ^!    
?\ghts enable u to expla91 9 a natural1 
=cible1 & satisfactory mann]1 ! peculi> 
phraseology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 reg>d to
 ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to !  
arbitr>y conceptions & my/ical horror   
usually associat$ ) x n[4  ,= in/ance1  
consid] ! passage 9 ! second *apt] ( !  
,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 f ! elev5? v]se
 to ! n9ete5?4 ,! writ] "h says t !     
,g5tiles1 :o =m]ly 7 f> (f1 /rang]s f ! 
cov5ants ( promise1 are n[ made nigh by 
! blood ( ,*ri/4 ,?is language he cle>ly
 expla9s z mean+ t ?r\gh ! dea? &       
resurrection ( ,*ri/ ! middle wall (    
p>tition betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles 0 brok5

 d[n & a univ]sal religion inaugurat$1  
free f all invidi\s di/9ctions & c>nal  
ord9ances4 ,9 8 bodily dea? & spiritual 
asc5sion ! ,jewi% ritual law 0 aboli%$ &
 ! _w wide moral law alone in/all$4 ,f 8
 _s1 ris+ into heav51 all national      
peculi>ities fell away1 & ?r\gh him     
,jews & ,g5tiles bo? _h access1 by      
communion ) 8 asc5d$ & cosmopolitan s\l1
 unto ! ,fa!r4 ,a c>eful /udy ( all !   
passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* speak (  
,*ri/ z deliv]+ m5 f ! wra? ( ,god w    
lead1 x seems to u1 almo/ e unprejudic$ 
p]son to agree ) "o ( ! able/ ,g]man    
critics1 :o says t ! te*nical phrase    
'wra? ( ,god' "h means1 hi/orically1    
bani%m5t ( s\ls into ! "u _w1 & t ! fact
 ( ,*ri/'s triumph & asc5t 0 a preci\s  
pl$ge %[+ to ! ,*ri/ians t !y too %\ld  
asc5d to et]nal life 9 heav54#g ,!      
doctr9e ( ! desc5t ( ,*ri/ among ! dead 
& ( 8 r$emptive mission !re has ( late  
wellnigh fad$ f notice2 b if any "o     
wi%es to see ! evid5ce ( its univ]sal   
reception & unp>allel$ importance 9 !   

,*ri/ian ,*ur* = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1    
pres5t$ 9 ov]:elm+ quantity &           
irresi/ible array1 let him read ! le>n$ 
"w devot$ to ?is subject rec5tly publi%$
 9 ,g]many4#h ,he c h>dly p]use ?is "w &
 foll[ up its ref]5ces )\t see+ t1 almo/
 )\t an exception1 f ! days ( ,pet] &   
,paul to ^? ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 x has be5    
held t ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ are
 ! two poles betwe5 :i*1 z ,gud] says1 8
 desc5t into ! "u _w lies4 ,! phrase    
blood ( ,*ri/ is (t5 us$ 9 ,scripture 9 
a pregnant s5se1 includ+ ! =ce ( mean+ t
 w\ld be express$ by 8 dea?1 desc5t1    
resurrection1 & asc5sion1 ) all _!      
concomitants4 ,z a specim5 ( innum]able 
passages ( l import :i* might be cit$1  
we w quote a s+le expression f          
,epiphanius1 %[+ t ! or?odox tea*]s 9 ! 
f\r? c5tury attribut$ r$eem+ efficacy to
 ,*ri/'s resurrection r ?an to 8 dea?4  
,z ! pelican re/ores its dead (fspr+ by 
dropp+ its own blood ^u _! w\nds1 s our 
,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ dropp$ 8 blood ^u      
,adam1 ,eve1 & all ! dead1 & gave !m    

life by 8 burial & resurrection4 #i  ,x 
0 a "p ( ! ,mosaic ritual1 laid d[n 9 ! 
sixte5? *apt] ( ,leviticus1 t on ! great
 annual day ( expiation !re %\ld be two 
goats *os5 by lot1 "o = ! ,"l & "o =    
,azazel4 ,! =m] ! high prie/ 0 to slay1 
& ) 8 blood spr9kle  #g ,brets*neid]1   
,religiose ,glaub5slehre1 sect4 #ei3    
,*ri/us d] ,erlos] vom ,tode4  #h ,gud]1
 ,die ,lehre von d] ,ers*e9ung ,jesu    
,*ri/i unt] d5 ,todt53 ,9 ihrem         
,zusamm5hange mit d] ,lehre von d5      
,letzt5 ,d+54  #i ,physiol41 cap4 #h3   
,de ,pelecano4   ! m]cy seat4 ,! latt]1 
:5 ! high prie/'s h&s _h be5 laid on 8  
head & all ! iniquities ( ! *ildr5 (    
,israel confess$ ov] him1 0 to be s5t   
into ! wild]ness & loos$4 ,! =m] goat is
 call$ a s9 (f]+ = ! p4 ,! latt] is     
call$ a scape goat to make an atonem5t )
 ! ,"l4 ,! blood ( ! s9 (f]+ c\ld n h   
be5 suppos$ to be a sub/itute pur*as+ ! 
p>don ( m5's (f5ces1 because !re is no  
h9t ( any su* idea 9 ! record1 & because
 x 0 (f]$ to reconcile h\ses1           

tab]nacles1 alt>s1 z well z to reconcile
 m54 ,x _h simply a c]emonial           
significance4 ,su* rites 7 common 9 _m (
 ! e>ly religions4 ,!y 7 n ! effici5t   
cause ( p>don1 b 7 ! =mal condition (   
reconciliation4 ,& !n1 9 reg>d to !     
scapegoat1 x 0 n sacrific$ z an         
expiation = s9n]s2 x m]ely symbolically 
c>ri$ (f ! s9s already freely =giv54    
,all ^! =ms & phrases 7 inwr\ght ) !    
:ole national life & religi\s language (
 ! ,jews4 ,n[1 :5 ,jesus appe>$1 a      
mess5g] f ,god1 to r$eem m5 f _! s9s &  
to promise !m p>don & heav51 & :5 he di$
 a m>tyr's dea? 9 ! fulfilm5t ( 8       
mission1 h[ p]fectly natural t ?is      
sacrificial imag]y ^! figures ( blood1  
propitiation1 spr9kl+ ! m]cy seat %\ld  
be appli$ to him1 & to 8 "w & fate6 ,!  
burd5 ( s9s =giv5 by ,god's grace 9 !   
old cov5ant ! scape goat emblematically 
bore away1 & ! p w5t free4 ,s if ! words
 mu/ be suppos$ to h an objective & n   
m]ely a moral s5se :5 ! ,bapti/ cri$1   
,behold ! ,lamb ( ,god1 t be>e? (f ! s9 

( ! _w1 8 mean+ 0 t ,jesus 0 to be> (f !
 p5alty ( s9 t is1 ! ,hadean doom :i*   
,god's free grace _h annull$ & op5 heav5
 to ! ranks ( reconcil$ s\ls4 ,!re is n 
! lea/ %ad[ ( pro( t ! sacrifices 9 !   
,mosaic ritual 7 ,div9ely orda9$ z types
 pre figur+ ! great sacrifice ( ,*ri/4  
,!re is no su* pret5ce 9 ! record1 no   
su* tradition among ! p1 n ! slighte/   
f\ndation :atev] ( any sort to w>rant t 
arbitr>y presumption4 ,all su*          
applications ( !m are rhetorical2 & _!  
hi/orical =ce & moral mean+ are cle>ly  
explicable on ! views :i* we h pres5t$ 9
 ! =ego+ pages1 b are mo/ viol5tly /ra9$
 & twi/$ by ! ,calv9i/ic !ory to meet ! 
sev]e exig5cies ( a !oretical dogma4    
,if any "o1 grant+ t ! c5tral efficacy (
 ! mission ( ,*ri/1 dogmatically &      
objectively consid]$1 lay 9 8 desc5t    
into ,hades & 9 8 resurrection1 ma9ta9s 
t /ill c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 
d ascribe an expiatory effect directly  
to 8 dea? z su*1 we reply t ?is         
int]pretation is q likely to be correct4

 ,& we c easily trace ! conception to   
its orig9 beyond ! pale ( revelation4 ,x
 0 an idea preval5t among ! ,jews 9 ! "t
 ( ! apo/les1 & be=e1 t dea? 0 an       
atonem5t = all s9s1 & t ! dea? ( !      
righte\s aton$ = ! s9s ( o!rs4#aj ,n[1 !
 apo/les might adopt ?is view & apply x 
pre em95tly to ! case ( ,*ri/4 ,?is is !
 v explanation giv5 by ,orig54#aa ,de   
,wette quotes ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 & _m o!rs
 ( ! same purport1  #aj ,gfror]1        
,gesehi*te des ,ur*ri/5?ums1 ab?4 ii4   
pp4 #ahg #aij4  #aa ,mo%eim1 ,comm5t>ies
 on ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,fir/ ,?ree         
,c5turies1 ,eng4 trans41 vol4 ii4 pp4   
#afb-afc4  f ! ,talmud3 ,! dea? ( ! j is
 ! r$emption ( s9n]s4#ab ,! blood ( any 
righte\s man 0 a little atonem5t2 t (   
,*ri/ 0 a va/ "o4 ,! =m] all ,prote/ants
 call a hea!n error4 ,s !y %\ld ! latt]1
 because x sprung f ! same s\rce & is ! 
same 9 pr9ciple4 ,if1 !n1 !re are any   
scriptural texts :i* imply t ! m]e dea? 
( ,*ri/ _h a vic>i\s1 expiatory         
efficacy1 !y are1 s f> =?1 ! reflection 

( hea!n & ,jewi% errors yet l+]+ 9 !    
m9ds ( ! writ]s1 & n ! inspir$          
revelation ( an isolat$1 arbitr>y aft]  
exp$i5t contriv$ 9 ! secret c\nsels (   
,god & wond]fully int]polat$ into !     
provid5tial hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,b1 if !re   
are any su* passages1 !y are few &      
unimportant4 ,! great mass ( !          
scriptural language on ?is subject is   
fairly & fully expla9$ by ! hi/orical   
!ory ^: outl9es we h sket*$4 ,! root ( !
 matt] is ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ out f  
among ! dead & 8 asc5t into heav54  ,x  
has n be5 our purpose 9 ?is *apt]1 or 9 
! prec$+ *apt]s1 to pres5t ! hi/ory ( ! 
,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! atonem5t1 ei!r 9   
its intr9sic significance or 9 its      
relations to subjective religi\s        
exp]i5ce4 ,we h only s\ght to expla9 x1 
accord+ to ! orig9al und]/&+ ( x1 9 its 
objective relations to ! fate ( m5 9 !  
future life4 ,! importance ( ! subject1 
its difficulty1 & ! pr(\nd prejudices   
connect$ ) x1 are s great z n only to   
excuse1 b ev5 to require1 mu*           

explanatory repetition to make ! tru?   
cle> & to recomm5d x1 9 _m lights1 )    
v>i\s me?ods1 & by accumulat$           
au?orities4 ,^? :o wi% to see ! :ole    
subject ( ! atonem5t treat$ ) consummate
 fulness & ability1 leav+ no?+ to be    
desir$ f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 h only
 to read ! ma/]ly "w ( ,baur4#ac  ,9    
leav+ ?is "p ( our subject "h1 we w\ld  
submit ! foll[+ consid]ations to ! c&id 
judgm5t ( ! read]4 ,admitt+ ! tru? ( !  
common doctr9e ( ! atonem5t1 :y did     
,*ri/ die8 ,x does n appe> h[ !re c\ld  
be any p>ticul> efficacy 9 m]e dea?4 ,! 
expiation ( s9 :i* he _h und]tak5       
requir$ only a c]ta9 am\nt ( suff]+4 ,x 
did n z f> z we c see on ! !ory (       
satisfaction by an equival5t sub/itut$  
suff]+ require dea?4 ,x seems z if local
 & physical ideas mu/ h be5 associat$ ) 
! ?\ght ( 8 dea?4 ,& we f9d ! au?or ( ! 
,epi/le to ! ,hebrews ?us reply+ to !   
"q1 ,:y did ,*ri/ die8 ,t ?r\gh dea? he 
might de/roy him t ha? ! p[] ( dea?1 t  
is1 ! devil1 & deliv] ^? :o ?r\gh fe> ( 

dea? 7 all _! lifetime subject to       
bondage4 ,n[1 pla9ly1 ?is end 0         
accompli%$ by 8 resurrection bur/+      
asund] ! bonds ( ,hades & %[+ t x 0 no  
long] ! hopeless prison ( ! dead4 ,!    
ju/ice ( ?is explanation appe>s f !     
logical necessity ( ! s]ies ( ideas1 !  
int]nal coh]5ce & h>mony ( ?\ght4 ,x has
 be5 ably %[n t sub/antially ?is view is
 ! accurate int]pretation ( ! ,new      
,te/am5t doctr9e by  #ab ,comm4 de      
,morte ,*ri/i ,expiatoria1 cap4 iii43   
,qua ,judaorum ,rec5tiorum ,*ri/ologia  
de ,passione ac ,morte ,messia docet4   
#ac ,die ,*ri/li*e ,lehre von d]        
,v]sohnung 9 ihr] ,ges*i*tli*5          
,entwicklung von d] ,alteat5 ,zeit bis  
auf die ,neue/e4  ,/e9b>t1#ad ,s*ott1#ae
 ,brets*neid]1#af ,klaib]1#ag & o!rs4 ,!
 gradual deviations f ?is e>ly view c be
 hi/orically trac$1 /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh ! 
ref9+ speculations ( !ologians4 ,fir/1 9
 ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 aft] ! ,new      
,te/am5t times1 x is ?\ght ! devil has a
 "r ov] all s\ls 9 consequ5ce ( s94     

,*ri/ is a ransom (f]$ to ! devil to    
(fset 8 claim4 ,sometimes ?is is        
repres5t$ z a fair b>ga91 sometimes z a 
deception practis$ on ! devil1 sometimes
 z a battle wag$ ) him4 ,next1 x is     
conceiv$ t ! devil has no "r ov] human  
s\ls1 t x is ,god :o has doom$ !m to !  
inf]nal prison & holds !m !re = _! s94  
,accord+ly1 ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ = _!    
ransom is (f]$ n to ! tyrannical devil b
 to ! (f5d$ ,god4 ,f9ally1 9 ! progress 
( culture1 ! satisfaction !ory appe>s2 &
 n[ ! suff]+ ( ,*ri/ is nei!r to buy    
s\ls f ! devil nor to appease ,god &    
s(t5 8 ang] into =giv5ess2 b x is to    
meet ! inexorable exig5cies ( ! ab/ract 
law ( inf9ite ju/ice & deliv] s9n]s by  
be>+ = !m ! p5alty ( s94 ,! :ole c\rse (
 ?\ght1 once comm5c$1 is natural1       
inevitable2 b ! />t+ po9t is f an error1
 & ! paus+ places are at false goals4   
,! view :i* we h ass]t$ to be !         
scriptural view prevail$ z ! or?odox    
doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* ?r\gh\t ! fir/ ?ree   
c5turies1 z ,bahr has prov$ 9 8 valuable

 treatise on ! subject4#ah ,he %[s t    
dur+ t p]iod ,*ri/'s dea? 0 reg>d$ z a  
revelation ( ,god's love1 a victory ov] 
! devil1 7?r\gh 8 resurrection17 a means
 ( obta9+ salvation = m51 b n z a       
punitive sacrifice1 n z a v9dication (  
,god's ju/ice1 n z a vic>i\s            
satisfaction ( ! law4#ai ,if ! lead+    
!ologians ( ,*ri/5dom1 su* z ,anselm1   
,calv91 & ,grotius1 h s ?or\ghly        
repudiat$ ! orig9al ,*ri/ian & patri/ic 
doctr9e ( ! atonem5t1 & built ano!r     
doctr9e ^u _! own un9spir$ speculations1
 :y %\ld our mod]n sects def] s slavi%ly
 to !m1 &1 in/ead ( freely inve/igat+ ! 
subject = !mselves f ! fir/ s\rces (    
,scripture & spiritual philosophy1      
timidly cl+ to ! results rea*$ by ^!    
biass$1 morbid1 & ov] %>p ?9k]s8 ,9     
proportion z s*ol>ly1 unfett]$ m9ds     
engage 9 su* a criticism1 we believe !  
exposition giv5 9 ! =ego+ pages w be    
recognis$ z scriptural4 ,)\t involv+ ?is
 :ole !ory1 h[ c any "o expla9 !        
unque/ionable fact t dur+ ! fir/ f\r    

c5turies ! entire or?odox ,*ur* believ$ 
t ,*ri/ at 8 resurrection f ! "u _w     
deliv]$ ,adam f 8 imprisonm5t !re8#bj   
,all ackn[l$ge t ! phrase r$emption by !
 blood ( ,*ri/ is a metaphor4 ,! only "q
 is1 :at mean+ 0 x int5d$ to convey8 ,we
 ma9ta9 its mean+ to be t  #ad ,sy/em d]
 ,re95 ,philosophie1 od]                
,gluckseligkeitslehre des ,*ri/5?ums1   
u4s4f4  #ae ,epitome ,!ologia ,*ri/iana 
,dogmatica4  #af ,die ,lehr5 von ,adam's
 ,fall1 d] ,erbsunde1 und dem ,opf]     
,*ri/i4  #ag ,/udi5 d] ,evang4          
,geietli*keit ,wurtemburgs1 viii4 #a1   
#b4 ,do$]le91 ,morus1 ,knapp1 ,s*w>ze1 &
 ,re9h>d affirm t ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 n !  
price ( our p>don1 b ! confirm+         
decl>ation ( free p>don f ,god4         
,hag5ba*1 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 sect4 #big1   
note #e4  #ah ,die ,lehre d] ,kir*e vom 
,tode ,jesu 9 d5 ,er/5 ,drei            
,jahrhund]teu4  #ai ,die ,lehre d]      
,kir*e vom ,tode ,jesu 9 d5 ,er/5 ,drei 
,jahrhund]t51 ss4 #agf-ahj4  #bj        
,augu/9e1 ,epi/4 ad ,evodium #ii4 ,op4  

,imp4 vi4 #bb1 #cj4 ,epi/4 #afd4 ,dante 
makes ,adam say he _h be5 #dcjb ye>s 9  
,limbo :5 ,*ri/1 at 8 desc5t1 rescu$    
him4 ,p>adise1 canto xxvi4   ?r\gh all !
 ev5ts & =ces associat$ ) ! dea? (      
,*ri/1 includ+ 8 desc5t to ,hades & 8   
resurrection1 m5 are deliv]$ f ! doom ( 
! "u _w4 ,! common !ology expla9s x z   
tea*+ t !re 0 an expiatory efficacy 9 ! 
unm]it$ suff]+s ( ,*ri/4 ,! sy/em kn[n z
 ,unit>ianism says x d5otes m]ely !     
ex]tion ( a sav+ spiritual p[] on !     
he>ts ( m54 ,! fir/ int]pretation *>ges 
! figure ( spee* ) a dramatic revelation
 ( ! love ( ,god freely rescu+ m5 f _!  
inh]it$ fate4 ,! second seems to make x 
a tank ( gore1 :]e ,div9e v5geance      
legally laps to appease its o!rwise     
insatiable appetite4 ,! ?ird fills x ) a
 reg5]ative moral influ5ce to be        
di/ribut$ ^u ! *>act]s ( believ]s4 ,!   
two =m] also include ! la/2 b x excludes
 !m4 ,n[1 z x seems to u1 ! fir/ is ! =m
 ( mi/ake 9 :i* ! e>ly ,*ur*1 includ+ ! 
apo/les1 embodi$ ! true significance ( !

 mission ( ,*ri/4 ,ow+ to ! circle (    
ideas 9 :i* !y liv$1 ?is 0 ! only       
possible =m 9 :i* ! disciples ( ,jesus  
c\ld receive ! new doctr9e ( a bless$   
immortality br\ght to light by          
,*ri/ianity4#ba ,! second is ! =m (     
false !ory 9 :i* a few s*ola/ic bra9s   
elaborat$ ! cruel results ( _! diseas$  
metaphysical speculations4 ,! ?ird is ! 
dry1 meag]1 inadequate /atem5t ( ! mo/  
ess5tial tru? 9 ! case4  ,!re is "o m   
po9t ( view 9 :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t holds 
up ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,x is reg>d$ 
z a summons to a moral & spiritual      
resurrection )9 ! brea/ ( ! believ]4 ,z 
! great ,=]unn] _h asc5d$ to a spiritual
 & immortal life 9 ! heav5s1 s 8 foll[]s
 %\ld be inspir$ ) su* a realiz+ s5se ( 
heav5ly ?+s1 ) su* ,div9e fai? &        
fell[%ip1 z w\ld lift !m above ! _w1 )  
all its evanesc5t c>es1 & fix _! he>ts )
 ,god4 ,?is high communion ) ,*ri/1 &   
int5se assurance ( a de/9$ spe$y        
inh]itance ) him1 %\ld r5d] ! disciple  
ins5sible to ! clamor\s di/ractions (   

e>?1 invuln]able to ! op5 & secret      
assaults ( s91 z if 9 ! body he 7       
already dead1 & only alive 9 ! _s to !  
obligations ( hol9ess1 ! attractions (  
piety1 & ! promises ( heav54 ,:5 we 7   
dead 9 trespasses & s9s1 ,god lov$ u1 & 
ha? quick5$ u toge!r ) ,*ri/1 & ha?     
rais$ u up toge!r & made u sit toge!r 9 
heav5ly places4 ,if ye1 !n1 be ris5 )   
,*ri/1 set y\r affection on ?+s above1 n
 on e>?ly ?+s2 = ye are dead1 & y\r life
 is hid ) ,*ri/ 9 ,god4 ,?is moral      
symbolic application ( ! resurrection is
 mo/ beautiful & effective4 ,*ri/ has   
ris51 immaculate & immortal1 into ! pure
 & holy heav53 !n live virtu\sly &      
pi\sly1 t y may be f\nd wor?y to be     
receiv$ unto him4 ,he t ha? ?is hope    
purifie? himself1 ev5 z ,he is pure4    
,paul en=ces ?is ?\ght ?r\gh ! /rik+    
figure t1 s9ce we are fre$ f ! law ?r\gh
 ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 we %\ld be m>ri$ to 8  
ris5 _s & br+ =? fruit unto ,god4 ,&    
aga91 :5 he speaks 9 ^! words1 ,*ri/ 9 y
 ! hope ( glory1 we suppose he ref]s to 

! spiritual image ( ! ris5 ,r$eem] =m$ 9
 ! disciples' imag9ation & he>t1 !      
prefigur+ & witness+ pl$ge ( _! asc5sion
 also to heav54 ,! same practical use is
 made ( ! doctr9e ?r\gh ! rite & sign ( 
baptism4 ,ye are buri$ ) ,*ri/ 9  #ba   
,brets*neid] =cibly illu/rates ?is 9 8  
,h&bu* d] ,dogmatik d] ,evang4  ,lu!r4  
,kir*e1 sects4 #aef-aeh1 b& ii4         
baptism1 :]e9 also ye are ris5 ) him    
?r\gh fai? 9 ! work+ ( ,god1 :o ha?     
rais$ him f ! dead4 ,:]e=e1 if ye be    
dead ) ,*ri/1 :y are ye subject to      
worldly ord9ances8 & if ye be ris5 )    
him1 seek ^? ?+s :i* are above4 ,:5 !   
disciple sunk b5ea? ! baptiz+ wat]s1 he 
0 typically dead & buri$1 z ,jesus 0 9 !
 tomb2 :5 he rose f ! wat]s into ! air  
aga91 he figuratively repres5t$ ,*ri/   
ris+ f ! dead into heav54 ,h5ce=?1      
!re=e1 he 0 to consid] himself z dead to
 all worldly s9s & lu/s1 alive to all   
heav5ly virtues & aspirations4 ,!re=e1 !
 apo/le says1 we are buri$ ) ,*ri/ by   
baptism unto dea?1 t l z ,*ri/ 0 rais$  

up f ! dead1 ev5 s we %\ld walk 9       
newness ( life4 ,9 t ,*ri/ di$1 he di$  
unto s9 once2 b 9 t he live?1 he live?  
unto ,god4 ,likewise reckon ye also     
y\rselves to be dead inde$ unto s91 b   
alive unto ,god4 ,!re=e1 if any man be 9
 ,*ri/1 he is a new creature3 old ?+s   
are pass$ away2 behold1 all ?+s are     
become new4 ,?is 0 /rictly true to !    
imm$iate disciples ( ,jesus4 ,:5 he di$1
 _! he>ts di$ )9 !m2 !y %rank away 9    
hopeless confusion & gloom4 ,:5 he      
return$ to life & asc5d$ to heav51 9    
feel+ & imag9ation !y w5t ) him4 ,e     
moral p[] & motive />t$ into new life & 
en]gy4  ,! day :5 f ! dead ,our ,"l     
arose1 !n ev]y:]e1 ,out ( _! d>kness &  
despair1 ,triumphant ov] fe>s & foes1 ,!
 s\ls ( 8 disciples rose4  ,an unhe>d ( 
assurance ( ! ,fa!r's love & ( _! et]nal
 inh]itance flood$ _! be+ ) its         
reg5]at+1 uplift+ p[]4 ,to _! absorb+   
anticipations ! mighty consummation (   
all 0 at h&4 ,9 reflective imag9ation x 
0 already pa/1 & !y1 dead to ! _w1 only 

liv$ to ,god4 ,! mat]ial _w & ! lu/ !re(
 _h sunk b5ea? !m & vani%$4 ,!y 7 mov+ 9
 ! univ]se ( imp]i%able realities unse5 
by ! fle%ly eye4 ,to _! fai? already 0  
unroll$ ov] !m t new firmam5t 9 ^:      
spanless welk9 no cl\dy tempe/s ev] ga!r
 & break1 & ! s]5e lights nev] fade nor 
g d[n4 ,?is exp]i5ce ( a spiritual      
exaltation above ! s9s & degrad+        
turmoils ( passion1 above ! p]i%+       
baubles ( ! e>?1 into ! religi\s        
pr9ciples :i* are indep5d5t & assur$1   
peace1 & bliss1 & et]nity1 is atta9able 
by all :o ) ! e>ne/ness ( _! s\ls       
assimilate ! moral tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity1 
press+ 9 pi\s tru/ aft] ! /eps ( ! ris5 
,ma/]4 ,& ?is1 aft] all1 is ! vital     
ess5ce ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection z x 
makes practical appeal to u4 ,?is w /&1 
?\gh gnaw+ "t & ho/ile criticism %\ld   
assail & %ake all ! re/4 ,x is some?+ n 
to be me*anically wr\ght ^u u f )\t1 b  
to be done )9 by our own volunt>y ef=t &
 pray]1 by ,god's help4 ,to rise f slo?1
 unbelief1 s91 f moral dea?1 to         

e>ne/ness1 fai?1 b5efic5ce1 to et]nal   
life 9 ! brea/1 is a real & mo/ sublime 
resurrection1 ! indisp5sable prep>ation 
= t o!r & f9al "o :i* %all raise u f !  
sepul*re to ! sky4 ,:51 on ,ea/] morn+1 
,*ri/ian disciples ?r\gh\t ! _w he> !   
joy\s cry1 ,*ri/ is ris51 & _! own he>ts
 in/9ctively respond1 ) an unqu5*able   
p]suasion t he is n[ alive some:]e 9 !  
heights ( ! univ]se1 ,*ri/ is ris5      
inde$1 !y %\ld endeavor 9 _s to rise    
too1 rise f ! deadly bondage &          
corruption ( vice & indiff]5ce4 ,:ile ! 
e>? rema9s1 & m5 survive1 & ! evils :i* 
ali5ate !m f ,god & 8 bless$ness reta9  
any sway ov] !m1 s (t z t hall[$ day    
comes r\nd1 ?is is ! k9dl+ message (    
,div9e au?ority ev] fre%1 & ( transc5d5t
 import nev] old1 t x be>s ?r\gh all !  
bord]s ( ,*ri/5dom to e responsible s\l3
 ,awake f y\r sleep1 arise f y\r dea?1  
lift up y\r eyes to heav51 & ! ris5     
,r$eem] w give y ! light ( immortal     
life6 ,h ?is awak5+ & dea?less exp]i5ce 
9 ! s\l1 & y w be tr\bl$ by no d\bts    

ab\t an ev]la/+ life succe$+ ! close ( !
 _w4 ,b s long z ?is spiritual          
resurrection 9 ! brea/ is unkn[n1 y c h 
no k ( et]nal life1 no exp]im5tal fai? 9
 a future entrance f ! grave into heav51
 no1 n ?\gh millions ( resurrections _h 
cr[d$ ! int]/ell> space ) asc5d+ %apes4 
,rise1 !n1 f y\r moral graves1 &        
already1 by fai? & imag9ation1 sit 9    
heav5ly places ) ,*ri/ ,jesus4  ,be=e   
leav+ ?is subject1 x belongs to u to    
look at x z a !ory2 t is1 to consid] )  
critical scrut9y ! conclusions :i* are  
suppos$ to fl[ f its c5tral fact4 ,we   
mu/ reg>d x f ?ree di/9ct po9ts ( view1 
seek+ its mean+ 9 s\nd logic1 its =ce 9 
pa/ hi/ory1 its value 9 pres5t exp]i5ce4
 ,fir/1 !n1 we are to inquire :at really
 is ! logical significance ( !          
resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,! loos5ess &     
confusion ( ?\ght prevail+ 9 relation to
 ?is po9t are amaz+4 ,x seems z if      
mank9d 7 cont5t$ ) inve/igations        
c>eless1 reason+s incoh]5t1 & inf]5ces  
arbitr>y1 9 proportion to ! mom5t\sness 

( ! matt] 9 h&4 ,9 reg>d to little      
details ( s5sible fact & daily bus9ess  
_! obs]vation is %>p1 _! analysis       
c>eful1 _! reflection pati5t2 b :5 !y   
approa* ! great problems ( morality1    
,god1 immortality1 !y %r9k f comm5surate
 ef=ts to ma/] ^? mighty que/ions ) /]n 
hone/y1 & rema9 satisfi$ ) fanciful     
me?ods & vague results4 ,! resurrection 
( ,*ri/ is g5]ally reg>d$ z a direct    
demon/ration ( ! immortality ( man1 an  
argum5t ( irrefragable validity4 ,b ?is 
is an a/oni%+ mi/ake4 ,! argum5t 0 n s  
con/ruct$ by ,paul4 ,he did n seek      
directly to prove ! immortality ( ! s\l1
 b ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,he took =  
grant$ ! ,ph>isaic doctr9e t all s\ls on
 leav+ _! bodies desc5d$ to ,%eol1 :]e  
!y d>kly surviv$1 wait+ to be summon$ =?
 at ! arrival ( ! ,messianic epo*4      
,assum+ ! fur!r premise t ,*ri/ aft]    
dea? w5t d[n among ^! imprison$ s\ls1 & 
!n rose !nce aga91 ,paul inf]s1 by a    
logical process /rictly valid &         
irresi/ible to "o hold+ ^? premises1 t !

 g5]al doctr9e ( a resurrection f ! dead
 is true1 & t by ?is visible pl$ge we   
may expect x soon1 s9ce ! ,messiah1 :o  
is to u%] 9 its execution1 has already  
come & f9i%$ ! prelim9>y /ages ( 8 "w4  
,! apo/le's own words pla9ly %[ ?is to  
be 8 mean+4 ,if !re be no resurrection (
 ! dead1 !n is ,*ri/ n ris54 ,b n[ is   
,*ri/ ris5 f ! dead1 become ! fir/      
fruits ( !m t slept4 ,= s9ce by man came
 dea?1 by man came also ! resurrection (
 ! dead4 ,e man %all be made alive 9 8  
own ord]3 ,*ri/ ! fir/ fruits2 !n !y t  
are ,*ri/'s1 at 8 com+2 !n ! la/        
remnant1 :5 he %all h deliv]$ up ! k+dom
 to ,god4 ,! notions ( a univ]sal       
imprisonm5t ( s\ls 9 ! int]m$iate /ate1 
& ( a univ]sal rais+ ( !m !nce at an    
appo9t$ "t1 hav+ fad$ f a deep & vivid  
belief into a cold traditional dogma1   
ridicul$ by _m1 c>$ = at all by few1    
realiz+ly held by almo/ none1 ,paul's   
argum5t has be5 p]v]t$ & mis9t]pret$1   
until x is n[ commonly suppos$ to mean  
?is3 ,*ri/ has ris5 f ! dead3 !re=e !   

s\l ( man is immortal4 ,:]eas ! argum5t 
really exi/$ 9 8 m9d 9 ! rev]se =m1 ?us3
 ,! s\ls ( m5 are immortal & are h]eaft]
 to be rais$ up3 !re=e ,*ri/ has ris5 z 
an example & illu/ration !re(4 ,x is    
s+ul> to notice t he has himself cle>ly 
/at$ ! argum5t 9 ?is =m ?ree times )9 ! 
space ( f\r consecutive v]ses1 z foll[s3
 ,if !re be no resurrection ( ! dead1 !n
 is ,*ri/ n ris53 ,god rais$ ,*ri/ n up1
 if s be t ! dead rise n4 ,= if ! dead  
rise n1 !n is ,*ri/ n rais$4 ,! fact ( !
 resurrection ( ,*ri/1 tak5 9 connection
 ) ! relat$ notions previ\sly held 9 !  
m9d ( ,paul1 =m$ ! complem5t ( an       
irresi/ible argum5t to prove ! imp5d+   
resurrection ( ! dead1 ,b if x be n[    
p]ceiv$ t ^? o!r notions 7 ,ph>isaic    
errors1 ! argum5t1 z he employ$ x1 falls
 to ! gr\nd4  ,tak5 by itself & analyz$ 
by a sev]e logic1 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/
 proves no?+ conclusively 9 reg>d to our
 immortality4 ,if x did ( itself prove  
any ?+1 ! direct logical inf]5ce f x    
w\ld be t h5ce=? all m51 ?ree days aft] 

dea?1 w\ld rise bodily f ! dead1 appe> =
 a season on e>? z be=e1 & !n asc5d     
visibly into ! sky4 ,if at ! pres5t "t a
 man :o _h be5 put to dea? & entomb$    
?ree days %\ld op5ly come =? alive1     
consid]$ z an isolat$ fact1 :at w\ld x  
prove8 ,x w\ld m]ely prove t a wond]ful 
ev5t _h occurr$4 ,x w\ld %[ t ei!r by "s
 my/]i\s means he _h escap$ dea?1 or    
else t by "s app>5tly pret]natural ag5cy
 he _h be5 re/or$ to life f ! dead4     
,tak5 by itself1 x c\ld n prove :e!r !  
occurr5ce 0 caus$ by a demoniacal or by 
a ,div9e p[]1 or by "s occult =ce (     
nature develop$ by a peculi> comb9ation 
( conditions4 ,! /range ev5t w\ld /&    
cle> to our s5ses2 b all beyond t w\ld  
be b an hypo!sis ( our own1 & liable to 
mi/ake4 ,consequ5tly1 we say1 !         
resurrection1 tak5 by itself1 proves no 
doctr9e4 ,b we may s suppose ! case t   
su* an ev5t w\ld1 f its relation to     
some?+ else1 acquire logical mean+4 ,=  
in/ance1 if ,*ri/ _h taught t he _h     
sup]natural k ( tru?1 a ,div9e          

commission to reveal a future life1 &   
said t1 aft] he %\ld h be5 dead & buri$ 
?ree days1 ,god w\ld re/ore him to life 
to au!nticate 8 words1 & if1 !n1 s      
/up5d\s a miracle occurr$ 9 accordance )
 8 pr$iction1 x w\ld prove t 8 claims & 
doctr9e 7 true1 because ,god is no      
accomplice 9 deception4 ,su* 0 ! case ) 
,jesus z n>rat$2 & ?us 8 resurrection   
appe>s1 n z hav+ doctr9al significance &
 demon/rative validity 9 itself1 b z a  
miracul\s au!ntication ( 8 mission4 ,t  
is to say1 ! ,*ri/ian's fai? 9          
immortality re/s n directly on !        
resurrection ( ,*ri/1 b on 8 tea*+s1 :i*
 7 confirm$ & seal$ by 8 resurrection4  
,x is true t1 ev5 9 ?is modifi$ =m1 "s  
p]sons ( dialectical m9ds w d5y all     
validity to ! argum5t4 ,:at necess>y    
connection is !re1 !y w ask1 betwe5 !   
exhibition ( me*anico *emical wond]s1   
physical feats1 h[ev] abnormal &        
inexplicable1 & ! possession (          
infallibility ( intellectual insight &  
moral utt]ance8 ,if a man %\ld say1 ,god

 is falsehood & hatr$1 & 9 evid5ce ( 8  
decl>ation %\ld make a :ole cemet]y     
disembogue its dead alive1 or cause !   
sun sudd5ly to s9k f its /ation at noon 
& return aga91 w\ld 8 wond]ful p]=mance 
prove 8 horrible doctr9e8 ,:y1 or h[1   
!n1 w\ld a simil> feat prove ! opposite 
doctr9e8 ,pla9ly1 !re is n1 on rigid    
logical pr9ciples1 any connect+ tie or  
evid5c+ coh]5ce betwe5 a physical       
miracle & a moral doctr9e4#bb ,we admit 
! correctness ( ?is1 on philosophical   
gr\nds4 ,b ! validity ( a miracle z pro(
 ( a doctr9e re/s on ! spontane\s       
assumption t no man c "w a miracle      
unless ,god specially delegate him !    
p[]3 !reby ,god becomes ! v\*] ( 8      
envoy4 ,& :5 a p]son claim+ to be a     
mess5g] f ,god appe>s1 say+1 ,! ,fa!r   
ha? comm&$ me to decl>e t 9 ! _m        
mansions ( 8 h\se !re is a bless$ life =
 m5 aft] ! close ( ?is life1 & :5 he    
promises t1 9 confirmation ( 8 claim1   
,god w re/ore him to life aft] he %all h
 be5 ?ree days dead1 & :5 he returns    

accord+ly triumphant f ! sepul*re1 !    
argum5t w be unque/ion+ly receiv$ z     
valid by ! in/9ctive common s5se ( all  
:o are conv9c$ ( ! facts4  ,we next pass
 f ! mean+ ( ! resurrection 9 logic to  
its =ce & work+ 9 hi/ory4 ,:5 ,jesus    
hung on ! cross1 & ! scornful %\ts ( !  
multitude murmur$ 9 8 e>s1 ! disciples  
_h fl$ away1 disappo9t$1 t]ror /rick51  
despair+4 ,8 /> seem$ set 9 a hopeless  
night ( %ame & defeat4 ,! new religion  
appe>$ a failure4 ,b 9 ?ree days affairs
 _h tak5 a new aspect4 ,he t 0 crucifi$ 
_h ris51 & ! scatt]$ disciples ralli$ f 
e qu>t]1 &1 animat$ by fai? & zeal1 w5t 
=? to conv]t ! _w4 ,z an organic c5tre (
 ?\ght & belief1 z a f]vid & endur+     
incitem5t to action1 9 ! apo/olic times 
& all ?r\gh ! e>ly c5turies1 ! receiv$  
fact ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ wield$ an 
incomp>able influ5ce & produc$          
incalculable results4 ,*ri/ianity inde$ 
rose ^u x1 &1 to a great ext5t1 fl\ri%$ 
?r\gh x4 ,! pr9cipal effect :i* ! gospel
 has _h 9 br++ life & immortality to    

light ?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ! _w is to be 
ref]r$ to ! proclaim$ resurrection (    
,*ri/4 ,= )\t ! latt] ! =m] w\ld n h    
be54 ,its hi/orical value has !re=e be5 
imm5se4 ,m ?an n9e t5?s ( ! dormant     
common fai? ( ,*ri/5dom 9 a future life 
n[ outw>dly reposes on x f tradition &  
cu/om4 ,! great majority ( ,*ri/ians gr[
 up1 by education & habit1 )\t any %>p  
consci5ti\s inve/igation ( _! own1 to an
 undi/urb$ belief 9 immortality1 a      
belief passively re/+ on ! demon/ration 
( ! doctr9e suppos$ to h be5 furni%$ by 
! resurrection ( ,*ri/ 9 ,judea two ?\s&
 ye>s ago4 ,! hi/orical p[] ( t fact has
 !re=e be5 inexpressibly important2 &   
its va/ & happy consequ5ces z food &    
basis ( fai? /ill rema94 ,b ?is hi/oric 
=ce is no long] :at x once 0 z a liv+ & 
pres5t cause4 ,x n[ op]ates mo/ly ?r\gh 
traditional reception z an e/abli%$     
doctr9e to be tak5  #bb ,j4 ,blanco     
,:ite1 ,lett] on ,miracles1 9 app5dix to
 ,m>t9eau's ,rationale ( ,religi\s      
,inquiry4   = grant$1 )\t fre%          

individual inquiry4 ,education & cu/om  
use x z an unexam9$ b tru/$ f\ndation to
 build on by common assumptions4 ,& s ! 
hi/oric impetus is n yet sp5t4 ,b x     
c]ta9ly has dim9i%$2 & x w dim9i% m4 ,:5
 fac$ ) dauntless eyes & approa*$ by    
skeptical me?ods1 x ( c\rse _c h !      
sil5c+1 all suffici5t au?ority1 n[ t x  
is buri$ 9 ! dim remot5ess ( n9ete5     
c5turies & surr\nd$ by obscur+          
accompanim5ts1 t x _h :5 its light blaz$
 close at h&4 ,! hi/orical =ce ( !      
alleg$ resurrection ( ,*ri/ mu/         
evid5tly1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 less5 to an
 unprejudic$ inquir] 9 "s proportion to 
! l5g!n+ di/ance ( ! ev5t f him 9 "t1 & 
! gr[+ difficulties ( ignorance1        
p]plexity1 d\bt1 manifold unc]ta9ty1    
defici5cy1 infidel sugge/ions1 &        
naturali/ic possibilities1 int]v5+      
betwe5 x & him4 ,! %ock ( fai? giv5 by !
 miracle is dissipat$ 9 com+ ?r\gh su*  
an abyss ( "t4 ,! f>!r (f & ! long] ago 
x 01 ! m *ances = error & ! m           
circum/ances ( obscurity !re are1 & s   

mu* ! wor? & =ce ( ! hi/orical belief 9 
x w naturally become fa9t]1 till !y w   
f9ally fade away4 ,an hone/ /ud5t may b[
 humbly be=e ! augu/ front ( ,*ri/ian   
hi/ory & jo9 ) ! millions ar\nd 9       
ackn[l$g+ ! fact ( ! resurrection (     
,*ri/4 ,b we ma9ta9 t ! ess5tial fact 9 
?is hi/oric act is n ! visible          
resuscitation ( ! dead body1 b !        
cele/ial reception ( ! dea?less _s4 ,s  
,paul evid5tly ?\ght2 = he _h nev] se5  
,*ri/ 9 ! fle%1 yet he places himself1 z
 a witness to ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 9 
! same rank ) ^? :o _h se5 him on 8     
reappe>ance 9 ! body3 ,la/ ( all he 0   
se5 ( me also4 ,paul _h only se5 him 9  
vision z a glorifi$ _s ( heav54  ,we "k 
t our belief 9 ! fle%ly resurrection (  
,jesus re/s on education & habit1 on    
*]i%$ associations ( rev]5ce & atta*m5t1
 r ?an on sift$ te/imony & conv9c+ pro(4
 ,x is pla91 too1 t if a p]son takes !  
attitude1 n ( piety & receptive tru/1 b 
( skeptical antagonism1 x is impossible1
 z ! facts )9 our rea* are to day1 to   

conv9ce him ( ! ass]t$ reality 9 "q4 ,an
 unprejudic$ m9d compet5tly taught &    
tra9$ = ! inquiry1 b ^: attitude t[>ds !
 decl>$ fact is t ( di/ru/1 a m9d :i* w 
admit no?+ b :at is conclusively prov$1 
_c be driv5 f its position by all !     
extant mat]ial ( evid5ce4 ,education1   
associations1 hopes1 affections1 lean+ t
 way1 he may be conv9c$2 b lean+ ! o!r  
way1 or pois$ 9 indiff]5ce on a sev]e   
logical gr\nd1 he w hone/ly rema9 9 8   
unbelief despite ( all ! argum5ts t c be
 pres5t$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he w say1 ,! 
only hi/ory we h ( ! resurrection is 9 !
 ,new ,te/am5t2 & ! te/imony ( witnesses
 9 _! own cause is always suspici\s2 & x
 is :olly impossible n[ really to prove 
:o wrote ^? docum5ts1 or precisely :5 & 
h[ !y orig9at$3 besides t1 ! obvi\s     
discrepancies 9 ! acc\nts1 & ! utt]ly   
uncritical cr$ulity & unsci5tific modes 
( inve/igation :i* satisfi$ ! writ]s1   
de/roy _! value z witnesses 9 any sev]e 
c\rt ( reason4 ,& 9 reply1 al?\gh we may
 claim t !re is suffici5t evid5ce to    

satisfy an humble ,*ri/ian1 previ\sly   
incl9$ to su* a fai?1 t ! ,new ,te/am5t 
docum5ts 7 writt5 by ! p]sons ^: names  
!y be>1 & t _! acc\nts are true1 yet we 
_c pret5d t !re is suffici5t evid5ce    
effectually to conv9ce a critical       
inquir] t !re is no possibility (       
ung5u95ess & unau!nticity4 ,9 ! second  
place1 su* a p]son w say1 ,_m fabul\s   
miracles h be5 eag]ly cr$it$ by         
contempor>ies ( _! pr(ess$ au?ors1 & h&$
 d[n to ! cr$ulity ( aft] times2 _m     
actual ev5ts1 hone/ly1 int]pret$ z      
miracles1 )\t fraud 9 any p>ty conc]n$1 
h be5 s accept$ & te/ifi$ to4  ,roman   
,ca?olic ,*ri/5dom claims to ?is day !  
p]=mance ( miracles )9 ! ,*ur*2 :ile all
 ,prote/ant ,*ri/5dom sc\ts !m z        
ridicul\s tales3 & ?is may be "o ( !m4  
,h[ c we demon/rate t x does n fall )9 !
 same class on ! laws ( evid5ce8 ,&     
al?\gh our own moral beliefs & sympa?ies
 may =ce ^u u ! mo/ pr(\nd conviction to
 ! contr>y1 x is pla9ly out ( our p[] to
 disprove ! possibility ( ?is hypo!sis  

be+ true4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 he w say1 ,( 
all :o te/ify to ! resurrection1 !re is 
no?+ 9 ! record admitt+ its entire      
reliabl5ess z an +5u\s /atem5t ( ! facts
 z appreh5d$ by ! au?ors to %[ t any "o 
( !m knew t ,jesus 0 actually dead1 or t
 any "o ( !m made any real se>* into t  
po9t4 ,he may h reviv$ f a long         
ins5sibility1 w&]$ =? 9 8 grave clo!s1  
m+l$ aft]w>ds ) 8 disciples1 & at la/ h 
di$ f 8 w\nds & exhau/ion1 9 solitude1 z
 he 0 us$ to sp5d seasons 9 lonely pray]
 by night4 ,!n1 ) p]fectly good fai?1 8 
disciples1 involv+ no collusion or      
deceit any:]e1 may h put a miracul\s    
int]pretation ^u x all1 su* additional  
p>ticul>s z 8 visible asc5sion into !   
sky be+ a lat] my?ical accretion4 ,?is  
view may well seem (f5sive1 ev5 %ock+1  
to ! pi\s believ]2 b x is pla9ly        
possible4 ,x is intr9sically m easily   
conceivable ?an ! accr$it$ miracle4 ,x  
is impossible positively to refute x3 ! 
available data d n exi/4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1
 we conclude t ! "t is com+ :5 ! basis (

 fai? 9 immortality1 9 ord] to /& ! te/s
 ( indep5d5t scrut9y1 mu/ be hi/orically
 z well z logically %ift$ f a bl9d      
dep5d5ce on ! miracul\s resurrection (  
,*ri/ to a wise reliance on insight into
 ! sup]natural capacity & de/9y ( man1  
on ! d$uctions ( moral reason & !       
prophecies ( religi\s tru/4  ,f9ally1 we
 pause a mom5t1 9 clos+ ?is discussion1 
to weigh ! practical value ( !          
resurrection ( ,*ri/ z ackn[l$g$ 9 !    
exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t "t4 ,h[ does t ev5t1
 admitt$ z a fact1 re/ 9 ! av]age       
p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ,*ri/ians n[8 ,we    
%all provoke no intellig5t contradiction
 :5 we say t x c]ta9ly does n (t5 re/ on
 labori\s rese>* & rigor\s te/+ (       
evid5ce4 ,we surely risk no?+ 9 say+ t )
 ! multitude ( believ]s x re/s on a     
docile reception ( tradition1 an        
unque/ion+ con=mity to ! e/abli%$       
doctr9e4 ,& t reception & con=mity 9 !  
pres5t in/ance dep5d1 we %all f9d by go+
 a /ep fur!r back1 ^u a deep a priori   
fai? 9 ,god & immortality4 ,:5 ,paul    

reasons t1 if ! dead are n to rise1     
,*ri/ is n ris51 b t ! dead are to rise1
 & !re=e ,*ri/ is ris51 8 argum5t       
reposes on a spontane\s practical me?od 
( moral assumption1 n on a judicial     
process ( logical pro(4 ,s is x )       
,*ri/ians n[4 ,! int5se moral conviction
 t ,god is good1 & t !re is ano!r life1 
& t x w\ld be supremely wor?y ( ,god to 
s5d a mess5g] to tea* t doctr9e & to    
rise f ! dead 9 pro( ( x1 x is ?is e>ne/
 previ\s fai? t gives plausibility1     
vitality1 & p[] to ! pres]v$ tradition (
 ! actual ev5t4 ,if we trace ! case home
 to ! la/ resort1 z x really lies 9 !   
exp]i5ce develop$ 9 u by ,*ri/ianity1 we
 %all f9d t a deep fai? 9 ,god is !     
basis ( our belief1 fir/ 9 g5]al        
immortality1 & secondly 9 ! special     
resurrection ( ,*ri/ z relat$ !reto4 ,b1
 by a confusion1 or a want1 ( ?\ght1 !  
=m] is mi/ak5ly suppos$ to re/ directly 
& solely on ! latt]4 ,! doctr9al        
inf]5ces built up ar\nd ! resurrection (
 ,*ri/ fall )9 ! prov9ce ( fai?1 re/+ on

 moral gr\nds1 n )9 t ( k1 re/+ on      
logical gr\nds4 ,= example3 :at direct  
pro( is !re t ,*ri/1 :5 he vani%$ f !   
disciples1 w5t to ! pres5ce ( ,god 9    
heav51 to die no m8 ,x 0 only se5 t he  
disappe>$3 all beyond t except z x re/s 
on belief 9 ! previ\s words ( ,*ri/     
himself is an inf]5ce ( fai?1 a fai?    
k9dl$ 9 ! s\l by ,god & n creat$ by !   
miracle ( ! resurrection4  ,t           
imag9ation1 tradition1 feel+1 & fai?1 h 
mu* m to d ) ! inf]5ces commonly drawn f
 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ ?an any /rict   
inve/igation ( its logical cont5ts has1 
appe>s cle>ly en\gh f ! univ]sal neglect
 to draw any inf]5ces f1 or to attribute
 any didactic importance to1 ! o!r      
resurrections record$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4
 ,we ref] especially to ! resurrection  
n>rat$ 9 ! tw5ty sev5? *apt] ( ,mat!w1 !
 mo/ /up5d\s miracle ev] wr\ght ^u e>?1 
x has be5 t]m$2 & yet h>dly any "o ev]  
deigns to notice x4 ,?us ! evangeli/    
writes3 ,& ! graves 7 op5$1 & _m bodies 
( ! sa9ts :i* slept arose & came out ( !

 graves aft] 8 resurrection1 & w5t into 
! holy city1 & appe>$ unto _m4 ,no?+ is 
inf]r$ f ?is alleg$ ev5t b ! p[] ( ,god4
 ,yet logically :at sep>ates x f !      
resurrection ( ,*ri/8 ,9 ,greece !re 0 !
 accr$it$ acc\nt ( ! resurrection ( ,er1
 9 ,p]sia t ( ,viraf1 9 ,judea t (      
,laz>us1 9 o!r nations ^? ( o!r p]sons4 
,none ( ^! ev] produc$ great results4   
,yet ! resurrection ( "o individual f ! 
dead logically conta9s all t t ( any o!r
 individual c4 ,:y1 !n1 has t ( ,*ri/   
alone made su* a *ange 9 ! fai? ( ! _w8 
,because1 ?r\gh a comb9ation ( causes1 x
 has appeal$ to ! imag9ation & he>t ( ! 
_w & /irr$ _! believ+ activity1 because 
! ?\ght 0 "h connect$ ) a p]son1 a      
hi/ory1 a moral =ce1 & a provid5tial    
int]position1 fit = ! gr&e/ d$uctions & 
equal to ! mightie/ effects4 ,x is n    
accurate philosophical criticism t has  
done ?is1 b humble love & fai?4  ,9 !   
exp]i5ce ( e>ne/ ,*ri/ians1 a p]sonal   
belief 9 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 vividly
 conceiv$ 9 ! imag9ation & tak5 home to 

! he>t1 is *iefly effective 9 its       
spiritual1 n 9 its argum5tative1        
results4 ,x /irs up ! p[]s & awak5s !   
ye>n+s ( ! s\l1 op5s heav5 to ! gaze1   
locates !re1 z x 7 visibly1 a glori\s   
ideal1 & ?us helps "o to ent] ^u an     
inw>d realization ( ! immortal _w4 ,! "o
 ess5tial ?+ is n t ,jesus appe>$ alive 
9 ! fle% aft] 8 physical dea?1 ! reveal]
 ( sup]human p[] & possessor (          
infallibility1 b t he div9ely lives n[1 
! =]unn] & type ( our immortality4      
,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,ess5tial ,,*ri/ian   
,,doctr9e ,,( ,,dea? ,,& ,,life4  ,,let 
,,u fir/ notice ! uncommon am\nt ( mean+
 :i* ,*ri/ & ! apo/olic writ]s usually  
put into ! words dea?1 life1 & o!r k9dr$
 t]ms4 ,^! words are sc>cely ev] us$ 9  
_! m]ely lit]al s5se1 b are *>g$ ) a    
vivid fulness ( significance n to be    
fa?om$ )\t especial att5tion4 ,if ?\    
wilt ent] into life1 keep ! comm&m5ts4  
,obvi\sly ?is means m ?an simple life2  
because ^? :o neglect ! laws ( virtue   
may live4 ,x signifies1 di/9ctively1    

true life1 ! exp]i5ce ( inw>d peace & ( 
,div9e favor4 ,:osoev] hate? 8 bro!r ha?
 n et]nal life abid+ 9 him1 b abide? 9  
dea?2 t is to say1 a s\l rankl+ ) bad   
passions is 9 ! gall ( bitt]ness & !    
bond ( iniquity1 b1 :5 conv]t$ f hatr$  
to love1 x passes f wret*$ness to       
bless$ness4 ,let ! dead bury _! dead4   
,no "o read+ ?is passage ) its context c
 fail to p]ceive t x means1             
sub/antially1 ,let ^? :o are absorb$ 9 !
 affairs ( ?is _w1 & indiff]5t to !     
revelation ,i h br\ght f heav51 att5d to
 ! int]m5t ( ! dead2 b delay n ?\1 :o   
art k9dl$ ) a lively int]e/ 9 ! tru?1 to
 proclaim ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,:5 ! return+ 
prodigal _h be5 joyfully receiv$1 ! fa!r
 said1 9 reply to ! murmurs ( ! eld]    
son1 ,?y bro!r 0 dead & is alive aga92  
he 0 lo/ 9 s9 & mis]y1 he is f\nd 9     
p5it5ce & happ9ess4 ,paul writes to !   
,romans1 ,)\t ! law s9 0 dead1 & ,i 0   
alive2 b :5 ! law 0 made kn[n1 s9 came  
to life1 & ,i di$4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 a   
man is ignorant ( ! moral law1 immoral  

conduct does n prev5t him f feel+       
innoc5t & be+ at peace2 b :5 a k ( ! law
 %[s ! wick$ness ( t conduct1 he becomes
 consci\s ( guilt1 & is unhappy4 ,=     
in/ance1 to /ate ! ?\ght a little       
diff]5tly1 to a *ild kn[+ no?+ ( ! law1 
! law1 or its purpos$ violation1 s91    
does n exi/1 is dead3 he !re=e enjoys   
peace ( consci5ce2 b :5 he becomes aw>e 
( ! law & its au?ority1 if he !n break  
x1 s9 is g5]at$ & imm$iately /+s1 &     
spiritual happ9ess dies4  ,^! passages  
are suffici5t to %[ t ,*ri/ianity uses !
 words dea? & life 9 a spiritual s5se1  
p5etrat+ to ! hidd5 realities ( ! s\l4  
,to speak ?us ( ! guilty1 unbeliev+ man 
z dead1 & only ( ! virtu\s1 believ+ man 
z truly alive1 may seem at fir/ a />tl+ 
use ( figurative language4 ,x w n appe> 
s :5 we notice its appropriat5ess to !  
case1 or rememb] ! imag9ative nature (  
,ori5tal spee* & recollect h[ (t5 we    
employ ! same t]ms 9 ! same way at !    
pres5t "t4 ,we w give a few examples ( a
 simil> use ( language outside ( !      

,scriptures4 ,t :i* ?reat5s or produces 
dea? is sometimes1 by a figure1 id5tifi$
 ) dea?4 ,orpheus1 9 ! ,argonautika1    
speaks ( a t]rible s]p5t ^: yawn+ jaw is
 full ( dea?4 ,s ,paul says he 0 9 dea?s
 (t4 ,ovid says1 ,! prie/s p\r$ out a   
dog's hot life on ! alt> ( ,hecate at ! 
cross+ ( two roads4 ,! ,py?agoreans1 :5 
"o ( _! numb] became impi\s & ab&on$1 7 
accu/om$ to consid] him dead1 & to erect
 a tomb to him1 on :i* 8 "n & 8 age at !
 "t ( 8 moral decease 7 engrav$4 ,!     
,roman law reg>d$ an excommunicat$      
citiz5 z civilis mortuus1 legally dead4 
,f5elon writes1 ,god has k9dl$ a flame  
at ! bottom ( e he>t1 :i* %\ld always   
burn z a lamp = him :o ha? light$ x2 &  
all o!r life is z dea?4 ,*auc] says1 9  
"o ( 8 ,cant]bury ,tales1 ref]r+ to a   
man enslav$ by dissolute habits1  ,b    
c]tes1 he t haunte? swi*e delices ,is d$
 :ile t he live? 9 ?o' vices4  ,& 9 a   
rec5t poem ! foll[+ l9es occur3  ,f 8   
great eyes ,! light has fl$3 ,:5 fai?   
dep>ts1 :5 honor dies1 ,! man is dead4  

,to be subject$ to ! l[] impulses ( our 
nature by degrad$ habits ( vice &       
crim9ality is wret*$ness & dea?4 ,! true
 life ( man consi/s1 ! ,great ,tea*]    
decl>$1 n 9 ! abundance ( ! ?+s :i* he  
possesse?1 b r 9 8 be+ ri* t[>d ,god1 9 
consci\s purity ( he>t1 en]gy ( fai?1 & 
union ) ! ,holy ,_s4 ,he t lives 9      
s5sual pleasure is dead :ile he lives1  
,paul ass]ts2 b he t lives 9 spiritual  
righte\sness has already ris5 f ! dead4 
,to sum up ! :ole 9 a s+le s5t5ce1 !    
s]vice & ! fruits ( s9 =m an exp]i5ce   
:i* ,*ri/ianity calls dea?1 because x is
 a /ate ( ins5sibility to ! elem5ts &   
results ( true life1 9 ! adequate s5se (
 t t]m1 mean+ ! s]5e activity & religi\s
 joy ( ! s\l4  ,! second p>ticul> 9 !   
ess5tial doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity conc]n+ !
 /ates ( human exp]i5ce :i* x entitles  
dea? & life is _! inh]5t1 endur+ nature1
 _! indep5d5ce on ! objects & *anges (  
?is _w4 ,! gospel tea*es t ! elem5ts (  
our be+ & exp]i5ce are transf]r$ f !    
life t n[ is into ! life t is to come1  

or1 r1 t we exi/ cont9u\sly =ev]1       
un9t]rupt$ by ! ev5t ( physical         
dissolution4 ,:osoev] dr9ke? ( ! wat] t 
,i %all give him1 ,jesus decl>es1 %all  
nev] ?ir/2 b ! wat] t ,i %all give him  
%all be 9 him a well ( wat] spr++ up    
into ev]la/+ life4 ,john affirms1 ,! _w 
passe? away1 & ! lu/ !re(2 b he t doe? !
 w ( ,god abide? =ev]4 ,paul writes to !
 ,*ri/ians at ,rome1 ,9 t ,*ri/ di$1 he 
di$ unto s9 once2 b 9 t he live?1 he    
live? unto ,god4 ,likewise reckon ye    
also y\rselves to be dead inde$ unto s91
 b alive unto ,god4 ,num]\s additional  
texts ( k9dr$ import might be cit$4 ,!y 
ann\nce ! immortality ( man1 ! un5d+    
cont9uance ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness1   
unless =feit$ by volunt>y defection4 ,!y
 %[ t s9 & woe are n arbitr>ily b\nd$ by
 ! limits ( "t & s5se 9 ! grave1 & t    
no?+ c ev] exhau/ or de/roy !           
satisfaction ( true life1 fai? 9 ! love 
( ,god3 x abides1 bless$ & et]nal1 9 !  
un9t]rupt$ bless$ness & et]nity ( its   
,object4 ,! revelation & (f] ( all ?is  

to ! acceptance ( m51 its conditions1   
claims1 & alt]native sanctions1 7 fir/  
div9ely made kn[n & plant$ 9 ! he>t ( ! 
_w1 z ! ,scriptures ass]t1 by ,jesus    
,*ri/1 :o promulgat$ !m by 8 prea*+1    
illu/rat$ !m by 8 example1 prov$ !m by 8
 works1 atte/$ !m by 8 blood1 & cr[n$ !m
 by 8 resurrection4  ,& n[ !re is op5$ =
 all ( u1 ?r\gh him1 t is to say1 ?r\gh 
belief & ob$i5ce ( :at he taught &      
exemplifi$1 an access unto ! ,fa!r1 an  
assurance ( 8 =giv5ess ( u & ( our      
reconciliation ) him4 ,we ?us ent] ^u ! 
exp]i5ce ( t true life :i* is joy &     
peace 9 believ+1 & :i* rema9s           
inde/ructible ?r\gh all ! vani%+        
vagrancy ( s91 mis]y1 & ! _w4 ,?is is   
et]nal life1 t !y might "k !e1 ! only   
true ,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/ :om ?\ ha/    
s5t3 t is1 imp]i%able life is to be     
obta9$ by union ) ,god 9 fai? & love1   
?r\gh a he>ty acceptance ( ! in/ructions
 ( ,*ri/4  ,! two po9ts ?us f> consid]$ 
are1 fir/1 t ! s9ful1 unbeliev+1 wret*$ 
man abides 9 virtual dea?1 :ile !       

righte\s1 happy believ] 9 ! gospel has !
 exp]i5ce ( g5u9e life2 &1 secondly1 t  
^! ess5tial elem5ts ( human "* &        
exp]i5ce survive all ev5ts ( "t & place 
9 ev]la/+ cont9uance4  ,! next          
consid]ation prom95t 9 ! ,*ri/ian       
doctr9e ( dea? & life is ! di/9ction    
cont9ually made betwe5 ! body & ! s\l4  
,man is reg>d$ "u a tw(old aspect1 z    
fle% & _s1 ! "o a temporal accompanim5t 
& dep5d5t m$ium1 ! o!r an immortal be+ 9
 itself4 ,! di/9ction is a fundam5tal   
"o1 & runs ?r\gh ne>ly all philosophy & 
religion 9 _! ref]5ce to man4 ,9 !      
,*ri/ian ,scriptures x is n %>ply drawn1
 ) logical precision1 nor always        
accurately ma9ta9$1 b is loosely def9$1 
) wav+ outl9es1 is (t5 employ$          
c>elessly1 & sometimes1 if /rictly tak51
 inconsi/5tly4 ,let u fir/ note a few   
examples ( ! di/9ction itself 9 !       
in/ructions ( ! ,savior & ( ! diff]5t   
,new ,te/am5t writ]s4  ,t :i* is born ( 
! fle% is fle%1 & t :i* is born ( ! _s  
is _s4 ,fe> n !m :i* kill ! body b are n

 able to kill ! s\l4 ,?\gh our outw>d   
man p]i%1 yet ! inw>d man is r5ew$4 ,he 
t s[e? to 8 fle% %all reap corruption2  
he t s[e? to ! _s %all reap life        
ev]la/+4 ,be+ put to dea? 9 ! fle%1 b   
quick5$ 9 ! _s4 ,kn[+ t ,i mu/ %ortly   
put (f ?is tab]nacle4 ,! body )\t ! _s  
is dead4 ,x w\ld be useless to          
accumulate examples4 ,x is pla9 t ^!    
au?ors di/+ui% ! body & ! s\l z two ?+s 
conjo9$ = a season1 ! latt] ( :i* w     
cont9ue to live :5 ! o!r has mix$ ) !   
du/4 ,! facts & ph5om5a ( our be+ f :i* 
?is di/9ction spr+s are s num]\s & s    
influ5tial1 s pr(\nd & s obvi\s1 t x is 
impossible !y %\ld escape ! k ( any ?9k+
 p]son4 ,inde$1 ! di/9ction has f\nd a  
recognition ev]y:]e among m51 f !       
ignorant savage1 ^: in/9cts & imag9ation
 %ad[ =? a dim _w 9 :i* ! impalpable    
images ( ! dep>t$ dwell1 to ! philosoph]
 ( pi]c+ intellect & univ]sal culture1  
,^: lore detects b5ea? our crumbl+ clay 
,a s\l1 exil$1 & j\rney+ back to day4   
,labor n = ! meat :i* p]i%e?1 ,jesus    

exhorts 8 foll[]s1 b labor = ! meat :i* 
endure? unto ev]la/+ life4 ,! body & !  
luxury t pamp]s x %all p]i%1 b ! _s & ! 
love t fe$s x %all abide =ev]4  ,we n[  
pass to exam9e "s metaphorical t]ms (t5 
errone\sly int]pret$ z convey+ m]ely _! 
lit]al =ce4 ,e "o famili> ) ! language (
 ! ,new ,te/am5t mu/ rememb] h[         
repeat$ly ! body & ! s\l1 or ! fle% & ! 
_s1 are set 9 direct opposition to ea*  
o!r1 s9 be+ ref]r$ to ! =m]1            
righte\sness to ! latt]4 ,i "k t 9 my   
fle% !re is no good ?+2 b ) my m9d ,i   
delight 9 ! law ( ,god4 ,! fle% lu/e?   
aga9/ ! _s1 & ! _s lu/e? aga9/ ! fle%1 &
 ^! are contr>y ! "o to ! o!r4 ,all ?is 
language & x is ext5sively us$ 9 !      
epi/les is q g5]ally und]/ood 9 a fix$1 
lit]al s5se2 :]eas x 0 employ$ by its   
au?ors 9 a fluctuat+1 figurative s5se1 z
 ! critical /ud5t c h>dly help p]ceiv+4 
,we w /ate ! real sub/ance ( ,*ri/ian   
tea*+ & phraseology on ?is po9t 9 two   
g5]al =mulas1 & !n proce$ to illu/rate  
!m4 ,fir/1 bo? ! body & ! s\l may be    

corrupt1 lawless1 empty ( ,div9e belief1
 full ( re/lessness & suff]+1 9 a /ate (
 moral dea?2 or bo? may be pure1 ob$i5t1
 acceptable 9 ! sight ( ,god1 full (    
fai?1 peace1 & joy1 9 a /ate ( g5u9e    
life4 ,secondly1 :atev] t5ds 9 any way  
to ! =m] result to make man guilty1     
feeble1 & wret*$1 to dead5 8 spiritual  
s5sibilities1 to keep him f union ) ,god
 & f immortal reliances is v>i\sly      
p]sonifi$ z ! ,fle%1 ,s91 ,dea?1        
,mammon1 ! ,_w1 ! ,law ( ! ,memb]s1 !   
,law ( ,s9 & ,dea?2 :atev]1 on !        
contr>y1 t5ds 9 any way to ! latt]      
result to purify man1 to int5sify 8     
moral p[]s1 to exalt & quick5 8         
consci\sness 9 ! assurance ( ! favor (  
,god & ( et]nal be+ is p]sonifi$ z !    
,_s1 ,life1 ,righte\sness1 ! ,law (     
,god1 ! ,law ( ! ,inw>d ,man1 ,*ri/1 !  
,law ( ! ,_s ( ,life 9 ,*ri/4 ,"u ! fir/
 class ( t]ms are includ$ all !         
temptations & ag5cies by :i* man is l$  
to s91 & ! results ( mis]y !y effect2 "u
 ! second class are includ$ all !       

aspirations & influ5ces by :i* he is l$ 
to righte\sness1 & ! results ( happ9ess 
!y insure4 ,= example1 x is writt51 9 ! 
,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 t ! manife/    
works ( ! fle% are excessive s5suality1 
idolatry1 hatr$1 emulations1 qu>rels1   
h]esies1 murd]s1 & su* l4 ,c]ta9ly "s ( 
^! evils are m closely connect$ ) ! m9d 
?an ) ! body4 ,! t]m fle% is obvi\sly   
us$ 9 a s5se coext5sive ) ! t5d5cies &  
means by :i* we are expos$ to guilt &   
degradation4 ,^! p]sonifications1 x w   
!re=e be se51 are employ$ ) g5]al       
rhetorical loos5ess1 n ) def9ite logical
 exactness4  ,x is self evid5t t ! m9d  
is ! actual ag5t & au?or ( all s9s &    
virtues1 & t ! body 9 itself is         
unconsci\s1 irresponsible1 incapable (  
guilt4 ,e s9 t man doe? is )\t ! body4  
,9 illu/ration ( ?is po9t ,*ryso/om     
says1 ,if a tyrant or robb] 7 to seize  
"s royal mansion1 x w\ld n be ! fault ( 
! h\se4 ,& h[ greatly !y err :o ?9k t   
any ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s mean to    
repres5t ! fle% z necess>ily s9ful & !  

_s z always pure1 ! foll[+ cases to !   
contr>y f ,paul1 ^: spee* seems mo/ to  
lean t way1 w abundantly %[4 ,glorify   
,god 9 y\r body & 9 y\r _s1 :i* are 84  
,"k ye n t y\r body is ! temple ( !     
,holy ,gho/8 ,yield n y\r memb]s z      
in/rum5ts ( unrighte\sness unto s91 b z 
in/rum5ts ( righte\sness unto ,god4 ,t !
 life ( ,jesus might be made manife/ 9  
our mortal fle%4 ,pres5t y\r bodies a   
liv+ sacrifice1 holy1 acceptable unto   
,god4 ,x is cle> t ! au?or ( ^! s5t5ces 
did n reg>d ! body1 or lit]al fle%1 z   
necess>ily unholy1 b z capable ( be+ us$
 by ! man himself 9 fulfill+ ! w ( ,god4
 ,texts t appe> to contradict ?is mu/ be
 held z figures1 or z impassion$        
rhetorical exclamations4 ,we also read (
 ! lu/s ( ! m9d1 ! fle%ly m9d1 fil?9ess 
( ! _s1 s$uc+ spirits1 corrupt m9ds1 m9d
 & consci5ce defil$1 reprobate m9d1  %[+
 pla9ly t ! _s 0 sometimes reg>d$ z     
guilty & morally dead4 ,! apo/le writes1
 ,i pray t y\r :ole _s & s\l & body may 
be pres]v$ blameless4 ,! scriptural     

decl>ations n[ cit$ tea* explicitly t   
bo? ! body & ! s\l may be subject$ to ! 
p]fect law ( ,god1 or t bo? may abide 9 
rebellion & wick$ness1 ! latt] /ate be+ 
call$1 metaphorically1 walk+ aft] !     
fle%1 ! =m] walk+ aft] ! _s1 t be+ s9 & 
dea?1 ?is be+ righte\sness & life4  ,an 
explanation ( ! orig9 ( ^! metaphors w  
ca/ fur!r light ^u ! subject4 ,! use ( a
 portion ( !m arose f ! fact t _m ( !   
mo/ easily besett+ & p]nici\s vices1    
conditions & allurem5ts ( s91 defilem5ts
 & clogs ( ! _s1 come ?r\gh ! body1 :i*1
 :ile x is itself evid5tly fat$ to p]i%1
 does by its e>?ly solicitations entice1
 contam9ate1 & debase ! s\l t by itself 
is invit$ to bett] ?+s & seems de/9$ to 
immortality4 ,n t ^! evils orig9ate 9 ! 
body1 ( c\rse1 all ! do+s ( a man spr+ f
 ! _s ( man :i* is 9 him1 b t ! body is 
! occasion & ! aggravat+ m$ium ( _!     
manife/ation4 ,?is ?\ght is n           
contradict$1 x is only omitt$1 9 ! words
 ( ,pet]3 ,i besee* y1 z /rang]s &      
pilgrims1 ab/a9 f fle%ly lu/s1 :i* w>   

aga9/ ! s\l4 ,= su* language w\ld be    
spontane\sly sugge/$ by ! fact t to be 9
 bondage to ! bas] nature is ho/ile     
alike to spiritual dignity & peace1 & to
 physical heal? & /r5g?4 ,! pr9ciples ( 
! moral nature are at w> ) ! passions ( 
! animal nature2 ! goad+ vices ( ! m9d  
are at w> ) ! organic h>monies ( ! body2
 & on ! issues ( ^! conflicts hang all !
 int]e/s ( life & dea?1 9 e s5se ! words
 c be made to be>4  ,ano!r reason = !   
use ( ^! figures ( spee*1 und\bt$ly1 0 !
 philosophy ( ! in]adicable ho/ility (  
matt] & _s1 ! doctr9e1 s preval5t 9 !   
,ea/ f ! e>lie/ times1 t matt] is :olly 
corrupt & evil1 ! ess5tial root & s\rce 
( all vil5ess4 ,an old1 unkn[n ,greek   
poet embodies ! v s\l ( ?is fai? 9 a few
 v]ses :i* we f9d 9 ! ,an?ology4        
,lit]ally r5d]$1 !y run ?us3  ,! body is
 ! torm5t1 hell1 fate1 load1 tyrant1    
,dreadful pe/1 & puni%+ trial1 ( ! s\l  
,:i*1 :5 x quits ! body1 flies1 z f !   
bonds ,( dea?1 to immortal ,god4  ,x 0  
?is idea t produc$ ! wild asceticism    

preval5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* dur+ !      
,middle ,age & previ\sly1 ! fe>ful      
mac]ations1 sc\rg+s1 crucifixions ( !   
fle%4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t1 ?\gh "s ( !
 phraseology ( ! ,scriptures is t+$ by !
 influ5ce ( ?is doctr9e1 ! doctr9e      
itself is =eign to ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/   
came eat+ & dr9k+1 n abjur+ nature1 b   
adopt+ its tea*+s1 view+ x z a ,div9e "w
 ?r\gh :i* ! provid5ce ( ,god is        
display$ & 8 glory gleams4 ,he 0 no m ( 
a ,ph>isee ?an nature is4 ,z corn gr[s  
on ! ,sabba?1 s x may be pluck$ & eat5  
on ! ,sabba?4 ,! apo/les nev] recomm5d  
self inflict$ torm5ts4 ,! ascetic       
expressions f\nd 9 _! lett]s grew       
directly out ( ! p]ils besett+ !m & _!  
expectation ( ! spe$y end ( ! _w4       
,*ri/ianity1 rightly und]/ood1 r5d]s ev5
 ! body ( a good man sacr$ & preci\s1   
?r\gh ! indwell+ ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,we h ?is
 treasure 9 e>!n vessels1 & ! poor1 dy+ 
t5em5t ( fle% is hall[$ z ,a vase ( e>?1
 a trembl+ clod1 ,con/ra9'd to hold !   
brea? ( ,god4  ,! *ief secret1 h[ev]1 ( 

! orig9 ( ! peculi> phrases "u          
consid]ation consi/$ 9 _! /rik+ fitness 
to ! nature & facts ( ! case1 _!        
adapt$ness to express ^! facts 9 a bold 
& vivid mann]4 ,! revelation ( !        
transc5d5t claims ( hol9ess1 ( ! p>don+ 
love ( ,god1 ( ! spl5did boon (         
immortality1 made by ,*ri/ & en=c$ by ! 
miracul\s sanctions & ! k9dl+ motives   
pres5t$ 9 8 example1 ?rill$ ! s\ls ( !  
fir/ conv]ts1 %am$ !m ( _! degrad+ s9s1 
op5$ be=e _! imag9ations a vision t pal$
 ! glories ( ! _w1 & reg5]at$ !m1 /irr+ 
up ! dep?s ( _! religi\s s5sibilities1 &
 flood+ _! :ole be+ ) a w>m?1 an en]gy1 
a spirituality1 t made _! previ\s       
exp]i5ce seem a gross c>nal slumb]1 a   
virtual dea?4 ,& y ha? he quick5$1 :o 7 
dead 9 trespasses & s9s4 ,!y 7 animat$ &
 rais$ to a new1 pure1 glad life1 ?r\gh 
! feel+ ( ! hopes & ! practice ( !      
virtues ( ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,unto ^? :o 
7 =m]ly 9 ! fle%1 ! s]vants ( s91 br++  
=? fruit unto dea?1 b n[ obey+ ! new =m 
( doctr9e deliv]$ unto !m1 ) r5ew$ he>ts

 & *ang$ conduct1 x is writt51 ,if ,*ri/
 be 9 y1 ! body is dead because ( s92 b 
! _s is life because ( righte\sness2 t  
is1 ,if ,*ri/ian tru? reign 9 y1 ! body 
may /ill be torm5t$1 or p[]less1 ow+ to 
y\r previ\s bad habits2 b ! s\l w be    
r$eem$ f its ab&onm5t to error & vice1 &
 be assur$ ( p>don & immortal life by ! 
witness+ _s ( ,god4  ,! apo/le likewise 
says unto !m1 ,if ! ,_s ( ,god dwell 9  
y1 x %all also quick5 y\r mortal bodies4
 ,?is rem>kable expression 0 meant to   
convey a ?\ght :i* ! obs]vation ( common
 facts approves & expla9s4 ,if ! love ( 
! pure pr9ciples ( ! gospel 0 e/abli%$ 9
 !m1 _! bodies1 debilitat$ & dead5$ by  
=m] ab&onm5t to _! lu/s1 %\ld be fre$ & 
reanimat$ by its influ5ce4 ,! body to a 
great ext5t reflects ! p]man5t m9d &    
life ( a man4 ,x is an aphorism (       
,solomon t a s\nd he>t is ! life ( !    
fle%4 ,& ,plot9us decl>es1 ,temp]ance & 
ju/ice are ! saviors ( ! body s f> z !y 
are receiv$ by x4 ,defici5cy ( ?\ght &  
k1 laz9ess ( _s1 animality ( habits1    

betray !mselves pla9ly en\gh 9 ! /ate & 
expression ( ! physical frame3 !y r5d] x
 co>se1 dim1 & ins5sible2 ! p]son v]ges 
t[>ds ! condition ( a clod2 spiritual   
?+s are cl\d$1 ! beacon fire ( 8 de/9y  
wanes1 ! possibilities ( ,*ri/ian fai?  
less51 ! ext]nal & ! ins5sate creep 9 on
 8 organiz$ clay1 he feels ! *a9 ( !    
brute e>? m & m1 & f9ally gives himself 
up to utt] dea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !        
assimilation ( ,div9e tru? & goodness by
 a man1 ! *]i%+ love ( all high duties &
 aspirations1 ex]t a purify+1 en]giz+   
p[] bo? on ! fle% & ! m9d1 animate &    
/r5g!n !m1 l a heav5ly flame burn away !
 defil+ entanglem5ts & spiritual fogs t 
fill & hang ar\nd ! wick$ & s5sual1     
increas+ly p]vade 8 consci\sness ) an   
inspir$ =ce & fre$om1 illum9ate 8 face1 
t\* ! magnetic spr+s ( heal? & heal?ful 
sympa?y1 make him completely alive1 &   
br+ him into liv+ connection ) !        
,omnipres5t ,life1 s t he p]ceives !    
full te/imony t he %all nev] die4 ,=1 :5
 br\ght into su* a /ate by ! exp]i5ce ( 

live spirits 9 live frames1 ,we feel    
?r\gh all ?is fle%ly dresse ,bright     
%ootes ( ev]la/+nesse4  ,spiritual slo? 
& s5sual indulg5ce /upefy1 blunt1 &     
confuse toge!r 9 lifeless me%es1 ! vital
 t5ant & ! mortal t5em5t2 !y gr[        
incorporate1 alike unclean1 p[]less1    
guilty1 & wret*$4 ,!n ,man lives a life 
half dead1 a liv+ dea?1 ,himself 8      
sepul*re1 a mov+ grave4 ,active virtue1 
pr(\nd love1 & ! e>ne/ pursuit1 9 !     
daily duties ( life1 ( ,^? l(ty mus+s   
:i* )9 u s[ ,! se$s ( high] k9d &       
bright] be+4 ,cleanse1 vivify1 & di/+ui%
 ! body & ! s\l1 s t1 :5 ?is tab]nacle (
 clay crumbles f ar\nd x1 ! unimprison$ 
_s so>s into ! univ]se at once1 &1 look+
 back ^u ! %ad[y k+ be>+ 8 pale prey to 
! tomb1 exclaims1 ,o dea?1 :]e is ?y /+8
 ,o grave1 :]e is ?y victory8 ,! facts1 
!n1 ( s91 guilt1 weakness1 mis]y1       
unbelief1 decay1 ins5sibility1 & dea?1  
jo9$ ) ! opposite correspond+ class (   
facts1 & consid]$ 9 _! mutual spiritual 
& physical relations & results1         

orig9ally sugge/$1 & n[ int]pret &      
ju/ify1 t peculi> phraseology ( ! ,new  
,te/am5t :i* we h be5 inve/igat+4 ,x has
 no recondite mean+ drawn f arbitr>y    
dogmas1 b a pla9 mean+ drawn f natural  
tru?s4  ,x rema9s next to see :at is !  
,*ri/ian doctr9e conc]n+ lit]al1        
physical dea?1  conc]n+ ! actual orig9 &
 significance ( t solemn ev5t4 ,?is po9t
 mu/ be treat$ ! m at l5g? on acc\nt ( !
 errone\s notions prevail+ ^u ! subject4
 ,= t man's fir/ disob$i5ce 0 ! procur+ 
cause ( organic1 z well z ( moral1 dea?1
 is a doctr9e q g5]ally believ$4 ,x is a
 fundam5tal article 9 ! cre$s ( all !   
pr9cipal d5om9ations ( ,*ri/5dom1 & is  
traditionally held1 f ! neglect (       
inve/igation1 by ne>ly all ,*ri/ians4   
,by ?is !ory ! words ( ,james :o writes1
 ,s91 :5 x is f9i%$1 br+e? =? dea? are  
int]pret$ ) /rict lit]alness4 ,x is     
conceiv$ t1 _h n evil ent]$ ! fir/ man's
 he>t & caus$ him to fall f 8 native    
innoc5ce1 he w\ld h roam$ among ! fl[]s 
( ,ed5 to ?is day4 ,b he violat$ !      

comm&m5t ( 8 ,mak]1 & s5t5ce ( dea? 0   
pass$ ^u him & 8 po/]ity4 ,we are n[ to 
prove t ?is imag9ative !ory is f> f !   
tru?4  #a4 ,! language 9 :i* ! orig9al  
acc\nt ( ,adam's s9 & its puni%m5t is   
/at$ %[s conclusively t ! p5alty (      
transgression 0 n lit]al dea?1 b        
spiritual1 t is1 degradation1 suff]+4   
,god's w>n+ 9 relation to ! =bidd5 tree 
01 ,9 ! day t ?\ eate/ !re( ?\ %alt     
surely die4 ,( c\rse1 ,jehovah's solemn 
decl>ation 0 fulfill$ z he _h said4 ,b 9
 ! day t man p>took ( ! prohibit$ fruit 
he did n die a physical dea?4 ,he liv$1 
driv5 f ! delights ( ,p>adise1 7accord+ 
to ! acc\nt17 upw>ds ( eight hundr$     
ye>s1 e>n+ 8 bread by ! sweat ( 8 br[4  
,consequ5tly1 ! dea? ) :i* he _h be5    
?reat5$ mu/ h be5 a moral dea?1 loss (  
innoc5ce & joy1 exp]i5ce ( guilt & woe4 
#b4 ,! common usage ( ! words connect$ )
 ?is subject 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t /ill m   
cle>ly sub/antiates ! view "h tak5 ( x4 
,!re is a class ( words1 l9k$ toge!r by 
simil>ity ( mean+ & clos5ess ( mutual   

relation1 (t5 us$ by ! ,*ri/ian writ]s  
loosely1 figuratively1 & sometimes      
int]*angeably1 z has be5 %[n already 9  
ano!r connection4 ,we mean ! words s91  
fle%1 mis]y1 dea?4 ,! same rem>k may be 
made ( ano!r class ( words ( precisely  
opposite signification1  righte\sness1  
fai?1 life1 bless$ness1 et]nal life4 ,^!
 diff]5t words frequ5tly /& to repres5t 
! same idea4 ,z ! law ha? reign$ ?r\gh  
s9 unto dea?1 s %all grace reign ?r\gh  
righte\sness unto life4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 z !
 recognition ( ! retributive law ( ,god 
?r\gh rebellion & guilt fill$ !         
consci5ces ( m5 ) wret*$ness1 s !       
acceptance ( ! p>don+ love ( ,god ?r\gh 
fai? & con=mity w fill !m ) bless$ness4 
,s9 includes consci\s di/ru/1           
disob$i5ce1 & ali5ation2 righte\sness   
includes consci\s fai?1 ob$i5ce1 &      
reconciliation4 ,s9 & dea?1 x w be se51 
are relat$ j z righte\sness & life are4 
,! fact t !y are sometimes repres5t$ 9 !
 relation ( id5tity ! m9d+ ( ! fle% is  
dea?1 b ! m9d+ ( ! _s is life &         

sometimes 9 ! relation ( cause & effect 
! fruit ( s9 is dea?1 ! fruit (         
righte\sness is life proves t ! words   
are us$ metaphorically1 & really mean   
consci\s guilt & mis]y1 consci\s virtue 
& bless$ness4 ,no o!r view is consi/5t4 
,we are urg$ to be dead unto s91 b alive
 unto ,god2 t is1 to be 9 a /ate ( moral
 p]fection :i* turns a deaf & inv9cible 
front to all ! influ5ces ( evil1 b is   
op5 & joyfully s5sitive to e ?+ good &  
holy4 ,paul also wrote1 9 8 lett] to !  
,philippians1 t he _h n yet atta9$ unto 
! resurrection1 b 0 /riv+ to atta9 unto 
x2 t is1 he _h n yet rea*$1 b 0 /riv+ to
 rea*1 t l(ty /ate ( hol9ess & peace    
invuln]able to s91 :i* no *ange c       
injure1 ) :i* ! ev5t ( bodily           
dissolution _c int]f]e1 because its     
elem5ts fai?1 tru?1 ju/ice1 & love are !
 immutable pr9ciples ( ev]la/+ life4    
#c4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is conclusion1 an
 argum5t am\nt+ to c]ta9ty is af=d$ by !
 way 9 :i* ! disob$i5ce ( ,adam & its   
consequ5ces1 & ! ob$i5ce ( ,*ri/ & its  

consequ5ces1 are spok5 ( toge!r2 by !   
way 9 :i* a sort ( anti!tical p>allel is
 drawn betwe5 ! result ( ,adam's fall & 
! result ( ,*ri/'s mission4 ,z by "o man
 s9 ent]$ into ! _w1 & dea? by s91 & s  
dea? pass$ ^u all m51 s mu* m %all all  
receive ! gift ( ,god by "o man1 ,jesus 
,*ri/1 & reign unto et]nal life4 ,?is   
means1 z ! writ] himself aft]w>ds       
expla9s1 t z by "o man's disob$i5ce _m 7
 made s9n]s & suff]$ ! consequ5ces ( s91
 figuratively express$ by ! ^w dea?1 s  
by ! ob$i5ce ( "o %all _m be made       
righte\s & enjoy ! consequ5ces (        
righte\sness1 figuratively express$ by !
 ^w life4 ,give ! pr9cipal t]ms 9 ?is   
passage _! lit]al =ce1 & no mean+ :i* is
 n absolutely incompatible ) ! pla9e/   
tru?s c be drawn f x4 ,surely lit]al    
dea? _h come equally & fully ^u all m5  
ev]y:]e2 lit]al life c\ld d no m4 ,b    
r5d] ! idea 9 ?is way1 ! bless$ness (f]$
 to m5 9 ! revelation ( grace made by   
,jesus outweighs ! wret*$ness br\ght ^u 
!m ?r\gh ! s9 introduc$ by ,adam1 & !   

s5se is satisfactory4 ,t :i* ,adam is   
repres5t$ z hav+ lo/1 t1 ! apo/le       
affirms1 ,*ri/ re/or$2 t :i* ,adam is   
said to h incurr$1 t ,*ri/ is said to h 
remov$4 ,b ,*ri/ did n re/ore to man a  
physical immortality on ! e>?3 !re=e t  
is n :at ,adam =feit$2 b he lo/ peace ( 
consci5ce & tru/ 9 ! ,div9e favor4      
,fur!rmore1 ,*ri/ did n free 8 foll[]s f
 natural decay & dea?3 !re=e t is n :at 
,adam's transgression br\ght ^u 8       
*ildr52 b x entail$ ^u !m proclivities  
to evil1 spiritual unre/1 & woe4 ,!     
basis ( ! comp>ison is evid5tly ?is3    
,adam's fall %[$ t ! consequ5ces ( s91  
?r\gh ! /]n op]ation ( ! law1 7 /rife1  
despair1 & mis]y1 all ( :i* is impli$ 9 
! ,new ,te/am5t usage ( ! ^w dea?2      
,*ri/'s mission %[$ t ! consequ5ces (   
righte\sness1 ?r\gh ! free grace ( ,god1
 7 fai?1 peace1 & inde/ructible         
happ9ess1 all ( :i* is impli$ 9 ! ,new  
,te/am5t usage ( ! ^w life4 ,9 ! m9d (  
,paul !re 0 und\bt$ly an additional     
?\ght1 connect+ ! desc5t ( ! s\l to ! "u

 _w ) ! dea? ( ! s9ful ,adam1 & its     
asc5t to heav5 ) ! resurrection ( !     
immaculate ,*ri/2 b ?is does n t\* !    
argum5t j advanc$1 because x does n ref]
 to ! cause ( physical dissolution1 b to
 :at foll[$ t ev5t4  #d4 ,x w n be out (
 place "h to demon/rate t s9 actually 0 
n ! orig9 ( natural decay1 by !         
revelations ( sci5ce1 :i* prove t dea? 0
 a mon>* on ! e>? = ages be=e moral     
transgression 0 kn[n4 ,z ! geologi/     
w&]s1 & /udies ! records ( nature1 :]e  
e>?quake1 deluge1 & volcano h expos$ !  
/ructure ( ! globe & its organic rema9s 
9 /rata pil$ on /rata1 ^u ^!1 z ^u s _m 
pages ( ! e>?'s autobiography1 he reads 
! hi/ory ( a hundr$ races ( animals :i* 
liv$ & di$1 leav+ _! bones lay] above   
lay]1 9 regul> succession1 c5turies be=e
 ! exi/5ce ( man4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t1  
indep5d5t ( human guilt1 & f ! v fir/1  
*emical laws 7 9 =ce1 & dea? 0 a "p (   
,god's plan 9 ! mat]ial creation4 ,z !  
previ\s animals p]i%$ )\t s91 s )\t s9 !
 animal "p ( man too w\ld h di$4 ,x 0   

made p]i%able f ! outset4 ,! important  
po9t j "h 9 ! !ology ( ,paul 01 z       
previ\sly impli$1 t dea? 0 int5d$ to    
lead ! s\l directly to heav5 9 a new    
spiritual body or heav5ly h\se2 b s9    
m>r$ ! plan1 & doom$ ! s\l to g into !  
"u _w1 a nak$ manes1 :5 unclo!d ( !     
natural body or e>?ly h\se4 ,! mission (
 ,*ri/ 0 to re/ore ! orig9al plan2 & x  
w\ld be consummat$ at 8 second com+4    
#e4 ,!re is a gross absurdity involv$ 9 
! supposition t an e>?ly immortality 0 !
 int5d$ de/9y ( man4 ,t supposition     
necess>ily implies t ! :ole gr\ndwork ( 
,god's fir/ design 0 a failure1 t 8     
great purpose 0 ?w>t$ & *ang$ into "o   
:olly diff]5t4 ,& x is absurd to ?9k su*
 a result possible 9 ! provid5ce ( !    
,almighty4 ,besides1 _h !re be5 no s91  
c\ld n man h be5 dr[n$ if he fell into !
 wat] )\t kn[+ h[ to swim8 ,if a build+ 
tumbl$ ^u him1 w\ld he n h be5 cru%$8   
,nor is ?is !ory free f ano!r /ill m    
palpable absurdity2 =1 _h !re be5 no    
int]f]5ce ( dea? to remove "o g5]ation &

 make room = ano!r1 ! _w c\ld n support 
! multitudes ) :i* x w\ld n[ sw>m4      
,moreov]1 ! "t w\ld arrive :5 ! e>? c\ld
 n only n af=d su/5ance to its s num]\s 
inhabitants1 b c\ld n ev5 conta9 !m4 ,s 
t if ?is 7 ! orig9al arrangem5t1 unless 
c]ta9 o!r p>ts :i* 7 indisputable       
portions ( x 7 cancell$1 ! surplus      
myriads w\ld h to be remov$ to "s o!r   
_w4 ,t is j :at dea? accompli%es4       
,consequ5tly1 dea? 0 a "p ( ,god's      
primal plan1 & n a cont+5ce accid5tally 
caus$ by s94  #f4 ,if dea? be ! result (
 s91 !n1 ( c\rse1 x is a puni%m5t       
inflict$ ^u man = 8 wick$ness4 ,9 fact1 
?is is an id5tical proposition4 ,b dea? 
_c be int5d$ z a puni%m5t1 because1     
view$ 9 t light1 x is unju/4 ,x comes   
equally ^u old & "y1 good & bad1 joy\s &
 wret*$4 ,x does n p]mit ! be/ man to   
live longe/2 x does n come ) ! greate/  
t]ror & agony to ! mo/ guilty4 ,all ^!  
?+s dep5d on a ?\s& cont+5cies /rung ^u 
an iron law1 :i* inh]es to ! physical _w
 ( necessity1 & has n its basis & action

 9 ! spiritual sph]e ( fre$om1 "*1 &    
exp]i5ce4 ,! innoc5t babe & ! h>d5$     
crim9al are /ruck at ! same in/ant & die
 ! same dea?4 ,solomon knew ?is :5 he   
said1 ,z die? ! fool1 s ! wise man die?4
 ,dea? reg>d$ z a retribution = s9 is   
unju/1 because x is de/itute ( moral    
discrim9ation4 ,x !re=e is n a          
consequ5ce ( transgression1 b an era1   
incid5t1 & /ep 9 human exi/5ce1 an      
e/abli%$ "p ( ! visible ord] ( ?+s f !  
beg9n+4 ,:5 ! ,new ,te/am5t speaks (    
dea? z a puni%m5t1 x always uses ! ^w 9 
a symbolic s5se1 mean+ spiritual        
deadness & mis]y1 :i* is a p]fect       
retribution1 because x discrim9ates )   
un]r+ exactness4 ,?is has be5           
conclusively prov$ by ,klaib]1#a :o %[s 
t ! peculi> language ( ,paul 9 reg>d to 
! tri*otomi/ division ( man into _s1    
s\l1 & body necess>ily involves !       
p]ception ( physical dea? z a natural   
fact4  #g4 ,f9ally1 natural dea? _c be !
 p5alty ( unrighte\sness1 because x is n
 a curse & a woe1 b a bless+ & a        

privilege4 ,epictetus wrote1 ,x w\ld be 
a curse ^u e>s ( corn n to be reap$2 &  
we ought to "k t x w\ld be a curse ^u   
man n to die4 #b ,x _c be ! effect (    
man's s91 because x is ! improvem5t (   
man's condition4 ,:o c believe x w\ld be
 bett] = man to rema9 on e>? =ev]1 "u   
any  #a ,die ,neute/am5tli*e ,lehre von 
d] ,sunde & ,erlosung1 ss4 #bb #de4  #b 
,diss]t4 ii4 #f1 #b4   circum/ances1 ?an
 x is = him to g to heav5 to su* an     
exp]i5ce z ! fai?ful foll[] ( ,*ri/     
supposes is !re await+ him8 ,x is n to  
be ?\ght by u t dea? is a fr[n+ enemy   
?ru/+ u into ! gloom ( et]nal night or  
into ! flam+ waves ( irrem$iable torm5t1
 b r a smil+ fri5d u%]+ u into ! endless
 life ( ! spiritual _w & into ! unveil$ 
pres5ce ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ! arrangem5t
 & desire ( ,god1 = u to die is ga93 e  
p]sonal exception to ?is if !re be any  
exception is caus$ ?r\gh ! m>r+         
int]f]5ce ( p]sonal wick$ness ) !       
,creator's int5tion & ) natural ord]4   
,:o has n sometimes felt ! bondage ( !  

body & ! trials ( e>?1 & pe]$ ) awful   
?rills ( curiosity into ! my/]ies ( !   
unse5 _w1 until he has long$ = ! h\r ( !
 s\l's lib]ation1 t x might plume itself
 = an immortal flight8 ,:o has n        
exp]i5c$ mom5ts ( s]5e fai?1 9 :i* he   
c\ld h>dly help exclaim+1 ,i w\ld n live
 alway2 ,i ask n to /ay3 ,oh1 :o w\ld   
live alway away f 8 ,god8  ,a favorite (
 ,apollo pray$ = ! be/ gift ,heav5 c\ld 
be/[ ^u man4 ,! god said1 ,at ! end (   
sev5 days x %all be grant$3 9 ! mean "t1
 live happy4 ,at ! appo9t$ h\r he fell  
into a sweet slumb]1 f :i* he nev]      
awoke4#c ,he :o reg>ds dea? z ^u ! :ole 
an evil does n take ! ,*ri/ian's view ( 
x1 n ev5 ! enlight5$ pagan's view1 b !  
fright5$ s5suali/'s view1 ! sup]/iti\s  
a!i/'s view4 ,& if dea? be ^u ! :ole    
normally a bless+1 !n assur$ly x _c be a
 puni%m5t br\ght ^u man by s94 ,! common
 hypo!sis ( our mortality namely1 t s91 
h]$it>ily lodg$ 9 ! c5tre ( man's life1 
spreads its dynamic virus !nce until x  
appe>s z dea? 9 ! p]iph]y1 exp5d+ its   

f9al en]gy )9 ! mat]ial sph]e 9 !       
dissolution ( ! physical frame is       
totally oppos$ to ! _s ( philosophy & to
 ! mo/ lucid results ( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce  
ann\nces dea? univ]sally z ! initial    
po9t ( new life4#d  ,! ,new ,te/am5t    
does n tea* t natural dea?1 organic     
sep>ation1 is ! fruit ( s91 t1 if man _h
 n s9n$1 he w\ld h liv$ =ev] on ! e>?4  
,b x tea*es t moral dea?1 mis]y1 is !   
consequ5ce ( s94 ,! pa9s & afflictions  
:i* sometimes come ^u ! good )\t fault (
 !irs d yet spr+ f human faults some:]e1
 ) ^? exceptions alone t result f !     
necess>y cont+5cies ( f9ite creatures1  
exposures outside ! sph]e ( human       
acc\ntability4 ,) ?is qualification1 x  
w\ld be easy to %[ 9 detail t ! suff]+s 
( ! private individual & ( mank9d at    
l>ge are1 directly or indirectly1 !     
products ( guilt1 violat$ law4 ,all !   
woes1 = in/ance1 ( pov]ty are ! results 
( selfi%ness1 pride1 ignorance1 & vice4 
,& x is ! same ) e o!r class ( mis]ies4 
,! _w 9 ,titanic immortality ,wri!s     

b5ea? ! burn+ m\nta9 ( its s9s4  #c     
,h]od4 i4 #ca2 ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,qua/4 i4   
#dg4  #d ,kl5cke1 ,das ,bu* vom ,tode4  
,entwurf e9] ,lehre vom ,/]b5 9 d]      
,natur und vom ,tode des ,m5seh5        
insbesond]e4 ,fur d5k5de ,freunde d]    
,wiss5s*aft4   ,_h !re be5 no s91 m5's  
lives w\ld h glid$ on l ! placid riv]s t
 fl[ ?r\gh ! woodl&s4 ,!y w\ld h liv$   
)\t /rife or sorr[1 gr[n old )\t sadness
 or satiety1 & di$ )\t a pang or a sigh4
 ,b1 alas6 s9 s ab\nds 9 ! _w t !re is n
 a j man t lives & s9s n2 & x is a tru? 
^: omnipres5t jurisdiction c nei!r be   
avoid$ nor resi/$ t e k9d ( s91 e (f5ce 
aga9/ ,div9e ord]1 %all some:]e1 at "s  
"t1 be judg$ z x des]ves4 ,he :o d5ies  
?is only betrays ! ignorance :i*        
conceals f him a p]vad+ law ( inevitable
 application1 only reveals ! degradation
 & ins5sibility :i* d n all[ him to be  
consci\s ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,a h>moni\s1 
happy exi/5ce dep5ds on ! practice (    
pure morals & communion ) ! love ( ,god4
 ,?is great idea t ! consci5ti\s culture

 ( ! spiritual nature is ! sole me?od ( 
,div9e life is equally a fundam5tal     
pr9ciple ( ! gospel & a conclusion (    
obs]vation & reason3 ^u ! dev\t         
obs]vance ( x h+e ! possibilities ( true
 bless$ness4 ,! pursuit ( an opposite   
c\rse necessitates ! opposite exp]i5ce1 
makes its vot>y a re/less1 wret*$ slave1
 wi%+ = fre$om b unable to obta9 x4  ,! 
?\ght j /at$1 we ma9ta91 /rikes ! key   
note ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures2 & !      
voices ( tru? & nature accord ) x4 ,t   
,*ri/ianity decl>es s9 to be ! cause (  
spiritual dea?1 9 all ! deep & wide     
mean+ ( ! t]m1 has be5 fully %[n2 t ?is 
is also a fact 9 ! great ord] ( ?+s has 
be5 p>tially illu/rat$1 b 9 ju/ice to ! 
subject %\ld be urg$1 9 a m precise &   
adequate =m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is a  
positive puni%m5t fl[+ evid5tly f s91   
consi/+ bo? 9 outw>d inflictions (      
suff]+ & disgrace ?r\gh human laws &    
social cu/oms1 & 9 ! private endurance (
 bodily & m5tal pa9s & ( /range misgiv+s
 t load ! s\l ) fe> & angui%4           

,subjection to ! animal nature 9 !      
ob$i5ce ( unrighte\sness s5sibly t5ds to
 br+ ^u its victim a woeful mass (      
positive ills1 public & p]sonal1 to put 
him "u ! vile tyranny ( dev\r+ lu/s1 to 
induce dea?like en]vation & disease 9 8 
:ole be+1 to p]vade 8 consci\sness ) !  
wret*$ gnaw+s ( remorse & %ame1 & ) !   
timor\s1 torm5t+ s5se ( guilt1 discord1 
ali5ation1 & condemnation4  ,9 ! second 
place1 !re is a negative puni%m5t =     
impurity & wrong do+1 less gross &      
visible ?an ! =m]1 b equally real & mu* 
m to be dread$4 ,s9 snat*es f a man !   
pr]ogatives ( et]nal life1 by brutaliz+ 
& dead5+ 8 nature1 s9k+ ! _s ) its      
delicate delights 9 ! body & its co>se  
satisfactions1 mak+ him ins5sible to 8  
highe/ good & glory1 l[]+ him 9 ! scale 
( be+ away f ,god1 %utt+ ! gates ( heav5
 aga9/ him1 & leav+ him to wall[ 9 !    
mire4 ,! wages ( s9 is mis]y1 & its gift
 is a degradation :i* prev5ts any       
elevation to true happ9ess4 ,^! positive
 & negative retributions1 h[ev] delay$  

or disguis$1 w come :]e !y are des]v$1 &
 w n fail4 ,d a wrong de$ f a bad       
motive1 &1 ?\gh y fl$ on ! p9ions ( !   
inconceivable lightn+ f "o end ( inf9ite
 space to ! o!r1 ! fat$ p5alty w\ld *ase
 y ?r\gh et]nity b t y %\ld pay its     
debt2 or1 r1 ! p5alty is grappl+ ) y f  
)9 on ! in/ant1 is a "p ( y4  ,?irdly1  
if1 by ! se>+ ( 8 consci5ce & absorption
 9 ! _w1 a s9n] escapes = a season !    
p5al consequ5ces ?reat5$ 9 ! law1 & does
 n "k h[ mis]able he is1 & ?9ks he is   
happy1 yet let him rememb] t ! rem$ial1 
re/orative process ?r\gh :i* he mu/     
pass1 ei!r 9 ?is life or 9 ! next1      
involves a conc5trat$ exp]i5ce (        
expiatory pangs1 z is %[n bo? by !      
reason ( ! ?+ & by all relevant         
analogies4 ,:5 ! bad man awakes z "s "t 
or o!r he w awake to ! inf9ite          
p]fections & unalt]able love ( ! ,fa!r  
^: holy comm&s he has trampl$ & ^: k9d  
invitations he has spurn$1 he w suff]   
agonies ( remorseful sorr[ b fa9tly     
%ad[$ 9 ! bitt]ness ( ,pet]'s te>s :5 8 

=giv+ ,ma/] look$ on him4 ,su* is !     
common deadness ( our consci5ces t !    
vices ( our corrupt *>act]s are f> f    
appe>+ to u z ! t]rific ?+s !y really   
are4 ,angels1 look+ "u ! fle%ly g>m5t we
 we>1 & see+ a falsehood or a s9        
assimilat$ z a portion ( our be+1 turn  
away ) su* feel+ z we %\ld exp]i5ce at  
behold+ a lepr\s sore b5ea? ! lift$     
erm9e ( a k+4 ,a well taught ,*ri/ian w 
n fail to contemplate physical dea? z a 
/up5d\s1 awak5+ crisis1 "o ( ^: *ief    
effects w be ! op5+ to p]sonal          
consci\sness1 9 ! mo/ vivid mann]1 ( all
 ! realities ( "*1 ) _! relations t[>ds 
?+s above & ?+s bel[ himself4  ,?is     
?\ght leads u to a f\r? & f9al          
consid]ation1 m important ?an ! previ\s4
 ,! trem5d\s fact t all ! inwr\ght      
elem5ts & work+s ( our be+ are self     
retributive1 _! own exce$+ great &      
suffici5t good or evil1 indep5d5t (     
ext]nal circum/ances & sequ5ces1 is     
r>ely appreciat$4 ,m5 ov]look x 9 _!    
sup]ficial se>* aft] associations1      

accompanim5ts1 & effects4 ,:5 all       
tangible puni%m5ts & rew>ds are want+1  
all outw>d p5alties & prizes fail1 if we
 g a little deep] into ! my/]i\s facts (
 exp]i5ce we %all f9d t /ill goodness is
 rew>d$ & evil is puni%$1 because ! m9d 
is its own place1 & c itself1 if        
virtu\s1 make a heav5 ( hell1 if wick$1 
a hell ( heav54 ,x is a tru?1 spr++ f ! 
v nature ( ,god & 8 irrev]sible         
relations t[>ds 8 creatures1 t 8 unit$  
ju/ice & love %all foll[ bo? hol9ess &  
iniquity n[ & ev]1 p\r+ 8 b5efic5ce ^u  
!m to be conv]t$ by !m into _! food &   
bliss or into _! bane & mis]y4 ,!re is1 
!n1 no ess5tial ne$ ( adv5titi\s        
accompanim5ts or results to ju/ify & pay
 ! good1 or to condemn & torture ! bad1 
"h or h]eaft]4 ,to be wise1 & pure1 &   
/rong1 & noble1 is glory & bless$ness   
en\gh 9 itself4 ,to be ignorant1 &      
corrupt1 & mean1 & feeble1 is           
degradation & horror en\gh 9 itself4 ,! 
"o abides 9 true life1 ! o!r 9 moral    
dea?2 & t is suffici5t4 ,ev5 n[1 9 ?is  

_w1 !re=e1 ! swift & div]sifi$          
retributions ( m5's *>act]s & lives are 
9 !m & ^u !m1 9 v>i\s ways1 & to a mu*  
great] ext5t ?an !y are accu/om$ to ?9k4
 ,hi/ory prea*es ?is ) all h] reveal+   
voices4 ,philosophy lays x b>e1 & po9ts 
e f+] at ! flam+ bond t b9ds innoc5ce to
 peace1 guilt to remorse4 ,x is !       
sub/ance ( ! gospel1 emphatically       
pron\nc$4 ,& ! cle> exp]i5ce ( e        
s5sitive s\l confirms its tru?1 e*o+    
?r\gh ! sil5t corridors ( ! consci5ce ! 
decl>ations :i* fell 9 anci5t ,judea f !
 lips ( ,jesus & ! p5 ( ,paul3 ,! pure 9
 he>t %all see ,god2 ,! wages ( s9 is   
dea?4  ,we w briefly sum up ! pr9cipal  
positions ( ! gr\nd we h n[ trav]s$4 ,to
 be enslav$ by ! s5ses 9 ! violation ( !
 ,div9e laws1 neglect+ ! m9d & abus+ !  
memb]s1 is to be dead to ! goodness (   
,god1 ! joys ( virtue1 & ! hopes (      
heav51 & alive to guilt1 angui%1 &      
despair4 ,to obey ! w ( ,god 9 love1    
keep+ ! body "u1 & *]i%+ a pure s\l1 is 
to be dead to ! evil ( ! _w1 ! goad+ (  

passions1 & ! fe>s ( puni%m5t1 & alive  
to innoc5ce1 happ9ess1 & fai?4 ,accord+ 
to ! natural plan ( ?+s f ! dawn (      
creation1 ! fle% 0 int5d$ to fall into !
 gr\nd1 b ! _s to rise into heav54      
,suff]+ is ! retributive result &       
accumulat$ m]it ( iniquity2 :ile        
enjoym5t is ! gift ( ,god & ! fruit (   
con=mity to 8 law4 ,to receive !        
in/ructions ( ,*ri/ & obey !m ) ! :ole  
he>t1 walk+ aft] 8 example1 is to be    
quick5$ f t deadly mis]y into ?is liv+  
bless$ness4 ,! inn] life ( tru? &       
goodness ?us reveal$ & propos$ to m51   
its p]sonal exp]i5ce be+ once obta9$1 is
 an immortal possession1 a consci\s f\nt
 spr++ up unto et]nity ?r\gh ! b5efic5t 
decree ( ! ,fa!r1 to play =ev] 9 ! light
 ( 8 smile & ! %ad[ ( 8 arm4 ,su* are ! 
great compon5t elem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian     
doctr9e ( life & dea?1 bo? pres5t &     
et]nal4  ,! purely int]ior "* ( ! g5u9e 
tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity on ?is subject is  
/rik+ly evid5t 9 ! =ego+ epitome4 ,!    
ess5tial ?+ is simply t ! hate life (   

error & s9 is inh]5t ali5ation f ,god1 9
 slav]y1 wret*$ness1 dea?2 :ile ! love  
life ( tru? & virtue is inh]5t communion
 ) ,god1 9 consci\s fre$om & bless$ness4
 ,"h pure ,*ri/ianity leaves ! subject1 
decl>+ ?is ) au?ority1 b n pret5d+ to   
cle> up ! my/]ies or set =? ! details ( 
! subject4 ,:atev] 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t    
goes beyond ?is & m$dles ) m9ute ext]nal
 circum/ances we reg>d z a corrupt      
addition or mixture drawn f v>i\s       
,g5tile & ,ph>isaic s\rces & errone\sly 
jo9$ ) ! au!ntic words ( ,*ri/4 ,:at we 
ma9ta9 9 reg>d to ! apo/les & ! e>ly    
,*ri/ians 9 g5]al is n s mu* t !y fail$ 
to grasp ! deep spiritual pr9ciples ( ! 
,ma/]'s tea*+1 n t !y 7 ess5tially 9    
error1 b t1 :ile !y held ! sub/ance ( ! 
,savior's true ?\ghts1 !y also held     
additional notions :i* 7 errors reta9$ f
 _! ,ph>isaic education & only p>tially 
modifi$ by _! succe$+ ,*ri/ian culture1 
a set ( traditional & me*anical         
conceptions4 ,^! errors1 we repeat1     
conc]n n ! he>t & ess5ce ( ideas1 b _!  

=m & clo?+4 ,= in/ance1 ,*ri/ tea*es t  
!re is a heav5 = ! fai?ful2 ! apo/les   
suppose t x is a locat$ region ov] !    
firmam5t4 ,! dy+ ,/eph5 said1 ,behold1  
,i see ! heav5s op5$1 & ! ,son ( ,man   
/&+ at ! "r h& ( ,god4 ,aga93 ,*ri/     
tea*es t !re is a bani%m5t = ! wick$2 ! 
apo/les suppose t x is into a locat$    
region "u ! e>?4 ,9 accordance ) !      
!ological dogmas ( _! "t & c\ntrym51 )  
su* modification z ! peculi> "*1 tea*+s1
 & life ( ,jesus en=c$1 !y believ$ t s9 
s5t ?r\gh ! black gates ( ,%eol ^? :o   
w\ld o!rwise h gone ?r\gh ! glori\s     
doors ( heav52 t ,*ri/ w\ld return f    
heav5 soon1 raise ! dead f ! "u _w1     
judge !m1 rebani% ! reprobate1 e/abli% 8
 p]fect k+dom on e>?1 & reasc5d to heav5
 ) 8 elect4 ,t ^! di/9ctive notions came
 into ! ,new ,te/am5t ?r\gh ! mi/akes & 
imp]fect k ( ! apo/les1 h[ c any c&id & 
compet5t s*ol> d\bt8#e ,9 ! fir/ place1 
! process :]eby ^! conceptions 7        
transmitt$ & assimilat$ f ,zoroa/rian   
,p]sia to ,ph>isaic ,judea is           

hi/orically traceable4 ,secondly1 !     
brevity & vagu5ess ( ! apo/olic ref]5ces
 to es*atology1 & _! p]fect h>mony )    
kn[n ,ph>isaic beliefs1 prove _! mutual 
consonance & ! d]ivation ( ! lat] f !   
e>li]4 ,if ! suppos$ ,*ri/ian views _h  
be5 unhe>d ( be=e1 _! promulgators w\ld 
h tak5 pa9s to def9e !m c>efully & give 
detail$ expositions ( !m4 ,?irdly1 x 0  
natural almo/ inevitable  t ! apo/les   
w\ld reta9 at lea/ "s ( _! orig9al      
peculi>ities ( belief1 & mix !m ) _! new
 ideas1 unless !y 7 prev5t$ by an       
infallible inspiration4 ,( ! pres5ce (  
any su* infallibility !re is n a %ad[ ( 
evid5ce2 b1 on ! contr>y1 !re is a      
demon/ration ( its abs5ce4 ,= !y diff]$ 
among !mselves1 c>ri$ on viol5t         
controv]sies on important po9ts4 ,paul  
says ( ,pet]1 ,i )/ood him to ! face4 ,!
 ,g5tile & ,judaic diss5sions %ook ! v  
f\ndations ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,paul & 
,b>nabas _h a %>p controv]sy1 insomu* t 
!y p>t$ asund]4 ,almo/ e comm5tator &   
s*ol> wor?y ( notice has be5 compell$ to

 admit ! error ( ! apo/les 9 expect+ !  
visible return ( ,*ri/ 9 _! own day4 ,&1
 if !y err$ 9 t1 !y might 9 o!r matt]s4 
,! progress ( positive sci5ce & !       
improvem5t ( philosophical ?\ght h r5d]$
 ! me*anical dogmas popul>ly associat$ )
 ,*ri/ianity incr$ible to enlight5$     
m9ds4 ,= ?is reason1 z = _m o!rs1 x is !
 duty ( ! ,*ri/ian tea*] to %[ t ^?     
dogmas are n an integral "p ( ! gospel1 
b only an adv5titi\s elem5t import$ into
 x f an e>li] & unau?oritative sy/em4   
,take away ^! incongru\s & outgr[n      
errors1 & ! pure religion ( ,*ri/ w be  
se51 & w be se5 to be ! ev]la/+ tru? (  
,god4  ,9 attempt+ to e/imate ! actual  
influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 :]ev] x has     
spread1 9 e/abli%+ among m5 a fai? 9    
immortality1 we mu/ specify six sep>ate 
consid]ations4 ,fir/1 ! imm$iate        
reception ( ! resurrection & asc5sion ( 
,*ri/ z a miracul\s & typical fact1     
putt+ an infallible seal on 8 tea*+s1 & 
demon/rat+1 ev5 to ! s5ses ( m51 !      
reality ( a heav5ly life1 0 an extremely

 pot5t influ5ce 9 giv+ =m & vigor to    
fai?1 m pot5t = ages ?an e ?+ else      
comb9$4 ,! image ( ! victori\s ,*ri/    
tak5 up to heav5 & glorifi$ !re =ev]1   
?is image1 pictur$ 9 e believ]'s m9d1   
/imulat$ ! imag9ation & kept an ideal   
vision ( heav5 9 con/ant remembrance z  
an appreh5d$ reality4 ,!re is ,jesus1 !y
 said1 po9t+ up to heav52 & !re "o day  
we %all be ) him4  ,secondly1 ! obloquy 
& des]tion exp]i5c$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 
?rew !m back ^u a d\ble /r5g? (         
spiritual fai?1 & op5$ to !m an         
int5sifi$ communion ) ,god4 ,z worldly  
goods & pleasures 7 sacrific$1 ! m      
p[]ful became _!  #e ,es*atologie1 od]  
die ,lebre von d5 ,letzt5 ,d+54 ,mit    
besond]] ,rucksi*t anf die gangb>e      
,irriehre vom ,hades4 ,basel1 #ahdj4 ,de
 ,wette int]prets ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s   
desc5t into ,hades z a my? d]iv$ f !    
idea t he 0 ! ,savior n only ( 8 liv+   
foll[]s b also ( ! hea!n & ! dead4      
,bibl4 ,dogmatik1 s4 #bgb4   p]ception (
 moral tru?s & _! grasp ( invisible     

treasures4 ,! m fi]cely !y 7 assail$1 ! 
de>] became ! cause = :i* !y suff]$1 & !
 m pr(\ndly ! moral spr+s ( fai? 7 /irr$
 9 _! s\ls4 ,! natural revulsion ( _!   
s\ls 0 f de/itution1 contempt1 p]il1 &  
pa9 on e>? to a m vivid & magnifi$ tru/ 
9 a great rew>d laid up = !m 9 heav54   
,?irdly1 ! unfl9*+ zeal k9dl$ 9 ! e>ly  
confessors ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! sublime     
h]oism %[n by !m amid/ ! awful tortures 
inflict$ on !m by ! p]secut+ ,jews &    
,romans1 react$ on _! bre?r5 to give    
pr(\nd] firmness & new int5sity to _!   
fai? 9 a glori\s life beyond ! grave4 ,!
 ,*ri/ians ?r[n into ! amphi!atre to !  
lions calmly kneel$ 9 pray]1 & to !     
sup]/iti\s by/&]s a bright nimbus seem$ 
to play ar\nd _! br[s & heav5 to be op5$
 above4 ,z !y p]i%$ at ! /ake1 amid/    
brutal je]s & %rivell+ flames1 s]5ely   
ma9ta9+ _! pr(ession1 & call+ on ,*ri/1 
ov] ! lurid vi/a ( smoke & fire broke on
 _! rapt vision ! bless$ spl5dors (     
,p>adise2 & _! joy seem$1 to !          
en?usia/ic believ]s ar\nd1 no less ?an a

 ,div9e inspiration1 confirm+ _! fai?1 &
 prea*+1 ?r\gh ! unque/ionable          
tru?fulness ( m>tyrdom1 ! c]ta9ty (     
immortal life4 ,! survivors celebrat$ ! 
anniv]s>ies ( ! m>tyrs' dea?s z _!      
bir?days into ! endless life4  ,f\r?ly1 
ano!r means by :i* ,*ri/ianity op]at$ to
 deep5 & spread a belief 9 ! future life
 01 indirectly1 ?r\gh its influ5ce 9    
call+ out & cultivat+ ! affections ( !  
he>t4 ,! ess5ce ( ! gospel 9 !ory1 z    
taught by all its tea*]s1 9 fact1 z     
inc>nat$ by ,*ri/1 & 9 practice1 z work+
 9 hi/ory is love4 ,f ! fir/ x condemn$ 
& t5d$ to de/roy all ! coldness & hatr$ 
( human he>ts2 & x /rove to elicit &    
fo/] e k9dly s5tim5t & g5]\s impulse1 to
 draw its disciples toge!r by ^? ye>n+  
ties ( sympa?y & devotion :i*           
in/9ctively dem& & div9ely prophesy an  
et]nal union 9 a bett] _w4 ,! m mightily
 two human he>ts love ea* o!r1 ! /rong] 
w be _! spontane\s long+ = immortality4 
,! unrivall$ revelation ( ! dis9t]e/$   
love ( ,god made by ,*ri/ianity1 & its  

effect 9 ref9+ & increas+ ! love ( m51 h
 contribut$ 9 a mo/ important degree to 
sanction & diffuse ! fai? 9 a bless$    
life res]v$ = m5 h]eaft]4 ,"o rem>kable 
specification may be notic$4 ,! only    
pagan description ( *ildr5 9 ! future   
life is t giv5 by "s ( ! classic poets1 
:o picture ! infant %ades l+]+ 9 gr\ps  
ar\nd ! dismal gates ( ! "u _w1 weep+ & 
wail+ because !y c\ld nev] f9d          
admittance4  ,cont9uo audita voces1     
vagitus et +5s1 ,infantumque animafl5tes
 9 lim9e primo4  ,g ! long r\nd ( !     
pagan heav5s1 y w f9d no trace ( a *ild4
 ,*ildr5 7 )]$ blossoms bl[n to         
oblivion4 ,! s(t breezes t fann$ !      
,bless$ ,isles & play$ ?r\gh ! p]5nial  
summ] ( ,elysium blew ^u no infant br[s4
 ,! grave held all ! *ildr5 v fa/4 ,by !
 memorable words1 ,( su* is ! k+dom (   
heav51 ,*ri/ unb>r$ ! portals ( ! future
 _w & reveal$ !re9 ho/s ( angelic       
*ildr54 ,ev] s9ce !n *ildr5 h be5 se5 9 
heav54 ,! poet has sung t ! angel *ild  
is fir/ on ! w+ to welcome ! p>5t home4 

,pa9t]s h %[n u1 9 _! visions ( ! bless$
 realms1 cr[ds ( *]ubs1 h %[n u  ,h[ at 
! ,almighty ,fa!r's h&1 ,ne>e/ ! ?rone (
 liv+ light1 ,! *oirs ( infant s]aphs   
/&1 ,& dazzl+ %9e :]e all are bright4   
,fif?ly1 ! triumphant e/abli%m5t (      
,*ri/ianity 9 ! _w has ?r[n ! pre/ige ( 
public op9ion1 ! impos+ au?ority ( g5]al
 affirmation & acceptance1 ar\nd its    
compon5t doctr9es *ief among :i* is !   
doctr9e ( immortality & secur$ 9 _!     
behalf ! resi/less influ5ces ( curr5t   
cu/om & education4 ,f ! "t ! gospel 0   
ackn[l$g$ by a nation z ! true religion1
 ea* g5]ation grew up by habitual       
tutelage to an implicit belief 9 !      
future life4 ,x became a dogma n to be  
que/ion$4 ,& ! reception ( x 0 made m   
reasonable & easy by ! great sup]iority 
( its moral features ov] ^? ( ! relative
 sup]/itions embodi$ 9 ! e?nic religions
 :i* ,*ri/ianity displac$4  ,f9ally1    
,*ri/ianity has ex]t$ no small influ5ce 
bo? 9 express+ & imp>t+ fai? 9          
immortality by means ( ! art to :i* x   

has giv5 bir?4 ,! ,*ri/ian ritual &     
symbolism1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,middle     
,age1 f ! v fir/ _h _! vitality &       
significance 9 ! tru? ( ano!r life4 ,e  
phase & article ( !m impli$1 & ) mute or
 vocal articulation proclaim$1 !        
sup]iority & survival ( m9d & he>t1 !   
tru? ( ! gospel hi/ory1 ! reality ( !   
op5$ heav54 ,:o1 9 ! excit$ atmosph]e1  
amid/ ! dang]s1 liv+ traditions1 &      
dramatic enactm5ts ( t "t1 c\ld behold !
 sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 li/5 to a mighty  
*ant1 kneel beside a holy tomb1 or gaze 
on a pa9t+ ( a gospel sc5e1 )\t feel+ t 
! /ory ( ,*ri/'s asc5t to ,god 0 true1  
be+ assur$ t else:]e ?an on e>? !re 0 a 
life = ! believ]1 & 9 rapt imag9ation   
see+ visions ( ! sup]natural k+dom      
unveil$8  ,! inmo/ ?\ght or s5tim5t (   
m$iaval art to adapt a rem>kable passage
 f ,he9e#f 0 ! depression ( ! body & !  
elevation ( ! s\l4 ,/atues ( m>tyrs1    
pictures ( crucifixions1 dy+ sa9ts1     
pale1 fa9t suff]]s1 droop+ heads1 long1 
?9 arms1 meag] bones1 poor1 awkw>dly    

hung dresses1 emaciat$ features         
cele/ially illum9at$ by fai? & love1    
express$ ! ,*ri/ian self d5ial &        
une>?l9ess4 ,ar*itecture en=c$ ! same   
lesson z sculpture & pa9t+4 ,ent]+ a    
ca!dral1 we at once feel ! s\l exalt$1 !
 fle% degrad$4 ,! inside ( ! dome is    
itself a holl[ cross1 & we walk !re )9 !
 v witness "w ( m>tyrdom4 ,! gorge\s    
w9d[s fl+ _! r$ & gre5 lights ^u u l    
drops ( blood & decay4 ,fun]eal music   
wails & fades away along ! dim ar*es4   
,"u our feet are grave/ones &           
corruption4 ,) ! colossal columns ! s\l 
climbs al(t1 loos+ itself f ! body1 :i* 
s9ks to ! floor z a we>y we$4 ,& :5 we  
look on "o ( ^! va/ ,go?ic /ructures f  
)\t1 s airy1 graceful1 t5d]1 transp>5t1 
x seems cut out ( "o piece1 or may be   
tak5 = an e!real lace "w ( m>ble4  #f   
,die ,romantis*e ,s*ule1 bu* i4   ,!n   
only d we feel ! p[] ( ! inspiration :i*
 c\ld s subdue ev5 /one t x %9es        
spectrally possess$1 & make ! mo/       
ins5sate ( mat]ials voice =? ! gr& tea*+

 ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! triumph ( ! _s ov] !  
fle%4  ,9 ^! six ways1 !re=e1 by plac+ a
 tangible image ( x 9 ! imag9ation ?r\gh
 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 by ! p[]ful    
/irr+ ( ! spr+s ( moral fai? ?r\gh !    
p]secutions t att5d$ its confession1 by 
! app>5t inspiration ( ! m>tyrs :o di$ 9
 its /r5g?1 by call+ out ! lat5t =ce ( !
 he>t's affections t crave x1 by ! m\ld+
 p[] ( e/abli%m5t1 cu/om1 & education1  
by ! spiritualiz+1 vision conjur+ effect
 ( its wor%ip & art1 has ,*ri/ianity    
done a "w ( incalculable ext5t 9 /r5g!n+
 ! _w's belief 9 a life to come4#g  ,a  
rem>kable evid5ce ( ! impression        
,*ri/ianity c>ri$ be=e x is furni%$ by  
an incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! mission>y     
,paul9us4 ,he _h prea*$ be=e ,edw91 ,k+ 
( ,nor?umbria4 ,an old e>l /ood up &    
said1 ,! life ( man seems1 :5 comp>$ )  
:at is hidd51 l ! sp>r[1 :o1 z y sit 9  
y\r hall1 ) y\r ?anes & att5dants1 w>m$ 
by ! blaz+ fire1 flies ?r\gh4 ,z he     
flies ?r\gh f door to door1 he enjoys a 
brief escape f ! *ill+ /orms ( ra9 & sn[

 )\t4 ,aga9 he goes =? into ! w9t] &    
vani%es4 ,s seems ! %ort life ( man4 ,if
 ?is new doctr9e br+s u some?+ m c]ta91 
9 my m9d x is wor?y ( adoption4#h  ,!   
mo/ glori\s triumph ( ,*ri/ianity 9     
reg>d to ! doctr9e ( a future life 0 9  
imp>t+ a "* ( imp>tialness & univ]sality
 to ! pr\d1 olig>*ic fai? :i* _h        
previ\sly exclud$ f x ! great multitude 
( m54 ,! l(ty conceptions ( ! fate ( !  
s\l *]i%$ by ! illu/ri\s philosoph]s (  
,greece & ,rome 7 n %>$ by ! commonalty 
until ! gospel its "r h& t\*+ ! ?rone ( 
,god1 its left clasp+ humanity ann\nc$ 9
 "o brea? ! resurrection ( ,jesus & !   
bro!rhood ( man4  ,_! highe/ lore 0 = ! 
few conceiv$1 ,by s*ools discuss'd1 b n 
by cr[ds believ$4 ,! angel ladd] clomb !
 heav5ly /eep1 ,b at its foot !         
prie/hoods lay1 asleep4 ,!y did n prea* 
to nations1 ',lo1 y\r ,god6' ,no ?\s&s  
foll['d :]e _! foot/eps trod3 ,n to !   
fi%]m5 !y said1 ',arise6' ,n to ! l[ly  
(f]'d !y ! skies4 ,wisdom 0 !irs3 alas6 
:at m5 mo/ ne$ ,is no sect's wisdom1 b !

 p's cre$4 ,!n1 n = s*ools1 b = ! human 
k9d1 ,! uncultur$ reason1 ! unlett]'d   
m9d1 ,! poor1 ! oppress'd1 ! labor]1 & !
 slave1 ,god said1 ',be light6' & light 
0 on ! grave6 ,no m alone to sage & h]o 
giv51 ,= all wide op$ ! imp>tial gates (
 heav54 #i  #g ,comp>e ,b5gal's essay1  
,quid ,doctr9a de ,anim>um              
,immortalitate ,religioni ,*ri/iana     
debeat4  #h ,v5]able ,b$e1 book ii4 *4  
xiv4  #i ,bulw]1 ,new ,timon1 "p iv4    
,,"p ,,f\r?   ,,*ri/ian ,,?\ghts        
,,conc]n+ ,a ,,future ,,life4  ,,*apt]  
,i4  ,,patri/ic ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a        
,,future ,,life4  ,,) ref]5ce to !      
pres5t subject1 we %all consid] ! p]iod 
( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs z includ+ ! n9e        
c5turies succe$+ ! close ( ! apo/olic   
age4 ,x ext5ds f ,clem5t1 ,b>nabas1 &   
,h]mas to ,o,ecumenius & ,g]b]t4  ,!    
pr9cipal compon5ts ( ! doctr9e ( !      
future life held dur+ ?is p]iod1 ?\gh   
%[+ "s div]sities & *anges1 are 9 _!    
prevail+ features ( "o consi/5t type1   
con/itut+ ! belief :i* w\ld 9 any ( ^?  

c5turies h be5 g5]ally recognis$ by !   
,*ur* z or?odox4  ,= reasons previ\sly  
giv51 we believe t ,jesus himself taught
 a purely moral doctr9e conc]n+ ! future
 life1 a doctr9e free f arbitr>y1       
me*anical1 or sac]dotal peculi>ities4 ,)
 exp]im5tal k1 ) inspir$ insight1 )     
fulle/ au?ority1 he set =? conclusions  
agree+ ) ! wise/ philosophy &           
confirmatory ( our noble/ hopes1 namely1
 t a consci\s immortality awaits ! s\l 9
 ! _m mansions ( ! ,fa!r's h\se1 :i* x  
ent]s on leav+ ! body1 & :]e its        
exp]i5ce w dep5d ^u e?ical & spiritual  
conditions4 ,to ?is simple & sublime    
doctr9e ann\nc$ by ,jesus1 s rational & 
satisfactory1 we believe = reasons      
already expla9$ t ! apo/les jo9$ v>i\s  
additional & modify+ notions1 ,judaic & 
,g5tile1 su* z ! local desc5t ( ,*ri/   
into ! prison _w ( ! dead1 8 mission    
!re1 8 visible second com+1 a bodily    
resurrection1 a univ]sal sc5ic judgm5t1 
& o!r k9dr$ views4 ,! sum ( results ?us 
rea*$ ! ,fa!rs develop$ 9 great] detail1

 di/+ui%+ & emphasiz+ !m1 & also /ill   
fur!r corrupt+ !m ) "s additional       
conceptions & fancies1 ,greek &         
,ori5tal1 speculative & imag9ative4 ,!  
peculi> !ological "w ( ! apo/les 9 reg>d
 to ?is subject 0 ! organiz+ ( ! ,p]sian
 ,jewi% doctr9e ( ! ,ph>isees1 ) a      
,*ri/ian complem5t & modifications1     
ar\nd ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 & fix+ s ne> 9 ! 
imm$iate future ! p]iod :5 x 0 to be    
consummat$ t x might be look$ = at any  
"t4 ,! peculi> !ological "w ( ! ,fa!rs 9
 reg>d to ! doctr9e ?us =m$ by ! apo/les
 0 tw(old4 ,fir/1 be+ disappo9t$ ( !    
expect$ spe$y second com+ ( ,*ri/1 !y   
develop$ ! int]m$iate /ate ( ! dead m   
fully1 & made x m prom95t4 ,secondly1 9 
! c\rse ( ! long & vehem5t controv]sies 
:i* sprang up1 !y 7 l$ to complete &    
sy/ematize _! !ology1 to def9e _! t]ms1 
to expla9 & def5d _! doctr9es1 comp>+ !m
 toge!r & attempt+ to h>monize !m )     
hi/ory1 reason1 & e?ics1 z well z )     
,scripture & tradition4 ,9 ?is way !    
patri/ic m9d became famili> ) _m        

processes ( ?\ght1 ) _m special details1
 & ) "s g5]al pr9ciples1 q =eign to !   
apo/olic m9d4 ,mean:ile1 def9+ &        
sy/ematiz+ w5t on1 loose notions h>d5$  
into rigid dogmas1 free ?\ght 0 hamp]$  
by au?ority1 ! s*eme g5]ally receiv$    
assum$ ! title ( or?odox1 ana!matiz+ all
 :o d>$ to diss5t1 & ! fundam5tal       
outl9es ( ! patri/ic es*atology 7 firmly
 e/abli%$4#a  ,9 seek+ to und]/& & to   
give an exposition ( ?is s*eme ( fai?1  
we h1 besides v>i\s collat]al aids1 ?ree
 *ief guidances4 ,fir/1 we possess !    
symbols or confessions ( fai? put =? by 
sev]al ( ! lead+ !ologians ( ^? times1  
or by g5]al c\ncils1 & op5ly adopt$ z   
au?ority 9 _m ( ! *ur*es1 ! cre$ falsely
 call$ ! ,apo/les'1 extant z e>ly z !   
close ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ! cre$ ( ,arius1 
t ( ,cyril1 ! ,nic5e cre$1 ! cre$       
falsely nam$ ! ,a?anasian1 & o!rs4      
,secondly1 we h ! valuable assi/ance    
af=d$ by ! treatises ( ,ir5aus1         
,t]tullian1 ,epiphanius1 ,augu/9e1 &    
o!rs /ill lat]1 on ! h]esies t _h aris5 

9 ! ,*ur*1 treatises :i* make x easy to 
inf]1 by contra/ & con/ruction1 :at 0   
consid]$ or?odox f ! /atem5t ( :at 0    
ackn[l$g$ h]etical4 ,&1 ?irdly1 abundant
 res\rces are af=d$ u 9 ! extant        
!ological diss]tations1 & hi/orical     
docum5ts ( ! pr9cipal ecclesia/ical     
au?ors ( ! "t 9 review1 a cycle ( well  
kn[n names1 sweep+ f ,!ophilus ( ,antio*
 to ,photius ( ,byzantium1 f ,cyprian ( 
,c>?age to ,maurus ( ,m5tz4 ,we ?9k t   
any c&id p]son1 ma/]+ ^! s\rces (       
in=mation 9 ! illu/rat+ & discrim9at+   
light ( a suffici5t k ( ! previ\s & !   
succe$+ relat$ op9ions1 w recognise 9 ! 
foll[+ ab/ract a fair repres5tation ( ! 
doctr9e ( a future life z x 0 held by ! 
or?odox ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 !   
p]iod ext5d+ f ! fir/ to ! t5? c5tury4  
,be=e proce$+ to set =? ! common        
patri/ic s*eme1 a few prelim9>y rem>ks  
are necess>y 9 relation to "s ( !       
peculi>1 prom95t features ( ,orig5's    
!ology1 & 9 relation to ! rival sy/ems (
 ,augu/9e & ,pelagius4 ,orig5 0 a man ( 

va/ le>n+1 passionately fond (          
philosophy2 & he modify+ly m+l$ a great 
_m ,ori5tal & ,platonic notions ) 8     
!ology4 ,he imag9$ t innum]able worlds l
 ?is _h exi/$ & p]i%$ be=e x1 & t       
innum]able o!rs w d s aft] x 9 endless  
succession4#b ,he held t all s\ls :e!r  
devils1 m51 angels1 or ( :atev] rank 7 (
 ! same nature2 t all :o exi/ 9 mat]ial 
bodies are imprison$ 9 !m z a puni%m5t =
 s9s committ$ 9 a previ\s /ate2 ! fig   
leaves 9 :i* ,adam & ,eve 7 dress$ aft] 
_! s9 7 ! fle%ly bodies !y 7 compell$ to
 assume on be+ expell$ f ! ,p>adise ( _!
 previ\s exi/5ce2 t 9 proportion to _!  
s9s !y are conf9$ 9 subtile or gross    
bodies ( adju/$ grades until by p5ance &
 wisdom !y sl[ly w9 _!  #a ,brets*neid]1
 ,0 lehr5 die alte/5 ,kir*5vat] ub] die 
,ent/ehung d] ,sude und des ,todes1     
,adam's ,v]geh5 und die ,v]sohnung dur* 
,*ri/um4 ,oppositionss*rift1 b& viii4   
hft4 #c1 ss4 #chj-djg4  #b ,de          
,pr9cipiis1 lib4 lit4 cap4 #e4          
deliv]ance1 ?is gradual desc5t & asc5t (

 s\ls be+ figuratively repres5t$ by     
,jacob's ladd]2 t all puni%m5ts & rew>ds
 are exactly fitt$ to ! degree ( s9 or  
m]it1 )\t possibility ( failure2 t all  
suff]+ ev5 t 9 ! l[e/ hell is b5evol5t &
 rem$ial1 s t ev5 ! wor/ spirits1       
includ+ ,satan himself1 %all aft] a "t  
be re/or$ to heav52 t ?is alt]nation (  
fall & re/oration %all be cont9u$ s (t5 
z ! cloy & satiety ( heav5ly bliss1 or !
 prepond]ant p[] ( temptation1 p]v]t    
free w into s94#c ,he decl>$ t x 0      
impossible to expla9 ! ph5om5a &        
exp]i5ce ( human life1 or to ju/ify !   
ways ( ,god1 except by admitt+ t s\ls   
s9n$ 9 a pre exi/5t /ate4 ,he 0 ignorant
 ( ! mod]n doctr9e ( vic>i\s atonem5t1  
consid]$ z placation or satisfaction1 & 
reg>d$ ,*ri/'s suff]+ n z a sub/itute = 
ours1 b z hav+ m]ely ! same efficacy 9  
k9d z ! dea? ( any innoc5t p]son1 only m
 em95t 9 degree4 ,he repres5ts ! mission
 ( ,*ri/ to be to %[ m5 t ,god c =give &
 recall !m f s91 bani%m5t1 & hell1 & to 
furni% !m1 9 v>i\s ways1 helps &        

incitem5ts to w9 salvation4 ,! =ego+    
ass]tions1 & o!r k9dr$ po9ts1 are well  
e/abli%$ by ,mo%eim1 9 8 exposition ( ! 
*>act]i/ic views ( ,orig54#d  ,! fam\s  
controv]sy betwe5 ,augu/9e & ,pelagius  
%ook ,*ri/5dom = a c5tury & a half1 &   
has roll$ its e*o+ results ev5 to !     
!ological %ores ( to day4 ,augu/9e 0 m  
,calv9i/ic 9 8 doctr9es ?an ! ,fa!rs    
be=e him1 & ev5 ?an mo/ ( ^? aft] him4  
,9 a few p>ticul>s p]haps a majority ( !
 ,fa!rs really agre$ m ne>ly ) ,pelagius
 ?an ) him4 ,b 8 sy/em prevail$1 & 0    
publicly adopt$ = all ,*ri/5dom by !    
?ird g5]al c\ncil at ,ephesus 9 ! ye>   
#dca4 ,yet "s ( its pr9ciples1 9 _! full
 =ce1 7 actually n accept$4 ,= in/ance1 
8 dogma ( unconditional election t "s 7 
absolutely pr$e/9at$ to et]nal          
salvation1 o!rs to et]nal damnation has 
nev] be5 taught by ! ,roman ,ca?olic    
,*ur*4 ,:5 ,gotts*alk urg$ x 9 ! n9?    
c5tury1 x 0 condemn$ z a h]esy2#e &     
among ! ,prote/ants 9 ! sixte5? c5tury  
,calv9 0 oblig$ to fight = x aga9/ odds4

 ,augu/9e's belief mu/ !re=e be tak5 z a
 repres5tation ( ! g5]al patri/ic belief
 only ) caution & ) qualifications4 ,!  
di/9ctive views ( ,augu/9e z contra/$ ) 
^? ( ,pelagius 7 z foll[4#f ,augu/9e    
held t1 by ,adam's fault1 a burd5 ( s9 0
 entail$ on all s\ls1 doom+ !m1 )\t     
exception1 to an et]nal bani%m5t 9 !    
inf]nal _w4 ,pelagius d5i$ ! doctr9e (  
orig9al s91 & made ea* "o responsible   
only = 8 own p]sonal s9s4 ,augu/9e      
taught t baptism 0 necess>y to free its 
subject f ! p[] :i* ! devil _h ov] ! s\l
 on acc\nt ( orig9al s91 & t all w\ld   
infallibly be doom$ to hell :o 7 n      
baptiz$1 except1 fir/1 ! anci5t sa9ts1  
:o =eknew ! evangelic doctr9es &        
believ$1 &1 secondly1 ! m>tyrs1 ^: blood
 0 _! baptism4 ,pelagius claim$ t       
,*ri/ian baptism 0 only necess>y to     
secure an  #c ,ibid4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #i1  
#aj4  #d ,comm5t>ies on ! ,affairs ( !  
,*ri/ians 9 ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies3    
,?ird ,c5tury sects4 #bg-bi4  #e        
,hag5ba*1 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 sect4 #ahc4   

#f ,wigg]s1 ,augu/9ism & ,pelagianism1  
trans4 f ! ,g]man by ,r4 ,em]son1 *4    
xix42 also pp4 #fb1 #fh1 #ge1 #gi4      
entrance into heav53 infants & good m51 
if unbaptiz$2 w\ld enjoy a happy        
immortality 9 ,p>adise1 b !y nev] c\ld  
ent] ! k+dom ( heav54 ,augu/9e affirm$ t
 ,adam's s9 de/roy$ ! fre$om ( ! w 9 !  
:ole human race4 ,pelagius ass]t$ !     
fre$om ( ! individual w4 ,augu/9e decl>$
 t a few 7 arbitr>ily elect$ to         
salvation f et]nity1 & t ,*ri/ di$ only 
= !m4 ,pelagius taught t salvation or   
reprobation dep5d$ on p]sonal des]ts1 & 
t ! ,div9e election 0 m]ely ?r\gh       
presci5ce ( m]its4 ,augu/9e said t sav+ 
grace 0 sup]natural1 irresi/ible1       
unatta9able by human ef=t4 ,pelagius    
said x might be won or resi/$ by        
con=mity to c]ta9 conditions 9 ea*      
p]son's p[]4 ,augu/9e believ$ t bodily  
dea? 0 inflict$ z a puni%m5t = s92#g    
,pelagius1 t x 0 ! result ( a natural   
law4 ,! ext5sive1 v>i\s le>n+1 massive1 
p5etrat+ m9d1 & remorseless logical     

consi/5cy1 ( ,augu/9e1 enabl$ him to    
ga!r up ! loose1 float+ !ological       
elem5ts & notions ( ! "t1 & g5]alize !m 
into a complete sy/em1 9 /rik+ h>mony1  
inde$1 ) ! g5]al "* & drift ( patri/ic  
?\ght1 b c>ri$ out m fully 9 its details
 & appli$ m unfl9*+ly 9 its pr9ciples   
?an _h be5 done be=e1 & !re=e 9 "s ( its
 dogmas out/ripp+ ! curr5t convictions (
 8 contempor>ies4 ,8 dogma ( election 0 
too revolt+ & immoral ev] to w9 univ]sal
 ass5t2 & few c\ld h ! he>t to unite )  
him 9 /igmatiz+ ! :ole human race 9 _!  
natural /ate z "o damn$ bat* & mass (   
p]dition6 7consp]sio damnata1 massa     
p]ditionis47 ,) ^! h9ts1 we are ready to
 advance to ! g5]al patri/ic s*eme (    
es*atology4 ,! exceptional v>iations &  
h]esies w be ref]r$ to aft]w>ds4  ,fir/1
 9 reg>d to ! natural /ate ( m5 "u !    
law1 f ! "t ( ,adam's s9 to ! "t (      
,*ri/'s suff]+1 _! moral condition &    
de/9ation1 no "o c d5y t ! ,fa!rs       
commonly suppos$ t ! dissolution ( !    
body & ! desc5t ( ! s\l to ! "u _w 7 a  

p5alty br\ght on all m5 ?r\gh ! s9 ( !  
fir/ man4 ,:]ev] ! l5g!n+ l9e ( human   
g5]ations w&]$1 ! trail ( ! s]p5t1 /amp 
( depravity1 0 on !m1 seal+ !m z ,dea?'s
 & m>k+ !m = ! ,hadean prison4 ,?is 0 ! 
indiscrim9ate & ! inevitable doom4 ,!re 
is no ne$ ( cit+ pro(s ( ?is /atem5t1 z 
x is well kn[n t ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs are
 ?rong$ bo? ) indirect implications & ) 
explicit av[als ( x4  ,secondly1 !y     
?\ght t ,*ri/ came f heav5 to r$eem m5 f
 _! lo/ /ate & subt]ranean bondage & to 
guide !m to heav54 ,augu/9e1 & p]haps "s
 o!rs1 ma9ta9$ t he came m]ely to       
effectuate ! salvation ( a =eorda9$ few2
 b und\bt$ly ! common belief 0 t he came
 to r$eem all :o w\ld con=m to c]ta9    
conditions :i* he propos$ & made        
feasible4 ,! important "q "h is1 ,:at   
did ! ,fa!rs suppose ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/'s 
r$emptive "w to be8 & h[1 9 _!          
e/imation1 did he a*ieve t "w8 ,0 x !   
r5ewal & sanctification ( human "* by ! 
melt+ p[] ( a proclamation ( m]cy & love
 f ,god1 by ! reg5]at+ influ5ces &      

motives ( ! tru?s & appeals spok5 by 8  
lips1 illu/rat$  #g ,9 ,g54 lib4 ix4    
cap4 #aj1 #aa3 ,p>5ts w\ld h yield$ to  
*ildr5 n by dea?1 b by translation1 &   
w\ld h become z ! angels4  9 8 life1 &  
br\ght to a focus 9 8 m>tyr dea?8       
,c]ta9ly ?is 0 too pla9ly & prom95tly a 
"p ( ! mission ( ,*ri/ ev] to be :olly  
ov]look$4 ,& yet "o acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s 
( ! ,fa!rs c h>dly mi/ake s widely z to 
?9k t !y e/eem$ ?is ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 
,*ri/'s r$emptive "w4 ,0 ! ess5ce ( t   
"w1 !n1 ! mak+ ( a vic>i\s atonem5t1    
accord+ to ! ,calv9i/ic int]pretation ( 
t phrase1 ! (f]+ ( a sub/itutional      
angui% suffici5t to satisfy ! claims (  
inexorable ju/ice1 s t ! guilty might be
 p>don$8 ,no4 ,! mod]n doctr9e ( !      
atonem5t ! satisfaction !ory1 z x is    
call$ 0 unkn[n to ! ,fa!rs4 ,x 0        
develop$1 /ep by /ep1 aft] _m           
c5turies4#h ,x did n receive its        
ackn[l$g$ =m until x came f ! m9d ( !   
great ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ,anselm1 z
 late z ! twelf? c5tury4 ,no s*ol> w "q 

?is confess$ fact4 ,:at1 !n1 7 ! ess5ce 
& me?od ( ,*ri/'s r$emptive mission     
accord+ to ! ,fa!rs8 ,9 brief1 !y 7 ^!4 
,he 01 z !y believ$1 a sup]angelic be+1 
! only begott5 ,son ( ,god1 possess+ a  
nature1 p[]s1 & cr$5tials transc5d+ ^?  
delegat$ to any o!r be+ bel[ ,god       
himself4 ,he became fle%1 to seek & to  
save ! lo/4 ,?is sav+ "w 0 done n by 8  
mortal suff]+s alone1 b by ! totality ( 
labors ext5d+ ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( 8    
inc>nation4 ,! subjective or moral "p ( 
8 r$emptive mission 0 to reg5]ate !     
*>act]s ( m5 & fit !m = heav5 by 8      
tea*+s & example2 ! objective or        
physical "p 0 to deliv] _! s\ls f !     
fatal conf9em5t ( ! "u _w & secure = !m 
! graci\s fre$om ( ! sky1 by desc5d+    
himself z ! suppress+ conqu]or ( dea? & 
!n asc5d+ z ! beckon+ pione] ( 8        
foll[]s4 ,! ,fa!rs did n select ! "o    
po9t or act ( ,*ri/'s dea? z ! pivot (  
human r$emption2 b !y reg>d$ t r$emption
 z wr\ght out by ! :ole ( 8 humiliation1
 in/ruction1 example1 suff]+1 & triumph1

 z ! resultant ( all ! comb9$ acts ( 8  
inc>nate drama4 ,run ov] ! relevant     
writ+s ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,clem5t (        
,alex&ria1 ,lactantius1 ,cyril1         
,ambrose1 ,augu/9e himself1 ,j]ome1     
,*ryso/om1 & ! re/ ( ! prom95t au?ors ( 
! fir/ t5 c5turies1 & y _c fail to be   
/ruck ) ! fact t !y inv>iably speak (   
r$emption1 n 9 connection ) ,*ri/'s dea?
 alone1 b emphatically 9 connection ) ! 
gr\p ( ideas1 8 inc>nation1 dea?1       
desc5t1 resurrection1 & asc5sion6 ,= !  
mo/ "p1 !y receiv$ x by tradition z a   
fact1 )\t mu* philosophiz+1 t1 9        
consequ5ce ( ! s9 ( ,adam1 all m5 7     
doom$ to die1 t is1 to leave _! bodies &
 desc5d into ! %ad[y realm ( dea?4 ,!y  
also accept$ x z a fact1 )\t mu* attempt
 at !oretical explanation1 t :5 ,*ri/1 !
 s9less & resi/less ,son ( ,god1 di$ &  
w5t ?i!r1 be=e 8 immaculate ,div9ity !  
walls fell1 ! devils fl$1 ! prison]s'   
*a9s snapp$1 & ! p[] ( ,satan 0 brok54  
,!y receiv$ x z a fact t ?r\gh !        
m$iation ( ,*ri/ ! orig9al boon =feit$  

by ,adam 0 to be re/or$1 & t m51 in/ead 
( und]go+ dea? & bani%m5t to ,hades1    
%\ld be translat$ to heav54 ,s f> z !y  
_h a !ory ab\t ! cause1 x turn$ on two  
simple po9ts3 fir/1 ! free grace & love 
( ,god2 second1 ! self sacrifice &      
suffici5t p[] (  #h ,hag5ba*1           
,dogm5ges*i*te1 sect4 #fh4   ,*ri/4 ,9 !
 progressive c\rse ( dogmatic           
controv]sy1 metaphysical speculation1 & 
desire = sy/em1 explanations h be5      
devis$ 9 a hundr$ diff]5t =ms1 f t (    
,aqu9as to t ( ,calv92 f t ( ,anselm to 
t ( ,grotius2 f t ( ,soc9us to t (      
,bu%nell4 ,t]tullian describes ! pr(\nd 
abyss b5ea? ! grave1 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 
:]e1 he says1 all ! dead are deta9$ unto
 ! day ( judgm5t1 & :]e ,*ri/ 9 8 desc5t
 made ! patri>*s & prophets 8           
companions4#i ,augu/9e says t ne>ly !   
:ole ,*ur* agre$ 9 believ+ t ,*ri/      
deliv]$ ,adam f ! "u _w :5 he rose !nce 
himself4#aj ,"o mu/ be v ignorant on !  
subject to d\bt t ! ,fa!rs attribut$    
unrivall$ importance to ! lit]al desc5t 

( ,*ri/ into ! abode ( ! dep>t$4#aa     
,?irdly1 aft] ! adv5t ( ,*ri/1 :at 7 !  
conditions propos$ = ! actual atta9m5t (
 p]sonal salvation8 ,x 0 ! or?odox      
belief t ,*ri/ l$ up into ,p>adise ) him
 ! anci5t sa9ts :o 7 await+ 8 appe>ance 
9 ! "u _w3#ab b ) ?is exception x 0 n   
suppos$ t he sav$ any outright3 he only 
put x 9 _! p[] to save !mselves1 remov+ 
! previ\sly insup]able ob/acles4 ,9 !   
fai? ( ^? :o accept$ ! dogma (          
pr$e/9ation1 ( c\rse1 ! presuppos$      
condition ( actual p]sonal salvation 0 t
 ! giv5 individual %\ld become "o ( !   
elect numb]4 ,b x seems to h be5 usually
 believ$ t baptism 0 indisp5sable to    
give f9al efficacy to ! decree (        
election 9 ea* individual case4#ac      
,augu/9e says1 ,all are born "u ! p[] ( 
! devil1 held 9 *a9s by him z a jail]3  
baptism alone1 ?r\gh ! =ce ( ,*ri/'s    
r$emptive "w1 breaks ^! *a9s & secures  
heav54 ,9 reg>d to ?is necessity (      
baptism ,pelagius agre$ ) 8 great       
adv]s>y1 sav+ an uness5tial             

modification1 z we h se5 be=e4 ,! same  
may be said ( ,cyprian1 ,t]tullian1 & _m
 o!r lead+ ,fa!rs4 ,aga91 ! s call$     
,a?anasian ,cre$1 :i* %[s ! preval5t    
op9ion ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! fif? & six?        
c5turies1 ass]ts t :oso believes n 9 !  
,tr9ity & k9dr$ dogmas z !re9 laid d[n  
)\t d\bt %all p]i% ev]la/+ly4 ,9 o!r    
words1 ass5t ( m9d to ! e/abli%$ cre$ ( 
! ,*ur* is a vital condition (          
salvation4 ,f9ally1 9 ! writ+s ( ne>ly  
all ( ! ,fa!rs we f9d frequ5t           
decl>ations ( ! necessity ( moral       
virtue1 righte\s conduct1 & piety1 z a  
condition ( admission into ! k+dom (    
heav54 ,= example1 ,augu/9e says1 ,su* z
 h be5 baptiz$1 p>tak5 ( ! sacram5ts1 & 
rema9$ always 9 ! ca?olic fai?1 b h l$  
wick$ lives1 c h no hope ( escap+ et]nal
 damnation4 #ad ,^! po9ts 7 n %>ply     
def9$1 au?oritatively e/abli%$1 &       
consi/5tly adh]$ to2 & yet !re 0 a      
pretty g5]al agreem5t among ! body ( !  
,fa!rs t = actual salvation !re 7 ?ree  
practical necess>y conditions1 baptism1 

a s\nd fai?1 a good life4  #i ,de       
,anima1 sects4 #g et #ee4  #aj ,epi/4   
,,clxiv4  #aa ,huidekop]1 ,belief ( !   
,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies conc]n+ ,*ri/'s   
,mission to ! ,"u ,_w4  #ab ,augu/9e1   
,de ,civ4 ,del4 lib4 xx4 cap4 xv4       
,wi$5feld1 ,de ,exorcismi ,orig9e1      
,mutatione1 deque hujus ,actus p]ag5di  
,ratione ,ne&]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 vol4 i4  
p4 #c  #ac ,torrey's trans4  #ad ,de    
,civ4 ,dei41 lib4 xxi4 cap4 xxv4        
,f\r?ly1 ! ,fa!rs believ$ t none ( !    
righte\s dead c\ld be admitt$ into heav5
 itself1 ! abode ( ,god & 8 angels1     
until aft] ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ & !    
hold+ ( ! g5]al judgm5t2 nei!r 7 any ( !
 reprobate dead1 accord+ to _! view1 to 
be ?ru/ into hell itself until aft] ^?  
ev5ts2 b mean:ile all 7 deta9$ 9 an     
int]m$iate /ate1 ! ju/ifi$ 9 a peaceful 
region ( ! "u _w enjoy+ "s =eta/e ( _!  
future bless$ness1 ! condemn$ 9 a dismal
 region ( ! same "u _w suff]+ "s =eta/e 
( _! future torm5t4#ae ,aft] ! num]\s   
evid5ces giv5 9 previ\s *apt]s ( !      

preval5ce ( ?is view among ! ,fa!rs1 x  
w\ld be sup]flu\s to cite fur!r         
au?orities "h4 ,we w only reply to an   
objection :i* may be urg$4 ,x may be    
said1 ! ,fa!rs believ$ t ,eno* & ,elijah
 7 translat$ to heav51 also t !         
patri>*s1 :om ,*ri/ rescu$ on 8 desc5t  
to ,hades1 7 admitt$ ?i!r1 &1 fur!rmore1
 t ! m>tyrs by special privilege 7      
grant$ entrance !re4 ,! po9t is an      
important "o4 ,! reply turns on ! broad 
di/9ction made by ! ,fa!rs betwe5 heav5 
& ,p>adise4 ,"s ( ! ,fa!rs reg>d$       
,p>adise z "o division ( ! "u _w2 "s    
locat$ x 9 a remote & bless$ region ( ! 
e>?2 o!rs ?\ght x 0 high 9 ! air1 b bel[
 ! dwell+ place ( ,god4#af ,n[1 x 0 to  
,p>adise1 n to heav51 t ! dy+ ?ief1     
p5it5t on ! cross1 0 promis$ admission4 
,x 0 ( ,p>adise1 n ( heav51 t ,t]tullian
 said ! blood ( ! m>tyrs is ! p]fect    
key4 ,s1 too1 :5 ,j]ome1 ,*ryso/om1 &   
o!rs speak ( a few favor$ ones deliv]$ f
 ! common fate be=e ! day ( judgm5t1 x  
is ,p>adise1 & n heav51 t is repres5t$ z

 be+ ?r[n op5 to !m4 ,ir5aus says1 ,^?  
:o 7 translat$ 7 translat$ to ! ,p>adise
 :5ce disob$i5t ,adam 0 driv5 into !    
_w4#ag  ,a notable attempt has be5      
repeat$ly made = example1 by ! fam\s    
,dr4 ,c[>d1 by ,dodwell1 & by "s o!r m  
obscure writ]s to prove t ! ,fa!rs ( !  
,greek ,*ur*1 9 opposition to ! ,lat9   
,fa!rs1 d5i$ ! consci\sness ( ! s\l dur+
 ! int]val f dea? to ! resurrection1 &  
ma9ta9$ t ! s\l di$ ) ! body & w\ld be  
re/or$ ) x at ! la/ day4 ,b ?is is an   
error aris+ f ! mis9t]pretation ( !     
figurative t]ms 9 :i* ! ,greek ,fa!rs   
express !mselves4 ,tatian1 ,ju/91       
,!ophilus1 & ,ir5aus d n diff] f ! o!rs 
9 reality1 b only 9 words4 ,! op9ion t !
 s\l is lit]ally mortal is errone\sly   
attribut$ to ^? ,greek ,fa!rs1 :o 9 tru?
 no m held x ?an ,t]tullian did4 ,! dea?
 !y mean is1 to borr[ _! own language1  
depriv$ ( ! rays ( ,div9e light1 to be> 
a dea?ly immortality1 79 immortalitate  
mortem tol]antes17 an et]nal exi/5ce 9 !
 gho/ly "u _w4#ah ,! con  #ae ,!y feel1 

z ,novatian says1 7,de ,tr9itate1 #a17 a
 prajudicium futuri judicii4 ,see also  
,erne/i1 ,excurs4 de ,vet]4 ,patrum     
,op9ione de ,/atu ,m$io ,animor4 a      
,corpore sejunctorum4 ,9 8 ,lect4 ,acad4
 9 ,ep4 ad ,hebr4  #af ,e4 g41 see      
,ambrose1 ,de ,p>adiso4  #ag ,adv4      
,h>es41 lib4 v4 cap4 v4  #ah ,see ?is   
po9t ably argu$ 9 an academic           
diss]tation publi%$ at ,konigsb]g1      
#ahbg1 be>+ ! title ,antiquissimorum    
,ecclesia ,grsecte ,patrum de           
,immortalitate ,anima ,s5t5tia          
,rec5s5tur4   ,!y held t ! inn] man 0   
orig9ally a _s non-,,ascii *>act]s      
omitt$ & a s\l non-,,ascii *>act]s      
omitt$ bl5d$ & immortal1 t is1          
inde/ructibly unit$ & bless$4 ,b by s9 !
 s\l loses ! _s & becomes subject to    
dea?4 t is1 to ignorance ( its ,div9e   
orig91 ali5ation f ,god1 d>kness1 & an  
abode 9 ,hades4 ,by ! influ5ces fl[+ f !
 mission ( ,*ri/1 man is elevat$ aga9 to
 consci\s communion ) ,god1 & ! _s is   
re/or$ to ! s\l4 ,si re/ituitur1 manet  

non-,,ascii *>act]s omitt$ fit autem    
non-,,ascii *>act]s omitt$2 si non      
re/ituitur1 manet non-,,ascii *>act]s   
omitt$1 fit autem non-,,ascii *>act]s   
omitt$1 quod haud diff]t a morte4       
cordant doctr9e ( ! ,fa!rs z to !       
int]m$iate /ate ( ! dead 0 t1 ) !       
exception ( a few admitt$ to ,p>adise1  
!y 7 9 ! "u _w wait+ ! fulness ( "t1 :5 
! _w %\ld be judg$ & _! f9al de/9ation  
be assign$ to !m4 ,z ,t]tullian says1   
con/ituimus omnem animam apud inf]os    
segue/r>i 9 diem ,dom9i4  ,f9ally1 !    
,fa!rs expect$ t ,*ri/ w\ld return f    
heav51 hold a g5]al day ( judgm5t1 &    
consummate all ?+s4 ,! e>lie/ disciples 
seem to h look$ anxi\sly1 almo/ f h\r to
 h\r1 = t awful crisis4 ,b1 z ye>s roll$
 on & ! la/ apo/le di$1 & x came n1 !   
date 0 fix$ m remotely2 &1 z o!r ye>s   
pass$ away1 & /ill no cle> signs ( its  
arrival appe>$1 ! date grew m & m       
indef9ite4 ,"s /ill look$ = ! solemn    
dawn spe$ily to break2 o!rs assign$ x to
 ! ye> #ajjj2 o!rs left ! "t utt]ly     

vague2 b none gave up ! doctr9e4 ,all   
agre$ t soon] or lat] a "t w\ld come :5 
! deep sky w\ld op51 & ,*ri/1 clo!d 9   
t]rors & surr\nd$ by pomp ( angels1 w\ld
 alight on ! globe1 :53  ,! angel ( !   
trumpet ,%all split ! *>nel e>? ,) 8    
bla/ s cle> & brave1 ,& quick5 ! *>nel  
bir? ,at ! roots ( ! grave1 ,till ! dead
 all /& erect4  ,augu/9e1 repres5t+ !   
ca?olic fai?1 says1 ,! com+ ( ,elias1 ! 
conv]sion ( ! ,jews1 ,anti*ri/'s        
p]secution1 ! sett+ up ( ,*ri/'s        
tribunal1 ! rais+ ( ! dead1 ! sev]+ ( ! 
good & ! bad1 ! burn+ ( ! _w1 & its     
r5ovation1 ?is is ! de/9$ ord] (        
ev5ts4#ai ,! sav$ 7 to be transport$    
bodily to ! et]nal bliss ( heav52 !     
damn$1 9 l mann]1 7 to be bani%$ =ev] to
 a fi]y hell 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 !re to  
endure uncompreh5d$ agonies1 bo?        
physical & spiritual1 )\t any respite1  
)\t any end4 ,!re 7 important1 & = a    
consid]able p]iod q ext5sive1           
exceptions1 to ! belief 9 ?is la/ dogma3
 nev]!less1 su* 0 und5iably ! prevail+  

view1 ! or?odox doctr9e1 ( ! patri/ic   
,*ur*4 ,! /rict lit]ality ) :i* ^!      
doctr9es 7 held is /rik+ly %[n 9        
,j]ome's artless "q3 ,if ! dead be n    
rais$ ) fle% & bones1 h[ c ! damn$1 aft]
 ! judgm5t1 gna% _! tee? 9 hell8  ,dur+ 
! p]iod n[ "u consid]ation !re 7 great  
fluctuations1 gr[?s1 *anges1 ( op9ion on
 ?ree subjects 9 reg>d to :i* ! public  
cre$s did n prev5t all fre$om ( ?\ght by
 lay+ d[n def9ite propositions4 ,we ref]
 to baptism1 ! mill5nium1 & purgatory4  
,*ri/ian baptism 0 fir/ simply a rite ( 
initiation into ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,!n
 x became m di/9ctly a symbol ( fai? 9  
,*ri/ & 9 8 gospel1 & an emblem ( a new 
bir?4 ,next x 0 imag9$ to be lit]ally   
efficaci\s to  #ai ,de ,civ4 ,del1 lib4 
xx4 cap4 #cj1 sect4 #e4   p]sonal       
salvation1 solv+ ! *a9s ( ! devil1 wa%+ 
(f orig9al s91 & op5+ ! door ( heav54#bj
 ,to trace ! doctr9e ?r\gh its hi/orical
 v>iations & its logical w9d+s w\ld     
require a l>ge volume1 & is n requisite 
= our pres5t purpose4  ,almo/ all ! e>ly

 ,fa!rs believ+ly look$ = a mill5nium1 a
 reign ( ,*ri/ on e>? ) 8 sa9ts = a ?\s&
 ye>s4 ,daille has %[n t ?is belief 0   
g5]ally held1 ?\gh ) great div]sities ( 
conception z to ! =m & features ( !     
doctr9e4#ba ,x 0 a ,jewi% notion :i*    
crept among ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5tury 
& has be5 transmitt$ ev5 to ! pres5t    
day4 ,"s suppos$ ! mill5nium w\ld prec$e
 ! de/ruction ( ! _w1 o!rs t x w\ld     
foll[ t t]rible ev5t1 aft] a g5]al      
r5ovation4 ,none b ! fai?ful w\ld h "p 9
 x2 & at its close !y w\ld pass up to   
heav54 ,ir5aus quotes a tradition1      
deliv]$ by ,papias1 t 9 ! mill5nium ea* 
v9e w be> t5 ?\s& bran*es1 ea* bran* t5 
?\s& twigs1 ea* twig t5 ?\s& clu/]s1 ea*
 clu/] t5 ?\s& grapes1 ea* grape yield+ 
a hog%ead ( w9e2 & if any "o plucks a   
grape its neighbors w cry1 ,take me3 ,i 
am bett]6 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 a metaphor to
 %[ :at ! pl5ty & ! joy ( ^? times w\ld 
be4 ,accord+ to ! h]etics ,c]9?us &     
,m>cion1 ! mill5nium 0 to consi/ 9 an   
abundance ( all sorts ( s5sual ri*es &  

delights4 ,_m ( ! or?odox ,fa!rs held ! 
same view1 b less grossly2 :ile o!rs    
made its spl5dors & its pleasures m5tal 
& moral4#bb ,orig5 attack$ ! :ole       
doctr9e ) vehem5ce & cog5cy4 ,8 admir]s 
cont9u$ ! w>f>e aft] him1 & ! belief 9  
?is cele/ial ,cocaigne suff]$ mu* damage
 & sank into comp>ative neglect4 ,!     
subject rose into importance aga9 at !  
approa*+ close ( ! fir/ *iliad (        
,*ri/ianity1 b soon di$ away z !        
excitem5t ( t om9\s epo* pass$ ) equal  
disappo9tm5t to ! hopes & ! fe>s ( !    
believ]s4 ,a galvaniz$ controv]sy has   
be5 c>ri$ on ab\t x aga9 9 ! pres5t     
c5tury1 *iefly excit$ by ! mod]n sect ( 
,second ,adv5ti/s4 ,l>ge volumes h      
rec5tly appe>$1 pr9cipally aim+ to      
decide :e!r ! mill5nium is to prec$e or 
to foll[ ! second com+ ( ,*ri/6 #bc ,!  
doctr9e itself is a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian     
figm5t support$ only by a %ad[y basis ( 
fancy4 ,! tru? conta9$ 9 x1 ?\gh        
mutilat$ & disguis$1 is t :5 ! religion 
( ,*ri/ is truly en?ron$ ov] ! e>?1 :5 8

 real tea*+s & life are foll[$1 ! k+dom 
( ,god w inde$ cov] ! _w1 & n = a ?\s&  
ye>s only1 b unimag9able glory &        
happ9ess %all fill ! dwell+s ( !        
successive g5]ations ( m5 =ev]4#bd  ,!  
doctr9e ( a purgatory a place int]m$iate
 betwe5 ,p>adise & hell1 :]e s\ls n too 
s9ful 7 tempor>ily puni%$1 & :]e _!     
condition & /ay 7 9 ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* on  
e>?1 a doctr9e :i* 9 ! ,middle ,age     
became practically  #bj ,ne&]1 ,plant+ &
 ,tra9+1 ,eng4 trans4 p4 #ajb4  #ba ,de 
,usu ,patrum1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #d4  #bb    
,muns*]1 ,entwickelung d] ,lehre vom    
,taus5djahrig5 ,rei*e 9 d5 ,drei ,er/5  
,jahrhund]t54 ,9 ,h5ke's ,magaz4 b4 vi4 
ss4 #bcc #bed4  #bc ,see e4 g4 ,! ,end1 
by ,dr4 ,cumm+4 ,! ,second ,adv5t1 by   
,d4 ,br[n4  #bd ,bu%1 ,on ! ,mill5nium4 
,bi%op ,russell1 ,disc\rses on !        
,mill5nium4 ,c>roll1 ,ges*i*te des      
,*iliasmus4   ! =emo/ in/rum5t (        
ecclesia/ical influ5ce & income 0 ?r\gh 
! age ( ! ,fa!rs gradually assum+ %ape &
 firmness4 ,x seems to h be5 fir/ op5ly 

av[$ z a ,*ur* dogma & effectively      
organiz$ z a work+ p[] by ,pope ,gregory
 ! ,great1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! six?        
c5tury4#be ,no m ne$s to be said "h1 z !
 subject m prop]ly belongs to ! next    
*apt]4  ,x b rema9s 9 close to notice ^?
 op9ions relat+ to ! future life :i* 7  
g5]ally condemn$ z h]esies by ! ,fa!rs4 
,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! 0 ! de/ruction ( !  
int]m$iate /ate & ! d5ial ( ! g5]al     
judgm5t by ! ass]tion1 :i* ,paul *>ges s
 e>ly z 9 8 day ^u ,hym5eus & ,philetus1
 t ! resurrection has pass$ already2 t  
is1 t ! s\l1 :5 x leaves ! body1 passes 
imm$iately to its f9al de/9ation4 ,?is  
op9ion reappe>$ fa9tly at int]vals1 b   
obta9$ v little preval5ce 9 ! e>ly ages 
( ! ,*ur*4 ,hi]ax1 an au?or :o liv$ at  
,leontopolis 9 ,egypt e>ly 9 ! f\r?     
c5tury1 d5i$ ! resurrection ( ! body1 & 
exclud$ f ! k+dom ( heav5 all :o 7 m>ri$
 & all :o di$ be=e becom+ moral ag5ts4  
,ano!r h]etical notion :i* attract$ "s  
att5tion 0 ! opposite extreme f ! =ego+1
 namely1 t ! s\l totally dies ) ! body1 

& w be re/or$ to life ) x 9 ! g5]al     
resurrection at ! end ( ! _w2 an op9ion 
held by an ,arabian sect ( ,*ri/ians1 :o
 7 vanqui%$ 9 debate ^u x by ,orig51 &  
r5\nc$ x4#bf  ,/ill ano!r doctr9e kn[n  
among ! ,fa!rs 0 ! belief t ,*ri/1 :5 he
 desc5d$ into ! "u _w1 sav$ & l$ away 9 
triumph all :o 7 !re1 ,jews1 pagans1    
good1 bad1 all1 indiscrim9ately4 ,?is is
 numb] sev5ty n9e 9 ,augu/9e's li/ ( !  
h]esies4 ,& !re is n[ extant among !    
writ+s ( ,pope ,boniface ,,vi1 ( ! n9?  
c5tury1 a lett] furi\sly assail+ a man  
:o _h rec5tly ma9ta9$ ?is damnable      
doctr9e4  ,! num]\s ,gno/ic sects       
repres5t$ by ,val5t9us1 ,c]9?us1        
,m>cion1 ,basilides1 & o!r less prom95t 
names1 held a sy/em ( speculation       
copi\s1 complex1 & ( int5sely ,ori5tal  
"*4 ,t portion ( x directly connect$ )  
our subject may be /at$ 9 few words4 ,!y
 taught t all s\ls pre exi/$ 9 a _w (   
pure light1 b1 s9n+ ?r\gh ! in/igation &
 craft ( demons1 !y fell1 7 mix$ )      
d>kness & matt]1 & b\nd 9 bodies4 ,?r\gh

 s5sual lu/s & ignorance1 !y 7 doom$ to 
suff] aft] dea? 9 hell = v>i\s p]iods1 &
 !n to be born aga94 ,jehovah 0 ! enemy 
( ! true ,god1 & 0 ! build] ( ?is _w & (
 hell1 :]e9 he contrives to keep 8      
victims imprison$ by deceiv+ !m to      
wor%ip him & to live 9 errors &         
indulg5ces4 ,*ri/ came1 !y said1 to     
reveal ! true ,god1 unmask ! inf]nal "* 
& wiles ( ,jehovah1 rescue ^? :om he _h 
cruelly %ut up 9 hell1 & tea* m5 ! real 
way ( salvation4 ,accord+ly1 ,m>cion    
decl>$ t :5 ,*ri/ desc5d$ into ! "u _w  
he releas$ & took into 8 own k+dom ,ca91
 & ! ,sodomites1 & all !  #be ,flugge1  
,ges*i*te d] ,lehre vom ,zu/&e des      
,m5s*5 na* dem ,tode 9 d] ,*ri/li*5     
,kir*e1 abs*4 v4 ss4 #cbj-ceb4  #bf     
,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 lib4 vi4 cap4   
#cg4  ,g5tiles :o _h refus$ to obey !   
demon wor%ipp$ by ! ,jews1 b left !re1  
unsav$1 ,abel1 ,eno*1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 &
 ! o!r patri>*s1 toge!r ) all !         
prophets4#bg ,! ,gno/ics agre$ 9        
attribut+ evil to matt]1 & made ! means 

( r$emption to consi/ 9 fa/+s & sc\rg+s 
( ! fle%1 ) d5ial ( all its crav+s1 & 9 
l(ty spiritual contemplations4 ,( c\rse1
 ) "o accord !y vehem5tly assail$ !     
dogma ( ! resurrection ( ! fle%4 ,_!    
views1 too1 7 inconsi/5t ) ! /rict      
et]nity ( future hell puni%m5ts4 ,!     
fundam5tal basis ( _! sy/em 0 ! same z t
 ( ne>ly all ! ,ori5tal philosophies &  
religions1 requir+ an ascetic w> aga9/ !
 _w ( s5se4 ,! notion t ! body is evil1 
& ! cause ( evil1 0 rife ev5 among !    
or?odox ,fa!rs2 b !y /opp$ gu>d$ly f>   
%ort ( ! extreme to :i* ! ,gno/ics c>ri$
 x1 & indignantly reject$ all ! /range  
imag9ations :i* ^? h]etics _h devis$ to 
expla9 ! subject ( evil 9 a sy/ematic   
mann]4#bh ,augu/9e said1 ,if we say all 
s9 comes f ! fle%1 we make ! fle%less   
devil s9less6 ,h]mog5es1 "s ( ^: views  
at lea/ 7 t+$ ) ,gno/icism1 believ$ !   
abyss ( hell 0 =m$ by ! conflu5ce (     
matt]1 & t ! devil & all 8 demons w\ld  
at la/ be utt]ly resolv$ into matt]4#bi 
,! !ological sy/em ( ! ,mani*aan sect 0 

9 "s ( its c>d9al pr9ciples almo/       
id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,gno/ics1 b x 0 /ill m
 imag9ative & elaborate4#cj ,x />t$ ) ! 
,p]sian doctr9e ( two antagoni/ deities1
 "o dwell+ ) good spirits 9 a _w ( light
 & love1 ! o!r ) demons 9 a realm (     
d>kness & horror4 ,^u a "t ! latt]1     
sally+ =?1 discov]$1 f> away 9 ! va/ness
 ( space1 ! _w ( light4 ,!y imm$iately  
assail$ x4 ,!y 7 conqu]$ aft] a t]rible 
/ruggle & driv5 back2 b !y bore ) !m    
captive a multitude ( ! cele/ial s\ls1  
:om !y in/antly mix$ ) d>kness & gross  
matt]4 ,! good ,god built ?is _w ( m+l$ 
light & d>kness to af=d ^! imprison$    
s\ls an opportunity to purge !mselves & 
be re/or$ to him4 ,9 arrang+ ! mat]ial  
sub/ances to =m ! e>?1 a mass ( evil    
fire1 ) no p>ticle ( good 9 x1 0 f\nd4  
,x _h be5 left 9 _! flight by ! vanqui%$
 pr9ces ( d>kness4 ,?is 0 ca/ out ( ! _w
 & %ut up some:]e 9 ! d>k air1 & is !   
,mani*aan hell1 presid$ ov] by ! k+ ( ! 
demons4 ,if a s\l1 :ile 9 ! body1       
mortify ! fle%1 obs]ve a sev]e ascetic  

moral discipl9e1 fix its ?\ghts1        
affections1 & pray]s on ,god & its      
native home1 x w on leav+ ! body return 
to ! cele/ial light4 ,b if x neglect ^! 
duties & become m deeply entangl$ 9 !   
toils ( deprav$ matt]1 x is ca/ into !  
awful fire ( hell1 :]e ! cleans+ flames 
( torture p>tially purify x2 & !n x is  
born aga9 & put on a new trial4 ,if aft]
 t5 successive bir?s twice 9 ea* ( five 
diff]5t =ms ! s\l be /ill unreclaim$1 !n
 x is p]man5tly rem&$ to ! furnace (    
hell4 ,at la/1 :5 all ! cele/ial s\ls   
seiz$ by ! pr9ces ( d>kness h return$ to
 ,god1 save ^? j m5tion$1 ?is _w w be   
burn$4 ,!n ! *ildr5  #bg ,ir5aus1 ,adv4 
,h]res41 lib4 i4 cap4 #bb4  #bh ,acc\nt 
( ! ,gno/ic ,sects1 9 ,mo%elm's ,comm41 
,,ii4 ,c5tury1 sect4 #fe4  #bi ,l>dn]1  
,hi/4 ( ,h]etics1 *4 xviii4 sect4 #i4   
#cj ,baur1 ,das ,mani*ais*e             
,religionssy/em4   ( ,god w lead a life 
( ev]la/+ bless$ness ) him 9 _! native  
l& ( light2 ! pr9ce ( evil1 ) 8 fi5ds1 w
 exi/ wret*$ly 9 _! orig9al realm (     

d>kness4 ,!n all ^? s\ls ^: salvation is
 hopeless %all be drawn out ( hell & be 
plac$ z a cordon ( wat*m5 & a phalanx ( 
soldi]s entirely ar\nd ! _w ( d>kness1  
to gu>d its fronti]s =ev] & to see t its
 mis]able inhabitants nev] aga9 come =? 
to invade ! k+dom ( light4#ca  ,!       
,*ri/ian aft] ,*ri/'s own patt]n1 tru/+ 
t :5 ! s\l left ! body x w\ld f9d a home
 9 "s o!r realm ( ,god's univ]se :]e its
 exp]i5ce w\ld be accord+ to its des]ts1
 capacity1 & fitt$ness1 s\ght to d !    
,fa!r's w 9 ! pres5t1 & = ! future      
committ$ himself 9 fai? & love to !     
,fa!r's disposal4 ,! apo/olic ,*ri/ian1 
conceiv+ t ,*ri/ w\ld soon return to    
raise ! dead & rew>d 8 own1 eag]ly look$
 = ! arrival ( t day1 & /rove t he might
 be among ! sa9ts :o1 deliv]$ or exempt 
f ! ,hadean imprisonm5t1 %\ld reign ) ! 
triumphant ,messiah on e>? & accompany  
him back to heav54 ,! patri/ic ,*ri/ian1
 look+ =w>d to ! divid$ "u _w :]e all ! 
dead mu/ sp5d ! int]val f _! decease to 
! g5]al resurrection1 %udd]$ at ! ?\ght 

( ,geh5na1 & wre/l$ & pray$ t 8 t>ry+   
might be 9 ,p>adise until ,*ri/ %\ld    
summon 8 *os5 ones1 ju/ifi$ f ! great   
tribunal1 to ! ,fa!r's pres5ce4 ,!      
,mani*aan ,*ri/ian1 believ+ ! s\l to be 
imprison$ 9 matt] by demons :o f\ght    
aga9/ ,god 9 a previ\s life1 /ruggl$1 by
 fa/+1 ?\ght1 pray]1 & p5ance1 to rescue
 ! _s f its fle%ly entanglem5ts1 f all  
worldly sn>es & illusions1 t x might be 
fre$ f ! necessity ( any fur!r abode 9 a
 mat]ial body1 &1 on ! dissolution ( its
 pres5t tab]nacle1 might so> to its     
native light 9 ! blissful pl]oma (      
et]nal be+4  #ca ,mo%eim1 ,comm41 ,,iii4
 ,c5tury1 sects4 #dd-eb4   ,,*apt] ,,ii4
  ,,m$iaval ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future   
,,life4  ,,! p]iod ( "t cov]$ by !      
pres5t *apt] rea*es f ! close ( ! t5?   
c5tury to ! middle ( ! sixte5?1 f ! fir/
 full e/abli%m5t ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic    
!ology & ! la/ g5]al expectation ( !    
imm$iate end ( ! _w to ! comm5c+ decl9e 
( m$iaval fai? & ! successful           
inauguration ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation4 

,! pr9cipal m5tal *>act]i/ic ( t age1   
especially 9 reg>d to ! subject ( !     
future life1 0 fe>4 ,nev]1 says         
,mi*elet1 c we "k 9 :at t]rors ! ,middle
 ,age liv$4 ,!re 0 all abroad a liv+ fe>
 ( m51 fe> ( ! ,/ate1 fe> ( ! ,*ur*1 fe>
 ( ,god1 fe> ( ! devil1 fe> ( hell1 fe> 
( dea?4 ,prea*+ consi/$ v mu* 9 !       
invitation1 ,submit to ! guidance ( !   
,*ur* :ile y live1 en=c$ by ! ?reat1 or 
y %all g to hell :5 y die4 ,*ri/ianity 0
 practically r$uc$ to "s cruel          
metaphysical dogmas1 a me*anical device 
= rescu+ ! devil's captives f him1 & a  
sy/em ( ritual magic 9 ! h&s ( a        
prie/hood :o wield$ an au?ority (       
sup]natural t]rors ov] a cr$ul\s &      
%udd]+ laity4 ,x is true t ! g5u9e _s & 
cont5ts ( ,*ri/ianity 7 nev] :olly      
suppress$4 ,! love ( ,god1 ! bless$     
m$iation ( ! b5ignant ,jesus1 ! l[ly    
delights ( ! ,beatitudes1 ! r$eem+      
assurance ( p>don1 ! consol+1 triumphant
 expectation ( heav51 7 nev] utt]ly     
bani%$ ev5 f ! believ]s ( ! ,d>k ,age4  

,und\bt$ly _m a guilty b rep5tant s\l   
f\nd =giv5ess & re/1 _m a meek &        
spotless brea/ 0 fill$ ) pi\s rapture1  
_m a dy+ disciple 0 com=t$ & inspir$1 by
 ! good tid+s proclaim$ f prie/ly lips  
ev5 !n4 ,no d\bt ! sacr$ awe & gu>d$    
peace surr\nd+ _! prec9cts1 ! div9e     
lessons inculcat$ )9 _! walls1 ! pa!tic 
pray]s brea!d be=e _! alt>s1 !          
traditions ( sa9tly m5 & wom5 :o _h     
drawn angelic visitants d[n to _! cells 
& _h ris5 long ago to be angels         
!mselves1 ! /ra9s ( une>?ly melody be>+ 
! he>ts ( ! kneel+ cr[d into et]nity1 no
 d\bt ^! (t5 made ca!dral & conv5t seem 
isl&s ( sanctity amid/ ! wild1 ro>+1    
godless sea ( ! _w4 ,/ill1 ! *ief g5]al 
feel+ ( ! "t 9 relation to ! future life
 0 unque/ionably fe> spr++ f belief1 !  
w$lock ( sup]/iti\s fai? & horror4      
,dur+ ! six c5turies n[ "u review !     
,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* & !ology 7 ! only 
,*ri/ianity publicly recognis$4 ,!      
h]etics 7 few & p[]less1 & ! papal sy/em
 _h full sway4 ,s9ce ! e>ly "p ( ! p]iod

 specifi$1 ! work+ !ology ( ! ,roman    
,*ur* has und]gone b few1 &1 z p]ta9+ to
 our subject1 unimportant1 *anges or    
developm5ts4 ,previ\s to t "t h]        
doctr9al s*eme 0 in*oate1 gradually     
assimilat+ =eign elem5ts & develop+     
itself /ep by /ep4 ,! pr9cipal *anges n[
 conc]n+ u to notice 9 ! passage f      
patri/ic es*atology z d$ucible1 =       
in/ance1 f ! works ( ,*ryso/om1 or z se5
 9 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ to m$iaval         
es*atology  z display$ 9 ! ,summa (     
,?omas ,aqu9as or 9 ! ,cate*ism ( ,tr5t 
are ^!4 ,! supposititi\s details ( ! "u 
_w h be5 def9itely arrang$ 9 great]     
subdivision2 heav5 has be5 op5$ = !     
regul> admission ( c]ta9 s\ls2 ! loose  
notions ab\t purgatory h be5 complet$ & 
consolidat$2 & ! :ole comb9$ s*eme has  
be5 organiz$ z a work+ in/rum5t (       
ecclesia/ical p[] & pr(it4  ,^! *anges  
seem to h be5 wr\ght out1 fir/1 by      
cont9ual assimilations ( ,*ri/ianity to 
paganism1#a bo? 9 doctr9e & c]emony1 to 
w9 ov] ! hea!n2 &1 secondly1 by         

modifications & gr[?s to meet !         
exig5cies ( doctr9al consi/5cy &        
practical effici5cy1 exig5cies repeat$ly
 aris+ f philosophical discussion &     
political opposition4  ,! degree 9 :i*  
papal ,*ri/ianity 0 con=m$ to !         
prejudices & cu/oms ( ! hea!n believ]s1 
^: allegiance 0 s\ght1 is a/oni%+4 ,x   
ext5d$ to hundr$s ( p>ticul>s1 f ! mo/  
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( !ological        
speculation to ! mo/ trivial details (  
ritual s]vice4 ,we %all m5tion only a   
few in/ances ( ?is k9d imm$iately       
belong+ to ! subject we are treat+4 ,9 !
 fir/ place1 ! hi]ophant 9 ! pagan      
,my/]ies1 & ! initiatory rites1 7 !     
prototypes ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic bi%op & !
 c]emonies "u 8 direction4#b ,*ri/ian   
baptism 0 made to be ! same z ! pagan   
initiation3 bo? 7 suppos$ to cleanse f  
s9 & to secure = _! subject a bett] fate
 9 ! future life3 !y 7 bo?1 !re=e1      
sometimes delay$ until j be=e dea?4#c ,!
 cu/om ( initiat+ *ildr5 into ! ,my/]ies
 0 also common1 z infant baptism        

became4#d ,:5 ! public treasury 0 l[1 ! 
magi/rates sometimes rais$ a fund by    
rec\rse to ! initiat+ fees ( ! ,my/]ies1
 z ! ,*ri/ian popes aft]w>ds collect$   
money f ! sale ( p>dons4  ,9 ! second   
place1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic canonization 0 
! same z ! pagan apo!osis4 ,among !     
,g5tiles1 ! mass ( mank9d 7 suppos$ to  
desc5d to ,hades at dea?2 b a few favor$
 ones 7 rais$ to ! sky1 deifi$1 & a sort
 ( wor%ip paid to !m4 ,s ! ,roman ,*ur* 
taught t ne>ly all s\ls pass$ to !      
subt]ranean abodes1 b t m>tyrs & sa9ts 7
 admitt$ to heav5 & might lawfully be   
pray$ to4#e  ,?irdly1 ! hea!n "u _w 0   
subdivid$ into sev]al regions1 :]e9     
diff]5t p]sons 7 dispos$ accord+ to _!  
des]ts4 ,! wor/ crim9als 7 9 ! ev]la/+  
p5al fire ( ,t>t>us2 ! be/ h]oes & sages
 7 9 ! calm mead[s ( ,elysium2 ! hapless
 *ildr5 7 deta9$ 9 ! dusky bord]s       
outside ! grim realm ( torture2 & !re 0 
a purgatorial place :]e ^? n too guilty 
7 cleans$ f _! /a9s4 ,9 l mann]1 !      
,romani/ !ologians divid$ ! "u _w into  

f\r p>ts3 hell = ! f9al abode ( !       
/ubbornly wick$2 "o limbo = ! pa9less1  
cont5t$ t>ry+ ( ! good patri>*s :o di$  
be=e ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ _h made salvation  
possible1 & ano!r limbo = ! sad & pallid
 re/+ place ( ^? *ildr5 :o di$          
unbaptiz$2 purgatory1 9 :i* expiation is
 (f]$ 9 agony = s9s committ$ on e>? &   
unaton$ =4#f  #a ,middleton1 ,lett] f   
,rome1 %[+ an exact con=mity betwe5     
,pop]y & ,paganism4  #b ,lobeck1        
,aglaophamus1 lib4 i4 sect4 #f4         
,mo%eim's ,comm41 *4 i4 sect4 #ac4  #c  
,w>burton1 ,div4 ,leg41 book ii4 sect4  
#d4  #d ,t]5ce1 ,phormio1 act i sc5e #a4
  #e ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 sess4 vi4 c4 xxx4 
,sess4 xxv43 ,decree on ,invocation (   
,sa9ts4  #f ,see ,milman1 ,hi/4 ,lat9   
,*ri/ianity1 book xiv4 *4 ii4   ,be=e   
proce$+ fur!r1 we mu/ trace ! preval5ce 
& progress ( ! doctr9e ( purgatory a    
little z x 0 kn[n be=e its embodim5t 9  
m$iaval my?ology1 & !n z x 0 embodi$    
!re4 ,! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! ,h9du    
hell 0 t a c]ta9 am\nt ( suff]+ und]gone

 !re w\ld expiate a c]ta9 am\nt ( guilt 
incurr$ "h4 ,:5 ! disembodi$ s\l _h     
endur$ a suffici5t quantity (           
retributive & purify+ pa91 x 0 loos$1 & 
s5t on e>? 9 a new body4 ,x 0 likewise a
 ,h9du belief t ! s\ls ( deceas$ p>5ts  
might be assi/$ out ( ?is purgatorial   
woe by ! pray]s & (f]+s ( _! surviv+    
*ildr54#g ,! same doctr9e 0 held by !   
,p]sians4 ,!y believ$ s\ls c\ld be      
releas$ f purgatory by ! pray]s1        
sacrifices1 & good de$s ( righte\s      
surviv+ desc5dants & fri5ds4 ,zoroa/]   
said he c\ld1 by pray]1 s5d any "o he   
*ose to heav5 or to hell4 #h ,su*       
repres5tations are f\nd obscurely 9 !   
,v5didad & m fully 9 ! ,bundehe%4 ,!    
,p]sian doctr9e t ! liv+ _h p[] to      
affect ! condition ( ! dead is fur!r    
indicat$ 9 ! fact t1 f a belief t m>ri$ 
p]sons 7 peculi>ly happy 9 ! future     
/ate1 !y (t5 hir$ p]sons to be esp\s$ to
 su* ( _! relatives z _h di$ 9          
celibacy4#i ,! doctr9e ( purgatory 0    
kn[n & accept$ among ! ,jews too4 ,9 !  

,second ,book ( ,maccabees we read !    
foll[+ acc\nt3  ,judas s5t two ?\s&     
pieces ( silv] to ,j]usalem to defray ! 
exp5se ( a s9 (f]+ to be (f]$ = ! s9s ( 
^? :o 7 sla91 do+ !re9 v well & hone/ly1
 9 t he 0 m9dful ( ! resurrection4 ,= if
 he _h n hop$ t !y :o 7 sla9 %\ld rise  
aga91 x _h be5 sup]flu\s & va9 to pray =
 ! dead4 ,:]eupon he made an atonem5t = 
! dead1 t !y might be deliv]$ f s94#aj  
,! ,rabb9s taught t *ildr5 by s9 (f]+s  
c\ld help _! p>5ts out ( _! mis]y 9 !   
inf]nal _w4#aa ,!y taught1 fur!rmore1 t 
all s\ls except holy ones1 l ^? ( ,rabbi
 ,akiba & 8 disciples1 mu/ lave !mselves
 9 ! fire riv] ( ,geh5na2 t !re9 !y %all
 be l salam&]s2 t ! j %all soon be      
cleans$ 9 ! fire riv]1 b ! wick$ %all be
 la/+ly burn$4#ab ,aga91 we f9d ?is     
doctr9e prevail+ among ! ,romans4 ,9 !  
great ,=um 0 a /one call$ ,lapis        
,manalis1 describ$ by ,fe/us1 :i* 0     
suppos$ to cov] ! entrance to hell4 ,?is
 0 solemnly lift$ ?ree times a ye>1 9   
ord] to let ^? s\ls fl[ up ^: s9s _h be5

 purg$ away by _! tortures or _h be5    
remitt$ 9 consid]ation ( ! (f]+s &      
s]vices paid = !m by ! liv+4 ,virgil    
describes h[ s\ls are purifi$ by !      
action ( w9d1 wat]1 & fire4#ac ,! fea/  
day ( purgatory obs]v$ by papal ,rome   
corresponds to ! ,lemuria celebrat$ by  
pagan ,rome1 & re/s on ! same doctr9al  
basis4 ,9 ! ,ca?olic c\ntries ( ,europe 
at ! pres5t "t1 on ,all ,sa9ts' ,day1   
fe/oons ( sweet smell+ fl[]s are hung on
 ! tomb /ones1 & ! p kneel+ !re repeat !
 pray] prescrib$ = releas+ ! s\ls ( _!  
relatives & fri5ds f ! plagues (        
purgatory4 ,!re is a notable co9cid5ce  
betwe5 ! ,buddhi/  #g ,see ref]5ces to  
,sraddha 9 index to ,vi%nu ,purana4  #h 
,atk9son's trans4 ( ! ,%ah ,nameh1 p4   
#chf4  #i ,ri*>dson1 ,diss]tation on !  
,language1 ,lit]ature1 & ,mann]s ( !    
,ea/]n ,nations1 p4 #cdg4  #aj ,cap4    
xii4 #db-de4  #aa ,eis5m5g]1 ,entdecktes
 ,jud5?um1 ?4 ii4 kap4 vi4 s4 #ceg4  #ab
 ,kabbala ,d5udata1 tom ii4 p>s4 i4 pp4 
#ajh1 #aji1 #aac4  #ac ,aneid1 lib4 vi4 

#a4 #gci4   & ! ,romani/ usages4        
,?r\gh\t ! ,*9ese ,empire1 dur+ ! sev5? 
moon ( e ye>1 pray]s are (f]$ up        
accompani$ by illum9ations & o!r rites =
 ! release ( s\ls 9 purgatory4 ,at ^!   
times ! ,buddhi/ prie/s hang up l>ge    
pictures1 %[+ =? ! frightful sc5es 9 !  
o!r _w1 to induce ! p to pay !m money = 
pray]s 9 behalf ( _! suff]+ relatives & 
fri5ds 9 purgatory4#ad  ,traces ( belief
 9 a purgatory e>ly appe> among !       
,*ri/ians4 ,_m ( ! grave/ ,fa!rs ( !    
fir/ five c5turies naturally conceiv$ & 
taught1 z is inde$ intr9sically         
reasonable1 t aft] dea? "s s\ls w be    
puni%$ = _! s9s until !y are cleans$1 & 
!n w be releas$ f pa94 ,! ,mani*aans    
imag9$ t all s\ls1 be=e return+ to _!   
native heav51 mu/ be borne fir/ to !    
moon1 :]e ) good wat]s !y w\ld be wa%$  
pure f outw>d fil?1 & !n to ! sun1 :]e  
!y w\ld be purg$ by good fires f e inw>d
 /a94#ae ,aft] ^! lun> & sol>           
lu/rations1 !y 7 fit = ! et]nal _w (    
light4 ,b ! conception ( purgatory z x 0

 held by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 :e!r or?odox 
,fa!rs or h]etical sects1 0 m]ely ! j & 
necess>y result ( apply+ to ! subject ( 
future puni%m5t ! two e?ical ideas t    
puni%m5t %\ld p>take ( degrees          
proportion$ to guilt1 & t x %\ld be     
re/orative4 ,j]emy ,taylor conclusively 
argues t ! pray]s = ! dead us$ by ! e>ly
 ,*ri/ians d n imply any belief 9 !     
,papal purgatory4#af ,! sev]ity &       
duration ( ! suff]+s ( ! dead 7 n       
suppos$ to be 9 ! p[] ( ! liv+1 ei!r _! 
relatives or ! cl]gy1 b to dep5d on !   
moral & physical facts ( ! case accord+ 
to ju/ice & necessity1 qualifi$ only by 
! m]cy ( ,god4  ,pope ,gregory ! ,great1
 9 ! six? c5tury1 ei!r borr[+ "s ( ! m  
objectionable features ( ! purgatory    
doctr9e previ\sly held by ! hea!n1 or   
else devis+ ! same ?+s himself f a      
p]ception ( ! /rik+ adapt$ness ( su*    
notions to secure an enviable p[] to !  
,*ur*1 con/ruct$1 e/abli%$1 & gave work+
 effici5cy to ! dogmatic s*eme (        
purgatory ev] s9ce firmly def5d$ by !   

papal adh]5ts z an integral "p ( !      
,roman ,ca?olic sy/em4#ag ,! doctr9e z  
matur$ & promulgat$ by ,gregory1 giv+ to
 ! repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur* an almo/    
unlimit$ p[] ov] purgatory1 rapidly grew
 into favor ) ! cl]gy & sank ) g5]al    
conviction into ! hopes & fe>s ( !      
laity4 ,v5]able ,b$e1 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 
gives a long acc\nt ( ! fully develop$  
doctr9e conc]n+ purgatory1 hell1        
p>adise1 & heav54 ,x is n>rat$ 9 ! =m ( 
a vision se5 by ,dri!lm1 :o1 9 a trance1
 visits ! regions :i*1 on 8 return1 he  
describes4 ,! :ole ?+ is gross1 lit]al1 
horrible1 closely resembl+ sev]al well  
kn[n descriptions giv5 "u simil>        
circum/ances & pres]v$ 9 anci5t hea!n   
writ]s4#ah ,! ,*ur*1 see+ h[ admirably  
?is in/rum5t 0 calculat$ to promote h]  
int]e/ & deep5 h] p[]1 left h>dly any   
means untri$ to enl>ge its sweep &      
int5sify its op]ation4 ,accord+ly1 f !  
n9? to ! sixte5? c5tury1 no doctr9e 0 s 
c5tral1 prom95t1 & effective 9 ! common 
tea*+ &  #ad ,asiatic ,j\rnal1 #ahdj1 p4

 #baj1 note4  #ae ,mo%eim1 ,comm41      
,,iii4 ,c5tury1 sect4 #di1 note #c4  #af
 ,dissuasive f ,pop]y1 "p ii4 book ii4  
sect4 #b4  #ag ,edg>1 ,v>iations (      
,pop]y1 *4 xvi4  #ah ,hi/4 ,ecc41 lib4  
v4 cap4 xii4 ,see also lib4 iii4 cap4   
xix4   practice ( ! ,*ur*1 no fe> 0 s   
widely spread & vividly felt 9 ! bosom (
 ,*ri/5dom1 z ! doctr9e & ! fe> (       
purgatory4  ,! ,romani/ !ory ( man's    
condition 9 ! future life is ?is1 9     
brief4 ,by ! s9 ( ,adam1 heav5 0 clos$  
aga9/ him & all 8 po/]ity1 & ! devil    
acquir$ a "r to %ut up _! disembodi$    
s\ls 9 ! "u _w4 ,9 consequ5ce ( !       
orig9al s9 transmitt$ f ,adam1 e human  
be+1 besides suff]+ ! o!r woes fl[+ f   
s91 0 helplessly doom$ to ! "u _w aft]  
dea?4 ,9 addition to ?is p5alty1 ea* "o 
mu/ also answ] = 8 own p]sonal s9s4     
,*ri/ di$ to deliv] mank9d f s91 dis*>ge
 ! puni%m5t due !m1 & rescue !m f !     
tyranny ( ! devil4 ,he desc5d$ into ! "u
 _w1 subdu$ ! devil1 despoil$ ! dep?s1  
rescu$ ! ,fa!rs & j s\ls1 & op5$        

heav54#ai ,until he rose1 heav5 0 %ut   
aga9/ e *ild ( ,adam1 z x /ill is to ^? 
:o die indebt$4 ,! price paid by ! ,son 
( ,god f> exce$$ our debts4 ,! surplus  
balance ( m]its1 toge!r ) ! m]its accru+
 f ! sup]]ogatory good works ( ! sa9ts &
 f ! ,div9e sacrifice cont9ually (f]$   
anew by ! sacram5t ( ! mass1 con/itut$ a
 res]v$ treasure ^u :i* ! ,*ur* 0       
au?oriz$ to draw 9 behalf ( any "o %e   
*ose to favor4 ,! localities ( ! future 
life 7 ^!3#bj ,limbus ,patrum1 or       
,abraham's ,bosom1 a place ( peace &    
wait+1 :]e ! good w5t :o di$ be=e ,*ri/2
 ,limbus ,infantum1 a mild1 palliat$    
hell1 :]e ! *ildr5 g :o1 s9ce ,*ri/1 h  
di$ unbaptiz$2 ,purgatory1 :]e all s9n]s
 suff] until !y are purifi$1 or are     
r$eem$ by ! ,*ur*1 or until ! la/ day2  
,hell1 or ,geh5na1 :i!r ! hopelessly    
wick$ h always be5 condemn$2 & ,heav51  
:i!r ! spotlessly good h be5 admitt$    
s9ce ! asc5sion ( ,jesus4 ,at ! day (   
judgm5t ! few human s\ls :o h rea*$     
,p>adise1 toge!r ) ! multitudes t cr[d !

 regions ( ,geh5na1 ,purgatory1 &       
,limbo1 w reassume _! bodies3 !         
int]m$iate /ates w !n be de/roy$1 & :5  
_! f9al s5t5ce is pron\nc$ all w dep>t  
=ev]1  ! acquitt$ into heav51 ! condemn$
 into hell4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! poor victims
 ( purgatory1 by ! pray]s ( ! liv+ = !m1
 by ! transf] ( good works to _! acc\nt1
 above all1 by ! celebration ( masses 9 
_! behalf1 may be reliev$1 rescu$1      
translat$ to p>adise4 ,! words brea!d by
 ! _s ( ! murd]$ ,k+ ( ,d5m>k 9 ! e>s ( 
! horror /rick5 ,hamlet pa9t ! popul>   
belief ( t age 9 reg>d to ! grisly realm
 :]e guilty s\ls 7 pli$ ) horrors :]e(1 
b t !y 7 =bidd53  ,to tell ! secrets (  
_! prison h\se1 ,!y c\ld a tale unfold  
^: lighte/ ^w ,w\ld h>r[ up ?y s\l1     
freeze ?y "y blood1 ,make ?y two eyes1 l
 />s1 />t f _! sph]es1 ,?y knott$ &     
comb9$ locks to "p1 ,& ea* p>ticul> hair
 to /& on end ,l quills ^u ! fretful    
porcup9e4  #ai ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil (  
,tr5t4  #bj ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa      
,!ologia1 p>s ,suppl4 ,qua/4 #fi4   ,a  

few specim5s ( ! /ories embody+ ! ideas 
& sup]/itions curr5t 9 ! ,middle ,age   
may bett] illu/rate ! *>act]i/ic belief 
( ! "t ?an mu* ab/ract description4 ,an 
unque/ion+ fai? 9 ! p]sonality1         
visibility1 & ext5sive ag5cy ( ! devil 0
 almo/ univ]sal4 ,ascetics1 sa9ts1      
bi%ops1 peasants1 philosoph]s1 k+s1     
,gregory ! ,great1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 all     
te/ifi$ t !y _h (t5 se5 him4 ,! m$iaval 
conception ( ! devil 0 sometimes        
comical1 sometimes awful4 ,grimm says1  
,he 0 ,jewi%1 hea!ni%1 ,*ri/ian1        
idolatr\s1 elfi%1 titanic1 spectral1 all
 at once4 ,he 0 a s\l snat*+ wolf1 a    
hell h\nd1 a :irlw9d hamm]2 n[ an       
inf]nal p>ody ( ,god ) a "m :o mimics ! 
,virg9 ,m>y1 & n[ ! imp]sonat$ s\l (    
evil4#ba ,! well kn[n /ory ( ,fau/ & !  
,devil1 :i* 9 s _m =ms spread ?r\gh     
,*ri/5dom1 is s deeply significant ( !  
fai? & life ( ! age 9 :i* x arose t a   
volume w\ld be requir$ to unfold all its
 import4 ,!re 0 an old tradition t !    
/ud5ts ( necromancy or ! black art1 on  

rea*+ a c]ta9 pit* ( pr(ici5cy1 7 oblig$
 to run ?r\gh a subt]ranean hall1 :]e ! 
devil lit]ally caught ! h9dmo/ unless he
 sp$ s swiftly t ! ar* enemy c\ld only  
seize 8 %ad[1 & 9 t case1 a v]itable    
,pet] ,s*lemihl1 he nev] ca/ a %ad[     
aft]w>ds6 ,a man /ood by 8 furnace "o   
day ca/+ eyes = buttons4 ,! devil came  
up & ask$ :at he 0 do+4 ,ca/+ eyes1     
repli$ ! man4 ,c y ca/ a pair = me8 quo?
 ! devil4 ,t ,i c1 says ! man3 w y h !m 
l>ge or small8 ,oh1 v l>ge1 answ]$ !    
devil4 ,he !n ties ! fi5d on a b5* &    
p\rs ! molt5 lead into 8 eyes4 ,up jumps
 ! devil1 ) ! b5* on 8 back1 flees h[l+1
 & has nev] be5 se5 s9ce6 ,!re 0 also 9 
wide circulation a wild leg5d to !      
effect t a man made a compact ) ! devil 
on ! condition t he %\ld secure a new   
victim = hell once 9 a c5tury4 ,z long z
 he did ?is he %\ld enjoy life1 ri*es1  
p[]1 & a limit$ ubiquity2 b fail+ a fre%
 victim at ! end ( ea* hundr$ ye>s 8 own
 s\l %\ld be ! =feit4 ,he liv$ f\r or   
five c5turies1 & !n1 9 spite ( 8 mo/    

desp]ate ef=ts1 0 disappo9t$ ( 8 expect$
 victim on ! la/ night ( ! c5tury2 & :5 
! clock /ruck twelve ! devil bur/ into 8
 ca/le on a black /e$ & bore him (f 9 a 
/orm ( lightn+ amid/ ! cra% ( ?und]s & !
 %rieks ( fi5ds4 ,/4 ,britius once dur+ 
mass saw ! devil 9 *ur* tak+ acc\nt ( ! 
s9s ! congregation 7 committ+4 ,he cov]$
 ! p>*m5t all ov]1 &1 afraid ( =gett+ "s
 ( ! (f5ces1 seiz$ ! scroll 9 8 tee? &  
claws to /ret* x out4 ,x snapp$1 & 8    
head 0 sm>tly bump$ aga9/ ! wall4 ,/4   
,britius laugh$ al\d4 ,! (ficiat+ prie/ 
rebuk$ him1 b1 on be+ told :at _h       
happ5$1 improv$ ! accid5t = !           
edification ( 8 he>]s4#bb ,on ! bur/+ ( 
a c]ta9 glaci] on ! ,alps1 x is said !  
devil 0 se5 swimm+ d[n ! ,rhone1 a drawn
 sword 9 "o h&1 a gold5 ball 9 ! o!r3   
opposite ! t[n ( ,m>tigny1 he cri$1     
,rise1 & in/antly ! ob$i5t riv] swell$  
above its banks & de/roy$ ! t[n4  ,ignes
 fatui1 hov]+ ab\t m>%es & mi/y places1 
7 ?\ght to be ! spirits ( unbaptiz$     
*ildr5 endeavor+ to guide travell]s to !

 ne>e/ wat]4 ,a k9dr$ fancy  #ba        
,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 cap4 xxxiii43      
,teufel4  #bb ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,jan4   
#ahbj3 ,pop4 ,my?4 ( ! ,middle ,ages4   
also he>d a spectral pack1 call$ yell   
h\nds1 aft]w>ds corrupt$ to hell h\nds1 
compos$ ( ! s\ls ( unbaptiz$ *ildr51 :i*
 c\ld n re/1 b roam$ & h[l$ ?r\gh !     
woods all night4#bc ,a t\*+ popul> my?  
said1 ! rob9's brea/ is s r$ because x  
flies into hell ) drops ( wat] 9 its    
bill to relieve ! *ildr5 !re1 & gets    
scor*$4  ,9 #aaga1 ,silo1 a philosoph]1 
implor$ a dy+ pupil ( 8 to come back &  
reveal 8 /ate 9 ! o!r _w4 ,a few days   
aft] 8 dea? ! s*ol> appe>$ 9 a c[l (    
flames cov]$ ) logical propositions4 ,he
 told ,silo t he 0 f purgatory1 t ! c[l 
weigh$ on him worse ?an a t[]1 & said he
 0 doom$ to we> x = ! pride he took 9   
sophisms4 ,z he ?us spoke he let fall a 
drop ( sweat on 8 ma/]'s h&1 pi]c+ x    
?r\gh4 ,! next day ,silo said to 8      
s*ol>s1 ,i leave croak+ to frogs1 caw+  
to cr[s1 & va9 ?+s to ! va91 & hie me to

 ! logic :i* fe>s n dea?4  ,l9quo coax  
ranis1 cras corvis1 vanaque vanis1 ,ad  
logic5 p]go qua mortis non timet ergo4  
#bd  ,9 ! long1 qua9t poem1 ,vision (   
,william conc]n+ ,pi]s ,pl\ghman1 writt5
 probably by ,rob]t ,langl& ab\t ! ye>  
#acfb1 !re are _m ?+s illu/rative ( our 
subject4 ,i1 ,trojanus1 a true knight1  
aft] dea? 0 condemn$ to hell = dy+      
unbaptiz$4 ,b1 on acc\nt ( my m]cy &    
tru? 9 adm9i/]+ ! laws1 ! pope wi%$ me  
to be sav$2 & ,god m]cifully he>d him & 
sav$ me )\t ! help ( masses4#be ,ev]    
s9ce ! fall ( ,adam1 ,age has %ak5 !    
,tree ( ,human ,life1 & ! devil has     
ga!r$ ! fruit into hell4#bf ,! au?or    
gives a mo/ spirit$ acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s    
desc5t into ! "u _w aft] 8 dea?1 8      
battle ) ! devils !re1 8 triumph ov] !m1
 8 rescue ( ,adam1 & o!r p>ticul>s4#bg  
,9 ?is poem1 z 9 ne>ly all ! extant     
productions ( t p]iod1 !re are copi\s   
evid5ces ( ! ext5t & p[] ( ! popul> fai?
 9 ! devil & 9 purgatory1 & 9 _! close  
connection ) ! pres5t life1 a fai?      

n\ri%+ly embodi$ 9 ?\s&s ( s+ul> tales4 
,?omas ,wright has collect$ _m ( ^! 9 8 
antiqu>ian works4 ,he relates an amus+  
incid5t t once befell a m9/rel :o _h be5
 borne into hell by a devil4 ,! devils  
w5t =? 9 a troop to ensn>e s\ls on e>?4 
,lucif] left ! m9/rel 9 *>ge ( ! inf]nal
 regions1 promis+1 if he let no s\ls    
escape1 to treat him on ! return ) a fat
 monk roa/$1 or a usur] dress$ ) hot    
sauce4 ,b :ile ! fi5ds 7 away ,/4 ,pet] 
came1 9 disguise1 & allur$ ! m9/rel to  
play at dice1 & to /ake ! s\ls :i* 7 9  
torture "u 8 c>e4 ,pet] won1 & c>ri$ !m 
(f 9 triumph4 ,! devils1 com+ back &    
f9d+ ! fires all out & hell empty1 kick$
 ! hapless m9/rel out1 & ,lucif] swore a
 big oa? t no m9/rel %\ld ev] d>k5 !    
door ( hell aga96  ,! m$iaval belief 9 a
 future life 0 practically conc5trat$1 =
 ! mo/ "p1 ar\nd ! ideas ( ,satan1      
purgatory1 ! la/ judgm5t1 hell4 ,! fai? 
9 ,*ri/1 ,god1  #bc ,allies1            
,antiquities ( ,worce/]%ire1 #b;d ed4 p4
 #bef4  #bd ,mi*elet1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 

livre iv4 *ap4 ix4  #be ,vision (       
,d[ell1 "p iii4  #bf ,vision ( ,dobet1  
"p ii4  #bg ,ibid41 "p iv4   heav51 0   
mu* r>] & less influ5tial4 ,ne&] says1  
,! inmo/ di/9ction ( m$iaval exp]i5ce 0 
an awful s5se ( ano!r life & an         
invisible _w4 ,a mo/ pite\s illu/ration 
( ! conjo9$ fai? & fe> ( t age is       
furni%$ by an old dialogue betwe5 ! ,s\l
 & ! ,body rec5tly edit$ by ,halliwell1 
an expression ( humble tru/ & cr\*+     
horror irresi/ibly pa!tic 9 its         
simplicity4#bh ,a flood ( reveal+ light 
is giv5 z to ! en]gy ) :i* ! doctr9e (  
purgatory impress$ itself on ! popul>   
m9d1 by ! two facts1 fir/1 t ! ,c\ncil (
 ,aux]re1 9 #aegh1 prohibit$ !          
adm9i/ration ( ! eu*>i/ to ! dead2 &1   
secondly1 t 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies
 crosses ( absolution t is1 crosses cut 
out ( %eet lead1 ) ! =mula ( absolution 
engrav$ on !m 7 q commonly buri$ ) !    
dead4#bi ,! eag] s9c]ity ( ! m$iaval    
belief 9 ano!r life is atte/$1 too1 by !
 correspond5ce ( ! repres5tations ( !   

dead 9 _! leg5ds to ! appe>ance1        
disposition1 & pursuits !y _h 9 life4   
,no oblivi\s draught1 no pure           
spiritualization1 _h fre$ ! dep>t$ s\ls 
f e>?ly bonds & associations4 ,light    
pretexts drew !m back to _! wont$       
haunts4 ,a buri$ treasure all[$ !m no   
re/ till !y _h l$ "s "o to raise x4 ,an 
unf9i%$ task1 an uncancell$ obligation1 
=c$ !m aga9 to ! upp] _w4 ,9 ru9$ ca/les
 ! gho/s ( knights1 9 _! accu/om$       
habilim5ts1 held t\rnam5ts & c>\sals4 ,!
 prie/ read mass2 ! hunt] pursu$ 8 game2
 ! spectre robb] fell on ! b5ight$      
travell]4#cj ,x is h>d = u n[ to        
reproduce1 ev5 9 imag9ation1 ! f]vid &  
frightful e>ne/ness ( ! popul> fai? ( ! 
,middle ,age 9 ! ramify+ ag5cy ( ! devil
 & 9 ! horrors ( purgatory4 ,we w try to
 d x1 9 "s degree1 by a s]ies (         
illu/rations aim+ to %[ at once h[      
preval5t su* a belief & fe> 71 & h[ !y  
became s preval5t4  ,fir/1 we may       
specify ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* ^: au?ority 9 
spiritual conc]ns bore almo/ unque/ion$ 

sway ov] ! m9ds ( m ?an eighte5         
g5]ations4 ,by ! logical subtleties ( h]
 s*ola/ic !ologians1 by ! p]suasive     
eloqu5ce ( h] popul> prea*]s1 by !      
frantic rav+s ( h] fanatic devotees1 by 
! p>ad+ proclamation ( h] innum]able    
pret5d$ miracles1 by ! impos+ c]emonies 
( h] dramatic ritual1 almo/ visibly op5+
 heav5 & hell to ! ov] aw$ congregation1
 by h] wond] work+ use ( ! relics (     
m>tyrs & sa9ts to exorcise demons f !   
possess$ & to heal ! sick1 & by h]      
ana!mas aga9/ all :o 7 suppos$ to be    
ho/ile to h] =mulas1 %e infus$ ! ideas (
 h] doctr9al sy/em into ! intellect1    
he>t1 & fancy ( ! common p1 & n\ri%$ !  
collat]al horrors1 until e wave ( h] w& 
convuls$ ! _w4 ,9 a pa/oral lett]       
address$ to ! ,c>lov+ian pr9ce ,l\is1 ! 
gr&son ( ,*>lemagne1  a lett] probably  
compos$ by ! fam\s ,h9cm>1 be>+ date    
#heh1 & sign$ by ! ,bi%ops ( ,rheims &  
,r\51 a ,gallic synod au?oritatively    
decl>$ t ,*>les ,m>tel 0 damn$2 t on !  
op5+ ( 8 tomb ! spectators 7 affright$  

by a smell ( fire & ! aspect ( a horrid 
dragon1 & t a sa9t ( ! times 0 indulg$ )
 a pleasant vision ( ! s\l & body ( ?is 
great h]o burn+ to all et]nity 9 ! abyss
 ( hell4  #bh ,e>ly ,engli%             
,miscellanies1 ,no4 #b4  #bi ,london    
,antiqu>ies' ,ar*aologis1 vol4 xxxv4    
art4 #bb4  #cj ,?orpe1 ,nor!rn          
,my?ology1 vol4 i41 app5dix4   ,a       
trem5d\s impulse1 vivify+ & emphasiz+ ! 
es*atological notions ( ! "t1 an impulse
 ^: effects did n cease :5 x di$1 0     
imp>t$ by t frightful epidemic          
expectation ( ! imp5d+ end ( ! _w :i*   
wellnigh univ]sally prevail$ 9 ,*ri/5dom
 ab\t ! ye> #ajjj4 ,_m ( ! *>t]s giv5 at
 t "t comm5ce ) ! words1 ,z ! _w is n[  
draw+ to a close4 #ca ,?is expectation  
drew additional /r5g? f ! unutt]able    
suff]+s fam9e1 oppression1 pe/il5ce1 w>1
 sup]/ition  !n weigh+ on ! p4 ,! idea (
 ! end ( ! _w1 we quote f ,mi*elet1 sad 
z t _w 01 0 at once ! hope & ! t]ror ( !
 ,middle ,age4 ,look at ^? antique      
/atues ( ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 mute1 

meag]1 _! p9*$ & /iff5$ l9eam5ts gr9n+ )
 a look ( liv+ suff]+ alli$ to !        
repulsiv5ess ( dea?4 ,see h[ !y implore1
 ) clasp$ h&s1 t desir$ yet dread$ mom5t
 :5 ! resurrection %all r$eem !m f _!   
unspeakable sorr[s & raise !m f no?+ness
 into exi/5ce & f ! grave to ,god4      
,fur!rmore1 ?is sup]/iti\s "* ( !       
m$iaval belief 9 ! future life acquir$  
bread? & int5sity f ! pr(\nd g5]al      
ignorance & trembl+ cr$ul\sness ( t :ole
 p]iod on all subjects4 ,x 0 an age (   
m>vels1 romances1 fe>s1 :5 e l&scape (  
life wore a /range hue1 z if se5 ?r\gh !
 sombre m$ium ( a /a9$ casem5t4 ,:ile   
congregations knelt 9 awe b5ea? ! lift$ 
,ho/1 & ! image ( ! dy+ ,savior /ret*$  
on ! rood glimm]$ ?r\gh cl\ds ( inc5se1 
p]haps an army ( ,flagellants w\ld m>*  
by ! ca!dral1 %\t+1 ,! end ( ! _w is at 
h&6 fill+ ! /reets ) ! e*oes ( _!       
torture z !y la%$ _! nak$ backs ) knott$
 cords wet ) blood2 & no s\l b mu/ %udd]
 ) ! infection ( horror z ! dreadful    
notes ( ! ,dies ,iioe w5t s\nd+ ?r\gh ! 

air4 ,! n>ratives ( ! des]t ,fa!rs1 !   
miracles wr\ght 9 conv5t cells1 !       
visions ( pill> sa9ts1 ! ?rill+         
accompanim5ts ( ! ,crusades1 & o!r k9dr$
 influ5ces1 made ! _w a p]petual mirage4
 ,! bel*+ ( a volcano 0 ! vomit ( uneasy
 hell4 ,! devil /ood be=e e tempt$ man1 
,gho/s walk$ 9 e nightly dell4 ,gha/ly  
armies 7 se5 cont5d+ :]e ! aurora       
borealis hung out its bloody bann]s4 ,! 
,huns "u ,attila1 ravag+ ,s\!rn ,europe1
 7 ?\ght to be lit]al demons :o _h made 
an irruption f ! pit4 ,! metaphysician 0
 9 p]il ( ! /ake z a h]etic1 ! natural  
philosoph] z a magician4 ,a belief 9    
wit*craft & a tru/ 9 ordeals 7 univ]sal1
 ev5 f ,pope ,eug5ius1 :o introduc$ !   
trial by cold wat]1 & ,k+ ,james1 :o    
wrote volumes on magic1 to ! humble/    
monk :o %udd]$ :5 pass+ ! *ur* crypt1 & 
! simple/ peasant :o quak$ 9 8 homew>d  
pa? at see+ a w o' ! wisp4 ,d5\nc$ by ! 
prea*] & consign$ to ! flames by !      
judge1 ! wiz>d receiv$ secret s]vice    
money f ! ,cab9et to induce him to      

de/roy ! ho/ile armam5t z x sail$ be=e !
 w9d4 ,z a vivid writ] has well said1 ,a
 gloomy mi/ ( cr$ulity enwrapp$ !       
ca!dral & ! hall ( ju/ice1 ! cottage & !
 ?rone4 ,9 ! dank %ad[s ( ! univ]sal    
ignorance a ?\s& sup]/itions1 l f\l     
animals ( night1 7 propagat$ & n\ri%$4  
#ca ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages1 *4 ix4   ,! 
beliefs & excitem5ts ( ! m$iaval p]iod  
p>took ( a sort ( epidemic "*1 diffus+ &
 work+ l a contagion4#cb ,!re 7         
numb]less ?rongs ( pilgrims to fam\s    
%r9es1 imm5se cr[ds ab\t ! localities ( 
popul> leg5ds1 relics1 or special grace4
 ,9 ! magnetic sph]e ( su* a f]vid &    
cr$ul\s multitude1 fill$ ) ! k9dl+      
int]action ( en?usiasm1 ( c\rse         
prodigies w\ld ab\nd1 fables w\ld       
fl\ri%1 & fai? w\ld be d\bly g5]at$ &   
=tifi$4 ,9 commemoration ( a miracul\s  
act ( virtue p]=m$ by ,/4 ,francis1 !   
pope (f]$ to all :o %\ld ent] ! *ur* at 
,assisi betwe5 ! eve ( ! #a/ & ! eve ( !
 #b;d ( ,augu/ ea* ye> t be+ ! anniv]s>y
 ( ! sa9t's a*ievem5t a free p>don = all

 ! s9s committ$ by !m s9ce _! baptism4  
,m ?an sixty ?\s& pilgrims sometimes    
flock$ ?i!r on t day4 ,e ye> "s 7 cru%$ 
to dea? 9 ! suffocat+ pressure at !     
entrance ( ! *ur*4 ,ne>ly two ?\s& fri>s
 walk$ 9 procession2 & = a s]ies ( ye>s 
! pilgrimage to ,portiuncula might h vi$
 ) t to ! temple ( ,jugg]naut4#cc  ,no?+
 t5ds m to /r5g!n any giv5 belief ?an to
 see x ev]y:]e c>ri$ into practice & to 
act 9 accordance ) x4 ,?us 0 x ) !      
m$iaval doctr9e ( ! future life4 ,its   
applications & results 7 con/antly &    
univ]sally ?ru/ into notice by ! sale ( 
indulg5ces & ! laun*+ (                 
excommunications4 ,e>ly 9 ! n9? c5tury1 
,*>lemagne compla9$ t ! bi%ops & abbots 
=c$ prop]ty f fooli% p by promises &    
?reats3 ,suad5do de coele/is regni      
beatitud9e1 comm9&o de oet]no supplicio 
inf]ni4#cd ,! rival m5dicant ord]s1 !   
,franciscans & ! ,dom9icans1 acquir$    
great ri*es & p[] by ! traffic 9        
indulg5ces4 ,!y ev5 _h ! impud5ce to    
affirm t ! memb]s ( _! ord]s 7 privileg$

 above all o!r m5 9 ! next _w4 ,milton  
alludes to ^? :o cr$it$ ^! mon/r\s      
assumptions3 ,& !y :o1 to be sure (     
,p>adise1 ,dy+1 put on ! we$s ( ,dom9ic1
 ,or 9 ,franciscan ?9k to pass disguis$4
  ,! ,c\ncil ( ,basle c5sur$ ! claim ( !
 ,franciscan monks t _! f\nd] annually  
desc5d$ to purgatory & l$ !nce to heav5 
! s\ls ( all ^? :o _h belong$ to 8 ord]4
 ,! ,c>melites also ass]t$ t ! ,virg9   
,m>y appe>$ to ,simon ,/ockius1 ! g5]al 
( _! ord]1 & gave him a solemn promise t
 ! s\ls ( su* z left ! _w ) ! ,c>melite 
scapul>y ^u _! %\ld]s %\ld be infallibly
 pres]v$ f et]nal damnation4 ,mo%eim    
says t ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 0 an op5    
def5d] ( ?is ridicul\s fiction4#ce  ,if 
any "o w\ld appreciate ! full m$iaval   
doctr9e ( ! future life1 :e!r ) respect 
to ! hair drawn s*ola/ic metaphysics by 
:i* x 0 def5d$1 or ) respect to !       
concrete =ms 9 :i* ! popul> appreh5sion 
held x1 let him read ! ,div9a ,comm$ia (
 ,dante2 = x is all !re4 ,:oso )        
adequate insight & sympa?y p]uses  #cb  

,heck]1 ,epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages4   
#cc ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,july1 #ahai3     
article on ,mona*ism4  #cd ,p]ry1       
,hi/ory ( ! ,franks1 p4 #dfg4  #ce      
,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,,xiii4 ,c5tury1 "p ii4 *4
 #b1 sect4 #bi4   ! pages ( ! immortal  
,flor5t9e at :om ! p po9t$ z he walk$ ! 
/reets1 & said1 ,!re goes ! man :o has  
be5 9 hell w n fail to p]ceive ) :at a  
pr(\nd s9c]ity ! popul> brea/ %udd]$    
responsive to ecclesia/ical ?reats &    
purgatorial woes4  ,! trem5d\s moral p[]
 ( ?is solit>y "w lies 9 ! fact t x is a
 s]ies ( t]rific & fasc9at+ tableaux1   
embody+ ! idea ( inflexible poetic      
ju/ice imp>tially adm9i/]$ ^u k+ &      
v>let1 pope & begg>1 oppressor & victim1
 project$ amid/ ! unalt]able necessities
 ( et]nity1 & mov+ a?w>t ! lurid abyss &
 ! azure cope ) an int5se di/9ctness t  
se>s ! gaz]'s eyeballs4 ,! ,div9a       
,comm$ia1 ) a wond]ful tru?1 also       
reflects ! feel+ ( ! age :5 x 0 writt5 9
 ?is respect1 t !re is a grappl+ =ce (  
attraction1 a compell+ realism1 ab\t its

 ,purgatory & ,hell :i* are to be s\ght 
9 va9 9 ! del9eations ( its ,p>adise4 ,!
 m$iaval belief 9 a future life _h = its
 c5tral ?\ght ! day ( judgm5t1 = its    
=emo/ emotion t]ror4#cf  ,! roots ( ?is 
fai? 7 unque/ionably f]tiliz$1 & !      
developm5t ( ?is fe> quick5$1 to a v    
great ext5t1 by delib]ate & sy/ematic   
delusions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^!   
organiz$ frauds 0 ! gigantic "o         
p]petrat$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,dom9ican   
monks at ,b]ne 9 #aeji1 ! *ief actors 9 
:i* 7 unmask$ & execut$4 ,bi%op ,burnet 
has giv5 an extremely int]e/+ acc\nt (  
?is affair 9 8 volume ( travels4        
,suffice x to say1 ! monks appe>$ at    
midnight 9 ! cells ( v>i\s p]sons1 n[   
imp]sonat+ devils1 9 horrid attire1     
brea?+ flames & brim/one1 n[ claim+ to  
be ! s\ls ( c]ta9 suff]]s escap$ f      
purgatory1 & aga9 pret5d+ to be         
celebrat$ sa9ts1 ) ! ,virg9 ,m>y at _!  
head4 ,by ! aid ( me*anical & *emical   
arrangem5ts1 !y wr\ght miracles1 & play$
 on ! t]ror & cr$ulity ( ! spectators 9 

a frightful mann]4#cg ,!re is e reason  
to suppose t su* deceptions  miracles 9 
:i* secret speak+ tubes1 asbe/os1 &     
phosphorus 7 indisp5sable#ch 7 mo/      
frequ5t 9 ^? ages1 & 7 z effective z !  
actors 7 unscrupul\s & ! dupes          
unsuspici\s4 ,"h is reveal$ "o ( ! =emo/
 ( ! causes :i* made ! belief ( ! ,d>k  
,age 9 ! num]\s appe>ances ( gho/s &    
devils s common & s int5se t x gave     
curr5cy to ! notion t ! sw>m+ spirits ( 
purgatory 7 disembogu$ f dusk till dawn4
 ,s ! ,dani% mon>*1 revisit+ ! pale     
glimpses ( ! moon1 says to ,hamlet1 ,i  
am ?y fa!r's _s1 ,doom'd = a c]ta9 "t to
 walk ! night1 ,& = ! day conf9$ to fa/ 
9 fires1 ,till ! f\l crimes done 9 my   
days ( nature ,are burnt & purg$ away4  
#cf ,if any "o w\ld see 9 h[ _m =ms !   
fai? 9 hell & 9 ! devil appe>$1 let him 
look ov] ! pages ( ! ,dictionnaire      
,inf]nal1 by ,j4 ,coll9 de ,plancy4  #cg
 ,macla9e's trans1 ( ,mo%eim's ,eccl4   
,hi/41 vol4 ii4 p4 #aj1 note4  #ch      
,manufactures ( ! ,anci5ts1 pub4 by     

,h>p] & ,bro!rs1 #ahde1 "p iv4 *4 #c4   
,:5 ! %ad[s began to fall ?ick beh9d !  
sunk5 sun1 ^! poor creatures 7 ?\ght to 
spr+ f _! b$s ( torture1 to w&] amid/ ! 
sc5es ( _! s9s or to haunt ! liv+2 b at 
! e>lie/ sc5t ( morn1 ! fir/ note ( !   
cock1 !y mu/ hie to _! fire aga94       
,midnight 0 ! high noon ( gho/ly &      
demoniac revelry on ! e>?4 ,z ! h\r fell
 ) braz5 clang f ! t[]1 ! belat$        
travell]1 afraid ( ! ru/le ( 8 own      
dress1 ! e*o ( 8 own footfall1 ! wav]+ (
 8 own %ad[1 afraid ( 8 own ?\ghts1 w\ld
 brea! ! suppress$ invocation1 ,angels &
 m9i/]s ( grace def5d u6 z ! idea crept 
curdl+ ov] 8 bra9 & ?r\gh 8 ve9s1 ,x is 
! v wit*+ "t ( night1 ,:5 *ur*y>ds yawn 
& hell itself brea!s out ,contagion to  
?is _w4  ,work+ 9 alliance ) ! =ego+    
=ces ( sup]/ition 0 ! p[]ful influ5ce ( 
! v>i\s =ms ( insanity :i* rem>kably    
ab\nd$ 9 ! ,middle ,age4 ,! insane      
p]son1 x 0 believ$1 0 possess$ by a     
demon4 ,8 rav+s1 8 n>ratives1 7 eag]ly  
cr$it$2 & !y 7 usually full ( inf]nal   

visions1 diabolical int]views1 enc\nt]s 
) app>itions1 & e ?+ t w\ld naturally   
arise 9 a d]ang$ & pret]naturally       
s5sitive m9d f ! *ief conceptions !n    
curr5t conc]n+ ! invisible _w4#ci  ,!   
pr9cipal works ( art expos$ to ! p 7 su*
 z s]v$ to impress ^u _! imag9ations !  
,*ur* doctr9e ( ! future life 9 all its 
fe>fulness1 ) its vigor\s dramatic      
po9ts4 ,9 ! ca!dral at ,antw]p !re is a 
repres5tation ( hell c>v$ 9 wood1 ^:    
m>vell\s elaborat5ess a/oni%es1 & ^:    
pa9ful expressiv5ess oppresses1 e       
behold]4 ,) :at excruciat+ emotions !   
pi\s cr[ds mu/ h contemplat$ ! h>r[+ly  
vivid pa9t+s ( ! ,inf]no1 by ,orcagna1  
/ill to be se5 9 ! ,campo ,santo (      
,pisa6 ,9 ! ca!dral at ,cant]bury !re 0 
a w9d[ on :i* 0 pa9t$ a detail$ picture 
( ,*ri/ vanqui%+ ! devils 9 _! own      
doma92 b we believe x has be5 remov$4   
,h[ev]1 ! visitor /ill sees on ! f9e ea/
 w9d[ ( ,york ,ca!dral ! f9al doom ( !  
wick$1 hell be+ pa9t$ z an enorm\s m\?2 
also 9 ! we/ front ( ,l9coln ,ca!dral an

 anci5t bas relief repres5t+ hell z a   
mon/r\s m\? vomit+ flame & s]p5ts1 ) two
 human be+s walk+ into x4 ,! m9/] at    
,freyburg has a grotesque bas relief ov]
 its ma9 portal1 repres5t+ ! ,judgm5t4  
,/4 ,ni*olas /&s 9 ! c5tre1 & ! ,savior 
is seat$ above him4 ,on ! left1 an angel
 weighs mank9d 9 a huge pair ( scales1 &
 a c\ple ( malici\s imps try to make !  
human scale kick ! beam4 ,und]nea?1 ,/4 
,pet] is u%]+ ! good into ,p>adise4 ,on 
! "r is %[n a devil1 ) a pig's head1    
dragg+ aft] him a ?rong ( ! wick$4 ,he  
also has a basket on 8 back fill$ )     
figures :om he is 9 ! act ( fl++ into a 
reek+ caldron /irr$ by sev]al imps4     
,hell is typifi$1 on "o side1 by ! jaws 
( a mon/] cramm$ to ! tee? ) reprobates1
 & ,satan is se5 sitt+ on 8 ?rone above 
!m4 ,a rec5t travell] writes f  #ci ,de 
,boismont1 ,rational ,hi/4 (            
,hallucivati\s1 *4 xiv4   ,naples1 ,!   
favorite device on ! *ur* walls "h is a 
v]milion picture ( a male & a female    
s\l1 respectively up to ! wai/ ! wai/ ( 

a s\l6 9 fire1 ) an angel ov] ea* wat]+ 
!m f a wat] pot4 ,?is is meant to get   
money f ! compassionate to pay = ! say+ 
( masses 9 behalf ( s\ls 9 purgatory4   
,rusk9 has describ$ "s ( ! *ur* pa9t+s (
 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t by ! old ma/]s z       
possess+ a p[] ev5 n[ suffici5t to /ir e
 s5sibility to its dep?s4 ,su* works1   
gaz$ on day aft] day1 :ile multitudes 7 
kneel+ b5ea? 9 ! %ad[y aisles1 & cl\ds (
 inc5se 7 float+ above1 & ! organ 0     
peal+ & ! *oir *ant+ 9 full accord1 mu/ 
produce la/+ effects on ! imag9ation1 & 
?us contribute 9 return to ! fai? & fe> 
:i* inspir$ !m4  ,villani z also        
,sismondi gives a description ( a       
horrible repres5tation ( hell %[n at    
,flor5ce 9 #acjd by ! inhabitants ( ,san
 ,priano1 on ! riv] ,arno4 ,! gl>e (    
flames1 ! %rieks ( m5 disguis$ z devils1
 sc5es ( inf]nal torture1 fill$ ! night4
 ,un=tunately1 ! scaffold+ broke b5ea? !
 cr[d1 & _m spectators 7 burn$ or dr[n$1
 & t :i* began z an ent]ta9+ spectacle  
end$ z a direful reality4 ,! :ole affair

 is a =cible illu/ration ( ! lit]ality )
 :i* ! popul> m9d & fai? appreh5d$ !    
notion ( ! inf]nal _w4  ,ano!r means by 
:i* ! views we h be5 consid]+ 7 bo?     
express$ & recomm5d$ to ! s5ses & belief
 ( ! p 0 ^? miracle plays t =m$ "o ( !  
mo/ peculi> features ( ! ,middle ,age4  
,^! plays1 f\nd$ on1 & meant to         
illu/rate1 ,scripture n>ratives &       
!ological doctr9es1 7 at fir/ enact$ by 
! prie/s 9 ! *ur*es1 aft]w>ds by ! v>i\s
 trad+ companies or guilds ( me*anics4  
,9 #abaj1 ,pope ,gregory =bade ! cl]gy  
to take any "p 9 ! plays 9 *ur*es or 9 !
 mumm+s at fe/ivals4 ,a simil>          
prohibition 0 publi%$ by ! ,c\ncil (    
,treves1 9 #abbg4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,worms1 9 
#acaf1 issu$ a proclamation aga9/ !     
abuses :i* _h crept into ! fe/ivities ( 
,ea/]1 & gives a long & curi\s          
description ( !m4#dj ,!re 7 two popul>  
fe/ivals1 ( :i* ,mi*elet gives a full & 
amus+ description1 "o call$ ! ,fete ( ! 
,tipsy ,prie/s1 :5 !y elect$ a ,bi%op ( 
,unreason1 (f]$ him inc5se ( burn$      

lea!r1 sang obsc5e songs 9 ! *oir1 &    
turn$ ! alt> into a dice table2 ! o!r   
call$ ! ,fete ( ! ,cuckolds1 :5 ! laym5 
cr[n$ ea* o!r ) leaves1 ! prie/s wore _!
 surplices wrong side out & ?rew bran 9 
ea* o!rs' eyes1 & ! bell r+]s pelt$ ea* 
o!r ) biscuits4 ,!re is a religi\s play 
by ,cald]on1 entitl$ ,! ,div9e ,orpheus1
 9 :i* ! entire ,*ur* s*eme ( man's fall
 ! devil's empire1 ,*ri/'s desc5t !re1 &
 ! victori\s sequel is embodi$ 9 a mo/  
effective mann]4 ,9 ! prie/ly !ology & 9
 ! popul> he>t ( ^? times !re 0 no o!r  
s+le p>ticul> "o t5? "p s prom95t &     
vivid z t ( ,*ri/'s entrance aft] 8 dea?
 into hell to rescue ! old sa9ts & break
 d[n ,satan's p[]4#da  #dj ,e>ly        
,my/]ies & ,lat9 ,poems ( ! ,,xii4 &    
,,xiii4 ,c5turies1 edit$ by ,?omas      
,wright4 ,see ! eloqu5t s]mon on ?is    
subject prea*$ by ,luis de ,granada 9 ! 
sixte5? c5tury4 ,ticknor's ,hi/4 ,spani%
 ,lit41 vol4 iii4 pp4 #abc-abg4   ,pet] 
,lomb>d says1 ,:at did ! ,r$eem] d to ! 
despot :o _h u 9 8 bonds8 ,he (f]$ him !

 cross z a m\se trap1 & put 8 blood on x
 z bait4 #db ,ab\t t sc5e !re 0 an      
incomp>able fasc9ation = e believ]4     
,*ri/ laid aside 8 ,godhead & di$4 ,!   
devil ?\ght he _h secur$ a new victim1 &
 humanity swoon$ 9 grief & despair4 ,b1 
lo6 ! ,crucifi$1 desc5d+ to ! inexorable
 dungeons1 puts on all 8 ,div9ity1 &    
sudd5ly ,! captive _w awakt1 & f\nde ,! 
pris'n] loose1 ! jail] b\nde6 #dc  ,a   
l>ge proportion ( ! miracle plays1 or   
,my/]ies1 turn$ on ?is ev5t4 ,9 ! ,my/]y
 ( ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ occurs !     
foll[+ c\plet3 ,?is day ! angelic ,k+   
has ris51 ,lead+ ! pi\s f _! prison4 #dd
  ,! title ( "o ( ! pr9cipal plays 9 !  
,t[neley ,my/]ies is ,extractio ,anim>um
 ab ,inf]no4 ,x describes ,*ri/ desc5d+ 
to ! gates ( hell to claim 8 own4 ,adam 
sees af> ! gleam ( 8 com+1 & ) 8        
companions beg9s to s+ = joy4 ,! inf]nal
 port] %\ts to ! o!r demons1 9 al>m1    
,s9ce fir/ t hell 0 made & ,i 0 put     
!re91 ,su* sorr[ nev] ere ,i _h1 nor    
he>d ,i su* a d94 ,my he>t beg9s to />t2

 my wit x waxes ?92 ,i am afraid we c't 
rejoice1 ^! s\ls mu/ f u g4 ,ho1        
,beelzebub6 b9d ^! boys3 su* noise 0    
nev] he>d 9 hell4  ,satan v[s he w da%  
,beelzebub's bra9s out = fright5+ him s4
 ,mean:ile1 ,*ri/ draws ne>1 & says1    
,lift up y\r gates1 ye pr9ces1 & be ye  
lift$ up1 ye ev]la/+ doors1 & ! ,k+ (   
glory %all come 94 ,! portals fly       
asund]4 ,satan %\ts up to 8 fri5ds1     
,dyng ! da/>d d[n2 b ,beelzebub replies1
 ,t is easily said4 ,jesus & ! devil    
soon meet1 face to face4 ,a long        
colloquy ensues1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! latt]
 tells ! =m] t he knew 8 ,fa!r well by  
sight6 ,at la/ ,jesus frees ,adam1 ,eve1
 ! prophets1 & o!rs1 & asc5ds1 leav+ !  
devil 9 ! l[e/ pit1 resolv+ t hell %all 
soon be full] ?an be=e2 = he w walk ea/ 
& he w walk we/1 & he w s$uce ?\s&s f _!
 allegiance4 ,ano!r play1 simil> to !   
=ego+1 b mu* m ext5sively kn[n & act$1 0
 call$ ! ,h>r[+ ( ,hell4 ,*ri/ & ,satan 
appe> on ! /age & argue 9 ! mo/ approv$ 
s*ola/ic /yle = ! "r ( possession 9 !   

human race4 ,satan says1 ,:oev] pur*ases
 any ?+1 ,x belongs to him & to 8       
*ildr54 ,adam1 hungry1 came to me2  #db 
,s5t5tia1 lib4 iii4 di/9ctio #ai4  #dc  
,hone1 ,anci5t ,my/]ies4  #dd           
,resurrexit hodie ,rex angelorum        
,ducitur de t5ebris turba piorum4   ,i  
made him d me homage3 ,= an apple1 :i*  
,i gave him1 ,he & all 8 race belong to 
me4 ,b ,*ri/ in/antly puts a diff]5t    
aspect on ! argum5t1 by reply+1 ,satan6 
x 0 m9e1 ,! apple ?\ gave/ him4 ,! apple
 & ! apple tree ,bo? 7 made by me4 ,z he
 0 pur*as$ ) my goods1 ,) reason w ,i h 
him4 #de  ,9 a religi\s ,my/]y exhibit$ 
at ,lisbon z late z ! close ( ! eighte5?
 c5tury1 ! foll[+ sc5e occurs4 ,ca9     
kicks 8 bro!r ,abel badly & kills him4  
,a figure l a ,*9ese m&>91 seat$ 9 a    
*air1 condemns ,ca9 & is drawn up into !
 cl\ds4 ,! m\? ( hell !n appe>s1 l !    
jaws ( a great dragon3 amid smoke &     
lightn+ x ca/s up ?ree devils1 "o ( !m  
hav+ a wood5 leg4 ,^! take a dance ar\nd
 ,ca91 & are v jocose1 "o ( !m invit+   

him to hell to take a cup ( brim/one    
c(fee1 & ano!r ask+ him to make up a    
p>ty at :i/4 ,ca9 sn>ls1 & !y tumble him
 & !mselves headlong into ! squib vomit+
 m\?4  ,v>i\s books ( acc\nts kept by ! 
trad+ companies :o celebrat$ ^! ,my/]ies
 ( ! exp5ses incurr$ h be5 publi%$1 &   
are exce$+ly amus+4 ,item3 payd = kepyng
 ( fy] at hellmo!1 f\r p5ce4 ,= a new   
hoke to hang ,judas1 six p5ce4 ,item3   
payd = m5dyng & payntyng hellm\!1 two   
p5ce4 ,girdle = ,god1 n9e p5ce4 ,axe =  
,pilatte's son1 "o %ill+4 ,a /aff = !   
demon1 "o p5ny4 ,god's coat ( :ite      
lea!r1 ?ree %ill+s4 ,! /age usually     
consi/$ ( ?ree plat=ms4 ,on ! highe/ sat
 ,god1 surr\nd$ by 8 angels4 ,on ! next 
7 ! sa9ts 9 ,p>adise1 ! int]m$iate /ate 
( ! good aft] dea?4 ,on ! ?ird 7 m]e m5 
yet liv+ 9 ! _w4 ,on "o side ( ! l[e/   
/age1 9 ! re>1 0 a fe>ful cave or yawn+ 
m\? fill$ ) smoke & flames1 & d5ot+     
hell4 ,f ?is ev] & anon w\ld issue !    
h[ls & %rieks ( ! damn$4 ,amid/ hide\s  
yell+s1 devils w\ld ru% =? & cap] ab\t &

 snat* hapless s\ls into ?is pit to _!  
doom4#df ,! actors1 9 _! mock rage1     
sometimes leap$ f ! pageant into ! mid/ 
( ! laugh+1 scream+1 trembl+ cr[d4 ,!   
dramatis p]sonoe includ$ _m que]        
*>act]s1 su* z a ,worm ( ,consci5ce1    
,deadman1 7repres5t+ a s\l deliv]$ f    
hell at ! desc5t ( ,*ri/17 num]\s ,damn$
 ,s\ls1 dress$ 9 flame color$ g>m5ts1   
,!ft1 ,ly+1 ,gluttony4 ,b ! devil       
himself 0 ! favorite "*2 & (t51 :5 8    
p]sonifi$ vices jump$ on him & p9*$ &   
cudgell$ him till he ro>$1 ! mir? ( !   
hone/ audi5ce knew no b\nds4 ,= !re 7 9 
! ,middle ,age two sides to ! popul>    
idea ( ! devil & ( all app]ta9+ to him4 
,he 0 a s\l h>r[+ bugbe> or a rib %ak+  
je/ accord+ to ! h\r & "o's  #de        
,halliwell's edition ( ! ,h>r[+ ( ,hell1
 p4 #ah4  #df ,%>p1 ,essay on !         
,dramatic ,my/]ies1 p4 #bd4   humor4    
,rabelais's ,pantagruel is fill$ )      
irresi/ible burlesques ( ! doctr9e (    
purgatory4 ,! ludicr\s side ( ?is       
subject may be se5 by read+ ,t>lton's   

,je/s & 8 ,newes out ( ,purgatorie4 #dg 
,glimpses ( x are also to be caught     
?r\gh _m ( ! humor\s passages 9         
,%akspe>e4 ,dromio says ( an excessively
 fat & greasy kit*5 w5*1 ,if %e lives   
till doomsday %e'll burn a week long]   
?an ! :ole _w6 ,& ,fal/aff1 crack+ a    
k9dr$ joke on ,b>dolph's c>buncl$ nose1 
av[s 8 op9ion t x w s]ve z a flam+      
beacon to light lo/ s\ls ! way to       
purgatory6 ,aga91 see+ a flea on ! same 
flam+ proboscis1 ! d\ghty knight affirm$
 x 0 a black s\l burn+ 9 hell fire4 ,9  
?is elem5t ( m$iaval life1 ?is feature (
 m$iaval lit]ature1 a t]rible belief lay
 "u ! gay raill]y4 ,"h is betray$1 on a 
wide scale1 t natural reaction ( !      
faculties f excessive oppression to     
sportive wit1 f deep repugnance to      
sup]ficial je/+1 :i* has (t5 be5 po9t$  
out by philosophical obs]v]s z a /rik+  
fact 9 ! psy*ological hi/ory ( man4  ,"o
 m active & mighty cause ( ! dreadful   
fai? & fe> ) :i* ! ,middle ,age         
contemplat$ ! future life 0 ! innum]able

 & frightful woes1 crimes1 tyrannies1   
in/rum5ts ( torture1 eng9es (           
p]secution1 insane sup]/itions1 :i* !n  
exi/$1 mak+ its actual life a hell4 ,!  
wret*$ness & cruelty ( ! pres5t _w 7    
en\gh to g5]ate frightful beliefs & ca/ 
appall+ %ad[s ov] ! future4 ,if ! e>? 0 
full ( devils & phantoms1 surely hell   
mu/ sw>m worse ) !m4 ,! ,inquisition sat
 %r\d$ & en?ron$ 9 sup]natural obscurity
 ( cunn+ & awfulness ( p[]1 & ?ru/ its  
invisible dagg]s ev]y:]e4 ,! facts m5   
knew "h ar\nd !m gave cr$ibility to !   
imag]y 9 :i* ! h]eaft] 0 depict$4 ,!    
flam+ /akes ( an ,auto da ,fe ar\nd :i* 
! victims ( ecclesia/ical hatr$ wri!d 7 
b fa9t emblems ( :at await$ _! s\ls 9 ! 
realm ( demons :]eto ! t5d] m]cies ( !  
,*ur* consign$ !m4 ,inde$1 ! fate (     
myriads ( h]etics & traitors c\ld n fail
 to project ! lurid vision ( hell ) all 
its p>aph]nalia into ! imag9ations ( ! p
 ( ! ,d>k ,age4 ,! gl[+ lava ( purgatory
 heat$ ! soil !y trod1 & a smell ( its  
sulphur sur*>g$ ! air4 ,a /up5d\s       

revelation ( t]ror1 be>+ :ole volumes ( 
direful mean+1 is giv5 9 ! s+le fact t x
 0 a common belief ( t p]iod t ! holy   
,inquisitors w\ld sit ) ,*ri/ 9 !       
judgm5t at ! la/ day4#dh ,if k+ or noble
 took (f5ce at "s uneasy reta9] or bold 
s]f1 he ord]$ him to be secretly buri$ 9
 ! cell ( "s seclud$ =tress1 & he 0 nev]
 he>d ( m4 ,s1 if pope or prie/ hat$ or 
fe>$ "s /ubborn ?9k]1 he /raightway1    
,w\ld bani% him to we> a burn+ *a9 ,9 ! 
great dungeons ( ! un=giv51 ,b5ea? !    
space deep ca/le walls ( heav54  ,x 0 an
 age ( cruelty1 nev] to be re/or$1 :5 ! 
_w 0 boil+ 9 tempe/ & m5 rode on ! cre/s
 ( fe>4  #dg ,rec5tly edit$ by          
,halliwell & publi%$ by ! ,%akspe>e     
,society4  #dh ,hag5ba*1 ,dogm5ges*i*te1
 sect4 #bje4   ,rese>*es made )9 ! la/  
c5tury among ! rema9s ( fam\s m$iaval   
edifices1 bo? ecclesia/ic & /ate1 h     
br\ght to light ! dismal records (      
=gott5 horrors4 ,9 _m a royal palace1   
prie/ly build+1 & b>onial ca/le1 !re 7  
secret *amb]s full ( inf]nal ma*9]y     

contriv$ = inflict+ tortures1 & "u !m   
conceal$ trap doors op5+ into rayless   
dungeons ) no outlet & ^: floors 7 cov]$
 ) ! m\ld]+ bones ( un=tunate wret*es :o
 _h my/]i\sly disappe>$ long ago &      
tracelessly p]i%$ !re4 ,sometimes ^!    
trap doors 7 directly above pr(\nd pits 
( wat]1 9 :i* ! victim w\ld dr[n z he   
dropp$ f ! mangl+ hooks1 racks1 & p9c]s 
( ! torture *amb]4 ,!re 7 horrible      
rumors curr5t 9 ! ,middle ,age ( a ma*9e
 call$ ! ,virg91 us$ = putt+ m5 to dea?2
 b little 0 kn[n ab\t x1 & x 0 g5]ally  
suppos$ to be a fable1 until1 "s ye>s   
ago "o ( ! id5tical ma*9es 0 discov]$ 9 
an old ,au/rian ca/le4 ,x 0 a tall wood5
 woman1 ) a pa9t$ face1 :i* ! victim 0  
ord]$ to kiss4 ,z he approa*$ to (f] !  
salute1 he trod on a spr+1 caus+ ! ma*9e
 to fly op51 /ret* out a pair ( iron    
arms1 & draw him to its brea/ cov]$ ) a 
hundr$ %>p spikes1 :i* pi]c$ him to     
dea?4#di  ,ignorance & al>m1 9 a suff]+ 
& b5ight$ age1 surr\nd$ by s\nds (      
sup]/ition & sights ( cruelty1 mu/ ne$s 

bre$ & fo/] a horrid fai? 9 reg>d to !  
invisible _w4 ,accord+ly1 ! common      
doctr9e ( ! future life prevail+ 9      
,*ri/5dom f ! n9? c5tury till ! sixte5? 
0 z we h portray$ x4 ,( c\rse !re are   
exceptions to be admitt$ &              
qualifications to be made2 b1 ^u ! :ole1
 ! picture is fai?ful4 ,=tunately1      
intellect & s\l c\ld n slumb] =ev]1 nor 
! m$iaval nightm>es always keep _!      
tortur+ seat on ! bosom ( humanity4     
,noble m5 arose to v9dicate ! rights (  
reason & ! div9ity ( consci5ce4 ,! _w 0 
circumnavigat$1 & its revolution ar\nd !
 sun 0 demon/rat$4 ,a ?\s& tru?s 7      
discov]$1 a ?\s& inv5tions introduc$4   
,papacy tott]$1 its pre/ige wan$1 its   
infallibility sunk4 ,! light ( k %one1 !
 simplicity ( nature 0 se51 & ! b5ignity
 ( ,god 0 surmis$4 ,?\ght1 ?r[+ (f _m   
re/rictions & accumulat+ mu* mat]ial1   
began to gr[ free1 & began to gr[ wise4 
,& s1 be=e ! calm1 /eady gaze (         
enlight5$ & *e]ful reason1 ! live &     
crawl+ smoke ( hell1 :i* _h s long      

enwrea!d ! m9d ( ! "t ) its p5d5t &     
brea?+ horrors1 gradually broke up &    
dissolv$1 ,l a great sup]/iti\s snake1  
uncurl$ ,f ! pale temples ( ! awak5+ _w4
  #di ,! ,kiss ( ! ,virg91 9 !          
,ar*aologia publi%$ by ! ,antiqu>ies (  
,london1 vol4 xxviii4   ,,*apt] ,,iii4  
,,mod]n ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a ,,future       
,,life4  ,,! folly & paganism ( "s ( !  
,*ur* dogmas1 ! rapaci\s haught9ess (   
its _s1 ! tyranny ( its rule1 & !       
immoral "* ( _m ( its practices1 _h (t5 
awak5$ ! indignant prote/s & ! det]m9$  
opposition ( m5 ( enlight5$ m9ds1       
vigor\s consci5ces1 & g5]\s he>ts1 bo? 9
 its bosom & out ( x4 ,_m su* m51 va9ly 
/ruggl+ to purify ! ,*ur* f its         
iniquit\s errors or to relieve mank9d f 
its outrage\s burd5s1 _h be5 sil5c$ &   
cru%$ by its rel5tless might4 ,arnold1  
,wickliffe1 ,wessel1 ,savon>ola1 & a ho/
 ( o!rs1 are to be gratefully rememb]$  
=ev] z ! h]oic ?\gh unsuccessful =]unn]s
 ( ! mighty monk ( ,witt5b]g4#a ,!      
corruption ( ! m$iaval ,*ur* grew worse1

 & became s great z to /ir a v ext5sive 
disgu/ & revulsion4 ,:olesale p>dons =  
all _! s9s 7 grant$ indiscrim9ately to  
^? :o accept$ ! t]ms ( ! papal (ficials2
 :ile e indep5d5t ?9k]1 h[ev]           
evangelical 8 fai? & exempl>y 8 "*1 0   
hopelessly doom$ to hell4 ,especially 7 
^! p>dons giv5 to pilgrims & to !       
,crusad]s4 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 exhort+ 
! p to und]take a new ,crusade1 tells !m
 t ,god condesc5ds to invite into 8     
s]vice murd]]s1 robb]s1 adult]]s1       
p]jur]s1 & ^? sunk 9 o!r crimes2 &      
:osoev] falls 9 ?is cause %all secure   
p>don = ! s9s :i* he has nev] confess$ )
 contrite he>t4#b ,at ! op5+ ( ,pi]s !  
,pl\ghman's ,cr$e a p]son is introduc$  
say+1 ,i saw a company ( pilgrims on _! 
way to ,rome1 :o came home ) leave to   
lie all ! re/ ( _! lives6 ,na%1 9 8     
,l5t5 ,/uff1 speaks ( a proclamation :i*
 caus$ ?ree hundr$ ?\s& p to roam to    
,rome = purgatorie pills4               
,ecclesia/icism dev\r$ e?ics4           
,allegiance to morality 0 l[]$ into     

devotion to a ritual4 ,! sale (         
indulg5ces at l5g? became too impud5t & 
blasphem\s to be any long] endur$1 :5   
,john ,tetzel1 a ,dom9ican monk1        
travell$ ov] ,europe1 &1 sett+ up 8     
auction block 9 ! *ur*es1 (f]$ = sale ^?
 fam\s indulg5ces ( ,leo ,x4 :i*        
promis$1 to e "o ri* en\gh to pay !     
requisite price1 remission ( all s9s1   
h[ev] enorm\s1 & :e!r pa/1 pres5t1 or   
future6#c ,?is braz5 b au?oriz$ *>latan 
boa/$ t he _h sav$ m s\ls f hell by !   
sale ( indulg5ces ?an ,/4 ,pet] _h      
conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by 8 prea*+4 ,he 
also said t ev5 if any "o _h ravi%$ !   
,"m ( ,god he c\ld sell him a p>don = x6
 ,! s\l ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r took fire4 ,!     
consequ5ce to :i* a hundr$ comb9+ causes
 contribut$ 0 ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation4  
,?is great movem5t produc$1 9 relation  
to our subject1 ?ree important results4 
,x noticeably modifi$ ! practice & !    
popul> prea*+ ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4
  #a ,ullmann1 ,re=mator5 vor d]        
,re=mation4  #b ,epi/4 ,,ccclxiii4 ad   

,ori5talis ,francia ,cl]um et ,populum4 
#c ,d',aubigne1 ,hi/4 ,re=mation1 book  
iii4   ,! dogmas ( ! ,romani/ !ology    
rema9$ z !y 7 be=e4 ,b a m>k$ *ange took
 place 9 ! public conduct ( ! papal     
function>ies4 ,morality 0 made m        
prom95t1 & m]e ritualism less obtrusive4
 ,comp>atively speak+1 an emphasis 0    
tak5 f ecclesia/ic confession &         
indulg5ce1 & laid ^u e?ical ob$i5ce &   
piety4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 held at ?is  
"t1 says1 9 its decree conc]n+          
indulg5ces1 ,9 grant+ indulg5ces1 !     
,*ur* desires t mod]ation be obs]v$1    
le/1 by excessive facility1             
ecclesia/ical discipl9e be en]vat$4     
,impo/ure became m cauti\s1 ?reats less 
frequ5t & less t]rible2 ! tee? (        
p]secution 7 some:at blunt$2 miracles   
grew r>]2 ! insuff]able gl>e ( purgatory
 & hell fad$1 & ! op5 traffic 9 =giv5ess
 ( s9s1 or ! comp\nd+ = defici5cies1    
dim9i%$4 ,b among ! m ignorant papal    
multitudes ! m$iaval sup]/ition holds   
its place /ill 9 all its virul5ce &     

grossness4 ,heav5 & hell are z mu* a "p 
( ! ,italian's geography z ! ,adriatic &
 ! ,ap5n9es2 ! ,que5 ( ,heav5 looks on !
 /reets z cle> z ! morn+ />2 & ! s\ls 9 
purgatory are m readily pres5t to       
conception ?an ! political prison]s     
immur$ 9 ! dungeons ( ,v5ice4  ,a second
 consequ5ce ( ! ,re=mation is se5 9 !   
num]\s diss5t+ sects to :i* its issues  
gave rise4 ,! *ief peculi>ities ( !     
,prote/ant doctr9es ( ! future life are 
embodi$ 9 ! f\r lead+ d5om9ations       
commonly kn[n z ,lu!ran1 ,calv9i/ic1    
,unit>ian1 & ,univ]sali/4 ,ea* ( ^!     
includes a numb] ( subord9ate p>ties    
be>+ di/9ctive names1 7su* z ,arm9ian1  
,presbyt]ian1 ,me?odi/1 ,bapti/1        
,re/orationi/1 & _m o!rs27 b ^! m9or    
diff]5ces are too trivial to des]ve     
di/9ctive *>act]ization "h4 ,! ,lu!ran  
=mula is t1 ?r\gh ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/1  
salvation is (f]$ to all :o w accept x  
by a s9c]e fai?4 ,"s w comply ) ^! t]ms 
& secure heav52 o!rs w n1 & s w be lo/  
=ev]4 ,lu!r's views 7 n firmly def9$ &  

consi/5t ?r\gh\t 8 c>e]2 !y 7 (t5       
obscure1 & !y fluctuat$ mu*4 ,x is true 
he always insi/$ t !re 0 no salvation   
)\t fai?1 & t all :o _h fai? %\ld be    
sav$4 ,b1 :ile he g5]ally seems to      
believe 9 ! curr5t doctr9e ( et]nal     
damnation1 he sometimes appe>s to       
enc\rage ! hope t all w f9ally be sav$4 
,9 a rem>kable lett] to ,hans5 von      
,re*5b]g1 dat$ #aebb1 he says1 9 effect1
 ,:oso ha? fai? 9 ,*ri/ %all be sav$4   
,god =bid t ,i %\ld limit ! "t = acquir+
 ?is fai? to ! pres5t life6 ,9 ! dep?s (
 ! ,div9e m]cy1 !re may be opportunity  
to w9 x 9 ! future /ate4  ,! ,calv9i/ic 
=mula is t heav5 is atta9able only = ^? 
:om ! arbitr>y pr$e/9ation ( ,god has   
elect$2 all o!rs are irretrievably      
damn$4 ,calv9 0 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian !ologian
 :o succe$$ 9 giv+ ! fe>ful doctr9e (   
unconditional election & reprobation a  
lodgm5t 9 ! popul> brea/4 ,! ,roman     
,ca?olic ,*ur* _h e>ne/ly repudiat$ x4  
,gottes*alk 0 condemn$ & di$ 9 prison = 
advocat+ x1 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,b ,calv9's 

"* enabl$ him to believe x1 & 8 tal5ts &
 position gave great weight to 8        
advocacy ( x1 & x has s9ce be5 widely   
receiv$4 ,ca?olicism1 ,lu!ranism1       
,calv9ism1 all agre$ 9 ! g5]al          
proposition t by s9 physical dea? came  
into ! _w1 heav5 0 %ut aga9/ man1 & all 
m5 utt]ly lo/4 ,!y diff]$ only 9 "s     
uness5tial details conc]n+ ! condition (
 t lo/ /ate4 ,!y also agre$ 9 ! g5]al   
proposition t ,*ri/ came1 by 8          
inc>nation1 dea?1 desc5t to hell1       
resurrection1 & asc5sion1 to r$eem m5 f 
_! lo/ /ate4 ,!y only diff]$ 9 reg>d to 
! precise gr\nds & ext5t ( t r$emption4 
,! ,ca?olic said1 ,*ri/'s atonem5t wip$ 
(f ! :ole score ( orig9al s91 & ?us     
enabl$ man to w9 heav5 by moral fidelity
 & ! help ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,lu!ran said1   
,*ri/'s atonem5t made all ! s9s ( ^? :o 
h fai?1 p>donable2 & all may h fai?4 ,! 
,calv9i/ said1 ,god =esaw t man w\ld    
fall & incur damnation1 & he decre$ t a 
few %\ld be snat*$ z br&s f ! burn+1    
:ile ! mass %\ld be left to et]nal      

torture2 & ,*ri/'s atonem5t pur*as$ !   
pr$e/9$ salvation ( ! *os5 few4         
,fur!rmore1 ,lu!rans & ,calv9i/s1 9 all 
_! v>ieties1 agree ) ! ,romani/ 9 ass]t+
 t ,*ri/ %all come aga91 ! dead be rais$
 bodily1 a univ]sal judgm5t be held1 & t
 !n ! condemn$ %all s9k into ! ev]la/+  
fire ( hell1 & ! accept$ rise into !    
endless bliss ( heav54  ,! ,soc9ian     
doctr9e relative to ! future fate ( man 
diff]$ f ! =ego+ 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s4  
,fir/1 x limit$ ! r$eem+ mission ( ,*ri/
 to ! enlight5+ influ5ces ( ! tru?s :i* 
he proclaim$ ) ,div9e au?ority1 ! moral 
p[] ( 8 p]fect example1 & ! t\*+ motives
 exhibit$ 9 8 dea?4 ,secondly1 x ass]t$ 
a natural ability 9 e man to live a life
 con=m$ to "r reason & s\nd morality1 & 
promis$ heav5 to all :o did ?is 9       
ob$i5ce to ! in/ructions & aft] ! patt]n
 ( ,*ri/4 ,?irdly1 x decl>$ t ! wick$1  
aft] suff]+ excruciat+ agonies1 w\ld be 
annihilat$4 ,respect+ ! second com+ (   
,*ri/1 a physical resurrection ( ! dead1
 & a day ( judgm5t1 ! ,soc9ians believ$ 

) ! o!r sects4#d ,_! doctr9e sc>cely    
corresponds ) t ( ! pres5t ,unit>ians 9 
any ?+4 ,! diss5t ( ! ,unit>ian f !     
popul> !ology is mu* m fundam5tal1      
detail$1 & consi/5t ?an t ( ! ,soc9ian  
01 & approa*es mu* clos] to !           
,rationalism ( ! pres5t day4  ,!        
,univ]sali/ =mula e s\l creat$ by ,god  
%all soon] or lat] be sav$ f s9 & woe & 
inh]it ev]la/+ happ9ess has be5 publicly
 def5d$ 9 e age ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4#e ,x
 0 fir/ publicly condemn$ z a h]esy at !
 v close ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x ranks among
 its def5d]s ! names ( ,clem5t (        
,alex&ria1 ,orig51 ,gregory (           
,nazianzus1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 & sev]al 
o!r prom95t ,fa!rs4 ,univ]salism has be5
 held 9 f\r =ms1 on f\r gr\nds4 ,fir/1 x
 has be5 suppos$ t ,*ri/ di$ = all1 & t1
 by ! inf9ite efficacy ( 8 r$eem+ m]its1
 all s9s %all be cancell$ & e s\l be    
sav$4 ,?is 0 ! s*eme ( ^? e>ly          
,univ]sali/ ,*ri/ians :om ,epiphanius   
condemns z h]etics2 also ( a few 9 m    
mod]n times4 ,secondly1 x has be5 ?\ght 

t ea* p]son w\ld be puni%$ 9 ! future   
/ate accord+ to ! de$s done 9 ! body1   
ea* s9 be expiat$ by a proportionate    
am\nt ( suff]+1 ! retribution ( "s s\ls 
be+ sev]e & long1 t ( o!rs light &      
brief2 b1 e p5alty be+ at  #d ,flugge   
gives a full exposition ( ^! po9ts )    
ref]5ces to ! au?orities4 ,lehre vom    
,zu/&e1 u4 s4 f41 ab?4 ii4 ss4 #bdc-bfj4
  #e ,dietelmai]1 ,comm5ti ,fanatici    
non-,,ascii *>act]s omitt$ ,hi/4        
,antiqu>4   l5g? exhau/$1 ! la/ victim  
w\ld be re/or$4 ,?is 0 ! notion (       
,orig51 ! basis ( ! doctr9e ( purgatory1
 & ! view ( mo/ ( ! ,re/orationi/s4     
,?irdly1 x has be5 imag9$ t1 by ! good  
pleasure & fix$ laws ( ,god1 all m5 are 
de/9$ to an imp>tial1 absolute1 & in/ant
 salvation beyond ! grave3 all s9s are  
ju/ly puni%$1 all moral di/9ctions      
equitably comp5sat$1 9 ?is life2 9 !    
future an equal glory awaits all m51 by 
! graci\s & et]nal election ( ,god1 z   
reveal$ to u 9 ! b5ignant mission (     
,*ri/4 ,?is is ! peculi> conception     

di/+ui%+ "s memb]s ( ! d5om9ation n[    
kn[n z ,univ]sali/s4 ,f9ally1 x has be5 
believ$ t ! fre$om & probation grant$ "h
 ext5d into ! life to come2 t ! aim (   
all future puni%m5t w be rem$ial1       
b5efic5t1 n rev5geful2 t /rong] motives 
w be appli$ = produc+ rep5tance1 & gr&] 
attractions to hol9ess be felt2 & t ?us1
 at "s "t or o!r1 ev5 ! mo/ sunk5 &     
h>d5$ s\ls w be reg5]at$ & rais$ up to  
heav5 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,almo/ all      
,univ]sali/s1 mo/ ,unit>ians1 & l>ge    
numb] ( individual ,*ri/ians outw>dly   
affiliat$ ) o!r d5om9ations1 n[ accept &
 *]i% ?is !ory4  ,"o important v>iation 
f ! doctr9e ( ! dom9ant sects1 9        
connection ) ! pres5t subject1 is wor?y 
( special notice4 ,we ref] to !         
celebrat$ controv]sy wag$ 9 ,engl&1 9 ! 
fir/ "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 reg>d to 
! int]m$iate /ate ( ! dead4 ,! fam\s    
,dr4 ,c[>d & a few support]s labor$1 )  
mu* zeal1 skill1 & %[ ( le>n+1 to prove 
! natural mortality ( ! s\l4 ,!y ass]t$ 
?is to be bo? a philosophical tru? prov$

 by sci5tific facts & a ,*ri/ian doctr9e
 decl>$ 9 ,scripture & taught by !      
,fa!rs4 ,!y argu$ t ! s\l is n an       
indep5d5t entity1 b is m]ely ! life ( ! 
body4 ,proce$+ ?us f> on ! pr9ciples ( a
 mat]iali/ic sci5ce1 !y pr(ess$ to      
complete _! !ory f ,scripture1 )\t do+  
viol5ce to any doctr9e ( ! ackn[l$g$    
religion4#f ,! f9i%$ s*eme 0 ?is4 ,man 0
 naturally mortal2 b1 by ! pleasure & w 
( ,god1 he w\ld h be5 immortally pres]v$
 alive _h he n s9n$4 ,dea? is !         
consequ5ce ( s91 & man utt]ly p]i%es 9 !
 grave4 ,b ,god w re/ore ! dead1 ?r\gh  
,*ri/1 at ! day ( ! g5]al resurrection  
:i* he has =etold 9 ! gospel4#g ,"s ( ! 
writ]s 9 ?is copi\s controv]sy ma9ta9$ t
 previ\s to ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ dea? 0      
et]nal annihilation to all except a few 
:o enjoy$ an inspir$ anticipatory fai? 9
 him1 b t all :o di$ aft] 8 com+ w\ld be
 re/or$ 9 ! resurrection1 ! fai?ful to  
be advanc$ to heav51 ! wick$ to be !    
victims ( un5d+ torture4#h ,cl>ke &     
,baxt] bo? wrote ) extreme ability 9    

support ( ! natural immortality &       
sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !
 le>n$ ,h5ry ,dodwell cit$1 f ! lore (  
?ree ?\s& ye>s1 a plausible body (      
au?orities to %[ t ! s\l is 9 itself b a
 mortal brea?4 ,he also cont5d$1 by a   
s+ul> p]v]sion ( figurative phrases f ! 
,new ,te/am5t & f "s ( ! ,fa!rs1 t1  #f 
,c[>d1 ,se>* aft] ,s\ls4  #g ,hallet1   
,no ,resurrection1 no ,future ,/ate4  #h
 ,c[>d1 ,def5ce ( ! ,se>* aft] ,s\ls4   
,dodwell1 ,epi/ol>y ,disc\rse4 ,peck>d1 
,obs]vations4 ,flem+1 ,survey ( ! ,se>* 
aft] ,s\ls4 ,law1 ,/ate ( ,sep>ate      
,spirits4 ,layton1 ,treatise ( ,dep>t$  
,s\ls4   9 c\nt]action ( man's natural  
mortality1 all :o und]go baptism at !   
h&s ( ! orda9$ m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&
 ! only true prie/hood 9 apo/olic       
succession !reby receive an immortaliz+ 
_s br\ght into ! _w by ,*ri/ & committ$ 
to 8 successors4 ,?is immortaliz+ _s    
convey$ by baptism w\ld secure _!       
resurrection at ! la/ day4 ,^? de/itute 
( ?is _s w\ld nev] awake f ! oblivi\s   

sleep ( dea?1 unless z he ma9ta9$ w     
actually be ! case ) a l>ge "p ( ! dead 
!y are arbitr>ily immortaliz$ by !      
pleasure ( ,god1 9 ord] to suff] et]nal 
mis]y 9 hell6 ,absurd & %ock+ z ?is     
fancy 01 x obta9$ q a numb] ( conv]ts1 &
 made no slight impression at ! "t4 ,"o 
( ! writ]s 9 ?is controv]sy ass]t$ t    
,lu!r himself _h be5 a believ] 9 ! dea? 
or sleep ( ! s\l until ! day (          
judgm5t4#i ,c]ta9 x is t su* a belief _h
 at "o p]iod a consid]able preval5ce4   
,its advocates 7 call$ ,psy*opanny*ians4
 ,calv9 wrote a vehem5t assault on !m4  
,! op9ion has sunk into g5]al disrepute 
& neglect1 & x w\ld be h>d to f9d _m    
av[$ disciples ( x4 ,! ne>ly univ]sal   
s5tim5t ( ,*ri/5dom w\ld n[ exclaim1 9 !
 qua9t words ( ,h5ry ,m1  ,:at6 has old 
,adam snort$ all ?is "t ,"u "s s5selesse
 clod1 ) sleep ydead8 #aj  ,john ,asgill
 pr9t$1 9 ! ye> #agjj1 a tract call$ ,an
 argum5t to prove t by ! new cov5ant man
 may be translat$ into et]nal life )\t  
ta/+ dea?4 ,he argues t ! law ( dea? 0 a

 consequ5ce ( ,adam's s9 & 0 annull$ by 
,*ri/'s sacrifice4 ,s9ce t "t m5 h di$  
only because ( an ob/9ate habit ( dy+   
=m$ = _m g5]ations4 ,= 8 "p1 he has !   
indep5d5ce & resolution to )/& !        
univ]sal pusillanimity & to refuse to   
die4 ,he has discov]$ an eng9e 9        
,div9ity to convey man f e>? to heav54  
,he w play a trump on dea? & %[ himself 
a mat* = ! devil6  ,:ile treat+ ( !     
v>i\s ,prote/ant views ( ! future life1 
x w\ld be a gl>+ defect to ov]look !    
rem>kable doctr9e on t subject publi%$  
by ,emanuel ,sw$5borg & n[ held by !    
intellig5t1 gr[+ body ( believ]s call$  
aft] 8 "n4 ,x w\ld be impossible to     
exhibit ?is sy/em adequately 9 its      
sci5tific bases & its complicat$ details
 )\t occupy+ m space ?an c be af=d$ "h4 
,nor is ?is necess>y1 n[ t 8 own works h
 be5 translat$ & are easily accessible  
ev]y:]e4 ,8 ,heav5 & ,hell1 ,heav5ly    
,arcana1 ,doctr9e ( ,influx1 & ,true    
,*ri/ian  #i ,blackburne1 ,view ( !     
,controv]sy ,conc]n+ an ,int]m$iate     

,/ate3 app5dix4 ,x is probable t ! great
 ,re=m]'s op9ion on ?is po9t 0 n always 
! same4 ,= he says1 di/9ctly1 ,! fir/   
man :o di$1 :5 he awakes at ! la/ day1 w
 ?9k he has be5 asleep b an h\r ,be/e1  
,dr4 ,m4 ,lu!r's ,glaub5slehre1 cap4    
iv43 ,die ,lehre von d5 ,letz5 ,d+54    
,yet4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mull] seems conclusively 
to prove ! tru? ( ! proposition :i* =ms 
! title ( 8 book1 ,dass ,lu!r die ,lehre
 vom ,seel5s*lafe nie geglaubt habe4    
#aj ,! controv]sy conc]n+ ! natural     
immortality ( ! s\l has )9 a few ye>s   
rag$ afre%4 ,! pr9cipal combatants 7    
,dobney1 ,/orrs1 ,:ite1 ,morris1 &      
,h9ton4 ,see ,a?anasia1 by ,j4 ,h4      
,h9ton1 ,london1 #ahdi4   ,religion1    
conta9 manifold /atem5ts & abundant     
illu/rations ( e ?+ important be>+ on 8 
views ( ! !me be=e u4 ,we %all m]ely    
attempt to pres5t a brief synopsis ( !  
ess5tial pr9ciples1 accompani$ by two or
 ?ree sugge/ions ( criticism4  ,sw$5borg
 conceives man to be an organiz$        
receptacle ( tru? & love f ,god4 ,he is 

an imp]i%able spiritual body plac$ = a  
season ( probation 9 a p]i%able mat]ial 
body4 ,e mom5t receiv+ ! ess5ce ( 8 be+ 
afre% f ,god1 & return+ x ?r\gh !       
fruition ( its uses dev\tly r5d]$ 9     
consci\s ob$i5ce & joy\s wor%ip1 he is  
at once a subject ( p]sonal1 & a m$ium (
 ! ,div9e1 happ9ess4 ,! w is ! p[] (    
man's life1 & ! und]/&+ is its =m4 ,:5 !
 w is dis9t]e/$ love & ! und]/&+ is     
cele/ial tru?1 !n man fulfils ! end ( 8 
be+1 & 8 home is heav52 he is a _s frame
 into :i* ! goodness ( ,god p]petually  
fl[s1 is humbly ackn[l$g$1 gratefully   
enjoy$1 & pi\sly return$4 ,b :5 8 w is  
hatr$ or selfi%ness & 8 und]/&+ is      
falsehood or evil1 !n 8 p[]s are abus$1 
8 de/9y inv]t$1 & 8 fate hell4 ,:ile 9 !
 body 9 ?is _w he is plac$ 9 fre$om1 on 
probation1 betwe5 ^! two alt]natives4   
,! ,sw$5borgian univ]se is divid$ into  
f\r ord]s ( abodes4 ,9 ! highe/ or      
cele/ial _w are ! heav5s ( ! angels4 ,9 
! l[e/ or inf]nal _w are ! hells ( !    
demons4 ,9 ! int]m$iate or spiritual _w 

are ! e>?s inhabit$ by m51 & surr\nd$ by
 ! transition /ate ?r\gh :i* s\ls1      
escap+ f _! bodies1 aft] a :ile so> to  
heav5 or s9k to hell1 accord+ to _!     
fitness & attraction4 ,9 ?is life man is
 free1 because he is an en]gy 9         
equilibrium betwe5 ! influ5ces ( heav5 &
 hell4 ,! middle /ate surr\nd+ man is   
full ( spirits1 "s good & "s bad4 ,e man
 is accompani$ by sw>ms ( bo? sorts (   
spirits1 /riv+ to make him l !mselves4  
,n[1 !re are two k9ds ( influx into man4
 ,m$iate influx is :5 ! spirits 9 !     
middle /ate fl[ into man's ?\ghts &     
affections4 ,! good spirits are 9       
communication ) heav51 & !y c>ry :at is 
good & true2 ! evil spirits are 9       
communication ) hell1 & !y c>ry :at is  
evil & false4 ,betwe5 ^! oppos$ & react+
 ag5cies man is 9 an equilibrium ^:     
ess5ce is fre$om4 ,decid+ = himself1 if 
he turns ) embrac+ welcome to ! good    
spirits1 he is !reby plac$ & lives 9    
conjunction ) heav52 b if he turns1 on !
 contr>y1 ) pr$om9ant love to ! bad     

spirits1 he is plac$ 9 conjunction )    
hell & draws 8 life !nce4 ,f heav51     
!re=e1 ?r\gh ! good spirits1 all !      
elem5ts ( sav+ goodness fl[ sweetly d[n 
& are appropriat$ by ! fre$om ( ! good  
man2 :ile f hell1 ?r\gh ! bad spirits1  
all ! elem5ts ( damn+ evil fl[ f\lly up 
& are appropriat$ by ! fre$om ( ! bad   
man4  ,! o!r k9d ( influx is call$      
imm$iate4 ,?is is :5 ! ,"l himself1 !   
pure sub/ance ( tru? & good1 fl[s into e
 organ & faculty ( man4 ,?is influx is  
p]petual1 b is receiv$ z tru? & good    
only by ! true & good4 ,x is reject$1   
suffocat$1 or p]v]t$ by ^? :o are 9 love
 ) falsities & evils4 ,s ! light ( ! sun
 produces colors v>y+ ) ! sub/ances x   
falls on1 & wat] takes =ms correspond+  
to ! vessels x is p\r$ into4  ,! :ole   
invisible _w heav51 hell1 & ! middle    
/ate is peopl$ solely f ! diff]5t       
families ( ! human race occupy+ ! num]\s
 mat]ial globes ( ! univ]se4 ,! good1 on
 leav+ ! fle%ly body1 are angels1 ! bad1
 demons4 ,!re is no angel nor demon :o 0

 creat$ su* at fir/4 ,satan is n a      
p]sonality1 b is a figurative t]m /&+ = 
! :ole complex ( hell4 ,9 ! invisible   
_w1 "t & space 9 "o s5se cease to be2 9 
ano!r s5se !y rema9 un*ang$4 ,!y        
virtually cease because all our pres5t  
measures ( !m are annihilat$2#aa !y     
virtually rema9 because exact           
correspond5ces to !m are left4 ,to      
spirits1 "t is no long] measur$ by !    
revolution ( planets1 b by ! succession 
( inw>d /ates2 space is measur$ n by way
 m>ks & ! trav]s+ ( di/ances1 b by inw>d
 similitudes & dissimilitudes4 ,^? :o   
are unlike are sund]$ by gulfs (        
diff]5ce4 ,^? :o are alike are toge!r 9 
_! int]iors4 ,?\ght & love1 =getfulness 
& hate1 are n hamp]$ by temporal &      
spatial b\nd>ies4 ,spiritual =ces & be+s
 spurn mat]ial imp$im5ts1 & are unit$ or
 sep>ate1 reciprocally visible or       
invisible1 mutually consci\s or         
unconsci\s1 accord+ to _! own laws (    
k9dr$ or ali5 adapt$ness4  ,! s\l ! true
 man is its own organiz$ & dea?less     

body1 & :5 x leaves its e>?ly h\se (    
fle% x kn[s ! only resurrection1 & ! ca/
 (f frame returns to ! du/ =ev]4        
,sw$5borg repeat$ly affirms ) emphasis t
 no "o is born = hell1 b t all are born 
= heav51 & t :5 any "o comes into hell x
 is f 8 own free fault4 ,he ass]ts t e  
infant1 :]esoev] born1 :e!r )9 ! ,*ur*  
or out ( x1 :e!r ( pi\s p>5ts or (      
impi\s1 :5 he dies is receiv$ by ! ,"l1 
& educat$ 9 heav51 & becomes an angel4  
,a c5tral pr9ciple ( :i* he nev] loses  
sight is t a life ( *>ity1 :i* consi/s 9
 act+ s9c]ely & ju/ly 9 e function1 9 e 
engagem5t1 & 9 e "w1 f a heav5ly motive1
 accord+ to ! ,div9e laws1 is possible  
to e "o1 & infallibly leads to heav54 ,x
 does n matt] :e!r ! p]son lead+ su* a  
life be a ,*ri/ian or a ,g5tile4 ,! only
 ess5tial is t 8 rul+ motive be div9e & 
8 life be 9 tru? & good4  ,!            
,sw$5borgian doctr9e conc]n+ ,*ri/ & 8  
mission is t he 0 ! inf9ite ,god        
inc>nate1 n inc>nate = ! purpose (      
expiat+ human s9 & pur*as+ a ransom = ! 

lo/ by vic>i\s suff]+s1 b = ! sake (    
suppress+ ! rampant p[] ( ! hells1      
weak5+ ! influx ( ! inf]nal spirits1    
sett+ an example to m51 & reveal+ _m    
important tru?s4 ,! advantage ( !       
,*ri/ian ov] ! pagan is t ! =m] is      
enlight5$ by ! cele/ial k conta9$ 9 !   
,bible1 & animat$ by ! affect+ motives  
pres5t$ 9 ! drama ( ! ,div9e inc>nation4
 ,!re is no probation aft] ?is life4 ,j 
z "o is on leav+ ! e>? he goes into !   
spiritual _w4 ,!re 8  #aa ,philo ! ,jew 
says1 7vol4 i4 p4 #bgg1 ed4 ,mangey17   
,god is ! ,fa!r ( ! _w3 ! _w is ! fa!r (
 "t1 begett+ x by its own motion3 "t1   
!re=e1 holds ! place ( gr&*ild to ,god4 
,b ! _w is only "o measure ( "t2 ano!r1 
& a m important "o1 is ! inw>d          
succession ( ! _s's /ates (             
consci\sness4 ,betwe5 ,philo &          
,sw$5borg1 x may be rem>k$ "h1 !re are  
_m rem>kable correspond5ces bo? ( ?\ght 
& language4 ,= example1 ,philo says1    
7vol4 i4 p4 #did17 ,man is a small      
kosmos1 ! kosmos is a gr& man4   rul+   

affection det]m9es 8 de/9y1 & t         
affection c nev] be extirpat$ or *ang$  
to all et]nity4 ,aft] dea?1 evil life _c
 9 any mann] or degree be alt]$ to good 
life1 nor inf]nal love be transmut$ to  
angelic love1 inasmu* z e _s f head to  
foot is 9 quality su* z 8 love is1 &    
!nce su* z 8 life is1 s t to transmute  
?is life into ! opposite is altoge!r to 
de/roy ! _s4 ,x 7 easi]1 says ,sw$5borg1
 to *ange a night bird into a dove1 an  
owl into a bird ( p>adise1 ?an to *ange 
a subject ( hell into a subject ( heav5 
aft] ! l9e ( dea? has be5 cross$4 ,b :y 
! cross+ ( t l9e %\ld make su* an       
inf9ite diff]5ce he does n expla92 nor  
does he prove x z a fact4  ,! moral     
reason & *>itable he>t ( ,sw$5borg      
vehem5tly revolt$ f ! ,calv9i/ic        
doctr9es ( pr$e/9ation & vic>i\s        
atonem5t1 & ! gr\p ( ?\ghts t clu/]     
ar\nd !m4 ,he always prote/s aga9/ ^!   
dogmas1 refutes !m ) v>i$ p[] &         
consi/5cy2 & ! lead+ pr9ciples ( 8 own  
sy/em are cr$itable to human nature1 &  

attribute no unwor?9ess to ! "* ( ,god4 
,a debt ( et]nal gratitude is due to    
,sw$5borg t 8 influ5ce1 c]ta9ly de/9$ to
 be p[]ful & la/+1 is s cle>ly calculat$
 to advance ! int]e/s at once (         
philosophic intellig5ce1 social         
affection1 & true piety4 ,! sup]iorities
 ( 8 view ( ! future life ov] ^? :i* x  
seeks to supplant are weighty & num]\s4 
,! foll[+ may be reckon$ among ! mo/    
prom95t4  ,fir/1 )\t pr$icat+ ( ,god any
 aggravat$ sev]ity or ca/+ ! fa9te/ %ad[
 on 8 b5evol5ce1 x gives u ! mo/ appall+
 realization ( ! horribl5ess ( s9 & (   
its consequ5ces4 ,god is commonly       
repres5t$ 9 effect1 at lea/ z flam+ )   
ang] aga9/ s9n]s1 & =cibly fl++ !m into 
! unappeasable fury ( ,tophet1 :]e 8    
inf9ite v5geance may =ev] satiate itself
 on !m4 ,b1 ,sw$5borg says1 ,god is     
incapable ( hatr$ or wra?3 he ca/s no "o
 into hell2 b ! wick$ g :]e !y belong by
 _! own election1 f ! inh]5t fitness &  
pref]5ce ( _! rul+ love4 ,! evil man    
desires to be 9 hell because !re he f9ds

 8 food1 employm5t1 & home2 9 heav5 he  
w\ld suff] unutt]able agonies f e       
circum/ance4 ,! wick$ g into hell by !  
necess>y & b5ignant love ( ,god1 n by 8 
indignation2 & _! retributions are 9 _! 
own *>act]s1 n 9 _! prison h\se4 ,?is   
does n fl\t & trample all magnanimity1  
nor %ock ! he>t ( piety2 & yet1 %[+ u m5
 compell$ to pref] wall[+ 9 ! fil? &    
iniquities ( hell1 cl++ to ! v evils ^: 
pangs transfix !m1 x gives u ! dire/ (  
all ! impressions ( s91 & b5ea? ! l[e/  
deep ( ! popul> hell op5s to our %udd]+ 
conceptions a deep ( loa?som5ess        
immeasurably l[] /ill4  ,secondly1 !    
,sw$5borgian doctr9e ( ! conditions (   
salvation or reprobation1 :5 comp>$ ) ! 
popul> doctr9e1 is m>k$ by /rik+ dep? ( 
insight1 ju/ice1 & lib]ality4 ,e man is 
free4 ,e man has p[] to receive ! influx
 ( tru? & good f ! ,"l & conv]t x to its
 bless$ & sav+ uses1 piety t[>ds ,god1  
good w t[>ds ! neighbor1 & all k9ds ( "r
 works4 ,:o does ?is1 no matt] 9 :at l& 
or age he lives1 becomes an heir (      

heav54 ,:o p]v]ts ^? ,div9e gifts to    
selfi%ness & unrighte\s de$s becomes a  
subject ( hell4 ,no m]e op9ion1 no m]e  
pr(ession1 no m]e ritual s]vices1 no m]e
 ext]nal ob$i5ce1 n all ^! ?+s toge!r1 c
 save a man1 nor _! abs5ce condemn him2 
b ! controll+ motive ( 8 life1 ! c5tral 
& rul+ love :i* con/itutes ! sub/ance ( 
8 be+1 ?is decides e man's doom4 ,! view
 is simple1 reasonable1 j1 necess>y4 ,& 
s is ! doctr9e ( degrees accompany+ x2  
namely1 t !re are 9 heav5 diff]5t grades
 & qualities ( exaltation & delight1 & 9
 hell ( degradation & woe1 = diff]5t m5 
accord+ to _! capacities & des]ts4 ,a   
pr(\ndly e?ical "* p]vades ! s*eme1 & ! 
great /amp ( law is ov] x all4  ,?irdly1
 a manife/ advantage ( ,sw$5borg's      
doctr9e ov] ! popul> doctr9e is !       
intimate connection x e/abli%es betwe5 !
 pres5t & ! future1 ! visible & !       
invisible1 ,god & man4 ,heav5 & hell are
 n di/ant localities1 entrance into :i* 
is to be won or avoid$ by moral         
artifices or sacram5tal subt]fuges1 b !y

 are /ates ( be+ dep5d+ on p]sonal      
goodness or evil4 ,god is n ?ron$ at !  
he>t or on ! apex ( ! univ]se1 :]e at "s
 remote epo* we hope to g & see him1 b  
he is ! ,life fe$+ our lives fre%ly e   
in/ant4 ,! spiritual _w1 ) all its ho/s1
 su/a9s & ar*es1 fills & envelops u4    
,dea? is ! dropp+ ( ! out] body1 ! lift+
 ( an opaque veil1 & we are among !     
spirits1 un*ang$1 z we 7 be=e4 ,judgm5t 
is n a tribunal dawn+ on ! close ( !    
_w's we>y c5turies1 b ! mom5t>y         
assimilation ( a cele/ial or an inf]nal 
love lead+ to /ates & acts1 rew>ds &    
retributions1 correspond+4 ,be=e ?is    
view ! dead univ]se becomes a live      
transp>5cy ov]writt5 ) ! w1 tremul\s ) !
 brea?1 & irradiate ) ! illum9ation (   
,god4  ,we _c b regret t ! ,sw$5borgian 
view ( ! future life %\ld be burd5$ &   
d>k5$ ) ! t]rible error ( ! dogma (     
et]nal damnation1 spread+ ov] ! /ate (  
all ! subjects ( ! hells ! pall (       
immitigable hopelessness1 d5y+ t !y c   
ev] make ! slighte/ ameliorat+ progress4

 ,we h nev] be5 able to see =ce en\gh 9 
any ( ! argum5ts or ass]tions advanc$ 9 
support ( ?is trem5d\s horror to w>rant 
! lea/ hesitation 9 reject+ x4 ,=       
ourselves1 we mu/ reg>d x z incr$ible1 &
 ?9k t ,god _c p]mit x4 ,in/ruction1    
re=mation1 progress1 are ! f9al aims (  
puni%m5t4 ,aspiration is ! concomitant (
 consci\sness1 & ! au!ntic voice ( ,god4
 ,surely1 soon] or lat]1 9 ! boonful    
et]nities ( be+1 e creature capable (   
intellig5ce1 alli$ to ! moral law1 draw+
 life f ! ,inf9ite1 mu/ beg9 to travel !
 asc5d+ pa? ( virtue & bless$ness1 &    
nev] retrograde aga94  ,nei!r c we admit
 9 g5]al ! claim made by ,sw$5borg & by 
8 disciples t ! way 9 :i* he arriv$ at 8
 sy/em ( !ology elevates x to ! rank ( a
 ,div9e revelation4 ,x is ass]t$ t ,god 
op5$ 8 int]ior vision1 s t he saw :at _h
 hi!rto be5 conceal$ f ! eyes ( m5 9 !  
fle%1 namely1 ! inhabitants1 laws1      
cont5ts1 & exp]i5ces ( ! spiritual _w1 &
 ?us t 8 /atem5ts are n speculations or 
argum5ts1 b records ( un]r+ k1 8        

descriptions n fanciful pictures ( !    
imag9ation1 b lit]al transcripts ( !    
tru? he saw4 ,?is1 9 view ( ! great     
range ( kn[n exp]i5ce1 is n intr9sically
 probable1 & we h se5 no pro( ( x4      
,judg+ f :at we "k ( psy*ological &     
religi\s hi/ory1 x is f> m likely t a   
man %\ld conf\nd 8 intangible rev]ies ) 
solid fact ?an t he %\ld be inspir$ by  
,god to reveal a _w ( my/]i\s tru?s4    
,fur!rmore1 :ile we are impress$ ) !    
reasonabl5ess1 probability1 & consi/5cy 
( mo/ ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,sw$5borg's 
exposition ( ! future life1 we _c b %r9k
 f _m ( ! details & =ms 9 :i* he c>ries 
!m out4 ,not)/&+ ! e>ne/ av[als ( able  
disciples ( 8 s*ool t all 8 details are 
/rictly necessitat$ by 8 premises1 & t  
all 8 premises are laws ( tru?1 we are  
compell$ to reg>d a great _m ( 8        
ass]tions z purely arbitr>y & a great _m
 ( 8 descriptions z purely fanciful4 ,b1
 d5y+ t 8 s*eme ( es*atology is a       
sci5tific repres5tation ( ! reality1 &  
look+ at x z a poetic /ructure re>$ by  

co work+ k & imag9ation on ! gr\nd (    
reason1 nature1 & morality1  ^:         
f\ndation walls1 columns1 & gr& outl9es 
are tru?1 :ile _m ( its details1        
ornam5ts1 & images are fancy1 x mu/ be  
ackn[l$g$ to be "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful     
examples ( creative p[] extant 9 !      
lit]ature ( ! _w4 ,no "o :o has ma/]$ x 
) appreciative m9d w "q ?is4 ,!re are1  
express$ & lat5t1 9 ! totality (        
,sw$5borg's acc\nts ( hell & heav51 m   
v>iety ( imag]y1 p[] ( moral tru? &     
appeal1 exhibition ( dramatic ju/ice1   
transc5d5t delights ( hol9ess & love1   
curdl+ t]rors ( evil & woe1 /r5g? (     
philosophical grasp1 & sublimity (      
emblematic conception1 ?an are to be    
f\nd 9 ,dante's e>? r5[n$ poem4 ,we say 
?is ( ! sub/ance ( 8 ideas1 n ( ! %ape &
 clo?+ 9 :i* !y are repres5t$4 ,sw$5borg
 0 no poet 9 language & =m1 only 9      
conception4  ,take ?is picture4 ,9 !    
topmo/ height ( ! cele/ial _w ! ,"l     
appe>s z a sun1 & all ! inf9ite         
multitudes ( angels1 sw>m+ up ?r\gh !   

innum]able heav5s1 :]ev] !y are1        
cont9ually turn _! faces t[>ds him 9    
love & joy4 ,b at ! bottom ( ! inf]nal  
_w is a va/ ball ( blackness1 t[>ds :i* 
all ! ho/s ( demons1 cr[d+ d[n ?r\gh !  
successive hells1 =ev] turn _! eag]     
faces away f ,god4 ,or consid] ?is4 ,e  
?+ consi/s ( a great numb] ( p]fect     
lea/s l itself3 e he>t is an aggregation
 ( little he>ts1 e lung an aggregation (
 little lungs1 e eye an aggregation (   
little eyes4 ,foll[+ out ! pr9ciple1 e  
society 9 ! spiritual _w is a gr\p (    
spirits arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a man1 e heav5 
is a gigantic man compos$ ( an imm5se   
numb] ( individuals1 & all ! heav5s     
toge!r con/itute "o ,gr& ,man1 a        
c\ntless numb] ( ! mo/ intellig5t angels
 =m+ ! head1 a /up5d\s organization ( ! 
mo/ affectionate mak+ ! he>t1 ! mo/     
humble go+ to ! feet1 ! mo/ useful      
attract$ to ! h&s1 & s on ?r\gh e "p4   
,) exceptions1 !n1 we reg>d ,sw$5borg's 
doctr9e ( ! future life z a free poetic 
pres5tm5t1 n z a sev]e sci5tific        

/atem5t1 ( views true 9 moral pr9ciple1 
n ( facts real 9 lit]al detail4 ,8      
imag9ation & s5tim5t are ma!matical &   
e?ical in/ead ( a/hetic & passionate4   
,milk seems to run 9 8 ve9s in/ead (    
blood1 b he is ( tru?fulness & *>ity all
 compact4 ,we ?9k x mo/ probable t !    
secret ( 8 suppos$ inspiration 0 !      
abnormal frequ5t or *ronic turn+ ( 8 m9d
 into :at is call$ ! ec/atic or         
clairvoyant /ate4 ,?is condition be+    
spontane\sly induc$1 :ile he yet1 9 "s  
unexpla9$ mann]1 reta9$ consci\s        
possession & control ( 8 usual          
faculties1 he treat$ 8 subjective       
conceptions z objective realities1      
believ$ 8 int]ior contemplations 7      
accurate visions ( facts1 & took !      
/range procession ( sy/ematic rev]ies   
?r\gh 8 teem+ bra9 = a sc5ic revelation 
( ! exhau/ive my/]ies ( heav5 & hell4   
,ea* wondr\s guess beheld ! tru? x      
s\ght1 ,& inspiration fla%'d f :at 0    
?\ght4  ,?is hypo!sis1 tak5 9           
conjunction ) ! compreh5siv5ess ( 8 m9d1

 ! va/ness ( 8 le>n+1 ! integral        
correctness ( 8 consci5ce1 & 8 discipl9$
 habits ( ?\ght1 w g f> t[>ds expla9+ ! 
unp>allel$ ph5om5on ( 8 !ological works2
 &1 ?\gh x leaves _m ?+s unacc\nt$ =1 x 
seems to u m cr$ible ?an any o!r :i* has
 yet be5 sugge/$4  ,! la/ ( ! ?ree      
prom95t ph5om5a :i* z be=e said foll[$ !
 ,prote/ant ,re=mation 0 rationalism1 an
 attempt to try all religi\s que/ions at
 ! tribunal ( reason & by ! te/s (      
consci5ce4 ,! great movem5t l$ by ,lu!r 
0 b "o elem5t 9 a num]\s tra9 (         
influ5ces & ev5ts all yield+ _! diff]5t 
contributions to t resolute rationali/ic
 t5d5cy :i* aft]w>ds broke out s        
p[]fully 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1  
&1 spread+ !nce into e c\ntry 9         
,*ri/5dom1 has be51 9 secret & 9 public1
 ) sl[1 sure /eps1 irresi/ibly advanc+  
ev] s9ce4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( s*ola/icism !re 
7 ?ree di/9ct epo*s4 ,! fir/ p]iod 0    
*>act]iz$ by ! s]vile submission &      
con=mity ( philosophy to ! !ology       
dictat$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,! second p]iod 0   

m>k$ by ! =mal alliance & attempt$      
reconciliation ( philosophy & !ology4 ,!
 ?ird p]iod saw an ev] increas+ jeal\sy 
& sep>ation betwe5 ! philosoph]s & !    
!ologians4#ab ,_m an adv5tur\s ?9k] pu%$
 8 speculations beyond ! limits ( !     
e/abli%$ !ology1 & delib]ately diss5t$ f
 ! or?odox /&>ds 9 8 conclusions4       
,p]haps ,abel>d1 :o op5ly /rove to put  
all ! ,*ur* dogmas 9 =ms acceptable to  
philosophy1 & :o did n hesitate to      
reject 9 _m in/ances :at seem$ to him   
unreasonable1 des]ves to be call$ ! fa!r
 ( rationalism4 ,! works ( ,des ,c>tes1 
,leibnitz1 ,wolf1 ,kant's ,religion )9 !
 ,b\nds ( ,pure ,reason1 toge!r ) !     
influ5ce & ! writ+s ( _m o!r em95t      
philosoph]s1 gradually gave mom5tum to !
 impulse & popul>ity to ! habits ( free 
?\ght & criticism ev5 9 ! realm (       
!ology4 ,! dogmatic s*eme ( ! dom9ant   
,*ur* 0 firmly seiz$1 _m errors %ak5 out
 to ! light & expos$1 & _m long receiv$ 
op9ions que/ion$ & flung into d\bt4#ac  
,! au!nticity ( _m ( ! popul> doctr9es  

reg>d+ ! future life c\ld n fail to be  
d5i$ z soon z x 0 attempt$ z 0          
ext5sively done ab\t ! middle ( !       
eighte5? c5tury to demon/rate !m by     
ma!matical me?ods1 ) all ! array (      
axioms1 !orems1 lemmas1 d\bts1 &        
solutions4 ,flugge has hi/orically      
illu/rat$ ! employm5t ( ?is me?od at    
consid]able l5g?4#ad  #ab ,c\s91 ,hi/4  
,mod4 ,phil41 lect4 ix4  #ac ,/audl91   
,ges*i*te des ,rationalismus4 ,sa9tes1  
,hi/oire ,critique du ,rationalisme en  
,allemagne1 ,eng4 trans4 by ,dr4 ,be>d4 
#ad ,ges*i*te des ,glaub5s an           
,un/]bli*keit1 u4 s4 f41 ?4 iii4 ab?4   
ii4 ss4 #bha-bhi4   ,! ess5ce (         
rationalism is ! affirmation t nei!r !  
,fa!rs1 nor ! ,*ur*1 nor ! ,scriptures1 
nor all ( !m toge!r1 c rightfully       
e/abli% any proposition oppos$ to !     
logic ( s\nd philosophy1 ! pr9ciples (  
reason1 & ! evid5t tru? ( nature4 ,ar\nd
 ?is !sis ! battle has be5 f\ght & !    
victory won2 & x w /& ) spread+ favor z 
long z !re are un5slav$ & cultivat$ m9ds

 9 ! _w4 ,?is position is1 9 logical    
necessity1 & z a g5]al ?+ 9 fact1 t ( ! 
l>ge ?\gh loosely coh]+ body ( believ]s 
kn[n z ,lib]al ,*ri/ians2 & x is tacitly
 held by /ill l>g] & ev] gr[+ numb]s    
nom9ally connect$ ) sects t (ficially   
es*ew x ) horror4 ,! result ( ! /udies &
 discussions associat$ ) ?is pr9ciple1 s
 f> z x relates to ! subject be=e u1 has
 be5 ! rejection ( ! foll[+ popul>      
doctr9es3  ! pl5>y inspiration ( !      
,scriptures z an ultimate au?ority 9    
matt]s ( belief2 unconditional          
pr$e/9ation2 ! satisfaction !ory ( !    
vic>i\s atonem5t2 ! visible second com+ 
( ,*ri/1 9 p]son1 to burn up ! _w & to  
hold a g5]al judgm5t2 ! int]m$iate /ate 
( s\ls2 ! resurrection ( ! body2 a local
 hell ( mat]ial fire 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?2 
! et]nal damnation ( ! wick$4 ,^! old   
dogmas1#ae sc>cely *ang$1 /ill rema9 9 !
 /]eotyp$ cre$s ( all ! prom95t         
d5om9ations2 b !y slumb] !re to an      
a/oni%+ ext5t unrealiz$1 unnotic$1      
un?\ght (1 by ! great multitude ( common

 believ]s1 :ile e consci\sly rational   
inve/igator vehem5tly repudiates !m4 ,to
 e c&id m9d t has really /udi$ _! nature
 & pro(s _! absurdity is n[ transp>5t on
 all ! gr\nds alike ( hi/ory1           
metaphysics1 morals1 & sci5ce4  ,!      
*anges ( ! popul> ,*ri/ian belief 9     
reg>d to ?ree sali5t po9ts h be5        
especially /rik+4 ,fir/1 respect+ !     
imm$iate fate ( ! dead1 an int]m$iate   
/ate4 ,! pr$om9ant ,jewi% doctr9e 0 t   
all s\ls w5t indiscrim9ately into a     
sombre "u _w1 :]e !y await$ a           
resurrection4  ,! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian view  
preval5t 0 ! same1 ) ! exception t x    
divid$ t place ( dep>t$ spirits into two
 p>ts1 a pa9ful = ! bad1 a pleasant = ! 
good4 ,! next op9ion t prevail$ ! ,roman
 ,ca?olic 0 ! same z ! =ego+1 ) two     
exceptions3 x e/abli%$ a purgatory 9    
addition to ! previ\s p>adise & hell1 & 
x op5$ heav5 itself = ! imm$iate        
entrance ( a few spotless s\ls4 ,pope   
,john ,,xxii41 z ,giesel] %[s1 0 accus$ 
( h]esy by ! !ological doctors ( ,p>is  

because he decl>$ t no s\l c\ld ent]    
heav5 & enjoy ! beatific vision until   
aft] ! resurrection4 ,pope ,b5$ict      
,,xii4 drew up a li/ ( "o hundr$ &      
sev5te5 h]etical op9ions held by !      
,arm5ian ,*ri/ians4 ,"o ( ^! notions 0 t
 ! s\ls ( all deceas$ adults w&] 9 ! air
 until ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 nei!r hell1   
p>adise1 nor heav5 be+ op5 to !m until  
aft] t day4 ,?omas ,aqu9as says1 ,ea*   
s\l at dea? imm$iately flies to its     
appo9t$ place1 :e!r 9 hell or 9 heav51  
be+ )\t ! body until ! resurrection1 ) x
 aft]w>ds4#af ,!n came !  #ae ,!y are   
def5d$ 9 all _! lit]al grossness 9 ! two
 foll[+ works1 bo? rec5t publications4  
,! ,_w to ,come2 by ! ,rev4 ,james      
,co*rane4 ,d] ,tod1 das ,todt5rei*1 und 
d] ,zu/& d] abges*i$55 ,seel52 von ,p4  
,a4 ,maywahl54  #af ,summa iii4 9       
,suppl4 #fi4 #b4  dogma ( ! or?odox     
,prote/ants1 slightly v>y+ 9 ! diff]5t  
sects1 b g5]ally agree+ t at dea? all   
r$eem$ s\ls pass in/antly to heav5 & all
 unr$eem$ s\ls to hell4#ag ,! pr9cipal  

v>iation f ?is among believ]s )9 !      
,prote/ant fell[%ip has be5 ! notion t !
 s\ls ( all m5 die or sleep ) ! body    
until ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 a notion :i*   
peeps out "h & !re 9 sup]/iti\s spots   
along ! pages ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 & 
:i* has f\nd n[ & !n an advocate dur+ ! 
la/ c5tury & a half4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,elv91
 9 ,spa91 =bade ! light+ ( tap]s 9      
*ur*y>ds1 le/ x %\ld di/urb ! s\ls ( !  
deceas$ buri$ !re4 ,at ?is day1 9 pray]s
 & addresses at fun]als1 no phrases are 
m common ?an ^? allud+ to dea? z a      
sleep1 & imply+ t ! dep>t$ "o is to     
slumb] peacefully 9 8 grave until !     
resurrection4 ,& yet1 at ! same "t1 by !
 same p]sons contr>y ideas are frequ5tly
 express$4 ,! tru? is1 ! subject1 ow+ to
 ! contradictions betwe5 _! cre$ & _!   
reason1 is left by mo/ p]sons 9 hopeless
 confusion & unc]ta9ty4 ,!y h no        
det]m9ately reconcil$ & consci\s views (
 _! own4 ,rationalism sweeps away all ! 
=ego+ incongru\s m$ley at once1 d5y+ t  
we "k any ?+ ab\t ! precise localities (

 heav5 & hell1 or ! de/9$ ord] ( ev5ts 9
 ! hidd5 future ( sep>ate s\ls2 affirm+ 
t all we %\ld d>e to say is simply t !  
s\ls :e!r ( good or ( bad m51 on leav+ !
 body1 g at once into a spiritual /ate (
 be+1 :]e !y w live immortally1 z ,god  
decrees1 nev] return+ to be re9ve/$ ) ! 
vani%$ *>nel h\ses ( clay !y once       
inhabit$4  ,secondly1 ! ?\ght t ,*ri/   
aft] 8 dea? desc5d$ into ! "u _w to     
ransom mank9d1 or a "p ( mank9d1 f !    
doom !re1 is 9 ! f\ndation ( ! apo/olic 
!ology4 ,x 0 a c5tral elem5t 9 ! belief 
( ! ,fa!rs1 & ( ! ,*ur* = f\rte5 hundr$ 
ye>s4 ,none ( ! prom95t ,prote/ant      
re=m]s ?\ght ( d5y+ x4 ,calv9 lays great
 /ress on x4#ah ,ap9us & o!rs1 at       
,hamburg1 ma9ta9$ t ,*ri/'s desc5t 0 a  
"p ( 8 humiliation1 & t 9 x he suff]$   
unutt]able pa9s = u4 ,on ! o!r h&1      
,melanc?on & ! ,witt5b]g]s held t !     
desc5t 0 a "p ( ,*ri/'s triumph1 s9ce by
 x he won a glori\s victory ov] ! p[]s (
 hell4#ai ,b gradually ! importance & ! 
r$eem+ effects atta*$ to ,*ri/'s desc5t 

into hell 7 transf]r$ to 8 dea? on !    
cross4 ,sl[ly ! primitive dogma dw9dl$  
away1 & f9ally sunk out ( sight1 ?r\gh  
an ev] encroa*+ disbelief 9 ! physical  
conditions on :i* x re/$ & 9 ! pictorial
 environm5ts by :i* x 0 recomm5d$4 ,& n[
 x is sc>cely ev] he>d (1 save :5 br\ght
 out f old s*ola/ic tomes by "s         
!ological delv]4 ,baumg>t5 ,crusius has 
le>n$ly illu/rat$ ! important place long
 held by ?is notion1 & well %[n its     
gradual retreat into ! unnotic$         
backgr\nd4#bj  #ag ,confession ( ,fai? (
 ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 *4 xxxii4 ,calv91   
,in/itutes1 lib4 iii4 cap4 xxv42 & 8    
,psy*opanny*ia4 ,qu5/$t also affirms x4 
,likewise ! ,confession ( ,fai? ( !     
,we/m9/] ,div9es1 art4 xxxii41 says1    
,s\ls nei!r die nor sleep1 b g          
imm$iately to heav5 or hell4  #ah       
,in/itutes1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #af1 sects4   
#af1 #ai4  #ai ,l$d]hose1 ,life (       
,melanc?on1 ,eng4 trans4 by ,krotel1 *4 
xxx4  #bj ,comp5dium d] ,*ri/li*e       
,dogm5ges*i*te1 ?l4 ii4 sects4 #ajj-aji4

   ,! o!r p>ticul> doctr9e :i* we said  
_h und]gone rem>kable *ange is 9 reg>d  
to ! numb] ( ! sav$4 ,a bless$          
improvem5t has come ov] ! popul>        
,*ri/ian feel+ & tea*+ 9 respect to ?is 
mom5t\s subject4 ,! ,jews exclud$ f     
salvation all b _! own /rict rituali/s4 
,! apo/les1 x is true1 exclud$ none b ! 
/ubbornly wick$4 ,b ! majority ( !      
,fa!rs virtually all[$ ! possibility (  
salvation to few inde$4 ,*ryso/om d\bt$ 
if out ( ! hundr$ ?\s& s\ls con/itut+ ! 
,*ri/ian population ( ,antio* 9 8 day "o
 hundr$ w\ld be sav$6 #ba ,& :5 we read1
 ) %udd]+ s\l1 ! calculations (         
,cornelius a ,lapide1 or ! celebrat$    
s]mon ( ,massillon on ! ,small ,numb] ( 
! ,sav$1 we are compell$ to confess t !y
 fairly repres5t ! almo/ univ]sal       
s5tim5t & conviction ( ,*ri/5dom = m ?an
 sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,a qu>to volume   
publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #afhj1 by ,du ,m\l91
 call$ ,moral ,reflections ^u ! ,numb] (
 ! ,elect1 affirm$ t n "o 9 a million1 f
 ,adam d[n to our times1 %all be sav$4  

,a flam+ execration bla/$ ! :ole hea!n  
_w1 #bb & a metaphysical quibble doom$  
n9ety n9e ( e hundr$ 9 ,*ri/ian l&s4    
,collect ! :ole relevant !ological      
lit]ature ( ! ,*ri/ian ages1 f ! bir? ( 
,t]tullian to ! dea? ( ,jona?an ,edw>ds1
 /rike ! av]age pit* ( its doctr9al     
temp]1 & y w get ?is result3 t 9 ! field
 ( human s\ls ,satan is ! h>ve/]1 ,god !
 glean]2 hell receives ! :ole v9tage 9  
its w9e press ( damnation1 heav5 obta9s 
only a few /raggl+ clu/]s pluck$ =      
salvation4 ,! cr[d$ wa9s roll /agg]+    
into ! iron doorways ( ,satan's fire &  
brim/one b>ns2 ! r$eem$ ve/iges ( ! _w  
crop ( m5 are easily borne to heav5 9 ! 
arms ( a few weep+ angels4 ,h[ diff]5t  
is ! prevail+ tone ( prea*+ & belief n[6
 ,:at a *e]ful asc5t ( views f ! m\rnful
 passage ( ! dead ov] ! riv] ( oblivion 
fanci$ by ! ,greeks1 or ! excruciat+    
passage ( ! riv] ( fire pa9t$ by !      
,ca?olics1 to ! happy passage ( ! riv] (
 balm1 heal+ e we>y bruise & sorr[1     
promis$ by ! ,univ]sali/s6 ,x is true1 !

 old h>% exclusiv5ess is /ill           
organically imb$d$ 9 ! e/abli%$ cre$s1  
all ( :i* d5y ! possibility ( salvation 
beyond ! little circle :o vitally       
appropriate ! vic>i\s atonem5t ( ,*ri/2 
b !n ?is is1 = ! mo/ "p1 a dead lett] 9 
! cre$s4 ,9 ! he>ts & 9 ! c&id          
confessions ( all b "o 9 a ?\s& x is    
discr$it$ & s9c]ely repell$ z an        
abom9ation to human nature1 a reflection
 aga9/ ,god1 an outrage ^u ! sub/ance ( 
e?ics4 ,remorseless bigots may gloat &  
exult ov] ! ?\ght t ^? :o reject _!     
dogmas %all be ?ru/ into ! ro>+ fire    
gorges ( hell2 b a bett] _s is ! _s ( ! 
age we live 92 &1 d\btless1 a va/       
majority ( ! m5 we daily meet really    
believe t all :o try to ! be/ ( _!      
ability1 accord+ to _! light &          
circum/ances1 to d :at is "r1 9 ! love (
 ,god & man1 %all be sav$4 ,9 t mov+    
sc5e ( ! great dramati/ :]e ! burial ( !
 innoc5t & hapless ,ophelia is          
repres5t$1 & ,lacrtes va9ly seeks to w9 
f ! ,*ur* (ficial  #ba ,9 ,acta         

,apo/olorum1 homil4 xxiv4  #bb ,gotze1  
,ueb] die ,neue ,me9ung von d]          
,seligkeit d] angebli* gut5 und r$li*5  
,seel5 unt] ,jud51 ,heid51 und ,turk5   
dur* ,*ri/um1 ohne dass sie an ihn      
glaub54   ! full fun]al rites ( religion
 ov] h] grave1 ! prie/ may /& = ! false 
& cruel ritual _s1 ! bro!r = ! j &      
native s5tim5t ( ! human he>t4 ,says !  
prie/1 ,we %\ld pr(ane ! s]vice ( ! dead
 ,to s+ a requiem & su* re/ to h] ,z to 
peace p>t$ s\ls4 ,& ,la]tes replies1    
,lay h] 9 ! e>?2 ,& f h] fair &         
unpollut$ fle% ,%all violets spr+4 ,i   
tell !e1 *urli% prie/1 ,a m9i/]+ angel  
%all my si/] be ,:5 ?\ lie/ h[l+4       
,inde$1 :o t has a he>t 9 8 bosom w\ld n
 be a%am$ n to sympa?ize ) ! g5tle he>t$
 ,burns :5 he expresses ev5 to ! devil  
himself ! qua9t & k9dly wi%1 ,oh wad ye 
tak' a ?\ght & m5d6  ,! cre$s & !       
prie/s1 9 cong5ial alliance ) _m evil   
?+s1 may /rive to c\nt]act ?is          
progressive self emancipation f cruel   
falsehoods & sup]/itions1 b 9 va94 ,!   

t]ms ( salvation are se5 ly+ 9 !        
righte\s w ( a graci\s ,god1 n 9 !      
he>tless caprice ( a prie/hood nor 9 !  
iron gripe ( a set ( dogmas4 ,! old     
prie/ly monopoly ov] ! way to heav5 has 
be5 tak5 (f 9 ! k ( ! enlight5$ pres5t1 
&1 = all :o h unfett]$ feet to walk )1 !
 passage to ,god is n[ across a free    
bridge4 ,! anci5t exactors may /ill sit 
9 _! toll h\se cre$s & confessionals2 b 
_! au?ority is gone1 & ! virtu\s        
travell]1 /epp+ f ! gr\nd ( "t ^u !     
planks t lead ov] into et]nity1 smiles z
 he passes scot free by _! =m] tax+     
t]rors4  ,! reign ( sacram5tali/s &     
dogmati/s rapidly decl9es4 ,reason1     
common s5tim5t1 ! lib]al air1 ! be/ &   
/ronge/ t5d5cies ( ! p1 are aga9/ !m to 
day1 & w be m aga9/ !m 9 e com+ day4 ,e 
successive explosion ( ! ,second        
,adv5ti/ fanaticism w leave less ( t    
elem5t beh9d4 ,its rage 9 ,am]ica1 "u ! 
auspices ( ,mill]1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0
 tame & feeble :5 comp>$ ) ! t]ror      
awak5$ 9 ,europe 9 ! fifte5? c5tury by  

,/(l]'s pr$iction ( an approa*+         
comet4#bc ,e new discov]y ( ! h>monies (
 sci5ce1 & ( ! p]fections ( nature1 & ( 
! developm5ts ( ! l9e> logic ( ,god     
consi/5tly unfold+ 9 implicat$ sequ5ces 
( peaceful ord] unp]turb$ by %ocks (    
failure & epo*s ( rem$y1 w increase &   
popul>ize an intellig5t fai? 9 ! orig9al
 ord9ation & ! int5d$ p]man5ce ( !      
pres5t con/itution ( ?+s4 ,f9ally m5 w  
cease to be look+ up to see ! blue dome 
cleave op5 = ! desc5t ( angelic         
squadrons head$ by ! maje/ic ,son (     
,god1 ! angry brea? ( 8 m\? consum+ !   
_w1 cease to  #bc ,bayle1 ,hi/orical    
,diction>y1 art4 ,/(l]1 note ,b4        
expect salvation by any o!r me?od ?an t 
( e>ne/ & dev\t tru?fulness1 love1 good 
works1 & pi\s submissiv5ess to ,god1    
cease to fancy t _! s\ls1 aft] wait+    
?r\gh ! long sleep or sep>ation ( dea?1 
w return & take on _! old bodies aga94  
,recogniz+ ! ,div9e plan = tra9+ s\ls 9 
?is l[] & transi5t /ate = a high] &     
immortal /ate1 !y w endeavor1 9 natural 

piety & mutual love1 :ile !y live1 to   
exhau/ ! g5u9e uses ( ! _w t n[ is1 &   
?us prep>e !mselves to ent] ) happie/   
auspices1 :5 !y die1 ! _w prep>$ = !m   
beyond ^! mortal %ores4  ,^! *e]ful     
prophecies mu/ be v]ifi$ 9 ! natural    
c\rse ( ?+s4 ,! rapid spread ( ! doctr9e
 ( a future life taught by ! ,_s rapp]s 
is a rem>kable revelation ( ! great     
ext5t to :i* ! m9ds ( ! common p h at   
la/ become free f ! long dom9ation ( !  
ecclesia/ical dogmas on t subject4 ,!   
lead+ repres5tatives ( ! ,spirituali/s  
affirm1 ) mu* unanimity1 ! mo/ com=t+   
conclusions z to ! condition ( ! dep>t$4
 ,!y exclude all wra? & favoritism f !  
disposition ( ! ,deity4 ,!y h little 9  
fact1 !y (t5 h no?+ :atev] to say (     
hell4 ,!y emphatically repudiate !      
ord9>ily taught t]ms ( salvation1 & d5y 
! doctr9e ( hopeless reprobation4 ,all  
dea? is beautiful & progressive4 ,e =m &
 ?+ is con/antly gr[+ loveli] & e sph]e 
pur]4 ,! abode ( ea* s\l 9 ! future /ate
 is det]m9$1 n by decrees or dogmas or  

=ms ( any k9d1 b by qualities ( "*1     
degrees ( love1 purity1 & wisdom4 ,!re  
are sev5 asc5d+ sph]es1 ea* m ab\nd+ ?an
 ! "o bel[ x 9 beauties1 glories1 &     
happ9ess4 ,! fir/ sph]e is ! natural2 ! 
second1 ! spiritual2 ! ?ird1 ! cele/ial2
 ! f\r?1 ! sup]natural2 ! fif?1 !       
sup]spiritual2 ! six?1 ! sup]cele/ial2 !
 sev5?1 ! ,inf9ite ,vortex ( ,love &    
,wisdom4#bd ,:atev] be ?\ght ( !        
pret5sions ( ?is doctr9e to be a ,div9e 
revelation1 :atev] be ?\ght ( its v>i\s 
psy*ological1 cosmological1 & !ological 
*>act]i/ics1 its e?ics are ^? ( natural 
reason4 ,x is :olly irreconcilable ) !  
popul> ecclesia/ical sy/em ( doctr9es4  
,its epidemic diffusion until n[ burd5$ 
z x is ) su* nauseat+ accompanim5ts (   
crudity & absurdity1 x reckons its      
adh]5ts by millions is a trem5d\s       
evid5ce ( ! loos5ess ) :i* ! old1 cruel 
dogmas sit on ! m9ds ( ! masses ( ! p1 &
 ( _! eag] read9ess to welcome m humane 
views4  ,9 sci5ce ! errone\s doctr9es ( 
! ,middle ,age are n[ g5]ally disc>d$4  

,! m5tion ( !m b provokes a smile or    
awak5s surprise4 ,yet1 z comp>$ ) !     
hi/oric annals ( our race1 x is b       
rec5tly t ! true ord] ( ! sol> sy/em has
 be5 unveil$1 ! weight ( ! air discov]$1
 ! circulation ( ! blood made kn[n1 !   
ph5om5a ( insanity intellig5tly /udi$1 !
 results ( physiological *emi/ry br\ght 
to light1 ! symmetric doma9 & sway (    
calculable law pu%$ f> out 9 e direction
 ( nature & exp]i5ce4 ,x us$ to be      
suppos$ t dige/ion 0 effect$ by means ( 
a me*anical p[] equal to _m tons4       
,borelli ass]t$ t ! muscul> =ce ( ! he>t
 0 "o hundr$ & eighty ?\s& p\nds4 ,^!   
absurd e/imates only disappe>$ :5 !  #bd
 ,&rew ,jackson ,davis1 ,nature's ,div9e
 ,revelations1 sects4 #aib #bjc4        
prop]ties ( ! ga/ric juice 7 disc]n$4 ,!
 me?od 9 :i* we di/+ui% ! =ms & di/ances
 ( objects 0 n und]/ood until ,b]keley  
publi%$ 8 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision4 ,few    
p]sons are aw>e ( ! opposition (        
bigotry1 /olidity1 & au?ority aga9/ :i* 
! brilliant advances ( sci5tific        

discov]y & me*anical inv5tion & social  
improvem5t h be5 =c$ to cont5d1 & 9     
despite ( :i* !y h sl[ly won _! way4    
,excommunications1 dungeons1 fires1     
sne]s1 polite p]secution1 bitt] neglect1
 tell ! /ory1 f ! "t ! ,a!nians bann$   
,anaxagoras = call+ ! sun a mass ( fire1
 to ! day an ,engli% mob burn$ !        
w>eh\ses ( ,arkwright because he _h     
inv5t$ ! sp9n+ j5ny4 ,b1 despite all !  
ho/ile en]gies ( e/abli%m5t1 prejudice1 
& scorn1 ! e>ne/ vot>ies ( philosophical
 tru? h /udi$ & toil$ ) ev] accumulat+  
victories1 until n[ a hundr$ sci5ces are
 ripe ) emancipat+ fruits & p]fect      
fre$om to be taught4 ,railroads gird !  
l&s ) ribs ( trade1 telegraphs ?read !  
airs ) electric tid+s ( ev5ts1 &        
/eam%ips crease ! seas ) *annels ( foam 
& fire4 ,!re is no long] dang] ( any "o 
be+ put to dea?1 or ev5 be+ exclud$ f ! 
be/ society1 = say+ t ! e>? moves4 ,an  
eclipse _c be reg>d$ z ! fr[n ( ,god :5 
x is regul>ly =etold ) c]ta9ty4 ,!      
measurem5t ( ! atmosph]e ext]m9at$ !    

wiseacre prov]b1 ,nature abhors a       
vacuum1 by ! burlesque addition1 b only 
= ! fir/ ?irty two feet4 ,! madman _c be
 look$ on z div9ely inspir$1 8 words to 
be caught z oracles1 or z possess$ by a 
devil1 to be *a9$ & sc\rg$1 s9ce ,p9el's
 great "w has br\ght insanity )9 ! range
 ( organic disease4 ,:5 ,frankl9's kite 
drew electricity f ! cl\d to 8 knuckle1 
! sup]/iti\s !ory ( ?und] di$ a natural 
dea?4  ,! va/ progress effect$ 9 all    
dep>tm5ts ( physical sci5ce dur+ ! la/  
f\r c5turies has n be5 made 9 any k9dr$ 
degree 9 ! prevail+ !ology4 ,mo/ ( !    
h>%1 unreasonable t5ets ( ! elaborately 
morbid & di/ort$ m$iaval !ology>e /ill  
reta9$ 9 ! cre$s ( ! great majority (   
,*ri/5dom4 ,! causes ( ?is diff]5ce are 
pla94 ,! e/abli%m5t ( newly discov]$    
tru?s 9 mat]ial sci5ce be+ less         
intimately connect$ ) ! pr]ogatives ( ! 
rul+ classes1 less cle>ly ho/ile to !   
p]man5ce ( _! p[]1 !y h n (f]$ s        
p]t9aci\s an opposition to progress 9   
?is prov9ce3 !y h yield$ a mu* l>g]     

fre$om to physici/s ?an to morali/s1 to 
discov]]s ( ma!matical1 *emical1 &      
me*anical law ?an to re=m]s ( political 
& religi\s ?\ght4 ,livy tells u t1 9 !  
five hundr$ & sev5ty ?ird ye> ( ,rome1  
"s conceal$ books ( ,numa 7 f\nd1 :i*1  
on exam9ation by ! prie/s1 be+ ?\ght    
injuri\s to ! e/abli%$ religion1 7 ord]$
 to be burn$4#be ,! *>ge 0 n t !y 7     
ung5u9e1 nor t _! cont5ts 7 false2 b !y 
7 dang]\s4 ,9 ! second c5tury1 an       
imp]ial decree =bade ! read+ ( !        
,sibyll9e ,oracles1 because !y conta9$  
prophecies ( ,*ri/ & doctr9es (         
,*ri/ianity4 ,by an act ( ! ,engli%     
,p>liam5t1 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5?      
c5tury1 e copy ( ! ,racovian ,cate*ism  
7an exposition ( ! ,soc9ian doctr9e7 t  
c\ld be obta9$ 0 burn$ 9 ! /reets4  #be 
,lib4 xl4 cap4 xxix4   ,! ,index        
,expurgatorius = ,ca?olic c\ntries is   
/ill fre%ly fill$ e ye>4 ,& 9 ,prote/ant
 c\ntries a m subtle & a m effectual    
influ5ce prev5ts1 on ! "p ( ! majority1 
! c&id p]usal ( all !ological           

discussions :i* are n pit*$ 9 ! or?odox 
key4 ,c]ta9 dogmas are ! absorb$ ?\ght (
 ! sects :i* def5d !m3 no fre% &        
indep5d5t ?9k+ is to be expect$ on ^?   
subjects1 no matt] h[ purely fictiti\s  
^! secretions ( ! bra9 ( ! d5om9ation or
 ( "s anci5t lead] may be1 no matt] h[  
gl>+ly out ( keep+ ) ! intellig5ce &    
lib]ty :i* reign 9 o!r realms ( fai? &  
feel+4 ,!re is n[h]e else 9 ! _w a      
tyranny s p]vasive & despotic z t :i*   
rules 9 ! dep>tm5t ( !ological op9ion4  
,! preval5t slo?ful & slavi% surr5d] ( !
 gr& privileges & duties ( individual   
?\ght1 indep5d5t p]sonal conviction &   
action 9 religi\s matt]s1 is at once    
a/oni%+1 p]nici\s1 & disgraceful4 ,!    
effect ( entr5*$ tradition1 prie/ly     
directors1 a bigot$1 ov]aw+1 & p]secut+ 
sect>ianism1 is n[h]e else a hundr$? "p 
s p[]ful or s ext5sive4  ,9 addition to 
! bitt] det]m9ation by int]e/$ p]sons to
 suppress re=m+ inve/igations ( !       
doctr9es :i* hold _! private prejudices 
9 supremacy1 & to ! trem5d\s social     

pre/ige ( old e/abli%m5t1 ano!r cause   
has be5 active to keep !ology /ation>y  
:ile sci5ce has be5 mak+ su* rapid      
conque/s4 ,sci5ce deals ) tangible      
quantities1 !ology ) ab/ract qualities4 
,! cultivation ( ! =m] yields visible   
practical results ( mat]ial com=t2 !    
cultivation ( ! latt] yields only inw>d 
spiritual results ( m5tal welf>e4       
,accord+ly1 sci5ce has a ?\s& resolute  
vot>ies :]e !ology has "o un%ackl$      
disciple4 ,at ?is mom5t1 a c\ntless     
multitude1 furni%$ ) complex app>atus1  
are ransack+ e nook ( nature1 & pluck+  
trophies1 & ! _w ) honor+ att5tion reads
 _! reports4 ,b h[ few ) compet5t       
prep>ation & equipm5t1 ) fe>less        
consecration to tru?1 unhamp]$1 ) fre%  
free vigor1 are scrut9iz+ ! problems (  
!ology1 en?usia/ically b5t ^u refut+    
errors & prov+ v]ities6 ,& :at reception
 d ! conclusions ( ^? few meet at ! h&s 
( ! public8 ,surely n prompt            
recognition1 frank criticism1 & grateful
 ackn[l$gm5t or c\rte\s refutation4 ,no2

 b /udi$ exclusion f notice1 or         
sophi/ical evasions & insult+           
vitup]ation4  ,:at a /rik+ & pa9ful     
contra/ is af=d$ by ! g5]\s enc\ragem5t 
giv5 to ! /ud5ts ( sci5ce by ! annual   
be/[m5t ( rew>ds by ! sci5tific         
societies su* z ! ,cuvi] ,prize1 !      
,royal ,m$al1 ! ,rum=d ,m$al & ! jeal\s 
contempt & assaults visit$ by ! sect>ian
 au?orities ^u ^? e>ne/ /ud5ts ( !ology 
:o v5ture to propose any innovat+       
improvem5t6 ,suppose !re 7 annually     
aw>d$ an ,aqu9as ,prize1 a ,f5elon      
,m$al1 a ,calv9 ,m$al1 a ,lu!r ,m$al1 a 
,*ann+ ,m$al1 n to ! "o :o %\ld pres5t !
 mo/ +5i\s def5ce ( any peculi> t5et (  
"o ( ^? ma/]s1 b to him :o %\ld (f] !   
mo/ valuable fre% contribution to       
!ological tru?6 ,:at %\ld we ?9k if !   
,fr5* ,in/itute (f]$ a gold m$al e ye>  
to ! a/ronom] :o pres5t$ ! able/ essay 9
 support ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 or if !  
,royal ,society vot$ a diploma = ! be/  
me?od ( ca/+ nativities8 ,su* is ! c\rse
 pursu$ 9 reg>d to dogmatic !ology4 ,!  

consequ5ce has be5 t :ile else:]e !     
ultimate /&>d by :i* to try a doctr9e   
is1 ,:at d ! mo/ compet5t judges say8   
,:at does unprejudic$ reason dictate8   
,:at does ! great h>mony ( tru? require8
 9 !ology x is1 ,:at d ! committ$ prie/s
 say8 ,h[ does x comport ) ! old        
traditions8  ,we read 9 ! ,hak ul ,yake5
 t ! envoy ( ,h]k1 ,emp]or ( ,rum1 once 
said to ! prophet1 ,y summon p to a     
,p>adise ^: ext5t includes heav5 & e>?3 
:]e1 !n1 is hell8 ,mohamm$ repli$1 ,:5  
day comes1 :]e is night8 ,t is to say1  
accord+ to ! tradition>y glosses1 z day 
& night are opposite1 s ,p>adise is at !
 z5i? & hell at ! nadir4 ,yes2 b if     
,p>adise be above ! heav5s1 & hell bel[ 
! sev5? e>?1 !n h[ c ,sirat be ext5d$   
ov] hell = p to pass to ,p>adise8 ,we   
reply1 say ! au?ors ( ! ,hak ul ,yake51 
t speculation on ?is subject is n       
necess>y1 nor to be reg>d$4 ,implicit   
fai? 9 :at ! prophets h reveal$ mu/ be  
_h2 & explanatory surmises1 :i* are !   
occasion ( ,satanic d\bts1 mu/ n be     

indulg$4#bf ,c]ta9ly ?is exclusion (    
reason _c always be suff]$4 ,x is fa/   
giv+ way already4 ,& x is inevitable t1 
:5 reason secures its "r & be>s its     
rightful fruits 9 moral subjects z x n[ 
does 9 physical subjects1 ! m$iaval     
!ology mu/ be reject$ z m$iaval sci5ce  
has be54 ,x is ! common doctr9e ( !     
,*ur* t ,*ri/ n[ sits 9 heav5 9 a human 
body ( fle% & blood4 ,calv9 sep>at$ !   
,div9e nature ( ,*ri/ f ?is human body2 
b ,lu!r made ! two natures insep>able & 
attribut$ ubiquity to ! body 9 :i* !y   
reside1 ?us ass]t+ ! omnipres5ce ( a    
mat]ial human body1 a bulk ( a hundr$ & 
fifty p\nds' weight m or less4 ,he      
furi\sly assail$ ,zw+le's objection to  
?is mon/r\s nons5se1 z a devil's mask & 
gr&*ild ( t old wit*1 mi/ress ,reason4  
#bg ,! ,roman ,*ur* tea*es1 & h] adh]5ts
 dev\tly believe1 t ! h\se ( ! ,virg9   
,m>y 0 convey$ on ! w+s ( angels f      
,naz>e? to ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,ap5n9es   
above ! ,adriatic ,gulf4#bh ,! ,engli%  
,*ur*1 consi/5tly int]pret$1 tea*es t   

!re is no salvation )\t baptism by      
prie/s 9 ! l9e ( apo/olic succession4   
,^! are b ord9>y specim5s ( tea*+s /ill 
humbly receiv$ by ! mass ( ,*ri/ians4 ,!
 common di/ru/ ) :i* ! natural op]ations
 ( reason are reg>d$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 !       
extreme reluctance to accept !          
conclusions ( m]e reason1 seem to u     
discr$itable to ! !ological lead]s :o   
repres5t ! curr5t cre$s ( ! approv$     
sects4 ,_m an influ5tial !ologian c\ld  
le>n invaluable lessons f ! great guides
 9 ! realm ( sci5ce4 ,! folly :i* acute 
le>n$ wise m5 w be guilty ( ! mom5t !y  
turn to !ological subjects1 :]e !y d n  
all[ reason to act1 is bo? ludicr\s &   
melan*oly4 ,! victim ( lycan?ropy us$ to
 be burn$ alive2 he is n[ plac$ "u !    
c>eful treatm5t ( skilful & humane      
physicians4 ,b ! h]etic or infidel is   
/ill ?\ght to be inspir$ by ! devil1 a  
fit subject = discipl9e "h & hell       
h]eaft]4 ,! light %$ abroad by ! ris+ _s
 ( rational inve/igation mu/ gradually  
dispel ! delusions :i* lurk 9 ! vales ( 

!ology1 z x already has dispell$ ^? t   
=m]ly haunt$ ! hills ( sci5ce4 ,!       
spectres :i* h s long t]rifi$ a *ildi%  
_w w successively vani%  #bf ,m]rick1   
,hyat ul ,kuloob1 note #gd4  #bg        
,hag5ba*1 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 sect4 #bfe1   
note #b4  #bh ,*ri/ian ,remembranc]1    
,april1 #ahee4 ,a full & able hi/ory ( !
 ,holy ,h\se ( ,loretto4   f ! pa? ( man
 z advanc+ reason1 9 ! "n ( ! ,god (    
tru?1 utt]s its imp]ial ,avaunt6  ,h5ry 
,m wrote a book on ! ,immortality ( !   
,s\l1 pr9t$ 9 ,london 9 #afei1 j two    
hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x is full ( beauty1   
acum51 & p[]4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ m5 ( !  
"t4 ,yet he s]i\sly elaborates an       
argum5t l ?is3 ,! scum & spots t lie on 
! sun are z great an ,argum5t t !re is  
no ,div9ity 9 him z ! dung ( ,owls &    
,sp>r[s t is f\nd on ! faces & %\ld]s ( 
,idols 9 ,temples are cle> evid5ces t !y
 are no true ,deities4#bi ,he also 9    
good fai? tells a /ory l ?is3 ,t a      
,woman ) *ild1 see+ a ,but*] divide a   
,sw9e's head ) a ,cleav]1 br\ght =? h]  

,*ild ) its face clov5 9 ! upp] jaw1 !  
palate1 & upp] lip to ! v nose4#cj ,!   
progress m>k$ by ! contra/ ( ! sci5tific
 _s ( ! pres5t "t ) ! rav5\s cr$ulity ( 
ev5 two c5turies back mu/ cont9ue &     
spread into e prov9ce4 ,"s may vilify x2
 b 9 va94 ,"s may sophi/icate aga9/ x2 b
 9 va94 ,"s may invoke au?ority & social
 p]secution to /op x2 b 9 va94 ,"s may  
appeal to ! prejudices & fe>s ( ! timid2
 b 9 va94 ,"s may close _! own eyes1 &  
hold _! h&s be=e _! neighbors' eyes1 &  
attempt to %ut out ! light2 b 9 va94 ,x 
w g on4 ,x is ! int]e/ ( ! _w t x %\ld g
 on4 ,x is ! manly & ! religi\s c\rse to
 help ?is progress ) prud5ce & rev]5ce4 
,tru? is ! w ( ,god1 ! way he has made  
?+s to be & to act1 ! way he wi%es free 
be+s to exi/ & to act4 ,he has orda9$ ! 
gradual discov]y ( tru?4 ,& despite !   
/ruggles ( selfi% tyranny1 & !          
complac5ce ( luxuri\s ease1 & ! t]ror ( 
ignorant c[>dice1 tru? w be m & m br\ght
 to univ]sal acceptance4 ,"s m5 h fanci$
 _! bodies compos$ ( butt] or ( glass2 b

 :5 compell$ to move out into ! sunlight
 or ! cr[d !y did n melt nor break4#ca  
,esquirol _h a pati5t :o did n d>e to   
b5d h] ?umb1 le/ ! _w %\ld come to an   
end4 ,:5 =c$ to b5d x1 %e 0 surpris$ t !
 crack ( doom did n foll[4  ,! me*anico 
!atrical "* ( ! popul> !ology is en\gh  
to reveal its orig9 & its fundam5tal    
falsity4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 its lurid & 
phantasmal details & ! calm et]nal      
v]ities 9 ! div9ely con/itut$ ord] (    
nature is z great z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^?
 />s :i* "o sees 9 consequ5ce ( a bl[ on
 ! =ehead & ^? he sees by turn+ 8 gaze  
to ! nightly sky4 ,to e compet5t ?9k]1 !
 b>e appreciation ( su* a passage z t   
:i* closes ,*ateaubri&'s *apt] on ! ,la/
 ,judgm5t1 ) ! huge ba?os ( its         
incongru\s mixture ( sublime & absurd1  
is its suffici5t refutation3 ,! globe   
trembles on its axis2 ! moon is cov]$ ) 
a bloody veil2 ! ?reat5+ />s hang half  
deta*$ f ! vault ( heav51 & ! agony ( ! 
_w comm5ces4 ,n[ res\nds ! trump ( !    
angel4 ,! sepul*res bur/3 ! human race  

issues all at once1 & fills ! ,valley ( 
,jeho%aphat6 ,! ,son ( ,man appe>s 9 !  
cl\ds2 ! p[]s ( hell asc5d f ! inf]nal  
dep?s2 ! goats are sep>at$ f ! %eep2 !  
wick$ are plung$ into ! gulf2 ! j asc5d 
to heav52 ,god returns to 8 repose1  #bi
 ,preface1 p4 #aj4  #cj ,ibid4 p4 #cib4 
#ca ,bucknill & ,tuke1 ,psy*ological    
,m$ic9e1 *4 ix4   & ! reign ( et]nity   
beg9s4#cb ,no?+ saves ?is :ole s*eme (  
doctr9e f in/ant rejection except       
neglect ( ?\ght1 or incompet5ce ( ?\ght1
 on ! "p ( ^? :o contemplate x4 ,!      
peculi> dogmas ( ! exclusive sects are !
 products ( m5tal & social disease1     
psy*ological gr[?s 9 pa?ological m\lds4 
,! nak$ %apes ( beautiful wom5 float+   
ar\nd ,/4 ,an?ony 9 full display ( _!   
madd5+ *>ms are int]pret$ by ! ,romani/ 
,*ur* z a visible "w ( ! devil4 ,an     
intellig5t physician acc\nts = !m by !  
laws ( physiology1 ! morbid action (    
morbid n]ves4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] z  
to :i* ( ^! explanations is correct4 ,! 
absolute preval5ce ( t explanation is   

m]ely a "q ( "t4 ,mean:ile1 x is ! "p ( 
e wise & dev\t man1 )\t bigotry1 )\t    
hatr$ = any1 ) /rict fidelity to 8 own  
convictions1 ) entire tol]ance & k9dness
 = all :o diff] f him1 sacr$ly to seek  
aft] v]ity himself & e>ne/ly to endeavor
 to imp>t x to o!rs4 ,to su* m5 =ms (   
op9ion1 in/ead ( be+ prisons1 fett]s1 & 
b>ri]s1 w be b z t5ts ( a night :ile !y 
m>* ?r\gh life1 ! burn+ & cl\dy column (
 inquiry _! guide1 ! et]nal temple (    
tru? _! goal4  ,! actual relation1 !    
becom+ attitude1 ! appropriate feel+1 ( 
man t[>ds ! future /ate1 ! conceal$     
segm5t ( 8 de/9y1 are impressively %[n 9
 ! dy+ sc5e ( "o ( ! wise/ & mo/ gift$ (
 m51 "o ( ! fitte/ repres5tatives ( !   
mod]n m9d4 ,9 a good old age1 on a      
pleasant spr+ day1 ) a va/ expanse (    
exp]i5ce beh9d him1 ) an imm5sity ( hope
 be=e him1 he lay calmly expir+4  ,m    
light6 he cri$1 ) dep>t+ brea?2 & ,dea?1
 solemn w>d] ( et]nity1 l$ him1 bl9d$1  
be=e ! immemorial veil ( awe & secrets4 
,x uproll$ z ! fle% b&age fell f 8 _s1 &

 he walk$ at l>ge1 triumphant or        
appall$1 amid/ ! unimag9$ revelations ( 
,god4  ,& n[1 recall+ ! v>i$ /udies we h
 pass$ ?r\gh1 & seek+ = ! conclusion or 
root ( ! matt]1 :at %all we say8 ,?is   
mu* we w say4 ,fir/1 ! fe>less ,*ri/ian1
 fully acqua9t$ ) ! results ( a         
criticism unsp>+ z ! requisitions ( tru?
 & c&or1 c sc>cely1 ) intellig5t hone/y1
 d m ?an place 8 h& on ! beat+ ( 8 he>t1
 & fix 8 eye on ! riv5 tomb ( ,jesus1 & 
exclaim1 ,feel+ "h ! inspir$ promise (  
immortality1 & see+ !re ! sign ( ,god's 
au!ntic seal1 ,i gratefully believe t   
,*ri/ has ris51 & t my s\l is dea?less6 
,secondly1 ! tru/+ philosoph]1 fairly   
weigh+ ! hi/ory ( ! _w's belief 9 a     
future life1 & ! evid5ces on :i* x re/s1
 c sc>cely1 ) ju/ify+ w>rant1 d less ?an
 lay 8 h& on 8 body1 & turn 8 gaze al(t1
 & exclaim1 ,?\gh dea? %att]s ?is %ell1 
! s\l may survive1 & ,i confid5tly hope 
to live =ev]4 ,mean:ile1 ! believ] & !  
speculator1 comb9+ to =m a ,*ri/ian     
philosophy :]e9 d\bt & fai?1 ?\ght &    

fre$om1 reason & s5tim5t1 nature &      
revelation1 all embrace1 ev5 z ! tru? ( 
?+s & ! exp]i5ce ( life dem&1 may bo?   
adopt = _! own ! expression wr\ght =    
himself by a pure & f]v5t poet 9 ^!     
freight$ l9es ( pa!tic beauty3  #cb     
,g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity1 "p ii4 book vi4 *4
 vii4   ,i ga!r up ! scatt]$ rays ,(    
wisdom 9 ! e>ly days1 ,fa9t gleams &    
brok51 l ! light ,( meteors 9 a ,nor!rn 
night1 ,betray+ to ! d>kl+ e>? ,! unse5 
sun :i* gave !m bir?2 ,i li/5 to !      
sibyl's *ant1 ,! voice ( prie/ &        
hi]ophant2 ,i "k :at ,indian ,kree%na   
sai?1 ,& :at ( life & :at ( dea? ,!     
demon taught to ,socrates1 ,& :at1 b5ea?
 8 g>d5 trees ,sl[ pac+1 ) a dream l    
tread1 ,! solemn ?\ght$ ,plato said2    
,nor ,lack ,i tok5s1 great or small1 ,( 
,god's cle> light 9 ea* & all1 ,:ile    
hold+ ) m de> reg>d ,?an scroll ( hea!n 
se] & b>d ,! />ry pages1 promise lit1 ,)
 ,*ri/'s evangel ov]writ1 ,?y miracle ( 
life & dea?1 ,o ,holy ,"o ( ,naz>e?6 #cc
  #cc ,:itti]1 ,que/ions ( ,life4   ,,"p

 ,,fif?4   ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,critical   
,,diss]tations ,,conc]n+ ,a ,,future    
,,life4   ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a 
,,future ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,anci5t        
,,my/]ies4  ,,! p[] ( ! old religions 0 
= c5turies conc5trat$ 9 ! ,my/]ies4 ,^! 
7 recondite in/itutions1 sometimes      
wield$ by ! /ate1 sometimes by a        
prie/hood1 sometimes by a ramify+       
private society4 ,none c\ld be admitt$  
into !m save ) ! p]mission ( ! hi]>*s1  
by rites ( initiation1 & "u solemn seals
 ( secrecy4 ,^! my/]i\s in/itutions1    
*>g$ ) /range attractions1 %r\d$ 9 awful
 wond]1 7 num]\s1 &1 agree+ 9 "s ( _!   
fundam5tal features1 7 spread ne>ly all 
ov] ! _w4 ,! writ+s ( ! anci5ts ab\nd ) 
ref]5ces to !m1 mo/ly eulogi/ic4 ,!     
mighty "p play$ by ^! veil$ bodies 9 !  
life ( ! p]iods :5 !y fl\ri%$1 !        
pregnant h9ts & allur+ obscurities amid 
:i* !y /& 9 relation to ! le>n+ ( mod]n 
times1 h repeat$ly obta9$ wide att5tion1
 elicit$ opposite op9ions1 provok$ fi]ce
 debates1 & l$ diff]5t inquir]s to v>i\s

 conclusions z to _! true orig91 "*1    
scope1 mean+1 & results4  ,"o ( !       
pr9cipal po9ts 9 discussion by s*ol>s   
conc]n+ ! ,my/]ies has be5 :e!r !y      
inculcat$ an esot]ic doctr9e (          
philosophy1 oppos$ to ! popul> religion4
 ,"s writ]s h ma9ta9$ t 9 _! symbols &  
rites 0 conta9$ a pure sy/em ( mono!i/ic
 e?ics & religion4 ,our own op9ion is t 
9 "s ( ^! in/itutions1 at "o p]iod1     
high] !ological views & sci5tific       
speculations 7 unfold$1 b 9 o!rs nev]4  
,/ill1 x is extremely difficult to prove
 any ?+ on ?is "p ( ! g5]al subject3 !re
 is mu* t is plausible to be said on bo?
 sides ( ! "q4 ,ano!r qu]y to be notic$ 
9 pass+ is 9 reg>d to ! degree (        
exclusiv5ess & concealm5t really atta*$ 
to ! =m ( initiation4 ,lobeck1 9 8      
celebrat$ "w1 ,aglaophamus1 borne away  
by a !ory1 assumes ! extravagant        
position t ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies 7 almo/
 freely op5 to all4#a ,8 error seems to 
lie 9 n di/+ui%+ suffici5tly betwe5 !   
,less] & ! ,great] ,my/]ies1 & 9 n      

sep>at+ ! noisy %[s ( ! public fe/al    
days f ! initiatory & explanatory rites 
( p]sonal admission )9 ! my/ic pale4 ,! 
notori\s  #a ,lib4 i4 sects4 #d1 #e4    
facts t /rict inquiry 0 made into ! "* &
 fitness ( ! applicant be=e 8 admission1
 & t _m 7 op5ly reject$1 t in/ant dea? 0
 inflict$ on all :o intrud$ unprep>$ )9 
! sacr$ circuits1 & t dea? 0 ! p5alty ( 
divulg+ :at happ5$ dur+ ! celebrations1 
all are inconsi/5t ) ! notion ( ,lobeck1
 & prove t ! ,my/]ies 7 h$g$ ab\t )     
dread4 ,as*ylus n>r[ly escap$ be+ torn 9
 pieces ^u ! /age by ! p on suspicion t 
9 8 play he _h giv5 a h9t ( some?+ 9 !  
,my/]ies4 ,he deliv]$ himself by appeal+
 to ! ,areopagus1 & prov+ t he _h nev]  
be5 initiat$4 ,&ocides also1 a ,greek   
orator :o liv$ ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e
 ,*ri/1 0 some:at simil>ly accus$1 &    
only escap$ by a /r5u\s def5ce ( himself
 9 an oration1 /ill extant1 entitl$     
,conc]n+ ! ,my/]ies4  ,a ?ird prelim9>y 
matt] is z to ! moral "* ( ! s]vices    
p]=m$ by ^! companies4 ,"s held t _!    

*>act]i/ics 7 div9ely pure1             
intellectual1 exalt+2 o!rs t 9 ab&on$   
pleasures !y 7 f\l] ?an ! ,/ygian pit4  
,! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 ,clem5t1 ,ir5aus1      
,t]tullian1 & ! re/1 influ5c$ by a      
mixture ( prejudice1 hatr$1 & horror1   
aga9/ e ?+ connect$ ) paganism1 decl>$1 
9 r\nd t]ms1 t ! ,my/]ies 7 unmitigat$  
s9ks ( iniquity & %ame1 lu/1 murd]1 &   
all promiscu\s deviltry4 ,)\t paus+ to  
except or qualify1 or to be ?or\ghly    
in=m$ & j1 !y includ$ ! anci5t /]n      
g5]ations & _! own degrad$              
contempor>ies1 ! vile rites ( !         
,cor9?ian ,aphrodite & ! solemn s]vice (
 ,demet]1 ! furi\s revels ( !           
,bac*analians & ! h>moni\s m5tal wor%ip 
( ,apollo1 all 9 "o indiscrim9ate *>ge (
 insane bea/l9ess & idolatry4 ,_! view (
 ! ,my/]ies has be5 mo/ circulat$ among 
! mod]ns by ,lel&'s le>n$ b bigot$ "w on
 ! ,use & ,necessity ( a ,div9e         
,revelation4 ,he w\ld h u reg>d ea* "o z
 a vortex ( a!i/ic s5suality & crime4   
,!re %\ld be discrim9ation4 ,! facts are

 und\bt$ly ^!1 z we might abundantly    
demon/rate 7 x 9 ! prov9ce ( ! pres5t   
essay4 ,! orig9al ,my/]ies1 !           
au?oritative in/itutions co ord9at$ ) ! 
/ate or adm9i/]$ by ! poets &           
philosoph]s1 7 pure3 _! purpose 0 to    
purify ! lives & *>act]s ( _! disciples4
 ,_! means 7 a complicat$ app>atus (    
s5sible & symbolic revelations &        
in/ructions admirably calculat$ to      
impress ! mo/ salut>y moral & religi\s  
lessons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 is x cr$ible t
 ! /ate w\ld fl+ its auspices ov]       
societies ^: function 0 to organize     
lawlessness & debau*]y1 to make a       
bus9ess ( vice & fil?8 ,among ! laws (  
,solon is a regulation decree+ t !      
,s5ate %all conv5e 9 ! ,eleus9ian       
temple1 ! day aft] ! fe/ival1 to inquire
 :e!r e ?+ _h be5 done ) rev]5ce &      
propriety4 ,secondly1 if su* 0 ! "* ( ^!
 secrets1 :y 0 inquisition always made  
into ! moral habits ( ! c&idate1 t he   
might be refus$ admittance if !y 7 bad8 
,?is inquiry 0 sev]e1 & ! decision      

unrel5t+4 ,alcibiades 0 reject$1 z we   
le>n f ,plut>*'s life ( him1 on acc\nt (
 8 dissolut5ess & insubord9ation 9 !    
city4 ,n]o d>$ n att5d ! ,eleus9ian     
,my/]ies1 because to ! murd] ( 8 "m he  
_h jo9$ ! slaught] ( 8 pat]nal aunt4#b  
,all accept$ c&idates 7 scrupul\sly     
purifi$ 9 ?\ght & body1 & clad 9 :ite   
robes1 = n9e days previ\s to _!         
reception4 ,?irdly1 x is intr9sically   
absurd to suppose t an in/itution (     
gross immorality & cruelty c\ld h       
fl\ri%$ 9 ! mo/ polite & ref9$ ,greek   
nation1 z ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies did =   
ov] eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 rank+ among its
 memb]s a va/ majority ( bo? sexes1 (   
all classes1 ( all ages1 & con/antly    
celebrat+ its rites be=e imm5se audi5ces
 ( !m all4 ,f9ally1 a ho/ ( m5 l ,plato1
 ,sophocles1 ,cimon1 ,lycurgus1 ,cic]o1 
7 memb]s ( ^! bodies1 p>took 9 _!       
transactions1 & h left on record        
eulogies ( !m & ( _! influ5ce4 ,!       
concurr5t te/imony ( antiquity is t 9 ! 
,great ,my/]ies ! desires 7 *a/5$1 !    

he>t purifi$1 ! m9d calm$1 ! s\l        
inspir$1 all ! virtues ( morality &     
hopes ( religion taught & en=c$ )       
sublime solemnities4 ,!re is no j gr\nd 
= suspect+ ?is to be false4  ,b !re     
rema9s some?+ m & diff]5t to be said    
also4 ,:ile ! au?oriz$ ,my/]ies 7 :at we
 h ass]t$1 !re did aft]w>ds arise       
spuri\s ,my/]ies1 9 names1 =ms1 &       
pret5sions p>tially resembl+ ! g5u9e    
ones1 "u ! control ( ! mo/ unpr9cipl$   
p]sons1 & 9 :i* unque/ionably ! excesses
 ( unbelief1 drunk5ness1 & pro/itution  
held riot4 ,^! deprav$ societies 7 =eign
 grafts f ! s5sual pan!ism ev] n\ri%$ 9 
! voluptu\s climes ( ! remote ,ea/4 ,!y 
e/abli%$ !mselves late 9 ,greece1 b 7   
develop$ at ,rome 9 su* unbridl$        
enormities z compell$ ! ,s5ate to       
suppress !m4 ,livy gives a detail$ &    
vivid acc\nt ( ! :ole affair 9 8        
hi/ory4#c ,b ! gladiators1 sc\ndrels1   
rakes1 bawds1 :o sw>m$ 9 ^! /ews ( rott+
 ,rome1 are h>dly to be conf\nd$ ) !    
noble m5 & matrons ( ! e>li] "t :o op5ly

 jo9$ 9 ! pure ,my/]ies ) ! approv+     
example ( ! holie/ b>ds1 ! grave/       
/atesm51 & ! pr(\nde/ sages1 m5 l ,p9d>1
 ,p]icles1 & ,py?agoras4 ,ample         
facilities are af=d$ 9 ! num]\s works to
 :i* we %all ref] = unmask+ ! diff]5t   
organizations t travell$ ov] ! e>? 9 !  
guise ( ! ,my/]ies1 & ( see+ :at        
deceptive arts 7 practis$ 9 "s1 :at     
sup]human t]rors p>ad$ 9 o!rs1 :at      
horrible cruelties p]petrat$ 9 o!rs1 :at
 lead+ objects s\ght 9 ea*4  ,! ,my/]ies
 h _m be>+s on sev]al di/9ct subjects2 b
 9 ^? aspects we h n space "h to exam9e 
!m4 ,we purpose to consid] !m solely 9  
_! relation to ! doctr9e ( a future     
life4 ,we are conv9c$ t ! v he>t ( _!   
secret1 ! ess5ce ( _! mean+ 9 _! orig9 &
 _! end1 0 no o!r ?an ! doctr9e ( an    
immortality succe$+ a dea?4 ,gessn]     
publi%$ a book at ,gott+51 s long ago z 
! ye> #agee1 ma9ta9+ ?is v ass]tion4 ,8 
"w1 :i* is q sc>ce n[1 be>s ! title     
,dogma de p]5ni ,animoru9 ,natura p]    
,sacra pracipue ,eleus9ia ,propagata4 ,!

 cons5t+ te/imony ( m ?an =ty ( ! mo/   
au?oritative anci5t writ]s comes d[n to 
u 9 _! surviv+ works to ! effect t ^? :o
 7 admitt$ into ! ,my/]ies 7 !reby      
purifi$1 l$ to holy lives1 jo9$ 9       
communion ) ! gods1 &  #b ,suetonius1   
,vita ,n]onis1 cap4 xxxiv4  #c ,lib4    
xxxix4 cap4 viii xvi4   assur$ ( a bett]
 fate ?an o!rwise c\ld be expect$ 9 !   
future /ate4 ,two or ?ree specim5s f ^! 
witnesses w suffice4 ,ari/ophanes1 9 !  
second act ( ! ,frogs1 describes an     
elysium ( ! initiates aft] dea?1 :]e he 
says !y b\nd 9 sportive dances on rose  
enamell$ mead[s2 = ! light is *e]ful    
only to ^? :o h be5 initiat$4#d         
,pausanias describes ! un9itiat$ z be+  
compell$ 9 ,hades to c>ry wat] 9 buckets
 bor$ full ( holes4#e ,isocrates says1 9
 8 ,panegyric1 ,demet]1 ! goddess ( !   
,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 =tifies ^? :o h be5
 initiat$ aga9/ ! fe> ( dea?1 & tea*es  
!m to h sweet hopes conc]n+ et]nity4 ,! 
old ,orphic v]ses cit$ by ,?omas ,taylor
 9 8 ,treatise on ! ,my/]ies run ?us3 ,!

 s\l t un9itiat$ dies ,plung$ 9 !       
blacke/ mire 9 ,hades lies4 #f  ,! same 
/atem5t is likewise f\nd 9 ,plato1 :o1 9
 ano!r place1 also explicitly decl>es t 
a doctr9e ( future retribution 0 taught 
9 ! ,my/]ies & believ$ by ! s]i\s4#g    
,cic]o says1 ,initiation makes u bo?    
live m honorably & die ) bett] hopes4 #h
 ,9 seasons ( imm95t dang] z 9 a        
%ipwreck x 0 cu/om>y = a man to ask 8   
companion1 ,ha/ ?\ be5 initiat$8 ,!     
implication is t initiation remov$ fe> (
 dea? by promis+ a happy life to        
foll[4#i ,a fragm5t pres]v$ f a v anci5t
 au?or is pla9 on ?is subject4 ,! s\l is
 affect$ 9 dea? j z x is 9 ! initiation 
into ! great ,my/]ies3 ?+ answ]s to ?+4 
,at fir/ x passes ?r\gh d>kness1        
horrors1 & toils4 ,!n are disclos$ a    
wondr\s light1 pure places1 fl[]y meads1
 replete ) my/ic s\nds1 dances1 & sacr$ 
doctr9es1 & holy visions4 ,!n1 p]fectly 
enlight5$1 !y are free3 cr[n$1 !y walk  
ab\t wor%ipp+ ! gods & conv]s+ ) good   
m54#aj ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! hymn to ,c]es1

 attribut$ to ,hom]1 is occupi$ ) a     
n>rative ( h] labors to end[ ! "y       
,demophoon1 mortal *ild ( ,metaneira1 ) 
immortality4 ,n[1 ,c]es 0 ! goddess ( ! 
,my/]ies2 & ! la/ "p ( ?is v hymn       
rec\nts h[ ,p]sephone 0 snat*$ f ! light
 ( life into ,hades & re/or$ aga94 ,?us 
we see t ! implications ( ! indirect    
evid5ce1 ! lean+s & guid+s ( all !      
incid5tal clews n[ left u to ! real aim 
& purport ( ! ,my/]ies1 comb9e to assure
 u t _! *ief tea*+ 0 a doctr9e ( a      
future life 9 :i* !re %\ld be rew>ds &  
puni%m5ts4 ,all ?is we %all m fully     
e/abli%1 bo? by direct pro(s & by       
collat]al supports4  ,x is a well kn[n  
fact1 intimately connect$ ) ! diff]5t   
religions ( ,greece & ,asia ,m9or1 t    
dur+ ! "t ( h>ve/ 9 ! autumn1 & aga9 at 
! season ( s[+ 9 ! spr+1 ! %eph]ds1 !   
v9tag]s1 & ! p 9 g5]al1 7 accu/om$ to   
obs]ve c]ta9 sacr$ fe/ivals1 ! autumnal 
sad1 ! v]nal joy\s4 ,^! und\bt$ly grew  
out ( ! deep sympa?y betwe5 man & nature
 ov] ! decay & disappe>ance1 ! revival &

 return1 ( vegetation4 ,:5 ! hot season 
_h )]$ ! v]dure ( !  #d ,sc5e iii4  #e  
,lib4 x4 cap4 xxxi4  #f ,phadon1 sect4  
xxxviii4  #g ,leg41 lib4 ix4 cap4 x4  #h
 ,de ,leg41 lib4 ii4 cap4 xiv4  #i ,/4  
,john1 ,hell5es1 *4 xi4  #aj ,s5t5ces ( 
,/obaus1 ,s]mo ,,cxix4   fields1        
pla9tive songs 7 sung1 _! wild melan*oly
 notes & snat*es borne abroad by !      
breeze & _! e*oes dy+ at la/ 9 !        
di/ance4 ,9 e in/ance1 ^! m\rnful /ra9s 
7 ! annual lam5tation ( ! p ov] ! dea? (
 "s my?ical boy ( extraord9>y beauty &  
promise1 :o1 9 ! fl[] ( y\?1 0 sudd5ly  
dr[n$1 or torn 9 pieces by wild bea/s1  
,"s ,hyac9?9e boy1 = :om ,morn well     
might break & ,april bloom4  ,among !   
,argives x 0 ,l9us4 ,) ! ,arcadians x 0 
,scephrus4 ,9 ,phrygia x 0 ,lity]ses4   
,on ! %ore ( ! ,black ,sea x 0 ,bormus4 
,9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,bi?ynians x 0 ,hylas4  
,at ,pelusium x 0 ,man]os4 ,& 9 ,syria x
 0 ,adonis4 ,! untimely dea? ( ^!       
beautiful boys1 c>ri$ (f 9 _! morn+ (   
life1 0 ye>ly bewail$1 _! names re e*o+ 

ov] ! pla9s1 ! f\nta9s1 & among ! hills4
 ,x is obvi\s t ^! _c h be5 real p]sons 
^: dea? excit$ a sympa?y s g5]al1 s     
recurr5t4 ,! real object ( lam5tation1  
says ,mull]1 0 ! t5d] beauty ( spr+     
de/roy$ by ! rag+ heat1 & o!r simil>    
ph5om5a1 :i* ! imag9ation ( ^? e>ly     
times inve/$ ) a p]sonal =m4#aa ,all ?is
 0 wov5 into ! ,my/]ies1 ^: great leg5d 
& drama 7 t e autumn ,p]sephone 0 c>ri$ 
d[n to ! d>k realm ( ! ,k+ ( ,%ad[s1 b t
 %e 0 to return ea* spr+ to h] "m's     
arms4 ,?us 7 describ$ ! )drawal &       
reappe>ance ( vegetable life 9 !        
alt]nations ( ! seasons4 ,b ^! *anges ( 
nature typifi$ ! *anges 9 ! human lot2  
else ,p]sephone w\ld h be5 m]ely a      
symbol ( ! buri$ gra9 & w\ld n h become 
! ,que5 ( ! ,dead4#ab ,h] return to ! _w
 ( light1 by natural analogy1 d5ot$ a   
new bir? to m54 ,accord+ly1 all !       
te/imony ( antiquity concurs 9 say+ t ^!
 ,my/]ies inspir$ ! mo/ animat+ hopes ) 
reg>d to ! condition ( ! s\l aft]       
dea?4#ac ,t ! fate ( man %\ld by        

imag9ation & s5tim5t h be5 s connect$ ) 
! ph5om5a ( nature 9 my?s & symbols     
embodi$ 9 pa!tic religi\s c]emonies 0 a 
spontane\s product4 ,= h[ ,h] fre%      
b5ignant look ,nature *anges at t lorn  
season :51 ,) tresses droop+ o'er h]    
sable /ole1 ,%e ye>ly m\rns ! mortal    
doom ( man1 ,h] noble/ "w6 ,s ,israel's 
virg9s er/ ,) annual moan ^u ! m\nta9s  
wept ,_! faire/ gone6  ,& soon aga9 !   
birds beg9 to w>ble1 ! leaves & blossoms
 put =?1 & all is new life once m4 ,9 e 
age ! g5tle he>t & m$itative m9d h be5  
impress$ by ! m\rnful correspond5ce & ! 
animat+ prophecy4  #aa ,hi/ory ( !      
,lit]ature ( ,anci5t ,greece1 *4 iii4   
sects4 #b #c4  #ab ,= ! connection ( !  
,eleus9ian goddesses ) agriculture1 !   
seasons1 ! "u _w1 dea?1 resurrection1   
etc41 see ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 von ,dr4
 ,ludwig ,prell]1 kap4 i4 sects4 #i #aa4
  #ac ,mull]1 ,hi/4 ,gr4 ,lit41 *4 xvi4 
sect4 #b4   ,b n only 0 ! *ang+         
recurr5ce ( dre>y w9t] & gladsome summ] 
jo9$ by affect+ analogies ) ! human doom

 ( dea? & hope ( ano!r life4 ,! ph5om5a 
( ! skies1 ! impressive succession ( day
 & night1 also 7 e>ly seiz$ ^u & made to
 bl5d _! %ad[s & lights1 by means (     
imag9ative sugge/ions1 into an image ( !
 decease & resurrection ( man4 ,among ! 
,my/ical ,hymns ( ,orpheus1 s call$1 !re
 is a hymn to ,adonis1 9 :i* t p]sonage 
is id5tifi$ ) ! sun alt]nately s9k+ to  
,t>t>us & so>+ to heav54 ,x 0 cu/om>y ) 
! anci5ts to speak ( ! sett+ ( a        
con/ellation z its dea?1 its reasc5sion 
9 ! horizon be+ its return to life4#ad  
,! black abysm "u ! e>? 0 ! realm ( !   
dead4 ,! bright expanse above ! e>? 0 ! 
realm ( ! liv+4 ,:ile ! daily sun rises 
royally ?r\gh ! latt]1 all ?+s rejoice 9
 ! w>m? & spl5dor ( 8 smile4 ,:5 he s9ks
 nightly1 %orn ( 8 ambrosial beams1 into
 ! =m]1 sky & e>? wrap !mselves 9 m\rn+ 
= _! dep>t$ mon>*1 ! dead god ( light   
muffl$ 9 8 bi] & borne along ! d>k5+    
heav5s to 8 burial4 ,h[ naturally !     
ph5om5a ( human fate w\ld be            
symbolically int]wov5 ) all ?is6        

,especially alike are ! exub]ant joy &  
activity ( full life & ( day1 !         
melan*oly /illness & sad repose (       
midnight & ( dea?4  ,! sun insi/s on    
gladness2 b at night1 ,:5 he is gone1   
poor ,nature loves to weep4  ,?r\gh h]  
ye>ly & h] diurnal r\nd alike1 !re=e1   
does "m ,nature sympa?ize ) man1 &      
picture =? 8 fate1 9 type ( autumnal    
decay1 & w9try d>kness1 & night buri$   
se$1 9 sign ( v]nal bud1 & summ] light1 
& day bur/+ fruit4  ,^! facts & ph5om5a 
( nature & man1 toge!r ) explanatory    
!ories to :i* !y gave rise1 71 by !     
peculi> imag9ative processes s p[]fully 
op]ative among ! e>lie/ nations1        
p]sonifi$ 9 my?ic be+s & set =? z lit]al
 hi/ory4 ,_! doctr9e 0 inculcat$ z tru? 
once hi/orically exemplifi$ by "s       
traditional p]sonage4 ,x 0 dramatically 
imp]sonat$ & enact$ 9 ! process (       
initiation into ! ,my/]ies4 ,a /rik+    
in/ance ( ?is k9d ( !atrical            
repres5tation is af=d$ by ! celebration1
 e eight ye>s1 ( ! my?us ( ,apollo's    

fight ) ! ,py?ian dragon1 8 flight &    
expiatory s]vice to ,admetus1 !         
subt]ranean k+ ( ! dead4 ,9 mimic ord]1 
a boy slew a mon/] at ,delphi1 ran along
 ! road to ,tempe1 repres5t$ on ! way ! 
bondage ( ! god 9 ,hades1 & return$1    
purifi$1 br++ a bran* ( laurel f ! sacr$
 valley4#ae ,! doctr9e ( a future life  
connect$ ) ! leg5d ( "s h]o :o _h di$1  
desc5d$ into ! "u _w1 & aga9 ris5 to    
life1 ?is doctr9e1 dramatically         
repres5t$ 9 ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( !      
initiate1 0 ! he>t ( e "o ( ! secret    
religi\s societies ( antiquity4  ,"h    
re/s ! secret1 "h ! keys1 ,( ! old dea? 
bolt$ ,my/]ies4  #ad ,leit*'s ,eng4     
trans4 ( ,k4 ,o4 ,mull]'s ,introduction 
to a ,sci5tific ,sy/em ( ,my?ology1     
,app5dix1 pp4 #cci-cdb4  #ae ,mull]1    
,introduction to ,my?ology1 pp4 #ig &   
#bda4 ,also 8 ,dorian1 lib4 ii4 cap4    
vii4 sect4 #h4   ,p]haps ?is great sy/em
 ( esot]ic rites & in/ructions grew up  
naturally1 little by little4 ,p]haps x 0
 con/ruct$ at once1 ei!r z poetry1 by a 

company ( poets1 or z a !ology1 by a    
society ( prie/s1 or z a fair me?od (   
moral & religi\s tea*+1 by a company (  
philosoph]s4 ,or p]haps x 0 gradually   
=m$ by a mixture ( all ^! means &       
motives4 ,_m h reg>d$ x z ! b$imm$ relic
 ( a brilliant primeval revelation4 ,?is
 "q ( ! orig9ation1 ! fir/ causes &     
purposes1 ( ! ,my/]ies is n[ sunk 9     
hopeless obscurity1 ev5 7 x ( any       
importance to be kn[n4 ,"o ?+ we "k1    
namely1 t at an e>ly age ^! societies   
=m$ organizations ( =midable ext5t &    
p[]1 & 7 vitally connect$ ) ! prevail+  
religions ( ! pr9cipal nations ( ! e>?4 
,9 ,egypt ! leg5d ( initiation 0 ?is4#af
 ,typhon1 a wick$1 de/roy+ p]sonage1    
once =m$ a conspiracy aga9/ 8 bro!r1 !  
good k+ ,osiris4 ,hav+ prep>$ a co/ly   
*e/1 inlaid ) gold1 he (f]$ to give x to
 any "o ^: body w\ld fit x4 ,osiris     
unsuspici\sly lay d[n 9 x4 ,typhon      
in/antly fa/5$ ! cov] & ?rew ! fatal *e/
 into ! riv]4 ,?is 0 call$ ! loss or    
burial ( ,osiris1 & 0 annually celebrat$

 ) all sorts ( melan*oly rites4 ,b !    
w9ds & waves drove ! fun]eal vessel     
a%ore1 :]e ,isis1 ! inconsolable wife ( 
,osiris1 w&]+ 9 se>* ( h] husb&'s       
rema9s1 at la/ f\nd x1 & re/or$ ! corpse
 to life4 ,?is "p ( ! drama 0 call$ !   
discov]y or resurrection ( ,osiris1 & 0 
also enact$ ye>ly1 b ) e manife/ation ( 
excessive joy4 ,9 ! los+ ( ,osiris1 & !n
 9 ! f9d+ him aga91 ,augu/9e writes1    
fir/ _! lam5tation1 !n _! extravagant   
delight1 are a m]e play & fiction2 yet !
 fond p1 ?\gh !y nei!r lose nor f9d any 
?+1 weep & rejoice truly4#ag ,plut>*    
speaks ( ! dea?1 reg5]ation1 &          
resurrection ( ,osiris repres5t$ 9 !    
great religi\s fe/ivals ( ,egypt4 ,he   
expla9s ! rites 9 commemoration (       
,typhon's murd] ( ,osiris z symbols     
ref]r+ to f\r ?+s1 ! subsid5ce ( ! ,nile
 into 8 *annel1 ! cessation ( ! delici\s
 ,etesian w9ds be=e ! hot bla/s ( !     
,s\?1 ! encroa*m5t ( ! l5g!n+ night on !
 %ort5+ day1 ! disappe>ance ( ! bloom ( 
summ] be=e ! b>r5ness ( w9t]4#ah ,b !   

real int]e/ & p[] ( ! :ole subject      
probably lay 9 ! direct relation ( all  
^! ph5om5a1 traditions1 & c]emonies to !
 doctr9e ( dea? & a future life = man4  
,9 ! ,mi?raic ,my/]ies ( ,p]sia1 !      
leg5d1 ritual1 & doctr9e 7 virtually !  
same z ! =ego+4 ,!y are cr$ul\sly said  
to h be5 e/abli%$ by ,zoroa/] himself1  
:o fitt$ up a va/ grotto 9 ! m\nta9s (  
,bokh>a1 :]e ?\s&s ?rong$ to be initiat$
 by him4#ai ,?is ,mi?raic cave 0 an     
emblem ( ! univ]se1 its ro( pa9t$ ) !   
con/ellations ( ! zodiac1 its dep?s full
 ( ! black & fi]y t]rors ( grisly hell1 
its summit illum9at$ ) ! blue & />ry    
spl5dors ( heav51 its passages l9$ )    
dang]s & in/ructions1 n[ quak+ ) inf]nal
 %rieks1 n[ brea?+ cele/ial music4 ,9 ! 
,p]sian ,my/]ies1 ! initiate1 9 dramatic
 %[1 di$1 0 laid 9 a c(f91 &  #af       
,wilk9son1 ,egyptian ,antiquities1 s]ies
 i4 vol4 i4 *4 #c4  #ag ,de ,civitate   
,dei1 lib4 vi4 cap4 #aj4  #ah ,de ,is4  
et ,osir4  #ai ,porphyry1 ,de ,antro    
,nymph>um4 ,t]tullian1 ,prescript4 ad   

,h]41 cap4 xl41 :]e he ref]s ! mimic    
dea? & resurrection 9 ! ,mi?raic        
,my/]ies to ! tea*+ ( ,satan4   aft]w>ds
 rose unto a new life1 all ( :i* 0 a    
type ( ! natural fate ( man4#bj ,!      
desc5t ( ! s\l f heav5 & its return ?i!r
 7 d5ot$ by a tor* borne alt]nately     
rev]s$ & upright1 & by ! descriptions ( 
! passage ( spirits1 9 ! r\nd ( !       
metempsy*osis1 ?r\gh ! planet>y gates ( 
! zodiac4 ,! sun & moon & ! morn+ & ev5+
 /> 7 depict$ 9 brilliant gold or       
blackly muffl$1 accord+ to _! j\rney+ 9 
! upp] or 9 ! l[] hemisph]e4#ba  ,! h]o 
( ! ,syrian ,my/]ies 0 ,adonis or       
,?ammuz1 ! beautiful favorite (         
,aphrodite1 untimely sla9 by a wild bo>4
 ,8 dea? 0 sadly1 8 resurrection        
joy\sly1 celebrat$ e ye> at ,byblus )   
great pomp & univ]sal int]e/4 ,! fe/ival
 la/$ two days4 ,on ! fir/1 all ?+s 7   
clad 9 m\rn+1 sorr[ 0 depict$ 9 e face1 
& wails & weep+ res\nd$4 ,c(f9s 7 expos$
 at e door & borne 9 num]\s processions4
 ,frail /alks ( "y corn & fl[]s 7 ?r[n  

into ! riv] to p]i%1 z types ( !        
premature dea? ( bloom+ ,adonis1 cut (f 
l a plant 9 ! bud ( 8 age4#bb ,! second 
day ! :ole aspect ( ?+s 0 *ang$1 & !    
greate/ exultation prevail$1 because x 0
 said ,adonis _h return$ f ! dead4#bc   
,v5us1 hav+ f\nd him dead1 deposit$ 8   
body on a b$ ( lettuce & m\rn$ bitt]ly  
ov] him4 ,f 8 blood sprang ! adonium1 f 
h] te>s ! anemone4#bd ,! ,jews 7        
captivat$ by ! religi\s rites connect$ )
 ?is t\*+ my?1 & ev5 enact$ !m 9 ! gates
 ( _! holy temple4 ,ezekiel says1       
,behold1 at ! gate ( ! ,"l's h\se :i* 0 
t[>ds ! nor? ! direction ( night & w9t] 
!re sat wom5 weep+ = ,tammuz4 ,x 0 said 
t ,aphrodite prevail$ on ,p]sephone to  
let ,adonis dwell "o half ! ye> ) h] on 
e>?1 & only ! re/ among ! %ades1 a pla9 
ref]5ce to vegetable life 9 summ] &     
w9t]4#be ,lucian1 9 8 little treatise on
 ! ,syrian ,goddess1 says t ! riv]      
,adonis1 ris+ out ( ,m\nt ,libanus1 at  
c]ta9 seasons fl[s r$ 9 its *annel3 "s  
say x is miracul\sly /a9$ by ! blood ( !

 fre% w\nd$ y\?2 o!rs say t ! spr+ ra9s1
 wa%+ 9 a r$ ore f ! soil ( ! c\ntry1   
discolor ! /ream4 ,dupuis rem>ks t ?is  
r$ness 0 probably an artifice ( !       
prie/s4#bf ,milton's beautiful allusion 
to ?is fable is famili> to mo/ p]sons4  
,next came he ,^: annual w\nd 9 ,lebanon
 allur$ ,! ,syrian damsels to lam5t 8   
fate ,9 amor\s ditties all a summ]'s    
day1 ,:ile smoo? ,adonis f 8 native rock
 ,ran purple to ! sea ) ,?ammuz' blood4 
#bj ,julius ,firmicus1 ,de ,errore ,pr(4
 ,relig4  #ba ,mi?raica1 ,memoire       
,academique sur le ,culte ,solaire de   
,mi?ra1 p> ,joseph de ,hamm]1 pp3       
#ff-fh1 #abe-abg4 ,t]tullian1           
,prescript4 ad ,h]41 cap4 xl4 ,porphyry1
 ,de ,ab/95tia1 lib4 iv4 sect4 #af4     
,hyde4 ,hi/4 ,vet4 ,p]s4 ,relig41 p4    
#bed4  #bb ,hi/4 du ,culte d',adonis1   
,mem4 ,acad4 des ,inscript41 vol4 iv4 p4
 #acf4  #bc ,!ocritus1 ,idyl ,,xv4  #bd 
,bion1 ,epitaph ,adon41 l4 #ff4  #be    
,see ref]5ces 9 ,an?on's ,class4 ,dict41
 art4 ,adonis4  #bf ,dupuis1 ,orig4 de  

,cultes1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aba1 ed4 #ahbb4   
,!re is no end to ! discussions conc]n+ 
! secret purport ( ?is fasc9at+ /ory4   
,b1 aft] all is said1 x seems to u t !re
 are 9 x ess5tially two significations1 
"o relat+ to ! ph5om5a ( ! sun & ! e>?1 
! o!r to ! mutual *anges ( nature & !   
fate ( humanity4 ,aphrodite bewail+     
,adonis is surviv+ ,nature m\rn+ =      
dep>t$ ,man4  ,9 ,india ! /ory 0 told ( 
,mahadeva se>*+ = 8 lo/ consort ,sita1  
&1 aft] discov]+ h] lifeless =m1 be>+ x 
ar\nd ! _w ) dismal lam5tations4        
,sometimes x 0 ! dea? ( ,camadeva1 !    
,h9du ,cupid1 t 0 m\rn$ ) solemn        
dirges4#bg ,he1 l ,osiris1 0 sla91      
enclos$ 9 a *e/1 & committ$ to ! waves4 
,he 0 aft]w>ds recov]$ & resuscitat$4   
,ea* initiate pass$ ?r\gh ! emblematic  
c]emonies correspond+ to ! po9ts ( ?is  
pret5d$ hi/ory4 ,! ,phrygians associat$ 
! same great doctr9e ) ! p]sons ( ,atys 
& ,cybele4 ,atys 0 a lovely %eph]d y\?  
passionately lov$ by ! "m ( ! gods4#bh  
,he sudd5ly di$2 & %e1 9 frantic grief1 

w&]$ ov] ! e>? 9 se>* ( him1 tea*+ ! p  
:]e %e w5t ! arts ( agriculture4 ,he 0  
at l5g? re/or$ to h]4 ,annually ! :ole  
drama 0 p]=m$ by ! assembl$ nation )    
sobs ( woe succe$$ by ec/asies ( joy4#bi
 ,simil> to ?is1 9 ! ess5tial features1 
0 ! ,eleus9ian my?4 ,aidoneus snat*$ !  
maid5 ,kore d[n to 8 gloomy empire4 ,h] 
"m1 ,demet]1 set (f 9 se>* ( h]1 scatt]+
 ! bless+s ( agriculture1 & f9ally      
discov]$ h]1 & obta9$ ! promise ( h]    
society = half ( e ye>4 ,^! adv5tures 7 
dramatiz$ & expla9$ 9 ! my/]ies :i* %e1 
accord+ to tradition1 in/itut$ at       
,eleusis4  ,! =m ( ! leg5d 0 some:at    
diff]5tly incorporat$ ) ! ,bac*ic       
,my/]ies4 ,x 0 elaborately wr\ght up by 
! ,orphic poets4 ,! di/9ctive "n !y gave
 to ,bac*us or ,dionysus 0 ,zagreus4 ,he
 0 ! son ( ,zeus1 & 0 *os5 by him to sit
 on ! ?rone ( heav54 ,zeus gave him     
,apollo & ! ,curetes z gu>ds2 b ! brutal
 ,titans1 in/igat$ by jeal\s ,h]a1      
disguis$ !mselves & fell on ! un=tunate 
y\? :ile 8 att5tion 0 fix$ on a spl5did 

mirror1 &1 aft] a fe>ful conflict1      
ov]came him & tore him into sev5 pieces4
 ,pallas1 h[ev]1 sav$ 8 palpitat+ he>t1 
& ,zeus swall[$ x4 ,zagreus 0 !n begott5
 aga94#cj ,he 0 de/9$ to re/ore ! gold5 
age4 ,8 devotees look$ to him = !       
lib]ation ( _! s\ls ?r\gh ! purify+     
rites ( 8 ,my/]ies4 ,! initiation %ad[$ 
out an esot]ic doctr9e ( dea? & a future
 life1 9 ! mock murd] & new bir? ( !    
aspirant1 :o imp]sonat$ ,zagreus4#ca  ,!
 ,nor?m5 con/ruct$ ! same drama ( dea?  
ar\nd ! "y ,bald]1 _! god ( g5tl5ess &  
beauty4 ,?is leg5d1 z ,dr4 ,oliv] has   
%[n1 con/itut$ ! secret ( ! ,go?ic      
,my/]ies4#cb ,obscure & dread prophecies
 hav+ crept among ! gods t ! dea? ( !   
belov$ ,bald] 0 at h&1 port5d+ univ]sal 
ru91 a consultation 0 held to devise    
means = av]t+ ! calamity4 ,at !         
sugge/ion ( ,bald]'s "m1 ,freya1 !      
,sc&9avian ,v5us1 an oa? t !y w\ld n be 
in/rum5tal 9 caus+ 8 dea? 0  #bg        
,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ahg4  
#bh ,see article ,atys 9 ,smi?'s ,class4

 ,dict4 ) ref]5ces4  #bi ,lucretius1 ,de
 ,r]um ,natura1 lib4 ii4 #aa4 #fje-fee4 
#cj ,mull]1 ,hi/4 ,greek ,lit41 *4 xvi4 
#ca ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 lib4 iii4    
cap4 #e1 sect4 #ac4  #cb ,hi/ory (      
,initiation1 ,lect4 ,x4   exact$ f all  
?+s 9 nature except ! mi/letoe1 :i*1 on 
acc\nt ( its frailty & insignificance1 0
 scornfully neglect$4 ,asa ,loke1 ! evil
 pr9ciple ( ! ,norse fai?1 tak+         
advantage ( ?is fatal exception1 _h a   
spe> made ( mi/letoe1 & ) x arm$ ,hodur1
 a /rong b bl9d god4 ,freya1 rejoic+ 9  
fanci$ security1 to conv9ce ,bald] ( 8  
*>m$ exemption f w\nds1 p]suad$ him to  
be ! m>k = ! weapons ( ! gods4 ,b1 alas6
 :5 ,hodur tilt$ at him1 ! devot$ victim
 0 transpi]c$ & fell lifeless to !      
gr\nd4 ,d>kness settl$ ov] ! _w1 & bitt]
 0 ! grief ( m5 & gods ov] ! innoc5t &  
lovely ,bald]4 ,a deputation implor+ 8  
release 0 s5t to ! que5 ( ! dead4 ,hela 
s f> rel5t$ z to promise 8 lib]ation to 
! upp] _w on condition t e ?+ on e>?    
wept = him4 ,/raightway !re 0 a univ]sal

 m\rn+4 ,m51 bea/s1 trees1 metals1      
/ones1 wept4 ,b an old )]$ giantess ,asa
 ,loke 9 disguise %$ no te>s2 & s ,hela 
kept h] beaute\s & lam5t$ prey4 ,b he is
 to rise aga9 to et]nal life & joy :5 ! 
twilight ( ! gods has pass$4#cc ,?is    
entire fable has be5 expla9$ by !       
comm5tators1 9 all its details1 z a     
poetic embodim5t ( ! natural ph5om5a ( !
 seasons4 ,b x is n improbable t1 9     
addition1 x bore a pr(\nd doctr9al      
ref]5ce to ! fate ( man :i* 0 int]pret$ 
to ! initiates4  ,a great deal has be5  
writt5 conc]n+ ! c]emonies & mean+ ( !  
celebrat$ ,celtic ,my/]ies e/abli%$ s   
long at ,samo?race1 & "u ! adm9i/ration 
( ! ,druids ?r\gh\t anci5t ,gaul &      
,brita94 ,! aspirant 0 l$ ?r\gh a s]ies 
( sc5ic repres5tations1 )\t ! aid (     
words1 my/ically %ad[+ =? 9 symbolic =ms
 ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls4   
,he assum$ successively ! %apes ( a     
rabbit1 a h51 a gra9 ( :eat1 a horse1 a 
tree1 & s on ?r\gh a wide range (       
metamorphoses enact$ by ! aid ( secret  

dramatic ma*9]y4  ,he di$1 0 buri$1 0   
born anew1 ris+ f 8 d>k conf9em5t to    
life aga94 ,! hi]ophant enclos$ him 9 a 
little boat & set him adrift1 po9t+ him 
to a di/ant rock1 :i* he calls ! h>bor (
 life4 ,across ! black & /ormy wat]s he 
/rives to ga9 ! beacon+ refuge4  ,9 ^!  
sc5es & rites a recondite doctr9e ( !   
physical & moral relations & de/9y ( man
 0 %r\d$1 to be unveil$ by degrees to _!
 docile disciples by ! ,druidic         
my/agogues4#cd  ,x may appe> /range t   
!re %\ld be 9 connection ) s _m ( ! old 
religions ( ! e>? ^! arcana only to be  
approa*$ by secret initiation at ! h&s (
 hi]ophants4 ,b x w seem natural :5 we  
rememb] t ^? religions 7 9 ! exclusive  
keep+ ( prie/hoods1 :i*1 organiz$ )     
wondr\s cunn+ & p]petuat$ ?r\gh ages1   
absorb$ ! sci5ce1 art1 & philosophy ( ! 
_w1 &1 conceal+ _! wisdom 9 ! my/ic     
signs ( an esot]ic language1 wield$ !   
mighty eng9]y ( sup]/ition ov] ! p at w4
 ,! sc5es & in/ructions ?r\gh :i* !     
prie/s l$ ! un5light5$ c&idate 7 ! hid+ 

( _! p[]4 ,?us1 :]ev] 0 a prie/hood we  
%\ld expect to f9d my/]ies &            
initiations4 ,hi/oric fact ju/ifies !   
#cc ,pigott1 ,manual ( ,sc&9avian       
,my?ology1 pp4 #bhh-cjj4  #cd ,davies1  
,my?ology & ,rites ( ! ,briti% ,druids1 
pp4 #bjg-beg2 #cij-cib2 #dbj1 #eee1     
#egb4 ,! accuracy ( _m ( ,davies's      
translations has be5 call$ 9 "q4 ,8     
/atem5ts1 ev5 on ! matt]s affirm$ above1
 mu/ be receiv$ ) "s res]vation ( fai?4 
supposition2 le>n+ unveils ! obscure    
places ( antiquity1 & %[s u ! templ$ or 
cav]n\s rites ( ! religi\s _w1 f        
,h9do/an to ,gaul1 f ,egypt to ,norway1 
f ,a!ns to ,mexico4 ,& ?is br+s u to !  
,my/]ies ( ,vitzliputzli1 e/abli%$ 9    
,s\? ,am]ica4 ,dr4 ,oliv]1 9 ! twelf?   
lecture ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,initiation1 ga!r+
 8 mat]ials f v>i\s s\rces1 gives a     
t]rific acc\nt ( ! dramatic ritual "h   
employ$4 ,! walls1 floor1 images1 7     
sme>$ & cak$ ) human blood4 ,fre%       
slaught]s ( victims 7 p]petrat$ at      
frequ5t int]vals4 ,! c&idate desc5d$ to 

! grim cav]ns excavat$ "u ! f\ndations (
 ! temple4 ,?is c\rse 0 d5om9at$ ! pa? (
 ! dead4 ,phantoms flitt$ be=e him1     
%rieks appall$ him1 pitfalls &          
sacrificial knives ?reat5$ him4 ,at la/1
 aft] _m frightful adv5tures1 ! aspirant
 arriv$ at a n>r[ /one fissure t]m9at+ !
 range ( cav]ns1 ?r\gh :i* he 0 ?ru/1 & 
0 receiv$ 9 ! op5 air1 z a p]son born   
aga91 & welcom$ ) frantic %\ts by !     
multitudes :o _h be5 wait+ = him )\t    
dur+ ! process ( 8 initiation4  ,ev5    
among ! savage tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica   
/rik+ traces h be5 f\nd ( an initiation 
into a secret society by a my/ic dea? & 
resurrection4 ,capta9 ,jona?an ,c>v]1 :o
 sp5t ! w9t] ( #aggf ) ! ,naud[essie    
,indians1 0 an eye witness ( ! admission
 ( a "y brave into a body :i* !y entitl$
 ,wak\ ,kit*ewah1 or ,fri5dly ,society (
 ! ,_s4 ,?is s+ul> initiation1 he says1 
took place )9 a rail$ enclosure 9 !     
c5tre ( ! camp at ! "t ( ! new moon4    
,fir/ came ! *iefs1 clad 9 trail+ furs4 
,!n came ! memb]s ( ! society1 dress$ & 

pa9t$ 9 ! gaye/ mann]4 ,:5 all 7 seat$1 
"o ( ! pr9cipal *iefs arose1 &1 lead+ ! 
"y man =w>d1 in=m$ ! meet+ ( 8 desire to
 be admitt$ into _! circle4 ,no         
objection be+ (f]$1 ! v>i\s prelim9>y   
arrangem5ts 7 made2 aft] :i* ! director 
began to speak to ! kneel+ c&idate1     
tell+ him t he 0 ab\t to receive a      
communication ( ! _s4 ,?is _s w\ld      
in/antly /rike him dead2 b he 0 told n  
to be t]rifi$1 because he %\ld          
imm$iately be re/or$ to life aga91 & ?is
 exp]i5ce 0 a necess>y introduction to !
 advantages ( ! community he 0 on ! po9t
 ( ent]+4 ,!n viol5t agitation di/ort$ !
 face & convuls$ ! frame ( ! old *ief4  
,he ?rew some?+ look+ l a small bean at 
! "y man4 ,x ent]$ 8 m\?1 & he fell     
lifeless z sudd5ly z if he _h be5 %ot4  
,sev]al assi/ants receiv$ him1 rubb$ 8  
limbs1 beat 8 back1 /ripp$ him ( 8      
g>m5ts & put a new dress on him1 &      
f9ally pres5t$ him to ! society 9 full  
consci\sness z a memb]4#cf  ,all !      
,my/]ies 7 fun]eal4 ,?is is ! mo/ /rik+ 

s+le ph5om5on connect$ ) !m4 ,!y        
inv>iably began 9 d>kness ) groans &    
te>s1 b z inv>iably end$ 9 fe/ive       
triumph ) %\ts & smiles4 ,9 !m all 7 a  
symbolic dea?1 a m\rnful entombm5t1 & a 
glad resurrection4 ,we "k ?is f !       
abundant direct te/imony ( unimpea*able 
anci5t writ]s1 & also f _! indirect     
descriptions ( ! c]emonies & allusions  
to !m4 ,= example1 ,apuleius says1 ,!   
deliv]y ( ! ,my/]ies is celebrat$ z a ?+
 resembl+ a volunt>y dea?3 ! initiate1  
be+1 aft] a mann]1 born  #cf ,travels 9 
! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 *4 vii4     
aga91 is re/or$ to a new life4 #cf      
,inde$1 all :o describe ! c\rse (       
initiation agree 9 decl>+ t ! aspirant 0
 buri$ = a "t )9 "s n>r[ space1 a       
typical c(f9 or grave4 ,?is te/imony is 
confirm$ by ! evid5ce ( ! ru9s ( ! *ief 
temples & sacr$ places ( ! pagan _w4 ,^!
 ab\nd ) spaci\s cav]ns1 labyr9?9e      
passages1 & curi\s recesses2 & 9        
connection ) !m is always f\nd "s       
excavation evid5tly fitt$ to enclose a  

human =m4 ,su* holl[ b$s1 cov]$ ) flat  
/ones easily remov$1 are /ill to be se5 
amid/ ! ,druidic rema9s ( ,brita9 &     
,gaul1 z well z 9 ne>ly e spot :]e      
tradition has locat$ ! celebration ( !  
,my/]ies1 9 ,greece1 ,india1 ,p]sia1    
,egypt4#cg  ,x becomes a mo/ int]e/+ "q 
:5ce ^! symbols & rites _h _! orig91 &  
:at !y 7 really meant to %ad[ =?4       
,bryant1 ,davies1 ,fab]1 ,oliv]1 &      
sev]al o!r well kn[n my?ologi/s1 h      
labor$1 ) no slight le>n+ & +5uity1 to  
%[ t all ^! c]emonies sprang f          
traditions ( ! ,deluge & ( ,noah's      
adv5tures at t "t4 ,! my/ic dea?1       
burial1 & resurrection ( ! initiate1 !y 
say1 are a repres5tation ( ! entrance ( 
! patri>* into ! ark1 8 d>k & lonesome  
soj\rn 9 x1 & 8 f9al dep>ture out ( x4  
,! melan*oly wail+s ) :i* ! ,my/]ies    
inv>iably began1 typifi$ ! m\rn+ ( !    
patri>*al family ov] _! conf9em5t )9 !  
gloomy & sepul*ral ark2 ! triumphant    
rejoic+s ) :i* ! initiations always     
end$1 ref]r$ to ! glad exit ( !         

patri>*al family f _! float+ prison into
 ! bloom+ _w4 ,! advocates ( ?is !ory h 
labori\sly collect$ all ! mat]ials t    
favor x1 & skilfully /riv5 by _! means  
to elucidate ! :ole subject ( anci5t    
paganism1 especially ( ! ,my/]ies4 ,b1  
aft] read+ all t !y h writt51 & consid]+
 x 9 ! light ( imp>tial rese>*es1 "o is 
con/ra9$ to say t !y h by no means made 
out _! case4 ,x is some:at d\btful if   
!re be any gr\nd :atev] = believ+ t     
traditions conc]n+ ,noah's deluge & !   
ark1 & 8 do+s 9 connection ) !m1 9 any  
way ent]$ into ! public doctr9es & =ms1 
or into ! secret initiations1 ( ! hea!n 
religions4 ,at all ev5ts1 !re c be no   
d\bt t ! ,arkite !ori/s h exagg]at$ !   
importance & ext5t ( ^! views beyond all
 tol]able b\nds1 & ev5 to absurdity4 ,b 
our bus9ess ) !m n[ is only s f> z !y   
relate to ! ,my/]ies4 ,our own          
conviction is t ! real mean+ ( ! rites 9
 ! ,my/]ies 0 bas$ ^u ! affect+ ph5om5a 
( human life & dea? & ! hope ( ano!r    
life4 ,we hold ! ,arkite !ory to be     

arbitr>y 9 g5]al1 unsupport$ by pro(s1 &
 inconsi/5t 9 detail1 unable to meet !  
po9ts pres5t$4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 a      
fundam5tal "p ( ! anci5t belief 0 t bel[
 ! surface ( ! e>? 0 a va/1 sombre "u   
_w1 ! de/9ation ( ! gho/s ( m51 ! ,greek
 ,hades1 ! ,roman ,orcus1 ! ,go?ic      
,hell4 ,a "p ( ! s]vice ( initiation 0 a
 symbolic desc5t into ?is realm4        
,apuleius1 describ+ 8 initiation1 says1 
,i approa*$ to ! conf9es  #cf ,gold5    
,ass1 ,eng4 trans41 by ,?omas ,taylor1  
p4 #bhj4  #cg ,copi\s in/ances are giv5 
9 ,oliv]'s ,hi/ory ( ,initiation1 9     
,fab]'s ,orig9 ( ,pagan ,idolatry1 & 9  
,maurice's ,indian ,antiquities4   (    
dea? & trod on ! ?re%old ( ,pros]p9e4   
#ch ,orpheus1 to :om ! introduction ( ! 
,my/]ies into ,greece f ! ,ea/ 0        
ascrib$1 wrote a poem1 n[ lo/1 call$ !  
,desc5t into ,hades4 ,su* a desc5t 0    
attribut$ to ,h]cules1 ,!seus1          
,rhamps9itus1 & _m o!rs4#ci ,x is pa9t$ 
9 detail by ,hom] 9 ! adv5ture ( 8 h]o  
,ulysses1 also by ,virgil mu* m m9utely 

?r\gh ! j\rney ( ,aneas4 ,w>burton      
labors ) great le>n+ & plausibility1 &1 
z x seems to u1 ) irresi/ible cog5cy1 to
 %[ t ^! desc5ts are no m nor less ?an  
exot]ic acc\nts ( :at 0 dramatically    
enact$ 9 ! esot]ic recesses ( !         
,my/]ies4#dj ,any p]son mu/ be inv9cibly
 prejudic$ :o c d\bt t ! ,greek ,hades  
meant a capaci\s subt]ranean _w ( %ades4
 ,n[1 to ass]t1 z ,bryant & 8 disciples 
d1#da t ,hades means ! int]ior ( ,noah's
 ark1 or ! abyss ( wat]s on :i* ! ark   
float$1 z a c(f9 be>+ ! relics ( dead   
,nature1 is a purely arbitr>y /ep tak5 f
 undue atta*m5t to a m]e !ory4 ,hades   
means ! "u _w ( ! dead1 & n ! int]ior ( 
,noah's ark4 ,inde$1 9 ! second place1  
,fab] admits t 9 ! ,my/]ies ! ark itself
 0 suppos$ to be 9 ,hades1 ! va/ c5tral 
abyss ( ! e>?4 ,b su* 0 n ! location (  
,noah's vessel & voyage4 ,!y 7 on ! face
 ( ! flood1 above ! tops ( ! m\nta9s4 ,x
 is beyond comp>ison ! mo/ reasonable   
supposition 9 itself1 & ! "o be/        
support$ by hi/oric facts1 t !          

repres5tations ( a my/ic burial & voyage
 9 a %ip or boat %[n 9 ! anci5t         
religions 7 symbolic rites drawn f      
imag9ation & !ory z appli$ to !         
impressive ph5om5a ( nature & ! lot (   
man4 ,! ,egyptians & "s o!r e>ly        
nations1 we "k1 figur$ ! />ry worlds 9 !
 sky z %ips sail+ ov] a cele/ial sea4 ,!
 e>? itself 0 sometimes emblematiz$ 9 ! 
same way4 ,!n1 too1 !re 0 ! sepul*ral   
b>ge 9 :i* ! ,egyptian corpses 7 borne  
ov] ! ,a*]usian lake to be entomb$4     
,also ! d>k blue punt 9 :i* ,*>on f]ri$ 
s\ls across ! riv] ( dea?4 ,9 ^! surely 
!re 0 no ref]5ce to ,noah's ark4 ,x     
seems altoge!r likely t :at ,bryant & 8 
coadjutors h con/ruct$ into ! ,arkite   
sy/em ( int]pretation 0 really b an     
emblematic %[+ =? ( a natural doctr9e ( 
human life & dea? & future fate4 ,a     
wav]+ boat float+ on ! deep might1 )    
/rik+ fitness1 typify ! frail condition 
( humanity 9 life1 z :5 ,h]cules is     
depict$ sail+ ov] ! ocean 9 a gold5 cup2
 & t boat1 safely rid+ ! flood1 might   

also repres5t ! *e]ful fai? ( ! initiate
 9 a future life1 be>+ him fe>lessly    
?r\gh all dang]s & ?r\gh dea? to !      
welcom+ society ( ,elysium1 z :5 ,danae 
& h] babe1 toss$ ov] ! tempe/u\s sea 9 a
 fragile *e/1 7 securely waft$ to !     
%elt]+ %ore ( ,s]iphus4 ,no emblem ( our
 human /ate & lot1 ) _! my/]ies1 p]ils1 
?reats1 & promises1 c\ld be ei!r m      
natural or m impressive ?an t ( a vessel
 laun*$ on ! deep4 ,! dy+ ,socrates said
 t he %\ld tru/ 8 s\l on ! hope ( a     
future life z ^u a raft1 & laun* away   
into ! unkn[n4 ,?us ! imag9ation broods 
ov] & explores ! %[s & secrets1         
presageful w>n+s & allur+  #ch ,gold5   
,ass1 ,taylor's trans41 p4 #bhc4  #ci   
,h]odotus1 lib4 il4 cap4 cxxii4  #dj    
,div9e ,legation ( ,moses1 book ii4     
sect4 iv4  #da ,fab]1 ,my/]ies ( !      
,cabiri1 *4 v43 ,on ! ,connection ( !   
,fabul\s ,hades ) ! ,my/]ies4           
invitations1 /orms & calms1 isl& homes &
 unkn[n hav5s1 ( ! dim seas ( nature & (
 man1 ( "t & ( et]nity4#db  ,?irdly1 !  

def5d]s ( ! ,arkite !ory are driv5 into 
gross inconsi/5cies ) !mselves by !     
falsity ( _! views4 ,! dilac]ation (    
,zagreus into fragm5ts1 ! mangl+ (      
,osiris & scatt]+ ( 8 limbs abroad1 !y  
say1 ref] to ! ?r[+ op5 ( ! ark & ! go+ 
=? ( ! inmates to populate ! e>?4 ,!y   
usually make ,osiris1 ,zagreus1 ,adonis1
 & ! o!r h]oes ( ! leg5ds enact$ 9 !    
,my/]ies1 repres5tatives ( ! diluvian   
patri>* himself2 b "h1 ) no reason      
:atev] save ! exig5cies ( _! !ory1 !y   
make ^! my?ic p]sonages repres5tatives (
 ! ark1 a view :i* is utt]ly unf\nd$ &  
gl>+ly want+ 9 analogy4 ,:5 ,zagreus is 
torn 9 pieces1 8 he>t is pres]v$ alive  
by ,zeus & born aga9 into ! _w )9 a     
human =m4 ,aft] ! body ( ,osiris _h be5 
/rewn piecemeal1 ! fragm5ts 7 fondly    
ga!r$ by ,isis1 & he 0 re/or$ to life4  
,!re is no plausible correspond5ce      
betwe5 ^! cases & ! s5d+ out f ! ark ( !
 patri>*al family to repeople ! _w4 ,_! 
real purpose w\ld seem pla9ly to be to  
symbolize ! ?\ght t1 h[ev] ! body ( man 

crumbles 9 pieces1 !re is life = him    
/ill1 he does n hopelessly die4 ,!y     
likewise say t ! egg :i* 0 consecrat$ 9 
! ,my/]ies1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! rites1 0    
int5d$ z an emblem ( ! ark re/+ on !    
abyss ( wat]s1 & t its lat5t hat*+ 0    
meant to sugge/ ! op5+ ( ! ark to let ! 
imprison$ patri>* =?4 ,?is hypo!sis has 
no pro(1 & is ne$less4 ,x is mu* m      
plausible to suppose t ! egg 0 meant z a
 symbol ( a new life ab\t to bur/ ^u !  
c&idate1 a symbol ( 8 resurrection f !  
my/ic tomb :]e9 he 0 buri$ dur+ "o /age 
( initiation2 = we "k t ! initiation 0  
(t5 reg>d$ z ! comm5cem5t ( a fre% life1
 z a new bir?4 ,apuleius says1 ,i       
celebrat$ ! mo/ joyful day ( my         
initiation z my natal day4  ,fab]       
argues1 f ! v close simil>ity ( all !   
diff]5tly nam$ ,my/]ies1 t !y 7 all     
,arkite1 all d]iv$ f "o mass (          
traditions rea*+ f ,noah & embody+ 8    
hi/ory4#dc ,! ass]t$ fact ( g5]al       
resemblance among ! in/itut$ ,my/]ies is
 unque/ionable2 b ! inf]5ce above drawn 

f x is unw>rantable1 ev5 if no bett]    
explanation c\ld be (f]$4 ,b !re is     
ano!r explanation ready1 m natural 9    
conception1 m consi/5t 9 detail1 & bett]
 su/a9$ by evid5ce4 ,! v>i\s ,my/]ies   
celebrat$ 9 ! anci5t nations 7 s mu*    
alike n because !y 7 all f\nd$ on "o _w 
wide tradition ab\t ! ,noa*ian deluge1 b
 because !y all grew out ( ! great      
common facts ( human de/9y 9 connection 
) natural ph5om5a4 ,! ,my/]ies 7 fun]eal
 & fe/ive1 began 9 sorr[ & end$ 9 joy1 n
 because !y repres5t$ fir/ ,noah's sad  
entrance into ! ark & !n 8 glad exit f  
x1 b because !y began ) %[+ ! initiate t
 he mu/ die1 & end$ ) %[+ him t he %\ld 
live aga9 9 a happi] /ate4 ,ev5 ! mo/   
prejudic$ advocates ( ! ,arkite !ory    
#db ,procopius1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,go?ic  
,w>1 m5tions a curi\s popul> ,briti%    
sup]/ition conc]n+ ! f]riage ( s\ls     
among ! neighbor+ isl&s at midnight4    
,see ,grimm's ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 kap4 
xxvi4 zweite ausgabe4  #dc ,my/]ies ( ! 
,cabiri1 *4 #aj3 ,comp>ison ( ! ,v>i\s  

,my/]ies4   are =c$ to admit1 on !      
explicit te/imony ( ! anci5ts1 t !      
initiates pass$ f ! d>kness & horrors ( 
,t>t>us to ! bliss & spl5dors ( ,elysium
 by a dramatic resurrection f burial 9 !
 black cav]ns ( probation to admission  
)9 ! illum9at$ hall or dome (           
p]fection4#dd ,t ! idea ( dea? & ( ano!r
 life runs ?r\gh all ! ,my/]ies z _!    
c>d9al t5et is well %[n 9 connection ) !
 rites ( ! celebrat$ ,cave ( ,trophonius
 at ,lebadea 9 ,boeotia4 ,:oso s\ght ?is
 oracle mu/ desc5d head =emo/ ov] an    
incl9$ plane1 be>+ a honey cake 9 8 h&4 
,ari/ophanes speaks ( ?is desc5t ) a    
%udd] ( fe>4#de ,! adv5tur] 0 sudd5ly   
b]eft ( 8 s5ses1 & aft] a :ile return$  
to ! upp] air4 ,:at he c\ld !n rememb]  
compos$ ! ,div9e revelation :i* _h be5  
communicat$ to him 9 8 unnatural /ate   
bel[4 ,plut>* has giv5 a full acc\nt (  
?is exp]i5ce f "o ,tim>*us1 :o _h       
himself pass$ ?r\gh x4#df ,! sub/ance ( 
x is ?is4 ,:5 ,tim>*us rea*$ ! bottom ( 
! cave1 8 s\l pass$ f 8 body1 visit$ !  

"u _w ( ! dep>t$1 saw ! sph]e ( g5]ation
 :]e s\ls 7 reborn into ! upp] _w1      
receiv$ "s explanation ( all ^! ?+s3 !n1
 return+ into ! body1 he 0 tak5 up out (
 ! cave4 ,"h is no allusion to any      
traditions ( ! ,deluge or ! ark2 b !    
great purpose is evid5tly a doctr9e ( ! 
de/9y ( man aft] dea?4  ,be=e ! eyes &  
^u ! he>t ( all mank9d 9 e age has pass$
 9 common vision ! revolution ( !       
seasons1 ) its beautiful & sombre       
*anges1 ph5om5a hav+ a p[] ( sugge/ion  
irresi/ible to /ir "s ( ! mo/ pr(\nd    
s5tim5ts ( ! human brea/4 ,! day rolls  
ov]head full ( light & life & activity2 
!n ! night settles ^u ! sc5e ) sil5t    
gloom & repose4 ,s man runs 8 busy r\nd 
( toil & pleasure ?r\gh ! day ( exi/5ce2
 !n1 fad+1 foll[+ ! s9k+ sun1 he goes   
d[n 9 dea?'s night to ! pallid          
populations ( %ade4 ,aga93 ! fruitful   
bloom ( summ] is succe$$ by ! bleak     
nak$ness ( w9t]4 ,s ! /reams ( ent]prise
 & joy t fl[$ full & free along _! banks
 9 maturity1 ov]hung by blossom+ trees1 

are %rivell$ & froz5 9 ! *annels ( age1 
& above _! sepul*ral b$s ! leafless     
bran*es creak 9 answ] to ! %rieks ( !   
fun]eal bla/4 ,! flu% ( *ildi% gayety1 !
 bloom ( y\?ful promise1 :5 a new com]  
is gr[+ up sport+ ab\t ! he>? ( home1   
are l ! approa* ( ! maid5 & />ry ,spr+1 
,:o comes sublime1 z :51 f ,pluto free1 
,came1 ?r\gh ! fla% ( ,zeus1 ,p]sephone4
 ,& !n draw ha/ily on ! long1 lam5t+    
autumnal days1 :5 ,above man's grave !  
sad w9ds wail & ra9 drops fall1 ,&      
,nature %$s h] leaves 9 ye>ly fun]al4   
#dd ,fab]1 ,my/]ies ( ! ,cabiri1 *4 #aj1
 pp4 #cca-cef4 ,dion ,*ryso/om describes
 ?is sc5e3 ,oration ,,xii4  #de ,!      
,cl\ds1 #a4 #ejg4  #df ,essay on !      
,demon ( ,socrates4 ,see also           
,pansanias1 lib4 ix4 cap4 xxxix4   ,!   
fl[]s are gone1 ! birds are gone1 !     
g5tle breezes are gone2 & man too mu/ g1
 g m+le ) ! pale p ( dreams4 ,b n :olly 
& =ev] %all he die4 ,! sun so>s into new
 day f ! embrace ( night2 summ] re/or$  
ha/5s on ! heels ( retreat+ w9t]2       

vegetation b retires & surely returns1 &
 ! famili> song ( ! birds %all sweet5 ! 
r5ew+ woods afre% = a million spr+s4    
,apollo weep+ ov] ! beaute\s & d>l+ boy1
 8 sla9 & droop$ ,hyac9?us1 is ! sun    
%orn ( 8 fi]ce beams & m\rn+ ov] !      
annual w9try desolation3 x is also      
,nature bewail+ ! rem$iless loss ( man1 
h] favorite companion4 ,x 0 ^! g5]al    
analogies & sugge/ions1 /rik+ !         
imag9ation1 affect+ ! he>t1 enli/+ !    
reason1 wr\ght out1 p]sonifi$1 &        
dramatiz$ by poets1 tak5 up ) a mass (  
o!r associat$ matt] by prie/ly societies
 & organiz$ 9 a s*eme ( leg5d>y doctr9e 
& an impos+ ritual1 t con/itut$ ! basis 
& ! c5tral mean+ ( ! old ,my/]ies2 & n a
 vapid tradition ab\t ,noah & 8 ark4  ,!
 aim ( ^! in/itutions z !y 7 wield$ 0   
?reefold2 & 9 ea* p>ticul> !y ex]t$     
trem5d\s p[]4 ,! fir/ object 0 to /ret* 
ov] ! wick$ ! re/ra9+ influ5ce ( a      
doctr9e ( future puni%m5t1 to fill !m ) 
a fe>ful look+ = judgm5t 9 ! invisible  
_w4 ,& a consid]able proportion ( ?is   

k9d ( fe> among ! anci5ts is to be trac$
 to ! secret influ5ce ( ! ,my/]ies1 !   
revelations & t]rors !re appli$4 ,!     
second desire 0 to enc\rage ! good &    
ob$i5t ) inspir+ hopes ( a happy fate & 
glori\s rew>ds beyond ! grave4 ,plut>*  
writes to 8 wife1 7ne> ! close ( 8 lett]
 ( consolation to h]17 ,"s say ! s\l w  
be entirely ins5sible aft] dea?2 b y are
 too well acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9es deliv]$ 
9 ! ,my/]ies ( ,bac*us1 & ) ! symbols ( 
our frat]nity1 to h>bor su* an error4 ,!
 ?ird purpose 01 by ! wond]s & spl5dors1
 ! secret awe1 ! my/]i\s au?ority &     
v5]able sanctions1 ?r[n ar\nd ! society 
& its c]emonies1 to e/abli% its doctr9es
 9 ! rev]5tial acceptance ( ! p1 & ?us  
to increase ! p[] ( ! prie/hood & !     
/ate4 ,to compass ^! ends1 ! hidd5      
sci5ce1 ! public =ce1 ! vague           
sup]/ition1 ! treasur$ weal?1 & all !   
v>i$ res\rces available by ! anci5t _w1 
7 m>%all$ & br\ght to be> 9 ! ,my/]ies4 
,by *emical & me*anical secrets !n 9 _! 
exclusive possession1 ! my/agogues work$

 miracles be=e ! a/oni%$ novices4#dg ,!y
 _h ! p[]s ( electricity1 gunp[d]1      
hydro/atic pressure1 at _! comm&4#dh ,_!
 rites 7 c>ri$ out on ! mo/ magnific5t  
scale4 ,! temple at ,eleusis c\ld hold  
?irty ?\s& p]sons4 ,imag9e :at effect   
might be produc$1 "u su* impos+ & prep>$
 circum/ances1 on an ignorant multitude1
 by a set ( m5 hold+ all ! sci5tific    
secrets & me*anical inv5tions till !n   
discov]$1 illum9ation fla%+ aft] d>kness
 successively be=e _! smitt5 eyes1 !    
floors seem+ to heave & ! walls to      
crack1 ?und]s bell[+ ?r\gh ! mighty     
dome2 n[ yawn+ reveal$ b5ea? !m ! gho/ly
 *im]a ( ,t>t>us1 ) all ! %riek+ &      
horrid sc5]y ga!r$ !re2 n[  #dg ,an?on's
 ,class4 ,dict41 art4 ,elicius4  #dh    
,salv]te1 ,des ,sci5ces ,occultes1 ou   
,essai sur la ,magie4 ,see also editor's
 introduction to ,?omson's ,eng4 trans4 
( ,salv]te's "w4   ! mild beauties (    
,elysium dawn+ on _! ravi%$ vision1 amid
 /ra9s ( cele/ial music1 ?r\gh fad+     
cl\ds ( glory1 :ile nymphs1 h]oes1 &    

gods walk$ app>5t4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria  
tells u t "o feature ( ! initiation 0 a 
display ( ! grisly secrets ( ,hades4#di 
,apuleius1 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 own           
initiation1 says1 ,at midnight ,i saw ! 
sun %9+ ) a respl5d5t light2 & ,i       
manife/ly drew ne> to ! l[] & to ! upp] 
gods & ador$ !m 9 imm$iate pres5ce4 #ej 
,lobeck says t1 on ! lift+ ( ! veil     
expos+ ! adytum to ! gaze ( ! initiates1
 app>itions ( ! gods appe>$ to !m4#ea   
,*ri/ie1 9 8 little "w on ! ,greek      
,my/]ies1 says t ! doctr9es ( !         
,eleus9ian %[s 7 expla9$ by means (     
transp>5t sc5es1 _m ( :i* 7 fai?fully   
copi$ ^u ! pa9t$ ,greek vases2 & ^! vase
 accord+ly1 7 deposit$ 9 tombs to       
evid5ce ! fai? ( ! deceas$ 9 a future   
life4 ,! =ego+ conceptions may be       
illu/rat$ by ! dramatic repres5tations1 
sc5ic %ad[s beh9d transp>5t curta9s1 9  
,java1 allud$ to by ,sir ,/am=d         
,raffles4#eb  ,x is rem>kable h[ f> !   
,my/]ies spread ov] ! e>?1 & :at        
popul>ity !y atta9$4 ,!y p5etrat$ into  

almo/ e nation "u ! sun4 ,!y admitt$1 9 
"s degree1 ne>ly ! :ole p4 ,h]odotus    
in=ms u t !re 7 collect$ 9 ,egypt1 at "o
 celebration1 sev5 hundr$ ?\s& m5 &     
wom51 besides *ildr54#ec ,! greate/     
w>riors & k+s ,philip1 ,alex&]1 ,sulla1 
,antony e/eem$ x an honor to be welcom$ 
)9 ! my/ic pale4 ,m51 says ,cic]o1 came 
f ! mo/ di/ant %ores to be initiat$ at  
,eleusis4 ,sophocles decl>es1 z quot$ by
 ,w>burton1 ,true life is to be f\nd    
only among ! initiates3 all o!r places  
are full ( evil4 ,at ! rise ( ! ,*ri/ian
 religion1 all ! life & p[] left 9 !    
national religion ( ,greece & ,rome 7 9 
! ,my/]ies4 ,accord+ly1 "h 0 ! mo/      
=midable foe ( ! new fai?4 ,/&+ 9 its   
old entr5*m5ts1 ) all its popul> pre/ige
 ar\nd x1 x f\ght ) desp]ate det]m9ation
 = e in* x 0 successively =c$ to yield4 
,! brilliant ef=t ( ,julian to roll back
 ! tide ( ,*ri/ianity & re/ore ! pagan  
religion to m ?an its pri/9e spl5dor an 
ef=t b5ea? :i* ! scales ( ! _w's =tunes 
pois$1 tremul\s1 = a :ile 0 *iefly an   

endeavor to revive & enl>ge ! ,my/]ies4 
,su* 0 ! atta*m5t ( ! p to ^! old rites 
ev5 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury ( !      
,*ri/ian era1 t a murd]\s riot broke out
 at ,alex&ria1 9 :i* ,bi%op ,george &   
o!rs 7 sla91 on occasion ( ! pr(anation 
by ,*ri/ians ( a secret adytum 9 :i* !  
,my/]ies ( ,mi?ra 7 celebrat$4#ed ,& :51
 a little lat]1 ! ,emp]or ,val5t9ian _h 
det]m9$ to suppress all nocturnal rites1
 he 0 induc$ to )draw 8 resolution by   
,pretextatus1 proconsul 9 ,greece1 a man
 end[$ ) e virtue1 :o repres5t$ to him t
 !  #di ,/romata1 lib4 iii41 cit$ by a  
writ] on ! ,my/]ies 9 ,blackwood1 ,feb4 
#ahec1 pp4 #bja-bjc4  #ej ,taylor's     
trans4 ( ,gold5 ,ass1 p4 #bhc4 ,9 a note
 to p4 #bge ( ?is "w1 ! translator      
describes 7) a citation ( 8 au?orities7 
! brea?+ resemblances ( ! gods us$ 9 !  
,my/]ies1 /atues fabricat$ by ! tele/a1 
s z to be illum9at$ & to appe> animat$4 
#ea ,aglaophamus1 lib4 i4 sect4 #g4  #eb
 ,disc\rse to ! ,lit4 & ,sci4 ,soc4 (   
,java1 #ahae1 pub4 9 ,valpy's           

,pamphlete]1 ,no4 #ae4  #ec ,lib4 ii4   
cap4 ix4  #ed ,socrates1 ,ecc4 ,in/41   
lib4 iii4 cap4 #b4   ,greeks w\ld       
consid] life insupportable if !y 7      
=bidd5 to celebrate ^? mo/ sacr$        
,my/]ies :i* b9d toge!r ! human race4#ee
 ,^u ! :ole1 we _c fail to see t !      
,my/]ies mu/ h ex]t$ a mo/ ext5sive &   
pr(\nd influ5ce alike 9 fo/]+ ! good    
hopes ( human nature t\*+ a life to     
come1 & 9 giv+ cr$it & diffusion to !   
popul> fables ( ! poets conc]n+ !       
details ( ! future /ate4 ,mu* ( t belief
 :i* seems to u s absurd we c easily    
suppose !y s9c]ely embrac$1 :5 we       
recollect :at !y ?\ght !y _h se5 "u     
sup]natural auspices 9 _! initiations4  
,9 ! ,greek & ,roman fai? !re 0         
gradually develop$ 9 connection *iefly )
 ! ,my/]ies1 z we believe an ari/ocratic
 doctr9e :i* allott$ to a select class (
 s\ls an abode 9 ! sky z _! di/+ui%$    
de/9ation aft] dea?1 :ile ! common      
multitude 7 /ill s5t5c$ to ! %ad[ region
 bel[ ! grave4 ,z ,virgil writes1 ,!    

desc5t to ,av]nus is easy4 ,! gate ( d>k
 ,dis is op5 day & night4 ,b to rise    
into ! upp] _w is mo/ ardu\s4 ,only !   
few h]oes :om favor+ ,jove loves or %9+ 
virtue exalts ?i!r c effect x4 #ef      
,num]\s scatt]$1 significant traces ( a 
belief 9 ?is *ange ( ! de/9ation ( "s   
s\ls f ! pit ( ,hades to ! hall ( heav5 
are to be f\nd 9 ! classic au?ors4      
,virgil1 celebrat+ ! dea? ( "s p]son "u 
! fictiti\s "n ( ,daphnis1 exclaims1    
,rob$ 9 :ite1 he admires ! /range c\rt (
 heav51 & sees ! cl\ds & ! />s b5ea? 8  
feet4 ,he is a god n[4 #eg ,porphyry    
ascribes to ,py?agoras ! decl>ation t ! 
s\ls ( dep>t$ m5 are ga!r$ 9 !          
zodiac4#eh ,plato e>ne/ly describes a   
region ( brightness & unfad+ realities  
above ?is l[] _w1 among ! />s1 :]e !    
gods live1 & :i!r1 he says1 ! virtu\s & 
wise may asc5d1 :ile ! corrupt &        
ignorant mu/ s9k into ! ,t>t>ean        
realm4#ei ,a simil> conception ( !      
atta9abl5ess ( heav5 seems to be sugge/$
 9 ! old popul> my?s1 fir/1 ( ,h]cules  

com+ back 9 triumph f 8 visit to        
,pluto's seat1 &1 on dy+1 ris+ to !     
assembly ( immortals & tak+ 8 equal     
place among !m2 secondly1 ( ,dionysus   
go+ into ! "u _w1 rescu+ 8 "m1 ! hapless
 ,semele1 & so>+ ) h] to heav51 :]e %e  
h5ce=? resides1 a pe]ess ( ! elde/      
goddesses4 ,cic]o expresses ! same ?\ght
 :5 he affirms t a life ( ju/ice & piety
 is ! pa? to heav51 :]e patriots1       
exempl>y s\ls1 releas$ f _! bodies1     
enjoy endless happ9ess amid/ ! brilliant
 orbs ( ! galaxy4 #fj ,! same au?or also
 speaks ( c]ta9 philosoph]s :o fl\ri%$  
be=e 8 "t1 ^: op9ions enc\rag$ ! belief 
t s\ls dep>t+ f bodies w\ld arrive at   
heav5 z _! prop] dwell+ place4 #fa ,he  
aft]w>ds /igmatizes ! notion t ! life   
succe$+ dea? is subt]ranean z an        
error1#fb & 9 8 own "n addresses 8      
auditor ?us3 ,i see y gaz+ upw>d & wi%+ 
to migrate into heav54 #fc ,x 0 ! common
 belief ( ! ,romans = ages t ,romulus 0 
tak5 up into heav51 :]e he w\ld rema9   
=ev]1 claim+ ,div9e honors4#fd ,!       

,emp]or ,julian says1 9 8 ,lett] on !   
#ee ,essay on ,my/]ies1 by ,m4 ,ouv>(f1 
,eng4 trans4 by ,j4 ,d4 ,price1 p4 #ee4 
#ef ,aneid1 lib4 vi4 #aa4 #abe-acj4  #eg
 ,ecl4 v4 #aa4 #eg1 #eh1 #fd4  #eh ,de  
,antro ,nymph>um4  #ei ,phado sects4    
#acf-ach4  #fj ,soma4 ,scipionis4  #fa  
,tusc4 ,qua/41 lib4 i4 cap4 xi4  #fb    
,ibid4 cap4 xvi4  #fc ,ibid4 cap4 xxxiv4
  #fd ,ennius1 e4 g41 s+s1 ,romulus 9   
coelo cum diis agit avum   ,duties ( a  
,prie/1 ,god w raise f d>kness & ,t>t>us
 ! s\ls ( all ( u :o wor%ip him s9c]ely3
 to ! pi\s1 in/ead ( ,t>t>us he promises
 ,olympus4 ,x is lawful1 writes ,plato1 
only = ! true lov] ( wisdom to pass into
 ! rank ( gods4 #fe ,! privilege "h     
conf9$ to philosoph]s we believe 0      
promis$ to ! initiates 9 ! ,my/]ies1 z !
 special pr]ogative secur$ to !m by _!  
initiation4 ,to pass into ! rank ( !    
gods is a phrase :i*1 z "h employ$1     
means to asc5d into heav5 & h a seat ) !
 immortals1 in/ead ( be+ bani%$1 ) !    
s\ls ( common mortals1 to ! "u _w4  ,9  

e>ly times ! ,greek wor%ip 0 mo/ e>ne/ly
 direct$ to t set ( deities :o resid$ at
 ! gloomy c5tre ( ! e>?1 & :o 7 call$ ! 
*?onian gods4#ff ,! hope ( immortality  
fir/ sprung up & 0 n\ri%$ 9 connection )
 ?is wor%ip4 ,b 9 ! progress ( "t &     
culture ! sup]nal circle ( div9ities :o 
kept /ate on bright ,olympus acquir$ a  
great] %>e ( att5tion1 & at la/ receiv$ 
a degree ( wor%ip f> surpass+ t paid to 
_! sw>?y compe]s bel[4 ,! adoration ( ^!
 bright be+s1 ) a gr[+ tru/ 9 _!        
b5ignity1 ! fables ( ! poets tell+ h[ !y
 _h sometimes elevat$ human favorites to
 _! pres5ce1 = in/ance1 receiv+ a       
,ganym$e to ! joys ( _! sublime society1
 ! enc\rag+ ?\ghts ( ! m religi\s &     
*e]ful ( ! philosoph]s1 ^! facts1 toge!r
 ) a natural %r9k+ f ! dismal gloom ( ! 
life ( %ades ar\nd ! ,/yx1 & a native   
long+ = admission to ! s]5e pleasures ( 
! unfad+ life l$ by ! radiant lords (   
heav51 9 conjunction1 p]haps1 ) /ill o!r
 causes1 effect$ an improvem5t ( ! old  
fai?1 alt]+ & bright5+ x1 little by     

little1 until ! hope came 9 _m qu>t]s to
 be ent]ta9$ t ! fai?ful s\l w\ld aft]  
dea? rise into ! assemblage & spl5dor ( 
! cele/ial gods4 ,! ,emp]or ,julian1 at 
! close ( 8 sev5? ,oration1 repres5ts ! 
gods ( ,olympus address+ him 9 ?is /ra93
  ,rememb] t y\r s\l is immortal1 & t if
 y foll[ u y w be a god & ) u w behold  
our ,fa!r4 ,sev]al le>n$ writ]s h       
/r5u\sly labor$ to prove t ! gr\nd      
secret ( ! ,my/]ies1 ! gr& ?+ reveal$ 9 
!m1 0 ! doctr9e ( apo!osis1 %ak+ !      
e/abli%$ !ology by unmask+ ! hi/oric    
fact t all ! gods 7 m]ely deifi$ m54 ,we
 believe ! real significance ( ! v>i\s  
collective te/imony1 h9ts1 & inf]5ces by
 :i* ^! writ]s h be5 br\ght to su* a    
conclusion is ?is2 ! g5u9e po9t ( !     
,my/]ies lay n 9 tea*+ t ! gods 7 once  
m51 b 9 ! idea t m5 may become gods4 ,to
 tea* t ,zeus1 ! univ]sal ,fa!r1 caus+ !
 creation to tremble at ! motion ( 8    
br[1 0 =m]ly an obscure k+ ( ,crete1 ^: 
tomb 0 yet visible 9 t isl&1 w\ld h be5 
utt]ly absurd4 ,b to ass]t t ! s\l (    

man1 ! free1 intellig5t image ( ! gods1 
on leav+ ! body1 w\ld asc5d to live     
et]nally 9 ! k+dom ( its ,div9e         
prototypes1 w\ld h be5 a brilliant /ep (
 progress 9 h>mony bo? ) reason & !     
he>t4 ,su* 0 probably ! fact4 ,obs]ve ! 
foll[+ citation f ,plut>*3 ,!re is no   
occasion aga9/ nature to s5d ! bodies ( 
good m5 to heav52 b we are to conclude t
 virtu\s s\ls1 by nature & ! ,div9e     
ju/ice1 rise f m5 to h]oes1 f h]oes to  
g5ii2 & if1 z 9 ! ,my/]ies1 !y are  #fe 
,phado1 sect4 lxxi4  #ff ,mull]1 ,mi/4  
,greek ,lit41 cap4 ii4 sect4 #e2 cap4   
xvi4 sect4 #b4   purifi$1 %ak+ (f !     
rema9s ( mortality & ! p[] ( ! passions1
 !y !n atta9 ! highe/ happ9ess1 & asc5d 
f g5ii to gods1 n by ! vote ( ! p1 b by 
! j & e/abli%$ ord] ( nature4 #fg  ,!   
ref]5ce 9 ! la/ clause is to ! decrees (
 ! ,s5ate :]eby apo!osis 0 conf]r$ on   
v>i\s p]sons1 plac+ !m among ! gods4    
,?is c]emony has (t5 be5 made to appe>  
unnecess>ily ridicul\s1 ?r\gh a p]v]sion
 ( its actual mean+4 ,:5 ! anci5ts      

appli$ ! t]m god to a human s\l dep>t$ f
 ! body1 x 0 n us$ z ! mod]ns prevail+ly
 employ t ^w4 ,x express$ a great deal  
less ) !m ?an ) u4 ,x m]ely meant to    
affirm simil>ity ( ess5ce1 qualities1 & 
resid5ce1 b by no means equal dignity & 
p[] ( attributes betwe5 ! "o & ! o!rs4  
,x meant t ! s\l _h gone to ! heav5ly   
habitation ( ! gods & 0 !nce=? a        
p>ticipant 9 ! heav5ly life4#fh         
,h]aclitus 0 accu/om$ to say1 ,m5 are   
mortal gods2 gods are immortal m54      
,macrobius says1 ,! s\l is n only       
immortal1 b a god4 #fi ,& ,cic]o        
decl>es1 ,! s\l ( man is a ,div9e ?+1 z 
,euripides d>es to say1 a god4 #gj      
,milton uses language precisely p>allel1
 speak+ ( ^? :o are unm9dful ( ! cr[n   
true ,virtue gives h] s]vants1 aft] _!  
mortal *ange1 among ! en?ron$ gods on   
sa9t$ seats4 ,!ophilus1 ,bi%op ( ,antio*
 9 ! second c5tury1 says t to become a  
god means to asc5d into heav54 #ga ,!   
,roman ,ca?olic c]emony ( beatification 
& canonization ( sa9ts1 (f]+ !m inc5se &

 pray]s !reaft]1 means exactly :at 0    
meant by ! anci5t apo!osis1 namely1 t   
:ile ! multitudes ( ! dead abide bel[1 9
 ! int]m$iate /ate1 ^! favor$ s\ls h be5
 advanc$ into heav54 ,! papal           
function>ies borr[$ ?is rite1 ) mo/ (   
its details1 f _! imm$iate pagan        
pr$ecessors1 :o !mselves probably adopt$
 x f ! ,ea/1 :5ce ! ,my/]ies came4 ,x is
 well kn[n t ! ,brahmans & ,buddhi/s    
believ$1 c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 9
 ! contra/$ fate ( good m5 aft] dea? to 
enjoy ! successive heav5s above ! cl\ds1
 & ( bad m5 to suff] ! successive hells 
b5ea? ! e>?4 ,a k ( ?is attractive      
,ori5tal doctr9e may h unit$ ) ! advance
 ( _! own speculations to w9 ! p>tial   
acceptance obta9$ among ! ,greeks &     
,romans = ! fai? :i* broke ! univ]sal   
doom to ,hades & op5$ heav5 to _!       
hopeful aspirations4 ,9 a trag$y (      
,euripides ! foll[+ passage occurs1     
address$ to ! b]eav$ ,admetus3 ,let n ! 
tomb ( ?y wife be look$ on z ! m\nd ( ! 
ord9>y dead4 ,"s wayf>]1 z he treads !  

slop+ road1 %all say1 ',?is woman once  
di$ = h] husb&2 b n[ %e is a sa9t 9     
heav54' #gb  ,:5 ! mean+ ( ! *e]ful     
promises giv5 to ! initiates ( a m      
favor$ fate 9 ! future life ?an await$  
o!rs namely1 z we ?9k1 t _! spirits on  
leav+ ! body %\ld scale ,olympus in/ead 
( plung+ to ,t>t>us _h be5 conceal$ )9 !
  #fg ,lives1 ,romulus1 sect4 xxviii4   
#fh ,see a valuable discussion ( !      
anci5t use ( ! t]ms !os & deus 9 note ,d
 vol4 iii4 ( ,norton's ,g5u95ess ( !    
,gospels4  #fi ,somn4 ,scip41 lib4 ii4  
cap4 #ab4  #gj ,tusc4 ,que/41 lib4 i4   
cap4 #bf4  #ga ,we omit sev]al o!r      
au?orities1 z ! read] w\ld probably deem
 any fur!r evid5ce sup]flu\s4  #gb      
,alce/is1 ll4 #ajae-ajbe1 ed4 ,glasg4   
,my/]ies = a long "t1 x at l5g? broke   
into public view 9 ! national apo!osis (
 anci5t h]oes1 k+s1 & r5[n$ wor?ies1 !  
in/ances ( :i* became s num]\s t ,cic]o 
cries1 ,is n ne>ly all heav5 peopl$ ) ! 
human race8 #gc ,ov] ! heads ( ! dev\t  
hea!n1 z !y gaz$ up ?r\gh ! cle> night  

air1 tw9kl$ ! beams ( innum]able />s1   
ea* *os5 to designate ! c]ulean seat :]e
 "s s\l 0 rejoic+ ) ! gods 9 heav5 ov] !
 glori\s issue ( ! toils & suff]+s 9 :i*
 he once pa9fully trod ?is e>?ly sc5e4  
,h]odian1 a ,greek hi/orian ( "s ( !    
,roman emp]ors1 has left a detail$      
acc\nt ( ! rite ( apo!osis4#gd ,an image
 ( ! p]son to be deifi$ 0 made 9 wax1   
look+ all sick & pale1 laid 9 /ate on a 
l(ty b$ ( ivory cov]$ ) clo? ( gold1    
surr\nd$ on "o side by *oirs ( noble    
lords1 on ! o!r side by _! ladies /ripp$
 ( _! jewels & clad 9 m\rn+1 visit$ (t5 
= sev]al days by a physician1 :o /ill   
reports 8 pati5t worse1 & f9ally        
ann\nces 8 decease4 ,!n ! ,s5ators &    
haughtie/ patricians be> ! c\* ?r\gh !  
via sacra to ! ,=um4 ,b&s ( noble boys &
 ( pr\d wom5 rang$ opposite ea* o!r *ant
 hymns & lauds ov] ! dead 9 solemn      
melody4 ,! bi] is next borne to !       
,campus ,m>tius1 :]e x is plac$ ^u a    
high wood5 alt>1 a l>ge1 ?9 /ructure ) a
 t[] l a ligh?\se4 ,heaps ( fragrant    

gums1 h]bs1 fruits1 & spices are p\r$   
out & pil$ ^u x4 ,!n ! ,roman knights1  
m\nt$ on horseback1 prance be=e x 9     
beautiful brav]y1 :eel+ to & fro 9 !    
dizzy measures ( ! ,pyrrhic dance4      
,also1 9 a /ately mann]1 purple clo!d   
*>iote]s1 we>+ masks :i* picture =? !   
features ( ! mo/ fam\s wor?ies ( o!r    
days to ! rev]5tial recognition ( !     
sil5t ho/s assembl$1 ride ar\nd ! =m (  
_! desc5dant4 ,sudd5ly a tor* is set to 
! pile1 & x is wrapp$ 9 flames4 ,f !    
turret1 amid/ ! aromatic fumes1 an eagle
 is let loose4 ,pho5ix l symbol ( !     
dep>t$ s\l1 he so>s into ! sky1 & ! sev5
 hill$ city ?robs ) pride1 rev]b]at+ !  
%\ts ( h] p4 ,?us into ! resid5ce ( !   
gods ,sic itur ad a/ra 0 borne ! div9ely
 favor$ mortal2 ,& ?us we see h[ man's  
prophetic cre$s ,made gods ( m5 :5      
godlike 7 _! de$s4  ,= x 0 only 9 times 
( degradation & by a viol5t p]v]sion t !
 honor 0 all[$ to ! unwor?y2 & ev5 9 su*
 cases x 0 usually nullifi$ z soon z ! p
 recov]$ _! s5ses & _! fre$om4 ,!re is  

extant among ! works ( ,s5eca a little  
treatise call$ ,apocolocuntosis1 t is1  
pumpk9ification1 or ! metamorphosis into
 a g\rd1 a %>p satire levell$ aga9/ !   
apo!osis ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius4 ,!      
deification ( mortals among ! anci5ts   
has long be5 laugh$ at4 ,:5 ! great     
,mac$onian mon>* appli$ = a decree = 8  
apo!osis :ile he 0 yet alive1 !         
,lac$emonian ,s5ate1 ) bitt] s>casm1    
vot$1 ,if ,alex&] desires to be a god1  
let him be a god4 ,! doctr9e is (t5     
ref]r$ to among u 9 t]ms ( mock]y4 ,b   
?is is pr9cipally because x is n        
und]/ood4 ,x simply signifies ! asc5t ( 
! s\l aft] dea? into ! ,olympian halls  
in/ead ( desc5d+ into ! ,a*]onian gulfs4
 ,& :e!r we  #gc ,tusc4 ,qua/41 lib4 i4 
cap4 #ab4  #gd ,lib4 iv4   consid] !    
symbolic ju/ice & beauty ( ! conception 
z a poetic image appli$ to ! dea?less   
h]oes ( humanity ensph]$ above u =ev] 9 
hi/oric fame & natural wor%ip1 or reg>d 
its comp>ative probability z ! lit]al   
location ( ! resid5ce ( dep>t$ spirits1 

x mu/ recomm5d itself to u z a decid$   
improvem5t on ! ideas previ\sly         
preval5t1 & z a sort ( anticipation1 9  
"p1 ( t bright fai? 9 a heav5ly home =  
fai?fuls s\ls1 aft]w>ds e/abli%$ 9 ! _w 
by ,him ( :om x 0 writt51 ,no man ha?   
asc5d$ up to heav5 b he t came d[n f    
heav51 ev5 ! ,son ( ,man1 :o is n[ 9    
heav54 ,inde$1 s =cible & close is !    
correspond5ce betwe5 ! c\rse ( !        
aspirant 9 8 initiation dramatically    
dy+1 desc5d+ into ,hades1 ris+ aga9 to  
life1 & asc5d+ into heav5 ) ! apo/olic  
pres5tation ( ! r$emptive c>e] ( ,*ri/1 
our great ,=]unn]1 t "s writ]s ,nork1 = 
in/ance h sugge/$ t ! latt] 0 b !       
exot]ic publication to all ! _w ( :at 9 
! =m] 0 esot]ically taught to !         
initiates alone4  ,!re 0 a /rik+        
naturalness1 a pr(\nd propriety1 9 !    
obscurities ( secrecy & awe ) :i* !     
anci5t ,my/]ies %r\d$ f a ra% curiosity 
_! in/ructions conc]n+ ! future life &  
only unfold$ !m by c>eful degrees to !  
prep>$ c&idate4 ,x is s ) ! reality     

itself 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,x is ! great  
my/]y ( my/]ies1 d>kly h9t$ 9 types1    
fa9tly gleam+ 9 analogies1 s(tly :isp]$ 
9 hopes1 passionately ask$ 9 desires1   
pati5tly confirm$ 9 argum5ts1 sudd5ly   
blaz$ & ?und]$ 9 revelation4 ,man f ! v 
beg9n+ ( 8 race on e>? has be5 ?ickly   
encompass$ by my/]ies1 hung ar\nd by !  
muffl+ curta9s ( ignorance & sup]/ition4
 ,?r\gh "o aft] ano!r ( ^! he has =c$ 8 
way & gaz$ on _! successive secrets laid
 b>e4 ,once ! ,ocean 0 an allur+ &      
t]rible my/]y1 welt]+ be=e him ) its    
endless wa% ( waves1 into :i* ! we>y    
sun1 9 ! we/1 plung$ at ev5+1 & out (   
:i*1 9 ! ea/1 x b\nd$ refre%$ 9 ! morn+4
 ,b ! d>+ pr[s ( 8 %ips1 guid$ by       
pione]+ ?\ght & skill1 pass$ its isl&s &
 t\*$ its ultimate %ores4 ,once ! ,pol> 
,circle 0 a frightful & froz5 my/]y1    
en?ron$ on m\nta9s ( et]nal ice & we>+  
^u its sn[y br[ ! flam+ cr[n ( ! aurora 
borealis4 ,b 8 h>dy navigators1 inspir$ 
by ent]prise & philan?ropy1 arm$ )      
sci5ce1 & suppli$ by art1 h driv5 !     

awful phantom back1 league by league1   
until b a small expanse ( its wond]s    
rema9s untrack$ by 8 /eps4 ,once ! cr[d$
 ,sky 0 a b\ndless my/]y1 a maze (      
motions1 a field :]e gha/ly comets play$
 _! antics & %ook d[n t]rors on !       
nations4 ,b ! !ories ( 8 reason1 bas$ on
 ! gigantic grasp ( 8 calculus & aid$ by
 ! in/rum5ts ( 8 inv5tion1 h solv$      
p]plexity aft] p]plexity1 bl5d$ discords
 into h>mony1 & %[n to 8 delight$ vision
 ! calm p]fection ( ! /ell> sy/em4 ,s1  
too1 9 ! moral _w he has lift$ ! %r\ds f
 _m a d>k problem1 & ext5d$ ! empire (  
light & love f> out ov] ! anci5t realm (
 d>kness & t]ror4 ,b ! secret ( ,dea?1 !
 my/]y ( ! ,future1 rema9s yet1 z ( old1
 unfa?om$ & inscrutable to 8 inquiries4 
,/ill1 z ( old1 he kneels be=e t unlift$
 veil & besee*es ! oracles = a response 
to fai?4  ,! anci5t ,my/]ies 9 _!       
pr9cipal c]emony b copi$ ! ord9ation &  
foll[$ ! ov]aw+ _s ( ,nature h]self4 ,! 
religi\s res]ve & awe ab\t ! entrance   
into ! adytum ( _! traditions 7 l ^?    

ab\t ! entrance into ! invisible sc5es  
beyond ! veils ( "t & mortality4 ,_!    
initiation 0 b a m9iature symbol ( !    
great initiation ?r\gh :i*1 & t ^u      
imp>tial t]ms1 e mortal1 f ,k+ ,solomon 
to ! idiot paup]1 mu/ soon] or lat] pass
 to immortality4 ,:5 a fit applicant1   
aft] ! prelim9>y probation1 kneels )    
fa9t+ s5se & pallid br[ be=e ! veil ( ! 
unutt]able ,unkn[n1 & ! la/ pulsations (
 8 he>t tap at ! door ( et]nity1 & he   
rev]5tially asks admission to p>take 9 !
 secrets %r\d$ f pr(ane vision1 !       
inf9ite ,hi]ophant directs ! call to be 
answ]$ by ,dea?1 ! spee*less & solemn   
/ew>d ( ! cele/ial ,my/]ies4 ,he comes1 
pu%es ! curta9 aside1 leads ! awe /ruck 
initiate 91 takes ! bl9d+ b&age ( ! body
 f 8 s\l2 & /raightway ! trembl+        
neophyte receives light 9 ! mid/ ( t    
innum]able ,frat]nity ( ,immortals ov]  
:om ! ,supreme ,au?or ( ! ,univ]se      
presides4  ,,*apt] ,,ii4                
,,metempsy*osis2 ,,or1 ,,transmigration 
,,( ,,s\ls4  ,,no o!r doctr9e has ex]t$ 

s ext5sive1 controll+1 & p]man5t an     
influ5ce ^u mank9d z t ( !              
metempsy*osis1 ! notion t :5 ! s\l      
leaves ! body x is born anew 9 ano!r    
body1 its rank1 "*1 circum/ances1 &     
exp]i5ce 9 ea* successive exi/5ce dep5d+
 on its qualities1 de$s1 & atta9m5ts 9  
its prec$+ lives4 ,su* a !ory1 well     
matur$1 bore unresi/$ sway ?r\gh ! great
 ,ea/]n _w1 long be=e ,moses slept 9 8  
little ark ( bulru%es on ! %ore ( !     
,egyptian riv]2 ,alex&] ! ,great gaz$ ) 
amazem5t on ! self immolation by fire to
 :i* x inspir$ ! ,gymnosophi/s2 ,cas>   
f\nd its t5ets propagat$ among ! ,gauls 
beyond ! ,rubicon2 & at ?is h\r x reigns
 despotic1 z ! le>n$ & travell$         
,pr(essor ( ,sanscrit at ,ox=d tells u1 
)\t any sign ( decrepitude or decay1 ov]
 ! ,burman1 ,*9ese1 ,t>t>1 ,tibetan1 &  
,indian nations1 includ+ at lea/ six    
hundr$ & fifty millions ( mank9d4#a ,!re
 is abundant evid5ce to prove t ?is     
s*eme ( ?\ght prevail$ at a v e>ly p]iod
 among ! ,egyptians1 all classes & sects

 ( ! ,h9dus1 ! ,p]sian disciples ( !    
,magi1 & ! ,druids1 &1 9 a lat] age1    
among ! ,greeks & ,romans z repres5t$ by
 ,musaus1 ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 ,plot9us1 
,macrobius1 ,ovid1 & _m o!rs4 ,x 0      
g5]ally adopt$ by ! ,jews f ! "t ( !    
,babylonian captivity4 ,traces ( x h be5
 discov]$ among ! anci5t ,scy?ians1 !   
,african tribes1 "s ( ! ,pacific        
,isl&]s1 & v>i\s aborig9al nations bo? (
 ,nor? & ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,*>levoix says 
"s tribes ( ,canadian ,indians believ$ 9
 a transmigration ( s\ls2 b1 ) a curi\s 
mixture ( fancy & reflection1 !y limit$ 
x to ! s\ls ( little *ildr51 :o1 be+    
balk$ ( ?is life 9 its beg9n+1 !y ?\ght 
w\ld try x aga94 ,_! bodies1 accord+ly1 
7 buri$ at ! sides ( roads1 t _! spirits
 might pass into pregnant wom5 travell+ 
by4 ,a belief 9 ! metempsy*osis limit$ 9
 ! same way to ! s\ls ( *ildr5 also     
prevail$ among ! ,mexicans4#b ,!        
,m>icopas1 by ! ,gila1 believe :5 !y die
 !y %all transmigrate into birds1 bea/s1
 & reptiles1 & %all return to ! banks ( 

! ,colorado1 :5ce !y 7 driv5 by !       
,yumas4 ,!y w live !re 9 caves & woods1 
z wolves1 rats1 & snakes2 s w _! enemies
 ! ,yumas2 & !y w fight toge!r4#c ,on ! 
we/]n bord] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 only ?ree
 or f\r ye>s ago1 two ,indians hav+ be5 
s5t5c$ to be hung = murd]1 ! *iefs ( _! 
tribe came 9 & begg$ t !y might be %ot  
or burn$ in/ead1 z !y look$ ^u hang+ ) !
 utmo/ horror1 believ+ t ! _s ( a p]son 
:o is ?us /rangl$ to dea? goes into !   
next _w 9 a f\l mann]1 & t x assumes a  
bea/ly =m4 ,! ,s&wi* ,isl&]s sometimes  
?rew _! dead into ! sea to be dev\r$ by 
%>ks1 suppos+ _! s\ls w\ld animate ^!   
mon/]s & cause !m  #a ,wilson1 ,two     
,lectures on ! ,religi\s ,op9ions ( !   
,h9dus1 p4 #fd4  #b ,k+sbor\gh1         
,antiquities ( ,mexico1 vol4 viii4 p4   
#bbj4  #c ,b>tlett1 ,p]sonal ,n>rative (
 ,explorations 9 ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1  
c41 *4 xxx4   to sp>e ! liv+ :om accid5t
 %\ld ?r[ )9 _! rea*4#d ,simil>         
sup]/itions1 b m elaborately develop$1  
are rife among _m tribes ( ,african     

negroes4#e ,x 0 inculcat$ 9 ! e>ly      
,*ri/ian c5turies by ! ,gno/ics & !     
,mani*aans2 also by ,orig5 & sev]al o!r 
influ5tial ,fa!rs4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! 
sect ( ! ,ca?>i1 ! ,bogomiles1 ! fam\s  
s*ola/ics ,scotus ,erig5a & ,bonav5tura1
 z well z num]\s less di/+ui%$ au?ors1  
advocat$ x4 ,& 9 mod]n times x has be5  
e>ne/ly receiv$ by ,less+ & ,f\ri]1 & is
 n )\t its op5 def5d]s to day1 z we c   
atte/ f our own k1 ev5 9 ! prosaic &    
enlight5$ circles ( ,european & ,am]ican
 society4  ,!re h be5 two me?ods (      
expla9+ ! orig9 ( ! dogma (             
transmigration4 ,fir/1 x has be5 reg>d$ 
z a retribution1 ! sequel to s9 9 a pre 
exi/5t /ate3  ,all t fle% do? cov]1     
,s\ls ( s\rce sublime1 ,are b slaves    
sold ov] ,to ! ,ma/] ,"t ,to "w out _!  
ransom ,= ! anci5t crime4  ,) ! anci5t  
,egyptians ! doctr9e 0 develop$ 9       
connection ) ! conception ( a revolt &  
battle among ! gods 9 "s dim & disa/r\s 
epo* ( ! pa/ et]nity1 :5 ! defeat$      
deities 7 ?ru/ out ( heav5 & %ut up 9   

fle%ly prison bodies4 ,s man is a fall5 
_s1 heav5 8 fa!rl&1 ?is life a p5ance1  
sometimes necess>ily repeat$ 9 ord] to  
be effectual4#f ,! pre exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 
:e!r taught by ,py?agoras1 sung by      
,emp$ocles1 dream$ by ,fludd1 or cont5d$
 = by ,bee*]1 is ! pr9cipal f\ndation ( 
! belief 9 ! metempsy*osis4 ,b1         
secondly1 ! transmigration ( s\ls has   
be5 consid]$ z ! means ( _! progressive 
asc5t4 ,! s\l beg9s its consci\s c\rse  
at ! bottom ( ! scale ( be+1 &1         
gradually ris+ ?r\gh bir? aft] bir?1    
climbs along a discrim9at$ s]ies (      
improvem5ts 9 endless aspiration4 ,"h ! 
sci5tific adaptation & moral int5t are  
?\ght to lead only upw>ds1 insect       
travell+ to man1 man so>+ to ,god2 b by 
s9 ! natural ord] & work+ ( means are   
inv]t$1 & ! s]ies ( bir?s lead d[nw>d1  
until expiation & m]it re/ore ! primal  
adju/m5t & direction4  ,! idea ( a      
metempsy*osis1 or s\l w&]+1 z ! ,g]mans 
call x1 has be5 broa*$ 9 v>i\s =ms      
widely diff]+ 9 ! ext5t ( _!            

application4 ,among ! ,jews ! writ+s (  
,philo1 ! ,talmud1 & o!r docum5ts1 are  
full ( x4 ,!y seem1 = ! mo/ "p1 to h    
conf9$ ! mortal resid5ce ( s\ls to human
 bodies4 ,!y say t ,god creat$ all s\ls 
on ! fir/ day1 ! only day 9 :i* he made 
aught out ( no?+2 & !y imply1 9 _!      
doctr9e ( ! revolution ( s\ls1 t ^! are 
born ov] & ov]1 & w cont9ue w&]+ ?us    
until ! ,messiah comes & ! resurrection 
occurs4 ,!  #d ,j>ves1 ,hi/4 ,s&wi*     
,isl&s1 p4 #hb4  #e ,wilson1 ,we/]n     
,africa1 p4 #baj4  #f ,dr4 ,ro?1        
,agyptis*e ,glaub5slehre4   ,rabb9s     
di/+ui% two k9ds ( metempsy*osis2       
namely1 ,gilgul1 :i* is a s]ies ( s+le  
transmigrations1 ea* la/+ till dea?2 &  
,ibbur1 :i* is :]e "o s\l occupies      
sev]al bodies1 *ang+ its resid5ce at    
pleasure1 or :]e sev]al s\ls occupy "o  
body4#g ,! latt] k9d is illu/rat$ by    
examples ( demoniacal possession 9 !    
,new ,te/am5t4 ,! demons 7 suppos$ to be
 ! s\ls ( deceas$ wick$ m54 ,sometimes  
!y are repres5t$ z solit>y & flitt+ f "o

 victim to ano!r2 sometimes !y sw>m     
toge!r 9 ! same p]son1 z sev5 7 at once 
ca/ out ( ,m>y ,magdal5e4  ,m frequ5tly1
 h[ev]1 ! range ( ! s\l's travels 9 its 
repeat$ bir?s has be5 s ext5d$ z to     
include all animal bodies1 bea/s1 birds1
 fi%es1 reptiles1 insects4 ,9 ?is ext5t 
! doctr9e 0 held by ! ,py?agoreans &    
,platoni/s1 & 9 fact by a majority ( its
 believ]s4 ,%akspe>e's wit is n )\t     
hi/orical w>rant :5 he makes ! cl[n say 
to ,malvolio1 ,?\ %alt fe> to kill a    
woodcock1 le/ ?\ dispossess ! s\l ( ?y  
gr&am4 ,_m ! ,mani*aans1 = in/ance      
taught t human s\ls transmigrat$ n only 
?r\gh ! l[e/ animal bodies b ev5 ?r\gh  
all =ms ( vegetable life4 ,s\ls inhabit 
e>s ( corn1 figs1 %rubs4 ,:oso plucks ! 
fruit or ! leaves f trees1 or pulls up  
plants or h]bs1 is guilty ( homicide1   
say !y2 = 9 ea* case he expels a s\l f  
its body4 #h ,& "s h ev5 gone s f> z to 
believe t ! s\l1 by a c\rse ( ignorance1
 cruelty1 & uncleanness pursu$ ?r\gh _m 
lives1 w at l5g? arrive at an inanimate 

body1 & be doom$ to exi/ = unutt]able   
ages z a /one or z a p>ticle ( du/4 ,!  
adh]5ts ( ?is hypo!sis reg>d ! :ole _w z
 a deposition ( mat]ializ$ s\ls4 ,at e  
/ep !y tread on ho/s ( degrad$ s\ls1    
de/9$ yet1 ?\gh n[ by s9 sunk ?us l[1 to
 f9d _! way back z r$eem$ & bless$      
spirits to ! bosom ( ! ,godhead4  ,^u ! 
:ole1 ! metempsy*osis may be und]/ood1 z
 to its inmo/ mean+ & its f9al issue1 to
 be ei!r a ,developm5t1 a ,revolution1  
or a ,retribution1 a ,div9e sy/em (     
developm5t et]nally lead+ creatures 9 a 
graduat$ asc5sion f ! base t[>ds ! apex 
( ! creation1 a p]petual cycle 9 ! ord] 
( nature fix$ly recurr+ by ! necessities
 ( a physical fate unalt]able1          
unavoidable1 et]nal1 a s*eme ( puni%m5t 
& rew>d exactly fitt$ to ! exig5cies ( e
 case1 presid$ ov] by a moral ,nemesis1 
& issu+ at la/ 9 ! emancipation ( e     
purifi$ s\l into inf9ite bliss1 :51 by !
 upw>d gravitation ( _s1 !y %all all h  
be5 /ra9$ ?r\gh ! successively f9] gr[+ 
filt]s ( ! worlds1 f ! co>se gra9$      

f\ndation ( matt] to ! l[] %ore ( !     
,div9e ess5ce4  ,9 seek+ to acc\nt = !  
ext5t & ! t5aci\s grasp ( ?is antique & 
/up5d\s belief1 9 look+ ab\t = ! v>i\s  
sugge/ions or confirmations ( su* a     
dogma1 we w\ld call att5tion to sev]al  
consid]ations1 ea* claim+ "s degree (   
importance4 ,fir/1 among ! e>lie/       
notions ( a reflect+ man is t ( !       
sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] !          
dissolution ( ! body4 ,he in/9ctively   
di/+ui%es !  #g ,basnage1 ,hi/4 ,jews1  
lib4 iv4 cap4 xxx43 ,s*rod]1 ,jud5?um1  
bu* ii4 kap4 iii4 ,eis5m5g]1 ,entdecktes
 ,jud5?um4 ?4 ii4 kap4 i4  #h ,augu/9e1 
,de ,morlb4 ,mani*a41 lib4 ii4 cap4     
xvii43 ,de ,h>es44 cap4 xlvi43 ,contra  
,fau/um1 lib4 xvi4 cap4 xxviii4   ?9k+  
sub/ance he is f ! mat]ial ve/m5t he    
we>s4 ,consci\s ( an un*ang$ p]sonal    
id5tity b5ea? ! *anges & decays ev]y:]e 
visible ar\nd him1 he naturally imag9es 
t ,z bill[s on ! undulat+ ma91 ,t swell+
 fall & fall+ swell aga91 ,s on ! tide (
 "t incon/ant roll ,! dy+ body & !      

dea?less s\l4  ,to "o ?us m$itat+1 &    
desir+1 z he surely w\ld1 to p]ceive or 
devise "s explanation ( ! s\l's po/hum\s
 =tunes1 ! idea c\ld h>dly fail to occur
 t ! de/9y ( ! s\l might be to und]go a 
r5ew$ bir?1 or a s]ies ( bir?s 9 new    
bodies4 ,su* a conception1 appe>+ 9 a   
rude /ate ( culture1 be=e ! l9es betwe5 
sci5ce1 religion1 & poetry _h be5 %>ply 
drawn1 recomm5d+ itself alike by its    
simplicity & by its adapt$ness to       
gratify curiosity & speculation 9 !     
=mation ( a ?\s& qua9t & engag+         
hypo!ses1 w\ld seem plausible1 w\ld be  
highly attractive1 w\ld v easily secure 
acceptance z a true doctr9e4  ,secondly1
 ! /range resemblances & sympa?ies      
betwe5 m5 & animals w\ld (t5 p[]fully   
sugge/ to a contemplative obs]v] !      
doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls4#i    
,look+ ov] ^? volumes ( s+ul> c>icatures
 :]e9 c]ta9 arti/s h made all ! mo/     
di/9ctive physiognomies ( m5 & bea/s    
mutually to approximate & m+le1 "o _c   
avoid ! fancy t ! bodies ( brutes are ! 

masks ( degrad$ m54 ,notice an ox recl9+
 9 ! %ade ( a tree1 pati5tly rum9at+ z  
if sadly consci\s ( _m ?+s & helplessly 
b\nd 9 "s obscure p5ance1 a mute _w (   
dreamy exp]i5ces1 a sombre my/]y3 h[    
easy to imag9e him an en*ant$ & trans=m$
 man6 ,see h[ c]ta9 animals are alli$ 9 
_! prom95t traits to humanity1 ! /rick5 
de]1 weep+ big1 pite\s te>s1 ! fawn+    
affection & noble fidelity ( ! dog1 !   
ar*itectural skill ( ! beav]1 ! wise    
aspect ( ! owl1 ! sweet pla9t ( !       
night+ale1 ! %rieks ( "s fi]ce bea/s1 & 
! h[ls ( o!rs />tl+ly l ! cries ( *ildr5
 & ! moans ( pa91 ! sp>kl+ orbs &       
tortu\s /eal?9ess ( ! snake2 & ! h9ts at
 metempsy*osis are obvi\s4 ,/&+ face to 
face ) a tig]1 an anaconda1 a wild cat1 
a monkey1 a gazelle1 a p>rot1 a dove1 we
 alt]nately %udd] ) horror & ye>n )     
sympa?y1 n[ expect+ to see ! lat5t      
devils ?r[ (f _! disguise & />t =? 9 _! 
own demoniac figures1 n[ wait+ = !      
metamorphos+ *>m to be rev]s$1 & = !    
en*ant$ *ildr5 ( humanity to /& erect1  

re/or$ to _! =m] %apes4 ,p]vad+ all !   
grades & =ms ( di/9ct animal life !re   
seems to be a rudim5t>y unity4 ,!       
fundam5tal elem5ts & primordial g]ms (  
consci\sness1 intellect1 w1 passion1    
appe> ! same1 & ! diff]5t classes ( be+ 
seem capable ( pass+ into "o ano!r by   
improvem5t or det]ioration4             
,spontane\sly1 !n1 might a primitive    
obs]v]1 unhamp]$ by prejudices1 ?9k t ! 
s\l ( man on leav+ its pres5t body w\ld 
f9d or con/ruct ano!r accord+ to its    
*ief intr9sic qualities &  #i ,s*olz1   
,beweis1 dass es e9e ,seel5w&]ung bei d5
 ,?i]5 giebt4   =ces1 :e!r ^? 7 a leon9e
 magnanimity ( c\rage1 a vulp9e subtlety
 ( cunn+1 or a pavon9e /rut ( vanity4 ,!
 _s1 fre$ f its fall5 cell1 ,fills )    
fre% en]gy ano!r =m1 ,& t[]s an         
elephant1 or glides a worm1 ,swims z an 
eagle 9 ! eye ( noon1 ,or wails1 a      
scree* owl1 to ! deaf1 cold moon1 ,or   
haunts ! brakes :]e s]p5ts hiss & gl>e1 
,or hums1 a glitt]+ insect1 9 ! air4  ,!
 hypo!sis is equally =c$ on our ?\ghts  

by reg>d+ ! human attributes ( "s brutes
 & ! brutal attributes ( "s m54 ,?us    
,gratiano1 enrag$ at ! ob/9ate malignity
 ( ,%ylock1 cries to ! hy5a he>t$ ,jew1 
,?\ almo/ mak'/ me wav] 9 my fai?1 ,to  
hold op9ion1 ) ,py?agoras1 ,t s\ls (    
animals infuse !mselves ,into ! trunks (
 m53 ?y curri% _s ,gov]n'd a wolf1 :o1  
hang'd = human slaught]1 ,ev5 f ! gall[s
 did 8 fell s\l fleet1 ,&1 :il/ ?\ lay'/
 9 ?9e unhall['d dam1 ,infus$ itself 9  
!e2 = ?y desires ,are wolfi%1 bloody1   
/>v$1 & rav5\s4  ,?irdly1 !re is a      
figurative metempsy*osis1 :i* may       
sometimes ! hi/ory ( my?ology ab\nds 9  
examples ( ! same sort ( ?+ h be5 turn$ 
f an ab/ract metaphor into a concrete   
belief1 or f a fanciful supposition h   
h>d5$ into a receiv$ fact4 ,!re is a    
poetic animation ( objects :]eby !      
imag9ative p]son puts himself into o!r  
p]sons1 into trees1 cl\ds1 :irlw9ds1 or 
:at n1 & works !m = ! "t 9 ideal        
realization4 ,! same result is put 9    
spee* sometimes z humor\s play3 =       

example1 a celebrat$ ,engli% au?or says1
 ,nature meant me = a salam&]1 & t is ! 
reason ,i h always be5 discont5t$ z a   
man3 ,i %all be a salam&] 9 ! next _w6  
,su* imag]y /at$ to a m9d ( a lit]al    
ord] solidifies into a mean+ ( prosaic  
fact4 ,x is a common mode ( spee* to say
 ( an en?usia/ic disciple t ! _s ( 8    
ma/] possesses him4 ,a receptive /ud5t  
ent]s into ! s\l ( ,plato1 or is full ( 
,goe!4 ,we say t ,apelles liv$ aga9 9   
,titian4 ,augu/9e reappe>$ 9 ,calv91 &  
,pelagius 9 ,arm9ius1 to fight ov] ! old
 battle ( election & fre$om4 ,lu!r rose 
9 ,ronge4 ,take ^! figures lit]ally1    
con/ruct :at !y imply into a dogma1 & ! 
product is ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,!  
result ?us arriv$ at f9ds effective     
support 9 ! /rik+ physical resemblance1 
spiritual lik5ess1 & simil>ity ( mission
 frequ5tly se5 betwe5 p]sons 9 "o age & 
^? 9 a =m] age4 ,columbus 0 ! mod]n     
,jason sail+ aft] ! ,gold5 ,fleece ( a  
,new ,_w4 ,glanc+ along ! portrait      
gall]y ( "s anci5t family1 "o is        

sometimes />tl$ to obs]ve a face1 ext9ct
 = sev]al g5]ations1 sudd5ly confront+  
him aga9 ) all its features 9 "s di/ant 
desc5dant4 ,a peculi>ity ( con=mation1 a
 rem>kable trait ( "*1 suppress$ = a    
c5tury1 all at once />ts into vivid     
prom95ce 9 a remote bran* ( ! l9eage1 & 
m5 say1 po9t+ back to ! ance/or1 ,he has
 reviv$ once m4 ,see+ ,eli%a d ! same   
?+s t 8 dep>t$ ma/] _h done be=e him1 ! 
p exclaim$1 ,! _s ( ,elijah is ^u him4  
,behold+ 9 ,john ! ,bapti/ "o go+ be=e  
him 9 ! _s ( t expect$ prophet1 ,jesus  
said1 ,if ye are able to receive x1 ?is 
is he4 ,"s ( ! lat] ,rabb9s ass]t _m    
ent]ta9+ ?+s conc]n+ ! repeat$ bir?s ( !
 mo/ di/+ui%$ p]sonages 9 _! national   
hi/ory4 ,abel 0 born aga9 9 ,se?2 ,ca91 
9 t ,egyptian :om ,moses slew2 ,abiram1 
9 ,ahi?ophel2 & ,adam1 hav+ already     
reappe>$ once 9 ,david1 w live aga9 9 ! 
,messiah4 ,! p]=mance by an em95t man ( 
"s great labor :i* _h be5 done 9 an     
e>li] age 9 l mann] by a k9dr$ _s evokes
 9 ! imag9ation an app>ition ( ! return 

( ! dead to repeat 8 old "w4  ,f\r?ly1  
!re are c]ta9 famili> psy*ological      
exp]i5ces :i* s]ve to sugge/ & to       
support ! !ory ( transmigration1 & :i*  
are !mselves 9 return expla9$ by su* a  
surmise4  ,?9k+ ^u "s unwont$ subject1  
(t5 a dim impression arises 9 ! m9d1    
fa/5s ^u u1 & we _c help feel+1 t       
some:]e1 long ago1 we h _h ^!           
reflections be=e4 ,le>n+ a fact1 meet+ a
 face1 = ! fir/ "t1 we are puzzl$ ) an  
obscure assurance t x is n ! fir/ "t4   
,travell+ 9 =eign l&s1 we are ev] & anon
 haunt$ by a s5se ( famili>ity ) !      
views1 urg+ u to conclude t surely we h 
m ?an once trodd5 ^? fields & gaz$ on ^?
 sc5es2 & f ho>y m\nta91 trickl+ rill1 &
 vesp] bell1 mean:ile1 my/ic tones (    
/range memorial music seem to sigh1 9   
rememb]$ acc5ts1 ?r\gh ! s\l's pla9tive 
e*o+ halls1 ',twas auld lang syne1 my   
de>1 ',twas auld lang syne4  ,plato's   
doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce "h f9ds its basis4 
,we h liv$ be=e1 p]*ance _m times1 &    
?r\gh ! cl\ds ( s5se & imag9ation n[ &  

!n float ! veil$ visions ( ?+s t 74     
,ef=ts ( ?\ght reveal ! half effac$     
inscriptions & pictures on ! tablets (  
memory4 ,snat*es ( dialogues once held  
are recall$1 fa9t recollections ( old   
fri5d%ips return1 & fragm5ts ( l&scapes 
beheld & de$s p]=m$ long ago pass 9     
weird procession be=e ! m9d's half op5$ 
eye4 ,we "k a pr(essional g5tleman (    
unimpea*able v]acity1 ( di/+ui%$ tal5ts 
& atta9m5ts1 :o is a firm believ] 9 8   
own exi/5ce on ! e>? previ\sly to 8     
pres5t life4 ,he te/ifies t on          
innum]able occasions he has exp]i5c$    
remembrances ( ev5ts & recognitions (   
places1 accompani$ by a fla% (          
irresi/ible conviction t he _h kn[n !m 9
 a =m] /ate4 ,ne>ly e "o has felt       
in/ances ( ?is1 m or less num]\s &      
vivid4 ,! doctr9e at :i* su* ?+s h9t t  
,n 9 entire =getfulness1 ,& n 9 utt]    
nak$ness1 b trail+ vague traces &       
enigmas f a bygone hi/ory1 d we come    
yields ! secret ( _m a mood & dream1 !  
spell ( inexplicable h\rs1 ! key & clew 

to baffl+ labyr9?s ( my/]y4 ,! belief 9 
! doctr9e ( ! metempsy*osis1 among a    
fanciful p & 9 an unsci5tific age1 ne$  
be no wond] to any cultivat$ man        
acqua9t$ ) ! m>vels ( exp]i5ce & aw>e t 
e "o may say1  ,full (t my feel+s make  
me />t1 ,l footpr9ts on "s des]t %ore1  
,z if ! *amb]s ( my he>t ,_h he>d _!    
%ad[y /ep be=e4  ,fif?ly1 ! !ory ( !    
transmigration ( s\ls is m>vell\sly     
adapt$ to expla9 ! seem+ *aos ( moral   
inequality1 inju/ice1 & manifold evil   
pres5t$ 9 ! _w ( human life4 ,no o!r    
conceivable view s admirably acc\nts = !
 het]og5e\sness ( our pres5t exi/5ce1   
refutes ! *>ge ( a gr\ndless favoritism 
urg$ aga9/ ,provid5ce1 & completely     
ju/ifies ! ways ( ,god to man4 ,! loss (
 remembrance betwe5 ! /ates is no valid 
objection to ! !ory2 because su* a loss 
is ! necess>y condition ( a fre% & fair 
probation4 ,besides1 !re is a p>allel   
fact ( deep significance 9 our          
unque/ionable exp]i5ce2 ,= is n our fir/
 ye> =got8 ,! haunts ( memory e*o n4    

,once admit ! !ory to be true1 & all    
difficulties 9 reg>d to moral ju/ice    
vani%4 ,if a man be born bl9d1 deaf1 a  
cripple1 a slave1 an idiot1 x is because
 9 a previ\s life he abus$ 8 privileges 
& heap$ on 8 s\l a load ( guilt :i* he  
is n[ expiat+4 ,if a sudd5 calamity     
ov]:elm a good man ) unm]it$ ru9 &      
angui%1 x is ! p5alty ( "s crime        
committ$ 9 a /ate ( responsible be+     
beyond ! conf9es ( 8 pres5t memory4     
,does a surpris+ piece ( good =tune     
accrue to any "o1 spl5did ri*es1 a      
comm&+ position1 a pe]less fri5d%ip8 ,x 
is ! rew>d ( virtu\s de$s done 9 an     
e>li] life4 ,e fl[] blight$ or diseas$1 
e %rub gn>l$1 awry1 & bla/$1 e brute    
ugly & maim$1 e man de=m$1 wret*$1 or   
despis$1 is reap+ 9 ^! h>d conditions ( 
be+1 z contra/$ ) ! fate ( ! favor$ &   
p]fect specim5s ( ! k9d1 ! fruit ( s9 9 
a =egone exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! ,h9du looks on a
 man beautiful1 le>n$1 noble1 =tunate1 &
 happy1 he exclaims1 ,h[ wise & good mu/
 ?is man h be5 9 8 =m] lives6 ,9 8      

philosophy1 or religion1 ! pro( ( !     
necess>y consequ5ces ( virtue & vice is 
d$uc$ f ! metempsy*osis1 e p>ticul> ( ! 
outw>d man be+ a result ( "s correspond+
 quality ( 8 s\l1 & e ev5t ( 8 exp]i5ce 
dep5d+ z effect on 8 previ\s m]it z     
cause4#aj ,?us ! pr9cipal physical &    
moral ph5om5a ( life are /rik+ly        
expla9$2 &1 z we gaze ar\nd ! _w1 its   
mat]ial conditions & spiritual elem5ts  
comb9e 9 "o va/ s*eme ( unrivall$ ord]1 
& ! total exp]i5ce ( humanity =ms a     
magnific5t picture ( p]fect poetic      
ju/ice4 ,we may easily acc\nt = ! rise &
 spread ( a !ory ^: sole difficulty is a
 lack ( positive pro(1 b ^: applications
 are s consi/5t & fasc9at+ alike to     
imag9ation & to consci5ce4 ,hi]ocles    
said1 & di/+ui%$ philosoph]s bo? be=e & 
s9ce h said1 ,)\t ! doctr9e (           
metempsy*osis x is n possible to ju/ify 
! ways ( ,provid5ce4  #aj ,colebrooke1  
,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhf4   ,f9ally1 ?is
 doctr9e1 hav+ be5 sugge/$ by ! v>i\s   
=ego+ consid]ations1 & hav+ be5 develop$

 into a practical sy/em ( conceptions & 
motives by c]ta9 lead+ ?9k]s1 0 adopt$  
by ! pr9cipal philosoph]s & prie/hoods (
 antiquity1 & taught to ! common p )    
au?ority4 ,! popul> beliefs ( f\r ?\s&  
ye>s ago dep5d$ = _! preval5ce1 n s mu* 
on cog5t argum5ts or intr9sic           
probability1 z ^u ! sanctions ?r[n ar\nd
 !m by r5[n$ tea*]s1 prie/s1 &          
my/agogues4 ,n[1 ! doctr9e ( !          
transmigration ( s\ls 0 inculcat$ by !  
anci5t tea*]s1 n z a m]e hypo!sis re/+  
on loose surmises1 b z an unque/ionable 
fact support$ by ! exp]im5tal k ( _m    
individuals & by infallible revelation f
 ,god4 ,! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9dus ab\nd 9
 detail$ hi/ories ( transmigrations4    
,kapila is said to h writt5 out ! ,v$as 
f 8 remembrance  ( !m 9 a =m] /ate (    
be+4  ,! ,vi%nu ,purana gives "s v      
ent]ta9+ examples ( ! ret5tion ( memory 
?r\gh sev]al successive lives4#aa       
,py?agoras pret5d$ to recollect 8       
adv5tures 9 previ\s lives2 & on "o      
occasion1 z we read 9 ,ovid1 go+ into ! 

temple ( ,juno1 he recognis$ ! %ield he 
_h worn z ,euphorbus at ! siege ( ,troy4
  ,diog5es ,la]tius also relates ( him1 
t "o day meet+ a man :o 0 cruelly beat+ 
a dog1 ! ,samian sage in/antly detect$ 9
 ! pite\s h[ls ( ! poor bea/ ! cries ( a
 de> fri5d ( 8 long s9ce deceas$1 &     
e>ne/ly & successfully int]c$$ = 8      
rescue4  ,9 ! life ( ,apollonius (      
,tyana by ,philo/ratus1 num]\s          
extraord9>y in/ances are told ( 8       
recognitions ( p]sons he _h kn[n 9      
prec$+ lives4 ,su* examples z ^! exactly
 met ! weake/ po9t 9 ! metempsy*osis    
!ory1 & mu/ h _h va/ influ5ce 9 fo/]+ ! 
common fai?4 ,plot9us said1 ,body is !  
true riv] ( ,le!2 = s\ls plung$ 9 x =get
 all4 ,pi]re ,l]\x1 an en?usia/ic liv+  
def5d] ( ! idea ( repeat$ bir?s1        
attempts to reply to ! objection drawn f
 ! abs5ce ( memory2 b 8 reply is an     
appeal r to au?ority & fancy ?an to     
reason1 & leaves ! d\bts unsolv$4#ab ,8 
supposition is t 9 ea* _s life we       
rememb] all ! bygone lives1 bo?         

spiritual & e>?ly1 b 9 ea* e>? life we  
=get all t has gone be=e2 j z1 "h1 e    
night we lose 9 sleep all memory ( !    
pa/1 b recov] x ea* day aga9 z we awake4
 ,?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ ?is g5]al doctr9e is no
 m]e sup]/ition ( ! masses ( ignorant p3
 x is ! ma9 pr9ciple ( all ,h9du        
metaphysics1 ! f\ndation ( all _!       
philosophy1 & inwr\ght ) ! intellectual 
texture ( _! inspir$ books4 ,x is upheld
 by ! v5]able au?ority ( ages1 by an    
int5se g5]al conviction ( x1 & by       
multitudes ( subtle conceits & app>5t   
argum5ts4 ,x 0 also impress$ ^u !       
initiates 9 ! old ,my/]ies1 by be+ !re  
dramatically %ad[$ =? ?r\gh masks1 &    
qua9t symbolic c]emonies enact$ at ! "t 
( initiation4#ac  ,?is1 !n1 is :at we   
mu/ say ( ! anci5t & widely spread      
doctr9e ( transmigration4 ,z a sugge/ion
 or !ory naturally aris+ f empirical    
obs]vation & confirm$ by a v>iety (     
ph5om5a1 x is plausible1 attractive1 &1 
9 "s /ages (  #aa ,pr(essor ,wilson's   
translation1 p4 #cdc4  #ab ,de          

l',humanite1 livre v4 *ap4 xlii4  #ac   
,porphyry1 ,de ,ab/95tis1 lib4 iv4 sect4
 #af4 ,davies1 ,rites ( ! ,druids4   k1 
n only easy to be believ$1 b h>d to be  
resi/$4 ,z an e?ical s*eme cle>+ up on  
pr9ciples ( poetic ju/ice ! mo/ p]plex$ 
& awful problems 9 ! _w1 x ?r[s /reams (
 light ?r\gh ! abysses ( evil1 gives    
dramatic solution to _m a puzzle1 &1    
ab/ractly consid]$1 *>ms ! und]/&+ & !  
consci5ce4 ,z a philosophical dogma     
answ]+ to "s /range1 vague passages 9   
human nature & exp]i5ce1 x e*oes )      
dreamy sweetness ?r\gh ! deep my/ic     
*amb]s ( our be+4 ,z ! undisput$ cre$   
:i* has inspir$ & spell b\nd hundr$s (  
millions ( our race = p]haps ov] a      
hundr$ & fifty g5]ations1 x comm&s      
def]5ce & des]ves /udy4 ,b1 view+ x z a 
!sis 9 ! light ( to day1 *all5g+        
intellig5t scrut9y & sob] belief1 we    
sc>cely ne$ to say t1 bas$ on %ad[s & on
 arbitr>y int]pretations ( sup]ficial   
appe>ances1 built ( rev]ies & occult    
exp]i5ces1 =tifi$ by unreliable         

inf]5ces1 de/itute ( any sub/antial     
evid5ce1 x is unable to face ! sev]ity (
 sci5ce4  ,a real inve/igation ( its    
validity by ! mod]n me?ods dissipates x 
z ! sun scatt]s fog4 ,fir/1 ! mutual    
correspond5ces betwe5 m5 & animals are  
expla9$ by ! fact t !y are all liv+ be+s
 are ! products ( ! same ,god & ! same  
nature1 & built accord+ to "o plan4 ,!y 
?us p>take1 9 diff]5t degrees & on      
diff]5t planes1 ( _m ( ! same elem5ts & 
*>act]i/ics4 ,lucretius1 ) 8 usual      
mixture ( acut5ess & sophi/ry1 objects  
to ! doctr9e t1 if x 7 true1 :5 ! s\l ( 
a lion pass$ into ! body ( a /ag1 or !  
s\l ( a man into ! body ( a horse1 we   
%\ld see a /ag ) ! c\rage ( a lion1 a   
horse ) ! intellig5ce ( a man4 ,b (     
c\rse ! manife/ations ( s\l dep5d on !  
organs ( manife/ation4 ,secondly1 !     
s+ul> psy*ological exp]i5ces ref]r$ to  
are explicable s f> z we c expect ) our 
pres5t limit$ data & p[]s to solve !    
d5se my/]ies ( ! s\l by v>i\s           
consid]ations n involv+ ! doctr9e 9 "q4 

,h]d] has %[n ?is ) no little acum5 9   
?ree ,dialogues on ! ,metempsy*osis1    
beautifully translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,dr4   
,h$ge 9 8 ,prose ,writ]s ( ,g]many4 ,!  
s5se ( pre exi/5ce ! confus$ idea t ^!  
occurr5ces h ?us happ5$ to u be=e :i* is
 s (t5 & /rongly felt1 is explicable    
p>tly by ! supposition ( "s sudd5 &     
obscure mixture ( associations1 "s      
discordant /roke on ! keys (            
recollection1 jumbl+ toge!r e*oes (     
bygone sc5es1 snat*es ( unrememb]$      
dreams1 & o!r h9ts & colors 9 a weird & 
uncomm&$ mann]4 ,! ph5om5on is acc\nt$ =
 /ill m decisively by ,dr4 ,wig&'s !ory 
( ! ,duality ( ! ,m9d4 ,! m5tal organs  
are d\ble1 "o on ea* side ( ! bra94 ,!y 
usually act ) p]fect simultaneity4 ,:5  
"o gets a slight />t ( ! o!r1 z ! ?\ght 
rea*es ! sl[ side a bewild]$ s5se ( a   
previ\s appreh5sion ( x arises 9 ! s\l4 
,& !n1 ! fact t ! supposition ( a great 
sy/em ( adju/+ transmigrations ju/ifies 
! ways ( ,provid5ce is no pro( t !      
supposition is a true "o4 ,! difficulty 

is1 t !re is no evid5ce ( ! objective   
tru? ( ! assumption1 h[ev] well ! !ory  
applies2 & ! ju/ice & goodness ( ,god   
may z well be def5d$ on ! gr\nd ( a s+le
 life "h & a discrim9at+ retribution    
h]eaft]1 z on ! gr\nd ( an unlimit$     
s]ies ( e>?ly bir?s4  ,! doctr9e        
evid5tly possesses two po9ts ( moral    
tru? & p[]1 &1 if n t5able z /rict      
sci5ce1 is yet in/ructive z symbolic    
poetry4 ,fir/1 x embodies1 9 concrete   
%apes ! mo/ vivid & unmi/akable1 ! fact 
t bea/ly & demoniac qualities ( "* lead 
m5 d[n t[>ds ! brutes & fi5ds4 ,rage    
makes man a tig]2 l[ cunn+1 a fox2      
co>s5ess & f]ocity1 a be>2 selfi% envy &
 malice1 a devil4 ,on ! contr>y1 !      
atta9m5t ( bett] degrees ( intellectual 
& e?ical qualities elevates man t[>ds ! 
angelic & ! ,div9e4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds (
 lives1 correspond+ to ! ?ree k9ds (    
metempsy*osis1 asc5d+1 circul>1 desc5d+3
 ! aspir+ life ( progress 9 wisdom &    
goodness2 ! monoton\s life ( r\t9e 9    
me*anical habits & indiff]5ce2 !        

det]iorat+ life ( ab&onm5t 9 ignorance &
 vice4 ,timaus ! ,locrian1 & "s o!r     
anci5t ,py?agoreans1 gave ! :ole doctr9e
 a purely symbolic mean+4 ,secondly1 !  
!ory ( transmigrat+ s\ls typifies ! tru?
 t1 h[ev] x may f>e ) p]sons n[1 h[ev]  
ill _! =tunes may seem to accord ) _!   
des]ts "h1 ju/ice reigns irresi/ibly 9 !
 univ]se1 & soon] or lat] e s\l %all be 
/rictly comp5sat$ = e tittle ( its m]its
 9 good or evil4 ,!re is no escap+ ! *a9
 ( acts & consequ5ces4  ,?is entire     
s*eme ( ?\ght has always allur$ !       
,my/ics to adopt x4 ,9 e age1 f ,indian 
,vyasa to ,teutonic ,boehme1 we f9d !m  
cont5d+ = x4 ,boehme held t all mat]ial 
exi/5ce 0 compos$ by ,k+ ,satan out ( ! 
physical sub/ance ( 8 fall5 foll[]s4  ,!
 conception ( ! metempsy*osis is /rik+ly
 fitt$ = ! purposes ( humor1 satire1 &  
e?ical hortation2 & lit]ature ab\nds )  
su* applications ( x4 ,9 ,plut>*'s      
acc\nt ( :at ,!spesius saw :5 8 s\l 0   
ravi%$ away into hell = a "t1 we are    
told t he saw ! s\l ( ,n]o dreadfully   

tortur$1 transfix$ ) iron nails4 ,!     
workm5 =g$ x into ! =m ( a vip]2 :5 a   
voice 0 he>d out ( an exce$+ light ord]+
 x to be transfigur$ into a mild] be+2 &
 !y made x "o ( ^? creatures t s+ &     
croak 9 ! sides ( ponds & m>%es4#ad ,:5 
,rosal9d f9ds ! v]ses ) :i* h] enamor$  
,orl&o _h hung ! trees1 %e exclaim$1 ,i 
0 nev] s b]hym$ s9ce ,py?agoras' "t1 t  
,i 0 an ,iri% rat1 :i* ,i c h>dly       
rememb]4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ popul>          
introductions ( ?is ,ori5tal figm5t to !
 ,engli% public 0 by ,addison1 ^: ,w    
,honeycomb tells an amus+ /ory ( 8      
fri5d1 ,jack ,freelove1 h[ t1 f9d+ 8    
mi/ress's pet monkey alone "o day1 he   
wrote an autobiography ( 8 monkey%ip's  
surpris+ adv5tures 9 ! c\rse ( 8 _m     
transmigrations4 ,leav+ ?is preci\s     
docum5t 9 ! monkey's h&s1 8 mi/ress f\nd
 x on h] return1 & 0 va/ly bewild]$ by  
its pa!tic & laughable cont5ts4#ae ,!   
fif? numb] ( ! ,adv5tur] gives a v      
ent]ta9+ acc\nt ( ! ,transmigrations ( a
 ,flea4 ,!re is also a poem on ?is      

subject by ,dr4 ,donne1 full ( /r5g? &  
wit4 ,x traces a s\l ?r\gh t5 or twelve 
bir?s1 giv+ ! sali5t po9ts ( its hi/ory 
9 ea*4 ,fir/1 ! s\l animates ! apple our
 hapless "m ,eve ate1 br++ dea? into !  
_w & all our woe4 ,!n x appe>$  #ad ,s]a
 ,num9is ,v9dicta3 ne> ! close4  #ae    
,spectator1 ,no4 #cdc4   successively z 
a m&rake1 a cock1 a h]r+1 a :ale1 ,:o   
sp\t$ riv]s up z if he meant o jo9 our  
seas ) seas above ! firmam5t4 ,next1 z a
 m\se1 x crept up an elephant's s9ewy   
proboscis to ! s\l's b$*amb]1 ! bra91 &1
 gnaw+ ! life cords !re1 di$1 cru%$ 9 ! 
ru9s ( ! gigantic bea/4 ,aft]w>ds x     
became a wolf1 a dog1 an ape1 & f9ally a
 woman1 :]e ! qua9t tale closes4 ,field+
 is ! au?or ( a racy lit]>y p]=mance    
call$ ,a ,j\rney f ?is ,_w to ! ,next4  
,! ,emp]or ,julian is depict$ 9 x1      
rec\nt+ 9 ,elysium ! adv5tures he _h    
pass$ ?r\gh1 liv+ successively 9 ! "* ( 
a slave1 a ,jew1 a g5]al1 an heir1 a    
c>p5t]1 a beau1 a monk1 a fiddl]1 a wise
 man1 a k+1 a fool1 a begg>1 a pr9ce1 a 

/atesman1 a soldi]1 a tailor1 an        
ald]man1 a poet1 a knight1 a danc+ ma/]1
 & a bi%op4 ,:oev] w\ld see h[ vividly1 
) :at an hone/ & vigor\s v]isimilitude1 
! doctr9e c be embodi$1 %\ld read ,!    
,mod]n ,py?agorean1 by ,dr4 ,macni%4 ,b 
p]haps ! mo/ humor\s passage ( ?is sort 
is ! foll[+ description f a rem>kable   
writ] ( ! pres5t day3  ,9 ! mean :ile   
all ! %ore rang ) ! trump ( bull frogs1 
! /urdy spirits ( anci5t w9e bibb]s &   
wassail]s1 /ill unrep5tant1 try+ to s+ a
 cat* 9 _! ,/ygian lake2 :o w\ld fa9    
keep up ! hil>i\s rules ( _! old fe/al  
tables1 ?\gh _! voices h wax$ ho>se &   
solemnly grave1 mock+ at mir?1 & ! w9e  
has lo/ its flavor4 ,! mo/ ald]manic1 ) 
8 *9 ^u a he>t leaf1 :i* s]ves = a napk9
 to 8 drool+ *aps1 "u ?is nor!rn %ore   
quaffs a deep draught ( ! once scorn$   
wat]1 & passes r\nd ! cup ) !           
ejaculation tr r r oonk1 tr r r oonk6 & 
/raightway comes ov] ! wat] f "s di/ant 
cove ! same password repeat$1 :]e ! next
 9 s5iority & gir? has gulp$ d[n to 8   

m>k2 & :5 ?is obs]vance has made !      
circuit ( ! %ores1 !n ejaculates ! ma/] 
( c]emonies1 ) satisfaction1 tr r r     
conk6 & ea* 9 8 turn1 d[n to ! flabbie/ 
paun*$1 repeats ! same1 t !re be no     
mi/ake2 & !n ! b[l goes r\nd aga9 &     
aga91 until ! sun disp]ses ! morn+ mi/1 
& only ! patri>* is n "u ! pond1 b va9ly
 bell[+ troonk f "t to "t1 & paus+ = a  
reply4 #af  ,! doctr9e ( !              
metempsy*osis1 :i* 0 ! prie/'s ?reat    
aga9/ s91 0 ! poet's int]pretation (    
life4 ,! =m] gave by x a t]rible        
emphasis to ! moral law2 ! latt] imp>t$ 
by x an unequall$ t5d]ness ( int]e/ to !
 contemplation ( ! _w4 ,to ! believ] 9 x
 9 its fulle/ developm5t1 ! m\nta9s pil$
 t[]+ to ! sky & ! pla9s /ret*+ into    
trackless di/ance 7 ! consci\s du/ (    
s\ls2 ! ocean1 heav+ 9 tempe/ or sleep+ 
9 moonlight1 0 a sea ( spirits1 e drop  
once a man4 ,ea* animat$ =m t caught 8  
att5tion might be ! dwell+ ( "s ance/or1
 or ( "s once *]i%$ companion ( 8 own4  
,h5ce ! ,h9du's s s5sitive k9dness t[>ds

 animals3  #af ,?oreau1 ,wald51 or ,life
 9 ! ,woods1 p4 #acg4   ,cru% n !       
feeble1 in(f5sive worm3 ,?y si/]'s _s   
we>s t humble =m4 ,:y %\ld ?y cruel arr[
 smite yon bird8 ,9 him ?y bro!r's      
pla9tive song is be>d4 ,let n ?9e ang]  
on ?y dog desc5d3 ,t fai?ful animal 0   
once ?y fri5d4  ,!re is a /range gr&eur1
 an affect+ my/]y1 9 ! view ( ! creation
 f ! /& po9t ( ! metempsy*osis4 ,x is an
 awful dream palace all asw>m ) fall+ & 
climb+ creatures clo!d 9 ev] %ift+      
disguises4 ,! races & *anges ( be+      
con/itute a b\ndless masqu]ade ( s\ls1  
^: bodies are viz>ds & ^: =tunes poetic 
retribution4 ,! motive furni%$ by !     
doctr9e to self d5ial & toil has a      
pe]less sublimity4 ,9 our ,we/]n _w1 !  
hope ( acquir+ l>ge possessions1 or (   
atta9+ an exalt$ (fice1 (t5 /imulates m5
 to h]oic ef=ts ( labor & endurance4    
,:at1 !n1 %\ld we n expect f !          
application to ! imag9ative m9ds ( !    
,ea/]n _w ( a motive :i*1 transc5d+ all 
set limits1 (f]s unhe>d ( prizes1 to be 

pluck$ 9 life aft] life1 & at ! end     
unveils1 = ! occupancy ( ! pati5t       
aspirant1 ! ,?rone ( ,imm5sity8 ,no     
wond] t1 "u ! propulsion ( a motive s   
exhau/less1 a motive n remote nor       
ab/ract1 b concrete1 & organiz$ 9       
indissoluble connection ) ! visible *a9 
( et]nal causes & effects1 no wond] we  
see su* trem5d\s exhibitions (          
sup]/ition1 volunt>y suff]+s1 sup]human 
de$s4 ,"h is ! secret f\nta9 ( t        
irresi/ible =ce :i* enables ! devotee to
 measure j\rneys ( a ?\s& miles by      
pro/rations ( 8 body1 to hold up 8 arm  
until x )]s & rema9s immovably erect z a
 /ick1 or to sw+ himself by r$ hot hooks
 ?r\gh 8 fle%4 ,! poore/ wret* ( a s\l t
 has w&]$ d[n to ! l[e/ grade ( animate 
exi/5ce c turn 8 resolute & long+ gaze  
up ! respl5d5t ranks ( be+1 &1 consci\s 
( ! god head's g]m )91 feel t1 ?\gh n[  
unspeakably sunk51 he %all "o day spurn 
e vile integum5t & vault into seats (   
heav5ly dom9ion4 ,crawl+ z an almo/     
invisible bug 9 a heap ( c>rion1 he c   

/ill ?9k )9 himself1 hold+ fa/ to ! law 
( righte\sness & love1 ,?is is ! inf9ite
 ladd] ( r$emption1 ov] ^: r\nds (      
purity1 p5ance1 *>ity1 & contemplation  
,i may asc5d1 ?r\gh bir?s innum]able1   
till ,i rea* a height ( wisdom1 p[]1 &  
bliss t w ca/ into utt] contempt !      
comb9$ glory ( c\ntless millions (      
worlds1 ay1 till ,i sit en?ron$ above ! 
topmo/ summit ( ! univ]se z omnipot5t   
,buddha4 #ag  #ag ,^? :o wi% to pursue !
 subject fur!r w f9d ! foll[+ ref]5ces  
useful3 ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 *4  
v4 ,upham1 ,hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 *4 iii4 
,beausobre1 ,hi/oire du ,mani*eisme1    
livre vi4 *4 iv4 ,helmont1 ,de          
,revolution ,anim>um4 ,ri*t]1 ,das      
,*ri/5?um und die ,kite/5 ,religion5 des
 ,ori5ts1 sects4 #ed-fe4 ,s9n]1 ,essai  
sur les ,dogmes de la ,metempsy*ose et  
du ,purgatoire4 ,conz1 ,s*icksale d]    
,seel5w&]ung%ypo!se unt] v]s*i$55       
,volk]n und 9 v]s*i$55 ,zeit54 ,dubois1 
,p ( ,india1 "p iii4 *4 vii4 ,w]n]1     
,comm5tatio ,psy*ologica contra         

,metempsy*os94   ,,*apt] ,,iii4         
,,resurrection ,,( ,,! ,,fle%4  ,a      
,,doctr9e widely preval5t ass]ts t1 at !
 t]m9ation ( ?is probation>y epo*1 ,*ri/
 w appe> ) an army ( angels 9 ! cl\ds ( 
heav51 desc5d1 & set up 8 tribunal on ! 
e>?4 ,! light ( 8 advanc+ c\nt5ance w be
 ! long wait$ ,aurora ( ! ,grave4 ,all !
 s\ls ( m5 w be summon$ f _! t>ry+      
places1 :e!r 9 heav51 or hell1 or       
purgatory1 or ! sepul*re2 ! fle%ly      
tab]nacles !y =m]ly inhabit$ w be re    
creat$1 a /rong necromancy mak+ ! rooty 
& grave floor$ e>? give up its du/ (    
ru9$ humanity1 & m\ld+ x to ! id5tical  
%apes x =m]ly compos$2 ea* s\l w ent]   
its famili> old h\se 9 company ) :i* its
 s9s 7 once committ$2 ! books w be op5$ 
& judgm5t w be pass$2 !n ! accept$ w be 
remov$ to heav51 & ! reject$ to hell1   
bo? to rema9 clo!d ) ^? same mat]ial    
bodies =ev]1 ! =m] 9 cele/ial bliss1 !  
latt] 9 inf]nal torture4  ,9 ! pres5t   
diss]tation we propose to exhibit !     
s\rces1 trace ! developm5ts1 expla9 !   

v>iations1 & discuss ! m]its1 ( ?is     
doctr9e4  ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ?is notion
 ( a bodily re/oration :i* occurs 9 !   
hi/ory ( op9ions is among ! anci5t      
,h9dus4 ,) !m x appe>s z a "p ( a va/   
conception1 embrac+ ! :ole univ]se 9 an 
endless s]ies ( total gr[?s1 decays1 &  
exact re/orations4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !        
,supreme ,be+ is "o & alone4 ,he ?9ks to
 himself1 ,i w become _m4 ,/raightway ! 
multi=m creation g]m9ates =?1 & all be+s
 live4 ,!n = an inconceivable p]iod a   
l5g? ( "t comm5surate ) ! exi/5ce (     
,brahma1 ! ,demiurgus ! successive      
g5]ations fl\ri% & s9k4 ,at ! end ( ?is 
p]iod all =ms ( matt]1 all creatures1   
sages1 & gods1 fall back into !         
,univ]sal ,s\rce :5ce !y arose4 ,aga9 ! 
,supreme ,be+ is "o & alone4 ,aft] an   
int]val ! same causes produce ! same    
effects1 & all ?+s recur exactly z !y 7 
be=e4#a  ,we f9d ?is !ory sung by "s ( !
 ,ori5tal poets3 ,e ext]nal =m ( ?+s1 & 
e object :i* disappe>'d1 ,rema9s /or$ up
 9 ! /oreh\se ( fate3 ,:5 ! sy/em ( !   

heav5s returns to its =m] ord]1 ,god1 ! 
,all ,j1 w br+ !m =? f ! veil ( my/]y4  
#b  ,! same g5]al conception1 9 a       
modifi$ =m1 0 held by ! ,/oics ( lat]   
,greece1 :o d\btless borr[$ x f ! ,ea/1 
& :o c>ri$ x out 9 great] detail4 ,god  
is an arti/ic fire1 out ( :i* !         
cosmopoeia issues4 ,?is fire proce$s 9 a
 c]ta9 fix$ c\rse1 9 ob$i5ce to a fix$  
law1 pass+ ?r\gh c]ta9 int]m$iate       
gradations & e/abli%$ p]iods1 until x   
ultimately returns into itself & closes 
) a univ]sal conflagration4 ,x is to ?is
 cata/rophe t ref]5ce is made 9 ! foll[+
 passage ( ,epictetus3 ,"s say t :5     
,zeus is left alone at ! "t ( !         
conflagration1 he is solit>y1 & bewails 
himself  #a ,wilson1 ,lectures on !     
,h9dus1 pp4 #ec-ef4  #b ,! ,dabi/an1    
vol4 iii4 p4 #afi4   t he has no        
company4#c ,! ,/oics suppos$ ea* succe$+
 =mation to be p]fectly l ! prec$+4 ,e  
p>ticul> t happ5s n[ has happ5$ exactly 
s a ?\s& times be=e1 & w happ5 a ?\s&   
times aga94 ,?is view !y connect$ )     

a/ronomical calculations1 mak+ ! burn+ &
 re creat+ ( ! _w co9cide ) ! same      
position ( ! />s z t at :i* x previ\sly 
occurr$4#d ,?is !y call$ ! re/oration ( 
all ?+s4 ,! idea ( ^! enorm\s revolv+   
id5tical epo*s ,day ( ,brahm1 ,cycle ( !
 ,/oics1 or ,great ,ye> ( ,plato is a   
physical fatalism1 effect+ a univ]sal   
resurrection ( ! pa/1 by reproduc+ x ov]
 & ov] =ev]4  ,humboldt seems m ?an     
incl9$ to adopt ! same ?\ght4 ,9        
submitt+1 he says1 physical ph5om5a &   
hi/orical ev5ts to ! ex]cise ( !        
reflective faculty1 & 9 asc5d+ to _!    
causes by reason+1 we become m & m      
p5etrat$ by t anci5t belief1 t ! =ces   
inh]5t 9 matt]1 & ^? regulat+ ! moral   
_w1 ex]t _! action "u ! pres5ce ( a     
primordial necessity & accord+ to       
movem5ts p]iodically r5ew$4 ,! wise man 
( old said1 ,! ?+ t ha? be51 x is t :i* 
%all be2 & t :i* is done is t :i* %all  
be done1 & !re is no new ?+ "u ! sun4 ,!
 conception ( ! de/9ies ( ! univ]se z a 
circle return+ =ev] into itself is an   

artifice on :i* ! ?9k+ m9d e>ly seizes1 
to evade ! problem t is too mighty = its
 feeble p[]s4 ,x concludes t ! f9al aim 
( ,nature is b ! inf9ite p]fect+ ( h]   
mat]ial 9 inf9ite trans=mations ev]     
repeat+ ! same old s]ies4 ,we _c        
compreh5d & ma/] satisfactorily ! et]nal
 duration ( "o visible ord]1 ! incessant
 roll+ on ( races & />s3  ,& do?        
creation's tide =ev] fl[1 ,nor ebb ) l  
de/ruction8 ,_w on _w ,are !y =ev] heap+
 up1 & /ill ,! mighty measure nev]1 nev]
 full8  ,& s1 :5 ! contemplation ( !    
/agg]+ inf9ity ?reat5s to cru% ! bra91  
we turn away & f9d relief 9 ! view ( a  
p]iodical revolution1 :]e9 all comes to 
an end f "t to "t & takes a fre% />t4 ,x
 w\ld be wis] = u simply to resign !    
problem z too great4 ,= ! conception to 
:i* we h rec\rse is evid5tly a m]e      
conceit ( imag9ation1 )\t sci5tific     
basis or philosophical confirmation4  ,!
 doctr9e ( a bodily resurrection1 re/+  
on a :olly diff]5t gr\nd1 aga9 em]ges ^u
 our att5tion 9 ! ,zoroa/rian fai? (    

,p]sia4 ,! good ,ormuzd creat$ m5 to be 
pure & happy & to pass to a heav5ly     
immortality4 ,! evil ,ahriman ins9uat$ 8
 corruptions among !m1 broke _! primal  
de/9y1 & br\ght dea? ^u !m1 doom+ _!    
mat]ial frames to loa?some dissolution1 
_! unclo!d spirits to a pa9ful abode 9  
hell4 ,mean:ile1 ! w> betwe5 ! ,light   
,god & ! ,gloom ,fi5d rages fluctuat+ly4
 ,b at la/ ! ,good ,"o %all prevail1 & !
 ,bad ,"o s9k 9 discomfiture1 & all evil
 de$s be neutraliz$1 & ! b5ignant       
arrangem5ts decre$ at fir/ be re/or$4   
,!n all  #c ,epictetus1 lib4 iii4 cap4  
#ac4 ,sonntag1 ,de ,pal+5esia ,/oicorum4
  #d ,ritt]'s ,hi/4 ( ,an4 ,phil41 lib4 
xi4 cap4 #d4   s\ls %all be r$eem$ f    
hell & _! bodies be rebuilt f _! scatt]$
 atoms & clo!d ^u !m aga94#e ,?is       
resurrection is n ! consequ5ce ( any    
fix$ laws or fate1 nor is x an arbitr>y 
miracle4 ,x is simply ! re/oration by   
,ormuzd ( ! orig9al int5tion :i*        
,ahriman _h tempor>ily m>r$ & defeat$4  
,?is is ! great bodily resurrection1 z x

 is /ill und]/ood & look$ = by !        
,p>sees4  ,! :ole sy/em ( views out (   
:i* x spr+s1 & ) :i* x is int]wr\ght1 is
 a fanciful my?ology1 bas$ on gratuit\s 
assumptions1 or at mo/ on a crude glance
 at m]e appe>ances4 ,! hypo!sis t !     
creation is ! sc5e ( a drawn battle     
betwe5 two ho/ile be+s1 a ,deity & a    
,devil1 c face nei!r ! scrut9y ( sci5ce1
 nor ! te/ ( morals1 nor ! logic (      
reason2 & x has long s9ce be5 driv5 f ! 
ar5a ( e>ne/ ?\ght4 ,on ?is !ory x      
foll[s t dea? is a viol5t curse &       
discord1 malici\sly =c$ 9 aft]w>ds to   
de=m & spoil ! beauty & melody ( a      
p]fect orig9al creation4 ,n[1 z         
,brets*neid] well says1 ! belief t dea? 
is an evil1 a puni%m5t = s91 c arise    
only 9 a duali/ic sy/em4 ,x is          
unreasonable to suppose t ! ,inf9ite    
,god w\ld delib]ately lay a plan & all[ 
x to be ?w>t$ & ru9$ by a demon4 ,& x is
 unsci5tific to imag9e t dea? is an     
accid5t1 or an aft] result foi/$ into ! 
sy/em ( ! _w4 ,dea? t is1 a succession (

 g5]ations is surely an ess5tial "p ( ! 
v con/itution ( nature1 pla9ly /amp$ on 
all ^? m$als ( ! creation :i* be> !     
features ( _! respective ages & :i* are 
laid up 9 ! ar*ives ( geological epo*s4 
,successive gr[? & decay is a c5tral "p 
( ,god's orig9al plan1 z appe>s f ! v   
/ructure ( liv+ bodies & ! :ole ord] ( !
 globe4 ,dea?1 !re=e1 :i* fur!rmore     
actually reign$ on e>? unkn[n ages be=e 
! exi/5ce ( man1 c\ld n h be5 a =tuit\s 
aft] clap ( human s94 ,& s ! =ego+ !ory 
( a g5]al resurrection z ! re/oration ( 
,god's brok5 plan to its complet5ess    
falls to ! gr\nd4  ,! ,jews1 9 ! c\rse (
 _! frequ5t & long cont9u$ int]c\rse ) !
 ,p]sians1 did n fail to be mu* impress$
 ) ! vivid melodramatic outl9es ( !     
,zoroa/rian doctr9e ( ! resurrection4   
,!y f9ally adopt$ x !mselves1 & jo9$ x1 
) su* modifications z x naturally       
und]w5t f ! union1 ) ! great dogmas ( _!
 own fai?4 ,a few fa9t ref]5ces to x are
 f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,"s explicit   
decl>ations & boa/s ( x are 9 !         

,apocrypha4 ,9 ! ,t>gums1 ! ,talmud1 & !
 associat$ s\rces1 abundant /atem5ts ( x
 9 copi\s =ms are pres]v$4 ,! ,jews re/$
 _! doctr9e ( ! resurrection on ! same  
g5]al gr\nd z ! ,p]sians did1 f :om !y  
borr[$ x4 ,man 0 meant to be immortal1  
ei!r on e>? or 9 heav52 b ,satan s$uc$  
him to s91 & ?us wre/$ f him 8 privilege
 ( immortality1 made him die & desc5d   
into a d>k ne!r realm :i* 0 to be fill$ 
) ! disembodi$ s\ls ( 8 desc5dants4 ,!  
resurrection 0 to annul all ?is & re/ore
 m5 to _! orig9al foot+4  ,we ne$ n     
labor any dispro( ( ! tru? or au?ority (
 ?is doctr9e z ! ,ph>isees held x1      
because1 admitt+ t !y _h ! record ( a   
revelation f ,god1 ?is doctr9e 0 n a "p 
( x4 ,x is only to be f\nd 9 _! canonic 
scriptures by way ( vague & ha/y        
allusion1 & is hi/orically traceable to 
its d]ivation f ! pagan oracles (       
,p]sia4  #e ,fraz]1 ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1   
*ap4 iv4 ,baur1 ,symbolik und           
,my?ologice ?l4 ii4 abs*4 ii4 cap4 ss4  
#cid-djd4   ,( c\rse x is possible t !  

doctr9e ( ! resurrection1 z ! ,hebrews  
held x1 0 develop$ by !mselves1 f       
imag9ative contemplations on ! ph5om5a (
 burials & graves2 spectres se5 9       
dreams2 conceptions ( ! dead z %ad[y    
%apes 9 ! "u _w2 ideas ( ,god z !       
deliv]] ( liv+ m5 f ! op5 gates ( ! "u  
_w :5 !y exp]i5c$ n>r[ escapes f        
de/ruction2 va/ & fanatical national    
hopes4 ,be=e advanc+ ano!r /ep1 x is    
necess>y only to premise t "s ( ! ,jews 
appe> to h expect$ t ! s\ls on ris+ f ! 
"u _w w\ld be clo!d ) new1 spiritualiz$1
 incorruptible bodies1 o!rs pla9ly      
expect$ t ! id5tical bodies !y =m]ly    
wore w\ld be lit]ally re/or$4  ,n[1 :5  
,*ri/ianity1 aft] ! dea? ( its ,f\nd]1  
arose & spread1 x 0 9 ! guise ( a new & 
progressive ,jewi% sect4 ,its apo/les & 
its conv]ts = ! fir/ hundr$ ye>s 7      
,*ri/ian ,jews4 ,*ri/ianity ran its c>e]
 ?r\gh ! apo/olic age virtually z a m   
lib]al ,jewi% sect4 ,mo/ natural 0 x1   
!n1 t infant ,*ri/ianity %\ld reta9 all 
! sali5t dogmas ( ,judaism1 except ^? ( 

exclusive nationality & bigot$ =malism 9
 ! ?r[+ (f ( :i* ! mission ( ,*ri/ianity
 p>tly consi/$4 ,among ^! ,jewi% dogmas 
reta9$ by e>ly ,*ri/ianity 0 t ( !      
bodily resurrection4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 
itself !re are seem+ ref]5ces to ?is    
doctr9e4 ,we %all soon recur to ^!4 ,!  
phrase resurrection ( ! body does n     
occur 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,nei!r is x f\nd 
9 any public cre$ :atev] among ,*ri/ians
 until ! f\r? c5tury4#f ,b ^! admissions
 by no means prove t ! doctr9e 0 n      
believ$ f ! e>lie/ days ( ,*ri/ianity4  
,! fact is1 x 0 ! same ) ?is doctr9e z )
 ! doctr9e ( ! desc5t ( ,*ri/ into      
,hades3 x 0 n = a long "t call$ 9 "q at 
all4 ,x 0 n def9$1 discrim9at$1 lift$ up
 on ! symbols ( ! ,*ur*1 because t 0 n  
call$ =4 ,z soon z ! doctr9e came into  
dispute1 x 0 vehem5tly & all b          
unanim\sly affirm$1 & f\nd an emphatic  
place 9 e cre$4 ,:5ev] ! doctr9e ( a    
bodily resurrection has be5 d5i$1 t     
d5ial has be5 in/antly /igmatiz$ z h]esy
 & s*ism1 ev5 f ! days ( ,hym5eus &     

,philetas1 :o conc]n+ ! tru? err$1 say+ 
t ! resurrection 0 pa/ already4 ,! uni=m
 or?odox doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has 
always be5 t 9 ! la/ day ! id5tical     
fle%ly bodies =m]ly inhabit$ by m5 %all 
be rais$ f ! e>?1 sea1 & air1 & giv5 to 
!m aga9 to be ev]la/+ly assum$4 ,!      
scatt]$ exceptions to ! believ]s 9 ?is  
doctr9e h be5 few1 & h ev] be5 /yl$     
h]etics by _! contempor>ies4  ,any "o :o
 w glance ov] ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs )     
ref]5ce to ?is subject w f9d ! =ego+    
/atem5ts amply confirm$4#g ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 
wrote a treatise on ! resurrection1 a   
fragm5t ( :i* is /ill extant4 ,a!nagoras
 has left u an extremely elaborate &    
able discussion ( ! :ole doctr9e1 9 a   
sep>ate "w4 ,t]tullian is au?or ( a     
fam\s book on ! subject1 entitl$        
,conc]n+ ! ,resurrection ( ! ,fle%1 9   
:i* he says1 ,! tee? are provid5tially  
made et]nal to s]ve z ! se$s ( !  #f    
,dr4 ,sykes1 ,inquiry :5 ! ,article ( ! 
,resurrection ( ! ,body or ,fle% 0 fir/ 
introduc$ into ! ,public ,cre$s4  #g    

,mo%eim1 ,de ,resurrectione ,mortuorum4 
resurrection4 ,*ryso/om has writt5 fully
 ^u x 9 two ( 8 eloqu5t homilies4 ,all  
^!1 9 company inde$ ) ! common body ( _!
 contempor>ies1 unequivocally tea* a    
c>nal resurrection ) ! grosse/ details4 
,augu/9e says1 ,e man's body1 h[soev]   
disp]s$ "h1 %all be re/or$ p]fect 9 !   
resurrection4 ,e body %all be complete 9
 quantity & quality4 ,z _m hairs z h be5
 %av$ (f1 or nails cut1 %all n return 9 
su* enorm\s quantities to de=m _!       
orig9al places2 b nei!r %all !y p]i%3 !y
 %all return into ! body into t sub/ance
 f :i* !y grew4 #h ,z if t w\ld n cause 
any de=mity6 #i ,"s ( ! lat] ,orig5i/s  
held t ! resurrection bodies w\ld be 9 !
 %ape ( a ball1 ! m]e heads ( *]ubs6 #aj
  ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ,mohamm$ fl\ri%$4 ,8
 doctr9al sy/em1 x is well kn[n1 0 drawn
 indiscrim9ately f _m s\rces1 & mix$ )  
additions & colors ( 8 own4 ,f9d+ !     
dogma ( a g5]al bodily resurrection     
already prevail+ among ! ,p>sees1 !     
,jews1 & ! ,*ri/ians1 & p]ceiv+1 too1 h[

 well adapt$ = purposes ( vivid         
repres5tation & practical effect x 01 or
 p]haps believ+ x himself1 ! ,arabian   
prophet +raft$ ?is article into ! cre$ (
 8 foll[]s4 ,x has ev] be5 ) !m1 & is   
/ill1 a =emo/ & controll+ article (     
fai?1 an article = ! mo/ "p held 9 its  
lit]al s5se1 al?\gh !re is a p[]ful sect
 :i* spiritualizes ! :ole conception1   
turn+ all its details into allegories & 
images4 ,b ?is view is n ! orig9al nor !
 or?odox view4  ,! subject ( !          
resurrection 0 a prom95t !me 9 ! !ology 
( ! ,middle ,age4 ,only "h & !re a      
diss5t+ voice 0 rais$ aga9/ ! doctr9e 9 
its /rict physical =m4 ,! great body ( !
 ,s*ola/ics /ood /an*ly by x4 ,9 def5ce 
& support ( ! ,*ur* !sis !y br\ght all !
 quirks & quiddities ( _! subtle        
dialectics4 ,z we take d[n _! pond]\s   
tomes f _! neglect$ %elves1 & turn ov] !
 du/y1 fad$ old leaves1 we f9d *apt]    
aft] *apt] 9 _m a =midable folio occupi$
 ) grave discussions1 c>ri$ on 9 acute  
logical t]m9ology1 ( que/ions l ^!3 ,w !

 resurrection be natural or miracul\s8  
,w ea* "o's hairs & nails all be re/or$ 
to him 9 ! resurrection8 ,:5 bodies are 
rais$1 w ea* s\l spontane\sly "k its own
 & ent] x8 or w ! p[] ( ,god di/ribute  
!m z !y belong8 ,w ! de=mities & sc>s ( 
our pres5t bodies be reta9$ 9 !         
resurrection8 ,w all rise ( ! same age8 
,w all h "o size & "o sex8 #aa ,& s on )
 hundr$s ( k9dr$ que/ions4 ,= in/ance1  
,?omas ,aqu9as cont5d$ t no o!r sub/ance
 w\ld rise f ! grave except t :i*       
belong$ to ! individual 9 ! mom5t (     
dea?4#ab ,:at dire prospects ?is        
proposition mu/ conjure up be=e _m m9ds6
 ,if "o *ance to gr[ prodigi\sly obese  
be=e dea?1 he mu/ lug t enorm\s         
corporeity we>ily ab\t =ev]2 b if he    
happ5 to die :5 wa/$1 he mu/ !n flit    
?r\gh et]nity z ?9 z a la?4  #h ,de     
,civ4 ,dei1 lib4 xxii4 cap4 #ai1 #bj4   
#i ,see ! /range speculations ( ,opitz 9
 8 "w ,de ,/atura et ,atate             
,resurg5tium4  #aj ,r$ep5n+1 ,orig5es1  
b4 ii4 s4 #dfc4  #aa ,summa ,!ologia1   

,?oma ,aqu9atis1 t]tia p>s1             
,supplem5tum1 ,qua/iones #gi-hg4  #ab   
,hag5bu*1 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 sect4 #bjd4   
,^? :o h _h ! mis=tune to be amputat$ ( 
legs or arms mu/ appe> on ! resurrection
 /age )\t ^? v conv5i5t app5dages4 ,!re 
w /ill be ne$ ( hospitals = ! batt]$    
vet]ans ( ,*elsea & ,gre5wi*1 mutilat$  
h]oes1 p5sion$ relics ( deck & field4   
,!n 9 ! resurrection ! r5[n$ ,mynhe] von
 ,clam1 ,ri*e/ m]*ant 9 ,rott]dam1 w    
aga9 h occasion = ! s]vices ( ! pat5t   
cork leg manufactur]1 ?\gh x is h>dly to
 be presum$ he w accept ano!r           
unre/ra9able "o l t :i* l$ him s fe>ful 
a race ?r\gh ! poet's v]ses4  ,!        
,mani*aans d5i$ a bodily resurrection4  
,9 ?is all ! sects !ologically alli$ to 
!m1 :o h appe>$ 9 ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 
= in/ance1 ! ,ca?>i1 h agre$4 ,!re h    
also be5 a few individual ,*ri/ian      
tea*]s 9 e c5tury :o h assail$ !        
doctr9e4 ,b1 z already decl>$1 x has    
uni=mly be5 ! firm doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* & (
 all :o ackn[l$g$ h] au?ority4 ,! old   

dogma /ill rema9s 9 ! cre$s ( !         
recognis$ ,*ur*es1 ,papal1 ,greek1 &    
,prote/ant4 ,x has be5 t]ribly %att]$ by
 ! attacks ( reason & ( progressive     
sci5ce4 ,x l+]s 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ p only z 
a dead lett]4 ,b all ! e>ne/ cons]vative
 !ologians yet cl+ to x 9 its unmitigat$
 grossness1 ) unrelax+ sev]ity4 ,we he> 
x 9 practical disc\rses f ! pulpit1 &   
read x 9 doctr9al treatises1 z (f5sively
 proclaim$ n[ z ev]4 ,inde$1 x is an    
ess5tial "p ( ! compact sy/em ( ! rul+  
!ology1 & _c be tak5 out )\t loos5+ !   
:ole dogmatic fabric into fragm5ts4 ,?us
 writes to day a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican      
div9e1 ,dr4 ,spr+3 ,:e!r buri$ 9 ! e>?1 
or float+ 9 ! sea1 or consum$ by !      
flames1 or enri*+ ! battle field1 or    
evaporate 9 ! atmosph]e1 all1 f ,adam to
 ! late/ born1 %all w5d _! way to !     
great ar5a ( ! judgm5t4 ,e p]i%$ bone & 
e secret p>ticle ( du/ %all obey !      
summons & come =?4 ,if "o c\ld !n look  
^u ! e>?1 he w\ld see x z "o mighty     
excavat$ globe1 & wond] h[ su* c\ntless 

g5]ations c\ld h f\nd a dwell+ b5ea? its
 surface4 #ac ,?is is ! way ! recognis$ 
au?orities 9 !ology /ill talk4 ,to      
v5ture any o!r op9ion is a h]esy all ov]
 ,*ri/5dom at ?is h\r4  ,we w next br+  
=w>d & criticize ! argum5ts = & aga9/ ! 
doctr9e be=e u4 ,x is cont5d$ t !       
doctr9e is demon/rat$ 9 ! example (     
,*ri/'s own resurrection4 ,!            
resurrection ( ! fle% 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z  
incr$ible1 says ,augu/9e2 b n[ we see ! 
:ole _w believ+ t ,*ri/'s e>?ly body 0  
borne into heav54 #ad ,x is ! fai? ( !  
,*ur* t ,*ri/ rose into heav5 ) 8 body (
 fle% & blood1 & we>s x !re n[1 & w     
=ev]4 ,_h he be5 !re 9 body be=e1 x w\ld
 h be5 no su* wond] t he %\ld h return$ 
) x2 b t ! fle% ( our fle% & bone ( our 
bone %\ld be seat$ at ! "r h& ( ,god is 
wor?y ( ! greate/ admiration4 #ae ,t is 
to say1 ,*ri/ 0 f et]nity ,god1 !       
,inf9ite ,_s1 9  #ac ,! ,glory ( ,*ri/1 
vol4 ii4 p4 #bcg4  #ad ,de ,civ4 ,dei1  
lib4 xxii4 cap4 #e4  #ae ,pe>son on !   
,cre$1 #ab? ed41 pp4 #bgb-bge4   heav52 

he came to e>? & liv$ 9 a human body2 on
 return+ to heav51 in/ead ( resum+ 8    
prop] =m1 he be>s ) him1 & w et]nally   
reta91 ! body ( fle% he _h worn on e>?6 
,paul says1 ,fle% & blood _c inh]it !   
k+dom ( ,god4 ,! ,*ur*1 ha/ily foll[+ ! 
s5ses1 l$ by a c>nal1 illogical         
philosophy1 has deeply mis9t]pret$ &    
viol5tly abus$ ! significance ( ,*ri/'s 
asc5sion4 ,! drama ( 8 resurrection1 )  
all its connect$ p>ts1 0 n meant ?r\gh\t
 z a /rict repres5tation ( our de/9y4 ,x
 0 a seal ^u 8 commission & tea*+s1 n an
 exemplification ( :at %\ld happ5 to    
o!rs4 ,x 0 outw>dly a miracle1 n a type1
 an exceptional in/ance ( sup] natural  
p[]1 n a significant exhibition ( !     
regul> c\rse ( ?+s4 ,! same logic :i*   
says1 ,*ri/ rose & asc5d$ ) 8 fle%ly    
body3 !re=e we %all1 mu/ also say1 ,*ri/
 rose visibly on ! ?ird day3 !re=e we   
%all4 ,*ri/'s resurrection 0 a miracle2 
& !re=e we _c reason f x to ourselves4  
,! common conception ( a miracle is t x 
is ! susp5sion1 n ! manife/ation1 (     

ord9>y laws4 ,we h j z mu* logical "r to
 say t ! physical appe>ance 9 ,*ri/'s   
resurrection 0 m]ely an accommodation to
 ! s5ses ( ! witnesses1 & t on 8        
asc5sion ! body 0 annihilat$1 & only 8  
s\l ent]$ heav51 z we h to surmise t !  
!ory embodi$ 9 ! common belief is true4 
,! record is accord+ to m]e s5sible     
appe>ances4 ,! reality is beyond our k4 
,! record gives no explanation4 ,x is   
wis] 9 ?is dilemma to foll[ ! light (   
reason ?an to foll[ ! bl9d _s (         
tradition4 ,! po9t 9 our reason+ is ?is4
 ,if ,*ri/1 on ris+ f ! _w ( ! dead1    
assum$ aga9 8 =m] body1 he assum$ x by a
 miracle1 & = "s special purpose (      
reveal+ himself to 8 disciples & ( f9i%+
 8 e>?ly "w2 & x does n foll[ ei!r t he 
bore t body into heav51 or t any o!rs w 
ev]1 ev5 tempor>ily1 reassume _! ca/ (f 
=ms4  ,! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures d n 9 a   
s+le passage tea* ! popul> doctr9e ( !  
resurrection ( ! body4 ,e text 9 ! ,new 
,te/am5t f9ds its full & satisfactory   
explanation )\t imply+ t dogma at all4  

,9 ! fir/ place1 x is und5iably impli$  
?r\gh\t ! ,new ,te/am5t t ! s\l does n  
p]i% ) ! body4 ,x also appe>s1 9 ! next 
place1 f num]\s explicit passages1 t !  
,new ,te/am5t au?ors1 9 common ) _!     
c\ntrym51 suppos$ ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ to  
be ga!r$ & t>ry+ 9 :at ! ,*ur* calls !  
int]m$iate /ate1 ! obscure "u _w4 ,9 ?is
 subt]ranean realm !y 7 imag9$ to be    
await+ ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah to release  
!m4 ,n[1 we submit t e requirem5t ( !   
doctr9e ( ! resurrection z x is /at$ or 
h9t$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is fully met by !
 simple asc5sion ( ?is congregation (   
s\ls f ! vaults ( ,%eol to ! light ( !  
upp] e>?1 !re to be judg$1 & !n "s to be
 s5t up to heav51 "s s5t back to _!     
prison4 ,=1 let x be c>efully obs]v$1   
!re is n "o text 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z   
be=e /at$1 :i* speaks ( ! resurrection (
 ! body or ( ! fle%4 ,! expression is   
simply ! resurrection ( ! dead1 or ( !m 
t slept4 ,if by ! dead 0 meant ! bodies1
 :y are we n told s8 ,locke1 9 ! ,?ird  
,lett] ( 8 controv]sy ) ! ,bi%op (      

,worce/] on ?is subject1 v po9t$ly %[s !
 absurdity ( a lit]al int]pretation ( ! 
words ,all t are 9 _! graves %all he> my
 voice & %all come =?4 ,no?+ c come out 
( ! grave except :at is 9 x4 ,& !re are 
no s\ls 9 ! grave3 !y are 9 ! sep>ate   
/ate4 ,& !re are no bodies 9 millions ( 
graves3 !y long ago1 ev5 to ! la/ gra9 (
 du/1 ent]$ into ! circulations ( !     
mat]ial sy/em4 ,com+ =? f _! graves unto
 ! resurrection ei!r d5otes ! ris+ (    
s\ls f ! "u _w1 or else its mean+ is    
some?+ incr$ible4 ,at all ev5ts1 no?+ is
 said ab\t any resurrection ( ! body3 t 
is a matt] ( arbitr>y inf]5ce4 ,! angels
 are n ?\ght to h mat]ial bodies2 &     
,*ri/ decl>es1 ,9 ! resurrection ye %all
 nei!r m>ry nor be giv5 9 m>riage1 b    
%all be z ! angels ( heav54 ,x seems    
cle> to u t ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to !    
,hebrews also look$ = no re/oration ( ! 
fle%ly body2 = he n only /udi\sly omits 
ev5 ! fa9te/ allusion to any su* notion1
 b positively describes ! spirits ( j m5
 made p]fect 9 ! heav5ly ,j]usalem1 ) an

 innum]able company ( angels1 & ) !     
g5]al assembly & *ur* ( ! fir/ born4 ,! 
,jews & e>ly ,*ri/ians :o believ$ 9 a   
bodily resurrection did n suppose !     
dep>t$ c\ld ent] heav5 until aft] t     
great consummation4  ,! mo/ cog5t pro( t
 ! ,new ,te/am5t does n tea* !          
resurrection ( ! same body t is buri$ 9 
! grave is furni%$ by ! celebrat$       
passage 9 ,paul's ,epi/le to !          
,cor9?ians4 ,! apo/le's premises1       
reason+1 & conclusion are z foll[s3     
,*ri/ is ris5 f ! dead1 become ! fir/   
fruits ( !m t slept4 ,t is to say1 all  
:o h di$1 except ,*ri/1 are /ill t>ry+ 9
 ! great receptacle ( s\ls "u ! e>?4 ,z 
! fir/ fruits g be=e ! h>ve/1 s !       
solit>y ris5 ,*ri/ is ! =]unn] to !     
g5]al resurrection to foll[4 ,b "s "o w 
say1 ,h[ are ! dead rais$ up8 & ) :at   
body d !y come8 ,m>k ! apo/le's reply1 &
 x w appe> inexplicable h[ any "o c     
consid] him z argu+ = ! resurrection ( !
 id5tical body t 0 laid 9 ! grave1      
p>ticle = p>ticle4 ,?\ fool6 t :i* ?\   

s[e/1 ?\ s[e/ n t body t %all be1 b nak$
 gra91 & ,god give? x a body z x ha?    
pleas$ him4 ,!re are cele/ial bodies1 & 
t]re/rial bodies2 !re is a natural body1
 & !re is a spiritual body2 ! fir/ man  
is ( ! e>?1 e>?y2 ! second man is ! ,"l 
f heav52 fle% & blood _c inh]it ! k+dom 
( ,god2 we %all all be *ang$1 & be> !   
image ( ! heav5ly1 z we h borne ! image 
( ! e>?y4 ,! analogy :i* has be5 s      
/rangely p]v]t$ by mo/ comm5tators is   
us$ by ,paul ?us4 ,! g]m :i* 0 to spr+  
up to a new life1 clo!d ) a new body1 0 
n any "p ( ! fle%ly body buri$ 9 !      
grave1 b 0 ! s\l itself1 once conta9$ 9 
! old body1 b releas$ f its hull 9 !    
grave & pres]v$ 9 ! "u _w until ,*ri/   
%all call x =? to be inve/$ ) a glori\s1
 p[]ful1 spiritual1 incorruptible body4 
,:5 a gra9 ( :eat is s[n1 t is n ! body 
t %all be2 b ! my/]i\s pr9ciple ( life1 
lat5t 9 ! g]m ( ! se$1 spr+s up & puts  
on its body fa%ion$ appropriately = x4  
,s1 accord+ to ,paul's conception1 :5 a 
man is buri$1 ! mat]ial corpse is n !   

resurrection body t %all be2 b ! liv+   
s\l :i* occupi$ x is ! g]m t %all put on
 a new body ( immortality :5 ! spr+ tide
 ( ,*ri/'s com+ draws ! buri$ treasures 
( ,hades up to ! light ( heav54  ,a     
species ( pro( :i* has be5 mu* us$ by ! 
advocates ( ! dogma ( a bodily          
resurrection is ! argum5t f analogy4 ,! 
intimate connection ( human feel+ &     
fancy ) ! *ang+ ph5om5a ( ,nature's     
seasons w\ld naturally sugge/ to a      
p5sive m9d ! idea1 ,:y1 s9ce %e has h]  
annual resurrection1 may n humanity "s  
"t h "o8 ,& :at fir/ arose z a poetic   
conceit or /ray ?\ght1 & 0 express$ 9   
gl[+ metaphors1 might by an easy process
 pass abroad & h>d5 into a prosaic      
proposition or dogmatic =mula4  ,o s\l (
 ! spr+ "t1 n[ let u behold ,! /one f ! 
m\? ( ! sepul*re roll'd1 ,& ,nature rise
 up f h] dea?'s damp m\ld2 ,let our     
fai?1 :i* 9 d>kness & coldness has la91 
,revive ) ! w>m? & ! brightness aga91 ,&
 9 bloom+ ( fl[] & budd+ ( tree ,!      
symbols & types ( our de/9y see4  ,/&+  

by ! graves ( our lov$ & lo/ ones1 our  
inmo/ s\ls ye>n ov] ! v du/ 9 :i* _!    
hall[$ =ms repose4 ,we feel t !y mu/    
come back1 we mu/ be re/or$ to ea* o!r z
 we 7 be=e4 ,li/5+ to ! return$ birds ^:
 w>ble fills ! woods once m1 gaz+ ar\nd 
on ! v]dant & fl[]y =ms ( r5ew$ life t  
clo! ! l&scape ov] aga91 we eag]ly snat*
 at e app>5t emblem or prophetic analogy
 t answ]s to our fond imag9ation &      
desir+ dream4 ,s5tim5t & fancy1         
especially :5 /imulat$ by love & grief1 
& rov+ 9 ! realms ( rev]ie1 free f !    
cold guidance & %>p *eck ( lit]al fact &
 sev]e logic1 are poor analy/s1 & !n we 
easily confuse ?+s di/9ct & w&] to      
conclusions philosophy w n w>rant4 ,be=e
 build+ a dogmatic doctr9e on analogies1
 we mu/ /udy ^? analogies ) c>eful      
discrim9ation1 mu/ see :at !y really    
are1 & to :at !y really lead4 ,!re is   
(t5 an imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/    
appe>ance to a ha/y obs]v] & ! f9al     
reality to a pr(\nd /ud5t4 ,let u1 !n1  
scrut9ize a little m closely ^? seem+   

analogies :i*1 to borr[ a happy         
expression f ,flugge1 h made            
,resurrection a y\ng] si/] (            
,immortality4  ,nature1 ! old1 et]nal   
snake1 comes out afre% e ye> 9 a new %9+
 sk94 ,:at !n8 ,( c\rse ?is emblem is no
 pro( ( any doctr9e conc]n+ ! fate (    
man4 ,b1 waiv+ t1 :at w\ld ! legitimate 
correspond5ce to x be = man8 ,:y1 t     
humanity %\ld exhibit ! fre% specim5s ( 
h] liv+ h&iwork 9 e new g5]ation4 ,& t  
is done4 ,nature does n reproduce be=e u
 ea* spr+ ! v fl[]s t p]i%$ ! previ\s   
w9t]3 %e makes new ones l !m4 ,x is n a 
resurrection ( ! old3 x is a gr[? ( !   
new4 ,! passage ( ! worm f its slug to  
its *rysalis /ate is surely no symbol ( 
a bodily resurrection1 b r ( a bodily   
emancipation1 n resum+ a des]t$ dead    
body1 b assum+ a new live "o4 ,does !   
butt]fly ev] come back to put on !      
exuvia t h p]i%$ 9 ! gr\nd8 ,! law ( all
 life is progress1 n return1 asc5t ?r\gh
 future developm5ts1 n desc5t ?r\gh !   
/ages already trav]s$4 ,! h]b is born   

anew out ( a se$1 ,n rais$ out ( a bony 
skeleton4 ,:at tree is man ! se$ (8 ,( a
 s\l4  ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 aft] o!rs1   
argues = ! re/oration ( man's body f !  
grave1 f ! fanci$ analogy ( ! pal+5esis 
or resurrection ( vegetables :i* !      
magicians ( ! antique ,ea/ & ! my/ic    
*emi/s ( ! ,middle ,age boa/$ ( effect+4
 ,he hav+ ass]t$ 9 8 ,religion ( a      
,physician t exp]i5ce c f ! a%es ( a    
plant revive ! plant1 & f its c9d]s     
recall x into its /alk & leaves aga91   
,dr4 ,h5ry ,p[] wrote besee*+ an        
exp]im5tal eviction ( s high & noble a  
piece ( *emi/ry1 ! re9dividuality ( an  
inc9]at$ plant4 ,we are n in=m$ t ,sir  
,?omas ev] grant$ him ! sight4 ,( ?is   
beautiful error1 ?is exquisite          
sup]/ition1 :i* und\bt$ly arose f !     
cry/allizations ( c]ta9 salts 9         
arboresc5t =ms :i* sudd5ly surpris$ !   
e>ly al*emi/s 9 "s ( _! exp]im5ts1 we h 
! foll[+ acc\nt 9 ,disraeli's           
,curiosities ( ,lit]ature3 ,! sem9a (   
resurrection are conceal$ 9 ext9ct      

bodies1 z 9 ! blood ( man4 ,! a%es (    
roses w aga9 revive into roses1 ?\gh    
small] & pal] ?an if !y _h be5 plant$   
unsub/antial & unodorif]\s1 !y are n    
roses :i* grew on rose trees1 b _!      
delicate app>itions2 &1 l app>itions1 !y
 are se5 b = a mom5t4 ,?is magical      
pho5ix lies ?us conceal$ 9 its cold a%es
 till ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 *emical heat  
produces its resurrection4 ,any         
refutation ( ?is n[ w\ld be consid]$    
*ildi%4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 :ile recurr5t   
spr+1 br++ 9 ! great ,ea/] ( ! ye>1     
typifies to u inde$ abundantly !        
developm5t ( new life1 ! gr[? ( new     
bodies out ( ! old & decay$1 b n[h]e    
h9ts at ! ga!r+ up & we>+ aga9 ( ! du/y 
sl\ghs & rott$ foliage ( ! pa/1 let m5  
cease to talk ( !re be+ any natural     
analogies to ! ecclesia/ical dogma ( !  
resurrection ( ! fle%4 ,! tea*+ ( nature
 f9ds a tru] utt]ance 9 ! words (       
,as*ylus3 ,!re is no resurrection = him 
:o is once dead4 #af  ,! next argum5t is
 t bas$ on consid]ations ( reason & (   

e?ics4 ,! support]s ( ! doctr9e ( !     
resurrection ( ! body h (t5 dis+5u\sly  
evad$ ! burd5 ( pro( ?r[n ^u !m by      
retreat+ b5ea? l\d ass]tions ( ,god's   
p[]4 ,f ! e>lie/ dawn ( ! hypo!sis to ! 
pres5t "t1 e p]plexity aris+ f x1 e     
objection br\ght aga9/ x1 e absurdity   
%[n to be involv$ 9 x1 has be5 met &    
confid5tly rebutt$ ) decl>ations (      
,god's abundant p[] to effect a physical
 resurrection1 or to d any ?+ else he   
pleases1 h[ev] impossible x may appe> to
 u4 ,n[1 x is true ! p[] ( ,god is      
compet5t to innum]able ?+s utt]ly beyond
 our skill1 k1 or conception4           
,nev]!less1 !re is a prov9ce )9 :i* our 
reason c judge ( probabilities1 & c1 if 
n absolutely grasp infallible tru?1 at  
lea/ rea* satisfactory convictions4 ,god
 is able to re/ore ! va/ coal deposits (
 ! e>?1 & ! a%es ( all ! fuel ev] burn$1
 to _! orig9al condition :5 !y cov]$ !  
_w )  #af ,eum5ides1 #a4 #fdh1 ,ox=d    
edition4   d5se =e/s ( f]ns2 b we h no  
reason to believe he w d x4 ,! tru? or  

falsity ( ! popul> !ory ( ! resurrection
 is n a "q ( ,god's p[]2 x is simply a  
"q ( ,god's w4 ,a ,jewi% ,rabb9 relates 
! foll[+ conv]sation1 z exult+ly z if ! 
quibbl+ evasion on :i* x turns          
positively settl$ ! "q itself1 :i* 9    
fact x does n approa*4 ,a ,sadducee     
says1 ,! resurrection ( ! dead is a     
fable3 ! dry1 scatt]$ du/ _c live aga94 
,a by /&+ ,ph>isee makes ?is reply3 ,!re
 7 9 a city two arti/s3 "o made vases ( 
wat]1 ! o!r made !m ( clay3 :i* 0 ! m   
wondr\s arti/8 ,! ,sadducee answ]$1 ,!  
=m]4 ,! ,ph>isee rejo9s1 ,_c ,god1 !n1  
:o =m$ man ( wat]1 7gutta sem9is        
humida17 mu* m re =m him ( clay8 ,su* a 
me?od ( reason+ is an irrelevant        
imp]t95ce4 ,god c call ,nebu*adnezz> f 8
 long re/1 & seat him on 8 old ?rone    
aga9 to morr[4 ,:at an absurdity to inf]
 t !re=e he w d x6 ,god c give u w+s ^u 
our bodies1 & enable u to fly on an     
explor+ trip among ! planets4 ,w he d x8
 ,! "q1 we repeat1 is n :e!r ,god has ! 
p[] to raise our dead bodies1 b :e!r he 

has ! w4 ,to t "q s9ce1 z we h already  
se51 he has s5t u no miracul\s          
revelation reply+ to x we c only f9d an 
answ] by trac+ ! indications ( 8        
int5tions conta9$ 9 reason1 morals1 &   
nature4  ,"o ( ! =emo/ argum5ts urg$ by 
! ,fa!rs = ! resurrection 0 its suppos$ 
necessity = a j & complete judgm5t4 ,!  
body 0 involv$ & in/rum5tal 9 all ! s9s 
( ! man3 x mu/ !re=e be> "p 9 8         
puni%m5t4 ,! ,rabb9s tell ?is allegory3 
,9 ! day ( judgm5t ! body w say1 ,! s\l 
alone is to blame3 s9ce x left me1 ,i h 
la9 l a /one 9 ! grave4 ,! s\l w retort1
 ,! body alone is s9ful3 s9ce releas$ f 
x1 ,i fly ?r\gh ! air l a bird4 ,!      
,judge w int]pose ) ?is my?3 ,a k+ once 
_h a beautiful g>d5 full ( e>ly fruits4 
,a lame man & a bl9d man 7 9 x4 ,said ! 
lame man to ! bl9d man1 ,let me m\nt ^u 
y\r %\ld]s & pluck ! fruit1 & we w      
divide x4 ,! k+ accus$ !m ( !ft2 b !y   
sev]ally repli$1 ! lame man1 ,h[ c\ld ,i
 rea* x8 ! bl9d man1 ,h[ c\ld ,i see x8 
,! k+ ord]$ ! lame man to be plac$ ^u ! 

back ( ! bl9d man1 & 9 ?is position _h  
!m bo? sc\rg$4 ,s ,god 9 ! day ( judgm5t
 w replace ! s\l 9 ! body1 & hurl !m bo?
 into hell toge!r4 ,!re is a que]       
tradition among ! ,mohamm$ans imply+1   
s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! same g5]al ?\ght4 ,!   
,prophet's uncle1 ,hamzah1 hav+ be5 sla9
 by ,h9d1 daught] ( ,atabah1 ! curs$    
woman cut out 8 liv] & gnaw$ x ) fi5di% 
joy2 b1 le/ any ( x %\ld become         
incorporat$ ) h] sy/em & g to hell1 !   
,mo/ ,high made x z h>d z a /one2 & :5  
%e ?rew x on ! gr\nd1 an angel re/or$ x 
to its orig9al nature & place 9 ! body (
 ! m>tyr$ h]o1 t lion ( ,god4  ,! ,roman
 ,ca?olic ,*ur* endorses ! repres5tation
 t ! body mu/ be rais$ to be puni%$4 ,9 
! ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 :i* is 
an au?oritative exposition ( ,romani/   
!ology1 we read t ! id5tical body %all  
be re/or$1 ?\gh )\t de=mities or        
sup]fluities2 re/or$ t z x 0 a p>tn] 9 !
 man's de$s1 s x may be a p>tn] 9 8     
puni%m5ts4 ,! same ,cate*ism also gives 
9 ?is connection ! reason :y a g5]al    

judgm5t is necess>y aft] ea* individual 
has be5 judg$ at 8 dea?1 namely1 ?is3 t 
!y may be puni%$ = ! evil :i* has       
result$ 9 ! _w s9ce !y di$ f ! evil !y  
did 9 ! _w :ile !y liv$6 ,is x n a/oni%+
 h[ ^! !ologians f9d out s mu*8 ,a liv+ 
,presbyt]ian div9e ( note says1 ,!      
bodies ( ! damn$ 9 ! resurrection %all  
be fit dwell+s = _! vile m9ds4 ,) all ^?
 fe>ful & horrid expressions :i* e base 
& malignant passion wakes up 9 ! human  
c\nt5ance /amp$ ^u x = et]nity & burn$ 9
 by ! flam+ fury ( _! own t]rific       
wick$ness1 !y w be condemn$ to look ^u  
_! own de=mity & to feel _! fitt+ doom4 
,x is !re=e urg$ t ! body mu/ be rais$  
to suff] ! j p5alty ( ! s9s man committ$
 :ile occupy+ x4 ,is x n an absurdity to
 affirm t n]ves & blood1 fle% & bones1  
are responsible1 guilty1 mu/ be puni%$8 
,tuck]1 9 8 ,light ( ,nature ,pursu$1   
says1 ,! vulg> notion ( a resurrection 9
 ! same =m & sub/ance we c>ry ab\t at   
pres5t1 because ! body be+ p>tak] 9 !   
de$ ought to %>e 9 ! rew>d1 z well      

requires a resurrection ( ! sword a man 
murd]s )1 or ! bank note he gives to    
*>itable uses4 ,we suppose an intellig5t
 p]sonality1 a free w1 indisp5sable to  
responsibl5ess & alone am5able to       
retributions4 ,besides1 if ! body mu/ be
 rais$ to und]go *a/isem5t = ! (f5ces   
done 9 x & by means ( x1 ?is            
insurm\ntable difficulty by ! same logic
 confronts u4 ,! mat]ial ( our bodies is
 9 a con/ant *ange1 ! p>ticles becom+   
totally transf]r$ e few ye>s4 ,n[1 :5 a 
man is puni%$ aft] ! g5]al judgm5t = a  
c]ta9 crime1 he mu/ be 9 ! v body he    
occupi$ :5 t crime 0 p]petrat$4 ,s9ce he
 0 a s9n] all 8 days1 8 resurrection    
body mu/ comprise all ! matt] t ev] =m$ 
a "p ( 8 corporeity1 & ea* s9n] may     
h]eaft] be z huge z ! wri?+ ,titan1     
,tityus1 ^: body1 x 0 fabl$1 cov]$ n9e  
acres4 ,god is able to pres]ve !        
integral s\l 9 be+1 & to puni% x accord+
 to ju/ice1 )\t clo?+ x 9 fle%4 ,?is    
fact by itself utt]ly vacates & makes   
gratuit\s ! hypo!sis ( a physical       

resurrection f punitive consid]ations1  
an hypo!sis :i* is also refut$ by ! tru?
 conta9$ 9 ,locke's rem>k to            
,/ill+fleet1 t ! s\l ha? no great]      
congruity ) ! p>ticles ( matt] :i* 7    
once unit$ to x1 b are s no long]1 ?an x
 ha? ) any o!r p>ticles ( matt]4 ,:5 !  
s\l leaves ! body1 x w\ld seem to h done
 ) t /age ( its exi/5ce1 & to ent] ^u   
ano!r & high] "o1 leav+ ! du/ to mix )  
du/ =ev]4 ,! body wants n ! s\l aga92 = 
x is a s5seless clod & wants no?+4 ,!   
s\l wants n its old body aga93 x pref]s 
to h ! fre$om ( ! univ]se1 a _s4 ,philip
 ! ,solit>y wrote1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 a 
book call$ ,dioptra1 pres5t+ !          
controv]sy betwe5 ! s\l & ! body v      
qua9tly & at l5g?4 ,! same ?+ 0 done by 
,h5ry ,ni*olson 9 a ,conf]5ce betwe5 !  
,s\l & ,body conc]n+ ! ,pres5t & ,future
 ,/ate4 ,william ,cra%aw1 an old ,engli%
 poet1 translat$ f ! ,lat9 a poem       
entitl$ ,! ,compla9t3 a ,dialogue betwe5
 ! ,body & ! ,s\l ( a ,damn$ ,man4#ag ,b
 any "o :o w p]use ) intellig5t he$ !   

works t h be5 writt5 on ?is :ole subject
 mu/ be amaz$ to see h[ exclusively !   
doctr9e :i* we are oppos+ has re/$ on   
pure gr\nds ( tradition & fancy1 alike  
de/itute ( au?ority & reason4 ,"s au?ors
 h inde$ attempt$ to support ! doctr9e )
 argum5ts3 =  #ag ,also see ,dialogue   
int] ,corpus et ,animam1 p4 #ie ( ,lat9 
,poems attribut$ to ,walt] ,mapes4      
in/ance1 !re are two ,g]man works1 "o by
 ,b]tram1 "o by ,pflug1 entitl$ ,!      
,resurrection ( ! ,dead on ,gr\nds (    
,reason1 9 :i* rec\rse is _h to e       
possible exp$i5t to make out a case1 n  
ev5 neglect+ ! factiti\s assi/ance (    
,leibnitz's s*eme ( ,pre e/abli%$       
,h>mony4 ,b x may be delib]ately affirm$
 t n "o ( _! argum5ts is wor?y (        
respect4 ,app>5tly1 !y d n seek to rea* 
tru?1 b to bol/] up a =egone conclusion 
held m]ely f motives ( tradition4  ,!   
,jews _h a favorite tradition1 develop$ 
by _! ,rabb9s 9 _m passages1 t !re 0 "o 
small1 almond %ap$ bone1 7suppos$ n[ to 
h be5 ! bone call$ by anatomi/s ! os    

coccygis17 :i* 0 inde/ructible1 & w\ld  
=m ! nucleus ar\nd :i* ! re/ ( ! body   
w\ld ga!r at ! "t ( ! resurrection4 ,?is
 bone1 nam$ ,luz1 0 miracul\sly pres]v$ 
f demolition or decay4 ,p\nd x furi\sly 
on anvils ) heavy hamm]s ( /eel1 burn x 
= ages 9 ! fi]ce/ furnaces1 soak x =    
c5turies 9 ! /ronge/ solv5ts1 all 9 va93
 its magic /ructure /ill rema9$4 ,s !   
,talmud tells4 ,ev5 z !re is a r\nd dry 
gra9 ,9 a plant's skeleton1 :i*1 be+    
buri$1 ,c raise ! h]b's gre5 body up    
aga92 ,s is !re su* 9 man1 a se$ %ap$   
bone1 ,aldab>on1 call'd by ! ,hebrews   
,luz1 ,:i*1 be+ laid into ! gr\nd1 w    
be>1 ,aft] ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 ! grass (    
fle%1 ,! bloody1 s\l possess$ we$ call$ 
man4  ,! ,jews did n1 z ^! s+ul> l9es   
repres5t1 suppose ?is bone 0 a g]m :i*  
aft] long burial w\ld fructify by a     
natural process & be> a p]fect body3 !y 
reg>d$ x only z a nucleus ar\nd :i* !   
,messiah w\ld by a miracle compel !     
decompos$ fle% to return z 9 its pri/9e 
life4 ,all t ! ,jews say ( ,luz !       

,mohamm$ans repeat ( ! bone ,al ,ajib4  
,?is conceit ( sup]/ition has be5       
develop$ by a ,*ri/ian au?or (          
consid]able reputation into a !ory ( a  
natural resurrection4 ,! "w ( ,mr4      
,samuel ,drew on ! ,id5tity & ,g5]al    
,resurrection ( ! ,human ,body has be5 q
 a /&>d "w on ! subject ( :i* x treats4 
,mr4 ,drew believes !re is a g]m 9 !    
body :i* sl[ly rip5s & prep>es !        
resurrection body 9 ! grave4 ,z a se$   
mu/ be buri$ = a season 9 ord] to spr+  
up 9 p]fect life1 s mu/ ! human body be 
buri$ till ! day ( judgm5t4 ,dur+ ?is   
p]iod x is n idle1 b is busily gett+    
ready = its consummation4 ,he says1 ,!re
 are f\r di/9ct /ages ?r\gh :i* ^? p>ts 
con/itut+ ! id5tity ( ! body mu/        
necess>ily pass 9 ord] to _! atta9m5t ( 
complete p]fection beyond ! grave4 ,!   
fir/ ( ^! /ages is t ( its elem5t>y     
pr9ciples2 ! second is t ( an embryo 9 !
 womb2 ! ?ird is t ( its union ) an     
immat]ial _s1 & ) ! fluctuat+ portions (
 fle% & blood 9 our pres5t /ate2 & !    

f\r? /age is t ( its resid5ce 9 ! grave4
 ,all ^! /ages are und\bt$ly necess>y to
 ! full p]fection ( ! body3 !y are      
alembics ?r\gh :i* its p>ts mu/         
necess>ily move to atta9 t vigor :i*    
%all cont9ue =ev]4#ah ,to /ate ?is      
figm5t is en\gh4 ,x w\ld be folly to    
attempt any refutation ( a fancy s      
obvi\sly a pure contrivance to =tify a  
preconceiv$ op9ion1 a fancy1 too1 s     
prepo/]\s1 s utt]ly )\t c\nt5ance1 ei!r 
f exp]i5ce1 obs]vation1 sci5ce1 reason1 
or ,scripture4 ,! egg ( man's div9ity is
 n laid 9 ! ne/ ( ! grave4  ,ano!r      
motive = believ+ ! resurrection ( ! body
 has be5 creat$ by ! exig5cies ( a      
mat]iali/ic philosophy4 ,!re 0 9 ! e>ly 
,*ur* an ,arabian sect ( h]etics :o 7   
reclaim$ f _! errors by ! p[]ful        
reason+s & eloqu5ce ( ,orig54#ai ,_!    
h]esy consi/$ 9 ma9ta9+ t ! s\l dies ) !
 body be+ inde$ only its vital brea? & w
 be re/or$ ) x at ! la/ day4 ,9 ! c\rse 
( ! ,*ri/ian c5turies !re h aris5       
occasionally a few def5d]s ( ?is op9ion4

 ,prie/ley1 z is well kn[n1 0 an e>ne/  
support] ( x4 ,let u scan ! gr\nd on :i*
 he held ?is belief4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he
 firmly believ$ t ! fact ( an et]nal    
life to come _h be5 sup]naturally       
reveal$ to m5 by ,god ?r\gh ,*ri/4      
,secondly1 z a philosoph] he 0 int5sely 
a mat]iali/1 hold+ ) unwav]+ conviction 
to ! conclusion t life1 m9d1 or s\l1 0 a
 concomitant or result ( our physical   
organism1 & :olly incapable ( be+ )\t x4
 ,dea? to him 0 ! total de/ruction ( man
 = ! "t4 ,!re 0 !re=e pla9ly no         
alt]native = him b ei!r to ab&on "o ( 8 
fundam5tal convictions z a ,*ri/ian & a 
philosoph]1 or else to accept ! doctr9e 
( a future resurrection ( ! body into an
 immortal life4 ,he *ose ! latt]1 &     
zeal\sly taught always t dea? is an     
annihilation la/+ till ! day ( judgm5t1 
:5 all are to be summon$ f _! graves4   
,to ?is :ole c\rse ( ?\ght !re are      
sev]al replies to be made4 ,9 ! fir/    
place1 we submit t ! philosophy (       
mat]ialism is false3 /&+ 9 ! prov9ce (  

sci5ce & reason1 x may be affirm$ t !   
s\l is n dep5d5t = its exi/5ce on !     
body1 b w survive x4 ,we w n argue ?is  
po9t1 b m]ely /ate x4 ,secondly1 x is   
c]ta9 t ! doctr9e :i* makes s\l p]i% )  
body f9ds no c\nt5ance 9 ! ,new         
,te/am5t4 ,x is inconsi/5t ) ! belief 9 
angelic spirits1 9 demoniac possessions1
 9 ,*ri/'s desc5t z a _s to prea* to !  
spirits ( dep>t$ m5 imprison$ 9 ! "u _w1
 & ) o!r conceptions und]ly+ ! ,gospels 
& ! ,epi/les4 ,b1 ?irdly1 admitt+ x to  
be true1 !n1 we affirm1 ! legitimate    
d$uction f all ! array$ facts ( sci5ce &
 all ! presumptive evid5ce ( appe>ances 
is n t a future resurrection w re/ore ! 
dead man to life1 b t all is ov] ) him1 
he has hopelessly p]i%$ =ev]4 ,:5 !     
brea? ceases1 if no?+ survives1 if !    
total man is blott$ out1 !n we *all5ge !
 production ( a %ad[ ( pro( t he w ev]  
live aga94 ,! seem+ inju/ice & blank    
awfulness ( ! fate may make "o turn =   
relief to ! hypo!sis ( a future arbitr>y
 miracul\s resurrection2 b t is an      

artificial exp$i5t1 )\t a %ad[ (        
ju/ification4 ,once admit t ! body is   
all1 its dissolution a total dea?1 & y  
are gone =ev]4 ,"o intuition ( ! _s1    
seiz+ ! consci\s supports ( et]nal      
ideas1 ca/s contempt on ,! d\btful      
prospects ( our pa9t$ du/1  #ah ,drew on
 ,resurrection1 *4 vi4 sect4 vii4 pp4   
#cbf-ccb4  #ai ,eusebius1 ,eccl4 ,hi/4  
lib4 vi4 cap4 xxxvii4   & outvalues all 
! gross hopes ( mat]ialism4 ,betwe5     
non5tity & be+ yawns ! untrav]sable gulf
 ( inf9ity4 ,no3 ! body ( fle% falls1   
turns to du/ & air2 ! s\l1 emancipat$1  
rejoices1 & so>s heav5w>ds1 & is its own
 incorruptible frame1 mock+ at dea?1 a  
cele/ial h\se1 ^: mak] & build] is ,god4
  ,f9ally1 !re rema9 to be weigh$ !     
be>+s ( ! argum5t f *emical &           
physiological sci5ce on ! resurrection4 
,"h is ! *ief /umbl+ block 9 ! way ( !  
popul> doctr9e4 ,! sci5tific absurdities
 connect$ ) t doctr9e h be5 m>%all$     
aga9/ x by ,celsus1 ! ,platoni/         
philosoph]1 by ,avic5na1 ! ,arabian     

physician1 & by hundr$s m1 & h nev] be5 
answ]$1 & _c be answ]$4 ,z long z man   
lives1 8 bodily sub/ance is incessantly 
*ang+2 ! processes ( secretion &        
absorption are rapidly go+ =w>d4 ,e few 
ye>s he is1 z to mat]ial1 a totally new 
man4 ,dy+ at ! age ( sev5ty1 he has _h  
at lea/ t5 diff]5t bodies4 ,he is "o    
id5tical s\l1 b has liv$ 9 t5 sep>ate   
h\ses4 ,) :i* %all he be rais$8 ) !     
fir/8 or ! fif?8 or ! la/8 or ) all8 ,b1
 fur!r1 ! body aft] dea? decays1 ent]s  
into comb9ation ) wat]1 air1 e>?1 gas1  
vegetables1 animals1 o!r human bodies4  
,9 ?is way ! same matt] comes to h      
belong$ to a ?\s& p]sons4 ,9 !          
resurrection1 ^: %all x be8 ,we reply1  
ne>ly 9 ! language ( ,*ri/ to !         
,sadducees1 ,ye d err1 n kn[+ !         
,scriptures1 nor ! w ( ,god3 9 !        
resurrection !y h n bodies ( e>?ly fle%1
 b are spirits1 z ! angels ( ,god4  ,!  
argum5t aga9/ ! common !ory ( a mat]ial 
resurrection1 on acc\nt ( num]\s        
claimants = ! same sub/ance1 has ( late 

d]iv$ a greatly increas$ =ce f !        
brilliant discov]ies 9 *emi/ry4 ,x is n[
 f\nd t only a small numb] ( sub/ances  
ev] ent] into ! composition ( animal    
bodies4#bj ,! food ( man consi/s (      
nitrog5iz$ & non nitrog5iz$ sub/ances4  
,! latt] are ! elem5ts ( respiration2 ! 
=m] alone compose ! pla/ic elem5ts (    
nutrition1 & !y are few 9 numb] &       
comp>atively limit$ 9 ext5t4 ,all life  
dep5ds on a relatively small quantity ( 
matt]4 ,ov] & ov] aga91 z ! modell]     
fa%ions 8 clay1 are plant & animal =m$  
out ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! p>ticles t     
compos$ ,adam's frame may be=e ! end ( !
 _w h run ! circuit ( t5 ?\s& bodies ( 8
 desc5dants3 ',twas m9e1 'tis 81 & has  
be5 slave to ?\s&s4 ,to proclaim !      
resurrection ( ! fle% z is usually done1
 seems a flat contradiction ( cle> k4#ba
 ,a late writ] on ?is subject1 ,dr4     
,hit*cock1 evades ! insup]able          
difficulty by say+1 ,x is n necess>y t !
 resurrection body %\ld conta9 a s+le   
p>ticle ( ! body laid 9 ! grave1 if x   

only conta9 p>ticles ( ! same k9d1 unit$
 9 ! same proportion1 & ! comp\nd be    
made to assume ! same =m & /ructure z ! 
natural body4 #bb ,!n two m5 :o look    
exactly alike may 9 ! resurrection      
ex*ange bodies )\t any h>m6 ,"h ! !ory (
 puni%m5t cla%es4 ,does n ! e/eem$ au?or
 see t ?is w\ld n be a resurrection ( ! 
old bodies1 b a creation ( new ones  #bj
 ,liebig1 ,animal ,*emi/ry1 sect4 xix4  
#ba ,! ,circulation ( ,matt]1           
,blackwood's ,magaz9e1 ,may1 #ahec4  #bb
 ,! ,resurrection ( ,spr+1 p4 #bf4   j l
 !m8 ,& is n ?is a des]tion ( ! or?odox 
doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*8 ,if he v>ies s f> f !
 e/abli%$ =mul>ies out ( a reg>d =      
philosophy1 he may z well be consi/5t & 
give up ! physical doctr9e :olly1       
because x re/s solely on ! tradition :i*
 he leaves & is e :it irreconcilable )  
philosophy4 ,?is device is z wilful an  
attempt to escape ! sci5tific difficulty
 z t employ$ by ,c&li% to avoid !       
scriptural difficulty put 9 ! way ( !   
doctr9e by ! apo/olic words ,fle% &     

blood _c inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! em95t
 ,scotti% div9e affirms t fle% & bones  
t is1 ^! pres5t bodies made             
incorruptible c inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god2  
al?\gh fle% & blood t is1 ^! pres5t     
bodies subject to decay _c4#bc ,x is    
surely h>d to believe t ! ,new ,te/am5t 
writ]s _h su* a di/9ction 9 _! m9ds4 ,x 
is b a =lorn res\rce conjur$ up to meet 
a desp]ate exig5cy4  ,at ! appe>+ (     
,*ri/ 9 glory1  ,:5 ! ,day ( ,fire %all 
h dawn'd1 & s5t ,its deadly brea? into !
 firmam5t1 z x is suppos$1 ! great e>?  
cemet]y w bur/ op5 & its innum]able     
millions sw>m =? be=e him4 ,unto !      
trem5d\s act ( habeas corpus1 !n        
proclaim$1 e grave w yield its prison]4 
,ev] s9ce ! asc5sion ( ,jesus 8 mi/ak5  
foll[]s h be5 anxi\sly expect+ t awful  
adv5t ( 8 p]son & 8 p[] 9 ! cl\ds2 b 9  
va94 ,all ?+s rema9 z !y 73 :]e is !    
promise ( 8 appe>+8 ,z ! look]s out     
hi!rto h be5 disappo9t$1 s !y ev] w be4 
,say n1 ,lo "h6 or1 ,lo !re6 =1 behold1 
he is )9 y4 ,! reason :y ?is c>nal      

error1 ,jewi% conceit1 reta9s a hold1 is
 t m5 accept x )\t any hone/ scrut9y (  
its f\ndations or any e>ne/ ?\ght ( _!  
own ab\t x4 ,!y passively receive !     
tradition4 ,!y d n realize ! imm5sity ( 
! ?+1 nor ! ludicr\sness ( its details4 
,to _! imag9ations ! awful bla/ ( !     
trumpet call+ ! _w to judgm5t1 seems no 
m1 z ,feu]ba* says1 ?an a tone f ! t9   
horn ( a po/illion1 :o1 at ! po/ /ation 
( ! ,future1 ord]s fre% horses = !      
,curriculum ,vita6 ,presid5t ,hit*cock  
tells u t1 :5 ! la/ trumpet s\nds1 !    
:ole surface ( ! e>? w become in/9ct )  
life1 f ! *>nels ( battle fields alone m
 ?an a ?\s& millions ( human be+s />t+  
=? & cr[d+ upw>ds to ! judgm5t seat4 ,on
 ! resurrection morn+1 at ! fir/ tip (  
light ov] acres ( op5+ monum5t & heav+  
turf1 ,ea* memb] jogs ! o!r1 ,& :isp]s1 
,live y1 bro!r8  ,& h[ w x be ) u !n8 ,w
 ,daniel ,lamb]t1 ! mammo? ( m51 appe>  
weigh+ half a ton8 ,w ! ,siamese tw9s !n
 be aga9 jo9$ by ! liv+ ligam5t ( _!    
cong5ital b&8 ,%all infants be n rais$ 9

 ! smallness ( body 9 :i* !y di$1 b     
increase by ! wondr\s & mo/ swift "w (  
,god8 #bd  #bc ,c&li%1 ,life 9 a ,ris5  
,savior3 ,disc\rse ,,xv4  #bd ,augu/9e1 
,de ,civ4 ,dei1 lib4 xxii4 cap4 xiv4    
,"y s+s1 ,n[ *>nels rattle2 scatt]'d    
limbs1 & all ,! v>i\s bones1 obsequi\s  
to ! call1 ,self mov$1 advance2 ! neck  
p]haps to meet ,! di/ant head2 ! di/ant 
head ! feet4 ,dreadful to view6 see1    
?r\gh ! dusky sky ,fragm5ts ( bodies 9  
confusion fly1 ,to di/ant regions       
j\rney+1 !re to claim ,des]t$ memb]s &  
complete ! frame4  ,! gl>+ melodramatic 
"*1 ! />tl+ me*anico !atrical effects1 (
 ?is :ole doctr9e1 are 9 p]fect keep+ ) 
! raw imag9ation ( ! *ildhood ( ! human 
m9d1 b 9 pr(\nd opposition to ! work+   
philosophy ( nature & ! sublime         
simplicity ( ,god4  ,_m p]sons h nev]   
di/9ctly def9$ _! views ^u ! subject    
be=e u4 ,9 ! m9ds ev5 ( _m prea*]s &    
writ]s1 sev]al diff]5t & irreconcilable 
!ories w\ld seem to exi/ toge!r 9       
confus$ mixture4 ,n[ !y speak z if ! s\l

 7 sleep+ ) ! body 9 ! grave2 aga9 !y   
appe> to imply t x is deta9$ 9 an       
int]m$iate /ate2 & a mom5t aft]w>ds !y  
say x has already ent]$ ^u its f9al     
rew>d or doom4 ,jocelyn relates1 9 8    
,life ( ,/4 ,patrick1 t z ! sa9t "o day 
0 pass+ ! graves ( two m5 rec5tly buri$1
 obs]v+ t "o ( ! graves _h a cross ov]  
x1 he /opp$ 8 *>iot & ask$ ! dead man   
bel[ ( :at religion he _h be54 ,! reply 
01 ',a pagan4' ',!n :y 0 ?is cross put  
ov] y8' inquir$ ,/4 ,patrick4 ,! dead   
man answ]$1 ',he :o is buri$ ne> me is a
 ,*ri/ian2 & "o ( y\r fai?1 com+ hi!r1  
plac$ ! cross at my head4' ,! sa9t /epp$
 out ( 8 *>iot1 rectifi$ ! mi/ake1 & w5t
 8 way4 ,calv91 9 ! fam\s treatise      
designat$ ,psy*opanny*ia1 :i* he levell$
 aga9/ ^? :o taught ! sleep ( s\ls until
 ! day ( judgm5t1 ma9ta9$ t ! s\ls ( !  
elect g imm$iately to heav51 ! s\ls ( ! 
reprobate to hell4 ,"h !y t>ry 9 bliss &
 bale until ! resurrection2 !n1 com+ to 
! e>?1 !y assume _! bodies & return to  
_! respective places4 ,b if ! s\ls live 

s long 9 heav5 & hell )\t _! fle%1 :y   
ne$ !y ev] resume x8 ,! cumbr\s ma*9]y (
 ! s*eme seems sup]flu\s & unmean+4 ,z a
 /ill fur!r specim5 ( ! arbitr>y ?9k+ ! 
unsci5tific & unphilosophical ?9k+ c>ri$
 into ?is dep>tm5t ( ?\ght by mo/ :o h  
cultivat$ x1 ref]5ce may be made to     
,bi%op ,burnet's "w ,de ,/atu ,mortuorum
 et ,resurg5tium1 :i* tea*es t at ! fir/
 resurrection ! bodies ( ! ris5 w be !  
same z ! pres5t1 b at ! second          
resurrection1 aft] ! mill5nium1 f !     
rudim5ts ( ! pres5t body a new spiritual
 body w be develop$4  ,! true idea (    
man's future de/9y appe>s to be t no    
resurrection ( ! fle% is ne$$1 because !
 real man nev] dies1 b lives cont9u\sly 
=ev]4 ,!re are two reasonable ways (    
conceiv+ :at ! vehicle ( 8 life is :5 he
 leaves 8 pres5t frame4 ,x may be t )9 8
 mat]ial sy/em lurks an exquisite       
spiritual organization1 invisibly p]vad+
 x & con/itut+ its vital p[]4 ,?is      
e!real /ructure is dis5gag$ at la/ f its
 gross envelope1 &1 unfett]$1 so>s to ! 

,div9e realms ( e!r & light4 ,?is !ory (
 an inn] body is elaborately wr\ght out 
& su/a9$ 9 ,bonnet's ,pal+5esie         
,philosophique4 ,or x may be t !re is 9 
ea* "o a primal g]m1 a dea?less monad1  
:i* is ! organic id5tity ( man1 root ( 8
 inmo/ /able be+1 triumphant1 un*ang+   
rul] ( 8 fl[+1 p]i%able organism4 ,?is  
_s g]m1 born into ! pres5t life1        
assimilates & holds ! pres5t body ar\nd 
x1 out ( ! mat]ials ( ?is _w2 born into 
! future life1 x w assimilate & hold    
ar\nd x a diff]5t body1 out ( ! mat]ials
 ( ! future _w4#be ,?us !re are bodies  
t]re/rial & bodies cele/ial3 ! glory ( !
 t]re/rial is "o1 fitt$ to ?is sc5e (   
?+s2 ! glory ( ! cele/ial is ano!r1     
fitt$ to ! sc5e ( ?+s h]eaft] to dawn4  
,ea* _s w be clo!d f ! mat]ial furni%$  
by ! _w 9 :i* x resides4 ,n =ev] %all we
 be> ab\t ?is sl[ load ( we>y clay1 ?is 
corruptible mass1 heir to a ?\s& ills4  
,our body %all r be su*  ,if lightn+ 7 !
 gross corporeal frame ,( "s angelic    
ess5ce1 ^: bright ?\ghts ,z f> surpass'd

 9 ke5 rapidity ,! lagg+ action ( 8     
limbs z do? ,man's m9d 8 clay2 ) l      
excess ( spe$ ,to animat$ ?\ght (       
lightn+ flies ,t _s body o'er life's    
deeps div9e1 ,f> pa/ ! gold5 isles (    
memory4  ,:at man kn[s con/itutes 8     
pres5t _w4 ,all beyond t con/itutes     
ano!r _w4 ,he c imag9e two modes 9 :i* 8
 desire = a life aft] dea? may be       
gratifi$1 a removal into ! ,unkn[n ,_w1 
or a return into ! ,kn[n ,_w4 ,) ! latt]
 supposition ! re/oration ( ! fle% is   
involv$4  ,^u ! :ole1 our conclusion is1
 t 9 ! orig9al plan ( ! _w x 0 fix$ t   
man %\ld n live "h =ev]1 b t ! ess5ce ( 
8 life %\ld escape f ! fle% & dep>t to  
"s o!r sph]e ( be+1 !re ei!r to fa%ion  
itself a new =m1 or to rema9 disembodi$4
 ,if ^? :o hold ! common doctr9e ( a    
c>nal resurrection %\ld c>ry x out )    
philosophical consi/5cy1 by ext5d+ !    
s*eme x involves to all exi/+ planet>y  
races z well z to _! own1 %\ld !y cause 
t process ( imag9ation :i* produc$ ?is  
doctr9e to g on to its legitimate       

completion1 !y w\ld see 9 ! f9al        
consummation ! sund]$ e>?s approa* ea*  
o!r1 & firmam5ts conglobe1 till at la/ !
 :ole univ]se conc5tr$ 9 "o orb4 ,on !  
surface ( t _w all ! ris5 races ( be+   
w\ld be di/ribut$1 ! inhabitants ( a    
pres5t sol> sy/em mak+ a nation1 ! sum (
 gigantic nationalities con/itut+ "o    
prodigi\s1 dea? exempt$ empire1 its     
solit>y sov]eign ,,god4 ,b ?is is pure  
poetry1 & n sci5ce nor philosophy4  #be 
,lange on ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body1    
,/udi5 und ,kritik51 #ahcf4   ,,*apt]   
,,iv4  ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,future           
,,puni%m5t2 ,,or1 ,,critical ,,hi/ory   
,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,hell4  ,a ,,hell
 ( fire & brim/one has be51 p]haps /ill 
is1 ! mo/ t]rible ( ! sup]/itions ( !   
_w4 ,we propose to give a hi/oric sket* 
( ! popul> repres5tations on ?is        
subject1 trace !m to _! orig91 & discuss
 ! m]its ( ! "q itself4 ,to foll[ !     
doctr9e ?r\gh all its v>iations1        
illu/rat+ ! practical & controv]sial    
writ+s ^u x1 w\ld require a l>ge volume2

 b1 by a judici\s arrangem5t1 all t is  
necess>y to a fair und]/&+ ( ! subject1 
or really int]e/+1 may be pres5t$ )9 !  
compass ( an essay4 ,any "o :o %\ld read
 ! lit]ature ( ?is subject w\ld be      
a/oni%$ at ! almo/ univ]sal preval5ce ( 
! doctr9e & at ! imm5se div]sity (      
appall+ descriptions ( x1 & w\ld ask1   
,:5ce arises all ?is8 ,h[ h ^! horrors  
obta9$ su* a seat$ hold 9 ! _w8  ,9 !   
fir/ place1 x is to be repli$1 z soon z 
reason is 9 fair possession ( ! idea ( a
 cont9u$ individual exi/5ce beyond !    
grave1 ! moral s5se1 discrim9at+ ! de$s1
 temp]s1 & *>act]s ( m51 w\ld tea* t !re
 mu/ be diff]5t allotm5ts & exp]i5ces = 
!m aft] dea?4 ,x is n "r1 say reason &  
consci5ce1 = ! c[>d1 ! idl]1 fool1      
knave1 sot1 murd]]1 to ent] into ! same 
realm & h ! same bliss ) h]oes1 sages1 &
 sa9ts2 nei!r are !y able to d x4 ,!    
spontane\s ?\ght & s5tim5t ( humanity   
w\ld decl>e1 if ! s\l survives ! body1  
pass+ into ! invisible _w1 its =tunes   
!re mu/ dep5d some:at ^u its fitness &  

des]ts1 its conta9$ treasures & acquir$ 
habits4 ,reason1 judg+ ! facts (        
obs]vation accord+ to ! pr9ciples (     
e?ics & ! work+ ( exp]i5c$ spiritual    
laws1 at once decides t !re is a        
diff]5ce h]eaft] betwe5 ! fate ( ! good 
he>t & ! bad "o1 ! great s\l & ! mean   
"o3 9 a ^w1 !re is1 9 "s s5se or o!r1 a 
heav5 & a hell4  ,aga93 ! same belief   
w\ld be necessitat$ by ! conception1 s  
deeply ent]ta9$ by ! primitive p ( !    
e>?1 ( ov]rul+ & inspect+ gods4 ,!y     
suppos$ ^! gods to be 9 a great degree l
 !mselves1 p>tial1 fickle1 jeal\s1      
rev5geful4 ,su* be+s1 ( c\rse1 w\ld     
c>ess _! favorites & torture _! (f5d]s4 
,! calamities & bless+s ( ?is life 7    
reg>d$ z tok5s1 rev5geful or lov+1 ( !  
rul+ deities1 n[ pleas$1 n[ enrag$4 ,&  
:5 _! vot>ies or victims _h pass$ into !
 et]nal /ate1 h[ natural to suppose !m  
/ill favor$ or curs$ by ! passionate    
wills ( ^! irresponsible gods6 ,pla9ly  
en\gh1 !y :o believe 9 gods t laun*     
?und]bolts & upheave ! sea 9 _! rage &  

take v5geance = an insult by s5d+ =? a  
pe/il5ce1 mu/ also believe 9 a hell :]e 
,ixion may be affix$ to ! :eel &        
,tantalus be tortur$ ) madd5+ mock]ies4 
,^! two conceptions ( discrim9at+ ju/ice
 & ( v5geful gods bo? lead to ! !oretic 
con/ruction ( a hell1 & to ! gr[? (     
doctr9es & p>ables ab\t x1 ?\gh 9 a     
diff]5t sort1 ! =m] illu/rat+ a p]vasive
 law :i* di/ributes m5 accord+ to _!    
des]ts1 ! latt] speak+ ( be+s ) human   
passions1 :o inflict outw>d arbitr>y    
p5alties accord+ to _! pleasure4        
,?irdly1 :5 ! g5]al idea ( a hell has   
once obta9$ lodgm5t1 x is rapidly       
n\ri%$1 develop$1 & ornam5t$1 c>ri$ out 
into p>ticul>s by poets1 rhetoricians1 &
 popul> tea*]s1 ^: fancies are /imulat$ 
& ^: figurative views & pictures act &  
react bo? ^u ! s\rces & ! products (    
fai?4 ,repres5tations bas$ only on moral
 facts1 emblems address+ ! imag9ation1  
aft] a :ile are receiv$ 9 a lit]al s5se1
 become physically locat$ & clo!d ) !   
p[] ( horror4 ,a ,h9du poet says1 ,!    

ungrateful %all rema9 9 hell z long z ! 
sun hangs 9 heav54 ,an old ,jewi% ,rabbi
 says t aft] ! g5]al judgm5t ,god %all  
lead all ! bless$ ?r\gh hell & all !    
damn$ ?r\gh p>adise1 & %[ to ea* "o !   
place t 0 prep>$ = him 9 ea* region1 s t
 !y %all n be able to say1 ',we are n to
 be blam$ or prais$2 = our doom 0       
unalt]ably fix$ be=eh&4' ,su* utt]ances 
are orig9ally moral symbols1 n dogmatic 
ass]tions2 & yet 9 a rude age !y v      
easily pass into ! popul> m9d z decl>+  
facts lit]ally to be believ$4 ,a        
,talmudic writ] says1 ,!re are 9 hell   
sev5 abodes1 9 ea* abode sev5 ?\s&      
cav]ns1 9 ea* cav]n sev5 ?\s& clefts1 9 
ea* cleft sev5 ?\s& scorpions2 ea*      
scorpion has sev5 limbs1 & on ea* limb  
are sev5 ?\s& b>rels ( gall4 ,!re are   
also 9 hell sev5 riv]s ( ranke/ poison1 
s deadly t if "o t\*es x he bur/s4      
,hesiod1 ,hom]1 ,virgil1 h giv5 m9ute   
descriptions ( hell & its agonies1      
descriptions :i* h unque/ionably _h a   
trem5d\s influ5ce 9 *]i%+ & fa%ion+ !   

_w's fai? 9 t awful empire4 ,! poems (  
,dante1 ,milton1 & ,pollok revel 9 ! mo/
 vivid & t]rific pictures ( ! inf]nal   
k+dom & its imag9$ horrors2 & ! popul>  
doctr9e ( future puni%m5t 9 ,*ri/5dom is
 f> m closely con=m$ to _! revelations  
?an to ! decl>ations ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 
,! ,engli% poet's ,p>adise ,lo/ has     
und\bt$ly ex]t$ an influ5ce on ! popul> 
fai? comp>able ) t ( ! ,g5evan          
!ologian's ,in/itutes ( ! ,*ri/ian      
,religion4 ,!re is a horrid fiction1    
widely believ$ once by ! ,jewi% ,rabb9s 
& by ! ,mohamm$ans1 t two gigantic fi5ds
 call$ ! ,se>*]s1 z soon z a deceas$    
p]son is buri$1 make him sit up 9 !     
grave1 exam9e ! moral condition ( 8 s\l1
 &1 if he is v guilty1 beat 9 8 temples 
) heavy iron maces4 ,x is obvi\s to     
obs]ve t su* conceptions are purely     
arbitr>y1 ! "w ( fancy1 n bas$ on any   
intr9sic fitness or probability2 b !y   
are receiv$ because un?9k+ ignorance &  
hungry sup]/ition w gre$ily believe any 
?+ !y he>4 ,joseph ,trapp1 an ,engli%   

cl]gyman1 9 a long poem ?us sets =? !   
sc5e ( damnation3 ,doom'd to live dea? &
 nev] to expire1 ,9 floods & :irlw9ds ( 
tempe/u\s fire ,! damn'd %all groan1    
fire ( all k9ds & =ms1 ,9 ra9 & hail1 9 
hurricanes & /orms1 ,liquid & solid1    
livid1 r$1 & pale1 ,a flam+ m\nta9 "h1 &
 !re a flam+ vale2 ,! liquid fire makes 
seas1 ! solid1 %ores2 ,ar*'d o'er )     
flames1 ! horrid concave ro>s4 ,9 bubbl+
 eddies rolls ! fi]y tide1 ,& sulphur\s 
surges on ea* o!r ride4 ,! holl[ w9d+   
vaults1 & d5s1 & caves1 ,bell[ l        
furnaces ) flam+ waves4 ,pill>s ( flame 
9 spiral volumes rise1 ,l fi]y snakes1 &
 lick ! inf]nal skies4 ,sulphur1 !      
et]nal fuel1 unconsum$1 ,vomits r$\nd+  
smoke1 ?ick1 unillum$4  ,b all o!r      
pa9t+s ( ! fe> & angui% ( hell are vapid
 & pale be=e ! pret]natural             
frightfulness ( ^? giv5 at unm]ciful    
l5g? & 9 sick5+ specialty 9 "s ( ! ,h9du
 & ,p]sian sacr$ books4#a ,"h worlds (  
nauseat+ disgu/s1 ( loa?some agonies1 ( 
intol]able t]rors1 pass be=e u4 ,"s are 

hung up by _! tongues1 or by _! eyes1 & 
sl[ly dev\r$ by fi]y v]m92 "s sc\rg$ )  
:ips ( s]p5ts ^: poison\s fangs lac]ate 
_! fle% at e bl[2 "s =c$ to swall[ b[ls 
( gore1 hair1 & corruption1 fre%ly fill$
 z fa/ z dra9$2 "s pack$ immovably 9 r$ 
hot iron *e/s & laid 9 rag+ furnaces =  
unutt]able millions ( ages4 ,"o :o is   
famili> ) ! imag]y ( ! ,buddhi/ hells w 
?9k ! p5cils ( ,dante & ,pollok1 (      
,j]emy ,taylor & ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 7    
dipp$ 9 wat]4 ,!re is j z mu* gr\nd =   
believ+ ! acc\nts ( ! =m] to be true z  
!re is = cr$it+ ^? ( ! latt]3 ! two are 
fundam5tally ! same1 & ! pagan _h e>li] 
possession ( ! field4  ,fur!rmore1 9 !  
e>ly ages1 & among p :]e ca/es 7        
prom95t1 :5 ! le>n+1 culture1 & p[] 7   
conf9$ to "o class at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 x
 is unque/ionable t copi\s & fe>ful     
descriptions ( ! future /ate 7 spread   
abroad by ^? :o 7 int]e/$ 9 e/abli%+ su*
 a dogma4 ,! haught9ess & selfi%ness ( !
 hi]>*ic _s1 ! exclusiv5ess1 cruelty1 & 
cunn+ tyranny ( _m ( ! anci5t           

prie/hoods1 are well kn[n4 ,despis+1    
hat+1 & fe>+ ! p1 :om !y held 9 abject  
spiritual bondage1 !y s\ght to devise1  
diffuse1 & organize su* op9ions z w\ld  
conc5trate p[] 9 _! own h&s & rivet _!  
au?ority4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! l[] imm5sity  
!y pa9t$ & %ad[$ =? ! lurid & dusky     
image ( hell1 ga!r+ ar\nd x all t 0 mo/ 
abom9at$ & awful4 ,!n !y set up c]ta9   
fanciful conditions1 )\t ! /rict        
obs]vance ( :i* no "o c\ld avoid        
damnation4 ,! animus ( a prie/hood 9 !  
/ructure ( ?is doctr9e is %[n by ! gl>+ 
fact t 9 ! old religions ! woes ( hell 7
 d5\nc$ n s mu* ^u bad m5 :o committ$   
crimes out ( a wick$ he>t1 z ^u c>eless 
m5 :o neglect$ prie/ly guidance &       
violat$ ! ritual4 ,! omission ( a pray] 
or an ablution1 ! neglect ( baptism or  
confession1 a slight ?r[n ^u a prie/1 a 
m5tal conception diff]+ f ! decree ( !  
,*ur*1 w\ld condemn a man f> m surely & 
deeply into ! ,egyptian1 ,h9du1 ,p]sian1
 ,ph>isaic1 ,papal1 or ,calv9i/ic hell  
?an any am\nt ( moral culpability       

accord+ to ! /&>d ( natural e?ics4  #a  
,see ,pope's translation ( ! ,viraf     
,nameh4 ,also ! ,dabi/an1 vol4 i4 pp4   
#bie-cjd1 ( ! translation by ,%ea &     
,troy]2 & ,coleman's ,my?ology ( !      
,h9dus1 *apt] on ! hells4   ,! popul>   
hells h ev] be5 built on hi]>*ic        
selfi%ness1 dogmatic pride1 & p]sonal   
cruelty1 & h be5 wall$ ar\nd ) arbitr>y 
& traditional rituals4 ,?r\gh ! brea*es 
made 9 ^! rituals by neglect1 s\ls h be5
 plung$ 94 ,! ,p>see prie/ describes a  
woman 9 hell beat5 ) /one clubs by two  
demons twelve miles 9 size1 & compell$  
to cont9ue eat+ a bas9 ( putridity1     
because once "s ( h] hair1 z %e comb$ x1
 fell into ! sacr$ fire4 ,! ,brahmanic  
prie/ tells ( a man :o1 = neglect+ to   
m$itate on ! my/ic monosyllable ,om be=e
 pray+1 0 ?r[n d[n 9 hell on an iron    
floor & cleav$ ) an axe1 !n /irr$ 9 a   
caldron ( molt5 lead till cov]$ all ov] 
) ! sweat$ foam ( torture l a gra9 (    
rice 9 an ov51 & !n fa/5$1 ) head       
d[nw>ds & feet upw>ds1 to a *>iot ( fire

 & urg$ onw>ds ) a r$ hot goad4 ,!      
,papal prie/ decl>es t ! s*ismatic1 ?\gh
 ! k9de/ & ju/e/ man1 at dea? drops     
hopelessly into hell1 :ile ! devotee1   
?\gh sc&al\sly corrupt 9 he>t & life1 :o
 confesses & receives extreme unction1  
treads ! primrose pa? to p>adise4 ,!    
,episcopalian prie/ dooms ! diss5t] to  
ev]la/+ woe 9 spite ( e virtue1 because 
he has n kn[n sacram5tal baptism 9 !    
apo/olic l9e4 ,! ,arm9ian prie/ turns ! 
rationali/ ov] to ! p5al fires (        
et]nity1 because he is 9 m5tal error z  
to ! explanation ( ! ,tr9ity & !        
,atonem5t4 ,9 e age x has be5 ! prie/ly 
_s1 act+ on ritual consid]ations1 t has 
deep5$ ! f\ndations1 enl>g$ ! bord]s1 & 
apportion$ ! victims1 ( hell4 ,!        
p]v]sions & excesses ( ! doctr9e h gr[n 
out ( cruel ambition & cunn+ on "o side1
 & be5 receiv$ by docile ignorance &    
sup]/ition on ! o!r1 & be5 mutually f$  
by traditions & fables betwe54 ,!       
excessive vanity & !ocratic pride ( !   
,jews l$ !m to exclude all ! ,g5tiles1  

:om !y /igmatiz$ z uncircumcis$ dogs1 f 
! ,jewi% salvation4 ,! same _s1         
aggravat$ if possible1 pass$ l9eally    
into ,*ri/5dom1 caus+ ! ,or?odox ,*ur*  
to exclude all ! hea!n1 all h]etics1 & !
 unbaptiz$1 f ! ,*ri/ian salvation4  ,a 
fif? explanation ( ! :olesale sev]ity & 
multipli$ details ( horror1 :i* came to 
be incorporat$ ) ! doctr9e ( hell1 is to
 be f\nd 9 ! gloomy !ories ( c]ta9      
philosoph]s ^: rel5tless speculations 7 
t+$ & m\ld$ by _! own recluse misan?ropy
 & ! prevail+ sup]/itions ( _! "t4 ,out 
( ! old asceticism ( ! ,ea/ ! false     
spiritualism :i* reg>d$ matt] z ! s\rce 
( evil & ?is life z a p5ance arose !    
dogma ( metempsy*osis4 ,! consequ5ce (  
?is !ory1 rigidly c>ri$ out1 creat$ a   
desc5d+ cong]ies ( hells1 rea*+ f c5tre 
to nadir1 9 correspond5ce to an asc5d+  
cong]ies ( heav5s1 rea*+ f c5tre to     
z5i?4 ,out ( ! my? ( ! ,fall sprang !   
dogma ( total depravity1 doom+ our :ole 
race to hell =ev]1 except ^? sav$ by !  
subsequ5t artifice ( ! atonem5t4 ,!ories

 conjur$ up & elaborat$ by fanciful &   
bloodless metaphysicians1 9 an age :5 ! 
milk ( public human k9dness 0 ?9n$1     
s\r$1 poison$1 by n>r[ & tyrannical     
prejudices1 might easily legitimate &   
e/abli% any conclusions1 h[ev]          
unreasonable & mon/r\s4 ,! hi/ory (     
philosophy is ! broad demon/ration (    
?is4 ,! ,*ur* philosoph]s1 7)           
exceptions1 ( c\rse17 receiv+ !         
traditions ( ! common fai?1 p>tak+ 9 !  
sup]/itions ( _! age1 bani%$ f ! bosoms 
( m5 by _! mona/ic position1 & inflam$ )
 hi]>*ic pride1 ) b a fa9t connection or
 int]c\rse betwe5 consci5ce & intellect 
or betwe5 he>t & fancy1 /rove to sp9 out
 !ories :i* w\ld expla9 & ju/ify !      
or?odox dogmas4  ,work+ ) metaphysical  
tools ( ab/ract reason1 n ) ! practical 
faculties ( life1 deal+ ) ! fanciful    
mat]ials ( prie/ly tradition1 n ) !     
solid facts ( e?ical obs]vation1 !y w\ld
 naturally be tr\bl$ ) b few qualms &   
make b few res]vations1 h[ev] ov]:elm+ !
 results ( horror at :i* !y might       

arrive4 ,habituat$ = ye>s to hair drawn 
analyses & sup]/iti\s brood+s ^u !      
subject1 ov]%ad[$ by ! sup]natural      
hi]>*y 9 :i* !y liv$1 surr\nd$ by a ?ick
 night ( ignorance1 p]secution1 &       
slaught]1 x 0 no wond] !y c\ld believe !
 sy/em !y prea*$1 al?\gh 9 reality x 0  
only a traditional ab/raction           
metaphysically wr\ght up & vivifi$ by   
!mselves4 ,be+ ?us wr\ght out & animat$ 
by !m1 :o 7 ! sole deposit>ies ( le>n+ &
 ! undisput$ lords ( ?\ght1 ! mass ( !  
p1 ly+ abjectly 9 ! fett]s ( au?ority1  
c\ld n help accept+ x4 ,ample           
illu/rations ( ^! ass]tions w occur to  
all :o are famili> ) ! !ological s*emes 
& ! dialectic subtleties ( ! e>ly ,*ur* 
,fa!rs & ( ! lat] ,*ur* ,s*ola/ics4     
,f9ally1 by ! comb9$ p[]1 fir/1 (       
natural consci5ce affirm+ a future      
di/9ction betwe5 ! good & ! bad2        
secondly1 ( imp]fect conceptions ( ,god 
z a passionate av5g]2 ?irdly1 ( !       
lic5ti\s fancies ( poets draw+ awful    
imag9ative pictures ( future woe2       

f\r?ly1 ( ! cruel _s & ! ambiti\s plans 
( selfi% prie/hoods2 & fif?ly1 ( ! h>% &
 rel5tless !ories ( con=m+              
metaphysicians1 ! doctr9e ( hell1 z a   
locat$ place ( manifold t]rific physical
 tortures draw+ 9 va/ majorities ( !    
human race1 became e/abli%$ 9 ! rul+    
cre$s & en?ron$ z an or?odox dogma4 ,9  
"s hea!n nations ! descriptions ( !     
poets1 9 o!rs ! acc\nts ( ! prie/ly     
books1 7 held to be inspir$ revelations4
 ,to call !m 9 "q 0 blasphem\s4 ,9      
,*ri/5dom ! scriptural repres5tations ( 
! subject1 :i* 7 g5]al moral            
adaptations1 incid5tally made1 (        
repres5tations already exi/+1 obta9$ a  
lit]al int]pretation1 _h ! /amp (       
infallibility put on !m & imm5se p]v]t$ 
additions jo9$ to !m4 ,?us ev]y:]e !    
dogma became associat$ ) ! e/abli%$     
au?ority4 ,to d5y x 0 h]esy4 ,h]etics 7 
excommunicat$1 load$ ) pa9s & p5alties1 
&1 = _m c5turies1 (t5 put to dea? )     
excruciat+ tortures4 ,f t mom5t !       
doctr9e 0 tak5 out ( ! prov9ce ( natural

 reason1 out ( ! realm ( e?ical tru?4 ,!
 absurdities1 wrongs1 & b>b>ities       
d$ucible f x 7 a "p & p>cel ( x1 & n to 
be consid]$ z any objection to x4 ,no   
free ?\ght & hone/ criticism 7 all[$4   
,because taught by au?ority1 x mu/ be   
submissively tak5 = grant$4 ,h5ce=? we  
are n to wond] at ! revolt+ inhumanity (
 _s & horribl5ess ( gloat+ hatr$ %[n 9  
connection ) ! doctr9e2 = x 0 n !       
indep5d5t ?\ght & prop] moral _s (      
individuals1 b ! petrifi$ dogma &       
irresponsible corporate _s ( t t[]+     
hi]>*y1 ! ,*ur*4  ,! ,*ur* set =? c]ta9 
conditional (f]s ( salvation4 ,:5 ^?    
(f]s 7 spurn$ or neglect$1 ! ,*ur* felt 
p]sonally insult$ & aggriev$4 ,h]       
s]vants hurl$ on ! hat$ h]etics & hea!n 
! d5unciations ( bigotry & ! ?reats (   
rage4 ,rugg$ old ,t]tullian1 9 ^: torrid
 ve9s ! fire ( 8 ,african des]ts seems  
infus$1 revels ) inf]nal glee ov] !     
contemplation ( ! sure damnation ( !    
hea!n4 ,at t greate/ ( all spectacles1 !
 la/ & et]nal judgm5t1 he says1 h[ %all 

,i admire1 h[ laugh1 h[ rejoice1 h[     
exult1 :5 ,i behold s _m pr\d mon>*s    
groan+ 9 ! l[e/ abyss ( d>kness2 s _m   
magi/rates liquefy+ 9 fi]c] flames ?an  
!y ev] k9dl$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians2 s _m    
sage philosoph]s blu%+ 9 r$ hot fires ) 
_! delud$ pupils2 s _m trag$ians m      
tuneful 9 ! expression ( _! own suff]+s2
 s _m danc]s tripp+ m nimbly f angui%   
?an ev] be=e f applause4#b ,hundr$s ( ! 
mo/ accr$it$ ,*ri/ian writ]s h %[n !    
same fi5di% _s4 ,drexel ! ,jesuit1      
prea*+ ( ,dives1 exclaims1 ,in/ead ( a  
l(ty b$ ( d[n on :i* he 0 wont to repose
 himself1 he n[ lies fry+ 9 ! flames2 8 
sp>kl+ w9e & delici\s da9ties are tak5 f
 him2 he is burnt up ) ?ir/1 & has no?+ 
= 8 food b smoke & sulphur4 ,j]emy      
,taylor#c says1 9 t disc\rse on ! ,pa9s 
( ,hell :]e he has lavi%$ all ! /ores ( 
8 mat*less le>n+ & all ! weal? ( 8      
gorge\s imag9ation 9 multiply+ & adorn+ 
! p>aph]nalia ( torture ) inf9ite       
accompanim5ts ( un5durable pangs &      
insuff]able abom9ations1 ,we are amaz$  

at ! inhumanity ( ,phal>is1 :o roa/$ m5 
9 8 braz5 bull3 ?is 0 joy 9 respect ( t 
fire ( hell :i* p5etrates ! v entrails  
)\t consum+ !m2 husb&s %all see _!      
wives1 p>5ts %all see _! *ildr51 torm5t$
 be=e _! eyes2 ! bodies ( ! damn$ %all  
be cr[d$ toge!r 9 hell l grapes 9 a w9e 
press1 :i* press "o ano!r till !y bur/2 
e di/9ct s5se & organ %all be assail$ ) 
its own appropriate & mo/ exquisite     
suff]+s4 ,*ri/oph] ,love bely+ 8 "n says
 ( ! damn$1 ,_! curs+s are _! hymns1    
h[l+s _! tunes1 & blasphemies _!        
ditties4 ,calv9 writes1 ,=ev] h>ass$ ) a
 dreadful tempe/1 !y %all feel !mselves 
torn asund] by an angry ,god1 &         
transfix$ & p5etrat$ by mortal /+s1     
t]rifi$ by ! ?und]bolts ( ,god1 & brok5 
by ! weight ( 8 h&1 s t to s9k into any 
gulfs w\ld be m tol]able ?an to /& = a  
mom5t 9 ^! t]rors4 ,a liv+ div9e1 ,dr4  
,g>d9] ,spr+1 decl>es1 ,:5 ! omnipot5t &
 angry ,god1 :o has access to all !     
av5ues ( di/ress 9 ! corporeal frame &  
all ! inlets to agony 9 ! intellectual  

con/itution1 und]takes to puni%1 he w   
conv9ce ! univ]se t he does n gird      
himself = ! "w ( retribution 9 va92 x w 
be a glori\s de$ :5 ,he :o hung on      
,calv>y %all ca/ ^? :o h trodd5 8 blood 
"u _! feet1 into ! furnace ( fire1 :]e  
!re %all be weep+ & wail+ & gna%+ (     
tee?4 ,?\s&s ( passages l ^!1 & ev5     
worse1 might easily be collect$ f       
,*ri/ian au?ors1 dat+ _! utt]ance f !   
days ( ,/4 ,ir5aus1 ,bi%op ( ,lyons1 :o 
flam$ aga9/ ! h]etics1 to ! days (      
,nehemiah ,adams1 ,congregational prea*]
 ( ,bo/on1 :o says1 ,x is to be fe>$ !  
=ty two *ildr5 t mock$ ,eli%a are n[ 9  
hell4 #d ,!re is an unm]ciful animus 9  
!m1 a v9dictiv5ess ( ?\ght & feel+1 f>  
oh1 h[ f>6 remov$ f ! meek & lov+  #b   
,de ,spectaculis1 cap4 xxx41 ,gibbon's  
trans4  #c ,contemplations ( ! ,/ate (  
,man1 *4 #f #h4  #d ,fri5ds ( ,*ri/1 p4 
#adi4   s\l ( ,jesus1 :o wept ov]       
,j]usalem1 & lov$ ! unevangelical "y    
lawy] :o 0 n f> f ! k+dom ( heav51 &    
ye>n$ t[>ds ! p5it5t ,pet]1 & f !       

t5d]ness ( 8 immaculate purity said to !
 adult]ess1 ,nei!r d ,i condemn !e3 g1 &
 s9 no m4 ,!re are "s sect>ians 9 :om ! 
arbitr>y n>r[ness1 fi]c5ess1 & rigidity 
( _! receiv$ cre$s h s demoraliz$ &     
h>d5$ consci5ce & s5sibility 9 _! native
 heal?y directions1 & artificially      
inflam$ !m 9 diseas$ *annels1 t we v]ily
 believe1 if ! decision ( ! et]nal de/9y
 ( ! human race 7 plac$ 9 _! h&s1 !y    
w\ld ) sc>cely a tw+e ( pa9 p]haps "s ( 
!m ev5 ) a horrid satisfaction & triumph
 doom all except _! own dogmatic cot]ie 
to hell4 ,!y are b\nd to d s4 ,!y pr(ess
 to "k infallibly t ,god w d s3 if1     
!re=e1 ! case be+ 9 _! arbitration1 !y  
w\ld decide diff]5tly1 !y !reby impea* !
 action ( ,god1 confess 8 decrees       
irreconcilable ) reason & ju/ice1 & set 
up _! own goodness z sup]ior to 84      
,burnet has pres]v$ ! plea ( ,bloody    
,m>y1 :i* 0 9 ^! words3 ,z ! s\ls (     
h]etics are h]eaft] to be et]nally burn+
 9 hell1 !re c be no?+ m prop] ?an = me 
to imitate ! ,div9e v5geance by burn+ !m

 on e>?4 ,?anks be to ! inf9ite ,fa!r t 
our fate is 9 8 h&s1 & n 9 ! h&s ( m5 :o
 are bigots1  ,^? pseudo ,privy         
,c\ncillors ( ,god1 ,:o write d[n       
judgm5ts ) a p5 h>d nibb'd3 ,u%]s (     
,beelzebub's black rod1 ,comm5d+ s9n]s1 
n to ice ?ick ribb'd1 ,b endless flames 
to scor* !m up l flax1 ,yet sure ( heav5
 !mselves1 z if !y'd cribb'd ,!         
impression ( ,/4 ,pet]'s keys 9 wax6  ,x
 may be ?\ght t ?is doctr9e & its awful 
concomitants1 ?\gh once promulgat$1 are 
n[ ne>ly obsolete4 ,x is true t1 9 ?9k+ 
m9ds & g5]\s he>ts1 !y are gett+ to be  
repudiat$4 ,b by no means is x s 9 !    
recognis$ =mul>ies ( ! e/abli%$ ,*ur*es 
& 9 ! tea*+s ( ! popul> cl]gy4 ,all     
?r\gh ! ,g5tile _w1 :]ev] !re is a      
prevail+ religion1 ! ?reats & horrors ( 
a fe>ful doctr9e ( hell are /ill br&i%$ 
ov] ! trembl+ or c>eless multitudes4 ,9 
,*ri/5dom1 ! au?oritative ann\ncem5t ( !
 ,roman & ,greek ,*ur*es1 & ! public    
cre$s confess$ by e communicant ( all ! 
d5om9ations1 save two or ?ree :i* are   

comp>atively insignificant 9 numb]s1 %[ 
t ! doctr9e is yet held )\t mitigation4 
,! ,bi%op ( ,toronto1 only a ye> or two 
ago1 publi%$ ! au?oritative decl>ation t
 e *ild ( humanity1 except ! ,virg9     
,m>y1 is f ! fir/ mom5t ( conception a  
*ild ( wra?1 hat$ by ! bless$ ,tr9ity1  
belong+ to ,satan1 & doom$ to hell6     
,inde$1 ! doctr9e1 9 its :ole nak$ &    
frightful ext5t1 is necess>ily1 9 /rict 
logic1 an integral "p ( ! great sy/em ( 
! popul> ,*ri/ianity1 t is1 ,*ri/ianity 
z falsely int]pret$1 paganiz$1 &        
s*ola/iciz$4 ,= if by ! s9 ( ,adam !    
entire race 7 totally deprav$ & condemn$
 to a hopeless hell1 & only ^? c be sav$
 :o p]sonally appropriate by a realiz+  
fai? ! b5efits ( ! subsequ5t artifice   
c>ri$ out 9 ! aton+ blood ( ! inc>nate  
,god1 c]ta9ly ! extremi/ advocate ( !   
doctr9e conc]n+ hell has n exce$$ !     
tru?1 & _c exce$ x4 ,all ! necessities (
 logic rebuke ! tame he>t$ !ologians1 & 
great ,augu/9e's1 great ,calv9's1 gho/  
walks unapproa*$ among !m1 cry+ out t !y

 are sl[ & ineffici5t 9 describ+ !      
enorm\s sweep ( ! inh]it$ p5alty6 ,_m   
p]sons :o h n tak5 pa9s to exam9e !     
subject suppose t ! horrify+            
descriptions giv5 by ,*ri/ian au?ors ( !
 /ate & suff]+s ( ! lo/ 7 n int5d$ to be
 lit]ally receiv$1 b 7 meant z figures (
 spee*1 highly wr\ght metaphors         
calculat$ to al>m & impress ) physical  
emblems correspond+ only to moral &     
spiritual realities4 ,! progress ( ?\ght
 & ref9em5t has made x natural t rec\rse
 %\ld (t5 be _h to su* an explanation2 b
 unque/ionably x is a mi/ake4 ,! annals 
( !ology1 bo? dogmatic & homiletic1 f ! 
"t ( ! e>lie/ ,fa!rs till n[1 ab\nd 9   
detail$ acc\nts ( ! future puni%m5t ( ! 
wick$1 :]e( ! context1 ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 &
 all ! intr9sic *>act]i/ics ( /yle &    
coh]5ce1 d n leave a %ad[ ( d\bt t !y 7 
writt5 z fai?ful1 ?\gh inadequate1      
acc\nts ( facts4 ,! ,*ur*1 ! imm5se bulk
 ( ,*ri/5dom1 has 9 !ory always reg>d$  
hell & its dire concomitants z mat]ial  
facts1 & n z m]ely spiritual exp]i5ces4 

,t]tullian says1 ,! damn$ burn et]nally 
)\t consum+1 z ! volcanoes1 :i* are v5ts
 f ! /or$ subt]ranean fire ( hell1 burn 
=ev] )\t wa/+4 #e ,cyprian decl>es t !  
wret*$ bodies ( ! condemn$ %all simm] & 
blaze 9 ^? liv+ fires4 ,augu/9e argues  
at great l5g? & ) +5i\s v>ieties (      
reason+ to %[ h[ ! mat]ial bodies ( !   
damn$ may )/& annihilation 9 ev]la/+    
fire4#f ,simil> ass]tions1 :i* _c be    
figuratively expla9$1 are made by       
,ir5aus1 ,j]ome1 ,a?anasius1 ,?omas     
,aqu9as1 ,bonav5tura1 ,g]son1 ,b]n>d1 & 
inde$ by almo/ all ! ,*ri/ian writ]s4   
,orig51 :o 0 a ,platoni/1 & a h]etic on 
_m po9ts1 0 sev]ely condemn$ = say+ t ! 
fire ( hell 0 inw>d & ( ! consci5ce1 r  
?an outw>d & ( ! body4 ,= ! /rict       
mat]iality ( ! fire ( hell we might     
adduce volumes ( au?orities f ne>ly e   
prov9ce ( ! ,*ur*4 ,dr4 ,b>r[ ass]ts t  
our bodies w be afflict$ cont9ually by a
 sulphur\s flame1 pi]c+ ! inmo/ s9ews4  
,john ,:itak] ?9ks ! bodies ( ! damn$ w 
be all salt$ ) fire1 s temp]$ & prep>$ z

 to burn ! m fi]cely & yet nev] consume4
 ,j]emy ,taylor tea*es t ?is temporal   
fire is b a pa9t$ fire 9 respect ( t    
p5etrat+ & real fire 9 hell4 ,jona?an   
,edw>ds sob]ly & believ+ly writes ?us3  
,! _w w probably be conv]t$ into a great
 lake or liquid globe ( fire1 a va/     
ocean ( fire1 9 :i* ! wick$ %all be     
ov]:elm$1 :i* w always be 9 tempe/1 9   
:i* !y %all be to/ to & fro1 hav+ no re/
 day or night1 va/ waves or bill[s (    
fire cont9ually roll+ ov] _! heads1 (   
:i* !y %all =ev] be full ( a quick s5se 
)9 & )\t3 _! heads1 _! eyes1 _! tongues1
 _! h&s1 _! feet1 _! lo9s1 & _! vitals  
%all =ev] be full ( a gl[+1 melt+ fire1 
fi]ce en\gh to melt ! v rocks & elem5ts2
 & also !y %all et]nally be full ( ! mo/
 quick & lively s5se  #e ,apol4 cap4    
#dg-dh4  #f ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 lib4 xxi4   
cap4 #b #d4   to feel ! torm5ts2 n = "o 
m9ute1 nor = "o day1 nor = "o age1 nor =
 two ages1 nor = a hundr$ ages1 nor = t5
 ?\s&s ( millions ( ages "o aft] ano!r1 
b = ev] & ev]1 )\t any end at all1 &    

nev]1 nev] be deliv]$4 #g ,calv9 says1  
,it]um qu>o1 unde factum e/1 ut tot     
g5tes una cum lib]is eorum infantibus   
at]na morti involv]et lapsus ,ada absque
 rem$io1 nisi quia ,deo ita visum e/8   
,decretum horribile fateor4 #h ,outrag$ 
humanity be=e ! contemplation cries1 ,o 
,god1 horror ha? ov]:elm$ me1 = ?\ art  
repres5t$ z an omnipot5t ,fi5d4 ,x is n 
! ,fa!r ( ,*ri/1 b 8 ,antagoni/1 ^: face
 gl>es d[n ov] su* a sc5e z t6 ,! above 
diabolical passage at ! recital ( :i* f 
! pulpit1 ,edw>ds's biograph]s tell u1  
:ole congregations %udd]$ &             
simultane\sly rose to _! feet1 smit+ _! 
brea/s1 weep+ & groan+ is n ! arbitr>y  
exagg]ation ( an individual1 b a fair   
repres5tation ( ! actual t5ets & vividly
 held fai? ( ! ,puritans4 ,x is also1 9 
all its uncompromis+ lit]ality1 a direct
 & inevitable "p ( ! sy/em ( doctr9e    
:i*1 ) insignificant exceptions1        
pr(ess$ly prevails ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom at 
?is h\r4 ,we "k mo/ p]sons w hesitate at
 ?is /atem5t2 b let !m look at ! logic (

 ! case 9 ! light ( its hi/ory1 & !y mu/
 admit ! correctness ( ! ass]tion4      
,weigh ! foll[+ propositions1 ! accuracy
 ( :i* no "o1 we suppose1 w "q1 & x w   
appe> at once t !re is no possibility ( 
avoid+ ! conclusion4  ,fir/1 x is !     
e/abli%$ doctr9e ( ,*ri/5dom t no "o c  
be sav$ )\t a sup]natural reg5]ation1 or
 s9c]e fai? 9 ! vic>i\s atonem5t1 or    
valid reception ( sacram5tal grace at ! 
h&s ( a prie/1 conditions :i* x is n    
possible t "o 9 a hundr$ ?\s& ( ! :ole  
human race has fulfill$4 ,secondly1 x is
 ! e/abli%$ doctr9e ( ,*ri/5dom t !re w 
be a g5]al day ( judgm5t1 :5 all m5 w be
 rais$ 9 ! same bodies :i* !y orig9ally 
occupi$ on e>?1 :5 ,*ri/ & 8 angels w   
visibly desc5d f heav51 sep>ate ! elect 
f ! reprobate1 summon ! %eep to !       
blissful pa/ures on ! "r h&1 b ,proclaim
 ,! flocks ( goats to folds ( flame4  ,!
 _w is to be burnt up1 & ! damn$1 re/or$
 to _! bodies1 are to be driv5 into !   
ev]la/+ fire prep>$ = !m4 ,!            
resurrection ( ! body1 /ill held 9 all  

,*ri/5dom1 tak5 9 connection ) ! re/ ( !
 associat$ s*eme1 necessitates ! belief 
9 ! mat]iality ( ! torm5ts ( hell4 ,t   
em95t liv+ div9e1 ,dr4 ,g>d9] ,spr+1    
says1 ,! s\ls ( all :o h di$ 9 _! s9s   
are 9 hell2 & !re _! bodies too w be    
aft] ! resurrection4 #i ,mr4 ,spurgeon  
also1 9 8 graphic & fe>ful s]mon on !   
,resurrection ( ! ,dead1 uses ! foll[+  
language3 ,:5 ?\ die/1 ?y s\l w be      
torm5t$ alone2 t w be a hell = x3 b at !
 day ( judgm5t ?y body w jo9 ?y s\l1 &  
!n ?\ wilt h tw9 hells1 ?y s\l sweat+   
drops ( blood1 & ?y body suffus$ )      
agony4 ,9 fire exactly l t :i* we h on  
e>? ?y body w lie1  #g ,edw>ds's ,works1
 vol4 viii4 p4 #aff4  #h ,in/it41 lib4  
iii4 cap4 xxiii4 sect4 #g4  #i ,! ,glory
 ( ,*ri/1 vol4 ii4 p4 #beh4   asbe/os l1
 =ev] unconsum$1 all ?y ve9s roads = !  
feet ( pa9 to travel on1 e n]ve a /r+ on
 :i* ! devil %all =ev] play 8 diabolical
 tune ( ,hell's ,unutt]able ,lam5t6 ,&1 
if ?is doctr9e be true1 no +5uity1 h[ev]
 f]tile 9 exp$i5ts & h[ev] fi5di% 9     

cruelty1 c possibly devise emblems &    
pa9t pictures half t]rific en\gh to     
pres5t 9 imag9ation & equal 9 moral     
impression :at ! reality w be to !      
suff]]s4 ,x is easy to speak or he> ! ^w
 hell2 b to analyze its significance &  
realize x 9 a s5sitive fancy is         
difficult2 & :5ev] x is done ! fruit is 
madness1 z ! b$lams ( ! _w are %riek+ 9 
te/imony at ?is in/ant4 ,! ,revivali/   
prea*]s1 s f> f exagg]at+ ! frightful   
cont5ts lat5t 9 ! preval5t dogma conc]n+
 hell1 h nev] be5 able & no man is able 
to d any ?+ l ju/ice to its legitimate  
d$uctions4 ,edw>ds is "r 9 decl>+1 ,aft]
 we h said our utmo/ & ?\ght our utmo/1 
all t we h said & ?\ght is b a fa9t %ad[
 ( ! reality4 ,?9k ( y\rselves1 seiz$1 j
 z y are n[1 & flung into ! ro>+1 gl[+  
furnace ( et]nity2 ?9k ( su* torture =  
an in/ant1 multiply x by inf9ity1 & !n  
say if any words c convey ! prop] =ce ( 
impression4 ,x is true ^! intol]able    
details are m]ely lat5t & unappreciat$  
by ! multitude ( believ]s2 & :5 "o1 r\s$

 to fanaticism by e>ne/ contemplation ( 
8 cre$1 d>es to proclaim its logical    
consequ5ces & to exhort m5 accord+ly1 !y
 %r9k1 & *>ge him ) excess4 ,b !y %\ld  
bew>e ere !y repudiate ! lit]al horrors 
( ! hi/oric or?odox doctr9e = any       
figurative & moral views accommodat$ to 
! advanc$ reason & ref9em5t ( ! times1  
bew>e h[ su* an ab&onm5t ( a "p ( _!    
sy/em affects ! re/4  ,give up ! mat]ial
 fire1 & y lose ! bodily resurrection4  
,r5\nce ! bodily resurrection1 & away   
goes ! visible com+ ( ,*ri/ to a g5]al  
judgm5t4 ,ab&on ! g5]al judgm5t1 & !    
climact]ic completion ( ! ,*ur* s*eme ( 
r$emption is want+4 ,m> ! :ol5ess ( !   
r$emption plan1 & f>ewell to !          
inc>nation & vic>i\s atonem5t4 ,neglect 
! vic>i\s atonem5t1 & d[n crumbles !    
holl[ & brok5 %ell ( ! popul> !ology    
helplessly into its grave4 ,! old lit]al
 doctr9e ( a mat]ial hell1 h[ev] awful  
its idea1 z x has be5 set =? 9 flam+    
views & ?reats by all ! accr$it$        
repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur*1 mu/ be        

uncompromis+ly clung to1 else ! :ole    
popul> sy/em ( !ology w be mutilat$1    
%att]$1 & lo/ f sight4 ,! !ological     
lead]s und]/& ?is p]fectly well1 & = !  
mo/ "p !y act accord+ly4 ,we h n[ "u our
 h& num]\s extracts1 f writ+s publi%$ )9
 ! la/ five ye>s by highly influ5tial   
dignit>ies 9 ! diff]5t d5om9ations1 :i* 
= frightfulness ( outl9e & color+1 & =  
un%r9k+ ass]tions ( lit]ality1 w comp>e 
) ^? already quot$4  ,especially read ! 
foll[+ description ( ?is k9d f ,john    
,h5ry ,newman3 ,oh1 t]rible mom5t = !   
s\l1 :5 x sudd5ly f9ds itself at !      
judgm5t seat ( ,*ri/1 :5 ! ,judge speaks
 & consigns x to ! jail]s till x %all   
pay ! endless debt :i* lies aga9/ x6    
',impossible6 ,i a lo/ s\l8 ,i sep>at$ f
 hope & f peace =ev]8 ,x is n ,i ( :om !
 ,judge s spake6 ,!re is a mi/ake       
some:]e2 ,*ri/1 ,savior1 hold ?y h&3 "o 
m9ute to expla9 x6 ,my "n is ,demas3 ,i 
am b ,demas1 n ,judas1 or ,ni*olas1 or  
,alex&]1 or ,philetus1 or ,diotrephes4  
,:at6 et]nal pa9 = me8 ,impossible6 x   

%all n be6' ,& ! poor s\l /ruggles &    
wre/les 9 ! grasp ( ! mighty demon :i*  
has hold ( x1 & ^: e t\* is torm5t4     
',oh1 atroci\s6' x %rieks1 9 agony1 & 9 
ang] too1 z if ! v ke5ness ( !          
infliction 7 a pro( ( its inju/ice4 ',a 
second6 & a ?ird6 ,i c be> no m6 ,/op1  
horrible fi5d6 give ov]3 ,i am a man1 & 
n su* z ?\6 ,i am n food = !e1 or sport 
= !e6 ,i h be5 taught religion2 ,i h _h 
a consci5ce2 ,i h a cultivat$ m9d2 ,i am
 well v]s$ 9 sci5ce & art2 ,i am a      
philosoph]1 or a poet1 or a %rewd obs]v]
 ( m51 or a h]o1 or a /atesman1 or an   
orator1 or a man ( wit & humor4 ,nay1 ,i
 h receiv$ ! grace ( ! ,r$eem]2 ,i h    
att5d$ ! sacram5ts = ye>s2 ,i h be5 a   
,ca?olic f a *ild2 ,i di$ 9 communion ) 
! ,*ur*3 no?+1 no?+ :i* ,i h ev] be51   
:i* ,i h ev] se51 be>s any resemblance  
to !e1 & to ! flame & /5* :i* exhale f  
!e3 s ,i defy !e1 & abjure !e1 ,o enemy 
( man6'  ,alas6 poor s\l6 &1 :il/ x ?us 
fights ) t de/9y :i* x has br\ght ^u    
itself & ^? companions :om x has *os51 !

 man's "n p]haps is solemnly *ant$ =?1 &
 8 memory dec5tly *]i%$1 among 8 fri5ds 
on e>?4 ,m5 talk ( him f "t to "t2 !y   
appeal to 8 au?ority2 !y quote 8 words2 
p]haps !y ev5 raise a monum5t to 8 "n1  
or write 8 hi/ory4 ',s compreh5sive a   
m9d6 su* a p[] ( ?r[+ light on a p]plex$
 subject & br++ conflict+ ideas or facts
 into h>mony6' ',su* a spee* x 0 t he   
made on su* & su* an occasion3 ,i happ5$
 to be pres5t1 & nev] %all =get x2' or1 
',a great p]sonage1 :om "s ( u knew2'   
or1 ',x 0 a rule ) a v wor?y & excell5t 
fri5d ( m9e1 n[ no m2' or1 ',nev] 0 8   
equal 9 society1 s j 9 8 rem>ks1 s      
lively1 s v]satile1 s unobtrusive2' or1 
',s great a b5efactor to 8 c\ntry & to 8
 k9d2' or1 ',8 philosophy s pr(\nd4'    
',oh1 vanity6 vanity ( vanities6 all is 
vanity6 ,:at pr(ite? x8 ,:at pr(ite? x8 
,8 s\l is 9 hell1 ,o ye *ildr5 ( m56    
,:ile ?us ye speak1 8 s\l is 9 ! beg9n+ 
( ^? torm5ts 9 :i* 8 body w soon h "p1 &
 :i* w nev] die6 #aj  ,"s !ologians d n 
hesitate1 ev5 n[1 to say t 9 hell !     

bodies ( ! damn$ %all be neal$1 z we    
speak ( glass1 s z to endure ! fire )\t 
be+ annihilat$ !reby4 ,made ( ! nature (
 salam&]s1 !y %all be immortal kept to  
feel immortal fire4 ,well may we take up
 ! words ( ! ,psalmi/ & cry out ( !     
bottomless dep?s ( disgu/ & angui%1 ,i  
am ov]:elm$ ) horror6  ,hold+ ?is       
abhorr5t mass ( repres5tations1 s       
grossly c>nal & fe>ful1 up 9 ! free     
light ( to day1 x _c /& ! te/ ( hone/ & 
resolute inquiry4 ,x exi/s only by      
timid1 un?9k+ suff]ance4 ,x is kept     
alive1 among ! sup]/iti\s ve/iges ( !   
outworn & out gr[n pa/1 only by ! p[] ( 
tradition1 au?ority1 & cu/om4 ,9        
refutation ( x we %all n pres5t "h a    
prolong$ detail ( le>n$ rese>*es &      
logical processes2 = t w\ld be useless  
to ^? :o are enslav$ to ! =egone        
conclusions ( a cre$ & possess$ by      
invuln]able prejudices1 :ile ^? :o are  
?\ghtful & c&id c make  #aj ,s]mon on   
,neglect ( ,div9e ,calls & w>n+s4   su* 
inve/igations !mselves4 ,we %all m]ely  

/ate1 9 a few cle> & brief propositions1
 ! results 9 :i* we suppose all free &  
enlight5$ m9ds :o h adequately /udi$ !  
subject n[ agree1 leav+ ! read] to weigh
 ^! propositions = himself1 ) su* fur!r 
exam9ation z incl9ation & opportunity   
may cause him to be/[ ^u ! matt]4  ,we  
reject ! common belief ( ,*ri/ians 9 a  
hell :i* is a local prison ( fire :]e ! 
wick$ are to be tortur$ by mat]ial      
in/rum5ts1 on ! foll[+ gr\nds1 appeal+  
to ,god = ! rev]5tial s9c]ity ( our     
convictions1 & appeal+ to reason = _!   
tru?4 ,fir/1 ! supposition t hell is an 
enorm\s region 9 ! holl[ ( ! e>? is a   
remnant ( anci5t ignorance1 a fancy (   
poets :o magnifi$ ! grave into ,hades1 a
 ?\ght ( geograph]s :o suppos$ ! e>? to 
be flat & surr\nd$ by a braz5 expanse   
bright above & black b5ea?4 ,secondly1 !
 s\l1 on leav+ ! body1 is a spiritual   
sub/ance1 if x be any sub/ance at all1  
elud+ our s5ses & all ! in/rum5ts (     
sci5ce4 ,!re=e1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 x _c  
be *a9$ 9 a dungeon1 nor be cognizant ( 

suff]+ f mat]ial fire or o!r physical   
infliction1 b its woes mu/ be moral &   
inw>d2 & ! figm5t t its =m] fle%ly body 
is to be re/or$ to x is utt]ly          
incr$ible1 be+ an absurdity 9 sci5ce1 & 
n affirm$1 z we believe1 9 ,scripture4  
,?irdly1 ! imag]y ( a subt]ranean hell (
 fire1 brim/one1 & undy+ worms1 z us$ 9 
! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is !   
same z t drawn f hea!n s\rces )         
modifications & employ$ by ! ,ph>isees  
be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/ & 8 disciples2 & we   
mu/ !re=e1 s9ce nei!r ,p]sians nor      
,ph>isees 7 inspir$1 ei!r suppose t ?is 
imag]y 0 adopt$ by ! apo/les            
figuratively to convey moral tru?s1 or  
else t !y 7 left1 9 common ) _!         
c\ntrym51 at lea/ p>tially "u ! dom9ion 
( ! errors ( _! "t4 ,?us 9 e alt]native 
we d5y t ! int]ior ( ! e>? is1 or ev] w 
be1 an abode ( s\ls1 full ( fire1 a hell
 9 :i* ! damn$ are to be conf9$ &       
physically torm5t$4  ,! elem5ts ( !     
popul> doctr9e ( future puni%m5t :i* we 
?us reject are ! falsities contribut$ by

 sup]/ition & ! prie/ly _s4 ,! tru?s    
rema9+ 9 ! doctr9e1 furni%$ by          
consci5ce1 reason1 & ,scripture1 we w   
next exhibit1 9 ord] n to dismiss ?is   
head1 on ! nature ( future puni%m5t1 )  
negations4 ,:at is ! real "* ( !        
retributions 9 ! future /ate8 ,we d n   
?9k !y are necess>ily connect$ ) any    
peculi> locality or ess5tially dep5d5t  
on any ext]nal circum/ances4 ,z ,milton 
says1 :5 speak+ ( ! be/ !ologians1 ,to  
bani% =ev] into a local hell1 :e!r 9 !  
air1 or 9 ! c5tre1 or 9 t utt]mo/ &     
bottomless gulf ( *aos deep] f holy     
bliss ?an ! _w's diamet] multipli$1 !y  
?\ght n a puni%m5t s prop] &            
proportionate = ,god to inflict z to    
puni% s9 ) s94  ,god does n arbitr>ily  
/ret* =? 8 arm1 l an enrag$ & v9dictive 
man1 & take direct v5geance on (f5d]s2 b
 by 8 immutable laws1 p]meat+ all be+s &
 gov]n+ all worlds1 evil is1 & br+s1 its
 own puni%m5t4 ,! intr9sic sub/ances &  
=ces ( "* & _! organiz$ correlations ) !
 realities ( et]nity1 ! rul+ pr9ciples1 

habits1 & love ( ! s\l1 z !y /& affect$ 
t[>ds ! _w to :i* !y g1 ^! are !        
conditions on :i* exp]i5ce dep5ds1 h]e9 
is ! hid+ ( retribution4 ,ea* "o1 z     
,orig5 says1 k9dles ! flame ( 8 own     
appropriate fire4 ,sup]ior spirits mu/  
look on a corrupt$ human s\l ) a sorr[  
simil>1 ?\gh inf9itely pr(\nd]1 to t )  
:i* ! lapid>y contemplates a spl5did    
pe>l ) a d>k flaw 9 its c5tre4 ,! ,koran
 says1 ,m5 sleep :ile !y live1 & :5 !y  
die !y wake4 ,! sudd5 infliction ( pa9 9
 ! future /ate comes f ! sudd5 unveil+ (
 secrets1 quick5+ ( ! moral             
consci\sness1 & exposure ( ! nak$ s\l's 
fitnesses to ! spiritual correspond5ces 
( its des]ts4 ,x is said1  ,dea? does   
,away disguise3 s\ls see ea* o!r cle>1  
,at "o glance1 z two drops ( ra9 9 air  
,might look into ea* o!r _h !y life4  ,!
 quality ( ! s\l's "* decides ! elem5ts 
( ! s\l's life2 &1 z ?is becomes kn[n on
 cross+ ! dea? drawn l9e ( futurity1    
consci\s retribution !n arises 9 !      
guilty4 ,?is is a retribution :i* is    

reasonable1 moral1 unavoidable1 be=e :i*
 we may well pause & tremble4 ,! great  
moral ( x is t we %\ld n s mu* dread be+
 ?ru/ into an et]nal hell z we %\ld fe> 
c>ry+ a hell ) u :5 we g into et]nity4  
,x is n s bad to be 9 hell z to be =c$  
truly to say1 ,:i* way ,i fly is hell2  
myself am hell4  ,if ^! g5]al ideas are 
correct1 x foll[s ev5 z all common s5se 
& reflection affirm t e real prep>ation 
= dea? & = :at is to succe$ mu/ be an   
+ra9$ *>act]i/ic1 & _c consi/ 9 a m]e   
op9ion1 mood1 or act4 ,"h we /rike at "o
 ( ! %all[e/ errors1 "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive
 & root$ sup]/itions1 ( ! _w4 ,?r\gh\t !
 imm5se k+doms ( ! ,ea/1 :]e !          
,brahmanic & ,buddhi/ religions hold    
sway ov] six hundr$ millions ( m51 !    
notion ( yadasanna t is1 ! m]it         
in/antane\sly obta9$ :5 at ! po9t ( dea?
 fully prevails4 ,!y suppose t 9 t      
mom5t1 reg>dless ( _! =m] lives & ( _!  
pres5t *>act]s1 by br++ ! m9d & ! he>t  
into c]ta9 mom5t>y /ates ( ?\ght &      
feel+1 & m$itat+ on c]ta9 objects or    

repeat+ c]ta9 sacr$ words1 !y c sudd5ly 
obta9 exemption f puni%m5t 9 _! next    
life4#aa ,! notion likewise obta9s almo/
 univ]sally among ,*ri/ians1 incr$ible z
 x may seem4 ,) ! ,romani/s1 :o are ?ree
 f\r?s ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 x is a mo/      
prom95t doctr9e1 ev]y:]e vehem5tly      
proclaim$ & act$ on3 t is ! mean+ ( !   
sacram5t ( extreme unction1 :]eby1 on   
submission to ! ,*ur* & confession to a 
prie/1 ! v5al s9s ( ! dy+ man are =giv51
 purgatory avoid$ or less5$1 & heav5    
made sure4 ,! gho/ ( ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k     
compla9s mo/ ( ! unw>n$ sudd5ness ( 8   
murd]1 n ( ! murd] itself1 b ( its      
sudd5ness1 :i* left him no opportunity  
to save 8 s\l3 ,sleep+1 0 ,i by a       
bro!r's h& ,cut (f ev5 9 ! blossoms ( my
 s91  #aa ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 p4
 #dhi4   ,unh\sel'd1 disappo9t$1        
unanel'd2 ,no reckon+ made1 b s5t to my 
acc\nt ,) all my imp]fections on my     
head4  ,hamlet1 urg$ by sup]natural     
solicit+s to v5geance1 f9ds 8 murd]\s   
uncle on 8 knees at pray]4 ,/eal+ beh9d 

him ) drawn sword1 he is ab\t to /rike !
 fatal bl[1 :5 ! ?\ght occurs to him t !
 guilty man1 if kill$ :5 at 8 devotions1
 w\ld surely g to heav52 & s he refra9s 
until a diff]5t opportunity4 ,= to s5d  
to heav5 ! villa9 :o _h sla9 8 fa!r1  ,t
 w\ld be hire & sal>y1 n rev5ge4 ,he    
took my fa!r grossly full ( bread1 ,)   
all 8 crimes broad bl[n1 z flu% z ,may2 
,& h[ 8 audit /&s :o kn[s save ,heav58  
,b1 9 our circum/ance & c\rse ( ?\ght1  
',tie heavy ) him4 ,& am ,i !n rev5g$   
,to take him 9 ! purg+ ( 8 s\l1 ,:5 he  
is fit & season'd = 8 passage8 ,no2 b :5
 he is drunk1 asleep1 enrag$1 ,or 9 !   
ince/u\s pleasures ( 8 b$1 ,at gam+1    
swe>+1 or ab\t "s act ,t has no reli% ( 
salvation 9't3 ,!n trip him1 t 8 heels  
may kick at heav51 ,& t 8 s\l may be z  
damn'd & black ,z hell1 :]eto x goes4   
,?is1 ?\gh poetry1 is a fair            
repres5tation ( ! m$iaval fai? held by  
all ,*ri/5dom 9 sob] prose4 ,! same tra9
 ( ?\ght lat5tly und]lies ! feel+s ( mo/
 ,prote/ants too1 ?\gh x is true any "o 

w\ld n[ %r9k f express+ x ) su*         
frankness & horrible gu/o4 ,b :at else  
means ! m9ute morbid anatomy ( dea? b$s1
 ! pruri5t curiosity to "k h[ ! dy+ "o  
bore himself 9 ! solemn passage8 ,h[    
commonly1 if "o dies )\t physical       
angui%1 & ) ! artificial exultations ( a
 fanatic1 rejoiceful auguries are drawn6
 if he dies 9 physical suff]+1 & )      
app>5t regret1 a gloomy v]dict is r5d]$6
 ,x is sup]/ition1 absurdity1 &         
inju/ice1 all4 ,n ! accid5tal physical  
conditions1 n ! transi5t emotions1 ) :i*
 "o passes f ! e>?1 c decide 8 fate1 b !
 real good or evil ( 8 s\l1 ! g5u9e     
fitness or unfitness ( 8 s\l1 8 s\l's   
inh]5t m]its ( bliss or bale4 ,!re is no
 "t nor p[] 9 ! in/ant ( dea?1 by any   
magical leg]dema91 to turn away ! imp5d+
 retributions ( wick$ness & guilt4 ,:at 
is "r1 )9 ! conditions ( ,inf9ite wisdom
 & goodness1 w be done 9 spite ( all    
traditional juggles & spasmodic         
spiritual attitud9izations4 ,:at c x    
avail t a mo/ vile & h>d5$ wret*1 :5    

dy+1 convuls$ ) fright & possess$ )     
sup]/ition1 compels1 or /rives to       
compel1 a c]ta9 s5tim5t into 8 s\l1     
conjures1 or tries to conjure1 8 m9d    
into ! relation ( belief t[>ds a c]ta9  
anci5t & ab/ract dogma8  ,yet ,i've se5 
m5 :o meant n ill1 ,compell+ doctr9e out
 ( dea?1 ,) hell & heav5 acutely pois$  
,^u ! turn+ ( a brea?4  ,cruelly rack+ !
 s\l ) useless probes ( !ological       
que/ions & /atem5ts1 !y /& by ! dy+ to  
cat* ! words ( 8 la/ brea?1 &1 9 p]fect 
consi/5ce ) _! fai?1 !y pron\nce s5t5ce 
accord+ly4 ,if1 z ! pallid lips fa9tly  
close1 !y he> ! magic words1 ,i put my  
tru/ 9 ! aton+ blood ( ,*ri/1 up goes ! 
s\l to heav54 ,if !y he> ! less /]eotyp$
 words1 ,i h tri$ to d z well z ,i c\ld3
 ,i hope ,god w be m]ciful t[>ds me &   
receive me1 d[n goes ! s\l to hell4     
,/range & cruel sup]/ition1 t imag9es   
,god to act t[>ds m5 only accord+ to !  
evanesc5t temp] & te*nical phrase ) :i* 
!y leave ! _w6 ,! mo/ popul> ,engli%    
prea*] ( ! pres5t day1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4     

,spurgeon1 aft] ref]r+ to ! fable t ^?  
be=e :om ,p]seus held ! head ( ,m$usa 7 
turn$ into /one 9 ! v act & po/ure ( !  
mom5t :5 !y saw x1 says1 ,dea? is su* a 
p[]4 ,:at ,i am :5 dea? is held be=e me1
 t ,i mu/ be =ev]4 ,:5 my _s goes1 if   
,god f9ds me hymn+ 8 praise1 ,i %all    
hymn x 9 heav53 do? he f9d me brea?+ out
 oa?s1 ,i %all foll[ up ^? oa?s 9 hell4 
,z ,i die1 s %all ,i live et]nally6 #ab 
,no3 ! true prep>ation = dea? & !       
invisible realm ( s\ls is n ! eag]      
adoption ( an op9ion1 ! hurri$          
assumption ( a mood1 or ! fright5$      
p]=mance ( an outw>d act3 x is ! pati5t 
culture ( ! m9d ) tru?1 ! pi\s          
purification ( ! he>t ) dis9t]e/$ love1 
! consecrat$ tra9+ ( ! life 9 hol9ess1 !
 gr[? ( ! s\l 9 habits ( righte\sness1  
fai?1 & *>ity1 ! organization ( div9e   
pr9ciples into "*4 ,e real prep>ation ( 
! s\l = dea? mu/ be a *>act]i/ic rightly
 relat$ to ! immortal realities to :i*  
dea? is ! introduction ( ! s\l4 ,an evil
 s\l is n ?ru/ into a physical & fi]y   

hell1 f5c$ 9 & ro($ ov] f ! univ]sal    
common2 b x is reveal$ to itself1 &     
consci\sly ent]s on retributive         
relations4 ,9 ! spiritual _w1 :i!r all g
 at dea?1 we suppose t l p]ceives l1 &  
?us are !y sav$ or damn$1 hav+1 by !    
natural attraction & elective see+ ( _! 
virtues or vices1 ! beatific vision (   
,god1 or ! horrid vision ( iniquity &   
t]ror4  ,x _c be suppos$ t ,god is a    
b\nd$ %ape s va/ z to fill ! entire     
circuits ( ! creation4 ,_s transc5ds !  
categories ( body1 & x is absurd to     
apply ! language ( f9ite ?+s to !       
illimitable ,"o1 except symbolically4   
,:5 we die1 we d n s9k or so> to ! realm
 ( spirits1 b are 9 x1 at once1 ev]y:]e2
 & ! result+ exp]i5ce w dep5d on !      
prevail+ elem5ts ( our moral be+4 ,if we
 are bad1 our badness is our bani%m5t f 
,god2 if we are good1 our goodness is   
our union ) ,god4 ,9 e _w ! true nature 
& law ( retribution lie 9 ! recoil (    
conduct on "*1 & ! assimilat$ results   
ensu+4 ,take a s\l t is saturat$ ) !    

rott5ness ( depravity into ! core (     
heav51 & x is 9 ! he>t ( hell /ill4     
,take a s\l t is compact$ ( div9e  #ab  
,s]mons1 #c;d ,s]ies4 ,s]mon ,,xiv41    
,?\ghts on ! ,la/ ,battle4   realities  
to ! v bottom ( hell1 & heav5 is ) x    
!re4  ,we are tread+ on et]nity1 &      
inf9itude is all ar\nd u4 ,n[1 z well z 
h]eaft]1 to u1 ! univ]se is action1 !   
s\l is reaction1 exp]i5ce is !          
resultant4 ,dea? b unveils ! facts4     
,pass t great crisis1 9 ! passage becom+
 consci\s ( univ]sal realities & (      
individual relations to !m1 & ! ,fa!r w 
say to ! discordant s\l1 ,ali5at$ "o1   
incapable ( my embrace1 *ange & come to 
me2 to ! h>moni\s s\l1 ,son1 ?\ art ev] 
) me1 & all t ,i h is ?9e4  ,hav+ ?us   
consid]$ ! "q z to ! nature ( future    
puni%m5ts1 x n[ rema9s to discuss ! "q  
conc]n+ _! duration4 ,! fact ( a j &    
v>i$ puni%m5t = s\ls we firmly believe  
94 ,! p>ticul>s ( x 9 ! future1 or !    
degrees ( its cont9uance1 we ?9k1 are   
conceal$ f ! pres5t k ( man4 ,^! details

 we d n pr(ess to be able to settle mu* 
ab\t4 ,we h b ?ree g5]al convictions on 
! subject4 ,fir/1 t ^! puni%m5ts w be   
exp]i5c$ 9 accordance ) ^? righte\s &   
inmo/ laws :i* inde/ructibly express !  
m9d ( ,god & rule ! univ]se1 & w n be   
v9dictively inflict$ ?r\gh arbitr>y     
ext]nal p5alties4 ,secondly1 t !y w be  
accurately temp]$ to ! j des]ts &       
qualifications ( ! individual suff]]s4  
,& ?irdly1 t !y w be alleviat$1 rem$ial1
 & limit$1 n unmitigat$1 hopeless1 &    
endless4  ,^u ! fir/ ( ^! ?\ghts p]haps 
en\gh has already be5 said1 & ! second &
 ?ird may be discuss$ toge!r4 ,our      
bus9ess1 !re=e1 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is       
diss]tation1 is to disprove1 if tru? 9 !
 h&s ( reason & consci5ce w enable u to 
disprove1 ! popul> dogma :i* ass]ts t ! 
/ate ( ! condemn$ dep>t$ is a /ate (    
complete damnation absolutely et]nal4   
,aga9/ t =m ( repres5t+ future puni%m5t 
:i* makes x unlimit$ by conceiv+ ! de/9y
 ( ! s\l to be an et]nal progress1 9 :i*
 _! initiative /eps ( good or evil 9 ?is

 life place diff]5t s\ls "u advantages  
or disadvantages nev] relatively to be  
lo/1 we h no?+ to object4 ,x is         
reasonable1 9 unison ) natural law1 & n 
frightful4#ac ,b we are to deal1 if we  
fairly c1 a refutation aga9/ ! doctr9e (
 an int5se endless mis]y = ! wick$1 z t 
doctr9e is prevail+ly taught & receiv$4 
,! advocates ( et]nal damnation prim>ily
 plant !mselves ^u ! ,*ri/ian           
,scriptures1 & say t !re ! voice ( an   
infallible inspiration f heav5 ass]ts x4
 ,fir/ ( all1 let u exam9e ?is gr\nd1 & 
see if !y d n /& !re only ^u errone\s   
premises su/a9$ by prejudices4 ,9 !     
beg9n+1 !n1 we submit to c&id m9ds t1 if
 ! lit]al et]nity ( future torm5t be    
proclaim$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x is n a "p
 ( ! revelation conta9$ 9 t volume2 x is
 n a tru? reveal$ by inspiration2 & t we
 ma9ta9 = ?is reason4 ,! same           
repres5tations ( ! ev]la/+ duration (   
future puni%m5t 9 hell1 ! same          
expressions = an unlimit$ duration1 :i* 
occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 7 previ\sly    

employ$ by ! ,h9dus1 ,greeks1 &         
,ph>isees1 :o 7 n inspir$1 b mu/ h drawn
 ! doctr9e f fallible s\rces4 ,n[1 to   
say ! lea/1 x is z reasonable to suppose
 t ^! expressions1 :5 f\nd 9 ! ,new     
,te/am5t1 7  #ac ,less+1 ,ueb] ,leibnitz
 von d5 ,ewig5 ,/raf54   employ$ by !   
,savi\r & ! evangeli/s 9 con=mity ) !   
prevail+ ?\ght & cu/om>y phraseology (  
_! "t1 z to conclude t !y 7 d]iv$ f an  
un]r+ inspiration4 ,! =m] is a natural &
 reasonable inf]5ce2 ! latt] is a       
gratuit\s hypo!sis = :i* we h nev] he>d 
( any evid5ce4 ,if its advocates w      
hone/ly attempt really to prove x1 we   
are conv9c$ !y w be =c$ to r5\nce x4 ,! 
only way !y cont9ue to hold x is by tak+
 x = grant$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! /rict et]nity
 ( future woe be decl>$ 9 ! ,new        
,te/am5t1 we reg>d x n z a "p ( !       
inspir$ utt]ance ( ,jesus1 b z an error 
:i* crept 9 among o!rs f ! surr\nd+     
notions ( a b5ight$ pagan age4  ,b1 9 ! 
next place1 we d n admit by any means t 
! lit]al et]nity ( future damnation is  

taught 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,on ! contr>y1  
we d5y su* an ass]tion1 = sev]al        
reasons4 ,fir/1 we argue f ! usage (    
language be=e ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 writt54 
,! ,egyptians1 ,h9dus1 ,greeks1 (t5 make
 mo/ emphatic use ( phrases decl>+ !    
et]nal suff]+s ( ! wick$ 9 hell2 b !y   
mu/ h meant by et]nal only a v long "t1 
because a fundam5tal portion ( ! great  
sy/em ( ?\ght on :i* _! religions re/$ 0
 ! idea ( recurr+ epo*s1 sund]$ by      
imm5se p]iods /at$ly arriv+1 :5 all ?+s 
7 re/or$1 ! hells & heav5s vani%$ away1 
& ,god 0 all 9 all4 ,if ! repres5tations
 ( ! et]nal puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 made    
be=e ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 writt51 7 n      
significant1 ) metaphysical sev]ity1 (  
an et]nity ( duration1 b only1 ) popul> 
loos5ess1 ( an extremely long p]iod1 !  
same may be true ( ! simil> expressions 
f\nd 9 t record4  ,secondly1 we argue f 
! usage ( language 9 & aft] ! ,new      
,te/am5t age4 ,! critics h collect$1 z  
any "o desir\s may easily f9d1 & z e    
!ological s*ol> well kn[s1 scores (     

in/ances f ! writ+s ( au?ors contempor>y
 ) ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 & succe$+ !m1 :]e 
! ,greek ^w = et]nal is us$ popul>ly1 n 
/rictly1 9 a rhetorical1 n 9 a          
philosophical1 s5se1 n d5ot+ a duration 
lit]ally endless1 b "o v prolong$4 ,9   
all ,greek lit]ature ! ^w is und\bt$ly  
us$ 9 a c>eless & qualifi$ s5se at lea/ 
a hundr$ times :]e x is us$ once ) its  
close etymological =ce4 ,& ! same is    
true ( ! correspond+ ,hebrew t]m4 ,!    
writ] ( ! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve         
,patri>*s1 at ! close ( e *apt]1        
describ+ ! respective patri>*'s dea?1   
says1 he slept ! et]nal sleep1 ?\gh by  
et]nal he c only mean a duration rea*+  
to ! "t ( ! resurrection1 z pla9ly      
appe>s f ! context4 ,iambli*us speaks ( 
an et]nal et]nity ( et]nities4#ad       
,orig51 & ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 & o!rs1 !  
fact ( ^: belief 9 f9al univ]sal        
salvation no "o pret5ds to d5y1 d n     
hesitate ) e>ne/ness & frequ5cy to      
affirm ! et]nal puni%m5t ( ! wick$ 9    
hell4 ,n[1 if ! contempor>ies ( !       

evangeli/s1 & _! successors1 (t5 us$ !  
^w et]nal popul>ly1 9 a figurative1     
limit$ s5se1 !n x may be s employ$ :5 x 
occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 connection ) 
! future pa9s ( ! bad4  ,?irdly1 we     
argue f ! phraseology & o!r peculi>ities
 ( ! repres5tation ( ! future woe ( !   
condemn$1 giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t itself1
 t its au?ors  #ad ,de ,my/]iis         
,egyptiorum1 cap4 viii4 sect4 #aj4   did
 n consci\sly int5d to proclaim ! rigid 
endlessness ( t woe4#ae ,^! %all g away 
into ev]la/+ puni%m5t4 ,s9ce ! ^w       
ev]la/+ 0 (t5 us$ simply to d5ote a long
 p]iod1 :at "r has any "o to decl>e t "h
 x mu/ mean an absolutely un5d+         
duration8 ,h[ does any "o "k t ! m9d (  
,jesus dialectically grasp$ !           
metaphysical notion ( et]nity &         
delib]ately int5d$ to express x8        
,c]ta9ly ! intr9sic probabilities are   
all ! o!r way4 ,su* a conclusion is     
h>dly compatible ) ! highly tropical    
/yle ( spee* employ$ ?r\gh\t ! disc\rse4
 ,besides1 _h he wi%$ to convey !       

ov]:elm+ idea t ! doom ( ! guilty w\ld  
be /rictly irrem$iable1 _! angui%       
lit]ally inf9ite1 w\ld he n h tak5 pa9s 
to say s 9 def9ite1 gu>d$1 expla9$1     
unmi/akable t]ms8 ,he might easily1 by a
 precise prosaic utt]ance1 by           
explanatory circumlocutions1 h plac$ t  
?\ght beyond possibility ( mi/ake4      
,f\r?ly1 we h an int5se conviction n    
only t ! leav+ ( su* a doctr9e by !     
,savior 9 imp5etrable obscurity &       
unc]ta9ty is irreconcilable ) !         
supposition ( 8 delib]ately hold+ x 9 8 
belief1 b also t a belief 9 ! doctr9e   
itself is utt]ly irreconcilable ) ! v   
ess5tials ( 8 tea*+s & _s1 8 inmo/      
convictions & life4 ,he taught ! inf9ite
 & un*angeable goodness ( ,god3 confront
 ! doctr9e ( endless mis]y ) ! p>able ( 
! prodigal son4 ,he taught ! doctr9e (  
unconqu]able =giv5ess1 )\t app>5t       
qualification3 br+ toge!r ! doctr9e (   
nev] rel5t+ puni%m5t & 8 petition on !  
cross1 ,fa!r1 =give !m4 ,he taught t at 
! great judgm5t heav5 or hell w\ld be   

allott$ to m5 accord+ to _! lives2 & !  
notion ( endless torm5t does n re/ on ! 
dem]it ( s9ful de$s1 :i* is ! /&>d (    
judgm5t t he holds up1 b on conceptions 
conc]n+ a totally deprav$ nature1 a ,god
 inflam$ ) wra?1 a vic>i\s atonem5t     
reject$1 or "s o!r e?nic tradition or   
ritual consid]ation equally =eign to 8  
m9d & ho/ile to 8 he>t4  ,fif?ly1 if we 
reason on ! popul> belief t ! lett] (   
,scripture tea*es only un]r+ tru?1 we h 
! /ronge/ argum5t ( all aga9/ ! et]nal  
hopelessness ( future puni%m5t4 ,!      
doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s desc5t to hell        
und]lies ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we are told t
 aft] 8 dea? he w5t & prea*$ to !       
spirits 9 prison4 ,& aga9 we read t !   
gospel 0 prea*$ also to !m t are dead4  
,?is ,new ,te/am5t idea 0 unque/ionably 
a vital & important feature 9 ! apo/olic
 & 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian belief4 ,x         
necess>ily implies t !re is probation1 &
 t !re may be salvation1 aft] dea?4 ,x  
is fatal to ! horrid dogma :i* comm&s   
all :o ent] hell to ab&on e gleam (     

hope1 utt]ly & =ev]4 ,! symbolic =ce ( !
 doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s desc5t & prea*+ 9    
hell is ?is1 z ,gud] says 9 8 ,appe>ance
 ( ,*ri/ among ! ,dead1  t ! deepe/ &   
mo/ horrible dep? ( damnation is n too  
deep & horrible = ! pity+ love :i* wi%es
 to save ! lo/3 ev5 into ! v]ie/ dep? ( 
hell rea*es d[n ! love ( ,god1 & 8      
beatific call s\nds to ! mo/ di/ant     
di/ances4 ,!re is no out]mo/ d>kness to 
:i* 8 heav5ly & all conqu]+ light _c    
%9e4 ,! book :i* tea*es t ,*ri/ w5t ev5 
into hell itself1 to seek & to save t   
:i* 0 lo/1  #ae ,corrodi1 ,ueb] die     
,ewigkeit d] ,holl5etraf54 ,9 d5        
,beitrag5 zur ,be=d]ung des ,v]nunft4   
,d5k4 n4 s4 w4 heft vii4 ss4 #da-gb4    
does n tea* t f ! in/ant ( dea? ! fate (
 ! wick$ is irr$eemably fix$4  ,^u !    
:ole1 !n1 we rea* ! cle> conclusion t ! 
,*ri/ian ,scriptures d n really decl>e !
 hopeless et]nity ( future puni%m5t4#af 
,!y speak popul>ly1 n sci5tifically1    
speak 9 metaphors :i* _c be analyz$ &   
r$uc$ to metaphysical precision4 ,!     

subject is left ) fe>ful w>n+s 9 an     
impressive obscurity4 ,!re we mu/ ei!r  
leave x1 9 awe & fai?1 undecid$2 or1 if 
n cont5t to d t1 we mu/ exam9e & decide 
x on o!r gr\nds ?an ^? ( traditional    
au?ority1 & ) o!r in/rum5ts ?an ^? (    
textual int]pretation4  ,let u next sift
 & weigh ! argum5ts f reason by :i* !   
dogma ( ! et]nity ( future mis]y is     
respectively def5d$ & assail$4 ,!       
advocates ( x h s\ght to support x by   
f\r positions1 :i* are su* entire       
assumptions t only a ^w w be requisite  
to expose ea* ( !m to logical rejection4
 ,fir/1 x is said t s9 is inf9ite &     
des]ves an inf9ite p5alty because x is  
an outrage aga9/ an inf9ite be+4#ag ,a m
 absurd p]v]sion ( logic ?an ?is1 a m   
gl>+ violation ( common s5se1 0 nev]    
p]petrat$4 ,x directly rev]ses ! facts &
 subv]ts ! legitimate inf]5ce4 ,is ! s9 
measur$ by ! dignity ( ! lawgiv]1 or by 
! responsibility ( ! law break]8 ,does  
ju/ice he$ ! wra? ( ! (f5d$1 or ! guilt 
( ! (f5d]8 ,z well say t ! eye ( man is 

inf9ite because x looks out into inf9ite
 space1 z affirm t 8 s9 is inf9ite      
because committ$ aga9/ an inf9ite ,god4 
,t man is f9ite1 & all 8 acts f9ite1 &  
consequ5tly n 9 ju/ice to be puni%$     
inf9itely1 is a pla9 /atem5t ( fact :i* 
compels ass5t4 ,all else is empty       
quibbl+1 s*ola/ic juggl]y4 ,!           
ridicul\sness ( ! argum5t is amus+ly    
app>5t z pres5t$ ?us 9 an old ,miracle  
,play1 :]e9 ,ju/ice is made to tell     
,m]cy ,t man1 hav+e (f5d$ ,god :o is    
endlesse1 ,8 endlesse pun*em5t !re=e may
 nevyr seese4  ,! second device br\ght  
=w>d to su/a9 ! doctr9e 9 "q is m +5i\s1
 b equally arbitr>y4 ,x is bas$ on !    
=ekn[l$ge ( ,god4 ,he =esaw t ! wick$1  
if all[$ to live on e>? immortally 9    
fre$om1 w\ld g on =ev] 9 a c\rse (      
con/ant s94 ,!y 7 !re=e con/ructively   
guilty ( all ! s9 :i* !y w\ld h         
committ$2 b he sav$ ! _w ! ravages ( _! 
actual crimes by hurl+ !m into hell     
b5ea? ! endless p5alty ( _! lat5t       
inf9ite guilt4 ,9 reply to ^? :o argue  

?us1 x is obvi\s to ask1 :5ce did !y    
le>n all ?is8 ,!re is no su* s*eme drawn
 up or h9t$ 9 ,scripture2 & surely x is 
n )9 ! possible discov]ies ( reason4    
,pla9ly1 x is n a kn[n premise          
legitimat+ a result1 n a s\nd argum5t   
prov+ a conclusion3 x is m]ely a        
conceit1 devis$ to expla9 & =tify a !ory
 already embrac$ f o!r consid]ations4 ,x
 is an imag9ative hypo!sis )\t          
confirmation4  #af ,brets*neid]1 9 8    
,sy/ematis*e ,entwickelung all] 9 d]    
,dogmatik vorkomm5d5 ,begriffe1 gives ! 
lit]ature ( ?is subject 9 a li/ ( ?irty 
six di/9ct works4 ,sect4 #aci1 ,ewig    
keit d] ,holl5/raf54  #ag ,?omas        
,aqu9as1 ,summa1 p>s iii4 suppl4 qu4    
#ii1 art4 #a4   ,?irdly1 x has be5 said 
t future puni%m5t w be endless because  
s9 w be s4 ,! evil s\l1 gr[+ ev] m evil1
 gett+ its habits ( vice & passions (   
iniquity m deeply infix$1 & surr\nd$ 9 !
 inf]nal realm ) all ! inc5tives to     
wick$ness1 w become confirm$ 9 depravity
 beyond all p[] ( cure1 &1 s9n+ =ev]1 be

 necess>ily damn$ & tortur$ =ev]4 ,!    
same objection holds to ?is argum5t z to
 ! =m]4 ,its premises are d>+           
assumptions beyond ! prov9ce ( our k4   
,!y are assumptions1 too1 contr>y to    
analogy1 probability1 ! highe/ laws (   
humanity1 & ! goodness ( ,god4 ,)\t     
fre$om ( w !re _c be s92 & ^? :o reta9  
moral fre$om may re=m1 cease to d evil &
 le>n to d good4 ,!re are invitations & 
opportunities to *ange f evil to good   
"h3 :y n h]eaft]8 ,! w is free n[3 :at  
%all sudd5ly p>alyze or annihilate t    
fre$om :5 ! s\l leaves ! body8 ,:y may n
 su* amaz+ revelations be made1 su*     
reg5]at+ motives be br\ght to be>1 9 !  
spiritual _w1 z w s(t5 ! h>de/1 conv9ce 
! /ubborne/1 &1 soon] or lat]1 trans=m &
 r$eem ! wor/8 ,x is true ! law ( s9ful 
habit is d>k & fe>ful2 b x is frequ5tly 
neutraliz$4 ,! argum5t z ! support ( a  
positive dogma is void because itself   
only hypo!tical4  ,"s h tri$ to prove   
et]nal condemnation by an assum$        
necessity ( moral gravitation4 ,!re is a

 great deal ( loose & ha/y talk afloat  
ab\t ! law ( aff9ities di/ribut+ s\ls   
h]eaft] 9 fitt$ companies4 ,simil>      
*>act]s w spontane\sly come toge!r4 ,!  
same qualities & grades ( sympa?y w     
coalesce1 ! unlike w fly ap>t4 ,& s all 
future exi/5ce w be arrang$ 9 circles ( 
dead equality on /agnant levels (       
ev]la/+ hopelessness ( *ange4 ,! law (  
spiritual attraction is no su* =ce z t1 
produces no su* results4 ,x is brok5 up 
by contra/s1 *anges1 multiplicity ( o!r 
int]act+ =ces4 ,we are n only drawn by  
aff9ity to ^? l ourselves1 b (t5 /ill m 
p[]fully1 ) rebuk+ & r$eem+ effect1 to  
^? above u t we may become l !m1 to ^?  
b5ea? u t we may pity & help !m4 ,! law 
( aff9ity is n 9 moral be+s a simple =ce
 necessitat+ an endless uni=mity ( /ate1
 b a complex ( =ces1 sometimes m+l+ !   
unlike by /imulants ( w$d$ simil>ity &  
contra/ to bless & advance all1 n[      
puni%+1 n[ rew>d+1 b ev] f9ally int5d$  
to r$eem4 ,reason+ by s\nd analogy1 !   
heav5s & hells ( ! future /ate are n    

monoton\s circles ea* fill$ ) mutually  
reflect+ p]sonalities1 b "o f5celess    
spiritual _w ( di/9ctive1 ev] v>y+      
degrees1 sympa!tic & contra/$ life1     
circulat+ fre%ness1 v>iety ( attractions
 & repulsions1 div9e advancem5t4        
,f9ally1 x is ma9ta9$ by _m t endless   
mis]y is ! fate ( ! reprobate because   
su* is ! sov]eign pleasure ( ,god4 ,?is 
is no argum5t1 b a desp]ate ass]tion4 ,x
 virtually confesses t ! doctr9e _c be  
def5d$ by reason1 b is to be ?r[n into !
 prov9ce ( wilful fai?4 ,a ho/ ( gloomy 
!ologians h tak5 ?is gr\nd z ! =lorn    
hope ( _! belief4 ,! damn$ are et]nally 
lo/ because t is ! arbitr>y decree (    
,god4 ,^? :o ?us ab&on reason = dogmatic
 au?ority & trample on logic ) m]e      
reit]at$ ass]tion c only be met ) ! flat
 d5ial1 su* is n ! arbitr>y pleasure (  
,god4 ,!n1 z f> z argum5t is conc]n$1 ! 
controv]sy ends :]e x began4  ,^! f\r   
hypo!ses include all ! attempt$         
ju/ifications ( ! doctr9e ( et]nal mis]y
 t we h ev] se5 (f]$ f ! /& po9t (      

indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,we submit t1 consid]$ 
z pro(s1 !y are utt]ly sophi/ical4  ,!re
 are ?ree great argum5ts 9 refutation ( 
! endlessness ( future puni%m5t1 z t    
doctr9e is commonly held4 ,! fir/       
argum5t is e?ical1 drawn f ! laws ( "r2 
! second is !ological1 drawn f !        
attributes ( ,god2 ! ?ird is exp]im5tal1
 drawn f ! pr9ciples ( human nature4 ,we
 %all subdivide ^! & consid] !m         
successively4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 we      
ma9ta9 t ! popul> doctr9e ( et]nal      
puni%m5t is unju/1 because x ov]looks ! 
diff]5ces 9 ! s9s ( m51 laun*+ on all   
:om x embraces "o inf9ite p5alty (      
undiscrim9at+ damnation4 ,! consi/5t    
advocates ( ! doctr9e1 ! bolde/ cre$s1  
unfl9*+ly av[ ?is1 & def5d x by ! plea t
 e s91 h[ev] trivial1 is equally an     
(f5ce aga9/ ! law ( ! inf9ite ,god ) !  
mo/ t]rible crime1 & equally m]its an   
inf9ite puni%m5t4 ,?us1 by a            
metaphysical quibble1 ! v basis ( morals
 is ov]turn$1 & ! *ild guilty ( an      
equivocation ?r\gh fe> is put on a level

 ) ! pirate guilty ( robb]y & murd]     
?r\gh cold blood$ av>ice & hate4 ,9 a   
hell :]e all are plung$ 9 physical fire 
= et]nity !re are no degrees (          
retribution1 ?\gh ! degrees ( evil &    
dem]it are z num]\s & v>i\s z !         
individuals4 ,! ,scriptures say1 ,e man 
%all receive accord+ to ! de$s done 9 ! 
body3 "s %all be beat5 ) _m /ripes1 o!rs
 ) few /ripes4  ,! fir/ pr9ciple (      
ju/ice exact discrim9ation ( judgm5t    
accord+ to de$s & "* is mon/r\sly       
violat$ & all diff]5ces blott$ out by ! 
common dogma ( hell4 ,a bett] ?\ght is  
%[n 9 ! old ,p]sian leg5d :i* tells t   
,god once p]mitt$ ,zoroa/] to accompany 
him on a visit to hell4 ,! prophet saw  
_m 9 griev\s torm5ts4 ,among ! re/1 he  
saw "o :o 0 depriv$ ( 8 "r foot4 ,ask+ !
 mean+ ( ?is1 ,god repli$1 ,yond] suff]]
 0 a k+ :o 9 8 :ole life did b "o k9d   
action4 ,pass+ once ne> a drom$>y :i*1  
ti$ up 9 a /ate ( />vation1 0 va9ly     
/riv+ to rea* "s prov5d] plac$ j beyond 
its utmo/ ef=t1 ! k+ ) 8 "r foot        

compassionately kick$ ! fodd] )9 ! poor 
bea/'s rea*4 ,t foot ,i plac$ 9 heav53 !
 re/ ( him is "h4 #ah  ,aga93 !re is !  
grosse/ inju/ice 9 ! fir/ assumption or 
fundam5tal gr\nd on :i* ! !ory we are   
oppos+ re/s4 ,t !ory does n tea* t m5   
are actually damn$ et]nally on acc\nt ( 
_! own p]sonal s9s1 b on acc\nt (       
orig9al s93 ! et]nal tortures ( hell are
 ! transmitt$ p5alty hurl$ on all !     
desc5dants ( ,adam1 save ^? :o 9 "s way 
avoid x1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 primal        
transgression4 ,language _c *>act]ize ) 
too mu* sev]ity1 z x seems to u1 !      
inju/ice1 ! immorality1 involv$ 9 ?is   
s*eme4 ,! belief 9 a s91 call$ orig9al1 
entail$ by "o act ( "o p]son ^u a :ole  
immortal race ( c\ntless millions1 doom+
 va/ majorities ( !m helplessly to a    
hopeless torture prison1 c re/ only on a
 sleep ( reason & a delirium (  #ah     
,wilson's ed4 ( ,mill's ,hi/4 ( ,briti% 
,india1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbi1 note4          
consci5ce4 ,su* a s9 is no s9 at all2 & 
any p5alty inflict$ on x w\ld n be !    

necess>y sev]ity ( a holy ,god1 b a     
species ( gratuit\s v5geance4 ,= s91 by 
! v ess5ce ( e?ics1 is ! free1          
intellig5t1 wilful violation ( a law    
kn[n to be "r2 & e puni%m5t1 9 ord] to  
be j1 mu/ be ! suff]+ des]v$ by !       
int5tional fault1 ! p]sonal evil1 ( !   
culprit himself4 ,! doctr9e be=e u      
rev]ses all ?is1 & s5ds untold myriads  
to hell =ev] = no o!r s9 ?an t ( simply 
hav+ be5 born *ildr5 ( humanity4 ,born  
totally deprav$1 hateful to ,god1       
helpless ?r\gh an irresi/ible proclivity
 to s9 & an in]adicable av]sion to      
evangelical tru?1 & ask$ to save        
!mselves1 ask$ by a mock]y l t ( fett]+ 
m5 h& & foot1 clo?+ !m 9 lead5          
/raitjackets1 & !n fl++ !m ov]bo>d1     
tell+ !m n to dr[n6 ,:at ju/ice1 :at    
ju/ice1 is "h 9 ?is8  ,?irdly1 ! pr(\nd 
inju/ice ( ?is doctr9e is se5 9 its mak+
 ! alt]native ( s unutt]ably awful a    
doom h+e ^u su* trivial p>ticul>s & ^u  
m]ely =tuit\s circum/ances4 ,"o is born 
( pi\s1 or?odox p>5ts1 ano!r ( h]etics  

or infidels3 ) no diff]5ce ( m]it due to
 !m1 "o goes to heav51 ! o!r goes to    
hell4 ,"o happ5s to =m a fri5d%ip ) an  
evangelical believ]1 ano!r is influ5c$  
by a rationali/ companion3 ! same fe>ful
 div]sity ( fate ensues4 ,"o is conv]t$ 
by a s+le s]mon3 if he _h be5 ill t day1
 or _h be5 deta9$ f *ur* by any o!r     
cause1 8 fat$ b$ w\ld h be5 made 9 hell1
 heav5 clos$ aga9/ him =ev]4 ,"o says1  
,i believe 9 ! ,tr9ity ( ,god1 9 !      
,deity ( ,*ri/2 &1 dy+1 he goes to      
heav54 ,ano!r says1 ,i believe 9 !      
,unity ( ,god & 9 ! humanity ( ,*ri/3   
he1 dy+1 goes to hell4 ,( two *ildr5    
snat*$ away by disease :5 tw5ty f\r h\rs
 old1 "o has be5 baptiz$1 ! o!r n3 !    
angels ( heav5 welcome t1 ! demons (    
hell clut* ?is4 ,! doctr9e ( infant     
damnation1 intol]ably pa9ful z x is1 has
 be5 proclaim$ ?\s&s ( times by         
au?oritative tea*]s & by l>ge p>ties 9 !
 ,*ur*1 & is a logical sequ5ce f !      
popul> !ology4 ,x is n a great _m ye>s  
s9ce p he>d1 x is said1 ! celebrat$     

/atem5t t hell is pav$ ) ! skulls (     
infants n a span long6 ,?9k ( ! ev]la/+ 
bliss or mis]y ( a helpless infant      
dep5d+ on ! petty accid5t ( :e!r x 0    
baptiz$ or n6 ,!re are hypo!tical cases 
l ! foll[+3 ,if "o man _h di$ a ye>     
e>li]1 :5 he 0 a sa9t1 he w\ld n h fall5
 f grace1 & r5\nc$ 8 fai?1 & roll$ 9    
crimes1 & sunk to hell4 ,if ano!r _h    
liv$ a ye> lat]1 he w\ld h be5 smitt5 ) 
conviction1 & w\ld h rep5t$1 & made 8   
peace1 & gone to heav54 ,to ! ev]la/+   
loss ( ea*1 an et]nity ( bliss aga9/ an 
et]nity ( woe hung fatally pois$ on ! "t
 appo9t$ = him to die4 ,oh h[ ! bigot$  
pride1 ! exclusive dogmatism ( self /yl$
 sa9ts1 self flatt]]s equally satisfi$ (
 _! own election & ( ! rejection ( almo/
 ev]ybody else1 ought to s9k & fade :5  
!y reflect on ! slight *ances1 m]e      
*ances ( "t & place1 by :i* ! inf9ite   
cont+5cy has be51 or is to be1 decid$6  
,!y %\ld he$ ! impregnable good s5se &  
logic convey$ 9 ! humane he>t$ poet's   
satirical humor :5 he advises su* p]sons

 to  ,consid] well1 be=e1 l             
,hurlo?rumbo1 ,!y aim _! clubs at any   
cre$ on e>?1 ,t by ! simple accid5t (   
bir? ,!y might h be5 high prie/s to     
,mumbo ,jumbo4  ,x is evid5tly b !      
ranke/ mock]y ( ju/ice to susp5d an     
inf9ite woe ^u an accid5t out ( ! p[] ( 
! p>ty conc]n$4  ,/ill fur!r3 !re is a  
trem5d\s inju/ice ev5 9 t =m ( ! doctr9e
 ( endless puni%m5t1 ! mo/ favorable (  
all1 :i* says t no "o is absolutely     
=eorda9$ to hell1 b t all are free1 & t 
life is a fix$ season ( probation :]e9 !
 means ( salvation are (f]$ to all1 & if
 !y neglect or spurn !m ! fault is _!   
own1 & et]nal pa9 _! m]it$ portion4 ,!  
p]fectly app>5t inconsi/5cy ( ?is !ory )
 kn[n facts is fatal to x1 s9ce out ( e 
g5]ation !re are millions on millions ( 
infants1 idiots1 maniacs1 hea!n1 )9 ^:  
he>+ or p[] ! means ( salvation by a    
p]sonal appropriation ( ! aton+ m]it (  
,*ri/'s blood 7 nev] br\ght2 s t life to
 !m is no sc5e ( ,*ri/ian probation4 ,b1
 waiv+ t1 ! probation is n a fair "o to 

anybody4 ,if ! indescribable horror ( an
 et]nal damnation be ! consequ5ce t     
foll[s a c]ta9 c\rse :ile we are on     
trial 9 ?is life1 !n a k ( t fact 9 all 
its be>+s ought to be giv5 u1 cle>1     
explicit1 beyond any possibility (      
mi/ake or d\bt4 ,o!rwise ! probation is 
n fair4 ,to place m5 9 ! _w1 z millions 
are con/antly plac$1 beset by allurem5ts
 ( e sort )9 & )\t1 l$ a/ray by false   
tea*+s & evil examples1 expos$ 9        
ignorance1 bewild]$ ) unc]ta9ties (     
conflict+ d\bts & surmises1 ei!r nev]   
he>+ ( ! way ( salvation at all1 or he>+
 ( x only 9 t]ms t seem absurd 9        
!mselves & unaccompani$ by suffici5t1 if
 by any1 pro(1 & !n1 if "u ^! fe>ful    
haz>ds !y wav] f /rict purity ( he>t1   
rectitude ( conduct1 or or?odoxy (      
belief1 to condemn !m to a _w ( ev]la/+ 
agony1 w\ld be ! v climax ( cruelty1 )  
no t\* ( m]cy or color ( "r4  ,b5ea? su*
 a rule ! univ]se %\ld be %r\d$ 9 !     
blackness ( despair1 & ,god be ?\ght ( )
 a convulsive %udd]4 ,su* a probation   

w\ld be only l t on :i* ! ,inquisitors  
put _! victims :o 7 /udi\sly kept       
ignorant 9 _! dungeons1 wait+ = ! rack &
 ! flame to be made ready4 ,few p]sons w
 d5y t1 z ! facts n[ are1 a good1       
intellig5t1 c&id man may d\bt ! reality 
( an endless puni%m5t await+ m5 9 hell4 
,b if ! doctr9e be true1 & he is on     
probation "u x1 is x fair t he %\ld be  
left hone/ly 9 ignorance or d\bt ab\t x8
 ,no3 if x be true1 x ought to be burn$ 
into 8 bra9 & cru%$ into 8 s\l ) su*    
t]rific vividness & abid+ con/ancy (    
impression z w\ld det] him ev] f ! wrong
 pa?1 keep him 9 ! "r4 ,a di/+ui%$ writ]
 has repres5t$ a condemn$ del9qu5t1     
suff]+ on1 & /ill int]m9ably on1 9 hell1
 ?us compla9+ ( ! unfairness ( 8        
probation3 ,oh1 _h x be5 possible = me  
to conceive ev5 ! mo/ dim9utive "p ( !  
weight & horror ( ?is doom1 ,i %\ld h   
%runk f e temptation to s91 ) ! mo/     
viol5t recoil4#ai  #ai ,john ,fo/]1     
,lett] on ! ,et]nity ( ,future          
,puni%m5ts4  ,if an endless hell is to  

be ! lot ( ! s9n]1 he ought to h an     
infallible c]ta9ty ( x1 ) all possible  
helps & inc5tives to avoid x4 ,su* is n 
! case2 & !re=e1 s9ce ,god is j & g5]\s1
 ! doctr9e is n true4  ,f9ally1 !       
inju/ice ( ! dogma ( ev]la/+ puni%m5t is
 mo/ emphatically %[n by ! fact t !re is
 no sort ( correspond5ce or possible    
proportion betwe5 ! (f5ce & ! p5alty1   
betwe5 ! mom5t ( s9n+ life & ! et]nity (
 suff]+ dea?4 ,if a *ild 7 told to hold 
its brea? ?irty seconds1 &1 fail+ to d  
x1 %\ld be conf9$ 9 a d>k solit>y       
dungeon = sev5ty ye>s amid/ loa?some    
horrors & spee*less afflictions1 & be   
frightfully sc\rg$ six times a day = t  
entire p]iod1 !re w\ld be j proportion  
nay1 an inexpressibly m]ciful proportion
 betwe5 ! (f5ce & ! puni%m5t1 9         
comp>ison ) t :i*1 be+ an absolutely    
inf9ite disproportion1 does n really    
admit ( any comp>ison1 ! s5t5ce to an   
et]nal abode 9 hell z a p5alty = ! wor/ 
k9d & ! greate/ am\nt ( crime a man c\ld
 possibly cr[d into a life ( a ?\s&     

ye>s4 ,?9k1 !n1 ( pass+ su* a s5t5ce on 
"o :o has /ruggl$ h>d aga9/ temptation1 
& yield$ b r>ely1 & suff]$ mu*1 & /riv5 
to d z well z he c\ld1 & borne up       
c\rage\sly1 ) g5]\s resolves &          
affections1 & di$ comm5d+ 8 s\l to ,god 
9 hope4  ,fe>fully fleet is ?is life1   
says "o1 & yet 9 x et]nal life is lo/ or
 won3 pr(\ndly wret*$ is ?is life1 yet 9
 x et]nal bliss is lo/ or won4 ,weigh ! 
words adequately1 & say h[ improbable is
 ! ?\ght1 & h[ t]ribly unju/4 ,p]haps   
!re h already liv$ ^u ?is e>?1 & di$1 & 
pass$ into ! invisible _w1 two hundr$   
?\s& millions ( m51 ! ev]la/+ doom ( e  
"o ( :om1 x is imag9$1 0 fix$ unalt]ably
 dur+ ! mom5t>y p]iod ( 8 mortal transit
 f cradle to grave4 ,9 respect (        
et]nity1 six ?\s& ye>s & ?is duration   
mu/ be r$uc$ to ?reescore ye>s & t51    
s9ce t is all t ea* g5]ation enjoy$ is !
 same z "o h\r4 ,suppose1 n[1 t all ^!  
two hundr$ ?\s& millions ( m5 7 call$   
into be+ at once2 t !y 7 plac$ on       
probation = "o h\r2 t ! result ( _!     

*oice & action 9 t h\r 0 to decide _!   
irrevocable fate1 actually =ev]1 to     
ec/atic bliss or to ec/atic woe2 t dur+ 
t h\r !y 7 left1 z f> z cle> & /able    
conviction goes1 9 utt] ignorance &     
unc]ta9ty z to ! great realities ( _!   
condition1 c\rt$ by oppos+ !ories &     
modes ( action2 & t1 :5 ! clock ( "t    
knell$ ! close ( t awful1 t mo/         
evanesc5t h\r1 ! ro>+ gulf ( torture    
yawn$1 & its jaws ( flame & blackness   
clos$ ov] n9ety n9e hundr$?s ( !m =     
et]nity6 ,t is a fair picture ( ! popul>
 doctr9e ( temporal probation & et]nal  
puni%m5t1 :5 exam9$ 9 ! light ( ! facts 
( human life4 ,( c\rse1 no man at ?is   
day1 :o is 9 8 s5ses & ?9ks hone/ly ^u !
 subject1 c cr$it su* a doctr9e1 unless 
inde$ he believes t a lawless fi5d sits 
on ! ?rone ( ! univ]se & guides ! helm (
 de/9y4 ,& lives !re a man ( unp]v]t$   
s\l :o w\ld n decid$ly pref] to h no    
,god r ?an to h su* a "o8 ,ay1 ,r ?an s1
 come ,,fate into ! li/ ,& *ampion u to 
! utt]ance4  ,let u be a!i/s1 & b[ to   

mortal ,*ance1 believe !re is no pilot  
at all at ! rudd] ( ,creation's vessel1 
no *annel be=e ! pr[1 b ! ro>+ break]s (
 despair to "r & left1 & ! granite bluff
 ( annihilation full 9 front6  ,9 ! next
 place1 !n1 we argue aga9/ ! doctr9e (  
et]nal damnation t x is incompatible )  
any wor?y idea ( ! "* ( ,god4 ,god is   
love2 & love _c cons5t to ! useless     
torture ( millions ( helpless s\ls =    
et]nity4 ,! gross contradiction ( !     
common doctr9e ( hell to ! _s ( love is 
s obvi\s t its advocates1 unable to d5y 
or conceal x1 h (t5 positively proclaim$
 x1 av[+ t1 9 respect to ! wick$1 ,god  
is *ang$ into a consum+ fire full (     
hatr$ & v5geance4 ,b t is unmitigat$    
blasphemy4 ,god is un*angeable1 8 v     
nature be+ dis9t]e/$1 immutable         
goodness4 ,! suff]+s ( ! wick$ are ( _! 
own prep>ation4 ,if a pe/il5tial        
exhalation is drawn f "s decay+         
sub/ance1 x is n ! fault ( any alt]ation
 9 ! sunlight4 ,b a ,*ri/ian writ]      
assures u t :5 ! damn$ are pack$ l brick

 9 a kiln1 s b\nd t !y _c move a limb   
nor ev5 an eyelid1 ,god %all bl[ ! fires
 ( hell ?r\gh !m = ev] & ev]4  ,& ano!r 
writ] says1 ,all 9 ,god is turn$ into   
fury3 9 hell he draws out into ! field  
all 8 =ces1 all 8 attributes1 :]e( wra? 
is ! lead] & g5]al4#bj ,su*             
repres5tations may be left )\t a comm5t4
 ,e enlight5$ m9d w in/antly reject )   
horror ! doctr9e :i* necessitates a     
conception ( ,god l t "h pictur$ =?4    
,god is a be+ ( inf9ite =giv5ess &      
magnanimity4 ,to ! w&]+ s9n]1 ev5 :ile a
 great way (f1 8 arms are op51 & 8      
invit+ voice1 p5etrat+ ! f>!/ abysses1  
says1 ,return4 ,8 sun %9es & 8 ra9 falls
 on ! fields ( ! unju/ & un?ankful4 ,:at
 is x1 ! in/ant mortals pass ! l9e (    
dea?1 t %all trans=m ?is ,div9ity (     
ye>n+ pity & b5efic5ce into a devil (   
rel5tless hate & cruelty8 ,x _c be4 ,we 
%all f9d him deal+ t[>ds u 9 et]nity z  
he does "h4 ,an em95t !ologian says1 ,if
 mortal m5 kill ! body temporally 9 _!  
ang]1 x is l ! immortal ,god to damn !  

s\l et]nally 9 84 ,god holds s9n]s 9 8  
h&s ov] ! m\? ( hell z s _m spid]s2 & he
 is dreadfully provok$1 & he n only     
hates !m1 b holds !m 9 utmo/ contempt1 &
 he w trample !m b5ea? 8 feet )         
inexpressible fi]c5ess1 he w cru% _!    
blood out1 & w make x fly s t x w       
spr9kle 8 g>m5ts & /a9 all 8 raim5t4#ba 
,oh1 rav+s & blasphemies ( !ological    
bigotry1 bl9d$ ) old cre$s1 inflam$ )   
sect>ian hate1 soak$ 9 ! gall (         
bitt]ness1 encompass$ by absurd         
delusions1 y "k n :at y say6  ,a d>+    
writ] ( mod]n times obs]ves t ,god c    
nev] say f ! la/ tribunal1 9 any o!r ?an
 a limit$ & metaphorical s5se1 ,dep>t f 
me1 ye curs$1 into ev]la/+ fire1 because
 t w\ld n be do+ z he w\ld be done by4  
,sav+ ! appe>ance ( irrev]5ce1 we ma9ta9
 8 ass]tion to be j1 bas$ on impregnable
 morality4 ,a rec5t religi\s poet       
describes ,jesus1 on desc5d+ into hell  
aft] 8 crucifixion1  #bj ,= ^! & sev]al 
o!r quotations we are indebt$ to ! ,rev4
 ,t4 ,j4 ,sawy]'s "w1 entitl$ ,endless  

,puni%m5t3 its ,orig9 & ,gr\nds ,exam9$4
  #ba ,edw>ds's works1 vol4 vii4 p4     
#dii4   meet+ ,judas1 & :5 he saw 8     
pangs & he>d 8 /ifl$ sobs1 ,pity+1      
,messiah gaz$1 & _h =giv51 ,b ,ju/ice h]
 et]nal b> oppos$4 #bb  ,! in/9ctive    
s5tim5t is wor?y ( ,jesus1 b ! delib]ate
 ?\ght is wor?y ( ,calv94 ,:y is x s    
calmly assum$ t ,god _c p>don1 & t !re=e
 s9n]s mu/ be giv5 ov] to endless pa9s8 
,by :at pro(s is s trem5d\s a conclusion
 support$8 ,is x n a gratuit\s fiction (
 !ologians8 ,! exemplification ( ,god's 
"* & conduct giv5 9 ! _s1 tea*+s1 & de$s
 ( ,*ri/ is full ( a free m]cy1 an eag] 
*>ity t ru%es =w>d to =give & embrace ! 
s9ful & wret*$ w&]]s4 ,he is a v diff]5t
 be+ :om ! evangeli/ repres5ts say+ (   
,jesus1 ,?is is my belov$ ,son1 9 :om ,i
 am well pleas$1 f ,him :om ,pr(essor   
,p>k describes draw+ 8 sword on ,calv>y 
& smit+ d[n 8 ,son6  ,:y may n p>don f  
unpur*as$ grace be v\*saf$ z well aft]  
dea? z be=e8 ,:at moral conditions alt] 
! case !n8 ,ah6 x is only ! metaphysical

 !ories ( ! !ologians t h alt]$ ! case 9
 _! fancies & made x necess>y = !m to   
limit probation4 ,! attributes ( ,god   
are laws1 8 modes ( action are !        
ess5tialities ( 8 be+1 ! same 9 all !   
worlds ( b\ndless ext5sion & all ! ages 
( endless duration4 ,h[ f> "s ( !       
!ologians h p]v]t$ ! simplicity ( !     
gospel1 or r h[ utt]ly !y h /ray$ f x1  
may be se5 :5 we rememb] t ,*ri/ said   
conc]n+ little *ildr51 ,( su* is ! k+dom
 ( heav51 & !n comp>e ) ?is decl>ation  
su* a /atem5t z ?is3 ,reprobate infants 
are vip]s ( v5geance :i* ,jehovah w hold
 ov] hell 9 ! tongs ( 8 wra?1 till !y   
wri! up & ca/ _! v5om 9 8 face4 ,we     
delib]ately ass]t t no deprav$1 insane1 
pagan imag9ation ev] conceiv$ ( a fi5d  
malignant & horrible en\gh to be wor?ily
 comp>$ ) ?is ,*ri/ian conception (     
,god4 ,edw>ds repeat$ly says1 9 8 two   
s]mons on ! ,puni%m5t ( ! ,wick$ &      
,s9n]s 9 ! ,h&s ( an ,angry ,god1 ,y _c 
/& an in/ant be=e an infuriat$ tig] ev53
 :at1 !n1 w y d :5 ,god ru%es aga9/ y 9 

all 8 wra?8 ,is ?is ,*ri/'s ,fa!r8  ,!  
,god we wor%ip is ! ,fa!r ( lights1 )   
:om !re is nei!r v>iabl5ess nor %ad[ (  
turn+1 f :om come? d[n e good & e p]fect
 gift4 ,x is ! ,be+ ref]r$ to by !      
,savior :5 he said1 9 exultant tru/ &   
love1 ,i am n alone2 = ! ,fa!r is ) me4 
,x is ! inf9ite ,"o to :om ! ,psalmi/   
says1 ,?\gh ,i make my b$ 9 hell1       
behold1 ?\ art !re4 ,if ,god is 9 hell1 
!re mu/ be m]cy & hope !re1 "s gleams ( 
alleviation & promise !re1 surely2 ev5 z
 ! ,lu!ran cre$ says t e>ly on ,ea/]    
morn+1 be=e 8 resurrection1 ,*ri/ %[$   
himself to ! damn$ 9 hell4 ,if ,god is 9
 hell1 c]ta9ly x mu/ be to soo!1 to     
save4 ,oh1 no1 says ! popul> !ologian4  
,let u quote 8 words4 ,:y is ,god "h8   
,to keep ! tortures ( ! damn$ fre%ly    
pli$1 & to see t no "o ev] escapes6 ,c !
 climax ( horror &  #bb ,"l1 ,*ri/ 9    
,hades4   blasphemy any fur!r g8 ,h[ mu*
 m reasonable1 m moral & ,*ri/ l1 to    
say1 ) "o ( ! be/ au?ors ( our "t1  ,:at
 hell may be ,i "k n3 ?is ,i "k3 ,i _c  

lose ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l3 ,"o arm humility
 takes hold ^u ,8 de> ,humanity2 ! o!r  
love ,clasps 8 ,div9ity3 s1 :]e ,i g ,he
 goes2 & bett] fire wall'd ,hell ) him  
,?an gold5 gat$ ,p>adise )\t4  ,!       
irreconcilabl5ess ( ! common doctr9e (  
endless mis]y ) any wor?y idea ( ,god is
 made cle> by a process ( reason+ ^:    
premises are z und5iable z its logic is 
irrefragable & its conclusion           
consolatory4 ,god is inf9ite ju/ice &   
goodness4 ,8 purpose 9 ! creation1      
!re=e1 mu/ be ! diffusion & triumph (   
hol9ess & bless$ness4 ,god is inf9ite   
wisdom & p[]4 ,8 design1 !re=e1 mu/ be  
fulfill$4 ,no?+ c avail to ?w>t !       
ultimate realization ( all 8 int5tions4 
,! rule ( 8 omnipot5t love p]vades      
inf9itude & et]nity z a %9+ lea% ( law  
:]eby he holds e *ild ( 8 creation 9    
ultimate connection ) 8 ?rone1 & w soon]
 or lat] br+ ev5 ! wor/ s\l to a return+
 curve f ! c>e] ( its wilde/ orbit4 ,9 !
 realm & "u ! reign ( a pat]nal &       
omnipot5t ,god e be+ mu/ be salvable4   

,remorse itself is a recoil :i* may fl+ 
! p5it5t into ! lap ( =giv+ love4 ,any  
diff]5t ?\ght appe>s n>r[1 cruel1 hea!n4
 ,! blacke/ fi5d t glooms ! midnight air
 ( hell1 blea*$ ?r\gh ! m]ciful         
purgation ( sorr[ & loyalty1 may become 
a :ite angel & be drawn into heav54     
,lavat] writes ( himself1 & ! same is   
true ( _m a good man1 ,i embrac$ 9 my   
he>t all t is call$ man1 pa/1 pres5t1 & 
future times & nations1 ! dead1 ! damn$1
 ev5 ,satan4 ,i pres5t$ !m all to ,god )
 ! w>me/ wi%es t he w\ld h m]cy ^u all4 
,?is is ! true _s ( a good man4 ,& is   
man bett] ?an 8 ,mak]8 ,we w answ] t "q1
 & leave ?is head ( ! discussion1 by    
pres5t+ an ,ori5tal apologue4  ,god once
 sat on 8 inconceivable ?rone1 & f>     
ar\nd him1 rank aft] rank1 angels &     
ar*angels1 s]aphim & *]ubim1 re/+ on _! 
silv] w+s & lift+ _! dazzl+ br[s1 rose &
 swell$1 ) ! spl5dors ( an illimitable  
sea ( immortal be+s1 gleam+ & fluctuat+ 
to ! remote/ bord]s ( ! univ]se4 ,! an!m
 ( _! praise %ook ! pill>s ( ! creation1

 & fill$ ! vault ( heav5 ) a puls+ flood
 ( h>mony4 ,:51 z !y clos$ _! hymn1 /ole
 up1 fa9t he>d1 z f "s mo/ di/ant region
 ( all space1 9 dim acc5ts humbly ris+1 
a responsive ,am54 ,god ask$ ,gabriel1  
,:5ce comes t ,am58 ,! hi]>*ic pe]      
repli$1 ,x rises f ! damn$ 9 hell4 ,god 
took1 f :]e x hung above 8 seat1 ! key t
 unlocks ! =ty ?\s& doors ( hell1 &1    
giv+ x to ,gabriel1 bade him g release  
!m4 ,on w+s ( light sp$ ! enraptur$     
mess5g]1 rescu$ ! millions ( ! lo/1 &1 j
 z !y 71 cov]$ all ov] ) ! traces ( _!  
s91 fil?1 & woe1 br\ght !m /raight up   
into ! mid/ ( heav54 ,in/antly !y 7     
trans=m$1 clo!d 9 robes ( glory1 & plac$
 next to ! ?rone2 & h5ce=?1 = ev]more1 !
 de>e/ /ra9 to ,god's e>1 ( all !       
cele/ial music1 0 t borne by ! *oir 8   
grace _h ransom$ f hell4 ,&1 because !re
 is no envy or o!r selfi%ness 9 heav51  
?is promotion s5t b new ?rills ( delight
 & gratitude ?r\gh ! heights & dep?s (  
angelic life4  ,we come n[ to ! la/     
class ( reasons = disbeliev+ ! dogma (  

et]nal damnation1 namely1 ^? furni%$ by 
! pr9ciples ( human nature & ! tru?s (  
human exp]i5ce4 ,! doctr9e1 z we ?9k c  
be cle>ly %[n1 is lit]ally incr$ible to 
! human m9d & lit]ally intol]able to !  
human he>t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is1 view$
 9 ! ab/ract1 absolutely incr$ible      
because x is inconceivable3 no man c    
possibly grasp & appreciate ! idea4 ,!  
ne>e/ approximation to x ev] made p]haps
 is 9 ,de ,qu9cey's gorge\s elaboration 
( ! fam\s ,h9du my? ( an enorm\s rock   
f9ally worn away by ! bru%+ ( a gauze   
veil2 & t is really no approximation at 
all1 s9ce an incomm5surable *asm always 
sep>ates ! f9ite & ! inf9ite4 ,john     
,fo/] says1 ,x is inf9itely beyond !    
highe/ ar*angel's faculty to appreh5d a 
?\s&? "p ( ! horror ( ! doom to et]nal  
damnation4 ,! ,buddhi/s1 :o believe t ! 
sev]e/ s5t5ce pass$ on ! wor/ s9n] w be 
br\ght to an end & 8 r$emption be       
atta9$1 use ! foll[+ illu/ration ( !    
/agg]+ p]iods t w fir/ elapse4 ,a small 
yoke is ?r[n into ! ocean & borne ab\t 9

 e direction by ! v>i\s w9ds4 ,once 9 a 
hundr$ ?\s& ye>s a bl9d tortoise rises  
to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,w ! "t ev] come 
:5 t tortoise %all s rise up t its neck 
%all ent] ! hole ( ! yoke8 ,x may1 b !  
"t requir$ _c be told2 & x is equally   
difficult = ! unwise man1 :o has ent]$  
"o ( ! great hells1 to obta9 deliv]ance4
 ,!re is a rem>kable specim5 ( ! attempt
 to set =? ! idea ( endless mis]y1 by   
,suso1 a my/ic prea*] :o fl\ri%$ sev]al 
c5turies ago4 ,x runs ?us4 ,o et]nity1  
:at art ?\8 ,oh1 end )\t end6 ,o fa!r1 &
 "m1 & all :om we love6 ,may ,god be    
m]ciful unto y = ev]more6 = we %all see 
y no m to love y2 we mu/ be sep>at$     
=ev]6 ,o sep>ation1 ev]la/+ sep>ation1  
h[ pa9ful art ?\6 ,oh1 ! wr++ ( h&s6    
,oh1 sigh+1 weep+1 & sobb+1 unceas+ h[l+
 & lam5t+1 & yet nev] to be p>don$6     
,give u a mill/one1 says ! damn$1 z l>ge
 z ! :ole e>?1 & s wide 9 circumf]5ce z 
to t\* ! sky all ar\nd1 & let a little  
bird come 9 a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s1 & pick  
(f a small p>ticle ( ! /one1 n l>g] ?an 

! t5? "p ( a gra9 ( millet1 & aft] ano!r
 hundr$ ?\s& ye>s let him come aga91 s t
 9 t5 hundr$ ?\s& ye>s he w\ld pick (f z
 mu* z a gra9 ( millet1 we wret*$ s9n]s 
w\ld desire no?+ b t ?us ! /one might h 
an end1 & ?us our pa9s also2 yet ev5 t  
_c be4#bc ,b1 aft] all ! /ruggles (     
reason & all ! illu/rations ( labor+    
imag9ation1 ! mean+ ( ! phrase et]nal   
suff]+ 9 hell rema9s remote1 dim1       
unrealiz$1 an ab/raction 9 words4 ,if we
 c\ld adequately appreh5d x1 if its full
 significance %\ld bur/ ^u u1 z         
sometimes 9 fe>ful dreams ! spaceless1  
timeless1 phantasmal1 reel+ s5se (  #bc 
,hag5ba*1 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 sect4 #baj4   
! inf9ite seems to be ?reat5+ to break  
into ! bra91 an annihilat+ %udd] w\ld   
seize & de/roy ! s\l4  ,we say1 !re=e1 t
 ! doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( future puni%m5t
 is n believ$ z an intellectually       
conceiv$ tru?1 because t is a           
metaphysical impossibility4 ,b m3 we    
affirm1 9 spite ( ! g5]al belief 9 x    
publicly pr(ess$1 t x is actually held  

by h>dly any "o z a practical vivid     
belief ev5 )9 ! limits :]e91 z an       
intellectual conception1 x is possible4 
,:5 intellect & imag9ation d n fail1    
he>t & consci5ce d1 ) sick5$ fa9tness & 
convulsive prote/4 ,9 8 direful poem on 
! ,la/ ,day1 ,"y makes "o ( ! condemn$  
va9ly beg ( ,god to grant ,?is "o1 ?is  
sl5d]1 almo/ no1 reque/3 ,:5 ,i h wept a
 ?\s& lives away1 ,:5 torm5t is gr[n    
we>y ( its prey1 ,:5 ,i h rav$ (        
angui%'d ye>s 9 fire ,t5 ?\s& ?\s&s1 let
 me !n expire4  ,su* a ?\ght1 :5        
confront$ ) any g5]\s holy s5tim5t or ) 
any wor?y conception ( ! ,div9e "*1 is  
practically incr$ible4 ,! m5 all ar\nd u
 9 ^: ,*ur* cre$ su* a doctr9e is writt5
 d[n d n truly believe x4 ,!y delude    
!mselves1 z ,m>t9eau well says1 ) ! m]e 
fancy & image ( a belief4 ,! dea? ( a   
fri5d :o dep>ts f life 9 h]esy affects  
!m 9 ! same way z ! loss ( ano!r ^: cre$
 0 unimpea*able3 :ile ! !oretic diff]5ce
 is inf9ite1 ! practical is virtually   
no?+4 ,:o t _h a *ild1 p>5t1 wife1      

bro!r1 or o!r preci\s fri5d1 condemn$ to
 be roa/$ to dea? by a sl[ fire1 w\ld n 
be frantic ) agony8 ,b !re are 9 ! _w   
lit]ally millions on millions1 "s ( ^:  
ne>e/ & de>e/ ones h di$ "u circum/ances
 :i*1 by _! pr(ess$ cre$s1 c leave no   
d\bt t !y mu/ roa/ 9 ! fires ( hell 9 an
 angui% unutt]ably fi]c]1 & = et]nity1 &
 yet !y g ab\t z smil+ly1 engage 9 !    
battle = money1 9 ! race = fame1 9 all !
 va9 %[s & frivol\s pleasures ( life1 z 
eag]ly & z gayly z o!rs4 ,h[ (t5 d we   
see ! lit]al tru? ( ?is exemplifi$6 ,x  
is cle> !y d n believe 9 ! dogma to ^:  
te*nical t]ms !y =mally subscribe4  ,a  
small proportion ( its pr(essors d      
und5iably believe ! doctr9e s f> z x c  
be sanely believ$2 & accord+ly ! _w is  
to !m rob$ 9 a sable %r\d1 & life is an 
awful mock]y1 "u a fla%+ surface (      
sports conceal+ a bottomless pit (      
horror4 ,e obs]v+ p]son has probably    
kn[n "s few 9 8 life :o1 9 a degree1    
really believ$ ! common notions conc]n+ 
hell1 & out ( :om1 consequ5tly1 all     

g5iality1 all b\nd+ impulses1 all       
magnanim\s g5]osities1 7 cru%$1 & _!    
c\nt5ances wore ! p]petual liv]y (      
m\rn+1 despair1 & misan?ropy4 ,we w     
quote ! confessions ( two p]sons :o may 
/& z repres5tatives ( ! class ( s9c]e   
believ]s 9 ! doctr9e4 ,! fir/ is a      
celebrat$ ,fr5* prea*] ( a c5tury & a   
half ago1 ! o!r a v em95t ,am]ican div9e
 ( ! pres5t day4 ,saur9 says1 9 8 great 
s]mon on ,hell1 ,i s9k "u ! weight ( ?is
 subject1 & ,i f9d 9 ! ?\ght a mortal   
poison :i* diffuse? itself into e p]iod 
( my life1 r5d]+ society tiresome1      
n\ri%m5t insipid1 pleasure disgu/ful1 & 
life itself a cruel bitt]4 ,alb]t ,b>nes
 writes1 ,9 ! di/ress & angui% ( my own 
_s1 ,i confess ,i see n "o ray to       
disclose to me ! reason :y man %\ld     
suff] to all et]nity4 ,i h nev] se5 a   
p>ticle ( light ?r[n on ^! subjects t   
has giv5 a mom5t's ease to my tortur$   
m9d4 ,x is all d>k d>k d>k to my s\l2 & 
,i _c disguise x4  ,su* a /ate ( m9d is 
! legitimate result ( an endeavor       

s9c]ely to grasp & hold ! popul>ly      
pr(ess$ belief4 ,s (t5 z t endeavor     
rea*es a c]ta9 degree ( success1 & !    
idea ( an et]nal hell is r$uc$ f its    
vagu5ess to an embrac$ conception1 ! ov]
 fraught he>t gives way1 ! bra91 /ret*$ 
on too high a t5sion1 reels1 madness    
sets 91 & "o m case is add$ to t li/ (  
maniacs f religi\s causes :i*1 accord+  
to ! ye>ly reports ( insane asylums1 =ms
 s l>ge a class4 ,imag9e :at a va/ &    
sudd5 *ange w\ld come ov] ! _s & conduct
 ( society if n9ete5 tw5tie?s (         
,*ri/5dom believ$ t at ! end ( a week a 
horrible influx ( demons1 f "s insurg5t 
region1 w\ld ru% into our _w & put a    
great majority ( our race to dea? 9     
excruciat+ tortures6 ,b ! doctr9e (     
future puni%m5t pr(ess$ by n9ete5       
tw5tie?s ( ,*ri/5dom is1 if true1 an    
evil incomp>ably worse ?an t1 ?\gh e    
elem5t ( its dreadfulness 7 multipli$ by
 millions beyond ! p[] ( num]ation2 &   
yet all goes on z quietly1 ! mo/ ( ^!   
fanci$ believ]s live z *irp+ly1 z if    

heav5 7 sure = ev]ybody6 ,( c\rse 9 _!  
he>ts !y d n believe ! t]rific =mula :i*
 drops s glibly f _! tongues4  ,aga93 x 
is a fatal objection to ! doctr9e 9 "q t
 if x be true x mu/ de/roy ! happ9ess ( 
! sav$ & fill all heav5 ) sympa!tic woe4
 ,jesus tea*es t !re is joy 9 heav5 ov] 
e s9n] t rep5te?4 ,by a moral necessity1
 !n1 !re is sorr[ 9 heav5 ov] ! wret*$1 
lo/ s\l4 ,t sorr[1 inde$1 may be        
alleviat$1 if n :olly qu5*$1 by ! k t e 
retributive pang is rem$ial1 & t ,god's 
glori\s design w "o day be fully cr[n$ 9
 ! r$emption ( ! la/ prodigal4 ,b :at   
%all solace or end x if !y "k t hell's  
bord]s are to be enl>g$ & to rage )     
av5g+ mis]y =ev]8 ,! good _c be happy 9 
heav5 if !y are to see ! asc5d+ smoke & 
he> ! res\nd+ %rieks ( a hell full ( _! 
bre?r51 ! *ildr5 ( a common humanity1   
among :om are _m ( _! own ne>e/         
relatives & de>e/ fri5ds4  ,true1 a long
 li/ ( ,*ri/ian writ]s may be cit$ z    
ma9ta9+ t ?is is to be a pr9cipal elem5t
 9 ! felicity ( ! r$eem$1 gloat+ ov] !  

tortures ( ! damn$1 s++ ! song ( praise 
) r$\bl$ emphasis z !y see _! p>5ts1 _! 
*ildr51 _! =m] bosom companions1 wri?+ &
 h[l+ 9 ! fell extremities ( torture4   
,?omas ,aqu9as says1 ,t ! sa9ts may     
enjoy _! beatitude & ! grace ( ,god m   
ri*ly1 a p]fect sight ( ! puni%m5t ( !  
damn$ is grant$ to !m4#bd ,especially   
did ! ,puritans seem to revel 9 ?is     
idea1 t ! joys ( ! bless$ 7 to be deep5$
 & %>p5$ by con/ant contra/ ) ! suff]+s 
( ! damn$4 ,"o ( !m ?us expresses !     
delectable ?\ght3 ,! sight ( hell       
torm5ts w exalt ! happ9ess ( ! sa9ts    
=ev]1 z a s5se ( ! opposite mis]y always
 increases ! reli% ( any pleasure4  #bd 
,summa1 p>s iii41 ,suppl4 ,qu4 #ic1 art4
 i4   ,b p]haps ,hopk9s caps ! climax ( 
! diabolical pyramid ( ^!               
repres5tations1 say+ ( ! wick$1 ,! smoke
 ( _! torm5t %all asc5d up 9 ! sight ( !
 bless$ = ev] & ev]1 & s]ve1 z a mo/    
cle> glass always be=e _! eyes1 to give 
!m a bright & mo/ affect+ view4 ,?is    
display ( ! ,div9e "* w be mo/ ent]ta9+ 

to all :o love ,god1 w give !m ! highe/ 
& mo/ ineffable pleasure4 ,%\ld ! fire (
 ?is et]nal puni%m5t cease1 x w\ld 9 a  
great measure obscure ! light ( heav5 & 
put an end to a great "p ( ! happ9ess & 
glory ( ! bless$4#be ,t is to say1 9    
pla9 t]ms1 ! sa9ts1 on ent]+ _! f9al    
/ate ( bliss 9 heav51 are conv]t$ into a
 set ( unmitigat$ fi5ds1 out satan+     
,satan1 f9d+ _! *ief delight 9 =ev]     
comp>+ _! own enjoym5ts ) ! pangs ( !   
damn$1 extract+ morsels ( surpass+ reli%
 f e convulsion or %riek ( angui% !y see
 or he>4 ,x is all an exquisite piece ( 
gratuit\s horror arbitr>ily devis$ to   
meet a logical exig5cy ( ! !ory its     
contriv]s held4 ,:5 *>g$ t ! k ( !      
inf9ite woe ( _! fri5ds 9 hell mu/      
greatly affect ! sa9ts1 ! /]n old       
!ologians1 unwill+ to rec$e an in* f _! 
dogmas1 _h ! amaz+ h>dihood to decl>e t1
 s f> f x1 on ! contr>y _! wills w\ld s 
bl5d ) ,god's t ! contemplation ( ?is   
suff]+ w\ld be a s\rce ( ec/asy to !m4  
,x is d\bly a blank assumption ( ! mo/  

d>+ "*1 fir/ assum+1 by an unp>allel$   
blasphemy1 t ,god himself w take delight
 9 ! pangs ( 8 creatures1 & secondly    
assum+1 by a violation ( ! laws ( human 
nature & ( e pr9ciple ( morals1 t !     
elect w d s too4 ,9 ?is _w a man actuat$
 by su* a _s w\ld be /yl$ a devil4 ,on  
ent]+ heav51 :at magic %all "w su* a    
demoniacal *ange 9 him8 ,!re is n a ^w1 
direct or indirect1 9 ! ,scriptures to  
w>rant ! dreadful notion2 nor is !re any
 reasonable explanation or moral        
ju/ification ( x giv5 by any ( its      
advocates1 or inde$ conceivable4 ,!     
mon/r\s hypo!sis _c be true4 ,"u !      
omnipot5t1 b5ignant gov]nm5t ( a pat]nal
 ,god1 ea* *ange ( "* 9 8 *os5 *ildr51 z
 !y advance1 mu/ be = ! bett]1 n = !    
worse4  ,we once he>d a fa!r say1 runn+ 
8 f+]s ! :ile among ! gold5 curls ( 8   
*ild's hair1 ,if ,i 7 9 heav51 & saw my 
little daught] 9 hell1 %\ld n ,i be ru%+
 d[n !re aft] h]8 ,!re spoke ! voice (  
human nature2 & t love _c be turn$ to   
hatr$ 9 heav51 b mu/ gr[ pur] & int5s]  

!re4 ,! doctr9e :i* makes ! sa9ts pleas$
 ) contemplat+ ! woes ( ! damn$1 & ev5  
draw mu* ( _! happ9ess f ! contra/1 is !
 deification ( ! absolute selfi%ness ( a
 demon4 ,human nature1 ev5 :5 left to   
its uncultur$ in/9cts1 is b\nd to f> o!r
 & nobl] ?+s4 ,radbod1 "o ( ! old       
,sc&9avian k+s1 aft] long resi/ance1    
f9ally cons5t$ to be baptiz$4 ,aft] he  
_h put "o foot into ! wat]1 he ask$ !   
prie/ if he %\ld meet 8 =efa!rs 9 heav54
 ,le>n+ t !y1 be+ unbaptiz$ pagans1 7   
victims ( endless mis]y1 he drew 8 foot 
back1 & refus$ ! rite1 *oos+ to be ) 8  
brave ance/ors 9 hell r ?an to be 9     
heav5 ) ! ,*ri/ian prie/s4 ,&1 speak+ f 
! /& po9t ( ! highe/ ref9em5t ( feel+ & 
virtue1 :o t has a he>t 9 8  #be ,p>k1  
,memoir ( ,hopk9s1 pp4 #bja1 #bjb4      
bosom w\ld n say1 ,heav5 c be no heav5  
to me1 if ,i am to look d[n on !        
qu5*less agonies ( all ,i h lov$ "h6 ,is
 x n /rictly true t ! ?\ght t ev5 "o    
%\ld h endless woe ,w\ld ca/ a %ad[ on !
 ?rone ( ,god ,& d>k5 heav58  ,if a     

mon>*1 possess+ unlimit$ p[] ov] all !  
e>?1 _h condemn$ "o man to be /ret*$ on 
a rack & be fre%ly pli$ ) incessant     
tortures = a p]iod ( fifty ye>s1 & if   
ev]ybody on e>? c\ld he> 8 t]rible      
%rieks by day & night1 ?\gh !y 7        
!mselves all1 ) ?is sole exception1     
bless$ ) p]fect happ9ess1 w\ld n ! :ole 
human race1 f ,spitzb]g5 to ,japan1 f   
,rio ,janeiro to ,lib]ia1 rise 9 a body 
& g to implore ! k+'s clem5cy = !       
solit>y victim8 ,s1 if hell _h b "o     
t5ant doom$ to et]nal angui%1 a petition
 rea*+ f ,sirius to ,alcyone1 sign$ by !
 univ]se ( moral be+s1 borne by a convoy
 ( angels repres5t+ e /> 9 space1 w\ld  
be laid & unroll$ at ! foot ( ,god's    
?rone1 & ,he w\ld read !reon ?is pray]3 
,,=give ,,him1 ,,& ,,release ,,him1 ,,we
 ,,besee* ,,!e1 ,o ,,god4 ,& c x be t e 
s\l 9 ! univ]se is bett] ?an ! ,mak] &  
,fa!r ( ! univ]se8  ,! popul> doctr9e ( 
et]nal torm5t ?reat5+ ne>ly all our race
 is refut$ likewise by ! impossibility (
 any g5]al obs]vance ( ! obligations    

morally & logically consequ5t f x4 ,9 ! 
fir/ place1 z ! _w is con/itut$1 & z    
life goes on1 ! great majority ( m5 are 
^u ! :ole happy1 evid5tly 7 meant to be 
happy4 ,b e believ] ( ! doctr9e 9 debate
 is b\nd to be unutt]ably wret*$4 ,if he
 has any gleam ( g5]\s s5tim5t or t\* ( 
philan?ropy 9 8 bosom1 if he is n a     
froz5 petrifaction ( selfi%ness or an   
inc>nate devil1 h[ c he look on 8       
family1 fri5ds1 neighbors1 fell[        
citiz5s1 fell[ be+s1 9 ! light ( 8 fai? 
see+ !m quiv]+ ov] ! dizzy v]ge ( a bl9d
 probation & mom5t>ily dropp+ into !    
lake ( fire & brim/one t burns =ev]1 h[ 
c he d ?is )\t be+ ceaselessly /ung )   
wret*$ness & cru%$ ) horror by !        
p]ception8 ,= a man :o appreciat+ly     
believes t hell is directly "u our      
mead[s1 /reets1 & homes1 & t n9e t5?s ( 
! dead are 9 x1 & t n9e t5?s ( ! liv+   
soon w be1 = su* a man to be happy &    
jocose is z horrible z x w\ld be = a    
man1 occupy+ ! second /ory ( a h\se1 to 
light x up brilliantly ) gas1 & make    

m]ry ) 8 fri5ds1 eat+ tidbits1 sipp+    
w9e1 & tripp+ x on ! light fanta/ic toe 
to ! /ra9s ( gay music1 :ile1 imm$iately
 "u him1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 includ+ 8  
own p>5ts & 8 own *ildr51 7 /ret*$ on   
racks1 torn ) p9c]s1 lac]at$ ) surgical 
in/rum5ts1 caut]iz$1 la%$ ) :ips ( fire1
 _! half suppress$ %rieks & groans      
audibly ris+ ?r\gh ! floor6  ,secondly1 
if ! doctr9e be true1 !n all unnecess>y 
worldly ent]prises1 labors1 & /udies    
%\ld at once cease4 ,"o mom5t on e>?1 & 
!n1 accord+ly z we sp5d t mom5t1 an     
et]nity 9 heav5 or 9 hell3 9 heav51 if  
we succe$ 9 placat+ ,god by a s\nd      
belief & ritual proprieties2 9 hell1 if 
we are l$ a/ray by philosophy1 nature1 &
 ! attractions ( life6 ,on ^!           
suppositions1 :at "t h we = any ?+ b    
recit+ our cre$1 m$itat+ on ! atonem5t1 
& seek+ to secure an int]e/ = ourselves 
) ,god by fl\t+ at our c>nal reason1    
pray+ 9 *ur*1 & groan+1 ,"l1 ,"l1 h m]cy
 on u mis]able s9n]s8 ,:at folly1 :at   
mock]y1 to be se>*+ into ! motions ( !  

/>s1 & ! occult =ces ( matt]1 & ! o!r   
beautiful my/]ies ( sci5ce6 ,!re w be no
 a/ronomy 9 hell1 save va9 speculations 
z to ! di/ance betwe5 ! nadir ( ! damn$ 
& ! z5i? ( ! sav$2 no *emi/ry 9 hell1   
save ! exp]im5ts ( inf9ite wra? 9       
di/ill+ new torture poisons 9 ! alembics
 ( memory & deposit+ fre% despair       
s$im5ts 9 ! crucibles ( hope4 ,if       
,calv9's doctr9e be true1 let no book be
 pr9t$1 save ! ,we/m9/] ,cate*ism2 no   
calculation be ciph]$1 save h[ to solve 
! problem ( damnation2 no picture be    
pa9t$1 save pictures ( hell2 no s*ool be
 support$1 save s*ools ( !ology2 no     
bus9ess be pursu$1 save ! bus9ess (     
salvation4 ,:at h m5 :o are 9 imm95t    
p]il1 :o are 9 tru? almo/ infallibly    
sure1 ( be+ et]nally damn$ ! next       
in/ant1 :at h !y to d ) sci5ce1         
lit]ature1 art1 social ambition1 or     
comm]ce8 ,away ) !m all6 ,lures ( !     
devil to sn>e s\ls are !y6 ,! _w        
reflect+ f e corn] ! lurid gl>e ( hell1 
:o c d any ?+ else b %udd] & pray8 ,:o  

c\ld sp>e any att5tion = ! vicissitudes 
( cotton & ! price ( %>es1 = ! m]its ( !
 la/ op]a & ! bets ^u ! next election1  
if ! actors 9 ^! ?+s 7 really sw++ 9 8  
eye ov] su* a v]ge z he affects to see8 
,?irdly1 ^? :o believe ! popul> !ory on 
?is subject are b\nd to live 9 *eap     
huts1 on bread & wat]1 t !y may devote  
to ! s5d+ ( mission>ies among ! hea!n e 
c5t ( money !y c get beyond t requir$ = 
! b>e necessities ( life4 ,if our       
neighbor 7 p]i%+ ( hung] at our door1 x 
w\ld be our duty to %>e ) him ev5 to !  
la/ cru/ we _h4 ,h[ mu* m1 !n1 see+     
millions ( our poor helpless bre?r5 s9k+
 ignorantly into ! et]nal fires ( hell1 
are we b\nd to sp>e no possible ef=t    
until ! conditions ( salvation are      
br\ght )9 ! rea* ( e "o6 ,an ,am]ican   
mission>y to ,*9a said1 9 a public      
address aft] 8 return1 ,fifty ?\s& a day
 g d[n to ! fire t is n qu5*$4 ,six     
hundr$ millions m are go+ ! same road4  
,%\ld y n ?9k at lea/ once a day ( !    
fifty ?\s& :o t day s9k to ! doom ( !   

lo/8 ,! ,am]ican ,bo>d ( ,commission]s (
 ,=eign ,missions say1 ,to s5d ! gospel 
to ! hea!n is a "w ( great exig5cy4 ,)9 
! la/ ?irty ye>s a :ole g5]ation ( five 
hundr$ millions h gone d[n to et]nal    
dea?4 ,aga93 ! same ,bo>d say1 9 _!     
tract entitl$ ,! ,gr& ,motive to        
,mission>y ,ef=t1 ,! hea!n are involv$ 9
 ! ru9s ( ! apo/asy1 & are expressly    
doom$ to p]dition4 ,six hundr$ millions 
( dea?less s\ls on ! br9k ( hell6 ,:at a
 spectacle6 ,h[ a man :o ?9ks ! hea!n   
are ?us s9k+ to hell by :olesale ?r\gh  
ignorance ( ! gospel c live 9 a co/ly   
h\se1 cr[d$ ) luxuries & spl5dors1 sp5d+
 e week m money on 8 mis]able body ?an  
he gives 9 8 :ole life to save !        
priceless s\ls = :i* he says ,*ri/ di$1 
is a problem admitt+ b two solutions4   
,ei!r 8 pr(ess$ fai? is an unreality to 
him1 or else he is z selfi% z a demon & 
z h>d he>t$ z ! ne!r mill/one4 ,if he   
really believ$ ! doctr9e1 & _h a human  
he>t1 he mu/ feel x to be 8 duty to d5y 
himself e indulg5ce & give 8 :ole =tune 

& e>n+s to ! mission>y fund4 ,& :5 he _h
 giv5 all else1 he ought to give        
himself1 & g to pagan l&s1 proclaim+ !  
means ( grace until 8 la/ brea?4 ,if he 
does n t1 he is inexcusable4  ,%\ld he  
attempt to cle> himself ( ?is obligation
 by adopt+ ! !ory ( pr$e/9ation1 :i*    
ass]ts t all m5 7 unconditionally elect$
 f et]nity1 "s to heav51 o!rs to hell1 s
 t no ef=t c *ange _! fate1 logical     
consi/5cy r$uces him to an alt]native m 
intol]able 9 ! eyes ( consci5ce & common
 s5se ?an ! o!r 04 ,= by ?is !ory !     
gates ( fre$om & duty are hoi/$1 & ! d>k
 flood ( ant9omian consequ5ces ru%es 94 
,all ?+s are fat$4 ,let m5 yield to e   
impulse & wi%4 ,! result is fix$4 ,we h 
no?+ to d4 ,good or evil1 virtue or     
crime1 alt] no?+4  ,f\r?ly1 if ! common 
doctr9e ( et]nal damnation be true1 !n  
surely no m *ildr5 %\ld be br\ght into !
 _w3 x is a duty to let ! race die out &
 cease4 ,he :o begets a *ild1 =c+ him to
 run ! fe>ful risk ( human exi/5ce1 ) e 
probability ( be+ doom$ to hell at !    

close ( e>?1 commits a crime be=e ^:    
endless consequ5ces ( horror ! guilt (  
fifty ?\s& delib]ate murd]s w\ld be z   
no?+4 ,=1 be x rememb]$1 an et]nity 9   
hell is an inf9ite evil2 & !re=e ! crime
 ( ?ru/+ su* a fate on a s+le *ild1 ) ! 
unask$ gift ( be+1 is a crime admitt+ ( 
no j comp>ison4 ,r ?an populate an      
ev]la/+ hell ) human vip]s & worms1 a   
hell ^: fires1 alive & wriggl+ ) gha/ly 
%apes ( iniquity & angui%1 %all swell ) 
a va/ accession ( fre% recruits f e     
g5]ation1 r ?an ?is1 let ! sacr$ lights 
on ! m>riage alt> g out1 no m b\nd+ =ms 
( *ildhood be se5 9 cottage or hall1 !  
race gr[ old1 ?9 out1 & utt]ly p]i%1 all
 happy villages be ov]gr[n1 all regal   
cities crumble d[n1 & ?is _w roll among 
! sil5t />s h5ce=? a globe ( bla/$      
des]ts & rank wild]nesses1 resonant only
 ) ! %rieks ( ! w9d1 ! yells ( wild     
bea/s1 & ! ?und]'s cra%4  ,fif?ly1 !re  
is "o m conclusion ( moral duty d$ucible
 f ! preval5t !ory ( inf9ite torm5t4 ,x 
is ?is4 ,god ought n to h p]mitt$ ,adam 

to h any *ildr54 ,let u n seem          
presumptu\s & irrev]5t 9 speak+ ?us4 ,we
 are m]ely reason+ on ! popul> !ory ( ! 
!ologians1 n on any supposition ( our   
own or on any tru?2 & by %[+ ! absurdity
 & blasphemy ( ! moral consequ5ces &    
duties fl[+ f t !ory1 ! absurdity1      
blasphemy1 & incr$ibility ( ! !ory      
itself appe>4 ,we are n responsible = ! 
irrev]5ce1 b !y are responsible = x :o  
*>ge ,god ) ! iniquity :i* we repel f 8 
"n4 ,if ! s9 ( ,adam mu/ entail total   
depravity & an inf9ite p5alty ( suff]+  
on all 8 po/]ity1 :o 7 !n c]ta9ly       
innoc5t because n 9 exi/5ce1 !n1 we ask1
 :y did n ,god cause ! race to /op )    
,adam1 & s save all ! ne$less & cruel   
woe t w\ld o!rwise surely be visit$ on !
 l5g!n+ l9e ( g5]ations8 ,or1 to g /ill 
fur!r back1 :y did he n1 =esee+ ,adam's 
fall1 refra9 f creat+ ev5 him8 ,!re 0 no
 necessity laid on ,god ( creat+ ,adam4 
,no positive evil w\ld h be5 done by    
omitt+ to create him4 ,an inf9ite evil1 
multipli$ by ! total numb] ( ! lo/1 0   

done by creat+ him4 ,:y1 !n1 0 he n left
 9 peaceful non5tity8 ,on ! ,augu/9ian  
!ory we see no way ( escap+ ?is awful   
dilemma4 ,:o c answ] ! "q :i* rises to  
heav5 f ! abyss ( ! damn$8  ,fa!r (     
m]cies1 :y f sil5t e>? ,did/ ?\ awake & 
curse me into bir?1 ,pu% into be+ a     
rev]se ( !e1 ,& animate a clod ) mis]y8 
,satan is a sort ( sublime ,guy ,fawkes1
 lurk+ 9 ! inf]nal cell>1 prep>+ ! tra9 
( t /up5d\s ,gunp[d] ,plot by :i* he    
hopes1 on ! day ( judgm5t1 to bl[ up !  
_w p>liam5t ( unbeliev]s ) a g5]al pet>d
 ( damnation4 ,w ! ,k+ connive at ?is   
nef>i\s pr[l] & p]mit him to c>ry out 8 
design8  ,! doctr9e ( et]nal damnation1 
z x has prevail$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1    
appe>s to ! natural man s unreasonable1 
immoral1 & h>r[+ly frightful1 :5 e>ne/ly
 contemplat$1 t !re h always be5 "s :o h
 %runk f its repres5tations & s\ght to  
escape its conclusions4 ,_m ( its       
/ronge/ advocates 9 e age h av[$ x to be
 a fe>ful my/]y1 re/+ on ! inscrutable  
sov]eignty ( ,god1 & beyond ! p[] (     

man's faculties to expla9 & ju/ify4 ,!  
dogma has be5 elud$ 9 two ways4 ,"s h   
believ$ 9 ! annihilation ( ! wick$ aft] 
!y %\ld h und]gone j puni%m5t           
proportion$ to _! s9s4 ,?is supposition 
has _h a consid]able numb] ( advocates4 
,x 0 ma9ta9$1 among o!rs1 by ,arnobius1 
at ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury1 by ! ,soc9i1
 by ,dr4 ,hammond1 & by "s ( ! ,new     
,engl& div9es4#bf ,all t ne$ be said 9  
opposition to x is t x is an arbitr>y   
device to avoid ! intol]able horror ( ! 
doctr9e ( endless mis]y1 unsupport$ by  
pro(1 extremely unsatisfactory 9 _m (   
its be>+s1 & really n ne$$ to a*ieve !  
consummation desir$4  ,o!rs h m wisely  
ma9ta9$ t all w f9ally be sav$3 h[ev]   
sev]ely & long !y may ju/ly suff]1 !y w 
at la/ all be m]cifully r$eem$ by ,god &
 admitt$ to ! common heav54 ,def5d]s ( !
 doctr9e ( ultimate univ]sal salvation h
 appe>$ f ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory4#bg
 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury & a half _! numb]s h
 rapidly increas$4#bh ,a dignifi$ &     
influ5tial class ( !ologians1 repres5t$ 

by su* names z ,tillotson4 ,bahrdt1 &   
,less1 say t ! ?reats ( et]nal puni%m5t1
 9 ! ,scriptures1 are exagg]ations to   
det] m5 f s91 & t ,god w n really       
execute !m1 b w m]cifully abate & limit 
!m4#bi ,ano!r class ( !ologians1 mu* m  
free1 consi/5t1 & num]\s1 base _!       
reception ( ! doctr9e ( f9al re/oration 
on figurative explanations ( !          
scriptural language seem+ly oppos$ to x1
 & on argum5ts drawn f ! "* ( ,god1 f   
reason1 & f morals4 ,?is view ( !       
subject is spread+ fa/4 ,all indep5d5t1 
g5ial1 & cultivat$ ?\ght naturally leads
 to x4 ,! c5tral pr9ciples ( ! gospel   
necessitate x4 ,! _s ( ! age cries = x4 
,be=e x ! old antagoni/ic dogma mu/ fall
 & p]i% f respect4 ,dr4 ,spr+ says1 9   
ref]5ce to ! hopeless condemnation ( !  
wick$ to hell1 ,x puts 9 requisition all
 our confid5ce  #bf ,?is !ory bas be5   
resuscitat$ & advocat$ )9 a few ye>s by 
q a numb] ( writ]s1 among :om may be    
specifi$ ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,f4 ,hudson1 au?or 
( ,debt & ,grace1 a le>n$1 e>ne/1 & able

 "w1 p]vad$ by an admirable _s4  #bg    
,ball\1 ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ,univ]salism4 
#bh ,:ittemore1 ,mod]n ,hi/ory (        
,univ]salism4  #bi ,knapp1 ,*ri/ian     
,!ology1 ,woods's translation1 sect4    
#aeh4   9 ,god to ju/ify ?is proc$ure ( 
8 gov]nm5t4#cj  ,a few dev\t & p[]ful   
m9ds h s\ght to avoid ! gross horrors & 
unreasonabl5ess ( ! usual view ( ?is    
subject1 by *ang+ ! me*anical &         
ari?metical values ( ! t]ms = spiritual 
& religi\s values4 ,!y give ! ^w et]nity
 a qualitative in/ead ( a quantitative  
mean+4 ,! ev]la/+ woe ( ! damn$ consi/s 
n 9 me*anical inflictions ( torture &   
num]ical increm5ts ( duration1 b 9      
spiritual discord1 ali5ation f ,god1 a  
wret*$ /ate ( be+1 ) :i* times & spaces 
h no?+ to d4#ca  ,h[ mu* bett] 7 x = !  
advocates ( ! popul> !ory1 in/ead ( =c+ 
_! moral nature to be> up aga9/ ! awful 
p]plexities & misgiv+s z to ! ju/ice &  
goodness ( ,god necess>ily rais$ 9 !m   
:5ev] !y really face ! d>k problems ( _!
 sy/em ( fai?1#cb resolutely to ask :e!r

 !re are any su* problems 9 ! actual    
gov]nm5t ( ,god1 or any:]e else1 except 
9 _! own ,bodies ( ,div9ity6 ,x is an   
extremely un=tunate & discr$itable      
evasion ( responsibility :5 any man1    
especially :5 a tea*]1 takes = grant$ ! 
receiv$ =mul>ies h&$ d[n to him1 &1     
in/ead ( hone/ly analyz+ _! g5u9e       
significance & prob+ _! f\ndations to   
see if !y be good & true1 sp5ds 8 g5ius 
9 contriv+ excuses & supports = !m4  ,x 
is ! v wor/ policy at ?is day to /rive  
to fa/5 ! dogma ( et]nal mis]y to ! ,new
 ,te/am5t4 ,if bo? mu/ be tak5 or       
reject$ toge!r1 an alt]native :i* we    
emphatically d5y1 :at s9c]e & e>ne/ ?9k]
 n[1 ^: w is unt]rifi$ly consecrat$ to  
tru?1 c be expect$ to hesitate long8 ,! 
doctr9e is su/a9$ 9 repute at pres5t    
pr9cipally = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because
 x has be5 transmitt$ to u f ! ,*ur* ( !
 pa/ z ! e/abli%$ & au?oritative        
doctr9e4 ,x is yet te*nically curr5t &  
popul> because x has be5 s3 t is1 x     
reta9s its place simply by "r (         

possession4 ,! "q ought to be s9c]ely & 
univ]sally rais$ :e!r x is true or      
false4 ,!n x w swiftly lose its pre/ige 
& disappe>4 ,secondly1 x is upheld &    
patroniz$ by _m z a useful in/rum5t =   
fright5+ ! p & ?r\gh _! fe>s det]r+ !m f
 s94 ,we h ourselves he>d cl]gym5 ( high
 reputation say t x w\ld nev] d to      
admit1 be=e ! p1 t !re is any *ance     
:atev] ( p5it5ce & salvation beyond !   
grave1 because !y w\ld be sure to abuse 
! hope z a sort ( p]mission to indulge &
 cont9ue 9 s94 ,?us to ignore ! only    
solemn & wor?y /&>d ( judg+ an ab/ract  
doctr9e1 namely1 ,is x a tru? or a      
falsehood8 & put x solely on gr\nds (   
work+ exp$i5cy1 is disgraceful1         
contemptible1 crim9al4 ,watts exposes ) 
well m]it$ rebuke a gross in/ance ( pi\s
 frail 9 ,burnet1 :o advis$ prea*]s to  
tea* ! et]nity ( future puni%m5t :e!r !y
 believ$ x or n4#cc ,x is by su* a c\rse
 t error & sup]/ition reign1 t truckl+  
con=mity1 intellectual disloyalty1 moral
 indiff]5ce1 vice1 & infidelity1 ab\nd4 

,x is practical a!ism1 debau*]y (       
consci5ce1 & g5u9e spiritual  #cj ,glory
 ( ,*ri/1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfh4  #ca ,lange1
 ,positive ,dogmatik1 sect4 #aca3 ,die  
,aeon5 d] ,v]dammt54 ,maurice1          
,!ological ,essays3 ,future ,puni%m5t4  
#cb ,see ,bee*]'s ,conflict ( ,ages1 b4 
ii4 *4 #d1 #ac4  #cc ,_w to ,come1      
,disc4 ,,xiii4   dea?4 ,besides1 ! c\rse
 we are *>act]iz+ is actually z         
inexp$i5t 9 practice z x is wrong 9     
!ory4 ,exp]i5ce & obs]vation %[ x to be 
z p]nici\s 9 its result z x is immoral 9
 its orig94 ,is a ?reat efficaci\s ov]  
m5 9 proportion to its intr9sic t]ror1  
or 9 proportion z x is p]sonally felt & 
fe>$ by !m8 ,d ! m5ac+ p5alties ( a s9  
det] a man f x 9 proportion to _!       
awfulness1 or 9 proportion to 8 belief 9
 _! reality & unavoidabl5ess8 ,et]nal   
mis]y w\ld be a ?reat ( inf9ite         
frightfulness1 if x 7 realiz$ & believ$4
 ,b x is incr$ible4 ,"s reject x )      
indignation & an impetu\s recoil t s5ds 
!m mu* too f> t[>ds ant9omianism4 ,o!rs 

let x float 9 ! spectral backgr\nd (    
imag9ation1 ! fa9t reflection ( a       
disagreeable & fad+ dream4 ,to all x is 
an unreality4 ,an e>ne/ belief 9 a sure 
retribution exactly limit$ to des]t mu/ 
be f> m effective4 ,if an individual _h 
a pr(\nd conviction t = e s9 he committ$
 he mu/ suff] a million c5turies (      
inexpressible angui%1 realiz+ t ?\ght1  
w\ld he commit a s98  ,if he _c         
appreciate t enorm\s p5alty1 mu* less c 
he ! inf9ite "o1 :i* is f> m likely to  
%ade (f & blur out into a vague & remote
 no?+4 ,tru? is an expression ( ,god's  
w1 :i* we are b\nd exclusively to accept
 & employ reg>dless ( consequ5ces4 ,:5  
we d t1 ,god1 ! au?or ( tru?1 is himself
 solely responsible = ! consequ5ces4 ,b 
:51 ?9k+ we c devise some?+ t w "w      
bett]1 we use "s !ory ( our own1 we are 
responsible = ! consequ5ces4 ,let e "o  
bew>e h[ he v5tures to assume t dread   
responsibility4 ,x is surely folly z    
well z s94 ,= no?+ c "w s well z tru?1 !
 simple1 calm1 liv+ tru?1 :i* is a *ime 

9 ! inf9ite h>mony ( morals & ?+s4 ,x is
 only ! morbid melodramatic ta/es &     
incompet5cies ( an unf9i%$ culture t    
make m5 ?9k o!rwise4 ,! magnific5t      
poetry ( ! day ( judgm5t an audi5ce (   
five hundr$ ?\s& millions ga!r$ 9 "o    
?rong z ! ,judge rises to pron\nce ! la/
 oration ov] a dissolv+ univ]se takes   
possession ( ! fancy1 & p conceive x s  
vividly1 & are s mov$ by x1 t !y ?9k !y 
see x to be true4  ,grant = a mom5t !   
tru? ( ! conception ( hell z a physical 
_w ( fi]y torture full ( ! damn$4       
,suppose ! sc5e ( probation ov]1 hell   
fill$ ) its prison]s %ut up1 bani%$ &   
buri$ 9 ! blacke/ deeps ( space4 ,c x be
 left !re =ev]8 ,c x be t ! ro> ( its   
furnace %all rage on1 & ! wail ( !      
execrable angui% asc5d1 et]nally8       
,endeavor to realize 9 "s fa9t degree   
:at ^! que/ions mean1 & !n answ]4 ,if   
anybody c f9d x 9 8 he>t or 9 8 head to 
say yes1 & c gloat ov] ! idea1 & wi% to 
h x cont9ually br&i%$ 9 t]rorem ov] !   
heads ( ! p1 "o feels impell$ to decl>e 

t he ( all m5 ! mo/ ne$s to be conv]t$  
to ! ,*ri/ian _s4 ,an unmitigat$ hell ( 
depravity1 pa91 & horror1 w\ld be       
,satan's victory & ,god's defeat2 = ! v 
wi% ( a ,satanic be+ mu/ be = ! ev]la/+ 
preval5ce ( s9 & wret*$ness4 ,z above ! 
welt]+ ho/s ( ! lo/1 ea* dreadful       
second1 ! iron clock ( hell tick$ !     
?und] ^w et]nity1 h[ w\ld ! devil on 8  
sulphur\s dais %\t 9 triumph6 ,b if su* 
a _w ( fire1 cr[d$ ) ! wri?+ damn$1 ev] 
exi/$ at all1 c\ld x exi/ =ev]8  ,c\ld !
 sav$ be happy & passive 9 heav5 :5 !   
muffl$ %rieks ( _! bre?r51 fa9t f !     
di/ance1 fell on _! e>s8 ,9 tones ( love
 & pity t w\ld melt ! v m\nta9s1 !y w\ld
 plead ) ,god to p>don & free ! lo/4 ,_m
 a m\rn+ lov] w\ld realize ! fable ( !  
,?racian poet :o w&]$ into ,hades se>*+ 
= 8 ,eurydice2 _m a h]oic son w\ld      
emulate ! leg5d ( ! ,grecian god :o bur/
 ?r\gh ! iron walls ( ,t>t>us & rescu$ 8
 "m1 ! un=tunate ,semele1 & l$ h] 9     
triumph up to heav54  ,c\ld ! angels be 
cont5t$ :5 !y contemplat$ ! f> (f lurid 

orb & knew ! agonies t f$ its consci\s  
conflagration8 ,_! g5tle bosoms w\ld be 
rack$ ) commis]at+ pangs1 !y w\ld fly   
d[n & hov] ar\nd t angui%$ _w1 to moi/5 
its p>*$ tongues ) ! dropp+ ( _!        
sympa!tic te>s & to cool its burn+ br[s 
) ! fann+ ( _! w+s4  ,c\ld ,*ri/ be     
satisfi$8 he :o once 0 ri* b = our sakes
 became poor8 he ^: lov+ s\l brea!d     
itself =? 9 ! t5d] words1 ,come unto me1
 all ye t labor & are heavy lad51 & ,i w
 give y re/8 he :o p\r$ 8 blood on      
,judea's awful summit1 be satisfi$8 ,n  
until he _h tri$ ! efficacy ( t5 ?\s&   
fre% crucifixions1 on z _m new          
,calv>ies1 w\ld he re/4  ,c\ld ,god     
suff] x8 ,god6 ) ! full riv]s (         
sup]flu\s bliss roll+ ar\nd ?y ?rone1   
c\ld/ ?\ look d[n & he> ?y creatures    
call+ !e ,fa!r1 & see !m plung+ 9 a sea 
( fire et]nally et]nally et]nally & nev]
 speak ! p>don+ ^w8 ,x w\ld n be l !e1 x
 w\ld be l ?9e adv]s>y to d t4 ,n s     
w\ld/ ?\ d4 ,b if ,satan _h millions (  
prodigals1 snat*$ f ! fold ( ?y family1 

%ut up & tortur$ 9 hell1 pat]nal ye>n+s 
aft] !m w\ld fill ?y he>t4 ,love's      
smiles w\ld light ! dread abyss :]e !y  
groan4 ,pity's te>s w\ld fall ov] x1    
%att]$ by ! radiance into ra9b[s4 ,&    
?r\gh t illum9ation ,,?\ w\ld/ desc5d1  
m>*+ b5ea? ! ar* ( its triumphal glories
 to ! rescue ( ?y *ildr56 ,!re=e we re/ 
9 hope1 kn[+ t ,?\ wilt n leave our s\ls
 9 hell4  ,,*apt] ,v4  ,,! ,,five       
,,!oretic ,,modes ,,( ,,salvation4  ,,! 
conceptions & =e feel+s ( immortality   
:i* m5 h ent]ta9$ h g5]ally be5         
accompani$ by a s5se ( unc]ta9ty 9 reg>d
 to ! nature ( t inh]itance1 by a       
p]ception ( cont+5t conditions1 yield+ a
 tw(old fate ( bliss & woe1 pois$ on !  
p]il\s h+e ( circum/ance or fre$om4     
,almo/ z (t5 & pr(\ndly1 inde$1 z man   
has ?\ght t he %\ld live h]eaft]1 t idea
 has be5 foll[$ by ! belief t if1 on !  
"o h&1 salvation gleam$ = him 9 !       
possible sky1 on ! o!r h& p]dition yawn$
 = him 9 ! probable abyss4 ,heav5 &     
,hell are ! light side & %ade side ( !  

doctr9e ( a future life4 ,few que/ions  
are m int]e/+1 z none c be m important1 
?an t inquiry :i* is ab\t ! salvation ( 
! s\l4 ,! inh]5t rea* ( ?is inquiry1 & !
 ext5t ( its philosophical & lit]>y     
hi/ory1 are great4 ,b1 by arrang+ "u    
c]ta9 heads ! v>i\s pr9cipal s*emes (   
salvation :i* ,*ri/ian tea*]s h f "t to 
"t pres5t$ = popul> acceptance1 & pass+ 
!m be=e ! m9d 9 ord] & 9 mutual lights1 
we c v mu* n>r[ ! space requir$ to      
exhibit & discuss !m4 ,:5 ! ^w salvation
 occurs 9 ! foll[+ inve/igation1 x means
 unless some?+ diff]5t be %[n by !      
context ! removal ( ! s\l's doom to     
mis]y beyond ! grave1 & ! secur+ ( its  
future bless$ness4 ,heav5 & hell are    
t]ms employ$ ) wide latitude & fluctuat+
 b\nd>ies ( lit]al & figurative mean+2 b
 _! ess5tial =ce is simply a future life
 ( wret*$ness1 a future life ( joy2 &   
salvation1 9 its prevail+ !ological     
s5se1 is ! avoidance ( t & ! ga9+ ( ?is4
 ,we %all n attempt to pres5t ! diff]5t 
!ories ( r$emption 9 _! hi/orical ord] (

 developm5t1 or to give an exhau/ive    
acc\nt ( _! div]sifi$ preval5ce1 b %all 
arrange !m ) ref]5ce to ! mo/ p]spicu\s 
exhibition ( _! logical cont5ts &       
practical be>+s4  ,! fir/ s*eme (       
,*ri/ian salvation to be notic$ is ! "o 
by :i* x is repres5t$ t ! int]f]5ce &   
suff]+ ( ,*ri/1 9 itself1               
unconditionally sav$ all s\ls & empti$  
hell =ev]4 ,?is !ory arose 9 ! m9ds ( ^?
 :o receiv$ x z ! natural & consi/5t    
completion ( ! view !y held conc]n+ !   
nature & consequ5ces ( ! fall ( ,adam1 !
 cause & ext5t ( ! lo/ /ate ( man4      
,adam1 z ! f$]al head ( humanity1       
repres5t$ & act$ = 8 :ole race3 !       
responsibility ( 8 decision re/$1 !     
consequ5ces ( 8 conduct w\ld            
legitimately desc5d1 x 0 ?\ght1 ^u all  
mank9d4 ,if he _h kept himself ob$i5t   
?r\gh t easy yet trem5d\s probation 9   
,ed51 he & all 8 *ildr5 w\ld h liv$ on  
e>? et]nally 9 p]fect bliss4 ,b1 violat+
 ! comm&m5t ( ,god1 ! burd5 ( s91 ) its 
t]rible p5alty1 fell on him & 8 po/]ity4

 ,e human be+ 0 h5ce=? to be ali5 f !   
love ( goodness & f ! favor ( ,god1     
hopelessly condemn$ to dea? & ! pa9s (  
hell4 ,! s9 ( ,adam1 x 0 believ$1       
?or\ghly corrupt$ ! nature ( man1 &     
incapacitat$ him f all successful ef=ts 
to save 8 s\l f its awful doom4 ,!      
inf9ite maje/y ( ,god's w1 ! law ( !    
univ]se1 _h be5 insult$ by disob$i5ce4  
,! only j retribution 0 ! suff]+ ( an   
endless dea?4 ,! adamant9e sanctities ( 
,god's gov]nm5t made =giv5ess           
impossible4 ,?us all m5 7 lo/1 to be !  
prey ( blackness1 & fire1 & ! undy+     
worm1 ?r\gh ! rem$iless ages ( et]nity4 
,j !n ,god _h pity on ! s\ls he _h made1
 & himself came to ! rescue4 ,9 ! p]son 
( ,*ri/1 he came into ! _w z a man1 &   
freely took ^u himself ! inf9ite debt ( 
man's s9s1 by 8 dea? on ! cross expiat$ 
all (f5ces1 satisfi$ ! claims ( (f5d$   
ju/ice1 v9dicat$ ! inexpressible        
sacr$ness ( ! law1 &1 at ! same "t1 op5$
 a way by :i* a full & free             
reconciliation 0 ext5d$ to all4 ,:5 !   

blood ( ,jesus fl[$ ov] ! cross1 x      
pur*as$ ! ransom ( e s9n]4 ,z ,j]ome    
says1 x qu5*$ ! flam+ sword at !        
entrance ( ,p>adise4 ,! we>y multitude (
 captives rose f _! b$1 %ook (f ! fett]s
 & /a9s ( ! pit1 & made ! cope ( heav5  
sn[y ) _! :ite w+$ asc5t4 ,! prison h\se
 ( ! devil & 8 angels %\ld be us$ no m  
to conf9e ! guilty s\ls ( m54#a ,_!     
guilt 0 all wa%$ away 9 ! blood ( !     
,lamb4 ,_! spirits1 )\t exception1 %\ld 
foll[ to ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r1 9 ! way m>k$
 out by ! asc5d+ ,r$eem]4 ,?is is ! fir/
 =m ( ,univ]salism1 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 held 
by sev]al ( ! ,fa!rs 9 ! e>li] ages ( ! 
,*ur*1 & by ! pione]s ( t doctr9e 9     
mod]n times4 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem says1   
,*ri/ w5t into ! "u _w alone1 b came out
 ) _m4 #b ,cyril ( ,alex&ria says t :5  
,*ri/ asc5d$ f ! "u _w he empti$ x1 &   
left ! devil !re utt]ly alone4 #c ,!    
op9ion t ! :ole population ( ,hades 0   
releas$1 is f\nd 9 ! li/s ( anci5t      
h]esies4#d ,x 0 advanc$ by ,clem5t1 an  
,iri% prie/1 antagoni/ ( ,boniface !    

fam\s ,ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz1 9 ! middle ( ! 
eigh? c5tury4 ,he 0 depos$ by ! ,c\ncil 
( ,soissons1 & aft]w>ds ana!matiz$ by   
,pope ,za*>y4 ,gregory ! ,great also    
ref]s 9 "o ( 8 lett]s ) extreme sev]ity 
to two ecclesia/ics1 contempor>ies ( 8  
own1 :o held ! same belief4 ,inde$1 ?is 
conclusion is a necess>y result ( a     
consi/5t developm5t ( ! cre$ ( !        
,or?odox ,*ur*1 s call$4 ,by ! s9 ( "o1 
ev5 ,adam1 ?r\gh ! work+ ( absolute     
ju/ice1 hell became ! portion ( all1    
irrespective ( any fault or virtue (    
!irs2 s1 by ! volunt>y sacrifice1 !     
inf9ite atonem5t1 ( "o1 ev5 ,*ri/1 ?r\gh
 ! unspeakable m]cy ( ,god1 salvation 0 
effect$ = all1 irrespective ( any virtue
 or fault ( !irs4 ,"o memb] ( ! s*eme is
 ! exact c\nt]poise ( ! o!r2 "o doctr9e 
cries out = & necessitates ! o!r4 ,^? :o
 accept ! commonly receiv$ dogmas (     
orig9al s91 total depravity1 & univ]sal 
condemnation entail$ ^u all m5 9 l9eal  
desc5t f ,adam1 & ! dogmas ( ! ,tr9ity1 
! ,inc>nation1 & ! ,vic>i\s ,atonem5t1  

are b\nd1 by all ! con/ructions ( logic1
 to accept ! s*eme ( salvation j set =?1
 namely1 t ! dea? ( ,*ri/ secur$ !      
deliv]ance ( all unconditionally4 ,we d 
n believe t doctr9e1 only because we d n
 believe ! o!r associat$ doctr9es out ( 
:i* x spr+s & ( ^: sy/em x is !         
complem5t4  #a ,do$]le91 ,de ,r$emptione
 a ,pote/ate ,diaboli4 ,9 ,opuse4       
,!olog4  #b ,cate*esis xis4 #i4  #c ,de 
,fe/is ,pas*alibus1 homilia vii4  #d    
,augu/9e1 ,de ,h>esibus1 lxxix4   ,!    
reasons :y we d n believe t our race    
fell into helpless depravity & ru9 9 !  
s9 ( ! fir/ man are1 9 ess5ce1 briefly  
^!3 ,fir/1 we h nev] be5 able to p]ceive
 any pro( :atev] ( ! tru? ( t dogma2 &  
c]ta9ly ! onus prob&i re/s on ! side (  
su* an assumption4 ,x arose p>tially f a
 mis9t]pretation ( ! language ( !       
,bible2 & s f> z x has a basis 9        
,scripture1 we are compell$ by =ce (    
evid5ce to reg>d x z a ,jewi% adoption (
 a pagan error )\t au?ority4 ,secondly1 
?is doctr9al sy/em seems to u equally   

irreconcilable ) hi/ory & ) e?ics3 x    
seems to trample on ! sure/ convictions 
( reason & consci5ce1 & spurn ! cle>e/  
pr9ciples ( nature & religion1 to black5
 & load ! he>t & doom ( man ) a m\nta9 (
 gratuit\s horror1 & %r\d ! face & ?rone
 ( ,god 9 a pall ( wilful b>b>ity4 ,h[ c
 m5 be guilty ( a s9 committ$ ?\s&s (   
ye>s be=e !y 7 born1 & des]ve to be s5t 
to hopeless hell = x8 ,:at ju/ice is !re
 9 putt+ on "o s9less head ! dem]its ( a
 _w ( reprobates1 & !n lett+ ! crim9al g
 free because ! innoc5t has suff]$8 ,a  
?ird objection to ?is :ole view an      
objection :i*1 if su/a9$1 w utt]ly      
annihilate x is ?is3 ,x is q possible t1
 mom5t\s z is ! "p he has play$ 9       
!ology1 ! ,biblical ,adam is n at all a 
hi/orical p]sonage1 b only a significant
 figm5t ( poetry4 ,! common belief ( !  
mo/ au?oritative m5 ( sci5ce1 t ! human 
race has exi/$ on ?is e>? = a va/ly     
long] p]iod ?an ! ,hebrew /atem5t       
affirms1 may yet be completely e/abli%$4
 ,x may also yet be ackn[l$g$ t ea*     

di/9ct race ( m5 _h its own ,adam4#e ,!n
 ! dogmatic !ology1 bas$ on ! fall ( our
 entire race into p]dition 9 its prim>y 
repres5tative1 w1 ( c\rse1 crumble4  ,! 
second doctr9e ( ,*ri/ian salvation is a
 modification & limitation ( ! previ\s  
"o4 ,?is !ory1 l ! =m]1 presupposes t a 
burd5 ( orig9al s9 & natural depravity  
transmitt$ f ! fir/ man _h doom$1 &1    
unless prev5t$ 9 "s sup]natural mann]1  
w\ld =ev] press1 all s\ls d[n to !      
realms ( ru9 & woe2 also t an inf9ite   
graci\sness 9 ! bosom ( ! ,godhead l$   
,*ri/ to (f] himself z an expiation = ! 
s9s1 an aton+ sub/itute = !             
condemnation1 ( m54 ,b1 accord+ to !    
pres5t view1 ?is int]f]5ce ( ,*ri/ did n
 by itself save ! lo/3 x only remov$ !  
o!rwise insup]able b> to =giv5ess1 &    
pres5t$ to a *os5 portion ( mank9d !    
means ( exp]i5c+ a condition ^u !       
realization ( :i*1 9 ea* individual     
case1 ! c]ta9ty ( salvation dep5ds4 ,t  
condition is a my/]i\s conv]sion1 /irr+ 
! dep?s ( ! s\l ?r\gh an inspir$ fai? 9 

p]sonal election by ! un*ang+ decree (  
,god4 ,! diff]5ce1 !n1 9 a ^w1 betwe5 ! 
two me?ods ( salvation ?us f> expla9$1  
is ?is3 ,:ile bo? assume t mank9d are   
doom$ to dea? & hell 9 consequ5ce ( ! s9
 ( ,adam1 ! "o ass]ts t ! int]f]5ce (   
,*ri/ ( itself sav$ all s\ls1 ! o!r     
ass]ts t t int]f]5ce _c save any s\l    
except ^? :om ,god1 ( 8 sov]eign        
pleasure1 _h f et]nity arbitr>ily       
elect$4#f ,?is s*eme grew directly out (
 ! dogma ( fatalism1 :i* s9ks human     
fre$om 9 ,div9e pr$e/9ation4 ,god hav+  
solely ( 8  #e ,burda*1 ,c>us1 ,ok51    
,bayrh(f]1 ,agassiz4 ,see ,buns51       
,*ri/ianity & ,mank9d1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bh2 
,mott & ,gliddon1 ,types ( ,mank9d1 p4  
#cch4  #f ,confession ( ,fai? ( ,we/m9/]
 ,div9es1 *4 iii4 sect4 #c4   own w     
=eorda9$ t a c]ta9 numb] ( mank9d %\ld  
be sav$1 ,*ri/ di$ 9 ord] to pay !      
p5alty ( _! s9s & r5d] x possible = !m  
to be =giv5 & tak5 into heav5 )\t       
violat+ ! awful bond ( ju/ice4 ,!       
b5efits ( ! atonem5t1 !re=e1 are limit$ 

to ! elect4 ,nor is ?is to be reg>d$ z  
an act ( sev]ity2 on ! contr>y1 x is an 
act ( unspeakable b5evol5ce4 ,= by ! s9 
( ,adam ! :ole race ( m51 )\t exception1
 7 hateful to ,god1 & ju/ly s5t5c$ to   
et]nal damnation4 ,:51 consequ5tly1 he  
devis$ a plan ( r$emption by :i* he c\ld
 himself be> ! guilt1 & suff] ! agony1 &
 pay ! debt ( a few1 & ?us ransom !m f  
_! doom1 ! reprobates :o 7 left _h no "r
 to compla91 b ! *os5 7 a monum5t (     
dis9t]e/$ love1 because all alike des]v$
 ! endless tortures ( hell4 ,accord+ to 
?is conception1 all m5 be+ by _!        
ance/ral act & inh]it$ nature           
irretrievably lo/1 ,god's arbitr>y      
pleasure 0 ! cause1 ,*ri/'s volunt>y    
dea? 0 ! means1 by :i* a c]ta9 numb] 7  
to be sav$4 ,:at individuals %\ld       
compose ?is portion ( ! race1 0 det]m9$ 
f et]nity beyond all cont+5cies4 ,!     
effect ( fai? & conv]sion1 & ( ! new    
bir?1 is n to save ! s\l1 b simply to   
conv9ce ! s\l t x is sav$4 ,t is to say1
 a reg5]at+ belief & love is n !        

effici5t cause1 x is m]ely ! reveal$    
assurance1 ( salvation1 prov+ to ! s\l t
 feels x1 by ! te/imony ( ! ,holy ,_s1 t
 x is ( ! *os5 numb]4 ,! prea*+ ( !     
gospel is to be ext5d$ ev]y:]e1 n = !   
purpose ( sav+ ^? :o w\ld o!rwise be    
lo/1 b because its pres5tation w awak5 9
 ! elect1 & 9 !m alone1 t responsive    
exp]i5ce :i* w reveal _! election to !m1
 & make !m sure ( x1 already =eta/+ x2  
?\gh x is ?\ght t no "o c be sav$ :o is 
ignorant ( ! gospel3 x is my/]i\sly     
ord]$ t ! t]ms ( ! cov5ant %all be      
prea*$ to all ! elect4 ,!re are         
correlat$ complexities1 miracles1       
absurdities1 9 wr\ght ) ! :ole !ory1    
insep>able f x4 ,! viol5ce x does to    
nature1 to ?\ght1 to love1 to morals1   
its arbitr>9ess1 its me*anical =m1 !    
wr5*+ exegesis by :i* alone x c be =c$ f
 ! ,bible1#g its gl>+ p>tiality & et]nal
 cruelty1 are its suffici5t refutation &
 condemnation4 ,if ! dea? ( ,*ri/ has   
su* wondr\s sav+ efficacy1 & no?+ else  
has1 :at keeps him f dy+ aga9 to conv9ce

 ! unbeliev+ & to save ! lo/8 ,:at man  
is !re :o1 if he knew t1 aft] ?irty ye>s
 ( suff]+ t]m9at$ by a fe>ful dea?1 he  
%\ld rise aga9 into b\ndless bliss &    
glory :ile rapt inf9itude rung ) ! paans
 ( an applaud+ univ]se1 & t by means ( 8
 humiliation he c\ld r$eem c\ntless     
millions f et]nal torture1 w\ld n ) a   
joy\s spr+ und]take ! task8 ,& is a     
common man bett] ?an ,*ri/8  ,! ?ird    
g5]al plan ( ,*ri/ian salvation :i* we  
are to consid] diff]s f ! =ego+ "o 9    
sev]al ess5tial p>ticul>s4 ,x affirms ! 
free w ( man 9 opposition to a fatal    
pr$e/9ation4 ,x decl>es t ! atonem5t is 
suffici5t to r$eem n only a portion (   
our race1 b all :o w put !mselves 9 "r  
spiritual relations ) x4 ,9 a ^w1 :ile x
 admits t "s w actually be lo/ =ev]1 x  
ass]ts t no "o is doom$  #g ,s*weiz]1   
,die ,lehre des ,apo/els ,paulus vom    
erlos5d5 ,tode ,*ri/i4 ,!ologis*e ,/udi5
 und ,kritik51 ,jahrg4 #aheh1 heft #c4  
to be lo/1 b t ! (f] ( p>don is made to 
e s\l1 & t e "o has p[] to accept or    

reject x4 ,! sacrifice ( ! inc>nate     
,deity v9dicat$ ! maje/y ( ! law1       
appeas$ ! wra? ( ,god1 & pur*as$ 8 sav+ 
favor t[>ds all :o1 by a s\nd & e>ne/   
fai?1 seize ! pr(f]$ ju/ification1 ?r[  
(f all reliance on _! own works1 &      
pres5t !mselves be=e ! ?rone ( m]cy     
clo!d 9 ! righte\sness & spr9kl$ ) !    
blood ( ,*ri/4 ,"h ! appropriation ( !  
m]its ( ,*ri/1 ?r\gh an or?odox &       
vivify+ fai?1 is ! real cause z well z !
 exp]im5tal assurance ( salvation4 ,?is 
is free to all4 ,z ! braz5 s]p5t 0 hoi/$
 9 ! wild]ness1 & ! scorpion bitt5      
,israelites invit$ to look on x & be    
heal$1 s ! crucifi$ ,god is lift$ up1 & 
all m51 ev]y:]e1 are urg$ to kneel be=e 
him1 accept 8 atonem5t1 & ?us enable 8  
righte\sness to be imput$ to !m1 & _!   
s\ls to be sav$4 ,! vital condition (   
salvation is an appropriat+ fai? 9 !    
vic>i\s atonem5t4 ,)\t ?is no "o c be   
sav$4 ,?us ) "o ^w & a s+le brea? :ole  
nations & races are :iff$ into hell4    
,all t ! good he>t$ ,lu!r c\ld v5ture to

 say ( ,cic]o1 :om he deeply admir$ &   
lov$1 0 ! k9d ejaculation1 ,i hope ,god 
w be m]ciful to him6 ,to ^? :o          
appreciate x ) ho/ility1 & look on all  
?+s 9 its light1 ! ?\ght t !re c be no  
salvation except by belief 9 ! expiatory
 dea? ( ,*ri/1 hopelessly doom+ all !   
hea!n1#h & all infant *ildr51 unless    
baptiz$ 9 a proxy fai?1#i builds an alt>
 ( blood among ! />s & makes ! univ]se  
reek ) horror4 ,o!r crimes1 ?\gh /a9$   
?r\gh ) midnight dyes & heap$ up to !   
brim ( outrage\s guilt1 may be freely   
=giv5 to him :o comes he>tily to cr$it !
 vic>i\s dea? ( ! ,savior2 b he :o does 
n tru/ 9 t1 ?\gh virtu\s z man c be1 mu/
 dep>t into ! unappeasable fires4 ,:y   
?is un9telligible crime ( n see+ !      
atonem5t happ5s to be ! only s9 = :i*   
!re is no atonem5t1 x is impossible to  
say4 ,?\gh ?is view ( ! me?od1 ext5t1 & 
conditions ( r$emption is less revolt+ &
 incr$ible ?an ! o!r1 /ill1 x does n    
seem to u t any p]son ^: m5tal & moral  
nature is unprejudic$1 heal?y1 &        

enlight5$1 & :o w pati5tly /udy !       
subject1 c possibly accept ei!r ( !m4 ,!
 lead+ assum$ doctr9es common to !m1 out
 ( :i* !y sev]ally spr+1 & on :i* !y bo?
 re/1 are n only unsupport$ by adequate 
pro(s1 b really h no evid5ce at all1 &  
are absurd 9 !mselves1 conf\nd+ !       
broade/ di/9ctions 9 morals1 & subv]t+ !
 be/ e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( natural       
religion4#aj  ,! f\r? s*eme ( ,*ri/ian  
salvation is t :i* pr$icates ! p[] (    
insur+ s\ls f hell solely ( ! ,*ur*4    
,?is is ! sacram5tal !ory4 ,x is assum$ 
t1 9 ! /ate ( nature subsequ5t to !     
transgression & fall ( ,adam1 all m5 are
 ali5at$ f ,god1 & by ! univ]sal orig9al
 s9 univ]sally expos$ to damnation1     
inde$1 ! helpless victims ( et]nal      
mis]y4 ,9 ! fulness ( "t1 ,*ri/ appe>$1 
& (f]$ himself to suff] 9 _! /ead to    
secure _! deliv]ance4 ,8 dea? cancell$ !
 :ole sum (  #h ,brets*neid]1           
,entwickelung d] ,dogmatik1 sect4 #aab1 
,nos4 #cg #ej4  #i ,s affirm$ by !      
,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 ,canon ,,ii4  #aj ,! 

viol5ce done to moral reason by ^! views
 is p[]fully expos$ 9 ,bu%nell's        
,disc\rse on ! ,atonem5t3 ,god 9 ,*ri/1 
pp4 #aic-bjb4   orig9al s91 & only t1   
?us tak+ away ! absolute impossibility (
 salvation1 & leav+ e man 9 ! _w free to
 /& or fall1 incur hell or w9 heav51 by 
8 p]sonal m]its4 ,f t "t any p]son :o   
liv$ a p]fectly holy life :i* no man    
c\ld f9d practically possible !reby     
secur$ et]nal bless$ness2 b ! mom5t he  
fell into a s+le s91 h[ev] trivial1 he  
seal$ 8 condemnation3 ,*ri/'s sacrifice1
 z 0 j said1 m]ely remov$ ! transmitt$  
burd5 ( orig9al s9 f all mank9d1 b made 
no provision = _! p]sonal s9s1 s t      
practically1 all m5 be+ volunt>y z well 
z h]$it>y s9n]s1 _! condition 0 z bad z 
be=e3 !y 7 surely lo/4 ,to meet ?is /ate
 ( ! case1 ! ,*ur*1 ^: prie/s1 x is     
claim$1 are ! repres5tatives ( ,*ri/1 & 
^: head is ! viceg]5t ( ,god on e>?1 0  
emp[]$ by ! celebration ( ! mass to re  
enact1 z (t5 z x pleas$1 ! trag$y ( !   
crucifixion4 ,9 ?is s]vice ,*ri/ is     

suppos$ lit]ally to be put to dea?      
afre%1 & ! m]it ( 8 sub/itutional       
suff]+s is suppos$ to be plac$ to !     
acc\nt ( ! ,*ur*4#aa ,z ,sir ,h5ry      
,wotton says1  ,"o rosy drop f ,jesus'  
he>t ,0 worlds ( seas to qu5* ,god's    
ire4  ,9 "o ( ! ,decretals ( ,clem5t    
,,vi41 call$ ,extravagants1 x is ass]t$ 
t "o drop ( ,*ri/'s blood una guttula   
sangu9is be+ suffici5t to r$eem ! :ole  
human race1 ! rema9+ quantity :i* 0 %$ 9
 ! g>d5 & on ! cross 0 left z a legacy  
to ! ,*ur*1 to be a treasure :5ce       
indulg5ces 7 to be drawn & adm9i/]$ by !
 ,roman pontiffs4 ,fur!rmore1 sa9ts &   
m>tyrs1 by _! con/ant self d5ial1       
volunt>y suff]+s1 p5ances1 & pray]s1 l  
,*ri/1 d m good works ?an are necess>y =
 _! own salvation2 & ! balance ( m]it ! 
works ( sup]]ogation is likewise        
accr$it$ to ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ?is way a great 
res]v$ fund ( m]its is plac$ at !       
disposal ( ! prie/s4 ,at _! pleasure !y 
c draw ^u ?is vic>i\s treasure &        
sub/itute x 9 place ( ! des]v$ p5alties 

( ! guilty1 & ?us absolve !m & effect ! 
salvation ( _! s\ls4 ,all ?is dread     
ma*9]y is 9 ! sole p[] ( ! ,*ur*4       
,outside ( h] pale1 h]etics1 hea!n1 all 
alike1 are unalt]ably doom$ to hell4 ,b 
:oso w ackn[l$ge h] au?ority1 confess 8 
s9s1 receive ! sacram5t ( baptism1      
p>take ( ! eu*>i/1 obey ! prie/s1 %all  
be infallibly sav$4 ,! ,*ur* decl>es t  
^? :o neglect to submit to h] p[] &     
obs]ve h] rites are lo/1 by             
excommunicat+ su* e ye> j be=e ,ea/]1   
!reby typify+ t !y %all h no "p 9 !     
resurrection & asc5sion4 ,! s*eme (     
salvation j exhibit$ we reject z alike  
unw>rant$ by ! ,scriptures1 absurd to   
reason1 absurd to consci5ce1 fraught )  
evil practices1 & traceable 9 hi/ory    
?r\gh ! gradual & corrupt gr[?s ( !     
dogmatic policy ( an int]e/$ body4 ,!re 
is n "o text 9 ! ,bible :i* af=ds real  
argum5t1 cr$it1 or c\nt5ance to !       
haughty pret5sions ( a ,*ur* to reta9 or
 absolve guilt1 to h ! exclusive control
 ( ! tangible keys ( heav5 & hell4 ,x is

 incr$ible to a free & intellig5t m9d t 
! oppos+ fates =ev] ( hundr$s ( millions
 ( m5 %\ld turn on a m]e accid5t ( "t   
#aa ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa1 ,suppl4 p>s 
iii4 qu4 #be1 art4 #a4   & place1 or at 
be/ on ! moral cont+5ce ( _! ackn[l$g+  
or d5y+ ! d\btful au?ority ( a          
tyrannical hi]>*y1 a m]e matt] ( =m &   
pr(ession1 indep5d5t ( _! lives &       
*>act]s1 & ( no spiritual wor? at all4  
,"o is "h rem9d$ ( a passage 9 ,plut>*'s
 ,essay ,h[ a ,"y ,man ought to he>     
,poems4 ,! l9es 9 ,sophocles :i* decl>e 
t ! initiates 9 ! ,my/]ies %all be happy
 9 ! future life1 b t all o!rs %all be  
wret*$1 hav+ be5 read to ,diog5es1 he   
exclaim$1 ,:at6 ,%all ! condition (     
,pantacion1 ! notori\s robb]1 be bett]  
aft] dea? ?an t ( ,epam9ondas1 m]ely    
because he 0 initiat$ 9 ! ,my/]ies8 ,x  
is also a %ock+ viol5ce to common s5se1 
& to all prop] appreciation ( spiritual 
realities1 to imag9e ! gross me*anical  
transf]5ce ( blame & m]it mutually      
betwe5 ! bad & ! good1 z if moral       

qualities 7 n p]sonal1 b might be %ift$ 
ab\t at w by pecuni>y consid]ations1 z !
 acc\nts 9 ! debt & cr$it columns ( a   
l$g]4 ,! !oretic falsities ( su* a s*eme
 are z num]\s & evid5t z its practical  
abuses h be5 enorm\s & notori\s4 ,h[    
ridicul\s ?is ritual fet* to snat* s\ls 
f p]dition appe>s z /at$ by ,julian     
aga9/ ,augu/9e6 ,god & ! devil1 !n1 h   
ent]$ into a cov5ant1 t :at is born !   
devil %all h1 & :at is baptiz$ ,god %all
 h6#ab ,we hesitate n to /ake ! argum5t 
on "o "q4 ,if !re be no salvation save  
by believ+ & accept+ ! sacram5ts ) !    
au?ority ( ! ,romani/ or ! ,episcopalian
 ,*ur*1 !n less ?an "o 9 a hundr$ ?\s& (
 ! _w's population ?us f> c be sav$4    
,dea? /eadily %[]s into hell1 age aft]  
age1 an ov]:elm+ proportion ( ! s\ls (  
all mank9d1 a ra9 /orm ( agoniz$ drops (
 immortality to fe$ & fre%5 ! qu5*less  
fires ( damnation4 ,:o c believe x1 kn[+
 :at x is t he believes8  ,we advance   
next to a sy/em ( ,*ri/ian salvation z  
rem>kable = its simplicity1 boldness1 & 

in/9ctive b5evol5ce z ^? we h previ\sly 
exam9$ are = complexity1 unnaturalness1 
& sev]ity4 ,! !ory ref]r$ to promises ! 
natural & inevitable salvation ( e      
creat$ s\l4 ,x bases itself on two      
positions1 ! d5ial t m5 are ev] lo/1    
except p>tially & tempor>ily1 & !       
exhibition ( ! irresi/ible p[]1 p]fect  
wisdom1 & inf9ite goodness ( ,god4 ,!   
advocates ( ?is doctr9e po9t fir/ to    
obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 & decl>e t no    
p]son is totally reprobate1 t e "o is   
salvable2 ^? mo/ corrupt & ab&on$ to    
wick$ness1 unbelief1 & h>dness1 h yet a 
sp>k t may be k9dl$1 a f\nt t may be    
made to gu%1 unto ! illum9ation &       
purification ( ! :ole be+4 ,a /ray ^w1  
an unkn[n influ5ce1 a brea? ( ! ,_s1 is 
cont9ually effect+ su* *anges1 su*      
salvations4 ,true1 !re are _m fett]$ by 
vices1 torn by s9s1 pl\gh$ by ! cau/ic  
%>es ( remorse1 lo/ to peaceful fre$om1 
lo/ to spiritual joys1 lo/ to ! sweet1  
calm raptures ( religi\s belief & love1 
&1 9 t s5se1 plung$ 9 damnation4 ,b ?is1

 !y say1 is ! only hell !re is4 ,at !   
longe/1 x c endure b = ! night ( ?is    
life3 deliv]ance & bless$ness come ) !  
morn+ dawn ( a bett] _w4 ,exact         
retributions are aw>d$ to all iniquity  
"h2 s  #ab ,julian1 lib4 vi4 ix4   t at 
! t]m9ation ( ! pres5t /ate !re is no?+ 
to prev5t ! fl[+ ( an equal bliss       
imp>tially ov] all4 ,! sub/antive       
faculties & =ces ( ! s\l are always good
 & "r3 only _! action is p]v]t$ to      
evil4#ac ,?is p]v]sion w cease ) !      
accid5ts ( ! pres5t /ate2 & ?us dea? is 
! door to salvation4 ,god's desires &   
int5tions = 8 creatures1 aga9 !y argue1 
mu/ be purely graci\s & bless$2 =       
,nature1 ! ,bible1 & ! ,s\l bl5d _!     
ultimate tea*+s 9 "o affirmation t he is
 ,love4 ,be+ omnipot5t & ( p]fect       
wisdom1 no?+ c )/& 8 decrees or ?w>t 8  
plans4 ,8 purpose1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be      
fulfill$4 ,!re is e ?+ to prove1 & no?+1
 rightly und]/ood1 to disprove1 t t     
purpose is ! et]nal bless$ness ( all 8  
intellig5t (fspr+ aft] dea?4 ,!re=e1 !y 

?9k !y are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 ! laws ( 
nature1 ,god's regul> habits & c\rse (  
gov]nm5t1 ! normal arrangem5t & process 
( ?+s1 w ( !mselves "w out ! inevitable 
salvation ( all mank9d4 ,aft] ! upro> & 
d>kness1 ! p]il & fe>1 ( a tempe/u\s    
night1 ! all embrac+ smile ( daylight   
gradually spreads ov] ! _w1 & ! turmoil 
sil5tly subsides1 & ! sc5e sleeps4 ,s   
aft] ! s9s & mis]ies1 ! condemnation &  
hell1 ( ?is /ate ( exi/5ce1 %all succe$ 
! r$emption1 ! hol9ess & happy peace1 ( 
heav51 into :i* all pass by ! ord] (    
nature1 ! orig9al & undi/urb$ arrangem5t
 ( ! creative ,fa!r4 ,?is view is       
advanc$ by "s on gr\nds bo? ( revelation
 & reason4 ,x is ! doctr9e ( ^? ,begh>ds
 :o taught t !re is nei!r hell nor      
purgatory2 t no "o is damn$1 nei!r ,jew 
nor ,s>ac51 because on ! dea? ( ! body !
 s\l returns to ,god4#ad ,b ! prop]     
doctr9e ( ! ,univ]sali/ d5om9ation is   
f\nd$ directly on ,scripture1 & seems n[
 to be simply ! absolute c]ta9ty ( f9al 
salvation = all4 ,balf\r held t ,*ri/1 9

 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god1 secures et]nal  
life = all m5 9 ! mo/ lit]al mann]1 by  
caus+ ! resurrection ( ! dead f _!      
o!rwise endless sleep 9 ! grave1 a      
doctr9e ne>ly or q fossil n[4#ae  ,x w  
be notic$ t by ?is view salvation is an 
unlimit$ necessity1 n a cont+5cy1  a    
boon ?r[n to all1 & :i* no "o has p[] to
 reject3  ,! road to heav5 is broad] ?an
 ! _w1 ,& deep] ?an ! k+doms ( ! dead2  
,& up its ample pa?s ! nations tread ,) 
all _! bann]s furl'd4  ,?is !ory conta9s
 elem5ts1 x seems to u1 bo? ( tru? &    
falsehood4 ,x ca/s (f gross mi/akes1    
ann\nces "s fundam5tal realities1       
ov]looks1 p]v]ts1 exagg]ates1 "s        
ess5tial facts 9 ! case4 ,!re is s mu* 9
 x t is grateful & beautiful t we _c    
wond] at its reception :]e ! t5d]       
in/9cts ( ! he>t are /rong] ?an ! /]n   
decisions ( ! consci5ce1 :]e ! k9dly    
s5tim5ts usurp ! prov9ce ( ! critical   
reason & sit 9 judgm5t ^u evid5ce = !   
con/ruction ( a dogmatic cre$4 ,we  #ac 
,univ]sali/ ,qu>t]ly ,review1 vol4 x4   

art4 xvi43 ,"* & its ,pr$icates4  #ad   
,hag5ba*1 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 sect4 #bji1   
note #ad4  #ae ,see ,ball\1 ,exam9ation 
( ! ,doctr9e ( ,future ,puni%m5t1 pp4   
#aeb-aeg4 ,williamson1 ,exposition (    
,univ]salism1 ,s]mon ,,xl3 ,nature (    
,salvation4 ,cobb1 ,comp5d4 ( ,div9ity1 
*4 ix4 sect4 #c4   _c accept x z a :ole1
 _c admit its great unqualifi$          
conclusion1 n only because !re is no    
direct evid5ce = x1 b because !re are _m
 pot5t presumptions aga9/ x4 ,x is n    
built ^u ! facts ( our consci\sness &   
pres5t exp]i5ce1 b is resolutely        
con/ruct$ 9 defiance ( !m by an arbitr>y
 process ( assumption & inf]5ce2 = s9ce 
,god's p]fections are z absolute n[ z !y
 ev] c be1 & he n[ p]mits s9 & mis]y1   
!re is no impossibility t !y w be       
p]mitt$ = a season h]eaft]4 ,if !y are  
necess>y n[1 !y may be necess>y h]eaft]4
 ,an exp]i5ce ( salvation by all1       
reg>dless ( :at !y d or :at !y leave    
undone1 w\ld also defeat :at we h always
 consid]$ ! *ief f9al cause ( man1      

namely1 ! self det]m9$ resi/ance ( ,evil
 & *oice ( ,good1 ! free =mation (      
virtu\s "*4 ,! plan ( a necess>y &      
indiscrim9ate r$emption likewise breaks 
! evid5t cont9uity ( life1 ignores !    
l9eal causative p[] ( exp]i5ce1 :]eby   
ea* mom5t p>tially produces & m\lds !   
next1 de/roys ! probation>y nature ( our
 lot1 & palsies ! /r5g? ( moral motive4 
,x is fur!rmore ! height ( inju/ice1    
aw>d+ to all m5 ! same condition1       
remorselessly swall[+ up _! inf9ite     
diff]5ces1 mak+ s9 & virtue1 slo? &     
toil1 exactly alike 9 ! end4 ,^: e>ne/ly
 embraces ! !ory1 & m$itates mu* ^u x1 &
 reasons closely1 w be likely to become 
an ,ant9omian4 ,x ov]looks ! l\d1       
omnipres5t h9ts :i* tell u t ! pres5t   
/ate is incomplete & dep5d5t1 ! "p ( a  
great :ole1 ! visible segm5t ( a circle 
^: complem5t ov]>*es ! invisible _w to  
come1 :]e future correspond5ces &       
fulnesses w satisfy & complete pres5t   
claims & defici5cies4 ,we reject ?is    
s*eme1 z to its di/9ctive feature1 = all

 ^? reasons :i* lead u to accept t f9al 
view to :i* we n[ turn4  ,! !ory (      
,*ri/ian r$emption :i* seems to u       
correct1 repres5ts ! good & evil =ces ( 
p]sonal "*1 h>moni\s or discordant ) !  
m9d ( ,god1 z ! conditions ( salvation  
or ( reprobation4 ,sw$5borg1 :o tea*es t
 man 9 ! future /ate is ! son ( 8 own   
de$s 9 ! pres5t /ate1 says he once saw  
,melanc?on 9 hell1 writ+1 ,fai? alone   
saves1 ! words fad+ out z fa/ z writt51 
because expressive ( a falsehood6 ,x is 
n belief1 b love1 t dom9ates ! s\l1 n a 
m5tal act1 b a spiritual sub/ance4      
,accord+ z ! realities ( ! s\l are :at  
!y %\ld be1 j & pure1 or :at !y %\ld n  
be1 p]v]t$ & corrupt1 & accord+ z !     
realities ( ! s\l are 9 "r relations )  
tru?1 beauty1 goodness1 or 9 vitiat$    
relations ) !m1 s1 & to t ext5t1 is !   
s\l sav$ or lo/4 ,?is is n a matt] (    
arbitr>y det]m9ation on "o h&2 & (      
helpless submission on ! o!r3 x is a    
matt] ( ,div9e p]mission on "o h&1 & (  
free1 ?\gh sometimes un9tellig5t &      

mi/ak51 *oice on ! o!r4 ,! only p]dition
 is to be out ( tune ) ! "r con/itution 
& ex]cise ( ?+s & rules4 ,t1 ( itself1  
makes a man ! victim ( guilt &          
wret*$ness4 ,! only salvation is !      
re/oration ( ! balance & normal         
effici5cy ( ! faculties1 ! re/oration ( 
_! h>mony ) ! moral law1 ! recomm5cem5t 
( _! action 9 unison ) ! w ( ,god4 ,:5 a
 s\l1 ?r\gh its exposure & fre$om1      
becomes & exp]i5ces :at ,god did n int5d
 & is n pleas$ )1 :at 8 creative &      
executive arrangem5ts are n purposely   
ord]$ =1 x is1 = ! "t1 & s f> =?1 lo/4  
,x is sav$1 :5 k ( tru? illum9ates !    
m9d1 love ( goodness w>ms ! he>t1 en]gy1
 purity1 & aspiration fill & animate !  
:ole be+4 ,!n1 hav+ realiz$ 9 its       
exp]i5ce ! purposes ( ,*ri/'s mission1 !
 orig9al aims ( its exi/5ce1 x rejoices 
9 ! favor ( ,god4 ,9 ! h>moni\s fruition
 ( its int]nal effici5cies & ext]nal    
relations1 all ?+s "w toge!r = good unto
 x1 & x basks 9 ! beams ( ! sun (       
immortality4 ,p]dition & hell are !     

condemnation & mis]y in/antane\sly      
deposit$ 9 exp]i5ce :5ev] & :]ev] a     
p]v]t$ & corrupt s\l t\*es its relations
 ) ! univ]se4 ,! meet+ ( its            
consci\sness ) ! ali5at$ m\rnful faces (
 ?+s1 ) ! ho/ile retributive =ces ( ?+s1
 produces unre/ & suff]+ ) ! same       
natural necessity t ! meet+ ( c]ta9     
*emical sub/ances deposits poison &     
bitt]ness4 ,p]dition be+ ! degradation &
 wret*$ness ( ! s\l ?r\gh +ra9$         
falsehood1 vice1 impurity1 & h>dness1   
salvation is ! ca/+ out ( ^! evils1 & ! 
replac+ !m ) tru?1 righte\sness1 a holy 
& s5sitive life4 ,to ransom f hell &    
translate to heav5 is n1 !n1 s mu* to   
deliv] f a local dungeon ( gnaw+ fires &
 worms1 & be> to a local p>adise (      
luxuries1 z x is to heal diseases &     
re/ore heal?4 ,hell is a wrong1 diseas$ 
condition ( ! s\l1 its indwell+         
wret*$ness & retribution1 :]ev] x may   
be1 z :5 ! light ( day tortures a sick  
eye4 ,heav5 is a "r1 heal?y condition ( 
! s\l1 its indwell+ integrity & concord1

 9 :atev] realms x may reside1 z :5 !   
sun%9e ba!s ! heal?y orb ( vision )     
delight4 ,salvation is no?+ m nor less  
?an ! h>moni\s bless$ness ( ! s\l by !  
fruition ( all its "r p[]s & relations4 
,remove a man :o is wri?+ 9 ! agonies ( 
"s physical disease1 f 8 desolate hut on
 ! bleak m\nta9 side to a gorge\s palace
 9 a delici\s tropical clime4 ,he is j z
 badly (f z be=e4 ,he is /ill1 s to     
speak1 9 hell1 :]ev] he may be 9        
location4 ,cure 8 sickness1 & !n he is1 
s to speak1 sav$1 9 heav54 ,x is s ) !  
s\l4 ,! conditions ( salvation &        
reprobation are n arbitr>y1 me*anical1  
fickle1 b are ! int]ior & unalt]able    
laws ( ! s\l & ( ! univ]se4 ,e devil1   
,sir ,?omas ,br[ne says1 holds en\gh (  
torture 9 8 own ubi1 & ne$s n ! torture 
( circumf]5ce to afflict him4 ,if !re   
are1 z !re may be1 two entirely sep>ate 
regions 9 space1 ^: respective b\nd>ies 
enclose hell & heav51 bani%m5t into !   
"o1 or admission into ! o!r1 evid5tly is
 n :at con/itutes ! ess5ce ( p]dition or

 ( salvation1 is n ! all important      
consid]ation2 b ! *>act]i/ic condition (
 ! s\l1 :i* produces its exp]i5ce &     
decides its de/9ation1 t is ! ess5tial  
?+4 ,! mild fann+ ( a zephyr 9 a summ]  
ev5+ is intol]able to a p]son 9 !       
convulsions ( ! ague1 b mo/ welcome &   
delightful to o!rs4 ,s to a wick$ s\l   
all objects1 op]ations1 & influ5ces ( ! 
moral creation become ho/ile &          
retributive1 mak+ a hell ( ! :ole       
univ]se4 ,purify ! s\l1 re/ore x to a   
correct condition1 & e ?+ is            
transfigur$3 ! univ]sal hell becomes    
univ]sal heav54  ,we may ga!r up 9 a few
 propositions ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ?is   
!ory ( salvation4 ,fir/1 ,p]dition is n 
an exp]i5ce to :i* s\ls are helplessly  
born1 n a s5t5ce inflict$ on !m by an   
arbitr>y decree1 b is a result wr\ght   
out by free ag5cy1 9 con=mity to !      
unalt]able laws ( ! spiritual _w4       
,secondly1 heav5 & hell are n ess5tially
 p>ticul> localities into :i* spirits   
are ?ru/1 nor /ates ( consci\sness      

produc$ by outw>d circum/ances1 b are an
 outw>d  reflection f1 & a reciprocal   
action ^u1 int]nal "*4  ,?irdly1        
condemnation1 or ju/ification1 is n     
absolute & complete1 equaliz+ all on ea*
 side ( a giv5 l9e1 b is a ?+ ( degrees1
 n exactly ! same 9 any two individuals1
 or 9 ! same p]son at all times4        
,f\r?ly1 we h no reason to suppose t    
probation closes ) ! clos+ ( ! pres5t   
life2 b e relevant consid]ation leads u 
to conclude t ! same great con/itution (
 laws p]vades all worlds & reigns       
?r\gh\t et]nity1 s t ! fate ( s\ls is n 
un*angeably fix$ at dea?4 ,no analogy   
indicates t aft] dea? all w be ?or\ghly 
diff]5t f :at x is be=e dea?4 ,r d all  
analogies argue t ! hell & heav5 ( !    
future w be ! aggravation1 or           
mitigation1 or cont9uation1 ( ! p]dition
 & salvation ( ! pres5t4 ,x is altoge!r 
a s5t5ce ( exact "r accord+ to "*1 a    
matt] ( p]sonal a*ievem5t dep5d+ ^u     
fre$om1 an exp]i5ce ( inw>d elem5ts &   
/ates1 a ?+ ( degrees1 & a subject (    

cont9u$ probation4  ,! condition ( !    
hea!n nations 9 ref]5ce to salvation is 
satisfactory only 9 ! light ( ! =ego+   
!ory4 ,if a p]son is :at ,god wi%es1 z  
%[n by 8 reveal$ w 9 ! model ( ,*ri/1   
pure1 lov+1 dev\t1 wise1 & e>ne/1 he is 
sav$1 :e!r he ev] he>d ( ,*ri/ or n4    
,are ,plato & ,ari/ides1 ,cato &        
,anton9us1 to be damn$1 :ile ,pope      
,alex&] ,,vi4 & ,k+ ,philip ,,ii are    
sav$1 because ^? glori\s *>act]s m]ely  
liv$ at ! !n height ( atta9able         
excell5ce1 b ^! fanatic sc\ndrels made a
 te*nical pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,!   
,a?anasian cre$ ass]ts t :oev] do? n    
fully believe its dogmas %all )\t d\bt  
p]i% ev]la/+ly4 ,& ! eighte5? article 9 
! cre$ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& decl>es !m    
accurs$ :o presume to say t any man c be
 sav$ by dilig5tly fram+ 8 life accord+ 
to ! law or sect :i* he pr(esse?1 & !   
light ( nature4#af  ,ano!r p>ticul> 9   
:i* ! pres5t view ( salvation is        
satisfactory1 9 opposition to ! o!r     
!ories1 is 9 leav+ ! p]sonal nature ( s9

 cle>1 ! realm ( p]sonal responsibility 
unconfus$4 ,:y %\ld a sy/em ( ?\ght be  
set up & adh]$ to 9 religion t w\ld be  
in/antly & univ]sally sc\t$ at if appli$
 to any o!r subject8 #ag ,no "o dreams t
 ! s9 ( an unex]cis$ intellect1 ( gross 
ignorance1 c be p>don$ only ?r\gh fai? 9
 ! sacrifice ( "s inc>nation ( ! ,p]fect
 ,reason4 ,no "o expects to be told t ! 
violation ( ! bodily laws c be =giv5 by 
! ,inf9ite ,creator only on ! gr\nd t "s
 p]fect physician honors !m by ob$i5ce &
 dea?4 ,x is by op5+ ! m9d to ,god's    
publi%$ tru?1 & by con=mity to !        
discov]$ philosophical  #af ,arnauld1   
,emes1 ,goeze1 & o!rs1 h writt5 volumes 
to prove ! indiscrim9ate damnation ( !  
hea!n4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,mull]1 9 8 ,diss4
 de ,paganorum poet ,mortem ,conditione1
 & ,m>montel1 9 8 ,belisaire1 take a m  
favorable view ( ! fate ( ! e?nic _w4 ,!
 be/ "w on ! subject a "w ( great       
g5iality & ability is ,eb]h>d's ,neue   
,apologie des ,socrates4 ,also see      
,knapp's ,*ri/ian ,!ology1 sect4        

lxxxviii4  #ag ,m>t9eau1 ,/udies (      
,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #aec-agf3 ,m$iatorial  
,religion4 ,ibid4 pp4 #dfh-dgg3 ,s9 ,:at
 x is1 ,:at x is n4   ord]1 or !        
reception ( ! adopt$ rem$y1 t ! m9d & ! 
frame exp]i5ce new life4 ,& our s\ls are
 r$eem$1 n by any expiation on acc\nt ( 
:i* p5alties are lift$1 b by reception (
 spiritual tru? & consecration ( w1 :i* 
pu% away p5alties by :olesome life4 #ah 
,! awful inviolability ( ju/ice is %[n  
by ! et]nal c\rse ( ,god's laws br++ !  
exactly des]v$ p5alty ^u e s\l t s9ne?4 
,:oev] breaks a ,div9e decree puts all  
sacr$ ?+s 9 antagonism to him1 & !      
precise puni%m5t ( 8 (f5ces n ! wor? (  
worlds nor ! blood ( angels c av]t4 ,!  
b\ndless m]cy ( ,god1 8 aton+ love1 is  
%[n by ! abs5ce ( all v9dictiv5ess f 8  
judgm5ts1 _! re/orative aim & t5d5cy4   
,:5ev] ! s9n] rep5ts1 re=ms1 puts       
himself 9 a "r attitude1 ,god is wait+  
to p>don & bless him1 ! sun %9es & !    
happy he>t is glad z at fir/1 ! cl\dy   
scre5 ( s9 & fe> & retributive ali5ation

 be+ remov$4 ,?is view1 :5 appreciat$1  
af=ds z impressive a sanction to law1 & 
z affect+ an exhibition ( love1 z are   
!oretically ascrib$ to ! doctr9e (      
vic>i\s expiation4 ,! inf9ite sanctity (
 ju/ice & ! fa?omless love ( ,god are   
c]ta9ly mu* m pla9ly & satisfactorily   
%[n by ! righte\s nature & b5efic5t     
op]ation ( ! law1 ?an by its t]rible    
sev]ity & arbitr>y subv]sion4 ,accord+  
to ! pres5t view1 ! relation ( ,*ri/ to 
human r$emption is z simple & rational z
 x is div9ely appo9t$ & p]fectly        
fulfill$4 ,accr$it$ ) miracul\s seals1  
pres5t+ ! mo/ pa!tic & inspir+ motives1 
he reveals ! tru?s & exemplifies !      
virtues :i*1 :5 adopt$1 reg5]ate ! spr+s
 ( fai? & "*1 rectify ! l9es ( conduct1 
& *ange m5 f s9ful & wret*$ to sa9tly & 
bless$4 ,he /irs ! /agnant s\l1 t man   
may replunge into 8 native self1 & rise 
r$eem$4  ,= ! m di/9ct compreh5sion &   
remembrance ( ! s*emes ( ,*ri/ian       
salvation we h be5 consid]+1 x may be   
well to recapitulate !m4  ,! fir/ !ory  

is ?is3 ,:51 by ! fall ( ,adam1 all m5 7
 utt]ly lo/ & doom$ to hell =ev]1 !     
vic>i\s suff]+s ( ,*ri/ cancell$ s91 &  
unconditionally pur*as$ & sav$ all4 ,?is
 0 ! orig9al developm5t ( ,univ]salism4 
,x sprang consi/5tly f ,augu/9ian       
gr\nds4 ,x 0 taught by a p>ty 9 ! ,*ur* 
( ! fir/ c5turies1 0 aft]w>ds repeat$ly 
condemn$ z a h]esy by popes & by        
c\ncils1 & 0 reviv$ by ,kelly1 ,murray1 
& o!rs4 ,we are n aw>e t x n[ has any   
av[$ disciples4  ,! second conception   
is1 9 sub/ance1 t ,god1 =esee+ f et]nity
 ! fall ( ,adam & ! consequ5t damnation 
( 8 po/]ity1 arbitr>ily elect$ a portion
 ( !m to salvation1 leav+ ! re/ to _!   
fate2 & ! vic>i\s suff]+s ( ,*ri/ 7 !   
only possible means ( c>ry+ t decree    
into effect4 ,?is is ! ,augu/9ian &     
,calv9i/ic !ology1 & has _h a v ext5sive
 preval5ce among ,*ri/ians4 ,_m *ur*    
cre$s /ill embody ! doctr9e2 b 9 its    
orig9al1 uncompromis+ =m x is rapidly   
fad+ f belief4 ,ev5 n[ few p]sons c be  
f\nd to pr(ess x )\t ess5tial           

modifications1 s  #ah ,t4 ,s4 ,k+1      
,endless ,puni%m5t ,un*ri/ian &         
,unreasonable1 p4 #fe4   qualify+ x z to
 de/roy its id5tity4  ,! ?ird plan (    
deliv]+ s\ls f ! doom suppos$ to re/ on 
!m attributes to ! vic>i\s suff]+s (    
,*ri/ a conditional efficacy1 dep5d+ ^u 
p]sonal fai?4 ,e "o :o w he>tily believe
 9 ! sub/itutional dea? ( ,*ri/1 & tru/ 
9 8 aton+ m]its1 %all !reby be sav$4    
,?is 0 ! sy/em ( ,pelagius1 ,arm9ius1   
,lu!r4 ,x prevails n[ 9 ! s call$       
,evangelical ,*ur*es m g5]ally ?an any  
o!r sy/em4  ,! f\r? receiv$ me?od (     
salvation1 assum+ ! same premises :i* ! 
?ree =ego+ s*emes assume1 namely1 t     
?r\gh ! fall all m5 are et]nally s5t5c$ 
to hell1 decl>es t1 by ,*ri/'s vic>i\s  
suff]+s1 p[] is giv5 to ! ,*ur*1 a      
prie/ly hi]>*y1 to save su* z confess h]
 au?ority & obs]ve h] rites4 ,all o!rs  
mu/ cont9ue lo/4#ai ,?is !ory e>ly began
 to be con/ruct$ & broa*$ by ! ,fa!rs4  
,x is held by ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 &
 by all ! consi/5t portion ( !          

,episcopalian4 ,a "p ( ! ,bapti/        
d5om9ation also ?r\gh _! popul> prea*]s1
 if n 9 _! recognis$ symbols ass]t !    
indisp5sabl5ess ( ritual baptism to     
salvation4  ,! fif? view ( ! problem is 
t no s\l is lo/ or doom$ except s f> z x
 is p]sonally1 volunt>ily deprav$ &     
s9ful4 ,& ev5 to t ext5t1 & 9 t s5se1 x 
c be call$ lo/ only 9 ! pres5t life4    
,aft] dea? e s\l is fre$ f evil1 & u%]$ 
at once into heav54 ,?is is ! di/9ctive 
doctr9e ( ! ultra ,univ]sali/s4 ,x is   
disappe>+ f among its rec5t advocates4  
,z a body !y h already ex*ang$ its      
arbitr>y conceptions ( dea? & glory = ! 
m rational conclusions ( !              
,re/orationi/s4 #bj  ,! six? & f9al     
s*eme ( ,*ri/ian salvation tea*es t1 by 
! immutable laws :i* ! ,creator has     
e/abli%$ 9 & ov] 8 works & creatures1 a 
free s\l may *oose good or evil1 tru? or
 falsehood1 love or hate1 b5efic5ce or  
iniquity4 ,j s f> & j s long z x p>takes
 ( ! =m] x is sav$2 z x p>takes ( !     
latt] x is lo/1 t is1 ali5ates ! favor (

 ,god1 =feits s mu* ( ! b5efits (       
creation & ( ! bless+s ( be+4 ,!        
conditions & means ( rep5tance1         
re=mation1 reg5]ation1 are always )9 its
 p[]1 ! future /ate be+ b ! un5cumb]$1 m
 favorable exp]i5ce ( ! spiritual       
elem5ts ( ! pres5t1 "u ! same ,div9e    
con/itution & laws4 ,?is is ! common    
belief ( ,unit>ians & ,univ]sali/s1 !   
latt] alone tea*+ x z a sure doctr9e (  
,revelation4  ,salvation by pur*ase1 by 
! r$eem+ blood ( ,*ri/2 salvation by    
election1 by ! indep5d5t decree ( ,god1 
seal$ by ! blood ( ,*ri/2 salvation by  
fai?1 by an appropriat+ fai? 9 ! blood (
 ,*ri/2 salvation by ! ,*ur*1 by !      
sacram5ts made efficaci\s to t end by ! 
blood ( ,*ri/2 salvation by nature1 by !
 irresi/ible work+ ( ! natural ord] (   
?+s1 decl>$ by ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/2        
salvation by a resurrection f ! dead1   
miracul\sly effect$ by ! delegat$ p[] ( 
,*ri/2 salvation by "*1 by con=mity ( "*
 to ! spiritual laws ( ! univ]se1 to !  
nature & w ( ,god1 reveal$1 urg$1       

exemplifi$1 by ! :ole mission ( ,*ri/2  
^! are ! diff]5t !ories  #ai ,adams1    
,m]cy to ,babes4 7,a plea = ! baptism ( 
infants1 t !y may n be damn$47  #bj ,ad9
 ,ball\1 ,univ]salism & ,re/orationism  
,moral ,contr>ies1 #ahcg4   propos$ = ! 
acceptance ( ,*ri/ians4  ,outside (     
,*ri/5dom we disc]n1 receiv$ & op]ative 
9 v>i\s =ms1 all ! !oretic modes (      
salvation ackn[l$g$ )9 x1 & "s o!rs 9   
addition4 ,! cre$ & practice ( !        
,mohamm$ans af=d a m unfl9*+ embodim5t (
 ! conception ( salvation by election   
?an is furni%$ any:]e else4 ,islam      
d5otes ,fate4 ,all is pr$e/9at$ & foll[s
 on 9 inevitable sequ5ce4 ,no modify+   
influ5ce is possible4 ,c a brea? move   
,m\nt ,kaf8 ,! *os5 ( ,allah %all       
believe2 ! reject$ ( ,allah %all d5y4 ,e
 believ]'s b[] is bloom+ = him 9        
,p>adise2 e unbeliev]'s b$ is burn+ =   
him 9 hell4 ,& no?+ :atev] c avail to   
*ange ! p]sons or ! total numb] elect$ =
 ea*4  ,!re is "o !ory ( salvation      
sc>cely he>d ( 9 ! ,we/1 b ext5sively   

held 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,brahmanic z well z ! 
,buddhi/ ?9k] relies on obta9+ salvation
 by k4 ,life 9 a cont9ual succession (  
diff]5t bodies is 8 p]dition4 ,8        
salvation is to be fre$ f ! vortex (    
bir?s & dea?s1 ! fret & /orm ( f9ite    
exi/5ce4 ,nei!r goodness nor piety c ev]
 release him4 ,k alone c d x3 an        
unsulli$ intellectual vision & a free   
intellectual grasp ( tru? & love alone c
 rescue him f ! turbid sea ( =ms &      
/ruggles4 ,z a lump ( salt is ( uni=m   
ta/e )9 & )\t1 s ! s\l is no?+ b        
intellig5ce4#ba ,if ! s\l be an entire  
mass ( intellig5ce1 a curr5t ( ideas1   
its real salvation dep5ds on its becom+ 
pure & et]nal tru? )\t mixture (        
falsehood or ( emotional di/urbance4 ,he
 mu/ free himself f virtues z well z f  
s9s2 = ! conf9em5t ( fett]s is ! same   
:e!r ! *a9 be ( gold or ( iron4#bb      
,accord+ly1 ! ,h9du1 to secure          
emancipation1 planes d[n ! m\nta9\s     
?\ghts & passions ( 8 s\l to a des]t    
level ( indiff]5t insight4 ,& :51 9     

direct p]sonal k1 free f joy & sorr[1   
free f good & ill1 he gazes into !      
limitless abyss ( ,div9e tru?1 !n he is 
sure ( ! bosom ( ,brahm1 ! door (       
,nirwana4 ,!n ! :eel ( ! ,brahmanic     
,ixion ceases revolv+1 & ! ,buddhi/     
,ahasu]us fl+s away 8 /aff2 = salvation 
is atta9$4  ,! conception ( salvation by
 ritual works bas$ on fai? ei!r fai? 9  
,deity or 9 "s r$emptive ag5cy is       
exhibit$ all ov] ! _w4 ,hani1 a ,h9du   
devotee1 dwelt 9 a ?icket1 & repeat$ !  
"n ( ,kri%na a hundr$ ?\s& times ea*    
day1 #bc & ?us sav$ 8 s\l4 ,! sa9tly    
,muni ,%ukadev said1 z is writt5 9 ! mo/
 popul> religi\s au?ority ( ,india1 ,:o 
ev5 ignorantly s+ ! praises ( ,kri%na   
und\bt$ly obta9 f9al beatitude2 j z1 if 
"o ignorant ( ! prop]ties ( nect> %\ld  
dr9k x1 he w\ld /ill become immortal4   
,:oev] wor%ips ,h>i1 ) :atev]           
disposition ( m9d1 obta9s beatitude4#bd 
,! repetition ( ! names ( ,vi%nu        
purifies f all s9s1 ev5 :5 invok$ by an 
evil m9d$ p]son1 z fire burns ev5 him :o

 approa*es x unwill+ly4#be ,no?+ is m   
common 9 ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,h9dus ?an !
 promise t :oev] reads or he>s ?is      
n>rative ) a dev\t m9d %all receive f9al
 beatitude4 ,millions on millions ( ^!  
docile & abject devotees und\bt+ly      
expect salvation by su* m]ely ritual    
#ba ,colebrooke1 ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4    
#cei4  #bb ,ibid4 p4 #cfc4  #bc ,asiatic
 ,rese>*es1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #aae4  #bd     
,ea/wick1 ,prem ,sag>1 p4 #ef4  #be     
,vi%nu ,p>ans1 p4 #baj1 note #ac4       
obs]vances4 ,"o cries ,"l6 ,"l6 ,ano!r  
?umbs a book1 z if x 7 an omnipot5t     
amulet4 ,ano!r m$itates on "s my/ic !me1
 z if mus+ 7 a resi/less spell ( sil5t  
exorcism & invocation4 ,ano!r pi]ces    
himself ) r$ hot irons1 z if volunt>y   
pa9 endur$ n[ c\ld accumulate m]it = him
 & buy (f future inflictions4  ,x is    
surpris+ to :at an ext5t m5's ef=ts =   
salvation seem und]laid by conceptions (
 propitiation1 ! placation ( a hatr$1 ! 
awak5+ ( a love1 9 ! objects ( _!       
wor%ip4 ,9 all ^! cases salvation is    

s\ght indirectly ?r\gh works1 ?\gh n    
p>ticul>ly good works4 ,! savage makes  
an (f]+1 mutt]s a pray]1 or fi]cely     
w\nds 8 body1 be=e ! hide\s idol ( 8    
*oice4 ,! fakir1 swung ^u %>p hooks1    
revolves sl[ly r\nd a fire4 ,! monk we>s
 a hair %irt1 & flagellates himself     
until blood trickles across ! floor ( 8 
cell4 ,! ,portuguese sailor 9 a /orm    
takes a lead5 sa9t f 8 bosom & kneels   
be=e x = safety4 ,! (f5d+ ,bu%man crawls
 9 ! du/ & %udd]s z he seeks to av]t !  
fury ( ! feti* :i* he has c>v$ & set 9 a
 tree4 ,! w\nd$ brig& 9 ! ,ap5n9es1 )   
unnumb]$ robb]ies & murd]s on 8 s\l1    
f9ds p]fect ease to 8 consci5ce z 8     
glaz+ eye falls on a c>efully treasur$  
picture ( ! ,virg91 & he expires 9 a    
triumph ( fai?1 say+1 ,sweet ,"m ( ,god1
 int]c$e = me4 ,! ,calv9i/ic conv]t1    
ab\t to be execut$ = 8 fe>ful crimes1   
kneels at ! foot ( ! gall[s1 & exclaims1
 z 9 a rec5t well kn[n in/ance1 ,i hold 
! blood ( ,*ri/ betwe5 my s\l & ! flam+ 
face ( ,god1 & die happy1 assur$ t ,i am

 go+ to heav54  ,x is all a t]rible     
delusion1 aris+ f p]v]t$ s5tim5t &      
degrad$ ?\ght4 ,( ! five !oretical modes
 ( salvation taught 9 ! _w1 ,election1  
,fai?1 ,works1 ,k1 ,h>mony1 "o alone is 
real & div9e1 al?\gh x conta9s pr9ciples
 tak5 f all ! re/ & bl5d$ ) its own4    
,!re is no salvation by =egone election2
 = t w\ld de?rone ! moral laws & deify  
caprice4 ,!re is no salvation by        
dogmatic fai?2 because fai? is n a matt]
 ( w1 b ( evid5ce1 n )9 man's own p[]1 &
 a ?\s& v>ieties ( fai? are necessitat$ 
among m54 ,!re is no salvation by       
det]m9ate works2 = works are measurable 
quantities1 ^: rew>ds & puni%m5ts are   
met$ & f9ally sp5t1 b salvation is      
qualitative & inf9ite4 ,!re is no       
salvation by intellectual k2 = k is     
sight1 n be+1 an accid5t1 n an ess5ce1  
an attribute ( "o faculty1 n a "r /ate &
 rul+ =ce 9 all4 ,! true salvation is by
 h>mony2 = h>mony ( all ! =ces ( ! s\l )
 !mselves & ) all relat$ =ces beyond1   
h>mony ( ! individual w ) ! ,div9e w1   

h>mony ( p]sonal action ) ! univ]sal    
activity1 :at o!r negation ( p]dition is
 possible8 :at o!r def9ition &          
affirmation ( salvation conceivable8 ,by
 ! ,creator's fiat1 man is fir/ elect$  
to be4 ,by ! guid+ /imulus ( fai?1 he is
 next animat$ to spiritual ex]tion4 ,by 
! p]=mance ( good works1 he !n br+s 8   
moral nature into beautiful =m &        
attitude4 ,by k ( tru?1 he fur!rmore    
sees h[ to direct1 gov]n1 & attune      
himself4 ,& f9ally1 by ! accompli%m5t ( 
all ?is 9 ! organiz$ h>mony ( a wise &  
holy s\l1 !re results t /ate ( be+ ^:   
passive conditions con/itute salvation1 
& ^: active exp]i5ce is et]nal life4    
,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,recognition ,,(        
,,fri5ds ,,9 ,a ,,future ,,life4  ,,(   
all ! sorr[s incid5t to human life1 none
 is s p5etrat+ to g5tle he>ts z t :i*   
fills !m ) a*+ regrets1 &1 = a "t1      
writes holl[ness & vanity on _! de>e/   
treasures1 :5 dea? robs !m ( ^? !y love4
 ,& s1 ( all ! que/ions t haunt ! s\l1  
wr++ its faculties = a solution1 besee*+

 ! oracles ( ! univ]se = a response1    
none c h a m int5se int]e/ ?an ga!rs    
ab\t ! irrepressible inquiry1 ,%all we  
ev] meet aga91 & "k1 ! fri5ds we h lo/8 
some:]e 9 ! ample creation & 9 !        
b\ndless ages1 jo91 ) ! old famili>     
love1 our long p>t$1 fondly *]i%$1 nev] 
=gott5 dead8 ,! grief ( b]eavem5t & !   
desire ( reunion are exp]i5c$ 9 an      
endless div]sity ( degrees by diff]5t   
p]sons1 accord+ z !y are c>eless1 h>d1 &
 s5se b\nd1 or ?\ghtful1 sympa?iz+1 &   
imag9ative2 undiscipl9$ by ! my/]ies &  
afflictions ( our mortal de/9y1 or      
pr(\ndly tri$ by ! disappo9tm5ts &      
prophecies ( "t & fate2 & z !y are %ad[$
 by ! gloom ( despair1 or *e]$ by !     
radiance ( belief4 ,b to all :o feel1   
ev5 ! lea/1 ! unc]ta9 b deep monitions (
 ! sil5t pall1 ! sad procession1 & !    
burial m\nd1 ! impressive problem mu/   
occur1 ) frequ5cy & p[]1 ,does ! grave  
sund] u & ! objects ( our affection     
=ev]8 or1 across t d>k gulf1 %all we be 
unit$ aga9 9 pur] bonds8 ,outside ( !   

a!i/ic dissolution & ! pan!i/ic         
absorption1 x is supposable t1 surviv+ !
 bl[ ( dea?1 our spirits may return to  
,god & run _! endless c\rse 9 div9e     
solitude4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is supposable 
t1 possess$ ) all ! memories ( ?is      
probation>y /ate1 bless$ by !           
companion%ip ( our e>?ly fri5ds1 we may 
aspire toge!r along ! int]m9able        
gradations ( ! _w to come4 ,if ! =m]    
supposition be true1 & ! f>ewell ( ! dy+
 is ! ann\ncem5t ( an irrevocable       
sep>ation1 !n ! te>s we %$ ov] ! %r\d$  
clay1 once s priz$1 %\ld be di/illations
 f ,le!'s flood1 to make u =get all4 ,b 
if ! latt] be true1 !n our deadly seem+ 
losses are z ! p>t+s ( travell]s at     
night to meet 9 ! morn+2 &1 z fri5d aft]
 fri5d retires1 we %\ld sigh to ea*     
dep>t+ _s a k9d adieu till we meet aga91
 & let pleas+ memories ( !m l+] to m+le 
9 ! sacr$ day dreams ( rema9+ life4     
,evid5tly x is ( mu* importance to a man
 :i* ( ^! views he %all take2 = ea*     
ex]ts a di/9ctive influ5ce 9 reg>d to 8 

peace ( m9d1 8 moral /r5g?1 & 8 religi\s
 "*4 ,on "o :o believes t h]eaft]1      
beyond all ! p>t+s 9 ?is l& ( tombs1 he 
%all nev] meet ! de> companions :o n[   
bless 8 lot1 ! dea? ( fri5ds mu/ fall1  
if he be a p]son ( /rong s5sibilities1 z
 a /agg]+ bl[1 awak5+ an agony ( sorr[1 
tak+ f ! sky & ! e>? a glory no?+ c ev] 
replace1 & leav+ 9 8 he>t a wret*$ void 
no?+ c ev] fill4 ,h5ce=? he w be depriv$
 mo/ly = all felt connection betwe5 !m  
is hopelessly sund]$ ( ! good influ5ces 
!y ex]t$ on him :5 pres5t3 he mu/ try1  
by all exp$i5ts1 to =get !m2 ?9k no m ( 
_! virtues1 _! welcome voices & k9dly   
de$s2 wipe f ! tablets ( 8 s\l all fond 
records ( _! unit$ happy days2 look n to
 ! future1 let ! pa/ be z ?\gh x _h nev]
 be51 & absorb 8 ?\ghts & feel+s 9 !    
turmoil ( ! pres5t4 ,?is is 8 only      
c\rse2 & ev5 !n1 if true to ! holie/    
in/9cts ( 8 s\l1 he w f9d ! fatal       
sep>ation has less5$ 8 be+ & impov]i%$ 8
 life1  ,= ?is los+ is true dy+2 ,?is is
 lordly man's d[n ly+1 ,?is 8 sl[ b sure

 recl9+1 ,/> by /> 8 _w resign+4  ,b to 
him :o e>ne/ly expects soon to be re/or$
 "u fair] auspices & 9 a dea?less _w to 
^? f :om he p>t$ z he laid _! crumbl+   
bodies 9 ! e>?1 ! dea? ( fri5ds w come z
 a message f ! ,great ,fa!r1 a message  
solemn yet k9d1 lad5 inde$ ) natural    
sadness yet bright5$ by sure promise &  
foll[$ by heav5ly comp5sations4 ,if 8   
te>s fl[1 !y fl[ n 9 scald+ bitt]ness f 
! ,m>ah f\nta9 ( despair1 b 9 *a/5$ joy 
f ! smitt5 rock ( fai?4 ,s f> f         
endeavor+ to =get ! dep>t$1 he w cl+ to 
_! memories ) r$\bl$ t5d]ness1 z a sacr$
 tru/ & a r$eem+ p[]4 ,!y w be m preci\s
 to him ?an ev]1 /rong] to purify &     
animate4 ,_! sa9tly examples w attract  
him z nev] be=e1 & _! cele/ial voices   
plead f on high to w9 him to virtue & to
 heav54 ,! con/ant ?\ght ( see+ !m once 
m1 & waft+ 9 _! arms ?r\gh ! en*ant$    
spaces ( ,p>adise1 w wield a sanctify+  
=ce ov] 8 _s4 ,!y w make ! invisible    
sph]e a peopl$ reality to him1 & draw   
him to ,god by ! diffus$ bonds ( a      

spiritual acqua9tance & an et]nal love4 
,s9ce ! result 9 :i* a man re/s on ?is  
subject1 believ+ or disbeliev+ t he %all
 recognise 8 belov$ ones ! o!r side ( ! 
grave1 ex]ts a deep influ5ce on him1 9  
"o case di%e>t5+1 9 ! o!r uplift+1 x is 
incumb5t on u to inve/igate ! subject1  
try to get at ! tru?1 cle> x up1 &      
appreciate x z well z we c4 ,x is a !me 
to int]e/ u all4 ,:o has n ende>$       
relatives1 *oice fri5ds1 fre%ly or long 
ago remov$ f ?is e>? into ! unkn[n      
clime8 ,9 a little :ile1 z ! ravag+     
reap] sweeps on 8 way1 :o w n h /ill m  
!re1 or be !re himself8 ,:e!r old       
acqua9tance %all be all =got or be well 
rememb]$ !re1 is an inquiry :i* mu/     
pr(\ndly int]e/ all :o h he>ts to love  
_! companions1 & m9ds to p]ceive !      
creep+ %ad[s ( my/]y draw+ ov] u z we   
approa* ! sure de/9y ( age & ! dim      
conf9es ( ! _w4 ,x is a !me1 f> remov$ f
 noisy /rifes & va9 %[s1 p5etrat+ t     
my/]i\s ess5ce ( affection & ?\ght :i*  
we are4 ,! ?+ ( fir/ importance is n !  

conclusion we rea*1 b ! _s 9 :i* we seek
 & hold x4 ,! ,*ri/ian says to 8 fri5d1 
,our s\ls w be unit$ 9 yond] heav54     
,danton1 ) a horrible trave/y1 said to 8
 comrades on ! scaffold1 ,our heads w   
meet 9 t sack4  ,be=e engag+ directly 9 
! discussion1 x w be int]e/+ to notice1 
= an in/ant1 ! v]dict :i* hi/ory1 9 !   
spontane\s suppositions & rude          
speculations ( anci5t peoples1 pron\nces
 on ?is subject4#a ,among _! v>i\s      
op9ions ab\t ! /ate aft] dea?1 x is a   
prom95t circum/ance t !y g5]ally agree 9
 conceiv+ x z a social /ate 9 :i*       
p]sonal lik5esses & memories are reta9$1
 fell[ c\ntrym5 are gr\p$ toge!r1 &     
fri5ds unit$4 ,?is is m9utely true ( ^? 
nations ) ! details ( ^: fai? we are    
acqua9t$1 & is impli$ 9 ! g5]al belief (
 all o!rs1 except ^? :o expect$ !       
individual _s to be absorb$ 9 ! s\l ( ! 
univ]se4 ,hom] %[s ,ulysses & ,virgil 9 
l mann] %[s ,aneas ^u 8 entrance into ! 
o!r _w mutually recognis+ 8 old comrades
 & recognis$ by !m4 ,! two h]oes ^:     

insep>able fri5d%ip on e>? 0 prov]bial  
are /ill toge!r 9 ,elysium3  ,!n1 side  
by side1 along ! dre>y coa/ ,advanc$    
,a*illes' & ,patroclus' gho/1 ,a fri5dly
 pair4  ,9 ?is repres5tation t !re 0 a  
full recognition ( acqua9tances1 all !  
acc\nts ( ! o!r _w giv5 9 ,greek &      
,roman lit]ature h>monize4 ,! same is   
true ( ! acc\nts conta9$ 9 ! lit]ature (
 ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,9 ! ,book (        
,g5esis1 :5 ,jacob he>s ( ! dea? ( 8    
favorite *ild1 he exclaims1 ,i %all g   
d[n to my son ,joseph 9 ! "u _w1 m\rn+4 
,:5 ! wit* ( ,endor rais$ ! gho/ (      
,samuel1 ,saul knew him by ! description
 %e gave ( him z he rose4 ,! mon>* %ades
 9 ! "u _w are pictur$ by ,isaiah z     
recognis+ ! %ade ( ! k+ ( ,babylon &    
ris+ f _! sombre ?rones to greet him )  
mock]y4 ,ezekiel %[s u ea* p ( ! hea!n  
nations 9 ! "u _w 9 a company by        
!mselves4 ,:5 ,david's *ild di$1 ! k+   
sorr[fully exclaim$1 ,he w n return to  
me2 b ,i %all g to him4 ,all ^! passages
 are bas$ on ! conception ( a gloomy    

subt]ranean abode :]e ! gho/s ( ! dead  
are reunit$ aft] _! sep>ation at dea? on
 e>?4 ,an old comm5tator on ! ,koran    
says a ,mohamm$an prie/ 0 once ask$ h[ !
 bless$ 9 p>adise c\ld be happy :5 miss+
 "s ne> relative or de> fri5d :om !y 7  
?us =c$ to suppose 9 hell4 ,he repli$1  
,god w ei!r cause believ]s to =get su*  
p]sons or else to re/ 9 expectation ( _!
 com+4 ,! anecdote %[s affect+ly t !    
same ye>n+ he>t & curiosity are possess$
 by ,moslem & ,*ri/ian4 ,a /ill m       
impressive case 9 po9t is furni%$ by a  
picture 9 a ,buddhi/ temple 9 ,*9a4 ,!  
pa9t+ repres5ts ! /ory ( ! prie/ ,lo    
,puh1 :o1 on pass+ into p>adise at dea?1
 saw 8 "m1 ,y9 ,te1 9 hell4 ,he in/antly
 desc5d$ into ! inf]nal c\rt1 ,ts9      
,kwang ,wang1 :]e %e 0 suff]+1 &1 by 8  
valor1 virtues1 & int]cessions1 rescu$  
h]4 ,! picture vividly portray+ ! :ole  
/ory may be se5 & /udi$ at ! pres5t "t  
by ,*ri/ian mission>ies :o ent] t temple
 ( ! b5evol5t ,buddha4#b ,f ! fai? ( _m 
o!r nations illu/rations might be br\ght

 ( ! same fact1 t ! great common in/9ct 
:i* has l$ m5 to believe 9 a future life
 has at ! same "t caus$ !m to believe t 
9 t life !re w\ld be a union &          
recognition ( fri5ds4 ,let ?is f> rea*+ 
hi/orical fact be tak5 at its j value1  
#a ,alexius1 ,tod & ,wi$]seh54 ,e9e     
,g$ank5folge d] be/5 ,s*rift/ell] all]  
,zeit5 und ,volk]4  #b ,asiatic ,j\rnal1
 #ahdj1 p4 #baa4   :ile we proce$ to !  
labor 9 h&4 ,! fact ref]r$ to is ( "s   
value1 because1 be+ an expression ( !   
he>t ( man z ,god made x1 x is an       
indication ( 8 w1 a prophecy4  ,!re are 
?ree ways ( try+ ! problem ( future     
recognition4 ,! cool1 skeptical class ( 
p]sons w exam9e ! pres5t relat$ facts ( 
! case2 argue f :at !y n[ "k2 te/ ! "q  
by induction & inf]5ce4 ,let u see to   
:at results !y w ?us be l$4 ,9 ! fir/   
place1 we le>n ^u reflection t we n[    
di/+ui% ea* o!r by ! outw>d =m1 physical
 proportion1 & comb9ation ( looks1 tones
 ( voice1 & o!r ! l p>ticul>s4 ,e "o has
 8 individuality 9 ^! respects1 by :i*  

he is sep>able f o!rs4 ,x may be ha/ily 
inf]r$1 !n1 t if we are to "k our fri5ds
 h]eaft] x w be ?r\gh ! ret5tion or !   
recov]y ( _! s5sible peculi>ities4      
,accord+ly1 _m believe ! s\l to be a    
p]fect reflection or immat]ial fac      
simile ( ! body1 ! exact correspond5ce 9
 %ad[y outl9e ( its gross tab]nacle1 &  
consequ5tly at once recognizable 9 !    
disembodi$ /ate4 ,! lit]ature (         
,*ri/5dom we may almo/ say ( ! _w teems 
) exemplifications ( ?is idea4 ,o!rs1   
argu+ f ! same ackn[l$g$ premises1      
conclude t future recognition w be      
secur$ by ! resurrection ( ! mat]ial    
body z x 0 9 all its p]fection1 9       
r5ovat$ & unfad+ prime4 ,b1 leav+ out ( 
view ! inh]5t absurdity ( ! doctr9e ( a 
physical resurrection1 !re is a fatal   
difficulty 9 ! way ( bo? ^!             
supposititi\s modes ( mutual k 9 ano!r  
_w4 ,x is ?is4 ,! outw>d =m1 features1 &
 expression sometimes alt] s ?or\ghly t 
x is impossible = u to recognise our    
once mo/ intimate companions4 ,cases are

 n r>e ( ?is k9d4 ,let "o pass 9 abs5ce 
f *ildhood to maturity1 & :o t _h n se5 
him 9 ! mean "t c\ld tell t x 0 he8 ,!  
tr\ble aris+ !nce is f9ely illu/rat$ by 
,%akspe>e 9 ! mo!rly solicitude (       
,con/ance1 :o1 on le>n+ t h] "y son has 
be5 imprison$ by 8 uncle1 ,k+ ,john1 & w
 probably be kept until he p9es to dea?1
 cries 9 angui% to h] confessor1  ,fa!r 
c>d9al1 ,i h  he>d y say ,t we %all see 
& "k our fri5ds 9 heav53 ,if t be true1 
,i %all see my boy aga92 ,=1 s9ce ! bir?
 ( ,ca91 ! fir/ male *ild1 ,to him t did
 b ye/]day suspire1 ,!re 0 n su* a      
graci\s creature born4 ,b n[ w cank]    
sorr[ eat my bud ,& *ase ! native beauty
 f 8 *eek1 ,& he w look z holl[ z a     
gho/1 ,z dim & meagre z an ague's fit2  
,& s he'll die2 &1 ris+ s aga91 ,:5 ,i  
%all meet him 9 ! c\rt ( heav5 ,i %all n
 "k him3 !re=e nev]1 nev] ,mu/ ,i behold
 my pretty ,ar?ur m4  ,ow+ to ! *anges (
 all sorts :i* take place 9 ! body1     
future recognition _c safely dep5d ^u t 
or ^u any resemblance ( ! _s to x4      

,besides1 n ! fa9te/ pro( c be adduc$ ( 
any su* p]ceptible correspond5ce subsi/+
 betwe5 !m4  ,turn+ aga9 to ! facts (   
exp]i5ce1 we f9d t x is n alone1 nor    
inde$ *iefly1 by _! visible =ms &       
features t we "k our *os5 ones4 ,we     
also1 & f> m truly1 "k !m by ! traits ( 
_! *>act]s1 ! elem5ts ( _! lives1 !     
efflu5ce ( _! spirits1 ! magic atmosph]e
 :i* surr\nds !m1 ! electric ?rill &    
communication :i* vivify & conjo9 our   
s\ls4 ,& ev5 9 ! ext]ior1 t :i* mo/     
reveals & di/+ui%es ea* is n ! %ape1 b !
 expression1 ! lights & %ades1 reflect$ 
out f ! immortal _s %r9$ )94 ,we "k ea* 
o!r really by ! my/]i\s motions ( our   
s\ls4 ,& all ^! ?+s endure & act        
un9t]rupt$ ?\gh ! fle%ly frame alt] a   
?\s& times or dissolve 9 its native du/4
 ,! k ( a fri5d1 !n1 be+ indep5d5t ( !  
body1 spirits may be recognis$ 9 !      
future /ate by ! associations mutually  
surr\nd+ !m1 ! feel+s connect+ !m4      
,amid/ all ! innum]able ?rong+          
multitudes1 ?r\gh all ! immeasurable    

int]v5+ heights & dep?s1 ( ! immat]ial  
_w1 rememb]$ & desir$ companions may be 
select$ & unit$ by inw>d laws t act ) ! 
ease & precision ( *emical aff9ities4   
,we may !re=e recognise ea* o!r by !    
feel+s :i* n[ connect u1 & :i* %all     
spontane\sly k9dle & int]*ange :5 we    
meet 9 heav51 z ! signs ( our =m]       
communion4  ,x ne$s b little ?\ght to   
p]ceive t by ?is view future recognition
 is conditional1 be+ made to dep5d on ! 
p]man5ce ( our sympa?ies3 !re mu/ be !  
same mutual relations1 aff9ities1       
fitness to awak5 ! same emotions ^u     
approa*+ ea* o!r's sph]e1 or we %all    
nei!r "k nor be kn[n4 ,b 9 fact our     
sympa?ies & av]sions *ange z mu* z our  
outw>d appe>ance does4 ,! vices &       
virtues1 loves & hatr$s1 ( our he>ts    
alt]1 ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( our s\ls  
und]go z great a trans=mation1          
sometimes1 z ?or\gh a revolution1 z !   
body does 9 ! int]val betwe5 *ildhood & 
manhood4 ,^! *anges go+ on 9 our        
associates frequ5tly *ange our feel+s   

t[>ds !m1 height5+ or dim9i%+ our       
affection1 creat+ a new int]e/1 de/roy+ 
an old "o1 n[ mak+ enemies lov]s1 & n[  
?or\ghly ali5at+ v fri5ds4 ,su*         
fundam5tal alt]ations ( "* may occur 9  
u1 or 9 our fri5d1 be=e we meet 9 !     
unse5 /ate1 t we %all no m recognise ea*
 o!r's spirits ?an we %\ld "k ea* o!r on
 e>? aft] a sep>ation 9 :i* our bodily  
appe>ances & voices _h be5 entirely     
*ang$4 ,^! consid]ations w\ld induce u  
to ?9k t recognition h]eaft] is n sure1 
b turns on ! condition t we pres]ve a   
remembrance1 desire1 & adapt$ness = "o  
ano!r4  ,if n[ ! critical inquir] %all  
say !re is no evid5ce1 & x is incr$ible1
 t ! body w be re/or$ to a future life1 
or t ! s\l has any resemblance to ! body
 by :i* x may be id5tifi$1 fur!rmore1 if
 he %all ma9ta9 t ! doctr9e ( !         
revelation & recognition ( ! s\ls (     
fri5ds 9 ano!r life by an in/9ctive     
feel+1 a my/]i\s attraction & response1 
is fanciful1 an ov]drawn conclusion ( ! 
imag9ation1 n w>rant$ by a /]n induction

 ( ! av]age realities ( ! subject1 & if 
he %all !n ask1 h[ are we to di/+ui% our
 =m] acqua9tances among ! ho/s ( heav58 
!re is "o m fact ( exp]i5ce :i* meets ! 
case & answ]s 8 dem&4 ,:5 long abs5ce & 
great exposures h wip$ (f all ! m>ks by 
:i* old companions knew ea* o!r1 x has  
frequ5tly happ5$ t !y h met & conv]s$ ) 
indiff]5ce1 ea* be+ ignorant ( :om ! o!r
 02 & s x has cont9u$ until1 by "s      
indirect means1 "s accid5tal allusion1  
or ! ag5cy ( a ?ird p]son1 !y h be5     
sudd5ly reveal$4 ,!n1 ) ?robb+ he>ts1 9 
te>s & rapture1 !y h ru%$ into ea* o!r's
 arms1 ) an in/antane\s recurr5ce ( _!  
e>ly fri5d%ip 9 all its orig9al w>m?1   
fulness1 & flood+ associations4 ,_m su* 
in/ances are relat$ 9 books ( romance ) 
/rict tru? to ! actual occurr5ces (     
life4 ,sev]al in/ances ( x are          
au!nticat$ 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 :5
 *ildr51 torn f _! homes by ! ,indians1 
7 recov]$ by _! p>5ts aft] tw5ty or     
?irty ye>s _h elaps$ & !y 7 id5tifi$ by 
circum/antial evid5ce4 ,let any p>5t ask

 8 he>t1 any true fri5d ask 8 he>t1 if1 
discov]+ by "s =eign means ! object ( 8 
love1 he w\ld n embrace him ) j z ard5t 
a gratitude & devotion z ?\gh !re 7 no  
outw>d *ange & !y _h kn[n "o ano!r at   
sight4 ,s1 9 ! life beyond ! grave1 if  
we are n able to recognise our e>?ly    
companions directly1 ei!r by spiritual  
sight or by intuitive feel+1 we may     
obta9 k ( ea* o!r indirectly by         
comp>ison ( common recollections1 or by 
! m$iation ( angels1 or by "s o!r ,div9e
 arrangem5t especially prep>$ = t       
purpose4 ,& !re=e1 :e!r 9 heav5 we look 
or feel z we d "h or n1 :e!r !re be any 
provision 9 our pres5t con/itution =    
future recognition or n1 is ( no        
consequ5ce4 ,9 a ?\s& ways ! defect c be
 rem$i$1 if su* be ! w ( ,god4 ,& t su* 
is 8 w e relevant fact & consid]ation   
w\ld seem to prove4 ,x is a consi/5t &  
seem+ly requisite cont9uation &         
completion ( t great s*eme ( :i* ?is    
life is a "p4 ,x is an app>5tly ess5tial
 elem5t & fulfilm5t ( ! wond]ful        

app>atus ( retribution1 rew>d1 &        
discipl9e1 int5d$ to educate u z memb]s 
( ,god's et]nal family4 ,because f !    
little :i* we n[ und]/& we _c inf] )    
pla9ness & c]ta9ty ! precise means &    
me?od by :i* we c discrim9ate our fri5ds
 9 heav5 ne$ be no ob/acle to believ+ ! 
fact itself2 = !re are millions (       
und\bt$ tru?s ^: conditions & ways (    
op]ation we c n[ise fa?om4 ,^u ! :ole1  
!n1 we conclude t we _c by our m]e      
und]/&+s decide ) c]ta9ty ! "q conc]n+  
future recognition2 b we are ju/ifi$ 9  
tru/+ to ! accuracy ( t doctr9e1 s9ce x 
re/s safely ) ! free pleasure ( ,god1 :o
 is bo? inf9itely able & dispos$ to d   
:at is be/1 & we _c help believ+ t x is 
be/ = u to be ) & love h]eaft] ^? :om we
 are ) & love "h4#c  ,!re is a way (    
deal+ ) ! g5]al subject be=e u :olly    
diff]5t f ! c\rse ?us f> pursu$4 ,ceas+ 
to act ! philosoph]1 lay+ aside all     
argum5ts & !ories1 all dry speculations1
 we may come z simple believ]s to !     
,*ri/ian ,scriptures & inve/igate _!    

tea*+s to accept :atev] !y pron\nce z ! 
^w ( ,god's tru?4 ,let u see to :at     
results we %all ?us be l$4 ,se>*+ ! ,new
 ,te/am5t to le>n its doctr9e  #c ,mun*1
 ,w]d5 wir uns wi$]seh5 na* dem ,tode4  
,?is "w1 bas$ on ! ,kantian philosophy1 
d5ies future recognition4 ,!re is an    
able reply to x by ,vogel1 ,ueb] die    
,h(fnung des ,wi$]seh5s4   9 reg>d to   
reunion 9 a future /ate1 we are v soon  
/ruck ) surprise at ! my/]i\s res]ve1 s 
*>act]i/ic ( its pages1 on ?is entire   
!me4 ,in/ead ( a full & m9ute revelation
 blaz+ along ! track ( ! gospel p5s1 a  
few fragm5t>y intimations1 incid5tal    
h9ts1 scatt]$ "h & !re1 are ! sub/ance (
 all t x expressly says4 ,b ?\gh little 
is directly decl>$1 yet mu* is pla9ly   
impli$3 especially ! "o great inf]5ce ) 
:i* we are n[ conc]n$ may be            
unequivocally & repeat$ly drawn4 ,9 !   
p>able ( ! ,ri* ,man & ! ,begg> !       
,savior pictures =? ! recognition ( _!  
s\ls 9 ! disembodi$ /ate4 ,dives also is
 describ$ z recollect+ ) int5se int]e/1 

) ! mo/ anxi\s sympa?y1 8 endang]$      
bre?r5 on e>?4 ,al?\gh ?is occurs 9 a   
p>able1 yet x is likely t s prom95t &   
vital a feature ( x w\ld be m\ld$1 z to 
its ess5tial significance1 9 accordance 
) :at ! au?or int5d$ %\ld be receiv$ z  
tru?4 ,jesus also speaks ( _m :o %\ld   
come f ! ea/ & ! we/ & sit d[n )        
,abraham & ,isaac & ,jacob 9 ! k+dom (  
heav52 f :i* x w\ld appe> t ! patri>*s  
are toge!r 9 fell[%ip & t ! righte\s (  
aft] times 7 to be receiv$ ) !m 9 mutual
 acqua9tance4 ,on ! ,m\nt (             
,transfiguration ! witness+ disciples   
saw ,moses & ,elias toge!r ) ,jesus1 &  
recognis$ !m1 probably f _! resemblance 
to traditional descriptions ( !m4 ,jesus
 always repres5t$ ! future /ate z a     
society4 ,he said to 8 foll[]s1 ,i g to 
prep>e a place = y1 t :]e ,i am !re ye  
may be also2 & he pray$ to 8 ,fa!r t 8  
disciples might be ) him :]e he 0 go+4  
,at ano!r "t he decl>$ ( little *ildr51 
,_! angels always behold ! face ( my    
,fa!r 9 heav53 he also taught t !re is  

joy 9 heav5 ov] e s9n] t rep5te?2       
passages t presuppose su* a community ( 
faculties1 sympa?ies1 9 heav5 & e>?1 9  
angels & m51 z c]ta9ly implies ! doctr9e
 ( cont9u$ k & fell[%ip4 ,:5 heav5 0    
op5$ be=e ! dy+ ,/eph51 he saw &        
in/antly knew 8 ,div9e ,ma/]1 ! ,"l     
,jesus1 & call$ to him to welcome 8     
asc5d+ _s4 ,paul writes to !            
,!ssalonians t he w\ld n h !m sorr[     
conc]n+ ! dead z ^? :o h no hope1 assur+
 !m t :5 ,*ri/ reappe>s !y %all all be  
unit$ aga94 ,9 ! ,apocalypse1 ,john saw1
 9 a vision1 ! s\ls ( ! m>tyrs1 :o _h   
di$ = ! fai? ( ! gospel1 toge!r1 "u !   
alt>4 ,f community ( suff]+ & a common  
abode toge!r 9 heav5 we may safely inf] 
_! recognition ( ea* o!r4 ,! ,gospels   
decl>e t ,*ri/ aft] 8 dea? rememb]$ 8   
disciples & came back to !m to assure !m
 t !y %\ld rejo9 him on high2 & !       
apo/les ass]t t we are to be ) ,*ri/ &  
to be l him 9 ! future /ate4 ,x foll[s f
 ! admission ( ^! decl>ations t we %all 
rememb] our fri5ds & be unit$ ) !m 9    

consci\s k4 ,few1 & brief1 & vague z !  
utt]ances ( ! ,scriptures are 9 relation
 to ?is !me1 !y necess>ily involve all !
 results ( an av[$ doctr9e4 ,!y         
und5iably involve ! supposition t 9 !   
o!r life we %all be consci\s            
p]sonalities z "h1 reta9+ our memories &
 con/itut+ a society4 ,f ^! implications
 ! fact ( ! future recognition ( fri5ds 
irresi/ibly results1 unless !re be "s   
special int]f]5ce to prev5t x2 & su* an 
int]position !re is no h9t ( & c be no  
reason = fe>+4  ,su* is really all t we 
c le>n f ! ,scriptures on ! subject (   
our inquiry4#d ,its indirectness &      
brevity w\ld conv9ce u t ,god did n     
int5d to betray to u 9 cle> light !     
secrets ( ! %r\d$ future1 t = "s reason 
x is be/ t 8 tea*+ %\ld be s res]v$1 &  
leave u to ! haunt+ wond]1 ! anxi\s     
surmise1 ! appall+ my/]y1 ! allur+      
possibilities1 t n[ meet our gaze on !  
unmov+ veil ( dea?4 ,god int5ds we %all 
tru/ 9 him )\t k1 & by fai?1 n by sight1
 pursue 8 guidance into ! sil5t & unkn[n

 l&4  ,!re=e1 aft] analyz+ ! relevant   
facts ( pres5t exp]i5ce & inf]r+ :at we 
c f !m1 & aft] /udy+ ! ,scriptures &    
f9d+ :at !y say1 !re is yet ano!r me?od 
( consid]+ ! problem ( recognition 9 !  
future /ate4 ,t is )\t c>+ = critical   
discussion1 )\t def]r+ to extrane\s     
au?ority1 we may foll[ ! gravitat+ =ce (
 in/9ct1 imag9ation1 & moral reason4 ,we
 are made to love & dep5d on ea* o!r4 ,!
 long]1 ! m pr(\ndly1 we "k & admire !  
good1 ! m our be+ becomes int]tw9$ )    
!irs1 s mu* ! m int5sely we desire to be
 ) !m always1 & s mu* ! m awful is !    
agony ( sep>ation4 ,?is1 :at is x b     
great ,nature's te/imony1 ,god's sil5t  
av[al1 t we are to meet 9 et]nity8 ,c ! 
fe>ful angui% ( b]eavem5t be gratuit\s8 
c ! ye>n+ prophecies ( ! smitt5 he>t be 
all false8 ,belief 9 reunion h]eaft] is 
spontane\sly adopt$ by humanity4 ,we    
!re=e e/eem x div9ely ord]$ or true4    
,)\t t soo?+ & su/a9+ tru/1 ! unreliev$1
 intol]able wret*$ness 9 _m cases w\ld  
bur/ ?r\gh ! =tress ( ! m9d1 hurl reason

 f its ?rone1 & te> ! royal affections &
 _! att5dants 9 ! trampl$ du/ ( madness4
 ,_m a r>ely gift$ s\l1 unkn[n 9 8      
nameless privacy ( life1 has be5 s      
conjo9$ ) a wor?y pe]1 ?r\gh preci\s    
bonds ( unutt]able sympa?y1 t1 r ?an be 
left beh9d1 ! divid$ half ( su* a       
fri5d%ip z _h ma/]$ "t1 he has pray$ t  
!y1 dy+ at once1 might1 involv$ toge!r1 
hov] across ! dolor\s /rait to ! o!r    
%ore1 &  ,arrive at la/ ! bless$ goal   
,:]e ,he t di$ 9 ,holy ,l& ,might rea*  
!m out ! %9+ h& ,& take !m z a s+le s\l4
  ,d5i$ t inmo/ wi%1 ! re/ ( 8 wid[$    
life bel[ has be5 "o melan*oly /ra9 ( ,9
 ,memoriam4 ,_m a fai?ful & noble m\rn]1
 ^: g>n]$ love & hope h be5 blight$ =   
?is _w1 w\ld tell y t1 )\t meet+ 8 lo/  
ones !re1 heav5 itself w\ld be no heav5 
to him4 ,9 su* a /ate ( s\l we mu/      
expect to "k aga9 9 an unfad+ clime !   
*]i%$ dead4 ,t belief is ( ,div9e       
inspiration1 an arrangem5t to heal !    
deadly w\nds ( sorr[4 ,x is madness n to
 ?9k x a v]ity4 ,:o believes1 z he %all 

float ?r\gh ! ambrosial airs ( heav51 he
 c\ld t\*1 9 pass+1 ! radiant robes ( 8 
*os5 fri5ds )\t a ?rill ( recognition1 !
 prelude to a blissful & immortal       
communion8 ,is !re n tru? 9 ! poet's    
picture ( ! meet+ ( *ild & p>5t 9 heav58
  #d ,h>baugh1 ,! ,heav5ly ,recognition4
 ,gisborne1 ,recollections ( ,fri5ds 9 !
 ,_w to ,come4 ,mu/on1 ,p]petuation (   
,*ri/ian ,fri5d%ip4   ,x 0 n1 "m1 t ,i  
knew ?y face3 ,! lum9\s eclipse t is on 
x n[1 ,?\gh x 0 fair on e>?1 w\ld h made
 x /range ,ev5 to "o :o knew z well z he
 lov$ !e2 ,b my he>t cri$ out 9 me1 ,"m6
  ,?9k ( ! unfa?omable ye>n+s1 ! inf9ite
 ec/asies ( desire & fai? f age to age  
swell+ 9 ! v he>t ( ! _w1 all set on !  
"o hope ( future union1 & :o !n c       
believe t ,god w coldly bla/ !m all8 ,!y
 are innoc5t1 !y are holy1 !y are       
m]itori\s1 !y are unspeakably de>4 ,we  
w\ld n de/roy !m2 & ,god w n4  ,man's   
life is ! true fable ( t beautiful y\?1 
,n>cissus1 :o _h a tw9 si/] ( rem>kable 
lovel9ess1 /rongly resembl+ himself1 &  

to :om he 0 mo/ t5d]ly atta*$4 ,%e dies 
"y4 ,he frequ5ts f\nta9s to gaze ^u 8   
own image reflect$ 9 ! wat]s1 x seem+ to
 him ! lik5ess ( h] he has lo/4 ,he is 9
 pity trans=m$ into a fl[] on ! bord] ( 
a /ream1 :]e1 b5d+ on 8 fragile /em1 he 
seeks 8 image 9 ! wat]s murmur+ by1     
until he fades & dies4 ,has n ,god1 !   
all lov+ ,au?or :o compos$ ! sweet poem 
( ,man & ,nature1 writt5 at ! close a   
reconcil+ ,elysium :]e9 ^! pure lov]s1 !
 fond ,n>cissus & 8 e*o mate1 %all w&] 9
 p]5nial bliss1 _! embrac+ =ms mirror$ 9
 unruffl$ f\nta9s8  ,look+ n[ = !       
conclusion ( ! :ole matt]1 we f9d t x   
lies 9 ?ree diff]5t aspects1 bo? (      
inquir+ ?\ght & ( practical morality1   
accord+ to ! lights & modes 9 :i* ?ree  
diff]5t classes ( m9ds approa* x4 ,to ! 
consi/5t metaphysician1 reason+ rigidly 
on gr\nds ( sci5ce & philosophy1 e ?+   
p]ta9+ to ! me?ods & circum/ances ( !   
future life is an affair ( entire       
unc]ta9ty & hypo!sis4#e ,if 9 ! future  
/ate ! s\l reta9s its individuality z an

 id5tical =ce1 =m1 life1 & memory1 & if 
associates 9 ! pres5t /ate are br\ght   
toge!r1 x is probable t old fri5ds w    
recognise ea* o!r4 ,b if !y are oblivi\s
 ( ! pa/1 if !y are incommunicably      
sep>at$ 9 space or /ate1 if "o          
progresses s mu* f>!r t ! o!r c nev]    
ov]take him1 if ! p]sonal s\l bl5ds its 
individual consci\sness ) ! unit>y      
consci\sness ( ! ,ov] ,s\l1 if x        
comm5ces a new c>e] f a fre% psy*ical   
g]m1 !n1 by ! t]ms1 !re w be no mutual  
recognition4 ,9 t case 8 com=t & 8 duty 
are to "k t ! angui% & long+ he n[ feels
 w cease !n2 to tru/ 9 ! b5ignity ( !   
,inf9ite ,wisdom1 :o kn[s be/ :at to    
appo9t = 8 creatures2 & to submit )     
h>moniz+ resignation to ! unalt]able    
decree1 (f]+ 8 private wi% a volunt>y   
sacrifice on ! alt> ( natural piety4 ,t 
he %all "k 8 fri5ds h]eaft] is n        
impossible1 n improbable2 nei!r is x    
c]ta94 ,he may desire x1 expect x1 b n )
 speculative pride dogmatically affirm  
x1 nor ) insi/+ egotism presumptu\sly   

dem& x4  #e ,gravell1 ,das ,wi$]seh5 na*
 dem ,tode4 ,wie es nur se9 konne4  ,to 
! uncritical ,*ri/ian ! recognis+       
reunion ( fri5ds 9 heav5 is an un%ak5   
assurance4#f ,!re is no?+ to di/urb 8   
implicit reception ( ! pla9 tea*+ (     
,scripture4 ,! legitimate exhortations (
 8 fai? are ^!4 ,m\rn n too bitt]ly nor 
too long ov] y\r abs5t dead2 = y %all   
meet !m 9 an immortal clime4 ,z ! la/   
h\r comes = y\r de>e/ ones or = y\rself1
 be ( good *e]2 = an imp]i%able joy is  
y\rs4 ,y3  ,_c lose ! hope t _m a ye>   
,ha? %one on a gleam+ way1 ,:5 ! walls (
 life are clos+ r\nd ,& ! sky gr[s      
sombre gray4  ,put n away ! intrud+     
?\ghts ( ! dep>t$1 b let !m (t5 recur4  
,! dead are con/ant4 ,y "k n h[ mu* !y  
may ?9k ( y1 h[ ne> !y may be to y4 ,w y
 pass to meet !m n hav+ ?\ght ( !m =    
ye>s1 hav+ p]haps =gott5 !m8 ,let y\r   
m9d h its nightly firmam5t ( religi\s   
communion1 b5ea? :i* :ite & sable       
memories %all walk1 & ! sph]$ spirits ( 
y\r ris5 fri5ds1 l />s1 %$ d[n _! holy  

rays to soo! y\r fev]i% c>es & hu% e    
murmur+ d\bt to re/4 ,f ! dumb heav+s ( 
y\r lov+ & tru/ful he>t1 sometimes      
exclaim1 ,p>5ts :o nurtur$ & wat*$ ov]  
me ) unwe>i$ affection1 ,i w\ld rememb] 
y (t1 & love y well1 & s live t "o day  
,i may meet y at ! "r h& ( ,god4 ,e>ly  
fri5ds1 s close & de> once1 :o 9 ! light
 ( "y romance trod ) me life's morn+    
hills1 nei!r y\r famili> faces nor y\r  
sweet communion are =gott5 by me3 ,i    
fondly ?9k ( y1 & aspire t[>ds y1 & pray
 = a pur] s\l1 t ,i may m\nt to y\r     
cele/ial circle at la/2  ,= _m a te> ^! 
eyes mu/ weep1 ,& _m a s9 mu/ be =giv51 
,ere ^! pale lids %all s9k to sleep1    
,ere y & ,i %all meet 9 heav54  ,bless$ 
,jesus1 eld] ,bro!r ( our race1 :o      
sitte/ n[ by ?y ,fa!r's ?rone1 or pace/ 
along ! cry/al coa/ z a lead]1 *ief     
among t5 ?\s&1 ^: condesc5d+ br[ !      
bloody ?orns no long] press1 b ! dazzl+ 
cr[n ( ?y ,div9ity encircles1 oh1       
rememb] u1 poor err+ pilgrims aft] ?9e  
e>?ly /eps2 pity u1 help u1 & aft] dea? 

br+ u to ?y home4  ,to ! sympa!tic poet1
 ! man ( s5tim5t & m$itation1 :o views !
 "q f ! position ( ! he>t1 9 ! glory &  
vi/as ( ! imag9ation1 b ) all ! kn[n    
facts & relations ( ! subject ly+ b>e "u
 8 sight1 ! unit+ re/oration1 9 ano!r   
sph]e1 ( e>?'s brok5 ties & p>t$ fri5ds1
 is an unappeasable crav+ ( ! s\l1 9    
h>mony ) ! moral law1 p[]fully prophesi$
 to 8 exp]i5ce f all qu>t]s1 & seem+ly  
confirm$ to 8 hopes by e promise ( ,god 
& nature4#g  #f ,grafe1 ,biblis*e       
,beitrage zu d] ,frage1 ,w]d5 wir uns   
wi$]seh5 na* dem ,tode4  #g ,engel1 ,wir
 w]d5 uns wi$]seh54 ,hal/1 ,beleu*tung  
d] ,hauptgrunde fur d5 ,glaub5 an       
,er9n]ung und ,wi$]seh5 na* dem ,tode4  
,/rei*]1 ,neue ,beitrage zur ,kritik des
 ,glaub5s an ,ruck]9n]ung na* dem ,tode4
   ,receiv$ z a tru?1 x is a well (     
inexhau/ible com=t1 mak+ exp]i5ce a gre5
 oasis :]e x ov]fl[s4 ,! d5ial ( x z a  
prov5 falsehood is a )]+ bla/ ( du/ bl[+
 on ! fri5dly c>avan ( soj\rn]s 9 !     
des]t ( life4 ,if exi/5ce is ! enjoym5t 

( a l>gess ( social love1 & dea? is to h
 a solit>y h& snat* x all away =ev]1 h[ 
dismal is ! prospect to ! poor he>t t   
loves & cl+s1 loses & despairs1 & c only
 falt] hopelessly on6 ,x _c be s4 ,love 
is ! true prophet4 ,heav5 w re/ore !    
treasures e>? has lo/4  ,! m\rn] by !   
grave6 ,eve convuls$ ov] ! =m ( ,abel6  
,jesus weep+ :]e ,laz>us lay6 ,am]ica   
embrac+ ! urn ( ,wa%+ton6 ,! ,g5ius (   
,humanity at ! ,tomb ( ! ,pa/6 ,x is !  
mo/ pa!tic spectacle ( ! _w4 ,z 9 ! old 
my? ! pelican1 hov]+ ov] h] dead        
broodlets1 pi]c$ h] own brea/ 9 agony & 
flutt]$ !re until by ! fann+ ( h] w+s   
above !m & ! dropp+ ( h] w>m blood on !m
 !y 7 br\ght to life aga91 s ! great ,"m
 ( m5 seems 9 hi/ory to brood ov] ! a%es
 ( dep>t$ ages1 dropp+ ! te>s ( h] grief
 & fai? into ! future to re/ore h]      
deceas$ *ildr5 to life & draw !m toge!r 
)9 h] embrace4 ,& t sublime ,ra*el w n  
easily be com=t$ except :5 h] ?\ghts1   
migrat+ :i!r h] (fspr+ h gone1 seem to  
f9d !m happy 9 "s happy heav54  ,! poet1

 lov] ( 8 race1 :o _c tru/ 8 happi]     
in/9ct1 b p]=ce believes t beyond !     
sepul*ral l9e ( mortality he %all "k no 
m ( 8 fri5ds1 may f9d1 z helps to a     
will+ acquiesc5ce 9 :at is fat$1 ei!r "o
 ( two possible contemplations4#h ,he   
may sadly lay ^u 8 he>t ! /ifl+ solace1 
,!re w be no baffl$ wants nor           
unhapp9ess1 b all w be ov] :5 hic jacet 
is sculptur$ on ! head/one ( my grave4  
,or1 ) measureless reb\nd ( fai?1 he may
 cr[d ! capacity ( 8 s\l ) ! my/]i\s    
pres5tim5t1 ,9 ! un*angeable fulness (  
an inf9ite bliss1 all specialties w be  
m]g$ & =gott51 & ,i %all be "o ( ^? to  
:om ! we>isome disease ( rememb]$ sorr[ 
& anticipat$ joy is an ali5 ?+4  #h     
,wiel&'s ,eu?anasia expresses disbelief 
9 ! pres]vation ( p]sonality &          
consci\sness aft] dea?4 ,! same gr\nd _h
 be5 tak5 9 ! "w publi%$ anonym\sly at  
,halle 9 #agge1 ,plato & ,leibnitz      
j5seits des ,/yx4 ,see1 on ! o!r side ( 
! "q1 ,wohlfahrt1 ,tempel d]            
,un/]bli*keit1 od] neue ,an?ologie d]   

wi*tig/5 ,ausspru*e1 besond]s neu]]     
,weis5 ub] ,wi$]seh5 u4 s4 w4  ,,*apt]  
,,vii4  ,,local ,,fate ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,!
 ,,a/ronomic ,,univ]se4  ,,accord+ to ! 
imag9+ ( "s speculative geologi/s1      
p]haps ?is e>? fir/ float$ 9 ! abyss z a
 volume ( vapor1 wrea?+ its enorm\s     
folds ( mi/ 9 fanta/ic %apes z x 0 borne
 along on ! idle brea? ( law4 ,ages     
swept by1 until ?is /up5d\s fog ball 0  
cond5s$ into an ocean ( fire1 ^: bill[s 
heav$ _! lurid bosoms & re>$ _! a%y     
cre/s )\t a *eck1 :ile _! burn+ spray   
illum9at$ its track ar\nd ! sable vault4
 ,dur+ p]iods :i* /agg] computation1 ?is
 molt5 _w 0 gradually cool$ d[n2 con/ant
 riv]s wrung f ! d5sely swa?+ vapor p\r$
 ov] ! heat$ mass & at la/ subm]g$ its  
cru/ 9 an imm5se sea4 ,!n1 = unkn[n     
c5turies1 fire1 wat]1 & w9d wag$ a      
,titanic w>1 t imag9ation %udd]s to ?9k 
(1 jets ( flame lick+ ! />s1 massive    
battlem5ts & columns ( fire pil$ to     
t]rific heights1 n[ ! bas9 ( ! sea      
sudd5ly turn$ into a gl[+ caldron & !   

atmosph]e saturat$ ) /eam1 aga9         
explosions hurl+ m\nta9s f> into space &
 te>+ ! e>? op5 9 gha/ly r5ts to its v  
he>t4 ,at l5g? ! fire 0 p>tially subdu$1
 ! peaceful deep glass$ ! sky 9 its     
bosom or rippl$ to ! :isp]s ( ! breeze1 
& f amid/ ! f]tile slime & m\ld ( its   
%elt]$ floor began to spr\t ! fir/      
traces ( organic life1 ! g]ms ( a rude  
species ( m>9e vegetation4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s
 roll$ on4 ,! _w ocean subsid$1 ! peaks 
( m\nta9s1 ! brea/s ( isl&s1 mighty     
cont95ts1 em]g$1 & sl[ly1 aft] _m t$i\s 
processes ( prep>ation1 a gigantic gr[? 
( grass1 e blade z l>ge z our va/e/ oak1
 %ot f ! soil1 & ! incalculable epo* (  
f]ns comm5c$1 ^: trem5d\s h>ve/ clo!d ! 
:ole l& ) a deep c>pet ( liv+ v]dure4   
,:ile unnumb]$ gr[?s ( ?is vegetation 7 
successively matur+1 fall+1 & h>d5+ into
 ! d>k lay]s ( inexhau/ible coal b$s1 ! 
_w1 "o wav+ wild]ness ( solemn f]ns1    
swept 9 its orbit1 voiceless & sil5t1   
)\t a s+le bird or insect ( any k9d 9   
all its magnific5t gre5 solitudes1 ! air

 ev]y:]e be+ heavily sur*>g$ ) gases ( !
 deadlie/ poison4 ,aga9 innum]able ages 
pass$1 & ! era ( m]e botanic gr[?s rea*+
 its limit1 ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life    
mov$ 9 ! wat]s1 ! e>lie/ creatures be+  
c]ta9 m>9e reptiles1 worms1 & bugs ( !  
sea4 ,!n foll[$ v>i\s untim$ p]iods1    
dur+ :i* animal life rose by degrees f  
mollusk & jellyfi%1 by plesiosaurus &   
pt]odactyl1 horrible mon/]s1 hundr$s (  
feet 9 l5g?1 ^: tramp cra%$ ?r\gh !     
woods1 or ^: flight load$ ! groan+ air1 
to ! dolph9 & ! :ale 9 ! sea1 ! horse & 
! lion on ! l&1 & ! eagle1 ! night+ale1 
& ! bird ( p>adise 9 ! air4 ,f9ally1 :5 
millions ( aons _h worn away1 ! creative
 process culm9at$ 9 ,humanity1 ! cr[n & 
p]fection ( all2 = ,god said1 ,let u    
make man 9 our own image2 & /raightway  
,adam1 ) upright =m1 k+ly eye1 & reason 
?ron$ ^u 8 br[1 /ood on ! summit ( ! _w 
& gave names to all ! races ( creatures 
b5ea?4#a  ,at ?is /age two important    
que/ions arise4 ,! fir/ is1 :e!r man is 
! f9al type ( be+ int5d$ 9 ! ,div9e plan

 = ?is _w1 or :e!r he too is de/9$ 9 8  
turn to be sup]s$$ by a high] race1     
end[$ ) =m1 faculties1 & attributes     
transc5d+ our conceptions1 ev5 z our own
 transc5d$ ! ideas ( ! previ\s ord]s (  
exi/5ce4 ,und\bt$ly1 _h ! i*?yosaurus1  
pl\gh+ ?r\gh ! deep & mak+ x boil l a   
pot1 or "o ( ^? mammo? creatures ( !    
ant$iluvian age :o br[s$ half a doz5    
trees = breakfa/1 crun*$ a c\ple ( ox5 =
 lun*eon & a :ole flock ( %eep = 8 d9n]1
 be5 consult$ on a simil> problem1 he   
w\ld h repli$1 )\t hesitation1 ,i exhau/
 ! uses ( ! _w4 ,:at animal c !re be    
sup]ior to me8 beyond a "q1 my race %all
 possess ! e>? =ev]6 ,! ma/odon c\ld n  
"k any uses ( nature except ^? he 0     
fitt$ to exp]i5ce1 nor imag9e a be+ ) ! 
=m & pr]ogatives ( man4 ,!re=e he w\ld n
 believe t ! ma/odon race w\ld ev] be   
displac$ by ! human4 ,we labor "u ! same
 disqualification = judgm5t4 ,!re may be
 9 ! sy/em ( nature ar\nd u adaptations1
 gifts1 glories1 z mu* high] ?an any we 
enjoy z our noble/ p[]s & privileges are

 9 advance ( ^? ( ! tig] or ! l>k4  ,x  
is a rem>kable fact t ! mature /ates ( !
 ant$iluvian races correspond ) ! foetal
 /ates ( ! pres5t races1 & t ! foetal   
/ates ( embryonic man are c\nt]p>ts ( ! 
mature /ates ( ! l[] races n[           
contemporane\s ) him4 ,?is great        
discov]y ( mod]n sci5ce1 ?\gh p]haps    
de/itute ( logical value1 sugge/s to !  
imag9ation ! ?\ght t man may be b !     
foetal /ate ( a high] be+1 a reg5t      
tempor>ily presid+ "h until ! bir? &    
inauguration ( ! true k+ ( ! _w1 & de/9$
 himself to be born f ! womb ( ?is _w   
into ! free light & air ( ! _s k+dom6   
,! res\rces ( ,god are inexhau/ible2 & 9
 ! evolution ( 8 pre>rang$ ages x may be
 t !re w arise ^u ! e>? a race ( be+s ( 
un=etold maje/y1 :o %all dis9t] !       
remnant bones & pond] ! wreck$ monum5ts 
( =gott5 man z we d ^? ( ! disgu/+      
reptiles ( ! ,saurian epo*4 ,b ?is is a 
m]e conceit ( possibility2 &1 s f> z !  
data = =m+ an op9ion are 9 our h&s1 x is
 altoge!r incr$ible4 ,s f> z appe>s1 !  

adaptation betwe5 man & ! e>? is        
exhau/ive4 ,he is able to subdue all h] 
=ces1 reign ov] all h] prov9ces1 enjoy  
all h] delights1 & ga!r into 8          
consci\sness all h] prophecies4 ,& our  
practical conviction is absolute t !    
race ( m5 is ! climax ( be+ de/9$ = ?is 
e>?1 & t !y w occupy its hospitable     
bosom =ev] ) _! toils & _! homes1 _!    
sports & _! graves4#b  ,! o!r "q is ?is3
 ,0 ! subjection ( ! human race to      
physical dea? a "p ( ! ,creator's       
orig9al plan1 or ! retributive result ( 
a subsequ5t dislocation ( t plan by s98 
a "p ( ! great h>mony ( nature1 or a    
discord m>r+ ! happy de/9y  #a ,h>ris1  
,! ,pre ,adamite ,e>?4  #b ,agassiz says
 no high] creature ?an man is to be     
expect$ on e>?1 because ! capacities ( !
 e>?ly plan ( organic creation are      
complet$ & exhau/$ ) him4 ,introduction 
to ,/udy ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 p4 #eg4   (
 man8 ,approa*+ ?is problem on gr\nds ( 
sci5ce & reason alone1 !re c be no      
hesitation z to ! reply4 ,!re are b two 

consid]ations really be>+ ^u ! po9t &   
?r[+ light ^u x2 & !y bo? =ce u to !    
same conclusion4 ,fir/1 x is a fact     
admitt+ no d5ial t dea? 0 ! pr$et]m9$   
natural fate ( ! successive g5]ations ( 
! races t prec$$ man4 ,n[1 :at          
conceivable reason is !re = suppos+ t   
man1 con/ruct$ f ! same elem5ts1 liv+ "u
 ! same organic laws1 0 exempt f ! same 
doom8 ,!re is n 9 ! :ole realm ( sci5ce 
a s+le h9t to t effect4 ,secondly1 !    
reproductive elem5t an ess5tial feature 
9 ! human con/itution1 lead+ our k9d to 
multiply & repl5i% ! e>? is a           
demon/ration t ! (fice ( dea? ent]$ into
 ,god's orig9al plan ( ! _w4 ,= o!rwise 
! e>? at ?is mom5t c\ld n hold a ti! ( !
 inhabitants t w\ld be dem&+ room4 ,:5  
,god _h p]mitt$ ?is _w to roll 9 space =
 awful ages1 a lifeless globe ( gas1    
fire1 wat]1 e>?1 & !n let x be occupi$ =
 incomm5surable epo*s m by snails1 v]m91
 & iguanodons1 w\ld he w9d up ! :ole    
sc5e & de/roy x :5 ! race ( man1 cr[n+  
glory ( all1 _h only fl\ri%$ = a petty  

two ?\s& ye>s8 ,x is n cr$ible4 ,& yet x
 mu/ h be5 s unless x 0 decre$ t !      
successive g5]ations %\ld pass away &   
?us leave space =1 ! new com]s4 ,we     
conclude1 !n1 t x is ! w ( ,god & 0 9 ! 
beg9n+ t ! human race %all possess ! e>?
 ?r\gh all ! unkn[n p]iods ( ! future1 !
 p>5ts cont9ually pass+ (f ! /age 9 dea?
 z ! *ildr5 rise ^u x to maturity4 ,we  
_c disc]n any au?ority 9 ^? old         
traditions :i* =etell ! imp5d+          
de/ruction ( ! _w4 ,on :at gr\nds are we
 to believe !m8 ,! great sy/em ( ?+s is 
a /able h>mony4 ,!re is no we> or te> 9 
! p]fect ma*9]y ( ! creation1 roll+     
noiseless 9 its blue be>+s ( e!r4 ,x    
seems1 comp>atively speak+1 to h j      
begun4 ,its oscillations are self       
adju/$1 & sci5ce prophesies = humanity  
an illimitable c>e] on ?is e>?ly !atre4 
,! swift melt+ ( ! elem5ts & re/oration 
( *aos is a m]e hea!n :im or a poetic   
figm5t4 ,x is ! b>ds :o s+1  ,! e>? %all
 %ortly die4 ,h] grave is dug4 ,i see ! 
worlds1 night clad1 all ga!r+ ,9 long & 

d>k procession4 ,& ! />s1 ,:i* /& z ?ick
 z glitt]+ dewdrops on ,! fields (      
heav51 %all pass 9 blaz+ mi/4  ,su*     
pictures are delusion w9n+ ! imag9ation1
 n tru? comm&+ ! reason4 ,9 spite ( all 
! ,cass&ra screams ( ! prie/hood1       
vatic9at+ univ]sal ru91 ! "y old e>?1   
fre% e spr+1 %all rema9 "u ,god's       
pres]v+ provid5ce1 & humanity's         
inexhau/ible g5]ations r5ew$ly reign ov]
 its k+doms1 =ev]4 ,plot9us said1 ,if   
,god rep5ts hav+ made ! _w1 :y does he  
def] its de/ruction8 ,if he does n yet  
rep5t1 he nev] w1 z be+ n[ accu/om$ to  
x1 & becom+ ?r\gh "t m fri5dly to x4  #c
 ,lucan says1 ,our bones & ! />s %all be
 m+l$ on "o fun]al pyre4 ,communis mundo
 sup]e/ rogus1 ossibus a/ra ,mi/urus4   
,b to receive su* a good piece ( poetry 
z v]itable prevision is surely a pu]ile 
error :i* a mature m9d 9 ! n9ete5?      
c5tury %\ld be a%am$ to commit4  ,! mo/ 
rec5tly broa*$ !ory ( ! end ( ! _w is t 
develop$ f "s rem>kable speculations z  
to ! composition & di/ribution ( =ce4 ,!

 view is briefly ?is4 ,all =ce is d]iv$ 
f heat4 ,all heat is d]iv$ f ! sun4#d ,!
 me*anical value ( a cubic mile (       
sunlight at ! surface ( ! e>? is "o     
horse p[] = a ?ird ( a m9ute2 at ! sun x
 is fifte5 ?\s& horse p[] = a m9ute4    
,n[1 x is calculat$ t en\gh heat is     
radiat$ f ! sun to require = its        
production ! annual consumption ( ! :ole
 surface ( ! sun to ! dep? ( f t5 to    
tw5ty miles4 ,( c\rse1 ultimately ! fuel
 w be all exp5d$2 !n ! =ces ( ! sy/em w 
expire1 & ! creation w die4#e ,?is      
brilliant & sublime !orem assumes1 fir/1
 t ! heat ( ! sun arises f consumption (
 matt]1 :i* may n be true2 secondly1 t x
 is n a self repl5i%+ process1 z x      
c]ta9ly may be4 ,"s h ev5 surmis$ t !   
zodiacal light is an illum9at$ tornado (
 /ones %[]+ into ! sun to fe$ its       
trem5d\s conflagration4 ,! :ole s*eme is
 a f9e toy1 b a v fa9t t]ror4 ,ev5 if x 
be true1 !n we are to p]i% at la/ f lack
 ( fire1 & n1 z commonly fe>$1 f its    
abundance6  ,! belief ( mank9d t a s\l  

or gho/ survives ! body has be5 s ne>ly 
univ]sal z to appe> l ! spontane\s      
result ( an in/9ct4 ,we propose to trace
 ! hi/ory ( op9ions conc]n+ ! physical  
de/9ation ( ?is disembodi$ _s1 its      
connection ) localities1 to give !      
hi/orical topography ( ! future life4   
,! e>lie/ conception ( ! abode ( ! dead 
0 probably t ( ! ,hebrew ,%eol or !     
,greek ,hades1 namely1 ! idea born f !  
sil5ce1 dep?1 & gloom ( ! grave ( a     
/up5d\s subt]ranean cav]n full ( ! dr[sy
 race ( %ades1 ! indiscrim9ate          
habitation ( all :o leave ! l& ( ! liv+4
 ,gradually ! ?\ght arose & won         
acceptance t ! favorites ( ,deity1      
pe]less h]oes & sages1 might be exempt f
 ?is dismal fate1 & migrate at dea? to  
"s delightful clime beyond "s f> %ore1  
!re1 amid/ unalloy$ pleasures1 to sp5d  
immortal days4 ,?is region 0 naturally  
locat$ on ! surface ( ! e>?1 :]e !      
*e]ful sun c\ld %9e & ! fre% breezes    
bl[1 yet 9 "s untrodd5 di/ance1 :]e !   
gauntlet ( fact _h n smitt5 ! sceptre ( 

fable4 ,! paltry portion ( ?is e>?      
famili> to ! anci5ts 0 surr\nd$ by an   
unexplor$ region1 :i* _! fancy1 /imulat$
 by ! leg5ds ( ! poets1 peopl$ )        
my?ological k+doms1 ! ra9b[ b[]s & cl\dy
 synods ( ,olympus1 f ^: glitt]+ peak ! 
,?und]] ?rew 8 bolts ov] ! s\?2 ! ,gold5
 ,g>d5 ( !  #c ,ennead ii4 lib4 ix43    
,contra ,gno/icos1 cap4 #d4  #d         
,helmholtz1 ,ed9burgh ,phil4 ,msg41     
s]ies iv4 vol4 xi43 ,int]action (       
,natural ,=ces4  #e ,?omson1 ,ibid4     
,dec4 #ahed3 ,me*anical ,en]gies ( !    
,sol> ,sy/em4   ,hesp]ides1 ^: dragons  
lay on gu>d 9 ! remote we/2 ! div9e     
cities ( ,m]u1 ^: encircl+ t[]s pi]c$ ! 
ea/]n sky2 ! ,banquet ,halls ( ,e?iopia1
 gleam+ ?r\gh ! fi]y des]t2 ! fragrant  
,isl&s ( ,immortality1 musical & lur+ 9 
! c5tral ocean2 ! happy l& ( !          
,hyp]boreans1 beyond ! sn[y summits (   
nor!rn ,caucasus3  ,h[ pleasant 7 ! wild
 beliefs ,t dwelt 9 leg5ds old6 ,alas6  
to our po/]ity ,w no su* tales be told4 
,we "k too mu*3 scroll aft] scroll      

,weighs d[n our we>y %elves3 ,our only  
po9t ( ignorance ,is c5tr$ 9 ourselves4 
,!re 0 a belief among ! ,p]sians t ,kaf1
 a m\nta9 two ?\s& miles high1 =m$ a rim
 to ! flat _w & prev5t$ travell]s f ev] 
fall+ (f4#f ,! fact t ! e>? is a globe  
inhabit$ on all sides is a comp>atively 
rec5t piece ( k4 ,s late z 9 ! eigh?    
c5tury ,pope ,za*>y accus$ ,virgilius1  
an ,iri% ma!matician & monk1 ( h]esy =  
believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( antipodes4#g ,/4  
,boniface wrote to ! ,pope aga9/        
,virgilius2 & ,za*>y ord]$ a c\ncil to  
be held to expel him f ! ,*ur*1 =       
pr(ess+1 aga9/ ,god & 8 own s\l1 s      
p]v]se & wick$ a doctr9e4 ,to ! anci5ts 
all beyond ! region !y _h trav]s$ 0 an  
unkn[n l&1 clo!d 9 d>kness1 cr[d$ )     
my/]y & allurem5t4 ,across ! welt]+     
wa/es ( br9e1 9 a halcyon sea1 ! ,h9du  
plac$ ! ,:ite ,isle1 ! dwell+ (         
translat$ & immortaliz$ m54#h ,"u !     
attraction ( a my/ic curiosity1 well    
might ! old1 we>i$ ,ulysses say1  ,come1
 my fri5ds1 ',tis n too late to seek a  

new] _w4 ,pu% (f1 &1 sitt+ well 9 ord]1 
smite ,! s\nd+ furr[s2 = my purpose     
holds ,to sail beyond ! sunset1 & ! ba?s
 ,( all ! we/]n />s1 until ,i die4 ,x   
may be t ! gulfs w wa% u d[n3 ,x may be 
we %all t\* ! ,happy ,isles1 ,& see !   
great ,a*illes1 :om we knew4  ,decius   
,brutus & 8 army1 z ,florus relates1    
rea*+ ! coa/ ( ,portugal1 :]e1 = ! fir/ 
"t1 !y saw ! sun sett+ 9 ! blood t+$    
ocean1 turn$ back _! /&>ds ) horror z !y
 beheld ! huge corpse ( ruddy gold let  
d[n into ! deep4 ,! ,pho5ician trad]s   
br\ght intellig5ce to ,greece ( a p1 !  
,cimm]ians1 :o dwelt on ! bord]s (      
,hades 9 ! umb]$ realms ( p]petual      
night4 ,to ! dy+ ,roman1 on ! f>!/ v]ge 
( ! kn[n horizon hov]$ a vision (       
,elysian ,fields4 ,& ! ,am]ican  #f     
,adv5tures ( ,hatim ,tai1 p4 #cf1 note4 
#g ,:ewell1 ,hi/4 ,inductive ,sci5ces1  
vol4 i4 book iv4 *4 i4 sect4 #g4  #h    
,wil=d1 ,essays on ! ,sacr$ ,isles1 ,9  
,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vols4 viii4 xi4     
,indian1 s9k+ 9 battle or ! *ase1 caught

 glimpses ( happi] ,hunt+ ,gr\nds1 ^:   
woods troop$ ) game1 & :]e ! arr[s ( !  
braves nev] miss$1 & !re 0 no w9t]4 ,!re
 0 a pretty my? receiv$ among "s ( !    
anci5t ,britons1 locat+ _! p>adise 9 a  
spot surr\nd$ by tempe/s1 f> 9 ! ,we/]n 
,ocean1 & nam$ ,fla? ,innis1 or ,noble  
,isl&4#i ,! foll[+ leg5d is illu/rative4
 ,an old man sat ?\ghtful on a rock     
beside ! sea4 ,a cl\d1 "u ^: squally    
skirts ! wat]s foam$1 ru%$ d[n2 & f its 
d>k womb issu$ a boat1 ) :ite sails b5t 
to ! w9d1 & hung r\nd ) mov+ o>s4       
,de/itute ( m>9]s1 itself seem$ to live 
& move4 ,a voice said1 ,arise1 behold ! 
boat ( h]oes3 emb>k1 & see ! ,gre5 ,isle
 ( ^? :o h pass$ away6 ,sev5 days & sev5
 nights he voyag$1 :5 a ?\s& tongues    
call$ out1 ,! ,isle6 ! ,isle6 ,! black  
bill[s op5$ be=e him1 & ! calm l& ( !   
dep>t$ ru%$ 9 light on 8 eyes4 ,we are  
rem9d$ by ?is ( :at ,procopius says     
conc]n+ ! conveyal ( ! s\l ( ! b>b>ian  
to 8 p>adise4 ,at midnight !re is a     
knock+ at ! door1 & indi/9ct voices call

 him to come4 ,my/]i\sly impell$1 he    
goes to ! sea coa/1 & !re f9ds a frail1 
empty :]ry await+ him4 ,he emb>ks1 & a  
_s crew r[ him to 8 de/9ation4#aj  ,he  
f9ds ) gho/s ,8 boat deep freight$1 s9k+
 to ! edge ,( ! d>k flood1 & voices     
he>s1 yet sees ,no sub/ance2 b1 arriv$  
:]e once aga9 ,8 skiff floats free1 he>s
 fri5ds to fri5ds ,give lam5table       
welcome4 ,! unse5 ,%ore fa9t res\nds1 & 
all ! my/ic air ,brea!s =? ! names (    
p>5t1 bro!r1 wife4  ,dur+ t p]iod (     
poetic cr$ulity :ile ! face ( ! e>?     
rema9$ to a great ext5t conceal$ f k1   
:]ev] ! ,hebrew ,scriptures 7 kn[n w5t !
 *]i%$ traditions ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 f :i*
 our fir/ p>5ts 7 driv5 = _! s94        
,speculation naturally /rove to settle !
 locality ( ?is lo/ p>adise4 ,sometimes 
x 0 situat$ 9 ! my/]i\s bosom ( ,india2 
sometimes 9 ! fl[]y vales ( ,georgia1   
:]e roses & spices p]fum$ ! gales2      
sometimes 9 ! gu>d$ recesses (          
,mesopotamia4 ,n[ x 0 ! ,gr& ,oasis 9 ! 
,arabian des]t1 fla%+ on ! wilt$        

pilgrim1 ov] ! bla/$ & blaz+ wa/es1 ) ! 
v]dure ( palms1 ! play ( wat]s1 ! smell 
& flavor ( p]5nial fruits4 ,aga9 x 0 at 
! equator1 :]e ! torrid zone /ret*$     
ar\nd x z a fi]y sword wav+ e way s t no
 mortal c\ld ent]4 ,9 ! ,imago ,mundi1 a
 ,lat9 treatise on cosmography writt5   
e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 we read1        
,p>adise is ! extreme ea/]n "p ( ,asia1 
& is made inaccessible by a wall ( fire 
surr\nd+ x & ris+ unto heav54 ,at a lat]
 "t ! ,can>ies 7 ?\ght to be ! anci5t   
,elysium1 & 7 accord+ly nam$ ! ,=tunate 
,isles4 ,inde$1 among ! motives t       
animat$  #i ,macph]son1 ,introduction to
 ! ,hi/ory ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1   
pp4 #ahj-ahf4  #aj ,procopius1 ,go?ica1 
lib4 iv4   ,columbus on 8 adv5tur\s     
voyage no inf]ior place mu/ be assign$  
to ! hope ( f9d+ ! primeval seat (      
,p>adise4#aa ,! curi\s travell]1 explor+
 ^! vision>y spots "o by "o1 f\nd !m ly+
 9 ! light ( common day no ne>] heav5   
?an 8 own natal home2 & at la/ all fai? 
9 !m di$ out :5 ! :ole surface ( ! globe

 _h be5 survey$1 no nook left :]e9      
romance & sup]/ition might any long]    
play at hide & seek4  ,cont9u+ our se>* 
aft] ! local abode ( ! dep>t$1 we n[    
leave ! surface ( ! e>? & desc5d b5ea?  
x4 ,! fir/ haunt$ region we rea* is !   
realm ( ! ,fairies1 :i*1 z e "o acqua9t$
 ) ! magic lore ( old ,g]many or ,engl& 
kn[s1 0 situat$ j "u ! ext]nal gr\nd1 & 
0 clo!d ) e *>m poets c\ld imag9e or !  
he>t dream4 ,!re 0 suppos$ to be an     
entrance to ?is en*ant$ doma9 at ! ,peak
 ,cav]n 9 ,d]by%ire1 & at sev]al o!r    
places4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott has collect$ 
"s ( ! be/ leg5ds illu/rative ( ?is     
belief 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,demonology4 ,sir  
,gawa9e1 a fam\s knight ( ! ,r\nd       
,table1 0 once admitt$ to d9e1 above    
gr\nd1 9 ! edge ( ! =e/1 ) ! ,k+ ( !    
,fairies3  ,! banquet o'er1 ! royal     
,fay1 int5t ,to d all honor to ,k+      
,ar?ur's knight1 ,smote ) 8 rod ! bank  
on :i* !y leant1 ,& ,fairy l& fla%'d    
glori\s on ! sight2 ,fla%'d1 ?r\gh a    
silv]y1 s(t1 transluc5t mi/1 ,! opal    

%afts & domes ( ame?y/2 ,fla%'d f\nts 9 
%ells ( pe>l1 :i* cry/al walls ,&       
phosphor lights ( myriad hues r$\ble4   
,!re1 9 ! blissful subt]ranean halls1   
,:5 morn+ wakes ! _w ( human tr\ble     
,glide ! gay race2 ea* s\nd our discord 
kn[s1 ,fa9t he>d above1 b lulls !m to   
repose4  ,to ?is empire ( moonlit sw>ds 
& elf9 dances1 ( jewell$ banks1 laps+   
/reams1 & en*ant+ visions1 x 0 ?\ght a  
few favor$ mortals might n[ & !n f9d _! 
way4 ,b ?is 0 nev] an e>ne/ g5]al fai?4 
,x 0 a poetic sup]/ition t hov]$ ov]    
fanciful bra9s1 a leg5d>y dream t pleas$
 cr$ul\s he>ts2 &1 ) ! o!r romance ( !  
e>ly _w1 x has vani%$ q away4  ,! popul>
 belief ( ,jews1 ,greeks1 ,etruscans1   
,romans1 ,g]mans1 & aft]w>ds (          
,*ri/ians1 0 t !re 0 an imm5se _w ( !   
dead deep b5ea? ! e>?1 subdivid$ into   
sev]al subord9ate regions4 ,! ,gre5l&]s 
believ$ 9 a sep>at$ heav5 & hell1 bo?   
locat$ f> bel[ ! ,pol> ,ocean4 ,accord+ 
to ! old classic descriptions ( ! "u _w1
 :at a sc5e ( colossal gloom x is6 ,its 

atmosph]e murmurs ) a brea? ( pla9tive  
sighs4 ,its population1 impalpable gho/s
 timidly flitt+ at e motion1  #aa ,irv+1
 ,life ( ,columbus3 ,app5dix on !       
,situation ( ! ,t]re/rial ,p>adise4 ,by 
f> ! mo/ valuable book ev] publi%$ on   
?is subject is t ( ,s*ul!ss1 ,das       
,p>adies1 das irdis*e und ub]irdis*e    
hi/oris*e1 my?is*e und my/is*e1 neb/ e9]
 kritis*5 ,revision d] allgemeln5       
biblis*5 ,geographie4   cr[d ! sombre   
l&scapes 9 numb]s surpass+ imag9ation4  
,!re ,cocytus creeps to ! seat ( doom1 8
 waves emitt+ doleful wails4 ,/yx1 n9e  
times enfold+ ! :ole abode1 drags 8     
black & sluggi% l5g? ar\nd4 ,*>on1 !    
slov5ly old f]ryman1 plies 8 noiseless  
boat to & fro lad5 ) %ad[y pass5g]s4 ,f>
 away 9 ! c5tre grim ,pluto sits on 8   
ebony ?rone & surveys ! sad subjects ( 8
 dreadful doma94 ,by 8 side sits 8 /ol5 
& %r9k+ bride1 ,pros]p9e1 h] glimm]+    
br[s encircl$ ) a wrea? ( poppies4      
,above ! subt]ranean mon>*'s head a     
sable ra9b[ spans ! inf]nal firmam5t2 & 

:51 ) lift$ h&1 he ann\nces 8 decrees1 !
 applause giv5 by ! twilight populace ( 
,hades is a ru/le ( sighs1 a vapor (    
te>s1 & a %udd] ( submission4  ,! belief
 9 ?is dolor\s k+dom 0 e>ly modifi$ by !
 reception ( two o!r adjac5t realms1 "o 
( rew>d1 "o ( torture2 ev5 z ,goe! says1
 9 allusion to ! curr5t ,*ri/ian        
doctr9e1 ,hell 0 orig9ally b "o ap>tm5t3
 limbo & purgatory 7 aft]w>ds add$ z    
w+s4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ,hades1 & turn+ 9 "o  
direction1 ! _s travell] w\ld arrive at 
,elysium or ,abraham's bosom3  ,to      
p>adise ! gloomy passage w9ds ,?r\gh    
regions dre> & dismal1 & ?r\gh pa91     
,em]g+ soon 9 beatific blaze ,( light4  
,!re ! bless$ ones f\nd respite &       
peaceful joys 9 fl[]y fields1 pure      
breezes1 social fell[%ip1 & !           
similitudes ( _! e>?ly pursuits4 ,9 ?is 
placid clime1 light$ by its own         
con/ellations1 favor$ s\ls roam$ or     
repos$ 9 a sort ( ineffectual happ9ess4 
,accord+ to ! pagans1 "h 7 su* h]oes z  
,a*illes1 su* sages z ,socrates1 to     

rema9 =ev]1 or until ! end ( ! _w4 ,&   
"h1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ians1 ! dep>t$    
patri>*s & sa9ts 7 t>ry+ expectant (    
,*ri/'s arrival to ransom !m4 ,dante ?us
 describes t great ev5t3  ,!n he1 :o    
well my cov]t mean+ knew1 ,answ]'d1     
,h]e9 ,i _h n long be5 b\nd1 ,:5 an ,all
 puissant ,"o ,i saw m>* ?r\gh1 ,)      
victory's radiant sign triumphal cr[n'd4
 ,he l$ f u our ,fa!r ,adam's %ade1     
,abel & ,noah1 :om ,god lov$ ! mo/1     
,lawgiv+ ,moses1 him :o be/ obey'd1     
,abraam ! patri>*1 royal ,david's gho/2 
,israel1 8 fa!r1 & 8 sons1 & h] ,:om    
,israel s]v$ =1 fai?fully & long1       
,ra*el1 ) m1 to bliss did ,he transf]3  
,no s\ls 7 sav$ be=e ?is *os5 ?rong4 #ab
  ,at ! opposite extremity ( ,hades 0   
suppos$ to be an op5+ t l$ d[n into     
,t>t>us1 a place made und]nea? all ?+s1 
s l[ & horrible t hell is its heav54 ,"h
 ! old e>? giants1 ! loom+ ,titans1 lay1
 b\nd1 transfix$ ) ?und]bolts1 _!  #ab  
,p>sons's trans4 ,dell' ,inf]no1 canto  
iv4 ii4 #ee-fc4   m\nta9\s %apes half   

buri$ 9 rocks1 encru/+ lava1 & a%es4    
,riv]s ( fire seam ! d>kness1 ^: bord]s 
are braid$ ) s5t9el furies4 ,on e h& !  
wor/ crim9als1 p]jur]s1 blasphem]s1     
+rates1 groan b5ea? ! pitiless puni%m5ts
 inflict$ on !m )\t escape4 ,any        
realization ( ! t]rific sc5]y ( ?is :ole
 realm w\ld curdle ! blood4#ac ,!re 7   
fabl$ entrances to ! dread "u _w at     
,a*]usia1 9 ,bi?ynia1 at ,av]nus1 9     
,campania1 :]e ,ulysses evok$ ! dead &  
trav]s$ ! grisly abodes1 ?r\gh !        
,sibyl's cave at ,cuma1 at ,h]mione1 9  
,argolis1 :]e ! p ?\ght ! passage bel[ s
 ne> & easy t !y neglect$ to give ! dy+ 
an obolus to pay f]riage to ,*>on1 at   
,tan>us1 ! s\!rn mo/ po9t (             
,peloponnesus1 :]e ,h]akles w5t d[n &   
dragg$ ! ?ree head$ dog up into day1 at 
! cave ( ,trophonius1 9 ,lebadea1 & at  
sev]al o!r places4  ,simil> conceptions 
h be5 embodi$ 9 ! ecclesia/ical doctr9e 
:i* has g5]ally prevail$ 9 ,*ri/5dom4   
,locat+ ! sc5e 9 ! holl[ ( ! e>?1 ?us   
has x be5 describ$ by ,milton1  ,a      

dungeon horrible on all sides r\nd ,z "o
 great furnace flam$2 yet f ^? flames   
,no light1 b r d>kness visible1 ,s]v$   
only to discov] sights ( woe1 ,regions (
 angui%1 doleful %ades1 :]e peace ,nor  
hope c come1 b torture )\t end ,/ill    
urges1 & a fi]y deluge f$ ,) ev] burn+  
sulphur unconsum$2 :]e91 conf9$ by      
adamant9e walls1 ! fall5 angels & all ! 
damn$ welt] ov]:elm$ ) floods & :irlw9ds
 ( tempe/u\s fire4 ,%apes once          
cele/ially fair & pr\d1 b n[ sc>r$ f    
battle & d>k5$ by s9 into fad$ =ms (    
hagg>d spl5dor1 support _! uneasy /eps  
ov] ! burn+ m>l4 ,ev]y:]e %rieks & moans
 res\nd1 & ! dusky vault ( p&emonium is 
light$ by a blue gl>e ca/ pale &        
dreadful f ! toss+s ( ! flam+ lake4 ,?is
 0 hell1 :]e ! wick$ mu/ %r9k & h[l     
=ev]4 ,etna1 ,vesuvius1 ,/romboli1      
,hecla1 7 believ$ to be v5t holes f ?is 
bottomless & liv+ pit ( fire4 ,! fam\s  
travell]1 ,sir ,john ,maundeville1      
ass]t$ t he f\nd a desc5t into hell 9 a 
p]il\s vale 9 ! dom9ions ( ,pre/] ,john4

 ,_m a cav]n 9 ,engl& /ill be>s ! "n (  
,hell hole4 ,9 a dialogue betwe5 a cl]k 
& a ma/]1 pres]v$ 9 an old ,saxon       
cate*ism1 ! foll[+ "q & reply occur3 ,:y
 is ! sun s r$ :5 %e sets8 ,because %e  
looks d[n ^u hell4 ,antonius ,rusca1 a  
le>n$ pr(essor at ,milan1 9 ! ye> #afba1
 publi%$ a huge qu>to 9 five books1 giv+
 a detail$ topographical acc\nt ( !     
int]ior ( ! e>?1 hell1 purgatory1 &     
limbo4#ad ,!re is a lake 9 ! s\? (      
,irel& 9 :i* is an isl& conta9+ a cav]n 
said to op5 d[n into hell4 ,?is cave    
#ac ,descriptions ( ! suff]+s ( hell1   
accord+ to ! popul> notions at diff]5t  
p]iods1 are giv5 9 ! "w publi%$ at      
,weim> 9 #ahag1 ,das ,rad d] ewig5      
,holl5qual4 ,9 d5 ,curiositat5 d]       
physis* lit]>is* arti/is* hi/oris*5 ,vor
 und ,mitwelt1 b& vi4 /4 #b4  #ad ,de   
,inf]no et ,/atn ,damonum ante ,mundi   
,exitium4   is call$ ,/4 ,patrick's     
,purgatory1 & ! pret5ce obta9$ q g5]al  
cr$it = upw>ds ( five c5turies4 ,cr[ds (
 pilgrims visit$ ! place4 ,"s :o _h !   

h>dihood to v5ture 9 7 sev]ely p9*$1    
beat51 & burn$1 by ! prie/s )91 disguis$
 z devils1 & 7 almo/ fright5$ out ( _!  
wits by ! diabolical sc5es !y saw :]e   
,=? f ! dep?s ( flame t s+$ ! gloom     
,despair+ wails & pi]c+ %rieks 7 he>d4  
,sev]al popes op5ly prea*$ 9 behalf (   
?is gross imposition2 & ! ,*ur*         
virtually au?oriz$ x by receiv+ ! l>ge  
rev5ues accru+ f x1 until at la/ outrag$
 common s5se dem&$ its repudiation &    
suppression4#ae  ,few p]sons n[1 z !y   
walk ! /reets & fields1 are mu* di/urb$ 
by ! ?\ght t1 n f> bel[1 ! vivid lake ( 
fire & brim/one1 gre$ily ro>+ = new     
food1 heaves its tortur$ surges convuls$
 & featur$ ) s\ls4 ,few p]sons n[ %udd] 
at a volcanic eruption z a premoni%+    
message fre%ly bel*$ f hell4#af ,9 fact1
 ! old belief 9 a local physical hell )9
 ! e>? has almo/ gone f ! public m9d (  
to day4 ,x arose f pagan my?s & figures 
( spee* bas$ on ignorant obs]vation &   
arbitr>y fancy1 & ) ! gr[? ( sci5ce & ! 
enlight5m5t ( reason x has v ext5sively 

fall5 & fad$ away4 ,no hone/ &          
intellig5t inquir] into ! matt] c f9d ! 
slighte/ valid support = su* a notion4  
,x is n[ a m]e tradition1 upheld by     
gr\ndless au?ority4 ,& yet ! dim %ad[ ( 
t great idea ( a subt]ranean hell :i*   
once burn$ s fi]ce & lurid 9 ! bra9 (   
,*ri/5dom /ill vaguely haunts ! mod]n   
_w4 ,! dogma /ill lies 9 ! preval5t     
cre$s1 & is occasionally dragg$ out &   
br&i%$ by fanatic prea*]s4 ,! transmitt$
 lit]ature & influ5ces ( ! pa/ are s    
full ( x t x _c imm$iately cease4       
,accord+ly1 :ile ! common und]/&+ no    
long] grasps x z a def9ite v]ity1 x l+]s
 9 ! popul> fancy z a half cr$ible      
image4 ,! pa9ful attempts made n[ & !n  
by "s antiquat$ or fanatical cl]gyman to
 compel att5tion to x & belief 9 x z a  
tangible fact ( sci5ce1 z well z an     
unque/ionable revelation ( ,scripture1  
sc>cely w9 a pass+ notice1 b provoke a  
significant smile4 ,fa!r ,passaglia1 an 
em95t ,jesuit !ologian1 9 #ahef publi%$ 
9 ,italy a "w on ! ,lit]ality ( ,hell   

,fire & ! ,et]nity ( ! ,puni%m5ts ( !   
,damn$4 ,he says1 ,9 ?is _w fire burns  
by *emical op]ations2 b 9 hell x burns  
by ! brea? ( ! ,"l6 ,! le>n$ & v5]able  
,fab]1 a volum9\s au?or & di/+ui%$      
,engli% div9e1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #ahea a  
l>ge octavo entitl$ ,! ,_m ,mansions 9 !
 ,h\se ( ! ,fa!r1 discuss+ ) elaborate  
detail ! "q z to ! locality ( ! sc5es   
await+ s\ls aft] dea?4 ,8 gr& conclusion
 ! unreasonabl5ess ( :i* w be app>5t )\t
 comm5t is z foll[s3 ,! sa9ts hav+ fir/ 
ris5 ) ,*ri/ into ! highe/ regions ( !  
air1 out ( rea* ( ! dreadful heat1 !    
trem5d\s flood ( fire hi!rto deta9$     
inside ! e>? w be let loose1 & an awful 
conflagration rage till ! :ole mat]ial  
globe is dissipat$ into sublimat$       
p>ticles4 ,!n ! _w w be =m$ anew1 9 ?ree
 p>ts4 ,fir/1 !re w be  #ae ,wright1 ,/4
 ,patrick's ,purgatory3 an ,essay on !  
,leg5ds ( ,p>adise1 ,hell1 & ,purgatory1
 curr5t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4  #af      
,patuzzi1 ,de ,s$e inf]ni 9 ,t]ris      
qu>5da4   a solid c5tral sph]e ( fire ! 

flam+ nucleus ( ,geh5na two ?\s& miles 9
 diamet]4 ,secondly1 !re %all roll ar\nd
 ?is c5tral ball on all sides an ignit$ 
ocean ( liquid fire two ?\s& miles 9    
dep?1 ! peculi> resid5ce ( ! wick$1 !   
sulphur\s lake spok5 ( 9 ! ,apocalypse4 
,?irdly1 ar\nd ?is inf]nal sea a va/    
sph]ical ar* w hang1 a ?\s& miles ?ick1 
a massive & unbrok5 %ell1 ?r\gh :i* !re 
are no spiracles1 & ^: ext]nal surface1 
beautiful beyond conception1 becomes !  
heav5 ( ! r$eem$1 :]e ,*ri/ himself1    
p]fect man z well z p]fect ,god1 fixes 8
 resid5ce & e/abli%es ! local sov]eignty
 ( ! ,univ]sal ,ar*angel4 #ag ,a        
com=table ?\ght x mu/ be = ! sa9ts1 z !y
 roam ! fl[]y fields1 bask+ 9 immortal  
bliss1 to rememb] t "u ! cru/ !y tread1 
a s\ndless sea ( fire is =ev] plung+ on 
its circul> c\rse1 all its crimson waves
 pack$ ) ! agoniz$ faces ( ! damn$ z    
?ick z drops6 ,! :ole s*eme is )\t real 
f\ndation4 ,sci5ce laughs at su* a !ory4
 ,its scriptural supports are ei!r e?nic
 figm5ts or rhetorical tropes4 ,reason1 

recollect+ ! immat]iality ( ! s\l1      
dissipates ! gha/ly dream beyond !      
possibility ( re/oration to belief4     
,foll[+ ! hi/oric locations ( ! abode ( 
dep>t$ s\ls1 we next asc5d f ! int]ior (
 ! e>?1 & above ! surface ( ! e>?1 into 
! air & ! l(ty realms ( e!r4 ,! anci5t  
,cal$onians fix$ ! site ( _! _s _w 9 !  
cl\ds4 ,_! b>ds h pres5t$ ?is conception
 9 manifold =ms & ) ! mo/ picturesque   
details4 ,9 tempe/s ! gho/s ( _! fam\s  
w>riors ride on ! ?und]bolts1 look+ on !
 e>? ) eyes ( fire1 & hurl+ lances (    
lightn+4 ,!y float ov] ! summits ( !    
hills or along ! valleys 9 wrea?s ( mi/1
 on vapory /e$s1 wav+ _! %ad[y arms 9 ! 
moonlight1 ! />s dimly glimm]+ ?r\gh _! 
vision>y %apes4 ,! ,lapl&]s also plac$  
_! heav5 9 ! upp] air1 :]e ! ,nor!rn    
,lights play4 ,!y reg>d$ ! auroral      
/ream]s z ! sport ( dep>t$ spirits 9 !  
happy region to :i* !y _h ris54 ,su*    
ideas1 clad 9 ! famili> imag]y furni%$  
by _! own climes1 w\ld naturally be     
sugge/$ to ! ignorant fancy1 & easily   

comm5d$ to ! cr$ul\s ?\ghts1 ( ! ,celts 
& ,f9ns4 ,explanation & refutation are  
alike unnecess>y4  ,plut>* describes a  
!ory held by "s ( ! anci5ts locat+ hell 
9 ! air1 elysium 9 ! moon4#ah ,aft] dea?
 all s\ls are compell$ to sp5d a p]iod 9
 ! region betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon1 ! wick$
 9 sev]e tortures & = a long] "t1 ! good
 9 a mild discipl9e soon purg+ away all 
_! /a9s & fitt+ !m = ! lun> p>adise4    
,aft] t>ry+ a season !re1 !y 7 ei!r born
 aga9 ^u ! e>?1 or transport$ to ! div9e
 realm ( ! sun4 ,macrobius1 too1 says1  
,! ,platoni/s reckon z ! inf]nal  #ag   
,"p iv4 *ap4 ix4 p4 #dag4 ,dr4 ,cumm+   
7,! ,end1 ,lect4 ,x47 tea*es ! doctr9e (
 ! lit]al resurrection ( ! fle%1 & !    
subsequ5t resid5ce ( ! r$eem$ on ?is    
globe z _! et]nal heav5 "u ! imm$iate   
rule ( ,*ri/4 ,q a full detail ( !      
hi/oric & pres5t belief 9 ?is s*eme may 
be f\nd 9 ! rec5t "w ( its e>ne/        
advocate1 ,d4 ,t4 ,taylor1 ,! ,voice ( !
 ,*ur* on ! ,com+ ( ! ,r$eem]1 or a     
,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,reign ( ,*ri/ 

on ,e>?4  #ah ,9 8 ,essay on ! ,face 9 !
 ,orb ( ! ,moon4   region ! :ole space  
betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon4#ai ,he also adds1
 ,! tropical signs ,canc] & ,capricorn  
are call$ ! gates ( ! sun1 because !re  
he meets ! sol/ice & c g no f>!r4 ,canc]
 is ! gate ( m51 because by x is !      
desc5t to ! l[] regions2 ,capricorn is !
 gate ( gods1 because by x is a return =
 s\ls to ! rank ( gods 9 ! seat ( _!    
prop] immortality4 #bj ,! ,mani*eans    
taught t s\ls 7 borne to ! moon on leav+
 _! bodies1 & !re wa%$ f _! s9s 9 wat]1 
!n tak5 to ! sun & fur!r cleans$ 9 fire4
 ,!y describ$ ! moon & sun z two spl5did
 %ips prep>$ = transf]r+ s\ls to _!     
native c\ntry1 ! _w ( p]fect light 9 !  
heights ( ! creation4#ba  ,! anci5t     
,hebrews ?\ght ! sky a solid firmam5t   
ov]>*+ ! e>?1 & support+ a sea (        
inexhau/ible wat]s1 beyond :i* ,god & 8 
angels dwelt 9 monopoliz$ spl5dor4      
,eliphaz ! ,temanite says1 ,is n ,god 9 
! height ( heav58 ,& behold ! />s1 h[   
high !y are2 b he walke? ^u ! ar* (     

heav56 ,& ,job says1 ,he cov]e? ! face (
 8 ?rone1 & spreade? 8 cl\ds "u x4 ,he  
ha? drawn a circul> b\nd ^u ! wat]s to !
 conf9es ( light & d>kness4 ,f ! dazzl+ 
realm above ?is sup]nal ocean all m5 7  
suppos$1 until aft] ! resurrection (    
,*ri/1 to be exclud$4 ,b f t "t ! belief
 gradually spread 9 ,*ri/5dom t a way 0 
op5 = fai?ful s\ls to asc5d ?i!r4       
,ephraim ! ,syrian1#bb & ,ambrose1      
locat$ p>adise 9 ! out]mo/ ,ea/ on !    
highe/ summit ( ! e>?1 /ret*+ into !    
s]5e heights ( ! sky4 ,! anci5ts (t5    
conceiv$ ! univ]se to =m "o solid :ole1 
^: diff]5t prov9ces 7 accessible f ea*  
o!r to gods & angels by means ( bridges 
& gold5 /aircases4 ,h5ce ! innum]able   
p>adisal leg5ds associat$ ) ! my?ic     
m\nta9s ( antiquity1 su* z ,elborz1     
,olympus1 ,m]u1 & ,kaf4 ,among ! /range 
leg5ds ( ! ,middle ,age1 ,g]vase (      
,tilbury pres]ves ! foll[+ "o1          
illu/rative ( ?is belief 9 a sea ov] !  
sky3 ,"o ,sunday ! p ( an ,engli%       
village 7 com+ out ( *ur*1 a d>k1 gloomy

 day1 :5 !y saw ! an*or ( a %ip hook$ to
 "o ( ! tomb/ones1 ! cable1 tightly     
/ret*$1 hang+ d[n ! air4 ,pres5tly !y   
saw a sailor slid+ d[n ! rope to unfix !
 an*or4 ,:5 he _h j loos5$ x ! villag]s 
seiz$ hold ( him2 &1 :ile 9 _! h&s1 he  
quickly di$1 z ?\gh he _h be5 dr[n$6    
,!re is also a fam\s leg5d call$ ,/4    
,br&on's ,voyage4 ,! wor?y sa9t set sail
 f ! coa/ ( ,irel&1 & held on 8 way till
 he arriv$ at ! moon1 :i* he f\nd to be 
! location ( hell4 ,"h he saw ,judas    
,isc>iot 9 execrable tortures1 regul>ly 
respit$1 h[ev]1 e week f ,saturday eve  
till ,sunday eve6  ,! ?\ght s entirely 9
 accordance ) ! fir/ impression made by 
! ph5om5on ( ! night sky on ! ignorant  
s5ses & imag9ation t ! />s are set 9 a  
firm revolv+ dome1 has widely prevail$2 
& ! ?\ght t heav5 lies beyond t solid   
ar*1 9 ! unkn[n space is a popul> notion
 l+]+ /ill4 ,! scriptural image decl>+ t
 ! convulsions ( ! la/ day w %ake ! />s 
f _! sockets 9 !  #ai ,9 ,somnium       
,scipionis1 lib4 i4 cap4 xi4  #bj ,ibid4

 cap4 xii4  #ba ,augu/9e1 ,de ,natura   
,boni1 cap4 xliv4  #bb ,de ,p>adiso     
,ed51 ,s]mo ,i4   heav5ly floor1 z a fig
 tree ca/e? h] untimely figs :5 %e is   
%ak5 ( a mighty w9d1 al?\gh s obvi\sly a
 figure ( spee*1 has be5 v g5]ally      
cr$it$ z ! description ( a lit]al fact  
yet to occur4 ,& h[ _m ?\s&s ( pi\s     
,*ri/ians h felt1 ) ! sa9t$ ,doddridge1 
,ye />s are b ! %9+ du/ ,( my ,div9e    
abode1  ,! pavem5t ( ^? heav5ly c\rts   
,:]e ,i %all see my ,god6  ,! univ]sal  
diffusion 9 civiliz$ nations ( ! k t !  
visible sky is no sub/antial expanse1 b 
only an illimitable void ( space hung ) 
successive worlds1 has by no means      
bani%$ ! belief1 orig9ally bas$ on !    
opposite error1 9 a physical heav5      
def9itely locat$ f> ov]head1 ! de/9ation
 ( all ransom$ s\ls4 ,?is is und\bt$ly !
 mo/ common idea at ! pres5t "t4 ,an    
,engli% cl]gyman once wrote a book1     
aft]w>ds translat$ into ,g]man1 to tea* 
t ! sun is hell1 & t ! black spots (t5  
notic$ on ! disk ( t orb are ga!r+s (   

damn$ s\ls4#bc ,isaac ,taylor1 on !     
contr>y1 cont5ds ) no little =ce &      
+5uity t ! sun may be ! heav5 ( our     
planet>y sy/em1 a globe ( immortal      
bless$ness & glory4#bd ,! celebrat$ ,dr4
 ,:i/on 0 conv9c$ t ! great comet :i*   
appe>$ 9 8 day 0 hell4 ,he imag9$ x     
rem>kably fitt$ = t purpose by its fi]y 
vapor1 & its alt]nate plunges1 n[ into !
 froz5 extremity ( space1 n[ into !     
scor*+ brea? ( ! sun4 ,tupp] fa/5s !    
/igma ( be+ ! inf]nal prison h\se on !  
moon1 9 ?is /yle3  ,i "k !e well1 ,o    
,moon1 ?\ cav]n'd realm1 ,sad satellite1
 ?\ giant a% ( dea?1 ,blot on ,god's    
firmam5t1 pale home ( crime1 ,sc>r'd    
prison h\se ( s91 :]e damn$ s\ls ,fe$ ^u
 puni%m5t3 ,oh1 ?\ght sublime1 ,t amid  
night's black de$s1 :5 evil pr[ls ,?r\gh
 ! broad _w1 ?\1 wat*+ s9n]s well1      
,gl>e/ o'er all1 ! wakeful eye ( ,hell6 
,bailey's conception is ! d>k] bir? ( a 
deep] feel+3  ,!re is a bl9d _w1 yet    
unlit by ,god1 ,roll+ ar\nd ! extreme/  
edge ( light1 ,:]e all ?+s are disa/] & 

decay3 ,t black & outca/ orb is ,satan's
 home ,t dusky _w man's sci5ce c\nte? n 
,^u ! brighte/ sky4 ,he nev] kn[s ,h[   
ne> x comes to him2 b1 swa!d 9 cl\ds1 ,z
 ?\gh 9 plum$ & pall$ /ate1 x /eals1    
,he>se l & ?ief l1 r\nd ! univ]se1 ,=ev]
 roll+1 & return+ n1  #bc ,sw9d51 ,on ! 
,nature & ,location ( ,hell4  #bd       
,physical ,!ory ( ,ano!r ,life1 *ap4    
xvi4   ,robb+ all worlds ( _m an angel  
s\l1  ,) its light hidd5 9 its brea/1   
:i* burns ,) all conc5trate & sup]flu5t 
woe4  ,9 ! av]age fai? ( individuals to 
day1 heav5 & hell exi/ z sep>ate places 
locat$ some:]e 9 ! univ]se2 b ! notions 
z to ! precise regions 9 :i* !y lie are 
mo/ vague & ineffectual :5 comp>$ ) :at 
!y =m]ly 74  ,! ,sc&9avian kosmos       
conta9$ n9e worlds1 arrang$ 9 ! foll[+  
ord]3  ,gimle1 a gold5 region at ! top (
 ! univ]se1 ! et]nal resid5ce ( ,allfa!r
 & 8 *os5 ones2 next bel[ t1 ,muspel1 ! 
realm ( ! g5ii ( fire2 ,asg>d1 ! abode (
 ! gods 9 ! />ry firmam5t2 ,v9dheim1 !  
home ( ! air spirits2 ,manheim1 ! e>?1  

or middle realm2 ,jotunheim1 ! _w ( !   
giants1 outside ! sea surr\nd+ ! e>?2   
,elfheim1 ! _w ( ! black demons & dw>fs1
 j "u ! e>?'s surface2 ,helheim1 ! doma9
 ( ! goddess ( dea?1 deep )9 ! e>?'s    
bosom2 & f9ally1 ,niflheim1 ! l[e/ k+dom
 ( horror & pa91 at ! v bottom ( !      
creation4 ,! ,buddhi/ kosmos1 9 !       
simple/ =m1 z "s ( !m conceiv$ x1 0     
compos$ ( a s]ies ( conc5tric sph]es ea*
 sep>at$ f ! next by a space1 &         
successively ov]>*+ & "u ar*+ ea* o!r ) 
circul> lay]s ( brightness above &      
blackness b5ea?2 ea* />ry holl[ ov]head 
be+ a heav5 inhabit$ by gods & bless$   
s\ls1 ea* lurid holl[ und]foot be+ a    
hell fill$ ) demons & wick$ s\ls 9      
p5ance4 ,! ,arabian kosmos1 beg9n+ ) !  
e>?1 asc5d$ to a _w ( wat] above !      
firmam5t1 next to a _w ( air1 !n to a _w
 ( fire1 foll[$ 9 ris+ ord] by an em]ald
 heav5 ) angels 9 ! =m ( birds1 a heav5 
( preci\s /ones ) angels z eagles1 a    
hyac9? heav5 ) angels z vultures1 a     
silv] heav5 ) angels z horses1 a gold5 &

 a pe>l heav5 ea* peopl$ ) angel girls1 
a cry/al heav5 ) angel m51 !n two heav5s
 full ( angels1 & f9ally a great sea )\t
 b\nd1 ea* sph]e be+ presid$ ov] by a   
*ief rul]1 ! names ( all ( :om 7 famili>
 to ! le>n$ ,arabs4 ,! ,syrian kosmos   
correspond$ closely to ! =ego+4 ,x so>$ 
up ! m\nt+ /eps ( e>?1 wat]1 air1 fire1 
& innum]able *oruses successively (     
,angels1 ,ar*angels1 ,pr9cipalities1    
,p[]s1 ,virtues1 ,dom9ations1 ,?rones1  
,*]ubim & ,s]aphim1 unto ! ,expanse :5ce
 ,lucif] fell2 aft]w>ds to a b\ndless   
,ocean2 & la/ly to a magnific5t ,cr[n ( 
,light fill+ ! upp]mo/ space ( all4#be  
,x is h>d = u to imag9e ! aspects ( !   
univ]se to ! anci5ts & ! impressions x  
produc$ 9 !m1 all seem$ s diff]5t !n1 9 
! dimness ( crude obs]vation1 f ! pres5t
 appe>ance 9 ! light ( a/ronomic sci5ce4
 ,anaxim&] held t ! e>? 0 ( cyl9drical  
=m1 susp5d$ 9 ! middle ( ! univ]se &    
surr\nd$ by envelopes ( wat]1 air1 &    
fire1 z by ! coats ( an onion1 b t !    
ext]ior /ratum 0 brok5 up & collect$    

into masses1 & ?us orig9at$ ! sun1 moon1
 & />s1 :i* are c>ri$ ar\nd by ! ?ree   
sph]es 9 :i* !y are fix$4#bf ,_m ( !    
,ori5tal nations believ$ ! planets to be
 animat$ be+s1 consci\s div9ities1      
freely m>*+ ar\nd _! high realms1 keep+ 
wat* & w>d ov] ! creation1 smil+ _!     
favorites on to happy =tune1  #be       
,dupuis1 ,l',orig9e de t\s les ,cultes1 
,plan*e ,no4 #ba4  #bf ,ari/4 de ,coel4 
ii4 #ac4   fix+ _! baleful eyes & %$d+  
disa/r\s eclipse on fall+ nations & on  
k+ly l9es ab\t to s9k =ev]4 ,?is belief 
0 *]i%$ among ! lat] ,greek philosoph]s 
& ,roman prie/s1 & 0 vividly held by su*
 m5 z ,philo1 ,orig51 & ev5 ,kepl]4 ,x  
is "h t we are to look = ! bir? (       
a/rology1 t solemn lore1 l9k+ ! petty   
fates ( m5 ) ! />ry conjunctions1 :i*   
once sank s deeply into ! m9d ( ! _w1 b 
is n[ wellnigh =gott53  ,no m ( t1 ye   
planet>y lights6 ,y\r aspects1          
dignities1 asc5dancies1 ,y\r p>tite     
qu>tiles1 & y\r pla/ic tr9es1 ,& all y\r
 heav5ly h\ses & effects1 ,%all meet no 

m dev\t exp\nd]s "h4  ,! joy ( ,jupit]1 
,! exaltation ( ! ,dragon's head1 ,!    
sun's triplicity & glori\s ,day h\se on 
high1 ! moon's dim detrim5t1 ,& all !   
/>ry inclusions ( all signs1 ,%all rise1
 & rule1 & pass1 & no "o "k ,t !re are  
_s rul]s ( all worlds1 ,:i* frat]nize ) 
e>?1 &1 ?\gh unkn[n1 ,hold 9 ! %9+      
voices ( ! />s ,communion on high &     
ev]y:]e4  ,! belief t ! />s 7 liv+ be+s1
 comb9+ ) ! fancy ( an unsci5tific "t1  
gave rise to ! /ell> apo!osis ( h]oes & 
leg5d>y names1 & 0 ! s\rce ( ^? num]\s  
a/]isms1 out l9$ gr\ps ( />s1 :i* /ill  
b$eck ! skies & =m ! l&m>ks ( cele/ial  
topography4 ,x 0 ^! & k9dr$ influ5ces t 
wr\ght toge!r  ,to make ! firmam5t      
bri/le ) %apes ,( int]mitt5t motion1    
aspect vague1 ,& my/ic be>+s1 :i*       
o'ercreep ! e>?1 ,keep+ sl[ "t ) horrors
 9 ! blood2 ! ,gorgon's petrific ,head1 
! ,be>'s frightful =m1 ,b]5ice's /ream+ 
,hair1 ! curdl+ l5g? ( ,ophiu*us1 & !   
,hydra's horrid %ape4 ,! poetic eye (   
old religion saw gods 9 ! planets walk+ 

_! s]5e blue pa?s1  ,osiris1 ,bel1 ,od91
 ,mi?ras1 ,brahm1 ,zeus1 ,:o gave _!    
names to />s :i* /ill roam r\nd ,! skies
 all wor%ipless1 ev5 f climes ,:]e _!   
own alt>s once topp'd e hill4  ,by      
select$ con/ellations ! *oice/ leg5ds ( 
! antique _w are pres]v$ 9 sil5t        
enactm5t4 ,on ! heav5ly sea !           
,argonautss keep nightly sail t[>ds !   
,gold5 ,fleece4 ,!re ,h]akles gripes !  
hydra's heads & sways 8 irresi/ible     
club2 ,arion ) 8 h>p rides ! docile     
,dolph92 ! ,c5taur's "r h& clut*es !    
,wolf2 ! ,h>e flees f ! rag+ eye &      
inaudible b>k ( ! ,dog2 & space crawls )
 ! horrors ( ! ,scorpion4  ,9 consequ5ce
 ( ! e>?'s revolution 9 its orbit1 ! sun
 appe>s at diff]5t seasons to rise 9    
connection ) diff]5t gr\ps ( />s4 ,x    
seems z if ! sun made an annual j\rney  
ar\nd ! ecliptic4 ,?is circuit 0 divid$ 
into twelve p>ts correspond+ to ! mon?s1
 & ea* m>k$ by a di/9ct con/ellation4   
,!re 0 a s+ul> agreem5t 9 reg>d to ^!   
sol> h\ses1 resid5ces ( ! gods1 or signs

 ( ! zodiac1 among ! lead+ nations ( !  
e>?1 ! ,p]sians1 ,*aldeans1 ,hebrews1   
,syrians1 ,h9dus1 ,*9ese1 ,arabians1    
,japanese1 ,siamese1 ,go?s1 ,javanese1  
,mexicans1 ,p]uvians1 & ,sc&9avians4 #bg
 ,among ! v>i\s explanations ( ! orig9 (
 ^! artificial signs1 we w notice only !
 "o attribut$ by ,volney to !           
,egyptians4 ,! con/ellations 9 :i* ! sun
 successively appe>$ f mon? to mon? 7   
nam$ ?us3 at ! "t ( ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,nile1 
! />s ( inundation1 7,aqu>ius27 at ! "t 
( pl\gh+1 />s ( ! ox1 7,taurus27 :5     
lions1 driv5 =? by ?ir/1 appe>$ on !    
banks ( ! ,nile1 />s ( ! lion1 7,leo27  
at ! "t ( reap+1 />s ( ! %eaf1 7,virgo27
 />s ( ! lamb & two kids1 7,aries17 :5  
^! animals 7 born2 />s ( ! crab1        
7,canc]17 :5 ! sun1 t\*+ ! tropic1      
return$ backw>ds2 />s ( ! wild goat1    
7,capricorn17 :5 ! sun rea*$ ! highe/   
po9t 9 8 ye>ly track2 />s ( ! balance1  
7,libra17 :5 days & nights 7 9          
equilibrium2 />s ( ! scorpion1          
7,scorpio17 :5 p]iodical simooms burn$ l

 ! v5om ( a scorpion2 & s on ( ! re/4#bh
  ,! progress ( a/ronomical sci5ce f !  
wild "t :5 m5 ?\ght ! />s 7 m]e spangles
 /uck 9 a solid expanse n f> (f1 to !   
vigor\s age :5 ,ptolemy's ma!matics     
spann$ ! scope ( ! sky2 f ! fir/ rev]5t 
obs]vations ( ! ,*aldean %eph]ds wat*+ !
 con/ellations z gods1 to ! magnific5t  
reason+s ( ,cop]nicus da%+ d[n !        
innum]able cry/all9e sph]es1 cycle on   
epicycle1 orb on orb1 ) :i* crude       
!oriz]s _h cr[d$ ! /ell> spaces2 f !    
uncurb$ poetry ( ,hyg9us writ+ ! floor (
 heav5 ov] ) romantic my?s 9 planet>y   
words1 to ! m wondr\s tru? ( ,le ,v]ri] 
measur+ ! /eps f nimble ,m]cury flitt+  
mo? l 9 ! be>d ( ! sun to dull ,neptune 
sagg+ 9 8 cold c\rse tw5ty six hundr$   
million miles away2 f ! half in* orb (  
,hipp>*us's nak$ eye1 to ! six feet     
speculum ( ,rosse's awful tube2 f !     
primeval belief 9 "o _w /udd$ ar\nd )   
skyey tor* lights1 to ! mod]n conviction
 ( octillions ( inhabit$ worlds all     
gov]n$ by "o law con/itutes ! mo/       

a/oni%+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d4 
,e /ep ( ?is incr$ible progress has _h  
its effect 9 modify+ ! conceptions (    
man's position & importance 9 nature & (
 ! connection ( 8 future fate )         
localities4 ,( old1 ! entire creation 0 
?\ght to lie pretty mu* )9 !            
compreh5sion ( man's unaid$ s5ses1 & man
 himself 0 suppos$ to be ! *ief if n !  
sole object ( ,div9e provid5ce4 ,!      
deities (t5 came d[n 9 inc>nations &    
m+l$ ) _! favorites & rescu$ ! e>? f    
evils4 ,e ?+ 0 an?ropomorphiz$4 ,man's  
relative magnitude & p[] 7 believ$ to be
 su* t he fanci$ dur+ an eclipse t1 by  
screams1 ! cra%+ ( gongs1 & magic rites1
 he c\ld sc>e away ! mon/]s  #bg        
,pigott1 ,sc&9avian ,my?ology1 *ap4 i4  
p4 #ca4  #bh ,volney1 ,ru9s1 *ap4 xxii4 
sect4 #c4 ,maurice1 ,hi/4 ,h9do/an1 vol4
 i4 pp4 #ade-adg4   :o 7 swall[+ ! sun  
or ! moon4 ,meteors %oot+ ?r\gh ! ev5+  
air ! ,arabs believ$ 7 fall5 angels try+
 to get back into heav5 b hurl$ f !     
cry/al battlem5ts by ! flam+ lances ( ! 

gu>dian wat*]s4 ,!n ! gaz] saw ,! top ( 
heav5 full ( fi]y %apes1 ,( burn+       
cressets4  ,n[ ! /ud5t contemplates an  
abyss sw>m+ ) orbs ea* out weigh+       
millions ( our e>?4 ,!n !y read _!      
nativities 9 ! planets & felt h[ great  
mu/ be ! /ate ov]wat*$ by su* respl5d5t 
s]vitors4 ,n[ ,!y seek communion ) ! />s
 t !y may "k ,h[ petty is ?is ball on   
:i* !y come & g4  ,!n ! huge/ view ( !  
ext5t ( ! univ]sal sph]e 0 t an iron    
mass w\ld require n9e days & nights to  
plunge f its ,olympian height to its    
,t>t>ean dep?4 ,n[ we are told by !     
ma/]s ( sci5ce t !re are />s s di/ant t 
x w\ld take _! light1 travell+ at a rate
 ( ne>ly twelve million miles a m9ute1  
?irty million ye>s to rea* u4 ,!        
telescope has multipli$ ! size ( !      
creation by hundr$s ( millions1 & !     
gr&e/ conception ( ! /ell> univ]se      
possible to ! mo/ capaci\s human m9d    
probably be>s no l>g] proportion to !   
fact ?an an orr]y does to ! sol> sy/em4 
,our e>? is a hundr$ million miles f !  

sun1 ^: diamet] is s mon/r\s t a hundr$ 
su* orbs /rung 9 a /raight l9e w\ld     
occupy ! :ole di/ance4 ,! sun1 ) all 8  
att5dant planets & moons1 is sweep+     
ar\nd 8 own c5tre suppos$ by "s to be   
,alcyone at ! rate ( f\r hundr$ ?\s&    
miles a day2 & x w take him eighte5     
million ye>s to complete "o revolution4 
,our firmam5tal clu/] conta9s1 x has be5
 calculat$1 9 r\nd numb]s ab\t tw5ty    
million />s4 ,!re are _m ?\s&s ( su*    
nebula visible1 "s ( !m capable ( pack+ 
away 9 _! awful bosoms hundr$s ( ?\s&s (
 our galaxies4 ,measure (f ! abysmal    
space into sev5 hundr$ ?\s& /ages ea* a 
hundr$ million miles wide1 & y rea* !   
ne>e/ fix$ />s1 = in/ance1 !            
con/ellation ( ! ,lyre4 ,multiply t     
inconceivable di/ance by hundr$s (      
?\s&s1 & /ill y w disc]n enorm\s s&     
banks ( />s obscurely glitt]+ on ! f>!/ 
v]ge ( telescopic vision4 ,& ev5 all ?is
 is b a little corn] ( ! :ole4          
,col]idge once said1 ,to "s inf9itely   
sup]ior ,be+1 ! :ole univ]se may be z "o

 pla91 ! di/ance betwe5 planet & planet 
be+ only z ! pores 9 a gra9 ( s&1 & !   
spaces betwe5 sy/em & sy/em no great]   
?an ! int]vals betwe5 "o gra9 & ! gra9  
adjac5t4 ,"o ( ! va/e/ ?\ghts yet       
conceiv$ by any mortal m9d is t ( turn+ 
! univ]se f a me*anical to a *emical    
problem1 z illu/rat$ by ,pr(4 ,lov]+4#bi
 ,assum+ ! ackn[l$g$ tru?s 9 physics1 t 
! ultimate p>ticles ( matt] nev]        
actually t\* ea* o!r1 & t wat] 9        
evaporat+ exp&s into eighte5 hundr$     
times its previ\s volume1 he demon/rates
 t ! porosity ( our sol> sy/em is no    
great] ?an t ( /eam4 ,! porosity (      
granite or gold may be equal to t (     
/eam1  #bi ,cambridge ,miscellany1      
#ahdb4   ! great] d5sity be+ a /rong]   
en]gy 9 ! c5tral =ces4 ,& ! conclusion  
is sci5tifically rea*$ t ! va/ int]val  
betwe5 ! sun & ,h]s*el is an enorm\s    
pore1 :ile ! invisible di/ance t        
sep>ates ! mo/ closely ne/l$ atoms is a 
planet>y space1 a /up5d\s gulf :5 comp>$
 ) ! little sph]es betwe5 :i* x fl[s4   

,?us we may ?9k ( ! entire univ]se z a  
liv+ organism1 l a rip5+ orange1 its    
compon5t atoms worlds1 ! sid]eal        
movem5ts its vital circulation4         
,surely1 :5 a man looks up f 8 famili>  
fields & h\sehold ro( to su*            
incomm5surable objects z sci5tific      
imag9ation reveals 9 ! sp>kl+ sword h&le
 ( ,p]seus & ! hazy girdle ( ,&rom$a1   
ov]p[]+ humility w fill 8 brea/1 an     
unutt]able solemnity w fall on him z f !
 v pres5ce *amb] ( ! ,highe/4 ,& w he n1
 :5 he contemplates ! du/ l %oals ( />s1
 ! %9+ films ( firmam5ts1 t retreat &   
hov] ?r\gh all ! b\ndless heights1 !    
,nubecula nebula1 look+ l a bun* (      
ribbons dispos$ 9 a true love's knot1 t 
mo/ awful nebula :irl$ into ! %ape &    
be>+ ! "n ( ! ,dumb ,bell1 ! ,crab      
nebula1 hang+ ov] ! inf9itely remote    
space1 a sprawl+ t]ror1 e po9t hold+    
millions ( worlds1  ?9k+ ( ^! all       
transc5d5t wond]s1 & !n rememb]+ 8 own  
inexpressible littl5ess1 h[ t ! visible 
exi/5ce ( 8 :ole race does n occupy a   

s+le tick ( ! great ,sid]eal ,clock1 w  
he n s9k "u helpless misgiv+s1 w he n   
utt]ly despair ( immortal notice &      
support f ! ,k+ ( all ?is8 ,9 a ^w1 h[  
does ! solemn greatness ( man1 ! suppos$
 et]nal de/9y ( man1 /& affect$ by !    
mod]n k ( ! va/ness ( creation8 ,reg>d+ 
! imm5sities rec$+ ov] him 9 unfa?omable
 abysses bur/+ ) du/ heaps ( suns1 mu/ n
 man be dw>f$ into unmitigat$ contempt1 
8 life & "* r5d]$ absolutely            
insignificant1 ! utmo/ span ( 8 =tunes  
seem+ b z ! hum & glitt] ( an ephem]on 9
 a mom5t's sun%9e8 ,d\btless _m a "o has
 at times felt ! /up5d\s tru?s (        
a/ronomy ?us palsy+ him ) a cru%+ s5se (
 8 own no?+ness & bury+ him 9 fatali/ic 
despair4 ,/&+ at night1 alone1 b5ea? !  
augu/ dome /udd$ f ( old ) its ev] blaz+
 lights1 he gazes up & sees ! innum]able
 armies ( heav5 m>%all$ =? above him 9 !
 ord] & sil5ce ( _! primeval pomp4      
,peacefully & =ev] !y %9e !re4 ,9 nebula
 sep>at$ f nebula by trillions (        
leagues1 plane beyond plane1 !y /ret* & 

glitt] to ! feet ( ,god4 ,fall+ on 8    
knees1 he clasps 8 h&s 9 spee*less      
adoration1 b feels1 ) an intol]able a*e 
( ! he>t1 t 9 ?is inf9itude su* an "o z 
he c be ( no consequ5ce :atev]4 ,he     
waits passively = ! resi/less r\nd (    
fate to be> him away1 ah1 :i!r8         
,consci\s t he dwells b z an atom ( du/ 
on ! outskirts ( a galaxy (             
inconceivable glory mov+ ?r\gh et]nity 9
 ! arms ( law1 he becomes1 9 8 own      
e/imation1 an ins5sible dot lo/ 9 !     
unconta9able wild]ness ( firmam5tal     
sy/ems4 ,b ?is conclusion ( despair is a
 mi/ake z sophi/ical z x is injuri\s1 z 
baseless 9 reality z x is natural 9     
seem+4 ,its antidote & corrective are   
f\nd 9 a m p5etrative ?\ght & ju/]      
und]/&+ ( ! subject1 :i* w pres]ve !    
greatness & ! immortal de/9y ( man      
unh>m$ despite ! fr[n+ va/itudes (      
creation4 ,?is w appe> f fairly weigh+ !
 foll[+ consid]ations4  ,9 ! fir/ place1
 ! imm5sity ( ! mat]ial univ]se is an   
elem5t entirely =eign to ! problem (    

human fate4 ,:5 seek+ to solve ! "q (   
human de/9y1 we are to /udy ! facts &   
prophecies ( human nature1 & to conclude
 accord+ly4 ,x is a p]v]sion ( reason to
 br+ f f> an induction ( nebul>         
magnitudes to cru% ) _! brute weight !  
pla9 indications ( ! _s ( humanity4 ,:at
 ?\gh ! numb] ( telescopic worlds 7     
rais$ to ! t5 ?\s&? p[]1 & ea* orb 7 z  
l>ge z all ( !m comb9$ w\ld n[ be8 :at  
diff]5ce w\ld t make 9 ! facts ( human  
nature & de/9y8 ,x is f ! exp]i5ce go+  
on 9 man's brea/1 & n f ! firmam5ts     
roll+ above 8 head1 t 8 importance & 8  
f9al cause are to be inf]r$4 ,! human   
m9d1 he>t1 & consci5ce1 ?\ght1 love1    
fai?1 & piety1 rema9 ! same 9 _!        
intr9sic rank & capacities :e!r !       
univ]se be z small z x appe>$ to ! eyes 
( ,abraham or z l>ge z x seems 9 !      
cosmical !ory ( ,humboldt4 ,?us !       
spiritual position ( man really rema9s  
precisely :at x 0 be=e ! telescope smote
 ! veils ( di/ance & b>$ ! out] c\rts ( 
be+4  ,secondly1 if we d br+ 9 !        

irrelevant realms ( sci5ce to !         
exam9ation ( our pr9cely pret5sions1 x  
is b fair to look 9 bo? directions4 ,&  
!n :at we lose above we ga9 bel[4 ,!    
revelations ( ! microscope balance ^? ( 
! telescope4 ,! animalcula magnify man z
 mu* z ! nebulsa belittle him4 ,we _c   
help believ+ t ,he :o frames & provides 
= ^? inf9itesimal animals quadrillions (
 :om might inhabit a drop ( wat] or a   
leaf & h ample room & v]ge en\gh1 & ^:  
vital & muscul> organization is z       
complicat$ & p]fect z t ( an elephant1 w
 mu* m take c>e ( man1 no matt] h[      
num]\s ! con/ellations are4 ,let u see  
h[ f> sci5tific vision c look b5ea?     
ourselves z ! "q is answ]$ by a few well
 kn[n facts4 ,9 ea* drop ( human blood  
!re are ?ree million vitaliz$ corpuscul>
 disks4 ,consid]+ all ! drops made up 9 
?is way1 man is a kosmos1 8 ve9s        
galaxies ?r\gh ^: circuits ^! r$ clu/]+ 
planets p]=m _! revolutions4 ,h[ small !
 exhal+ atoms ( a gra9 ( musk mu/ be1   
s9ce x w p]fume e brea? ( air bl[+ ?r\gh

 a hall = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 & !n n be 
p]ceptibly dim9i%$4 ,an ounce ( gold may
 be r$uc$ into f\r hundr$ & ?irty two   
billion p>ts1 ea* microscopically       
visible4#cj ,!re is a deposit ( slate 9 
,bohemia cov]+ =ty squ>e miles to ! dep?
 ( eight feet1 ea* cubic in* ( :i*      
,ehr5b]g f\nd by microscopic measurem5t 
to conta9 =ty "o ?\s& million infusorial
 animals4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] says1 ,a  
cubic in* ( ! ,bil9 polies*ief] slate   
conta9s above "o billion sev5 hundr$ &  
fifty ?\s& millions ( di/9ct individuals
 ( ,galionella f]rug9ea4#ca ,x is a fact
 t ! size ( "o ( ^! insects z comp>$ ) !
 bulk ( a man is virtually z small z t (
 a man comp>$ ) ! :ole s*eme ( mod]n    
a/ronomy4 ,?us1 if ! problem ( our      
immortal consequ5ce is prejudicially    
vitiat$ by contemplat+ ! imm5se         
extremity ( vision1 x is rectifi$ by    
gaz+ on ! opposite extremity4 ,if man   
ju/ly scrut9iz$1 )\t comp>isons1 is     
fitt$ = & wor?y ( et]nity1  #cj ,l>dn]1 
,h& ,book ( ,natural ,philosophy1 book  

i4 *ap4 v4#ca ,m ,worlds ?an ,"o1 *4    
viii4 note #c4   no =eign facts1 h[ev]  
magnific5t or m9ute1 %\ld alt] our      
judgm5t f ! premises4  ,?irdly1 is x n  
evid5t t man's greatness keeps ev5 pace 
along ! scale ( magnitude ) ! wid5+     
creation1 s9ce x is 8 m9d t sees &      
compreh5ds h[ wondr\s ! dim5sions ( !   
univ]se are8 ,! numb] ( />s & ! limits (
 space are n m a/\nd+ ?an x is t he %\ld
 be capable ( kn[+ su* ?+s1 enum]at+ &  
/ak+ !m (f4 ,:5 man has measur$ !       
di/ance & weigh$ ! bulk ( ,sirius1 x is 
m appropriate to kneel 9 amazem5t be=e !
 inscrutable my/]y ( 8 g5ius1 !         
irrepressible so>+ ( 8 s\l1 ?an to s9k 9
 despair "u ! sw++ ( ^? lumps ( dirt 9  
_! unapproa*able sph]es because !y are s
 gigantic6 ,! appe>ance ( ! creation to 
man is n va/] ?an 8 p]ception ( x4 ,!y  
are exactly correlat$ by ! v t]ms ( !   
/atem5t4 ,z ! a/ronomic _w exp&s1 !     
a/ronom]'s m9d dilates & mu/ be z l>ge z
 x 9 ord] to conta9 x 9 ?\ght4 ,:at we  
lose 9 relative importance f ! enl>gem5t

 ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! univ]se we ga9 f ! new
 revelation ( our capacities t is made  
?r\gh ^! transc5d5t a*ievem5ts ( our    
sci5ce4 ,t we are favorites ( ! ,creator
 & de/9$ = immortal glories is !re=e    
logically & morally j z cr$ible aft]    
look+ ?r\gh ,h]s*el's =ty feet reflector
 & read+ ,la ,place's ,mecanique ,cele/e
 z x w\ld be 7 ?is planet1 susp5d$ 9 a  
holl[ dome1 ! entirety ( mat]ial be+4   
,fur!rmore1 we c reason only f ! data we
 h2 &1 do+ t1 we %\ld conclude1 f !     
intr9sic & incomp>able sup]iority ( _s  
to matt]1 t man & 8 k9dr$ scatt]$ 9     
families ov] all ! orbs ( space 7 !     
especial objects ( ! inf9ite ,au?or's   
c>e4 ,!y are fitt$ by _! filial         
attributes to commune ) ,him 9 praise & 
love4 ,!y "k ! prodigi\s & m>vell\s     
works ( me*anical nature2 me*anical     
nature kn[s no?+4 ,man c return 8       
,mak]'s bless+ 9 volunt>y ob$i5ce &     
?anks2 matt] is inanimate clay = !      
,pott]'s m\ld+4 ,turn+ f ! gleam+       
wild]nesses ( /> l& to ! intellect &    

he>t1 appreciat+ ! inf9ite problems &   
hopes ) :i* !y deal & aspire1 we feel ! 
tru? express$ by ,wordswor? 9 8 trem5d\s
 l9es3  ,i mu/1 al(t asc5d+1 brea! 9    
worlds ,to :i* ! heav5 ( heav5s is b a  
veil4 ,n *aos1 d>ke/ pit ( ,erebus1 ,nor
 aught ( bl9d] vacancy1 scoop'd out ,by 
help ( dreams1 c bre$ su* fe> & awe ,z  
fall ^u u (t5 :5 we look ,into our m9ds1
 into ! m9d ( man4  ,is n "o noble ?\ght
 ( tru?1 "o holy emotion ( love1 "o     
div9e impulse ( devotion1 bett] ?an a   
:ole planet ( mud1 a :ole sol> sy/em (  
gas & du/8 ,:o w\ld n r be ! s\l t      
gauges ! deeps1 gr\ps ! laws1 =etells ! 
movem5ts1 ( ! univ]se1 writ+ d[n 9 a    
brief ma!matical =mula a complete       
horoscope ( ! heav5s z !y w appe> on any
 giv5 night ?\s&s ( ye>s h5ce1 ?an to be
 all t array ( swoop+ sy/ems8 ,to ?9k ! 
_w is to be sup]ior to ! _w4 ,t :i*     
appreciates is ak9 to t :i* makes2 & s  
we are ! ,creator's *ildr51 & ^! cr[d+  
nebula1 pack$ ) orbs z ?ick z ! ocean   
bea* ) s&s1 are ! _m mansions ( ! ,h\se 

fitt$ up = ,8 abode & ours4 ,an only    
pr9ce w\ld be ( m consid]ation ?an a    
palace1 al?\gh its f\ndation press$ !   
%\ld]s ( ,s]p5t>ius1 its turret t\*$ !  
br[ ( ,orion1 & its w+s rea*$ f ! ,great
 ,be> to ! ,pho5ix4 ,s a m9d is ( m     
importance ?an ! mat]ial creation1 & !  
moral condition ( a man is ( great]     
mom5t ?an ! aspect ( /ell> firmam5ts4   
,ano!r illu/ration ( ! tru? we are      
consid]+ is to be drawn f ! ideali/     
!ory1 to :i* s _m ( ! able/ ?9k]s ( ! _w
 h giv5 _! devot$ adhesion1 t matt] is  
m]ely ph5om5al1 no sub/antial entity1 b 
a transi5t %[ pres]v$ 9 appe>ance = "s  
ult]ior cause1 & f9ally1 at ! )drawal or
 susp5sion ( ,god's volition1 to return 
into annihilat+ invisibility z swiftly z
 a fla% ( lightn+4 ,! solid seem+       
firmam5ts are b an ex]tion ( ,div9e =ce 
project$ into vision to s]ve = a season 
z a !atre = ! tra9+ ( spirits4 ,:5 t    
process is complete1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye
 ! phantasmal exhibition ( matt] w      
disappe>1 leav+ only ! ideal realm (    

inde/ructible ?+s1 s\ls ) _! inw>d      
treasures rema9+ 9 _! native sph]e ( !  
inf9ite1 :ile ! outw>d univ]se ,do?     
vani% l a gho/ be=e ! sun4  ,! same     
practical result may also be rea*$ by a 
diff]5t pa?1 may be atta9$ by ! road (  
physics z well z by t ( transc5d5tal    
metaphysics4 ,= ,newton has giv5 9 8    
,pr9cipia a geometrical demon/ration ( !
 inf9ite compressibility ( matt]4 ,all !
 worlds1 !re=e1 t clu/] 9 yon swell+    
vault c be cond5s$ into a s+le globe ( !
 size ( a walnut2 & !n1 on t petty lump 
( app>5t sub/ance1 ! enfran*is$ s\l     
might trample 9 an exultation (         
magnanim\s scorn ^u ! :ole univ]se (    
e>?s1 & so> ?r\gh its own unlimit$      
dom9ion1 ,mon>* ( ,immortality1 ! snat*$
 glory ( %runk5 firmam5ts fla%+ f its   
dea?less w+s4  ,f9ally1 a prop]         
compreh5sion ( ! idea ( ,god w          
neutralize ! skepticism & despond5cy    
sometimes /eal?ily n\ri%$ or cru%+ly    
impress$ by contemplations ( ! imm5sity 
( nature4 ,if "o1 f reg>d+ ! cold &     

rel5tless me*anism ( ! surr\nd+ sy/em1  
tremble = fe> ( !re be+ no k9d ,ov]rul]1
 let him gaze on ! w>m beauty t flu%es !
 c\nt5ance ( day1 ! my/ic m$itativ5ess t
 hangs on ! p5sive & />ry br[ ( night1  
let him foll[ ! comm&+ in/9cts ( 8 own  
he>t1 & he w f9d himself cl++ 9         
irresi/ible fai? & filial love to !     
?\ght ( an inf9ite ,fa!r4 ,if /ill !    
a!i/ic s5tim5t obtrudes ^u him &        
oppresses him1 let him obs]ve h[ e spot 
( imm5sity :]eon ! eye ( sci5ce has     
fall5 is cr[d$ ) unnumb]$ amaz+ examples
 ( design1 love1 b5efic5ce1 & he w      
p]ceive t ! irrefragable l9es ( argum5t 
drawn ?r\gh ! b\ndless spaces ( creation
 light up ! /up5d\s cont\r ( ,god & %[ !
 expression ( 8 features to be love4 ,x 
seems z ?\gh any man acqua9t$ ) ! tru?s 
& magnitudes ( a/ronomy1 :o1 aft] see+ !
 /> /rewn abysses1 w\ld look 9 8 mirror 
& ask if ! image reflect$ !re is t ( !  
greate/ be+ 9 ! univ]se1 w\ld ne$ no?+  
fur!r to conv9ce him t a ,god1 !        
,creator1 ,pres]v]1 ,sov]eign1 lives4 ,&

 !n1 if1 mi/ak5ly judg+ f 8 own         
limitations1 he ?9ks t ! p>ticul> c>e ( 
all ! accumulat$ galaxies ( worlds1 e _w
 p]haps teem+ ) c\ntless millions (     
consci\s creatures1 w\ld transc5d !     
possibilities ev5 ( ,god1 a mom5t's     
reflection w dissolve t sophi/ry 9 !    
tru? t ,god is inf9ite1 & t to 8 inf9ite
 attributes globule & globe are alike1 !
 ov]sight ( ! :ole & ( ea* "p a matt] ( 
in/antane\s & equal ease4 ,/ill fur!r3  
if ?is ab/ract tru? be insuffici5t to   
support fai? & be/[ peace1 :at w he say 
to ! visible fact t all ! races ( be+s1 
& all ! clu/]s ( worlds1 f ! motes 9 a  
sunbeam to ! orbs ( ! remote/ firmam5t1 
are n[ tak5 c>e ( by ,div9e ,provid5ce8 
,god n[ keeps !m all 9 be+ & ord]1      
unconfus$ by _! multiplicity1 unoppress$
 by _! magnitude1 & n = an in/ant =gett+
 or neglect+ ei!r ! mightie/ or ! lea/4 
,morbidly suspici\s1 p]v]sely incr$ul\s1
 mu/ be ! m9d t d5ies1 s9ce x is s n[ 9 
?is /ate1 t x may be s z well 9 ! o!r   
/ate & =ev]6 ,grasp+ ! conception ( "o  

,god1 :o creates1 rules1 & loves all1   
man may unpresumptu\sly feel himself to 
be a *ild ( ! ,inf9ite & a safe heir (  
immortality4 ,look+ )9 & )\t1 & so>+ 9  
fancy amid/ ! blue & />ry altitudes     
int]sp]s$ ) blaz+ suns & nebul\s oceans1
 he may cry1 f a sob] e/imate ( all !   
exp]im5tal & ph5om5al facts )9 8 rea*1  
,ev5 "h ,i feel1 ,among ^! mighty ?+s1 t
 z ,i am ,i am ak9 to ,god2 t ,i am "p  
,( ! use univ]sal1 & c grasp ,"s portion
 ( t reason 9 ! :i* ,! :ole is rul$ &   
f\nd$2 t ,i h ,a _s nobl] 9 its cause & 
end1 ,loveli] 9 ord]1 great] 9 its p[]s1
 ,?an all ^! bright & swift imm5sities4 
,p]haps ! =ce ( ^! argum5ts may be bett]
 cond5s$ & express$ by help ( an        
individual illu/ration4 ,:ile ! p5 is   
=m+ ^! words1 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! dea? (   
,dr4 ,kane sadd5s ! _w4 ,alas t !       
gallant he>t no long] beats1 ! /ory ( ^:
 noble g5]osity & indomitable pr[ess has
 j ?rill$ ! dull nations ( m5 ( mean]   
m\ld6 ,:o ev5 ?\gh /&+ be=e a telescope 
"u ! full ar*itecture ( ! heav5s c      

believe t t maid5 s\l ( h]oism &        
devotion is n[ b an ext+ui%$ sp>k1 t !  
love1 honor1 intellig5ce1 self sacrific+
 consecration :i* enswa!d him z ) a     
sa9tly halo h all gone out8 ,turn+ f t  
pale =m1 /ret*$ on ! c\* ( dea? 9 fatal 
,cuba1 ?r\gh ! rec$+ gulfs ( space :]e  
incomputable sy/ems ( worlds are :eel+  
on _! et]nal c\rses1 & !n look+ back    
aga9 f ! noiseless glitt] & awful bulk (
 ! creation1 d y despair ( ! immortal   
consequ5ce ( ! poor suff]] ^: fle%ly    
moor+s to exi/5ce are successively      
loos5+ at e gasp8 ,ah1 rememb] t ,matt] 
& ! ,s\l are n alone6 ,f> above t clay  
b\nd1 /ruggl+ s\l1 & f> above ^?        
measureless1 firmam5tal masses1 is ,god1
 ! ,mak] ( !m bo?1 & ! ,lov] ( 8 *ild4  
,glanc+ 9 ,8 omnisci5ce d[n ^u t human  
dea? c\*1 ar\nd :i* affectionate pray]s 
are float+ f e "p ( ! e>?1 & f ^: pallid
 occupant confid+ sighs are ris+ to ,8  
e>1 ,he sees ! unutt]able my/]ies (     
ye>n+ ?\ght1 emotion1 & p[]1 :i* are !  
hidd5 be+ ( man1 & :i* s ally ! filial  

_s to ! p>5t ,div9ity4 ,z b5ea? ,8 gaze 
! fai?ful s\l ( ,eli%a ,kane sl[ly      
extricat+ itself f its ov]wr\ght        
tab]nacle1 & also extricat+ itself f !  
holy network ( he>t /r+s :i* sixty      
millions ( m5 speak+ "o spee* h flung   
ar\nd him1 if haply s !y might reta9 him
 to e>? to take _! love & wait+ honors  
rises into ! invisible1 seek+ to return1
 be>+ its virg9 purity ) x1 to ! bosom (
 ,god1 w ,he ov]look x1 or c>elessly    
spurn x into night1 because ! banks (   
/>s are pil$ up s ?ick & high t !y      
absorb ,8 reg>ds8 ,my s\l1 come n ?\    
into ! c\nsels ( !m t ?9k s6 ,x %\ld n  
be believ$ ?\gh a/ronomy 7 a ?\s& times 
a/ronomy4 ,b x %all r be ?\ght t1 ere   
n[1 ! brave ,am]ican has discov]$ !     
,m>9] :om he s\ght1 ?\gh sail+ on f> o!r
 seas1 :]e !re is no de/roy+ w9t] & no  
ne$ ( rescue4  ,9 association ) !       
measureless spaces & c\ntless worlds    
br\ght to light by a/ronomic sci5ce     
naturally arises ! "q :e!r ! o!r worlds 
are1 l our e>?1 peopl$ ) responsible    

intellig5ces4 ,9 anci5t times ! />s 7 n 
g5]ally ?\ght to be worlds1 b to be     
p]sons1 g5ii or gods4 ,at ! dawn (      
creation ! morn+ />s sang toge!r2 t is1 
! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy4 ,! />s 7 !    
liv+ army ( ,jehovah ( ho/s4 ,at ! "t :5
 ! !ological dogmas n[ preval5t 7 fir/  
conceiv$1 ! greatness & glory ( !       
univ]se 7 suppos$ to c5tre on ?is globe4
 ,! =tunes ( man wellnigh absorb$1 x 0  
imag9$1 ! int]e/ ( angels & ( ,god4 ,!  
:ole creation 0 e/eem$ a tempor>y !atre 
= ! enactm5t ( ! sublime drama ( ! fall 
& r$emption ( man4 ,! entire heav5s )   
all _! ho/ 7 ?\ght to revolve 9         
satellite dep5d5ce ar\nd ?is /ation>y & 
regal planet4 ,= ,god to hold long1     
anxi\s1 repeat$ c\ncils to devise means 
to save u1 0 n deem$ out ( keep+ ) !    
relative dignity ( ! e>? & ! human race4
 ,b at l5g? ! progress ( discov]y put a 
diff]5t aspect on ! physical conditions 
( ! problem4 ,! philosoph] began to     
survey man's habitation & hi/ory1 & to  
e/imate man's comp>ative rank & de/9y1 n

 f ! /& po9t ( a solit>y planet dat+    
back only a few ?\s& ye>s1 b 9 ! light (
 millions ( c5turies ( duration & f a   
position among millions ( cr[d$         
firmam5ts :5ce our sun appe>s z a dim & 
motionless />4 ,?is new vision ( sci5ce 
requir$ a new con/ruction ( !ology4 ,!  
petty & mon/r\s notions ( ! ignorant    
sup]/ition ( ! e>ly age ne$$            
rectification4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ! wise &     
dev\t few ?is 0 effect$2 b ) ! great    
majority ! two sets ( ideas exi/$ side  
by side 9 unreconcil$ confusion &       
contradiction1 z !y ev5 cont9ue to d    
unto ?is day4  ,:5 x came to be believ$ 
t ! univ]se teem$ ) suns1 moons1 &      
planets1 compos$ ( mat]ial sub/ances1   
subject to day & night1 & v>i\s o!r laws
 & *anges1 l our own abode1 x 0 natural 
to inf] t ^! innum]able worlds 7 also   
inhabit$ by rational creatures ak9 to   
ourselves & capable ( wor%ipp+ ,god4    
,num]\s consid]ations1 possess+ m or    
less weight1 7 br\ght =w>d to confirm   
su* a conclusion4 ,! mo/ /rik+          

pres5tation ev] made ( ! argum5t1       
p]haps1 is t 9 ,o]/$'s essay on !       
,univ]se z a ,s+le ,intellectual ,realm4
 ,x became ! popul> fai?1 & is und\bt$ly
 m s n[ ?an ev] be=e4 ,t[>ds ! end ( !  
sev5te5? c5tury a "w 0 publi%$ 9        
explicit support ( ?is fai? by          
,font5elle4 ,x 0 entitl$ ,conv]sations  
on ! ,plurality ( ,worlds1 & _h m>k$    
success1 runn+ ?r\gh _m editions4 ,a few
 ye>s lat]1 ,huyg5s wrote a book1 call$ 
,cosmo!oros1 9 ma9t5ance ( ! same !sis4 
,! m ?is doctr9e obta9$ root & life 9 ! 
convictions ( m51 ! m /rongly its       
irreconcilabl5ess ) ! ord9>y !ology mu/ 
h made itself felt by fe>less & compet5t
 ?9k]s4 ,c\ld a quadrillion firmam5ts   
load$ ) />s1 ea* inhabit$ by its own    
race ( free intellig5ces1 all be burn$  
up & de/roy$ 9 ! ,day ( ,judgm5t provok$
 on ?is petty gra9 ( du/ by ! s9 (      
,adam8 #cb ,7 ! />s m]e sp>ks & spangles
 /uck 9 heav5 = u to see by1 x w\ld be  
no %ock to our reason to suppose t !y   
might be ext+ui%$ ) our ext9ction2 b1   

grasp+ ! tru?s ( a/ronomy z !y n[ lie 9 
! bra9 ( a ma/] 9 sci5ce1 we c no long] 
?9k ( ,god expell+ our race f ! joys (  
be+ & !n qu5*+ ! spl5dors ( 8 hall z an 
innkeep] bl[s out ! lights :5 ! dance is
 at an end4 ,god rules & ov] rules all1 
& s]5ely works out 8 irresi/ible ends1  
incapable ( wra? or defeat4 ,w\ld x be m
 incongru\s = ,him to be angry ) an ant 
hill & come d[n to trample x1 ?an to be 
s ) ! e>? & appe> 9 v9dictive fire to   
annihilate x8  ,f "t to "t1 9 ! int]e/s 
( ! antiquat$ ideas1 d\bts h be5 rais$ z
 to ! validity ( ! doctr9e ( /ell>      
worlds /ock$ ) intellectual families4#cc
 ,hegel1 ei!r imbu$ ) t ,gno/ic contempt
 & hatr$ = matt] :i* describ$ ! e>? z a 
dirt ball = ! extrication ( light       
spirits1 or f an obscure impulse (      
pan!i/ic ?\ght1 sullies ! />s ) e       
demean+ phrase1 ev5 /igmatiz+ !m z      
pimples ( light4 ,mi*elet1 a disciple ( 
,hegel1 foll[$ 8 example1 &1 9 a "w     
publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 /rove vigor\sly to     
aggr&ize ! e>? & man at ! exp5se ( !    

accept$ tea*+s ( a/ronomy4#cd ,) argum5t
 & ridicule1 wit & reason1 he endeavor$ 
to make x out t ! />s are no bett] ?an  
gleam+ pat*es ( vapor4 ,we are !        
exclusive autocrats ( all imm5sity4     
,:ewell has foll[$ up ?is species (     
?\ght ) q rem>kable adroitness1 =ce1 &  
brilliance4#ce ,:e!r 8 motive 9 ?is     
und]tak+ is purely sci5tific & arti/ic1 
or :e!r he is impell$ by a fanci$       
religi\s animus1 hav+ be5 bitt5 by "s   
!ological fe> :i* has giv5 him !        
a/rophobia1 does n cle>ly appe>4  #cb ,z
 specim5s ( ! l>ge numb] ( treatises :i*
 h be5 publi%$ ass]t+ ! de/ruction ( !  
:ole creation 9 ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 !    
foll[+ may be consult$4 ,osi&]1 ,de     
,consummatione ,saculi ,diss]tationum   
,p5tus4 ,lund1 ,de ,excidio ,univ]si    
,totali et ,sub/antiali4 ,fris*1 ,die   
,welt im ,feu]1 od] das wahre ,v]geh5   
und ,ende d] ,welt dur* d5 letz5        
,sund5br&4 ,= a c5tury pa/ ! op9ion has 
be5 ga9+ favor t ! great cata/rophe w be
 conf9$ to our e>?1 & t ev5 ?is is n to 

be annihilat$1 b to be trans=m$1 purg$1 
& beautifi$ by ! crisis4 ,see1 e4 g41   
,brumhey1 ,ueb] die endli*e ,umw&lung d]
 ,erde dur* ,feu]4  #cc ,kurtz1 ,bibel &
 ,a/ronomie4 ,simonton's ,eng4 trans41  
*4 vi4 sect4 #ad3 ,inc>nation ( ,god4   
#cd ,vorlesung5 ub] die ewige           
,p]sonli*keit des ,gei/es4 #ce ,( a     
,plurality ( ,worlds3 ,an ,essay4       
,brew/] has repli$ to ,:ewell's di/urb+ 
essay 9 a volume :i* m comm&s our       
sympa?ies & c>ries our reason1 b is less
 su/a9$ 9 =ce & less close 9 logic4#cf  
,p[ell has /ill m rec5tly publi%$ a v   
valuable treatise on ! subject2#cg & )  
?is "w ! discussion re/s ?us f>1 leav+1 
z we believe1 ! popul> fai? 9 an        
a/ronomic univ]se ( inhabit$ worlds     
un%ak51 h[ev] fatal ! legitimate        
implications ( t fai? may be to o!r     
doctr9es simultane\sly held4#ch ,x is   
curi\s to obs]ve ! %ift+ positions tak5 
up by skepticism 9 sci5ce1 n[1 ) p[]ful 
recoil f ! n>r[ bigotries ( !ology1     
eag]ly embrac+ ! sublime/ dreams (      

a/ronomic speculation1 & n[ incl9+ to ! 
fai? t ! remot] />s are b brilliant     
globules trickl+ f ! poles ( "s t]rible 
batt]y 9 ! godless heights ( space4 ,b  
if !re be any ?+ sure 9 sci5ce at all1 x
 is t ! mat]ial creation is             
inconceivably va/1 includ+ innum]able   
sy/ems1 & all gov]n$ by inv>iable laws4 
,b let u return f ?is episode4  ,! =ego+
 sixfold argum5t1 pres]v+ u f !         
remorseless grasp ( annihilation1 leaves
 to u un*ang$ ! problem ( ! relations   
:i* %all be su/a9$ by ! disembodi$ s\l  
to "t & space1 ! "q z to ! locality ( ! 
_s _w1 ! sc5e ( our future life4 ,%eol1 
,hades1 ,t>t>us1 ,valhalla ) its mead   
brimm$ horns1 ,bless$ ,isles1 ,elysium1 
sup]nal ,olympus1 firmam5tal ,heav51    
p>adisal ,ed51 def9ite sites ( cele/ial 
,worlds = dep>t$ s\ls1 ! ,*aldee's gold5
 orbs1 ! ,sanscrit ,m]u1 ! ,indian      
,hunt+ ,gr\nd1 ! ,moslem's love b[]s1 & 
w9e riv]s1 & gem palaces ?rong$ ) d>k   
ey$ h\ris1 ^! notions1 & all simil>     
ones1 ( mat]ial resid5ces = spirits1    

locat$ & b\nd$1 we mu/ dismiss z dreams 
& *eats ( ! *ildi% _w's unripe fancy4   
,!re is no evid5ce = any ?+ ( t co>se1  
crude sort4 ,! fictiti\s !ological      
,heav5 is a deposit ( imag9ation on !   
azure gr\nd ( inf9ity1 l a bird's ne/ on
 ,himalaya4 ,:at1 !n1 %all we say8 ,:y1 
9 ! fir/ place1 t1 :ile !re are reasons 
en\gh & room en\gh = an undi%e>t5$ fai? 
9 ! gr& fact ( human immortality1 x is  
beyond our pres5t p[]s to e/abli% any   
detail$ conclusions 9 reg>d to its      
locality or its sc5]y4  ,b surely1 9 !  
second place1 we %\ld say t x becomes u1
 :5 reflect+ on ! sc5es to be op5$ to u 
at dea?1 to rise to a m ideal & sublime 
view ?an any ( ^? tangible figm5ts :i* 7
 ! products ( untra9$ s5sual imag9ation 
& gross mat]iali/ic !ory4 ,:5 ! fle%ly  
prison walls ( ! m9d fall1 its fir/     
inh]itance is a /up5d\s fre$om4 ,! n>r[ 
limits t cag$ x "h are gone1 & x lives 9
 an e!real sph]e ) no imp$+ b\nds4      
,leav+ its natal ?re%old ( e>? & ! laz> 
h\se ( "t1 its home is imm5sity1 & its  

lease is et]nity4 ,ev5 9 our pres5t     
/ate1 to a true  #cf ,m ,worlds ?an ,"o 
! ,cre$ ( ! ,philosoph] & ! ,hope ( !   
,*ri/ian4  #cg ,essay on ! ,unity or    
,plurality ( ,worlds4 ,see1 fur!rmore1 9
 ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,july1 #aheh1 ,rec5t 
,a/ronomy & ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4  #ch   
,volg]1 ,erde & ,ewigkeit4 7,natural    
,hi/ory ( ! ,e>? z a ,p]iodical ,process
 ( ,developm5t 9 ,opposition to !       
,unnatural ,geology ( ,revolutions &    
,cata/rophes47 ,treise1 ,dag ,endlose d]
 gross5 und d] kle95 mat]iell5 ,welt4   
?9k] !re is no asc5t or desc5t or       
t]m9at+ wall 9 space1 b equal motion    
illimitably 9 all directions2 & no      
absolute /&>d ( duration1 only a        
relative & v>iable "o f ! insect ( an   
h\r1 to man1 to an ar*angel1 to t       
incompreh5sible ,be+ ^: %orte/ mom5ts   
are too va/ to be not$ by ! awful nebula
 ( ! ,h\r ,glass1 al?\gh its ru%+ s&s   
are sy/ems ( worlds4 ,! s\l em]ges f    
e>?ly bondage emancipat$ into et]nity1  
:ile ,! ages sweep ar\nd him ) _! w+s1  

,l ang]'d eagles *eat$ ( _! prey4  ,we h
 n[ suffici5t premonitions & examples ( 
?is wondr\s enl>gem5t to base a rational
 belief on4 ,:at hems u 9 :5 we ?9k1    
feel1 & imag9e8 ,& :at is ! heav5 t %all
 dawn = u beyond ! veil ( dea?'s doma9 b
 ! realm ( ,?\ght1 ! sph]e ( ! _s's     
unhamp]$ p[]s8 ,!re are (t5 v\*saf$ to u
 "h h\rs ( outso>+ emotion & conception 
:i* make ! enclosures 9 :i* ! a/ronom]  
loit]s seem n>r[4 ,8 skies are %oal1 &  
imag9ation1 l a ?ir/y travell]1 pants to
 be ?r\gh _! des]t4 ,! rov+ m9d         
impati5tly bur/s ! fett]s ( a/ronomical 
orbits1 l cobwebs 9 a corn] ( its       
univ]se1 & laun*es itself to :]e di/ance
 fails to foll[1 & law1 su* z sci5ce has
 discov]$1 gr[s weak & we>y4 ,!re are   
moods ( spiritual expansion & inf9ite   
long+ t illu/rate ! tra9 ( ?\ght s well 
express$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es3  ,ev5 z ! dupe
 9 tales ,arabian ,dipp'd b 8 br[ b5ea? 
! beak]'s brim1 ,& 9 t in/ant all ! life
 ( man ,f y\? to age roll'd its sl[ ye>s
 on him1 ,&1 :ile ! foot /ood           

motionless1 ! s\l ,swept ) delib]ate w+ 
f pole to pole2 ,s :5 ! man ! ,grave's  
/ill portal passes1 ,clos$ on !         
sub/ances or *eats ( e>?1 ,! ,immat]ial1
 = ! ?+s e>? glasses1 ,%apes a new      
vision f ! matt]'s de>?3 ,be=e ! s\l t  
sees n ) our eyes ,! undef9$            
,immeasurable lies4 #ci  ,!n we realize 
t ! spiritual _w does n =m "s n[ unse5 &
 di/ant region ( ! visible creation1 b t
 ! a/ronomic univ]se is a speck ly+ 9 ! 
invisible bosom ( ! spiritual _w4 ,space
 is an attribute ( ,god 9 :i* all matt] 
is laid1 & o!r attributes he may h :i*  
are ! home ( m9d & s\l4 ,we suppose !   
diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t embodi$ & !    
future disembodi$ /ate to be s va/ t !  
conditions ( ! latt] _c be intelligibly 
illu/rat$ by ! analogies ( ! =m]4 ,x is 
n to be expect$ t ! human s\l w ev] be  
absolutely indep5d5t ( "t & space1      
lit]ally transc5d+ !m1 b only relatively
 s z comp>$ ) its e>?ly pr$icam5t4  #ci 
,bulw]1 ,k+ ,ar?ur1 book xi4   ,=1 z an 
able ?9k] & writ] a philosoph] ( !      

,sw$5borgian s*ool1 too has said1 ,!    
conception ( a m9d absolutely sund]$ f  
all connection ) space is a m]e pret5ce 
:i* words necess>ily repudiate4  ,! s\l 
on ! hypo!sis t !re is a s\l is n[ 9 !  
body4 ,evid5tly1 on leav+ ! body1 x mu/ 
ei!r be n[h]e1 & t is annihilation1 :i* 
! vehem5t totality ( our ?\ght d5ies2 or
 ev]y:]e1 & t implies inf9ity1 ! loss ( 
f9ite be+ 9 b\ndless ,deity1 a          
conclusion :i* we "k ( no?+ to w>rant2  
or some:]e1  & t pr$icates a surviv+    
individuality relat$ to surr\nd+        
ext]nals1 :i* is ! prophesi$ &          
satisfactory result 9 :i* we re/ 9 fai?1
 humbly confess+ our ignorance z to all 
! m9utia4 ,x does n necess>ily foll[ f  
?is view1 h[ev]1 t ! s\l is limit$ to a 
fix$ region 9 space4 ,x may h ! fre$om (
 ! univ]se4 ,m wond]s1 & sublim] ?an    
mortal fancies h ev] suspect$1 are wait+
 to be reveal$ :5 we die3  ,= ?is life  
is b be+'s fir/ fa9t ray1 ,& heav5 on   
heav5 make up ,god's dazzl+ day4  ,we   
are "h liv+ unconsci\sly engirt by ano!r

 univ]se ?an ! s5ses c appreh5d1 ?9ly   
veil$1 b real1 & wait+ = u ) hospitable 
invitation4 ,:at are ^? dream l &       
inscrutable ?\ghts :i* />t up 9 mom5ts (
 /illness1 app>5tly z f ! deeps1 l !    
movem5t ( ! leaves dur+ a sil5t night1 9
 progno/ic ( ! breeze t has yet sc>ce   
come1 if n ! ru/l+s ( s*emes & ord]s (  
exi/5ce ne> ?\gh unse58 ,p]*ance ! range
 ( ! abode & de/9y ( ! s\l aft] dea? is 
all imm5sity4 ,! int]/ell> spaces1 :i*  
we usually fancy are b>r5 des]ts :]e    
non5tity reigns1 may really be !        
immortal k+dom coloniz$ by ! spirits :o 
s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! creation h sail$ f !  
mortal %ores ( all planets4 ,!y may be !
 cr[d$ aisles ( ! univ]sal temple trod  
by bright ?rongs ( wor%ipp+ angels4 ,!  
s\l's home1 ! heav5 ( ,god1 may be      
suffus$ ?r\gh\t ! mat]ial univ]se1      
ignor+ ! exi/5ce ( physical globes &    
galaxies4 ,s light & electricity p]vade 
"s solid bodies1 z if = !m !re 7 no     
solidity4 ,s1 d\btless1 !re are millions
 ( realities ar\nd u utt]ly elud+ our   

f9e/ s5ses4 ,a fact1 ,em]son says1 is ! 
la/ issue ( _s1 & n its entire ext5t4 ,!
 visible creation is ! t]m9us ( !       
invisible _w1 & n ! totality ( !        
univ]se4 ,!re are gradations ( matt] &  
be+1 f ! rock to ! fl[]1 f ! vegetable  
to man4 ,is x mo/ probable t ! scale    
breaks abruptly !re1 or t o!r ranks (   
spiritual exi/5ce successively rise     
peopl+ ! seem+ abysses unto ! v conf9es 
( ,god8  ,c e leaf a teem+ _w conta91 ,c
 e globule gird a c\ntless race1 ,yet "o
 dea? slumb] 9 its dreamless reign      
,clasp all ! illum$ magnific5ce ( space8
 ,life cr[d a gra91 f air's va/ realms  
effac$8 ,! leaf a _w1 ! firmam5t a wa/e8
  ,an hone/ hi/orical criticism =ces u1 
h[ev] reluctantly1 to loose our hold f !
 v>i\s suppos$ localities ( ! s\l's     
de/9ation1 :i* h pleas$ ! fancies & won 
! ass5t ( mank9d 9 e>li] times4 ,b x _c 
t\* ! simple & c>d9al fact ( an immortal
 life = man4 ,x m]ely =ces u to         
ackn[l$ge t :ile ! fact /&s cle> &      
au?oritative to in/9ct1 reason1 & fai?1 

yet ! h[1 & ! :]e1 & all su* problems1  
are wrapp$ 9 unfa?omable my/]y4 ,we are 
to obey & hope1 n dissect & dogmatize4  
,h[ev] ! fanta/ic dreams ( ! imag9ation 
& ! subtle speculations ( ! intellect   
may %ift f "t to "t1 & be r\t$ & vani%1 
! deep ye>n+ ( ! he>t rema9s ! same1 !  
div9e pol>ity ( ! reason *anges n1 & m5 
w nev] cease fondly to believe t al?\gh 
!y _c tell :]e heav5 is1 yet surely !re 
is a heav5 res]v$ = !m some:]e )9 !     
%elt]+ embrace ( ,god's inf9ite         
provid5ce4 ,we may n say ( t k+dom1 ,lo1
 "h6 or ,lo1 !re6 b x is :]ev] ,god's   
approv+ pres5ce ext5ds3 & is t n :]ev] !
 pure 9 he>t are f\nd8 #dj  ,let e      
elysian clime ! breezes bl[ ov]1 e magic
 isle ! waves murmur r\nd1 e subt]ranean
 retreat fancy has devis$1 e c]ulean    
region ! moon visits1 e planet t hangs  
af> on ! neck ( night1 be dis5*ant$ ( _!
 imag9>y *>ms1 & br\ght1 by ! advance ( 
discov]y1 )9 ! rel5tless light (        
famili>ity1 = ! common gaze ( fle%ly    
eyes & tread ( vulg> feet1 /ill !       

prophetic ,,m9d w\ld n be robb$ ( its   
belief 9 immortality2 /ill ! unqu5*able 
in/9cts ( ! ,,he>t w\ld reta91 un9jur$1 
! great expectation ( ,,ano!r ,,_w1     
al?\gh no travell] returns f its        
voiceless b\rne to tell 9 :at local     
direction x lies1 no voyag] comes back f
 its my/ic port to describe its latitude
 & longitude on ! *>tless inf9ite (     
space4  ,turn we n[ f ! lat]al          
di/ribution ( notions z to a future     
life1 to _! l9eal developm5t4 ,we h se5 
t ! developm5t ( belief z to ! locality 
( our future de/9ation has be5 a *ase ( 
places1 ov] ! e>?1 "u ! e>?1 ?r\gh !    
sky1 z fa/ z ! unkn[n 0 br\ght )9 !     
kn[n1 until x has /opp$ at ! v]ge ( !   
unkn[able4 ,!re we /&1 confess+ our     
inability to fix ! sc5e4 ,! doctr9e ( ! 
conditions & cont5ts ( ! future life has
 foll[$ ! same c\rse z t ( its locality4
  ,9 ! fir/ /age ( belief ! future life 
consi/s ( ! gross conditions & mat]ials 
( ! kn[n pres5t reflect$1 "u ! impulse (
 ! s5ses1 into ! unkn[n future4 ,?is    

/yle ( fai? prevail$ = a va/ p]iod1 & is
 n yet obsolete4 ,:5 ! ,k+ ( ,dahomey   
has done a great feat1 he kills a man to
 c>ry ! tid+s to ! gho/ ( 8 royal fa!r4 
,:5 he dies himself1 a ho/ are kill$1 t 
he may ent] ,deadl& ) a becom+ cortege4 
,8 wives also are sla91 or commit       
suicide1 t !y may rejo9 him4  ,! second 
/age ( belief is rea*$ :51 "u ! e?ical  
impulse1 only c]ta9 ref9$ elem5ts ( !   
pres5t1 discrim9at$ portions ( !        
products ( reason1 imag9ation & s5tim5t1
 are reflect$ into ! future1 & accept$ z
 ! facts ( ! life !re4 ,critical        
processes1 appli$ to ?\ght & fai?1 cause
 ! rejection ( mu* t 0 receiv$4 ,t alone
 :i* answ]s to our wants1 & has coh]5ce1
 cont9ues to be held  #dj ,*alm]s1      
,s]mon1 ,heav5 a ,"* & n a ,locality4   
z tru?4 ,an example is af=d$ by ,augu/9e
 9 8 essay1 ,de ,lib]o ,arbitrio4 ,he   
argues t ! wick$ are kept 9 be+ on ! out
 skirts ( ! mat]ial univ]se2 p>tly      
wret*$1 p>tly happy2 too bad = heav51   
too good = annihilation2 incapable (    

atta9+ ! summit ( _! beatifi$ de/9y4 ,n 
! crude reflection ( ! pres5t /ate1 b a 
criticiz$ & purg$ portion ( ! results ( 
speculation on x1 is ?r[n =w>d1 &       
composes ! doctr9e ( ! future life4 ,?is
 is ! condition ( fai? 9 :i* civiliz$   
mank9d1 = ! mo/ "p1 n[ are4  ,! ?ird    
/age ( developm5t is t :]e9 ! ?9k]      
p]ceives t x is illegitimate to reflect 
into ! future any ( ! realities or      
relations ( ! pres5t1 & !n to reg>d !m z
 ! tru?s ( ! exp]i5ce :i* awaits him    
aft] dea?4 ,8 exp]i5ce "h is ! resultant
 ( 8 faculties z relat$ to ! univ]se4   
,de/roy 8 organization1 & :at foll[s8   
,"o w say1 ,non5tity4 ,ano!r1 m wise &  
mode/1 w say1 ,some?+ necess>ily unkn[n 
z yet4 ,we h no bett] "r to project into
 ! ideal space ( futurity ! +r$i5ts (   
our ?\ghts ?an we h to project !re !    
objects ( our s5ses4 ,buns51 ^: ?\ght & 
s*ol>%ip includ$ pretty mu* all ! k (   
mank9d1 repres5ts ?is /age ( fai?4 ,he  
/&s on ! religi\s side ( ! movem5t (    
,sci5ce1 believ+ 9 immortality )\t def9+

 x4 ,comte /&s on ! positivi/ side1     
blankly d5y+ all objective immortality4 
,^! two repres5t ! results 9 :i*1       
advanc+ f its opposite sides1 ! logical 
developm5t ( ! doctr9e ( a future life  
ends4 ,) ,comte1 a!i/ic dogmatism cru%+ 
e et]nal hope2 ) ,buns51 ,*ri/ian fai?  
po9t+ ! *ild to an et]nal home 9 !      
,fa!r4 ,= all b feti*i/ic m9ds ! only   
*oice lies betwe5 ^! two4  ,! organic   
evolution ( ! doctr9e ( a life to come  
is1 !re=e1 a process ( fai? beg9n+ ) !  
crude transf]5ce ( ! elem5ts ( ! pres5t 
into ! future1 cont9u+ ) ref9$          
modifications ( t transf]5ce1 end+ ) an 
entire cessation ( x z inapplicable &   
incompet5t4 ,hav+ exam9$ all ! hi/oric1 
exp]im5tal1 & sci5tific data )9 our     
rea*1 we pause on ! edge ( ! ,,"p :i* we
 "k1 & wait1 ) s]5e tru/1 ?\gh ) b[$    
head & sil5t lip1 be=e ! ,,unkn[able    
,,:ole4  ,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,critical    
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,disbelief ,,9 ,a ,,future
 ,,life4  ,,if ! fir/ m5 7 consci\s     
spirits :o1 at ! comm& ( ,god1 dropp$ f 

! skies into organic =ms ( matt]1 or :o 
7 creat$ "h on an exalt$ plane ( insight
 & communion f> above any ?+ n[ exp]i5c$
 by u1 !n ! de/9ation ( man to a life   
aft] dea? may orig9ally h be5 a fact (  
direct k1 univ]sally se5 & grasp$ )\t   
any obscur+ p]adv5ture4 ,f t /ate x     
gradually decl9$ into dubi\s dimness z  
successive g5]ations grew s9ful1 s5sual1
 h>d5$1 imm]s$ & b\nd 9 affairs (       
passion & e>?4 ,x became remot]1 assum$ 
a que/ionable aspect1 gave rise to      
discussions & d\bts1 & "h & !re to      
positive disbelief & op5 d5ial4 ,?us1   
beg9n+ z a cle> reality )9 ! vision (   
all1 x sank into a matt] ( unc]ta9      
debate among individuals4  ,b if ! fir/ 
m5 7 call$ up into be+ f ! e>?1 by !    
creative en]gy ( ,god1 z ! di/9ct climax
 ( ! o!r species1 !n ! e>ly g5]ations ( 
our race1 dur+ ! long ages ( _! wild &  
sl[ly ameliorat+ /ate1 7 totally        
ignorant ( any consci\s sequel to ! fate
 seem+ly clos$ 9 dea?4 ,!y 7 too animal 
& rude yet to conceive a spiritual      

exi/5ce outside ( ! fle% & ! e>?4 ,among
 ! accumulat+ trophies ( _! progressive 
intellectual conque/s hung up by mank9d 
9 ! hi/oric hall ( exp]i5ce1 ?is        
m>vell\s a*ievem5t is "o ( ! sublime/4  
,:at a day 0 t = all humanity =ev] aft]1
 :5 = ! fir/ "t1 on "s climb+ bra91     
dawn$ f ! great ,sun ( ! _s _w ! idea ( 
a p]sonal immortality6 ,x 0 ann\nc$4 ,x 
dawn$ sep>ately :]ev] !re 7 prep>$      
p]sons4 ,x spread f s\l to s\l1 & became
 ! common fai? ( ! _w4 ,/ill1 among e p 
!re 7 p]t9aci\s individuals1 :o swore n 
by ! judge & w5t n ) ! multitude1 p]sons
 ( less cr$ul\s he>ts & m skeptical     
faculties1 :o demurr$ at ! great        
doctr9e1 *all5g$ x 9 _m p>ticul>s1      
ga9said x on v>i\s gr\nds1 disbeliev$ x 
f diff]5t motives1 & f\ght x ) num]\s   
weapons4  ,:i*ev] ( ! =ego+ suppositions
 be adopt$1 t ! doctr9e ( a future life 
subsid$ f univ]sal acceptance into p>ty 
cont5tion1 or t x arose at l5g? f       
p]sonal p]ception & au?ority into common
 cr$it1 ! fact rema9s equally prom95t & 

int]e/+ t ?r\gh\t ! traceable hi/ory (  
human op9ion !re is a l9e ( diss5t]s :o 
h ?\ght dea? ! f9ality ( man1 & ! next  
_w an illusion4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is special 
dep>tm5t ( ?\ght op5s a wide & f]tile   
subject4 ,to ga9 a compreh5sive survey (
 its b\nd>ies & a compact epitome ( its 
cont5ts1 x w be well to consid] x 9 ^!  
two lights & divisions1 all ! "t try+ to
 see1 /ep by /ep1 :at ju/ice1 & :at     
inju/ice1 is done3 fir/1 ! dom9ant      
motive =ces animat+ ! disbeliev]s2      
secondly1 ! me?ods & mat]ials !y h      
employ$4  ,at fir/ ?\ght x w\ld appe>   
difficult to tell :at impulses c\ld move
 p]sons to und]take1 z _m con/antly h   
und]tak51 a crusade aga9/ a fai? s de>  
to man1 s ennobl+ to 8 nature4 ,p]use ! 
pages ( philosophical hi/ory ) c>eful   
reflection1 & ! my/]y is scatt]$1 &     
v>i\s gr\ps ( disbeliev]s /& reveal$1 ) 
e>ne/ voices & ge/ures assail+ ! doctr9e
 ( a future life4#a  ,"o company1 hav+  
_! repres5tatives 9 e age1 reject x z a 
prote/ 9 behalf ( ! "r ( private judgm5t

 aga9/ ! tyranny ( au?ority4 ,! doctr9e 
has be5 inculcat$ by prie/hoods1 embodi$
 9 sacr$ books1 & wr\ght into ! organic 
social life ( /ates2 & acceptance ( x   
has be5 comm&$ z a duty1 & expect$ z a  
dec5t & respectable ?+4 ,to d5y x has   
requir$ c\rage1 impli$ indep5d5t        
op9ions1 & conf]r$ s+ul>ity4 ,to ca/ (f 
! yoke ( tradition1 und]m9e ! basis (   
p[] support+ a gall+ religi\s tyranny1 &
 be m>k$ z a rebelli\s free?9k] 9 a     
g5]ation ( slavi% con=mi/s1 ?is motive  
c\ld sc>cely fail to exhibit results4   
,"s ( ! radical revolutioni/s ( ! pres5t
 "t say t ! doctr9e ( ! div9e "r ( k+s &
 ! infallible au?ority ( ! prie/hood is 
! liv+ core ( ! p[] ( tyranny 9 ! _w4   
,!y !re=e d5y ,god & futurity 9 ord] to 
ov]?r[ _! oppressors1 :o reign ov] !m & 
prey ^u !m 9 ! "n ( ,god & ! pret5d$    
int]e/s ( a future life4#b ,! true way  
to secure ! real desid]atum corruptly   
indicat$ 9 ?is movem5t is n by d5y+ !   
reality ( a future life1 b by remov+ !  
adju/m5t ( its conditions & !           

adm9i/ration ( its rew>ds & p5alties out
 ( ! h&s ( e clique ( prie/s & rul]s4 ,a
 righte\sly & b5ignly ord]$ immortality1
 bas$ 9 tru? & adjudicat$ by ! sole     
sov]eignty ( ,god1 is no eng9e (        
oppression1 ?\gh a doctr9e ( heav5 &    
hell irresponsibly manag$ by an ,orphic 
association1 ! gu>dians ( a ,delphic    
tripod1 ! own]s ( a secret confessional1
 or ! int]pret]s ( an exclusive cre$1   
may be4 ,9 a matt] ( su* grave          
importance1 t se>*+ & decisive          
discrim9ation1 s r>e :5 ! passions get  
enli/$1 is especially ne$$4 ,because a  
doctr9e is abus$ by selfi% tyrants is no
 reason = suppos+ ! doctr9e itself ei!r 
false or injuri\s4  ,no little injury   
has be5 done to ! common fai? 9 a future
 life1 great disbelief has be5 provok$  
unwitt+ly1 by writ]s :o h s\ght to      
magnify ! importance ( reveal$ religion 
at ! exp5se ( natural religion4 ,_m su* 
p]sons h labor$ to %[ t all ! sci5tific1
 philosophical1 & moral argum5ts =      
immortality are wor?less1 ! tea*+s &    

resurrection ( ,*ri/1 ! reveal$ ^w (    
,god1 alone possess+ any validity to    
e/abli% t great tru?4 ,an accompli%$    
au?or says1 9 a rec5t "w1 ,! immortality
 ( ! s\l _c be prov$ )\t ! aid (        
revelation4 #c ,bi%op ,c\rt5ay publi%$1 
a few ye>s s9ce1 a mo/ delib]ate &      
unrel5t+ attack ^u ! argum5ts = !       
dea?lessness ( ! s\l1 seek+ ) p]sev]+   
remorselessness to demoli% e "o ( !m1 & 
to prove t man totally p]i%es1 b w be   
re/or$ to life at ! second com+ (       
,*ri/4#d ,!re c sc>cely be a "q t su*   
/atem5ts usually awak5 & confirm a deep 
skepticism z to a future life1 in/ead ( 
enhanc+ a grateful e/imate ( ! gospel4  
#a ,j4 ,a4 ,lu!r1 ,rec5setur num]us     
eorum1 qui immortalitatem inficiati     
sunt4  #b ,s*midt1 ,ges*i*te d] ,deuts*5
 ,lit]atur im neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t1 b&
 iii4 kap4 iv43 ,d] philosophis*e       
,radicalismus4   #c ,b[51 ,metaphysical 
& ,e?ical ,sci5ce1 "p ii4 *4 ix4 ,!     
,future ,/ates3 ,_! ,evid5ces & ,nature 
consid]$ on ,pr9ciples ,physical1       

,moral1 & ,scriptural1 ) ! ,design (    
,%[+ ! ,value ( ! ,gospel ,revelation4  
,if man is once annihilat$1 x is h>dly  
cr$ible t he w be id5tically re/or$4    
,su* a /up5d\s & arbitr>y miracle cla%es
 ) ! cont9uity ( ! univ]se1 & /agg]s r  
?an /eadies fai?4 ,we %\ld beg su*      
volunte]s h[ev] s9c]e & good _!         
int5tions to )hold ! impov]i%+ gift ( _!
 s]vice4 ,& :5 k9dr$ reason+s are       
advanc$ by su* m5 z ! unbeliev+ ,hume1  
we feel tempt$ to say1 9 ! language ( a 
di/+ui%$ div9e speak+ on ?is v po9t1    
,ah1 g5tlem51 we und]/& y3 y belong to !
 sapp]s & m9]s 9 ! army ( ! ali5s6      
,ano!r p>ty ( disbeliev]s h repudiat$ ! 
:ole conception ( a future /ate z a     
prote/ aga9/ ! nons5se & cruelty        
associat$ ) x 9 ! prevail+ sup]/itions &
 dogmatisms ( _! "t4 ,f ! beg9n+ (      
hi/ory 9 mo/ nations1 ! details ( ano!r 
exi/5ce & its conditions h be5 furni%$  
to ! eag] cr$ulity ( ! p by ! lawless   
fancies ( poets1 ! f9e sp9n+ bra9s (    
metaphysicians1 & ! cold blood$         

calculations or hot head$ zeal (        
sect>ian lead]s4 ,( c\rse a mass (      
absurdities w\ld gr[ up ar\nd ! c5tral  
g]m & a multitude ( horrors spr\t =?4   
,:ile ! common ?rong w\ld unque/ion+ly  
receive all ^! ridicul\s & revolt+      
p>ticul>s1 !y c\ld n b provoke d\bt1    
satire1 flat rejection1 f ! bold] & ke5]
 wits4 ,s we f9d x 0 9 ,greece4 ,!      
fables ab\t ! "u _w ! f]riage ov] !     
,/yx1 poor ,tantalus s tortur+ly mock$1 
! daught]s ( ,danaus draw+ wat] 9 sieves
 all 7 accr$it$ by ! g5]al cr[d on "o   
extreme4#e ,on ! o!r extreme ! :ole     
s*eme1 root & bran*1 0 flung away )     
scorn4 ,! foll[+ epitaph on an unbeliev]
 is attribut$ to ,callima*us4 ,o        
,*>idas1 :at are ! ?+s bel[8 ,va/       
d>kness4 ,& :at ! returns to e>?8 ,a    
falsehood4 ,& ,pluto8 ,a fable4 ,we h   
p]i%$3 ?is is my true spee* to y2 b1 if 
y want ! flatt]+ /yle1 ! ,pellaan's     
great ox is 9 ! %ades4#f ,mean:ile1 a   
few judici\s m$iators1 nei!r swall[+ !  
:ole gross draught at a gulp1 nor ?r[+ !

 :ole away ) utt] disgu/1 drank ?r\gh ! 
/ra9] ( a discrim9ative int]pretation4  
,because caprice1 hatr$1 & favoritism   
are embalm$ 9 "s p]v]se doctr9e ( future
 puni%m5t is no def5sible reason = d5y+ 
a righte\s retribution4 ,because heav5  
has be5 locat$ on a hill top1 & its     
sublime d5iz5s made to eat ambrosia &   
sometimes to fall out among !mselves1 is
 no adequate reason = reject+ ! idea ( a
 heav5ly life4 ,pu]ilities ( fancy &    
mon/rosities ( passion arbitr>ily       
connect$ ) pr9ciples claim+ to be et]nal
 tru?s %\ld be c>efully sep>at$1 & n !  
:ole be despis$ & trodd5 on toge!r4 ,f  
lack ( ?is analysis & discrim9ation1 9 !
 pres5ce ( abnormal excresc5ces &       
(f5sive secretions dislike & disbelief h
 (t5 fl\ri%$ :]e1 if judicial ?\ght &   
consci5ce _h cut (f ! impos$ de=mities  
#e ,plut>*1 ,de ,sup]/ition4 ,! reality 
( ! popul> cr$ulity & t]ror 9 lat] ,rome
 cle>ly appe>s f ! fact t ,m>cus        
,aurelius _h a law pass$ condemn+ to    
bani%m5t ^? :o d any ?+ ?r\gh :i* m5's  

excitable m9ds are al>m$ by a sup]/iti\s
 fe> ( ! ,deity4 ,n]o1 aft] murd]+ 8 "m1
 haunt$ by h] gho/ & tortur$ by !       
,furies1 attempt$ by magical rites to   
br+ up h] %ade f bel[1 & s(t5 h]        
v9dictive wra? ,suetonius1 ,vita        
,n]onis1 cap4 xxxiv4  #f ,epigram4      
,,xiv4   & dispell$ ! discolor+         
v5geance1 fai? & love w\ld h be5        
confirm$ 9 contemplat+ ! pure & h>moni\s
 =m ( doctr9e left expos$ 9 ! beauty (  
b5ignant tru?4 ,! aim o/5sibly propos$  
by ,lucretius1 9 8 elaborate & ma/]ly   
exposition ( ! ,epicurean philosophy1 is
 to free m5 f _! absurd belief 9 *ildi% 
leg5ds & _! pa9ful fe>s ( dea? & hell4  
,z f> z m]ely ?is purpose is conc]n$1 he
 might h accompli%$ x z effectually1    
p]haps1 & m directly1 by expos+ !       
adv5titi\s errors )\t assail+ ! great   
doctr9e ar\nd :i* !y _h be5 ga!r$4 ,bion
 ! ,bory/h5ite is report$ by ,diog5es   
,la]tius to h said1 ) a %>p humor1 t !  
s\ls bel[ w\ld be m puni%$ by c>ry+ wat]
 9 :ole buckets ?an 9 su* z _h be5 bor$6

 ,a s\l may pass into ! unse5 /ate ?\gh 
!re be no ,plutonian :]ry1 suff] woe    
?\gh !re be no riv] ,pyriphlege?on1     
enjoy bliss ?\gh !re be no cup ( nect>  
borne by ,hebe4 ,b to fly to ra%        
extremes & build positive conclusions on
 m]e ignorance has always be5 natural to
 man1 n only z a believ]1 b also z an   
iconocla/ic d5i]4  ,a ?ird set (        
disbeliev]s 9 a future life consi/s ( ^?
 :o advocate ! emancipation ( ! fle% &  
ass]t ! suffici5cy ( ?is life :5 fully  
enjoy$4 ,!y attack ! dogma ( immortality
 z ! ess5tial g]m ( asceticism1 & abjure
 x z a prote/ aga9/ t sup]/iti\s di/ru/ 
& gloom :i* put a ban on ! pleasures ( !
 _w4 ,^! are ! e>?l+s :o w\ld fa9       
displace ! /]n law ( self d5ial ) ! bl& 
p]mission ( self indulg5ce1 rehabilitate
 ! s5ses1 fe$ e appetite full1 &1 :5    
satiat$ ( ! banquet ( exi/5ce1 fall     
asleep "u ! table ( ! e>?4 ,! c\nt5ance 
( ,duty1 sev]e daught] ( ,god1 looks    
comm&s ^u !m to turn f dally+ ease &    
luxury1 to sacrifice ! mean]            

incl9ations1 to gird !mselves = an      
ardu\s race ?r\gh difficulties1 to labor
 & aspire ev]more t[>ds ! highe/ & !    
be/4 ,!y pref] to in/all 9 h] /ead      
,aphrodite cr[n$ ) ,paphian roses1 h]   
eyes agl[ ) ! light ( mislead+ />s1 h]  
*>ms bewit*+ !m ) fatal en*antm5ts &    
melt+ !m 9 s(te/ joys4 ,! pale face (   
,dea?1 ) m\rnful eyes1 lurks at ! bottom
 ( e w9ecup & looks out f beh9d e g>l&2 
!re=e brim ! purple beak] high] & hide !
 unwelcome intrud] "u m fl[]s4 ,we are a
 cunn+ mixture ( s5se & du/1 & life is a
 fair b swift opportunity4 ,make ha/e to
 get ! utmo/ pleasure out ( x ere x has 
gone1 scorn+ e pret5d$ bond by :i* s\r  
ascetics w\ld re/ra9 y & turn y\r days  
into p5it5tial sc\rges4 ,?is gospel ( ! 
s5ses _h a sw>m ( apo/les 9 ! la/ c5tury
 9 ,france1 :5 ! *ief gates ( ! cemet]y 
9 ,p>is bore ! inscription1 ,dea? is an 
et]nal sleep4 ,x has _h m 9 ,g]many 9   
?is c5tury2 & voices ( en]vat+ music are
 n want+ 9 our own lit]ature to swell   
its sir5 *orus4#g ,p]haps ! greate/     

prophet x has _h 0 ,he9e1 ^: pages reek 
) a fragrance ( pleasure ?r\gh :i*      
sighs1 l a fad+ wail f ! solit>y /r+ ( a
 des]t$ h>p /ruck by a lonesome breeze1 
! p]petual refra9 ( dea?6 dea?6 dea?6 ,8
 motto seems to be1 ,quick6 let me  #g  
,pi]]1 ,univ]sal ,lexikon1 dritte       
,auflage1 ,deuts*e ,lit]atur1 sect4 #db4
 ,s*midt1 ,ges*i*te d] ,deuts*5         
,lit]atur im neuntzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t1 b&
 iii3 kap4 i43 ,das junge ,deuts*l&4    
enjoy :at !re is2 = ,i mu/ die4 ,oh1 !  
gu/y reli% ( life6 ,oh1 ! spee*less     
my/]y1 ! inf9ite reality1 ( dea?6 ,he   
says himself1 comp>+ ! degradation ( 8  
lat] exp]i5ce ) ! so>+ en?usiasm ( 8    
y\?1 ,x is z if a /> _h fall5 f heav5 ^u
 a hillock ( muck1 & sw9e 7 gnaw+ at x6 
,^! m5 ?9k t ! doctr9e ( a future life1 
l a great magnet1 has drawn ! ne$le (   
human activity out ( its true direction2
 t ! dom9ant t5d5cy ( ! pres5t age is1 &
 ( "r ought to be1 t[>ds ! atta9m5t (   
mat]ial well be+1 9 a total =getfulness 
to lay up treasures 9 heav54 ,! end is  

enjoym5t2 ! ob/acle1 asceticism2 ! means
 to secure ! end1 ! de/ruction ( fai? 9 
immortality1 s t man1 hav+ no?+ left b  
?is _w1 w set himself to improve & enjoy
 x4 ,! monki% sev]ity ( a morbid &      
errone\s !ology1 d>k5+ ! pres5t &       
prescrib+ pa9 9 x to bright5 ! future & 
increase its pleasures1 legitimates an  
e>ne/ reaction4 ,b t reaction %\ld be   
wise1 measur$ by tru?4 ,x %\ld rectify1 
n demoli%1 ! prevail+ fai?4 ,= ! desir$ 
end is mo/ likely to be rea*$ by        
p]ceiv+1 n t all t]m9ates 9 ! grave1 b t
 ! greate/ enjoym5t fl[s f a self       
controll+ devot$ness to noble ends1 t ! 
claims ( ano!r life are 9 p]fect unison 
) ! int]e/s ( ?is life1 t ! lawful      
fruition ( e function ( human nature1   
ea* l[] faculty be+ subord9at$ to ea*   
high] "o1 & ! highe/ always reign+1 at  
once yields ! mo/ imm$iate pleasure &   
makes ! complete/ prep>ation = !        
h]eaft]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! all irradiat+  
sun ( immortality1 ^! disbeliev]s1      
exult+ ov] ! pale tap] ( s5sual         

pleasure1 rem9d u ( a p>cel ( apes ga!r$
 ar\nd a cold gl[ worm & rejoic+ t !y h 
f\nd a fire 9 ! damp1 *illy night4      
,besides ! free?9k]s1 :o w n yield to   
au?ority1 b insi/ ^u /&+ ap>t f ! cr[d1 
& ! satiri/s1 :o level _! %afts         
undiscrim9at+ly aga9/ :at !y p]ceive    
associat$ ) absurdity1 & ! worldl+s1 :o 
pref] ! pleasures ( "t to ! imag9>ily   
contra/$ goods ( et]nity1 !re is a f\r? 
class ( m5 :o oppose ! doctr9e ( a      
p]sonal immortality z a prote/ aga9/ !  
burd5some mis]ies ( individuality4 ,!   
,gipseys exclaim$ to ,borr[1 ,:at6 is x 
n en\gh to h borne ! wret*$ness ( ?is   
life1 t we mu/ also endure ano!r8 #h ,a 
feel+ ( ! necess>y limitations & suff]+ 
exposures ( a f9ite =m ( be+ has =      
untold ages h>ass$ ! great nations ( !  
,ea/ ) pa9ful unre/ & wondr\s long+4    
,pan!i/ic absorption  to lose all       
imprison+ b\nds1 & bl5d 9 t ec/atic     
flood ( ,deity :i*1 =ev] full1 nev] ebbs
 on any coa/ has be5 equally !          
metaphysical speculation1 ! imag9ative  

dream1 & ! passionate desire1 ( ! ,h9du 
m9d4 ,x is ! basis & motive ( ! mo/     
ext5sive disbelief ( individual         
immortality ! _w has kn[n4 ,! viol5ce ( 
fruition 9 ^! f\l puddles ( fle% & blood
 pres5tly glutte? ) satiety1 & ! mortal 
circuits ( e>? & "t are a r\nd ( griefs 
& pangs f :i* !y w\ld escape into !     
imp]sonal ,godhead4 ,%e]ly aga9/ ?is    
l(ty /ra9 ( poetic s\ls is t grovell+   
life ( ignorance :i*1 dom9at$ by selfi% 
in/9cts1 crawl+ on bruti% gr\nds1  #h ,!
 ,z9cali1 "p ii4 *4 i4   _c awak5 !     
creative =ce ( spiritual wants slumb]+  
)91 nor lift its head high en\gh out ( !
 du/ to see ! />s ( a dea?less de/9y2 & 
a fif? gr\p ( disbeliev]s d5y           
immortality because _! degrad$ exp]i5ce 
does n prophesy x4 ,_m a man might say1 
) ,autolycus1 ,= ! life to come1 ,i     
sleep out ! ?\ght ( x4 ,a m9d holy &    
lov+1 commun+ ) ,god & an ideal _w1     
light$ up z a sp> grot ) pure feel+s &  
div9e tru?s1 is mirror$ full (          
incorporeal %apes ( angels1 & aw>e ( _! 

immat]ial dis5tanglem5t & et]nity4 ,a   
bra9 sur*>g$ ) fires ( hatr$1 dr[s$ )   
fil?y drugs1 & dr5*$ ) drunk5ness1 w    
teem1 on ! contr>y1 ) v]m9 wri?+ 9 !    
me%es ( decay+ matt]4 ,cleav+ to        
evanesc5t ?+s1 m5 feel t !y are pass+   
away l leaves on waves2 fill$ )         
convictions root$ & brea?+ 9 et]nity1 !y
 feel t !y %all abide 9 s]5e survival1 l
 />s above tempe/s4 ,turn f e obsc5e    
sight1 curb e base prop5sity1 obey e    
heav5ly vision by assimilation (        
immortal ?+s1 sacr$ self d5ials & toils1
 dis9t]e/$ sympa?ies & hopes1 accumulate
 div9e treasures & k9dle ! m\nt+ flame (
 a div9e life1 & at ! same "t           
consci\sness w crave & fai? behold an   
illimitable de/9y4 ,exp]i5ces wor?y (   
be+ et]nal g5]ate fai? 9 _! own et]nity4
 ,b ! ignorant & selfi% s5suali/1 ^:    
total exp]i5ce is ( ! e>? e>?y1 :o has  
no realization ( pure tru?1 goodness1   
beauty1 is incapable ( s9c]e fai? 9     
immortal life4 ,! dormancy ( 8 high]    
p[]s excludes ! necess>y conditions (   

su* a fai?4 ,8 ignoble bodily life does 
n furni% ! consci\s basis & prophecy ( a
 glori\s spiritual life1 b %udd]+ly     
proclaims ! cessation ( all 8 exp]i5ce )
 ! de/ruction ( 8 s5ses4 ,! t]m9ation ( 
all ! functions he kn[s1 :at else c x be
 b 8 virtual annihilation8 ,:5 to !     
privative degradations ( an uncultivat$ 
& e>?y exp]i5ce1 naturally accompani$ by
 a passive unbelief 9 immortality1 are  
add$ ! positive co>s5ess & guilt ( a    
?ick ins5sibility & a wick$ life1       
aggressive disbelief is q likely to     
arise1 ! essay ( an uneasy consci5ce to 
slay :at x feels w\ld be a foe1 &       
/rangle ! worm t nev] dies4 ,! d5ial    
spr++ f su* s\rces is refut$ :5 x is    
expla9$4 ,its motive %\ld nev] by any   
man be yield$ to1 mu* less be will+ly   
n\ri%$4 ,x %\ld be resi/$ by a dev\t    
culture c\rt+ ! smiles ( ,god1 by ris+  
into ! l(ti] airs ( m$itation & duty1 by
 imag9ative s5tim5t & practical         
philan?ropy1 until ! et]nal in/9ct1 long
 smo!r$ "u sluggi% loads ( s5se & s91   

rea*$ by a solicit+ w>m? f heav51 /irs )
 demon/rat+ vitality4  ,! la/ & l>ge/   
assemblage ( diss5t]s f ! prevail+      
op9ion on ?is subject comprises ^? :o   
utt] _! disbelief 9 a future exi/5ce out
 ( simple loyalty to seem+ tru?1 z a    
prote/ aga9/ :at !y ?9k a false doctr9e1
 & aga9/ ! sophi/ical & defective       
argum5ts by :i* x has be5 propp$4 ,x may
 be grant$ t ! five previ\sly nam$      
classes are equally s9c]e 9 _!          
convictions1 hone/ assailants ( error & 
adh]5ts ( tru?2 b !y are actuat$ by     
animat+ motives ( a v>i\s moral "*4 ,9 !
 pres5t case1 ! rul+ motive is purely a 
det]m9ation1 z ,bu*n] says1 to /& by !  
facts & to e/abli% ! correct doctr9e4 ,!
 directe/ & cle>e/ way ( giv+ a         
descriptive acc\nt ( ! active           
philosophical hi/ory ( ?is class (      
disbeliev]s w be to foll[ on ! l9es ( _!
 tracks ) /atem5ts & criticisms ( _!    
proc$ures4#i ,disbelief 9 ! doctr9e ( a 
future life = man has plant$ itself ^u  
bold affirmation1 & =tifi$ itself )     

argum5ts :i* may mo/ conv5i5tly be      
consid]$ "u five di/9ct heads4  ,fir/ is
 ! s5sational ,argum5t f ,appe>ance4 ,9 
dea? ! visible functions cease1 !       
organism dissolves1 ! m9d disappe>s2 !re
 is app>5tly a total scatt]+ & end ( !  
individual4 ,t ^! ph5om5a %\ld sugge/ ! 
?\ght ( annihilation is inevitable2 to  
suppose t !y prove ! fact is absurd4 ,x 
is an arrant begg+ ( ! "q2 = ! v problem
 is1 ,does n an invisible spiritual     
entity survive ! visible mat]ial        
dis9tegration8 ,among ! uns\nd &        
sup]/iti\s attempts to prove ! fact ( a 
future life is t f\nd$ on n>ratives (   
gho/s1 appe>ances & visions ( ! dead4   
,dr4 ,tafel publi%$ at ,tub+5 9 #ahec a 
volume aim+ to demon/rate ! immortality 
& p]sonal id5tity ( ! s\l by citation ( 
n9ety cases ( sup]natural appe>ances1   
ext5d+ f ! hi/ory ( ! gho/ ^: address to
 ,curtius ,rufus is record$ by ,tacitus1
 to ! wond]ful /ory told by ,r5atus     
,lud]itz 9 #ahcg4 ,su* ef=ts are worse  
?an va94 ,_! data are s explicable 9 _m 

cases1 & s inconclusive 9 all1 t !y q   
naturally provoke deep] disbelief &     
produce tell+ retorts4 ,:ile "h & !re a 
cr$ul\s p]son is conv9c$ ( a future life
 by ! ass]t$ appe>ance ( a _s1 ! well   
in=m$ psy*ologi/ ref]s ! argum5t to !   
laws ( insanity & illusions1 & ! skeptic
 adds z a f9ality 8 belief t !re is no  
future life1 because no gho/ has ev]    
come back to reveal & c]tify x4 ,!      
argum5t on bo? sides is equally futile1 
& remov$ f ! true requisitions ( !      
problem4  ,to ! philosophical ?9k] a m]e
 appe>ance is sc>cely a presumption 9   
favor ( a conclusion 9 accordance ) x4  
,sci5ce & exp]i5ce are full ( examples  
expos+ ! nullity or ! falsity (         
appe>ances4 ,! sun seems to move ar\nd !
 e>?2 b tru? contradicts x4 ,we seem to 
disc]n di/ances & ! =ms ( bodies by     
direct sight2 b ! tru? is we see no?+ b 
%ades & colors3 all beyond is inf]5ce   
bas$ on acquir$ exp]i5ce4 ,! fir/       
d>kness w\ld seem to ! trembl+          
contemplator absolutely to blot out !   

univ]se2 b 9 tru? x only prev5t$ him f  
see+ x4 ,! fir/ ?or\gh unconsci\s sleep 
w\ld seem to be ! hopeless de/ruction ( 
! s\l 9 its p]fect oblivion4 ,dea? is   
=ev] = ! fir/ "t1 %r\d$ 9 ! mislead+    
obscurities ( an unkn[n novelty4        
,appe>ances are (t5 deceitful1 yield+   
obvi\s clews only to mi/akes &          
falsehoods4 ,!y are always sup]ficial1  
furni%+ no reliable evid5ce ( ! reality4
  ,:o c\ld h ?\ght su* d>kness lay      
conceal'd ,)9 ?y beams1 ,o ,sun6 ,or :o 
c\ld f9d1 ,:il/ fly & leaf & insect /ood
 reveal'd1 ,t to su* c\ntless orbs ?\   
mad'/ u bl9d8 ,:y !n d we %un dea? )    
anxi\s /rife8 ,if light c ?us deceive1  
:]e=e n life8  #i ,spazi]1 ,antiphadon1 
od] ,prufung e9ig] ,hauptbeweise fur die
 ,e9fa*heit und ,un/]bli*keit d]        
m5s*li*5 ,seele4   ,:5 ! body dies1 !   
m9d is no long] manife/$ ?r\gh x4 ,t is 
all we imm$iately "k by p]ception4 ,!   
inf]5ce t ! m9d has !re=e ceas$ to be at
 all1 is a m]e supposition4 ,x may /ill 
live & act1 indep5d5tly ( ! body4 ,an   

outside ph5om5on c prove no?+ "h4 ,we   
mu/ by "s psy*ological probe pi]ce to ! 
core ( ! be+ & disc]n1 z !re conceal$1 !
 c5tral int]pretation ( tru?1 or else1 9
 want ( ?is1 turn f ^! surface %ad[s &  
seek ! solution 9 "s o!r prov9ce4       
,millions ( appe>ances be+ oppos$ to !  
tru? or inadequate to h9t x1 we mu/ nev]
 implicitly tru/ _! sugge/ions4 ,:at    
microscope c reveal ! organic life 9 a  
k]nel ( corn1 & %[ t ?r\gh ! decay ( t  
k]nel a /alk w spr+ up & be> a ?\s&     
k]nels m8 ,b if a new m5tal life em]ges 
f ! dy+ =m ( man1 x lies 9 a spiritual  
realm :]e9to we h no in/rum5ts to gaze4 
,e exi/5t ?+ has its metes & limits4 ,9 
fact1 ! only f9al weapon & =t ( a ?+ is 
its environ+ limitation4 ,x goes into   
no?+ if t be tak5 d[n1 ! a!i/ says2 into
 inf9ity1 ! my/ic says4 ,! mi/ake &     
difficulty lie 9 disc]n+ :at ! la/ wall 
ar\nd ! ess5ce is4 ,! univ]se is ! body 
( our body4 ,! b\nd>y ( our life is     
b\ndless life4 ,s*legel has some:]e ask$
 ! "q1 ,is life 9 u1 or are we 9 life8  

,because man appe>s to be :olly ext+ui%$
 9 dea?1 we h no "r :atev] 9 reason to  
conclude t he really is s4 ,! /> :i*    
seem$ to set 9 ! we/]n grave ( ag$ &    
b5ight$ "t1 we1 soon com+ r\nd ea/ to ! 
true _s sky1 may disc]n bright 9 ! morn+
 =ehead ( et]nity4 ,!re c be no safe    
reason+ f ! outmo/ husk & ph5om5on ( a  
?+ to its inmo/ ess5ce & result4 ,&1 9  
spite ( any possible am\nt ( appe>ance1 
man himself may pass di/9ct & :ole into 
ano!r sph]e ( be+ :5 8 fle% falls to    
du/4 ,t sci5ce %\ld se>* 9 va9 ) h] f9e/
 glasses to disc]n a royal occupant     
reign+ 9 ! purple *amb]$ palace ( !     
he>t1 or to trace any su* my/]i\s t5ant 
dep>t+ 9 sudd5 horror f ! cru%$ & ble$+ 
h\se ( life1 belongs to ! necess>y      
conditions ( ! subject2 = _s c only be  
spiritually disc]n$4 ,z well might y    
seek to smell a color1 or ta/e a s\nd1  
tie a knot ( wat]1 or braid a cord (    
w9d4  ,next comes ! ab/ract ,argum5t f  
,speculative ,philosophy4 ,"u ?is head  
are to be includ$ all ^? !ories :i* d5y 

! s\l to be a spiritual entity1 b r$uce 
x to an atomic arrangem5t1 or a dep5d5t 
attribute1 or a process ( action4       
,h]acleitus held t ! s\l 0 fire3 (      
c\rse1 :5 ! fuel 0 exhau/$ ! fire w\ld g
 out4 ,?ales taught t x 0 wat]3 ?is     
might all evaporate away4 ,anaxim5es    
affirm$ t x 0 air1 ( :i* all ?+s 7 =m$  
by r>efaction & cond5sation3 on su* a   
supposition x c\ld h no p]man5t p]sonal 
id5tity4 ,critias said x 0 blood3 ?is   
might deg5]ate & lose its nature1 or be 
p\r$ out on ! gr\nd4 ,leucippus ma9ta9$ 
t x 0 a peculi> conc\rse ( atoms3 z ^!  
came toge!r1 s !y might fly ap>t & !re  
be an end ( :at !y =m$4 ,! foll[]s (    
,ari/otle ass]t$ t x 0 a fif? unkn[n    
sub/ance1 ) prop]ties ( its own1 unlike 
^? ( fire1 air1 wat]1 & e>?4 ,?is might 
be mortal or immortal3 !re 0 no?+       
decisive 9 ! conception or ! def9+ t]ms 
to prove :i* x 04 ,accord+ly1 !         
,p]ipatetic s*ool has always be5 divid$ 
on ! "q ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 f ! "t 
( its f\nd]'s imm$iate disciples to ?is 

day4 ,x _c be cle>ly %[n :at ! mighty   
,/agyrite's own op9ion really 04        
,speculative conceptions z to ! nature (
 ! s\l l ! =ego+1 :5 advanc$ z argum5ts 
to e/abli% its prop] mortality1 are     
de/itute ( =ce1 because !y are gratuit\s
 assumptions4 ,!y are n g5]alizations   
bas$ on c>eful induction ( facts2 !y are
 only arbitr>y hypo!ses4 ,fur!rmore1 !y 
are inconsi/5t bo? ) ! facts & ph5om5a (
 exp]i5ce4 ,m9d _c fairly be br\ght into
 ! category ( ! mat]ial elem5ts2 = x has
 prop]ties & p]=ms functions            
emphatically di/+ui%+ x f e ?+ else1    
plac+ x 9 a rank by itself1 ) exclusive 
pr$icates ( its own4 ,c fire ?9k8 ,c    
wat] w8 ,c air feel8 ,c blood see8 ,c a 
ma!matical numb] tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 
good & evil8 ,c e>? be jeal\s ( a rival 
& loyal to a duty8 ,c a ganglion solve a
 problem 9 ,euclid or und]/& ! ,!odicee 
( ,leibnitz8 ,x is absurd to conf\nd ?+s
 s di/9ct4 ,m9d is m9d1 & matt] is      
matt]2 & ?\gh we are n[ consci\sly      
acqua9t$ ) !m only 9 _! correlation1 yet

 !re is z mu* reason = suppos+ t ! =m]  
survives ! close ( t correlation z =    
suppos+ t ! latt] does4 ,true1 we       
p]ceive ! mat]ial rema9+ & d n p]ceive !
 _s4 ,yes2 b ! diff]5tiation ( ! two is 
exactly ?is1 t "o is appreciable by !   
s5ses1 :ile ! o!r transc5ds & baffles   
!m4 ,x is absolutely inconceivable 9    
imag9ation1 :olly incr$ible to reason1  
intr9sically nons5sical e way1 t a %ift+
 conc\rse ( atoms1 a pla/ic arrangem5t (
 p>ticles1 a regul> succession (        
galvanic %ocks1 a cont9u\s s]ies ( n]v\s
 curr5ts1 or any ?+ ( ! sort1 %\ld      
con/itute ! reality ( a human s\l1 !    
process ( a human life1 ! accumulat$    
treasures ( a human exp]i5ce1 all       
pres]v$ at comm& & trav]s$ by ! moral   
l9es ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,! ?+s lie 9    
diff]5t sph]es & are full (             
incommunicable contra/s4 ,h[ev] num]\sly
 & intimately correlat$ ! physical &    
psy*ical con/itu5ts ( man are1 yet1 s f>
 z we c "k any ?+ ab\t !m1 !y are /eeply
 oppos$ to ea* o!r bo? 9 ess5ce &       

function4 ,o!rwise consci\sness is      
m5daci\s & language is unmean+4 ,a rec5t
 able au?or speaks ( t cong]ies ( organs
 ^: union =ms ! bra9 & ^: action        
con/itutes ! m9d4 #aj ,! m9d1 !n1 is an 
action6 ,c an action love & hate1 *oose 
& resolve1 rejoice & grieve1 rememb]1   
rep5t1 & pray8 ,is n an ag5t necess>y = 
an action8 ,all su* speculative         
conceptions z to ! nature ( s\l z make x
 purely ph5om5al are to be (fset1 if !y 
c be1 by ! view :i* exhibits ! p]sonal  
ego or consci\s selfhood ( ! s\l1 n z an
 empty spot 9 :i* a sw>m ( relations    
c5tre z _! goal po9t1 b z an            
inde/ructible monad1 ! inn]mo/ &        
sub/antial ess5ce & cause ( !           
organization1 ! self appreh5d+ &        
un*angeable axis ( all ?9k+ & act+4 ,"s 
( ! mo/ free1 acute1 le>n$1 wise1 &     
p[]ful ?9k]s ( ! _w h be5 *ampions ( ?is
 doctr9e2 especially among ! mod]ns may 
be nam$ ,leibnitz1 ,h]b>t1 ,goe!1 &     
,h>t5/e94 ,jacobi mo/ e>ne/ly ma9ta9$ x 
bo? aga9/ ,m5delssohn & aga9/ ,fi*te4   

#aj ,bucknill & ,tuke1 ,psy*ological    
,m$ic9e1 p4 #cga4   ,t ! m9d is a       
sub/antial entity1 & !re=e may be       
conceiv$ z immortal1 t x is n a m]e     
functional op]ation accompany+ ! organic
 life1 a phantom procession ( consci\s  
/ates fil+ (f on ! /age ( ! c]ebrum 9 a 
dead m>* ( m]e effects1  t x is n1 z old
 ,ari/ox5us dream$1 m]ely a h>mony      
result+ f ! =m & nature ( ! body 9 !    
same way t a tune spr+s f ! cons5t+     
motions ( a musical in/rum5t1 seems to  
be %[n by facts ( :i* we h direct k 9   
consci\sness4 ,we ?9k t ! m9d is an     
indep5d5t =ce1 deal+ ) intellectual     
products1 weigh+ oppos+ motives1 e/imat+
 moral qualities1 resi/+ "s t5d5cies1   
/r5g!n+ o!rs1 =m+ resolves1 decid+ ^u   
its own c\rse ( action & c>ry+ out its  
*os5 designs accord+ly4 ,if ! s\l 7 a   
m]e process1 x c\ld n pause 9 mid c>e]1 
select f ! mass ( possible consid]ations
 ^? adapt$ to suppress a base passion or
 to k9dle a g5]\s s5tim5t1 delib]ately  
balance rival solicitations1 &1 :5 fully

 satisfi$1 proce$4 ,yet all ?is x is    
con/antly do+4 ,s1 if ! s\l 7 b a       
h>mony1 x w\ld give no s\nds contr>y to 
! affections ( ! lyre x comes f4 ,b     
actually x resi/s ! p>ts ( ! in/rum5t f 
:i* !y say x subsi/s1 ex]cis+ dom9ion   
ov] !m1 puni%+ "s1 p]suad+ o!rs1 & rul+ 
! desires1 ang]s1 & fe>s1 z if itself ( 
a diff]5t nature4#aa ,until an organ is 
se5 to bl[ its own bell[s1 m5d its      
%att]$ keys1 move its p$als1 & play1 )  
no =eign aid1 ,i "k t my ,r$eem] live?1 
or a viol9 tunes up its discordant /r+s 
& wields its b[ 9 a spontane\s p]=mance 
( ! ,c>nival1 %[+ u e ,cremona z its own
 ,pagan9i1 we may1 despite ! conceits ( 
speculative disbelief1 hold t ! m9d is a
 dynamic p]sonal entity4 ,t ?\ght is ! v
 lat* /r+ ( a new _w's wicket4  ,?irdly1
 we h ! fanciful ,argum5t f ,analogy4 ,!
 ke5 *ampions ( disbelief1 ) _! a?letic 
agility ( dialectics1 h made t]rible    
havoc among ! troops ( poetic argum5ts f
 resemblance1 drawn up to su/a9 !       
doctr9e ( immortality4 ,!y h expos$ !   

feebl5ess ( ! argum5t = our immortality 
f ! wond]ful workman%ip & co/l9ess (    
human nature1 on ! gr\nd t :at requires 
! mo/ pa9s & displays ! mo/ skill &     
g5ius 9 its production is ! mo/ lov+ly  
pres]v$4 ,= ,god organizes ! m9d ( a man
 j z easily z he con/ructs ! geometry ( 
a diamond4 ,8 omnipot5t attributes are  
no m enli/$ 9 ! creation ( ! intellig5ce
 ( an elephant or ! gratitude ( a s\l   
?an !y are 9 ! fabrication ( ! w+ ( a   
gnat or ! fragrance ( a fl[]4 ,inf9ite  
wisdom & p[] are equally impli$ 9 ea* & 
9 all4 ,!y h %[n ! gross defectiv5ess ( 
! comp>ison ( ! butt]fly & psy*e4 ,!    
butt]fly1 ly+ 9 ! cat]pill> neatly fold$
 up l a fl[] 9 ! bud1 9 due "t comes =?4
 ,x is a mat]ial developm5t1 op5 to !   
s5ses1 a common demon/ration tos5sible  
exp]i5ce4 ,! dis5gagem5t ( a _s f a     
fle%ly encasem5t1 on ! o!r h&1 is a pure
 hypo!sis :olly remov$ f s5sible        
appreh5sion4 ,!re is no p>allel 9 !     
cases4 ,s ! ridicul\sness has be5 made  
evid5t ( ,plato's fam\s analogical      

argum5t t by a g5]al law ( nature all   
?+s are produc$ contr>ies f contr>ies2  
w>m? dies into !  #aa ,plato1 ,phado1   
#ih4   life ( cold1 & lives out ( ! dea?
 ( cold2 night is born f ! dea? ( day1 &
 day is born f ! dea? ( night2 & ?us    
ev]y:]e dea? spr+s f life1 & life f     
dea?4#ab ,! :ole comp>ison1 consid]$ z  
evid5ce ( human immortality1 is baseless
 & full ( a/oni%+ sophi/ry4 ,:5 "o      
hemisph]e ( ! e>? is turn$ away f ! sun1
 x is night !re2 :5 x is turn$ t[>ds !  
sun1 x is day aga94 ,to ?is /ate ( facts
 ?is revolv+ succession !re is obvi\sly 
no p>allelism :atev] 9 ! two ph5om5al   
phases ( man1 life & dea?1 :]e( "o      
f9i%es its c\rse & !n ! o!r seems fix$  
=ev]4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ,j]emy ,taylor1#ac 
aft] ! example ( _m o!rs1 especially (  
old ,licetus1 argues sob]ly1 z he does 9
 a lett] to ,evelyn1 = ! immortality ( !
 s\l f ! analogy ( lamps burn+ 9 tombs =
 c5turies ) no wa/e ( matt]1 !re is no  
apposite & valid simil>ity1 ev5 if !    
in/ances 7 n a *ildi% fable4 ,an equally

 baseless argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( an      
indep5d5t spiritual body )9 ! mat]ial   
body1 to be extricat$ f ! fle% at dea? &
 to survive 9 ! same =m & dim5sions1 we 
recollect hav+ se5 9 a "w by a          
,sw$5borgian au?or4#ad ,he reasons t :5 
a p]son :o has suff]$ amputation feels !
 lo/ limb z vividly z ev] be=e1 !       
ph5om5on is palpable pro( ( a _s limb   
rema9+ :ile ! fle%ly "o is gone6 ,(     
c\rse1 ! simple physiological           
explanation is t ! m9d in/9ctively ref]s
 ! s5sations br\ght 9 by ! sev]$ n]ves  
to ! po9ts :]e1 by invet]ate cu/om1 x   
has hi!rto le>n$ to trace _! orig9ation4
 ,! report be+ ! same1 x is naturally   
attribut$ to ! same s\rce4  ,b ^?       
skeptics :o h m]cilessly expos$ ^!      
fallaci\s argum5ts f analogy h !mselves 
reason$ 9 ! same way z fallaci\sly & z  
(t54 ,:5 individual life leaves !       
physical man1 say !y1 cosmical life     
imm$iately ent]s ! corpse & re/ores x to
 ! g5]al /ock ( nature2 s :5 p]sonal    
consci\sness des]ts ! psy*ical man1 !   

univ]sal _s resumes ! dissolv+ s\l4 ,:5 
c]ta9 conditions meet1 a human s\l is   
=m$1 a gyrat+ curr5t ( ?\ght1 or a      
vortex ( =ce3 soon "s accid5t or a sp5t 
impulse breaks ! eddy1 & ! individual   
subsides l a :irl 9 ! air or a wat] sp\t
 9 ! sea4 ,:5 ! _s fuel ( life is       
exhau/$1 man goes out z an ext+ui%$     
c&le4 ,he ceases l a tone f a brok5 h>p 
/r+4 ,all ^! analogies are vitiat$ by   
radical unlik5ess betwe5 ! ?+s comp>$4  
,z argum5ts !y are p]fectly wor?less1   
be+ spoil$ by ess5tial diff]5ces 9 !    
cases4 ,:]e9 !re is a simil>ity x falls 
%ort ( ! vital po9t4 ,!re is no ju/ice 9
 ! conception ( man z a mom5t>y gyre (  
individual consci\sness drawn f !       
univ]sal sea by a sun bur/ ( ! ,_s4 ,he 
is a self rul+ intellig5ce1 us+ a       
dep5d5t organism = 8 own ends1          
compreh5d+ 8 own de/9y1 successively    
develop+ its conditions & acquir+ !     
mat]ials = occupy+ & improv+ !m1 ) a    
prevision ( et]nity4 ,a fl[] may j z    
well p]i% z live1 a musical s\nd cease z

 cont9ue1 a lamp be put out z burn on3  
!y "k n ! diff]5ce4 ,n s ) ! s\l ( man4 
,we "h ov]pass a discrete degree & ent] 
^u a subject  #ab ,craw=d1 ,on ! ,phadon
 ( ,plato4  #ac ,heb]'s ,life & ,works (
 ,j]emy ,taylor1 vol4 i4 p4 #fi4  #ad   
,dee ,guays1 ,true ,sy/em ( ,religi\s   
,philosophy1 ,lett] ,v4   )9 ano!r      
circle ( categories4 ,let ! ra% reason] 
:o madly tries conclusions on a matt] ( 
su* inf9ite pi? & mom5t1 ) data s inapt 
& poor1 pause 9 sacr$ horror be=e1 hav+ 
fir/ ,put out ! light1 he !n puts out   
,,! ,,light6  ,!re are peculi>ities 9 ! 
s\l remov+ x out ( ! range ( physical   
comb9ations & mak+ a di/9ct de/9y fairly
 pr$icable ( x4 ,:5 we reflect on !     
nature ( a self conta9$ w1 intellig5t ( 
immat]ial v]ities & p]haps transc5d5t ( 
space & "t1 h[ burlesque is ! t]ror ( ! 
anci5t corpuscul> !ori/s le/ ! feebly   
coh]+ s\l1 on leav+ ! body1 especially  
if dea? happ5$ dur+ a /orm1 w\ld be bl[n
 9 pieces all abroad6 ,socrates1 9 !    
,phado1 has a he>ty laugh ov] ?is2 b    

,lucretius s]i\sly urges x4#ae ,! answ] 
to ! skeptical reason+ f analogy is     
d\ble4 ,fir/1 ! l9es ( p>tial           
correspond5ce :i* visibly t]m9ate )9 our
 tangible rea* c tea* no?+ z to !       
t]m9ation ( o!r l9es :i* lead out (     
sight & disappe> 9 a spiritual region4  
,an organiz$ mat]ial =m = in/ance1 a    
tree is fatally limit$3 else x w\ld     
f9ally fill & exhau/ ! e>?4 ,b no su*   
limit+ necessity c be pr$icat$ ( m9d4   
,secondly1 z f> z !re is g5u9e analogy1 
its implications are mu* /rong] 9 favor 
( immortality ?an aga9/ x4 ,matt]1 ^:   
ess5ce is mat]iality1 survives all      
appreh5sible *anges2 _s1 ^: ess5ce is   
spirituality1 %\ld d ! same4  ,ano!r    
attack on ! doctr9e ( a future life is  
mask$ 9 ! negative ,argum5t f           
,ignorance4 ,we d n "k h[ we %all live  
aga92 we are unable to con/ruct !       
conditions & expla9 ! details ( a       
spiritual /ate ( exi/5ce2 & !re=e1 x is 
said1 we %\ld ( "r conclude t !re is no 
su* ?+4 ,! proposition is n usually /at$

 s blankly2 b x really am\nts to t4 ,!  
,epicureans say1 z a tree _c exi/ 9 !   
sky1 nor cl\ds 9 ! ocean1 nor fi%es 9 ! 
mead[1 nor wat] 9 /one1 ?us ! m9d _c    
exi/ ap>t f ! n]ves & ! blood4 ,?is /yle
 ( reason+ is a bold begg+ ( ! "q4 ,our 
pres5t exp]i5ce is vacant ( any specific
 k ( ! conditions1 me?ods1 & cont5ts ( a
 life x has n yet exp]i5c$3 !re=e !re is
 no su* life4 ,innum]able millions (    
facts beyond our pres5t k unque/ionably 
exi/4 ,x is n 9 any way difficult to    
conceive t innum]able millions (        
exp]i5ces & problems n[ defy+ & elud+   
our utmo/ p[]s may h]eaft] fall )9 our  
compreh5sion & be easily solv$4 ,w y    
accept ! horizon ( y\r m9d z ! limit ( !
 univ]se8 ,9 ! pres5t1 exp]i5ce mu/ be  
conf9$ )9 its own b\nd>ies by !         
necessity ( ! case4 ,if an embryo 7     
end[$ ) a develop$ reason+ consci\sness1
 x c\ld n con/ruct any intelligible !ory
 ( ! _w & life into :i* x 0 de/9$ soon  
to em]ge4 ,b x w\ld surely be bad logic 
to inf]1 because ! embryo c\ld n1 f want

 ( mat]ials )9 its exp]i5ce1 asc]ta9 !  
h[1 ! :51 ! :]e1 & ! :at1 ( ! life      
await+ x1 t !re 0 no o!r life res]v$ =  
x4 ,an acorn buri$ & spr\t+ 9 ! d>k     
m\ld1 if end[$ ) intellig5t             
consci\sness1 c\ld n "k any def9ite     
p>ticul>s ( its matur] life yet to be 9 
! upp] light & air1 ) cattle 9 its %ade 
&  #ae ,lib4 iii4 ll4 #ejc-ejh4   s++   
birds 9 its bran*es4 ,ignorance is n a  
gr\nd ( argum5t1 only ( mode/ susp5se4  
,we c only reason f :at we "k4 ,& !     
wondr\s my/]ies or natural miracles )   
:i* sci5ce ab\nds1 myriads ( tru?s      
transc5d+ all fictions1 melt & remove f 
! pa? ( fai? e suppos$ difficulty4 ,any 
quantity ( facts h be5 sci5tifically    
e/abli%$ z real :i* are intr9sically f> 
m /range & baffl+ to belief ?an !       
ass]tion ( our immortality is4 ,inde$1  
!re is no m my/]y 9 ! m9d liv+ =ev] 9 ! 
future ?an 9 its hav+ be5 kept out (    
life ?r\gh a pa/ et]nity4 ,! au!ntic    
wond] is ! fact ( ! transition hav+ be5 
made f ! "o to ! o!r2 & x is f> m       

incr$ible t1 f n hav+ be51 we are1 ?an  
t1 f actual be+1 we %all cont9ue to be4 
#af  ,! unb\nd$ possibilities ( life    
sugge/$ by sci5ce & op5 to imag9ation   
furni% suffici5t reply to ! objection t 
we _c conceive ! precise causes & modes 
( a future /ate4 ,_h "o little p>titul> 
be5 diff]5t 9 ! /ructure ( ! eye1 or 9 !
 radiation & m$ia ( light1 we %\ld nev] 
h se5 ! />s6 ,we %\ld h suppos$ ?is     
globe ! :ole ( creation4 ,s "s slighte/ 
integum5t or h9d]+ condition may n[ be  
hid+ f u ! sublime reality & arrangem5ts
 ( immortality :i* 9 dea?'s dis5velop+  
h\r are to bur/ into our vision z !     
/ell> hemisph]e ?r\gh ! night4 ,%ut up  
n[ to "o =m ( be+ & "o me?od ( exp]i5ce1
 h[ c we expect an exhau/ive k ( o!r &  
future =ms & me?ods ( be+ & exp]i5ce8 ,x
 is a contradiction to ask x4 ,b ! s\l  
is w>rant$ 9 hav+ fai?1 l a buri$ mu/>d 
se$ :i* %all yet m\nt into its future   
life4 ,a sev5fold d5s] my/]y & a sev5   
times n>r[] ignorance w\ld br+ no real  
argum5t aga9/ ! survival ( ! s\l4 ,= 9  

an omnipot5t inf9itude ( possibilities  
"o l9e ( ignorance _c exhau/ ! av5ues & 
capacities ( be+4 ,escap+ ! fle%1 we may
 so> into heav5  ,^u e!real w+s1 ^: way 
,lies ?r\gh an elem5t s fraught ,) liv+ 
,m9d t1 z !y play1 ,_! e movem5t is a   
?\ght4  ,ignorance ( ! sci5tific me?od  
avails no?+ aga9/ moral pro(s ( ! fact4 
,! physiologi/ /udy+ ! coats ( ! /oma*1 
! anatomi/ dissect+ ! convolutions ( !  
bra91 c\ld nev] tell t man is capable ( 
s5tim5t1 fai?1 & logic4 ,no /e?oscope c 
disc]n ! s\nd ( an expectation1 & no    
scalpel c lay b>e a dream2 yet !re are  
expectations & dreams4 ,no metaphysical 
glass c detect1 no prognosis =esee1 !   
dea? ( ! s\l ) ! dissolution ( its      
organs3 on empirical gr\nds1 ! ass]tion 
( x is !re=e unw>rant$4 ,b ?\gh no am\nt
 ( obscurity envelop+ ! subject1 no     
ext5t ( ignorance disabl+ u n[ to grasp 
! secret1 is a legitimate basis (       
disbelief1 yet actually1 !re c be no    
d\bt1 9 multitudes ( in/ances1 !        
effectual cause ( disbelief 9           

immortality is ! impossibility ( vividly
 conceiv+ its conditions & sc5]y2 =1 z  
"o ( ! subtle/ ( ?9k]s has rem>k$1 h[ev]
 f> fai? may g beyond exp]i5ce1 x  #af  
,m>t9eau1 ,s]mon on ,immortality1 9     
,endeavors aft] ! ,*ri/ian ,life4   mu/ 
always be *a9$ d[n by x at a di/ance4 ,b
 if !re are good gr\nds = anticipat+    
ano!r life1 !n man %\ld confide 9 x1 no 
matt] h[ incompet5t he is to con/ruct   
its !atre & =esee its c>e]4 ,a hundr$   
ye>s ago1 "o might h sc\t$ ! /atem5t t !
 mo/ fe>ful surgical op]ations w\ld be  
p]=m$ )\t inflict+ pa91 because x 0     
impossible to see h[ x c\ld be done4 ,or
 if a p]son _h be5 in=m$ t two m51 "o 9 
,europe & "o 9 ,am]ica1 %\ld conv]se 9  
lightn+ a?w>t ! b$ ( ! ,atlantic1 he    
might h reject$ x z an absurdity1       
because he c\ld n conceive ! mode4 ,if  
de/9$ to a future life1 all we c\ld     
reasonably expect to "k ( x n[ w\ld be  
?r\gh h9t+ g]ms & my/ic pres5tim5ts ( x4
 ,& !re we d exp]i5ce to ! fulle/ ext5t3
 _! ceaseless prophecies are ev]y:]e )  

u1  ,blank misgiv+s ( a creature ,mov+  
ab\t 9 worlds n realiz$4  ,! la/ weapon 
( disbelief 9 a future life is !        
,sci5tific ,argum5t f ,mat]ialism4      
,lucretius says1 ,!re is no?+ 9 !       
univ]se b bodies & ! prop]ties ( bodies4
 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic example ( ! me?od 
( ! mat]iali/s3 to assume1 z an         
unque/ionable po/ulate1 ! v po9t 9      
debate1 & t1 too1 9 defiance ( !        
intellig5t in/9cts ( consci\sness :i*   
compel e unsophi/icat$ p]son to         
ackn[l$ge ! simultane\s exi/5ce ( m9d & 
matt] z two correlat$ yet di/9ct        
realities4 ,! bett] /atem5t w\ld be1    
,!re is no?+ 9 ! univ]se b =ces & !     
relations ( =ces4 ,=1 :ile we "k        
ourselves 9 imm$iate self consci\sness1 
z p]sonal intellig5ces p]ceiv+1 will+1 &
 act+1 all we "k ( an outw>d _w is !    
effects produc$ on u by its =ces4       
,c]ta9ly ! p[]s ( ! univ]se c nev] be   
lo/ f ! univ]se4 ,!re=e if our s\ls are1
 z consci\sness decl>es1 causes1 & n m]e
 ph5om5a1 !y are immortal4 ,to ignore   

ei!r factor 9 ! problem ( life1 !       
mat]ial sub/ratum or ! dynamic ag5t1 is 
m]e n>r[ness & bl9dness4  ,b ! unbeliev+
 naturali/ argues t ! total man is a    
product ( organization1 & !re=e t ) !   
dissolution ( ! liv+ comb9ation ( organs
 all is ov]4 ,matt] is ! m>riage b$ &   
grave ( s\l4 ,prie/ley says1 ,! pr9ciple
 ( ?\ght no m belongs to sub/ance di/9ct
 f body ?an ! pr9ciple ( s\nd belongs to
 sub/ance di/9ct f bell4 ,!re is no     
relevancy 9 ! comp>ison1 because ! ?+s  
are :olly unlike4 ,?\ght is n1 z        
,h>tley's !ory av[$ x 01 a vibration ( a
 c]ebral n]ve1 z s\nd is a vibration ( a
 sonor\s body2 = h[ c\ld ^! vibrations  
be accumulat$ 9 memory z our m5tal      
exp]i5ces are8 ,:5 a mat]ial vibration  
ends1 x has gone =ev]2 b ?\ghts are /or$
 up & pres]v$4 ,a hypo!tical simile1 l t
 j cit$ f ,prie/ley1 is n a cog5t       
argum5t4 ,x is false sci5ce ?us to limit
 ! modes ( be+ to :at lies )9 our pres5t
 empirical k4 ,is x n pure              
presumptu\sness to affirm t ! creative  

p[] ( ,almighty ,god is %ut up s t      
intellig5t creatures c only exi/ 9 =ms (
 fle%8 ,:5 a rec5t mat]iali/ makes !    
ass]tion1 ,! ?9k+ man is ! sum ( 8      
s5ses1 x is manife/ t he goes beyond !  
data1 assum+ :at %\ld be prov$1 &       
conf\nd+ ! in/rum5ts & mat]ial ) !      
workman4 ,x is z if "o %\ld say1 ,a     
work+ cotton manufactory is ! sum ( its 
ma*9es1 exclud+ ! p]sons by ^: guid+    
ov]sight all is done4 ,pla9ly1 x may be 
grant$ t all :i* man kn[s is br\ght 9   
?r\gh ! door ( ! s5ses1 )\t all[+ ! same
 ( all t man is4 ,we h no w>rant =      
pron\nc+ ! id5tical coext5siv5ess ( :at 
man le>ns to "k & :at he is creat$ to   
be4 ,! v proposition1 man kn[s some?+1  
presupposes ?ree ?+s1 a subject1 an act1
 & an object4 ,:e!r ! ?ree exi/ & p]i%  
toge!r or n is matt] = discussion1 & n  
fairly to be settl$ by =cibly lump+ !   
het]og5e\s ?ree into homog5e\s unity4   
,9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce x mu/ be      
confess$ t all k9ds ( physical =ce  :e!r
 me*anical1 *emical1 vital1 or n]v\s are

 drawn m or less directly f ! sun1 !    
mat]ial res]voir ( p[] = our sol> sy/em4
 ,?is mu/ be admitt$1 al?\gh "s rec5t   
mat]iali/s h pu%$ ! doctr9e s f> t !y   
may be call$ ! ,p>sees ( ! ,we/4 ,:5ev] 
! prop] conditions = an animate be+ are 
furni%$1 a =ce d]iv$ f ! sun lifts matt]
 f its /able equilibrium to ! level (   
organic exi/5ce4 ,9 due season1 f its   
wav]+ life /ruggle !re1 x decays back to
 ! deep re/ ( ins5sate e>?4#ag ,?is is a
 tru? ?r\gh\t ! organic realm1 f ! bulb 
( a sea we$ to ! bra9 ( a ,cas>4 ,s mu* 
_c be d5i$4 ,e organism con/antly       
receives f ! univ]se food & =ce1 & z    
con/antly re/ores 9 o!r =ms ! mat]ial & 
dynamical equival5ts ( :at x receives1 &
 f9ally itself goes to ! s\rces :5ce x  
came4 ,b ! affirmation ( ?is = all )9 ! 
physical realm is n ! admission ( x =   
:at subsi/s 9 an immeasurably high] rank
 & totally diff]5t realm4 ,ent]+ !      
psy*ical sph]e1 :]e we deal ) a new1    
di/9ct ord] ( realities1 n              
imp5etrability1 weight1 ext5sion1 b     

?\ght1 affection1 w1 :y may n ?is       
prov9ce conta9 et]nities1 ev5 ?\gh ! o!r
 holds only mortalities8 ,x is a "q to  
be exam9$ on its own gr\nds1 n to be put
 aside ) a =egone conclusion4 ,9 nature 
! cause endures "u all evanesc5t *anges1
 & survives all ph5om5al beg9n+s &      
end+s3 s 9 _s ! causal p]sonality1 if   
!re be "o1 may outla/ all ! %ift+       
curr5ts ( ! outw>d ph5om5a 9 endless    
p]si/5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ! manife/ation ( !  
m9d ?r\gh ! s5ses mu/ cease :5 ! s5ses  
no long] rema94 ,! ess5ce ( !           
controv]sy1 !n1 is exactly ?is3 ,is !   
m9d an entity8 or is x a collection (   
functions8 ,if ! s\l be a sub/antial    
=ce1 x is immortal4 ,if x be a ph5om5al 
resultant1 x ceases at dea?4  ,a r$uctio
 ad absurdum imm$iately occurs4 ,if !   
psy*ical totality ( man consi/s ( /ates 
( feel+1 modes ( volition1 & p[]s (     
?\ght1 n necessitat+ any spiritual      
entity 9 :i* !y inh]e1 !n1 by p>ity (   
reason+1 ! physical totality ( man      
consi/s ( /ates ( nutrition1 modes (    

absorption1 & p[]s ( *ange1 imply+ no   
body 9 :i* ^! processes are effectuat$6 
,qualities _c exi/ )\t a subject3 & j z 
physical attributes involve a body1     
spiritual attributes involve a m9d4 ,&1 
if a m5tal entity be admitt$1 its dea?  
or cessation ) t ( its out] dress or    
case is n a fair inf]5ce1 b ne$s        
appropriate evid5ce4  ,! s\l ( a man has
 be5 def9$ z ! sum ( 8 ideas1 an idea   
be+ a /ate ( ! consci\sness4 ,b ! ess5ce
 ( m9d mu/ be ! common gr\nd & elem5t ( 
all  #ag ,moles*ott1 ,li*t & ,leb54     
diff]5t /ates ( consci\sness4 ,:at is t 
common gr\nd & elem5t b ! pres5ce ( a   
p]cipi5t volitional =ce1 :e!r manife/$  
or unmanife/$1 /ill !re8 ,t is ! g]m9al 
core ( our m5tal be+1 integrat+ & hold+ 
9 cont9u\s id5tity all ! ph5om5al       
fluctuations ( consci\sness4 ,x is cle> 
t any o!r repres5tation seems inconsi/5t
 ) ! mo/ c5tral & vivid facts ( our k4  
,9 illu/ration ( ?is1 let u see h[ e    
mat]iali/ic exposition omits utt]ly1 or 
fails to acc\nt =1 ! mo/ ess5tial       

elem5t1 ! solit>y & cr[n+ peculi>ity1 ( 
! case4 ,= example1 x is said t ?\ght or
 consci\sness is a ph5om5al process (   
*anges su/a9$ 9 ! bra9 by a correlation 
( =ces1 j z ! ra9b[ appe>s1 b has no    
ontological subsi/5ce ( its own3 !      
cont9u\s spectrum hangs /eady on !      
ceaselessly r5ew$ sub/ratum ( ! mov+ mi/
 rack & ! fall+ ra94 ,b ! comp>ison is  
absolutely inapplicable1 because !      
deepe/ gr\nd pr9ciple ( ! m9d is want+ 9
 ! ra9b[1 namely1 consci\s & cont9u\s   
id5tity hold+ 9 ea* pres5t mom5t all !  
*anges ( ! pa/ mom5ts4 ,if ! ra9b[ 7    
gift$ ) consci\sness1 x c\ld n pres]ve  
its p]sonal id5tity1 b m]ely its        
ph5om5al id5tity1 = any two successive  
mom5ts1 s9ce its :ole be+ w\ld consi/ ( 
an unti$ succession ( /ates4  ,trav]s+ !
 body f its extreme tissues to ! gray   
vesicul> sub/ance compos+ ! sp9al cord &
 cov]+ ! surface & convolutions ( !     
bra91 are two sets ( :ite1 fibr\s n]ves4
 ,"o set1 ! aff]5ts1 br+ 9 s5sation1 all
 k9ds ( tid+s1 f ! out _w ( matt]4 ,!   

o!r set1 ! eff]5ts1 c>ry out volition1  
all k9ds ( decrees1 f ! 9 _w ( m9d4 ,)\t
 an aff]5t n]ve no influ5ce ( ! _w c    
rea* ! m9d2 & )\t an eff]5t n]ve no     
conclusion ( ! m9d c rea* ! _w4 ,z we   
are n[ con/itut$1 ?is ma*9]y is necess>y
 = ! int]communication ( ! m9d & !      
mat]ial univ]se4 ,b if !re be some?+ 9 !
 case besides live ma*9]y & cross+      
telegrams1 if !re be a mon>* m9d        
inaccessible to ! vulg> cr[d ( ?+s &    
only conv]s+ ) !m ?r\gh ! int]nuncial   
n]ves1 t _s entity may itself be capable
 ( exi/+ =ev] 9 an ideal univ]se & (    
commun+ !re face to face ) its own k+ly 
l9eage & brood4 ,& we ma9ta9 t ! acc\nt 
( ! ph5om5a is grossly defective1 & t ! 
ph5om5a !mselves are palpably           
inexplicable1 except ^u ! supposition ( 
su* an entity1 :i* uses ! organism b is 
n ! organism itself nor a function ( x4 
,ideas1 "o mat]iali/ tea*es1 are        
trans=m$ s5sations4 ,yes2 b t does n    
sup]s$e a trans=m+ m9d4 ,!re mu/ be a   
=ce to produce ! trans=mations4 ,!      

ph5om5a ( m9d1 says ano!r1 consi/ 9 a   
succession ( /ates ( consci\sness4 ,yes2
 b :at is x t presides ov]1 takes up1 & 
pres]ves ?is succession8 ,! ph5om5a ( ! 
m9d are n ! m9d itself4 ,! actions ( !  
m9d are ! functions ( ! c]ebrum1 adds a 
?ird4 ,yes2 b ! inquiry is1 :at is ! m9d
 itself8 n1 :at are its acts8 ,!        
admission ( ! gray n]ve cells ( ! bra91 
z ! mat]ial sub/ratum ?r\gh :i*         
s5sations are receiv$ & volitions       
return$1 does n exclude ! necessity ( a 
dynamical cause = ! metamorphos+        
ph5om5on4 ,t cause mu/ be free &        
intellig5t1 because ! products ( its    
action1 z well z its accompany+         
consci\sness1 are m>k$ by fre$om &      
intellig5ce4 ,= example1 :5 a cyl9drical
 &  fibr\s port] deposits 8 s5sitive    
burd5 9 ! vesicul> & c9]iti\s sub/ance1 
some?+ exam9es x1 te/s its import1      
reflects on :at %all be done1 =ms an    
intellig5t resolution1 & comm&s ano!r   
port] to be> ! dynamic load =?4 ,!      
reflective & det]m9+ some?+ t does ?is  

is ! m9d4 ,?us1 by ! fact ( an          
indissoluble dynamic w1 is ! broad l9eal
 exp]i5ce ( man grasp$ & kept f         
dissipat+ into crumbl$ psy*ical /ates1 z
 :5 ! dead k+s ( anci5t ,india 7 burn$  
_! corpses 7 wrapp$ 9 asbe/os %r\ds to  
hold ! a%es toge!r4  ,! flame ( a burnt 
out c&le tw9kl+ 9 ! socket is n         
num]ically ! same ) t :i* appe>$ :5 x 0 
fir/ light$2 nor is a riv] at any two   
p]iods num]ically ! same4 ,diff]5t      
p>ticles con/antly fe$ an ev] r5ew$     
flame or /ream1 j l ! =m] b nev] ! same4
 ,a totally new elem5t appe>s :5 we     
contemplate m9d4 ,"h1 al?\gh ! :ole     
molecul> sub/ance ( ! visible organism  
is 9 p]petual flux1 ! same consci\s     
p]sonality p]si/s ?r\gh all1 gr[+ ev]   
ri*] 9 an accumulat+ possession ( pa/   
exp]i5ces /ill held 9 liv+ comm&4 ,!    
,are?usa ( id5tity ?reads ! bl5d+ /ates 
( consci\sness1 &1 pass+ ! ocean b$ (   
dea?1 may em]ge 9 "s morn+ f\nt (       
immortality4 ,a photographic image      
impress$ on suitable pap] & !n oblit]at$

 is re/or$ by exposure to ! fumes (     
m]cury4 ,b if an indef9ite numb] (      
impressions 7 sup]impos$ on ! same pap]1
 c\ld ! fumes ( m]cury re/ore any "o    
call$ = at r&om8 ,yet man's memory is a 
plate ) a hundr$ millions ( impressions 
all cleanly pres]v$1 & he c at w select 
& evoke ! "o he wants4 ,no conceivable  
relation%ip ( mat]iali/ic =ces c acc\nt 
= ! facts ( ?is miracul\s dagu]reotype  
plate ( exp]i5ce1 & ! p[] ( ! m9d to    
call out into solit>y conspicu\sness a  
desir$ picture :i* has =ty n9e million  
n9e hundr$ & n9ety n9e ?\s& n9e hundr$ &
 n9ety n9e lat5t pictures ly+ above x1 &
 fifty millions bel[ x4 ,x has be5 said 
t ! impressions on ! bra91 :e!r         
p]ceptions or intellections1 are fix$ & 
reta9$ ?r\gh ! exactness ( assimilation4
 ,z ! m9d took cognizance ( ! *ange made
 by ! fir/ impression ( an object act+  
on ! bra9 ?r\gh ! s5se organs1 s        
aft]w>ds x recognises ! lik5ess ( t     
*ange 9 ! p>ts ins]t$ by ! nutritive    
process4#ah ,?is passage implies t ! m9d

 is an ag5t1 n a ph5om5on2 & x describes
 "s ( ! ma*9]y ) :i* ! m9d works1 n !   
ess5ce ( ! m9d itself4 ,its doctr9e does
 n de/roy nor expla9 ! presid+ &        
elective p[] :i* int]prets ^! assimilat$
 & pres]v$ *anges1 *oos+ out su* ( !m z 
x pleases1 t unavoid$ & incompreh5sible 
p[]1 ! hid+ place ( volition & et]nity1 
^: />tl+ call has (t5 be5 kn[n1 9 "s    
dread crisis1 to effect an in/antane\s  
re/oration ( ! entire bygone life1 mak+ 
all pa/ ev5ts troop ?r\gh ! memory1 a   
swiftly awful cavalcade m>*+ along !    
fibr\s pavem5t ( ! bra91 :ile ea*       
t]rifi$ ?\ght ru%es to its a%y w9d[ to  
behold4 ,we "h leave ! mat]ial realm    
beh9d & ent] a spiritual prov9ce :]e o!r
 pr$icates & laws hold1 & :]e1 deliv]$  
ov] to a night ( pure light1 9 :i* no   
unpurg$ sight is %>p en\gh to p5etrate !
 my/]i\s ess5ce t spr\te? into diff]5t  
p]sons1 we kneel 9 mo/ pi\s awe1 & cry1 
) ,sir  #ah ,paget4 ,surgical ,pa?ology1
 ,lecture ,,ii4   ,?omas ,br[ne1 ,!re is
 surely a piece ( div9ity 9 u1 some?+ t 

0 be=e ! elem5ts & owes no homage unto !
 sun6  ,! fatal & inv>iable mi/ake (    
mat]ialism is t x conf\nds means & /eps 
) causes1 processes ) s\rces1 organs )  
ends1 pr$icates ) subject4#ai ,alex&]   
,ba9 d5ies t !re is any c]ebral closet  
or receptacle ( s5sation & imag]y :]e   
impressions are /or$ to be reproduc$ at 
pleasure4 ,he says1 ! revival ( a pa/   
impression1 in/ead ( be+ an evocation ( 
x f an inn] *amb]1 is a sett+ on anew ( 
! curr5t :i* orig9ally produc$ x1 n[ to 
produce x aga94#bj ,b ?is !ory does n   
alt] ! fact t all pa/ impressions are   
rememb]$ & c be reviv$ at w by an       
int]nal effici5cy4 ,! miracle1 & !      
necessity ( an un*ang+ consci\s entity  
to expla9 x1 are impli$ j z !y 7 on !   
old !ory4 ,! organs ( s5se1 ,sir ,isaac 
,newton writes1 are n = enabl+ ! s\l to 
p]ceive ! species ( ?+s 9 its s5sorium1 
b = convey+ !m !re4 #ba ,n[1 z we _c    
suppose t ,god has a bra9 or ne$s any   
mat]ial organs1 b r t all inf9itude is 8
 ,s5sorium1 s spirits may p]ceive       

spiritual realities )\t any m$iat+      
organism4 ,our physical exp]i5ce 9 !    
pres5t is no limit to ! spiritual       
possibilities ( ! future4 ,! mat]iali/ic
 argum5t aga9/ immortality fails1       
because x excludes ess5tial facts4 ,z   
ant]ior to our exp]i5ce 9 ! pres5t /ate 
!re 0 a p[] to organize exp]i5ces & to  
become :at we are1 s none ( ! sup]ficial
 reason+s ( a m]e e>? sci5ce c %[ t !re 
is n n[ a p[] to organize exp]i5ces 9 a 
future /ate & to become :at our fai?    
anticipates we %all be4 ,& ?is sugge/s  
to speculative curiosity ! qu]y1 ,%all  
we comm5ce our future life1 a psy*ical  
cell1 z we comm5c$ our pres5t life1 a   
physical cell8  ,x w be well1 p]haps1 to
 reply next to "s ( ! aggressive        
sophi/ries ( disbelief4 ,! foll[+ l9es  
by ,dr4 ,b$does are /rik+1 b1 consid]$ z
 a symbol ( life1 seem almo/ wilfully   
defective3  ,! body is b an eng9e ,:i*  
draws a mighty /ream ( spiritual p[]    
,out ( ! _w's own s\l1 & makes x play ,a
 :ile 9 visible motion4  ,man is t      

miracul\s eng9e :i* includes n only all 
! ne$ful ma*9]y1 b also fuel1 fire1     
/eam1 & spe$1 & !n1 9 climact]ic        
addition to ^!1 an eng9e]6 ,does !      
eng9e] die :5 ! fire goes out & !       
locomotive /ops8 ,:5 ! eng9e madly      
plunges (f ! embankm5t or bridge ( life1
 does ! eng9e] p]i% 9 ! ru91 or nimbly  
leap (f & immortally escape8 ,! !ory (  
despair has no great] plausibility ?an t
 ( fai?4  ,feu]ba* tea*es t ! mem5to    
mori ( reason meets u ev]y:]e 9 !       
spiritual ,god's acre ( lit]ature4 ,a   
book is a grave1 :i* buries n ! dead    
rema9s1 b ! quick  #ai ,frau5/adt1 ,p]  
,mat]ialismus1 se9e ,wahrheit und se9   
,irr?um1 s4 #afi4  #bj ,! ,s5ses & !    
,intellect1 p4 #fa4  #ba ,brodie1       
,psy*ological ,inquiries1 p4 #da1 #c;d  
edition4   man1 n 8 corpse1 b 8 s\l4 ,& 
s we live on ! psy*ical deposits ( our  
ance/ry4 ,our s\ls consi/ ( t mat]ial   
:i* once con/itut$ o!r s\ls1 z our      
bodies consi/ ( ! mat]ial :i* once      
con/itut$ o!r bodies4 ,a ?\ght1 x is to 

be repli$1 is nev] excret$ f ! m9d &    
left beh9d4 ,only its exi/5ce is        
indicat$ by symbols1 :ile itself is add$
 to ! et]nal /ock ( ! dea?less m9d4 ,a  
?\ght is a spiritual product 9 ! m9d f  
an affection ( ! c]ebral sub/ance4 ,a   
s5t5ce is a symbol ( a ?\ght adapt$ to  
create 9 ! contemplator j su* a c]ebral 
affection z t f :i* x sprang1 & to      
deposit 9 8 m9d j su* a spiritual       
product z t :i* x n[ d5otes4 ,?us are we
 /imulat$ & in/ruct$ by ! transmitt$    
symbols ( our ance/ors' exp]i5ces1 b n  
lit]ally n\ri%$ by assimilation ( _! v  
psy*ical sub/ance1 z ?is remorseless    
prophet ( dea?'s gha/ly idealism w\ld h 
u believe4 ,/ill1 9 :atev] aspect we    
reg>d x1 "o _c b %udd] be=e t t]rible   
c9]iti\s sub/ance ^: dynamic inhabitants
 are g5]at$ 9 ! meet+ ( matt]'s messages
 ) m9d's =ces1 & s5t =? 9 emblems to    
%ake ! s\ls ( millions1 revolutionize   
empires1 & refa%ion ! _w4  ,/rauss      
employs an +5i\s argum5t aga9/ ! belief 
9 a future life1 an argum5t z h>mless 9 

reality z x is novel & =midable 9       
appe>ance4 ,:e!r ! n]ve _s be consid]$ z
 a dep5d5t product1 or z ! produc+      
pr9ciple ( ! organism1 x ends at dea?3  
=1 9 ! =m] case1 x c no long] be produc$
 :5 ! organism p]i%es2 9 ! latt] case1 t
 x ceases to su/a9 ! organism is a pro( 
t x has itself decay$4#bb ,9 ?is speci\s
 bit ( special plead+1 unw>rant$        
po/ulates are assum$ & mu* confusion (  
?\ght is display$4 ,x is cov]tly tak5 = 
grant$ t e ?+ se5 9 a giv5 ph5om5on is  
ei!r product or produc]2 b some?+ may be
 an accompany+ "p1 involv$ 9 !          
conditions ( ! ph5om5on1 yet n 9 any way
 ess5tially dep5d5t on x1 & 9 fact      
surviv+ x4 ,:at does ,/rauss mean by !  
n]ve _s8 ,is !re no m9d beh9d x & above 
x1 mak+ use ( x z a s]vant8 ,our pres5t 
life is ! result ( an actual & regulat$ 
h>mony ( =ces4 ,surely t h>mony may end 
)\t imply+ ! decay ( any ( its initial  
compon5ts1 )\t imply+ ! de/ruction ( !  
c5tral con/itu5t ( its intellig5ce4 ,x  
is illegitimate logic1 pass+ f pure     

ignorance to positive affirmation2 a    
saltation ( sophi/ry f a negative       
premise ( bl9dness to all beh9d !       
organic life1 to a dogmatic conclusion (
 d5ial t !re is any ?+ beh9d ! organic  
life4  ,a subtle & vigor\s disbeliev]   
has said1 ,! belief 9 immortality is n a
 correct expression ( human nature1 b   
re/s solely on a misund]/&+ ( x4 ,! real
 op9ion ( human nature is express$ 9 !  
univ]sal sorr[ & wail+ ov] dea?4 ,x is  
obvi\s to answ] t bo? ^! expressions are
 true utt]ances ( human nature4 ,x      
grieves ov] ! sadness ( p>t+1 ! appall+ 
*ange & decay1 ! close lock$ my/]y ( !  
unse5 /ate4 ,x rejoices 9 ! solace & *e]
 ( a sublime hope spr++ out ( ! manifold
 p[]ful promises )9 & )\t4 ,in/ead (    
contemn+ ! idea ( a heav5ly futurity z  
an idle dream image ( human long+1 x 7  
bo? dev\t] & m reasonable1 f  #bb       
,*>akt]i/ik5 und ,kritik51 s4 #cid4   t 
v causal basis ( x1 to rev]e x & confide
 9 x z div9ely pl$g$4 ,all ! ?w>t$ p[]s 
& prep>ations & affections1 too gr&1 too

 f9e1 too sacr$1 to meet _! fit         
fulfilm5t "h1 are a claim = "s holi] &  
va/] sph]e1 a prophecy ( a m exalt$ &   
s]5e exi/5ce1 else:]e4 ,! unsatisfi$ &  
long+ s\l has creat$ ! doctr9e ( a      
future life1 has x8 ,v good4 ,if ! s\l  
has build$ a h\se 9 heav51 fl[n up &    
made a ne/ 9 ! breezy b\ghs (           
immortality1 t h\se mu/ h t5ants1 t ne/ 
mu/ be occupi$4 ,! div9ely implant$     
in/9cts d n provide & build = naught4   
,c]ta9 consid]ations bas$ on !          
resemblances ( m5 & bea/s1 _! ass]t$    
community ( orig9 & fundam5tal unity (  
nature1 h _h great influ5ce 9 lead+ to !
 d5ial ( ! immortality ( ! human s\l4 ,x
 is tak5 = grant$ t animals are totally 
mortal2 & !n1 f ! app>5t correspond5ces 
( ph5om5a & fate betwe5 !m & u1 !       
inf]5ce is drawn t ! cases are p>allel  
?r\gh\t1 & t our de/9y1 too1 is         
annihilation4 ,! c\rse ( ?\ght on ?is   
subject has be5 extremely curi\s1       
illu/rat+1 on ! "o h&1 t :]e our egotism
 beg9s1 !re ! laws ( logic break1 &1 on 

! o!r h&1 t (t5 :5 fancy gets sc5t ( a  
!ory ! voice & la% ( reason are futile  
to re/ra9 x until ! !ory is run into !  
gr\nd4 ,des ,c>tes1 & aft] him          
,malebran*e & a few o!r writ]s1 gave no 
slight curr5cy to ! notion t brutes are 
m]e ma*9es1 mov$ by pre>rang$ influ5ces 
& utt]ly de/itute ( intellig5ce1 w1 or  
consci\sness4 ,?is s*eme gave rise to _m
 controv]sies1 b has n[ pass$ into      
complete neglect4#bc ,( late ye>s !     
t5d5cy has be5 to assimilate in/ead (   
sep>at+ man & bea/4 ,t\*+ ! out] sph]e1 
we h ,ok5's homologies ( ! cranial      
v]tebra4 ,9 reg>d to ! inn] sph]e1 we h 
a score ( treatises1 l ,vogt's ,pictures
 f ,brute ,life1 affirm+ t !re is no    
qualitative1 b m]ely a quantitative1    
di/9ction betwe5 ! human s\l & ! brute  
s\l4#bd ,ov] ?is po9t ! conflict is /ill
 ?ick & hot4 ,b1 h[ev] mu* ( tru? !re   
may be 9 ! doctr9e ( ! gr\nd id5tity ( !
 s\l ( a man & ! s\l ( a dog1 !         
conclusion t man !re=e p]i%es is a pure 
piece ( sophi/ry4 ,su* a mon/r\s        

assass9ation ( ! s\ls ( ! human race ) !
 jaw bone ( an ass may be legitimately  
avoid$ 9 ei!r ( two ways4 ,x is z fair  
to argue ! immortality ( animals f _!   
lik5ess to u1 z our annihilation f our  
lik5ess to !m4 ,! psy*ological realm has
 be5 z mu* deep5$ 9 !m by ! rese>*es (  
mod]n sci5ce z ! physiological doma9 has
 be5 wid5$ 9 u4 ,z ,agassiz says1 we mu/
 n lose sight ( ! m5tal individuality ( 
animals 9 an exclusive att5tion to !    
bodily side ( _! nature4#be ,a multitude
 ( able ?9k]s h held ! fai? t animals h 
immat]ial & dea?less s\ls4 ,rightly     
consid]$1 !re is no?+ 9 su* a  #bc      
,d>manson1 ,la bete trans=mee en ma*9e4 
,ditton1 ,app5dix to ,disc\rse on       
,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 %[+ t brutes are 
n m]e ma*9es1 b h immortal s\ls4        
,orphal1 ,s9d die ,?i]e blos s9nli*e    
,ges*opfe8 ,?omasius1 ,de ,anima        
,brutorum1 quo ass]itur1 eam non esse   
,mat]ialem1 contra ,c>tesianam          
,op9ionem4 ,w9kl]1 ,philosophis*e       
,unt]su*ung5 von dem ,seyn & ,wes5 d]   

,seel5 d] ,?i]e1 von e9zeln5 ,liebhab]n 
d] ,weltwei%eit4  #bd ,bu*n]1 ,kraft und
 ,/(f1 kap4 #ai3 ,die ,?i]seele4  #be   
,essay on ,classification1 p4 #fd4      
doctr9e :i* a ke5 reason] may n cr$it & 
a p]son ( ! mo/ ref9$ feel+s f9d        
pleasure 9 embrac+4 ,9 _! s]5e          
ca?olicity & div9e sympa?y1 sci5ce &    
religion exclude pride & contempt4  ,b  
admitt+ t !re is no surviv+ psy*ical    
entity 9 ! brute1 t is 9 no way a cle>  
po/ulate = prov+ t ! same fact holds (  
man4 ,! l[] end[m5ts & prov9ces ( man's 
nature & exp]i5ce may correspond ev] s  
closely ) ! be+ & life ( brutes ^:      
exi/5ce absolutely ceases at dea?1 & yet
 he may be immortal4 ,! high] range ( 8 
spiritual faculties may elevate him into
 a realm ( univ]sal & et]nal pr9ciples1 
extricat+ 8 s\l f ! me%es ( decay4 ,he  
may come into contact ) a sph]e ( tru?s1
 grasp & rise into a region ( realities1
 conf]r+ ! pr]ogative ( dea?lessness1 n 
to be rea*$ by natures gift$ 9 a mu* l[]
 degree1 al?\gh ( ! same k9d4 ,su* a    

di/9ction is made betwe5 m5 !mselves by 
,sp9oza4#bf ,8 doctr9e ( immortality    
depicts ! /up5d\s boon z cont+5t1 to be 
acquir$ by obs]vance ( conditions4 ,if !
 ideas ( ! s\l repres5t p]i%able        
objects1 x is itself mortal2 if         
imp]i%able1 x is immortal4 ,n[1 brutes1 
x is probable1 nev] rise to !           
appreh5sion ( pure & et]nal tru?s2 b m5 
d4 ,x 0 a mean prejudice1 f\nd$ on      
selfi% ignorance & pride1 :i* fir/      
assum$ ! total de/ruction ( brutes 9    
dea?1 & aft]w>ds1 by ! grovell+ range ( 
consid]ations 9 :i* x fa/5$ & ! reaction
 x naturally provok$1 involv$ man & all 
8 imp]ial hopes 9 ! same fate4 ,a firm  
logical discrim9ation dis5tangles !     
human m9d f ?is bea/ly sn>l4#bg ,!      
diff]5ce 9 data w>rants a diff]5ce 9    
result4 ,! argum5t = ! immortality (    
brutes & t = ! immortality ( m5 are1 9  
"s respects1 p>allel l9es1 b !y are n   
coext5sive4 ,beg9n+ toge!r1 ! latt] f>  
outrea*es ! =m]4 ,man1 l ! animals1     
eats1 dr9ks1 sleeps1 builds2 unlike !m1 

he adorns an ideal _w ( ! et]nal future1
 lays up treasures 9 its heav5ly k+dom1 
& waits to migrate into x4  ,!re are two
 di/9ct me?ods ( escap+ ! fatal inf]5ce 
( disbelief usually drawn by mat]iali/s4
 ,fir/1 by ! d5ial ( _! philosophical   
po/ulates1 by ! pr$ication ( immat]ial  
sub/ance1 affirm+ ! s\l to be a         
spaceless po9t1 its life an indivisible 
mom5t4 ,! reason+s 9 behalf ( ?is       
conception h be5 manifold1 & cog5t en\gh
 to conv9ce a multitude ( accompli%$ &  
vigor\s ?9k]s4#bh ,9 ,h]b>t's sy/em !   
s\l is an immat]ial monad1 or real1     
capable ( ! p]man5t =mation ( /ates 9   
its int]ior4 ,its life consi/s ( a      
qu5*less s]ies ( self pres]vations4 ,^! 
reals1 ) _! relations & aggregations1   
con/itute at once ! v>y+ ph5om5a & !    
causal sub/rata ( ! univ]se4 ,mam]tius  
,claudianus1 a philosophical prie/ (    
,s\!rn ,gaul 9 ! fif? c5tury1 wrote a   
treatise ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,s\l4 ,he    
says1 ,:5 ! s\l wills1 x is all w2 :5 x 
recollects or feels1 x is all           

recollection or feel+4 ,n[1 w1          
recollection1 & feel+1 are n bodies4    
,!re=e ! s\l is incorporeal4 ,?is makes 
! consci\s man an  #bf ,j\ffroy1        
,introduction to ,e?ics3 ,*ann+'s       
trans41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ahi-aia4  #bg     
,s*all]1 ,leib und ,seele1 kap4 #ac3 ,d]
 ,psy*is*e ,unt]s*i$ des ,m5s*5 vom     
,?i]e4  #bh ,crombie1 ,natural ,!ology1 
vol4 ii43 ,essay on ! ,immortality ( !  
,s\l4 ,br\gham1 ,disc\rse ( ,nat4 ,!ol41
 sect4 #e4   imp]i%able sub/antial      
activity4 ,an old ,engli% writ]1 ) qua9t
 eloqu5ce1 decl>es1 ,!re is a proportion
 betwe5 an atom & ! univ]se1 because bo?
 are quantitative4 ,all ?is excesse     
vani%e? into no?+ z soon z ! l[e/       
sub/ance %9e? out ( t orbe :]e !y reside
 t scorn divisibility4  ,f ?is brief    
/atem5t ( ! position ( ! immat]iali/s1  
)\t argu+ x1 we pass to note1 9 ! second
 place1 t ne>ly all ! po/ulates ord9>ily
 claim$ by ! mat]iali/ may be grant$ )\t
 by any means prov+ ! ju/ice ( _!       
disbelief ( a future life4#bi ,admit t  

!re c be no s5sation )\t a n]ve1 no     
?\ght )\t a bra91 no ph5om5al           
manife/ation )\t an organ4 ,su* an      
admission legitimates ! conclusion1 on  
empirical gr\nds1 t our pres5t mode (   
life mu/ cease ) ! dissolution ( our    
organism4 ,x does n ev5 empirically     
prove t we may n survive 9 "s o!r mode (
 be+1 pass+ p]haps to an inconceivably  
high] /age & m bless$ k9d ( life4 ,aft] 
! entire dis9tegration ( our mat]ial    
organs1 we may1 by "s n[ unkn[n means1  
possess 9 a ref9$ =m ! equival5ts ( :at 
^? organs gave u4 ,!re may be1 int]fus$ 
?r\gh\t ! gross mortal body1 an immortal
 body ( exquisitely delicate /ructure   
invisibly extricat+ itself f ! c>i\s    
ru9s at dea?4 ,plattn] develops & def5ds
 ?is hypo!sis ) plausible skill &       
p[]4#cj ,! ,h9dus conceiv$ ! s\l to be  
conceal$ )9 sev]al successive %ea?s1 !  
inn]mo/ ( :i* accompani$ x ?r\gh all its
 transmigrations4#ca ,! subtile p]son   
ext5ds to a small di/ance ov] ! skull1 l
 ! flame ( a lamp above its wick4 #cb ,!

 lat] ,py?agoreans & ,platoni/s seem to 
h believ$ t ! same num]ical e!real body 
) :i* ! s\l 0 at fir/ creat$ adh]$ to x 
insep>ably dur+ all its desc5ts into    
gross] bodies1 a lucid & w+y vehicle1   
:i*1 purg$ by diet & ca?>ms1 asc5ds     
aga91 be>+ ! s\l to its native seat4#cc 
,! doctr9e ( ,sw$5borg ass]ts man to be 
int]iorly an organiz$ =m p]vad+ !       
physical body1 an et]nal receptacle (   
life f ,god4 ,9 8 t]m9ology1 con/ant    
influx ( life sup]s$es ! popul> idea ( a
 self conta9$ spiritual exi/5ce4 ,b ?is 
influx is condition$ by its receiv+     
organ1 ! undecay+ inn] body4#cd ,h[ev]  
boldly x may be assail$ & reject$ z a   
baseless !ory1 no mat]iali/ic logic c   
disprove ! exi/5ce ( an e!real =m       
conta9$ 91 animat+1 & surviv+1 ! visible
 organism4 ,x is a possibility2 al?\gh1 
ev5 if x be a fact1 sci5ce1 by ! v      
conditions ( ! case1 c nev] unveil or   
demon/rate x4  ,:5 subject$ to a c]ta9  
mode ( ?\ght develop$ rec5tly by        
,f>aday1 ,drossba*1 & o!rs1 mat]ialism  

itself bright5s & dissolves into a      
species ( idealism1 ! univ]se becomes a 
glitt]+ cong]ies ( inde/ructible po9ts (
 p[]1 & ! immortality ( ! s\l is        
e/abli%$ z a ma!matical c]ta9ty4#ce ,all
 bodies1 all entities1 are b =ms (  ,?is
 has be5 ably %[n by ,spi]s 9 8         
treatise1 ,ueb] das korp]li*e ,b$+tse9  
d] ,seel5?atigkeit54  #cj ,spes         
immortalitatis animorum p] rationes     
physiologicas confirmata4  #ca ,dabi/an1
 vol4 ii4 p4 #agg4  #cb ,colebrooke1    
,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdf4  #cc ,cudwor?1
 ,int4 ,sys41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bah-bcj1    
,am4 ed4  #cd ,on ! ,int]c\rse betwe5 ! 
,s\l & ! ,body1 sect4 #i4  #ce ,lott1   
,h]b>ti de animi immortalitate doctr9a4 
=ce4#cf ,gravity1 cohesion1 bitt]ness1  
?\ght1 love1 recollection1 are          
manife/ations ( =ce peculi>ly           
condition$4 ,our p]ceptions are a s]ies 
( /ates ( consci\sness4 ,an attribute or
 prop]ty ( a ?+ is an ex]cise ( =ce or  
mode ( activity produc+ a c]ta9 /ate (  
consci\sness 9 u4 ,! sum ( its          

attributes or prop]ties con/itutes !    
totality ( ! ?+1 & is n adv5titi\sly    
laid ^u ! ?+3 y c sep>ate ! p>ts ( a ?+2
 b y _c take away its =ces f any "p1    
because !y are its ess5ce4 ,matt] is n a
 limitation or neutralization1 b a /ate 
& expression1 ( =ce4 ,=ce itself is n   
multiplex1 b "o1 all qualities &        
directions ( x ly+ pot5tially 9 ea*     
entity1 ! k9ds & am\nts :i* %all be     
actually manife/$ dep5d+ 9 ea* case on !
 conditions environ+ x4 ,all matt]1 all 
be+1 !re=e1 consi/s ( ultimate atoms or 
monads1 ea* "o ( :i* is an insep>able   
solid>ity ( activities4 ,! univ]se is an
 et]nal society ( et]nal =ce            
individuals1 all ( :i* are capable (    
con/ant *anges 9 gr\p+s1 aggregations1  
developm5ts1 relations1 b absolutely    
incapable ( annihilation4 ,e atom       
possesses pot5tial reason1 & comes to   
self appreh5sion :5ev] ! appropriate    
conditions meet4 ,all diff]5ces orig9ate
 f conditions & exi/ n 9 ess5tialities4 
,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! et]nity ( ! s\l 

is sure1 b t et]nity mu/ be an endless  
s]ies ( mutual transitions betwe5       
consci\sness & unconsci\sness1 life &   
dea?4#cg ,s9ce all _c be m5 at once1 !y 
mu/ take _! turns4 ,c>us says1 a s\l    
enclos+ 9 itself an indep5d5t           
consci\sness is inconceivable4 ,:5 !    
organism by :i* consci\sness is         
condition$ & reveal$ is de/roy$ 9 dea?1 
consci\sness disappe>s z c]ta9ly z !    
gleam+ height ( a dome falls 9 :5 its   
f\ndation is remov$4 ,& ,drossba* adds1 
dea? is ! %ade side ( life4 ,)\t %ade1  
light w\ld n be p]ceptible1 nor life )\t
 dea?2 = only contra/ leads to k4 ,!    
consci\sness ( life is realiz$ by       
int]*ange ) ! unconsci\sness ( dea?4    
,mortality is ! inevitable attribute ( a
 self consci\s be+4 ,! immortality ( su*
 a be+ c be no?+ else ?an an ev]la/+    
mortality4 ,9 ?is re/less alt]nation    
betwe5 ! opposite /ates ( life & dea?1  
be+ holds cont9u\s endurance1 b         
consci\sness is successively ext+ui%$ & 
reviv$1 :ile memory is ea* "t hopelessly

 lo/4 ,wid5mann holds t ! p]iods ( dea? 
are mom5t>y1 ! s\l be+ at once born     
aga91 reta9+ no ve/iges ( its pa/4#ch   
,drossba*1 on ! contr>y1 believes t     
memory is an indefeasible quality ( !   
s\l atom1 ! reason :y we d n rememb]    
previ\s lives be+ t ! pres5t is our fir/
 exp]im5t4 ,:5 all atoms de/9$ to become
 m5 h once run ! human c>e]1 ! e>lie/   
ones w beg9 to reappe> ) full memory (  
_! prec$+ c\rse4 ,x matt]s n h[ long x  
requires = "o circuit ( ! :ole s]ies (  
s\ls2 = ! inf9ite future is be=e u1 &1 z
 we are unconsci\s 9 dea?1 ! lapse (    
ages is no?+4 ,we lie d[n to sleep1 &   
in/antly rise up to a new life4  #cf    
,hickok1 ,rational ,cosmology1 *4 ii4   
sect4 #a3 ,matt] is =ce4  #cg ,drossba*1
 ,die p]sonli*e ,un/]bli*keit als ,folge
 d] atomi/is*5 ,v]faasung d] ,natur1    
abs*n4 iv4 kap4 ii4 sect4 #e1 #f4  #ch  
,g$ank5 ub] die ,un/]bli*keit als       
,wi$]holung des ,erd5leb5s4   ,dea?     
gives to life all its reli%1 z hung] is 
! true sauce ( food4 ,dea? fir/ makes u 

preci\s & de> to ourselves4 ,s9ce x lies
 9 ! nature ( *ange t no condition is   
endless1 b morn+ ev] foll[s night1 dea? 
_c be endless4 ,be unconc]n$2 ?y be+    
%all z little be lo/ z ! gra9 ( du/ at  
?y foot6 ,because 9 dea? ?\ do/ n "k t  
?\ art1 !re=e fe>e/ ?\ t ?\ %alt be no  
m8 ,o pusillanim\s6 ! great ev5ts (     
nature are too va/ = ?y weak he>t4 ,a   
:ole et]nity ?\ ha/ n be5 consci\s t ?\ 
art1 & yet ?\ ha/ become consci\s ( x4  
,e night ?\ lose/ ?y consci\sness1 yet  
art ?\ consci\s aga91 & %alt be4 ,! loss
 ( consci\sness is n necess>ily ! loss (
 self4 ,! k ( my be+ is n my be+ itself1
 b a peculi> =ce !re(1 :i*1 ent]+ into  
reciprocal action ) o!r =ces1 is subject
 to *ange4 ,x is its ess5ce to act1 &   
?us to *ange1 yet )\t surr5d]+ its      
ess5ce4 ,goe!'s words may be appli$ to !
 s\l3 ',x is2 !re=e et]nally x is4'  ,n 
9 cold motionlessness consi/s et]nal    
life1 b 9 et]nal movem5t1 9 et]nal      
alt]ation1 9 incessant *ange4 ,^! are   
w>ranties t no /ate endures =ev]1 n ev5 

! unconsci\s1 dea?4 #ci  ,9 ?is unfold+ 
( ! !ory !re are _m arbitr>y & fanciful 
conceptions :i* may easily be disp5s$ )4
 ,! int]sp]sion ( ! bright life ( !     
human monads ) blank epo*s ( oblivi\s   
d>kness1 & ! conf9em5t ( _! de/9y to an 
endless repetition ( _! life c\rse on   
?is globe1 are n necess>y4 ,9 ! w ( ,god
 ! free range ( ! b\ndless univ]se may  
lie op5 to !m & an incessant c>e] 9 =ev]
 novel circum/ances await !m4 ,x is also
 conceivable t human s\ls1 lead+ /ill   
recurr5t lives on e>? ) total           
=getfulness1 may at la/ acquire         
suffici5t p[]1 9 "s happy concurr5ce or 
sublime exig5cy1 to summon back & reta9 
all _! =egone /ates4 ,b1 leav+ aside all
 su* incid5tal speculations1 ! *ief     
int]e/ ( ! dynamic atomi/ic or monad    
!ory1 z af=d+ a solid basis =           
immortality1 is 9 relation to !         
arrogance ( a %all[ & conceit$          
mat]ialism4 ,says ! mat]iali/1 ,%[ me a 
_s1 & ,i w believe 9 y\r heav54 ,replies
 ! ideali/1 ,%[ me y\r matt]1 h[ev]     

small a piece1 & ,i w yield to y\r      
argum5t4 ,_s is no ph5om5on to be %[n1 &
 matt] is an inf]5ce f ?\ght3 ?us !     
c\nt] /atem5ts ( physical sci5ce & ideal
 philosophy fairly (fset ea* o!r1 & ?r[ 
_! respective advocates back ^u !       
natural gr\nd ( unsophi/icat$ fai? &    
obs]vation4 ,/&+ !re unp]v]t$1 man has  
an inv9cible reliance on ! v]acity ( 8  
faculties & ! normal reports ( nature4  
,?r\gh imm$iate appreh5sion ( 8 own     
consci\s w & ! posit$ exp]i5ce ( 8      
s5ses1 he has k bo? ( causal =ms ( be+1 
or free productive =ce1 & ( resultant   
processes & ph5om5a4 ,& surely s\nd     
logic tea*es t ! latt] may alt] or      
disappe> )\t imply+ ! annihilation ( !  
=m]4 ,if all mat]ial sub/ance1 s call$1 
7 de/roy$1 n only w\ld space rema9 z an 
inf9ite indivisible unity1 b !          
equival5ts  #ci ,drossba*1 ,die         
individuelle ,un/]bli*keit vom          
monadi/is* metaphysis*5 ,/&punkte       
betra*tet4   ( :at _h be5 de/roy$ mu/   
rema9 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,:o %all say t ^! 

equival5ts w\ld n be intellig5t po9ts ( 
p[]1 capable ( organiz+ aggregate bodies
 & ( recon/itut+ ! univ]se 9 ! w ( ,god1
 or ( =m+ f p]iod to p]iod1 9 endless   
succession1 new k9ds ( univ]ses1 ea*    
ab\nd+ 9 hi!rto unimag9$ modes ( life & 
degrees ( bliss8 ,to our pres5t         
faculties1 ) only our pres5t            
opportunities & data1 ! f9al problem (  
be+ is insoluble4 ,we resolve !         
prop]ties ( matt] into me?ods (         
activity1 manife/ations ( =ce4 ,b !re1  
cov]$ ) allur+ awe1 a wall ( imp5etrable
 my/]y confronts u ) its baffl+ ,?us f>1
 & no f>!r1 %all ?9e explicat+ gaze read
 ! secrets ( de/9y4 ,we _c tell :at =ce 
is4 ,we c conceive nei!r its g5esis nor 
its ext9ction4 ,ov] t obscure           
environm5t1 into ! imm5se empire (      
possibilities1 we mu/ bravely fl+ !     
treasures ( our love & ! colors ( our   
hope1 & ) a div9e impulse 9 ! mom5t (   
dea? leap aft]1 tru/+ n to s9k z no?+   
into ! abyss ( n[h]e1 b1 l&+ safe 9 "s  
elysium bett] ?an we "k1 to f9d         

ourselves /ill 9 ,god4  ,9 deal+ ) moral
 problems 9 ! realm ( ! high] reason1   
intuitions1 my/]i\s h9ts1 prophetic     
feel+s1 in/9ctive appreh5sions ( fitness
 & h>mony1 may be ( m conv9c+ validity  
?an all ! =mal argum5ts logic c         
build4#dj ,s5tim5t1 ,ancillon says1 z   
quot$ by ,lewes1 goes fur!r ?an k3      
beyond demon/rative pro(s !re is natural
 evid5ce2 beyond analysis1 inspiration2 
beyond words1 ideas2 beyond ideas1      
emotions2 & ! s5se ( ! inf9ite is a     
primitive fact ( ! s\l4 ,9 transc5d5tal 
ma!matics1 problems o!rwise             
unapproa*able are solv$ by op]at+ )     
emblems ( ! relations ( purely imag9>y  
quantities to ! facts ( ! problems4 ,!  
process is s\nd & ! result valid1       
not)/&+ ! hypo!tical & imag9>y "* ( !   
aids 9 rea*+ x4  ,:5 = ma/]+ ! dim      
mom5t\s problems ( our de/9y ! giv5     
quantities & relations ( sci5ce are     
inadequate1 ! helpful supposititi\s     
conditions furni%$ by fai? may equally  
lead ov] _! airy ways to conclusions (  

et]nal tru?4  ,! disbeliev]s ( a future 
life h 9 _! inve/igations appli$ me?ods 
n ju/ly applicable to ! subject1 & dem&$
 a species ( pro( impossible = ! subject
 to yield3 z if "o %\ld use 8 e> to li/5
 to ! symmetries ( beauty1 & 8 eye to   
gaze ^u ! undulations ( music4  ,x is   
!re=e t ! t]ribly logical onslaughts (  
,feu]ba* are h>mless ^u mo/ p]sons4 ,!  
glitt]+ scimet> ( ?is ,s>ac5ic          
metaphysician fla%es swift & %>p1 b he  
fights ! air ) weapons ( air4 ,no blood 
fl[s f ! sev]$ empt9ess ( space2 no cla%
 ( ! bl[s is he>d any m ?an bell /rokes 
w\ld be he>d 9 an exhau/$ receiv]4 ,"o  
may ju/ifiably accept propositions :i*  
/rict sci5ce _c e/abli% & believe 9 !   
exi/5ce ( a ?+ :i* sci5ce _c reveal1 z  
,jacobi has abundantly %[n#da & z ,wagn]
 has ) less ability tri$ to             
illu/rate4#db ,! utmo/ possible         
a*ievem5t ( a negative criticism is to  
%[ ! invalidity ( ! physiological1  #dj 
,abel1 ,disquisitio omnium tam pro      
immortalitate quam pro mortalitate      

argum5t&i g5]um4  #da ,von d5 g\tli*5   
,d+5 & ibr] ,(f5b>ung4 ,wiss5 und       
,glaub5 mit besond]] ,beziehung zur     
,zukunft d] ,seel53 ,=tsetzung d]       
,betra*tung5 ub] ,m5s*5s*opfung und     
,seel5sub/anz4   analogical1 &          
metaphysical argum5ts to furni% positive
 pro( ( a future life = u4 ,b ?is       
negation fully admitt$ is no evid5ce (  
our total mortality4 ,sci5ce is impot5t 
to give any pro( rea*+ to su* a         
conclusion4 ,h[ev] badly ! ar*]y ( ! %>p
 ey$ & /rong arm$ critics ( disbelief   
has riddl$ ! out] works ( ord9>y        
argum5t1 x has n sla9 ! g>rison4        
,sci5tific criticism !re=e leaves u at  
?is po9t3 !re may be an immortal s\l 9  
u4 ,!n ! "q :e!r !re actually is an     
immortal s\l 9 u1 re/s entirely on moral
 facts & consid]ations4 ,all[+ _! native
 =ce to ^! moral facts & consid]ations1 
! heal?y e?ical ?9k]1 recognis+ 9       
himself an inn]mo/ self consci\s ego :i*
 kn[s itself p]si/5t & id5tical amid/ ! 
multiplex vicissitude ( transi5t        

conditions1 lies d[n to die expect+     
imm$iately to cont9ue 8 be+'s j\rney    
else:]e1 9 "s o!r guise4 ,leav+ out (   
view ^! moral facts & consid]ations1 !  
mat]iali/ic naturali/ ?9k]1 recognis+ 8 
consci\sness z only a phantom procession
 ( /ates across ! c]ebral /age hung 9   
a%y liv]y & afloat on blood1 lies d[n to
 expire expect+ imm$iately to be turn$  
into nobody =ev]4 ,mis9t]pret+ &        
und]valu+ ^! moral facts &              
consid]ations1 ! an*orless speculative  
?9k]1 recognis+ 8 organism z an eye     
?r\gh :i* ! ,_w ,_s beholds itself1 or a
 mom5t>y pulse 9 :i* ! ,all feels       
itself1 8 consci\sness z a "p ( !       
inf9ite ,?\ght1 lies d[n on 8 dea? c\*  
expect+ imm$iately to be turn$ into     
ev]ybody1 et]nity1 in/ead ( greet+ him )
 an individual kiss1 wrapp+ him 9 a     
moni/ic embrace4 ,! broad drift ( human 
conviction leads to ! fir/ conclusion1 a
 p]si/5t p]sonality4 ,! greate/         
philosoph]s1 f ,plato to ,pascal1 d5y ! 
second view1 a blott+ ext9ction ( ! s\l1

 decl>+ x false 9 sci5ce & incr$ible 9  
pres5tation4 ,! ?ird !ory a pan!i/ic    
absorption  ! irresi/ible common s5se ( 
mank9d repudiates z a morbid dream4 ,man
 naturally believes himself immortal b n
 inf9ite4 ,monism is a doctr9e utt]ly   
=eign to undiseas$ ?9k+4 ,al?\gh x be a 
,fi*te1 a ,s*ell+1 or a ,hegel1 :o says 
t ! s\l is a circumscrib$ yet omnipot5t 
ego1 :i* fir/ radiates ! univ]se1 &     
aft]w>ds beholds x 9 ! mirror ( itself1 
& at l5g? breaks into dead univ]sality1 
! conception is1 to ! av]age appreh5sion
 ( humanity1 z ov]we5+ a piece ( wild   
fancy z ev] rose 9 a madman's           
rev]ies4#dc  ,! ord9>y contemplator ( ! 
ph5om5a ( ! _w & ! sequel ( human life f
 ! mat]iali/ic po9t ( view feels disgu/ 
& t]ror at ! prospect4 ,! sc5e seems to 
him degrad+ & ! fate fe>ful4 ,! loa?+ & 
dismay vulg>ly exp]i5c$ ?us1 x is true1 
arise f an exagg]at$ misappreh5sion ( ! 
basis & mean+ ( ! facts3 rightly        
appreciat$1 all is rul+ly alive1        
aspirant1 beautiful1 & b5ignant4 ,!     

ceaseless trans=mations fill+ ! heights 
& dep?s ( ! creation are p]vad$ ) joy & 
#db ,a full discussion ( ! pan!i/ic     
doctr9e ( immortality w be f\nd 9 !     
foll[+ works4 ,ri*mann1 ,gems9fassl4    
,d>/ellung und ,wurdigung all]          
gehaltrei*5 ,beweis>t5 fur ,gott und fur
 ,un/]bli*keit d] ,seele4 ,unius1       
,un/]bli*keit4 ,blan*e1 ,philosophis*e  
,un/]bli*keitlehre4  #dc ,weisse1 ,die  
philosophis*e ,geheimlehre von d]       
,un/]bli*keit des m5s*li*5 ,individuums4
 ,gos*el1 ,von d5 ,beweis5 fur die      
,un/]bli*keit d] m5s*li*5 ,seele im     
,li*te d] speculativ5 ,philosophie4     
,morell1 ,hi/orical & ,critical ,view ( 
! ,speculative ,philosophy ( ,europe 9 !
 #ai? ,c5tury1 "p ii4 *4 v4 sect4 #b3 ,!
 ,g]man ,s*ool ( ! #ai? ,c5tury4        
,bu*anan1 ,mod]n ,a!ism4   clo!d ) a    
noble poetry4 ,!re is no real dea?3 :at 
seems s is b a return or fall+ home ( ! 
fundam5tal ph5om5on to ! ph5om5al       
f\ndation1 a dissolution ?r\gh :i*      
nature seeks h] gr\nd & /rives to r5ew  

h]self 9 h] pr9ciples4 ,/ill1 9 spite ( 
?is m pr(\nd & g5ial int]pretation ( !  
%ift+ metamorphoses ( nature1 ! fe> (   
!re be+ no consci\s future life = man   
produces1 :5 fir/ ent]ta9$1 a horrid    
con/riction ar\nd ! he>t1 felt l ! ice  
cold coils ( a s]p5t4 ,! ?\ght ( tumbl+ 
hopelessly into ,! bl9d cave ( et]nal   
night naturally oppresses ! he>t ( man )
 sadness & ) al>m4 ,to escape !         
unhapp9ess ?us inflict$1 rec\rse has be5
 _h to exp$i5ts4 ,f\r artificial        
sub/itutes = immortality h be5 devis$4  
,fondly fix+ att5tion ^u ^!1 m5 h tri$  
to f9d com=t & to absorb _! ?\ghts f !  
dread$ spectre & ! long oblivion4 ,!    
fir/ is ! s5tim5tal phantasm ( po/hum\s 
fame4 ,! ,lat9 b>d1 anci5t ,ennius1 s+s1
  ,nemo me lacrymis decoret1 nec fun]a  
fletu ,faxit4 ,cur8 volito vivu' p] ora 
virum4 #dd  ,%akspe>e likewise (t5      
expresses ! same ?\ght3  ,:5 all !      
brea!rs ( ?is _w are dead1 ,y /ill %all 
live 7su* virtue ha? my p57 ,:]e brea?  
mo/ brea!s1 ev5 9 ! m\?s ( m54  ,& aga9 

9 simil> /ra93  ,my love looks fre%1 &  
,dea? to me subscribes1 ,s9ce1 spite (  
him1 ,i'll live 9 ?is poor rhyme1 ,:ile 
he insults o'er dull & spee*less tribes4
  ,napoleon is report$ to h said1 ,my   
s\l w pass into hi/ory & ! dea?less     
memories ( mank9d2 & ?us 9 glory %all ,i
 be immortal4 ,?is *>act]i/ically ,fr5* 
notion =ms ! ess5ce ( ,comte's positivi/
 doctr9e ( a future life4 ,^? deem$     
wor?y aft] _! dea? to be incorporat$1 by
 vote ( ! p1 9 ! ,supreme ,be+1 ! ,gr&  
,etre1 a fictiti\s product ( a poetic   
p]sonification1 ?r\gh ! p]petual fame & 
influ5ce ?us secur$ h an immortal life 9
 ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( a grateful po/]ity4
 ,comte says1 ,positivism greatly       
improves immortality & places x on a    
firm] f\ndation1 by *ang+ x f objective 
to subjective4 ,great & et]nal ,humanity
 is ,god4 ,! dead :o are m]itori\s are  
alone rememb]$1 &1 ?us incorporat$ into 
! ,div9ity1 !y h a subjective           
immortality 9 ! bra9s ( ! liv+4 #de ,x  
is a poor %ad[ ( ! sublime tru? :i* !   

s\l craves4 ,leop>di1 9 8 ,bruto ,m9ore1
 expresses ?is poor hope ( be+ 9 !      
future's brea?3  #dd ,cic]o1 ,tusc4     
,qua/41 lib4 i4 cap4 xv4  #de ,cate*ism 
( ,positive ,religion1 ,conv]sation     
,,iii4   dell' atra morte ultima raggio 
,conscia future eta4 ,t pr\d & gift$    
natures %\ld h s]i\sly /oop$ to su* a   
toy1 to solace !mselves ) x1 is a fact  
/range & pa!tic4 ,) rev]5tial t5d]ness (
 sympa?y mu/ we ye>n t[>ds ^? ^: lov+   
natures1 baffl$ ( any solid res\rce1    
turn appeal+ly1 ere !y fade away1 to    
clasp ?is sub/anceless image ( an image4
  ,ano!r s*eme is :at may be call$ !    
lampada tradunt #df !ory ( a future     
life4 ,g5]ations succe$ ea* o!r1 & !    
c\rse is always full4 ,et]nal life takes
 up new subjects z fa/ z its exhau/$    
receptacles p]i%4 ,m5 are ! mortal cells
 ( immortal humanity4 ,! individual mu/ 
com=t himself ) ! sympa!tic reflection t
 8 ext9ction de/roys no?+1 s9ce all !   
elem5ts ( 8 be+ w be manipulat$ into !  
=ms ( 8 successors4  ,life is a con/ant 

r5ovation1 & its sum is =ev] full &     
equal on ! globe4 ,! only g5u9e         
resurrection unto et]nal life is an     
un5d+ re creation ( organisms f ! same  
mat]ials to repeat ! same physiological 
& psy*ological processes4#dg ,!re is a  
gleam ( *e] & ( nobl5ess 9 ?is          
repres5tation2 b1 ^u ! :ole1 x is p]haps
 z ineffectual z ! =m]4 ,x is a vapid   
consolation1 9 view ( our own           
annihilation1 to ?9k t o!rs w !n live & 
also be annihilat$ 9 _! turn4 ,x is     
pleasant to believe t ! e>? w =ev] be   
peopl$ ) ?rongs ( m52 b ?\gh su* a      
belief might help to reconcile u to our 
fate1 x c\ld n alt] ! intr9sic sadness (
 t fate4  ,a ?ird sub/itute = ! common  
view ( immortality is a sci5tific       
p]ception ( ! fact t ! peculi> =ce :i*  
ea* man is1 ! sum ( 8 "* & life1 is a   
cause inde/ructibly mix$ ) ! c\rse (    
subsequ5t hi/ory1 an objective p]sonal  
immortality1 ?\gh n a consci\s "o4 ,:at 
he 01 rema9s & acts =ev] 9 ! _w4  ,!    
f\r? sub/itute is an id5tification (    

self ) ! integral s*eme ( ?+s4 ,i am an 
insep>able portion ( ! totality ( be+1  
to move et]nally 9 its et]nal motion4   
,if dea? seem hang+ o'er ?y sep>ate s\l1
 ,disc]n ?yself a "p ( life's great     
:ole4  ,lose ! ?\ght ( ?y p>ticul>      
evanesc5ce 9 ! ?\ght ( ! univ]sal       
p]man5ce4 ,! inv]t$ tor* d5otes dea? to 
a m]e inhabitant ( ! e>?3 to a citiz5 ( 
! univ]se1 d[nw>d & upw>d are ! same4   
,p]haps "o :o rejects ! ord9>y doctr9e (
 a future life c be solac$ & edifi$ by  
^! sub/itutes 9 proportion to 8 f95ess1 
greatness1 & nobl5ess4 ,b to mo/ p]sons 
no sub/itute c atone = ! )drawn tru? (  
immortality itself4  ,9 reg>d to !      
et]nal pres]vation ( p]sonal            
consci\sness1 x 7 bigot$ bl9dness to d5y
 t !re is room = d\bts & fe>s4 ,:ile !  
monad s\l s to call x lies "h b5ea? !   
weak glimm] ( suns s f> (f t !y are     
=celess to develop x to a  #df          
,lucretius1 ,de ,nat4 ,r]um1 lib4 ii4   
#a4 #gh4  #dg ,s*ultz ,s*ultz5/e91 ,die 
,bildung des m5s*li*5 ,gei/es dur*      

,kultur d] ,v]jungung se9es ,leb5s1 ss4 
#hcd-hdg3 ,die ,un/]bli*keitsbegriffe4  
victori\s assurance1 we _c b sometimes  
feel misgiv+s & be depress$ by skeptical
 surmises4 ,accord+ly1 :ile belief has  
g5]ally prevail$1 disbelief has 9 e age 
_h its repres5tatives4 ,! anci5ts _h _! 
,dica>*us1 ,protagoras1 ,panatius1      
,lucan1 ,epicurus1 ,cas>1 ,horace1 & a  
long li/ besides4 ,! mod]ns h _h _!     
,gass5di1 ,did]ot1 ,condillac1 ,hobbes1 
,hume1 ,pa9e1 ,leop>di1 ,%elley1 & n[ h 
_! ,feu]ba*1 ,vogt1 ,moles*ott1 & scores
 ( o!rs ne$less to be nam$4 ,& al?\gh 9 
any argum5t f au?ority ! company ( !    
great believ]s w\ld incomp>ably out%9e &
 a ?\s& times outweigh ! array ( d5i]s1 
?is does n alt] ! obvi\s fact t !re are 
c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* are natural           
provocatives ( d\bt & ^: tr\bl+ influ5ce
 sc>cely any "o c always escape4 ,hom]1 
9 giv+ expression to ,hector's confid5ce
 ( victory ov] ! ,greeks1 makes him wi% 
t he 7 b z sure ( ent]+ ! /ate ( !      
immortal gods4#dh ,:5 "s "o ask$ ,dr4   

,johnson1 ,h we n pro( en\gh ( !        
immortality ( ! s\l8 he repli$1 ,i want 
m4 ,dav5ant ( :om ,s\!y says1 ,i "k no  
o!r au?or :o has s (t5 express$ 8 d\bts 
respect+ a future /ate & h[ burd5some he
 felt !m writes1  ,b ask n bodies doom'd
 to die1 ,to :at abode !y g3 ,s9ce k is 
b sorr['s spy1 ,x is n safe to "k4      
,*>les ,lamb writes1 ,if m5 w\ld hone/ly
 confess _! misgiv+s1 7:i* few m5 w17   
!re are times :5 ! /ronge/ ,*ri/ian ( u 
has reel$ "u que/ion+s ( su* /agg]+     
obscurity4 ,_m a man1 see+ nature hang  
h] veil ( %ift+ glories above ! sil5t   
tombs ( vani%$ g5]ations1 voiceless n[  
=ev]1 ent]ta9+ innum]able contradictory 
qu]ies amid/ feel+s ( decay & sights (  
corruption1 be=e ! d>kness ( unkn[n     
futurity might pite\sly exclaim1 )\t    
des]v+ blame1  ,i run ! gauntlet ( a    
file ( d\bts1 ,ea* "o ( :i* d[n hurls me
 to ! gr\nd4  ,:o t has rea*$ maturity (
 reflection _c appreciate & sympa?ize   
some:at ) ^! l9es ( ,byron1 :5 he /&s   
be=e a lifeless =m ( humanity8  ,i gaz$1

 z (t ,i h gaz$ ! same1 ,to try if ,i   
c\ld wr5* aught out ( dea? ,:i* %\ld    
confirm1 or %ake1 or make1 a fai?2 ,b x 
0 all a my/]y4 ,"h we are1 ,& !re we g3 
b :]e8 ,five bits ( lead1 ,or ?ree1 or  
two1 or "o1 s5d v f>6 ,& is ?is blood1  
!n1 =m'd b to be %$8 ,c e elem5t our    
elem5ts m>8 ,c air1 e>?1 wat]1 fire1    
live & we dead8 ,we1 ^: m9ds compreh5d  
all ?+s8 ,no m4  #dh ,iliad1 lib1 viii4 
,il4 #ech-edj4   ,d\bt is n s91 b r a   
mis=tune2 = x is to adopt a sugge/ion f 
,s*all] a cleft 9 ! s\l ?r\gh :i* ?\ght 
/eals away :at ! he>t desires4 ,! guilt 
or innoc5ce ( d\bt+ dep5ds on ! _s 9 :i*
 x is done4 ,!re are two attitudes ( m9d
 & moods ( feel+ be=e propositions &    
evid5ce4 ,"o is1 ,i w n believe unless  
,i see ! pr9ts ( ! nails & lay my f+] 9 
! m>ks ( ! w\nds4 ,! o!r is1 ,"l1 ,i    
believe3 help ?\ m9e unbelief4 ,9       
ab/ract logic or rigid sci5ce ! =m] may 
be appropriate & "r4 ,! latt] alone c be
 ju/ifiable 9 moral & religi\s ?+s4 ,if 
a man sorr[fully & humbly d\bts1 because

 he _c help x1 he %all n be condemn$4   
,:5 he is pr\d ( 8 d\bts1 complac5tly   
swells ) fanci$ sup]iority1 plays !     
fanf>on ) 8 pret5ti\s argum5ts1 & sets  
up z a propag&i/ ( disbelief1 be+ all ! 
:ile 9 reality ,mo/ ignorant ( :at he is
 mo/ assur$1  ,8 glassy ess5ce1 8       
conduct is (f5sive to e good man1 & 8 _s
 mu/ receive ! condemnation ( ,god4 ,a  
mission>y ( a!ism & dea?1 horridly eag] 
to de/roy ^? l(ty ?\ghts :i* s mu* help 
to make u m51 is a %ock+ spectacle4 ,yet
 a few su* !re are1 :o seem delight$ z  
by _! dismal !ory !y bury mank9d 9 an   
iron tomb ( mat]ialism & inscribe on !  
irrevocable door ! solit>y words1 ,fate 
& ,sil5ce4  ,! m att5tively "o dwells on
 ! p]i%able physical side ( life1 ! m   
prone he w be to believe 9 an absolute  
dea?2 ! m prevail+ly he pond]s !        
incorruptible psy*ical side1 ! m prep>$ 
he w be to cr$it immortality4 ,! *emi/  
:o conf9es 8 /udies exclusively )9 8 own
 prov9ce1 :5 he reflects on ! probable  
sequ5ce ( life1 w speculatively see     

himself vani% 9 8 bl[pipes & retorts4   
,:oso devot$ly dabbles 9 organisms1     
n]ves1 & bloods may easily become       
skeptical ( _s2 = x ev]y:]e balks 8     
analysis & eludes 8 se>*4 ,! objects he 
deals ) are ?+s4 ,!y belong to *ange &  
dissolution4 ,m9d & its prop] home      
belong to a diff]5t category ( be+4     
,because no heav5 appe>s at ! end ( !   
telescope1 & no s\l is se5 on ! edge ( !
 dissect+ knife1 & no m9d is f\nd at !  
bottom ( ! crucible1 to inf] t !re=e !re
 is nei!r heav51 nor s\l1 nor m9d1 is z 
mon/r\s a non sequitur z x w\ld be to   
inf] ! non exi/5ce ( gravity because x  
_c be di/ill$ 9 any alembic nor disc]n$ 
) any glass4 ,! man :o goes into ! d>k  
crimson dripp+ halls ( physiology seek+ 
pro(s ( immortality1 &1 fail+ to f9d !m1
 ab&ons 8 fai? 9 x1 is l t hapless      
travell] :o1 grop+ 9 ! catacombs "u     
,rome1 0 buri$ by ! cav+ 9 ( ! sepul*ral
 ro(1 & ?us lo/ 8 life1 :ile all ! "t1  
above1 ! great vault ( heav5 0 /ret*+1  
blue & breezy1 fill$ ) sun%9e & s5ti5t  

joy6  ,:5 we contemplate m5 9 a mass1 l 
a sw>m ( bees or a hive ( ants1 we f9d  
ourselves d\bt+ _! immortality4 ,!y melt
 away1 9 swiftly confus$ heaps &        
g5]ations1 into ! bosom ( nature4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 :5 we ?9k ( individuals1 an     
almo/ unavoidable ?\ght ( p]sonal       
id5tity makes u spontane\sly conclude !m
 immortal4 ,x r requires ! ef=t !n to   
?9k !m o!rwise4 ,b obvi\sly ! real      
problem is nev] ( ! multitud9\s ?rong1 b
 always ( ! solit>y p]son4 ,9 ref]5ce   
to ?is "q x is sophi/ry to fix our      
?\ghts on a ,*9ese city z cr[d$ )       
nameless & indi/+ui%able human          
inhabitants z a decay$ *eese is ) v]m94 
,fairness requires t our imag9ations &  
reason+s ^u ! subject fa/5 ^u an        
individual1 set ap>t & uplift$1 l a k+1 
9 ! incommunicable di/9ctness & gr&eur (
 selfhood & responsibility4  ,f look+   
ab\t ?is grave pav$ />1 f pa9ful &      
degrad+ contemplations ( dead bodies1 ! 
snuff & loa!d "p ( nature :i* burns     
itself out1 let a man turn away1 & s5d 8

 int]ior k+ly glance al(t into ideal    
realms1 let him summon up ! glori\s     
s5tim5ts ( fre$om1 duty1 admiration1 !  
noble exp]i5ces ( self sacrifice1 love1 
& joy1 & 8 s\l w extricate itself f !   
fil?y net ( mat]ial decay1 & feel !     
div9e exemption ( its own clean         
pr]ogatives1 dazzl+ types ( et]nity1 &  
fragm5ts ( bless$ness t ,promise1 on our
 ,mak]'s tru?1 ,long morr[ to ?is mortal
 y\?4 ,m>tyrdom is demon/ration (       
immortality2 = self pres]vation is !    
inn]mo/1 inde/ructible in/9ct ( e       
consci\s be+4 ,:5 ! s\l1 9 a sacr$      
cause1 en?usia/ically ru%es ^u dea?1 or 
9 calm composure awaits dea?1 x is      
irresi/ibly conv9c$ t x _c be hurt1 b w 
be bless$1 by ! crisis4 ,x kn[s t 9 an  
inexpressibly pr(\nd s5se :osoev] w\ld  
ignobly save 8 life loses x1 b :osoev]  
w\ld nobly lose 8 life saves x4         
,m>tyrdom demon/rates immortality4      
,life emb>k'd out at sea1 'mid ! wave   
tumbl+ ro>1 ,! poor %ip ( my body w5t   
d[n to ! floor2 ,b ,i broke1 at ! bottom

 ( dea?1 ?r\gh a door1 ,&1 f s9k+1 began
 =ev] to so>4  ,! mo/ lam5table &       
p]t9aci\s d\bts ( immortality sometimes 
arise f ! survey ( in/ances ( gross     
wick$ness1 sluggi%ness1 & imbecility =c$
 on our att5tion4 ,b1 z ^! und5iably are
 palpable violations ( ! creative       
int5tion1 x is n j to reason f !m4 ,9   
fairness ! argum5t dem&s t we select !  
noble/1 heal?ie/ specim5s ( complet$    
humanity to reason f4 ,%\ld we n take a 
case 9 :i* ,god's w is s f> pla9ly      
fulfill$1 9 ord] to trace t w f>!r & ev5
 to its f9ality8 ,& reg>d+ on 8 dea? b$ 
a ,newton1 a ,f5elon1 a ,wa%+ton1 is x  
difficult to conceive him surviv+ !     
climax & cata/rophe ( 8 somatic cell    
basis & so>+ to a m augu/ range (       
exi/5ce8 ,rememb]+ t su* z ^! h liv$ &  
di$1 ay1 & ev5 ! godlike ,naz>5e1 c we  
believe t man is m]ely a :ite           
int]rogation po9t lift$ on ! black m>g9 
( matt] to ask ! answ]less secret ( !   
univ]se & be eras$8  ,su* a conclusion  
*>ges ,god ) ! transc5d5t crime (       

infanticide p]petrat$ 9 ! mo/ delib]ate 
mann] & on ! mo/ gigantic scale4 ,:o c  
be>1 by ?us qu5*+ ! hope ( ano!r life1  
to add dea? to dea?1 & ov]ca/1 to e     
?\ghtful eye1 ! :ole sunny field ( life 
) ! melan*oly %ad[ ( a bi]8 ,!re is a   
noble /r5g? & confid5ce1 *e]+ to !      
read]1 9 ^! words ( "o ( ! wise/ &      
bolde/ ( ?9k]s3 ,i %\ld be ! v la/ man  
to be will+ to disp5se ) ! fai? 9 a     
future life3 nay1 ,i w\ld say1 ) ,lor5zo
 de',m$ici1 t all ^? are dead1 ev5 = !  
pres5t life1 :o d n hope = ano!r4 ,i h !
 firm conviction t our s\l is an exi/5ce
 ( inde/ructible nature1 ^: work+ is f  
et]nity to et]nity4 ,x is l ! sun1 t    
seems inde$ to set1 b really nev] sets1 
%9+ on 9 un*angeable spl5dor4 #di ,su* a
 view ( our de/9y incomp>ably inspires &
 ennobles u4 ,man1 discov]+ "u all !    
poor1 wret*$ accid5ts ( e>? & s5se & h>d
 =tune ! immortality ( 8 s\l1 feels z t 
k+'s son :o1 lo/ 9 infancy1 & gr[+ up "u
 ! c>e ( a =e/ h9d1 suppos$ himself to  
belong to ! rude class among :om he     

liv$2 b "o day1 le>n+ 8 true p>5tage1 he
 knew b5ea? 8 mean disguise t he 0 a    
pr9ce1 & imm$iately claim$ 8 k+dom4 ,^! 
facts ( exp]i5ce %[ cle>ly h[ mu* x     
behooves u to cultivate by e hone/ me?od
 ?is c>d9al t5et ( religion1 h[ mu* wis]
 fai? is 9 li/5+ to ! lucid e*oes ( !   
sky ?an despair 9 li/5+ to ! muffl$     
rev]b]ations ( ! grave4 ,all noble &    
sweet beliefs gr[ ) ! gr[+ nobl5ess &   
t5d]ness ( *>act]s s5sitive to ^? f9e   
reveal+s :i* pa*yd]mat\s s\ls c nev] "k4
 ,9 ! upp] hall ( reason1 be=e ! high   
%r9e ( fai?1 burn ! base d\bts begott5 9
 ! cell>s ( s5se2 & !y may s]ve z tap]s 
to light y\r t5tative way to conviction4
 ,if ! float+ al ,sirat betwe5          
physiology & psy*ology1 e>? & heav51 is 
too slipp]y & p]il\s = y\r foot+1 :]e   
heavy limb$ sci5ce _c tread1 n]ve ! w+s 
( fai? = a free flight4 ,or1 if e ef=t  
to fa/5 a def9ite !ory on "s solid      
support on ! o!r side ( ! gulf fails1   
v5ture =? on ! nak$ l9e ( limitless     
desire1 z ! spid] escapes f an unwelcome

 position by fl++ out an exce$+ly long &
 f9e ?read & go+ =? ^u x su/a9$ by !    
air4#ej ,:oev] pres]ves ! full int5sity 
( ! affections is little likely to lose 
8 tru/ 9 ,god & a future life1 ev5 :5   
expos$ to l[]+ & *ill+ influ5ces f      
mat]ial sci5ce & speculative philosophy3
 ! gl[+ ( ! he>t1 z ,jean ,paul says1   
relights ! ext+ui%$ tor* 9 ! night ( !  
intellect1 z a bea/ /unn$ by an electric
 %ock 9 ! head is re/or$ by an electric 
%ock 9 ! brea/4 ,daniel ,web/] says1 9  
an expression ( 8 fai? 9 ,*ri/ianity    
writt5 %ortly be=e 8 dea?1              
,philosophical argum5t1 especially t    
drawn f ! va/ness ( ! univ]se 9         
comp>ison ) ! app>5t insignificance (   
?is globe1 has sometimes %ak5 my reason 
= ! fai? :i* is 9 me2 b my he>t has     
always assur$ & reassur$ me4#ea         
,contemplat+ ! /able p]man5ce ( nature z
 x swall[s our fleet g5]ations1 we may  
feel t we vani% l sp>ks 9 ! night2 b :5 
we ?9k ( ! p]si/5t id5tity ( ! s\l1 & ( 
its immeasurable sup]iority to ! brute  

mass ( matt]1 ! aspect ( ! case *anges &
 ! moral inf]5ce is rev]s$4 ,does n !   
simple tru? ( love conqu] & trample !   
_w's aggregat$ lie8 ,! man :o1 )        
assidu\s toil & e>ne/ fai?1 develops 8  
=ces1 & discipl9es 8 faculties1 & *]i%es
 8 aspirations1 & accumulates virtue &  
wisdom1 is ?us prep>+ ! auspici\s /ores 
& conditions ( ano!r exi/5ce4 ,z he     
sl[ly j\rneys ov] ! m\nta9s ( life1 aw>e
 t !re c be  #di ,eck]mann's            
,conv]sations ) ,goe!4  #ej ,gre5\gh1   
,an ,arti/'s ,cre$4  #ea ,memorial (    
,daniel ,web/] f ! ,city ( ,bo/on1 p4   
#af4   no return+1 he ga!rs & c>ries )  
him mat]ials to build a %ip :5 he rea*es
 ! /r& ( dea?4 ,^u ! mi/ veil$ ocean    
laun*+ !n1 he w sail :]e8 ,:i!r ,god    
ord]s4 ,mu/ n t be to ! "r port8  ,we   
rememb] an old ,brahmanic poem br\ght f 
! ,ea/ by ,ruck]t & sweetly resung 9 !  
spee* ( ! ,we/ full ( enc\ragem5t to ^? 
:o %all die4#eb ,a man wrapp$ 9 slumb]  
calmly recl9es on ! deck ( a %ip /r&$ & 
p>t+ 9 ! break]s4 ,! plank on :i* he    

sleeps is borne by a huge wave ^u a bank
 ( roses1 & he awakes amid/ a jubilee ( 
music & a *orus ( fri5dly voices bidd+  
him welcome4 ,s1 p]haps1 :5 ! body is   
%att]$ on ! dea? l$ge1 ! s\l w be toss$ 
into ! fragrant lap ( et]nal life on !  
self id5tifi$ & dynamic plank (         
p]sonality4  #eb ,brahmanis*e           
,erzahlung51 s4 #e4   ,,*apt] ,,ix4     
,,morality ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,a     
,,future ,,life4 ,,9 discuss+ ! e?ics ( 
! doctr9e ( a future life a subject "h  
amaz+ly neglect$1 !re m amaz+ly         
maltreat$1 & n[h]e1 )9 our k1 truly     
analyz$ & exhibit$#a x is important t ! 
!me be precisely def9$ & ! debate kept  
/rictly to ! l9es4 ,let x be di/9ctly   
und]/ood1 !re=e1 t ! "q to be h&l$ is n1
 ,:e!r !re ought to be a future life or 
n1 nor1 ,:e!r !re is a future life or n4
 ,! "q is1 ,:at diff]5ce %\ld x make to 
u :e!r we admit or d5y ! fact ( a future
 life8 ,if we believe t we are to pass  
?r\gh dea? into an immortal exi/5ce1 :at
 inf]5ces p]ta9+ to ! pres5t are "r1    

fully to be drawn f ! supposition8 ,if1 
on ! o!r h&1 we ?9k !re is no?+ = u aft]
 ! pres5t1 :at are ! logical consequ5ces
 ( t fai? 9 reg>d to our aims & rules ( 
conduct 9 ?is _w8  ,suppose a man :o has
 always imag9$ t dea? is utt]           
annihilation %\ld 9 "s way sudd5ly      
acquire k t an endless exi/5ce          
imm$iately succe$s ! t]m9ation ( ?is3   
:at w\ld be ! legitimate in/ructions ( 8
 new in=mation8 ,be=e we c fairly answ] 
?is inquiry1 we ne$ to "k :at relations 
connect ! two /ates ( exi/5ce4 ,a k ( ! 
law & me?od & means ( man's de/9y is m  
important = 8 guidance ?an ! m]e        
asc]ta9m5t ( its duration4 ,) ref]5ce to
 ! qu]y be=e u1 f\r hypo!ses are        
conceivable4 ,if1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re be
 no connection :atev] except t (        
temporal sequ5ce betwe5 ! pres5t life & 
! future1 !n1 s f> z duty is conc]n$1 ! 
expectation ( a _w to come yields n !   
slighte/ practical application = !      
exp]i5ce t n[ is4 ,x c only be a s\rce (
 com=t or ( t]ror2 & t w be accord+ly z 

x is conceiv$ "u ! aspect ( b5ignity or 
( v5geance4 ,if1 secondly1 ! "* ( !     
future life dep5d on conditions to be   
fulfill$ "h1 b ^? conditions be n )9 our
 control1 !n1 aga91 no inf]5ces (       
imm$iate duty c be drawn f ! appreh5d$  
h]eaft]4 ,be+ quasi actors 9 a sc5e     
pre>rang$ & ) a plot pr$et]m9$1 we c no 
m be capable ( any obligation or *oice1 
9 reg>d to ! end1 ?an puppets :i* "s    
unse5 ,h>lequ9 moves by ! t]rible wires 
( primitive decree or transmitt$        
depravity t[>ds ! g5ial or ! tragic     
crisis4 ,if ! s\l's fate !re is to be   
heav5 or hell accord+ to ! "p enact$ "h1
 x mu/ h free w & a fair opportunity to 
"w ! unm>r$ problem safely out4 ,o!rwise
 ! future life is r$uc$1 z f> z x       
affects u "h1 to a m]e s\rce (          
complac5cy or ( horror z x respectively 
t\*es ! elect & ! reprobate4  ,?irdly1 x
 may be conceiv$ t ! future life is a   
/ate ( ev]la/+ rew>d & puni%m5t         
un*angeably decid$ by ! way 9 :i* !     
probation>y p]iod allott$ on  #a ,! only

 direct treatise on ! subject kn[n to u 
is ,tilemann's ,kritik d]               
,un/]bli*keitslehre 9 ,ansehung des     
,sitt5gesetzes1 publi%$ 9 #aghi4 ,& ?is 
we h n se54   e>? is pass$ ?r\gh4 ,"h   
are m51 = a brief "t1 free to act ?us or
 o!rwise4 ,d ?us1 & ! endless bliss (   
heav5 is won4 ,d o!rwise1 & ! endless   
agony ( hell is incurr$4 ,! pla9 rule ( 
action yield$ by ?is doctr9e is1        
,sacrifice all o!r ?+s to ! "o ?+       
ne$ful4 ,! pres5t life is 9 itself a    
wor?less in/ant4 ,! future life is an   
inexhau/ible et]nity4 ,& yet ?is inf9ite
 weal? ( glory or woe dep5ds on h[ y act
 dur+ t poor mom5t4 ,!re=e y h no?+ to d
 :ile on e>? b to seek ! salvation ( y\r
 s\l4 ,to wa/e a s+le pulse beat on any 
?+ else is ! v madness ( folly4 ,to f9d 
out h[ to escape hell & secure heav51 & 
!n to improve ! means1 ?is %\ld         
absolutely absorb e en]gy & e ?\ght & e 
desire ( e mom5t4 ,?is _w is a bridge ( 
/raw ov] ! ro>+ gulf ( et]nal fire4 ,is 
!re leisure = sport & bus9ess1 or room =

 sci5ce & lit]ature1 or mood = pleasures
 & am5ities8 ,no3 to get ourselves & our
 fri5ds into ! magic c> ( salvation1 :i*
 w waft u up f ! rav5\s cre/s ( !       
brim/one lake pack$ ) visages ( angui%1 
to b9d ar\nd our s\ls ! float+ cord (   
r$emption1 :i* w draw u up to heav51 ?is
 %\ld int5sely engage e faculty4 ,no?+  
else c be admitt$ save by ov]sight ( !  
awful facts4 ,= is x n "o flexible      
in/ant ( opportunity1 & !n an adamant9e 
immortality ( doom8 ,t doctr9e ( a      
future life :i* makes et]nal unalt]able 
happ9ess or mis]y dep5d on ! fleet+     
probation all[$ "h yields b "o practical
 moral2 & t x pron\nces ) imm95t urg5cy 
& p]fect di/9ctness4 ,! only true duty1 
! only real use1 ( ?is life is to secure
 ! =5sic salvation ( ! s\l by improvem5t
 ( ! appo9t$ means4 ,susp5d$ by su* a   
hair ( frailty1 = "o brea?less mom5t1 on
 su* a razor edg$ cont+5ce1 an entranc+ 
sea ( bless$ness above1 a horrible abyss
 ( torture b5ea?1 su* %\ld be ! all     
conc5trat+ anxiety to secure safety t   

!re w\ld be nei!r "t nor ta/e = any ?+  
else4 ,e object %\ld seem an alt> dr5*$ 
) sacrificial blood1 e s\nd a knell lad5
 ) dolor\s om51 e look a propitiatory   
confession1 e brea? a plead+ pray]4 ,f s
 s+le & pret]natural a t5sion ( !       
believ]'s faculties no?+ c\ld all[ an   
in/ant's cessation except a tempor>y    
=gett+ or bl9k+ ( ! awful sc5e & !      
immeasurable haz>d4 ,su* w\ld be a      
logical application to life ( ! g5u9e   
morals ( ! doctr9e "u consid]ation4 ,b !
 doctr9e itself is to be reject$ z false
 on _m gr\nds4 ,x is d$uc$ f ,scripture 
by a te*nical & uns\nd int]pretation4 ,x
 is unju/ & cruel1 irreconcilable ) !   
righte\sness or ! goodness ( ,god4 ,x is
 unreasonable1 oppos$ to ! analogies (  
nature & to ! exp]i5ce ( man4 ,x is     
:olly impossible to c>ry x out          
consi/5tly 9 ! practice ( life4 ,if x 7 
?or\ghly cr$it$ & act$ ^u1 all ! bus9ess
 ( ! _w w\ld cease1 & ! human race w\ld 
soon die out4  ,!re rema9s "o o!r view (
 ! relation%ip ( a future life ) !      

pres5t4 ,& x seems to be ! true view4 ,!
 same ,creator presid+1 ! same laws     
prevail+1 ov] inf9itude & et]nity t n[  
rule ov] "t & e>?1 our immortality _c   
reasonably be imag9$ ei!r a mom5t ( free
 action & an et]nity ( fix$ consequ5ces1
 or a s]ies ( sep>ate fragm5ts pat*$    
into a p>ti color$ exp]i5ce ) blanks (  
dea? betwe5 ! patt]ns ( life4 ,x mu/ be 
conceiv$ z "o endless exi/5ce 9 l9e>    
connection ( cause & effect develop+ 9  
progressive phases "u v>y+ conditions ( 
motive & sc5]y4 ,) :at we are at dea? we
 live on into ! next life4 ,9 e epo* &  
_w ( our de/9y our happ9ess dep5ds on ! 
possession ( a h>moni\sly work+ s\l     
h>moni\sly relat$ ) its environm5t4 ,ea*
 /age & /ate ( our et]nal exi/5ce has   
its peculi>ities ( duty & privilege4 ,9 
?is "o our prop] "w is to improve !     
opportunities1 dis*>ge ! tasks1 enjoy ! 
bless+s1 belong+ "h4 ,we are to d ! same
 9 ! next "o :5 we arrive 9 t4 ,all !   
weal? ( wisdom1 virtue1 /r5g?1 & h>mony 
we acquire 9 our pres5t life is !       

vantage gr\nd & capital :]e) we />t 9 ! 
succe$+ life4 ,!re=e ! true prep>ation =
 ! future is to fit ourselves to ent] x 
"u ! mo/ favorable auspices1 by         
accumulat+ 9 our s\ls all ! spiritual   
treasures af=d$ by ! pres5t4 ,9 o!r     
words1 ! true/ aim we c set be=e        
ourselves dur+ our exi/5ce on e>? is to 
make x yield ! greate/ possible results 
( ! noble/ exp]i5ce4 ,! life h]eaft] is 
! elevat$ & complem5t>y cont9uation ( ! 
life "h2 & c]ta9ly ! directe/ way to    
ameliorate ! cont9uation is to improve !
 comm5cem5t4  ,b1 x may be said1 accord+
 to ?is repres5tation1 ! fact ( a future
 life makes no diff]5ce 9 reg>d to our  
duty n[2 = if ! grave swall[s all1 /ill1
 x is our duty & our int]e/ to make !   
be/ & ! mo/ ( our life 9 ! _w :ile x    
la/s4 ,true2 & really t v consid]ation  
is a /rong pro( ( ! correctness ( ! view
 9 "q4 ,x corresponds ) ! o!r           
arrangem5ts ( ,god4 ,he makes e ?+ its  
own end1 complete 9 itself1 at ! same "t
 t x subs]ves "s fur!r end & ent]s into 

"s high] unity4 ,he is no m]e           
,teleologi/1 hobbl+ t[>ds 8 conclusions 
on a pair ( decay$ logic crut*es1#b b an
 inf9ite ,arti/1 ^: means & ends are    
cons5tane\s 9 ! timeless & spaceless    
spontaneity & p]fection ( 8 play4 ,if ! 
tomb is our total goal1 our g5u9e aim 9 
?is exi/5ce is to w9 dur+ its c\rse an  
exp]i5ce ! l>ge/ 9 quantity & ! be/ 9   
quality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ano!r life    
foll[s ?is1 our wisdom is j ! same2     
because t exp]i5ce alone1 ) ! favor (   
,god1 c con/itute our fitness & /ock to 
ent] on ! future4 ,& yet betwe5 ! two   
cases !re is ?is imm5se diff]5ce1  n    
inde$ 9 duty1 b 9 end[m5t1 t 9 ! latt]  
in/ance we "w out our allott$ de/9y "h1 
9 a broad] illum9ation1 ) gr&]          
inc5tives1 & ) va/] consolations4 ,a    
future life1 !n1 really imposes no new  
duty ^u ! pres5t1 alt]s no fundam5tal   
+r$i5t 9 ! pres5t1 takes away none ( !  
*>ms & claims ( ! pres5t1 b m]ely %$s an
 additional radiance ^u ! %ad$ lights   
already %9+ "h1 infuses an additional   

motive into ! /imulants already animat+ 
our purposes1 di/ills an additional balm
 into ! com=ts :i* already assuage our  
sorr[s amid/ an evanesc5t sc5e4 ,!      
belief t we are to live h]eaft] 9 a     
comp5sat+ _w expla9s to u _m a sad      
my/]y1 /r5g!ns u = _m an oppressive     
burd51 consoles u 9 _m a %>p grief4     
,else we %\ld (t5] g mad 9 ! baffl+ :irl
 ( problems1 (t5] obey ! bas] voice1    
(t5] yield to despair4 ,^! ?ree are !   
moral uses1 9 ! pres5t life1 ( !  #b    
,seht1 an d] mors*5 ,syllogism5krucke   
,h9kt ,gott 9 ,se9e ,welt4,l5au's       
,satire auf e95 ,pr(essor philosophia4  
doctr9e ( a future life4 ,outside ( ^!  
?ree consid]ations ! doctr9e has no     
e?ical mean+ = human obs]vance "h4  ,x w
 be se51 accord+ to ! =ego+             
repres5tation1 t ! expectation ( a      
future life1 in/ead ( be+ h>mful to !   
int]e/s & attractions ( ! pres5t1 simply
 ca/s a *e]+ & magnify+ light ^u !m4 ,x 
does n depreciate ! realities or nullify
 ! obligations n[ ^u u1 b emphasizes !m1

 fl++ _! lights & %ades =w>d ?r\gh a    
mighti] vi/a4 ,consequ5tly !re is no    
reason = assail+ ! idea ( ano!r life 9  
behalf ( ! int]e/s ( ?is4 ,su* an       
opposition betwe5 ! two /ates is        
entirely sophi/ical1 result+ f a pr(\nd 
mis9t]pretation ( ! truemoral relations 
connect+ !m4  ,! belief 9 immortality   
has be5 mi/ak5ly attack$1 n m]ely z     
ho/ile to our welf>e on e>?1 b likewise 
z immoral 9 itself1 spr++ f ess5tial    
selfi%ness1 & 9 turn n\ri%+ selfi%ness &
 fatally ta9t+ e ?+ ) t c5tral vice4 ,to
 desire to live ev]la/+ly z an id5tical 
individual1 x has be5 said1 is ! ec/asy 
& culm9ation ( av>ici\s conceit$ness4   
,man1 ! va9 egoti/1 dives out ( sight 9 
,god to fi% up ! pe>l ( 8 d>l+ self4 ,he
 makes 8 poor individuality ! measure ( 
all ?+s1 8 selfi% desire ! law ( endless
 be+4 ,su* a rampant proclamation ( self
 w & en?ronem5t ( pure egotism1 fly+ 9 !
 face ( ! solemn & all subm]g+ ord] ( ! 
univ]se1 is ! v ess5ce & climax (       
immorality & irreligi\sness4 ,to ?is    

assault on ! morality ( ! belief 9 a    
future life1 :e!r made 9 ! dev\t tones (
 magnanim\s s9c]ity1 z by ! sublime     
,s*lei]ma*]1 or ) ! di%one/ trick9ess ( 
a vulg> declaim] = ! rehabilitation ( ! 
s5ses1 z by "s :o might be nam$1 sev]al 
fair replies may be made4 ,9 ! fir/     
place1 ! objection begs ! "q1 by assum+ 
t ! doctr9e is a falsehood1 & t its     
disciples wilfully set up _! private    
wi%es aga9/ ! public tru?4 ,su* trem5d\s
 po/ulates _c be grant$4 ,x is seiz+ !  
victory be=e ! battle1 grasp+ !         
conclusion )\t e/abli%+ ! premises4 ,=1 
if !re be a future life provid$ by !    
,creator1 x _c be s9ful or selfi% 9 u to
 tru/ 9 x1 to accept x ) humble         
gratitude1 & to prep>e our s\ls = x4 ,t1
 in/ead ( be+ rebelli\s arrogance or    
ov]we5+ selfi%ness1 w\ld simply be      
con=m+ our ?\ghts & plans1 our desires &
 labors1 to ! ,div9e arrangem5ts4 ,t    
w\ld be bo? morality & piety4 ,:5 "o    
cl+s by w to a doctr9e kn[n to be a     
falsehood1 ob/9ately suppress+ reason to

 affirm x z a tru?1 &1 9 ob$i5ce to 8   
p]sonal :ims1 try+ to =ce all ?+s into  
con=mity ) x1 he does act z a selfi%    
egoti/ 9 full violation ( ! moral law & 
! _s ( religion4 ,b a future life we    
believe to be a fact2 & !re=e we are1 9 
e respect1 ju/ifi$ 9 gladly expect+ x & 
consecrat$ly liv+ ) ref]5ce to x4       
,fur!rmore1 admitt+ x to be an op5 "q1  
nei!r prov$ nor disprov$1 b pois$ 9     
equal unc]ta9ty1 /ill1 x is n immoral   
nor undev\t deeply to desire & fondly to
 hope a p]sonal immortality4 ,! aim (   
religion1 x has be5 said1 is !          
annihilation ( "o's own individuality1 !
 liv+ 9 ! ,all1 ! becom+ "o ) ! univ]se4
 ,b 9 su* a def9ition altoge!r too mu*  
is assum$4 ,! aim ( religion is only !  
annihilation ( ! self w ( ! individual z
 oppos$ to ! ,w ( ! ,:ole1 n ! los+ (   
"o's self 9 ! unconsci\s wa/es ( !      
univ]se1 b ! h>moniz+ ( "o's self ) !   
,supreme ,law ( ! univ]se4  ,an humble1 
lov+1 & joy\s con=mity to ! tru?        
con/itutes morality & religion4 ,?is is 

n necess>ily inconsi/5t ) a p]sonal     
immortality4 ,besides1 ! *>ge may be    
retort$4 ,to be id5tifi$ ) ! univ]se is 
a pr\d] ?\ght ?an to be subord9at$ to x 
z an inf9itesimal individual4 ,x is a f>
 haughti] conceit to fancy "o's self an 
integral "p ( ,god's sub/ance ?an to    
believe "o's self a wor%ipp+ p5sion] (  
,god's w4 ,! conception1 too1 is less   
native to ! m9d1 has be5 m curi\sly     
s\ght out1 & is incomp>ably m pamp]+ to 
speculative luxury4 ,if accusations (   
selfi%ness & wilfulness are to be hurl$ 
^u any modes ( pref]r$ fai? z to our    
de/9y1 ?is self /yl$ dis9t]e/$ surr5d] (
 our p]sonality to ! pan!i/ic ,s\l is z 
obnoxi\s to !m z ! common belief4  ,if a
 desire = p]sonal immortality be a      
normal exp]i5ce 9 ! developm5t ( our    
nature1 x _c be indictable z an (f5ce1 b
 mu/ be recognis$ z an indication (     
,god's design4 ,:e!r ! desire is a cold 
& degrad$ piece ( egotism des]v+ rebuke 
& contempt1 or a l(ty & sympa!tic       
affection wor?y ( rev]5ce & approval1   

dep5ds on no intr9sic +r$i5t ( ! desire 
itself1 b on ! "* 9 :i* x has its be+4  
,"o p]son w be a he>tless tyrant1 ano!r 
a lov+ sa9t1 9 8 hope ( a future life4  
,%all our love ( ! dead1 our pray]s to  
meet !m aga91 our unfa?om$ ye>n+s to "k 
t !y /ill live & are happy1 be /igmatiz$
 z mean & evil8 ,reg>d = o!rs z mu* z = 
ourselves prompts ! et]nal sigh4 ,nor w 
,div9ity ev] condemn ! feel+ himself has
 awak5$4 ,x is said t ,x]xes1 gaz+ once 
^u 8 gorge\s army ( a million m5 spread 
out bel[ hire1 %ea!d 9 gold5 armor1 :ite
 plumes nodd+1 purple /&>ds wav+1 m>tial
 horns bl[+1 wept z he ?\ght t 9 ?irty  
ye>s ! entire ho/ compos+ t magnific5t  
spectacle w\ld be dead4 ,to h gaz$      
?\ghtfully ^u su* a sight ) unmov$      
s5sibilities w\ld imply a mu* m selfi% &
 h>d he>t$ egoti/4 ,s :5 a lonely       
philan?ropi/ f "s m$itative em95ce looks
 d[n on ! human race1 if1 z !           
contemplation ( _! pa!tic fad+ & decay  
w\nds 8 sadd5$ he>t1 he heals & *e]s x )
 ! fai? ( a glori\s immortality = !m    

all1 :o %all call him selfi% & s9ful8   
,to re/ cont5t$ ) ! spe$y night & !     
inf9ite oblivion1 wip+ (f all ! unsolv$ 
sums f ! slate ( exi/5ce )              
annihilation's remorseless sponge1 t    
w\ld be ! selfi%ness & ! cruelty4  ,:5 t
 sweet asp1 dea?1 fa/5s on our ve9 (    
e>?ly life1 we all feel1 l ! dy+ que5 ( 
,egypt1 t we h immortal long+s 9 u4     
,s9ce ! s\l ?us holds by a p]t9aci\s    
in/9ct to ! et]nity ( h] own exi/5ce1 x 
is m rational to conclude t ?is is a    
pl$ge ( h] inde/ructible p]sonality1    
,god's impregnable def5ce re>$ ar\nd !  
citadel ( h] be+1 ?an to consid] x !    
artificial ramp>t flung up by an        
insurg5t egotism4 ,9 l mann]1 x is a    
misrepres5tation ( ! facts to ass]t !   
culpable selfi%ness ( ! fai? 9 a future 
life z a dem&$ rew>d = fidelity & m]it  
"h4 ,no "o dem&s immortality z pay =    
acquir$ des]t4 ,x is mode/ly look$ = z a
 free boon f ! ,god :o freely gave !    
pres5t & :o has by a ?\s& symbolic      
prophecies promis$ x4 ,ri*t] says1 )    

great insight1 ,we desire immortality n 
z ! rew>d ( virtue1 b z its cont9uance4 
,virtue c no m be rew>d$ ?an joy c3 x is
 its own rew>d4 ,kant says1 ,immortality
 has be5 left s unc]ta9 9 ord] t pure   
fre$om ( *oice1 & no selfi% views1 %all 
prompt our aspirations4 ,b1 ,jean ,paul 
ke5ly replies1 z we h n[ discov]$ ?is   
int5tion1 its object is defeat$4        
,besides1 if ! belief 9 immortality     
makes virtue selfi%1 ! exp]i5ce ( x 9 ! 
next _w w\ld make x m s4 ,! anticipation
 ( heav5 c h>dly make man a selfi%      
calculator ( pr(it2 because heav5 is no 
rew>d = crafty reckon+1 b ! home ( pure 
& holy s\ls4 ,virtue :i* resi/s         
temptation & p]sev]es 9 rectitude       
because x has a %>p eye to an ult]ior   
result is n virtue4 ,no cr$ible doctr9e 
( a future life (f]s a prize except to  
^? :o are j & dev\t & /r5u\s 9 sacr$    
s]vice f free loyalty to ! "r & ! good1 
spontane\sly obey+ & lov+ ! high] &     
bett] call because x div9ely comm&s _!  
ob$i5ce & love4 ,! law ( duty is !      

sup]ior claim ( tru? & goodness4        
,virtue1 yield+ itself filially to ?is1 
f9ds 9 heav5 n remun]ation1 b a sublim] 
!atre & an immortal c>e]4 ,egoti/ic     
gre$1 all m]e prud5tial consid]ations z 
det]m9+ conditions or =ces 9 ! aw>d1 are
 exclud$ z unclean & inadmissible by ! v
 t]ms2 & ! doctr9e /&s ju/ifi$ on e     
gr\nd z pure & :olesome be=e ! holie/   
tribunal ( e?ics4 ,surely x is "r t     
goodness %\ld be bless$2 b :5 x cont9ues
 good only = ! sake ( be+ bless$ x      
ceases to be goodness4 ,x is n ! belief 
9 immortality1 b only ! belief 9 a      
corrupt doctr9e ( immortality :i* c     
poison ! spr+s ( dis9t]e/$ virtue4  ,!  
morality ( ! doctr9e ( a future life    
hav+ ?us be5 def5d$ f ! attacks ( ^? :o 
h s\ght to de/roy x 9 ! fanci$ int]e/s  
ei!r ( ! enjoym5ts ( ! e>? or ( ! purity
 ( virtue & religion1 x n[ rema9s to    
free x f ! /ill m fatal supports :i*    
false or sup]ficial religioni/s h s\ght 
to give x by wr5*+ out ( x mean+s x nev]
 held1 by v>i\s p]v]se abuses ( x1 by   

mon/r\s exagg]ations ( its moral        
importance to ! pres5t4 ,we h se5 t !   
supposition ( ano!r life1 correctly     
int]pret$1 lays no new duty ^u man1     
takes away f him no old duty or         
privilege1 b simply gives to ! previ\sly
 exi/+ facts ( ! case ! int5sify+ glory 
& /r5g? ( fre% light1 motive1 &         
consolation4 ,b _m public tea*]s1 n     
cont5t to treat ! subject ) ?is sobriety
 ( reason1 in/ead ( pres5t+ ! c>eful    
conclusions ( a consci5ti\s analysis1 h 
s\ght to /r5g!n _! argum5t to ! feel+s  
by help ( prodigi\s assumptions1        
assumptions ha/ily adopt$1 highly       
color$1 & au?oritatively urg$4 ,^u !    
hypo!sis t annihilation is ! fate ( man1
 !y are n satisfi$ m]ely to take away f 
! pres5t all ! additional light1        
inc5tive1 & com=t imp>t$ by ! fai? 9 a  
future exi/5ce1 b !y arbitr>ily remove  
all ! alleviations & glories            
intr9sically belong+ to ! sc5e1 & pa9t x
 9 ! mo/ horrible hues1 & set x 9 a     
frame ( midnight4 ,?us1 in/ead ( calmly 

seek+ to elicit & recomm5d tru?1 !y     
/rive1 by t]rify+ ! fancy & %ock+ !     
prejudices1 to make p accept _! dogma   
because fright5$ at ! seem+ consequ5ces 
( reject+ x4 ,x is necess>y to expose ! 
fe>ful fallacies :i* h be5 employ$ 9 ?is
 way1 & :i* are yet ext5sively us$ = !  
same purpose4  ,ev5 a ,*ri/ian writ]    
usually s judici\s z ,&rews ,norton has 
said1 ,)\t ! belief 9 p]sonal           
immortality !re c be no religion2 = :at 
c any tru?s ( religion conc]n ! feel+s &
 ! conduct ( be+s ^: exi/5ce is limit$  
to a few ye>s 9 ?is _w8 #c ,su* a       
/atem5t f su* a qu>t] is a/oni%+4       
,surely ! s5tim5ts natural to a p]son or
 incumb5t ^u him d n dep5d on ! duration
 ( 8 be+1 b on ! "*1 end[m5ts1 &        
relations ( 8 be+4 ,! hypo!tical fact t 
man p]i%es ) 8 body does n de/roy ,god1 
does n de/roy man's dep5d5ce on ,god =  
all 8 privileges1 does n annihilate !   
ov]:elm+ magnific5ce ( ! univ]se1 does n
 alt] ! native sov]eignty ( hol9ess1    
does n qu5* our liv+ reason1 imag9ation1

 or s5sibility1 :ile !y la/4 ,! s\l's   
gratitude1 wond]1 love1 & wor%ip are j z
 "r & in/9ctive z be=e4 ,if our exp]i5ce
 on e>?1 be=e ! ph5om5a ( ! visible     
creation & 9 consci\s communion ) !     
emblem$ attributes ( ,god1 does n cause 
u to kneel 9 humility & to adore 9 awe1 
!n x may be d\bt$ if heav5 or hell w ev]
 p]suade u to any s9c]ity 9 su* acts4 ,!
 simple prolongation ( our be+ does n   
add to its qualitative cont5ts1 _c      
increase ! k9ds ( our capacity or !     
numb] ( our duties4 ,*alm]s utt]s an    
injuri\s error 9 say+1 z he does1 ,if   
!re be no future life1 ! moral          
con/itution ( man is /ripp$ ( its       
significancy1 & ! ,au?or ( t con/itution
 is /ripp$ ( 8 wisdom & au?ority &      
honor4 #d ,! creative ,sov]eign ( fifty 
million firmam5ts ( worlds /ripp$ ( 8   
wisdom & au?ority & honor because a few 
insects on a little speck are n et]nal6 
,c egoti/ic folly any fur!r g8 ,!       
affirmation or d5ial ( immortality nei!r
 adds to nor dim9i%es ! num]ical        

relations & +r$i5ts ( our nature &      
exp]i5ce4 ,if religion is fitt$ = u on !
 =m] supposition1 x is also on ! latt]4 
,to any dep5d5t intellig5ce bless$ ) our
 human susceptibilities1 rev]5tial love 
& submission are z obligatory1 natural1 
& becom+ on ! br9k ( annihilation z on !
 v]ge ( immortality4  ,rebelli\s egotism
 makes all ! diff]5ce4 ,tru? is tru?1   
:atev] x be4 ,religion is ! meek        
submission ( self w to ,god's w4 ,t is a
 duty n to be escap$1 no matt] :at !    
future res]ves or excludes = u4  ,ano!r 
sophism almo/ univ]sally accept$ ne$s to
 be %[n4 ,man1 x is said1 has no int]e/ 
9 a future life if n consci\s 9 x ( !   
pa/4 ,if1 on ex*ange ( worlds1 man loses
 8 memory1 he virtually ceases to exi/1 
& might j z well be annihilat$4 ,a      
future life ) p]fect oblivion ( ! pres5t
 is no life at all = u4 ,is n ?is /yle (
 ?\ght ! mo/ prov9cial egotism1 ! utt]  
abs5ce ( all g5]\s ?\ght & sympa?y      
unselfi%ly grasp+ ! absolute boons (    
be+8 ,x is a %all[ error1 too1 ev5 on ! 

gr\nds ( selfi%ness itself4 ,9 any po9t 
( view ! diff]5ce is diametric & imm5se 
betwe5 a happy be+ 9 an et]nal pres5t1  
unconsci\s ( ! pa/1 & no be+ at all4    
,suppose a man ?irty ye>s ( age 7 (f]$ 8
 *oice to die ?is mom5t1 or to live     
fifty ye>s long] ( unalloy$ success &   
happ9ess1 only ) a complete =getfulness 
( all t has happ5$ up to ?is mom5t4 ,he 
w\ld n hesitate to grasp ! gift1 h[ev]  
mu* he regrett$ ! condition4  #c ,tracts
 conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #cjg4  #d      
,bridgewat] ,treatise1 "p ii4 *4 #aj1   
sect4 #ae4   ,x has (t5 be5 argu$ t ) ! 
d5ial ( a retributive life beyond !     
grave all re/ra9ts are tak5 (f f !      
passions1 free c\rse giv5 to e impulse4 
,*ateaubri& says1 bluntly1 ,!re c be no 
morality if !re be no future /ate4 #e ,)
 displeas+ co>s5ess1 & ) mo/            
repreh5sible recklessness ( reason+1    
,lu!r says1 9 contradiction to !        
ess5tial nobl5ess ( 8 lov+1 h]oic       
nature1 ,if y believe 9 no future life1 
,i w\ld n give a mu%room = y\r ,god4 ,d1

 !n1 z y l4 ,= if no ,god1 s no devil1  
no hell3 z ) a fall5 tree1 all is ov] :5
 y die4 ,!n plunge into le*]y1          
rascality1 robb]y1 & murd]4 ,:at bible (
 ,molo* _h he be5 /udy+ to =m1 = ! "t1 s
 horrid a !ory ( ! happie/ life1 & to   
put s degrad+ an e/imate ^u human       
nature8 ,is man's w a />v$ wolf only    
held back by ! triple *a9 ( fe> ( dea?1 
,satan1 & hell1 f te>+ =? ) rav5\s b\nds
 to fle% ! fangs ( 8 desires 9 ble$+    
virtue & innoc5ce8 ,does ! greate/      
satisfaction man is capable ( "h1 !     
highe/ bless$ness he c atta9 to1 consi/ 
9 drunk5ness1 gluttony1 di%one/y1       
viol5ce1 & impiety8 ,if he _h ! appetite
 ( a tig] or a vulture1 !n1 ?us to wall[
 9 ! (fal ( vice1 dive into ! c>rion (  
s5suality1 ab&on himself to revell+ 9   
c>nivor\s crime1 might be 8 in/9ct & 8  
happ9ess4 ,b by virtue ( 8 humanity man 
loves 8 fell[s1 enjoys ! sc5]y ( nature1
 takes delight 9 ?\ght & art1 dilates ) 
gr& pres5tim5ts ( glory & et]nity1      
my/]i\sly ye>ns aft] ! hidd5 ,god4 ,to a

 reasonable man & no o!r is to be       
reason$ ) on matt]s ( tru? & int]e/ !   
assumption ( ?is brief season z all1 w  
be a d\ble motive n to ha/5 & embitt]   
its brevity by folly1 excess1 & s94 ,if 
y are to be dead to morr[1 = t v reason1
 9 ,god's "n1 d n1 by gorm&iz+ & guzzl+1
 anticipate dea? to day6 ,! true re/ra9t
 f wrong & degradation is n a cr\*+     
consci5ce ( sup]/ition & selfi%ness1    
fancy+ a *asm ( fire1 b a high ton$     
consci5ce ( reason & honor1 p]ceiv+ t !y
 are wrong & degradation1 & spontane\sly
 loa?+ !m4  ,/ill worse1 _m e/eem$      
au?ors h n hesitat$ to ass]t t unless   
!re be a future life !re is n only no   
*eck on passion )91 b no moral law )\t2 
e man is free to d :at he pleases1 )\t  
blame or fault4 ,sir ,k5elm ,digby says1
 9 8 ,treatise on ,man's ,s\le1 t to    
pr$icate mortality 9 ! s\le take? away  
all morality1 & *ange? m5 into bea/es1  
by remov+ ! gr\nd ( all diff]5ce 9 ^?   
?+es :i* are to gov]ne our actions4 #f  
,?is /yle ( tea*+ is a v mis*iev\s      

absurdity4 ,admit1 = a mom5t1 t ,jocko 9
 ! woods ( ,brazil1 & ,s*ill] 9 !       
brilliant circles ( ,weim>1 w at la/    
meet ! same fate 9 ! du/y grasp ( dea?2 
yet1 :ile !y live1 "o is an ape1 ! o!r  
is a man4 ,& ! diff]5ces ( capacity & ( 
duty are numb]less & imm5se4 ,! /atem5t 
is en\gh3 argum5t w\ld be ridicul\s4 ,! 
words ( an audaci\s ,fr5* prea*] are yet
 m %ock+ ?an ^? ( ! ,engli% nobleman4 ,x
 is h>d to believe !y c\ld be utt]$ 9   
good fai?4 ,says ,massillon1 9 8 fam\s  
declamation on immortality1 ,if we :olly
 p]i% ) ! body1 ! maxims ( *>ity1       
pati5ce1 ju/ice1 honor1 gratitude1 &    
fri5d%ip1 are b empty words4 ,our own   
passions %all decide our duty4  #e ,g5ie
 du ,*ri/ianisme1 p>tie ii4 livre vi4   
*ap4 #c4  #f ,*4 ix4 sect4 #aj4   ,if   
retribution t]m9ate ) ! grave1 morality 
is a m]e *im]a1 a bugbe> ( human        
inv5tion4 #g ,:at debau*$ unbeliev] ev] 
inculcat$ a vil] or a m fatal doctr9e8  
,its utt] b>elessness1 z a s+le         
illu/ration may %[1 is obvi\s at a      

glance4 ,z ! sci5ces ( algebra &        
geometry1 ! relations ( numb]s & bodies1
 are true = ! mat]ial _w al?\gh !y may  
be lo/ sight ( :5 "t & space are        
transc5d$ 9 "s high] /ate1 s ! sci5ce ( 
e?ics1 ! relations ( nobl] & bas]1 ( "r 
& wrong1 ! manifold grades & qualities (
 actions & motives1 are true = human    
nature & exp]i5ce 9 ?is life ev5 if m5  
p]i% 9 ! grave4 ,h[ev] soon c]ta9 facts 
are to end1 :ile !y endure !y are z !y  
are4 ,9 a mom5t ( c>elessness1 by "s    
/range slip ( ! m9d1 %[+1 p]haps1 h[    
t5aci\sly root$ are ! common prejudice &
 falsehood on ?is subject1  ev5 s bold &
 fre% a ?9k] z ,!odore ,p>k] has        
contradict$ 8 own philosophy by decl>+1 
,if to morr[ ,i p]i% utt]ly1 !n my fa!rs
 w be to me only z ! gr\nd out ( :i* my 
bread corn is gr[n4 ,i %all c>e no?+ = !
 g5]ations ( mank9d4 ,i %all "k no high]
 law ?an passion4 ,morality w vani%4 #h 
,ah1 man rev]es 8 fa!rs & loves to act  
nobly1 n because he is to live =ev]1 b  
because he is a man4 ,&1 ?\gh all !     

summ] hopes ( escap+ ! grave 7 tak5 f   
human life1 *oice/ & t5d]e/ virtues     
might /ill fl\ri%1 z x is said ! ,g]man 
crossbill pairs & broods 9 ! dead (     
w9t]4 ,! m>tyr's sacrifice & !          
voluptu>y's indulg5ce are v diff]5t ?+s 
to day1 if !y d bo? cease to morr[4 ,no 
spe$ ( advanc+ de/ruction c equalize    
,agamemnon & ,!rsites1 ,mansfield &     
,jeffries1 or hu/le toge!r ju/ice &     
fraud1 c[>dice & valor1 purity &        
corruption1 s t !y w int]*ange          
qualities4 ,!re is an et]nal & immutable
 morality1 z :it5ess is :ite1 &         
blackness is black1 & triangul>ity is   
triangul>4 ,& no sev]ance ( temporal    
ties or compression ( spatial limits c  
ev] cut ! condign bonds ( duty &        
annihilate ! ess5tial di/9ctions ( good 
& evil1 magnanimity & meanness1         
fai?fulness & trea*]y4  ,r$uc+ our de/9y
 f endless to def9ite _c alt] ! inh]5t  
rightfulness & sup]iority ( ! claims (  
virtue4 ,! mo/ x c d is to less5 ! /r5g?
 ( ! motive1 to give ! great motor n]ve 

( our moral life a p]ceptible /roke (   
palsy4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! "q1 ,c ephem]a h 
a moral law8 ,ri*t] reasons z foll[s3   
,suppose a /atue bes\l$ = two days4 ,if 
on ! fir/ day y %\ld %att] x1 & ?us rob 
x ( "o day's life1 w\ld y be guilty (   
murd]8 ,"o c injure only an immortal4 #i
 ,! sophi/ry appe>s :5 we rectify !     
conclusion ?us3 "o c inflict an immortal
 injury only on an immortal be+4 ,9     
fact1 x w\ld appe> to be a great] wrong 
& injury1 = ! "t1 to de/roy "o day's    
life ( a man ^: entire exi/5ce 0 conf9$ 
to two days1 ?an x w\ld be to take away 
! same p]iod f ! bodily exi/5ce ( "o :o 
imm$iately !reupon passes into a m      
exalt$ & et]nal life4 ,to ! suff]]1 !   
=m] w\ld seem an immitigable calamity1 !
 latt] a b5ign fur!rance2 :ile1 9 !     
ag5t1 ! ov]t act is ! same4 ,?is g5]al  
moral problem has be5 m accurately      
answ]$ by ,isaac ,taylor1 ^: lucid      
/atem5t is z foll[s3 ,! creatures ( a   
summ]'s day might be imag9$1 :5  #g     
,o,euvres ,completes1 tome xiii43       

,immortalite de l',ame4  #h ,s]mons (   
,!ism1 ,s]mon ,,vii4  #i ,w]ke1 b&      
xxxiii4 s4 #bdj4   !y /& ^u ! ?re%old ( 
_! t]m ( exi/5ce1 to make inquiry       
conc]n+ ! attributes ( ! ,creator & !   
rules ( 8 gov]nm5t2 = ^! are to be ! law
 ( _! season ( life & ! measure ( _!    
enjoym5ts4 ,! sons ( immortality w\ld   
put ! same que/ions ) an int5sity !     
great] f ! great] /ake4  ,practically1 !
 ackn[l$g$ au?ority ( ! moral law 9     
human society _c be de/roy$4 ,its       
influ5ce may be unlimit$ly weak5$1 its  
basis v>i\sly alt]$1 b z a confess$     
sov]eign pr9ciple x _c be expell$4 ,!   
d5ial ( ! fre$om ( ! w !oretically      
explodes x2 b social cu/om1 law1 &      
op9ion w en=ce x /ill4 ,make man a m]e  
dissoluble mixture ( c>bon & magnetism1 
yet s long z he c di/+ui% "r & wrong1   
good & evil1 love & hate1 &1            
unsophi/icat$ by dialectics1 c foll[    
ei!r ( opposite c\rses ( action1 ! moral
 law exi/s & ex]ts its sway4  ,x has be5
 ask$1 ,if ! inc5di>y be1 l ! fire he   

k9dles1 a result ( mat]ial comb9ations1 
%all he n be treat$ 9 ! same way8 #aj   
,we %\ld reply ?us3 ,no matt] :at man   
spr+s f or consi/s (1 if he has moral   
ideas1 p]=ms moral actions1 & is        
susceptible ( moral motives1 !n he is   
morally responsible3 = all practical &  
discipl9>y purposes he is :olly remov$ f
 ! categories ( physical sci5ce4  ,ano!r
 p]nici\s misrepres5tation ( ! fair     
consequ5ces ( ! d5ial ( a life h]eaft]  
is %[n 9 ! frequ5t decl>ation t !n !re  
w\ld be no motive to any ?+ good &      
great4 ,! inc5tives :i* animate m5 to   
/r5u\s s]vices1 p]il\s virtues1         
dis9t]e/$ ent]prises1 spiritual culture1
 w\ld cease to op]ate4 ,! ess5tial life 
( all moral motives w\ld be kill$4 ,?is 
view is to be met by a broad & indignant
 d5ial bas$ on an appeal to human       
consci\sness & to ! reason ( ! ?+4 ,e   
man kn[s by exp]i5ce t !re are a        
multitude ( p[]ful motives1 entirely    
disconnect$ ) future rew>d or puni%m5t1 
caus+ him to resi/ evil & to d good ev5 

) self sacrific+ toil & dang]4 ,:5 !    
fireman risks 8 life to save a *ild f ! 
flames ( a tumbl+ h\se1 is ! hope (     
heav5 8 motive8 ,:5 ! soldi] spurns an  
(f]$ bribe & w n betray 8 comrades nor  
des]t 8 po/1 is ! fe> ( hell all t      
animates him8 ,a million su* decisive   
specifications might be made4 ,! r5[n$  
s5t5ce ( ,cic]o1 ,nemo unquam s9e magna 
spe immortalitatis se pro patria (f]ret 
ad mortem1 #aa is effective eloqu5ce2 b 
x is a baseless libel aga9/ humanity & !
 tru?4 ,9 e mom5t ( supreme nobl5ess &  
sacrifice p]sonality vani%es4 ,?\s&s (  
patriots1 philosoph]s1 sa9ts1 h be5 glad
 to die = ! fre$om ( native l&1 ! cause 
( tru?1 ! welf>e ( fell[ m51 )\t a ta9t 
( selfi% rew>d t\*+ _! wills4 ,are !re n
 s\ls ,to :om di%onor's %ad[ is a       
sub/ance ,m t]rible ?an dea? "h &       
h]eaft]8  ,he mu/ be ! base/ ( m5 :o    
w\ld decl9e to d any sublime act (      
virtue because he did n expect to enjoy 
! consequ5ces ( x et]nally4 ,is !re no  
motive = !  #aj ,"s discussion ( ?is    

g5]al subject is to be f\nd 9 ,s*all]1  
,leib nod ,seele4 kap4 #e3 ,die         
,consequ5tz5 des ,mat]ialismus4 ,& 9    
,s*op5hau]1 ,die beid5 ,grundprobleme d]
 ,e?ik4  #aa ,tuscul4 ,qua/4 lib4 i4    
cap4 #ae4   pres]vation ( heal? because 
x _c be an ev]la/+ possession8 ,s9ce we 
_c eat sweet & :olesome food =ev]1 %all 
we !re=e at once saturate our /oma*s )  
nauseat+ poisons8  ,if all exp]i5c$ good
 & evil :olly t]m9ate = u :5 we die1    
/ill1 e intr9sic reason :i*1 on !       
supposition ( immortality1 makes wisdom 
bett] ?an folly1 indu/ry bett] ?an slo?1
 righte\sness bett] ?an iniquity1       
b5evol5ce & purity bett] ?an hatr$ &    
corruption1 also makes !m equally       
pref]able :ile !y la/4 ,ev5 if !        
philosoph] & ! idiot1 ! religi\s        
philan?ropi/ & ! brutal pirate1 did die 
alike1 :o w\ld n r live l ! sage & !    
sa9t ?an l ! fool & ! felon8 ,%all heav5
 be held be=e man simply z a piece (    
meat be=e a hungry dog to make him jump 
well8 ,x is a %ock+ p]v]sion ( ! gr&e/  

doctr9e ( fai?4 ,let ! !ory (           
annihilation assume its dire/ phase1    
/ill1 our p]ception ( pr9ciples1 our    
consci\sness ( s5tim5ts1 our s5se (     
moral loyalty1 are n dissolv$1 b w hold 
u firmly to e noble duty until we       
ourselves fl[ into ! dissolv+ abyss4 ,b 
"s "o may say1 ,if ,i h f\ght ) bea/s at
 ,ephesus1 :at advantage? x me if ! dead
 rise n8 ,x advantage? y e ?+ until y   
are dead1 al?\gh !re be no?+ aft]w>ds4  
,z long z y live1 is x n glory & rew>d  
en\gh to h conqu]$ ! bea/s at ,ephesus8 
,?is is suffici5t reply to ! unbeliev+  
fl\t]s at ! moral law4 ,&1 z an         
unansw]able refutation ( ! feeble :9e ( 
s5tim5tality t )\t immortal endurance   
no?+ is wor? our affection1 let great   
,%akspe>e advance1 ) 8 mat*less dep? (  
bold insight rev]s+ ! conclusion1 &     
pron\nc+1 9 tones ( cordial solidity1   
,?is1 ?\ p]ceive/1 w make ?y love m     
/rong1 ,to love t well :i* ?\ mu/ leave 
ere long4  ,:at ?\gh ,decay's %apeless  
h& ext+ui% u8 ,its =eflung & en]vat+    

%ad[ %all nei!r trans=m u into devils   
nor degrade u into bea/s4 ,t %ad[ inde$ 
only falls 9 ! valleys ( ignoble fe> &  
selfi%ness1 leav+ all ! cle> road l9es (
 moral tru? & practical virtue & h]oic  
consecration /ill high & bright on !    
table l& ( a wor?y life2 & e honorable  
s\l1 calmly confront+ its fate1 w cry1  
despite ! wor/1 ,! pa?way ( my duty lies
 9 sunlight2 ,& ,i w\ld tread x ) z firm
 a /ep1 ,?\gh x %\ld t]m9ate 9 cold     
oblivion1 ,z if ,elysian pleasures at   
its ,close ,gleam'd palpable to sight z 
?+s ( e>?4  ,if a capta9 knew t 8 %ip   
w\ld nev] rea* h] port1 w\ld he !re=e   
neglect 8 functions1 be slov5ly &       
c>eless1 p]mit insubord9ation &         
drunk5ness among ! crew1 let ! broad    
p5non draggle 9 fil?y r5ts1 ! cordage   
become tangl$ & /iff1 ! planks be cov]$ 
) dirt1 & ! guns be grim$ ) ru/8 ,no3   
all g5]\s he>ts w\ld condemn t4 ,he w\ld
 keep e in* ( ! deck sc\r$1 e piece (   
metal poli%$ l a mirror1 ! sails set    
full & clean1 &1 ) %9+ muzzles out1     

ropes haul$ taut 9 _! blocks1 & e man at
 8 po/1 he w\ld sweep t[>ds ! reef1 & g 
d[n into ! sea fir+ a f>ewell salute (  
honor to ! sun1 8 flag fly+ above him z 
he sunk4  ,! dogmatic ass]tors ( a      
future life1 9 a p>tisan _s set ^u mak+ 
out ! mo/ impressive case 9 its behalf1 
h be5 guilty ( pa9t+ frightful          
c>icatures ( ! true nature &            
significance ( ! opposite conclusion4   
,in/ead ( say+1 ,if su* a ?+ be fat$1   
:y1 !n1 x mu/ be "r1 ,god's w be done1  
!y frantically rebel aga9/ any su*      
admission1 & decl>e t x w\ld make ,god a
 li> & a fi5d1 man a magnetic mock]y1 & 
life a helli% taunt4 ,?is1 h[ev]        
unconsci\s x may be to its au?ors1 is   
blasphem\s egotism4 ,"o ( ! t5d]e/1     
dev\te/1 ri*e/1 writ]s ( ! c5tury has   
unfl9*+ly affirm$ t if man :o tru/$ t   
love 0 ! f9al law ( creation1 al?\gh    
nature1 h] claws & tee? r$ ) rav51      
%riek$ aga9/ 8 cre$ be left to be bl[n  
ab\t ! des]t du/ or seal$ )9 ! iron     
hills1  ,no m6 a mon/]1 !n1 a dream1 ,a 

discord2 dragons ( ! prime1 ,t t>e ea*  
o!r 9 _! slime1 ,7 mell[ music mat*'d ) 
,him6  ,epictetus says1 ,:5 dea?        
ov]takes me1 x is en\gh if ,i c /ret*   
out my h&s to ,god1 & say1 ',!          
opportunities :i* ?\ ha/ giv5 me (      
compreh5d+ & foll[+ ?y gov]nm5t1 ,i h n 
neglect$4 ,i ?ank !e t ?\ ha/ br\ght me 
into be+4 ,i am satisfi$ ) ! "t ,i h    
enjoy$ ! ?+s ?\ ha/ giv5 me4 ,receive !m
 aga91 & assign !m to :atev] place ?\   
wilt4' #ab ,surely ! pi\s hea!n "h      
speaks m wor?ily ?an ! presumptu\s      
,*ri/ian6 ,h[ mu* fitt] w\ld x be1      
grant+ t dea? is ! end all1 to revise   
our int]pretation1 look at ! subject f !
 /& po9t ( univ]sal ord]1 n f ?is       
op9ionative n>r[ness1 & see if x be n   
susceptible ( a b5ignant mean+1 wor?y ( 
grateful acceptance by ! humble m9d (   
piety & ! dispassionate _s ( sci5ce6    
,yea1 let ,god & 8 provid5ce /& ju/ifi$1
 ?\gh man prove to h be5 egregi\sly     
mi/ak54  ,?\gh ,he smite me1 yet w ,i   
praise ,him2 ?\gh ,he slay me1 yet w ,i 

tru/ 9 ,him4  ,to return into ! /ate we 
7 9 be=e we 7 creat$ is n to suff] any  
evil3 x is to be absolutely free f all  
evil4 ,x is b ! m p]fect play+ ( t "p1 (
 :i* e s\nd sleep is a rehe>sal4 ,!     
?\ght ( x is m\rnful to ! enjoy+ s\l1 b 
n t]rific2 & ev5 ! m\rnfulness ceases 9 
! realization4 ,he utt]$ a piece ( cruel
 madness :o said1 ,hell is m be>able ?an
 no?+ness4 ,is x worse to h no?+ ?an x  
is to h inf9ite torture8 ,milton asks1  
,= :o w\ld lose1 ,?\gh full ( pa91 ?is  
intellectual be+8  ,e creature t exi/s1 
if full ( pa91 w\ld snat* at ! boon (   
ceas+ to be4 ,to be bless$ is a good2 to
 be wret*$ is an evil2 n to be is nei!r 
a good nor an evil1 b simply  #ab       
,diss]t41 lib4 iv4 cap4 x4 sect4 #b4    
no?+4 ,if su* be our necess>y fate1 let 
u accept x ) a h>moniz$ m9d1 n ent]ta9+ 
fe> nor yield+ to sadness4 ,:y %\ld we  
%udd] or grieve8 ,e "t we slumb]1 we try
 on ! dress :i*1 :5 we die1 we %all we> 
easily =ev]4  ,n satisfi$ to let !      
result re/ 9 ?is some:at sad b peaceful 

aspect1 x is q cu/om>y to give x a turn 
& hue ( gha/ly horribl5ess1 by ca/+ ov] 
x ! dyspeptic dreams1 inject+ x ) !     
lurid lights & %ades1 ( a morbid &      
wilful fancy4 ,! mo/ loa?some &         
inexcusable in/ance 9 po9t is ! ,vision 
( ,annihilation depict$ by ! v]micul>1  
infe/$ imag9ation ( ! great ,teutonic   
phantasi/ :ile yet wri?+ "u ! sangu9>y  
fumes ( "s horrid attack ( nightm>e4    
,/epp+ across ! e>?1 :i* is b a broad   
execution]'s block = pale1 /oop+        
humanity1 he ent]s ! l>va _w ( blott$   
out m54 ,! rott5 *a9 ( be+s rea*es d[n  
into ?is slaught] field ( s\ls4 ,"h !   
dead are pictur$ z et]nally horripilat+ 
at dea?6 ,z annihilation1 ! :ite        
%apelessness ( revolt+ t]ror1 passes by 
ea* uns\l$ mask ( a man1 a te> gu%es f !
 crumbl$ eye1 z a corpse ble$s :5 its   
murd]] approa*es4 ,pah6 ,out ^u ?is     
execrable ret*+ ( a nauseat$ fancy6 ,:at
 good is !re 9 ! baseless conceit &     
gratuit\s disgu/ ( say+1 ,! next _w is 9
 ! grave1 betwixt ! tee? ( ! worm8 ,9 ! 

case suppos$1 ! tru? is m]ely t !re is  
no next _w any:]e2 n t all ! horrors (  
hell are scoop$ toge!r into ! grave1 &  
!re multipli$ by o!rs dir] yet & unkn[n 
be=e4 ,man's bl5d$ duty & int]e/1 9 su* 
a case1 are to try to see ! int]ior     
beauty & ess5tial k9dness ( 8 fate1 to  
adorn x & embrace x1 fom5t+ 8           
resignation ) ! sweet lotions ( fai? &  
peace1 n exasp]at+ 8 w\nds ) ! angry    
pung5ts ( suspicion1 al>m1 & compla9t4  
,at ! wor/1 amid/ all our p]sonal       
disappo9tm5ts1 losses1 & decay1 ! view (
 ! great univ]sal :ole ( nature1 z      
,humboldt says1 is reassur+ &           
consolatory4 ,if ! boon ( a future      
immortality be n ours1 !re=e to scorn ! 
gift ( ! pres5t life1 is to act n l a   
wise man1 :o ) grateful piety makes !   
be/ ( :at is giv51 b l a spoil$ *ild1   
:o1 if he _c h bo? 8 orange & 8         
g+]bread1 petti%ly fl+s 8 g+]bread 9 !  
mud4  ,! future life1 outside ( ! realm 
( fai?1 to an e>ne/ & indep5d5t inquir]1
 & consid]$ z a sci5tific "q1 lies 9 a  

pa9t$ mi/ ( unc]ta9ty4 ,!re is room =   
hope1 & !re is room = d\bt4 ,! wav]+    
evid5ces 9 "s moods prepond]ate on t    
side1 9 o!r moods on ?is side4 ,mean:ile
 x is cle> t1 :ile he lives "h1 ! be/ ?+
 he c d is to *]i% a dev\t _s1 cultivate
 a noble "*1 lead a pure & useful life 9
 ! s]vice ( wisdom1 humanity1 & ,god1 & 
f9ally1 :5 ! appo9t$ "t arrives1 meet ! 
issue ) rev]5tial & affectionate        
con=mity1 )\t dictat+ t]ms4 ,let !      
vani%+ man say1 l ,ruck]t's dy+ fl[]1   
,?anks to day = all ! favors ,i h       
receiv$ f sun & /ream & e>? & sky1 = all
 ! gifts f m5 & ,god :i* h made my      
little life an ornam5t & a bliss4       
,heav51 /ret* out ?9e azure t5t :ile my 
fad$ "o is s9k+ "h4 ,joy\s spr+ tide1   
roll on ?r\gh ages yet to come1 9 :i*   
fre% g5]ations %all rise & be glad4     
,f>ewell all6 ,cont5t to h _h my turn1  
,i n[ fall asleep1 )\t a murmur or a    
sigh4 ,surely ! m\rnful nobility ( su* a
 /ra9 ( s5tim5t is pref]able by mu* to !
 selfi% t]ror ( t unque/ion+ belief :i* 

9 ! ,middle ,age depict$ ! *ase ( ! s\l 
by ,satan1 on ! columns & doors ( !     
*ur*es1 "u ! symbol ( a de] pursu$ by a 
hunt] & h\nds2 & :i* has 9 lat] times   
produc$ 9 ?\s&s ! feel+ ?us t]ribly     
express$ by ,bunyan1 ,i bless$ !        
condition ( ! dog & toad because !y _h  
no s\l to p]i% "u ! ev]la/+ weight (    
hell6  ,sight ( tru?1 ) dev\t & lov+    
submission to x1 is an a*ievem5t ^:     
nobl5ess outweighs its sorr[1 ev5 if !  
gaz] =esee 8 own de/ruction4  ,x is n   
our int5tion 9 ^! words to ca/ d\bt on !
 immortality ( ! s\l1 or to depreciate !
 value ( a belief 9 x4 ,we desire to    
v9dicate morality & religion f ! unwitt+
 attacks made on !m by _m self /yl$     
,*ri/ian writ]s 9 _! exagg]ation ( !    
practical importance ( su* a fai?4 ,!   
qualitative cont5ts ( human nature h    
no?+ to d ) its quantitative cont5ts3   
our duties re/ n on ! l5g?1 b on !      
faculties & relations1 ( our exi/5ce4   
,make ! life ( a dog endless1 he has    
only ! capacity ( a dog2 make ! life ( a

 man f9ite1 /ill1 )9 its limits1 he has 
! psy*ological functions ( humanity4    
,fai? 9 immortality may enl>ge &        
int5sify ! motives to prud5t & noble    
conduct2 x does n create new ones4 ,!   
d5ial ( immortality may pale & contract 
^? motives2 x does n take !m away4      
,kn[+ ! burd5 & sorr[ ( e>?1 brood+ 9   
dim solicitude ov] ! f> times & m5 yet  
to be1 we _c recklessly utt] a ^w       
calculat$ to less5 ! hopes ( man1 pa!tic
 creature1 :o weeps into ! _w & fa9ts   
out ( x4 ,x is our fai? n k t ! _s is   
)\t t]m9us or re/4 ,! fai?ful tru?      
hunt]1 9 dy+1 f9ds n a cov]t1 b a bett] 
trail4 ,yet ! sa9tl9ess ( ! intellect is
 to be purg$ f prejudice & self w4 ,)   
,god we are n to prescribe conditions4  
,! ?\ght t all high virtue & piety mu/  
die ) ! ab&onm5t ( belief 9 immortality 
is z p]nici\s & dang]\s z x is %all[1   
vulg>1 & un*ri/ian4 ,! view is obvi\sly 
ga9+ preval5ce among sci5tific &        
philosophical ?9k]s1 t life is !        
specialization ( ! univ]sal 9 !         

individual1 dea? ! re/oration ( !       
individual to ! :ole4 ,?is d\bt z to a  
p]sonal future life w unque/ionably     
increase4 ,let traditional tea*]s bew>e 
h[ !y v5ture to %ift ! moral law f its  
immutable basis 9 ! w ( ,god to a       
prec>i\s poise on ! selfi% hope & fe> ( 
man4 ,! sole safety1 ! ultimate         
desid]atum1 is p]ception ( law )        
dis9t]e/$ con=mity4  ,! influ5ce ( !    
doctr9e ( rew>d & puni%m5t 9 a future   
/ate1 z a work+ motive = ! obs]vance ( !
 moral law1 is enorm\sly ov]e/imat$4 ,! 
influ5ce1 z su* a motive1 ( ! public    
op9ion ( mank9d1 ) ! legal & social     
sanctions1 is enorm\sly und]e/imat$4 ,& 
! au?ority ( a p]sonal p]ception ( "r is
 also mo/ unbecom+ly depreciat$4        
,,univ]sal ,,ord] is ! expression ( !   
purposes ( ,god1 n z arbitr>ily *os5 by 
8 w & caprici\sly reveal$ 9 a book1 b z 
necessitat$ by 8 nature & embodi$ 9 8   
works4 ,! true basis ( morality is      
univ]sal ord]4 ,! true end ( morality is
 life1 ! sum ( moral laws be+ id5tical )

 ! sum ( ! conditions 9 accordance ) :i*
 ! fruition ( ! functions ( life c be   
secur$ ) ne>e/ approa* to p]fectness1   
p]petuity1 & univ]sality4 ,! true       
sanctions ( morality are ! manifold =ms 
9 :i* consci\sness ( life is height5$ by
 h>mony ) univ]sal ord] or l[]$ by      
discord ) x4 ,! true law ( moral        
sacrifice or resi/ance to temptation is 
misrepres5t$ by ! common doctr9e ( heav5
 & hell1 :i* makes x consi/ 9 !         
r5unciation ( a pres5t good = ! clut*+ (
 a future good1 ! volunt>y suff]+ ( a   
small pres5t evil to avoid ! involunt>y 
suff]+ ( an imm5se future evil4 ,! true 
law ( moral sacrifice is deep]1 pur]1 m 
compreh5sive1 ?an t4 ,x expresses our   
duty1 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts (    
univ]sal ord]1 to subord9ate !          
gratification ( any "p ( our be+ to t ( 
! :ole ( our be+1 to =ego ! good ( any  
portion ( our life 9 def]5ce to t ( all 
our life1 to r5\nce any happ9ess ( !    
individual :i* conflicts ) ! welf>e ( ! 
race1 to hold ! spiritual atom 9        

absolute abeyance to ! spiritual        
univ]se1 to s9k self 9 ,god4 ,if a man  
believe 9 no future life1 is he !reby   
absolv$ f ! moral law8 ,! k9d & numb] ( 
8 duties rema9 z be=e3 only ! app>5t    
gr&eur ( _! scale & motives is dim9i%$4 
,! two halves ( morality are ! co       
ord9ation ( sep>ate int]e/s 9 univ]sal  
ord]1 & ! loyalty ( ! p>ts to ! :oles4  
,! desire to remove ! obligations &     
sanctions ( ! moral law f _! intr9sic   
supports1 & posit !m on ! fictiti\s     
p$e/als ( a =5sic heav5 & hell1 reveals 
incompet5cy ( ?\ght & vulg>ity ( s5tim5t
 9 him :o does x1 & is a proc$ure n less
 p]il\s ?an unw>rant$4 ,if ! creation be
 conceiv$ z a ma*9e1 x is a ma*9e self  
regulat+ 9 all its p>ts by ! imman5t    
pres5ce ( its ,mak]4  ,:5 we die1 may ! 
,_s ( ,tru?1 ! ,com=t] ( ,*ri/1 be our  
confessor2 ! la/ inhal$ brea? our cup ( 
absolution2 ! te>s ( "s de> fri5d our   
extreme unction2 no compla9t = pa/      
trials1 b a grateful ackn[l$gm5t = all  
bless+s1 our p>t+ ^w4 ,& !n1 resign+    

ourselves to ! univ]sal ,fa!r1 assur$ t 
:atev] ought to be1 & is be/ to be1 w   
be1 ei!r absolute oblivion %all be      
welcome1 or we w g =w>d to new de/9ies1 
:e!r ) pres]v$ id5tity or ) trans=m$    
consci\sness & p[]s be+ indiff]5t to u1 
s9ce ! w ( ,god is done4 ,9 ! mean "t1  
until t critical pass & all decisive    
h\r1 z ,milnes says3  ,we all mu/ pati5t
 /&1 ,l /atues on appo9t$ p$e/als3 ,yet 
we may *oose s9ce *oice is giv5 to %un  
,s]vile cont5tm5t or ignoble fe> ,9 !   
expression ( our attitude2 ,& ) f> /ra9+
 eyes1 & h&s upca/1 ,& feet half rais$1 
decl>e our pa9ful /ate1 ,ye>n+ = w+s to 
rea* ! fields ( tru?1 ,m\rn+ = wisdom1  
pant+ to be free4  ,,"p ,,six?          
,,supplem5t>y4  ,,fifte5 ,,ye>s ,,lat]  
,,*apt] ,i4  ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,_w4    
,,we read 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t ! heav5s &
 ! e>? are res]v$ unto fire aga9/ ! day 
( judgm5t1 :5 !y %all be burn$ up1 & all
 be made new4 ,x is said t ! elem5ts    
%all melt ) f]m5t heat1 ! />s fall1 & ! 
sky pass away l a scroll t is roll$     

toge!r4 ,on ^! & simil> passages is bas$
 ! belief ( ,*ri/5dom 9 ! de/9$         
de/ruction ( ! _w by fire & 9 ! sc5ic   
judgm5t ( ! dead & ! liv+ ga!r$ be=e !  
visible tribunal ( ,*ri/4 ,?is belief 0 
once g5]al & int5se4 ,x is /ill common1 
?\gh m vague & feeble ?an =m]ly4 ,9     
:atev] degree x is held1 x is a doctr9e 
( t]ror4 ,we hope by trac+ its orig91 & 
%[+ h[ mi/ak5 x is1 to help dispel its  
sway1 free m5 f ! fur!r oppression ( its
 fe>fulness1 & put 9 its place ! j &    
:olesome au?ority ( ! tru?4 ,! true     
doctr9e ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 !    
correct explanation ( ! c\rse & sequel (
 hi/ory1 mu/ be m honorable to ,god1 m  
useful to m51 ( bett] work+ & om5 9 !   
life ( society1 ?an any error c be4 ,let
 u !n1 z f> z we are able1 displace by !
 tru? ! errors preval5t ar\nd u 9 reg>d 
to ! end ( ! _w & ! day ( judgm5t4  ,x w
 help u 9 our propos$ inve/igation1 if  
we fir/ notice t ! ecclesia/ical doctr9e
 z to an imp5d+ de/ruction ( ! _w is n  
solit>y1 b has prototypes & p>allels 9 !

 fai?s ( o!r nations & ages4 ,almo/ e p1
 e tribe1 has its cosmogony or !ory ( ! 
creation1 9 :i* !re are acc\nts1 m or   
less rude or ref9$1 g5]al or m9ute1 ( ! 
suppos$ beg9n+ & ( ! imag9$ end (       
nature4 ,all e>ly lit]atures f !        
philosophic treatises ( ! ,h9dus to !   
oral traditions ( ! ,polynesians are    
f\nd to conta9 ei!r sublime dreams or   
obscure prophecies or awful pictures ( !
 f9al doom & de/ruction ( e>? & man4 ,! 
,hebrew symbols & ! ,*ri/ian beliefs 9  
relation to ?is subject !re=e /& n      
alone1 b 9 connection ) a multitude (   
o!rs1 ea* "o pla9ly reflect+ ! degree ( 
k & /age ( developm5t atta9$ by ! m9ds  
:i* orig9at$ x4 ,be=e proce$+ to exam9e 
! famili> doctr9e s envelop$ 9 our      
prejudices1 a brief exam9ation ( "s     
k9dr$ doctr9es1 less famili> to u & q   
deta*$ f our prejudices1 w be ( s]vice4 
,! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9dus describe c]ta9
 enorm\s p]iods ( "t 9 :i* ! univ]se    
successively beg9s & ends1 spr+s into   
be+ & s9ks into no?+4 ,^! p]iods are    

call$ kalpas1 & ea* "o cov]s a duration 
( ?\s&s ( millions ( ye>s4 ,ea* kalpa ( 
creation is call$ a day ( ,brahma2 ea*  
kalpa ( de/ruction1 a night ( ,brahma4  
,! belief is t ,brahma1 wak+ f ! slumb] 
( 8 self absorb$ solitude1 feels 8      
lonel9ess1 & 8 ?\ghts & emotions g =? 9 
creative =ms1 compos+ ! imm5se s*eme (  
worlds & creatures4 ,^! play _! p>ts1 & 
run _! c\rses1 until ! va/ day ( ,brahma
 is complet$2 :5 he closes 8 eyes1 &    
falls to re/1 :ile ! :ole sy/em ( f9ite 
?+s returns to ! sil5ce & d>kness ( its 
aborig9al unity1 & rema9s !re 9         
invisible annihilation ?r\gh ! /up5d\s  
night t prec$es ! reawak+ ( ! slumb]+   
,godhead & ! appe>ance ( ! creation once
 m4  ,a little reflection makes ! orig9 
( ?is imag]y & belief cle>4 ,ea* night1 
z ! d>kness comes d[n1 & ! out] _w      
disappe>s1 man falls asleep1 &1 s f> z  
he is consci\sly conc]n$1 e ?+ is       
de/roy$4 ,9 8 unconsci\sness1 ev]y?+    
ceases to be4 ,! light dawns aga91 he   
awakes1 & 8 reop5$ s5ses create anew !  

busy frame & ph5om5a ( nature4 ,transf] 
?is exp]i5ce f man to ,god2 consid] x n 
z ab/ract & app>5t1 b z concrete & real1
 & y h ! ,h9du doctr9e ( ! kalpa4 ,:5 we
 sleep1 to u all ?+s are de/roy$2 & :5  
we awake1 to u !y reappe>4 ,:5 ,god     
sleeps1 all ?+s 9 !mselves really end2 &
 :5 he wakes1 !y beg9 anew to be4 ,!    
visible & exp]im5tal ph5om5a ( day &    
night1 sleep+ & wak+1 are univ]saliz$1 &
 attribut$ to ,god1 ,x is a poetic      
process ( ?\ght1 natural en\gh to a ri* 
m9d$1 simple p1 b :olly illegitimate z a
 logical gr\nd ( belief1 ,b be+ /at$ 9  
books suppos$ to be infallibly inspir$1 
& 9 ! abs5ce ( critical te/s = !        
discrim9ation ( s\nd f uns\nd ?\ght1 x 0
 implicitly accept$ by multitudes4      
,closely alli$ to ! =ego+ doctr9e1 yet 9
 sev]al p>ticul>s /rik+ly diff]5t f x1 &
 evid5tly q indep5d5t 9 its orig91 0 !  
,great ,ye> ( ! ,/oics1 or ! alt]native 
blott+ out & re/oration ( all ?+s4 ,?is 
s*ool ( philosoph]s conceiv$ ( ,god z a 
pure arti/ic =ce or se$ ( univ]sal      

en]gy1 :i* exhibits its hi/ory 9 !      
evolution ( ! kosmos1 &1 on its         
completion1 blossoms into fire1 &       
vani%es4 ,! univ]sal p]iodical          
conflagration de/roys all evil1 & leaves
 ! inde/ructible ,god alone 9 8 pure    
ess5ce aga94 ,! arti/ic g]m or se$ =ce  
!n beg9s1 "u its laws ( intr9sic        
necessity1 to g once m ?r\gh ! same     
process to ! same end4  ,! rise ( ?is   
imag]y & belief is n s obvi\s z 9 ! la/ 
in/ance1 b x is equally discov]able &   
intelligible4 ,e animal1 e fl[]1 e      
plant1 beg9s f its prop] specific g]m or
 =ce1 goes ?r\gh a fix$ s]ies ( gr[?s & 
*anges1 & relapses into its prime       
elem5ts1 & ano!r & ano!r foll[ aft] x 9 
! same ord]4 ,! seasons come & g1 & come
 aga9 & g aga91 ,e planet repeats its   
revolutions ov] & ov]4 ,:]ev] we look1  
?is repetition ( id5tical processes     
greets our vision4 ,n[1 by imag9ative   
association univ]salize ?is repetition (
 ! c\rse ( ph5om5a z se5 9 ! p>ts1 &    
take x up & apply x to ! :ole creation1 

& y h ! doctr9e 9 h&4  ,x is a poetic   
process ( ?\ght n sci5tific or          
philosophic1 & )\t claim to belief2 yet1
 9 ! abs5ce ( sci5tific data & /&>ds1 x 
might easily w9 acceptance on au?ority4 
,! ,sc&9avians1 also1 h transmitt$ to u1
 9 _! sacr$ books1 descriptions ( _!    
belief 9 ! approa*+ end ( ! _w1         
descriptions rude1 wild1 t]rible1 n )\t 
elem5ts ( appall+ gr&eur4 ,!y =etell a  
day call$ ,ragn>ok1 or ! ,twilight ( !  
gods1 :5 all ! p[]s ( good & evil %all  
jo9 9 battle1 & ! :ole pres5t sy/em (   
?+s p]i% 9 a sc5e ( unutt]able /rife &  
dismay4 ,! ,eddas 7 compos$ 9 an        
ignorant b deeply poetic & f]tile age1  
:5 all ! my?ological elem5ts ( m9d 7 9  
full action4 ,_! au?ors look+ )91 on _! 
own passions1 & )\t1 on ! natural sc5]y 
ar\nd !m1 consci\s ( ord] & disord]1    
love & hate1 virtue & crime1 behold+    
ph5om5a ( beauty & horror1 sun & />s1   
night & tempe/1 w9t] & summ]1 iceb]gs & 
volcanoes1 placid moonlight & bl9d+ mi/1
 assi/+ fri5ds & battl+ foes1 p]sonifi$ 

ev]y?+ z a demon or a div9ity4 ,asg>d1  
above ! blue firmam5t1 0 ! bright home (
 ! gods1 ! ,asir4 ,helheim1 b5ea? !     
rocky e>? & ! froz5 ocean1 0 ! d>k & f\l
 abode ( ! bad spirits1 ! ,jotuns4      
,ev]y:]e 9 nature1 fog & fire1 f]tility 
& b>r5ness1 7 9 conflict2 ev]y:]e 9     
society1 law & crime 7 cont5d+4 ,9 !    
moon foll[$ by a drift+ cl\d1 !y saw a  
goddess *as$ by a wolf4 ,! /rife goes on
 wax+1 & mu/ soon] or lat] rea* a       
climax4 ,ea* side enli/s its allies1    
until all are rang$ 9 opposition1 f     
,jormung&ur1 ! s]p5t ( ! deep1 to       
,he9dall1 ! w>d] ( ! ra9b[1 gods & brave
 m5 !re1 demons1 traitors1 & c[>ds "h4  
,!n s\nds ! horn ( battle1 & ! la/ day  
dawns 9 fire & spl5dor f ! sky1 9 fog & 
v5om f ! abyss4 ,flame dev\rs ! e>?4 ,= 
! mo/ "p1 ! combatants mutually slay ea*
 o!r4 ,only ,gimli1 ! high1 safe heav5 (
 ,all ,fa!r1 rema9s z a refuge = !      
survivors & ! beg9n+ ( a new & fair] _w4
  ,! natural hi/ory ( ?is my?ological   
mess is cle> en\gh4 ,x arises f ! poetic

 embodim5t & p]sonification ( ph5om5a1 !
 gr\p+ toge!r ( all evil & ( all good1  
!n imag9atively univ]saliz+ ! conflict1 
& c>ry+ x out 9 idea to its inevitable  
ultimatum4 ,! process ( ?\ght 0 obvi\sly
 natural 9 its gr\nd1 b fictiti\s 9 its 
result4 ,yet 9 a p]iod :5 no %>p        
di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 fancy & fact1  
song & sci5ce1 b an indiscrim9ate fai? 0
 (t5 yield$ to bo?1 ev5 su* a           
picturesque m$ley z ?is might be held z 
religi\s tru?4  ,! ,z>a?u/rian or       
,p]sian s*eme ( a g5]al judgm5t ( m5 & (
 ! _w 9 "s respects resembles ! sy/ems  
already set =?1 9 o!r respects m closely
 approa*es t ,*ri/ian doctr9e p>tially  
borr[$ f x1 & :i* is h]eaft] to be      
notic$4 ,ahura ,mazda1 ! ,god ( light & 
tru?1 creates ! _w full ( all sorts (   
bless+s4 ,8 adv]s>y1 ,angra ,ma9yus1 !  
au?or ( d>kness & falsehood1 seeks to   
c\nt]act & de/roy ! works ( ,ahura      
,mazda by means ( all sorts (           
correspond5t evils & woes4 ,:5 ,ahura   
,mazda creates ! race ( m5 happy &      

immortal1 ,angra ,ma9yus1 ! old s]p5t1  
full ( corruption & de/ruction1 /eals 91
 s$uces !m f _! allegiance1 & br+s mis]y
 & dea? on !m1 & !n leads _! s\ls to 8  
d>k abode4 ,! :ole creation is suppos$  
to be cr[d$ ) good spirits1 ! angels (  
,ahura ,mazda1  seek+ to c>ry out 8     
b5efic5t designs2 & also ) evil spirits1
 ! m9i/]s ( ,angra ,ma9yus1 plott+ to   
make m5 wick$1 & to p]v]t & poison e    
bless+ ) an answ]+ curse4 ,light is !   
symbol ( ,god1 d>kness ! symbol ( 8     
,antagoni/4 ,"u ^! ho/ile bann]s are    
rang$ all liv+ creatures1 all creat$    
objects4 ,= long p]iods ?is dreadful    
cont5tion rages1 involv+ ev]y?+ bel[ 9  
its fluctuations4 ,b at la/ ,ahura      
,mazda subdues ,angra ,ma9yus1 ov]turns 
all ! mis*ief he has done1 by means ( a 
great deliv]] :om he has s5t among m5 to
 in/ruct & r$eem !m raises ! dead1      
purifies ! _w ) fire1 &1 aft] prop]ly   
puni%+ ! guilty1 re/ores all nature to  
its orig9al p>adisal condition1 free f  
pa9 & dea?4  ,9 ! primitive /ate (      

mank9d1 :5 ! g]ms ( ?is religion 7      
conceiv$1 :5 m5 dwelt 9 ignorance1      
exposure1 & fe>1 !y naturally %udd]$ at 
d>kness z a sup]natural enemy1 &        
wor%ipp$ light z a sup]natural fri5d4 ,t
 became ! emblem or p]sonification ( !  
,devil1 ?is ! emblem or p]sonification (
 ,god4 ,!y gr\p$ all evils ) t1 all     
goods ) ?is4  ,imag9atively associat+   
all light & d>kness1 all bless+ & bale1 
respectively ) ,ahura ,mazda & ,angra   
,ma9yus1 !y univ]saliz$ ! fragm5t>y     
embodim5ts & oppositions ( ^! into "o   
great battle2 & "u ! impulse ( wor%ipp+ 
fai? & hope1 c>ri$ x to its crisis 9 !  
f9al victory ( ! good4 ,pla9ly1 x is m]e
 poetry inject$ a little ) a lat]       
speculative elem5t1 & deal+ 9           
my?ological fa%ion *iefly ) ! ph5om5a ( 
nature z relat$ to ! exp]i5ce ( man4 ,no
 "o n[ c accept x lit]ally4  ,?is survey
 ( ! v>i\s hea!n my?s ( ! end ( ! _w has
 prep>$ u1 9 "s degree1 to consid] !    
correspond+ view held by ! ,jews1 & m   
completely develop$ by ! ,*ri/ian       

successors to ! ,jewi% h]itage ( ?\ght &
 feel+4  ,! ,hebrews believ$ !mselves to
 be exclusively ! *os5 p ( ,god1 :o     
directly rul$ ov] !m himself by a       
!ocratic gov]nm5t repres5t$ 9 _!        
patri>*s1 law giv]s1 prophets1 & k+s4   
,jehovah 0 ! only true ,god2 !y 7 8 only
 pure & accept$ wor%ipp]s1 %>ply        
di/+ui%$ f ! :ole idolatr\s _w4 ,! hea!n
 nations1 uncircumcis$ ador]s ( va9     
idols or ( demons1 7 by consequ5ce      
enemies bo? ( ! true ,god & ( 8 s]vants4
 ,?is contra/ & ho/ility !y ev5 c>ri$   
ov] into ! unse5 _w1 & imag9$ t ea*     
nation _h its own gu>dian angel 9 !     
,c\rt ( ,jehovah 9 heav51 :o cont5d$ !re
 = its int]e/s2 _! own national gu>dian1
 ! angel ,mi*ael1 be+ m p[]ful & ne>] to
 ! ?rone ?an any o!r "o4 ,9 ! calamities
 t fell on !m1 !y recogniz$ ! v5geance (
 ,jehovah = ! violation ( 8 comm&s4 ,9  
_! victories1 _! deliv]ances1 _! great  
bless+s1 especially 9 _! rescue f       
,egypt1 & 9 ! _m miracles :i* !y believ$
 to h accompani$ t great passage1 !y saw

 ! signal sup]iority ( _! ,god ov] e o!r
 god1 & ! pro(s ( 8 p>ticul> provid5ce  
ov] !m 9 di/9ct pref]5ce to all o!r     
peoples4 ,he _h1 z !y pi\sly believ$1   
made a special cov5ant ) ,abraham1 & set
 ap>t 8 po/]ity z a sacr$ family1       
exclusively intru/$ ) ! div9e law1 &    
commission$ to subdue & gov]n all ! o!r 
families ( ! e>?4 ,:5 ?is pr\d &        
int5sely *]i%$ fai? 0 baffl$ (          
fulfillm5t1 !y nev] dream$ ( ab&on+ x4  
,!y only suppos$ its triumphant         
execution po/pon$1 z a p5alty = _! s9s1 
& look$ =w>d ) r$\bl$ ardor to a bett]  
"t :5 _! hopes %\ld break into fruition1
 _! exile be end$1 _! captivity appe> z 
a dream1 ,j]usalem be ! c5tral gem ( !  
_w1 & ! ano9t$ rul] wield 8 sceptre ov] 
all mank9d4  ,b mis=tunes & woes 7 heap$
 on !m4 ,_! city 0 sack$1 _! temple     
desecrat$1 _! p dragg$ into =eign       
slav]y1 =bidd5 to celebrate ! rites ( _!
 religion1 slaught]$ by :olesale4 ,_m   
times1 dur+ ! two c5turies be=e & ! fir/
 c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 did !y suff] ^!     

t]rible sorr[s4 ,_! hatr$ & scorn ( _!  
hea!n p]secutors2 _! fai? 9 _! own      
incomp>able de/9y2 _! expectation ( !   
spe$y appe>ance ( an ano9t$ deliv]]1    
rais$ up by ,jehovah to av5ge !m &      
v9dicate _! tru/1 all became ! m f]v5t &
 pr(\nd ! long] ! delay4 ,"u ^!         
circum/ances grew up ! ,jewi% doctr9e ( 
! ,messiah1 z x is se5 9 t ,apocalyptic 
lit]ature repres5t$ by ! ,book (        
,daniel1 ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles1 ! ,book (
 ,eno*1 ! ,assumption ( ,moses1 ! ,f\r? 
,book ( ,esdras1 & simil> docum5ts4  ,! 
,jews 7 rem>kably free f t habit ( m9d  
:i* l$ almo/ all ! o!r nations to       
p]sonify ! mo/ />tl+ ph5om5a ( nature z 
liv+ be+s1 :i* creat$ feti*es ( /ocks & 
/ones & animals2 saw a god 9 e w9d1     
season1 />1 & cl\d4 ,! ,semitic m9d &   
lit]ature 7 m sob]1 rational1 &         
mono!i/ic4 ,! place occupi$ 9 ! ?\ghts (
 o!r peoples by ! ph5om5a ( nature 0    
held 9 ! ?\ghts ( ! ,jews by political  
ph5om5a1 by ritual1 legal1 & milit>y    
relations4 ,& ! poetic action ( fancy1 !

 my?ological creativ5ess & sup]/iti\s   
feel+ :i* o!r p ex]cis$ on ! objects &  
*anges ( nature1 ! ,jews ex]cis$ on !   
ph5om5a ( _! own national hi/ory4 ,!    
burn+ c5tral po9t ( _! polity & belief &
 imag9ation 0 ! conviction ( _! own     
national consecration z ! exclusive p ( 
,god1 meant to conqu]1 tea*1 & rule all 
! infidel nations2 t ,jehovah 0 lit]ally
 _! invisible ,k+1 repres5t$ 9 _! *ief  
rul]2 t e great triumph or disa/] 0 a   
signal ,day ( ! ,"l1 a special ,com+ (  
,jehovah to rew>d or puni% 8 p4 ,dur+ _!
 repeat$ bondages "u ! ,p]sians1        
,syrians1 ,greeks1 ,p>?ians1 ,romans1 _!
 feel+ ( ! antagonism betwe5 !mselves & 
! o!r p increas$4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,babyloni%
 captivity ! ,p]sian doctr9e ( good &   
evil spirits _h infiltrat$ into _!      
belief2 & !y adopt$ ! notion ( ,angra   
,ma9yus1 & develop$ x 7) c]ta9          
modifications7 into _! conception (     
,satan4 ,!n1 9 _! fai?1 ! w> ( ,jews &  
,g5tiles spread into ! invisible _w1 &  
took up on its opposite sides ! good & !

 fall5 angels4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! idea ( _!  
,messiah became ! c5tre ( a battle & a  
judgm5t 9 :i* all ! g5]ations ( ! dead z
 well z ( ! liv+ 7 to h a "p2 & :i* %\ld
 culm9ate 9 ! ov]?r[ ( evil1 !          
subjection ( ! hea!n1 ! assignm5t ( !   
righte\s to a p>adisal reign1 & ( !     
wick$ to a doom typifi$ by ! subm]sion (
 ,sodom & ,gomorrah 9 fi]y brim/one4    
,h[ pla9ly ?is doctr9e 0 ! result ( !   
same poetic process ( ?\ght ) ! o!r     
s*emes already depict$6 ,only !y 7      
develop$ on ! basis ( natural ph5om5a2  
?is1 on ! basis ( political ph5om5a4 ,x 
is simply ! imag9ative univ]salization (
 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile1 & !   
c>ry+ ( x to its crisis & sequel4 ,& :5 
inexplicable delays & ! accumulation (  
ob/acles made ! realization ( ! expect$ 
result amid/ ! conditions ( ! pres5t _w 
seem ev] m & m hopeless1 ! gr[+ &       
assimilative action ( fai? & fancy exp&$
 ! sc5e1 & transf]r$ x to a transmundane
 /ate1 involv+ ! de/ruction ( ! heav5s &
 e>? & _! replacem5t ) a new creation4  

,is !re any m real reason = believ+ ?is 
doctr9e ?an !re is = believ+ ! o!r k9dr$
 s*emes8 ,n a :it4 ,x is a mi/ake ( !   
same poetic nature1 & re/+ on ! same    
gr\nds ) !m4 ,two ?\s& ye>s h pass$1 & x
 has n be5 fulfill$2 & !re is ev] less &
 less sign ( its fulfillm5t4 ,x nev] w  
be fulfill$1 except 9 a spiritual s5se4 
,! ,jews w f9ally lose _! pride ( race &
 cov5ant1 ab&on _! special ,messianic   
cre$1 & bl5d !mselves & _! op9ions 9 !  
mass ( r$eem$ & progressive humanity1 & 
no m dream ( a physical resurrection ( !
 dead amid/ ! dissolv+ elem5ts ( nature4
  ,& n[ we mu/ notice t besides all ^!  
poetic pictures ( ! end ( ! _w1 !re are 
prophecies ( a simil> result :i* we> an 
app>5tly sci5tific g>b4 ,_m m5 ( sci5ce 
firmly believe t our _w is de/9$ to be  
de/roy$1 t a close = ! e>?ly =tunes (   
mank9d c be pla9ly =ese54 ,no little    
al>m 0 felt a c5tury or m ago1 :5 x 0   
discov]$ t !re 0 a progressive dim9ution
 go+ on 9 ! orbit ( ! moon1 :i* mu/     
cause x at l5g? to imp+e ^u ! e>?4 ,b   

,la ,grange exhibit$ ! fallaci\sness ( !
 prophecy1 by %[+ t ! decrease 0        
p]iodical & succe$$ by a correspond+    
increase4 ,int5se & widely spread t]ror 
has repeat$ly be5 felt less a comet %\ld
 come )9 our planet>y orbit1 & %att] or 
melt our globe by its contact4 ,b !     
discov]y ( ! nebul\s nature ( comets1 ( 
_! great numb]s & regul> movem5ts1 has q
 dissipat$ t fe> f ! popul> m9d 9 our   
day4  ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r =ms (        
sci5tific speculation :i* put !         
prophesi$ de/ruction ( ! _w on a m      
plausible & =midable basis4 ,x is       
suppos$ by _m sci5ti/s t all =ce is     
d]iv$ f ! consumption ( heat2 & t ! fuel
 mu/ at la/ be us$ up1 & !re=e no life  
or en]gy be left = su/a9+ ! pres5t sy/em
 ( ! creation4 ,?is !ory is met by !    
c\nt] /atem5t t ! heat ( ! sun & o!r    
simil> c5tres may possibly n dep5d on   
any mat]ial consumption2 or1 if x does1 
!re may be a self repl5i%+ supply1 loss 
& repair =m+ an endless circle4  ,x is  
=etold by "s *emi/s1 t ! progressive    

int]ior cool+ & contraction ( our orb w 
cause ev] great] int]/ices or vacant    
spaces among ! solid sub/ances bel[ !   
out] cru/2 & t into ^! pores1 fir/ all  
liquids1 !n all gases & ! :ole          
atmosph]e1 w be absorb$3 s t ! _w w be  
left desolate1 utt]ly un9habitable by   
life4  ,aga93 x is said t all =ce or    
en]gy t5ds at e trans=mation to pass 7at
 lea/ p>tially7 into heat2 & !re=e t1   
f9ally1 all =ce w be fritt]$ d[n into ! 
"o =m ( heat1 all matt] vani%+ f its    
sep>ate %apes into ! /ate ( a homog5e\s1
 nebul\s fire4 ,! port5t\s sight1       
repeat$ly descri$ by a/ronom]s1 ( a     
nameless _w1 away 9 remote/ space1 :i*  
has sudd5ly k9dl$1 blaz$1 sm\ld]$1      
d>k5$1 & vani%$ =ev] f its place1 is    
p]haps a solemn symbol ( ! fate ( our   
own planet2 h9t+ at a "t :5 ! e>?1 too1 
%all make itself a fun]al pyre1  ,&1 aw$
 9 di/ant orbs1 "s race unkn[n ,%all    
miss "o /> ^: smile _h lit _! own4  ,?is
 same f9al crisis is also prophesi$ on !
 basis ( a slight ret>dation to :i* !   

planets are subject$ 9 _! passage ?r\gh 
! e!real m$ium4 ,no matt] h[ slight !   
resi/ance ?us int]pos$1 its consequ5ce1 
x is ?\ght1 mu/ accumulate & ultimately 
compel all mat]ial bodies to approa* ea*
 o!r2 &1 z _! successive collisions     
conv]t !m into heat & vapor1 no?+ w be  
left at la/ b "o uni=m nebula4 ,!       
process ( evolution w !n beg9 anew1 & s 
! /up5d\s hi/ory ( ! univ]se repeat     
itself et]nally4  ,?is is ! sublime/ (  
all ! g5]alizations ( sci5ce4 ,x may be 
true1 & x may n be true4 ,at any rate1 x
 diff]s imm5sely 9 ! moral impression x 
makes f t made by ! curr5t !ological    
doctr9e ( ! same cata/rophe4 ,we c      
contemplate ! sci5tific prophecy ( ! end
 ( ! _w ) a peace ( m9d :i* !           
traditional prophecy does n p]mit4  ,9 !
 fir/ place1 ! ecclesia/ical doctr9e    
makes ! de/ruction ( ! _w a result (    
wra? & v5geance4 ,! angry ,god looms    
above u ) flam+ features & av5g+ weapons
 to tread d[n 8 enemies4 ,we %r9k 9     
fright f ! wra? & p[] ( ! p]sonal       

,judge1 ! inexorable ,foe ( ! wick$4 ,b 
! sci5tific doctr9e makes ! end a result
 ( passionless laws1 a /eady evolution (
 effects f causes1 :olly free f ev]y?+  
v9dictive4  ,secondly4 ,! ecclesia/ical 
doctr9e makes ! dreadful conclusion a   
sudd5 ev5t1 an inconceivable %ock (     
horror1 fall+ 9 an in/ant1 ov]:elm+ all 
its victims ) ! swiftness ( lightn+ 9 ! 
unutt]able agony ( _! ru94 ,b !         
sci5tific doctr9e makes ! climax a matt]
 ( sl[ & gradual approa*4 ,:e!r ! worlds
 are to be froz5 up by increas+ cold1 or
 to evaporate 9 culm9at+ heat1 or to be 
conv]t$ into gas z !y meet 9 _! c>e]1 ! 
*anges ( ! *emical conditions w be s    
/eady & mod]ate be=eh& z to cause all   
liv+ creatures to h dim9i%$ 9 numb]s by 
ins5sible degrees1 & to h utt]ly ceas$  
long be=e ! f9al %ock arrives4  ,?irdly4
 ,! ecclesia/ical doctr9e makes ! sequel
 imm95t1 ne>1 ready to fall at a mom5t's
 w>n+4 ,at any h\r ! signal may /rike4  
,?us x is to ! e>ne/ believ] a con/ant1 
urg5t al>m1 close at h&4 ,b ! sci5tific 

doctr9e depicts ! close z almo/         
unimag9ably remote4 ,all ! data 9 ! h&s 
( our sci5ti/s lead _! calculations z to
 ! ne>e/ probable end to l& !m 9 an epo*
 s f> (f z to be /at$ only 9 ?\s&s (    
millions ( ye>s4 ,?us ! picture is s    
di/ant z to be virtually enfeebl$ into  
no?+4 ,we _c1 ev5 by ! mo/ vivid        
imag9ation1 br+ x home closely en\gh to 
make x real & effective on our plans4   
,&1 f9ally1 ! !ological dogma ( !       
de/ruction ( ! _w pr(esses to be an     
infallible c]ta9ty4 ,! believ] holds t  
he absolutely kn[s x by a revelation (  
sup]natural au?ority4 ,b ) ! sci5ti/ su*
 a belief is held z m]ely a probability4
 ,a billion ( c5turies h5ce ! _w may    
p]haps come to an end2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !
 ph5om5a :i* lead to su* a belief may   
yet be expla9$ z imply+ no su* result4  
,& ^! two issues1 s f> z our social or  
ideal exp]i5ce is conc]n$1 are virtually
 ! same4  ,a brilliant ,fr5* writ] has  
sugge/$ t ev5 if ! natural c\rse (      
evolution does ( itself necessitate !   

f9al de/ruction ( ! _w1 yet our race1   
judg+ f ! magnific5t a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce
 & art already rea*$1 may1 )9 t5 ?\s&   
c5turies1 :i* w be long be=e ! =ese5 end
 approa*es1 obta9 su* a k & control ( ! 
=ces ( nature z to make collective      
humanity ma/] ( ?is planet1 able to %ape
 & guide its de/9ies1 w>d (f e fatal    
crisis1 & p]fect & immortalize ! sy/em z
 n[ su/a9$4 ,x is an audaci\s fancy4 ,b 
l _m o!r incr$ible conceptions :i* h    
=]un _! own /ill m incr$ible fulfillm5t1
 ! v ?\ght electrifies u ) hope &       
c\rage4  ,& ?us ! conclusion 9 :i* we   
re/ at ! close ( our inve/igation is !  
belief t ! _w is to la/1 & our race to  
fl\ri% on x virtually =ev]4 ,?is        
conclusion is equally a relief f !      
frightful burd5s ( sup]/ition1 & a      
consolation = our own p]sonal           
evanesc5ce4 ,! /able h>mony ( natural   
beauty & b5efic5ce1 amid/ :i* we        
individually play our brief "p & vani%1 
%all /& fa/1 bloom+ ) fre% gr[?s1 & %9+ 
) fadeless light1 & ! successive        

g5]ations ( our de> fell[ m5 %all gr[   
ev] wis] & happi]1 beyond ! rea* ( our  
f>!/ vision into ! future4 ,& if we     
recognize 9 ! great cata/rophic my?s &  
previsions ( ! poets & sci5ti/s !       
fundam5tal tru? t ! ?+s :i* are se5 are 
temporal1 :ile ! ?+s alone :i* are unse5
 are et]nal1 ! end be+ a regul> & remote
 sequel 9 ! creative plan ( ,god1 free f
 ang]1 retributive disappo9tm5t1 or     
cruelty w n al>m u4 ,= if s\ls are      
sub/antial entities1 & n m]e ph5om5al   
processes1 !y w survive ! univ]sal      
crisis1 & ei!r at ! lucid goals ( _!    
p]fect$ de/9y rejoice =ev] 9 a reflect$ 
individual fruition ( ! attributes (    
,god1 or else />t refre%$ on a new c>e] 
) t r$i/ribution ( ! cosmic matt] &     
motion :i* 9 its gigantic & et]nal rhy?m
 ( developm5t & dissolution ! anci5t    
,h9du m9d figur$ z ! respiration (      
,brahm & :i* ambiti\s sci5ce n[         
g5]alizes z ! law ( evolution4  ,,*apt] 
,,ii4  ,,! ,,day ,,( ,,judgm5t4         
,,judaism s l>gely suppli$ !            

circum/antial & doctr9al g]ms out ( :i* 
dogmatic ,*ri/ianity grew1 t we _c      
?or\ghly und]/& ! ,*ri/ian belief 9 a   
f9al day ( judgm5t1 unless we fir/      
notice ! hi/oric & lit]>y d]ivation ( t 
belief f ,judaism1 & !n trace its       
developm5t 9 ! new conditions ?r\gh :i* 
x pass$4 ,! p]sonal "*1 tea*+s1 life1 & 
dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 toge!r ) 8         
subsequ5t resurrection & c>e] 9 !       
consci\sness ( ecclesia/ical ,*ri/5dom1 
con/itut$ ! cry/aliz+ c5tre :i*1 dipp$ 9
 ! inh]it$ solution ( ideal & social    
mat]ials furni%$ by ! ,*ur*1 has ga!r$  
ar\nd x ! accretion ( fai? & dogma      
compos+ ! !oretic ,*ri/ianity ( ! pres5t
 day4 ,to foll[ ?is process ) ref]5ce to
 ! p>ticul> t5et be=e u1 analyze x1     
discrim9ate ! appropriate 9 x f !       
inappropriate1 ! true f ! false1 maybe  
difficult2 b x is necess>y = a          
satisfactory conclusion4 ,to ?is task   
let u !re=e n[ address ourselves1 putt+ 
away all bias & prejudice1 invok+ 9     
equal degree c&or1 fe>lessness & *>ity4 

,! ,jews believ$ !mselves to be a p *os5
 out ( all ! _w z ! exclusive favorites 
( ,god4 ,by ! cov5ant ( ,abraham1 & !   
code ( ,moses1 ,jehovah _h ent]$1 z !y  
?\ght1 into a special contract ) !m to  
be _! peculi> ,god1 ,gu>dian1 & ,rul]4  
,9 contra/ ) ! deprav$ habits &         
idolatr\s rites ( ! hea!n nations1 !    
,israelites 7 /rictly to keep ! moral   
law1 &1 at ! same "t1 to pay a pure     
wor%ip to ,jehovah ?r\gh ! scrupul\s    
obs]vance ( _! c]emonial law4 ,! bond ( 
race & family desc5t f ,abraham1 !      
practice ( circumcision1 & ! c]emonies (
 ! ,mosaic ritual1 seal$ !m z accept$   
memb]s ( ?is div9e cov5ant4 ,s long z !y
 7 true to ! duties involv$ 9 ?is       
relation1 ,jehovah w\ld wat* ov] !m1    
def5d !m f _! enemies1 set !m pr\dly    
above ! ali5 ,g5tiles1 & cr[n !m ) e    
spiritual & temporal bless+4 ,! noble/  
repres5tatives ( ! p believ$ ?is )      
unp>allel$ ?or\ghness & int5sity4 ,!y   
look$ d[n on ! uncircumcis$ nations z   
wick$ idolat]s1 de/9$ to be _! s]vants  

until !y %\ld be adopt$ into ! same     
cov5ant by becom+ proselytes to _! fai?4
 ,jehovah 0 lit]ally _! direct1 ?\gh    
invisible1 ,k+1 ,law giv]1 & ,judge1    
palpably rew>d+ _! fidelity by ov]t     
temporal bless+s1 puni%+ _! d]eliction  
by awful temporal calamities & suff]+s4 
,e signal in/ance ( 8 provid5tial       
int]v5tion 9 _! affairs !y call$ a ,day 
( ! ,"l1 a ,com+ ( ,jehovah1 a ,judgm5t 
f heav54 ,?us ! prophet ,joel =etells ! 
v5geance :i* ,god w\ld take on ,tyre &  
,sidon & ,phili/ia1 because !y _h       
assail$ & scatt]$ 8 p4 ,behold ! day (  
,jehovah come?1 ! great & t]rible day4  
,& ,i w %[ wond]s 9 ! heav5s & 9 ! e>?1 
blood & fire & pill>s ( smoke4 ,! sun   
%all be turn$ into d>kness1 & ! moon    
into blood4 ,!n :osoev] calle? on ! "n (
 ,jehovah %all be deliv]$3 = ^u ,m\nt   
,zion & 9 ,j]usalem %all be deliv]ance4 
,i w cont5d ) ! ,g5tiles = my p1 & w br+
 back ! captives4  ,! multitudes1 !     
multitudes 9 ! valley ( judgm5t3 = ! day
 ( ,jehovah is ne> 9 ! valley ( judgm5t4

 ,9 a simil> /ra9 ,isaiah prophesies    
aga9/ ,edom3 ,draw ne>1 ,o ye nations1 &
 he>6 ,= ! wra? ( ,jehovah is k9dl$     
aga9/ ! nations1 & he ha? giv5 up _!    
armies to slaught]4 ,! /5* ( _! c>casses
 %all asc5d1 & ! m\nta9s %all melt ) _! 
blood4 ,& all ! ho/s ( heav5 %all melt  
away2 & all _! ho/ %all fall d[n1 z !   
blight$ fruit f ! fig tree4 ,= my sword 
%all ru% drunk f heav53 behold1 ^u ,edom
 %all x desc5d4 ,= x is a day ( v5geance
 f ,jehovah4 ,h] /reams %all be turn$   
into pit*1 & h] du/ into brim/one1 & h] 
:ole l& %all become burn+ pit*4 ,x %all 
lie wa/e =ev]1 & none %all pass ?r\gh x4
 ,! pelican & ! h$gehog %all possess x2 
! h]on & ! rav5 %all dwell 9 x4         
,trem5d\s & appall+ z ?is imag]y is1 x  
is obvi\s t ! :ole mean+ ( x is e>?ly & 
temporal1 a local judgm5t ( ,jehovah 9  
v9dication ( 8 p aga9/ ! hea!n4 ,& k9dr$
 judgm5ts are ?reat5$ aga9/ 8 own p :5  
!y lapse into wick$ness & idolatry4 ,?us
 sai? ! ,"l1 ,behold1 ,i w wipe         
,j]usalem z a man wipe? a di%1 wip+ x & 

turn+ x upside d[n4 ,jehovah appe>e? z a
 ho/ile witness1 ! ,"l f 8 holy place4  
,behold1 ,jehovah come? =? f 8 dwell+   
place1 & advance? on ! high places ( !  
e>?4 ,! m\nta9s melt "u him1 & ! valleys
 cleave asund] l wax be=e ! fire4 ,= !  
s9 ( ! h\se ( ,israel is all ?is4  ,?us 
! e>lie/ mean+ ( ! phrase1 ,day ( ! ,"l1
 or ,day ( ,judgm5t1 accord+ to         
,biblical usage1 0 ! occurr5ce ( any    
sev]e calamity1 ei!r to ! ,jews1 z a    
puni%m5t = _! apo/asy2 or to ! ,g5tiles1
 z a puni%m5t = _! wick$ness1 or = _!   
viol5t encroa*m5t on ! rights ( ! *os5  
p4 ,^! visitations ( milit>y disa/] or  
political subjection1 ?\gh purely local 
& temporal1 are depict$ 9 ! mo/ t]rific 
images1 su* z flam+ brim/one1 fall+ />s1
 heav5 & e>? dissolv+ 9 d>kness1 blood1 
& fire4 ,ezekiel1 allud+ to ! b>b>\s    
invasion head$ by ,pr9ce ,gog1 repres5ts
 ,jehovah z decl>+1 ,i w cont5d aga9/   
him1 & w ra9 fire & brim/one ^u him & 8 
ho/s4 ,?us w ,i %[ myself 9 my greatness
 & glory be=e ! eyes ( _m nations1 & !y 

%all "k t ,i am ,jehovah4 ,! highly     
figurative "* ( ?is imag]y mu/ be app>5t
 to e c&id critic4  ,= example1 9 !     
foll[+ passage f ,ze*>iah1 no "o w      
suppose = a mom5t t x is meant t        
,jehovah w appe> visibly 9 p]son & reign
 9 ,j]usalem1 b only t 8 promise %all be
 fulfill$1 & 8 law %all prevail !re 9 ! 
triumphant e/abli%m5t ( 8 *os5 p3       
,behold ! day ( ,jehovah come?1 :5 ,i w 
ga!r all nations to battle aga9/        
,j]usalem2 & ! city %all be tak54 ,!n   
%all ,jehovah g =?1 & fight aga9/ ^?    
nations4 ,& 8 feet %all /& 9 t day ^u ! 
,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,& ,jehovah %all be k+ 
ov] all ! e>?4 ,& x %all be t :oso ( all
 ! families ( ! e>? w n g up to         
,j]usalem to wor%ip ! ,k+1 ,jehovah (   
ho/s1 ^u !m %all be no ra94  ,:5 !      
prophets bur/ out 9 ! lyric metaphors1  
,jehovah w ro> f ,zion1 & utt] 8 voice f
 ,j]usalem2 ,egypt %all be a wa/e &     
,edom a wild]ness = _! viol5ce to ! sons
 ( ,judah2 b ,j]usalem %all be inhabit$ 
=ev]1 & ,jehovah %all dwell ^u ,zion1 ! 

mean+ is simply t ,jehovah w be a refuge
 to 8 p1 a /ronghold to ! sons (        
,israel1 & all p %all "k t ,jehovah is  
,god4 ,x w\ld imply ! grosse/ ignorance 
9 any critic if he imag9$ t ! ,jews ev] 
believ$ t ,jehovah 0 visibly to come d[n
 & reign ov] !m 9 p]son4 ,!y did h[ev]1 
believe t an awful tok5 or ! pres5ce (  
,jehovah dwelt 9 ! holy ( holies ( _!   
temple4 ,!y also believ$ t e ano9t$ rul]
 :o gov]n$ !m 9 ju/ice & piety repres5t$
 ! au?ority ( ,jehovah4 ,& z1 9 ! long  
times ( _! natural captivity &          
oppression1 _! hopes s\ght refuge f !   
depress+ pres5t 9 bright visions ( a    
glori\s future1 :5 "s inspir$ deliv]]   
%\ld ju/ify _! fai? by c>ry+ ! national 
p[] & happ9ess to ! highe/ pit*1 !y     
naturally believ$ t ! _s & signet ( !   
,"l w\ld1 9 a special mann]1 re/ on t   
,messianic h]o4  ,by ! assimilative     
action ( fai? & imag9ation1 ?is idea ( a
 div9ely accr$it$ ,messiah develop$1 &  
grew ev] ri*] & m complete4 ,x began    
simply ) ! expectation ( a holy lead] & 

rul] :o %\ld subdue ! hea!n & e/abli% ! 
favor$ p ( ,jehovah 9 pe]less purity1   
p[]1 & happ9ess 9 ! l& ( ,judea4 ,little
 by little ! rew>ds ( ! righte\s & !    
puni%m5ts ( ! wick$ 7 ext5d$ beyond ^?  
liv+ on ! e>?1 & took 9 ! dead4 ,!      
prophet ,ezekiel depict$ ! promis$      
re/oration ( ! ,jews f _! captivity at  
,babylon to ,j]usalem "u ! poetic image 
( a revivification ( a heap ( dead      
bones4 ,?is metaphor sl[ly assum$ ! =m (
 a lit]al dogma1 :i* grew f its beg9n+ z
 an exceptional belief 9 ! resurrection 
( a *os5 few1 /at$ 9 ! book ( ,daniel & 
! second book ( ,maccabees1 to ! belief 
9 ! univ]sal resurrection ( ! dead1 av[$
 by ,paul z ! common ,ph>isaic belief4  
,! belief1 too1 9 reg>d to ! sc5e ( !   
,messianic triumph1 ! p5alties to be    
inflict$ on ! enemies ( ,jehovah1 & !   
k9d & numb] ( ^? enemies1 und]w5t ! same
 process ( developm5t & gr[?4 ,! _w 0   
conceiv$ z a sort ( ?ree /ory h\se      
connect$ ) passage ways2 heav5 above !  
firmam5t1 ! e>? betwe51 & a p5al region 

bel[4 ,! imag]y ( fire & brim/one       
associat$ 9 ! ,hebrew m9d ) ,sodom &    
,gomorrah1 & ! fe>ful imag]y (          
idolatory1 fil?1 & flames 9 ! dete/$    
valley ( ,h9nom :]e ! refuse ( ,j]usalem
 0 c>ri$ to be burn$1 _h be5 transf]r$  
by ! popul> imag9ation to ! subt]ranean 
place ( dep>t$ s\ls4 ,! /ory 9 ! book ( 
,g5esis ab\t ! sons ( ,god =m+ an       
alliance ) ! daught]s ( m51 & begett+ a 
wick$ brood ( giants1 _h be5 wr\ght into
 ! belief 9 a race ( fall5 angels1 foes 
( ,god & m51 ^: dwell+ place 0 ! upp]   
air4 ,above ^! wick$ spirits 9 high     
places1 b bel[ ! heav5 ( ,jehovah1 0 !  
p>adise :i!r ,eno* & ,elijah 7 suppos$  
to h be5 translat$1 & :5ce !y w\ld come 
aga9 9 ! la/ days4 ,! ,jewi% apocryphal 
book ( ,eno* :i* 0 writt5 probably ab\t 
a c5tury & a half be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 &
 is explicitly quot$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,jude
 conta9s a m9ute acc\nt ( ! f9al        
judgm5t1 includ+ 9 its scope ?is :ole   
sc5]y & all ^! ag5ts1 & closely         
anticipat+ bo? ! doctr9al & v]bal       

details ( ! same subject z record$ 9 !  
,new ,te/am5t itself4 ,!re is n1 ) "o   
exception1 a s+le ess5tial feature ( !  
n[ curr5t ,*ri/ian belief1 9 reg>d to ! 
day ( judgm5t at ! end ( ! _w1 :i* is n 
di/9ctly br\ght out 9 ! same =m 9 ! book
 ( ,eno*1 writt5 c]ta9ly m ?an a hundr$ 
ye>s be=e a l9e ( ! ,gospels 0 compos$4 
,! exception ref]r$ to relates to !     
p]son ( ! ,messiah4 ,9 ! book ( ,eno* he
 is inde$ call$ ! ,son ( man1 b is wrapt
 9 my/]i\s obscurity1 undef9$ & unnam$3 
9 ! ,*ri/ian docum5ts & fai? he is1 (   
c\rse1 id5tifi$ ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 &1  
at a lat] p]iod1 id5tifi$ also ) ,god4  
,! gr[? ( ! ,messianic p]sonality 9     
di/9ctness1 prom95ce1 importance1 &     
complet5ess ( associat$ gr\p+1 is n only
 hi/orically traceable1 b 0 also        
p]fectly natural4 ,at fir/ ! prophecy ( 
! triumphant re e/abli%m5t ( ! ,jews 0  
conceiv$ z ! result ( ! favor+ p[] (    
,jehovah1 n 9 a p]sonal manife/ation1 b 
provid5tially display$4 ,?us ,joel      
repres5ts ,jehovah z say+1 9 8 promise  

to v9dicate ,j]usalem1 ,let ! hea!n be  
wak5$1 & come up to ! valley (          
,jeho%aphat2 = !re w ,i sit to judge all
 ! hea!n r\nd ab\t4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ?is 
0 purely metaphorical4 ,b 9 all imag]y (
 a k+dom1 ( w>1 ( judgm5t1 ! idea ( !   
k+1 ! lead]1 ! judge1 w\ld naturally be 
! /ronge/ po9t ( imag9ative action1 !   
c5t] ( cry/aliz+ association ar\nd :i*  
congru\s p>ticul>s w\ld be drawn until !
 picture 0 complete4 ,s x actually      
happ5$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ example (   
?is is se5 9 ! gr[? ( ! notion ( ! great
 ,adv]s>y :o prec$es & fights aga9/ !   
,messiah4 ,! book ( ,daniel1 writt5 j   
aft] ,antio*us ,epiphanes _h oppress$ ! 
,jews ) su* frightful cruelties & pr(an$
 _! temple ) su* abom9able desecrations1
 imp]sonat$ 9 him ! :ole head & front ( 
! impi\s ho/ility :i* ! promis$ deliv]] 
w\ld h to subdue 9 v9dicat+ ! rights &  
hopes ( ! *os5 p4 ,! figure ( ,antio*us 
,epiphanes1 ,m>t9eau has happily said1  
plac$ 9 imm$iate antec$5ce & anti!sis to
 t ( ! ,messiah1 z ! pr$ict$ crisis mov$

 =w>d1 0 c>ri$ ) x1 & spread its        
port5t\s %ad[ ov] ! expect$ close4 ,!   
writ] ( ! book ( ,daniel look$ = !      
imm$iate aris+ ( "s inspir$ h]o & s]vant
 ( ,jehovah to ov]?r[ ?is wick$ despot1 
?is p]secut+ mon/]1 & av5ge ! oppress$  
,jews on _! ,g5tile tyrants4 ,:5        
subsequ5t ev5ts po/pon$ ?is expect$     
sequel1 ! oppos$ p>ties 9 x1 ! ,anti*ri/
 & ! ,*ri/1 7 ?r[n =w>d toge!r 9 ev]    
dilat+ proportions ( gloom & brightness3
 ! fi]ce c\nt5anc$ k+ 9 ,daniel becomes 
! ,man ( ,s9 9 ,paul & ! ,bea/ drunk ) !
 blood ( sa9ts 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,& 9 !  
,rabb9ical books ( ! ,jews ! belief 9   
,anti*ri/1 "u ! "n ( ,armillus1 is      
develop$ into a mass ( my?ological      
details1 aft]w>ds adopt$ q 9 ! gross by 
! ,mohamm$ans4 ,t]rible signs w prec$e !
 appe>ance ( ! ,messiah1 su* z a dew (  
blood1 ! d>k5+ ( ! sun1 ! de/ruction ( !
 holy city1 ) ! slaught] & disp]sion ( !
 ,israelites1 & ! suff]+ ( awful woes4  
,! ,messiah %all ga!r 8 p & rebuild &   
occupy ,j]usalem4 ,armillus %all collect

 an army & besiege t city4 ,b ,god %all 
say to ,messiah1 ,sit ?\ on my "r h&1 & 
to ! ,israelites1 ,/& /ill1 & see :at   
,god w "w = y to day4 ,!n ,god w p\r d[n
 sulphur & fire f heav51 & consume      
,armillus & 8 ho/s4 ,!n ! trumpet w     
s\nd1 ! tombs be op5$1 ! t5 tribes be l$
 to ,p>adise to celebrate ! m>riage     
supp] ( ! ,messiah1 ! ali5s be consign$ 
to ,geh5na1 & ! e>? be r5ovat$4  ,z !   
doctr9e ( ! functions ( ! ,messiah1 9   
?is f9i%$ =m1 is n /at$ 9 ! ,old        
,te/am5t1 b 0 famili> 9 ! ,*ri/ian      
,*ur*1 x is commonly suppos$ to be      
exclusively a lat] ,*ri/ian developm5t f
 ! ,jewi% g]m4 ,x did1 h[ev]1 exi/ 9 !  
,jewi% m9d1 be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 9 !    
mature =m already set =?4 ,x is f\nd    
cle>ly laid d[n & drawn out 9 ,jewi%    
apocryphal books dat$ e>li] ?an !       
,*ri/ian era4 ,x is likewise explicitly 
& m9utely detail$ 9 ! ,talmud1 :]e its  
subsequ5t adoption f ! ,*ri/ians mu/ h  
be5 impossible to ! bigot$ scorn & hate 
( ! ,jews = ! ,*ri/ians2 :ile ! hi/oric 

affiliation ( ,*ri/ianity on ,judaism   
made ! ,*ri/ians av[$ly adopt all !     
vital doctr9es ( ! old] cre$4 ,! gradual
 gr[? ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( !          
connection ( ! ,messiah ) ! f9al        
judgm5t1 out ( ! previ\s ,jewi% &       
,rabb9ical notions1 by ! h>d5+ (        
metaphors into dogmas & ! univ]saliz+ ( 
local peculi>ities1 is confess$ly an    
obscure process1 9 _m ( its p>ticul>s   
extremely difficult to trace4 ,b t x did
 ?us gr[ up1 no imp>tial s*ol>1 :o has  
ma/]$ :at is n[ kn[n on ! subject1 c    
d\bt4 ,a _w ( new k & light has be5 ?r[n
 on ?is :ole field dur+ ! la/ ?irty five
 ye>s by ,gfror]1 ,baur1 ,ewald1        
,h(fmann1 ,hilg5feld1 ,dilmann1 ,c]iani1
 ,volkm>1 & o!r /ud5ts ( k9dr$ p[] & _s4
 ,rese>*es & discussions 9 ?is dep>tm5t 
are /ill pu%$ ) ! greate/ zeal2 & x is  
confid5tly believ$ t 9 a few ye>s !     
views adopt$ 9 ! pres5t writ+ w be      
e/abli%$ beyond all cavil f any fair    
m9d$ critic4 ,!n all ! /eps w h be5     
cle>ly def9$ 9 ! developm5t ( t doctr9e 

( ! great ,day ( ! ,"l1 :i*1 beg9n+ ) a 
poetic picture ( a ,jewi% ov]?r[ ( !    
,g5tiles1 ?r\gh ! inspir+ p[] (         
,jehovah1 be=e ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 end$
 ) a lit]al belief 9 ! sett+ up1 by !   
,messiah1 ( a tribunal 9 ! ,valley (    
,jeho%aphat1 ! assemblage !re ( all !   
liv+ & ! dead = judgm5t1 ! in/allation (
 ! immortaliz$ righte\s 9 ,p>adise1 & ! 
subm]g+ ( ! wick$ "u ! ,vale ( ,h9nom 9 
a ra9/orm ( blaz+ brim/one4  ,& n[ :at  
mu/ we ?9k 9 reg>d to ! tru? or         
falsehood ( ! outw>d1 =5sic1 milit>y1 & 
ritual "p ( ! doctr9e ( hi/oric & lit]>y
 developm5t we h imp]fectly foll[$4 ,is 
x n p]fectly cle>1 t ! gr[? ( ! doctr9e 
9 "q has be5 b a natural action ( !     
imag9ation on ! mat]ials furni%$ x2 add+
 congru\s p>ticul>s1 "o aft] ano!r1     
until ! view 0 complete1 & !re=e c\ld   
ext5d no fur!r8 ,& is x n equally       
obvi\s1 t x c lay no sort ( claim to    
logical validity8 ,! sup]/iti\s &       
arbitr>y "* ( its intr9sic con/itu5ts1  
its irreconcilabl5ess ) sci5ce &        

philosophy1 disprove1 to all :o d>e     
hone/ly face ! facts1 e plea set up = x 
z an inspir$ revelation ( tru?4 ,x is a 
mixture ( poetry & speculation1 cr$ible 
en\gh 9 an e>ly & uncritical age1 b a   
hopeless /umbl+ block to ! educat$      
reason ( ! pres5t day4 ,e "o :o br+s a  
free intellig5ce to ! subject w f9d x   
impossible n to recognize ! same        
fanciful process ( ?\ght1 ! same poetic 
+r$i5ts1 "h z 9 ! s*emes ( ^? hea!n     
religions ^: pr9cipal portrayals we all 
reg>d z my?ology4 ,to argue t because   
e>?ly rul]s1 9 _! ang] & p[]1 s5d       
retributive armies aga9/ _! rebelli\s   
subjects1 to br+ !m to judgm5t1 de/roy  
_! homes & cities1 & lay wa/e _! l&s )  
fire & sword1 !re=e ,god1 ! supreme ,k+1
 w d s by ! :ole _w1 is n to reason     
logically1 b to poetize creatively4 ,!re
 c be no w>rant = transf]r+ ! political 
& milit>y relations betwe5 m5 & e>?ly   
sov]eigns to ! moral & spiritual        
relations betwe5 ! human race & ,god1   
s9ce ! two sets ( relations are :olly   

diff]5t4 ,! relation ( ,creator &       
creature is imm5sely high] & wid] ?an t 
( k+ & subject4 ,he ^: laws are ev]y:]e 
incessantly self execut+ ne$s n to      
select & gr\p & res]ve 8 fri5ds or foes 
= any climat]ic cata/rophe4 ,! common   
notion ( a f9al judgm5t day ! fanciful  
association ( all ! good toge!r1 on "o  
side1 to be sav$2 ( all ! bad toge!r1 on
 ! o!r side1 to be damn$1 applies to !  
div9e gov]nm5t an imp]fection belong+   
only to human gov]nm5ts4 ,surely e "o   
mu/ see1 ! mom5t ! ?\ght is /at$1 t ?is 
imag9ative univ]saliz+ ( ! indignation (
 ,god1 & c>ry+ x to a climax1 9 !       
de/ruction ( ! _w1 is a my?ological     
proc$ure utt]ly inapplicable to a ,be+  
:o c "k no ang]1 no caprice1 no *ange1 a
 ,be+ ^: w is univ]sal tru?1 ^: ?rone is
 imm5sity1 ^: robe is omnipres5ce4      
,orig9al ,*ri/ianity1 int]nally reg>d$ 9
 its div9e tru?1 0 ! pure moral law     
exemplifi$ 9 ! p]sonal traits ( ,jesus  
,*ri/1 & univ]saliz$ by 8 asc5t out ( ! 
fle% into t k+dom ( heav5 :i* kn[s n    

nationalities or c]emonies4 ,b orig9al  
,*ri/ianity1 ext]nally & hi/orically    
reg>d$1 9 ! belief ( its fir/ disciples1
 0 simply ,judaism1 ) ! addition ( !    
fai? t ! ,messiah _h actually come 9 !  
p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! fir/ disciples 
vividly *]i%$ ! preval5t ,ph>isaic      
doctr9e t ! ,messiah w\ld glorify 8 p1  
vanqui% ! hea!n1 raise & judge ! dead1  
*ange ! face ( ! e>?1 & inaugurate a    
holy reign ( ,israel 9 joy & spl5dor4   
,?is ! ,messiah 0 to d4 ,b !y believ$   
,jesus to be ! ,messiah4 ,yet1 be=e do+ 
^! ?+s1 he _h be5 put to dea?4 ,!re=e1  
!y argu$1 he mu/ come aga91 to f9i% 8   
uncomplet$ mission4 ,su* 0 ! d]ivation (
 ! apo/olic & ecclesia/ical doctr9e ( ! 
spe$y second adv5t ( ,*ri/ to judge !   
dead & ! liv+1 & to w9d up ! pres5t     
s*eme ( ?+s4 ,! belief 0 inevitable "u !
 circum/ances4 ,to h believ$ o!rwise1 !y
 mu/ h recon/ruct$ ! curr5t idea ( !    
,messiah1 & h se5 9 him no political    
mon>* ) an outw>d realm1 b purely a k+ (
 tru?4  ,= ?is !y 7 n ready2 ?\gh x     

seems z if1 aft] ! exp]i5ce ( eighte5   
hundr$ ye>s1 we ought by ?is "t to be   
prep>$ to see t su* 0 really ! int5tion 
( ,provid5ce4  ,x is a "q ( prim>y      
int]e/1 :e!r ,jesus himself1 9 assum+ ! 
,messiah%ip1 reg>d$ x p]sonally z an    
exclusively spiritual (fice1 or z a     
lit]ally includ+ ^! royal & judicial    
functions 9 a visible =m4  ,jesus       
=etold1 9 ! same imag9>y us$ by !       
previ\s prophets1 & famili> to ! m9ds ( 
8 contempor>ies1 ! spe$y approa* (      
frightful calamities1 w>s1 rumor ( w>s1 
fam9e & slaught]1 ,j]usalem compass$ )  
armies & de/roy$4 ,!n1 he adds1 ! ,son (
 man %all come 9 ! cl\ds ( heav51 ) all 
8 holy angels1 & take possession ( !    
sc5e1 apportion+ ! de/9ies ( ! righte\s 
& ! wick$4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ?is pictur$   
reappe>ance1 9 su* transc5d5t pomp &    
p[]1 0 meant by him z a lit]al prophecy1
 to be physically fulfill$ 9 8 own      
p]son2 or z a moral horoscope ( ! de/9$ 
=tunes ( 8 religion1 a figurative       
repres5tation ( ! e/abli%m5t & reign ( 8

 spiritual tru?4 ,! latt] view seems to 
u to be ! correct "o4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 
?is is :at has actually tak5 place4 ,9 !
 gr[+ recognition ( 8 _s & p[]1 9 !     
spread ( 8 tea*+s & "n1 9 !             
revolutioniz+ advancem5t ( 8 k+dom among
 m51 ,jesus has come aga9 & aga94       
,j]usalem 0 de/roy$ by ! ,romans1 z he  
=etold1 amid/ unspeakable tribulations1 
& ! disciples ( ! new fai? in/all$ 9    
dom9ation ov] ! _w4 ,he said ! "t 0 !n  
at h&1 ev5 at ! doors1 t "s ( ^? /&+ by 
%\ld n ta/e dea? until all ^! ?+s came  
to pass4 ,if 8 prophecy bore a moral    
s5se1 ! sequel ju/ifi$ x2 if x bore a   
physical s5se1 ! sequel refut$ &        
falsifi$ x4 ,= t g5]ation pass$ away1   
fifty g5]ations s9ce h pass$ away1 & yet
 !re has be5 no lit]al second adv5t (   
,jesus 9 p]son to judge ! dead & ! liv+1
 & to de/roy ! _w4 ,! ev5t proves t we  
mu/ ei!r give ! words ( ,jesus a        
metaphorical int]pretation or hold t he 
0 9 error4  ,b1 secondly1 su* an error  
w\ld be incompatible ) s\ndness ( m9d4  

,= any man1 ev5 = him call$ by an apo/le
 ! man ,*ri/ ,jesus1 to believe t aft] 8
 dea? he %\ld reappe>1 swoop+ d[n f     
heav51 convoy$ by squadrons ( angels1 to
 collect all m5 f _! graves1 & replace !
 old creation ) a new "o1 w\ld imply a  
pr(\nd di/urbance ( reason1 a           
monomaniacal fanaticism if n an actual  
insanity4 ,x is su* a pure piece (      
!atrics t no "o deeply 9 unison ) t _s (
 tru? :i* expresses ! m9d ( ,god ?r\gh !
 ord] ( nature & provid5ce c\ld possibly
 believe x4 ,su* a nature 0 preem95tly t
 ( ,jesus4 ,all 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic        
utt]ances1 su* z3 bless$ are ! pure 9   
he>t1 = !y %all see ,god2 :o loves mu*  
%all be =giv5 mu*2 reveal unsurpass$    
san5ess & tru? ( p]ception4 ,x is by mu*
 ! mo/ probable supposition1 t ,jesus   
employ$ 9 ! deepe/ & pure/ moral s5se   
alone ^? ,messianic images & cata/rophic
 prophecies :i* 7 inde$ orig9ally us$ z 
moral metaphors1 b _h be5 aft]w>ds      
degrad$ into mat]ial dogmas4  ,/ill     
fur!r1 ! lit]al belief commonly         

attribut$ to ,jesus1 9 8 own physical   
reappe>ance & reign1 is n only          
incompatible ) 8 supreme s\ndness ( m9d1
 x is also irreconcilable ) 8 o!r       
explicit tea*+s4 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is   
_w4 ,e "o t is ( ! tru? he>e? my voice4 
,he w>ns 8 disciples aga9/ ! _m false   
,*ri/s :o w appe>1 & says t ! k+dom (   
heav5 come? n ) obs]vation4 ,say n1 lo  
"h6 or lo !re6 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is )9  
y4 ,i am ! tru?1 ! way1 & ! life4 ,he t 
rejecte? me1 ,i judge him n2 ! ^w t ,i h
 spok51 t %all judge him4 ,:oev] doe? ! 
w ( my ,fa!r 9 heav51 ! same is my      
bro!r4 ,9 view ( ^! & k9dr$ utt]ances ( 
! pr(\nde/ insight1 irreconcilable ) any
 gross my?ological beliefs1 we mu/ hold 
to ! purely spiritual "* ( ! doctr9e (  
,jesus conc]n+ 8 p]sonal (fices1 & ?9k t
 all ! spee*es1 if any su* !re be1 :i*  
_c be fairly expla9$ 9 accordance ) ?is 
view1 h be5 refract$ 9 _! transmission  
?r\gh incompet5t report]s1 or ev5 p]haps
 fictiti\sly ascrib$ to him f ! fai? ( a
 lat] age4 ,!re is a grateful           

satisfaction 9 ?us dis*>g+1 z we feel we
 are fairly entitl$ to d1 f ! au?ority (
 ,jesus a burd5 too great ev5 = 8       
pe]less "n any long] to support4 ,=1 say
 :at its advocates may1 ?is gigantic    
melo drama ( ! second adv5t1 ?is _w wide
 mixture & display ( m>tial & =5sic     
elem5ts be=e an audi5ce ( all mank9d &  
amid/ a convuls$ & clos+ univ]se1 is    
inh]5tly incr$ible by any m9d n grossly 
ignorant & undiscipl9$ or drill$ to !   
mo/ slavi% s]vility ( traditional ?\ght4
 ,e "o really educat$ 9 sci5ce &        
philosophy1 & famili> ) ! physiological 
conditions & lit]>y hi/ory ( my?ology 9 
! o!r nations ( ! _w1 w pla9ly p]ceive !
 intr9sic fancifulness & falsity ( !    
belief1 at ! same "t t he easily acc\nts
 = its rise & preval5ce4  ,! same       
picture ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem by a      
league ( idolatr\s armies1 & ( ! mighty 
com+ ( ! ,messiah1 f\nd 9 ! ,new        
,te/am5t1 is drawn 9 ! ?ird book ( !    
,sibyll9e ,oracles1 :i* 0 compos$ by a  
,jew two hundr$ ye>s be=e "o ^w ( ,mat!w

 or ,luke 0 writt54 ,jesus took up ?is  
curr5t & fitt+ imag]y :]e9 to express ! 
conflict ( 8 religion ) ! _w1 & to      
pr$ict its ultimate triumph4 ,he        
id5tifies himself ) ! tru?s he has      
br\ght1 ) ! reg5]at+ en]gies he has     
inaugurat$ to combat & ov]come !        
wick$ness & despotism ( ! nations ( m54 
,e adv5t ( 8 univ]sal pr9ciples to a    
wid] conflict or a high] seat (         
au?ority1 is a true com+ ( ! ,son (     
,man4 ,! vices & crimes ( m51 !         
selfi%ness & tyranny ( gov]nm5ts1       
accumulate imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( ! free   
work+ ( ! w ( ,god 9 human society4     
,!re=e f p]iod to p]iod convulsive      
crises occur1 %ocks ( progressive tru? &
 lib]ty aga9/ ! ob/acles ga!r$ 9 _! way4
 ,?us1 n only ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 
b ! de/ruction ( ,rome1 ! ,fr5*         
,revolution1 & all ! t]rible social     
crises 9 ! advanc+ affairs ( ! _w1 write
 on ! e>? & ! sky1 9 huge *>act]s (     
blood1 smoke & fire1 ! true mean+ ( !   
repeat$ com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,?is is ! only k9d

 ( judicial second adv5t he w ev] make1 
& ?is w occur ov] & ov] 9 calamit\s b   
helpful revolutions1 until all removable
 evils are done away1 all ! laws ( m5   
made j & all ! he>ts ( m5 pure4 ,!n ! _s
 once manife/$ by ,jesus 9 8 lonely     
mission w be a univ]sal pres5ce on e>?1 
& ! g5u9e mill5nium prevail )\t end4  ,x
 is necess>y n[1 z prelim9>y to a cle>  
exposition ( ! true ,*ri/ian doctr9e (  
judgm5t1 to expla9 ! cause & process ( !
 d>k p]v]sion :i* ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/      
himself h s un=tunately und]gone 9 !    
,*ur*4 ,= ?is purpose we mu/ aga91 = a  
mom5t1 ref] to ! orig9al connection (   
,*ri/ianity ) ,judaism4  ,judaism 0     
compos$ ( two p>ts3 "o an accid5tal =m2 
! o!r1 ess5tial tru?4 ,! fir/ 0 !       
c]emonial peculi>ities ( ! ,jewi% race &
 hi/ory2 ! second 0 ! absolute & et]nal 
pr9ciples ( morality & religion4 ,^! two
 p>ts ! ritual law & moral law 7 closely
 jo9$ 9 all ! be/ repres5tatives ( !    
nation at all ! be/ p]iods ( its hi/ory4
 ,yet !re 0 a con/ant t5d5cy to sep>ate 

^!4 ,"o p>ty exalt$ ! ritual elem5t1    
ano!r p>ty ! spiritual elem5t2 ! prie/ly
 class & ! vulg> populace ! =m]2 !      
prophets ! m5 ( poetic1 fi]y he>t &     
g5ius ! latt]4  ,su* m5 z ,isaiah1      
,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 always insi/$ on    
p]sonal & national righte\sness1 purity1
 & devotion1 z ! "o ess5tial ?+4 ,b !   
natural t5d5cy ( ! common multitude1 & (
 e pr(essional class1 to an ext]nal     
r\t9e ( me*anis$ =ms1 manife/$ itself m 
& m 9 a p>ty :i* made an ov]t cov5ant & 
rituali/ic con=mity ! all important ?+4 
,?is p>ty rea*$ its head 9 ! sect ( !   
,ph>isees1 :o1 at ! "t ( ,jesus1        
possess$ ! (fices1 & repres5t$ ! dom9ant
 _s & au?ority ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,! "* 
( ?is sect ( bigot$ =mali/s1 z          
indignantly describ$ & d5\nc$ by ,jesus1
 is too well kn[n to ne$ illu/ration4   
,!y subord9at$ & trivializ$ ! weighti]  
matt]s ( ju/ice1 m]cy1 humility1 &      
peace1 b en?ron$ & glorifi$ ! regime (  
m9t1 anise1 & cumm94  ,:at 0 ! ,jewi%   
idea ( salvation1 or citiz5%ip 9 ! k+dom

 ( ,god8 ,:at 0 ! condition ( acceptance
 9 ! ,ph>isaic *ur*8 ,x 0 heir%ip 9 !   
,jewi% race1 ei!r by desc5t or adoption1
 ) c]emonial blamelessness 9 belief &   
act4 ,d y belong to ! *os5 family (     
,abraham1 & are y undefil$ 9 relation to
 all ! requirem5ts ( our code8 ,!n y are
 "o ( ! elect4 ,are y a ,g5tile1 an     
idolatr\s memb] ( ! uncircumcision1 or a
 scorn] ( ! ,levitic & ,rabb9ical       
cu/oms8 ,!n y are unfit to ent] beyond !
 out] prec9cts ( ! ,temple2 y are a     
hopeless ali5 f ! k+dom ( heav54 ,?us ! 
,jewi% te/ ( acceptance ) ,god 0        
national1 ext]nal1 =mal1 a local &      
temporal peculi>ity4  ,:5 ,jesus arose &
 began to tea*1 8 transc5d5t g5ius1     
work+ "u ! unp>allel$ inspiration (     
,god1 an unprec$5t$ s5sibility to div9e 
tru? 9 its utmo/ purity & fre$om1 exp&$ 
beyond all ^! %all[ mat]ial accid5ts &  
bonds2 & he prop\nd$ a p]fectly moral & 
spiritual te/ ( acceptance be=e ,god2   
namely1 ! possession ( an intr9sically  
good "*4 ,he made no?+ ( ! di/9ction    

betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile1 decl>+1 ,my fa!r 
is able ( ^! /ones to raise up *ildr5   
unto ,abraham4 ,he affirm$ ! condition (
 admittance into ! k+dom ( ,god to be   
simply ! do+ ( ! w ( ,god4 ,:5 he saw ! 
"y lawy] :o _h kept ! two comm&m5ts1    
lov+ ,god ) all 8 s\l1 & 8 neighbor z   
himself1 8 he>t ye>n$ t[>ds him 9       
b5$iction4 ,&1 f9ally1 9 8 sublime      
picture ( ! la/ judgm5t1 he1 9 ! mo/    
explicit & unmi/akable mann]1 makes ! "o
 ess5tial condition ( rejection to be   
inhumanity ( life1 cruel selfi%ness (   
"*2 ! "o ess5tial condition (           
acceptance1 ! _s ( love1 ! practical do+
 ( good4 ,he utt]s n a solit>y syllable 
ab\t immaculat5ess ( c]emonial propriety
 or s\ndness ( dogmatic belief4 ,he only
 says1 ,inasmu* z ye h or h n visit$ !  
sick & ! imprison$1 f$ ! hungry1 & clo!d
 ! nak$1 ye %all be ju/ifi$ or condemn$ 
at ! div9e tribunal4 ,?is te/ ( p]sonal 
goodness or wick$ness1 b5evol5t or      
malignant conduct1 proclaim$ by ,jesus1 
is ! true /&>d1 free f ev]y?+ local &   

tempor>y1 fitt$ = application to all    
nations & all ages4  ,b no soon] _h     
,*ri/ianity obta9$ a foo?old on e>?1    
multipli$ its conv]ts1 & ga9$ "s outw>d 
sway1 ?an its ,judaiz+ disciples &      
promulgators1 fa/5+ on t :i* 0 easie/ to
 compreh5d & practise1 t :i* 0 mo/      
impressive to ! imag9ation1 t :i* seem$ 
mo/ %>ply to di/+ui% !m f ! unbeliev+ & 
uncon=m+ _w ar\nd1 ?ru/ f> into !       
backgr\nd ?is univ]sal & et]nal te/ (   
judgm5t set up by ,jesus himself1 & 9   
place ( x in/all$ an exclusive te/      
fa%ion$ aft] a m develop$ & aggravat$   
patt]n ( ! v n>r[e/ & wor/ elem5ts 9 !  
,ph>iasaism :i* he expressly came to    
sup]s$e4 ,! ,ph>isaic condition (       
salvation 0 inh]itance1 by blood or     
adoption1 9 ! ,jewi% race & ,abrahamic  
cov5ant1 toge!r ) exactitude ( c]emonial
 obs]vance4 ,ev]ybody else 0 an unclean 
ali51 an uncircumcis$ dog1 an uncov5ant$
 lep]4 ,9 place ( ?is te/1 ! or?odox    
ecclesia/ical p>ty made _! te/ dogmatic 
belief 9 ! sup]natural ,messiah%ip (    

,jesus ,*ri/1 =mal pr(ession (          
allegiance to ! (ficial p]son ( ,jesus  
,*ri/4 ,x is summ$ up 9 ! =mula1 ,:oso  
believe? t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 is ( ,god2
 :oso d5ie? ?is1 is ( ! ,devil4         
,exactly "h is :]e ,paul1 ! noble apo/le
 to ! ,g5tiles1 broke ) ! ,judaiz+      
apo/les1 & taught a doctr9e m fully     
develop$ 9 its hi/oric sequ5ce1 b       
sub/antially 9 p]fect unison ) ! free   
tea*+s & _s ( ,jesus himself4 ,) ,paul !
 te/ ( ,*ri/ian salvation 0 ! possession
 ( ! m9d ( ,*ri/4 ,if any man h n ! _s (
 ,*ri/1 he is none ( 82 b z _m z are l$ 
by ! _s ( ,god are sons ( ,god4 ,nei!r  
circumcision availe? any?+1 nor         
uncircumcision2 b a new creature1       
begott5 9 ! image ( ,*ri/1 availe?      
ev]y?+ be=e ,god4 ,god rew>de? e man1 ! 
,jew & ! ,g5tile1 accord+ to 8 works4 ,)
 ,paul1 desc5t f ,abraham 0 no?+1       
obs]vance ( ! legal code 0 no?+3 a j &  
pure "*1 full ( self sacrific+ love1    
evok$ by fai? 9 ,*ri/1 0 ! all 9 all4   
,jesus ,*ri/ 0 ! head ( a new race1 !   

second ,adam2 & all disciples1 :o1 ?r\gh
 moral fai? 9 him1 7 reg5]at$ into 8    
lik5ess & unto newness ( liv+1 7 !reby  
adopt$ z sons ( ,god & jo9t heirs ) him4
 ,! ,paul9e =mula ( salvation1 freely   
op5 to all ! _w1 01 spiritual           
assimilation & reproduction ( ,*ri/ 9 ! 
disciple4  ,b ! ,judaiz+ p>ty bore a    
heavy prepond]ance 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & has
 succe$$ unto ?is day 9 impos+ on       
ecclesia/ical ,*ri/5dom its own te/3    
namely1 a s\nd dogmatic1 belief 9 !     
supreme p]sonal rank & (fice ( ,*ri/1 z 
! only means ( admission to ! k+dom (   
heav54 ,! "o peculi>ity :i* mo/ %>ply & 
broadly contra/$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ) !   
re/ ( ! _w 0 unque/ionably _! belief 9 !
 miracul\s mission ( ,jesus1 a belief   
gr[+ deep]1 high]1 int5s]1 until x      
actually id5tifi$ him ) ! omnipot5t     
,god4 ,!re 0 an inevitable t5d5cy1 x 0 a
 p]fectly natural & necess>y process1 = 
!m to make ?is po9t ( contra/ ! c5tral  
condition on :i* dep5d$ ! possession (  
all ! special privileges suppos$ to be  

promis$ to its disciples by ! new       
religion4 ,! result is well express$ by 
,polyc>p 9 ^! words3 ,:osoev] confesses 
n t ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is an       
,anti*ri/2 & :osoev] ackn[l$ges n !     
m>tyrdom ( ! cross1 is ( ! ,devil2 &    
:osoev] says t !re is no resurrection   
nor judgm5t1 is ! fir/ born ( ,satan4   
,?is extract /rikes ! key note ( !      
,or?odox ,*ur* all ?r\gh ,*ri/5dom f !  
second c5tury to ! pres5t h\r4 ,9 place 
( ! true condition ( salvation ann\nc$  
by ,jesus1 p]sonal & practical goodness1
 x inaugurates ! false ecclesia/ic /&>d1
 s\ndness ( dogmatic belief 9 relation  
to ,jesus himself6 ,^? :o hold ?is are !
 elect1 & %all /& 9 heav5 ) :ite robes &
 palms & a new song1 :ile all ! re/ ( ! 
_w apo/ate & dete/$ enemies ( ,god & 8  
sa9ts %all be trampl$ d[n 9 m]ciless    
slaught]1 & flung into ! pit :5ce !     
smok+ signal ( _! torm5t %all asc5d =   
ev] & ev]4 ,x is a trans=mation ( !     
bigot$ scorn & hate ( ! cov5ant$ ,jew = 
8 ,g5tile foes into ! int5sifi$ horror (

 ! ,or?odox believ] = ! reprobate       
infidel4 ,& x f9ally culm9at$ 9 ! foll[+
 frightful picture :i* /ill l[]s &      
blazes 9 ! imag9ation ( ecclesia/ical   
,*ri/5dom z a v]itable revelation ( :at 
is to take place at ! end ( ! _w3  ,:ile
 ! />s are fall+1 ! firmam5t dissolv+1 !
 dead sw>m+ f _! graves1 & ! nations    
assembl+1 ,*ri/ w come 9 ! cl\ds ( heav5
 ) a ho/ ( angels & sit 9 judgm5t on    
collect$ mank9d4 ,all :o submissively   
believ$ 9 8 ,div9ity1 & h ! seal ( 8    
blood on _! =eheads1 he w approve &     
accept2 all o!rs he w condemn & reject4 
,no matt] = ! natural goodness &        
integrity ( ! unbeliev]3 8 unbelief     
dooms him4 ,no matt] = ! natural        
depravity & iniquity ( ! believ]3 8 fai?
 9 ! aton+ sacrifice saves him4 ,!      
,judge w say to ! or?odox1 on 8 "r1 ,y  
may h be5 impure & cruel1 li$1 *eat$1   
hat$ y\r neighbor1 roll$ 9 vice & crime1
 b y h believ$ 9 me1 9 my div9ity3      
!re=e1 come1 ye bless$1 inh]it my k+dom4
 ,to ! h]etical1 on 8 left1 he w say1 ,y

 may h be5 pure & k9d1 s\ght ! tru?1    
self sacrific+ly s]v$ y\r fell[ m51     
fulfill$ e moral duty 9 y\r p[]1 b y h n
 believ$ 9 me1 9 my deity1 & my blood3  
!re=e1 dep>t1 ye curs$1 into ev]la/+    
fire4 ,su* is a fit v]dict to be        
pron\nc$ by ! av5g+ ,w>rior depict$ 9 ! 
,apocalypse1 f ^: m\? issues a two edg$ 
sword1 to cut 8 enemies asund]2 :o sits 
on a :ite *>g]1 9 a ve/ure dipp$ 9      
blood1 ) a b[ & a cr[n1 & goes =?       
conqu]+ & to conqu]2 ^: eyes are flames 
( fire2 :o treads 8 reject]s 9 ! w9e    
press ( 8 wra? until _! blood rea*es to 
! horse bridles4 ,x 0 ! natural         
reflection ( an age fill$ ) ! mo/       
murd]\s hatr$s & p]secutions1 bas$ on   
political & dogmatic di/9ctions4 ,b h[  
contradictory x is to ! tea*+s ( ,jesus 
himself6 ,h[ utt]ly irreconcilable x is 
) ! image & _s ( t meek & l[ly ,son (   
,man :o said t he came n to de/roy m5's 
lives b to save !m2 :o decl>$1 ( m9e own
 self ,i c d no?+2 :o mode/ly deprecat$ 
all p]sonal homage1 ask+1 ,:y calle/ ?\ 

me good8 :o sat ) ! publican1 & =gave ! 
h>lot1 & d5\nc$ bigotry 9 _m an immortal
 brea?+ ( *>ity2 & :o1 ev5 9 8 f9al     
agony1 p>don$ & pray$ = 8 murd]]s6 ,:at 
reason is !re = suppos+ t he :o 0 s     
inf9itely g5tle1 unselfi%1 =giv+1 :5 on 
e>?1 w und]go su* a fi5di% metamorphosis
 9 8 exaltation & return8 ,x is ! mo/   
mon/r\s1 ! mo/ atroci\s trave/y ( ! tru?
 t ev] 0 p]petrat$ by ! sup]/iti\s      
ignorance & audacity ( ! human m9d4 ,x  
is a direct transf]5ce into ! ,godhead (
 ! mo/ egoti/ical & hateful feel+s ( a  
bad man4 ,no good man :o _h be5 ev] s   
grossly misconceiv$1 vilifi$1 & wrong$1 
if he saw 8 enemies pro/rate 9          
submissive t]ror at 8 feet1 p]fectly    
p[]less be=e 8 au?ority1 c\ld be> to    
trample on !m & wreak v5geance on !m4   
,he w\ld say1 ,unhappy ones1 fe> n2 y h 
misund]/ood me2 ,i w n injure y2 if !re 
be any favor :i* ,i c be/[ on y1 freely 
take x4 ,& is x n an incr$ible blasphemy
 to d5y to ! deifi$ ,*ri/ a magnanimity 
equal to t :i* any good man w\ld        

exhibit8  ,x is ) pa9 & regret t ! writ]
 has p5n$ ! =ego+ s5t5ces1 :i*1 he      
supposes1 "s p]sons w read ) ! feel+ t  
!y are inexcusable misrepres5tations1   
o!rs1 ) a %ock$ & res5tful horror1      
reliev+ itself 9 ! cry1 ,infidelity6    
,blasphemy6 ,! reply ( ! writ] is simply
 t1 :ile reluctant to w\nd ! s5sibility 
( any1 he feels b\nd 9 consci5ce to make
 ?is exposition1 because he believes x  
to be a true /atem5t2 & loyalty to tru? 
is ! fir/ duty ( e man4 ,tru? is ! w (  
,god1 ob$i5ce to :i* alone is s\nd      
morality1 rev]5tial love ( :i* alone is 
pure piety4 ,frightful z is ! picture   
drawn above ( ,*ri/ 9 ! judgm5t1 x is   
impossible to d5y1 )\t utt]             
/ultification1 t e l9eam5t ( x is       
logically impli$ 9 ! =mula4 ,!re is no  
salvation = ! man :o unbeliev+ly        
rejects1 no damnation = ! man :o        
believ+ly accepts1 ! (ficial ,*ri/ & 8  
blood4 ,& :at tea*] w h ! presumption to
 d5y t j ?is has be51 & /ill is1 !      
c5tral dogma 9 ! fai? ( ecclesia/ical   

,*ri/5dom8 ,! legitimate result ( ?is   
view1 unfl9*+ly c>ri$ out1 & appli$ to !
 precise po9t we n[ h 9 h&1 is se5 9 t  
horrible portrayal ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t    
:]e) ,mi*ael ,angelo has cov]$ ! ceil+ (
 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 9 ,rome4 ,! great     
anatomical arti/ consi/5tly depicts     
,*ri/ z an almighty a?lete1 t[]+ )      
v9dictive wra?1 fl++ ?und]bolts on !    
wri?+ & helpless wild]ness ( 8 victims4 
,! popul> conception ( ,*ri/ 9 ! judgm5t
 has be5 borr[$ f ! type ( a k+1 :o1    
hurl+ (f ! incognito 9 :i* he has be5   
outrag$1 breaks out 9 8 prop] insignia1 
to s5t5ce & trample 8 scorn]s4 ,! true  
conception is to be fa%ion$ aft] ! type 
giv5 9 8 own example dur+ 8 life4 ,s f> 
z ,*ri/ is ! repres5tative ( ,god1 !re  
mu/ be no vanity or egotism 9 him4 ,e   
su* quality ascrib$ to ! ,godhead is    
an?ropomorphiz+ sophi/ry4 ,h[ev] mu* m  
,god may be1 he is ! ,g5]al ,m9d ( !    
,univ]se4 ,he includes1 :ile he         
transc5ds1 all o!r be+s4 ,n[1 ! ,g5]al  
,m9d mu/ repres5t ! int]e/s ( all1 !    

dis9t]e/$ good ( ! :ole1 & n any        
p>ticul> & selfi% exactions1 or res5tful
 caprices1 fa%ion$ on ! patt]n %[n among
 human egoti/s by a k+ly despot4  ,!    
,*ur*1 9 develop+ ,*ri/ianity out (     
,judaism ?r\gh ! p]son & life ( ,jesus1 
has giv5 prom95ce & emphasis to ! wrong 
elem5ts1 seek+ to univ]salize &         
p]petuate1 9 a trans=m$ guise1 ! local  
_s & hi/oric errors ( t ,ph>isaic sect  
aga9/ :i* he _h himself laun*$ all 8    
invective4 ,t temp] ( bigotry &         
c]emonial te*nicality :i* hates all     
outside ( its own pale z reprobate1 &   
:i* ultimat$ itself 9 ! virtual         
,ph>isaic =mula1 ,keep ! h&s & platt]   
wa%$1 & x is no matt] h[ full (         
uncleanness y are )91 at a lat] p]iod   
embodi$ itself ?r\gh ! lead]s (         
ecclesia/ical ,or?odoxy 9 ! c5tral      
dogma1 ,no?+ b fai? 9 ,*ri/ c avail man 
any?+ be=e ,god4 ,in/ead ( ?is ! true   
doctr9e is1 ,no?+ b ob$i5ce1 surr5d]1 & 
tru/1 p]sonal p5it5ce & aspiration1 c   
avail man any?+ be=e ,god4  ,!          

,*ri/ians1 z ! ,jews did be=e !m1 h made
 a wrong selection ( ! doctr9e to be1 on
 ! "o h&1 p>ticul>iz$ & left beh9d2 on !
 o!r h&1 c>ri$ =w>d & univ]saliz$4 ,?is 
imm5se error dem&s correction4 ,let u   
notice a few specim5s 9 exemplication ( 
x4 ,jehovah is n ! only true ,god 9     
di/9ction f odi\s idols2 b ,brahma1     
,ahura ,mazda1 ,osiris1 ,zeus1 ,jupit]1 
& ! re/1 are names giv5 by diff]5t      
nations to ! ,inf9ite ,_s :om ea* nation
 wor%ips accord+ to its own light4 ,!   
,jews & ! ,*ri/ians are n ! only *os5 p 
( ,god2 b all nations are 8 p1 *os5 9 ! 
degree ( _! h>mony ) 8 w4 ,! provid5ce (
 ,god is n an exceptional int]f]5ce f   
)\t1 exclusively = ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians2 
b x is = all1 a /eady ord] ( laws )91 z 
mu* to be se5 9 ! %9+ ( ! sun1 or !     
regul> h>ve/1 z 9 any %ocks ( political 
calamity & glory4 ,n ! ,messiah alone   
reveals ,god2 b1 9 8 degree1 e rul]1    
prophet1 prie/1 e man :o /&s = wisdom1  
ju/ice1 purity1 & devotion1 repres5ts   
him4 ,x is n doctr9al belief 9 !        

,messiah1 b vital adoption ( 8 _s & "*1 
( ! pr9ciples ( real goodness1 t        
con/itutes ! salvation ( ! disciple4 ,we
 are to look n = ! resurrection ( ! fle%
 f ! grave1 b = ! resurrection ( ! s\l f
 all =ms ( s91 ignorance1 & mis]y4 ,x is
 ! univ]sal preval5ce ( tru? & virtue1  
k1 love1 & peace1 9 ! he>ts ( m51 n !   
physical reign ( ! return+ ,messiah1 :i*
 w make a mill5nium on e>?4 ,! k+dom (  
,god :i* ,judaism localiz$ exclusively 9
 ,pale/9e1 & ! e>ly *ur* exclusively 9  
heav5 or on ! mill5nial e>?1 %\ld be    
recogniz$ 9 e place1 :e!r above ! sky or
 on ! globe1 :]e duty is done1 & pure   
affection1 tru/1 & joy exp]i5c$2 = ,god 
is n exclud$ f all o!r spaces by any    
en?ronization 9 "o4 ,we ought n to cl+1 
z to p]man5t fixtures ( reveal$ tru?1 to
 ! rigid outl9es ( t s*eme ( fai? :i* 0 
/ruck out :5 ! ?ree /ory h\se ( !       
,hebrew cosmogony %[$ ! limits ( :at m5 
knew1 be=e exact sci5ce 0 born1 or      
criticism conceiv$1 or ! telescope      
inv5t$1 or ,am]ica & ,au/ralia & !      

,g]manic races he>d (2 b we %\ld hold   
our speculative !ological beliefs freely
 & provisionally1 ready to recon/ruct & 
read j !m1 f "t to "t1 9 accordance ) ! 
dem&s ( ! gr[+ body ( human k4          
,reflect+1 9 ! light ( ^! g5]al ideas ( 
tru?1 on ! :ole subject ( ! curr5t      
doctr9e ( ! end ( ! _w & ! day (        
judgm5t1 we %all see t t doctr9e pres5ts
 no valid claim = our belief1 b is a    
my?ological gr[? out ( ! hi/oric &      
lit]>y conditions amid/ :i* ,*ri/ianity 
arose on ! basis ( ,judaism4 ,! doctr9e 
0 =m$ by ! unconsci\s transmutation (   
metaphors into dogmas4 ,poetic figures  
came1 by d9t ( famili>iz+ repetition1 by
 d9t ( imag9ative collection &          
contemplation1 to be tak5 z expressive (
 lit]al tru?s4 ,to any read] ( !        
,apocalypse1 ) compet5t hi/orical &     
critical in=mation = ent]+ into ! book f
 ! po9t ( view occupi$ by its au?or1 x  
is j z evid5t t its imag]y 0 meant to   
describe ! imm$iate conflict ( ,hebrew  
,*ri/ianity ) pagan ,rome1 & n ! lit]al 

blott+ out ( ! univ]se1 z x is          
unque/ionable t ! book ( ,daniel        
depicts1 n ! imp5d+ de/ruction ( ! _w1 b
 ! relations ( ! *os5 nation ) ! ho/ile 
empires ( ,p]sia1 ,m$ia1 ,babylon1 &    
,mac$onia1 f :i* !y _h suff]$ s mu*1 &  
:i* !y !n hop$ spe$ily to put b5ea? _!  
feet4 ,! sla9 ,lamb1 /&+ amid/ ! ?rone (
 ,god1 ) sev5 eyes & sev5 horns2 ,dea?1 
on a pale horse1 ) ,hell foll[+ him2 !  
woman1 clo!d ) ! sun1 & ! moon "u h]    
feet2 ! great r$ dragon1 ^: tail ca/s to
 ! e>? ! ?ird "p ( ! />s ( heav52 ! worm
 wood />1 t falls z a blaz+ lamp1 &     
turns a ?ird ( ! wat]s ( ! e>? into     
bitt]ness2 ! sev5 ?und]s1 sev5 seals1   
sev5 vials1 sev5 spirits be=e ! ?rone1  
sev5 c&le/icks1 sev5 angels1 sev5       
trumpets1 sev5 epi/les to ! sev5 *ur*es1
 sev5 horns1 sev5 head$ bea/1 all ^! ?+s
 mu/1 p]=ce1 be tak5 z free poetic      
imag]y2 x w\ld require a lunatic or an  
utt]ly un?9k+ v]bali/ to int]pret !m    
lit]ally4 ,:y1 !n1 %all we select f !   
mass ( metaphors a few ( ! mo/ viol5t1 &

 insi/ on r5d]+ ^! z v]itable /atem5ts (
 fact8 ,if ! re/ is symbolism1 s are !  
pictures ( ! av5g+ armies ( angels1 !   
reek+ gulf ( sulphur1 & ! gold5 /reets (
 ! city4  ,! entire s*eme ( ?\ght1 z x  
/ill /&s 9 ! m9d ( ! ,or?odox believ]1  
is to be reject$ z spuri\s1 because x   
re/s on a process ( imag9ative          
accumulation & transf]5ce :i* is        
absolutely illegitimate2 namely1 !      
association & univ]saliz+ ( political & 
milit>y images1 :i* are !n h>d5$ f      
emblems into facts1 & ca/ ov] ^u !      
mutual relations ( ,god & mank9d4 ,we   
ought to break op5 ! metaphors1 extract 
_! significance1 & ?r[ ! %ells aside4 ,b
 ignorant bibliolat>y & ecclesia/icism  
insi/ on wor%ipp+ ! %ells1 ) no insight 
( _! cont5ts4  ,!re is "o all important 
fact :i* %\ld conv9ce ( _! error ^? :o  
hold ! curr5t view ( a g5]al judgm5t at 
! end ( ! _w z hav+ be5 reveal$ f ,god  
?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,we ref] to ! fact t !     
sy/em ( ideas 9 :i* a f9al resurrection 
& judgm5t ( ! dead are logical p>ts1    

exi/$ 9 ! ,zoroa/rian !ology five or six
 c5turies be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,x 0     
adopt$ !nce by ! ,jews1 & aft]w>ds      
adopt$ f ! ,jews by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,if1   
!re=e1 ?is doctr9e be a revelation f    
,god1 x 0 reveal$ by him to ! ,p]sians 9
 a d>k & cr$ul\s antiquity4 ,9 t case x 
is ,zoroa/] & n ,*ri/ to :om we are     
indebt$ = ! c5tral dogmas ( our         
religion6 ,no1 ^! ?+s are imag]y1 n     
ess5ce1 ! human elem5t ( imag9ative     
error ) :i* ! div9e elem5t ( tru? has   
be5 ov]laid1 & f ^: d>k5+ & corrupt     
company ?is is to be extricat$4  ,!re   
are1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 addition to ! 
relevant metaphors :i* we h already     
exam9$1 sev]al o!rs ( great             
impressiv5ess & importance4 ,we mu/ n[  
expla9 ^!1 sep>ate ! tru?s & errors     
popul>ly associat$ ) !m1 & leave !      
subject ) an exposition ( ! real me?od (
 ! div9e gov]nm5t & ! true idea ( ! day 
( judgm5t1 9 contra/ ) ! preval5t       
ecclesia/ical p]v]sions ( !m4  ,! "p    
play$ 9 !ological speculation & popul>  

religi\s belief by imag]y borr[$ f !    
sc5]y & me?ods ( judicial tribunals1 !  
proc$ures & en=cem5t ( p5al law1 has n  
be5 less prom95t & pr(\nd ?an ! influ5ce
 ex]t$ by natural1 political1 & milit>y 
metaphors4 ,! p[]1 ! pomp1 ! elaborate  
spectacle1 ! my/]i\s =malities1 !       
frightful p5alties1 ! int5se p]sonal    
hopes & fe>s1 associat$ ) ! trial (     
culprits 9 c\rts or be=e ! head ( a     
nation1 mu/ always h sunk s deeply into 
! m9ds ( m5 z to be vividly pres5t 9    
imag9ation to be affix$ z typical /amps 
on _! !ories conc]n+ ! judgm5ts ( ,god &
 ! future _w4 ,?is process is p]haps    
n[h]e m di/9ctly %[n ?an 9 ! belief ( ! 
anci5t ,egyptians4 ,be=e ! s>cophagus   
conta9+ ! mummy 0 f]ri$ ov] ! holy lake 
to be deposit$ 9 ! tomb1 ! fri5ds &     
relatives ( ! dep>t$1 & 8 enemies &     
accus]s1 if he _h any1 toge!r ) =ty two 
assessors1 ea* ( :om _h ! ov]sight ( a  
p>ticul> s91 assembl$ on ! %ore & sat 9 
judgm5t4 ,! deceas$ 0 put on 8 trial    
be=e !m3 &1 if ju/ifi$1 aw>d$ an        

honorable burial2 if condemn$1 disgrac$ 
by ! )hold+ ( ! fun]al rites4 ,n[ !     
papyrus rolls f\nd ) ! mummies give a   
description ( ! judgm5t ( ! dead1 a     
picture ( ! fate ( ! disembodi$ s\l 9 ! 
,egyptian ,hades1 m9utely agree+ 9 _m   
p>ticul>s ) ! =ego+ c]emony4 ,ma1 !     
,goddess ( ,ju/ice1 leads ! s\l into !  
judgm5t hall1 be=e ! ?rone ( ,osiris1   
:]e /&s a great balance ) a symbol (    
tru? 9 "o scale1 ! symbol ( a human he>t
 9 ! o!r4 ,! accus] is he>d1 & ! deceas$
 def5ds himself be=e =ty two div9e      
judges :o preside ov] ! =ty two s9s f   
:i* he mu/ be cle>$4 ,! gods ,horus &   
,anubis att5d to ! balance1 & ,?o?      
writes d[n ! v]dict & ! s5t5ce4 ,! s\l  
!n passes on ?r\gh adv5tures ( p5ance or
 bliss1 ! details ( :i* are obvi\sly    
copi$1 ) fanciful *anges & additions1 f 
! connect$ sc5]y & exp]i5ce kn[n on !   
e>?4  ,tak+ x = all 9 all1 !re p]haps   
nev] 0 any o!r sc5e 9 human society s   
impressive z ! p]iodical sitt+ 9 judgm5t
 ( ! great ,ori5tal k+s4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( 

^? half deifi$ rul]s ! ,k+ ( ,egypt1 !  
,sultan ( ,p]sia1 ! ,emp]or ( ,india1 ! 
,great ,fa!r ( ,*9a to set up1 ea* 9 !  
gate ( 8 palace1 a tribunal = ! public &
 irrev]sible adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4     
,seat$ on 8 ?rone1 blaz+ 9 purple1 gold1
 & gems1 ! memb]s ( ! royal family ne>e/
 to 8 p]son2 8 *ief (fic]s & *os5       
favorites com+ next 9 ord]2 8 body gu>ds
 & v>i\s classes ( s]vants1 9 di/9ctive 
co/umes1 rang$ 9 _! sev]al po/s2 va/    
masses ( troops1 m>%all$ f> & ne>4 ,!   
:ole assemblage mu/ h compos$ a sight ( 
augu/ spl5dor & dread4 ,!n appe>$ !     
accus]s & ! accus$1 crim9als f _!       
dungeons1 captives tak5 9 w>1           
repres5tatives ( tribut>y nations1 all  
:o _h compla9ts to (f]1 *>ges to repel1 
or (f5ces to expiate4 ,! mon>* li/5$1   
weigh$1 decid$1 s5t5c$2 & 8 execution]s 
c>ri$ out 8 comm&s4 ,"s 7 p>don$1 "s    
rew>d$1 "s s5t to ! qu>ries1 "s to      
prison1 "s to dea?4 ,:5 ! tribunal 0    
/ruck1 & ! k+ retir$1 & ! sc5e end$1 !re
 0 relief ) "o1 joy ) ano!r1 blood "h1  

d>kness !re1 weep+ & wail+ & gna%+ (    
tee? 9 _m a place4  ,dramatic sc5es (   
judgm5t1 public judicial proc$ures1 9 "s
 degree correspond+ ) ! =ego+ picture1  
are necess>y 9 human gov]nm5ts4 ,!      
prison1 ! culprit1 ! witnesses1 ! judge1
 ! v]dict1 ! p5alty1 are inevitable     
facts ( ! social ord]4 ,(f5ces ne$+ to  
be puni%$ by ov]t p5alties1 wrongs dem&+
 to be rectifi$ by outw>d decrees1      
crim9als ga!r$ 9 cells1 appeals f l[]   
c\rts to high] ones1 may g on accumulat+
 until a gr& audit or univ]sal cle>+ up 
( arre>s becomes indisp5sable4 ,is x n  
obvi\s h[ natural x w\ld be = a m9d     
pr(\ndly impress$ ) ^! facts1 & vividly 
/amp$ ) ?is imag]y1 to ?9k ( ! relation 
betwe5 mank9d & ,god 9 a simil> way1    
conceiv+ ( ! ,creator z ! ,inf9ite ,k+ &
 ,judge1 :o w appo9t a f9al day to set  
ev]y?+ "r1 issue a g5]al act ( jail     
deliv]y1 summon ! liv+ & ! dead be=e    
him1 & adjudicate _! doom accord+ to 8  
sov]eign pleasure8  ,! trem5d\s language
 ascrib$ to ,jesus1 9 ! tw5ty fif? *apt]

 ( ,mat!w1 0 evid5tly bas$ on ! hi/oric 
picture ( an ,ea/]n k+ 9 judgm5t4 ,:5 ! 
,son ( ,man %all come 9 8 glory1 & all !
 holy angels ) him1 !n %all he sit ^u ! 
?rone ( 8 glory3 & be=e him %all be     
ga!r$ all nations3 & he %all sep>ate !m 
"o f ano!r1 z a %eph]d divide? 8 %eep f 
! goats3 & he %all set ! %eep on 8 "r   
h&1 b ! goats on ! left4 ,if ,jesus     
himself us$ ^! words1 we suppose he     
meant figuratively to indicate by !m !  
triumphant in/allation1 z a rul+ & judg+
 p[] 9 human society1 ( ! pure et]nal   
pr9ciples ( morality1 ! true univ]sal   
pr9ciples ( religion1 :i* he _h taught &
 exemplifi$4 ,b un=tunately ! image     
prov$ s ov]p[]+ly impressive to !       
imag9ation ( subsequ5t times1 t its     
metaphorical import 0 lo/ 9 its physical
 sett+4  ,?is mom5t\s error has aris5 f 
! inevitable t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to    
conceive ( ,god aft] ! type ( an e>?ly  
k+1 z an en?ron$ local ,pres5ce2 f !    
root$ incapacity ( popul> ?\ght to grasp
 ! idea t ,god is an equal & undivid$   

,ev]y:]5ess4 ,9 8 great spee* on ,m>'s  
,hill1 ! apo/le ,paul told ! ,a!nians t 
,god _h appo9t$ a day 9 ! :i* he w\ld   
judge ! _w 9 righte\sness by t man :om  
he ha? orda9$4 ,is n ?is notion ( !     
judgm5t be+ delegat$ to ,jesus pla9ly   
adopt$ f ! political image ( a deputy8  
,! k+ himself r>ely sits on a judicial  
tribunal3 he is g5]ally repres5t$ !re by
 an inf]ior (fic]4 ,b ?is arrangem5t is 
totally inapplicable to ,god1 :o c nev] 
abdicate 8 pr]ogatives1 s9ce !y are n   
legal1 b dynamic4 ,! ess5tial nature (  
,god is inf9ity4 ,c]ta9ly1 !re c be no  
sub/itution ( ?is4 ,x _c be put (f1 nor 
put on1 nor multipli$4 ,!re is "o       
,inf9ite alone4  ,! ,greeks locat$1 9 ! 
future /ate1 ?ree judges ( ! dead1      
,m9os1 :o presid$ at ! trial ( s\ls     
arriv+ f ,europe2 ,rhadaman?us1 :o      
exam9$ ^? com+ f ,asia2 & ,aacus1 :o    
judg$ ^? f ,africa4 ,!y _h no f\r? &    
fif? inspectors = ! s\ls f ,am]ica &    
,au/ralia1 because ^? divisions ( ! e>? 
71 z yet1 unkn[n6 ,h[ sugge/ive is ?is  

mixture ( k & ignorance6 ,! heav5 ( !   
,esquimaux is a place :]e !y w h a pl5ty
 ( f9e boats & h>poons1 & f9d a summ]   
climate1 & a calm ocean ab\nd+ ) fat    
seals & walruses4 ,! ,gre5l&]'s hell is 
a place ( torm5t f cold2 ! ,arab's1 a   
place ( torm5t f heat4 ,e p & e man     
unless !y h le>n$ by comp>ative         
criticism to correct ! t5d5cy  conceive 
_! de/9y 9 ! unkn[n future 9 =ms &      
lights copi$1 m or less closely1 f _!   
famili> exp]i5ces "h4 ,is !re n j z mu* 
reason = hold+ to ! lit]al accuracy &   
validity ( ! result 9 "o case z 9 ano!r8
 ,! popul> picture1 9 ! imag9ation (    
,*ri/5dom1 ( ,gabriel play+ a trumpet   
solo at ! end ( ! _w1 & a huge squad (  
angelic police d>t+ ab\t ! f\r qu>t]s ( 
heav51 ga!r+ ! pa/ & pres5t inhabitants 
( ! e>?1 :ile ! ,judge & 8 (fic]s take  
_! places 9 ! ,univ]sal ,assize1 in/ead 
( be+ receiv$ z s\nd !ology1 %\ld be    
held z moral symbol4 ,tak5 9 any o!r    
way1 x s9ks into gross my?ology4 ,c any 
"o fail to see t ?is picture ( ! ,la/   

,judgm5t is ! result ( an illogical     
process2 namely1 ! poetic association & 
univ]saliz+ ( our fragm5t>y judicial    
exp]i5ces1 & ! bodily transf] ( !m ov]  
^u our relations ) ,god8 ,! proc$ure is 
cle>ly a fallaci\s "o1 because !        
relations ( m5 ) ,god 9 ! sph]e ( et]nal
 tru?s are :olly diff]5t f _! relations 
) ea* o!r 9 ! sph]e ( political society4
 ,!y are1 9 no s5se1 =mal or =5sic1 b   
sub/antial & moral2 n ( ! nature ( a    
league or compact1 b int]ior & organic2 
n act+ by fits & />ts1 or ga!r+ ?r\gh   
int]ruptions & delays to convulsive     
cata/rophes1 b go+ on 9 unbreakable     
cont9uity4 ,god is a ,_s2 & we too1 9   
ess5ce1 are spirits4 ,! rew>ds &        
puni%m5ts imp>t$ f ,god to u1 !n1 are   
spiritual1 results ( ! regul> action ( !
 laws ( our be+ z relat$ to all o!r be+4
 ,consequ5tly1 no figures borr[$ f ^?   
judicial & police arrangem5ts inevitable
 9 ! brok5 & hit*+ affairs ( e>?ly      
rul]s1 c be directly applicable1 !      
circum/ances are s completely diff]5t4  

,! true illu/ration ( ! div9e gov]nm5t  
mu/ be adopt$ f physiology & psy*ology1 
:]e ! p]fect work+ ( ! ,creator is      
exemplifi$1  n f ! =um & ! c\rt1 :]e !  
imp]fect artifices ( m5 are exhibit$4   
,god =ev] sits 9 judgm5t on all s\ls1 9 
! reactions ( _! own acts4 ,! div9e     
retribution = e de$ is ! kick ( ! gun1 n
 an extra explosion arbitr>ily ?r[n 94  
,! ?ief1 ! li>1 ! misan?rope1 ! drunk>d1
 ! poet1 ! philosoph]1 ! h]o1 ! sa9t1   
all h _! j & intr9sic returns = :at !y  
are & = :at !y d1 9 ! fitness ( _! own  
*>act]s & _! h>monies or discords ) ! w 
( ,god1 ) ! public ord] ( creation4 ,?us
 is ! daily exp]i5ce ( "o man made a    
lake ( peace ?read$ ) ?rill+ rivulets ( 
bliss2 t ( ano!r1 a /ream ( dev\r+ fire 
& poison1 or a heav+ & smok+ b$ (       
uncleanness & torm5t4 ,! virtues        
repres5t ! conditions ( univ]sal good2 !
 vices repres5t private opposition to ^?
 conditions4 ,accord+ly1 ! good man is 9
 attract+ & coop]ative connection ) all 
good2 ! bad man1 9 antagoni/ic &        

repulsive connection ) x4 ,9 ^! facts a 
p]fect retribution resides4 ,if any "o  
does n see x1 does n feel its work+1 x  
is because he is too ins5sible to be    
consci\s ( ! secrets ( 8 own be+1 too   
dull to read ! lessons ( 8 own exp]i5ce4
 ,& ?is self ignorant degradation1 s f> 
f refut+1 is itself ! pr(\nde/          
exemplification ( ! tru? ( t wond]ful ^w
 ( ,jesus3 ,v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 !y h  
_! rew>d4 ,^? :o consid] !mselves sa9ts 
indulge 9 an unspeakable vulg>ity1 :5 !y
 feel1 ,well1 ! s9n]s h _! turn 9 ?is   
_w2 we %all h ours 9 ! next4 ,! law (   
retribution 9 ! spiritual sph]e is      
id5tical ) ! fir/ law ( motion 9 !      
mat]ial sph]e2 action & reaction are    
equal1 & 9 opposite directions4 ,?is law
 be+ in/antane\s & incessant 9 its      
op]ation1 !re c be no occasion = a f9al 
epo* to r$ress its accumulat$           
disbalancem5ts4 ,x has no               
disbalancem5ts1 save 9 our errone\s or  
defective vision4  ,! true conception ( 
! relation ( ! all judg+ ,creator to 8  

creatures is t ( ! ,inf9ite ,be+ :o     
supplies all f9ite receptacles 9        
accordance ) _! special =ms (           
organization & "*1 & :o causes exact    
retributions ( good & evil intr9sically 
to inh]e 9 _! indulg$ modes ( ?\ght &   
feel+ & w1 _! own virtues & vices1      
fruitions & battlem5ts4 ,?is int]nal1   
cont9u\s1 dynamic view wor?ily repres5ts
 ! p]fection ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,!    
incomp>ably inf]ior view ! ext]nal1     
int]mitt5t1 con/abul>y !ory re/s1 z x   
seems to u1 m]ely on ! traditions (     
ignorance & fancy4 ,x has1 9 e in/ance1 
orig9at$ f ! unw>rantable int]pretation 
( a trope z a tru?4  ,= example1 !      
picture ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 suppos$ to be
 drawn by ,jesus1 9 ! ,p>able ( ! ,t>es1
 mu/ be consid]$1 n z a rigid prophecy (
 ! end ( ! e>?1 & ! transmundane        
de/9ation ( s\ls1 b z a free emblem ( ! 
approa*+ close ( ! ,jewi% disp5sation1 &
 ! t]rible calamities :i* w\ld !n come  
on ! pr\d1 ob/9ate & rebelli\s p4 ,!    
reap+ angels are ! ,roman & ,jewi%      

armies1 & o!r k9dr$ ag5cies & collisions
 9 ! de/9$ evolution ( ! =tunes (       
,*ri/ianity & mank9d 9 ! future4 ,tak5  
lit]ally1 ! symbols are incongru\s )    
fact1 & absolutely incr$ible 9 doctr9e4 
,= !y are bas$ on ! image ( a royal l&  
own]1 :o draws 8 support f ! income ( 8 
fields & subjects1 & :o rew>ds ! fai?ful
 br+] ( fruits1 & puni%es ! slo?ful     
default]2 :o welcomes & /ores %eaves1   
because !y are weal?3 rejects & burns   
t>es1 because !y are an injury & a      
nuisance4 ,b no?+ c be ri*es or a       
nuisance to ! inf9ite ,god1 :o nei!r    
lives on rev5ue nor judges by j]ks4 ,m5 
are n lit]ally :eat1 ! prop]ty ( ! good 
s[]1 ,*ri/2 nor t>es1 ! prop]ty ( ! bad 
s[]1 ! ,devil3 !y are s\ls1 responsibly 
belong+ to !mselves1 "u ,god4 ,& ! pay (
 ! human agriculturi/s1 9 ! moral fields
 ( ! div9e ,k+1 consi/s 9 ! daily crops 
( exp]i5ce !y raise1 n 9 be+ advanc$ to 
a seat at ! "r h& ( _! ,"l1 or 9 be+    
flagellat$ & flung into a flam+ furnace4
  ,jesus himself1 und\bt$ly1 us$ ?is    

physical imag]y z ! vehicle ( spiritual 
tru?s2 x is lam5table t p]functory m9ds 
h s g5]ally ov]look$ ! sub/ance 9 !     
dress4 ,he is repres5t$1 9 ,mat!w1 z    
hav+ said to 8 apo/les3 ,:5 ! ,son ( man
 %all sit on ! ?rone ( 8 glory1 ye also 
%all sit ^u twelve ?rones1 judg+ !      
twelve tribes ( ,israel4 ,n[1 t he us$  
?is figure to convey an imp]sonal moral 
mean+1 & t 8 pr(\nd ?\ght und]w5t a     
mat]ializ+ degradation 9 ! m9ds ( 8     
he>]s & report]s1 appe>s cle>ly f !     
incid5t relat$ imm$iately aft]w>d4 ,!   
wife ( ,zeb$ee ask$ t h] two sons might 
sit1 ! "o on 8 "r h&1 & ! o!r on ! left1
 9 8 k+dom4 ,& ,jesus said1 ,ye %all    
dr9k inde$ ( my cup1 & be baptiz$ ) !   
baptism t ,i am baptiz$ )3 b to sit on  
my "r h&1 & on my left1 is n m9e to     
give4 ,! imag]y meant t ! mission>y     
assi/ants1 9 =w>d+ & spread+ ! k+dom (  
tru? & love he came to e/abli%1 w\ld be 
repres5t$ 9 common ) himself 9 ! p[] x  
w\ld acquire & sway ov] ! _w4 ,:5 8     
he>]s int]pret$ ! imag]y 9 a physical   

s5se1 z indicat+ t he 0 h]eaft] to be a 
visible k+1 & t 8 favorites might expect
 to %>e 9 8 au?ority1 honor1 & glory1 he
 solemnly repudiat$ x4  ,!re is yet     
ano!r & a :olly diff]5t /yle ( imag]y   
employ$ by ,jesus to convey 8           
in/ructions z to ! judgm5t :i* is to    
sep>ate ! ju/ifi$ f ! condemn$4 ,!      
consid]ation ( ?is species ( imag]y w\ld
 af=d an indep5d5t pro(1 ( a cog5t "*1 t
 !y /rangely misappreh5d ! m9d ( ,jesus 
:o int]pret ! moral mean+ ( 8 p>able 9  
an outw>d & dramatic s5se4 ,! metaphors 
to :i* we n[ ref] are ( a dome/ic &     
convivial nature1 bas$ on "s ( ! mo/    
impressive social cu/oms ( ! ,ori5tal   
nations4 ,x 0 ! habit ( k+s1 gov]nors1 &
 o!r ri* & p[]ful m51 to give1 on c]ta9 
occasions1 great banquets1 to :i* !     
gue/s 7 invit$ by special favor4 ,^!    
fea/s 7 celebrat$ ) ! utmo/ pomp &      
spl5dor1 by night1 9 brilliantly        
illum9at$ ap>tm5ts4 ,! contra/ ( ! blaz+
 lights1 ! ri*ly co/um$ gue/s1 ! music &
 talk1 ! honor & luxury )91 set aga9/ ! 

d>kness1 ! sil5ce1 ! envi\s pov]ty &    
mis]y )\t1 mu/ h deeply /ruck all :o saw
 x1 & w\ld naturally secure rhetorical  
reflections 9 spee* & lit]ature4 ,!     
,jews illu/rat$ _! idea ( ! ,k+dom (    
,god by ! symbol ( a table at :i*       
,abraham & ,isaac & ,jacob 7 banquet+1 &
 w\ld be jo9$ by all _! fai?ful         
c\ntrym54 ,9 8 p>able ( ! ,supp]1       
describ+ h[ a k+1 on occasion ( !       
m>riage ( 8 son1 made a fea/ & s5t out  
g5]\s invitations to x1 ,jesus works up 
?is imag]y /ill m elaborately4 ,:at did 
he really mean to tea* by x8 ,is x n    
cle>ly app>5t f ! :ole context t he     
int5d$ x z an illu/ration ( ! fact t !  
,jews1 to :om he fir/ ann\nc$ 8 gospel1 
& (f]$ all its privileges1 hav+ reject$ 
x1 its bless+s w\ld be freely ?r[n op5  
to ! ,g5tiles1 & t !y w\ld cr[d 9 to    
occupy ! place ( joy & honor1 :i* ! *os5
 p ( ,jehovah _h refus$ to accept8 ,x is
 by a pure effect ( fancy & doctr9al    
bias t ! p>able has be5 p]v]t$ into a   
description ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,!       

ref]5ce pla9ly indicates admission to or
 exclusion f ! privileges ( ! new       
disp5sation1 a matt] ( p]sonal exp]i5ce 
9 ! he>t ( ! disciple & 9 ! society ( ! 
*ur* on ?is e>?4 ,! w$d+ g>m5t1 )\t :i* 
no "o c come to ! royal table1 is a     
holy1 humble1 & lov+ "*4 ,9 consequ5ce (
 8 de/itution ( ?is1 ,judas1 al?\gh     
seat$ at ! table1 ) ! mo/ honor$ gue/s1 
9 ! v pres5ce ( 8 ,"l1 0 prov$ to h no  
"r !re1 & 0 ?ru/ into ! out] d>kness4 ,8
 bad _s1 8 inability to appreciate &    
enjoy ! pure tru?s ( ! k+dom1 con/itut$ 
8 expulsion4 ,t su* 0 ! idea 9 ! m9d (  
,jesus1 some?+ to be exp]i5c$ p]sonally 
& spiritually 9 ! pres5t1 & n some?+ to 
be %[n collectively & mat]ially at ! end
 ( ! _w1 appe>s f ! great numb] (       
diff]5t =ms 9 :i* he reit]ates 8        
doctr9e4 ,_h he meant to tea* lit]ally t
 he 0 to come 9 p]son at ! la/ day1 &   
sit 9 judgm5t on all m51 w\ld he n h _h 
a di/9ct conception ( ! me?od1 & h      
always drawn "o & ! same consi/5t       
picture ( x8 ,b if he meant to tea* t   

all :o 7 fitt$ by _! _s1 "* & conduct to
 assimilate ! liv+ sub/ance ( 8 k+dom 7 
!reby made memb]s ( x1 :ile all o!rs 71 
by _! own intr9sic unfitness1 exclud$1  
!n x 0 p]fectly natural t 8 f]tile m9d  
w\ld on a hundr$ diff]5t occasions      
convey ?is "o tru? 9 a hundr$ diff]5t   
figures ( spee*4 ,t 9 :i* ! images all  
diff] is uness5tial3 t 9 :i* !y all     
agree mu/ be ! ess5tial ?\ght4 ,n[ !    
p>ables diff] 9 ! =ms ( judgm5t !y      
picture4 ,!re=e ^! =ms are metaphoric   
dress4 ,! p>ables agree 9 assign+ a     
diff]5t fate to ! righte\s & ! wick$4   
,!re=e ?is diff]5ce is ! vital tru?4 ,& 
,jesus n[h]e makes righte\sness consi/ 9
 any?+ national1 dogmatic1 or c]emonial1
 b ev]y:]e is some?+ moral4  ,! doctr9e 
( an unfail+ tribunal 9 ! s\l1 ! belief 
t we are all judg$ mom5t>ily at !       
cont9u\s b> ( ! tru? reflect$ 9 our own 
consci5ce1 is too deep1 delicate1 &     
elusive a view = ! ignorance & h>dness (
 "s ages1 & ( "s p]sons 9 e age4 ,!y _c 
und]/& t ! m9d ( man is itself a liv+   

table ( ! law & judgm5t seat ( !        
,creator1 by its positive & negative    
pol>ities1 9 sympa!tic connection ) !   
/&>ds ( good & evil1 pron\nc+ ! v]dicts 
& execut+ ! s5t5ces des]v$4 ,!y ne$ to  
project ! s*eme ( retribution into !    
/>tl+ %ape ( a trial 9 a =mal c\rt1 & !n
 to univ]salize x into an ov]:elm+ _w   
assize4 ,! semi dramatic figm5t1 no     
d\bt1 0 an inevitable /age ( ?\ght1 &   
has wr\ght p[]fully = good 9 c]ta9      
p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,b ! pure tru? mu/ be z
 mu* bett] = all :o c appreciate x1 z x 
is m real & m p]vasive4  ,s9ce ,god1 !  
indefeasible ,creator1 is a resi/less   
p[] ( ju/ice & love 9 omnipres5t        
relations ) 8 creatures1 ! g5u9e day (  
judgm5t to ea* be+ mu/ be ! entire c>e] 
( t be+4 ,9 a l[] degree1 e day is a day
 ( judgm5t2 because all acts1 9 ! _s f  
:i* !y spr+ & ! end at :i* !y aim1 c>ry 
_! own imm$iate retributions4 ,if we    
c\ld survey ! :ole1 at once1 f ! ,div9e 
po9t ( view1 & compreh5d ! relation ( ! 
p>ts to ! :ole1 und\bt$ly we %\ld       

p]ceive t ! des]ts & ! receipts ( ea*   
ephem]al exi/5ce are balanc$ betwe5 !   
rise & set ( its sun4 ,b dea? may1 ) mo/
 solemn emphasis1 be reg>d$ z ! f9al day
 ( judgm5t to ea* man1 9 ?is s5se2 t !n 
! sum ( 8 e>?ly life & de$s is seal$ up 
& clos$ f all fur!r alt]ation by him1   
pass+ into hi/ory z a collective cause  
or total unit ( influ5ce4 ,z long z !   
creation rolls 9 space1 & consci\s be+s 
live & die1 t bequea?al w tell its good 
or evil tale ( him4 ,:at s5sitive _s w n
 tremble at ! ?\ght ( a judgm5t s       
unavoidable & s trem5d\s z ?is6 ,!      
vot>ies ( sup]/ition are mi/ak5 9       
suppos+ t ! removal ( _! false beliefs w
 de/roy or weak5 ! sanctions ( duty     
among m54 ,! removal ( imag9>y sanctions
 w b cause ! true ones to appe> m cle>ly
 & to "w m effectively4  ,! judgm5t (   
,god !n1 we conclude1 is no v5geful     
wreak+ ( arbitr>y royal volitions2 b x  
is ! return ( ! laws ( be+ on all de$s1 
actual or ideal4 ,?is is1 9 itself1     
p]petual & infallible3 b x sometimes    

=ces itself on our recognition 9 sudd5  
%ocks or crises caus$ by ! ga!r+        
ob/acles & opposition made to x by our  
ignorance1 vice1 & crime4 ,e o!r doctr9e
 ( ! ,div9e judgm5t is ei!r an error or 
a figurative /atem5t ( ?is "o4 ,9 !     
latt] case1 ! physical cov] %\ld be     
dissolv$ & ?r[n away1 ! moral nucleus   
laid b>e & appropriat$4 ,b ! popul> m9d 
( ,*ri/5dom has un=tunately pursu$ !    
contr>y c\rse1 fir/ exagg]at+ &         
consolidat+ ! metaphors1 !n putt+ _! =ms
 lit]ally 9 ! place ( _! mean+4  ,!     
awful panorama ( ! la/ ?+s1 z pa9t$ 9 ! 
,apocalypse1 ! sun becom+ z sackclo? (  
hair1 & ! moon z blood2 ! blight$ />s   
dropp+2 ! unveil+ ( ! great :ite ?rone1 
f be=e ! face ( ^: occupant ! fright5$  
heav5 & e>? flee away2 ! /&+ up ( !     
dead1 bo? small & great1 ! op5+ ( !     
books1 & ! judg+ ( ! dead out ( ! ?+s   
writt5 !re91 ?is sc5ic array has1 by its
 t]rible vividness & p[] ( fanciful     
plausibility1 sunk s deeply into !      
imag9ation1 & tak5 su* a t5aci\s hold on

 ! feel+s ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 secur$ =     
itself s con/ant a contemplation &      
encru/$ itself ) su* a mass (           
associations1 t x has actually come to  
be reg>d$ z a v]itable revelation ( !   
reality1 & to act z su*4 ,& yet1 surely1
 surely1 no "o :o w /op to ?9k on !     
subject1 ) consci\s cle>ness1 c believe 
t books are provid$ 9 heav5 ) ! names ( 
m5 9 !m & record+ angels appo9t$ to keep
 _! acc\nts by d\ble or by s+le entry1 &
 t ,god w lit]ally sit ^u a va/ :ite    
dais rais$ on ! e>?1 & g ?r\gh an ov]t  
judicial c]emony4 ,on :at pr9ciple is a 
"p ( ! undivid$ apocalyptic portrayal   
r5d]$ z emblem1 ! re/ accept$ z absolute
 v]ity8 ,if ! blood r$ w>rior on 8 :ite 
horse foll[$ by ! %9+ cavalry ( heav51 !
 horrible vials ( wra?1 ! *im]ical      
angels & bea/s1 ! sky & globe conv]t$   
into t]ror /ruck fugitives1 ! bridal    
city desc5d+ f ,god ) its incr$ible     
walls & its impossible gates & its magic
 tree ( life yield+ twelve k9ds ( fruit1
 are imag]y2 !n ! lake ( burn+ sulphur1 

& ! resurrection trumpet1 & ! indictm5t 
( ! dead be=e ! dazzl+ ?rone1 are imag]y
 too4 ,! read] smiles at ! idea t ! good
 ,esquimau w sit 9 ,leav5 amid/ boil+   
pots ( walrus meat1 :ile 9 hell ! fi%   
l9es ( ! bad ,esquimau w break1 & 8     
canoe be cru%$ by fall+ ice4 ,b :at     
bett] reason c ! civiliz$ man give = !  
reflect+ ov] ^u ! judgm5ts ( ! future 8 
pres5t exp]i5ce 9 ! imag]y ( crim9al    
c\rts8 ,! same process ( ?\ght is       
exemplifi$ 9 bo? cases4 ,c any "o       
lit]ally cr$it ! foll[+ v]ses3  ,!re are
 two angels t att5d1 unse5 ,ea* "o ( u1 
& 9 great books record ,our good & evil 
de$s4 ,he :o writes d[n ,! good ones    
aft] e action closes ,8 volume & asc5ds 
to ,god4 ,! o!r keeps 8 dreadful day    
book op5 ,till sunset1 t we may rep5t1  
:i* do+1 ,! record ( ! action fades     
away1 ,& leaves a l9e ( :ite across !   
page4  ,no m %\ld we lit]ally cr$it !   
k9dr$ phraseology 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x 
is free metaphor4 ,! sultan may keep 9 8
 treasury a book ) ! names ( all 8      

favorites enroll$ 9 x4 ,is x n a        
peurility to suppose t ,god has su*     
docum5ts8  ,:5 ! ,gospels & ! ,epi/les (
 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 writt51 ! reappe>ance
 ( ,*ri/ = ! la/ judgm5t 0 almo/        
univ]sally suppos$ by ! ,*ur* to be j at
 h&4 ,at any in/ant ( day or night !    
signal bla/ might be bl[n1 ! troops ( ! 
sky p\r d[n ! sw>ms ( ! dead surge up1 &
 ! %eep & ! goats = ev] be p>t$ to ! "r 
& left4 ,ea* day :5 !y saw ! sun write  
its irrevocable v]dict 9 ! flame ( !    
we/1 ! believ]s felt t ! supreme ,dies  
iroe 0 s mu* ne>] to its dawn4 ,b z     
g5]ation aft] g5]ation di$1 )\t ! sight1
 & ! tok5s ( its approa* seem$ no cle>]1
 ! belief itself subsid$ f its e>ly     
prom95ce into ! backgr\nd4 ,b z x       
retreat$1 & became m obscure & vague 9  
its date & o!r details1 x grew ev] m    
sombre1 appall+1 & /up5d\s 9 its g5]al  
c]ta9ty & pret]natural accompanim5ts4   
,:5 ! t5? c5tury drew nigh its close1 a 
lit]al acceptance ( ! scriptural text t 
! dragon1 t old s]p5t1 :i* is ! ,devil &

 ,satan1 aft] be+ b\nd 9 ! bottomless   
pit = a ?\s& ye>s1 %\ld be loos$ a      
little season1 fill$ ,*ri/5dom ) ! mo/  
int5se agitation & al>m4 ,f all !       
lit]ature & hi/ory ( t p]iod !          
rev]b]ations ( ! frightful effects ( !  
g5]al expectation ( ! imp5d+ judgm5t &  
de/ruction ( ! _w h roll$ d[n to !      
pres5t "t4 ,! port5t\s season pass$1 all
 ?+s cont9u+ z !y 71 & ! imm5se incubus 
rose & dissolv+ly vani%$4 ,& ! ,m$iaval 
,*ur*1 l ! ,apo/olic ,*ur* be=e1 in/ead 
( logically say+3 ,our expectation ( !  
physical return ( ,*ri/ 0 a delusion1   
fancifully conclud$3 ,we 7 wrong z to ! 
date2 & /ill cont9u$ to expect him4  ,! 
long] ! crisis 0 delay$1 & ! m x 0      
brood$ ov]1 ! m awful ! suppositi\s     
picture became4 ,! ,mohamm$ans held t ! 
end w\ld be ann\nc$ by ?ree bla/s3 !    
bla/ ( con/]nation1 s t]rible t mo!rs w 
neglect ! babes on _! brea/s1 & ! solid 
_w w melt2 ! bla/ ( disembodim5t1 :i* w 
annihilate ev]y?+ b heav5 & hell & _!   
inhabitants2 & ! bla/ ( resurrection1   

:i* w call up brutes1 m51 g5ii1 &       
angels1 9 su* numb]s t _! trial w occupy
 ! space ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4  ,b 9 ! lat]   
imag9ation ( ,*ri/5dom ! vision assum$ a
 %ape ev5 m fe>ful ?an ?is4 ,!          
,prote/ant ,re=mation1 :5 "o p>ty       
id5tifi$ ! ,pope1 ! o!r1 ,lu!r1 )       
,anti*ri/1 gave a new impulse to !      
common expectation ( ! av5g+ adv5t ( !  
,"l4 ,! horrible cruelties inflict$ on  
ea* o!r by ! ho/ile divisions ( ! ,*ur* 
aggravat$ ! fe>s & animosities reflect$ 
9 ! sequel at ! la/ day4 ,probably no?+ 
0 ev] se5 9 ?is _w m execrable or m     
dreadful ?an ^? great c]emonies         
celebrat$ 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 9 !      
sev5te5? c5tury1 at ! execution (       
h]etics condemn$ to dea? by !           
,inquisition4 ,! sl[1 dismal toll+ (    
bells2 ! mask$ & muffl$ famili>s2 !     
,dom9icans c>ry+ _! horrid flag1 foll[$ 
by ! p5it5ts beh9d a huge cross2 !      
condemn$ ones1 b>efoot1 clad 9 pa9t$    
caps & ! repulsive sanb5ito2 next !     
effigies ( accus$ (f5d]s :o _h escap$ by

 flight2 !n1 ! bones ( dead culprits 9  
black c(f9s pa9t$ ) flames & o!r helli% 
symbols2 &1 f9ally1 ! tra9 clos+ ) a ho/
 ( prie/s & monks4 ,! procession t$i\sly
 w9ds to ! great squ>e 9 front ( !      
ca!dral1 :]e ! accus$ /& be=e a crucifix
 ) ext+ui%$ tor*es 9 _! h&s4 ,! k+1 )   
all 8 c\rt & ! :ole population ( ! city1
 exalt ! solemnity by _! pres5ce4 ,!    
flames are k9dl$1 & ! poor victims p]i% 
9 long drawn agonies4 ,n[ c any?+       
conceivable give "o a m vivid idea ( !  
t]rors embodi$ 9 ! day ( judgm5t ?an !  
fact t x came to be ?\ght ( "u ! t]rific
 image ( an ,auto da ,fe magnifi$ to !  
scale ( ! human race & ! e>?1 ,*ri/1 !  
,gr& ,inquisitor1 seat$ z judge2 8      
famili>s /&+ by ready ) _! implem5ts (  
torture to fulfil 8 bidd+2 8 fell[ monks
 en?ron$ ar\nd him2 8 sign1 ! crucifix1 
t[]+ f hell to heav5 9 sight ( !        
univ]se2 ! :ole h]etical _w1 dress$ 9 ! 
sanb5ito1 helpless be=e him1 await+ _!  
doom8 ,:o w n %udd] at ! inexorable     
horrors ( su* a s*eme ( doctr9e1 &      

dev\tly ?ank ,god t he kn[s x to be a   
fiction z baseless z x is cruel8  ,s9ce 
! cool+ d[n ( ! great ,anabapti/        
fanaticism1 ! mill5n>ian fev] has rag$  
less & less ext5sively4 ,b if !         
lit]ature x has produc$1 9 ignorant &   
declamatory books1 s]mons1 & tracts1 7  
heap$ toge!r1 !y w\ld make a pile z big 
z "o ( ! pyramids4 ,! prea*+ ( ,mill]1  
ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 ) 8 def9ite
 assignm5t ( ! "t = ! appo9t$           
consummation1 caus$ q a viol5t panic 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sev]al prophets ( a    
simil> ord] 9 ,g]many h also /irr$      
transi5t commotions4 ,9 ,engl&1 !       
celebrat$ ,london prea*]1 ,dr4 ,cumm+1  
^: works entitl$ ,! ,end1 & ,! ,great   
,tribulation1 h be5 circulat$ 9 t5s (   
?\s&s ( copies1 is n[ ! mo/ prom95t     
repres5tative ( ?is cata/rophic belief4 
,he has1 h[ev]1 made himself s ridicul\s
 by 8 repeat$ po/ponem5ts ( ! crisis1 t 
he has become m an object ( laught] ?an 
( admiration4 ,ma!matical calculations1 
bas$ on my/ic numb]s transmitt$ 9       

apocalyptic poetry1 are at a heavy      
disc\nt4 ,& yet !re is a consid]able    
sect1 call$ ! ,second ,adv5ti/s1 compos$
 ( ! mo/ illit]ate believ]s1 & swell$ by
 cl]gym5 wr\ght up to ! fanatic pit* by 
an exclusive dogmatic drill1 :o lead an 
eleemosyn>y life on m\ldy scraps (      
,scripture1 & anxi\sly wait = ! s\nd ( !
 ar*angelic trump4 ,e e>?quake1         
pe/il5ce1 revolution1 viol5t ?und]/orm1 
comet1 meteoric %[]1 or extraord9>y     
gleam+ ( ! aurora borealis1 />tles !m z 
a possible avant c\ri] ( ! crack ( doom4
 ,"s ( !m are said to keep _! :ite robes
 9 _! closets all ready = asc5sion4 ,:at
 a dismal ?+ x mu/ be to live 9 su* a   
lurid & lugubri\s dream2 _! be/ hope = !
 _w ! hope t its end is at h&1          
,impati5t ( ! />s t keep _! c\rse ,&    
make no pa?way = ! com+ ,judge6  ,b ?is 
excit$ & uneasy anticipation is n[ a r>e
 exception4 ,9 ! m9ds ( mo/ intellig5t  
,*ri/ians1 ev5 ( ^? :o /ill cl+ to ! old
 ,or?odox dogmas1 ! day ( judgm5t has   
be5 put =w>d z f> z ! day ( creation has

 be5 put backw>d4 ,less & less d        
religi\s believ]s %udd] be=e ! !atric   
trials depict$ 9 hea!n & ,*ri/ian       
my?ology2 m & m d !y rev]5tly recognize 
! intr9sic jurisdiction 9 ! /ructure ( !
 s\l1 & 9 ! organism ( society4 ,! "t is
 n f> remote1 let u tru/1 :5 ! anci5t _s
 ( national sep>ation1 political        
antipa?y1 & sect>ian hatr$1 ^: subjects 
id5tify !mselves ) ! p>ty ( ,god1 all   
o!rs ) ! p>ty ( ! ,devil1 & cry1 ,h[    
long1 ,o ,"l1 do/ ?\ n judge & av5ge u  
on our enemies1 w give way to t bett] _s
 ( philan?ropy & true piety1 :i* sees   
bre?r5 9 all m51 & prays to ! common    
,fa!r = ! equal salvation & bless$ness (
 all4 ,!n ! fai? ( ! self righte\s1 :o  
plume !mselves on _! s\nd cre$1 & s     
rel5tlessly consign ! h]etics to        
p]dition1 gloat+ ov] ! idea ( ! "t :5 ! 
k+s ( ! e>?1 & ! *ief capta9s1 & ! ri*  
m51 & ! mighty m51 & e bondman1 & e     
freeman1 %all hide !mselves 9 d5s &     
caves1 say+ to ! m\nta9s & ! rocks1     
,fall on u1 & hide u f ! face ( him t   

sitte? on ! ?rone1 & f ! wra? ( ! ,lamb2
 = ! great day ( 8 wra? is come1 & :o   
%all be able to /&8  !n ! temp] ( ?is   
fai? w be se5 to be z wick$ z its       
doctr9e is errone\s4 ,x w be recogniz$ z
 a remnant ( ! b>b>ic pa/ 9 /eep        
contradiction ) ! :ole m9d ( ! mode/ &  
lov+ ,jesus1 :o1 :5 ! disciples wi%$ to 
call d[n fire f heav5 to consume 8      
oppon5ts1 rebuk$ !m 9 words /ill        
condemn+ all _! imitators1 ,ye "k n :at 
_s ye are (4 ,_m a bigot$ & complac5t   
dogmati/1 wrapt 9 t same ignorance to   
day1 fails to read 8 own he>t1 &        
ob/9ately %uts 8 eyes to ! tru?1        
fooli%ly fancy+ himself bett] & saf]1 on
 acc\nt ( 8 bl9d cons]vatism1 ?an he :o 
fe>lessly seeks ! guidance ( sci5ce4    
,yet are n ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce z mu*   
glimpses ( ! m9d ( ,god z any s5t5ces 9 
! ,bible are8 ,! :ole ecclesia/ical     
s*eme ( es*atology is a delusion4 ,no   
su* gigantic melodrama1 no su* grotesque
 & horrible extravaganza1 w ev] get     
itself enact$ betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,=ev]1

 z fre%ly z on ! fir/ morn+1 ! ,creator 
p\rs 8 w ?r\gh 8 works 9 irresi/ible    
vibrations ( goodness & ju/ice2 & =ev]  
may all 8 creatures come to him unimp$$1
 & tru/ 9 him )\t limit4  ,away1 !n1    
mon/r\s horrors1 br$ 9 ! night ( ! pa/6 
,dreadful incubi6 too cruelly & too long
 ye h sat on ! brea/ ( man4 ,! cockcr[ (
 reason has be5 he>d1 & x is "t ye 7    
gone4 ,fade1 t]rible dream1 pa9t$ by    
sup]/ition on ! cope ( ! sky1 picture ( 
cont5d+ fi5ds & angels1 fi]y ra91 a     
fr[n+ ,god1 & %udd]+ millions ( victims6
 ,away =ev]1 & leave ! blue space free =
 ! b5ignant my/]ies ( ! unkn[n et]nity  
to lure u bless$ly =w>d to our fate4    
,come1 believ]s 9 ! m]ciful ,god ( tru?1
 l5d y\r aid to ! glori\s "w ( spiritual
 emancipation4 ,9 ?is b5ign battle = !  
deliv]ance ( ! _w f error & fe>1 e free 
m9d %\ld be a *ampion1 e lov+ he>t a    
volunte]4 ,free lead]s ( ! free1 =w>d6  
out ( ! d>kness into ! light4 ,lift y\r 
bann] 9 ! front ( ! field ( op9ions :]e 
all may see x1 & !n foll[ x z f> z tru? 

itself %all lead4 ,on6 ,progress is !   
et]nal rule4 ,man 0 made to outgr[ ! old
 & /ruggle into ! new1 z e morn+ ! sun  
m\nts afre% out ( ! dead day1 & drives !
 night be=e him4 ,ignorance & despotism 
h cru%$ u long4 ,b n[1 n[ we fl+ our    
fett]s (f1 &1 m>*+ f good to bett]1 hope
 to escape f e falsehood1 & to conqu] e 
wrong1 "u ! inspiration ( ! omnipres5t  
,judge :o executes 8 decrees 9 ! v work+
 itself ( t ,univ]sal ,ord] ^:          
progressive unfold+ w be fulfill$ at    
la/1 n 9 any magic resurrection &       
assize1 b 9 ! simple lift+ ( ! veil (   
ignorance f all s\ls br\ght into full   
community1 & ! illum9ation be=e _! op5$ 
faculties ( ! :ole cont5ts ( hi/ory4 ,= 
we believe t all hi/ory is by its own   
enactm5t inde/ructibly regi/]$ 9 ! !atre
 ( space1 & t e consci\sness is educat+ 
to read x & adore ! p]fect ju/ification 
( ! ways ( ,god4 ,! et]nal imm5sity ( ! 
univ]se is ! true ,aula ,regis 9 :i*    
,god holds p]petual session1 ov]look+ no
 suppliant1 omitt+ no case4  ,,*apt]    

,,iii4  ,,! ,,my?ological ,,hell ,,& ,,!
 ,,true ,,"o1 ,,or ,,! ,,law ,,(        
,,p]dition4   ,,! doctr9e t !re is a    
mat]ial place ( torm5t de/9$ to be !    
et]nal abode ( ! wick$ aft] dea? is bas$
 on ! language ( ! ,bible1 support$ by !
 aggregate tea*+s ( ! *ur*1 & commonly  
ass]t$1 ?\gh ) a /rick5 & fail+ fai?1   
?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom at ?is mom5t4 ,:5 any 
"o tries to %[ ! unreasonabl5ess ( !    
belief 9 ?is local prison h\se ( !      
damn$1 array$ ) ! innum]able horrors (  
physical angui%1 he is at once met ) !  
decl>ation t ,god himself has decl>$ !  
fact1 & consequ5tly t we are b\nd to    
accept x )\t "q1 z a tru? ( revelation4 
,= ! reasons :i* we w imm$iately proce$ 
to give1 ?is repres5tation mu/ be       
reject$ z a mi/ake4  ,! popul> doctr9e (
 hell is n a div9e revelation1 b is a   
my?ological gr[?4 ,x is a fanciful mass 
( grotesque & frightful errors envelop+ 
a tru? :i* ne$s to be sep>at$ f !m &    
exhibit$ 9 its purity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 
! sub/ance ( ! doctr9e affirm$1 ! notion

 ( a bottomless pit1 or p5al t]ritory ( 
fire & torm5t 9 :i* ,god w conf9e all ! 
unr$eem$ portions ( ! human race aft] _!
 bodily dissolution1 is some?+ :olly    
ap>t f morality & religion1 some?+      
belong+ to ! two dep>tm5ts ( descriptive
 geography & police hi/ory4 ,! exi/5ce  
or nonexi/5ce ( a place ( mat]ial torm5t
 res]v$ = ! wick$1 is a "q n ( !ology1 b
 ( topography4 ,9 e>li] times x 0 av[$ly
 includ$ 9 geography2 & num]\s caves1   
lakes1 volcanos1 z at ,lebadeia1        
,d]by%ire1 ,av]nus1 ,nafita1 ,etna1 &   
else:]e 7 believ$ to be lit]ally        
entrances to hell4 ,s fam\s & em95t a   
man z ,sa9t ,gregory ! ,great1 :5 !     
great ,sicilian volcano 0 se5 to be     
increas+ly agitat$1 taught t x 0 ow+ to 
! press ( lo/ s\ls1 r5d]+ x necess>y to 
enl>ge ! approa* to _! prison4 ,) !     
increase ( k1 ! localization ( hell 0   
subsequ5tly by _m au?ors1 made a "p (   
cosmography1 & %ift$ ab\t among !       
comets1 ! moon & ! sun1 al?\gh mo/ p    
/ill ?9k t x is ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,b1 !

 be/ !ologians ( all d5om9ations1 ! mo/ 
au?oritative ?9k]s ( all s*ools1 n[ hold
 t ! sup]natural revelations ( ,god are 
limit$ to ! sph]e ( ! _s1 & d n include 
! data ( geology1 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry &   
ma!matics4  ,god is n a local k+1 rul+ 8
 subjects by means ( political ma*9]y & 
ext]nal int]f]5ces2 he is ! omnipres5t  
,creator1 spiritually su/a9+ & gov]n+ 8 
creatures f )9 by means ( ! laws :i*    
det]m9e _! exp]i5ce1 ! action & reaction
 betwe5 _! faculties & _! surr\nd+      
conditions4 ,accord+ly1 ! sph]e ( direct
 revelations f ! _s ( ,god to ! _s ( man
 is limit$ to ! implications 9 ! div9e  
logic ( ! s\l & its life1 t is1 to moral
 & religi\s tru?s4 ,! facts ( hi/ory &  
cosmology are left = ! processes (      
natural discov]y4 ,:e!r !re be or be n a
 localiz$ hell ( mat]ial tortures lies n
 )9 ! doma9 ( revelation1 b is a problem
 ( physical sci5ce4 ,& sci5ce           
demon/rates1 f ! weight ( ! globe1 t x  
is solid2 & n1 accord+ to ! curr5t      
belief1 a holl[ %ell conta9+ a sea (    

flame pack$ ) ! float+ ho/s ( ! lo/4    
,fur!rmore1 ! only mode 9 :i* ! tru? (  
su* a doctr9e c\ld be made kn[n is :olly
 aside f ! me?od ( sup]natural          
revelation4 ,god does n utt] 8 ?\ghts to
 8 *os5 mess5g]s 9 words or o!r outw>d  
signs z a man does4 ,m5 communicate     
in=mation to "o ano!r by voice1 ge/ure1 
draw+1 writ+ or o!r me*anical devices4  
,x is ! natural mi/ake ( a crude age to 
suppose t ,god does ! same1 brea?+ v]bal
 =mul>ies into ! ( m9ds ( 8 select$     
s]vants4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,revelation
 is n to receive an ann\ncem5t2 x is to 
p]ceive a tru?4 ,s9ce ,god is inf9ite1  
we _c /& out aga9/ him & talk ) him4    
,s\ls 9 f9] & full] h>mony ) ! works &  
laws ( ,god1 ?us fulfill+ ! human       
conditions ( inspiration1 are met by !  
div9e conditions1 & obta9 new insight ( 
! ways & designs ( ,god4 ,!y exp]i5ce   
pur] & ri*] ideas & emotions ?an o!rs1 &
 may aft]w>ds imp>t !m to o!rs1 ?us     
transmitt+ ! revelation to !m4 ,= ?is   
new enlight5m5t1 sanctification1 or rise

 ( life1 is :at alone con/itutes a true 
revelation4 ,n[ if !re be a local &     
physical hell1 x is n a moral tru? :i* !
 inspir$ s\l c see1 b a sci5tific fact  
:i* c be p]ceiv$ only by ! s5ses or     
d$uc$ by ! logical intellect4 ,if a man 
c\ld travel to e nook ( ! creation he   
might discov] :e!r !re 7 su* a hell or  
n4 ,b y _c discov] a spiritual tru? by  
any am\nt ( outw>d travel4 ,:5 a s\l is 
s deliv]$ f egotism1 or ! j> ( self w   
aga9/ univ]sal law1 & br\ght into su*   
high h>mony ) ! _s ( ! :ole1 z to       
p]ceive ?is div9e law ( life1 ,he :o    
dwelle? 9 love dwelle? 9 ,god1 & ,god 9 
him1 !n he is inspir$ to see a religi\s 
tru?4 ,he has obta9$ a div9e revelation4
 ,b we _c conceive ( any degree (       
exaltation into unison ) ,god :i* w\ld  
enable a man to see ! fact t ! c5tre ( !
 e>? or ! surface ( ! sun or any o!r    
spot1 is a place ( fire set ap>t z !    
p5al abode ( ! damn$1 & t x is cr[d$ )  
burn+ sulphur & unimag9able =ms (       
wick$ness & agony4 ,su* a doctr9e is out

 ( ! prov9ce1 & its conveyance          
irreconcilable ) ! me?od ( revelation1  
:i* consi/s n 9 an ext]ior communication
 ( sci5tific facts to mess5g]s select$  
to receive !m1 b 9 an int]ior unveil+ ( 
religi\s tru?s to s\ls prep>$ to see !m4
  ,9 ! next place1 we ma9ta91 t !       
doctr9e ( a local hell1 a gu>d$ & smok+ 
dungeon ( ! damn$1 ought n to be reg>d$ 
z a tru? conta9$ 9 a revelation f ,god1 
because x is pla9ly prov$ by hi/oric    
evid5ce to be a "p ( ! my?ology ( ! _w1 
a natural product ( ! poetic imag9ation 
( ignorant & sup]/iti\s m54 ,9 all ages 
& l&s m5 h recogniz$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 !
 good & ! bad1 m]it & crime2 h se5 t    
innoc5ce & virtue repres5t$ ! p]man5t   
conditions ( human welf>e1 t guilt &    
vice repres5t$ ! insurrection ( private 
or l[] & transi5t desire aga9/ public or
 high] & m la/+ good2 & h felt t ! =m]  
des]v$ to be prais$ & rew>d$1 ! latt] to
 be blam$ & puni%$4 ,9 all ages & all   
nations society has teem$ ) devices = ! 
di/ribution ( ^! returns1 prizes to !   

m]itori\s1 p5alties to ! d]elict4 ,!re  
is sc>cely any evil discov]able 9 nature
 or inv5table 9 art :i* has n be5 us$ z 
a means = ! puni%m5t ( crim9als4        
,enemies captur$ 9 battle1 or seiz$ by !
 m9ions ( despots1 violators ( ! laws ( 
! community1 arraign$ be=e judicial     
tribunals1 h be5 9 e c\ntry subject$ to 
e species ( p5alty1 su* z slav]y1       
imprisonm5t1 bani%m5t1 f9e1 /ripes1     
dismemb]m5t4 ,!y h be5 />v$1 froz51     
burn$1 hung1 dr[n$1 /rangl$ by s]p5ts1  
dev\r$ by wild bea/s4 ,! rebelli\s &    
hat$ (f5d]s ( ! k+1 :ile he banquets 9 8
 illum9at$ palace ) 8 fai?ful s]vants & 
favorites ar\nd him1 are exil$ into out]
 d>kness1 fett]$ 9 dungeons1 pli$ ) e   
conceivable indignity & mis]y1 ba/9ado$1
 b[/rung1 or torn 9 pieces ) l+]+       
torture4 ,"h we h ! g]m ( hell4 ,to get 
! fully develop$ popul> doctr9e ( hell x
 is only necess>y to conc5trate &       
aggravate ! kn[n evils ( ?is _w1 !      
horrible suff]+s inflict$ on crim9als & 
enemies "h1 & transf] ! v9dictive &     

pitiable mass ( wret*$ness ov] into !   
future /ate z a repres5tation ( ! doom  
,god has !re prep>$ = 8 foes4 ,e>?ly    
rul]s & _! practice1 ! mo/ impressive   
sc5es & acts exp]i5c$ among m51 h always
 hi!rto furni%$ ! types ( ?\ght appli$  
to illu/rate ! unkn[n details ( !       
h]eaft]4 ,! judge ord]s ! culprit to be 
disgrac$1 sc\rg$1 put 9 ! /ocks1 or     
cropp$ & transport$4 ,! sultan hurls ^? 
he hates into ! dungeon1 ^u ! gibbet or 
into ! flame1 ) e accompanim5t ( mock]y 
& pa94 ,s1 an imag9ative in/9ct         
concludes1 ,god w deal ) all :o (f5d    
him4 ,!y w be exclud$ f 8 pres5ce1      
imprison$ & torm5t$ =ev]4  ,?is :ole    
process ( comp>ison & inf]5ce1 natural z
 x is1 is "o prolong$ fallacy exemplify+
 ! v ess5ce ( all my?ological           
con/ruction 9 contra/ bo? ) inspir$     
p]ception & logical reason+4 ,! reveal+ 
arrival ( a tru? 9 consci\sness is :5 an
 intuitive ?rill ann\nces ! action ( our
 faculties 9 correspond5ce ) "s relation
 9 ! reality ( ?+s4 ,my?ology is !      

deceptive sub/itute = ?is1 employ$ :5 we
 arbitr>ily project =ms ( our pres5t    
exp]i5ce into ! unkn[n futurity1 & !n   
hold ! resultant fancies z a rigid      
belief1 or reg>d !m z actual k4 ,?is is 
exactly :at has happ5$ 9 ! case ( !     
doctr9e ( an et]nal physical hell beyond
 ! grave4 ,! natural & punitive horrors 
( ! pres5t /ate h be5 collect$1         
int5sifi$1 dilat$1 & ?r[n into ! future 
z a _w ( unmitigat$ s9 & wra? & angui%1 
a consolidat$ image ( ! v5geance ( ,god 
on 8 insurg5t subjects4  ,n[ ! true     
desid]atum1 ! only result on :i* reason 
c re/1 :5ev] te/s are appli$ to our     
beliefs1 is ?is3 t :at is kn[n be       
sci5tifically set =? 9 di/9ct           
def9itions2 t :at is unkn[n be treat$   
provisionally1 ) !oretic approa*es2 & t 
:at is absolutely unkn[able be fix$ly   
recogniz$ z su*4 ,?is regulative        
pr9ciple ( ?\ght is grossly violat$ 9 e 
p>ticul> by ! popul> belief 9 a mat]ial 
hell4  ,:]ev] we look at ! preval5t     
doctr9es ( hell among diff]5t peoples1 f

 ! rude/ to ! mo/ ref9$1 we see !m      
reflect+ into ! p5al arrangem5ts ( ! o!r
 _w ! lead+ features ( _! e>?ly exp]i5ce
 ( natural1 dome/ic1 judicial1 &        
political evils4 ,! hells ( !           
inhabitants ( ! frigid zones are icy &  
rocky2 ^? ( ! inhabitants ( ! torrid    
zones are fi]y & s&y4 ,are n ! poetic   
process & its sophi/ry cle>8 ,na/rond1 !
 hell ( ! ,nor?m51 is a va/1 hide\s &   
grisly dwell+1 its walls built ( add]s  
^: heads1 turn$ inw>d1 cont9ually spew  
poison :i* =ms a lake ( v5om :]e9 all   
?ieves1 c[>ds1 traitors1 p]jur]s &      
murd]]s1 et]nally swim4 ,is ?is         
revelation1 sci5ce1 logic1 or is x      
my?ology8  ,! ,egyptian prie/s taught1 &
 ! p seem$ to h implicitly tru/$ ! tale1
 t !re 0 a long s]ies ( hells await+ !  
disembodi$ s\ls ( all :o _h n           
scrupul\sly obs]v$ ! ritual prescrib$ = 
!m1 & secur$ ! pass words & magical     
=mulas necess>y = ! safe completion ( ! 
po/ mortal j\rney4 ,! specifications &  
pictures ( ! t]rors & di/resses provid$ 

9 ! v>i\s hells are vivid 9 ! extreme1  
includ+ +5i\s p>aphrases ( e sort (     
p5alty & pang kn[n 9 ,egypt4 ,! same ?+ 
may be affirm$ ) quadruple emphasis ( ! 
,h9du doctr9e ( future puni%m5t4 ,9 !   
,h9du hells1 truly1 ! possibilities (   
horror are exhau/$4 ,to enum]ate _!     
suff]+s 9 any?+ l _! own detail w\ld    
require a l>ge volume4 ,! ,vi%nu ,p>ana 
names tw5ty eight di/9ct hells1 assign+ 
ea* "o to a p>ticul> class ( s9n]s2 & x 
adds t !re are hundr$s ( o!rs1 9 :i* !  
v>i\s classes ( (f5d]s und]go ! p5alties
 ( _! misde$s4 ,!re are sep>ate hells = 
?ieves1 = li>s1 = ^? :o kill a c[1 = ^? 
:o dr9k w9e1 = ^? :o insult a prie/1 & s
 on4 ,"s ( ! victims are *a9$ to po/s ( 
r$ hot /eel & la%$ ) flexible flames3   
o!rs are =c$ to dev\r ! mo/ horrible    
fil?4 ,"s are mangl$ & eat5 by rav5\s   
birds1 o!rs are squeez$ into *e/s ( fire
 & lock$ up = millions ( ye>s4 ,^!      
examples may s]ve z a small specim5 ( ! 
inf]nal +5uity display$ 9 ! descriptions
 ( ! ,h9du hells1 :i* are all ( "o      

sub/antial patt]n1 h[ev] v>i$ 9 !       
embroid]y4  ,! ,p>sees hold t :5 a bad  
man dies 8 s\l rema9s by ! body ?ree    
days & nights1 see+ all ! s9s x has ev] 
committ$1 & anxi\sly cry+1 ,:i!r %all ,i
 g8 ,:o w save me8 ,on ! f\r? day devils
 come & ?ru/ ! bad s\l into fett]s &    
lead x to ! bridge t rea*es f e>? to    
heav54 ,! w>d] ( ! bridge weighs ! de$s 
( ! wick$ s\l 9 8 balance1 & condemns x4
 ,! devils !n fl+ ! s\l d[n & beat x    
cruelly4 ,x %rieks & groans1 /ruggles1 &
 calls = help2 b all 9 va94 ,x is =c$ on
 t[>d hell1 :5 x is sudd5ly met by a    
hide\s & hateful maid54 ,x dem&s1 ,:o   
art ?\1 ,o1 maid51 ugli] & m dete/able  
?an ,i ev] saw 9 ! _w8 ,%e replies1 ,i  
am no maid52 ,i am ?9e own wick$ de$s1  
,o1 ?\ hateful unbeliev] furni%$ ) bad  
?\ghts & words4 ,aft] fur!r disagreeable
 adv5tures1 ! s\l is plung$ into ! abode
 ( ! devil1 :]e ! d>kness & f\l odor are
 s ?ick t !y c be grasp$4 ,f$ ) horrid  
vi&s1 su* z snakes1 scorpions1 poison1  
!re ! wick$ s\l mu/ rema9 until ! day ( 

resurrection4  ,n[1 no enlight5$        
,*ri/ian s*ol> or ?9k] w hesitate ) "o  
/roke to bru% away all ! details ( ^!   
pagan descriptions ( hell1 z s mu*      
my?ological rubbi%1 leav+ no?+ ( !m b ! 
b>e tru? t !re is a retribution = !     
guilty s\l 9 ! future z 9 ! pres5t4 ,b1 
9 ! ecclesia/ical doctr9e ( hell1       
preval5t 9 ,*ri/5dom1 we see ! full     
equival5ts ( ! baseless fancies &       
sup]/itions incorporat$ 9 ^! o!r        
doctr9es4 ,if ! my?ological hells ( !   
hea!n nations are n a revelation f ,god1
 nei!r is t ( ! ,*ri/ians2 = !y are     
fundam5tally alike1 all illu/rat+ ! same
 fallacy ( ! imag9ative association (   
?+s kn[n1 & ! transf]5ce ( !m to ?+s    
unkn[n4 ,n a s+le argum5t c ! ,*ri/ian  
urge 9 behalf ( 8 local hell :i* !      
,sc&9avian1 ! ,egyptian1 ! ,h9du or !   
,p]sian1 w\ld n urge 9 behalf ( 84  ,we 
c actually trace ! hi/oric developm5t ( 
! or?odox belief 9 a mat]ial hell f its 
simple beg9n+ to its subsequ5t          
mon/r\sness ( detail4 ,! ,hebrew ,%eol  

or und]world1 ! common abode ( ! dead1  
is depict$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z a va/1   
slumb]\s1 %ad[y1 subt]ranean realm1     
gloomy & sil5t4 ,x grew out ( ! grave 9 
?is mann]4 ,! dead man 0 buri$ 9 !      
gr\nd4 ,! imag9ation ( ! survivors      
foll[$ him !re & brood$ on ! idea ( him 
!re4 ,! image ( him surviv$ 9 _! m9ds1 z
 a free pres5ce exi/+ & mov+ :]ev] _!   
consci\s ?\ght locat$ him4 ,! grave     
exp&$ = him1 & "o grave op5$ into ano!r 
adjo9+ "o1 & %ade 0 add$ to %ade 9 !    
cav]n\s space ?us provid$2 j z !        
sepul*res 7 associat$ 9 ! burial place1 
& z ! family ( ! dead 7 associat$ 9 !   
recollection ( ! rema9+ memb]s4 ,?us    
,%eol 0 an imag9ative dilatation ( !    
grave4  ,b x 0 d>k & /ill2 an obscure   
region ( pa9less re/ & peace4 ,h[ came !
 notions ( puni%m5t1 fire1 brim/one1 &  
k9dr$ imag]y1 to be connect$ ) x8 ,we   
might safely say 9 g5]al t ^! ideas 7   
jo9$ ) ! suppos$ _w ( ! dead1 by !      
,hebrews1 9 ! same way t a simil> result
 has be5 rea*$ by almo/ e o!r civiliz$  

nation1 t is1 by a reflection into !    
future /ate ( ! retributive t]rors      
exp]i5c$ "h4 ,s9ce ! %>pe/ torture kn[n 
to u 9 ?is _w is t inflict$ by fire1 x  
is p]fectly natural t m51 9 imag9+ !    
puni%m5ts to be inflict$ on 8 victims 9 
! next _w by "o :o has at 8 comm& all   
possible modes ( pa91 %\ld ?9k ( !      
application ( fire !re4 ,b happily1 we  
are n left to ?is possible conjecture4  
,few influ5ces sank m deeply into !     
,hebrew m9d !n ! leg5d h[ ! e>? op5$ h] 
m\? & swall[$ into ,%eol1 ,korah &      
,da?an & ,abiram1 ! rebels aga9/ !      
au?ority ( ,moses1 at ! same "t t fire  
fell f ,jehovah & consum$ two hundr$ &  
fifty ( _! conf$]ates4 ,9 ?is /ory1     
rebellion aga9/ a prophet ( ,god1 fire &
 subm]sion 9 ,%eol1 are fus$ into "o    
?\ght z a type ( ! future puni%m5t ( !  
wick$4  ,b ano!r n>rative has be5 ( f>  
great] importance 9 ?is direction1      
namely1 ! de/ruction ( ,sodom &         
,gomorrah4 ,! ,cities ( ! ,pla9 7       
situat$ on a sulphur freight$ & volcanic

 soil4 ,!y 7 inhabit$ by a p specially  
ab&on$ to vices1 & specially odi\s to ! 
*os5 p ( ,god4 ,:5 a t]rible eruption   
took place1 ov]:elm+ ^? cities ) all _! 
p1 & swall[+ !m "u a flood ( bitum9\s   
flame1 a%es & gas1 x 0 natural t !      
,hebrews 9 aft] "t %\ld say t ,jehovah  
_h ra9$ fire & brim/one f heav5 on 8    
enemies1 & !n t ! hi/ory %\ld take =m 9 
_! pr\d & pi\s imag9ations z a fix$ type
 ( ! doom ( ! wick$4 ,s x did4  ,at a   
lat] p]iod ! sc5es & ev5ts 9 ,geh5na1 or
 ! ,valley ( ,h9nom 9 ! outskirts (     
,j]usalem1 confirm$ ?is t5d5cy &        
complet$ ! ,jewi% picture ( hell4 ,9 ?is
 dete/$ vale ! wor%ip ( ,molo* 0 once   
celebrat$ by roa/+ *ildr5 alive 9 !     
braz5 arms ( ! god1 9 ^: holl[ =m a     
fi]ce fire 0 kept up1 & ar\nd ^: %r9e   
gongs 7 beat5 & hymns h[l$ to dr[n !    
%rieks ( ! victims4 ,"h all ! refuse &  
(fal ( ! city 0 c>ri$ & consum$1 9 a    
conflagration ^: fire 0 nev] qu5*$1 &   
amid/ an uncleanness ^: worms nev] di$4 
,?is imag]y1 too1 0 ca/ ov] into !      

future /ate z a repres5tation ( ! fate  
await+ ! wick$4  ,/ill fur!r1 x 0 !     
cu/om ( "s ,ori5tal k+s to h crim9als ( 
an especially revolt+ "*1 or ! objects (
 _! own p>ticul> hatr$1 flung into a    
furnace ( fire1 & !re burn$ alive be=e !
 eyes ( _! judges4 ,! example ( ?is giv5
 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 :]e ,nebu*adnezz> 
_h ! furnace heat$ sev5 times hott] ?an 
0 wont1 & ord]$ ,%adra*1 ,me%a* &       
,ab$nego ca/ into x1 furni%$ bo? ! ,jews
 & ! ,*ri/ians ) ano!r type ( ! puni%m5t
 ( hell4 ,s /rik+ an image c\ld h>dly   
fail to take effect1 & to be (t5        
reproduc$4 ,x occurs repeat$ly 9 ! ,new 
,te/am5t4 ,! old dragon1 ! devil1 z !   
,apocalypse says1 is to be *a9$ & ca/   
into a furnace ( fire4 ,9 ! writ+s ( !  
,*ur* fa!rs1 & 9 ! visions ( ! monks ( !
 ,middle ,age1 ?is image con/antly      
occupies a conspicu\s place4 ,& ?us1    
f9ally1 ! common notion ( hell became an
 und]gr\nd _w ( burn+ brim/one1 an      
enorm\s furnace or lake ( fire1 full (  
fi5ds & %riek+ s\ls4  ,tundale1 an ,iri%

 monk ( ! ,twelf? c5tury1 describes !   
devil 9 ! mid/ ( hell1 fa/5$ to a blaz+ 
gridiron by r$ hot *a9s1 ,! screams e*o 
f ! raft]s1 b ) 8 h&s he seizes lo/     
s\ls1 cru%es !m l grapes betwe5 8 tee?1 
& ) 8 brea? draws !m d[n ! fi]y cav]ns (
 8 ?roat4 ,"s ( ! damn$ ! *ronicl]      
describes z susp5d$ by _! tongues1 "s   
sawn asund]1 "s alt]nately plung$ into  
caldrons ( fire & ba?s ( ice1 "s gnaw$  
by s]p5ts1 "s beat5 on an anvil & weld$ 
into "o mass1 "s boil$ & /ra9$ ?r\gh a  
clo?4 ,! def5d]s ( ! or?odox doctr9e (  
hell w admit t ?is t]rible picture is   
m]e my?ology2 b !y w say x is ! product 
( a b5ight$ age1 & long s9ce outgr[n4   
,yet x is no m my?ological ?an !        
decl>ations 9 ! ,apocalypse :i* are /ill
 lit]ally accr$it$ by multitudes ( !    
believ+4 ,& :at %all be said ( ! foll[+ 
extract f a little book call$ ,! ,sight 
( ,hell1 rec5tly publi%$ ) high         
ecclesia/ical endorsem5t1 = circulation 
among ! *ildr5 ( ,great ,brita9 &       
,am]ica8 ,! writ]1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,furniss1

 describes ! diff]5t dungeons ( hell1 & 
! passage :i* we quote is b a fair      
specim5 ( ! entire s]ies ( tracts :i* he
 has collect$ 9 a volume1 & :i* is hav+ 
a l>ge sale at ?is v "t4 ,9 ! middle ( !
 f\r? dungeon !re is a boy4 ,8 eyes are 
burn+ l two burn+ coals4 ,two long      
flames come out ( 8 e>s4 ,he op5s 8 m\?1
 & blaz+ fire rolls out4 ,b li/56 !re is
 a s\nd l a kettle boil+4 ,! blood is   
boil+ 9 ! scald$ ve9s ( t boy4 ,! bra9  
is boil+ & bubbl+ 9 8 head4 ,! m>r[ is  
boil+ 9 8 bones4 ,!re is a little *ild 9
 a r$ hot ov54 ,he> h[ x screams to come
 out4 ,see h[ x turns & twi/s itself    
ab\t 9 ! fire4 ,x beats its head aga9/ !
 ro( ( ! ov54 ,x /amps its little feet  
on ! floor4 ,v likely ,god saw t ?is    
*ild w\ld get worse & worse1 & nev]     
rep5t1 & ?us w\ld h to be puni%$ mu* m 9
 hell4 ,s ,god 9 8 m]cy call$ x out ( ! 
_w 9 its e>ly *ildhood4 ,( ^! diabolical
 horrors1 drawn out ?r\gh hundr$s (     
pages1 ! or?odox ,prote/ant may say1    
,oh1 ?is is only a piece ( ,popi%       

sup]/ition4 ,we all repudiate x z a mo/ 
repulsive & absurd fancy4  ,well1 :at !n
 w he say if repres5tations1 ?\gh p]haps
 n q s grossly graphic 9 circum/ance1   
yet absolutely id5tical 9 pr9ciple1 are 
set be=e him f ! fre% utt]ances (       
hundr$s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,bapti/1       
,me?odi/1 ,presbyt]ian1 ,episcopalian   
prea*]s & !ologians8 ,x w\ld be easy to 
pres5t :ole volumes ( apposite          
citations4 ,b two or ?ree w be en\gh4   
,john ,h5ry ,newman 9 t "o ( 8 p>o*ial  
s]mons1 entitl$1 ,on ! ,individuality ( 
! ,s\l1 gives u acc\nts ( hell :i* =    
un%r9k+ detail ( mat]iality w comp>e ) !
 mo/ frightful passages ( ,ori5tal      
my?ology4 ,george ,bull1 ,"l ,bi%op (   
,sa9t ,davids1 9 8 volume ( s]mons      
decl>es t all :o die ) any s9 unrep5t$  
(1 are imm$iately consign$ to a place & 
/ate ( irrev]sible mis]y a place (      
horrid d>kness :]e !re %9es n ! lea/    
glimm]+ ( light or com=t4 ,mr4 ,spurgeon
 ass]ts1 ,!re is a real fire 9 hell a   
fire exactly l t :i* we h on e>?1 except

 t x w torture )\t consum+4 ,:5 ?\ die/ 
?y s\l w be torm5t$ alone 9 hell3 b at !
 day ( judgm5t ?y body %all jo9 ?y s\l1 
& !n ?\ wilt h tw9 hells1 body & s\l    
toge!r1 ea* brimfull ( pa92 ?y s\l      
sweat+ 9 its inmo/ pores drops ( blood1 
& ?y body1 f head to foot1 suffus$ )    
agony2 n only consci5ce1 judgm5t1       
memory1 all torm5t$1 b ?y head torm5t$ )
 rack+ pa91 ?9e eyes />t+ f _! sockets )
 sights ( blood & woe2 ?9e e>s torm5t$ )
 horrid noises2 ?y he>t beat+ high )    
fev]2 ?y pulse rattl+ at an enorm\s rate
 9 agony2 ?y limbs crack+ 9 ! fire1 &   
yet unburn$2 ?yself put 9 a vessel ( hot
 oil1 pa9$1 yet unde/roy$4 ,ah6 f9e     
lady1 :o take/ c>e ( ?y goodly fa%ion$  
face1 t fair face %all be sc>r$ ) !     
claws ( fi5ds4 ,ah6 pr\d g5tleman1 dress
 ?yself 9 goodly app>el = ! pit2 come to
 hell ) p[d]$ hair4 ,x ill becomes y to 
wa/e "t 9 pamp]+ y\r bodies :5 y are    
only fe$+ !m to be dev\r$ 9 ! flame4 ,if
 ,god be true1 & ! ,bible be true1 :at  
,i h said is ! tru?1 & y w f9d x "o day 

to be s4 ,is n ?is p>agraph a disgu/+   
comb9ation ( ignorance & arrogance8 ,x  
is to be swept aside & =gott5 along ) ! 
imm5se mass ( simil> tra%1 loa?some     
mixture ( sup]/ition & conceit1 ) :i*   
,*ri/5dom has = ^! _m c5turies be5 s    
cruelly deceiv$ & surfeit$4  ,te>+ (f & 
?r[+ away f ! vulg> doctr9e ( hell all !
 incru/ation ( mat]ial errors & poetic  
symbolism1 ! pure tru? rema9s t ,god w  
=ev] see t ju/ice is done1 virtue       
rew>d$1 vice puni%$4 ,!n ! "q arises1 ,9
 :at way is ?is done8 ,n by ! mat]ial   
app>atus ( a local hell4 ,= ! doctr9e ( 
su* a p5al abode is n only a natural    
product ( ! my?ological action ( ! human
 m9d 9 its developm5t ?r\gh !           
circum/ances ( hi/ory1 b :5 reg>d$ 9 t  
light x is cle>ly a false repres5tation4
 ,x is a figm5t incr$ible to any        
vigor\s1 educat$ & free  m9d at ! pres5t
 day4 ,su* reception z x n[ has x reta9s
 by =ce ( an un?9k+ submission to       
tradition & au?ority4 ,9 ! primitive    
ages1 :5 ! s\l 0 imag9$ to be a fac     

simile ( ! body1 only ( a m ref9$       
sub/ance1 capable ( becom+ visible z a  
gho/1 ( receiv+ w\nds1 ( utt]+ fa9t     
%rieks :5 hurt1 ( p>tak+ ( physical food
 & pleasure1 x 0 p]fectly natural to    
believe x susceptible ( mat]ial         
imprisonm5t & mat]ial torm5ts4 ,su* 0 ! 
common belief :5 ! doctr9e ( a physical 
hell 0 wr\ght out4 ,! doctr9e yet l+]s  
by %e] =ce ( prescription & un?9k+ness1 
:5 ! basis on :i* x orig9ally re/$ has  
be5 dissipat$4 ,we "k great z our       
ignorance is1 we "k t ! s\l is a pure   
immat]iality4 ,its manife/ations dep5d  
on c]ta9 physical organs &              
accompanim5ts1 b are n id5tical ) !m4   
,?\ght1 feel+1 w1 action1 =ce1 desire1  
^! are _s1 & n matt]4 ,a pure           
consci\sness _c be %ut up 9 a dungeon "u
 lock & bolt4 ,a wi% _c be la%$ ) a :ip4
 ,a volition _c be fa/5$ 9 *a9s ( iron4 
,y may cru% or bla/ ! visible organism 9
 connection ) :i* ! s\l n[ acts2 b no   
hamm] c injure an idea1 no flame scor* a
 s5tim5t4 ,:at ! spiritual p]sonality   

becomes1 h[ x exi/s1 :at x is           
susceptible (1 :5 disembodi$1 no man    
kn[s4 ,x is idle = any man1 or any set (
 m5 to pret5d to "k4 ,unque/ionably x is
 n capable ( mat]ial conf9em5t &        
p5alties4 ,! gross popul> doctr9e ( hell
 z ! fi]y prison h\se ( ! devil & 8     
angels1 & ! condemn$ majority ( mank9d1 
!re=e1 fades into ?9 air & vani%es be=e 
! tru? ( ! absolute spirituality ( m9d4 
,9 ^? e>ly times1 :5 milit>y1 political1
 judicial & convivial ph5om5a furni%$ ! 
mo/ impos+ & in/ructive ph5om5a1 be=e   
exact sci5ce & critical philosophy _h   
giv5 u _! fitt] m\lds & te/s ( ?\ght1 x 
0 unavoidable t m5 %\ld ?9k ( ,god &    
,satan z two ho/ile mon>*s1 ea* hav+ 8  
own empire & /riv+ to secure 8 own      
subjects1 & look+ on ! subjects ( 8     
adv]s>y z foes to be ?w>t$ at all po9ts4
 ,b :51 ) ! progress ( ?\ght evil is    
disc]n$ to be a negation1 ! devil       
vani%es z a v]bal phantom1 & ! b\nds ( 8
 local realm are blott$ out & bl5t 9 !  
s+le dom9ion ( ! inf9ite ,god :o reg>ds 

none z enemies1 b is ! /eady fri5d &    
rul] ( all creatures1 ev]y:]e aim+1 n to
 inflict v5geance on ! wick$1 b to      
h>monize ! discordant1 br++ good out (  
bad & bett] out ( good 9 p]petual       
evolution4 ,s\nd !ology w see t ,god is 
! p]vad+ ,creator :o gov]ns all f )9 by 
! cont9u\s action & reaction betwe5 e   
life & its environ+ conditions4 ,b      
my?ology puts 9 place ( ?is ! incompet5t
 conception ( ,god z a political k+1    
gov]n+ by ext]nal edicts & ag5ts1 by    
ov]t decrees & con/ables4 ,?is deludes u
 ) ! local & mat]ial hell ( sup]/ition1 
:i* has no exi/5ce 9 reality4 ,disord]$ 
,function is ! op5 turnpike & metropolis
 ( ! real hell ( exp]i5ce4 ,! great k+'s
 highway1 lead+ to heav5 f e po9t 9 !   
univ]se is ! gold5 ,mean ( ,virtue2 b on
 ! "r & left ( ?is broad road two       
tribut>y riv]s1 namely1 ,defect &       
,excess1 empty into hell4 ,! only true  
hell is ! v9dicat+ & rem$ial return (   
resi/$ law on a be+ out ( tune ) "s j   
condition ( 8 nature & de/9y4 ,! fe>ful 

cruelty & tyranny ( ! my?ological hell1 
support$ by ! con/ant drill+ ( ! p on ! 
"p ( ! prie/hood ^: ve/$ int]e/s &      
prejudices are b\nd up 9 ! doctr9e1 h   
held ! human race long en\gh 9 _!       
bondage ( pa9 & t]ror4 ,9 a ,buddhi/    
scripture we read1 ,! p 9 hell :o are   
imm]s$ 9 ! ,lohakumbha1 a copp] caldron 
a ?\s& miles 9 dep?1 boil+ & bubbl+ l   
rice gra9s 9 a cook+ pot1 once 9 sixty  
?\s& ye>s desc5d to ! bottom & return to
 ! top4 ,z !y rea* ! surface !y utt] "o 
syllable ( pray]1 & s9k aga9 on _!      
t]rific j\rney4 ,^? :o1 dur+ _! life on 
e>?1 rev]5ce ! ?ree jewels1 ,buddha1 !  
,law & ! ,prie/hood1 w escape           
,lohakumbha6 ,! same ess5tial doctr9e   
re/+ on ! same invet]ate basis1 selfi%  
love ( p[] & s5sation1 /ill prevails1   
?\gh dim9i%+ly1 among u4 ,:5 at la/ 9 ! 
light ( reason & a pure fai? x vani%es  
away :at a long brea? ( relief ,*ri/5dom
 & humanity w draw6  ,if we ?us dismiss 
z a vulg> error ! belief 9 a hell :i* is
 a b\nd$ region ( physical torture      

some:]e 9 outw>d space1 x becomes u to  
acquire 9 place ( ?is reject$ figm5t "s 
m j & adequate idea4 ,= a doctr9e :i*   
has play$ su* a trem5d\s "p 9 ! religi\s
 hi/ory ( ! _w mu/ be bas$ on a tru?1   
h[ev] trave/i$ & ov]laid t tru? may be4 
,?is frightful envelop ( sup]/iti\s     
fictions _c be )\t "s important reality 
)94 ,9 di/9ction1 !n1 f ! mon/r\s mass (
 mi/akes d5ot$ by x1 :at is ! tru? c>ri$
 9 ! awful ^w1 hell8  ,d5y+ hell to be  
di/9ctively any p>ticul> locality 9 "t &
 space1 we affirm x to be an exp]i5ce   
result+ :]ev] ! spiritual conditions ( x
 are furni%$4 ,accord+ly1 we are n to   
exclude x f ! pres5t /ate & conf9e x to 
! future1 z ^? seem to d :o say t m5 g  
to hell aft] dea?4 ,be+ a p]sonal       
exp]i5ce & n a mat]ial place1 _m are 9 x
 n[ & "h z mu* z !y ev] w be any:]e4    
,nei!r are we to exclude x f ! future & 
conf9e x to ! pres5t /ate1 z ^? d :o say
 t all ! hell !re is t]m9ates ) !       
em]g5ce ( ! s\l f ! body4 ,?is might be 
s1 if all s9s discords & retributions 7 

bodily4 ,b1 pla9ly1 !y are n4 ,a m5tal  
*aos or inv]sion ( ord] is z possible z 
a physical "o4 ,hell is any:]e or n[h]e1
 at any "t or at no "t1 accord+ly z !   
s\l c>ries or does n c>ry its           
conditions4 ,we are n to say ( ! s9n] t 
he goes to hell :5 he dies1 b t hell    
comes to him :5 he feels ! returns ( 8  
evil de$s4 ,x is a /ate )9 r ?an a place
 )\t4  ,! true mean+ ( hell is1 a /ate (
 pa9ful opposition to ! w ( ,god1       
misadju/m5t ( p]sonal con/itution )     
univ]sal ord] or ! rightful conditions (
 be+4 ,?is is n1 z ! vulg> doctr9e w\ld 
make x1 an exp]i5ce ( unv>y+ sam5ess    
into :i* all its subjects are           
indiscrim9ately flung4 ,x is a ?+ (     
endless v>ieties & degrees1 v>y+ ) !    
individual fitnessess4 ,hell is pa9 9 ! 
s5ses1 slav]y 9 ! w1 contradiction or   
confusion 9 ! intellect1 remorse or va9 
aspiration 9 ! consci5ce1 disproportion 
or ugl9ess 9 ! imag9ation1 d\bt1 fe>1 & 
hate 9 ! he>t4 ,!re is a hell ( remorse1
 =ev] retread+ ! pa? ( ru9$ ye/]days4   

,!re is a hell ( loss1 ^: occupant /&s  
gaz+ on ! melan*oly might h be5         
transmut$ n[ into a rel5tless nev]more4 
,e s9n] has a hell z orig9al &          
idiosyncratic z 8 s\l & its cont5ts4 ,z 
! +r$i5ts ( evil exp]i5ce are n mix$    
alike 9 any1 hell _c be "o monoton\s    
fixture = all1 b mu/ be a process alt]+ 
) ! diff]5t elem5ts & degrees af=d$1 &  
s(t5+ or end+ its wret*$ness 9          
proportion z ! heav5ly elem5ts & degrees
 ( fre$om1 pleasure1 cle>ness1 self     
approval1 beauty1 fai? & love1 furni% ! 
conditions ( bless$ness4 ,hell be+ !    
consci\sness ( a s\l 9 :i* private w is 
antagoni/ic to "s relation ( univ]sal   
law1 its ke5ness & ext5t1 9 e in/ance1  
mu/ be measur$ by ! v>iations ( ?is     
antagonism4 ,b h[ does su* an antagonism
 arise8 ,:at are ! results or p5alties (
 x8 ,h[ c x be rem$i$8 ,no am\nt (      
reflection w enable any man to p5etrate 
to ! bottom ( all ! my/]ies connect$ )  
^! que/ions4 ,b ?\gh we _c tell :y !    
pr9ciples ( our de/9y %\ld be z we f9d  

!m1 we c see :at ! facts ( ! case       
actually are z reveal$ 9 ! hi/ory (     
human exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is is :at *iefly    
conc]ns u4 ,let u1 !n1 try to p5etrate a
 little m ?or\ghly into ! nature ( hell4
  ,! rude def9ition ( heav5 & hell1     
reg>dless ( any special place or "t1 is 
respectively ! exp]i5ce ( good1 & !     
exp]i5ce ( evil4 ,b :at are good & evil8
 ,good is ! consci\s realization (      
univ]sal ord]1 ! absolute fruition (    
be+1 ! fulfillm5t ( individual function1
 9 accordance ) ! conditions = ! mo/    
p]fect & prolong$ fulfillm5t ( !        
univ]sal totality ( functions4 ,suppos+ 
t !re 7 only "o in/ance & =m ( consci\s 
life1 ) no possibility ( conflict+      
claims )9 or )\t1 !n good w\ld be to t  
life simply ! fulfillm5t ( ! functions (
 its nature4 ,b ! mom5t a be+ is set 9  
relation ) o!r be+s l itself1 & also    
made aw>e ( v>i\s gradations (          
importance among its own int]ior        
faculties1 !n ! def9ition ( good is no  
long] ! simple fulfillm5t ( function1 or

 ! m]e gratification ( desire2 b x      
becomes ! fulfillm5t ( function 9 su* a 
mann] z to secure ! greate/ total       
quality & quantity ( fulfill$ function4 
,n[ evil is ! opposite or negation (    
?is4 ,x is :atev] less5s ! fruition (   
life1 prev5ts ! fulfillm5t ( function1  
contracts or m>s ! realization (        
univ]sal ord] 9 ! consci\sness ( a liv+ 
be+4 ,?us evil is n m]ely ! keep+ ( an  
individual desire f its own prop] good4 
,b e gratification ( desire :i* involves
 ! w9n+ ( a less important good at !    
exp5se ( a m important "o is evil2 or1  
on ! o!r h&1 ! evil ( sacrific+ or d5y+ 
a gratification 9 itself legitimate1    
becomes good :5 x is ! means = secur+ a 
m au?oritative gratification4 ,let u try
 to make ^! ab/ract /atem5ts            
intelligible by illu/ration4  ,!        
appropriation ( nutrim5t is a good1 !   
indisp5sable me?od = su/a9+ life4 ,x is 
"r t we %\ld eat & dr9k2 & ! pleasure   
:i* accompanies ! prop] p]=mance ( !    
function is ! reflex approval ( !       

,creator4 ,! refusal fitly to take &    
reli% our food br+s debility1 disease1  
pa91 & premature dea?4 ,:e!r ?is refusal
 results f absorption 9 o!r employm5t or
 f "s sup]/iti\s belief1 x is a         
violation ( ! w ( our ,mak]1 & !        
consequ5t suff]+ & dissolution are !    
retributive hell or reflex signals1     
pa9fully po9t+ out our duty4 ,on ! o!r  
h&1 if ! pleasure ( gratify+ appetite   
becomes a motive = its own sake & leads 
to excessive indulg5ce1 ! sup]ior good (
 p]man5t heal? & vigor is sacrific$ to !
 f> inf]ior transi5t good ( a tickl$    
palate4 ,?us1 ! dyspeptic ov] load+ 8   
/oma* is plung$ into ! horrid hell (    
nightm>e3 ! g\rm&1 pamp]+ himself ) a   
diet ( spic$ meats & ,burgundy1 %rieks f
 ! tw++ hell ( g\t4 ,!re is no div9e    
malice 9 ?is4 ,x is simply ! rectify+   
reb\nd ( ! di/ort$ arrangem5ts ( nature4
 ,! law ( virtue prescribes 9 e respect 
t c\rse ( action :i*1 on ! :ole1        
p]man5tly & univ]sally1 w secure !      
greate/ am\nt & ! be/ quality ( life &  

exp]i5ce4 ,vice is :atev] inv]ts or     
int]f]es ) ?is1 z :5 a man exalts a     
physical impulse above a moral faculty1 
or incurs ye>s ( %ame & mis]y 9 ! future
 = ! sake ( "s pass+ gratification 9 !  
pres5t4 ,god comm&s man to rule 8       
passions by reason1 n slavi%ly obey !m2 
to ex]cise a wisely proportion$ self    
d5ial to day = ! w9n+ ( a saf] & nobl]  
morr[4 ,! degree 9 :i* !y d ?is measures
 ! civilization1 wisdom1 moral valor1 & 
dignity ( m54 ,! failure to d ?is is !  
condition on :i* e inf]nal p5alty or    
reaction ( helli% exp]i5ce h+es4 ,a man 
may fe$ an abnormal crav+ = opium1 until
 all 8 once royal p[]s ( body & m9d are 
sacrific$1 imbecility & madness set 91 &
 8 n]v\s sy/em becomes a d>t+ box (     
torm5ts4 ,h[ mu* bett]1 accord+ to !    
aphorism ( ,jesus1 to h cut (f ?is s+le 
desire1 ?an = ! :ole man to be ?us ca/  
into hell4  ,hell is ! retributive      
reflex or return ( dis>rang$ ord]       
exp]i5c$ :5 9 ! hi]i>*y ( man high]     
grades ( faculty & motive are subord9at$

 to l[] ones4 ,! mis] :o gives himself  
up to a base gre$ = money1 sep>at$ f its
 uses1 is !reby degrad$ into a me*aniz$1
 self f$ & self consum+ passion1 hav+ no
 pleasure1 except t ( accumulat+1 ho>d+ 
& gloat+ ov] ! idle emblem ( a good nev]
 realiz$4 ,8 "t & life1 8 v bra9 & he>t1
 are co9$ into an obsc5e dream ( money4 
,he kn[s no?+ ( ! gr&e/ ranges ( !      
univ]se1 no?+ ( ! sweete/ delights (    
humanity4 ,contract$1 /oop+1 poorly     
clad1 ill f$1 self neglect$1 despis$ by 
ev]ybody1 dwell+ alone 9 a bleak &      
squalid *amb]1 despite 8 pot5tial ri*es1
 8 :ole life is a conglom]ate ( impure  
fe>s weld$ by "o sordid lu/ fe> (       
robb]y1 fe> ( pov]ty1 fe> ( m51 fe> (   
,god1 fe> ( dea?1 all fus$ toge!r by a  
lu/ = money4 ,is he n 9 a compet5t hell8
 ,:o w\ld wi% any?+ worse = him8 ,8 vice
 is ! elevation ( ! love ( money above a
 ?\s& nobl] claims4 ,8 unclean & odi\s  
exp]i5ce is ! av5g+ hell :i* w>ns !     
spectators1 & w\ld r$eem its occupant1  
if he w\ld op5 8 s\l to its lessons4 ,s1

 :5 a burgl> breaks into a bank & be>s  
(f ! treasures deposit$ !re1 scatt]+    
dismay & ru9 amid/ a hundr$ families1 ! 
ess5ce ( 8 crime is t he makes ! n>r[   
pr9ciple ( 8 selfi% desire p>am\nt ov] !
 broad pr9ciple ( ! public welf>e1 sett+
 ! petty good ( 8 individual enri*m5t   
above ! weighty good repres5t$ by t     
respect = ! "r ( prop]ty :i* is a       
condition ess5tial to ! life ( !        
community4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* he acts1  
if c>ri$ out1 w\ld cause ! dissolution (
 society4 ,! evil :i* he seeks to avoid1
 8 lack ( ! means ( life1 is incomp>ably
 small] ?an ! evil he p]petrates1 !     
means = ! dea? ( society4 ,! result+    
s5se ( ho/ility betwe5 himself & !      
community1 ali5ation f 8 fell[ m5 & f   
,god1 fe> ( detection1 actual           
condemnation by 8 own consci5ce1 & ideal
 condemnation by all ! _w1 con/itute a  
hell felt 9 proportion to ! delicacy ( 8
 s5sibility4 ,! spiritual di/urbance &  
pa9 ?us suff]$ are ! ef=t ( ,provid5ce  
to readju/ ! inv]t$ relation ( 8 l[ self

 int]e/ to ! high] int]e/ ( ! g5]al     
public1 & remove ! ?reat5$ ru9\s        
consequ5ces ( 8 s9 by rem$y+ ! ord] x   
has disbalanc$ & brok54  ,^!            
illu/rations h prep>$ ! way = a /atem5t 
( ! true idea ( hell 9 its f9al =mula4  
,! w ( ,god is express$ 9 t gradation ( 
goods or scale ( ranks :i* indicates !  
fix$ conditions ( univ]sal welf>e & !   
accordant =ces ( ! motives :i* %\ld     
impel our pursuit ( !m4 ,to seek ^!     
goods 9 _! prop] ord] ( importance &    
au?ority1 e level ( function b5ea? kept 
subs]vi5t to e "o above1 is ! law (     
salvation1 or ! pa?way ( heav5 ?r\gh !  
univ]se4 ,to sub/itute our w = ! w (    
,god1 ! int5sity ( private desires 9    
place ( ! dignity ( public motives1     
putt+ ! l[] & small] ov] ! high] &      
great]1 is ! law ( p]dition1 or ! pa?way
 ( hell ?r\gh ! univ]se4  ,! l[e/       
function ( man is a simple mom5t>y      
gratification ( s5se1 z1 = example1 an  
act ( nutrition4 ,! highe/ function (   
:i* 8 nature is capable is ! surr5d] (  

himself to ! univ]sal ord]1 ! sympa!tic 
id5tification ( himself ) ! et]nal law &
 weal ( ! :ole4 ,betwe5 ^? va/ extremes 
!re are hundr$s ( int]m$iate functions1 
ris+ 9 wor? & au?ority f ! direct       
gratifications ( appetite to ! ideal    
appropriations ( transc5d5tal good1 f ! 
titillation giv5 by a p9* ( snuff to !  
?rill imp>t$ by an imag9ative           
contemplation ( ! r$eem$ /ate ( humanity
 a million ye>s ahead4 ,b1 ?r\gh\t !    
entire range1 all ! s9 & guilt f :i*    
hell is produc$ consi/ 9 obey+ a l[]    
motive 9 pref]5ce to a high] "o1 mak+ "s
 n>r[ or selfi% good p>am\nt ov] a wid] 
or dis9t]e/$ "o4 ,a man1 educat$ z a    
physician1 practic$ 8 pr(ession on      
sci5tific pr9ciples1 & ne>ly />v$ on an 
income ( sev5 hundr$ doll>s a ye>4 ,he  
!n set up z a quack1 comp\nd$ a wor?less
 no/rum1 &1 by d9t ( impud5ce1 adv]tis+1
 & o!r *>latanry1 made eighte5 ?\s&     
doll>s a ye>1 & ju/ifi$ 8 conduct on !  
gr\nd ( 8 success4 ,by falsehood & *eat+
 he prey$ on ! cr$ulity ( ! public4 ,if 

all m5 7 l him1 society c\ld n exi/4 ,! 
meanness ( 8 s\l1 %utt+ him out f ! mo/ 
exquisite & exalt$ pr]ogatives ( human  
nature1 is ! rev5ge :i* ! univ]se takes 
on su* a man ! hell 9 :i* ,god envelops 
him4 ,a manufactur] turns out c]ta9     
products by means ( a *emical process   
:i* adds sev5 p] c5t4 to 8 pr(it1 b     
%ort5s ! av]age life ( 8 workm5 five    
ye>s4 ,all mank9d w\ld indignantly      
d5\nce him ) an in/9ctive recognition ( 
8 wick$ness 9 ?us erect+ ! pr(ane /&>d (
 pecuni>y ga9 above ! sacr$ness ( !     
lives ( 8 bro!rs4 ,b :5 ( two m5 9      
deadly p]il f an approa*+ explosion only
 "o c escape1 & ! /rong]1 in/ead (      
monopoliz+ ! *ance1 z he might1 /&s back
 & lays d[n 8 life 9 sav+ ! weak]1 x is 
a de$ ( h]oic virtue1 applaud$ by all   
m51 support$ by ! :ole moral creation   
:i* d]ives new beauty & sweetness f x4  
,x radiates a peaceful bliss ( self     
approval ?r\gh ! brea/ be=e x is mangl$ 
& cold1 & fills ! s\l ) a s]5e joy z x  
flies to ,god4 ,! ess5tial m]it ( su* an

 action is ! subjection ( t selfi%ness  
:i* is ! pr9ciple ( all s91 & ^: recoil 
is ! spr+ trap ( hell1 to t             
dis9t]e/$ness :i* is ! g]m ( r$emption &
 ! p]fume ( heav54  ,x is n an unfrequ5t
 occurr5ce = a mixture ( heav5 & hell to
 be exp]i5c$4 ,"h is an able & upright  
m]*ant :o is ab\t to fail1 9 consequ5ce 
( disa/]s :i* he c\ld nei!r =esee nor   
prev5t1 & = :i* he is 9 no s5se         
responsible4 ,he %r9ks f bankruptcy )   
inexpressible %ame & di/ress4 ,he is    
mortifi$1 cut to ! quick1 robb$ ( sleep1
 c h>dly look 8 cr$itors 9 ! face4 ,n[1 
he reflects1 ,?is is n my fault4 ,i h   
be5 hone/1 prud5t1 economical1 unwe>i$ 9
 ef=t1 ,i h done my duty to ! be/ ( my  
ability4 ,god approves me1 & all good m5
 w\ld if !y knew ! exact facts4 ,if t   
assurance does n %$ an elem5t ( heav5   
into 8 hell1 spread a soo?+ veil ( light
 & oil ov] 8 /ormy tr\ble1 !n x is      
because 8 pride is great] ?an 8 self    
respect1 8 vanity m ke5 ?an 8 consci5ce 
is /rong1 8 reg>d = appe>ances m        

influ5tial ?an 8 k ( ! tru?4 ,& 9 t case
 ! mis]y he suff]s is ! p5alty ( 8      
excessive self s5sitiv5ess4  ,! elem5ts 
( hell are pa91 slav]y1 imprisonm5t1    
rebellion1 =c$ ex]tion1 =c$ inaction1   
%ame1 fe>1 self condemnation1 social    
condemnation1 univ]sal condemnation1    
aimlessness1 & despair4 ,he :o seeks    
good only 9 ! j ord] ( its successive   
/&>ds1 gratify+ no l[] function1 except 
9 subs]vi5ce to ! high] ones1 escapes ^!
 exp]i5ces1 feels t he fulfills 8 de/9y1
 & is an approv$ freeman ( ,god4 ,!     
s]vice ( tru? & good alone makes free2  
all s]vice ( evil is slav]y &           
wret*$ness4 ,= fre$om is spontane\s     
ob$i5ce to t :i* has a "r to comm&4 ,!  
?ir/y man :o quaffs a glass ( cold wat] 
does an act ( lib]ty2 b he :o con/antly 
intoxicates himself 9 satiation ( a     
morbid & despotic appetite1 kn[s t he is
 a slave1 & feels condemn$1 & *afes 9 ! 
hell ( 8 bondage4  ,! dissipat$ slugg>ds
 & ?ieves :o fe$ ! vices & prey on !    
int]e/s ( ! community1 wri! "u ! rebuke 

( ! high] laws !y break 9 en?ron+ _!    
selfi% prop5sities above ! c>d9al /&>ds 
( ! public good2 & 9 ! /ale monotony (  
_! indulg5ces1 !y "k no?+ ( ! glori\s   
ze/ %$ by ! be/ prizes ( exi/5ce into ! 
brea/s ( ! virtu\s & aspir+1 :om e day  
f9ds f>!r advanc$ on _! way to          
p]fection4 ,envy is ! v bla/ t bl[s !   
=ge ( hell4 ,x sets its victim 9 pa9ful 
antagonism ) all good n 8 own1 actually 
turn+ x into evil2 :ile a g5]\s sympa?y 
appropriates z its own all ! =eign good 
x contemplates4 ,! sight ( 8 successful 
rival keeps an envi\s man 9 a *ronic    
hell1 b adds a heav5ly enjoym5t to !    
exp]i5ce ( a g5]\s fri5d4 ,ignorance1   
pride1 falsehood1 & hate are ! f\r ma/] 
keys to ! gates ( hell keys :i* s9n]s   
are ev] unwitt+ly us+ to let !mselves 91
 & !n to lock ! bolts beh9d4  ,a "* ^:  
spontane\s motions are upw>d & outw>d1 f
 ! c5tral & l[]mo/ in/9cts ( self t[>d !
 highe/ & out] mo/ appreh5sions ( good1 
exemplifies ! law ( salvation1 :i*      
guides ! consci\s s\l 9 an asc5d+ &     

exp&+ spiral ?r\gh ! successively great]
 sph]es ( tru? & life4 ,! "* ^:         
spontane\s t5d5cies are ! rev]se ( ?is1 
mov+ inw>d & d[nw>d1 exemplifies ! law (
 p]dition1 :i* guides ! s\l 9 a desc5d+ 
& contract+ spiral1 con/antly enslav+ x 
to l[] & vil] attractions ( self 9      
pref]5ce to lett+ x freely s]ve !       
sup]ior ranks =ev] issu+ _! r$emptive   
behe/s & invitations above4 ,:5 ! memb]s
 ( a family erect _! sep>ate wills z    
indep5d5t laws1 in/ead ( h>moni\sly     
bl5d+ ar\nd a common au?ority ( tru? &  
love1 :5 !y live 9 incessant collisions 
& /ormy insubord9ation1 a poison\s fret 
( irritable vanity gnaw+ _! he>t /r+s1 a
 fi]y sleet ( hate & scorn hurtl+ ?r\gh 
! dome/ic atmosph]e1 ! :ole h\sehold are
 9 p]dition4 ,_! home is a conc5trat$   
hell4 ,to be )\t love1 )\t soo?+        
att5tions & enc\ragem5ts1 )\t fre% aims1
 & a reli%+ alt]nation ( "w & re/1 )\t  
progress & hope1 to be depriv$ ( !      
legitimate gratifications ( ! functions 
( our be+1 & compell$ to suff] _!       

opposites :at clos] def9ition ( hell c  
!re be ?an ?is8 ,& ?is1 :ile avoid$ or  
neutraliz$ by virtue1 is1 9 its v>i\s   
degrees1 obvi\sly ! inevitable result & 
p5alty ( s94  ,! great mi/ake 9 ! popul>
 view or my?ological doctr9e ( hell has 
aris5 f conceiv+ ( ,god "u ! image ( a  
political rul]1 act+ f )\t1 by wilful   
me?ods1 & inflict+ arbitr>y judgm5ts on 
8 rebelli\s subjects4 ,he %\ld be       
conceiv$ z ! dynamic ,creator1 act+ f   
)91 ?r\gh ! intr9sic ord] & laws ( ?+s1 
= ! in/ruction & guidance ( 8 creatures4
 ,8 condemnation is ! inevitable        
culm9ation ( a discordant /ate ( be+1 r 
?an ! v]dict ( a v9dictive judge or !   
s5t5ce ( a =5sic mon>*4 ,e retribution  
is an imp+e ( ! creature 9 ! creation1  
&1 s f> f express+ de/ructive wra?1 is  
an act ( ! self rectify+ me*anism ( !   
univ]se to readju/ ! "p ) ! :ole4 ,) :at
 p]nici\s folly1 :at cruel sup]/ition1  
m5 h attribut$ _! own mis]able passions 
to _! imp]turbable ,mak]1 break+ 8      
inf9ite p]fection into all sorts (      

frightful %apes1 z se5 ?r\gh ! blur &   
eff]vesc5ce ( _! own imp]fections6 ,s ! 
sun seems to g d[n ) 8 g>m5ts roll$ 9   
blood1 & to set angrily 9 a /ormy ocean 
( fire3 b really ! great lamp ( !       
univ]se %9es s]5ely f ! unalt]able      
fixture ( 8 c5tral seat1 & all ?is      
spectral tempe/ ( blaze & gl>e is b a   
refraction ( 8 beams ?r\gh our vex$     
atmosph]e4  ,god be+ inf9itely p]fect1  
does n *ange 8 dispositions & modes (   
action l a fickle man4 ,8 int5tions &   
de$s are ! same "h & ev]y:]e1 n[ &      
always4 ,if we wi% to le>n 9 :at mann]  
,god w prep>e a hell & puni% ! imp5it5t 
wick$ aft] dea?1 we mu/ n1 z m5 did 9 ! 
b>b>ic & my?ological ages1 make an      
induction f ! treatm5t ( crim9als by    
caprici\s & rev5geful rul]s 9 ?is _w2 we
 mu/ see h[ ,god himself n[ treats 8    
disob$i5t *ildr5 = _! dem]its "h1 assur$
 t 8 et]nal temp] & me?od are id5tical )
 8 temporal temp] & me?od4  ,well1 !n1  
h[ does ,god treat (f5d]s n[8 ,incapable
 ( ang] or caprice1 he reta9s 8 own     

/eady proc$ures & absolute s]5ity       
unalt]$1 b leaves ! culprits to endure !
 effects ( _! p]v]t$ be>+ t[>ds him &   
t[>ds ! ord] he has e/abli%$4  ,if a man
 lies or defiles himself1 or blasphemes1
 or murd]s1 ,god does n da% him f a     
cliff or ca/ him into a furnace ( fire4 
,!re w\ld be no connection ( cause &    
effect 9  t2 & to suppose x1 is a gross 
sup]/ition4 ,he leaves ! (f5d] to !     
reactions ( 8 own acts1 ! discordant    
vil5ess ( 8 own degradation1 ! dev\r+   
return ( 8 own passions1 to puni% him = 
8 s91 & to purge him ( 8 wrong4 ,! true 
retribution ( e wick$ de$ is conta9$ 9 !
 recalcitration ( its own motive4 ,:at  
fitt] p5alty c ! s\l suff] ?an t ( be+  
embrac$ 9 ! helli% atmosph]e ( its own  
bad _s1 to tea* x to re=m itself &      
cultivate a bett] _s8  ,:at1 !n1 is !   
mean+ ( ! fe>1 suff]+ & horror1 :i* s   
(t5 accompany or foll[ s98 ,!y d n1 z   
has be5 commonly suppos$1 express !     
indignation & rev5gefulness ( ,god4 ,no1
 at _! v d>ke/1 !y mu/ sugge/ ! %ad[ ( 8

 aggriev$ w1 n ! lurid fr[n ( 8 rage4 ,a
 "p ( ! discord :i* s9 is & introduces1 
!y d5ote ! rem$ial /ruggles ( nature &  
grace to re/ore ! p]v]t$ be+ to its     
normal condition4 ,if y put y\r f+] 9 ! 
fire ! burn+ pa9 is ! reaction ( y\r    
act1 & t pa9 is n v5geance1 b           
pres]vative education4 ,:5 "s frightful 
disease seizes on a man1 ! inflammation 
& convulsions :i* succe$ are ! viol5t   
spr+ ( ! con/itution on ! enemy1 its    
desp]ate attempt to %ake (f ! fell      
grasp1 & br+ ! organism to heal? & peace
 aga94 ,^! ef=ts ei!r succe$1 or 9 !    
exhau/+ %ocks ! body is de/roy$4 ,x is !
 same ) ! s\l4 ,s9 is ! displacem5t ( ! 
hi]>*y ( au?orities 9 ! s\l1 !          
misbalanc+ ( its en]gies1 ! di/urbance (
 its heal? & peace4 ,& all ! v>ieties ( 
retribution are ! recoil ( ! injur$     
faculties1 ! /ruggles ( ! insult$       
au?orities1 to v9dicate & ree/abli%     
!mselves4 ,n[1 ^! ef=ts1 if ! s\l is    
inde/ructible1 mu/ always1 at la/1 be   
successful4 ,heal? 9 ! body is !        

h>moni\s adju/m5t ( its en]gies ) its   
conditions2 & a suffici5t modicum mu/ be
 obta9$ or dea? ensues4 ,virtue 9 ! s\l 
is ! h>mony ( its p[]s ) ! laws ( ,god2 
! measure ( ?is is ! measure ( spiritual
 life2 & grant+ ! s\l to be immortal1 ! 
t5d5cy t[>ds a complete measure ( virtue
 mu/ ultimately become irresi/ible1 & e 
hell at la/ t]m9ate 9 p>adise4 ,!       
p]si/5t =ces or laws ( ! div9e          
environm5t /eadily t5d to draw ! un/able
 =ces or passions ( all creatures into  
h>mony ) !m1 & t h>mony is r$emption4   
,p]dition is consequ5tly nev]1 z !      
ecclesia/ical doctr9e makes x always1 a 
/ate ( fix$ hopelessness4 ,?\gh we make 
our b$ 9 ! ne!rmo/ hell1 ,god is !re4 ,&
 :]ev] ,god is1 p5it5ce & grace1        
re=mation & p>don1 h a "r ( em95t doma9 
betwe5 him & ! s\ls ( 8 *ildr54         
,accord+ to ! common doctr9e ( hell z a 
physical locality1 & ! pr$e/9ation ( all
 m5 to x ?r\gh ! s9 ( ,adam1 bir? is a  
univ]sal gateway ( p]dition1 ! :ole _w  
"o op5 c\rse to damnation = all except !

 few elect$ to be sav$ ?r\gh ! blood (  
,*ri/4 ,! or?odox s*eme depicts ! l9eage
 ( ,adam z a d>k riv] ( p]dition1 *ok$ )
 ! s\ls ( ! damn$1 /eadily p\r+ into    
hell ev] s9ce our human g5]ations began4
 ,b 9 addition to ! refutation ( ?is    
t]rible belief by its mon/r\s moral     
iniquity1 sci5ce is n[ d\bly refut+ x by
 ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! human race on ! 
e>? = unnumb]$ c5turies be=e ! ,biblical
 date ( ,adam4 ,s ?is fictiti\s gate ( a
 fictiti\s hell is %ut & aboli%$4 ,) x  
vani%es ! horrible picture ( ?is _w z   
floor$ ) omnipres5t trap doors to !     
bottomless pit1 & clos$ fatally ar\nd by
 a dead wall ( doom1 ?r\gh :i*1 by "o   
bloody orifice alone1 ! believ]s 9 !    
vic>i\s atonem5t c\ld crawl up into     
heav54 ,9 place ( ?is1 we see ! :ole    
univ]se z "o op5 ,h\se ( ,god1 trav]s$ 9
 all directions by ! free entries ( laws
 ( intr9sic ju/ice & love4  ,& s ( !    
rema9+ !oretic gates ( hell1 unbelief1  
ritual neglect1 & ! o!r te*nicalities on
 :i* prie/s & delud$ zealots h always   

h+$ ! p]dition ( su* z he$ n _!         
au?ority2 none ( !m %all mu* long]      
prevail4 ,) ! wip+ out ( ! my?ological  
hell all ^! fanciful entrances to x     
likewise disappe>4 ,b in/ead ( ^!       
vision>y ones we %\ld po9t out & w>n m5 
f ! sub/antial gates ( ! true hell4     
,:atev] is a cause ( insubord9ate &     
discordant fruition 9 body or s\l1      
individual or community1 is a real gate 
( hell4 ,all ! moral & social evils1    
intemp]ance1 w>1 ambition1 av>ice1 !    
extremes ( pov]ty & weal?1 ignorance1   
bad example1 despotism1 disease1 e =m ( 
vice or crime1 all ! influ5ces t de/roy 
or m> human virtue1 excell5ce1 & h>mony1
 are s _m op5 gates ( hell1 draw+ _!    
victims 94 ,9 hold+ back ^? :o are      
approa*+ ^! fatal gates1 9 try+ to      
contract !m1 to %ut !m up "h is a vital 
"w to be done1 inf9itely m promis+ ?an !
 br&i%+ ( ! t]rors ( t mat]ial hell 9   
:i* s5sible m5 c no long] believe4 ,= ! 
only true hell is ! rem$ial vibration ( 
tru? 9 an uncoord9at$ s\l1 ev5 :5 n     

rem$ial = ! individual /ill rem$ial = ! 
race4  ,x is n our outw>d abode1 b our  
inmo/ _s1 t makes our exp]i5ce inf]nal  
or heav5ly3 =1 9 ! la/ result1 x is !   
occupy+ _s t m\lds ! environm5t1 n !    
habitation t det]m9es ! t5ant4 ,?is is !
 sub/ance ( ! :ole matt]4 ,an accompli%$
 *emi/1 :o 0 a good man 9 tru?1 b a     
h]etic by ! /&>d ( or?odoxy1 di$4 ,be+  
an unbeliev]1 ( c\rse1 he w5t to hell4  
,see+ a gr\p ( *ildr5 9 torm5t !re1 he  
piti$ !m v deeply1 & /raightway began to
 devise measures1 by means ( 8 skill 9  
*emical sci5ce1 to %ield !m f ! flame4  
,in/antly ! :ole sc5e *ang$4 ,! beauty (
 heav5 lay ar\nd him1 & all its bl&ness 
brea!d ?r\gh him4 ,=gett+ 8 own suff]+s 
9 sympa?y = ^? ( o!rs1 he _h obey$ ! law
 ( virtue1 subject+ a selfi% desire to a
 dis9t]e/$ "o2 & ! omnipot5t ,god       
envelop$ him ) ! heav5 ( 8 own _s4      
,ano!r man1 :o 0 h>d & cruel 9 "*1 b    
p]fectly s\nd 9 ! or?odox fai? &        
obs]vances1 di$4 ,x is true he 0 an     
av>ici\s & h>d sa9t1 b !n he believ$ 9 !

 aton+ blood2 & s1 ( c\rse1 he w5t to   
heav54 ,no soon] did he f9d himself     
safely seat$ 9 bliss ?an he tri$ to peep
 ov] ! gold5 wall into ! pit ( p]dition1
 9 ord] to height5 ! reli% ( 8 favor$   
lot by ! contra/ ( ! agonies ( ! lo/4   
,in/antly ! cele/ial sc5]y ab\t him 0   
*ang$ into inf]nal1 &1 by ! radiation & 
return ( 8 own bad _s1 he f\nd himself  
plung$ into hell & wri?+ "u its         
retributive exp]i5ce4 ,8 "* exemplifi$ !
 law ( p]dition1 en?ron+ selfi%ness ov] 
dis9t]e/$ness1 subv]t+ ! ord] ( virtue2 
& ! insult$ w ( ,god made 8 imag9$ heav5
 a real hell4  ,hell is reveal$ 9 !     
exp]i5ce ( ! _w z a dim9i%+ quantity    
?r\gh ! successive p]iods s9ce w>1      
cannibalism & slav]y 7 univ]sal4 ,w n ! 
progressive process t]m9ate 9 ! utt]    
ext9ction ( x1 p>adise ev]y:]e /eadily  
encroa*+ on purgatory until at la/ !    
:ole univ]se ( matt] & _s composes an   
unbrok5 heav58  ,accord+ to ! nebul>    
hypo!sis1 ! entire creation 0 once a    
measureless *aos  confusion1 conflict1  

collisions1 explosions1 mak+ a univ]sal 
hell ( matt]4 ,b ! discords &           
p]turbations grew ev] less & less1      
regul>ity & ord] m & m1 z suns & planets
 & moons took =m & :eel$ 9 _! gleam+    
circles1 till n[ ! mazy web ( worlds is 
weav+ ?r\gh\t space ! p]fect h>mony ( ! 
creative design4 ,! evolution ( inc>nate
 spiritual de/9ies began lat]1 & is m   
complex ?an ! mat]ial1 ea* m9d be+ z    
complicat$ z ! :ole galaxy4 ,may we n   
tru/ t at la/ x %all be z complete z !  
evolution ( ! a/ronomic motions already 
is1 & a div9e empire ( holy & happy m5  
be ! goal ( hi/ory8 ,?is hope c>ries !  
cross ?r\gh hell1 & leaves no?+         
unr$eem$4  ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,! ,,gates   
,,( ,,heav52 ,,or1 ,,! ,,law ,,(        
,,salvation ,,9 ,,all ,,worlds4         
,,heav51 9 ! crude fancy ( mank9d1 has  
g5]ally be5 conceiv$ z a def9ite1       
exclusive1 mat]ial abode2 ei!r "s       
elysian clime on ! surface ( ! e>?2 or  
"s happy isle beyond ! sett+ sun2 or ?is
 :ole globe1 r5ovat$ by fire & peopl$ ) 

a ris5 & ransom$ race2 or else "s       
halcyon spot 9 ! sky1 curta9$ )         
inaccessible spl5dor & cr[d$ ) et]nal   
bless+s4 ,x 0 natural t m5 %\ld ?9k ?us 
( heav5 z a place :5ce all ! evils :i*  
!y knew 7 exclud$ & :]e all ! goods :i* 
!y knew 7 c>ri$ to ! highe/ pit*1 ,god  
himself visibly en?ron$ !re 9 entranc+  
glory amid/ ?rongs ( wor%ipp]s4  ,?is 0 
unavoidable1 because1 9 an e>ly age1    
be=e k & reflection _h tra9$ m5 to !    
critical exam9ation & correction ( _!   
in/9ctive conclusions1 all ! data :i* !y
 possess$ w\ld naturally lead !m to     
imag9e ! unkn[n ,god 9 ! glorifi$ =m &  
circum/ances ( ! mo/ enviable be+ _!    
exp]i5ce _h yet reveal$ to !m2 & to pa9t
 ! unkn[n future /ate ( p]fect$ s\ls "u 
! pure/ aspects ( ! mo/ desirable boons 
!y _h kn[n 9 ! pres5t /ate4 ,x be+ a    
necessity ( _! uncritical m9ds to       
p]sonify ,god by a def9ite picture (    
imag9ation1 & to portray heav5 to       
!mselves z an ext]nal place1 !y c\ld n d
 o!rwise ?an "w out ! results by means (

 ! mo/ int5se exp]i5ces & ! mo/         
impressive imag]y famili> to !m4 ,!     
highe/ idea !y _h ( man1 purifi$ & exp&$
 to ! utmo/1 w\ld be _! idea ( ,god2 & !
 gr&e/ & happie/ conditions ( exi/5ce )9
 _! obs]vation1 enhanc$ by ! removal ( e
 limit+ ill1 w\ld =m _! notion ( heav54 
,bo? w\ld be outw>d1 def9ite1 local1 &1 
z x 71 tangible4 ,royal c\rts ) _! pomp 
( p[] & luxury2 prie/ly temples1 ) _!   
exclusive sanctity1 _! awe inspir+      
secrets1 _! processions & an!ms1 w\ld   
inevitably furni% ! prevail+ ca/s &     
colors to ! dogmas & ! sc5]y ( e>ly     
religion4 ,= :at 7 ! mo/ vivid ( all !  
exp]i5ces m5 _h among _! fell[s on e>?8 
,:y1 ! exhibitions ( ! sultan ) 8       
gorge\s c]emonial /ate1 & ( ! high prie/
 ) ! dread sacrifice & homage he paid   
amid/ cl\ds ( inc5se & roll+ waves (    
song2 ! admission ( ! favor$1 9 glitt]+ 
robes1 to %>e ! privileges2 ! exclusion 
( ! pr(ane & vulg> 9 squalid mis]y &    
out] d>kness4 ,consequ5tly1 except by a 
miracle1 ^! sights c\ld n fail l>gely to

 con/itute ! sc5ic elem5ts = ! popul>   
belief conc]n+ ,god & heav54 ,:at %\ld  
m5 reflect ov] into ! unkn[n to portray 
_! ideals !re1 if n ! mo/ covet$ +r$i5ts
 & ! mo/ impressive =ms ( ! kn[n8 ,!    
great ?+1 !n1 inevitably1 w\ld be       
suppos$ to be to ga9 ! p]sonal favor ( !
 supreme ,sov]eign by "s artifice1 "s   
flatt]y1 "s =tunate compliance ) 8      
arbitr>y caprice1 & to get into ! *>m$  
enclosure ( 8 abode by "s special grace 
"s au?oritative passport or magic art4  
,b z soon z sci5ce & philosophy1 & a    
spiritual exp]i5ce rectify+ its own     
errors by reflective criticism1 h creat$
 a m compet5t !ology x discr$its all ^! 
raw s*emes4 ,x tea*es t ,god1 be+ !     
et]nal omnipres5t p[] & my/]y :i* =]an1 
und]lies1 p]vades & includes all ?+s1 _c
 ju/ly be figur$ z a man1 locally "h or 
!re1 & n else:]e4 ,he c be ju/ly ?\ght (
 only z ! almighty ,creator ( ! univ]se1
 intelligible 9 ! ord] ( 8 works & ways1
 b inscrutable 9 8 ess5ce1 abs5t n[h]e1 
pres5t ev]y:]e 9 g5]al1 & specially     

reveal$ any:]e :5ev] a fit exp]i5ce 9 ! 
s\l awak5s a special consci\sness ( him4
 ,?is conception ( ,god ! only "o any   
long] def5sible z ! ,inf9ite ,_s1       
incapable1 except 9 8 v>i\s inc>nations1
 ( p>ticul> local en?ronem5t & uncov]+  
to ! outw>d gaze ( wor%ipp]s1           
necessitates a correspond5t alt]ation 9 
! vulg> idea ( heav5 z an exclusive spot
 9 space4  ,9 e =m ( be+1 9 any portion 
( ! univ]se1 ! c5tral idea ( a /ate (   
salvation1 is ! fulfillm5t ( ! w ( !    
,creator 9 ! faculties ( ! creature1 !  
fruition ( ! ends ( ! :ole 9 !          
consci\sness ( ! "p1 ! congruity ( !    
=ces ( ! s\l ) ! requirem5ts ( its      
situation4 ,if ?is def9ition be accept$1
 x is cle> t no m]e place ( resid5ce1   
h[ev] excell5t1 c be heav54 ,t is b "o  
factor ( heav51 & wor?less )\t a        
correspond+ factor ( a spiritual k9d4   
,ess5tially1 heav5 is a div9e exp]i5ce1 
n a div9e location2 yet con/ructively x 
is bo? ( ^!4 ,ev] s s]5e & pure a space1
 p]fectly free f e p]turbation ( ill1 & 

surr\nd$ ) all ! out] provisions ( p[] &
 ord]1 w\ld be no heav51 until a prep>$ 
s\l ent]$ x1 furni%+ ! spiritual        
conditions = ! =ces to run into         
fruition1 = ! melody ( blissful be+ to  
play4 ,! mat]ial elem5ts ( ! univ]se1 s 
f> z we "k1 are unconsci\s dynamics4    
,h[ev] p]fectly m>%all$1 !y c by        
!mselves compose no heav54 ,s ! consci\s
 s\l1 z f> z we "k1 is incapable ( an   
indep5d5t & unrelat$ exi/5ce 9 itself4  
,all its exp]i5ce1 :5 ultimately        
analyz$1 is ! resultant ( ! mutual      
relations betwe5 its own en]gies &      
capacities & ! =ms & =ces ( ?+s outside 
( itself4 ,:5 !re is a "r arrangem5t (  
"r realities 9 ! resid5ce1 & a "r       
developm5t ( faculties & affections )9 !
 resid5t1 & su* an adju/m5t ( !         
spiritual /ates ) ! surr\nd+ conditions1
 t1 z ^! act & react ^u ea* o!r1 ! laws 
( ! univ]se break into consci\s h>mony1 
or ! w ( ,god is realiz$ 9 a life (     
bless$ness2 t h>mony1 t bless$ness1 is  
:at we mean by heav52 & ! conditions (  

its realization con/itute ! law (       
salvation4  ,su* be+ ! true idea (      
heav51 obvi\sly1 x _c be limit$ to any  
p>ticul> locality4 ,x may be "h1        
else:]e1 any:]e1 ev]y:]e1 be=e dea?1 9  
dea?1 aft] dea?2 :5ev] & :]ev] ! prop]  
conditions meet inw>d /ate & outw>d     
circum/ances s adju/$ z to produce an   
exp]i5ce :i* fulfills ! w ( ,god &      
realizes ! end ( ! creation4 ,h]eaft]   
?is may be1 z we "k x n[ on e>?1 a      
spiritual fruition 9 mat]ial conditions1
 or x may be some?+ alt]$ 9 accordance )
 ! v>y+ exig5ces ( worlds ^: details are
 z yet inconceivable by u1 altoge!r     
hidd5 beh9d ! veil ( futurity & our     
ignorance4 ,b its "o fundam5tal         
condition1 its et]nal ess5ce "u all     
circum/ances :i* c possibly happ51 mu/  
always be ! same4 ,:atev] *anges await !
 s\l1 embodi$ 9 a new =m 9 ! /ate aft]  
dea?1 or rema9+ 9 pure disembodim5t2    
:atev] be ! relation ( ! immat]ial      
entity ( m9d to ! circumf]5ce & cont5ts 
( its new home1 x c be 9 p>adise1 x c   

comm& peace & bliss1 or any equival5t ( 
^! t]ms1 only by ! fulfillm5t ( ! w (   
,god 9 its be+4 ,heav5 is1 !re=e1 !     
reconciliation & unison ( ! s\l ) its   
div9ely appo9t$ lot1 ! id5tification ( !
 ideal & ! real4  ,! w ( ,god is        
express$ 9 ! s\l 9 ! submissive s]vices 
& virtues ( a pure & pi\s "* x is       
express$ 9 ! outw>d creation by !       
unbreakable p]si/5cy ( 8 laws ?r\gh all 
! ab]rations & discords ( accompan+ evil
 or limitation4 ,n[h]e c x ev] be an    
impossibility to conjo9 ^! & ?us to make
 a heav54 ,! "o ?+ :i* ev]y:]e is       
v>iable & evanesc5t1 is evil1 or !      
imp]fect adju/m5t ( ! creature ) ! works
 & designs ( ! ,creator4 ,! "o ?+ :i*   
=ev] /ays1 & /eadily invites !          
intellig5t s\l to its embrace1 is good1 
t is1 ! opportunity to realize ! div9ely
 int5d$ correspond5ce ( ! relations 9 ! 
"p ) ! relations 9 ! :ole1 a s]5e       
movem5t ( life ?r\gh ! unison ( ! s\l ) 
its true fate4 ,n[1 ! "o pr$icate :i* is
 ess5tial 9 all ?+s1 )\t ^: pres5ce no?+

 c be1 is ! w ( ,god4 ,ev5 c\ld t w be  
violat$ or )/ood1 /ill x w\ld be !re1   
uphold+1 =giv+1 woo+ ,salvation1 or a   
life ( consci\s h>mony1 is capable (    
realization1 ( c\rse1 :]ev] ! means are 
(f]$ = ! p]=mance & enjoym5t ( ! w (    
,god2 & ! inf9ity ( 8 attributes        
necess>ily makes t condition an         
omnipres5t possibility 9 ! realm ( free 
spirits4 ,!re=e1 heav5 is n outw>dly    
limit$ to "o place1 or to "o p]iod1 b   
may be a*iev$ at any "t1 & any:]e4 ,?is 
?r[s light on ! fallacy ( ! curr5t1 n>r[
 doctr9e ( a limit$ probation4 ,!       
ori5tal belief t ! action ( ! pres5t is 
! fate ( ! future unque/ionably cov]s a 
pr(\nd tru?4 ,yet1 if !re is always a   
future !re mu/ likewise always be a     
pres5t1 & ! "r action 9 ?is may =ev]    
r$eem t4 ,probation is limit$ by no     
decree1 only by ! duration ( free be+4  
,al?\gh ! ess5tial elem5t 9 ! idea (    
heav5 is =ev] ! same1 x may be reg>d$ 9 
?ree diff]5t aspects1 or on ?ree diff]5t
 scales z an individual exp]i5ce1 z a   

social /ate1 z a f> (f univ]sal ev5t4   
,heav51 z a private exp]i5ce1 is !      
h>moniz$ int]c\rse ( ! s\l ) ! div95ess 
9 its surr\nd+ conditions4 ,heav51 z a  
public society1 is ! bless$ communion ( 
bless$ s\ls1 a complete adju/m5t ( !    
lives ( k9dr$ natures4 ,heav51 z a f9al 
consummation1 is ! publication ( !      
v9dicat$ w ( ,god 9 ! total h>mony ( !  
univ]se1 all individual wills s _m      
sep>ate notes bl5t 9 ! collective       
consonance ( ! :ole4  ,b1 = all         
practical purposes1 we may ov]look ?is  
triple di/9ction & ?9k ( heav5 simply z 
! correspond5ce ( ! life ( ! s\l ) ^?   
outw>d conditions :i* repres5t ! w (    
,god4 ,& t[>ds ?is conclusion ev]y?+1 9 
its pr(\nde/ & mo/ p]si/5t t5d5cy1 is   
be>+4 ,9 spite ( int]ruptions & seem+   
exceptions1 x is t[>ds ?is t ! entire   
conflu5ce ( =ces & be+s gravitates &    
sl[ly advances4 ,! univ]sal law (       
evolution1 9 :i* a sci5tific philosophy 
has g5]aliz$ its mo/ compreh5sive       
induction1 is b a hi/ory & prophecy ( ! 

progress t[>ds a mov+ equilibrium ( !   
totality ( worlds & intellig5ces1 :i* c 
ev5tuate only 9 a univ]sal heav51 or    
unimp$$ completion ( ! creative design4 
,d we n see all creatures t5d+ t[>ds !  
p]fection ( _! respective types1 e      
improvem5t selectively tak5 up & c>ri$  
on1 e det]iorat+ deviation elim9at$1 all
 errors & failures doom$ to p]i% or     
*ange into new conditions = m hopeful   
attempts8 ,?is confirms ! fai? fir/ bas$
 on ! deep] argum5t4 ,=1 s9ce ! w ( ,god
 is ! "o p]si/5t reality1 ! "o all      
evolv+ & all inclusive p[] ( :i* evil is
 only ! di/ort$ & %ad[y negation1 t     
opposition to ! w ( ,god :i* con/itutes 
s9 & mis]y1 t discord ) him :i* g5]ates 
hell1 mu/ prove an ev] small]           
accompanim5t ( 8 plan1 a transitory     
ph5om5on ceas+ 9 ev5 degree ) ! spread+ 
conque/s ( 8 almighty purpose1 z race on
 race ( creatures1 & sy/em on sy/em (   
worlds1 sweep into ! victori\s h>mony1  
until ! b\ndless realm ( be+ %all be    
b\ndless heav54  ,heav51 !n1 9 ess5ce1  

is n m]ely a favor$ locality1 n m]ely a 
resign$ s\l1 b ! result ( a comb9ation (
 ^! 9 a j relation4 ,x is n a play+ p[] 
9 ! mat]ial environm5t nor an inh]5t    
attribute ( ! spiritual in/rum5t2 b x is
 ! music :i* fl[s f ! in/rum5t :5 x is  
attun$ to react 9 coord9ation ) ! act+  
environm5t4 ,salvation1 consequ5tly1 is 
n simply a div9e place ( abode1 n simply
 a div9e /ate ( s\l2 b x is ^! two      
conjo9$4 ,x is ! exp]im5tal deposit     
betwe5 ! two poles ( rightly ord]$      
conditions 9 ! realm & rightly direct$  
en]gies 9 ! inhabitant4 ,heav51 !n1 9 ! 
be/ & briefe/ def9ition we c give1 is ! 
w ( ,god 9 fulfillm5t1 or ! law ( ! :ole
 9 uncross$ action4  ,hell is ! exp]i5ce
 produc$ by ! reb\nd ( violat$ law4 ,or1
 if we hold t1 /rictly speak+1 a div9e  
law is incapable ( violation2 z e seem+ 
resi/ance to gravitation is 9 fact a    
deep] ob$i5ce to gravitation1 !n we may 
say1 9 m accurate phrase1 hell is !     
collision & friction ( ! limitations (  
diff]5t laws4 ,x is ! discord ( ! "p ) !

 :ole4 ,x is ! antagonism ( ! s\l )     
,god4 ,b ! p]petual pres]vation ( a     
p]fectly balanc$ antagonism ) ,god is   
inconceivable4 ,x mu/ v>y1 tott]1 gr[   
ei!r worse or bett]4 ,if x gr[s worse1 x
 w f9ally de/roy itself1 ! ab]rant      
individuality or malign insurg5ce vani%+
 9 ! totality ( =ce1 z ! fil? ( our     
sew]s vani%es purely 9 ! purity ( !     
ocean4 ,if x gr[s bett]1 its improvem5t 
w f9ally trans=m ! opposition into      
reconciliation1 ! evil disappe>+ 9 good4
 ,!re=e1 e be+ mu/ at l5g? be sav$ f    
mis]y1 if n by r$emptive atonem5t !n by 
absolv5t annihilation1 & "o absolute    
heav5 f9ally absorb ! dw9dl+ hells4  ,! 
"q ( *ief importance to u 9 relation to 
heav5 is1 ,h[ c we ga9 admission into x4
 ,! limitations ( language necessitate !
 use ( imag]y = ! expression ( religi\s 
ideas3 & !re is no objection to x if x  
be recogniz$ z imag]y1 & be int]pret$   
accord+ly4 ,consid]+1 !n1 t beatific    
exp]i5ce ( :i* heav5 consi/s1 "u !      
metaphor ( a city1 :at are its ways (   

entrance8 ,h[ c we pass to its          
citiz5%ip8  ,! ob/acles to our entrance 
exi/ n 9 ! city itself4 ,its gates are  
nev] clos$4 ,! supreme conditions (     
r$emption are spiritual1 & n local or   
mat]ial4 ,if !re be )9 no fatal         
imp$im5ts to ! free c\rse ( ! w ( ,god1 
all out] ob/acles easily give way &     
cease4 ,if we are ev] to "k heav51 x is 
)9 ourselves t we mu/ f9d x out4 ,:atev]
 aboli%es t int]nal rebellion ( ! s\l   
:i* makes its exp]i5ce a purgatory1     
:atev] replaces ?is confusion ) an      
accord ( ! faculties1 is a road to      
heav54 ,:atev] removes vices & ins]ts   
virtues 9 _! /ead1 attun+ u to ! et]nal 
laws ( ?+s1 leads u ?r\gh "s gate into  
p>adise4 ,& no?+ else c no c]emonial    
artifice1 no ext]nal transf]5ce1 no     
sacram5tal exorcism1 no prie/ly dodge4  
,! same mi/ake g5]ally committ$ 9 reg>d 
to ! nature ( heav51 mak+ x a m]e local 
resid5ce1 has be5 z g5]ally committ$ 9  
reg>d to ! conditions ( admission4 ,!y h
 be5 made arbitr>y1 :]eas !y are        

intr9sic4 ,!y are inwr\ght ) !          
sub/antial laws ( be+4 ,! idea ( ,god   
be+ fir/ fa%ion$ aft] ! image ( a sultan
 ?ron$ 9 8 palace amid/ 8 c\rti]s1 rul+ 
an empire by 8 :ims1 x 0 b natural t    
heav51 & ! t]ms ( entrance !re1 %\ld be 
9 a simil> mann] conceiv$ "u ! =ms (    
c\rt c]emonial ) its caprici\s          
favoritisms4 ,?us x has be5 suppos$ t by
 ! aton+ sacrifice ( an inc>nate p]son (
 ! ,godhead satisfaction has be5 made = 
! s9s ( ! _w1 :i* 0 hopelessly ru9$ by  
its orig9al f$]al repres5tative1 & t ?us
 a p>don 0 (f]$ to ^? alone :o m5tally  
accept ! =mula ( ! correspond5t belief4 
,accord+ to ?is view1 ! only op5 gateway
 ( heav5 is fai? 9 ! vic>i\s atonem5t1 a
 baptismal passage ?r\gh ! blood (      
,*ri/4 ,sci5ce explodes ?is n>r[ &      
repulsive doctr9e by demon/rat+ its     
irreconcilabl5ess alike ) physical fact 
& ) moral law1 fir/ trac+ ! affiliat$   
l9es ( our race back to _m sep>ate      
,adams 9 ! %ad[s ( an indet]m9able      
antiquity1 & !n %[+ t ! div9e me?od (   

salvation is ?r\gh sub/antial rejection 
( evil & appropriation ( good 9 p]sonal 
"*1 & n ?r\gh royal proclamation & =5sic
 con=mity4  ,! plan ( ,god = ! salvation
 ( m51 z its culm9ation is se5 9 ,*ri/1 
is ! exhibition ( ! true type ( be+1 !  
true /yle ( motive & action1 = _!       
assimilation & reproduction3 b          
,calv9ism1 :5 fundam5tally analyz$1     
r$uces x to a mon>*ical manife/o &      
spectacul> drama work+ its effects ?r\gh
 v]bal t]ms1 acts ( m5tal ass5t &       
ge/icul> de$s4 ,e s\nd tea*+ (          
philosophy refutes ?is exclusive &      
arbitr>y cre$4 ,9 fact1 its fictiti\s & 
my?ological nature is obvi\s ! mom5t we 
see t ! w ( ,god is repres5t$ 9 ^? laws 
( nature :i* are ! direct articulations 
& embodim5ts ( 8 et]nal m9d1 & n 9 ^?   
political regulations or prie/ly &      
judicial =malities :i* express ! p]v]t$ 
desires & artificial devices ( m54 ,!   
we>+ ( a c]ta9 dress1 ! b5d+ ( ! knee1 !
 mutt]+ ( a phrase1 may flatt] an e>?ly 
sov]eign & ga9 a seat at 8 banquets4 ,b 

x is *ildi% folly to fancy any su* ?+ ( 
,god4 ,x is absurd to suppose t he has  
two s*emes ( gov]nm5t1 "o = ! pres5t    
/ate1 ano!r = ! future2 "o = ! elect1   
ano!r = ! reprobate2 "o = ^? :o gaze on 
! spectacle ( ! crucifixion & make a    
c]ta9 sign1 ano!r = ^? :o d n4 ,8 laws1 
id5tifi$ ) ! un*angeable nature & c\rse 
( ! creation1 sweep 9 "o unbrok5 ord]   
?r\gh\t imm5sity & et]nity1 aw>d+ p]fect
 ju/ice1 & p]fect m]cy to all alike1    
mak+ ! exp]i5ce ( all s\ls a hell or a  
heav5 to !m accord+ly z !y /rive aga9/  
or h>monize ) ! div9e sy/em ( exi/5ce 9 
:i* !y h _! be+4 ,! m]e acceptance ( a  
te*nical dogma1 ! m]e p]=mance ( a      
ritual action1 _c adju/ a discordant "* 
) ! conditions ( bless$ness s z to      
re9/ate an exile ( heav54 ,to imag9e t  
,god w1 9 consid]ation ( "s te*nical    
device1 place 9 heav5 a man ^: "* fits  
him = hell1 or1 9 default ( t           
conv5tionality1 place 9 hell a man ^: "*
 fits him = heav51 is to repres5t him z 
act+ on an ecc5tric :im4 ,& surely e "o 

:o has a wor?y idea ( ,god mu/ f9d x mu*
 easi] to believe t m5 h mix$           
my?ological dreams ) _! religion1 ?an to
 believe t ! inf9ite ,god is capable (  
despotic freaks or melo dramatic        
caprices4  ,! poor1 odi\s figm5t t      
baptism ) ! blood ( ,*ri/ is ! sole     
entrance to heav51 is rebuk$ by ! sweet 
& awful imp]turbabl5ess ) :i* ! laws (  
be+ act1 di/ribut+ ! +r$i5ts ( hell or  
heav5 to e "o accord+ly z 8 vices       
disobey or 8 virtues obey ! w ( ,god4   
,9 a univ]se ( law :]e ,god ) all 8     
attributes is omnipres5t no trick c ev] 
be ! pa?way into p>adise4 ,! true me?od 
( salvation is by ! production ( a good 
"* ?r\gh div9e grace & ! discipl9e (    
life4 ,?us1 ! real law ( salvation ?r\gh
 ,*ri/ consi/s n 9 ! te*nical belief t  
he %$ 8 blood = our r$emption1 b 9 !    
p]sonal d]ival f him ( t _s :i* w make u
 will+ to %$ our own blood = ! good (   
o!rs4  ,!re 01 n long ago1 call$ to h]  
et]nal home1 a "y woman1 :o1 by ! sweet 
g5tl5ess1 ! h]oic g5]osity & ! unspott$ 

fidelity ( h] :ole life1 des]ves an     
exalt$ place on ! roll ( fem99e *ivalry 
& sa9tl9ess4 ,n a bright] "n1 or "o     
associat$ ) a m fe>less & accompli%$ _s1
 is record$ on ! li/ ( ^? ,*ri/ian wom5 
:o volunte]$ to s]ve z nurses 9 ! great 
,am]ican w> ( nationality4 ,no soldi] 0 
brav]1 few 7 m "u fire1 ?an %e2 /ill    
ply+ h] holy "w ) unfalt]+ love &       
=titude1 bo? 9 ! horrid miasma ( camps &
 be=e ! *>ge ( cavalry & ! blaze (      
cannon4 ,_m a "t1 ! livelong night1 "u !
 solemn />s1 equipp$ ) assuag+ /ores1 %e
 ?read$ h] way alone ?r\gh ! debris (   
c>nage1 seek+ out ! w\nd$ among ! dead1 
lift+ h] voice 9 song z a signal = any  
l+]+ survivor :o might be ne>4 ,_m a "t 
%e broke on ! vision ( mutilat$ & dy+   
m51 ) ! light ( love 9 h] eyes1 a hymn (
 *e] on h] lips1 & unwe>i$ m9i/rations 9
 h] h&s1 transfigur$ ) c\rage &         
devotion1 gleam+ on _! sight ?r\gh !    
sulphur\s flame ( battle or ! d>k5+ mi/s
 ( disease l an angel f heav54 ,receiv+ 
! se$s ( fatal illness f h] exposures1  

%e return$ home to delight ) h] noble   
qualities all :o knew h]1 to make a     
husb& happy1 & !n to die a cont5t$      
m>tyr4 ,meekly fold+ h] h&s1 & say+3    
,?anks1 ,fa!r1 = :at ?\ ha/ enabl$ me to
 d1 & /ill m = ! new home to :i* ?\ art 
call+ me n[ %e 0 gone4 ,! cruel cre$ (  
sup]/ition says3 ,s9ce %e 0 a           
,univ]sali/1 hav+ no "p1 by fai?1 9 !   
my/ic sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 %e is doom$ to 
hell4 ,b e attribute ( ,god1 e promise  
writt5 by 8 own f+] 9 ! sacr$ in/9cts ( 
our nature1 z well z ! c>d9al tea*+s ( !
 ,new ,te/am5t1 assure u t z ! victori\s
 purity & devot$ness ( h] s\l bore h]   
away f ! tab]nacle ( fle%1 ! welcom+    
,savior said3 ,come1 ?\ bless$ ( my     
,fa!r1 inh]it ! k+dom prep>$ f !        
f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,& heav5 swung wide   
its gate = h]2 & excit$ fancy conceives 
t1 z %e pass$ 91 !re 0 a gratulatory    
flutt] ( w+s & wav+ ( palms ?r\gh !     
angelic ranks4  ,9 di/9ction f t        
hypo!tical gate ( blood1 set up by a    
crude !ology 9 "o n>r[ place alone1 :at1

 !n1 are ! real gates ( heav51 :i* /&   
op5 ?r\gh\t ! realms ( responsible be+8 
,all ! causes :i* br+ ! w ( man into    
cons5t ) ! w ( ,god4 ,tru? is ! h>mony (
 m9d ) ! div9e ord]2 beauty1 ! h>mony ( 
ta/e ) ! div9e symmetries2 good1 !      
h>mony ( volition ) ! div9e ends4       
,ev]y?+ t secures ^! = u is an av5ue    
into ! peaceful city ( bliss4 ,to be 9  
heav5 is to be a transp>5t m$ium ?r\gh  
:i* ! qualities ( objects1 ! reflections
 ( ph5om5a1 ! vibrations ( aborig9al    
p[]1 pass 9 bless$ fre$om1 )\t          
deflection or j>1 & on :i* ! my/]i\s    
attraction ( ! ,inf9ite ex]ts its       
supreme spell4 ,to be !re 9 a sup]lative
 degree is to h a m9d :i* is an         
inf9itesimal mirror ( ! ,all1 & a he>t  
responsive to t m9d1 e p]ception ( tru? 
9 ! realm ( ! intellect g5]at+ a        
correspond5t emotion ( good 9 ! realm ( 
affection4 ,n any =5sic act ( fai? 9    
aton+ blood1 b +ra9$ piety a mode/      
r5unciation be=e ! reality ( ?+s is !   
gr& gateway ( s\ls to ! bless$ness &    

repose ( ,god4 ,anselm1 ! great sa9t$   
,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 said3 ,i w\ld r 
be 9 hell )\t a fault ?an 9 heav5 ) "o4 
,c any defective te*nicality damn su* a 
man8 ,no2 su* a _s c>ries & radiates    
heav5 is itself heav54 ,t _s is ,god    
himself 9 8 creature1 & c no m be       
imprison$ 9 hell ?an ,god c be4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 any pr(ess+ ,or?odoxi/ :o1      
accord+ to a horrible doctr9e ( !       
,calv9i/s 9 =m] days1 %\ld hope 9 heav5 
to obta9 a %>p] reli% = 8 own joy by    
look+ d[n on ! tortures ( ! damn$1 &    
contra/+ 8 blissful safety ) ! hopeless 
agony ( _! p]dition1 w\ld f9d himself 9 
hell4 ,! inf]nal sc5]y1 ev5 !re1 w\ld   
bur/ on 8 gaze1 its atmosph]e ( pa9 reek
 ar\nd him1 & ! dete/able turmoil ( its 
exp]i5ce rage 9 8 brea/4 ,! selfi%ness (
 8 "*1 9 /eep contradiction to ! public 
dis9t]e/$ness belong+ to ! div9e w1 mu/ 
inv]t e prop] exp]i5ce ( heav54 ,c\ld   
any conv5tional arrangem5t1 or accid5t (
 locality1 save su* a man1 :ile 8 "*    
rema9$ un*ang$8 ,no2 su* a _s c>ries &  

radiates hell1 is itself hell4  ,a      
,mohamm$an au?or says ( ! sev5ty ?ree   
sects into :i* 8 coreligioni/s are      
divid$1 t sev5ty two are wrong ways1    
t]m9at+ 9 et]nal damnation2 ! rema9+ "o 
alone1 9 :i* are ! p>ty ( salvation1    
leads ?r\gh ! true fai? into ! ,city (  
,allah4 ,! same unwise bigotry1 ! same  
unrip5ess ( judgm5t1 has be5 g5]ally %[n
 by ,*ri/ians4 ,x is "t !y 7 a%am$ ( x1 
& all[$ _! s\ls to mature & exp& into a 
m lib]al cre$ 9 full] keep+ ) !         
hospitable amplitude ( ! righte\sness & 
goodness ( ,god4 ,ev]y?+ t t5ds to br+ !
 w ( man into lov+ submission to !      
inf9ite ,fa!r1 to m\ld ! /ructure ( "*  
into correspond5ce ) ^? e/abli%$        
conditions ( rightful be+ repres5t$ by !
 moral & religi\s virtues1 is an op5    
highway ( salvation4 ,& all ! great     
c>d9al ord9ations ( life d legitimately 
t5d to ?is result4 ,!re=e all ^! are    
gates ( heav54 ,"s pass 9 ?r\gh "o ( !m1
 o!rs ?r\gh ano!r2 & by means ( !m all1 
x is decre$ 9 ! sov]eign c\ncils ( !    

,div9ity1 z we believe1 t1 soon] or     
lat]1 e intellig5ce %all rea* ! goal4   
,fir/ is ! gate ( innoc5ce4 ,little     
*ildr51 spotless y\?s & maid5s :o h kn[n
 no malice or guile1 ! sa9tly few among 
mature m5 & wom5 :o by ! untempt$       
elevation & s]5ity ( _! temp] h kept _! 
integrity unm>r$ & _! robes unsulli$1   
ent] by ?is ne>e/ & easie/ gate4 ,borne 
al(t by _! own native gravitation1 we   
see ! :ite procession ( ! innoc5t ones  
w9d+ f> up ! c]ulean height & defil+ 9  
long melodi\s l9e into heav54  ,! second
 gate is prosp]ity4 ,?r\gh ?is ent] ^?  
to :om good =tune has s]v$ z ! guid+    
smile ( ,god1 n pamp]+ !m ) arrogance1  
nor h>d5+ !m ) c>eless egotism1 b %ap+  
!m to ?ankful meekness & g5]osity4      
,exempt f lac]at+ trials1 e want b5ignly
 suppli$1 girt ) fri5ds1 !y h gr[n up 9 
goodness & gratitude1 obey+ ! w ( ,god  
by ! natural dis*>ge ( _! duties1       
diffus+ b5$ictions & b5efits ar\nd !m4  
,to su* beautiful spirits1 sav$ f wrong 
& woe by ! r$emptive %elt] ( _! lot1    

happ9ess is a bett] purgatory ?an       
wret*$ness4 ,! cry/al /ream ( joy       
p]colat+ ?r\gh\t ! s\l cleanses x m     
p]fectly ?an any flames ( pa9 c4 ,& s ! 
virtu\s *ildr5 ( a favor$ =tune1 :o h   
improv$ _! privileges ) pi\s fidelity1  
move on into heav54  ,!n ! ?ird gate is 
victory4 ,?is is m ardu\s ( approa*1 &  
yet a ?rong ( h]oic s\ls1 ! v *ivalry ( 
heav51 press ?r\gh x1 w\nd$ & ble$+ f ! 
/ruggle1 b triumphant4 ,^! are !y :o h  
endur$ h>d%ip ) uncompla9+ =titude &    
f\ght _! way ?r\gh all enemies1         
s$uctions & tribulations4 ,^! are !y :o1
 arm$ ) ! native sacram5t (             
righte\sness1 inspir$ ) a loyal love1   
w\ld nev] /oop _! cre/s to wrong nor    
make a league ) iniquity ! conqu]+      
*ampions :o tread d[n e vile temptation1
 ev] he>+ _! ,lead] say1 ,9 ! _w ye %all
 h tr\ble & sorr[2 b be ( good *e]1 ,i h
 ov]come ! _w4  ,p5it5ce is ano!r gate (
 heav54 ,by ! in/ructions ( ,provid5ce1 
by ! natural progress ( exp]i5ce1 !     
evolution ( wisdom1 a s9n] may become   

aw>e ( ! +ratitude ( 8 disob$i5ce1 a%am$
 ( ! odi\sness ( 8 guilt2 be smitt5 ) a 
reg5]at+ love ( tru?1 beauty1 goodness1 
,god2 &1 )\t wait+ = ! la% ( an ext]nal 
judgm5t to drive him ! way he %\ld g1 by
 volunt>y pref]5ce may grieve ov] 8     
folly & s91 & turn to 8 duty & 8        
,savior4 ,!n ! bless$ gate ( a          
spontane\s rep5tance /&s op5 be=e him2 &
 ?r\gh ?is hospitable entrance          
multitudes f9d admission to ! div9e     
home4  ,dea? (t5 gives an o!rwise       
unatta9able deliv]ance1 & s yields !    
poor victim ( unhappy out] conditions a 
passage to heav54 ,x is a ?\ght no less 
false ?an x is frightful1 :i* repres5ts 
dea? z ! v9dictive turnkey ( ! creation1
 at ^: approa* probation ends1 & !      
%udd]+ convict is ?ru/ into hell1 !     
hopeless bolt dropp+ into its w>d beh9d 
him4 ,x is r ! div9e mess5g] (          
deliv]ance = ^? :o are borne d[n "h "u a
 fate too h>d = !m4 ,oh1 :at myriads (  
afflict$ ones orphan *ildr5 cru%$ by    
brutal treatm5t2 poor seam/resses />v+ 9

 g>rets2 m5 & wom5 gr\nd & grim$ almo/  
out ( ! semblance ( humanity1 9 !       
drudg]y & d>kness ( coal m9es2 hapless  
suicides1 :o h ra%ly fl$ f ?is /ep dame 
_w1 & ^: alaba/] =ms1 purpl$ ) bruises1 
are laid on ! dismal b$s ( brass 9 !    
morgue1 :]e a gha/ly light /ra9s ?r\gh !
 grates1 & ! cr[d ( gaz]s sweeps        
endlessly on2 unsuccessful m5 ( g5ius1  
unappreciat$1 neglect$1 cruelly wrong$1 
_! extreme s5sitiv5ess mak+ _! lives a  
long m>tyrdom to ^! :at a bless$ angel  
is dea?1 free+ !m1 sett+ !m 9 a new     
/ate1 />t+ !m on a fre% c>e]1 amid/     
fair] circum/ances1 9 front ( bett]     
opportunities6 ,to be sav$1 & 9 p>adise1
 :at is x b to be a pure in/rum5t to e*o
 ! music ( div9e ?+s8 ,:5 ! corruptible 
p>ts ( ! in/rum5t are hopelessly        
discordant1 or ! circum/ances ( its     
place "h are jangl$ ) evils :i* x _c    
ov]come1 !n ! dis5tanglem5t ( !         
spiritual h>p1 & ! translation ( x to "s
 f9] sph]e2 :]e its free *ords may r+ _!
 prop] music cle>ly out1 are a bless$   

r$emption1 mak+ dea? itself a triumphant
 gate ( heav54  ,retribution is !       
remote/ & mo/ difficult ( all ! heav5ly 
gates2 & yet x is "o1 & "o t is         
indisp5sable = _m a neglectful1 halt+1 &
 ob/9ate *ild ( man4 ,x is an extreme   
error to ?9k puni%m5t a gate ( hell4 ,x 
is r a result ( be+ already inside1 & x 
legitimately s]ves z an outlet !nce4    
,:atev] may be ! case ) imp]fect human  
rul]s1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,god no puni%m5t  
is ev] inflict$ = ! sake ( v5geance1 a  
gratuit\s evil4 ,x is blasphemy to deem 
,god v9dictive4 ,he always puni%es = !  
sake ( good1 to awak5 att5tion1 produce 
insight & sorr[1 & cause a reattunem5t (
 "* & conduct ) ! laws ( "r1 se5 at la/ 
to be supremely au?oritative & b5ignant1
 indissolubly b\nd up ) ! true/ good (  
ea* & ) ! sole good ( all4 ,on e gate ( 
hell may be writt54 ,:]ev] retribution  
is actual1 salvation is possible1       
equival5t to ! great maxim (            
jurisprud5ce3 ,ubi jus ibi rem$ium6 ,s1 
ev5 ! d>k door ( retribution1 :5 m5 w   

advance by no o!r way1 leads !m to      
?\ghtfulness1 regret1 & a r$emptive     
readju/m5t ( _! passions & acts4 ,?us x 
becomes ! ultimate gate ( heav54 ,&1    
alas6 :at a dismal cr[d ( suff]]s1      
refus+ all %ort] & happi] ways1 wait to 
be drawn ?r\gh ?is tortur+ passage (    
rem$ial m]cy6 ,may ! numb] ent]+ by !   
o!r gates ev] increase1 & ^? ent]+ ?is  
dw9dle6 ,& yet1 may x =ev] /& op5 = !   
unhappy culprits :o mu/ be lo/ unless   
sav$ "h6  ,besides all ^! gates1 &      
comm&+ !m all1 !re is "o ev]y:]e        
accessible1 & nev] %ut on any s\l :i*   
has ! grace to try x ! omnipres5t gate (
 resignation4 ,remove ! conditions (    
resi/ance1 or friction1 by a total      
surr5d] ( self w & an absolute          
acceptance ( ! ,div9e ,w1 &1 x matt]s n 
:]e y are1 ! ess5ce ( p]dition is       
de/roy$ 9 y\r s\l4 ,! utt] ab&onm5t (   
pride1 a pi\s submission to ! laws (    
?+s1 a glad & grateful acquiesc5ce 9    
:atev] ! ,supreme ,au?ority decrees ?is 
is ! unre/rict$ way into heav5 :i* waits

 be=e ! /eps ( all :o w only exhibit !  
requisite _s1 & ent]4 ,yes1 let any be+ 
b bani% f himself e ve/ige ( p]sonal    
dictation be=e ,god & unexact+ly id5tify
 8 desires ) univ]sal good2 &1 ev5 ?\gh 
he /& on ! bottom ( hell1 heav5 w be    
directly be=e him ?r\gh ! op5 gate (    
resignation4 ,= ! organic attitude ( a  
pure & lov+ submission tunes !          
discordant creature to t et]nal brea? ( 
,god :i* bl[s ev]y:]e ?r\gh ! univ]se ( 
s\ls1 sigh+ until !y conspire ) x to    
make ! music ( r$emption4  ,,*apt] ,v4  
,,resume ,,h[ ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,immortality
 ,,n[ ,,/&s4  ,,9 ,,! lead+ nations (   
,*ri/5dom1 ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! 
s\l has = "s "t pa/ obvi\sly be5 weak5+4
 ,! numb] ( ^? :o assail ! belief       
increases1 & _! utt]ances become m frank
 & dogmatic4 ,a multitude ( in/ances1   
cle> to e c>eful obs]v]1 prove ?is4     
,especially at ! pres5t mom5t d examples
 ( pa9ful d\bt1 pr(\nd misgiv+1 bold &  
exultant d5ial1 mock+ flippancy &       
ridicule1 ab\nd on all sides1 9 private 

conv]sation1 9 public discussion1 & 9 e 
=m ( lit]>y activity4 ,! he>ty          
?or\ghness & f]vor ) :i* ! fai? ( !     
,*ur* 0 once held h gone f :ole classes4
 ,subtle skepticism or blank negation is
 a common *>act]i/ic4 ,:e!r ?is t5d5cy  
t[>ds unbelief be s\nd or fallaci\s1    
tempor>y or p]man5t1 x is at lea/       
actual4 ,& x is important t we exam9e ! 
causes ( x1 & te/ _! logical validity   
:ile trac+ _! hi/oric spread4 ,:y1 !n1  
we ask1 is ! fai? 9 a future life = man 
suff]+ su* a m>k$ decay 9 ! pres5t      
g5]ation ( ,*ri/5dom8  ,9 ! fir/ place1 
! fai? pales & dw9dles1 f ! g5]al       
neglect ( t /r5u\s & con/ant cultivation
 ( x =m]ly secur$ by ! /]n doctr9al     
drill & by ! rigid sup]vision ( daily   
?\ght & habit 9 ! int]e/s ( religion4   
,nev] be=e 7 m5 s absorb$ z n[ 9 mat]ial
 toil & c>e dur+ ! s]i\s portion ( _!   
exi/5ce2 nev] be=e s beset z n[ dur+ !  
leisure portion by innum]able =ms (     
amusem5t & dissipation4 ,! habit (      
lonely m$itation & pray] gr[s r>]4 ,!   

exactions ( ! /ruggle ( ambition gr[    
fi]c]1 ! burd5s ( necessity press m     
heavily2 ! vices & temptations ( society
 ?ick53 & !y )draw ! att5tion ( m5 f    
ideal & sacr$ aims4 ,m & m m5 seem to   
live = labor & pleasure1 = "t & s5se2   
less & less = tru? & good1 = ,god &     
et]nity4 ,absorb$ 9 ! mat]iali/ic game1 
or fritt]$ & jad$ 9 frivol\s div]sions1 
all et]nal aims g by default4 ,9 :at    
preci\s age 0 madd5+ rivalry s univ]sal1
 giggl+ laught] s pe/il5t an epidemic1  
triviality at su* a premium & sublimity 
at su* a disc\nt8 ,b ! ?+s to :i* m5    
really devote !mselves dilate to fill ! 
:ole field ( _! vision4 ,!y soon come to
 disbelieve t = :i* !y take no ?\ght &  
make no sacrifice or inve/m5t4 ,! av]age
 m5 ( our "t1 z well ^? ( ! educat$     
classes z ^? ( ! labor+ classes1 d n    
live = immortality4 ,!re=e _! fai? 9 x  
dim9i%es4 ,our fa!rs1 to a degree n     
common n[1 walk$ 9 m5tal companion%ip ) 
,god1 practic$ solit>y devotion1 %ap$ _!
 daily feel+s & de$s ) ref]5ce to !     

effect on _! future life4 ,?us t hidd5  
life became real to !m4 ,n[ ! int]e/s & 
provocations ( ! pres5t _w1 conc5trat$ &
 int5sifi$ z nev] be=e ! /rife (        
aspirants1 ! giddy ent]prises (         
speculation & comm]ce & eng9e]+1 ! *aos 
( caucuses & newspap]s & telegraphs     
monopolize our faculties & exhau/ our   
en]gies1 leav+ u b fa9t incl9ation to   
att5d to ! solemn !mes ( ! s\l & ! my/ic
 lures ( inf9ity4 ,to ^? craz$ ) gre$1  
battl+ ) rivals or sunk 9 debau*]y1 ,god
 naturally becomes a v]bal phantom &    
immortality a fooli% dream4 ,!re is no?+
 9 me*anism & mammon wor%ip1 no?+ 9     
selfi% slo? & laught]1 no?+ 9 cruel     
oppression & drudg]y1 to inspire belief 
9 ! dea?less spirituality ( man4 ,among 
a p prevail+ly giv5 ov] to ^!           
e>?l9esses1 fai? 9 ! transc5d5t v]ities 
( religion p]=ce dies out4 ,9 ! long run
 ! supreme devotion ( ! s\l irresi/ibly 
m\lds its fai?4 ,*ri/5dom does n live 9 
consci\s sacrifices & aspirations = ,god
 & et]nal life1 b x lives *iefly =      

selfi% p[] & k1 money1 praise & luxury4 
,!re=e 9 ,*ri/5dom fai? 9 immortality is
 decay+4 ,b we believe ?is decay to be  
tempor>y1 ! necess>y transition to a    
ri*] & m h>monic insight4 ,! pass+      
eclipse ( fai? 9 a future life is de/9$ 
by conc5trat+ att5tion on ! pres5t to   
develop its res\rces1 realize ! div9e   
possibilities ( ?is _w1 unveil all !    
elem5ts ( hell & heav5 really exi/+ "h1 
& fully attune mank9d to ! conditions ( 
virtue & bless$ness n[4 ,:5 ?is %all h  
be5 done ! tang5tial & fractional "* (  
our exp]i5ce w be s obvi\s1 ! inadequacy
 ( ! e>?ly /ate = ! wants ( our         
transc5d5t & prophetic faculties w be s 
urg5t1 & ! supplem5t+ adaptations ( !   
entire unse5 b cle>ly div9$ future to ! 
crav+ p>ts 9 ! pres5t w be s manife/1 t 
a complete revelation ( immortality w   
break ^u ! prep>$ m9d ( ! race4 ,!n     
hi/ory w take a new dep>ture 9 brea?+   
communion ) ! :ole creation4  ,b        
infidelity to duty & privilege does n   
de/roy ! tru? ( duty & privilege4 ,x    

only bl9ds ! fai?less eyes s t !y _c see
 ! tru?4 ,if ! immortality ( ! s\l be a 
tru?1 ! mat]iali/ic absorption ( our    
life w\ld bl9d u to x & make u d5y x4   
,exclusive att5tion to ! pres5t w\ld    
hide ! future f u1 al?\gh its dazzl+    
prizes1 scatt]$ on ! d>k back gr\nd (   
et]nity1 7 burn+ !re 9 ev]la/+          
invitation & hospitality4 ,?us1 :ile !  
eag] worldl9ess ( our age practically   
vacates ! fai? 9 a future life1 x does n
 logically disprove x2 b leaves x = !   
ultimate te/ ( ! g5u9e evid5ce4  ,!     
second reason = ! app>5t rapid crumbl+  
away ( ! belief 9 immortality 9         
,*ri/5dom is ! rec5t wide diffusion ( a 
critical k ( ! comp>ative hi/ory ( !    
op9ions ( all nations on ! subject ( a  
future life1 reveal+ ! my?ological "*   
common to !m1 & track+ !m back to _!    
orig9 9 primitive sup]/itions no long]  
is _! lit]al purport cr$ible to any     
educat$ intellig5ce4 ,9 _m works by     
!ological writ]s1 & by sci5tific writ]s1
 ( free habits ( ?\ght1 l ,/rauss &     

,sp5c]1 collections h be5 made ( !      
fancies & !ories ( mank9d respect+ !    
survival ( ! _s & ! conditions ( its    
exp]i5ce aft] ! dea? ( ! body4 ,^!      
beliefs1 x has be5 agre$1 ev5 among !   
mo/ enlight5$ peoples1 re/ at la/ on !  
same basis ) ! crude/ notions ( !       
b>b>ians ( ! prehi/oric p]iod1 namely1 !
 spontane\s work+s ( raw in/9ct &       
imag9ation4 ,trac+ ! views ( ,*ri/ians z
 to ! nature ( ! s\l1 & ! life to come 9
 heav5 or hell1 back to ! rude          
conceptions ( ! nak$ savages :o fa%ion$ 
_! idea ( ! gho/ f ! %ad[ or !          
reflection ( ! man1 :i* 0 a picture or  
repres5tative ( him1 yet )\t matt]1 & f 
! ph5om5a ( dreams1 9 :i* !y suppos$ !  
_s ( ! man left him & w5t ?r\gh !       
adv5tures ( ! dream & return$ ere he    
awoke x has be5 ass]t$ t e =m ( lat]    
fai?1 h[ev] ref9$ & improv$ 9 details1  
yet really re/+ on su* pu]ile fancies1  
su* incompet5t & absurd beg9n+s1 is     
!reby discr$it$ & mu/ be reject$4  ,n[1 
x is true t :5 we f9d among ,*ri/ian    

believ]s1 connect$ ) ! doctr9e ( a      
future life1 an incongru\s m$ley (      
physical imag]y & gross imag9ative      
pictures1 conceptions ( j ! same "* z ! 
grotesque dream+s ( ! e>lie/ savages & !
 elaborate my?ology ( subsequ5t         
prie/hoods1 we are requir$ to treat !   
:ole suppositi\s mass z m]e poetry or   
sup]/ition1 & to dismiss x f our fai?4  
,b we are by no means ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s ) 
! ess5tial fact itself ( a future life4 
,! ess5tial fact1 ! ass]tion (          
immortality1 may be true1 ev5 if !      
my?ological dress be all fictiti\s4 ,x  
does n foll[ t man has no surviv+ s\l   
because ! local heav5 or hell1 describ$ 
by savage or prie/ z its resid5ce1 is   
unreal4 ,x surely is no correct inf]5ce 
t ! s\l p]i%es ) ! body1 because !      
b>b>ian m9d g5]aliz$ its idea ( ! s\l f 
! ph5om5a ( %ad[s1 reflections1 e*oes & 
dreams4 ,! critical s*ol>1 :o judges !  
case fairly1 w correct ! fallacies ( !  
confus$ reason+ in/9ct1 & relegate !    
my?ology to its prop] prov9ce1 b res]ve 

8 judgm5t on ! "q itself ( spiritual    
survival to be settl$ on ! only         
appropriate evid5ce4 ,al?\gh ! habit ?us
 =m$ by ! critical s*ol>1 & by ^? :o    
foll[ 8 au?ority1 ( sweep+ away z :olly 
unt5able s _m v>ieties ( speculation1 & 
s _m gr\ps ( images connect$ ) ! belief 
9 a future life1 has unque/ionably      
contribut$ p[]fully to fo/] complete    
disbelief 9 ! doctr9e itself1 yet x is  
equally unque/ionable t ?is process (   
negation is illogical4 ,_m a true       
doctr9e has be5 cradl$ 9 sup]/itions &  
absurdities4 ,a fai? support$ by _m     
classes ( indep5d5t argum5ts is n       
ov]?r[n by ! dispro( ( "o ( ^? classes4 
,x is z wrongful a proc$ure to d5y !    
immortality ( ! s\l because b>b>ic      
in/9ct gr\nd$ x on errone\s notions &   
envelop$ x ) falsehoods1 z x w\ld be to 
reject ! e/abli%$ laws ( gravitation &  
light & s\nd1 = ! reason t ! v>i\s      
provisional !ories1 prec$+ ! correct    
ones1 7 ridicul\s mi/akes4 ,! problem to
 be solv$ is1 ,does ! man :o is n[ a s\l

 9 a body rema9 a s\l :5 ! body         
dissolves8 ,! inadequacy or folly ( a   
hundr$ provisional answ]s does n affect 
! f9al answ]4 ,in/ead ( d5y+ immortality
 because ! *ildi% m9d ( ! e>ly _w feign$
 impossible ?+s ab\t x1 we %\ld *ange ! 
"q by appeal to a m compet5t c\rt1 &    
inquire :at ,py?agoras1 ,augu/9e1       
,dante1 ,leibnitz1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1     
,sw$5borg1 ,goe!1 ?\ght ab\t x4 ,x is a 
"q = ! cons5sus ( ! mo/ gift$ & imp>tial
 m9ds1 ! v ,areopagus ( ,humanity1 to   
decide4 ,fur!rmore1 on a deep] inquiry1 
x seems cle> t ! real belief 9          
immortality did n orig9ate f !          
contemplation ( ! ph5om5a ( dreams &    
%ad[s & e*oes1 b arose r f !            
inexpugnable self ass]tion (            
consci\sness1 its inability to feel     
itself non exi/5t4 ,?is p]si/5cy (      
consci\sness1 foll[+ x 9 all its        
imag9ative flights ( ?\ght beyond ! dea?
 ( ! body1 0 ! cause ( ! my?ological    
creativ5ess ( ! b>b>ic m9d4 ,& ?us !    
elaboration ( ! imag]y ( gho/s & a      

gho/ly realm 0 n ! precursor1 b ! result
 ( a belief 9 ano!r life4 ,! belief     
sprang directly out ( ! feel+ ( a       
cont9u\s be+ unconqu]ably connect$ )    
human self consci\sness1 & is indep5d5t 
( ! imag]y 9 :i* x has be5 clo!d1 may   
clo! itself 9 endless =ms ( imag]y1 &   
survive _! removal on ! discov]y ( _!   
incompet5ce4  ,besides1 ! savage himself
 01 aft] all1 n s f> out ( ! way4 ,8    
my?ology 0 n a m]e fiction concret$ into
 fact by sup]/ition4 ,he 0 on t track ( 
analogy :i*1 :5 cle>$1 w be1 p]haps1 !  
lum9\s highway to univ]sal tru?4 ,!     
savage 0 obscurely consci\s t ! objects 
:i* appe>$ ar\nd him z solid mat]ial    
realities _h _! immat]ial correspond5ces
 )9 8 _s4 ,! tree1 ! /one1 ! fl[]1 ! />1
 ! bea/1 ! man1 _h )9 him correspond5t  
m5tal images or ideas j z real z !y1 b  
)\t s5sible qualities1 & incapable (    
hurt4 ,) creative wond] he recogniz$ a  
symbol or analogy ( ?is inn] _w 9 ! %ad[
 & ! reflection4 ,! %ad[ or ! reflection
 is a repres5tation ( its orig9al1 b )\t

 mat]ial sub/ance4  ,see1 x lies !re1   
wav]+1 on ! rock1 or 9 ! wat]4 ,no arr[ 
c pi]ce x1 no club bruise x1 no pe/le   
pulv]ize x1 no *emi/ry dis9tegrate x4 ,x
 is an emblem ( ! immat]ial &           
inde/ructible _s1 reveal$ 9 ! out] _w ( 
matt]1 :]e ev]y?+ *anges & passes away  
except ! n\m5a "u ! ph5om5a4 ,no wond] x
 /irr$ ! brood+ fancy ( ! ignorant1 b   
prophetic primitive man1 & made x teem )
 poesy & p]sonification4  ,freely1 !n1  
let u bru% aside ! my?ological          
extravagance & irrational errors 9 !    
entire cosmopolitan doctr9e ( a future  
life1 b bew>e ( reject+ ! fact itself ( 
immortality until we h bett] gr\nds ?an 
h yet be5 af=d$ by ! accumulat+ insight 
( lit]>y hi/ory4 ,z ! _w moves on1 & !  
human m9d develops ) x1 ! crude mu/ give
 way to ! mature1 & ! false be replac$1 
n ) vacancy1 b ) ! true4 ,! problem ( ! 
nature & de/9y ( ! s\l w n be solv$ by  
te>+ away ! fictiti\s drap]y ?r[n ar\nd 
x1 b by pi]c+ to ! roots ( ! reality )9 
! drap]y4  ,& n[ we come to ! ?ird      

reason = ! increas+ d\bt & decreas+ fai?
 9 reg>d to a future life3 t reason is t
 ! =m ( ! belief 9 x preval5t 9         
,*ri/5dom has become incr$ible1 & !     
rejection ( ! =m has loos5$ ! hold on ! 
sub/ance4 ,! philosophic m9d1 :i* has   
atta9$ to ! idea ( ! inf9ite ,god1 )\t  
body1 or p>ts1 or passions1 omnipres5t 9
 8 total p]fection1 c reason to ! belief
 9 a k9dr$ immortality = its own f9ite  
be+4 ,b s9ce our exp]i5ce is "h limit$  
to ! life n[ kn[n1 we are utt]ly )\t    
data or ability to image =? su* a       
conception ( immortality 9 any =m (     
picture or m5tal sc5]y4 ,!re seem to be 
only ?ree ways 9 :i* we c give          
imag9ative repres5tation ( a future     
life4 ,! fir/ is ! me?od ( ! univ]sal   
b>b>ian m9d1 :i* pa9ts ! life to come z 
a %ad[y reflex or copy ( ! pres5t _w &  
life1 an unsub/antial1 graspless1 yet   
actual & consci\s realm ( gho/s1 c>ry+  
on a pale & noiseless mimicry ( _! =m]  
adv5tures 9 ! body4 ,hold+ fa/ to t clew
 ( analogy :i* is ! nucleus ( philosophy

 9 ?is view1 b reject+ ! re/ z fanta/ic 
figm5t1 we arrive at ! next way 9 :i* ^?
 :o are unwill+ to leave _! ?\ghts ( !  
future life 9 empty rational ab/raction1
 portray x 9 vivid concrete4 ,?is !y d  
by means ( ! doctr9e ( a g5]al bodily   
resurrection ( ! dead4  ,x is a /rik+   
fact t f\r ( ! great hi/oric & lit]>y   
religions h taught ! doctr9e (          
immortality "u ! =m ( a physical        
resurrection1 namely3 ,zoroa/rianism1   
,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,mohamm$anism4 
,x has be5 attribut$1 also1 to ! anci5t 
religion ( ,egypt1 b errone\sly4 ,its   
belief !re is a m]e inf]5ce f facts :i* 
d n really imply x4 ,! ,egyptians pla9ly
 believ$ 9 a s]ies ( individual         
re9c>nations1 n 9 any g5]al             
resurrection4 ,b x is a suffici5tly     
int]e/+ & impressive fact t ov] "o ?ird 
( ! human race h embodi$ _! expectation 
( a future et]nal life 9 ?is concrete & 
a/oni%+ =m4 ,x has n re/$ on a basis (  
reason1 b on "o ( ass]t$ revelation &   
au?ority4 ,x orig9at$ 9 ! fact t ! only 

life ( :i* we n[ h any exp]i5ce is a    
life 9 ! body1 &1 !re=e1 ?is is ! life  
:i* we in/9ctively love & pref]2 also 9 
! fact t ?is is ! only mode ( life :i*  
we are able to repres5t to ourselves 9  
any satisfactory1 appreh5sible image4 ,x
 !n bol/]$ itself up by arbitr>y        
!ological !oriz+s1 & proclaim$ itself ) 
sanctions ( a pret5d$ sup]natural       
au?ority4 ,sl[ly ! m9ds ( its disciples 
7 drill$ to a famili>ity ) x1 & to a    
habit ( implicitly believ+ x1 :i* grew  
/rong en\gh to make !m hold to x 9 spite
 ( its difficulty z a %e] & viol5t      
miracle hav+ no connection :atev] ) !   
natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,au?ority & passive 
habit long ma9ta9$ ! belief 9 unbrok5   
sway4 ,!y /ill s support x 9 !          
,mohamm$an _w1 :]e !re is almo/ no      
sci5ce1 b little skeptical ?\ght1 & a   
common uni=mity ( abject submission to !
 ^w ( ! ,koran4 ,b 9 ,*ri/5dom x f>es   
diff]5tly4 ,"h1 ! k ( mod]n sci5ce &    
habits ( free inquiry are almo/         
univ]sally diffus$4 ,! consequ5ce is1   

s9ce ! *ief ,*ri/ian belief 9           
immortality has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! notion 
( a g5]al physical resurrection ( ! dead
 at ! la/ day1 & s9ce all philosophical 
& sci5tific ?9k+ refutes t notion by    
sett+ its arbitr>9ess & mon/r\s         
abnormality 9 high & /eep relief aga9/ !
 cons5sus ( demon/rat$ k & moral        
probability1 t ! popul> belief (        
,*ri/5dom 9 immortality itself is       
depol>iz$ & swiftly dropp+ into decay ) 
a l>ge class ( p]sons4 ,b ?is spread (  
d\bt & d5ial1 :ile a natural process1 is
 yet an illogical & unnecess>y "o4 ,!   
compet5t ?9k] w extricate ! "q ( !      
immortality ( ! s\l f its accid5tal     
entanglem5t ) ! doctr9e ( !             
resurrection1 &1 reject+ ! latt] z      
incr$ible1 /ill affirm ! =m] on its own 
indep5d5t gr\nds4 ,to prove & illu/rate 
^! /atem5ts we mu/ "h give a little     
additional /udy1 fre% & indep5d5t /udy1 
to ! subject4  ,! doctr9e ( !           
resurrection ( ! fle% is b\nd up ) !    
:ole fabric ( ! ,ca?olic & ,or?odox     

dogmatic !ology ( ,*ri/5dom1 & _c be    
remov$ )\t logically %ak+ t sy/em (     
belief into pieces4 ,& yet ! doctr9e1 z 
has be5 %[n 9 a previ\s *apt]1 is       
unscriptural & ( a purely pagan orig91 !
 ,new ,te/am5t =etell+ a resurrection ( 
spirits f ! und]world1 n ( bodies f !   
grave4 ,x has no real analogies 9 ! _w1 
b is a figm5t ( fancy1 unsupport$ by    
reason on any au!ntic physical or moral 
gr\nds4 ,x is1 fur!rmore1 a doctr9e ^:  
realization is impossible1 because x is 
a self de/roy+ absurdity4  ,all t we ne$
 = demon/rat+ its absolute incr$ibility1
 is simply to ultimate its implications1
 c>ry x out 9 ?\ght to ! necess>y       
results :i* its ignorant orig9ators nev]
 =esaw4 ,! doctr9e ( a physical         
resurrection presupposes t our race 0   
orig9ally int5d$ to be immortal on e>?1 
& t dea? 0 a p5alty = s94 ,fill out !   
!ory4 ,adam & ,eve1 made male & female1 
7 comm&$ to multiply & repl5i% ! e>?4   
,_! desc5dants1 d\bl+ e tw5ty five ye>s1
 w\ld1 aft] sixty or sev5ty g5]ations _h

 accumulat$1 h cov]$ ! :ole e>? s ?ickly
 t !y w\ld be pack$ 9 "o immovable mass1
 ! :ole planet c>pet$ ) _! =ms & pav$ ) 
_! upturn$ faces4 ,n an in* ( room on ! 
globe = any h>ve/ to gr[ or any creature
 to move2 ! _w1 cr[d$ & imb$d$ at e po9t
 ) "o cont9u\s multitude ( immortal     
human be+s1 w\ld h !n roll$ ar\nd !     
zodiac1 pres5t+ ?is *ronic & motionless 
picture1 to all et]nity6  ,if x be      
ma9ta9$ t _h x n be5 = s9 & its p5alty1 
! successive g5]ations w\ld nei!r h di$ 
nor h rema9$ =ev] on ! e>?1 b w\ld h be5
 translat$ bodily to "s o!r _w1 !       
absurdity j expos$ is escap$ only to    
introduce ano!r "o equally gl>+4 ,= 9   
"t1 ! entire solid cont5ts ( ! globe    
w\ld ?us be remov$1 & ! disappe>ance (  
our planet unh+e ! sol> sy/em & produce 
a g5]al cataclysm4 ,! solid cont5ts ( ! 
e>? h be5 e/imat$ at ab\t ?irty n9e     
trillions ( cubic feet4 ,sev5ty five    
d\bl+s ( ! primal pair w\ld rea* to ov] 
sev5ty trillions ( human be+s1 ea*      
conta9+ m ?an a solid cubic foot4  ,x is

 p]fectly cle>1 !re=e1 9 any view1 t !  
only way 9 :i* ! human race1 ) _!       
reproductive con/itution1 c\ld p]man5tly
 inhabit ! _w is by ! pres5t sy/em (    
successive bir?s & dea?s2 a sy/em1      
fur!rmore1 :i* sci5ce %[s to h be5 9    
work+ exi/5ce among ! prec$+ races (    
creatures = innum]able ages be=e !      
my?ical s9 ( ,adam & ,eve1 ) its my?ical
 consequ5ces4  ,! fabul\s s*eme ( an    
int5d$ bodily immortality on ! e>? is a 
discordant & disagreeable "o 9 e        
respect1 a/hetic1 rational1 & moral4 ,x 
j>s incongru\sly ) ! great ord] ( nature
 & provid5ce1 :i* ev]y:]e int]polates a 
night betwe5 two days1 a sleep betwe5   
two wak+s1 to keep ! edge ( consci\sness
 fre% & ! possibilities ( pleasure      
alive4 ,imprison$ 9 ?is c>cass ( fle% ) 
its ignoble necessities = endless ages1 
! contemplation ( ! fe>ful burd5 (      
monotony w\ld be insuff]able to any "o  
:o _h ?\ght ! case out 9 all its details
 ) vivid realization4 ,& yet1 s un?9k+  
are mo/ p]sons 9 reg>d to ! conv5tional 

beliefs preval5t 9 society1  ,p>sees1   
,jews1 ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans1         
pr(ess$ly base _! entire fai? 9         
immortality on ?is dogma ) !            
resurrection involv$ 9 x4  ,:5 c>ri$ out
 9 its p>ticul>s by ! imag9ation1 !     
doctr9e is self evid5tly unt5able1      
contradictory to ! ess5tial facts (     
human nature "u ! giv5 conditions ( !   
mat]ial creation4 ,x _h its !ologic bir?
 9 ! speculations ( ! duali/ic religion 
( ,p]sia1 :5ce x 0 fir/ borr[$ by !     
,jews1 !n second>ily adopt$ into        
,*ri/ianity1 & !nce f9ally impact$ into 
! mongrel cre$ ( ,mohamm$ & 8 foll[]s4  
,x is philosophically irreconcilable ) a
 pure mono!ism2 =1 if ,god be inf9ite1  
no enemy c\ld subv]t 8 orig9al s*eme &  
=ce ,him to an arbitr>y miracle to      
re/ore x4 ,x is a creak+ & dissonant    
artifice1 e way repugnant to all ^:     
reason & s5tim5t h le>n$ to love ! smoo?
 & cont9u\s evolution ( ! ord] ( !      
cosmos & ! connect$ de/9ies ( consci\s  
be+s4 ,x is absolutely refut$ by ! d\ble

 r$uctio ad absurdum %[n above to be    
conta9$ 9 x4  ,yet1 :ile ! gr\nds on :i*
 ! common belief 9 a de/9$ g5]al        
resurrection ( ! dead re/s h really lo/ 
_! validity to ! m9d ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1
 ! millions ( ,islam & ,*ri/5dom reta9 !
 article un*ang$ 9 _! cre$s1 & to "q x  
is a h]esy4 ,no wond] skepticism        
fl\ri%es & g5u9e fai? decays4 ,?is cl++ 
to an outgr[n s*eme is n only f ! /rong 
drift ( a passive m5tal con=mity1 z !   
tra9 ( c>s keeps on = "s "t aft] !      
dynamic locomotive has be5 tak5 (f4     
,ano!r reason is t ! t5et is s c5trally 
imb$d$ 9 ! dogmatic ecclesia/icism t x  
_c be extricat$ )\t involv+ all !       
associat$ dogmas4 ,!re=e1 "o portion (  
?is kn[+ g5]ation repeat ! =mula & bl9k 
! difficulties1 :ile ano!r portion g ov]
 to op5 disbelief ( any future life4 ,! 
doctr9e ( ! lit]al resurrection ( ! body
 f ! grave is incr$ible to ! educat$ &  
free intellig5ce ( ! age4 ,9 cont9u+ to 
affirm x ecclesia/ical ,*ri/5dom br&s   
itself ) frivolity1 n e>ne/ en\gh to    

c>ry its ?\ght 9 loyalty to tru? z f> z 
possible1 or ) hypocrisy1 consci\sly    
di%one/ to its d\bts4  ,x is a preci\s  
boon to be rid ( su* an unnatural &     
om9\s belief z t 9 ! f9al disembogu+ ( !
 dead by sea & l&1 ! tumbl+ ( ! rocks1 !
 fall+ ( ! />s1 & ! ev]la/+ torture ( ! 
condemn$ 9 a prison ( fire4 ,f> bett]   
?an any su* doctr9e is a calm confront+ 
( ! my/]y ( ! future 9 its confess$     
secrecy z x is1 & a peaceful resignation
 to ! w ( ,god 9 consci\s ignorance &   
tru/4 ,& yet ! believ] 9 ?is s*eme (    
colossal & gha/ly necromancy1 :5        
confront$ ) ! unansw]able argum5ts aga9/
 x1 is sometimes f\nd cl++ to x )       
willful t5acity1 & bitt]ly compla9+ ( ^?
 :o refute x1 t !y w\ld rob him ( 8 fai?
 & give him no?+ 9 ex*ange4 ,suppose a  
man to believe t 9 ! ye> n9ete5 hundr$ !
 e>? w be explod$1 & t all m51 except   
himself & ! little clique ( 8 fri5ds1 w 
be /rung = et]nity on a r$ hot iron wire
 9 empty space4 ,suppose t ?is horrid   
notion is cle>ly prov$ to him to be an  

error4 ,!n1 because he is n taught      
exactly :at w happ5 9 ! ye> n9ete5      
hundr$1 he1 ! unhappy man1 assails 8    
enlight5] = hav+ robb$ him ( 8 fai? &   
giv5 him no?+ 9 ex*ange6 ,is n ! tru? ( 
ignorance bett] ?an ! falsity (         
sup]/ition8 ,mode/ fai? 9 front ( !     
%r\d$ unkn[n c well /& comp>ison ) !    
arrogant & incompet5t exultation (      
fanaticism4 ,9 reg>d to t belat$ relic (
 ! belief 9 magic1 ! doctr9e ( ! lit]al 
resurrection ( ! dead 9 _! fle%y bodies1
 let u gratefully wipe x all out & draw 
a long brea? ( relief4 ,let u rejoice to
 "k t ! w ( ,god w be done 9 ! fulfill+ 
ord] ( ! univ]se1 al?\gh we may n[ be   
ignorant ( precisely :at t w is4        
,believ+ ! w ( ,god to be good1 :e!r    
reveal$ or conceal$1 we c af=d to wait 9
 peace1 try+ 9 ! meantime to c>ry our   
individual "* & our social /ate &       
exp]i5ce "h /eadily t[>d p]fection4     
,surely1 t is ! be/ way to prep>e       
ourselves = :atev] lies beyond4  ,& yet 
we are n :olly %ut up to m]e bl9d fai?4 

,!re is always "s gr\nd ( moral tru? 9 e
 widely ext5d$ dogmatic belief4 ,9 ca/+ 
(f ! dogma we %\ld c>efully extract its 
moral purport & try to give x a m       
au!ntic sett+4 ,x w n be h>d to d ?is ) 
ref]5ce to ! doctr9e n[ "u consid]ation4
  ,obscure & complicat$ & baffl+ z !    
problem ( our future de/9y is1 we c     
already trace _m a l9e ( light1 _m a    
prophetic signal & h9t sugge/ive ( :at  
is orda9$ to happ5 to ! individual & !  
race4  ,unque/ionably1 ! g5u9e moral    
reason :y ! belief 9 ! fle%ly           
resurrection has be5 s g5]al & t5aci\s  
is ! two fold consid]ation3 fir/2 t we  
desire our future life to be an inc>nate
 life because our exp]i5ce makes t =m ( 
be+ realizable & preci\s to our         
imag9ation1 :ile a disembodi$ gho/l9ess 
is1 p]=ce1 repulsively vacant & ab/ract2
 &1 secondly because our affection & our
 imag9ation & our consci5ce pr(\ndly    
crave ! complete fulfillm5t ( ! s*eme ( 
! hi/oric c>e] ( collective humanity 9  
?is _w 9 "s su* mann]1 t "h1 on ?is de> 

old e>?1 ! exp]i5ce ( our :ole race may 
be br\ght to a cle> epical unity1 & may 
close ) an illum9at+ ju/ification (     
provid5ce 9 ! sight ( all m51 :o %all !n
 read ! int]pretation ( _! entire pa/1 &
 see toge!r eye to eye4 ,n[ we believe t
 ! ess5ce ( ?is natural desire & ?is    
sublime hope is a div9e prophecy :i*    
%all be fulfill$4 ,we believe t 9 ! v   
falsity ( ! doctr9e ( a c>nal           
resurrection & judgm5t !re lurks a tru? 
yet to break out 9 ov]:elm+ refulg5ce & 
p]fectly satisfy e s\l ( man4 ,b x w be 
br\ght ab\t by ! gradual culm9ation ( ! 
means & processes :i* ,god is n[ visibly
 c>ry+ =w>d1 & n by any sudd5 convulsion
 ( miracle4  ,! faculties ( human       
consci\sness 9 ! individual & ! race are
 9 process ( developm5t4 ,also !        
transmissible sum ( k1 on :i* ^?        
faculties employ !mselves1 is 9 process 
( rapid increase4 ,! faculties ( k      
possess$ by an accompli%$ ma/] (        
lit]ature & sci5ce n[1 contra/$ ) ^? ( a
 cannibal savage ( ! pre glacial epo*1  

reveal an advance :i* h>dly ne$s to be  
repeat$ 9 ord] to give u a compreh5sion 
( ! :ole exp]i5ce ( our k9d on e>?1 q   
ample to expla9 ! facts ( ! case & solve
 ! problem ( our de/9y4 ,! grasp ( our  
intellig5ce & ! ri*ness ( our s5sibility
 increase along ! ages4 ,! g5]alizations
 ( our philosophy gr[ wid]1 ! grop+s (  
our sympa!tic fai? become va/]1 !       
retrospection & ! prevision ( our sci5ce
 ke5] & long] & m inclusive1 e g5]ation4
 ,x is v significant t ! fur!r away we  
get f ! prehi/oric times ! m we le>n    
ab\t !m4 ,ar*aology is "o ( ! late/ &   
mo/ swiftly enl>g+ bran*es ( k4 ,let !  
processes ?us indicat$ g on1 z !y h gone
 on & are ) accel]at$ pace go+ on1 & !  
date is n beyond prophecy :5 all e>?ly &
 human secrets w be solv$1 & _! my/]ies 
be reveal$1 & ! autobiographic book &   
volume ( ! _w be op5$1 & ! univ]sal     
tribunal be set 9 ! light ( e life1 & ! 
irrev]sible judgm5t be decl>$1 by !     
simple revelation ( ! tru? ( hi/ory 9 ! 
web ( its relations4 ,= z e atom ( matt]

 is conjo9$ by all ! laws ( nature ) all
 o!r atoms ( matt]1 & ! hi/ory ( all _! 
adv5tures is regi/]$ by _! own          
inde/ructible vibrations 9 ! elem5tal   
spaces ( ! univ]se :]e !y run _! c>e]1 s
 e id5tity ( _s is conjo9$ by all ! laws
 ( _s ) all o!r spirits1 & all _! de$s &
 suff]+s are ineffaceably self regi/]$ 9
 _! reactions ^u ! au?ors1 9 ! pictures 
!y %$ ^u space1 & ! influ5ces !y set    
roll+ ?r\gh ! et]nity ( successive s\ls 
& lives4 ,all1 !n1 t is ne$$ = a        
p]fectly v9dicat+ judgm5t is ! awak5+ ( 
consci\sness to ! full view ( ! facts4  
,& ! t5d5cies are p[]fully mov+ 9 t     
direction4 ,:at 0 ! illum9ation (       
,sw$5borg b ! tak+ possession by 8      
consci\sness ( ! unconsci\s l[] n]v\s   
sy/em1 ) all its impact$ ance/ral       
exp]i5ces & wondr\s relations ) !       
visible & invisible worlds8 ,& ?is may  
be repeat$1 by & by1 & be p]fect$1 &    
become common4 ,:at may result is z yet 
almo/ inconceivable4 ,let u trace a     
little1 9 ?is reg>d1 ! connections ( !  

individual & ! face1 & foll[ out "s ( _!
 implications4  ,suppose t 9 turn e *ild
 born begets or be>s two *ildr54 ,!n 9 !
 ?irtie? g5]ation ! transmitt$ qualities
 ( _s1 n]ve & blood1 ( ! s+le orig9al   
pair ( p>5ts w be repres5t$ 9 upw>ds (  
"o ?\s& millions ( desc5dants4 ,x is    
cle> f ?is law1 all[+ = all deviations f
 its num]ical progression on acc\nt (   
int] m>riages & ( failures ( (fspr+1 h[ 
p[]fully & swiftly ! ev] multiply+      
/reams ( consangu9ity are spread+ 9 e   
direction1 affiliat+ & frat]niz+ ! :ole 
human race lit]ally into "o family1 !   
innum]able rills ( sep>ate desc5t       
int]m+l+ z !y fl[ on1 & f9ally diffus+  
ov] ! e>? 9 t oceanic unity ( humanity1 
:i*1 :5 full1 w beat ) ! tidal pulse ( a
 s+le sympa?y4 ,x is believ$ by _m t no 
exp]i5ce ( any liv+ creature is ev] lo/1
 b is by its own spontane\s & exact     
reflex vibrations ei!r regi/]$ 9 !      
consci\s memory or deposit$ 9 !         
unconsci\s organism 9 lat5t p]fection ( 
ve/ige & t5d5cy4 ,memory is a fai?ful   

treasur] ( all ! /ores ( ev5ts4 ,suppose
 n[ t ea* p>5t bequea?s 9 ! dynamic g]m 
( 8 prog5y ! possibility ( reviv+ into  
consci\sness1 :5 ! prop] conditions %all
 be furni%$1 ! accumulat$ sum ( all t   
has happ5$ ?r\gh\t ! entire l9e ( 8     
ance/ry4 ,& aga91 imag9e t all ! s\ls   
compos+ ! human race ea* ( :i* is a     
sub/antial & inde/ructible entity1 liv+ 
inc>nat$ ov] & ov]1 & n a m]e ph5om5al  
process t vani%es into no?+ ) !         
dissolution ( ! body are s limit$ 9     
numb] t !y may be embodi$ on ! e>? 9 "o 
g5]ation1 ^: memb]s %all be s conjo9$ 9 
k & fell[%ip t ! life ( ! :ole is       
conc5trat$ 9 e "o1 & ! life ( e "o      
mirror$ 9 ! :ole4 ,n[1 f9ally1 let x be 
conceiv$ t ?is late/ g5]ation1 includ+  
all :o h ev] inhabit$ ! _w1 at la/ atta9
 a developm5t :i* enables !m to grasp 9 
di/9ct consci\sness ! collective sum ( !
 organic h]itage ( ! race1 ea* "o read+ 
) p]fect cle>ness 9 e p>ticul> !        
complete hi/ory ( humanity f ! beg9n+ to
 ! end1 und]/&+ all its causes1 c\rses &

 consequ5ces1 & behold+ ) unspeakable   
delight ! ju/ification ( ! ways ( ,god1 
! :ole univ]se op5+ into free           
int]communication1 z if "t & space 7    
ei!r no m or else _! measures 7 (       
b\ndless subjective ela/icity1 e        
creature f\nd 9 peace & rapture at !    
goal ( 8 de/9y4 ,t1 inde$1 w\ld be a    
realization ( ! day ( judgm5t & !       
resurrection ( ! dead1 b )\t a %ock or a
 j> 9 ! c\rse ( ?+s :i* sci5ce reveals4 
,! process ( developm5t n[ go+ on1 if   
c>ri$ f> en\gh1 w naturally result 9 ?is
 or 9 some?+ equival5t to x2 :ile !     
notion ( ! vomit+ =? ( ! accumulat$ dead
 f l& & sea1 at ! bla/ ( a trumpet1 is a
 wild piece ( imag]y1 borr[$ f />tl+    
political ph5om5a1 & appli$ ) absurd    
incongruity to ! *ronic provid5ce (     
,god4 ,! =m] view conta9s all ! moral   
significance ( ! latt]1 b )\t its       
violation ( probability4 ,nor is x all  
necess>y t ! climax %all be br\ght ab\t 
( a simultane\s univ]sal judgm5t1 or ( !
 appe>ance ( our :ole race on ! e>? at  

"o "t4 ,! giv+ ( ! vision to s\ls       
subjectively1 "o aft] ano!r1 9 ! ord] ( 
_! atta9m5t ( ! conditions1 w\ld meet e 
requirem5t ( ! case4 ,to ea* "o 9 turn1 
:]ev] he 01 z ! result broke on him 9 ! 
ec/atic glory ( all x means1 ! ess5ce ( 
! s long *]i%$ fai? ( ,*ri/5dom w\ld be 
ju/ifi$1 & ! provid5tial !at] & sc5]y ( 
human exp]i5ce w\ld appe> "u its        
illum9ation z a dazzl+ vision ( poetic  
ju/ice p]fect at e po9t4  ,m>vel\s &    
almo/ incr$ible z ?is s*eme ( ?\ght may 
seem1 x is n m my/]i\s 9 itself1 or m   
/agg]+ 9 its dem& on our fai?1 ?an _m   
?+s successively 7 :i* are n[ e/abli%$  
beyond a d\bt su* z ! telegraphic       
conv]sation ( m5 ?r\gh ! ocean & ar\nd !
 globe2 ! sev5 hundr$ & ?irty ?ree ?\s& 
millions ( e!real vibrations 9 a second1
 :i* cause ! report ( ! violet ray 9    
consci\sness2 ! transc5d5t disclosures (
 ! spectrum analysis2 ! conception (    
gravitation z a =ce :i* holds all matt] 
9 unbrok5 union1 & acts ?r\gh\t ! /ell> 
univ]se ) timeless simultaneity4 ,x is 9

 entire keep+ ) ev]y?+ else 9 ! work+s (
 ,god1 z demon/rat$ by sci5ce1 on e h&1 
bo? 9 nature & hi/ory4 ,! atomic !ory & 
! nebul> hypo!sis1 ! *emical crucible & 
! ma!matical calculus1 ! microscope & ! 
telescope discov] to our s5ses & our    
reason1 :]ev] we look1 facts z my/]i\s  
to ! und]/&+1 & z baffl+ to ! imag9ation
 z any ( ! =ego+ implications2 %[+ u1 9 
e dep>tm5t ( nature & exp]i5ce1 !       
bewild]+ miracles ( ! inf9itely little &
 ! inf9itely great exactly balanc$ &    
p]petually pass+ into "o ano!r4  ,!re is
 a ?ird way1 9 addition to ! gho/ _w ( !
 primitive fai? ( b>b>ians1 & !         
resurrection climax ( ! ,*ri/ian &      
,p>see & ,hebrew & ,moslem cre$s1 9 :i* 
! imag9ation ( man1 mov$ by 8 in/9ct &  
reason1 has concret$ ! idea ( a future  
life2 namely1 by ! doctr9e (            
transmigration4 ,a /rik+ feature & no   
slight recomm5dation ( ! =ego+ view ( ! 
true mean+ ( ! dogma ( ! resurrection is
 t x reconciles ^! two *ief =ms ( !     
belief 9 immortal life4 ,= resurrection 

& transmigration agree 9 ! c5tral po9t (
 a re/oration ( ! disembodi$ s\l to a   
new bodily exi/5ce1 only ! =m] repres5ts
 ?is z a s+le collective miracle wr\ght 
by an arbitr>y /roke ( ,god at ! close (
 ! e>?ly drama1 ! latt] depicts x z     
con/antly tak+ place 9 ! regul>         
fulfillm5t ( ! div9e plan 9 ! creation4 
,?is diff]5ce is c]ta9ly1 to a sci5tific
 & philosophical ?9k]1 :o reasons on !  
data ( nature & exp]i5ce & n on ! dicta 
( !ologians1 /rongly 9 favor ( !        
,ori5tal !ory4 ,we h no exp]i5ce :atev] 
( any g5]al resurrection1 b all exp]i5ce
 is full ( ! con/ant appe>ances ( s\ls 9
 fre%ly creat$ bodies ?r\gh\t ! scale ( 
s5ti5t be+4 ,if our f9al future life is 
to be a bodily "o !re surely is a _w (  
presumptive evid5ce1 !re=e1 9 behalf (  
transmigration z oppos$ to resurrection4
 ,besides ! v>i\s di/9ctive argum5ts (  
its own1 e reason = ! resurrection holds
 ) at lea/ equal =ce = transmigration4  
,! argum5t f analogy is especially      
/rong4 ,x is natural to argue f !       

univ]sal spectacle ( inc>nat$ life t ?is
 is ! et]nal s*eme ev]y:]e1 ! v>iety (  
s\ls f9d+ 9 ! v>iety ( worlds an ev]la/+
 s]ies ( adv5tures1 9 appropriate       
organisms2 !re be+1 z ,paul said1 "o k9d
 ( fle% ( birds1 ano!r k9d ( fle% (     
bea/s1 ano!r ( m51 ano!r ( angels1 & s  
on4 ,our pres5t lack ( recollection (   
pa/ lives is no dispro( ( _! actuality4 
,e night we lose all k ( ! pa/1 b e day 
we reawak5 to a memory ( ! :ole s]ies ( 
days & nights4 ,s 9 "o life we may =get 
or dream1 & 9 ano!r recov] ! :ole ?read 
( exp]i5ce f ! beg9n+4  ,9 e ev5t1 x mu/
 be confess$ t ( all ! ?\ghtful & ref9$ 
=ms ( ! belief 9 a future life none has 
_h s ext5sive & prolong$ a preval5ce z  
?is4 ,x has ! vote ( ! majority1 hav+ = 
ages on ages be5 held by half ( ! human 
race ) an int5sity ( conviction almo/   
)\t a p>allel4 ,inde$ ! mo/ /rik+ fact1 
at fir/ sight1 ab\t ! doctr9e ( !       
repeat$ exi/5ces ( ! s\l inc>nat$ 9     
diff]5t organisms1 its =m & exp]i5ce 9  
ea* successive embodim5t be+ det]m9$ by 

its m]its & dem]its 9 ! prec$+ ones1 is 
! con/ant reappe>ance ( ! fai? 9 x 9 all
 p>ts ( ! _w1 & its p]man5t hold on     
c]ta9 great nations4 ,! anci5t          
civilization ( ,egypt1 ^: contra/$      
spl5dors & horrors awak5 a/oni%m5t m & m
 ) ea* /ep 9 ! progressive deciph]m5t ( 
its my/]i\s record1 seems l>gely to h   
gr[n out ( ?is fai?4 ,! sw>m+ millions (
 ,india also1 ?r\gh ! *ief p]iods ( _!  
hi/ory1 h la9 "u its spell1 suff]$ _!   
lives1 wr\ght _! great works ( gov]nm5t1
 ar*itecture1 philosophy1 & poetry1 & 9 
its belief m$itat$1 aspir$1 & exhal$ _! 
s\ls4 ,rud] =ms ( x are report$ among   
innum]able b>b>ic tribes4 ,x play$ an   
important "p 9 ! speculations ( ! e>ly  
,fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & has (t5    
cropp$ out 9 ! works ( lat] !ologians4  
,m5 ( ! pr(\nde/ metaphysical g5ius1 l  
,scotus ,erig5a & ,leibnitz1 h affirm$  
x1 & s\ght to give x a logical or       
sci5tific basis4 ,& ev5 amid/ !         
pr$om9ance ( skeptical & mat]iali/ic    
influ5ces 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 at !     

pres5t "t1 we con/antly meet individuals
 ) indep5d5t m9ds :o e>ne/ly believe !  
allur+ dogma4 ,=1 to a l>ge & v>i$ class
 ( m9ds1 ! doctr9e holds a transc5d5t   
attraction z well z a manifold          
plausibility4  ,ano!r /rik+ fact        
connect$ ) ?is doctr9e is t x seems to  
be a native & in]adicable gr[? ( !      
,ori5tal _w2 b appe>s 9 ! ,we/]n _w only
 9 scatt]$ in/ances1 & r z an exotic =m 
( ?\ght4 ,9 ! gr[+ fre$om & lib]ality ( 
?\ght1 :i* no less ?an its d\bt & d5ial1
 n[ *>act]ize ,*ri/5dom1 x seems z if ! 
full "t _h come = a great] m5tal &      
a/hetic hospitality on ! "p ( ,*ri/ians 
t[>ds ,h9dus4 ,! advocates ( !          
resurrection %\ld n conf9e _! att5tion  
to ! repell5t or ! ludicr\s aspects (   
metempsy*osis1 b d ju/ice to its claim &
 its *>m4 ,! ,pan!i/ic t5d5cy :i*       
possess$ & ov]:elm$ ! ,brahm9ic m9d1    
%ap+ & t++ its views op5$ ! :ole range (
 s5ti5t exi/5ces to an indiscrim9ate    
sympa?y1 & made ! idea ( transmigration 
natural1 & m pleas+ ?an repugnant4      

,fur!rmore1 ! ,brahm9ic ?9k]s & sages 7 
a di/9ct class ( m5 ^: :ole lives 7     
absorb$ 9 introspective rev]ies &       
metaphysical brood+s calculat$ to       
/imulate ! imag9ation & ar\se to ! ke5e/
 consci\sness all ! lat5t m>vels &      
possibilities ( human exp]i5ce1 ?us     
furni%+ ! mo/ favorable conditions =    
exactly su* a belief z t (              
transmigration1 an endless s]ies ( ev]  
v>y+ adv5tures = ! imp]i%able s\l4 ,& ! 
va/ sw>ms ( ! common p 9 ! ,ea/ are !   
passive foll[]s ( ?is high ca/e ( ?9k]s1
 abjectly accept+ :at !y tea*4          
,accord+ly1 ! my/]i\s doctr9e ( !       
metempsy*osis has held ! entire m9d1    
s5tim5t & civilization ( ! ,ea/1 ?r\gh e
 p]iod ( its hi/ory1 z ) an irrev]sible 
spell4  ,! p]si/5t practice ( v>i\s     
modes ( pr(\nd & rhy?mical brea?+ by :i*
 ! ,brahm9s p]fect _! respiration1 & !  
ke5 & su/a9$ conc5tration ( _! att5tion 
on _! inn] /ates1 t5d at ! same "t to   
height5 ! ri*ness & int5sity ( ! c]ebral
 n]ves1 to unify ! connections ( ! l[]  

n]ve c5tres ) !m1 & to fuse ! unconsci\s
 physiological processes ) ! consci\s   
psy*ological processes4 ,!n ! p]sev]+   
disuse & suppression ( ! action ( _!    
out] s5ses cause ! objects ( ! mat]ial  
_w ar\nd !m to seem m vague & dreamy ?an
 ! impressions ( ! ideal _w )94 ,& s !  
e>? ) all its affairs seems an illusion1
 :ile _! own uns\ght tra9s ( ?\ght1     
feel+ & imag]y ! ri* m5tal panorama (   
pictures & ev5ts1 are tak5 = a s]ies (  
sub/antial revelations ( ! univ]se (    
be+4 ,an irresi/ible belief 9           
preexi/5ce1 immortality &               
transmigration1 results4  ,on ! contr>y1
 9 ! ,we/]n _w1 ! *>act]i/ic t5d5cies   
are all diff]5t4 ,pan!i/ic !ories are   
r>ely held1 & ! dreams & emotions :i* ^?
 !ories are fitt$ to fe$ are =eign &    
repulsive4 ,an impassible b>ri] is      
imag9$ sep>at+ humanity f e o!r =m (    
be+4 ,speculative reason1 imag9ation &  
affection1 are *iefly employ$ 9         
sci5tific /udies & social pursuits1 or  
p]sonal s*emes1 ext]nal r ?an int]nal4  

,?is absorption 9 mat]ial ?+s &         
evanesc5t affairs eng5d]s 9 ! _s an arid
 atmosph]e ( d\bt & d5ial1 9 :i* no     
effloresc5ce ( poetic & my/ic fai?s c   
fl\ri%4 ,?us1 :ile ! outw>d utilities   
ab\nd1 h>d negations spread abroad2 &   
liv+1 p]sonal appreh5sion ( ,god1 ( an  
all p]vasive ,provid5ce1 & ( !          
immortality ( ! s\l 9 any =m1 dies out  
ei!r 9 op5 infidelity or 9 a m]e v]bal  
acceptance ( ! e/abli%$ cre$ ( society4 
,consequ5tly1 to ! av]age m9d ( ! mod]n 
,we/]n _w1 ! doctr9e ( transmigration   
rema9s a m]e fancy1 al?\gh1 z we %all   
imm$iately see1 x has a /range poetic   
*>m1 a deep metaphysical basis1 & a high
 e?ical & religi\s quality4  ,! fir/    
gr\nd on :i* ! belief re/s is ! v>i\s   
/rong resemblances1 bo? physical &      
psy*ical1 connect+ human be+s ) ! :ole  
family ( l[] creatures4 ,!y h all !     
s5ses 9 common ) u1 toge!r ) ! rudim5ts 
( intellig5ce & w4 ,!y all seem creat$  
aft] "o plan1 z if _! v>ieties 7 !      
gradulations ( a s+le orig9al type4 ,we 

recognize k9dr$ =ms ( exp]i5ce & modes (
 expression 9 ourselves & 9 !m4 ,n[ !   
man seems a trave/y ( ! hog1 ! p>rot1 ! 
ape1 ! hawk1 or ! %>k2 n[ !y seem       
trave/ies ( him4 ,z we gaze at ! rum9at+
 ox1 c\*$ on ! summ] grass1 notice ! sl[
 rhy?m ( 8 jaw1 & ! wond]+ dream9ess ( 8
 eyes1 x is n difficult to fancy him "s 
anci5t ,brahm9 transmigrat$ to ?is1 &   
pati5tly await+ 8 release4 ,nor is x    
incongru\s ) our reason or moral feel+  
to suppose t ! cruel mon/]s ( humanity  
may 9 a succe$+ bir? f9d ! fit p5alty = 
_! degradation & crime1 9 ! horrid life 
( a crocodile or a boa con/rictor4  ,!  
conception ( a s]ies ( connect$ lives   
also furni%es a plausible explanation = 
_m my/]ies 9 our pres5t exp]i5ce4       
,ref]5ce is made to all t class (       
ph5om5a cov]$ by ! ,platonic doctr9e (  
rem9isc5ce4 ,faces previ\sly unse51 &   
localities unvisit$1 awak5 9 u a vivid  
feel+ ( a long famili>ity ) !m4 ,?\ghts 
& emotions1 n hi!rto ent]ta9$1 come to u
 z if we _h welcom$ & dismiss$ !m a ?\s&

 times 9 p]iods long gone by4 ,_m an    
exp]i5ce1 app>5tly novel & untri$1 makes
 u />t z at ! %ad[y rem9d] ( some?+ (t5 
kn[n be=e4 ,! supposition ( =gott5 lives
 prec$+ ! pres5t1 portions ( ^:         
consci\sness rev]b]ate & gleam ?r\gh !  
veils ( ?\ght & s5se1 seems to ?r[      
satisfactory light on ?is /range        
dep>tm5t ( exp]i5ce4  ,mu* m weighty &  
p5etrative1 h[ev]1 ?an ! =ego+          
consid]ations is ! philosophical argum5t
 9 behalf ( transmigration1 drawn f !   
nature ( ! s\l4 ,consci\sness be+ 9 its 
v ess5ce ! feel+ ( itself1 ! consci\s   
s\l c nev] feel itself annihilat$1 ev5 9
 ?\ght x only loses ! k ( its be+ :5 x  
lapses into unconsci\sness1 z 9 sleep or
 trance4 ,! s\l may inde$ ?9k ( its own 
annihilation b _c realize ! ?\ght 9     
feel+1 s9ce ! fa9t] emotional reflex ^u 
! idea ( its de/ruction is in/antly     
contradict$ & ov] borne by ! m massive &
 vivid s5se ( its p]si/5t be+ 9 imm$iate
 consci\sness4 ,?is incessant self      
ass]tion ( consci\sness at once sugge/s 

! idea ( its be+ indep5d5t ( ! *ang+ &  
vani%+ body 9 :i* x is tempor>ily %r9$4 
,!n ! conception naturally foll[s t !   
s\l1 z x has once appe>$ 9 human =m1 s x
 may reappe> indef9itely 9 any ( ! high]
 or l[] =ms ( be+ :i* compose ! hi]>*y (
 ! univ]se4 ,! et]nity ( ! s\l1 pa/ &   
future1 once accept$ by ! m9d1 leads    
directly to ! con/ruction ( ! :ole s*eme
 ( metempsy*osis an ev]la/+ succession (
 bir?s & dea?s1 disembodim5ts &         
reembodim5ts1 ) _! laws ( p]sonality &  
=tunes ( "t & space weav+ ! b\ndless web
 ( de/9y & play+ ! endless drama (      
provid5ce4  ,b ! /ronge/ support ( !    
!ory ( transmigration is ! happy moral  
solution x seems to give to ! problem ( 
! d>k & di/ress+ inequality & inju/ice  
:i* o!rwise appe> s pr$om9ant 9 !       
exp]i5ce ( ! _w4 ,to ! sup]ficial obs]v]
 ( human life ! :ole sc5e ( /ruggle1 s9 
& sorr[1 nobl5ess & joy1 triumph &      
defeat1 is a tangl$ maze (              
inconsi/5cies1 a pa9ful comb9ation (    
viol5t discords4 ,b if we believe t e   

s\l1 f t ( ! l[e/ insect to t ( !       
greate/ ar*angel1 =ms an affiliat$ memb]
 ( ! inf9ite family ( ,god1 & is et]nal 
9 its consci\s ess5ce1 p]i%able only z  
to its evanesc5t disguises ( unconsci\s 
inc>nation2 t e act ( e creature is     
foll[$ by its legitimate reactions2 t ^!
 actions & reactions con/itute a law (  
retribution absolutely p]fect2 t ^!     
s\ls1 ) all _! do+s & suff]+s are       
int]connect$ ) "o ano!r1 & ) ! :ole1 all
 ^: relation%ips cop5etrate & coop]ate )
 mutual influ5ces ^: reports are        
infallible & ) l9es ( sequ5ce t nev]    
break1 !n ! bewild]+ maze becomes a     
v9dicat$ plan1 ! horrible discord a     
div9e h>mony4 ,:at an explication x     
gives ( ^? my/]ies ( evil1 pa91 sorr[ & 
retribution1 :i* (t5 wrap ! innoc5t & ! 
wick$ 9 "o sad fate1 if we b see t no   
individual /&s alone1 b trails along )  
him ! unf9i%$ sequels ( all ance/ral    
exp]i5ce1 &1 fur!rmore1 is s b\nd up ) 8
 simultane\s race t ea* is responsible =
 all & all = ea*1 & t no "o c be :olly  

sav$ or safe until all are r$eem$ &     
p]fect$6 ,!n e suff]+ we endure = faults
 n our own1 ! consequ5ce ( ! de$s (     
o!rs1 assumes a holy light & a sublime  
dignity1 associat+ u ) t great sacram5t 
( aton+ pa9 :]e( ! crucifi$ ,*ri/ is n !
 exclusive in/ance b ! repres5tative    
head4  ,! above translation ( !         
ecclesia/ical doctr9e ( ! resurrection  
into a =m sci5tifically cr$ible1 &      
reconcil$ ) ! immemorial t5et (         
transmigration1 may seem to "s a v      
fanciful speculation1 a m]e intellectual
 toy4 ,p]haps x is s4 ,x is n prop\nd$ )
 ! slighte/ dogmatic animus4 ,x is      
advanc$ solely z an illu/ration ( :at   
may possibly be true1 z sugge/$ by !    
g5]al evid5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( hi/ory & !  
facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,! ?\ghts embodi$ 9 x 
are s wond]ful1 ! me?od ( x is s        
rational1 ! region ( contemplation into 
:i* x lifts ! m9d is s gr&1 ! prospects 
x op5s are ( su* univ]sal rea* & import1
 t ! /udy ( x br+s u into full sympa?y )
 ! sublime scope ( ! idea ( immortality 

& ( a cosmopolitan v9dication (         
provid5ce uncov]$ to e eye4 ,x takes u  
out ( ! littl5ess ( petty !mes & selfi% 
affairs1 & makes x easi] = u to believe 
9 ! va/e/ hopes mank9d h ev] kn[n4 ,x   
causes ! mo/ magnific5t conceptions (   
human de/9y to seem simply proportional 
to ! native magnitude & beauty ( ! p[]s 
( ! m9d :i* c conceive su* ?+s4 ,aft]   
trav]s+ ! gr\nds "h set =? we feel t if 
! view bas$ on !m be n ! tru?1 x mu/ be 
because ,god has 9 res]ve = u a sequel  
great] & loveli]1 n mean] ?an our       
brighte/ dream hi!rto4 ,! wor?ie/ !ory (
 ! fate ( man :i* ! _s ( man c con/ruct 
mu/ ei!r be a revelatory div9ation ( !  
tru?1 or an inadequate attempt to grasp 
! design ( ! ,creator 9 its true glory4 
,x is impi\s & absurd to hold t man c   
?9k out a s*eme sup]ior to ! "o ,god has
 decre$4 ,& x seems equally unreasonable
 to suppose t ! s*eme ( ,god = ! future 
/ages ( our c>e] is "o :i* has no h9ts 9
 our pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,c]ta9ly x appe>s 
m likely t ! sequel w be discov]$ by !  

logical completion ( ! inwr\ght ord] :i*
 has be5 sl[ly unfold+ f ! fir/4 ,& :at 
d hi/ory & prophecy %[ m pla9ly ?an !   
t5d5cy to a conv]g5ce ( all humanity 9 e
 man8 ,spread+ consangu9ity 9 desc5t &  
gr[? ( sympa!tic k bo? po9t to ?is4     
,p]fect ?is 9 ea* man1 & illum9ate 8    
:ole organism & its relations ) adequate
 intellig5ce1 & we h a true             
resurrection1 n inde$ ( decay$ bodies f 
! grave1 b ( hi/oric /ates (            
consci\sness f _! lat5t emb$m5t 9 !     
n]v\s sy/em1 & _! undulatory record 9 ! 
dynamic m$ium ( ! creation4 ,our s5ses  
n[ conv]t c]ta9 sets ( undulations ( !  
e!real m$ium into p]ceptions ( light1   
heat1 s\nd1 & s int]pret _! cont5ts &   
extract _! tid+s4 ,x is n impossible t 9
 a com+ /age ( developm5t we may obta9  
additional s5ses2 our spirits may comm& 
! means ( translat+ into correspond5t   
/ates ( consci\sness all ! o!r modes (  
vibration ( ! e!real m$ium1 & grasp !   
keys ( unlimit$ k deciph]+ e secret     
:]ev] !y g4 ,! :ole univ]se may be a    

palimpse/ pres]v+ ! inscriptions ( all  
de$s1 & e s\l may be a reag5t gift$ ) ! 
p[] to recov] & read its own4  ,z ea*   
g5]ation is ! inh]itor ( ! prec$+ ones1 
all ( :i* f ! fir/ prolong _! exi/5ce   
into ! la/ 9 unbrok5 cont9uity ( hi/oric
 conduct & responsibility1 ju/ice may at
 ! rip5$ p]iod be naturally summ$ up )\t
 any miracle4 ,we all are projections ( 
our ance/ors4 ,!y prop]ly 9 u suff] &   
enjoy 9 accordance ) :at has fl[$ f _!  
lives4 ,! :ole ( ?is1 light$ up )       
consci\sness at la/1 may be ! real mean+
 ( ! burd5 ( ! _s giv5 to ! apo/le      
,paul1 b mis9t]pret$ by him into !      
me*anico sc5ic s*eme ( ! ,judaiz$       
,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,= :5 ! mighty influx   
/ruck ! bra9 ( ! p]secut+ zealot1       
revolutioniz+ 8 life1 x came into       
connection ) all ! inflam$ !ories &     
convictions s deeply drill$ !re9 by 8   
,ph>isaic education4 ,^! convictions1   
p>tly ( a m]e local & transi5t "*1      
associat$ ) leg5ds ( ,adam & ,abraham & 
! "u _w & ,*ri/ & ! sky1 mix$ ) ! true &

 univ]sal import ( ! high] inspiration  
n[ giv5 him1 caus$ 8 miscon/rual ( its  
message1 & /amp$ ! purely human &       
provid5tial mean+ ( ! doctr9e ( !       
resurrection ) ! rabb9ical die ( a      
politico my?ological dogma4 ,if ?is 7 s1
 x is n ! only in/ance 9 :i* ! preexi/5t
 discolorations 9 ! m9d ( an inspir$    
prophet h refract$ ! tru? ( 8 burd5 into
 di/ort$ error & bequea!d ! task ( a    
future rectification :5 m light %all h  
come4  ,9 ! next place1 we come to !    
f\r? reason = ! gr[+ d\bts & disbelief (
 our day 9 immortality4 ,x is !         
rem>kable diffusion ( ! habits ( ?\ght  
eng5d]$ by ! /udy ( mat]iali/ic sci5ce4 
,! au?ority ( physical sci5ce has be5   
rapidly encroa*+ on & displac+ !        
au?ority ( ! *ur* !ology & sect>ian     
cre$s4 ,belief 9 inv>iable laws has     
und]m9$ belief 9 miracle & sup]natural  
revelation4 ,^? :o _h be5 taught t !    
resurrection ( ,*ri/ 0 ! only adequate  
pro( ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 le>n+ to  
d5y ! =m]1 h naturally proce$$ to "q !  

latt]4 ,= 9 su* matt]s ! real           
implications ( logic are little notic$4 
,! religi\s skepticism n\ri%$ by        
physical sci5ce is 9 all respects really
 z irrational & baseless z x is actual4 
,= example1 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1     
admitt+ x to be a fact1 did n create !  
immortality x 0 consid]$ to illu/rate4  
,if he rose1 x 0 because m5 are         
immortal1 & m5 are n immortal because he
 rose4 ,if he did n rise1 m5 are        
immortal all ! same1 provid$ human      
immortality be a tru?2 if x be n a tru?1
 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ w\ld be an      
isolat$ abnormal ev5t )\t any logical   
validity on ! "q4 ,! tru? or falsity (  
human immortality1 !re=e1 is a "q ( !   
creative plan ( ,god & ! ess5tial nature
 ( man1 to be decid$ on ! intr9sic      
evid5ces1 & _c logically be affect$ "o  
way or ! o!r by any individual hi/oric  
occurr5ce limit$ to a c]ta9 "t & place4 
,yet x is a practical necessity t any   
great popul> fai?1 if x re/s on         
au?ority1 w be %ock$ & weak5$ by ev]y?+ 

:i* %ocks & weak5s t au?ority1 no matt] 
h[ adv5titi\s x is4 ,if "o _c believe 9 
! pret]natural resurrection ( ,*ri/1 t  
surely is no valid reason = d5y+ !      
natural immortality ( ! s\l1 b only a   
good reason = seek+ to le>n if !re be n 
adequate gr\nds = ?is fai? q indep5d5t (
 scripture text & prie/ly ass]tion4     
,precisely ! same reason+ holds 9       
relation to ! d\bts ab\t spiritual      
realities br$ 9 ! m9ds ( ^? ^: /udies   
are conv]sant exclusively ) mat]ial     
realities4 ,! pr(essors ( physical      
sci5ce1 ?or\ghly famili>iz$ ) ?+s :i*   
comb9e & dissolve1 (t5 come to fancy t  
ev]y?+ is ph5om5al & evanesc5t1 t !re is
 no immat]ial sub/ance1 t _s is n entity
 b process1 t ?\ght & feel+ & w are m]e 
transi5t functions ( transi5t matt]4    
,?us all fai? 9 ! individuality ( m9d is
 pulv]iz$ at ! f\nta9 head4 ,!re c be no
 "q b t su* is ! common influ5ce ( a    
con/ant contemplation ( ! physical      
aspects alone ( physical ?+s4 ,m5tality1
 consci\sness1 is reg>d$ z ! prismatic  

b[ 9 ! cl\d1 a spectral %[ t appe>s &   
vani%es1 ) no p]man5t sub/ance4 ,at !   
pres5t "t1 9 ,*ri/5dom1 ! "o conqu]+ p[]
 9 lit]ature1 ! "o fasc9at+ absorption (
 ?\ght 9 society1 is t connect$ ) !     
cultivation ( physical sci5ce4 ,its     
pre/ige is ov]:elm+4 ,its preval5t      
me?ods & results give a mat]iali/ic turn
 ( int]pretation to ! popul> m9d ^u all 
subjects4 ,! direct consequ5ce1 among t 
class ( m9ds :o put physical sci5ce     
above !ology1 is ! spread+ disav[al (   
all belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,!  
fallacy is obvi\s1 & ! rem$y is simple1 
if !re be at h& b en\gh ( mode/ c&or &  
pati5ce fairly to weigh ! facts ( ! case
 9 ! scales ( a s\nd logic4  ,9 ! fir/  
place1 by ! v /ructure ( our be+1 by ! v
 necessity ( our exp]i5ce1 ! univ]se is 
divid$ into two irreconcilable classes (
 realities1 namely1 spiritual subjects &
 mat]ial objects4 ,s5sations1           
p]ceptions1 emotions1 ?\ghts1 volitions1
 all qualities ( m9d1 all /ates (       
consci\sness1 are absolutely immat]ial4 

,!y are m real to u1 t is to say1 !y m  
inexpugnably ass]t & ma9ta9 !mselves1   
?an mat]ial ?+s d3 & x is only hopeless 
vulg>ity & incompet5ce ( ?9k+ :i* c ev] 
confuse or m]ge !m ) mat]ial ?+s4 ,matt]
 is t :i* proves itself to _s by !      
effects x produces on _s4 ,_s is t :i*  
is its own evid5ce4 ,! c5t] (           
consci\sness 9 u is its own pro( ( its  
own be+1 & all t occurs )9 x is its own 
pro(1 & is unsusceptible ( any o!r or   
=eign demon/ration4 ,hope1 fe>1 love1   
imag9ation1 reason1 are absolutely      
un?9kable z =ms ( mat]ial sub/ance1     
h[ev] exquisitely ref9$ & exalt$4 ,!re  
is no conceivable community ( be+ betwe5
 a s5tim5t & an atom1 a gas & an        
aspiration1 an idea ( tru? 9 ! s\l & any
 mass ( matt] 9 space4 ,ea* ( ^! facts1 
consci\s ?\ght & mat]ial ext5sion1 has  
its own incommunicable & incomp>able    
sph]e ( be+ & laws ( action1 :i* c be   
confus$ only by ignorance & sophi/ry4   
,s cle> has ?is become to all pr(\nd    
reflection1 t ! able/ support]s ( ! !ory

 ( evolution1 ) all _! prepond]ant bias 
9 favor ( physical sci5ce1 decl>e1 9 !  
words ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 t if compell$ to 
*oose betwe5 ?9k+ ( _s 9 ! t]ms ( matt] 
& ?9k+ ( matt] 9 ! t]ms ( _s1 !y %\ld   
take ! latt] alt]native & give an       
ideali/ic int]pretation to nature r ?an 
a mat]iali/ic int]pretation to ! s\l4 ,x
 is logically cle>1 !n1 despite !       
fallaci\s influ5ces ( habit to !        
contr>y1 t no progress ( ! physical     
sci5ces1 no conceivable am\nt (         
induction & g5]alization z to !         
composition or decomposition ( mat]ial  
bodies1 c ?r[ any new light or d>kness  
on ! nature & de/9y ( ! immat]ial s\l4  
,! incessant flux ( ph5om5a con/ruct+ & 
de/roy+ app>5t ?+s1 ?\gh /udi$ till !   
obs]v+ eye sees no?+ b mirage any:]e1   
has no?+ to d ) ! /eady p]si/5ce (      
spiritual id5tity4 ,to =ce x to discr$it
 our claim to a div9e desc5t & an       
endless inh]itance is a gl>+ sophism4 ,!
 "q mu/ be snat*$ back f ! assumption ( 
! retort & crucible1 ! obs]vational &   

num]ical me?ods ( ! physical realm1 &   
relegat$ to ! legitimate te/s ( ! moral 
& metaphysical realm4  ,aga91 !re is    
furni%$ 9 ! results ( ! /udy ( physical 
sci5ce itself1 z pursu$ by its mo/ gift$
 ma/]s1 a glori\s ov]?r[ &              
neutralization ( ! moral & religi\s     
d\bts call$ out 9 its %all[] vot>ies by 
_! absorption 9 its m sup]ficial phases4
 ,! sci5tific m5 ( ! mo/ pr(\nd         
intellectual p[] & ! mo/ brilliant      
orig9al g5ius1 ! supreme heads (        
*emi/ry1 dynamics & ma!matics1 h appli$ 
to ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial creation modes 
( obs]vation & in/rum5ts ( reason+ be=e 
^: compell+ efficacy ! :ole fr[n+       
va/itude ( ! out] univ]se melts into    
ideal po9ts ( =ce & =ms ( law4 ,ev]y?+ 9
 "t & space is r$uc$ to molecul>        
vibrations1 regulat$ by ! m5tal         
conceptions ( numb]1 weight & measure4  
,! reason+s ( su* m5 z ,o]/$ & ,f>aday  
on electricity & magnetism2 ( ,sir      
,william ,?omson & ,cl]k ,maxwell on    
!rmodynamics2 ! !ories ( ! greate/      

ma!maticians1 grasp+ all ?+s 9 heav5 &  
e>? ) _! irresi/ible calculus1 lit]ally 
us+ inf9ites z toys1 creat+ imag9>y     
quantities1 &1 go+ ?r\gh c]ta9 op]ations
 ) !m1 actually discov]+ new tru?s 9 !  
solid doma9 ( reality yield conceptions 
( ord]1 beauty & sublimity1 & emotions (
 wond]1 awe & delight1 n[h]e else       
surpass$4 ,!y exalt ! spectacle ( nature
 into a vision ( poetic intellig5ce1 &  
%[ ! !oriz+ m9d ( man to be ak9 to !    
creat+ m9d ( ,god4 ,?us1 if skepticism z
 to ! dea?less royalty ( s\l is br$ 9 ! 
physici/ :o con/antly /oops ) ! scalpel 
& ! microscope1 x is (fset 9 him :o1 ) z
 /eady a judgm5t1 so>s to !             
contemplation ( ! e!real m$ium ) its    
l9es ( =ce trav]s+ imm5sity & vibrat+   
timelessly along _! :ole l5g?1 load$1 = 
^? :o c int]pret !m1 ) tid+s ( all t    
happ5s4 ,in/ead ( _s be+ mat]ializ$1    
matt] is spiritualiz$ & nature          
transfigur$ into ! ideal home ( ideal   
entities4 ,dumas1 ye>s ago1 ass]t$ t    
hydrog5 gas is b an e!realiz$ metal4 ,j 

n[1 x is said1 ,pictet has succe$$1 "u a
 pressure ( six hundr$ & fifty          
atmosph]es1 9 actually cry/alliz+ oxyg5 
& hydrog54 ,"o has only to read su*     
pap]s z ^? ( ,/allo on ! fundam5tal     
concepts ( sci5ce to le>n t if matt] or 
m9d is ev] to be lo/1 x w n be m9d4  ,b 
!re rema9s a m direct & m important way 
( correct+ ! dismal or defiant d\bts (  
immortality caus$ by ! inf]ior phases ( 
mat]iali/ic /udy2 & t is1 by br++ up to 
a correspond5t fullness & int5sity !    
c\nt] activity ( ! ideal p[]s4 ,let     
ju/ice be done to ! subject z well z to 
! object4 ,ov] aga9/ ! wat*+ ( cl\ds &  
waves1 ! sort+ ( h]bs1 ! weigh+ (       
metals1 ! measur+ ( quantities1 br+ up !
 ex]cise ( ! m9d on ! treasures (       
qualitative sub/ance 9 its own prop]    
sph]e ( reason & love & fai?4 ,admire ! 
beautiful1 love ! good1 obey ! true1    
wor%ip ! "r1 aspire to ! highe/1        
subord9ate or sacrifice ev]y?+ base or  
wrong 9 a g5]\s s]vice ( duty1 & ?us    
n\ri% a consci\sness ( ^? ontological   

relations by :i* ! s\l is root$ 9 !     
,godhead1 & /imulate t intuitive        
effloresc5ce ( fai? :i* gr[s out (      
progressive fulfillm5t & :i* prophecies 
p]petuity ( fulfillm5t4 ,to say ! lea/1 
! subject is z real z ! object1 !       
contemplat+ faculty z valid z ! ph5om5on
 x confronts4 ,! tea*+s ( ! s\l rightly 
con/ru$ are z au!ntic z ! tea*+s (      
nature4 ,&1 "s day 9 ! future1 a        
complete sy/em ( tru? develop$ f !      
c5tral pr9ciple ( ! "o by ! subjective  
me?od w be f\nd to correspond p]fectly )
 ! complete sy/em ( tru? develop$ by !  
objective me?od f ! c5tral pr9ciple ( ! 
o!r4 ,z ! objective sci5tific pr9ciple  
is ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 ! subjective       
sci5tific pr9ciple is ! pot5tial inf9ity
 ( individual _s1 ea* "o ! equival5t ( !
 all4 ,:at else ?an ?is c be ! ultimate 
mean+ ( ! primal1 univ]sal1             
inde/ructible anti!sis or dual          
classification ( be+1 ! ego & ! non ego1
 self & n self1 ! =m] includ+ ea*       
individual 9 8 own appreh5sion1 ! latt] 

includ+ all besides8  ,!re is a         
philosophical au?ority :i*1 = ^?        
incompet5t to judge = !mselves1 %\ld    
prop]ly take ! place vacat$ by !        
ecclesia/ical au?ority1 :i*1 9 our day1 
is pla9ly on ! wane4 ,multitudes no     
long] believe 9 ! immortality ( _! s\ls 
on ! gr\nd ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 or 
! ass]tion ( ,scripture or cre$4 ,%all  
!y1 !n1 d5y x altoge!r because !        
mat]iali/ic b& clamor t x is a delusion1
 & !y !mselves see no suffici5t evid5ce 
= x8 ,!re is a m appropriate alt]native4
 ,_m !ories 9 natural philosophy h be5  
explod$ by ! pro( ( _! absurdity1 & !   
correct explanations are accept$ on tru/
 by ! multitudes incompet5t to ma/] _!  
logical & ma!matical gr\nds4 ,v few     
und]/& ! pro(s ( ! *ief laws ( nature1 b
 ! va/ majority ( m5 implicitly tru/ !  
ass]tions ( ^? :o d "k !m4 ,9 l mann]   
!re is a legitimate sph]e = au?ority 9  
moral & religi\s beliefs2 only x %\ld be
 ! au?ority ( ! compet5t & dis9t]e/$4   
,n[1 x is a fact t ! v greate/          

philosoph]s :o h ev] liv$1 ! preem95tly 
imp]ial ?9k]s1 su* z ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 
,aqu9as1 ,anselm1 ,hegel1 & ! respl5d5t 
gr\p ( _! pe]s1 h ass]t$ z a necess>y   
pr9ciple ! real be+ & et]nal            
sub/antiality ( ! s\l4 ,besides all !   
comb9ations ( matt] t dissolve1 all !   
ph5om5a t pass1 !y affirm ! exi/5ce (   
endur+ entities1 individual spirits1    
?9k]s consci\s ( _! ?\ghts4 ,9 c5tral   
calm1 f> )9 ! /ruggle & vex ( ! roll+   
elem5ts1 ?ron$ 9 its own s]5e realm (   
law1 lives ! free1 consci\s s\l1 & w    
live et]nally1 actualiz+ its            
pot5tialities4 ,no?+ c dis9tegrate x1   
because x is n an aggregate b a unity1 n
 a quantitative mass ( matt]1 b a       
spaceless monad ( p[]4 ,x is a clos$    
circuit ( ?9k+ activity1 imp5etrable to 
ev]y?+ else4 ,spirits are ! only solids1
 matt] be+ endlessly p5etrable &        
transmutable4  ,we are all oblig$ to ?9k
 ( ourselves z entities1 & n z m]e      
ph5om5al s]ies ( /ates4 ,!re mu/ be a   
sub/ratum = ! affections ( consci\sness4

 ,all *anges are *anges ( some?+4 ,x is 
true !re is a my/]y involv$ "h :i* no   
words c make cle>2 yet ! m deeply "o    
?9ks & feels ! m int5se w be 8 assurance
 t !re is some?+ 9 him :i* ?9ks & feels1
 or r t he himself is a some?+ :i* ?9ks 
& feels4 ,! be/ conception we c get ( ! 
s\l is t x is a subject :i* is its own  
object & a mirror = ! inn] reflection ( 
all o!r objects4 ,god is n an object1   
because ,he is ! actualiz$ inf9ite      
,subject4 ,8 ?\ghts are concrete        
creations1 ! objective realities ( !    
univ]se ph5om5al & sub/antial4 ,we are  
actually f9ite subjects1 b ) a pot5tial 
inf9ity1 patt]n$ 9 free correspond5ce ) 
,him4 ,our ?\ghts are subjective        
reflections ( ,81 modifi$ by ! cont5ts (
 our facultative con/itution & !        
peculi>ities ( our hi/oric exp]i5ce4    
,:at con/itutes my s\l is ! pot5tiality 
( all /ates ( consci\sness1 actual &    
lat5t1 pa/1 pres5t & future4 ,x reveals 
itself to me1 s to speak1 9 my actual   
?\ghts & feel+s4 ,s f> z ^! are true &  

good1 !y correspond ) & repres5t ! w (  
,god1 & mu/ %>e ! =tunes ( ! ,div9e     
,reality ) :i* !y are implicitly jo9$4  
,!n my s\l _c be annihilat$ unless ! w (
 ,god is s f> annihilat$4 ,b ,god is    
inf9ite be+1 & !re is no?+ outside ( or 
c\nt] to inf9ite be+ to de/roy x4 ,all  
evil is b defect or negation4 ,i am only
 9 s f> z ,i am positive reality4 ,no?+ 
( me1 !re=e1 c ev] p]i%1 except my      
imp]fections2 & ! ?\ght ( ! p]i%+ (     
imp]fections is a ?\ght ( joy4 ,welcome1
 !n1 be ! approa* ( dea? :i* %all       
cleanse & dislimit me into              
unimprisonable div95ess ( be+1 !        
cry/all9e sph]e ( pure intellig5ce &    
immortality6  ,! only real pro( (       
immortality 9 ! sight ( ! intellect1 is 
! p]ception ( ! necessity ( self det]m9+
 entities z ! causes & gr\nds ( ! facts 
( exp]i5ce4 ,a s]ies ( /ates implies    
some?+ ( :i* !y are /ates4 ,!re seems to
 be no possible explanation or und]/&+ (
 ! ph5om5a :i* confront our exp]i5ce )\t
 ! conception ( ultimate                

individualities1 inde/ructible subject  
objects1 c5t]s ( spiritual activity1    
moni/ic selfhoods1 consci\s egos1 ea* ( 
:i* di/+ui%es itself f e o!r1 & contra/s
 itself ) ! ,all4 ,n[ x is claim$ t e   
?9k] :o rea*es ! mature/ /age ( ?\ght   
atta9s to ?is insight4 ,x is ! imp]ial  
m>k ( a c]ta9 /age ( k4 ,"h ! supreme   
?9k]s1 scept]$ ) f9al p]ception ( ! tru?
 ( _! own et]nity1 sit at ease1 en?ron$ 
9 ! s]5e & lucid realm ( law1 beyond !  
rea* ( ! d>k tempe/ ( cavils & d\bts4 ,&
 !re is a l>g] company :o on easi] t]ms 
h atta9$ ! same result4 ,=1 )\t ?is     
we>isome metaphysical hew+ ( conclusions
 f ! qu>ries ( ontology1 ! good & pure1 
:o1 9 _! lov+ ob$i5ce & aspiration1 keep
 ! h>monic quickness & innoc5ce ( _!    
intuitions un9jur$1 also h an un%ak5    
assurance t !y live 9 ,god & %all %>e 8 
life =ev]more4 ,! my/ics ( e p]iod seem 
9 feel+ to h an imm$iate grasp ( all t !
 greate/ philosoph]s h pa9fully conqu]$ 
by speculation4 ,^! two classes may     
claim to possess direct c]titude (      

et]nal life4 ,all o!rs mu/ ei!r atta9 to
 ! /age ( developm5t & m\nt ( vision (  
^!1 or receive ! fai? on _! au?ority1 or
 else be subject to d\bt & unbelief4    
,to accept ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( !
 s\l on ! au?ority ( ! wise/ philosoph]s
 & ! pure/ sa9ts1 is a legitimate       
proc$ure p]fectly 9 keep+ ) :at ! human 
race does 9 all o!r prov9ces ( ?\ght :]e
 x is incapable ( prov+ :at its tea*]s h
 demon/rat$1 b c easily appreciate &    
make practical application ( ! tru?s !y 
h affirm$4 ,! great laws ( sci5ce 9 all 
its doma9s are sci5tifically ma/]$ by v 
few1 b _! empirical rules are implicitly
 foll[$ by ! common multitude4 ,"o =m or
 receptacle ( au?ority aft] ano!r may be
 sup]s$$2 b au?ority itself always      
rema9s4 ,& ! true c\rse = ^? to pursue  
:o h come to repudiate ! au?ority (     
scripture1 or *ur* cre$1 or !           
resurrection ( ,*ri/1 z a pro( ( !      
future life ( man1 is n at once to ab&on
 all belief 9 a future /ate1 b to accept
 ! guidance ( ! mo/ compet5t indep5d5t  

?9k]s 9 place ( t ( ! mo/ arbitr>y      
dogmati/s4 ,= unto all :o d n arrogate  
to !mselves a transc5d5t compet5cy to   
judge1 ! g5]al cons5sus ( ! ?\ght &     
feel+ ( ! _w1 cl>ifi$ & int]pret$ by !  
fitte/ few1 w always be a grateful gr\nd
 ( reliance & tru/4 ,& ! v]dict ?us     
reveal$ is unequivocally 9 favor ( !    
doctr9e ( immortality4  ,!re c be no    
*anges indep5d5tly ( some?+ :i* is      
*ang$4 ,amid/ all ! *angeable 9 u :i*   
passes & is =gott51 !re is some?+ :i*   
/ays & is inexpugnable4 ,x is our       
id5tity4 ,t :i* appe>s 9 consci\sness   
fir/1 :i* recurs (t5e/1 & :i* p]si/s    
longe/1 is ! mo/ valid object ( belief4 
,& :at is t b ! v consci\sness1 or !    
subject z its own object8 ,surely1 ! "o 
inv>iable accompanim5t ( all ! %ift+    
/ates ( consci\sness is ! b>e ess5tial  
consci\sness itself3 ?is is1 s to speak1
 ! unit>y vessel conta9+ all _!         
v>ieties4 ,?is unque/ionably exi/s n[4  
,! burd5 ( pro(1 !n1 z ,bi%op ,butl]    
long ago %[$1 is on ^? :o affirm its    

de/ruction 9 ! article ( dea?4          
,consci\sness is purely immat]ial1 z e  
"o :o has pass$ beyond ! mo/ ignorant & 
*ildi% /ages ( ?\ght mu/ see4 ,m]ely    
because x is1 9 our pres5t exp]i5ce1    
associat$ 9 "t & space ) a mat]ial      
organism1 !re=e to decl>e t x is a      
dep5d5t production ( matt]1 or a        
transi5t concomitant ( ! transi5t body1 
is a gratuit\s ass]tion ) n "o sc9tilla 
( evid5ce4  ,ev51 = ! mom5t1 admitt+ x  
to be true t no argum5t ( irresi/ible   
cog5cy has yet be5 advanc$ to prove !   
immortality ( ! s\l1 x is c]ta9 t no    
pro( has ev] be5 giv5 ( its mortality4  
,! v utmo/ t c be claim$ by any skeptic 
:o fairly und]/&s ! :ole case1 is t !   
diff]5t argum5ts1 = & aga9/1 (fset "o   
ano!r1 & leave ! "q 9 a neutral balance 
( susp5se1 j :]e x 0 be=e ! debate      
began4 ,_m p]sons hold t ! c\nt]        
reason+s d ?us balance & annul "o ano!r4
 ,= !m ! problem rema9s to be decid$ on 
o!r gr\nds ?an ^? ( ! logical           
disputation :i* has prov$ inadequate to 

its settlem5t4 ,^! o!r gr\nds are       
consid]ations ( congruity1 probability1 
! prophetic prep>ations & dem&s ( pres5t
 exp]i5ce4 ,:at sort ( a figure w\ld !  
segm5ts :i* we n[ see1 compose1 if !y 7 
complet$8 ,:at 9 ! hidd5 future portions
 ( our de/9y w\ld be h>monic &          
complem5t>y z relat$ ) ! p>ts "h        
exp]i5c$8 ,:5 ! o!r modes ( inquiry are 
ab&on$ ?is mode rema9s4 ,its tea*+s are 
ri* & impressive 9 proportion to !      
greatness ( ! faculties & ! weal? ( k & 
love br\ght to its consid]ation4 ,& ?us 
we come face to face ) ! fif? & la/     
cause ( ! fail+ fai? 9 immortality      
confess$ to *>act]ize ! pres5t day4  ,t 
cause is ! common inability to realize 9
 ! ?\ghts ( ! m9d1 & to hold 9 ! fai? ( 
! feel+s1 a conception s va/1 s my/]i\s1
 s remote f ! usual r\t9e ( ! selfi%    
trifles & petty notions :i* monopolize !
 p[]s & fritt] d[n ! faculties ( !      
av]age p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! battle (
 s5sualism1 ! scramble ov] mat]ial      
int]e/s1 ! we>+ absorption 9 ! small &  

evanesc5t /ruggles ( social rivalry1 !  
irritat$ att5tion giv5 to ! ev] ?ick5+  
claims ( ext]nal ?+s1 ! pulv]iz+        
discussions ( all sorts ( op9ions by    
ho/ile s*ools1 are fatal to t conc5trat$
 calmness ( mood1 t unity ( passion1 t  
s]5e amplitude ( intellectual &         
imag9ative scope1 t docile religi\s     
receptiv5ess ( s\l1 requisite = ! fit   
contemplation ( a doctr9e s solemn &    
sublime z t ( immortality4 ,! grade (   
?\ght & scale ( emotion ord9>ily        
*>act]i/ic ( ord9>y m5 are utt]ly out ( 
keep+ ) ! inexpressible gr&eur ( !mes l 
t ( ! div9e k9%ip & et]nity ( ! s\l4 ,! 
reason & fancy1 be=e !y c be compet5t to
 appreciate su* tru?s1 mu/ be tra9$ 9 ! 
/udy & wor%ipful m$itation ( subjects ( 
comm5surate my/]y & sublimity4 ,x is no 
wond] t :5 m9ds & he>ts famili> only )  
h\ses & clo!s & food1 ! trivial gossip &
 vanity ( ! h\r1 are summon$ to grasp ! 
idea ( spiritual survival & an ev]la/+  
de/9y ( consci\s adv5tures1 !y are      
ov]:elm$ & helplessly fail to repres5t  

to !mselves ! possibility ( any su*     
tru?4 ,?is cause ( d\bt is v preval5t & 
effective2 = ev] m & m 9 our age        
consci\s att5tion is turn$ away f /ates 
)9 & fix$ ^u ?+s )\t4 ,! natural        
consequ5ce is t ! objective _w is       
arrogat+ ! fir/ place 9 consci\sness1 & 
! subjective _w is s9k+ into ! second>y 
rank4 ,:atev] exalts ! object at !      
exp5se ( ! subject t5ds to mat]ialism1  
unbelief 9 ! sep>ate be+ ( ! _s4 ,on !  
o!r h& :atev] gives ! panoramic passage 
( subjective /ates 9 ! s\l great] app>5t
 vividness & t5acity ?an belong to out] 
ph5om5a1 t5ds to produce fai? 9 !       
indep5d5ce & immortality ( ! _s4 ,h5ce x
 is q to be expect$ t until our mod]n   
conc5tration on objective toil & /udy & 
amusem5t rea*es its de/9$ climax & beg9s
 ! return c>e] to subjective reason &   
feel+1 ! skepticism ( ! age w increase4 
,mean:ile ! rem$y = ! evil is1 fir/1 to 
p]ceive x1 & !n1 to cultivate ! k9ds (  
exp]i5ce calculat$ to neutralize x4 ,= !
 logical invalidity & fallaci\sness ( ! 

d\bts conc]n+ immortality1 aris+ f !    
imm5se disp>ity ( su* a belief ) ! m5tal
 habits ( ignorant e>?l+s & social      
p>asites1 appe> f ! fact t !re are o!rs 
) ^: exp]i5ce & ?\ght ! doctr9e has no  
su* disp>ity1 b = ^: spiritual range &  
haunt x is z natural to believe x z to  
brea!4 ,&1 9 expla9+ ! de/9y ( man1 x is
 legitimate to take ! mo/ f9i%$ &       
furni%$ specim5s1 n ! abortive ones4    
,!re are gr\nds ( k1 doma9s (           
imag9ation1 heights ( nobility1 famili> 
to ! mo/ exalt$ *>act]s1 p]fectly       
cognate & h>moni\s ) ! conception (     
et]nal life1 & mak+ ! fai? 9 x fully z  
cr$ible z ! transc5d5t tru?s ( sci5ce & 
philosophy :i* h be5 actually           
demon/rat$4 ,^? :o are famili> only ) ! 
little affairs ( s5se1 9 n>r[ b\nds ( "t
 & space1 may well gasp 9 despair &     
d5ial :5 ! bewild]+ cont5ts ( ! doctr9e 
( immortality are held be=e !m2 b = all 
:o h ma/]$ :at sci5ce reveals ( !       
objective _w ( nature1 & :at lit]ature  
records ( ! subjective _w ( s\l1 bo? ^! 

sph]es furni% ample illu/rative examples
 & data to make ! fai? 9 e way congru\s 
) :at else !y "k1 & z easy z x is pleas+
 to receive4 ,assur$ly ! belief result+ 
9 ?is latt] class f _! positive         
p]ception & correspond5t desire &       
p]suasion1 are1 on e gr\nd ( reason or  
moral fitness1 m ?an a c\nt]balance = ! 
unbelief result+ 9 ! =m] class f _!     
negative exp]i5ce & incompet5cy4 ,if we 
s\ght to e/imate ! possibility & de/9$  
fulfillm5t ( human nature :5 all its    
conditions %all h be5 p]fect$1 %\ld we  
*oose = ! basis ( our judgm5t !         
incapacity ( ! l[] specim5s ( man8 or ! 
capacity ( ! high]8 ,aft] consid]+ !    
*ief a*ievem5ts ( human g5ius1 ! my/]i\s
 p[]s ( ! human s\l n[1 ! doctr9e (     
immortality does n seem too great &     
wond]ful = belief2 b1 on ! contr>y1 x   
appe>s ! coh]5t complem5t ( ! facts ( ! 
pres5t4  ,no?+ c be m m>vel\s or imply  
great] glory = ! de/9y ( ! individual   
be+ ?an ! fact t ea* consci\sness is to 
itself ! anti!tical equival5t or balance

 ( ! totality ( be+ beside2 s9ce ! :ole 
univ]se1 all o!r be+s1 ,god himself1 are
 kn[n to ! individual consci\sness only 
z reveal$ 9 itself ?r\gh its p]sonal    
faculties4 ,! slighte/ *ange 9 ! subject
 is report$ by a correspond5t *ange 9   
objects4 ,height5 ! int]nal activities (
 ! s\l to a c]ta9 pit*1 & ! convictions 
!y eng5d] w be s int5se1 & ! exp]i5ce s 
absorb+1 z irresi/ibly to sweep away all
 oppos+ d\bts & fill e crav+ ) !        
triumphant flood ( life4 ,:at ov]:elm+  
revelations ( ! provid5ce ( ,god &      
et]nal life1 cr[d+ ! cosmos at e po9t ) 
! work+s ( poetic ju/ice1 may ?us be    
made to prep>$ spirits1 only ^? :o      
receive !m "k4 ,paul said he 0 caught up
 into ! ?ird heav5 & he>d unspeakable   
words4 ,x is to be believ$ t su*        
visions1 :ile (t5 illusory1 are         
sometimes g5u9e4 ,a te/ to discrim9ate !
 spuri\s & ! au!ntic w "o day be secur$4
 ,mean:ile x is ei!r a fai?less         
fa9!>t$ness or a vulg> arrogance to omit
 f ! data ( our expect$ fate ^? ?\ghts1 

:i*1 ?\gh beyond ! rea*es ( our s\ls1   
nev]!less irresi/ibly allure our        
att5tion & en*a9 our affection2 ideas   
belong+ to our nature1 ?\gh transc5d+   
our exp]i5ce1 &1 :ile surpass+ our      
faculties1 /ill attract+ u to our de/9y4
 ,:at are pres5tim5ts b div9e w+s ( ! _s
 flutt]+ t[>d our unse5 goal8  ,aga91 ! 
great metaphysicians1 :o h elaborat$ !  
ideali/ic philosophy 9 s _m =ms1 exhibit
 ! m9d ( man to u z sup]ior to ! cosmic 
spectacle x contemplates project$ 9     
imm5sity4 ,!y portray ! mat]ial creation
 z a phantasmal %[ ( m9d1 a ph5om5al    
process & aspect ( _s1 indissoluble     
c5t]s ( consci\sness alone hav+ solid   
v]ity & /ay1 :ile matt] & =ce & times & 
places :irl & pass1 comb9e & dissolve4  
,likewise ! ma!maticians1 ) _! mighty   
calculus1 translate all quantities &    
qualities1 all objects & op]ations1 into
 num]ical symbols1 & ) ^! intellectual  
toys play ! same miracul\s tricks t !   
,creator himself plays ) ! orig9als4 ,!y
 symbolize purely imag9>y quantities1   

br+ !m into relations & pass !m ?r\gh   
c]ta9 op]ations1 & !reby discov] tru?s  
:i* are f\nd to h p]man5t objective     
validity4 ,x demon/rates1 z said be=e1 t
 ! filial m9d :i* ?us w&]s 9 ?\ght ?r\gh
 ! h\se ( ! ,fa!r1 &1 ev]y:]e mak+      
itself famili>ly at home1 disports among
 ,8 treasures1 is ( ! same type ) !     
p>5tal ,m9d4  ,& n[1 /ill f>!r1 t !     
cultivators ( physical sci5ce are pu%+  
_! discov]ies & _! !ories to ultimates1 
we beg9 to see ! adamant9e /ructure (   
mat]ial nature melt+ into a sy/em (     
ideal equival5ts1 vaporiz+ into an      
undulatory e!r1 vani%+ be=e our         
microscopes 9 immat]ial bases ( ?\ght1  
reason1 law & w4 ,! gases h j be5 fir/  
liquifi$ & !n actually solidifi$1       
confirm+ ! speculative ann\ncem5t long  
be=e made t oxyg5 & hydrog5 are metals  
volatiliz$4 ,_m valuable & /range       
discov]ies h be5 rea*$ 9 physical sci5ce
 by foll[+ prophetic decl>ations made a 
priori on gr\nds ( pure reason4 ,! same 
pro(s ( intellectual design & purpose   

are disc]n$ 9 ! ord] ( atomic           
comb9ation1 9 ! beauty ( cry/als &      
dewdrops & sn[flakes1 9 ! p]fect        
geometrical symmetry ( m9]als & fl[]s1 &
 9 ! same spiral adju/m5t ( ! leaves on 
a tree & ( ! orbits ( ! planets 9 ! sky1
 z 9 ! arti/ic works ( man4 ,intellect &
 w are z mu* %[n 9 ! production ( a palm
 tree z !y are 9 ! production ( a poem  
,& s1 be=e ! gaze ( ! accompli%$ & dev\t
 sci5ti/1 matt] is translat$ into t]ms (
 m9d1 r ?an ! rev]se1 & ! :ole cosmos is
 transmut$ into a div9e laboratory (    
ideal p[]s1 a div9e gall]y ( ideal      
pictures1 a div9e !at] = ! et]nal       
adv5tures ( consci\s spirits4  ,9 m5tal 
conception man deals ) ma!matical       
inf9ites z easily z ) ! pettie/ objects1
 dilates a po9t to ! univ]se & %r9ks !  
univ]se to a po9t1 cond5ses et]nity into
 a mom5t or /ret*es a mom5t to et]nity4 
,x has be5 %[n t if correspond5t        
dim9ution or enl>gem5t 9 ! faculties (  
s5se & intellig5ce & 9 all ! =ces       
conc]n$ 7 made1 ! :ole /ell> sy/em & its

 cont5ts might be dw>f$ into ! bulk ( a 
gra9 ( s&1 or s magnifi$ t ea* gra9 w\ld
 fill ! space n[ occupi$ by ! :ole1 & no
 "o w\ld p]ceive any *ange :atev] 9 !   
scale4 ,9 reply to ! /atem5t t no?+ c   
act :]e x is n1 x has be5 prov$ t e atom
 is virtually omnipres5t4 ,x takes !    
entire univ]se to con/itute an atom1    
s9ce ! =ces c5t]$ 9 ea* atom are        
connect$ ) ! :ole by ! insund]able      
cont9uity ( all ! laws ( be+4 ,! sci5ce 
( molecul> physics z exp\nd$ by its     
late/ ma/]s is n less a/\nd+ ?an !      
wilde/ so>+s ( transc5d5tal metaphysics4
 ,= in/ance1 x is prov$ t if !re be     
ultimate atoms _! size mu/ be s small t 
x w\ld require at lea/ five hundr$      
millions ( !m to an in* 9 l5g?4 ,9 a    
cubic in* ( hydrog5 gas1 !n1 = example1 
!re are                                 
#abe1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj "o 
hundr$ & tw5ty five septillions ( atoms1
 mov+ ) ! inconceivable velocity t is   
impli$ by _! mak+ ?\s&s ( millions (    
*anges ( direction e second4 ,! view ( !

 dynamic s tructure ( ! univ]se op5$ 9  
?is direction is z appall+ z t unveil$ 9
 ! opposite direction by ! l>ge/        
ext5sion ( ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,he :o c  
gaze "h ) /eady reason ne$ n be /agg]$  
by ! sublime/ doctr9e ( religion4 ,amaz$
 at ! spectacle ( creative p[] & wisdom1
 equally amaz$ at ! discov]+ faculty (  
man1 we feel x to be incr$ible t he %\ld
 h be5 made capable ( su* ?\ghts only to
 be annihilat$ aft] a brief             
tantalization4 ,confront+ ! immeasurable
 wild]ness ( div9e glory1 /rewn all     
?r\gh ) prizes be=e :i* 8 s\l burns ) ! 
unconsumable fire ( a god l ambition1   
man lifts 8 eye to wor%ip & rea*es out 8
 h& to receive4 ,is he m]ely taunt$ ) ! 
/>ry sky1 & mock$ ) an inf9ite illusion 
( progress1 sudd5ly b>r$ ) endless night
 & oblivion8 ,behold him em]g+ out (    
no?+ness1 ma/]+ 8 self consci\s id5tity1
 climb+ ov] ! r\nds ( symbolic exp]i5ce 
& language ?r\gh ! heights ( k & love4  
,/range1 helpless1 sublime pr9ce ( !    
univ]se1 begg> ( ,god1 :5 he has atta9$ 

! summit ( illimitable p]ception1 hold+ 
immortal joys 9 full prospect1 %all he  
be da%$ back into non5tity8 ,is x n     
fitt] t he be welcom$ by triumphant     
initiation into ! family ( ! dea?less   
,fa!r8  ,?9k ( ! advancem5t man has made
 s9ce ! "t :5 he 0 a cannibal cave      
dwell]1 %iv]+ out ( ! glacial epo*1 &   
cont5d+ ) wild bea/s = a foo?old on !   
e>?1 till n[ t he enjoys ! idealism (   
,b]keley1 wields ! quat]nions (         
,hamilton1 uses ! lightn+s = 8 r$ s&al$ 
mess5g]s1 holds 8 spectroscope to a /> &
 tells :at elem5ts compose x1 or to an  
outskirt+ nebula & decl>es x a mass (   
inc&esc5t hydrog54 ,f su* a backgr\nd ( 
accompli%$ fact he seems really to h a  
"r to pe] =? into ! unb\nd$ future &    
promise himself an unb\nd$ de/9y4 ,!    
repetition ( su* a progress1 nay mu*    
less1 x may n unreasonably be imag9$    
w\ld raise ! curta9s f unsuspect$       
secrets1 br+ ! family ( intellig5ces    
scatt]$ ov] all worlds into consci\s    
communication1 & accompli% ! deliv]ance 

( ! :ole creation travail+ & groan+     
toge!r unto ?is day = ! r$emption ( !   
creature4 ,:at a spl5did1 almo/         
incr$ible task man has already a*iev$ 9 
dis5tangl+ ! app>5t a/ronomic motions & 
conv]t+ !m into ! real ones4 ,h[        
imm5sely sublim] & m complex is !       
position ( man on ?is planet ?an x seem$
 to ! primitive savage1 :o knew only :at
 8 crude s5ses taught him1 al?\gh1 all !
 :ile1 ! moon 0 circl+ ab\t him tw5ty   
five hundr$ miles an h\r1 & he 0 :irl+ )
 ! revolv+ e>? a ?\s& miles an h\r1 &   
sp9n+ ar\nd ! sun ov] ?irty ?\s& miles  
an h\r1 & swoop+ ) ! :ole sol> sy/em    
?r\gh ! blue void ) a /ill swift] gyre 9
 a yet va/] cycle6 ,?is is demon/rat$   
physical fact4 ,its h>monic correlate 9 
! spiritual sph]e w\ld be no?+ less ?an 
a lease ( et]nal exi/5ce = ! s\l :i*    
sees endless invitations ahead1 & exults
 at ! prospect ( an et]nal pursuit ( !m1
 its reason & affection affiliat$ ) ^? (
 ! :ole div9e h\sehold ( immortals4 ,two
 or ?ree g5]ations ago x w\ld h be5 m   

inconceivable t m5 a hundr$ miles ap>t  
c\ld audibly conv]se toge!r1 z !y n[ d  
by means ( ! telephone1 ?an x is at ?is 
day to believe t communication may at "s
 future "t be op5$ betwe5 ! inhabitants 
( ! e>? & ! inhabitants ( ,sirius ?r\gh 
! vibrations ( ! e!real m$ium4          
,fu!rmore1 ! idea ( ! inf9ite ,god1 9   
possession ( :i* man f9ds himself1 is a 
w>rant = 8 immortality4 ,!re _c be m 9  
an effect ?an 0 9 its cause1 ?\gh !re   
may be less4 ,we p]ceive intellig5ce1   
ord]ly purpose1 z well z p[]1 9 nature4 
,we f9d 9 ourselves all ! explicit      
attributes & treasures ( consci\sness4  
,reason+ back by indubitable /eps we    
come to an uncaus$1 unlimit$1 inf9ite   
,be+1 ! und]iv$ & et]nal s\rce ( all t  
is4 ,?is idea 9 our m9ds ( a ,be+ (     
absolute p]fection1 ^: b\ndless         
consci\sness z be+ necess>ily           
indivisible mu/ be totally pres5t at e  
po9t ( inf9itude1 is ! *>t] ( our own   
div9e nature & heir%ip4 ,= we c become1 
ev5 "h1 fri5ds & companions ( ?is       

omnipres5t ,"o1 ( ^: ess5ce & attributes
 ev]y?+ bel[ is b a defective transcript
 or dimm$ revelation4 ,?is idea (       
,himself is ! gift ( ,god to u4 ,to     
suppose t we are capable ( orig9at+ x   
implies a great] miracle ?an ! "o x     
seeks to acc\nt =1 & really puts        
ourselves 9 ! place ( ,god4 ,c we imag9e
 t we are ! creators ( ,god8 ,if !      
absolute n\m5al ,p[] beyond all ph5om5a 
be unkn[able1 x _c conta9 less1 b mu/   
conta9 m ?an all ! attributes ( !       
mat]ial & spiritual creation :i* has    
proce$$ !nce4 ,! noble/ & be/ spirits ( 
all l&s & ages h walk$ 9 full fell[%ip )
 ?is ,be+1 seek+ supremely to s]ve &    
love ,him 9 ! subjection ( self w & 9 ! 
do+ ( good4 ,_m a nameless sa9t1 9 a    
pure consecration1 has h]oically ?\ght &
 suff]$ & aspir$1 worn out life 9 sl[   
toils or (f]$ x up 9 %>p sacrifice1 = ! 
good ( fell[ creatures1 z a tribute to  
,god1 & exhal$ ! la/ brea? 9 a pray] (  
love & tru/4 ,su* fai?ful s]vants &     
comrades mu/ be de> to ! ,inf9ite ,_s1 &

 x is natural to believe t ,he w keep !m
 ) him =ev]4 ,:5 ,*ri/1 9 self sacrific+
 love1 submitt$ to dea? on ! cross1     
say+1 ,fa!r1 into ,?y h&s ,i commit my  
_s1 he :o c believe t ! magnanim\s      
suff]] 0 disappo9t$1 blott$ out &       
ext+ui%$1 ?us reveals ! grade ( 8 own   
insight1 b does n refute ! great] hope (
 nobl] se]s4 ,x seems z if ! idea (     
,god1 ) lov+ fai? & ob$i5ce to its      
requirem5ts1 plant$ 9 a s\l :i* _h n    
inh]it$ immortality w\ld /raightway beg9
 to develop x !re4 ,! atmosph]e (       
et]nity alone befits a nature :i* feels 
itself liv+ 9 ! companion%ip ( ,god4    
,ev]y?+ subject to decay c[]s into      
oblivion f be=e ! idea ( t augu/1       
incorruptible pres5ce4 ,! fe> ( dea? is 
b ! recoil ( ! immortal f mortality4 ,:5
 man volunt>ily faces dea? )\t fe>1 ev5 
c\rt+ m>tyrdom ) a radiant joy1 x is    
because !re is 9 him1 deep] ?an         
consci\sness1 a my/ic k t he is         
ess5tially et]nal & _c p]i%4 ,he :o     
freely sacrifices any?+ !reby proves    

himself sup]ior to t :i* he sacrifices4 
,man freely sacrifices 8 life4 ,!re=e he
 is immortal4  ,! anci5t ,semitic       
philosoph] & poet :o wrote ! book (     
,job1 brood+ on ! /range problem ( life 
& dea?1 murmur$1 ,man give? up ! gho/1 &
 :]e is he8 ,) ea* successive g5]ation1 
= _m ages1 c\ntless millions h dissolv$ 
& vani%$ into ! va/1 dumb my/]y4 ,n[1 ! 
spectator1 rememb]+ all ?is1 /&s b5ea? !
 dome ( midnight1 implor+ly brea!s !    
my/ic sigh1 ,man give? up ! gho/1 & :]e 
is he8 ,! only responses is ! same dread
 sil5ce /ill ma9ta9$ z ( old4 ,&1 9 a   
mom5t m1 he :o brea!d ! wond]+ inquiry  
is himself gone4 ,:i!r8 ,into ! vacant  
d>k ( no?+ness8 ,into ! transp>5t sph]e 
( p]fect intellig5ce8 ,! sublimity ( !  
dem& seems to ally ! f9ite que/ion] ) ! 
inf9ite ,creator2 &1 ) a pres5tim5t (   
m>vel\s joy1 we look beyond ! ignorant  
veil at ! close ( e>?1 & hold t et]nity 
itself w n exhau/ ! possibilities ( !   
s\l1 ^: c>e] %all be kept f /agnation by
 con/ant int]sp]sals ( dea? & bir?1     

refre%+ disembodim5ts f worn out =ms &  
re9c>nations 9 new4  ,if ?is life on !  
e>?1 :]e man feels himself a /rang]1 be 
8 all1 h[ sup]flu\sly he is equipp$ )   
=esights & long+s t outrun e conceivable
 limit6 ,:y is he gift$ ) p[]s ( reason 
& dem&s ( love s f> beyond 8 conditions8
 ,if !re be no future = him1 :y is he   
tortur$ ) ! inspir+ idea ( ! et]nal     
pursuit ( ! /ill fly+ goal ( p]fection8 
,is x possible t ! h]o & ! m>tyr & !    
sa9t1 ^: exp]i5ce is lad5 ) pa9ful      
sacrifices = humanity1 are mi/ak58 & t !
 slatt]n & ! voluptu>y & ! slugg>d1 ^:  
c\rse is "o ( base self indulg5ce1 are  
correct8 ,is x cr$ible t1 ) no ju/ify+  
explanation h]eaft]1 x %\ld be orda9$ t 
! m gift$ & dis9t]e/$ a man is ! m he   
%all uselessly suff]1 f 8 sympa!tic     
c>riage ( ! great] %>e 9 ! s9 & sorr[ ( 
all 8 race8 ,no1 f> back 9 ! pa/ !re has
 be5 "s d>k my/]y :i* yet fl+s its d5se 
%ad[s ov] our hi/ory "h2 & 9 ! obscurity
 we _c read its solution4 ,b !re is a   
solution4 ,& :5 9 "s bless$ age to come 

mank9d %all outgr[ _! discords & be     
reconcil$1 s t _! div9e/ liv+ memb] c   
become ! focaliz+ c5t] ( _! collective  
inspiration1 ?r\gh him ! tru? w be      
reveal$4 ,! mo/ inspir$ individual c    
only 9 a degree anticipate 8 age4 ,at a 
c]ta9 di/ance he is te!r$ by 8          
connections ) ! race4 ,!y mu/ be ne> !  
goal be=e he c deliv] ! f9al message4   
,inspiration & revelation are z real z !
 s5su\s me?od ( out] k4 ,_s or          
consci\sness1 z t :i* is its own        
evid5ce1 has a m ?an ma!matic validity4 
,:5 m5 purely love "o ano!r1 &1 )       
supreme loyalty1 seek tru?1 ignorance & 
delusion w melt away be=e ! encroa*+    
illum9ation f ,god1 & ! dom9ion ( dea? w
 be aboli%$4  ,t ! human m9d %all be !  
victim ( dea? is incongru\s ) its rank4 
,! a!i/ic sci5ti/ :o imag9es t ! en]gy (
 ! /ell> creation is gradually          
dissipat+1 s t ! :ole s*eme mu/ at la/  
p]i%2 & :o sees ! s\l1 !n1 l a belat$   
butt]fly1 fall froz5 on ! b\nd>y ( a    
dead univ]se1 refutes 8 own dismal cre$ 

by ! gr&eur ( ! p[] %[n 9 ?9k+ x4 ,!    
might ( love1 ! faculty ( ?\ght1 !      
in/9ct ( curiosity1 are insatiable2 & t 
:i* rema9s woo+ !m to grasp x1 is       
inf9ite4 ,&1 aft] all is said1 x seems  
c]ta9 t we are ei!r disc]pt$ emanations 
& avat>s ( ,god suff]+ transi5t         
inc>nations = a purpose1 & !n to be     
resum$1 immortal 9 8 immortality2 or    
else we are sep>ate & inh]5t entities1  
immortal 9 ourselves4 ,! =m] fai? ought 
to satisfy ! pr\de/ ambition4 ,! latt]  
fai? yields e motive = cont5tm5t &      
aspir+ ob$i5ce4 ,man1 =ev] fe$+ on !    
unkn[n1 is ! my/]i\s gue/ ( ,god 9 !    
univ]se4 ,we _c believe t1 ! hospitality
 ( ! inf9ite ,h\sekeep] becom+ exhau/$1 
,he w ev] bl[ out ! lights & qu5* !     
gue/s4  ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,! ,,transi5t   
,,& ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,9 ,,! ,,de/9y ,,(   
,,man4  ,a ,,companion ( ,solomon once  
said to him1 ,give me1 ,o k+ ( wisdom1 a
 maxim equally applicable on all        
occasions1 t ,i may =tify myself ) x    
aga9/ ! caprices ( =tune4 ,solomon      

reflect$ a mom5t1 !n gave him1 9 ^!     
words1 ! maxim he s\ght3 ,?is1 too1 %all
 pass away4 ,! c\rti] at fir/ felt      
disappo9t$1 b1 m$itat+ a:ile1 p]ceiv$ ! 
p]t95t & pr(\nd mean+ hidd5 9 !         
transp>5t simplicity ( ! words4 ,are y  
afflict$8 ,be n despond5t or ra%1 ,?is1 
too1 %all pass away4 ,are y bless$8 ,be 
n elat$ or c>eless1 ,?is too %all pass  
away4 ,are y 9 dang]8 9 temptation8 9   
glory8 ,/ill1 = y\r prop] guidance1 9   
relation to ea* "o1 rememb]2 ,?is too   
%all pass away4 ,& s on1 "u e div]sity (
 situation 9 :i* man c be plac$4 ,:atev]
 re/ra9t1 :atev] enc\ragem5t1 :atev]    
consolation he ne$s1 x is all conta9$ 9 
! pr(\nd ?\ght1 ,?is too %all pass away4
  ,?is maxim = all times ne$s to be     
supplem5t$ by a correspond+ maxim = all 
p]sons4 ,!re is a tru? con/antly suit$ =
 ! v>iety ( immortal s\ls1 z ! =ego+ "o 
is = ! v>iety ( temporal *anges4 ,let u 
see :at t tru? is & set x 9 a fitt+     
aphorism4  ,! desires ( ! human s\l are 
b\ndless4 ,no?+ c satisfy its wi%es by  

fulfill+ !m & circumscrib+ !re a fix$   
limit4 ,x w\ld dev\r ! :ole creation1 & 
hungrily cry = m4 ,:atev] ext5sion ( p[]
 or fruition x c conceive1 x wants = its
 own1 & frets if depriv$ ( x4 ,n[1 if ! 
_s ( ! ,creator is 9 ! creature1 ?is    
illimitable passion ( acquisition _c be 
a m]e mock]y4 ,x mu/ be a h9t ( ! w (   
,god & ( ! de/9y ( 8 *ild 9 :om ,he has 
implant$ x4 ,x is prophetic ( some?+    
await+ fulfillm5t4 ,b :at is ! prophecy1
 & h[ is x to be fulfill$8 ,! answ] to  
?is "q w give u t maxim ( et]nal        
humanity :i* accords ) ! maxim (        
transi5t =tune4 ,& ?us x reads3 ,ov] all
 ! ?+s = :i* m5 /ruggle ) ea* o!r1 !re  
is "o ?+1 out ( ! sph]e ( /ruggle1 :i*  
indivisibly belongs to e man1 & t "o ?+ 
is ! :ole univ]se6 ,be n baffl$ by !    
appe>ance ( transc5d5tal my/icism 9 ?is 
maxim1 z ! anci5t inquir] 0 by !        
appe>ance ( commonplace 9 81 b seek its 
significance4  ,a son is an heir ( 8    
fa!r4 ,all m5 are sons ( ,god1 ?\gh only
 a few1 & t 9 v>y+ degree1 are di/9ctly 

consci\s z yet ( _! son%ip4 ,b1 despite 
_! ignorance1 all are t5d+1 m or less   
swiftly1 t[>d ! goal ( _! nature &      
inh]itance4  ,!re are exclusive prizes  
:i* m5 c monopolize3 & !y fight ) "o    
ano!r = ^!1 because ! m "s h ! less o!rs
 c obta94 ,!re are also inclusive       
prizes1 or modes ( hold+ & enjoy+       
prop]ty :i* d n int]f]e ) univ]sal      
p>ticipation1 ) univ]sal1 undivid$      
own]%ip4 ,9 ^! no "o ne$ h any ! less   
because e "o has all4 ,?is is ! region (
 reason1 imag9ation1 affection1 ! empire
 ( ! s\l4 ,! m "o kn[s ( ma!matical     
tru?1 poetic beauty or moral good1 !    
easi] x is1 n ! h>d]1 = o!rs to "k &    
enjoy z mu* or m4 ,9 ?is div9e doma9 no 
monopoly or conflict is possible1       
because ! outw>d mov+ f5ce ( ea*        
consci\sness1 retreat+ & vani%+ be=e its
 conque/s ( exp]i5ce1 is a vacuum )     
respect to t ( e o!r4 ,!y ov]lap &      
p5etrate "o ano!r z if !y 7 mutually    
nonexi/5t4 ,= example1 ! pleasure any "o
 takes 9 a picture1 or 9 a play1 does n 

less5 ! pleasure :i* rema9s = ! o!r     
spectators2 b1 on ! contr>y1 adds to x  
if !y h sympa?y4  ,n[1 ! all inclusive  
prize ( desire1 ! v secret ( ! ,godhead 
namely1 ! p[] ( tak+ a full pure joy 9 e
 =m ( be+1 9 e sub/ance & ph5om5on ( !  
creation is =ev] woo+ e s\l2 & e s\l1 9 
proportion to its advancem5t1 is =ev]   
embrac+ x j z freely z if no o!r s\l    
exi/$1 yet has ! ze/ ( its enjoym5ts    
endlessly v>i$ & height5$ by mutual     
contemplations & reflections ( ^? ( all 
! re/4 ,su* is ! sup]iority ( !         
dis9t]e/$ _s ov] ! selfi% fle%1 ( ! inn]
 _w ov] ! out] _w1 ( good ov] evil4     
,m5tal own]%ip is sympa!tic & univ]sal1 
physical appropriation antagoni/ic &    
individual4 ,we hate & oppose our fell[s
 t ) h& & foot we may monopolize "s     
wret*$ gra9s ( good1 :ile ,god is invit+
 e "o ( u ) our m9d & he>t to accept z  
fa/ z we c 8 :ole undivid$ inf9itude (  
good4 ,! univ]se is ! h\se ( ! ,fa!r2 ! 
true _s ( ! family is dis9t]e/$1 &      
consequ5tly e *ild is heir ( ! :ole ev5 

z ! apo/le ,paul said1 jo9t heir )      
,*ri/4 ,regi/]1 !n1 deeply 9 memory1    
side by side ) ! hi/oric maxim = all    
times1 ,?is too %all pass away6 !       
religi\s maxim = all s\ls4 ,ov] ^? ?+s =
 :i* m5 /ruggle ) ea* o!r1 !re is "o ?+1
 out ( ! sph]e ( /ruggle1 :i* belongs   
indivisibly to e man1 & t "o ?+ is !    
:ole univ]se6 ,!n1 %\ld y ev] feel vex$ 
or di%e>t5$ by ! irritations & failures 
y meet 9 y\r j\rney ?r\gh ! evanesc5t   
masqu]ade ( ?is _w1 pause & say to      
y\rself1 ,is x wor?y ( me1 :ile ! entire
 realm ( exi/5ce asks me to appropriate 
x 9 ev] expansive possession1 to be     
angry or sad because "s inf9itesimal    
speck ( x does n grant me z mu* ( itself
 z ,i crave8  ,! m ?+s we love ! ri*] we
 are4 ,! few] ?+s we c>e = ! fre] we    
are4 ,o bless$ weal? & wret*$ fre$om1 h[
 %all we p]fect & reconcile !m8 ,?is is 
! secret3 ,if we love ! div9e & et]nal 9
 ev]y?+1 & c>e n = ! limit+ & p]i%able  
evil connect$ ) x1 !n we %all at once be
 bo? ri* & free4 ,! =m] practice        

educates our p[]s2 ! latt] emancipates  
!m4 ,! true use ( r5unciation is z a    
means = l>g] fulfillm5t4 ,deta* f l[] & 
less] objects 9 ord] to atta* to high] &
 great] ones4 ,be always ready to r5\nce
 ! mean] at ! invitation ( ! nobl]4 ,!  
s\l1 l a gr& frigate1 may be loosely ti$
 by a ?\s& sep>ate /r+s1 b %\ld be held 
firm by "o cable4 ,our relations to     
fell[ creatures are ^? ?reads2 our      
supreme relation to ,god1 t cable4 ,^?  
are ! gossam] ( "t2 ?is ! adamant (     
et]nity4  ,! lame man cries1 ,o1 t ,i   
c\ld walk6 ,he :o c walk says1 ,o1 t ,i 
c\ld fly6 ,if he c\ld so>1 he w\ld sigh1
 ,o1 t ,i 7 omnipres5t1 & !re=e _h no   
ne$ to move6 ,! end ( "o wi% is b !     
beg9n+ ( ano!r2 & ! crav+ ( e human s\l1
 let loose 9 s9c]e expression1 is       
absolutely illimitable4 ,x always comes1
 9 ! la/ analysis1 to ?is2 e "o really  
longs to be ,god4 ,!re=e1 unless !      
rational creation is m5daci\s1 to be    
deifi$1 is1 9 "s my/ical b true s5se1 ! 
f9al de/9y ( all s\ls4 ,e "o1 9 its     

consci\sness fully develop$ & h>moniz$1 
%all become a focus ( univ]sal be+1 a   
f9ite reflex ( ,god1 ! inf9ite ,god     
himself rema9+ et]nally ! same          
unescapable & incompreh5sible my/]y z   
ev]4  ,!re are1 !re=e1 two supreme      
maxims = s\ls condition$ 9 "t & space b 
de/9$ = et]nity & inf9ity a maxim (     
com=t = ^? :o suff]1 & a maxim ( impulse
 = ^? :o aspire4 ,! "o1 to be us$ 9 view
 ( e fe>1 e evil or limit4 ,?is1 too1   
%all pass away6 ,! o!r1 to be us$ 9 view
 ( e insatiable desire1 ,ov] all ^? ?+s 
= :i* m5 /ruggle ) ea* o!r1 !re is "o   
?+1 out ( ! sph]e ( /ruggle1 :i*        
indivisibly belongs to e man1 & t "o ?+ 
is ! :ole univ]se6  ,no?+ b ! ,absolute 
,good is ev]la/+3 & t mu/ belong to all 
:o1 be+ ess5tial p]sonalities1 are      
sup]ior to dea?4 ,bless$1 bless$1 !n1   
are !y :o hung] & ?ir/ aft] ,god2 =1 by 
a real transub/antiation assimilat+     
,him1 !y %all z div9ely live =ev]more4  
,!y %all cease to say any m ( any?+1    
,?is1 too1 %all pass away6 because !    

inf9ite ,god %all h said to ea* ( !m1   
,son1 ?\ art ev] ) me1 & all t ,i h is  
?9e6  ,if ! view above m>k$ out1 a view 
9 _m respects s sublime & satisfactory1 
a view :i* goes s f> to expla9 !        
my/]ies1 reconcile ! contradictions1 &  
transfigure ! evils ( our transi5t life 
& lot bel[ be n true1 x mu/ ei!r be     
because "s o!r high] & bett] view is !  
tru? 9 :i* case we c]ta9ly ought to be  
cont5t$ or else ! creative & provid5tial
 plan ( ,god is inf]ior to ! ?\ght ( "o 
( 8 creatures4 ,x is n possible = me to 
suppose t a speculative !ory ( my bra9 c
 transc5d 9 h>mony & b5efic5ce ! design 
( ! inf9ite ,god4 ,c\ld x d s1 !n1 9    
reality1 ,i %\ld be a high] be+ ?an ,he4
 ,i %\ld v]itably h de?ron$ ,him &      
vault$ into 8 place4 ,is n t a pit* (   
impiety & absurdity too great ev5 = !   
pride ( man1 insurg5t atom ( criticis+  
assumption1 set1 baffl$ at e po9t1 amid/
 ! awful imm5sity ( exi/5ce8 ,"h1 !n1 is
 re/4 ,ei!r our highe/ view is ! tru?1  
or ! tru? is high] & bett] ?an t4 ,= to 

?9k t 8 ?\ght is sup]ior to ! purpose ( 
,god1 ?us mak+ himself ! real ,god1 is  
too mu* = ! extremi/ human egoti/ )9 !  
limits ( sanity4  ,!re=e1 until a bett] 
!ory is prop\nd$1 we hold t ! de/9y ( ! 
s\l is to become1 ?r\gh ! progressive   
actualization ( its pot5tial            
consci\sness1 a free ?9k+ c5t] ( !      
univ]se1 an inf9itesimal mirror ( ,god4 
,! adv5tures ( ! diff]5t s\ls1 full (   
inexhau/ible curiosity & reli% 9 !      
mutually reveal+ contacts ( _! degrees (
 developm5t & orig9alities ( p]sonal "* 
& treasure1 con/itute ! endless drama ( 
spiritual exi/5ce )9 ! ph5om5al !at] ( !
 mat]ial creation4 ,& /ill ! inf9ite ,"o
 s]5ely smiles on ! tr\bl$ play ( !     
et]nal ,_m2 because ! psy*ological      
kaleidoscope ( _! exp]i5ce is a cont9u\s
 improvisation ( ju/ice1 weav+ ! fate ( 
,ea* ) ! fates ( ,all1 & transfus+ !    
monoton\s unity ( ! ,same ) ! ze/ful    
v>iety ( ! ,o!r4