,transcriber's ,note3 ,the following anomalies have been left as found in the original page images3 ,spelling3 both 'sangatte' and 'sangette' both 'armpit' and 'arm pit' chilled2 always swim around and 'excercise' journalists who 'acompanied' ,punctuation3 water2 at the same time double the body up41 championship for many years by following his teachings4 can1 throw your arm around his neck ,thirdly41 ,continue ,,swimming ,,scientifically ,,taught ,illustration3 ,,frank ,,eugen ,,dalton ,,swimming ,,scientifically ,,taught ,a ,,practical ,,manual ,,for ,,young ,,and ,,old ,,by ,,prof4 ,,frank ,,eugen ,,dalton1 ,p4,s4,a4 ,instructor in ,scientific ,swimming at the ,dalton ,swimming ,school1 and ,originator of the ,dalton ,method ,,and ,a ,,chapter ,,on ,,advanced ,,strokes ,,by ,,louis ,c4 ,,dalton ,of the ,dalton ,swimming ,school ,,with ,,numerous ,,illustrations ,,fifth ,,edition ,illustration ,,funk ,,wagnalls ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,and ,,london ,,copyright1 #aiab ,,and #aiah1 ,,by ,,funk ,,wagnalls ,,company 7,printed in the ,united ,states of ,america7 ,revised ,edition1 ,published ,may1 #aiah ,copyright under the ,articles of the ,copyright ,convention of the ,pan-,american ,republics and the ,united ,states1 ,august #aa1 #aiaj ,,to ,,my ,,father ,,the ,,late ,,capt4 ,,davis ,,dalton who swam the ,english ,channel from ,cape ,grisnez near ,boulogne1 ,france1 to ,folkestone1 ,england1 ,august #af-ag1 #ahij2 whose enthusiasm and unflagging interest in all matters pertaining to swimming and life-saving have been excelled by none1 and who was a faithful practitioner of the methods herein set forth1 this book is affectionately dedicated by his son1 ,,the ,,author ,,part ,i--,,introduction ,,page ,,the ,,importance ,,of ,,swimming #ae ,,learning ,,by ,,the ,,book #bb ,,part ,,ii--,,various ,,kinds ,,of ,,strokes ,,the ,,back ,,stroke #bg ,,the ,,dalton ,,stroke #cg ,,the ,,back ,,and ,,dalton ,,stroke #ci ,,the ,,breast ,,stroke #da ,,changing ,,from ,,back ,,to ,,breast ,,stroke #ec ,,new ,,part ,,ii--,,advanced ,,strokes ,,by ,,louis ,c4 ,,dalton ,,the ,,side ,,strokes #ef ,,the ,,trudgeon ,,stroke #fj ,,the ,,single ,,over-,,arm ,,strokes #fb ,,the ,,english ,,racing ,,stroke #ff ,,the ,,double ,,over-,,arm ,,stroke #fh ,,the ,,crawl ,,stroke #gj ,,part ,,iii--,,floating1 ,,diving ,,and ,,scientific ,,swimming ,,treading ,,water #ha ,,floating #hd ,,diving #hi ,,swimming ,,like ,a ,,dog #ajf ,,plunging #ajg ,,sculling #aji ,,swimming ,,backward ,,on ,,the ,,chest #aaj ,,the ,,washing ,,tub #aab ,,the ,,propeller #aac ,,the ,,torpedo #aae ,,the ,,catherine ,,wheel #aag ,,rolling #aai ,,swimming ,,like ,a ,,porpoise #aba ,,the ,,pendulum #abd ,,somersaults #abg ,,double ,,somersaults #abi ,,with ,,one ,,leg ,,out ,,of ,,water #aca ,,swimming ,,with ,,clothes ,,on #acb ,,with ,,hands ,,and ,,feet ,,tied #acd ,,over ,,and ,,under #acf ,,swimming ,,under ,,water #aci ,,monte ,,cristo ,,sack ,,trick #adb ,,notable ,,feats ,,by ,,celebrated ,,swimmers #add ,,part ,,iv--,,water ,,polo ,,water ,,polo #aec ,,part ,v--,,cramps1 ,,how ,,to ,,save ,,life1 ,,resuscitation1 ,,etc4 ,,cramps #aha ,,how ,,to ,,save ,,life #ahb ,,resuscitation ,,after ,,rescue #ahg ,,hall',s ,,method ,,of ,,resuscitation #ahi ,,sylvester',s ,,method #aia ,,illustrations ,,page ,frank ,eugen ,dalton ,frontispiece ,fig4 #a4 ,the ,back ,stroke--,first ,arm ,movement #bi ,fig4 #b4 ,the ,back ,stroke--,second ,arm ,movement #cj ,fig4 #c4 ,the ,back ,stroke--,third ,arm ,movement #ca ,fig4 #d4 ,the ,back ,stroke--,first ,leg ,movement #cb ,fig4 #e4 ,the ,back ,stroke--,second ,leg ,movement #cc ,fig4 #f4 ,the ,back ,stroke--,third ,leg ,movement #cd ,fig4 #g4 ,floating ,position #ce ,fig4 #h4 ,the ,dalton ,stroke #cg ,fig4 #i4 ,the ,breast ,stroke--,first ,arm ,movement #da ,fig4 #aj4 ,the ,breast ,stroke--,second ,arm ,movement #db ,fig4 #aa4 ,the ,breast ,stroke--,third ,arm ,movement #dc ,fig4 #ab4 ,the ,breast ,stroke--,the ,leg ,movement ,exemplified ,out of the ,water #dd ,the ,breast ,stroke--,teaching with ,trolley and ,instructor #dg ,fig4 #ac4 ,the ,breast ,stroke--,the ,leg ,movement #di ,fig4 #ad4 ,the ,breast ,stroke--,the ,start #dh ,fig4 #ae4 ,the ,breast ,stroke--,second ,position #ej ,fig4 #af4 ,the ,breast ,stroke--,third ,position #ea ,louis ,c4 ,dalton #ed ,fig4 #ag4 ,the ,side ,stroke--,first ,position #eg ,fig4 #ah4 ,the ,side ,stroke--,second ,position #eh ,fig4 #ai4 ,the ,side ,stroke--,third ,position #ei ,fig4 #bj4 ,the ,trudgeon ,stroke--,first ,position #fj ,fig4 #ba4 ,the ,trudgeon ,stroke--,second ,position #fa ,fig4 #bb4 ,the ,single ,over-,arm ,stroke--,second ,position #fc ,fig4 #bc4 ,the ,single ,over-,arm ,stroke--,third ,position #fd ,fig4 #bd4 ,the ,english ,racing ,stroke #ff ,fig4 #be4 ,the ,double ,over-,arm ,stroke #fi ,fig4 #bf4 ,the ,crawl ,stroke #ga ,fig4 #bg4 ,the ,crawl ,stroke--,bent ,knee ,position #gc ,fig4 #bh4 ,the ,crawl ,stroke--,legs ,first ,position #ge ,fig4 #bi4 ,the ,crawl ,stroke--,legs ,second ,position #gf ,fig4 #cj4 ,the ,crawl ,stroke--,breathing ,position #gg ,treading ,water #hc ,floating ,position #he ,incorrect ,floating ,position #hf ,easy ,floating ,position #hg ,teaching ,diving to a ,beginner #ia ,a ,bad ,dive #ic ,correct ,position in ,mid ,air #id ,correct ,position on ,entering the ,water #ie ,mrs4 ,frank ,eugen ,dalton--,position for a ,dive #ig ,the ,standing-,sitting ,dive #ih ,the ,back ,dive #ii ,the ,dolphin ,dive #aja ,the ,australian ,splash #ajb ,the ,neck ,dive #ajd ,swimming ,like a ,dog #ajf ,correct ,position for ,long ,plunge in ,water #ajh ,swimming ,backward on ,chest #aaj ,the ,washing ,tub #aab ,the ,propeller #aac ,the ,torpedo #aae ,the ,catherine ,wheel #aag ,rolling #aai ,swimming ,like a ,porpoise #abb ,the ,pendulum #abe ,forward ,somersault #abg ,double ,somersault #acj ,one ,leg ,out of ,water #aca ,over and ,under #acg ,monte ,cristo ,sack ,trick #adb ,water ,polo #afa ,water ,polo--,diagram #agg ,the ,best ,method of ,saving ,life #ahd ,sylvester's ,method--,figure #a #aia ,sylvester's ,method--,figure #b #aib ,sylvester's ,method--,figure #c #aic ,tail-piece #aie ,,part ,i ,,introduction ,,the ,,importance ,,of ,,swimming ,that all persons ought to know how to safeguard themselves when in deep water is becoming more and more recognized as time passes4 ,while swimming is probably the oldest pastime known to man1 and has had1 and still has1 its votaries in every country1 civilized or uncivilized1 it is curious that this most useful science should have been so much neglected4 ,for an adult person to be unable to swim points to something like criminal negligence2 every man1 woman and child should learn4 ,a person who can not swim may not only become a danger to himself1 but to some one1 and perhaps to several1 of his fellow beings4 ,children as early as the age of four may acquire the art2 none are too young1 none too old4 ,doctors recommend swimming as the best all-around exercise4 ,it is especially beneficial to nervous people4 ,swimming reduces corpulency1 improves the figure1 expands the lungs1 improves the circulation of the blood1 builds up general health1 increases vitality1 gives self-confidence in case of danger1 and exercises all the muscles in the body at one time4 ,as an aid to development of the muscular system1 it excels other sports4 ,every muscle is brought into play4 ,in other important ways it is a useful1 and even a necessary accomplishment2 no one knows when he may be called upon for a practical test of its merits4 ,the ,slocum steamboat catastrophe in the ,east ,river1 ,new ,york1 several years ago1 gave a melancholy example of what better knowledge of swimming might have done to save the lives of passengers4 ,that awful tragedy1 which plunged an entire city into mourning1 was too appalling to have its details revived here1 but1 regardless of the fact that the life-preservers on board were found unfit for use1 the loss of life would have been made much smaller had the unfortunate passengers known how to keep their heads above water until help arrived4 ,millions of people are transported yearly by river craft1 and just for lack of knowledge of how to swim a repetition of the ,slocum disaster might occur any summer4 ,only about #bj per cent4 of the entire population of the ,united ,states know how to swim4 ,a visit to any of the beaches along the ,atlantic coast will convince any one of this fact4 ,there is no excuse for this ignorance1 especially in a city like ,new ,york1 with miles of water front and fine beaches at its very door2 nor is there excuse in other places where an ocean1 lakes and rivers afford opportunities for swimming4 ,swimming is a tonic alike for muscle and brain4 ,the smallest child and the weakest woman can enjoy it equally with the strongest man4 ,when slaves of the desk and counting-house are looking forward for an all too brief vacation and seek the mountains or seashore to store up energy for another year's work1 they should know how to swim4 ,poor1 indeed1 is the region which can not boast of a piece of water in which to take an invigorating plunge4 ,the importance of being able to swim was very generally recognized in ancient times1 notably by the ,romans4 ,roman youth1 as early as the ,republican era1 when trained to bear arms1 were made to include in their exercises bathing and swimming in the ,tiber1 where competitions were frequent4 ,cassius in his youth became renowned as a swimmer4 ,shakespeare1 in a familiar passage1 describes a race between him and ,julius ,csar1 ,cassius being made the speaker3 ,i was born free as ,csar2 so were you3 ,we both have fed as well1 and we can both ,endure the winter's cold as well as he4 ,for once1 upon a raw and gusty day1 ,the troubled ,tiber chafing with her shores1 ,csar said to me1 ',dar'st thou1 ,cassius1 now1 ,leap in with me into this angry flood ,and swim to yonder point8' ,upon the word1 ,accoutred as ,i was1 ,i plunged in1 ,and bade him follow2 so1 indeed he did4 ,the torrent roared2 and we did buffet it ,with lusty sinews2 throwing it aside ,and stemming it with hearts of controversy2 ,but ere we could arrive the point propos'd1 ,csar cried1 ',help me1 ,cassius1 or ,i sink4' ,i1 as neas1 our great ancestor1 ,did from the flames of ,troy upon his shoulder ,the old ,anchises bear1 so1 from the waves of ,tiber ,did ,i the tired ,csar3 ,and this man ,is now become a god4 ,macaulay1 in one of his ,lays of ,ancient ,rome1 describes the scene which followed after ,horatius had been left alone to face the troops of ,lars ,porsena1 his codefenders having escaped across the bridge3 ,never1 ,i ween1 did swimmer1 ,in such an evil case1 ,struggle through such a raging flood ,safe to the landing place1 ,but his limbs were borne up bravely1 ,by the brave heart within1 ,and our good father ,tiber ,bore bravely up his chin4 ,it was not until the nineteenth century that swimming really became a science4 ,in fact1 it was only within the last half-century that a real awakening to its importance occurred4 ,at the present day swimming has come to be regarded as an indispensable adjunct to the education of the young4 ,in many parts of ,europe it forms part of the school curriculum4 ,of such paramount importance is it there held to be that1 on entering the army1 the first thing taught a young recruit is swimming4 ,on this side of the ,atlantic its importance is becoming more evident daily4 ,that the benefits to be derived from it have manifested themselves to municipalities is evidenced by the fact that1 in addition to free swimming baths on the water front of ,new ,york in summer1 there have been established several indoor bathing pavilions which are open and accessible all the year round4 ,swimming1 aside from its importance as a possible means to self-preservation in case of shipwreck1 the upsetting of pleasure-boats1 or any of the numerous accidents that so frequently happen on the water1 and also1 on occasion1 as a means of saving life1 is not only one of the best physical exercises known1 but when one swims for exercise he is also conscious of receiving great pleasure4 ,most other forms of exercise1 after they have been participated in for some time1 are apt to become something like efforts1 or even hardships4 ,swimming1 on the other hand1 continues to be exhilarating4 ,unfortunately1 those who have been best able to teach the science of swimming1 because of having technical knowledge and proficiency1 have not made systematic attempts to disseminate knowledge through scientific methods4 ,in this respect the author claims to differ with most other instructors4 ,he has endeavored1 in this work1 to treat the subject scientifically and to use simple and concise language4 ,his success as a teacher is attested by thousands of pupils who have acquired the principles of a system long known as the ,dalton system4 ,,learning ,,by ,,the ,,book ,the question is often asked whether it is possible for a person to learn to swim by studying a book or a series of articles4 ,much depends on the person4 ,in the case of a very nervous person1 it is improbable that this may be satisfactorily accomplished1 for it is then absolutely necessary that a pupil must have an instructor1 in order1 at the start1 to obviate dread of the water4 ,where this dread of water or nervousness does not exist in any marked degree1 study of a work such as this may be of unlimited advantage4 ,by carefully following its instructions it will be possible to become a very fair swimmer without the aid of an instructor or any second person4 ,naturally1 it is not claimed that a majority of such self-taught swimmers will ever become experts at the art1 altho even this is possible in a great many cases2 but there is a moral certainty that1 with the exception of the aforementioned nervous beginners1 a fair knowledge of the science of swimming may be attained in this manner4 ,numbers of very good swimmers have had no other tuition than which came from study of a book4 ,especially is this true when following the directions outlined in this book in the matter1 first1 of practising keeping the eyes and mouth open under water1 which will eliminate all nervousness2 and1 second1 in practising the movements used in the breast and back strokes1 which are of inestimable aid when actually taking to the water4 ,of course1 where the swimmer desires to attain true scientific knowledge of the art1 the beginner needs the aid of an instructor who may watch for and correct any faults noticeable1 for the simple reason that bad habits once contracted are more difficult to eliminate later on4 ,if the lessons herein set forth are carefully followed1 there is no reason why1 with the exceptions before mentioned1 one should not become a good swimmer4 ,,part ,,ii ,,various ,,kinds ,,of ,,strokes ,,the ,,back ,,stroke ,it may seem odd to the beginner 7and to a great many proficient swimmers1 for that matter7 that in teaching swimming by the ,dalton system1 ,i always begin by having pupils swim first on the back4 ,most instructors do just the reverse2 but during nineteen years of a successful career in teaching1 the proficiency of the graduated pupil has justified the method4 ,there are a number of very good reasons why learners should begin by first swimming on the back4 ,more especially is this true of nervous or timid pupils4 ,in the first place1 the body floats more naturally and much easier on the back4 ,in the breast stroke1 which is the first one taught by most instructors1 the head has to be kept out of the water and must be supported as dead weight by the rest of the body1 as explained later on4 ,on the contrary1 in the back stroke1 or swimming on the back1 the head rests on the water and needs no support from any other member of the body4 ,for the same reason the face1 being up and away from the water1 the beginner encounters no difficulty in breathing1 and there is no danger of the water entering the mouth1 which is often the cause of much annoyance to new pupils4 ,then1 again1 while on the back1 as the face is turned upward1 the beginner1 especially in the case of a nervous person1 gains confidence from the very fact that he is not constantly looking into the water4 ,and also1 in contradistinction to all other strokes in swimming1 the arms and legs move together--both arms and legs performing practically the same movements at the same time4 ,thus the pupil1 realizing the comparative easiness and the absence of any difficulty in1 having mastered this stroke1 is imbued with such confidence that it becomes simply a matter of time and practise to acquire all other forms of swimming that he may wish to learn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,figure #a ,the first thing ,i do with a beginner1 after he or she has donned a bathing suit 7a suit in one piece is preferable1 as it will not interfere with breathing7 is to get the pupil to lie on the back1 at full length on the marble1 with the heels together1 the toes out1 the hands at the side of the body4 ,placing myself back of the pupil's head1 the hands are drawn1 with the fingers bent1 up along the body till they touch the shoulders 7,fig4 #a71 the elbows being well turned out4 ,then the arms are straightened out horizontally from the shoulder1 the palms of the hand down 7,fig4 #b74 ,then the arms1 being rigid1 are brought down sharply to the side of the body 7,fig4 #c74 ,these movements should be repeated several times until the pupil gets accustomed to them4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #b ,next the leg movements are shown4 ,the heels are drawn up toward the body as far as possible with the knees well turned out 7,fig4 #d72 the pupil then kicks the legs apart as far as possible1 the toes being pointed out straight 7,fig4 #e74 ,next the pupil brings the legs sharply together until the heels touch1 the toes being turned out 7,fig4 #f74 ,after these movements have been repeated several times the pupil can try the arm and leg movements together4 ,the arms and legs are drawn up together as in ,figs4 #a and #d1 then the pupil straightens out the arms and legs1 as in ,figs4 #b and #e1 finishing the stroke by bringing the arms and legs sharply together1 as in ,figs4 #c and #f4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #c ,when these movements have been mastered by the pupil1 ,i take him or her into the water1 waist deep1 putting one hand under the back1 the other under the chin1 forcing the pupil backward until the ears are under the water1 then bringing the pupil's hands to the sides1 and slowly starting the movements4 ,after the arm movements are mastered1 ,i take up the leg movements1 care being taken that the knees do not come out of the water4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #d ,to teach pupils how to regain their feet1 ,i show them how to bend forward from the waist until the face is under water1 then the pupil will find his or her feet slowly sinking2 when the toes touch the bottom the head can be raised out of the water4 ,to accustom pupils to the water ,i teach them to open the eyes and mouth under water4 ,this is much simpler than non-swimmers imagine4 ,care is taken not to open the eyes too wide4 ,at the first few attempts the pupil will feel amazed1 on opening the eyes the first time1 at the distance of the vision under water4 ,this is a very good thing to know1 and helps beginners to overcome fear of water4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #e ,to teach pupils to open the mouth under water ,i place a rubber ring six inches from the surface and have the pupil bring it to the surface with the teeth4 ,by being careful not to attempt to breathe while under water1 the mouth may be opened to any extent without the least danger of swallowing water4 ,it is wonderful the amount of confidence instilled in a novice on realizing his ability to open the eyes and keep the mouth open under water4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #f ,a preserver tied around the waist obviates the necessity of an instructor holding the pupil1 and he can1 therefore1 better direct the movements1 so that the pupil1 while being held up by a preserver1 makes headway1 care being taken to do the movements slowly and together4 ,then the pupil is shown how to turn around4 ,the knees should be drawn up1 as in ,fig4 #d1 and then to turn to the left1 use the right arm only1 the left arm should be held in a straight line with the shoulder2 then continue to use the three arm movements with the left arm1 until one has turned completely around in the water4 ,to turn the other way1 use the other arm4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #g ,next the pupil is shown how to float4 ,the knees are drawn up and turned out1 the arms extended back beyond the head1 as in ,fig4 #g2 the hands1 about six inches apart1 are kept under water4 ,deep breaths should be drawn through the mouth and forced into the lungs4 ,the pupil will notice that1 at each inflation of the lungs1 the body will rise in the water1 and sink correspondingly when the air is expelled4 ,this practise shows how buoyant the body is4 ,the more limp one lies1 the more buoyant the body becomes4 ,since ,i started the ,dalton ,swimming ,school twelve years ago1 at #bc ,west #ddth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,i have always shown my method of teaching swimming scientifically1 which is exactly the reverse of the methods of other instructors2 that is1 teaching pupils how to swim on their backs first1 before teaching them the breast stroke1 which ,i contend is the hardest stroke of all1 when done correctly4 ,another innovation of mine is the use of the ,dalton nose-clip1 a clip that pinches the nostrils tightly together1 keeping the water out of the nose and forcing the pupil to breathe through the mouth1 which is the correct way of breathing while swimming4 ,the more air one gets into the lungs the lighter one is in the water1 making swimming easier4 ,that is the reason so many would-be swimmers1 simply because they try to breathe through the nose1 get winded very quickly4 ,the main thing about breathing in all the strokes is to keep the mouth open all the time4 ,with the mouth open1 air can come in and out of its own accord and the pupil does not have to worry about the breathing4 ,,the ,,dalton ,,stroke ,illustration3 ,,figure #h ,in my next lessons ,i teach pupils my own stroke--that is1 the ,dalton stroke4 ,this is employed when on the back1 only instead of going head-first through the water1 as in the back stroke1 the pupil goes feet first4 ,the legs are held out1 perfectly straight1 then one leg is dropt down in the water1 the upper half of leg from knee to thigh remaining stationary 7,fig4 #h74 ,then1 as that leg is drawn back to its original position1 the other leg is brought down in precisely the same manner1 the dropping of both legs alternately in much the same way as when walking4 ,to do this effectively1 pressure must be applied to the positive stroke2 that is to say1 while the foot is being drawn down4 ,the reverse movement1 or straightening of the leg1 must be made gently4 ,the knees should be brought to the surface of the water each time2 this is in a slow but restful movement4 ,the arm movements consist of having arms straight alongside the body1 the palms of the hands being turned out1 the thumbs down1 making small circles with the hands and wrists1 as in ,fig4 #h1 propelling one's self ahead with small scoops4 ,it is hard at first to combine the two arm and leg movements1 but practise makes perfect2 and after the movements are accomplished in unison the pupil will find this a very easy and restful stroke4 ,,the ,,back ,,and ,,dalton ,,stroke ,in teaching this stroke ,i revise both the back and the ,dalton stroke with the life-preserver on4 ,after the pupil has covered a distance with the back stroke1 instead of making a turn to retrace1 ,i show the pupil how to revert to the ,dalton stroke1 thus avoiding the necessity of turning around4 ,when changing from the back stroke to the ,dalton stroke the legs should be brought together and the hands put straight to the sides of the body2 then either stroke can be continued4 ,the next move is to let a little air out of the life-preserver4 ,the pupil then begins again on the same strokes4 ,after several trips up and down the pool more air is let out1 with more trips up and down the pool1 and so on until there is no air left in the preserver4 ,so slight will be the difference that the pupil will hardly notice it4 ,as long as the back is well hollowed1 the upper part of the body will float1 but directly the body is doubled up the head and feet begin to sink1 so that the teacher must follow close after the pupil to make the pupil keep the back well hollowed and the chest expanded4 ,beginners will be surprized at the ease with which back strokes propel the body through the water without any undue effort4 ,to one who has never been used to swimming without support it gives a wonderful feeling of exhilaration to propel one's self through the water and then1 when tired1 to slowly bring the arms back under water until the thumbs come together behind the head and the knees are drawn up to the floating position1 while the pupil inhales deep breaths through the mouth1 thereby sustaining the body well up in the water4 ,,the ,,breast ,,stroke ,illustration3 ,,figure #i ,the breast stroke has been handed down from an early ,roman period4 ,it is the oldest of all strokes1 but it is the hardest to learn properly1 as the head has to be supported clear of the water4 ,any part of the body when held above water is dead weight1 and as the head is all bone1 muscle and brains1 it is the heaviest part4 ,this is why1 in using the breast stroke1 it is much harder to keep the mouth and nostrils above water4 ,the breast stroke is so universally identified with swimming that every beginner wants to learn it4 ,it is only on this account that ,i teach the breast stroke4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aj ,illustration3 ,,figure #aa ,illustration3 ,,figure #ab ,in order to make this stroke clear to beginners ,i have divided it into four movements each1 for the arms and legs4 ,it is a good plan to practise these movements first out of the water4 ,get the pupil to stand behind1 or by the side of1 the instructor1 and so follow the arm movements4 ,let him start by having the palms of the hands together1 just below the chin1 the elbows dropt down and within a few inches of each other1 as in ,fig4 #i4 ,in the first movement shoot the arms straight ahead1 holding the hands together1 as in ,fig4 #aj4 ,in the next movement turn the hands till the palms are turned slightly out1 with the thumbs touching and pointed downward4 ,in the third movement bring the straightened out arms around in line with the shoulders1 as in ,fig4 #aa4 ,in the fourth movement bring the hands together till the palms touch1 the elbows being dropt1 and the wrists touching the chest1 as in ,fig4 #i4 ,when the pupil has become accustomed to using the arms1 the leg movements are taught1 each leg separately4 ,the heels are brought together and the toes turned out4 ,then the left leg is drawn up to the body1 the knee turned out1 as in ,fig4 #i4 ,this leg movement is simultaneous with the arm movement1 as in ,fig4 #i4 ,then the leg is kicked straight out sideways from the body and brought smartly back alongside the other leg1 as in ,fig4 #ab4 ,these two movements of the leg are performed while making the one movement of the arm1 as in ,fig4 #aj4 ,the arm movements from ,fig4 #aj to ,fig4 #aa are accomplished while the legs are stationary1 as in ,fig4 #aa4 ,then the left knee is drawn up1 as in ,fig4 #i1 while the hands are brought back to the chest1 as in the same figure4 ,after a little practise with the left leg1 the same movements are practised with the other leg and arms4 ,it is hard to practise the arms and both legs together out of water1 as in order to do so one has to lie on a piano stool or bench4 ,i discourage this method because the pressure on the abdomen is injurious4 ,after some practise of these movements out of water1 we then take the pupil into the water4 ,when the beginner enters the water1 it is best for him to be held in a horizontal position by an overhead trolley attached to a belt strapped around the waist1 or else held up in the water by the instructor1 as per illustration4 ,the four arm movements are tried first1 care being taken that the hands do not come out of the water4 ,at the same time they should be kept as near the surface as possible without splashing1 care being taken that1 on the last movement1 the elbows are dropt and the hands kept up in the water4 ,this movement keeps the head up in the water4 ,should the hands be dropt1 the head will sink4 ,the pupil should keep his mouth open all the time1 not worrying whether the water enters or not4 ,by this means breathing becomes natural4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,breast ,,stroke--,,teaching ,,with ,,trolley ,,and ,,instructor ,the leg movements are then taken up4 ,the best way is for the pupil1 with the left hand1 to hold onto the rail that lines the pool and to use the palm of the right hand lower down in the water1 against the side of the pool1 as in ,fig4 #ac1 thereby holding the body and legs up in the water1 if the back is arched4 ,the legs should be drawn up1 the knees and toes well turned out1 and the legs then kicked straight out and brought smartly together4 ,this combined movement forces a wedge of water to be shot behind the legs1 forcing the body ahead4 ,the legs are kept stationary for a moment and then drawn up to the starting position4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ad ,illustration3 ,,figure #ac--,,the ,,leg ,,movement ,illustration3 ,,figure #ae ,after practising these movements it is a good plan for the pupil to throw himself gently on the water with his face submerged1 and so do the leg movements alone1 the arms being held straight in front a couple of inches below the surface4 ,as long as the head is under water the legs will not sink4 ,it is surprizing the confidence one gets in doing these leg movements with the face under water4 ,it takes away all fear1 especially if the eyes are kept open4 ,when the pupil's breath gives out1 he or she should bend backward by hollowing the back1 bringing the arms around in line with the shoulders1 when the feet will slowly sink and the pupil can easily regain a standing position4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #af ,when the arm and leg movements are to be done together1 the pupil has to concentrate his mind on the four movements4 ,to start1 one must have the legs straight behind1 keeping them motionless till the pupil gets to fourth movement of the arm stroke1 when the arms and legs should be the same as in ,fig4 #ad4 ,on the first and the second movements1 which form a continuous movement for the legs1 shoot the arms straight out and hold them there until the straightened out legs come together1 as in ,fig4 #ae4 ,then the legs should be kept rigid1 while the hands are turned and the arms brought around in a straight line with the shoulders1 as in ,fig4 #af4 ,finish the stroke by drawing the legs up and the hands in to the starting position1 as in ,fig4 #ad4 ,these combined movements will be difficult at first1 as the movements do not go together1 as in the back stroke4 ,when the rhythm begins to assert itself1 the best way to practise is with the head under water4 ,then the pupil can think of his arm and leg movements without the bother and exertion of holding his head above water4 ,,changing ,,from ,,back ,,to ,,breast ,,stroke ,the change from back to breast or vice versa is simple if done slowly4 ,let us assume the pupil while swimming is using the breast stroke and wishes to turn over4 ,when in position as in ,fig4 #ae1 the pupil should roll over on the left side1 lifting the right arm out of the water2 he will then be in the second back stroke position1 ready to continue4 ,to turn from the back to the breast the movement is a little quicker1 to prevent the legs sinking too low4 ,from position on the back as in ,fig4 #e1 roll over on the right side1 lifting the left arm out of the water so that the hands meet straight in front4 ,then quickly snap the legs straight together and bring the arms around in line with the shoulders and resume your regular breast stroke4 ,these turns should be practised by rolling on either side4 ,the pupil may also bend forward when on the back1 as in standing up1 and continue with the breast stroke4 ,illustration3 ,,louis ,c4 ,,dalton ,,new ,,part ,,ii ,,advanced ,,strokes ,by ,,louis ,c4 ,,dalton ,,the ,,side ,,strokes ,the side stroke is used for long distance swimming and is easy to learn on either side4 ,the pupil should count the movements and be deliberate while doing the strokes4 ,splashing and fast strokes always denote an indifferent swimmer4 ,easy and graceful swimming can only be acquired by taking slow strokes and keeping the hands under the surface1 thereby obviating all tendency of pushing the arms through the air instead of the water4 ,while practising these movements the head must be kept down so as to be supported by the water4 ,right ,side4--,practise these movements on the floor4 ,arm ,strokes4--,the beginner extends the right arm until it straightens in front1 keeping it in this position1 thus making it easier to acquire balance4 ,place the left hand at the left side4 ,movement ,i4--,draw the left arm slowly up to the chest1 palm out4 ,movement ,,ii4--,extend the left arm as far forward as possible4 ,movement ,,iii4--,draw the left arm down to the side of the upper 7left7 leg1 being careful not to bend the elbow4 ,leg ,strokes4 ,movement ,i4--,bend both legs back together from the knees down4 ,movement ,,ii4--,extend the left leg backward from the hip as far as possible1 and the right leg forward from the hip as far as possible4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ag ,movement ,,iii4--,snap the legs1 which should then be perfectly straight1 together4 ,now combine both ,movements ,i4 as in ,fig4 #ag1 then ,movements ,,ii4 as in ,fig4 #ah1 and ,movements ,,iii4 as in ,fig4 #ai4 ,after the pupil is more advanced he may use his right arm by extending it out from and bringing it back to the right side of the body4 ,breathing4--,inhale as the left arm is swept alongside the body4 ,exhale when left arm is extended forward4 ,left ,side4--,the same procedure as for the right side may be followed lying on the left side4 ,this is important to learn as the pupil should swim equally well on either side4 ,it will also help him to acquire good form4 ,arm ,strokes4 ,movement ,i4--,draw the right arm forward close to the chest1 palm out1 elbow at the side4 ,movement ,,ii4--,extend the right arm forward as far as possible1 keeping the hand about six inches below the surface4 ,movement ,,iii4--,sweep the right arm sharply down to the right side1 then rest4 ,the left arm is not used1 but held straight in front to help balance the body4 ,when the pupil is proficient the left arm may be extended out and brought back as on the right side4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ah ,illustration3 ,,figure #ai ,leg ,strokes4 ,movement ,i4--,bend both legs back1 from the knees down4 ,movement ,,ii4--,spread the legs as wide apart as possible1 the right back from the hip and the left forward from the hip4 ,movement ,,iii4--,snap the straightened out legs together4 ,combine the ,arm ,movements with the ,leg ,movements4 ,movement ,i4--,draw the right arm close to the chest1 palm out2 bend both legs back1 from the knees down4 ,movement ,,ii4--,extend the right arm forward and spread the legs wide apart4 ,movement ,,iii4--,sweep the right arm down to right side and snap the legs together1 then rest while your body is being propelled through the water4 ,hold the head so the mouth is above the surface1 and breathe as on the right side4 ,,the ,,trudgeon ,,stroke ,illustration3 ,,figure #bj ,this was one of the racing strokes before the advent of the ,crawl1 and was considered by some swimmers the fastest stroke4 ,it is quite tiring and should only be used for short distances4 ,a great many swimmers modify this stroke to suit themselves1 but there is only one scientific way4 ,the arms are held perfectly stiff1 and lifted well above the water on every stroke4 ,first practise with the arms alone4 ,lie on right side with the right arm extended forward at full length1 left arm perfectly rigid at left side4 ,draw the right arm sharply down through the water to the right side1 turning the body at the same time1 lifting the left arm out of the water and extending it straight in front4 ,the legs should be drawn up1 heels together1 knees spread as the right arm starts to come forward 7,fig4 #bj74 ,then spread the legs apart as the right arm is extended forward4 ,snap the legs together as the right arm is swept below the surface to the right thigh4 ,these three leg movements must be done very quickly4 ,the head rests on the water1 the mouth just above the surface for breathing4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ba ,when the left arm is brought forward and later down to the side1 the legs remain motionless 7,fig4 #ba74 ,for racing purposes1 the arms may be bent at the elbows4 ,,the ,,single ,,over-,,arm ,,strokes ,pupils after mastering the side and trudgeon strokes take to this stroke very quickly1 because in reality it is a combination of both4 ,right ,single ,over-,arm ,stroke4 ,arm ,strokes4 ,movement ,i4--,lie on the right side1 right arm drawn in toward the body1 hand pointing forward1 left arm resting at the left side of body1 palm out4 ,movement ,,ii4--,lift the left arm out of the water and extend forward1 but at arm's length1 away from the head1 the right arm motionless4 ,movement ,,iii4--,sweep the left arm sharply down to the side and extend the right arm straight ahead4 ,leg ,strokes4 ,movement ,i4--,bend both legs back from the knees down1 keeping the knees and ankles together4 ,movement ,,ii4--,place the right leg back from the hip1 and the left leg forward from the hip4 ,be sure the legs are perfectly rigid4 ,movement ,,iii4--,snap both straightened out legs sharply together1 then rest4 ,combine with the ,arms4 ,lie on right side4 ,movement ,i4--,hold the left arm down to the side1 palm out1 right arm drawn in toward the body1 hand pointed forward1 legs bent back from the knees down4 ,movement ,,ii4--,lift the left arm out of the water1 at the same time spreading the legs apart1 keeping the right arm motionless 7,fig4 #bb74 ,movement ,,iii4--,this movement must be done sharply4 ,draw the left arm down to the side1 extending the right arm straight ahead1 while snapping the legs straight together as in ,fig4 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bb ,left ,single ,over-,arm ,stroke4 ,arm ,strokes4--,lie on left side4 ,movement ,i4--,place the right arm at right side of body1 palm out1 the left arm held close to the side4 ,movement ,,ii4--,lift the right arm out of the water1 being careful to hold it as far away as possible to avoid splashing1 the left arm motionless4 ,movement ,,iii4--,sweep the right arm sharply down to the right side1 and extend the left arm straight ahead4 ,leg ,strokes4 ,movement ,i4--,bend the legs back from the knees down1 knees and ankles together4 ,movement ,,ii4--,bring the right leg back from the hip1 and extend the left forward from the hip4 ,movement ,,iii4--,snap the straightened out legs sharply together4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bc ,combine the ,arms and ,legs4 ,movement ,i4--,hold the right arm at full length to right side1 palm out2 the left hand should be held well in toward the body1 pointing forward2 bend both legs back from the knees down1 knees and ankles together4 ,movement ,,ii4--,lift the right arm out of the water and spread the legs apart2 while doing this movement the left arm is motionless4 ,movement ,,iii4--,bring the right arm sharply down to the right side1 extending the left arm forward1 and snapping the legs quickly together4 ,breathing4--,inhale through the mouth1 at the moment when each arm is performing the downward stroke on either side1 as the mouth will then be clear of the water4 ,exhale immediately the arm is extended forward4 ,anybody who is ambidexterous will find it easier to learn the left single over-arm stroke before the right4 ,,the ,,english ,,racing ,,stroke ,illustration3 ,,figure #bd ,the ,english ,racing ,stroke is a great deal more difficult to learn than any of the advanced strokes that we have reached so far1 but once the student is proficient1 it is one of the prettiest strokes4 ,my brother1 ,prof4 ,f4,e4 ,dalton1 swims this stroke faster than some swimmers do the crawl1 and in action he does it most gracefully 7,fig4 #bd74 ,the ,arm ,movements should first be learned4 ,lie on the right side 7but if the pupil prefers it can be done equally as well on the left74 ,hold the left arm at the left side4 ,then raise it out of the water1 bending the elbow2 the hand should enter palm out1 and about six inches below the surface1 then extending it as far forward as possible4 ,next sweep the left arm down to the side sharply4 ,extend the right arm straight ahead1 drawing it in toward the body with a semi-circular scoop4 ,the leg movements are very difficult and a great deal of practise is necessary before the pupil will be ready to combine with the arms4 ,the legs are spread apart and snapped together as in the side stroke1 but instead of stopping with this scissors kick make an extra small circle kick4 ,breathing4--,inhale by turning the head as the left arm is swept down to the left side2 exhale under water when the left arm is extended forward4 ,pay great attention to breathing on each stroke1 as this is a great deal more essential than acquiring a little speed1 if you wish to swim any distance4 ,because of improper breathing people who can not swim very well complain more about getting winded quickly1 than they do of anything else4 ,,the ,,double ,,over-,,arm ,,stroke ,the ,double ,over-,arm ,stroke1 while difficult to master1 will not prove so for the student who has learned the ,english racing stroke4 ,learn the double over-arm to acquire form4 ,for racing the ,crawl will answer4 ,arm ,strokes4--,place the left arm at the left side1 then lift it out of the water1 bending the elbow and stretching it as far forward as possible2 now draw the hand down through the water so it is swept to the side4 ,the right arm should be at the right side in position to come forward perfectly rigid at third movement of left arm4 ,there must be enough roll of the body to allow the right arm to come out of the water to insure proper breathing4 ,sweep the right arm down through the water as the left arm is raised out of the water4 ,hold the face under the water excepting when you inhale after the left arm has passed the mouth2 exhale when under as the right arm comes forward4 ,leg ,strokes4--,the legs perform the regular scissors kick at the same time with left arm action1 then cross them over and make a smaller scissors kick in conjunction with right arm action while the body is rolling1 as in ,fig4 #be4 ,the arms and legs should be relaxed except when the arms are making their sweep and the legs are snapping together1 otherwise the pupil will be under a constant strain which is not conducive to good form in swimming4 ,the pupil may find it very difficult at the start to time this stroke4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #be ,,the ,,crawl ,,stroke ,the ,crawl and ,trudgeon ,crawl are by all means the fastest strokes for propelling the human body through the water up to date4 ,the crawl stroke as originally introduced was a combination of the trudgeon arm stroke with a leg drive used by the natives of the ,south ,sea ,islands4 ,this stroke has since been so changed by leading swimmers1 it is probably entirely different from that originally introduced4 ,a great many amateur and professional coaches advocate the teaching of the crawl to beginners4 ,i would have the pupil note the difference between a ,coach and ,swimming ,instructor4 ,the ,coach's pupil knows how to swim1 but the ,instructor must first teach his pupil4 ,the coaches are so much in favor of the crawl they advocate everybody being taught it when first learning4 ,on the other hand1 the ,instructor knows that it would take twice as long to teach the crawl to a nervous beginner4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bf ,i have had1 in consequence1 a deluge of requests from novices that they be taught the crawl1 so ,i wish to spread broadcast the fact that it is absolutely essential for pupils to acquire confidence by first learning the simple ,back and ,dalton strokes4 ,the principal reason for this is the fact that beginners1 #he of whom are nervous1 extremely so1 will naturally not immerse their faces1 and as this stroke must be swum with the face under water it will readily be seen why ,i differ with the coaches referred to4 ,the crawl1 like all other strokes in swimming1 must be done slowly to attain speed1 and the body relaxed4 ,bend all your efforts to acquiring form2 speed will come later with constant practise1 patience and perseverance4 ,the crawl may be done correctly with varying details1 depending on the physique of the swimmer1 and ability of the coach to apply the proper methods to his pupil4 ,i have swum the crawl in all its various details1 and will explain the method ,i have found fastest and easiest for the pupil4 ,the crawl1 except for short distances1 is not the stroke used for racing4 ,the trudgeon crawl is the stroke par excellence for racing purposes4 ,leg ,strokes4--,extend the arms at full length in front of the head with face under water1 while practising with the legs4 ,while doing this hold the breath1 but not after you have learned the completed stroke4 ,when practising these movements you must kick the legs a trifle faster than will be necessary when combining with the arm movements4 ,the legs must be relaxed1 especially at the hips1 kicking them up and down alternately2 in doing this do not open them more than from about ten to fifteen inches as in ,fig4 #bi4 ,this will depend a great deal on the physique and buoyancy of the swimmer4 ,the toes should be pointed behind and the feet turned inward4 ,be careful that you do not make the mistake of kicking them too high or opening them too much1 also that they do not come out of the water4 ,in doing this thrash stroke you will readily know if you are making these mistakes1 because the legs will become tired and cramped very quickly4 ,some fast swimmers bend their legs at the knees as illustrated in ,fig4 #bg1 others take a sort of pedalling motion by bending the ankles back and forth4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bg ,this is done by bringing the toes up as the leg rises1 and pointing them down as the leg snaps back4 ,at the present time the fastest sprinters swim without the great bend in the knee2 some bend them slightly to help relax the legs4 ,the trudgeon crawl kick is a combination of the crawl and the trudgeon1 and the reason it is used for sprinting in preference to the crawl is because it is less tiring1 thus affording greater speed for long distances4 ,this may be swum in either two1 four1 six1 or eight beats4 ,the eight-beat is not used very often4 ,the six-beat is used by most of the fastest swimmers1 but the four-beat is the easiest for pupils to learn and time2 it also is very speedy4 ,the legs should be kept close together at all times and after taking two1 four1 six or eight beats1 whichever the case may be1 the kick should be formed that the first and fourth kicks amount to narrow scissors kicks1 then follow with the regular thrash kick1 which is straight up and down1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #bh4 ,point the legs and turn the feet in slightly4 ,quite a few swimmers believe their legs are of little assistance1 but you will find1 if you practise the movements alone the way ,i suggest1 the legs will play a very prominent part in your stroke4 ,you will be able to make good speed without using the arms4 ,when these movements are thoroughly mastered1 after trying all the different variations to discover which suits your particular need1 you may then turn your attention to learning the arm stroke4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bh ,the ,arm ,strokes4--,the arms should be practised with the face under water1 moving the legs only sufficiently to prevent them sinking too low1 and also so you can obtain the correct position in the water4 ,the arms should be bent at the elbows after they are brought out of the water4 ,the reach should be straight out from the shoulders1 placing the hands as far forward as possible before entering the water2 by so doing you will conserve your energy4 ,hold the hands like a scoop2 they should be about six inches below the surface before taking the sweep4 ,while doing this the elbows must be perfectly stiff1 sweeping the arms with considerable force under the surface as far back as the thighs1 the body being propelled forward by the powerful force4 ,swing the arms from the shoulders and just lift them enough so they clear the water4 ,relax the arms at all times excepting when they take the sweep through the water4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bi ,some swimmers draw the arms under the stomach1 others use the arms entirely straight1 a few place the arms in close to the head and extend to full length under water4 ,as in the leg stroke1 if the pupil tries the different methods he will find which stroke is the easiest to accomplish4 ,having mastered the arms1 combine with the legs before attempting to breathe1 as this in itself is quite difficult4 ,breathing4--,the breathing must be done entirely through the mouth4 ,on the crawl the head and not the body must be turned1 and just sufficiently to allow the mouth coming above the water as the left arm passes the head1 and a deep breath can then be taken4 ,when the left arm comes forward1 turn the face under the water and exhale2 repeat on every stroke4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #cj ,do not raise your head when breathing or hold your breath for a consecutive number of strokes4 ,constant practise will loosen the muscles of the neck1 when you will find it much easier4 ,in the trudgeon crawl there is a greater roll to the body1 and you breathe when rolling toward the right side1 as in ,fig4 #cj4 ,having learned the arm and leg movements with the breathing1 it is now essential that the position of the body be correct 7see ,fig4 #bf74 ,do not make the mistake of burying your head too deep or the legs1 either2 hollow the back so as to present a slight slant to the water4 ,if the legs and back come too high raise the head a trifle4 ,,part ,,iii ,,floating1 ,,diving ,,and ,,scientific ,,swimming ,,treading ,,water ,treading water is a very useful and necessary adjunct to swimming1 especially so to the person who either falls overboard or goes to the rescue of a drowning person1 or when trying to remove one's clothes4 ,in the game of water polo1 also1 this method of swimming is practised a great deal4 ,to tread water is like running up-stairs rapidly2 the legs have to be brought up and down all the time2 the hands should be kept on the surface of the water1 the palms continually pressing against the water1 and thereby helping the legs to hold the body up4 ,it is possible to stand perfectly still in deep water1 it being merely a question of balance4 ,stand perfectly still1 with the arms in line with the shoulders and the head kept well back in the water4 ,the head will sink below the surface once or twice until the proper balance is reached4 ,when this is attained try breathing through the mouth4 ,the swimmer can stand still for an indefinite period4 ,illustration3 ,,treading ,,water ,,floating ,floating on the surface of the water is enjoyed immensely by all good swimmers4 ,this feat may seem quite simple1 but it is not very easily accomplished4 ,there are many persons who are fairly good swimmers1 and yet are unable to float properly4 ,the best of swimmers have often attained this feat only after long and persistent practise4 ,it is possible to learn to float without being able to swim1 but in that case only by persons not subject to the least nervousness4 ,as a means of securing rest during exercises in the water1 floating gives an ideal position4 ,without the ability to float one lacks the absolute self-confidence in the water so necessary in order to perform numerous aquatic feats4 ,as a rule1 women learn to float more quickly than men1 because their bones are lighter4 ,oftentimes women are able to float the first time they enter the water4 ,strange as it may seem1 while this accomplishment is a very difficult matter for some men to master1 with women it is almost natural4 ,nothing is more enjoyable to a good swimmer than floating4 ,especially is this true while bathing at the seashore1 when the sea is often rough and the breakers high4 ,illustration3 ,,floating ,,position ,the positions for floating or for swimming on the back is practically the same1 the only difference being that in floating the body lies perfectly motionless1 while in swimming on the back the limbs are constantly in motion4 ,there is no position more comfortable to a swimmer than floating2 it is the position of rest1 and no bed is so soft as the ocean4 ,to be able to lie perfectly at ease with only the toes and the lower part of the feet peeping above the water is one of many pretty accomplishments in swimming4 ,yet it requires considerable practise to become perfect in the art4 ,illustration3 ,,incorrect ,,floating ,,position ,after the novice has mastered the back stroke1 it is essential that he should learn how to float in different positions4 ,begin then by extending the arms above the head1 thumbs locked1 and back hollowed2 then bend slowly backward until the back of the hands and head rest in the water1 when1 by giving the feet a slight push forward1 the legs will rise slowly to the surface4 ,keep the mouth open and breathe deeply1 as the more air injected into the lungs the higher the body will float4 ,the head1 being the heaviest part of the body in the water1 should therefore be kept well back4 ,should the legs show a tendency to sink1 extend the straightened out arms under the surface in line with the body above the head2 this will counterbalance the legs4 ,illustration3 ,,easy ,,floating ,,position ,another method is to draw the heels up close to the body1 spreading the knees wide apart so that the heels will touch each other4 ,should the body roll from side to side1 spread the arms until the body is steadied2 sometimes a slight stroke from the side which is rolling is sufficient to maintain the balance4 ,as women float much easier than men on account of the smallness of their bones1 stout persons are more buoyant in floating than slim ones4 ,floating in fresh water is more difficult than in salt water4 ,few male swimmers can float in fresh water at all4 ,to regain the feet in floating seems to be a difficult thing for beginners1 and yet it can be done with comparative ease and little splashing if the arms are brought in front1 using the hands as a scoop while pulling the body forward from the waist up4 ,by bringing the body and the head forward until immersed1 the legs will be forced to the bottom4 ,one thing beginners should always remember is to keep the lungs well inflated and the head well back in the water2 in fact1 everything should be kept under water with the exception of the mouth and the nose4 ,another important thing to remember in floating is to keep the body limp1 and breathe naturally and regularly4 ,,diving ,after a person has mastered the first rudiments of swimming1 such as the back1 breast1 and floating strokes1 he is naturally anxious to learn to dive4 ,there is nothing more fascinating to a swimmer than a sharp1 clean plunge into cool water4 ,the whole secret of diving is the possession of plenty of pluck and self-confidence4 ,one need not be an expert swimmer to be a good diver4 ,in fact1 some persons can dive very well and at the same time are mediocre swimmers4 ,as in other branches1 practise makes perfect4 ,while in ordinary swimming diving is indulged in merely for the pleasure derived therefrom1 in racing diving is a very important factor4 ,frequently races are won mainly from the ability of the contender to dive properly2 in other words1 to get away with a skimming plunge1 thus securing a good start and getting into a stride that carries him to victory4 ,this form of swimming is also of the utmost importance in the matter of life-saving4 ,as a luxury in sea-water bathing nothing equals a plunge from a good height4 ,i advise beginners to practise from a float or springboard1 the latter being preferable1 as the spring naturally throws the legs up into the air1 thereby preventing the diver from landing flat on his stomach1 as most beginners usually do4 ,the essential points to be considered in diving are to keep the head well tucked in between the extended arms1 the thumbs locked1 the arms forming an arch above the head4 ,in standing1 preparatory to the dive1 the knees should be slightly bent1 so that the spring comes from the bended knees and toes4 ,illustration3 ,,teaching ,,diving ,,to ,a ,,beginner ,in teaching diving to a nervous pupil1 at first ,i generally hold up the left leg as he is bending over to dive4 ,the farther over he bends1 the higher ,i raise the leg1 as per illustration4 ,then it is impossible for the swimmer to fall flat on the water2 the upraised leg prevents that4 ,this is the way that ,i advise all would-be divers to make their first attempt4 ,after a while the diver will throw up both legs in the air behind him4 ,to obviate entering the water with the knees doubled up1 as so many do 7see illustration71 the toes must be pointed straight up1 back arched4 ,pointing the toes tends to straighten the legs out 7see page #id74 ,another method ,i use in teaching a diver to spring well out is to hold a long stick across the water1 about four feet away and three feet above the diving-board4 ,this makes the diver spring well out and throw his legs up behind him4 ,it is well to impress the diver always to keep his thumbs interlocked4 ,otherwise1 if he should be diving in a shallow place1 the hands would spread and the head would strike bottom2 locking the thumbs prevents this4 ,after deep and shallow dives have been mastered1 the pupil can take up various fancy dives1 such as the side dive1 standing-sitting dives1 standing1 sitting-standing dive1 back dive1 jack-knife dive1 front-back dive1 back somersault1 front somersault1 sitting jump1 and numerous others4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,bad ,,dive ,illustration3 ,,correct ,,position ,,in ,,midair ,illustration3 ,,correct ,,position ,,on ,,entering ,,the ,,water ,the side dive is made by standing sideways on the diving-board1 the forward foot turned so that the toes grip the edge of board4 ,when springing out1 the back should be well hollowed and the face turned up1 the head well tucked in between the arms4 ,the standing-sitting dive must be made from a good springboard4 ,the diver stands at the edge of the springboard1 the arms straight down1 with the hands at right angles with the arms1 the palms downward4 ,with a slight spring the pupil drops to a sitting position1 the palms flat on the springboard1 and the legs straightened out rigidly in front4 ,thus the impact1 assisted by a push-off with the hands1 will jerk the diver head foremost into space4 ,the diver then turns over1 straightening the body and entering the water as in an ordinary dive4 ,in the standing-sitting-standing dive from a standing position the diver assumes a sitting position as in a sitting dive1 drawing the knees under to regain the feet again and pushing off for the dive4 ,illustration3 ,,mrs4 ,,frank ,,eugen ,,dalton ,,position ,,for ,a ,,dive ,illustration3 ,,the ,,standing-,,sitting ,,dive ,illustration3 ,,the ,,back ,,dive ,the back dive requires a depth of at least five to six feet4 ,the toes should be well up to the edge of the pool and the back well hollowed4 ,this is the main essential2 one also must point the toes out well4 ,this is a very difficult dive and requires plenty of nerve and practise4 ,the jack-knife dive is made from the back-diving position by springing up in the air1 doubling the body up from the waist1 and throwing the legs up behind1 trying to enter the water as clean as possible facing the springboard4 ,the dolphin dive is the straight front dive1 only the body must be turned sharply in the air from front to back4 ,the easiest way is to practise this from a springboard about six feet above water4 ,the back somersault from the springboard requires the swimmer to double up while in the air2 the arms should be lowered from the shoulder and bent up from the elbow1 and the knees drawn up1 so as to make the body ball-shaped1 when the turn-over can be made easier4 ,the front somersault is exactly the same1 only with the face forward instead of backward4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,dolphin ,,dive ,for the ,australian splash one stands in the regular diving position1 springing well out and doubling the body in the air1 with the hands clasping the knees4 ,one must keep the head well forward with the toes pointing down4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,australian ,,splash ,the neck dive must be done from a springboard well above the water4 ,grip the front of the board with the hands1 with the head well over the edge1 throwing the legs in the air1 turning the body over1 and back somersaulting into the water1 feet first4 ,when a swimmer has improved and added speed to his racing stroke1 he should practise shallow racing dives and how to turn sharply in a tank4 ,this is very important1 as many a race has been lost through the inability of the racer to turn sharply when reaching the end of a tank4 ,to practise this1 swim slowly to the end of the tank1 gage your strokes1 so that the right hand grasps the bar which is usually placed around the tank a little above the water4 ,throw the left arm over the right arm against the marble side of the bath under water2 at the same time double the body up1 switch around1 gathering yourself well together1 and shoot forward with the arms extended4 ,ten to twenty feet can be covered on a good push-off4 ,the method usually followed by swimmers in ,america is to double up and turn to the left when they are within a foot of the end of the bath without touching with the hands1 but pushing off with the feet4 ,in races in ,england this turn is not allowed1 as the racer must touch the end of the bath with his hands4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,neck ,,dive ,a racing dive is a very shallow dive4 ,the quicker the swimmer gets to the surface the less time is wasted in getting into his stroke4 ,both these things are very important and should be well practised4 ,when training in a tank1 the racer should never go the full distance1 but reserve his speed for the day of the race4 ,in a tank it is a good plan to count the number of strokes required to do the length1 so that you know just when the end of the bath is reached without turning the head4 ,a straight course is always advisable4 ,this can be kept by swimming parallel with the side of the bath4 ,it is good practise to get a friend to time your lengths1 and get used to diving at the word go4 ,the best position for a racing dive is with the hands in front of the body1 the knees bent1 and the mouth open1 so that you get all the air possible before striking the water4 ,always spring out as far as you can4 ,never mind if it is a flat dive4 ,this is much better than a deep1 clean dive1 and less time is lost4 ,,swimming ,,like ,a ,,dog ,children generally manage to swim like a dog in their initial attempts4 ,this is a very easy and simple method of propulsion1 mainly for the reason that the arms and legs are never lifted above water4 ,illustration3 ,,swimming ,,like ,a ,,dog ,legs are kicked out straight to the rear1 sole of each foot striking the water squarely and alternately1 instead of working together4 ,hands are placed in front of the body1 with palms down1 and are successively brought down under the body and up again4 ,,plunging ,to become a good plunger the swimmer1 first of all1 has to have good lungs4 ,he must be able to hold his breath for at least one minute under water4 ,ability to float face down1 as in the dead man's float1 is also essential4 ,many would-be plungers find that their feet sink after having gone about #be feet1 the reason being lack of practise in floating4 ,when practising for plunging the take-off should be about three feet above the water4 ,the thumbs should be locked1 the knees slightly bent1 and the edge of the diving-board gript well with the toes4 ,empty the lungs by exhaling1 then fill again with a long1 deep breath1 and at the last inhalation spring forward1 with all the force possible1 taking care not to go deep in the water2 about two feet down is sufficient4 ,keep the head well down and the toes pointing up4 ,the back should be arched and the legs bent up from the knees2 this will counteract the tendency of the legs to sink4 ,unless one makes a straight dive by pushing off equally strong with both legs1 the body will go sideways to the side of the pool4 ,floating on the back and chest is mainly a question of balance1 and comes only after considerable practise4 ,illustration3 ,,correct ,,position ,,for ,,long ,,plunge ,the time limit allowed in a plunge is #fj seconds without raising the face out of the water4 ,the record is over #ha feet1 #e inches1 and was made in ,england by ,h4,w4 ,allason4 ,,sculling ,this is one of the simplest methods of swimming on the back1 the forearms and hands alone being in motion during the performance4 ,the swimmer turns on the back with the legs straight out and together1 or crossed1 the arms being flexible and near the body4 ,the hands1 with palms downward1 must be in line with the thighs1 with the fingers slightly raised4 ,the hands are worked from the wrists1 from right to left1 in addition to a slight movement 7right to left7 of the forearm4 ,this forces the body1 head first1 very gracefully through the water4 ,,swimming ,,backward ,,on ,,the ,,chest ,illustration3 ,,swimming ,,backward ,,on ,,chest ,in performing this trick of backward on the chest1 the body is placed in position as in the breast stroke1 the legs and arms together1 outstretched in line with the body4 ,the feet must be moved slowly from the knees1 each leg separately4 ,the feet are alternately pushed backward and the toes extended to the rear4 ,the feet must not come above the water4 ,the action of the hands is performed with the palms facing outward1 each hand being pushed alternately forward4 ,another method of using the hands is the reverse of the breast-stroke movement2 in other words1 the breast stroke movement is done backward4 ,begin with the arms out straight in front1 the palms together1 and then draw the arms backward until the wrists touch the chest4 ,next throw out the arms horizontally in line with the shoulders1 the palms turned out1 thus sending the body backward by bringing the outstretched arms straight together until the palms touch4 ,if the performer be an expert swimmer he can1 by using this arm movement1 dispense with the leg movements4 ,this is a stunt well worth practising1 as it looks very effective in the water4 ,,the ,,washing ,,tub ,illustration3 ,,the ,,washing ,,tub ,this is a very simple performance and requires little practise4 ,the swimmer turns on his back1 doubles the body by bringing the knees up to the chin1 with the legs crossed4 ,the body is kept in position by working the hands the same as in sculling4 ,as soon as the swimmer has obtained his balance1 he pushes the water away from his body with the right hand and uses the left hand in the opposite manner1 or1 as it were1 pulls the water toward the body with the left hand4 ,,the ,,propeller ,this is a very graceful movement and never fails to excite admiration in onlookers4 ,to do it properly requires considerable practise4 ,one must be able to float well4 ,there is always a tendency to raise the head above the proper level1 which in turn causes the feet to sink4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,propeller ,to begin1 the swimmer should turn on the back1 placing the hands at the side of the body1 keeping the head back and the feet together4 ,slight movements of the hands from the wrists will keep the body floating4 ,then make a long sweep of the arms from the body1 under the surface of the water1 until they are at full length beyond the head4 ,thus the body will be propelled with the feet foremost4 ,as soon as the body is in motion1 the hands should be moved by the wrists and forearms only1 in a scoop-like manner1 with the palms turned outward4 ,the body may be turned round by lessening the movement of one hand and increasing that of the other1 the body turning to the side on which the lesser movement is taking place4 ,bringing the arms to the side again as in the original position will bring the body to a standstill4 ,this trick1 seemingly very simple1 is somewhat difficult of accomplishment1 and requires considerable practise4 ,,the ,,torpedo ,this is a rather difficult performance4 ,it requires a great deal of practise4 ,the movements are almost identical with those in the propeller1 the main difference being that in this trick the head is kept under water4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,torpedo ,to begin1 the performer should lie flat in the water on his back1 with his arms stretched out beyond his head4 ,the palms should be turned upward4 ,then the legs should be raised from the hips1 and kept rigid4 ,this will cause the body to become submerged1 all but the ankles and feet4 ,one then must work the hands the same as in propeller1 but at the end of each stroke make a slight upward pressure with the palms1 so that the body may retain its position below the water4 ,the movement of the hands will cause the body to move forward1 feet first4 ,the swimmer should at all times keep his eyes open in order to guide himself in a straight line4 ,,the ,,catherine ,,wheel ,illustration3 ,,the ,,catherine ,,wheel ,this is a very effective stunt4 ,after assuming the floating position1 turn on the right side1 with the arms at full length1 the hands close to the body1 and the knees drawn up4 ,begin by moving the legs sideways2 that is1 bring each knee up alternately1 straightening out the legs and making a wide sweep with each leg before bringing it up again4 ,the legs are used the same as paddles on a side-wheeler1 as in the illustration4 ,this should be practised on both sides4 ,one hand is made to scoop the water toward the body in front1 while the other is manipulated the same way at the back4 ,with a little practise one thus may simulate a ,catherine wheel--at least when the act is done rapidly and efficiently4 ,,rolling ,to roll in the water one has to be able to float well2 to roll easily the body must float as high in the water as possible4 ,no movements of arms or legs are required at all1 the balancing being done with the head4 ,illustration3 ,,rolling ,first get into a floating position1 the arms extended beyond the head1 the ankles crossed as in the illustration4 ,then fill the lungs well with air1 and gently rock the body from side to side1 increasing the motion until the body rolls nearly over on its side4 ,having reached this position1 turn the face well over on the right side1 and the body will roll over and turn up again on the other side4 ,after the first complete roll1 once momentum is started1 the second becomes easier4 ,several rolls can be made before stopping1 provided the breath holds out4 ,always finish in the floating position4 ,when one has learned how to roll over on the right side1 rolling on the left side should be practised1 until that movement becomes as easy as the other one4 ,after practise the rolls can be made very easily and gracefully1 without splashing4 ,the legs must always be kept crossed and together1 never letting the hands come out of the water4 ,,swimming ,,like ,a ,,porpoise ,this trick1 very interesting and pretty1 is quite mirth-provoking to the onlooker1 especially if indulged in by a number of swimmers4 ,unlike the vast majority of tricks performed in the water1 it does not call for ability to float well1 the only qualification being that one must be a fairly good swimmer4 ,begin by lying flat on the water with the face downward4 ,then take a deep inspiration after having cleared the lungs4 ,as the chest begins to inflate1 the body must be allowed to sink under water4 ,at the end of the inspiration the head should go below the surface4 ,after a couple of breast strokes under water1 turn the head upward4 ,by executing a strong kick with the legs1 the head will rise out of the water4 ,as the body rises1 make one stroke with the arms1 and1 as soon as the head comes up1 the arms should be recovered to the first position of the breast stroke and pushed together downward through the water from its level to the side of the body4 ,simultaneously1 as the hands are moving toward the body1 the legs should be straightened with a sharp kick4 ,this will force the head and shoulders out of the water4 ,illustration3 ,,swimming ,,like ,a ,,porpoise ,a sudden inclination of the head toward the chest will assist the body in rolling over1 when the back and legs will become visible after the head is again under water1 the legs being the last to sink4 ,by carefully regulating the breathing1 this movement can be effected a number of times4 ,,the ,,pendulum ,this is another very clever trick1 requiring considerable practise2 the main essential is ability to float4 ,the pendulum is primarily a balancing feat1 a well-inflated chest being the main requisite4 ,the body should first be allowed to float on the water1 with the arms stretched out beyond the head and in line with the body4 ,the head must be thrown well back while the body is kept perfectly still4 ,then take a deep inhalation1 bringing the head well forward1 as if to look at the feet4 ,simultaneously with this movement draw hands toward the head4 ,these combined movements will cause the body to sink1 and thus assume a perpendicular position in the water4 ,when the body has assumed a perpendicular position1 the arms must be brought to the front of the body1 stretched well out1 and at the same time the head must be sunk between the arms until the face and arms lie on the surface of the water4 ,when the arms and head are down1 the feet will rise and the body float on the surface with the face down4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,pendulum ,to come back to the first position1 the head must be tilted backward and the hands drawn to the back of the head4 ,again the feet will sink and the body be swung back to a perpendicular position with the face above water4 ,one must then stretch the arms at full length behind the head1 with the palms upward1 gradually inclining the head backward until the legs once more rise to the surface1 and the body floats face upward4 ,repetition of these movements produce a swinging similar to that of a pendulum4 ,the movements must be accomplished with regularity1 at all times keeping the legs straight and together4 ,,somersaults ,this is one of the easiest and simplest tricks4 ,with very little practise it can be mastered by most ordinary swimmers4 ,of course1 this statement refers to the ordinary somersault1 either backward or forward1 which is nothing more than a turning over of the body while in the water4 ,illustration3 ,,forward ,,somersault ,in the back somersault the head is tilted back as far as possible1 the legs well drawn up1 and the arms thrown out horizontally from the shoulders4 ,then the body is turned on the back and a stroke taken with the arms and hands4 ,as the body is doubled up1 this action causes it to turn completely over1 the head going under first4 ,in the forward somersault1 the head is prest down upon the chest1 the legs doubled up1 the same as in the back somersault1 the arms at right angles with the body1 and the palms downward4 ,the stroke is made similar to that in the back somersault1 but the movement is started in front4 ,if there are a number of these motions to be made1 the lungs should be well filled before beginning1 as there is no time for proper breathing4 ,,double ,,somersaults ,as this trick requires two swimmers1 it makes necessary a great deal more practise4 ,to begin1 the swimmers stand on the bottom of the pool1 one in front of the other4 ,the forward swimmer throws out his arms at a right angle with the body1 even with the shoulders1 and spreads his legs until his feet are about twelve inches apart4 ,then the second swimmer1 after taking a deep breath1 dives under water and places his head between the legs of the other1 bending his legs backward until they come close to the head of the forward swimmer1 who in turn tilts his head backward so that it may be grasped by the legs of the other4 ,when in this position1 the swimmers begin to turn backward1 using the arms the same is in the backward 7single7 somersault4 ,the head of each swimmer should be tilted well backward4 ,as the head of the forward swimmer disappears below the surface1 the head of the other should appear4 ,after several turns the grip of the legs may be released and the swimmers rise to the surface in their original positions4 ,illustration3 ,,double ,,somersault ,,with ,,one ,,leg ,,out ,,of ,,water ,in this act the swimmer should lie on his back1 the same as in sculling1 raise one leg until it is at right angles with the body1 keeping the other leg straight and rigid4 ,the action of the hands will propel the body forward4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,leg ,,out ,,of ,,water ,when becoming proficient in this movement1 the swimmer can practise raising the other leg4 ,this requires considerable more force in the working of the hands1 so that both legs may be kept in position4 ,by performing the motion of the hands directly under the legs1 less difficulty will be experienced4 ,,swimming ,,with ,,clothes ,,on ,this is an accomplishment that should be learned by all swimmers4 ,in addition to the sense of security given in time of accident1 it is productive of great amusement at race meets and exhibitions1 and never fails to excite admiration and wonder in the onlooker4 ,of course1 this can be practised with an old or cast-off suit4 ,practise first with a coat1 then with a coat and waistcoat2 next add trousers1 and last the shoes and stockings4 ,this will gradually accustom the beginner to the extra weight of the clothes4 ,in case of an immersion in clothes1 with no help in sight1 the sooner the swimmer removes his clothes the longer he can support himself4 ,the easiest way is to float on the back and remove the coat1 taking out one arm at a time1 using the legs as in the ,dalton stroke2 next remove the vest1 still lying on the back2 then unbutton the trousers and pull the right leg down with the left hand4 ,to remove the left leg1 use the left hand and kick out with the right leg4 ,to remove the shoes1 lie on the back and draw up one leg at a time1 crossed over the other leg1 and so try and undo the laces4 ,if a knife is handy1 cut the laces and kick the shoes off4 ,this is one of the most effective feats practised at exhibitions4 ,,with ,,hands ,,and ,,feet ,,tied ,this trick is most frequently performed with the wrists and ankles tied with a rope4 ,the performer should plunge into the water as for a shallow dive and rise to the surface without making a stroke4 ,the legs are then drawn up until the heels are quite close to the back of the thighs1 then the legs are kicked out together4 ,the arms are drawn down through the water1 in front of the body1 and then shot out4 ,care must be taken that too much force be not employed1 or much of the beauty of this movement will be lost4 ,naturally1 the pace will be slow1 but this does not detract from its neatness1 nor lessen the admiration that this trick always calls forth4 ,this work is often performed by experts1 having their arms tied to their sides or behind their backs4 ,when performing in this manner1 one must swim on the back1 and the legs only can be used for propulsion4 ,in this instance better progress is made1 as it is much easier to swim on the back with the hand and feet tied than it is to swim on the breast under the same conditions4 ,one of the main essentials in the performance of this trick is ability to float4 ,these performances1 also1 are much easier in a tidal river or stream than in still water1 as the body is carried forward with the motion of the water1 and less exertion is necessary to remain on the surface4 ,,over ,,and ,,under ,illustration3 ,,over ,,and ,,under ,this is one of the prettiest exhibition tricks that can be accomplished in the water4 ,if performed by a lady and gentleman it never fails to elicit great applause4 ,the swimmers begin with floating alongside of each other4 ,then one slowly paddles ahead of the other with his hands until his toes are in line with the shoulders of the other4 ,when in that position1 the first grasps the neck of the other with his toes4 ,then the other slowly brings his or her arms back under water and catches hold of the ankles of the first4 ,after balancing for a moment1 the other dips his or her head below the surface1 at the same time giving a strong pull at the ankles of the first1 which draws the first directly over him4 ,the first one allowing his arms to float straight behind him4 ,while the first is slowly sailing over the other submerged1 the latter watches the former1 and when the neck of the first is in line with the feet of the other1 the latter raises his feet and grasps the neck of the former1 who allows his body to rise to the surface4 ,the performance is then repeated by the first grasping the ankles of the other1 and continuing as before4 ,these movements must be done slowly and gracefully1 each swimmer allowing the other time to inflate the lungs before the next pullover is made4 ,after these movements have been gone through about a dozen times1 and when in position for the final pull1 the forward one should loosen the grip on the neck and propel himself ahead to the side of the other swimmer1 when both can bend forward in unison1 making a very neat and graceful finale4 ,,swimming ,,under ,,water ,to be able to swim under water is quite an accomplishment and often may be of very valuable service1 but as an achievement in competition or for exhibition purpose it is not to be encouraged because of the danger of prolonged immersion1 and the fact that many competitors do not know when to desist4 ,under-water swimming should be practised by experts only1 but care must be taken not to prolong the immersion in order to reach a definite point or to accomplish a certain distance before rising to the surface4 ,it often happens that swimmers1 in order to achieve a certain distance1 remain under water after pains in the back of the neck give warning of oncoming unconsciousness1 in which case they may lapse into a state of insensibility1 and there is grave danger of drowning4 ,when these contests take place in baths1 it is not a pleasant sight to watch a swimmer struggling on1 against odds1 in the hope of beating a rival for the coveted prize4 ,the action of the arms and legs become slower and slower1 until at last1 from sheer exhaustion1 the body rises toward the surface for a short distance and then sinks to the bottom motionless4 ,one of the advantages of being able to swim under water is the ability it imparts to the swimmer to reach the body of a drowning person1 or to bring the body of a drowned person to the surface4 ,in swimming under water1 the ordinary breast stroke is the one used4 ,to swim downward1 the head is prest down toward the breast1 and when wishing to rise the head is deflected backward4 ,if swimming under water for a long distance1 the body should be kept near the surface1 for the reason that the pressure is greater in the corresponding depth4 ,care should be taken to fill the lungs before starting1 and as soon as the first symptoms of asphyxiation are noticeable1 the swimmer should rise to the surface4 ,among the notable feats accomplished under water may be mentioned that of ,james ,finney1 in ,england1 in #ahhb1 who accomplished a distance of #cdj feet4 ,william ,reilly1 of ,salford1 an amateur1 swam #cab feet under water4 ,the time limit for under-water swimming is about a minute and a half4 ,at the ,crystal ,palace1 ,london1 ,england1 in #ahib1 in a diver's tank #ae feet deep1 ,prof4 ,f4,e4 ,dalton picked up #gd plates in a single immersion4 ,,monte ,,cristo ,,sack ,,trick ,this is one of the most sensational performances of the professional swimmer4 ,from a spectacular point of view it is very effective4 ,to do this trick one must be an adept at under-water swimming2 an assistant is necessary in order to tie the knots properly4 ,illustration3 ,,monte ,,cristo ,,sack ,,trick ,the sack to be used must be large enough to allow plenty of room for the swimmer to move about4 ,at the bottom of the sack place a number of heavy weights4 ,a hole must be cut at the top to allow the rope to be passed through4 ,the swimmer gets into the sack1 taking firm hold of the loosened ends of the doubled rope and that part of the sack close to it4 ,the assistant then takes hold of the ends of the rope and ties them around the sack4 ,the knots must be made on the other side of the sack from that on which the ends have been passed through4 ,after warning the swimmer1 so that he may inflate his lungs1 he is thrown into the water4 ,the weights at the bottom of the sack will cause him to sink feet first4 ,after remaining in the sack a few seconds the performer releases the ends of the rope held by him and pushes the sack open with his hands1 when he is free to rise to the surface4 ,this appears to be a very dangerous feat1 but in reality is a very simple one for a good swimmer4 ,,notable ,,feats ,,by ,,celebrated ,,swimmers ,considerable interest was aroused in the early part of ,august1 #ahge1 when the statement was made that ,captain ,matthew ,webb1 an ,englishman who had served as second mate on several ships in the ,indian and ,north ,atlantic trade1 intended to attempt the remarkable feat of swimming across the ,english ,channel4 ,his first attempt resulted in failure4 ,this took place on ,august #ab1 #ahge4 ,after swimming for #f hours #dh minutes and #cj seconds1 during which period he covered #ac-a_/b miles1 ,webb was compelled to leave the water owing to having drifted #i-c_/d miles to the eastward of his course by a northeast stream and stress of weather4 ,webb started from ,dover #b hours #be minutes before high water on a tide rising #ac feet #g inches at that port4 ,when he gave up no estimate could be formed as to the probable distance he would have gone west on the tide4 ,in his second and successful attempt1 on ,august #bd of the same year1 ,webb started from ,dover #c-a_/d hours before high water on a #ae-;foot #aj-;inch tide1 which gave him one hour and three-quarters of the southwest stream4 ,his point of landing was #ba-a_/b miles from ,dover1 as the crow flies1 but the actual length of the swim was #ci-a_/b miles4 ,very little rest was taken by ,webb on the way4 ,when he did stop it was to take refreshment1 and then he was treading water4 ,during the whole time he had no recourse to artificial aids4 ,of this there is indisputable proof4 ,the journalists who acompanied him across in a boat were careful in their observations1 and were men whose accuracy could be depended on4 ,the temperature of the water was about #fe degrees4 ,webb never complained of cold4 ,for the first #ae hours the weather was fine4 ,the sea was as smooth as glass1 the sun obscured during the day by a haze1 so that the heat did not affect ,webb's head1 and in the night a three-quartered moon lighted him on his way4 ,the worst time began at #c ,a4,m4 on ,august #beth1 as drowsiness had to be overcome and rough water was entered4 ,at this hour he was only some #d-a_/b miles off ,cape ,grisnez1 ,france1 and altho he was not then strong enough to strike out a direct course athwart the new northeast stream for land1 he was fetching well in for ,sangette1 where he would undoubtedly have landed between #g and #h ,a4,m4 had adverse weather not set in4 ,he finally landed on the ,calais sands after having been in the water #ba hours #de minutes4 ,after performing this feat1 ,webb for some years gave exhibitions of diving and swimming at an aquarium in ,london and elsewhere4 ,in ,july1 #ahhc1 he came to ,america for the purpose of swimming the rapids and whirlpool at ,niagara1 and in this attempt lost his life4 ,on ,september #a1 #ahge1 ,miss ,agnes ,beckwith1 then only fourteen years of age1 swam from ,london ,bridge to ,greenwich1 a distance of five miles4 ,beginning her journey at eight minutes to five1 ,miss ,beckwith covered the first mile and a half in #ah minutes4 ,limehouse ,church--a trifle over halfway--was passed in #cc minutes1 and ,greenwich ,pier was reached in #a hour #g minutes #de seconds4 ,on ,september #d1 #ahge1 ,miss ,emily ,parker1 who had previously undertaken to swim the same distance as ,miss ,beckwith1 not only equalled but excelled the performance of ,miss ,beckwith4 ,she went on to ,blackwall1 a distance of seven miles1 the time being #a hour #cg minutes4 ,on ,december1 #ahii1 ,captain ,davis ,dalton swam for #ab hours continuously at the ,latchmere ,public ,baths in ,london1 ,england4 ,on ,august #ag1 #ahij1 ,captain ,dalton left ,folkestone for ,boulogne with the intention of swimming back across the ,channel to ,folkestone1 a distance of #bg miles4 ,dalton exprest his conviction that he could perform the journey in #bj hours1 and if successful would beat the time of ,captain ,webb4 ,he entered the water at four o'clock on ,sunday afternoon1 and accomplished the journey1 without any remarkable incident1 at half-past three the following afternoon4 ,in ,july1 #ahia1 ,captain ,dalton swam from ,blackwall to ,gravesend in the ,river ,thames1 ,london1 covering the entire distance on his back4 ,in ,december1 #ahia1 ,captain ,dalton swam for #af hours continuously at the ,dover ,baths1 ,england4 ,on ,august #bg1 #aijb1 after several brilliant attempts1 ,montagu ,holbein swam the ,english ,channel1 but was compelled to desist when only two miles from the finishing point1 after staying in the water for #bb-a_/b hours4 ,the following feats have been recorded as accomplished during the year #aiaa3 ,william ,t4 ,burgess1 of ,yorkshire1 ,england1 crossed the ,english ,channel from ,south ,foreland1 ,dover1 ,england1 to ,la ,chatelet1 two miles east of ,cape ,gris ,nez1 ,france4 ,burgess started at #aa4ae ,a4,m41 ,september #e1 and finished at #i4ej ,a4,m41 ,september #f4 ,time1 #bb hours #ce minutes4 ,the distance is #dj miles4 ,burgess is said to have covered nearly #fj miles1 owing to changes in the tide and currents4 ,on ,june #aath ,martin ,m4 ,harris1 in an attempt to swim from ,chester1 ,pa41 to ,market ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 a distance of #af-a_/b miles1 was forced to retire at ,greenwich1 after covering #ac-a_/b miles in #d hours #h minutes4 ,on ,june #beth ,charles ,durburrow swam from the ,million ,dollar ,pier1 ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4,j41 to ,ocean ,city1 about #h miles1 in the open sea in #e hours #cc minutes4 ,on ,july #bb;d ,jabez ,wolffe1 in an attempt to cross the ,english ,channel from ,sangatte1 ,france1 had to retire when within a mile of ,st4 ,margaret's ,bay1 ,england1 owing to adverse tides1 after #ae hours' swimming4 ,on ,july #bc;d ,charles ,durburrow1 in an attempt to swim from the ,battery1 ,new ,york ,city1 to ,sandy ,hook1 was forced to give up1 owing to adverse tides1 when #a-a_/d miles from ,sandy ,hook1 after swimming about #bj miles in #f hours #dc minutes4 ,about this time ,joseph ,o',connor swam from ,watertown1 ,mass41 in the ,charles ,river1 to ,cambridge ,bridge1 ,boston1 a distance of about #h miles1 in #f hours #df minutes4 ,on ,august #fth ,samuel ,richards swam from ,charlestown ,bridge1 ,boston1 to ,boston ,light1 a distance of about #aj miles1 in #f hours #ae minutes4 ,on ,august #acth ,noah ,marks swam from ,chester1 ,pa41 in the ,delaware ,river1 to ,walnut ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 a distance of #af-c_/d miles1 in #e hours #ai minutes4 ,miss ,rose ,pitonoff swam from ,east ,twenty-sixth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city1 to ,steeplechase ,park ,pier1 ,coney ,island1 a distance of about #bj miles1 in #h hours #ag minutes4 ,on ,august #bjth ,miss ,a4 ,akroyd swam from ,charlestown ,bridge1 ,boston1 to ,boston ,lightship in #g hours #ab minutes #eg seconds4 ,on ,august #bgth ,miss ,elaine ,golding swam from the ,battery1 ,new ,york ,city1 to ,steeplechase ,park ,pier1 ,coney ,island1 a distance of about #ad miles1 in #f hours #a minute4 ,raymond ,frederickson finished first in a swim of the ,u4,s4 ,volunteer ,life ,saving ,corps from the ,battery to ,coney ,island in #f hours #b minutes #cj seconds4 ,on ,september #c;d ,miss ,adelaide ,trapp swam from ,north ,beach to ,st4 ,george1 ,staten ,island1 ,new ,york1 a distance of about #ad miles1 in #e hours #aj minutes4 ,william ,d4 ,mc,allister won a long-distance swim from ,l ,street bath1 ,boston1 to ,spectacle ,island and return in #d hours #ej minutes4 ,all of these swims were made with aid from tide or current4 ,,part ,,iv ,,water ,,polo ,,as ,a ,,pastime ,water polo has become one of the most popular and fascinating of all water sports4 ,it can be indulged in by very good swimmers only4 ,it affords abundant opportunity for the exhibition of skill and endurance4 ,for the following account of water polo the author is indebted to a volume from ,spalding's ,athletic ,library1 entitled ,water ,polo1 written by ,l4 de ,b4 ,handley1 permission to use it having kindly been granted by the publishers3 ,the value of an athletic game or contest is determined by four things3 ,its physical-culture merits2 its utility2 its attractiveness as a pastime1 and its spectacular features4 ,water polo has few equals as a means of developing the body4 ,the swimming alone in it would insure general and symmetrical development1 but the player wrestles besides1 during a game1 and every part of the body is given its proportionate share of this gruelling work1 developing all muscles in a uniform way4 ,as to its utility1 it is self-evident4 ,swimming has come to be looked upon as a necessity1 simply because it may be the means of saving life1 and in this water polo is the most practical of teachers4 ,a player is coached on how to free himself from every kind of a tackle1 how to assist an exhausted team-mate and how to apply the best methods of resuscitation when any one is knocked out4 ,then these teachings have to be practised frequently while the team is at work1 and one becomes proficient insensibly and as a matter of course4 ,it is a revelation to see an expert player handle a drowning person1 and more especially a frantic one4 ,the rescue is performed in such an easy1 matter-of-fact way as to lead one to wonder at the halo of heroism that surrounds most cases of life-saving4 ,hardly a player but has several rescues to his credit1 which he looks upon as a series of trifling services rendered to a fellow mortal1 and no more4 ,as a pastime water polo is among the leaders4 ,hard and exhausting it may be1 but there is an exhilaration in dashing about the pool1 fighting one's way to goal1 that no other game gives4 ,and it has a feature that appeals strongly to the man who has attained manhood and its numerous responsibilities--the rarity of accidents4 ,bruises and knockouts one gets a-plenty1 but those serious injuries which mar football1 hockey and lacrosse are totally unknown4 ,,its ,,evolution ,,in ,,america ,there is a belief that a game similar to water polo was played by the ancients1 but no actual proof of it has been found4 ,rules were first formulated in ,england in #ahgj1 and we adopted them in ,america about #ahij1 but our present game bears absolutely no resemblance to the one that was then played4 ,in the latter1 points were scored by throwing an inflated rubber ball nine inches in diameter through an open goal marked by uprights and a cross-bar2 and passing was the feature of the game4 ,americans found it unsuited4 ,the few available tanks were so small that there was no place for action1 and the outdoor season was too short to be satisfactory4 ,the idea was then conceived of changing the goal into a solid surface1 four feet by one in size1 and to oblige the scorer to touch the ball to the goal while holding it1 instead of passing it4 ,the innovation met ready favor1 but1 as may be imagined1 transformed the game4 ,from an open passing one water polo became one of close formations and fierce scrimmages4 ,these1 at first1 were disorderly scuffles1 where weight and brute strength reigned supreme1 but little by little strict rules were formulated to eliminate rough tactics1 and then science became an important factor4 ,in #ahig a man entered the field who was destined to revolutionize the system of play4 ,harold ,h4 ,reeder1 of the late ,knickerbocker ,athletic ,a4,c41 besides being a good leader and a brilliant individual player1 knew how to handle men4 ,he realized that in a growing sport new ideas would mean development1 and he made it possible for the members of his squad to experiment with those they had4 ,the system he used is worth a few words of explanation1 because it was accountable for the wonderful strides made since #ahig1 and because every team will profit by its adoption4 ,reeder1 well aided by ,prof4 ,alex4 ,meffett1 began by teaching every candidate the rudiments of the game2 veterans and greenhorns alike were put through the mill4 ,each was schooled in the principles of swimming1 diving1 catching1 passing1 scoring1 interfering1 tackling and breaking1 until these points had been thoroughly mastered1 and only then did the team practise begin4 ,but again1 no player was allowed in unprepared4 ,reeder instituted blackboard practise and saw that every one attended it4 ,placing before his assembled squad the possible formations1 he made players selected at random explain the duties of every position in each formation4 ,by this system he obliged every player to use his brains1 and he found out the amount of water-polo intelligence that each possest4 ,he also imparted to each the ideas of all the others1 he taught them how to fill every position and he brought to light many new plays4 ,the progress which the innovation was responsible for no one realized until the aggregation of yearlings from the ,knickerbocker ,athletic ,club defeated the formidable array of champions representing the ,new ,york ,athletic ,club4 ,reeder abandoned the game two years later1 but his good work lived after him1 and some of his team-mates held the championship for many years by following his teachings4 ,,how ,,the ,,game ,,is ,,now ,,played ,water polo as played to-day in ,america is rather dangerous for outdoors1 and indoor pools are generally used4 ,it is a contest between two teams of six1 having as object the touching of the opponent's goalboard with an inflated rubber ball seven inches in diameter1 which the referee throws into the water at start of play4 ,in order to score1 the ball has to be touched to the goal while in the hand of a player2 it can not be thrown4 ,the goals are spaces four by one foot1 situated at each short end of the playing area1 eighteen inches above the water level4 ,the size of the playing area is optional1 tho the recognized dimensions are #fj x #dj feet or #be x #ge feet1 with a uniform depth of seven feet of water4 ,imaginary lines are drawn across the tank 7see ,fig4 ,t71 parallel to the short ends1 at four and fifteen feet from them4 ,the first1 called four-foot line1 serves as protection to the goal-tenders and can not be crossed until the ball is within2 the other is the foul line1 and serves to mark the spot on which the forwards line up on being given a free trial4 ,the four-foot line also marks the goal section1 a space #d x #h feet1 in which indiscriminate tackling is allowed when the ball is within4 ,each team of six is divided into a forward line 7center1 right forward and left forward7 whose duty it is to attack the opponent's goal2 and a backfield of three 7half-back1 right goal-tender and left goal-tender71 upon whom devolves the defense of the home goal4 ,at the start of play the two teams line up their respective ends1 the referee places the ball in the middle of the playing area and then blows a whistle4 ,at this signal the twelve players dive in1 the forwards to make a dash for the ball1 the backs to take up their positions4 ,the forward who first reaches the ball tosses it back to the defense men1 who hold it until the line of attack is formed and then pass it back4 ,immediately a fierce scrimmage takes place and either a score is made or the ball changes side and a scrimmage occurs at the other end4 ,after the score the teams line up as at start of play4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,spaulding's ,athletic ,library4 ,,water ,,polo ,time of play is sixteen minutes1 actual1 divided into two halves of eight minutes each1 with an intermission of five minutes between halves4 ,only two substitutes are allowed1 and they can only be used to replace an injured or exhausted player4 ,,preparatory ,,work ,no man should attempt to play water polo who is not in the best possible physical condition4 ,before joining the squad1 every candidate1 be he a novice coming to learn the game1 or a veteran resuming training1 should prepare himself for the hard work in sight4 ,i don't mean that he should be down to edge1 but in good ruddy health4 ,as a matter of fact1 a man is far better off if he can start the season with eight or ten pounds of extra avoirdupois2 and four or five pounds above pink of condition may be carried throughout the season with good results4 ,they will prevent one's getting cold while in the water and keep one from going stale1 a very easy matter in water polo4 ,preliminary exercise should be taken daily for a week or two in anticipation of starting practise4 ,long swims are advisable at this early date1 but should be abandoned while preparing for a contest1 as one sprints only in a game4 ,the best system to follow is a very simple one4 ,a few minutes in the steam-room 7not more than five7 or some calisthenics to warm up the blood1 then a fast hundred4 ,this done1 rest until you have regained your breath4 ,taking the water-polo ball next1 pass it to given points of the tank to secure accuracy1 and sprint after it each time4 ,then get against the side of the tank1 and placing the ball ten or twelve feet away1 try to secure it with one hand on a push-off4 ,this1 done half a dozen times daily1 will insure accurate passing1 catching and obviate fumbling4 ,another excellent exercise is to place the ball fifteen or twenty feet from you and then swim after it under water1 trying to get it without coming to the surface4 ,this has the double object of getting you used to under-water work and accustoms you to looking for the ball while submerged in a scrimmage4 ,gymnasium work is not advisable unless one's physical condition is badly in need of building up1 and even then only the lightest kind should be taken4 ,it has too great a tendency to harden the muscles2 a swimmer's should be soft and pliable4 ,breathing exercises can be highly recommended2 there is nothing better for the wind4 ,a good system is to take it while walking in the open air4 ,by inhaling for the space of six steps1 and exhaling for six1 the lungs are properly worked4 ,in cold weather breathe through the nose4 ,,how ,,to ,,develop ,,the ,,new ,,player ,the game of water polo is such a strenuous one that even the best of men often tackle it with misgivings4 ,the new player should on no account attempt to take part in a scrub game until he has thoroughly mastered the rudiments4 ,the man who goes in against an experienced tackler1 ignorant of the means of protecting himself1 receives punishment so severe as to give him a completely erroneous idea of the game4 ,if the candidate has followed the suggestions given above he will be physically able to stand the gruelling1 but more is needed2 he should be able to take care of himself4 ,to teach him how1 he must be taken in hand alone1 and shown the various tackles and breaks4 ,this is best done on terra firma2 in the water the man will be thinking of the ducking in sight and his mind will not be in receptive mood4 ,it is also essential to make him understand a hold thoroughly before proceeding with another4 ,once a man has the movements learned1 he can be put in the water with a skilled player and allowed to practise on the latter1 who should let him secure the holds without opposition at first1 but gradually increase the resistance until he becomes proficient4 ,if there is no one to coach and no good player to practise against1 the new men should work on each other4 ,water-polo holds are a good deal a matter of individuality2 each man builds up a set of his own1 but one tackle and one break will serve as a foundation for all4 ,to learn the tackle1 give your coworker the ball and let him come toward you4 ,when he's a couple of feet off1 take a good1 hard stroke1 lift yourself as high out of the water as you can throw your arm around his neck1 and pulling his head down until it is jammed hard against your chest1 wind your legs around his body4 ,then you have him at your mercy1 and you can proceed to take the ball away from him4 ,this tackle should be learned by forwards and backs alike2 all need it4 ,the best break known is the following3 ,we will suppose that you carry the ball in the right hand4 ,on approaching your opponent throw your left shoulder forward1 presenting a three-quarter view4 ,to tackle you effectively he must use his right arm1 as you could easily repel a left-handed one in your position4 ,as soon as his right arm goes up1 place your left hand squarely under his armpit and let yourself sink1 twisting around1 face toward him1 as you pass under1 and as soon as you are on your back force his body over you4 ,then plant both feet on him and shove off4 ,in most cases1 if you succeed1 you will find yourself between your opponent and his goal1 where all you have to do is to touch the board for a score4 ,to use the legs at every possible chance should be a principle of the player4 ,once an opponent is caught in a good leg-hold he is rendered helpless4 ,incidentally1 the wise player ceases struggling when he recognizes that he is caught beyond freeing4 ,it is an excellent rule also to avoid being tackled uselessly2 if a body encounter is liable to let you out best1 or will help your side1 go into it heart and soul1 just as hard as you know how1 but never make a senseless sacrifice4 ,passing and catching are all important factors in water polo and should be practised constantly4 ,in passing it is well to bear in mind that the object in view is to give the ball securely to one's team-mate4 ,pass high and carefully2 a low throw may be intercepted and a hard one fumbled4 ,specially in close quarters high passing is essential4 ,to cover one's opponent when the other side has the ball and get away from him when one's own has it1 should be the religion of every player4 ,in covering him1 always stay back of him1 where you can watch him1 and tackle him just in the nick of time if the ball is passed to him4 ,many new men have an idea that one knows intuitively how to score1 but it is not so4 ,the various ways must be learned4 ,one only does in a game what one has become used to in practise1 for there is little time or chance to think in the excitement of a keen contest1 and it is those things which have been ground into one by dint of repetition that stand by one4 ,to get used to scoring1 place yourself three or four yards from goal and then sink yourself1 or let some one else put you under1 and try to come up and hit the board with eyes closed2 you will soon find what a difference practise makes4 ,you must also learn how to hurdle by letting some one tread water between you and goal and score by placing your free hand on his shoulder and lifting yourself over4 ,a short course of the above1 and you will be ready to line up4 ,a ,,few ,,points ,on entering the tank for an important game1 every player should forget his individuality and submit passively to the orders of the captain4 ,there must be only one head for a team to succeed1 and an order should be executed without hesitation and without questioning2 right or wrong1 the best results come through blind obedience4 ,the man giving the orders often sees an opening that the other does not4 ,let no personal difference affect your game2 play to win1 not to pay off an old score4 ,it is the goals made1 not the men disabled1 that give one victory1 and victory is what every player should seek4 ,to the forward1 discrimination is a valuable asset4 ,when caught in a tackle so far away from goal that getting free will not help you pass the ball at once1 don't allow your opponent to punish you4 ,but if you are nailed within easy reach of goal1 fight as long as there is breath of life in you4 ,never mind how helpless the task may seem1 a team-mate may come to the rescue at any moment1 and then you'll score4 ,the forward should always play the ball in preference to the man and keep free as much as possible4 ,and above all--play fast and hard4 ,,american ,,rules #a4 ,the ball shall be the regulation white rubber association football not less than #g nor more than #h inches in diameter4 #b4 ,the goals shall be spaces #d feet long and #ab inches wide marked ,goal in large letters4 ,one shall be placed at either end of the tank1 #ah inches above the water-line equally distant from either side4 #c4 ,to score a goal the goal must be touched by the ball in the hand of an opposing player and the greatest number of goals shall count game4 #d4 ,the ball shall be kept on or as near the surface of the water as possible1 and shall never intentionally be carried under water4 ,no goal shall be allowed when scored by an under-water pass4 #e4 ,the contesting teams shall consist of six a side1 with two reserve men who can be substituted at any time when the ball is not in play4 ,a player withdrawn can not return to play4 ,only six prizes shall be given to the winning team4 #f4 ,time of play shall be #af minutes actual time1 divided in two halves of #h minutes each and #e minutes rest between halves4 ,time occupied by disputes1 free trials for goal1 repairing suits1 and lining up after a goal has been scored shall not be reckoned as time of play4 #g4 ,the captains shall be playing members of teams they represent and shall toss for choice of ends of tank4 ,the ends shall be changed at half time4 #h4 ,the referee shall throw the ball in the center of the tank and the start for the ball be made only at the sound of the whistle4 #i4 ,a ball going out of the tank shall be returned to the place from which it was thrown and given to the opposing team4 #aj4 ,a mark shall be made four feet from each goal on the side of the tank and an imaginary line between these marks shall be called the four-foot line4 ,no man will be allowed within this line until the ball is within it4 ,the goal-tenders1 limited to two1 of the defending side are alone exempt from this rule4 ,when the ball is within the goal-line the goal-tenders shall not be allowed any artificial support other than the bottom of the tank4 #aa4 ,no player is allowed to interfere with an opponent unless such an opponent is within four feet of the ball1 except when the ball is within the goal section1 when indiscriminate tackling will be allowed in the goal section1 the goal section to be a space of four feet by eight feet within the goal-line and between two parallel lines drawn at right angles to the goal-line and distant two feet from either end of the goal4 #ab4 ,upon a goal being gained1 the opposite teams shall go to their own end of the tank1 and the ball shall be thrown by the referee into the center and play started as at beginning of game4 #ac4 ,each team shall have two judges1 one at each goal-line1 who1 upon a goal being made1 shall notify the referee and announce the same4 ,only in case the judges disagree shall the referee have power to decide whether a goal be fairly made or not4 #ad4 ,the referee shall decide all fouls1 and if in his opinion a player commits a foul he shall caution the team for the first offense and give the opponents a free trial for goal at each succeeding foul4 ,a free trial for goal will be given by lining up three backs of the defending team within the #d-;foot line and giving three forwards of the opposing team the ball on the #ae-;foot line1 when they may try for a goal until a goal is scored or the ball goes outside the #ae-;foot line4 ,only three men from each side will be allowed within the #ae-;foot line1 until the ball goes outside that line or a goal is scored4 ,,fouls4--,it shall be foul to tackle an opponent if the ball is not within four feet of him or to hold him by any part of his costume4 ,it shall be a foul to cross the #d-;foot line ahead of the ball1 unless forced over by an opponent1 or to hang on to the sides of the tank except for the purpose of resting4 ,unnecessary rough work may1 within the discrimination of the referee1 either be counted a foul or the referee may put the offender out of the tank until a goal is scored or the half ends4 ------ ,,goal ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,goal ,,section ---------------------------------------- -------- #d ,,ft4 ,,line ---------------------------------------- -------- #ae ,,ft4 ,,line ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,center ,,line ---------------------------------------- -------- #ae ,,ft4 ,,line #d ,,ft4 ,,line ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,goal ,,section ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,goal ------ ,,part ,v ,,cramps1 ,,how ,,to ,,save ,,life1 ,,resuscitation1 ,,etc4 ,,cramps ,to be suddenly seized with cramps is a thing liable to happen to most expert swimmers2 it is caused by various reasons--staying too long in the water and getting chilled1 going in after a heavy meal1 stiffening the legs too much1 and varicose veins4 ,preventive3 ,never remain in the water after feeling chilled2 always swim around and exercise yourself2 twenty minutes is long enough for any one to remain in the water2 always turn over on the back when getting a cramp1 and float1 at the same time working toward the shore with the hands1 and don't lose your presence of mind4 ,don't attempt to rescue a person from drowning unless you are a good swimmer yourself2 remember that a drowning person is generally insane for the time1 and is liable to drag you to your death unless you are capable of swimming with a heavy load4 ,,how ,,to ,,save ,,life ,to the person who accidentally falls overboard1 or who is compelled to leap into deep water1 as was the case with many victims of the ,general ,slocum1 the first essential is to keep one's presence of mind4 ,do not feel alarmed if your head should sink below the surface once or twice--you are bound to come to the surface1 and will be able to sustain yourself for a considerable time1 even if you are not a swimmer1 if you will but keep your hands under water4 ,the reason so many people drown is because directly they come to the surface they raise their hands above their head and shout for help4 ,this is fatal4 ,the moment the hands are raised out of the water the body will sink below the surface4 ,another thing to remember is to keep the mouth closed until the body attains the floating position2 then try and breathe naturally through the mouth and help propel yourself with your hands4 ,should you be able to swim1 try and take off your outer clothing1 as the latter1 when water-soaked1 tends to drag the body down1 besides retarding the movements of the drowning person4 ,to risk one's life in order to save a fellow being from drowning is one of the most heroic acts that one may be called upon to perform1 yet how many of us have the presence of mind and courage to act in such an emergency8 ,to rescue a person from drowning is no child's play1 even for the best swimmers2 it requires pluck1 nerve and stamina4 ,of course1 ,i allude to rescues which take place some distance from shore4 ,many a daring swimmer has been clutched and dragged down to death simply because he did not know the safest way to approach a drowning person4 ,of the many different ways of saving life1 the safest and best method is to swim as near the person as possible1 then dive under and come up behind him2 otherwise he is liable to grab you around the neck with a death clutch1 from which it is extremely difficult to escape4 ,when swimming up behind the person1 grab his biceps and force him on his back2 the more he struggles the more he helps himself to keep afloat4 ,to prevent being clutched by a drowning person the following rules should be carefully studied4 ,every action1 however1 must be prompt and decisive1 otherwise this method will be of no avail4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,best ,,method ,,of ,,saving ,,life #a4 ,if grasped by the wrists1 turn both arms simultaneously against the drowning person1 thumbs outward1 and attempt to bring your right arms at right angles to your own body4 ,this will dislocate the thumbs of the drowning person and he must let go his hold4 #b4 ,if clutched around the neck1 immediately take a deep breath1 lean well over your opponent1 place the left hand in the small part of his back and draw your right arm in an upward direction until in line with his shoulder1 and pass it at once over his arm4 ,then with the thumb and forefinger catch his nose and pinch the nostrils close1 at the same time place the palm of your hand on his chin and push firmly outward4 ,this will cause him to open his mouth for breathing purposes1 and he1 being under you1 will swallow water4 ,choking ensues1 and not only is the rescuer let go1 but the other is left so helpless as to be completely under control4 #c4 ,if clutched around the body and arms1 take a deep breath1 lean well over your opponent and throw the right arm in an upward direction at right angles to the body1 or draw it up between your body and that of your opponent4 ,then with the thumb and forefinger catch the nose and pinch the nostrils close1 and at the same time place the palm of the hand on the chin and bring the right knee as high as possible up between the two bodies1 placing it1 if possible1 against the lower part of your opponent's chest2 then1 by means of a strong and somewhat sudden push1 stretch your arms and legs out straight1 at the same time throwing the whole weight of the body backward4 ,the sudden motion will press the air out of the other's lungs1 as well as push him off1 no matter how tightly he may be holding4 ,should the drowning person act sensibly and not try to grab his rescuer1 he can be brought in by placing his hands on his rescuer's shoulders and kicking out his legs behind him while the rescuer swims in toward shore4 ,another method is to pull the person on his back by holding him under the right arm-pit with your right hand and using the left hand and legs to swim with4 ,should the rescue be close to shore1 swim behind the person and help by pushing him in toward shallow water4 ,should the drowning person have sunk for the third time watch when the air-bubbles rise to the surface4 ,at once dive down perpendicular to the bottom when the air-bubbles show1 seize the drowning person and bring him to the surface by pushing off from the bottom and using your legs to send you upward to the surface4 ,before trying to rescue any one get rid of as much clothing as possible1 if time will permit4 ,,resuscitation ,,after ,,rescue ,after bringing a drowning person ashore your work is only half done2 the main thing is to bring him back to life should he be unconscious4 ,there are several methods for resuscitating the apparently drowned4 ,the method adopted by the ,royal ,humane ,society of ,england is1 to my knowledge1 the simplest of all4 ,it is as follows3 ,begin treatment in the open air as soon as you have brought the unfortunate ashore4 ,meanwhile send for medical assistance1 blankets and dry clothing4 ,expose the patient's throat and chest to the wind1 except in very severe weather4 ,remove all tight clothing from neck and chest4 ,take off suspenders4 ,the points to be aimed at are3 ,first and immediately the restoration of breathing1 and1 secondly1 after breathing is restored1 the promotion of warmth and circulation4 ,the efforts to restore breathing must be commenced immediately and energetically1 and persevered in for one or two hours1 or until a medical man has pronounced that life is extinct4 ,efforts to promote warmth and circulation beyond removing the wet clothes and drying the skin must not be made until the first appearance of natural breathing1 for if circulation of the blood be induced before breathing has recommenced the restoration of life will be endangered4 ,,hall',s ,,method ,,in ,,resuscitation ,to clear the throat1 place the patient on the floor or the ground with the face downward and one of the arms under the forehead1 in which position all fluids will more readily escape by the mouth1 and the tongue itself will fall forward1 leaving the entrance into the windpipe free4 ,assist this operation by wiping and cleansing the mouth4 ,if satisfactory breathing begins1 use the treatment described below to promote warmth4 ,if there be only slight breathing1 or no breathing1 or if the breathing fail1 then1 to excite breathing1 turn the patient well and instantly on the side1 supporting the head1 and excite the nostrils with snuff1 hartshorn1 and smelling-salts1 or tickle the throat with a feather1 etc41 if they are at hand4 ,rub the chest and face warm1 and dash cold water1 or cold and hot water alternately1 on them4 ,if there be no success1 lose not a moment1 but instantly1 to imitate breathing1 replace the patient on the face1 raising and supporting the chest well on a folded coat or other article of dress4 ,turn the patient very gently on the side and a little beyond1 and then briskly on the face1 back again2 repeating these measures cautiously1 efficiently and perseveringly about fifteen times in the minute1 or once every four or five seconds1 occasionally varying the side4 7,by placing the patient on the chest1 the weight of the body forces the air out2 when turned on the side this pressure is removed1 and air enters the chest47 ,on each occasion that the body is replaced on the face make uniform but efficient pressure1 with brisk movement1 on the back between and below the shoulder-blades or bones on each side1 removing the pressure immediately before turning the body on the side4 ,during the whole of the operations let one person attend solely to the movements of the head1 and of the arm placed under it4 ,the result is respiration1 or natural breathing1 and1 if not too late1 life4 ,while the above operations are being proceeded with1 dry the hands and feet1 and as soon as dry clothing or blankets can be procured1 strip the body and cover1 or gradually reclothe it1 but take care not to interfere with the efforts to restore breathing4 ,,sylvester',s ,,method ,rule #a4 ,to ,adjust the ,patient's ,position4--,place the patient on his back on a flat surface1 inclined a little from the feet upward2 raise and support the head and shoulders on a small1 firm cushion or folded article of dress1 placed under the shoulder-blades4 ,remove all tight clothing from about the neck and chest4 ,illustration3 ,,sylvester',s ,,method--,,figure #a ,rule #b4 ,to ,maintain a ,free ,entrance of ,air ,into the ,windpipe4--,cleanse the mouth and nostrils2 open the mouth2 draw forward the patient's tongue1 and keep it forward2 an elastic band over the tongue and under the chin will answer this purpose4 7,fig4 #a47 ,rule #c4 ,to ,imitate the ,movements of ,breathing4--,first1 ,induce inspiration4 ,place yourself at the head of the patient1 grasp his arms 7at the elbow-joints71 raise them upward by the sides of his head1 stretch them steadily but gently upward1 for two seconds4 ,by this means fresh air is drawn into the lungs by raising the ribs4 7,fig4 #b47 ,illustration3 ,,sylvester',s ,,method--,,figure #b ,secondly1 ,induce ,expiration4--,immediately turn down the patient's arms1 and press the elbows firmly but gently downward against the sides of the chest1 for two seconds4 ,by this means foul air is expelled from the lungs by depressing the ribs4 7,fig4 #c47 ,thirdly1 ,continue ,these ,movements4--,repeat these measures alternately1 deliberately1 and perseveringly fifteen times a minute1 until a spontaneous effort to respire be perceived4 ,by these means an exchange of air is produced in the lungs similar to that effected by natural respiration4 ,illustration3 ,,sylvester',s ,,method--,,figure #c ,when a spontaneous effort to respire is perceived1 cease to imitate the movements of breathing1 and proceed to induce circulation and warmth1 as described on following page4 ,rule #d4 ,to ,excite ,respiration4--,during the employment of the above method1 excite the nostrils with snuff or smelling-salts1 or tickle the throat with a feather4 ,rub the chest and face briskly1 and dash cold and hot water alternately on them4 ,friction of the limbs and body with dry flannel or cloths should be had recourse to4 ,when there is proof of returning respiration1 the individual may be placed in a warm bath1 the movements of the arms above described being continued until respiration is fully restored4 ,raise the body in twenty seconds to a sitting position1 dash cold water against the chest and face1 and pass ammonia under the nose4 ,should a galvanic apparatus be at hand1 apply the sponges to the region of the diaphragm and the heart4 ,to ,induce ,circulation and ,warmth4--,wrap the patient in dry blankets1 and rub the limbs upward energetically4 ,promote the warmth of the body with hot flannels1 bottles or bladders of hot water2 heated bricks to the pit of the stomach1 the arm-pits1 and to the soles of the feet4 ,on the restoration of life1 when the power of swallowing has returned1 a teaspoonful of warm water1 small quantities of wine1 warm brandy and water1 or coffee should be given4 ,the patient should be kept in bed1 and a disposition to sleep encouraged4 ,during reaction1 large mustard-plasters to the chest and below the shoulders will greatly relieve the distrest breathing4 ,,note4--,in all cases of prolonged immersion in cold water1 when the breathing continues1 a warm bath should be employed to restore the temperature4 ,illustration