,,?\ghts ,,on ,,educational ,,topics ,,& ,,in/itutions4 ,,by ,,george ,s4 ,,b\twell4 ,,bo/on3 ,,phillips1 ,,sampson ,,& ,,company4 ,,mdccclix4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahei1 by ,,george ,s4 ,,b\twell1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,,/]eotyp$ ,,by ,,hob>t ,,& ,,robb9s1 ,,bo/on4 ,to ,,! ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,massa*usetts1 ,,^: ,,enlight5$ ,,devotion ,,to ,,_! ,,duties ,,has ,,contribut$ ,,effectually ,,to ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,le>n+1 ,?is ,volume ,,is ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$4 ,g4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,! ,,intr9sic ,,nature ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,le>n+1 ,,& ,,its ,,influ5ce ,,^u ,,labor1 #i ,,education ,,& ,,crime1 #di ,,re=mation ,,( ,,*ildr51 #ge ,,! ,,c>e ,,& ,,re=mation ,,( ,,! ,,neglect$ ,,& ,,expos$ ,,classes ,,( ,,*ildr51 #hf ,,elem5t>y ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,! ,,public ,,s*ools1 #aca ,,! ,,relative ,,m]its ,,( ,,public ,,high ,,s*ools ,,& ,,end[$ ,,academies1 #aeb ,,! ,,high ,,s*ool ,,sy/em1 #afd ,,normal ,,s*ool ,,tra9+1 #bjc ,,female ,,education1 #bba ,,! ,,influ5ce1 ,,duties1 ,,& ,,rew>ds1 ,,( ,,tea*]s1 #bda ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,le>n+1 #bgd ,,massa*usetts ,,s*ool ,,fund1 #cjh ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,agricultural ,,education1 #cci ,,! ,,intr9sic ,,nature ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,le>n+1 ,,& ,,its ,,influ5ce ,,^u ,,labor4 ,lecture be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,in/ruction4 ,words & t]ms h1 to diff]5t m9ds1 v>i\s significations2 & we (t5 f9d def9itions *ang+ 9 ! progress ( ev5ts4 ,bailey says le>n+ is skill 9 languages or sci5ces4 ,to ?is1 ,walk] adds :at he calls lit]ature1 & skill 9 any?+1 good or bad4 ,dr4 ,web/] enl>ges ! mean+ ( ! ^w /ill m1 & says1 ,le>n+ is ! k ( pr9ciples or facts receiv$ by in/ruction or /udy2 acquir$ k or ideas 9 any bran* ( sci5ce or lit]ature2 erudition2 lit]ature2 sci5ce2 k acquir$ by exp]i5ce1 exp]im5t1 or obs]vation4 ,milton gives u a rhetorical def9ition 9 a negative =m1 :i* is ( equal value1 at lea/1 ) any au?ority yet cit$4 ,& ?\gh a l+ui/1 says ,milton1 %\ld pride himself to h all ! tongues t ,babel cleft ! _w into1 yet if he h n /udi$ ! solid ?+s 9 !m1 z well z ! words & lexicons1 he 7 no?+ s mu* to be e/eem$ a le>n$ man1 z any yeoman or tradesman compet5tly wise 9 8 "m dialect only4--,language is b ! in/rum5t convey+ to u ?+s useful to be kn[n4 ,?is is k9dr$ to ! say+ ( ,locke1 t m5 ( mu* read+ are greatly le>n$1 b may be little kn[+4 ,we mu/ give to ! t]m le>n+ a broad def9ition1 if we accept ,milton's /atem5t t its end is to repair ! ru9s ( our fir/ p>5ts by rega9+ to "k ,god aright2 = ?is necess>ily implies t we are to /udy c>efully ev]y?+ relat+ to ! nature ( our exi/5ce1 to ! spot & sc5e ( our exi/5ce1 ) its my/]i\s ph5om5a1 & its comp>atively unexpla9$ laws4 ,& we mu/1 moreov]1 always keep 9 view ! p]sonal relations & duties :i* ! ,creator has impos$ ^u ! memb]s ( ! human race4 ,! k ( ^! relations & duties is "o =m ( le>n+2 ! disposition & ! ability to obs]ve & practise ^! relations & duties1 is ano!r & a high] =m ( le>n+4 ,! fir/ is ! le>n+ ( ! !ologian1 ! s*oolman2 ! latt] is ! le>n+ ( ! practical ,*ri/ian4 ,bo? ought to exi/2 b :5 !y are sep>at$1 we place ?+s above signs1 facts above =ms1 life above ideas4 ,law & ju/ice ought always to be unit$2 b :5 by error1 or fraud1 or usurpation1 !y are sep>at$1 we obs]ve ! =ms ( law1 b we respect ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice4 ,?is is a good illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples :i* guide to a true di/9ction 9 ! =ms ( le>n+4 ,( all ! def9itions enum]at$1 we mu/ give to ! ^w le>n+ ! broade/ signification4 ,x is safe to accept ! /atem5t ( ! great poet1 t a man may be acqua9t$ ) _m languages1 & yet n be le>n$2 ev5 z ! apo/le said he %\ld become z s\nd+ brass or a t9kl+ cymbal1 if he _h n *>ity1 ?\gh he spoke ) ! tongues ( m5 & angels4 ,le>n+ includes1 no d\bt1 a k ( ! languages1 ! sci5ces1 & all lit]ature2 b x includes also mu* else2 & ?is mu* else may be m important ?an ! enum]at$ bran*es4 ,! t]m le>n$ has be5 limit$1 usually1 by exclusive application to ! s*oolm52 b x is a matt] ( d\bt1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1 ^u ! broad def9ition laid d[n1 :e!r !re is m le>n+ 9 ! s*ools1 or out ( !m4 ,?is rem>k1 if true1 is no reflection ^u ! s*ools1 b mu* 9 favor ( ! _w4 ,^? 7 d>k ages :5 le>n+ 0 conf9$ to ! s*ools2 &1 ?\gh we c nev] be too grateful = _! exi/5ce1 & ! fidelity ) :i* !y pres]v$ ! k ( o!r days1 t is surely a high] atta9m5t 9 ! life ( ! race1 :5 ! le>n+ ( ! _w exce$s ! le>n+ ( ! cloi/]1 ! s*ool1 & ! college4 ,9 a private conv]sation1 ,pr(essor ,guyot made a rem>k :i* seems to h a public value4 ,y give to y\r s*ools1 said he1 cr$it t is really due to ! _w4 ,look+ at ,am]ica ) ! eye ( an ,european1 x appe>s to me t y\r _w is do+ m & y\r s*ools are do+ less1 9 ! cause ( education1 ?an y are incl9$ to believe4 ,= "o1 ?\gh ,i ought1 z mu* z any1 to /& = ! s*ools1 ,i give a qualifi$ ass5t to ! tru? ( ?is obs]vation4 ,!re is mu* le>n+ among u :i* we _c trace directly to ! s*ools2 b ! s*ools h introduc$ & fo/]$ a _s :i* has giv5 to ! _w ! p[] to make itself le>n$4 ,x is mu* easi] to dissem9ate :at is call$ ! _s ( education1 ?an x 0 to create t _s1 & pres]ve x :5 !re 7 few to d x homage4 ,= ?is we are indebt$ to ! s*ools4 ,unobs]v$ 9 ! process ( *ange1 b happy 9 its results1 ! bus9ess ( education is n n[ conf9$ to pr(essional tea*]s4 ,! greate/ *ange ( all has be5 wr\ght by ! att5tion giv5 to female education1 s t ! "m ( ?is g5]ation is n compell$ to rely exclusively ^u ! s*ool & ! paid tea*]1 public or private1 b c h]self1 z ! tea*] orda9$ by nature1 aid h] *ildr5 9 ! prep>atory /udies ( life4 ,?is p[] does n (t5 manife/ itself 9 a regul> sy/em ( dome/ic s*ool /udies & discipl9e1 b its influ5ce is felt 9 a high] home prep>ation1 & 9 ! exhibition ( bett] ideas ( :at a s*ool %\ld be4 ,& we may assume1 ) all due respect to our mat]nal ance/ry1 t ?is fact is a mod]n feature1 comp>atively1 9 ,am]ican civilization4 ,female education has giv5 rise to "s excesses ( op9ion & conduct2 b ! _w is entirely safe1 especially ! self-/yl$ lords ( creation1 & may wisely advocate a sy/em ( g5]al education )\t reg>d to sex1 & leave ! effect to ^? laws ( nature & revelation :i* are to all & 9 all1 & _c p]man5tly be avoid$ or disobey$4 ,! numb] ( educators has /rangely increas$1 & !y (t5 appe> :]e !y might lea/ be expect$4 ,we speak ( ! revival ( education1 & ?9k only ( ! *ange t has tak5 place 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s 9 ! appropriations ( money1 ! /yle ( s*ool-h\ses1 & ! fitness ( pr(essional tea*]s = ! "w 9 :i* !y are engag$2 b ^! *anges1 ?\gh great1 are sc>cely m notewor?y ?an ^? t h occurr$ 9 ! managem5t ( our %ops1 mills1 & f>ms4 ,:5 we write ! sign or utt] ! s\nd :i* symbolizes ,tea*]1 :at figure1 be+1 or qualities1 are br\ght be=e u8 ,we %\ld see a p]son :o1 9 ! pursuit ( k1 is self-mov+1 &1 9 ! ex]cise ( ! influ5ce :i* k gives1 is able to appreciate ! qualities ( o!rs2 & :o1 moreov]1 possesses en\gh ( inv5tive p[] to devise means by :i* he c lead pupils1 /ud5ts1 or he>]s1 9 ! way !y ought to g4 ,we naturally look = su* p]sons 9 ! lecture-room1 ! s*ool1 & ! pulpit4 ,& we f9d !m !re2 b !y are also to be f\nd 9 o!r places4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( su* m5 9 ,am]ica1 engag$ 9 ! active pursuits ( ! day4 ,!y are f>m]s1 me*anics1 m]*ants1 op]atives4 ,!y d n (t5 foll[ text-books1 & !re= are none ! worse1 b mu* ! bett] tea*]s4 ,ins5sibly !y h tak5 on ! _s ( ! tea*] & ! s*ool1 &1 app>5tly ignorant ( ! fact1 are1 9 ! quiet pursuits ( daily life1 lead]s ( classes foll[+ "s great ?\ght1 or devot$ to "s practical inve/igation4 ,& 9 "o respect ^! tea*]s are ( a high] ord] ?an "s--n all1 nor mo/--( our pr(essional tea*]s4 ,!y nev] cease to be /ud5ts4 ,:5 a man or woman puts on ! g>b ( ! tea*]1 & ?r[s (f ! g>b ( ! /ud5t1 y w soon f9d t p]son s dw9dl$ & dw>f$1 t nei!r w hang ^u ! %\ld]s4 ,?is happ5s sometimes 9 ! s*ool1 b nev] 9 ! _w4 ,! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s h produc$ two new features 9 our civilization1 t are at once a cause & a product ( le>n+4 ,i speak ( ! ,press1 & ( ,associations = mutual improvem5t4 ,! newspap] press ( ,am]ica1 hav+ its c5tre 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 is m influ5tial ?an ! press ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,x may n be conduct$ ) great] ability2 ?\gh1 if comp>$ ) ! ,engli% press1 ! *ief diff]5ce unfavorable to ,am]ica is f\nd 9 ! "* ( ! lead+ editorial articles4 ,9 ent]prise1 9 telegraphic bus9ess1 m>itime1 & political news & in=mation1 ! press ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n beh9d t ( ,great ,brita94 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t a giv5 subject is usually m ?or\ghly discuss$ 9 a s+le issue f ! ,engli% press2 b x is by no means c]ta9 t public que/ions are1 ^u ! :ole1 bett] canvass$ 9 ,engl& ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,inde$1 ! opposite is probably true4 ,our press w foll[ a subject day aft] day1 ) ! aid ( new ?\ghts & facts1 until x is well und]/ood by ! read]4 ,european ideas ( j\rnalism _c be foll[$ bl9dly by ! press ( ,am]ica4 ,! j\rnali/ 9 ,europe writes = a select few4 ,8 read]s are usually p]sons ( leisure1 if !y h n always culture & ta/e2 & ! issue ( ! morn+ pap] is to !m :at ! appe>ance ( ! qu>t]ly1 heavy or racy1 is to ! cultivat$ ,am]ican read]4 ,b ! ,am]ican j\rnali/1 :atev] 8 ta/e may be1 _c af=d to address himself to s small an audi5ce4 ,he writes lit]ally = ! million2 = ,i take x to be no exagg]ation to say t p>agraphs & articles are (t5 read by millions ( p 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is fact is an important "o1 z x furni%es a good te/ ( ! /&>d ta/e & le>n+ ( ! p4 ,our press answ]s ! dem& :i* ! p make ^u x4 ,! mass ( newspap] read]s are n1 9 a s*ola/ic s5se1 well-educat$ p]sons4 ,newspap] writ]s d n1 !re=e1 tr\ble !mselves ab\t ! colleges ) _! pr(essors1 b !y seek r to ga9 ! att5tion & secure ! support ( ! great body ( ! p1 :o "k no?+ ( colleges except ?r\gh ! newspap]s4 ,we h always be5 p]mitt$ to inf] ! intellectual & moral "* ( ! audi5ces ( ,demo/h5es1 f ! orations ( ,demo/h5es2 & may we n also inf] ! "* ( ! ,am]ican p1 f ! "* ( ! press t !y support8 ,9 a s+le issue may (t5 be f\nd an editorial article ^u "s "q ( pres5t int]e/2 a s]mon1 address1 or spee*1 f a lead+ m9d ( ! c\ntry or ! _w2 lett]s f v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! globe2 extracts f e/abli%$ lit]>y & sci5tific j\rnals2 orig9al essays ^u political1 lit]>y1 sci5tific1 & religi\s subjects2 & items ( local or g5]al int]e/ = all classes ( read]s4 ,?is product ( ! press1 9 quantity & quality1 c\ld n be di/ribut$1 week aft] week1 & ye> aft] ye>1 among an ignorant class ( p4 ,x c\ld be accept$ by intellig5t1 ?9k+1 progressive m9ds only2 &1 z a fact necess>ily coexi/+1 we f9d ! newspap] press equally ess5tial to ! be/-educat$ p]sons among u4 ,! newspap] press 9 ,am]ica is a c5tury & a half old2 b its p[] does n ant$ate ?is c5tury1 & its gr[? has be5 *iefly )9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,:at t gr[? has be5 may be easily se5 by any "o :o w comp>e ! daily %eet ( ! la/ g5]ation ) ! daily %eet ( ?is2 & ! future ( ! ,am]ican press may be easily pr$ict$ by ^? :o consid] ! progressive influ5ces among u1 ( :i* ! newspap] mu/ always be ! true/ repres5tative4 ,)9 ! same brief p]iod ( "t x has become ! fix$ cu/om ( ! p to associate toge!r = educational objects4 ,z a consequ5ce1 we h ! lyceum = all1 libr>ies = all1 pr(essional in/itutes & clubs = m]*ants1 me*anics1 & f>m]s1 &1 at la/1 free libr>ies & lectures = ! op]atives 9 ! mills4 ,:]e ^! in/itutions c exi/1 !re mu/ be a high ord] ( g5]al le>n+2 & :]e ^! in/itutions d exi/1 & are su/a9$1 ! le>n+ ( ! p1 :e!r high or l[ at any giv5 mom5t1 mu/ be rapidly improv$4 ,yet "s ( ^! ag5cies--lectures & libr>ies1 = example--are n free f s]i\s faults4 ,x may seem ra% & indef5sible to criticize lectures ^u ! plat=m ( ! lectur]2 b1 z ! audi5ce c inflict :atev] p5alty !y please ^u ! speak]1 he w s f> assume responsibility z to say t amusem5t is n ! highe/ object ( a s+le lecture1 & :5 s\ght by manag]s z ! desirable object ( a :ole c\rse1 ! lecture-room becomes a !atre ( dissipation2 surely n s bad z o!r =ms ( dissipation1 b yet s di/9ctly m>k$1 & s p]nici\s 9 its influ5ce1 z to be comp>atively unwor?y ( g5]al support4 ,let x n1 h[ev]1 be inf]r$ t wit1 humor1 & droll]y ev51 are to be exclud$ f ! lecture-room2 b !y %\ld always be employ$ z means by :i* in=mation is communicat$4 ,betwe5 lectur]s equal 9 o!r respects1 "o ) ! salt ( humor1 native to ! soil1 %\ld be pref]r$2 b x is a sad reflection ^u public ta/e1 :5 a p]son ^: entire intellectual capital is wit1 humor1 or buffoon]y1 is pref]r$ to m5 ( solid le>n+4 ,b x is a worse view ( human nature1 :5 m5 ( real m]it & wor? depreciate !mselves & l[] ! public ta/e1 by attempt+ to d :at1 at be/1 !y c h b ill success 91 & :at !y w\ld despise !mselves =1 7 !y to succe$ completely4 ,%akspe>e says ( a je/]3 ,?is fell['s wise en\gh to play ! fool2 ,& to d t well1 craves a k9d ( wit3 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is a practice ,z full ( labor z a wise man's art3 ,= folly1 t he wisely %[s1 is fit2 ,b wise m51 folly-fall51 q ta9t _! wit4 ,a k9dr$ m5tal dissipation foll[s 9 ! /eps ( progress1 & dem&s alim5t f our public libr>ies4 ,9 ! selection ( books !re is a wide range1 f ! tra%y productions ( ! fif?-rate noveli/1 to /ately hi/ory & exact sci5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be assum$ t libr>ies w n be e/abli%$ until !y are want$1 & t ! want w n be press+ until !re is a ta/e = read+ some:at g5]al4 ,:]e ?is ta/e exi/s1 x is fair to assume t x is 9 "s degree elevat$4 ,! direction1 h[ev]1 :i* ! ta/e ( any community is to take1 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( a public libr>y1 dep5ds1 9 a great degree1 ^u ! selection ( books = its %elves4 ,two dang]s are to be avoid$4 ,! fir/1 & greate/1 is ! selection ( books calculat$ to degrade ! morals or intellect ( ! read]4 ,?is dang] is app>5t1 & to be %unn$ ne$s b to be se54 ,books1 ( m or less intr9sic value1 are s abundant & *eap1 t common m5 mu/ g out ( _! way to ga!r a l>ge collection t %all n conta9 works ( real m]it4 ,b ! object %\ld be to exclude all wor?less & p]nici\s works1 & meet & improve ! public ta/e1 by (f]+ x m5tal food bett] ?an t to :i* x has be5 accu/om$4 ,! o!r dang] is negative1 r ?an positive2 b1 z books are comp>atively wor?less :5 !y are n read1 x becomes a matt] ( great mom5t to select su* z w t\* ! public m9d at a few po9ts1 at lea/4 ,x is inde$ possible1 &1 "u ! guidance ( "s p]sons1 x w\ld be natural1 to encumb] ! %elves ( a libr>y ) good books t might ev] rema9 s1 sav+ only ! contributions made to m\ld & mice4 ,n[1 if y w p>don a little m fault-f9d+1--:i* is1 ,i confess1 a quality )\t m]it1 or1 z ,byron has x1 ,a man mu/ s]ve 8 "t to e trade ,save c5sure--critics all are ready made1-- ,i w haz>d ! op9ion t ! practice ( e/abli%+ libr>ies 9 t[ns = ! b5efit ( a portion ( ! inhabitants only is likely to prove p]nici\s 9 ! end4 ,to be sure1 read+ = "s is bett] ?an read+ = none2 b read+ = all is bett] ?an ei!r4 ,9 ,massa*usetts !re is a g5]al law t p]mits cities & t[ns to raise money = ! support ( libr>ies2 yet ! legislature1 9 a few cases1 has grant$ *>t]s to libr>y associations4 ,) due def]5ce1 x may v well be sugge/$1 t1 :]e a _s exi/s :i* leads a few individuals to ask = a *>t]1 x w\ld be bett] to turn ?is _s into a public *annel1 t all might enjoy its b5efits4 ,& x w happ51 g5]ally1 t ! e/abli%m5t ( a public libr>y w be less exp5sive to ! fri5ds ( ! movem5t1 & ! advantages w be great]2 :ile !re w be an additional satisfaction 9 ! good conf]r$ ^u o!rs4 ,we %all act wisely if we apply to books a maxim ( ! ,greeks3 ,all ?+s 9 common among/ fri5ds4 ,"u ?is maxim ,cic]o has enum]at$1 z pr9ciples ( humanity1 n to d5y "o a little runn+ wat]1 or ! light+ 8 fire by ours1 if he has occasion2 to give ! be/ c\nsel we are able to "o :o is 9 d\bt or di/ress2 :i*1 says he1 are ?+s t d good to ! p]son t receives !m1 & are no loss or tr\ble to him t conf]s !m4 ,& he quotes1 ) approbation1 ! words ( ,ennius3 ,he t directs ! w&]+ travell] ,do?1 z x 71 light ano!r's tor* by 8 own2 ,:i* gives him ne'er ! less ( light1 = t ,x gave ano!r4 ,a good book is a guide to ! read]1 & a well-select$ libr>y w be a guide to _m4 ,& %all we give a little runn+ wat]1 & turn aside or *oke up ! /reams ( k8 light ! ev5+ tor*1 & leave ! immortal m9d unillum9$8 give free c\nsel to ! ignorant or di/ress$1 :5 he might easily be qualifi$ to act z 8 own c\nsellor8 ,9 ,july #ahef1 ,mr4 ,ev]ett gave five hundr$ doll>s t[>d a libr>y = ! ,high ,s*ool 9 8 native t[n ( ,dor*e/]2 & 9 #ahed ,mr4 ,abbott ,lawr5ce gave an equal sum to 8 native t[n = ! e/abli%m5t ( a public libr>y4 ,^! are n l>ge donations1 if we consid] only ! am\nt ( money giv52 b x is difficult to sugge/ any o!r equal appropriation t w\ld be z b5eficial1 9 a public s5se4 ,^! donations are noble1 because conceiv$ 9 a _s ( compreh5sive lib]ality4 ,!y are examples wor?y ( imitation2 & ,i v5ture to affirm1 !re is n "o ( our ,new ,engl& t[ns t has n giv5 to ! _w a son able to make a simil> contribution to ! cause ( g5]al le>n+4 ,is x too mu* to believe t a public libr>y 9 a t[n w d\ble ! numb] ( p]sons hav+ a ta/e = read+1 & consequ5tly d\ble ! numb] ( well-educat$ p8 ,=1 ?\gh we are n educat$ by m]e read+1 x is yet likely to happ5 t "o :o has a ta/e = books w also acquire habits ( obs]vation1 /udy1 & reflection4 ,pr(essional in/itutes & clubs also s]ve to increase ! sum ( g5]al le>n+4 ,!y h ?us f> avoid$ ! evil :i* has wait$ or fa/5$ ^u simil> associations 9 ,europe1--subs]vi5cy to political designs4 ,e pr(ession or int]e/ ( labor has peculi> ideas & special purposes4 ,^! ideas & purposes may be wisely promot$ by di/9ct organizations4 ,:o c d\bt ! utility ( associations ( m]*ants1 me*anics1 & f>m]s8 ,!y furni% opportunities = ! ex*ange ( op9ions1 ! exhibition ( products1 ! dissem9ation ( ideas1 & ! k ( improvem5ts1 t are ?us wisely made ! prop]ty ( all4 ,k begets k4 ,:at is ! di/+ui%+ fact betwe5 a good s*ool & a poor "o8 ,is x n1 t 9 a good s*ool ! prevail+ public s5tim5t is on ! side ( k & its acquisition8 ,& does n ! same fact di/+ui% a le>n$ community f an ignorant community8 ,if1 9 a village or city ( artisans1 ea* "o makes a small annual contribution to ! g5]al /ock ( k1 ! aggregate progress w be appreciable1 &1 mo/ likely1 consid]able4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ea* "o plods by himself1 ! sum ( pr(essional k _c be increas$1 & is likely to be dim9i%$4 ,! moral ( ! p>able ( ! t5 tal5ts is em95tly true 9 matt]s ( le>n+4 ,unto e "o t ha? %all be giv51 & he %all h abundance3 b f him t ha? n %all be tak5 away ev5 t :i* he ha?4 ,we _c conceive ( a great] national calamity ?an an indu/rial population delv+ 9 m5tal sluggi%ness at unreliev$ & un*ang+ tasks4 ,! manufacture ( p9s 0 comm5c$ 9 ,engl& 9 #aehc1 & = two hundr$ & fifty ye>s %e _h ! exclusive control ( ! trade2 yet all t p]iod pass$ away )\t improvem5t1 or *ange 9 ! process2 :ile 9 ,am]ica ! bus9ess 0 revolutioniz$1 simplifi$1 & economiz$ "o-half1 9 ! p]iod ( five ye>s4 ,9 #ahdj ! valuation ( ,massa*usetts 0 ab\t ?ree hundr$ millions ( doll>s2 b x is c]ta9 t a l>ge portion ( ?is sum %\ld h be5 set (f aga9/ ! con/ant impov]i%m5t ( ! l&1 comm5c+ ) ! settlem5t ( ! /ate1--! natural & unavoidable result ( an ignorant sy/em ( f>m labor4 ,! revival ( education 9 ,am]ica 0 soon foll[$ by a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! lead+ indu/ries ( ! p1 & especially 9 ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture4 ,! pr9ciple ( association has n yet be5 z b5eficial to ! f>m]s z to ! me*anics2 b ! =m] are soon to be comp5sat$ = ! delay4 ,) ! exception ( ! bus9ess ( discov]+ small planets1 :i* seem to h be5 creat$ = ! purpose ( excit+ rivalry among a numb] ( en?usia/ic1 well-m9d$1 b comp>atively seclud$ g5tlem51 agricultural le>n+ has made ! mo/ m>k$ progress 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,b an agricultural population is pr(essionally an in]t population2 &1 !re=e1 z 9 ! accumulation ( ,john ,jacob ,a/or's =tune1 x 0 m difficult to take ! fir/ /ep ?an to make all ! subsequ5t movem5ts4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! pr9ciple ( association is giv+ direction & =ce to ! labors ( ! f>m]2 & x is easy = any p]son to draw to himself1 9 t pursuit1 ! results ( ! le>n+ ( ! _w4 ,libr>ies & lectures = ! op]atives 9 ! manufactories con/itute ano!r ag5cy 9 ! cause ( g5]al le>n+4 ,! city ( ,lawr5ce1 "u ! lead ( well-kn[n public-spirit$ g5tlem5 !re1 has ! honor ( introduc+ ! sy/em 9 ,am]ica4 ,a movem5t1 to :i* ?is is k9dr$1 0 previ\sly made 9 ,engl&2 b t movem5t _h = its object ! education ( ! op]atives 9 ! simple elem5ts ( le>n+1 & among ! females 9 a k ( h\sehold duties4 ,an ,engli% writ] says3 ,_m employ]s h already e/abli%$ s*ools 9 connection ) _! manufactories4 ,f _m in/ances be=e u1 we may take t ( ,mr4 ,morris1 ( ,man*e/]1 :o has ris51 himself1 f ! condition ( a factory op]ative1 & :o has felt 9 8 own p]son ! disadvantages "u :i* t class ( workm5 labor4 ,he has introduc$ _m judici\s improvem5ts4 ,he has sp5t ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds 9 v5tilat+ 8 mills2 & has e/abli%$ a libr>y1 c(fee-room1 class-room1 weekly lectures1 & a sy/em ( indu/rial tra9+4 ,! latt] has be5 e/abli%$ = females1 ( :om he employs a great _m4 ,?is class ( girls g5]ally g to ! mills )\t any k ( h\sehold duties2 !y are taught 9 ! s*ools to sew1 knit1 etc4 ,b1 9 ! provision made at ,lawr5ce = intellectual culture1 x is assum$1 v prop]ly1 t ! op]atives are famili> ) ! bran*es usually taught 9 ! public s*ools4 ,?is c\ld n be assum$ ( an ,engli% manufactur+ population1 nor1 inde$1 ( any t[n population1 consid]$ z a :ole4 ,h]e9 ,am]ica has an advantage ov] ,engl&4 ,our labor]s occupy a high] /&po9t intellectually1 & 9 t proportion _! labors are m effective & economical4 ,! manag]s & proprietors at ,lawr5ce 7 influ5c$ by a desire to improve ! condition ( ! labor]s1 & _h no reg>d to any pecuni>y return to !mselves1 ei!r imm$iate or remote4 ,& x w\ld be a suffici5t satisfaction to witness ! gr[? ( k & morality1 !reby elevat+ society1 & r5d]+ its in/itutions m secure4 ,^! high] results w be accompani$1 h[ev]1 by o!rs ( suffici5t importance to be consid]$4 ,:5 we hire1 or1 :at is1 = ?is inquiry1 ! same ?+1 buy t commodity call$1 labor1 :at d we expect to get8 ,is x m]ely ! physical =ce1 ! animal life conta9$ 9 a giv5 quantity ( muscle & bone8 ,9 ord9>y cases we expect ^!1 b 9 all cases we expect some?+ m4 ,we sometimes buy1 & at a v high co/1 too1 :at has1 z a product1 ! lea/ conceivable am\nt ( manual labor 9 x1--a pr(essional op9ion1 = example2 b we nev] buy physical /r5g? m]ely1 nor physical /r5g? at all1 unless x is direct$ by "s intellectual =ce4 ,! desc5d+ /ream has p[] to drive ma*9]y1 & ! arm ( ! idiot has =ce = "s me*anical s]vice1 b !y equally lack ! direct+ m9d4 ,we are n s unwise z to pur*ase ! p[] ( ! /ream1 or ! =ce ( ! idiot's arm2 b we pay = its application 9 ! ?+ produc$1 & we (t5 pay m = ! skill t has direct$ ! p[] ?an = ! p[] itself4 ,! riv] t n[ moves ! ma*9]y ( a factory 9 :i* _m scores ( m5 & wom5 f9d _! daily labor1 & e>n _! daily bread1 0 employ$ a hundr$ ye>s ago 9 driv+ a s+le set ( mill-/ones2 & ?us a man & boy 7 induc$ to divide _! "t lazily betwe5 ! gri/ 9 ! hopp] & ! fi% "u ! dam4 ,! riv]'s p[] has n *ang$2 b ! inv5tive1 creative g5ius ( man has be5 appli$ to x1 & new & a/oni%+ results are produc$4 ,) man himself ?is *ange has be5 ev5 great]4 ,9 proportion to ! population ( ! c\ntry1 we are daily disp5s+ ) manual labor1 & yet we are daily increas+ ! national production4 ,!re is m m9d direct+ ! ma*9]y propell$ by ! =ces ( nature1 & m m9d direct+ ! ma*9]y ( ! human body4 ,! result is1 t a giv5 product is furni%$ by less outlay ( physical =ce4 ,=m]ly1 ) ! old sp9n+-:eel & h&-loom1 we put a great deal ( bone & muscle into a y>d ( clo?2 n[ we put 9 v little4 ,we h sub/itut$ m9d = physical =ce1 & ! "q is1 :i* is ! m economical8 ,or1 9 o!r words1 is x ( any consequ5ce to ! employ] :e!r ! labor] is ignorant or intellig5t8 ,be=e we discuss ?is po9t ab/ractly1 let u notice ! conduct ( m54 ,is any "o will+ to give an ignorant f>m labor] z mu* z he is ready to pay = ! s]vices ( an intellig5t man8 ,& if n1 :y ! di/9ction8 ,& if an ignorant man is n ! be/ man ^u a f>m1 is he likely to be s 9 a %op or mill8 ,& if n1 we see h[ ! proprietors ( factories are int]e/$ 9 elevat+ ! /&>d ( le>n+1 9 ! mills & outside4 ,b !y are n s+ul> 9 ?is4 ,all classes ( employ]s are equally conc]n$ 9 ! education ( ! labor]2 = le>n+ n only makes 8 labor m valuable to himself1 b ! m>ket price ( ! product is g5]ally r$uc$1 & ! *ange affects favorably all int]e/s ( society4 ,?is b5efit is "o ( ! fir/ 9 po9t ( "t1 & ! "o1 p]haps1 mo/ appreciable ( all :i* le>n+ has conf]r$ ^u ! labor]4 ,z ea* labor]1 ) ! same exp5diture ( physical =ce1 produces a great] result1 ( c\rse ! aggregate products ( ! _w are va/ly increas$1 al?\gh !y repres5t only ! same numb] ( labor]s t a less quantity w\ld h repres5t$ "u an ignorant sy/em4 ,! division ( ^! products ^u any pr9ciple conceivable leaves = ! labor] a l>g] quantity ?an he c\ld h be=e comm&$2 =1 al?\gh ! %>e ( ! weal?y may be disproportionate1 _! ability to consume is limit$2 &1 z pov]ty is ! abs5ce or want ( ?+s necess>y & conv5i5t = ! purposes ( life1 accord+ to ! ideas at ! "t ent]ta9$1 we see h[ a labor+ population1 necess>ily poor :ile ignorance prevails1 is elevat$ to a position ( great] social & physical com=t1 z m9d takes ! place ( brute =ce 9 ! indu/ries ( ! _w4 ,le>n+1 !n1 is n ! result ( social com=t1 b social com=t is ! product ( intellig5ce1 & increases or dim9i%es z intellig5ce is g5]al or limit$4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 to be tak5 z grant$ t ea* labor]'s position corresponds or answ]s to ! sum ( 8 own k4 ,x might happ5 t an ignorant labor] w\ld enjoy ! advantages ( a g5]al culture1 to :i* he contribut$ little or no?+2 & x mu/ ( necessity also happ5 t an intellig5t labor]1 9 ! mid/ ( an ignorant population1 z 9 ,irel& or ,india1 = example1 w\ld be compell$ to accept1 9 ! ma91 ! condition ( ^? ar\nd him4 ,b !re is no evid5ce on ! face ( society n[1 or 9 its hi/ory1 t an ignorant population1 :e!r a labor+ population or n1 has ev] escap$ f a condition ( pov]ty4 ,& ! conv]se ( ! proposition is und\bt$ly true1 t an intellig5t labor+ community w soon become a weal?y community4 ,le>n+ is sure to produce weal?2 weal? is likely to contribute to le>n+1 b x does n necess>ily produce x4 ,h5ce x foll[s t le>n+ is ! only means by :i* ! poor c escape f _! pov]ty4 ,9 ?is /atem5t x is assum$ t education does n promote vice2 & n only is ?is negative assumption true1 b x is safe to assume1 fur!r1 t education favors virtue1 & t any giv5 population w be less vici\s :5 educat$ ?an :5 ignorant4 ,?is1 ,i _c d\bt1 is a g5]al tru?1 subject1 ( c\rse1 to "s exceptions4 ,! educational /ruggle 9 :i* ! ,engli% p are n[ engag$ has made di/9ct & tangible c]ta9 op9ions & impressions t are lat5t 9 _m m9ds4 ,!re has be5 an attempt to %[ t vice has increas$ 9 proportion to education4 ,?is attempt has fail$1 ?\gh !re may be f\nd1 ( c\rse1 9 all c\ntries1 s+le facts1 or classes ( facts1 t seem to su/a9 su* an op9ion4 ,n[1 suppose ?is case1--& nei!r ?is case nor any simil> "o has ev] occurr$ 9 real life1--b suppose crime to increase z a p 7 educat$1 ?\gh !re %\ld be no increase ( population2 w\ld ?is fact prove t le>n+ made m5 worse8 ,by no means4 ,our answ] is app>5t on ! face ( ! *ange itself4 ,by education1 ! bus9ess1 & pecuni>y relations & transactions ( a p are almo/ indef9itely multipli$2 & temptations to crime1 especially to crimes aga9/ prop]ty1 are multipli$ 9 an equal ratio4 ,w\ld p]son or prop]ty be bett] respect$ 9 ,new ,york or ,bo/on1 if ! mo/ ignorant population ( ! _w c\ld be sub/itut$ = ! pres5t inhabitants ( ^? cities8 ,! bus9ess n]ves ( m5 are frequ5tly %ock$ by "s unexpect$ defalcation1 & %ort-sight$ morali/s1 :o lack fai?1 exclaim1 ,all ?is is because m5 "k s mu*6 ,su* c]ta9ly =get t = e default] 9 a city !re are hundr$s ( hone/ m51 :o receive & r5d] ju/ly unto all1 & hold )\t *eck ! =tunes ( o!rs4 ,s ,mr4 ,drummond argu$ 9 ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons aga9/ a national sy/em ( education1 because :at he 0 pleas$ to call in/ruction _h n sav$ ,william ,palm] & ,john ,sadli]4 ,b ! tru? 9 ?is matt] is n at ! bottom ( a well2 x is ^u ! surface4 ,:]e x is ! habit ( society g5]ally to be ignorant1 y w f9d x ! necessity ( t society to be poor2 & :]e ignorance & pov]ty bo? ab\nd1 ! temptations to crime are unque/ionably few1 b ! p[] to resi/ temptation is z unque/ionably weak4 ,! abs5ce ( crime is ow+ to ! abs5ce ( temptation1 r ?an to ! pres5ce ( virtue4 ,su* a condition ( society is z ne> to real virtue z ! m5tal weakness ( ! idiot is to true happ9ess4 ,turn+ aga9 to ! discussion 9 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t ( ,april1 #ahef1 we are compell$ to believe t "s ,engli% /atesm5 are1 9 pr9ciple & 9 _! ideas ( political economy1 :]e a portion ( ! ,engli% cotton-sp9n]s 7 a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! cotton-sp9n]s ?\ght ! inv5tion ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y w\ld deprive !m ( bread2 & a ,mr4 ,ball gravely argues t s*ools w s occupy ! att5tion ( *ildr51 t ! f>m]s' crops w be neglect$4 ,i am incl9$ to give y 8 own words2 & ,i h no d\bt y w be 9 a measure reliev$ ( ! dulness ( ?is essay1 :5 y li/5 to :at 0 actually *e]$1 9 ! ,briti% ,commons4 ,speak+ ( ! resolutions 9 favor ( a national sy/em ( in/ruction1 ,mr4 ,ball said3 ,x 0 important to consid] :at w\ld be _! be>+ on ! agricultural di/ricts ( ! c\ntry4 ,he _h obta9$ a return f 8 own f>m1 &1 suppos+ ! pr9ciples advocat$ by ! noble "l 7 adopt$1 ! results w\ld be p]fectly fe>ful4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! return he _h obta9$ f 8 ag5t3 ,william ,*apman1 t5 ye>s a s]vant on 8 7,mr4 ,ball's7 f>m2 8 own wages ?irte5 %ill+s1 besides a h\se2 he _h sev5 *ildr51 :o e>n$ n9e %ill+s a week2 mak+ toge!r tw5ty-two %ill+s a week4 ,rob]t ,arbor1 fifte5 ye>s on ! f>m2 wages ?irte5 %ill+s a week1 & a h\se2 six *ildr51 :o e>n$ six %ill+s a week2 mak+ toge!r n9ete5 %ill+s4 ,john ,/ev5s1 ?irty-?ree ye>s a s]vant on ! f>m2 8 own wages f\rte5 %ill+s a week2 he _h br\ght up t5 *ildr51 ^: av]age e>n+s _h be5 twelve %ill+s weekly1 mak+ toge!r tw5ty-six %ill+s a week4 ,rob]t ,c>bon1 tw5ty-two ye>s a s]vant on ! f>m2 wages ?irte5 %ill+s a week2 hav+ t5 *ildr51 :o e>n$ t5 %ill+s a week2 mak+ toge!r tw5ty-?ree %ill+s a week4 ,?us x appe>$ t 9 ^! f\r families ! fa!rs e>n$ fifty-?ree %ill+s weekly1 & ! *ildr5 ?irty-sev5 %ill+s a week2 s t ! *ildr5 e>n$ some?+ m ?an two-?irds ( ! am\nt ( ! e>n+s ( ! fa!rs4 ,he w\ld ask ! h\se1 if ! fa!rs 7 to be depriv$ ( ! e>n+s ( ! *ildr51 h[ c\ld !y provide bread = !m8 ,x 0 p]fectly impossible4 ,!y mu/ ei!r increase ! p>5t's wages to ! am\nt ( ! loss he ?us su/a9$1 or !y mu/ make x up to him f a rate4 ,!n1 aga91 ^? :o 7 at all conv]sant ) agriculture knew t if !y depriv$ ! f>m] ( ! labor ( *ildr51 agriculture c\ld n be c>ri$ on4 ,!re 0 no ma*9]y by :i* !y c\ld get ! we$s out ( ! l&4--,london ,times4 ,! light :i* ?is /atem5t furni%es is n hid "u a bu%el4 ,! argum5t des]ves a m logical =m1 & ,i proce$ gratuit\sly to give ! au?or ! b5efit ( a sci5tific arrangem5t4 ,if a national sy/em ( education is adopt$1 ! *ildr5 ( my t5ants w be s5t to s*ool2 if ! *ildr5 ( my t5ants are s5t to s*ool1 my turnips w n be we$$2 if my turnips are n we$$1 ,i %all eat fat mutton no m4 ,aft] ?is f a /atesman1 we ne$ n wond] t a correspond5t ( ,"l ,john ,russell writes1 ,t a f>m] ne> him has be5 he>d to say1 he w\ld n give any?+ to a day-s*ool2 he f9ds t s9ce ,sunday-s*ools h be5 e/abli%$ ! birds h increas$ & eat 8 corn1 & because he _c n[ procure ! s]vices ( ! boys1 :om he us$ to employ ! :ole ( ,sunday1 9 protect+ 8 fields4--,london ,times1 ,april #ac?1 #ahef4 ,n[1 ,i d n g to ,engl& = ! purpose ( mak+ an attack ^u h] op9ions2 b1 z k9dr$ ideas prevail among u1 ?\gh to a limit$ ext5t only1 ! folly ( !m may be se5 9 p]sons at a di/ance1 :5 x w\ld n be realiz$ by ourselves4 ,moreov]1 ! pres5tation ( ^! some:at ridicul\s notions br+s ridicule ^u a :ole class ( errors2 & :5 errors are s +ra9$ t m5 _c reason 9 reg>d to !m1 ridicule is (t5 ! only weapon ( successful attack4 ,& x is no complim5t to an ,am]ican audi5ce = ! speak] to say t _! own m9ds already sugge/ ! refutation :i* ^! errors dem&4 ,if ! *ief end ( man1 = :i* boyhood %\ld be a prep>ation1 7 to we$ turnips or to fright5 blackbirds f corn-fields1 !n surely ! objection ( ,mr4 ,ball1 & ! compla9t & _s ( resi/ance (f]$ by ,"l ,john ,russell's f>m]1 w\ld be em95tly prop]4 ,b ,"l ,john ,russell did n himself ass5t to ! view furni%$ by 8 correspond5t4 ,mr4 ,ball's !ory evid5tly is1 ,take good c>e ( ! turnips1 & leave ! culture ( ! boys & girls to *ance2 & ,"l ,john ,russell's wise f>m] unque/ionably ?9ks t c]eal peculations ( blackbirds are m dang]\s ?an ! robb]ies committ$ by neglect$ *ildr51 gr[n to m54 ,mr4 ,clay1 *apla9 ( ,pre/on jail1 says3 ,?irty-six p] c5t4 come into jail unable to say ! ,"l's ,pray]2 & sev5ty-two p] c5t4 come 9 su* a /ate ( moral debasem5t t x is 9 va9 to give !m in/ruction1 or to tea* !m _! duty1 s9ce !y _c und]/& ! mean+ ( ! words us$ to !m4 ,"h we h1 z cause & effect1 ! philosophy ( ,mr4 ,ball1 & ! facts ( ,mr4 ,clay4 ,&1 fur!r1 ?is philosophy is z bad 9 pr9ciple1 :5 tri$ by ! rules ( political economy1 z :5 subject$ to moral & ,*ri/ian te/s4 ,mr4 ,ball says !re is no ma*9]y by :i* ! f>m]s c get ! we$s out ( ! l&4 ,?is may be true2 & once !re 0 no ma*9]y by :i* !y c\ld get ! se$ into ! l&1 or ! crops f x4 ,once !re 0 little or no inv5tive p[] among ! me*anics1 or sci5tific k1 or ev5 _s ( inquiry1 among ! f>m]s4 ,h[ h ^! *anges be5 wr\ght8 ,by education1 surely1 & t moral & religi\s culture = :i* secul> education is a fit prep>ation4 ,! contributions ( le>n+ to labor1 9 a pecuni>y aspect alone1 h f> exce$$ ! contributions ( labor to le>n+4 ,x is impossible to enum]ate ! evid5ces 9 support ( ?is /atem5t1 b s+le facts w give u "s conception ( _! aggregat$ value & =ce4 ,x 0 /at$ by ,mr4 ,fl9t1 ,secret>y ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 9 8 ,annual ,report = #ahee1 ,t ! sav+ to ! c\ntry1 f ! improvem5ts 9 pl\ghs alone1 )9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 has be5 e/imat$ at no less ?an t5 millions ( doll>s a ye> 9 ! "w ( teams1 & "o million 9 ! price ( pl\ghs1 :ile ! aggregate ( ! crops is suppos$ to h be5 increas$ by _m millions ( bu%els4 ,f ?is fact1 z ! repres5tative ( a great class ( facts1 we may safely draw two conclusions4 ,fir/1 ^! improvem5ts are ! products ( le>n+1 ! contribution :i* le>n+ makes to labor1 f> exce$+ 9 am\nt any tax :i* ! cause ( le>n+1 9 s*ools or out1 imposes ^u labor4 ,secondly1 we see t a giv5 am\nt ( adult labor ^u a f>m1 ) ! help ( ! improv$ implem5ts ( indu/ry1 w accompli% m 9 #ahef1 ?an ! same am\nt ( adult labor1 ) its att5dant juv5ile =ce1 c\ld h accompli%$ 9 #ahbf4 ,if we 7 fully to illu/rate & su/a9 ! latt] inf]5ce1 we %\ld be requir$ to review ! improvem5ts made 9 o!r implem5ts ( f>m+1 z well z 9 pl\ghs4 ,_! positive pecuni>y value1 :5 consid]$ 9 ! aggregate1 is too va/ = g5]al belief2 & 9 ,engl& alone x mu/ exce$ ! anticipat$ co/ ( a sy/em ( public in/ruction1 say six millions ( p\nds1 or ?irty millions ( doll>s1 p] ye>4 ,b le>n+1 z we h def9$ x1 has contribut$ less to f>m+ ?an to o!r dep>tm5ts ( labor4 ,! v exi/5ce ( manufactures presupposes ! exi/5ce ( le>n+4 ,!re is no bran* ( manufactures )\t its appropriate ma*9e2 & e ma*9e is ! product ( m9d1 enl>g$ & discipl9$ by "s sort ( culture4 ,! /eam eng9e1 ! sp9n+-j5ny1 ! loom1 ! cotton-g91 are notable in/ances ( ! advantages d]iv$ by manufactur+ indu/ry f ! preval5ce ( le>n+4 ,x 0 /at$ by ,*ief ,ju/ice ,m>%all1 ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 t ,:itney's cotton-g9 _h sav$ five hundr$ millions ( doll>s to ! c\ntry2 & ! sav+1 ^u ! same basis1 _c n[ be less ?an "o ?\s& millions ( doll>s1--a sum too great = ! human imag9ation to conceive4 ,:5 we contemplate ^! a*ievem5ts ( m9d1 by :i* manual labor has be5 dim9i%$1 & e physical =ce bo? magnifi$ & economiz$1 h[ un/atesmanlike is ! view :i* reg>ds a human be+ z a bundle ( muscles & bones m]ely1 ) no de/9y b ignorance1 s]vitude1 & pov]ty6 ,anci5t comm]ce1 if we omit to notice ! conjecture t ! m>9]'s compass 0 9 possession ( ! old ,pho5ician & ,indian navigators1 reproduc$1 r ?an inv5t$1 9 mod]n times1 did n re/ ^u any enl>g$ sci5tific k2 b1 9 ?is era1 _m ( ! sci5ces contribute to ! ext5sion & prosp]ity ( trade4 ,aft] :at has be5 accompli%$ by sci5ce1 & especially by physical geography1 = comm]ce & navigation1 we h reason to expect a sy/em1 bas$ ^u sci5tific k & pr9ciples1 :i* %all r5d] ! highway ( nations secure aga9/ ! disa/]s t h (t5 befall5 ^? :o g d[n to ! sea 9 %ips4 ,sci5ce gave to ! _w ! /eam%ip1 :i* promis$ = a "t to engross ! entire trade ^u ! ocean2 b sci5ce aga9 appe>s1 con/ructs vessels ^u bett] sci5tific pr9ciples1 traces out ! pa? ( curr5ts 9 ! wat] & ! air1 & ?us re/ores ! rival p[]s ( w9d & /eam to an equality ( position 9 ! eye ( ! m]*ant4 ,w any "o say t all ?is inures to capital1 & leaves ! labor] comp>atively unrew>d$8 ,we are accu/om$ to use ! ^w prosp]ity z synonym\s ) accumulation2 & yet1 9 a true view1 a man may be prosp]\s & accumulate no?+4 ,suppose we contra/ two p]iods 9 ! life ( a nation ) ea* o!r4 ,s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury1 ! wages ( a common f>m labor] 9 ,am]ica h increas$ sev5ty-five or "o hundr$ p] c5t41 :ile ! articles necess>y & conv5i5t = 8 use h1 ^u ! :ole1 dim9i%$ 9 price4 ,admit t !re 0 no?+ = accumulation 9 ! fir/ p]iod1 & t !re is no?+ = accumulation n[1--is n 8 condition nev]!less improv$8 ,&1 if s1 has he n p>ticipat$ 9 ! g5]al prosp]ity8 ,inde$1 we may all accept ! tru?1 t !re is no exclusiv5ess 9 ! b5efits :i* le>n+ conf]s2 & ?is leads me to say1 next1 t !re ought to be no exclusiv5ess 9 ! enjoym5t ( educational privileges4 ,9 ,am]ica we agree to ?is2 & yet1 confess$ly1 z a practical result we h n g5]ally atta9$ ! end propos$4 ,!re are two practical difficulties 9 ! way4 ,fir/1 our aim 9 a sy/em ( public in/ruction is n high en\gh2 &1 secondly1 we d n suffici5tly realize ! importance ( educat+ ea* individual4 ,our aim is n high en\gh2 & ! result1 l e o!r result1 is measur$ & limit$ by ! purpose we h 9 view4 ,our public s*ools ought to be s good t private s*ools = in/ruction 9 ! ord9>y bran*es w\ld disappe>4 ,mr4 ,ev]ett said1 9 reply to inquiries made by ,mr4 ,twi/leton1 ,i s5d my boy to ! public s*ool1 because ,i "k ( none bett]4 ,x %\ld be ! aim ( ! public to make _! s*ools s good t no citiz51 9 ! education ( 8 *ildr51 w pass !m by4 ,x is z great a privilege = ! weal?y z = ! poor to h an opportunity to s5d _! *ildr5 to good public s*ools4 ,x is a maxim 9 education t ! tea*] mu/ fir/ compreh5d ! pupil m5tally & morally2 & might n _m ( ! errors ( individual & public life be avoid$1 if ! citiz51 f ! fir/1 7 to h an accurate idea ( ! _w 9 :i* he is to live8 ,! dem& ( labor ^u education1 z !y are connect$ ) e mat]ial int]e/ ( society1 is1 t no "o %all be neglect$4 ,! m9d ( a nation is its capital4 ,we are accu/om$ to speak ( money z capital2 & sometimes we enl>ge ! def9ition1 & include ma*9]y1 tools1 flocks1 h]ds1 & l&s4 ,b = ?is mom5t let u d :at we h a "r to d1--g beh9d ! def9itions ( lexicograph]s & political economi/s1 & say1 capital is ! produc+ =ce ( society1 & t =ce is m9d4 ,)\t ?is =ce1 money is no?+2 ma*9]y is no?+2 flocks1 h]ds1 l&s1 are no?+4 ,b all ^! are made valuable & effici5t by ! p[] ( m9d4 ,:at we call civilization1--pass+ f an inf]ior to a sup]ior condition ( exi/5ce1--is a m5tal & moral process4 ,if m9d is ! capital1--! produc+ =ce ( society1--:at %all we say ( ! p]son or community t neglects its improvem5t8 ,c]ta9ly1 all t we %\ld say ( ! mis]1 & all t 0 said ( ! timid s]vant :o buri$ 8 tal5t 9 ! e>?4 ,if "o m9d is neglect$1 !n we fail z a g5]ation1 a /ate1 a nation1 z memb]s ( ! human family1 to answ] ! highe/ purposes ( exi/5ce4 ,"s possible good is unaccompli%$1 "s desirable labor is unp]=m$1 "s means ( progress is neglect$1 "s evil se$1 x may be1 is s[n1 = :i* ?is g5]ation mu/ answ] to all ! successions ( m54 ,b let u n yield to ! prejudice1 ?\gh sanction$ by cu/om1 t le>n+ unfits m5 = ! labors ( life4 ,! s*ools may sometimes d ?is1 b le>n+ nev]4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 conceal f our view ! fact t ?is prejudice is a great ob/acle to progress1 ev5 9 ,new ,engl&2 an ob/acle :i* may n be ov]come )\t delay & conflict1 9 _m /ates ( ?is ,union2 & especially 9 ,great ,brita9 is x an ob/acle 9 ! way ( ^? :o dem& a sy/em ( univ]sal education4 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,mr4 ,drummond opposes a national sy/em ( education 9 ?is wise3 ,&1 pray1 :at d y propose to re> y\r y\? =8 ,are y go+ to tra9 !m = /atesm58 ,no4 7,a laugh47 ,! honorable g5tleman laughs at ! notion1 & s w\ld ,i4 ,b y are go+ to fit !m to be--:at8 ,:y1 cotton-sp9n]s & p9-mak]s1 or1 if y l1 blacksmi?s1 m]e day labor]s4 ,^! are ! m5 :om y are to tea* =eign languages1 ma!matics1 & ! notation ( music4 7,he>1 he>47 ,0 !re ev] any?+ m absurd8 ,x really seems z if ,god _h )drawn common s5se f ?is h\se4 ,n[1 :at does ?is language ( ,mr4 ,drummond mean8 ,does he n int5d to say t x is unwise to educate t class ( society f :i* cotton-sp9n]s1 p9-mak]s1 blacksmi?s1 m]e day labor]s1 are tak58 ,is x n 8 op9ion t ! bus9ess ( p9-mak+ is to be p]petuat$ 9 "s families & classes1 & ! bus9ess ( /atesman%ip is to be p]petuat$ 9 o!rs8 ,&1 if s1 does he n believe t ! be/ condition ( society is t :i* pres5ts divisions bas$ ^u ! factiti\s di/9ctions ( bir? & =tune8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly ^! que/ions indicate 8 op9ions1 z !y indicate ! op9ions ( ^? :o *e]$ him1 & z !y also indicate ! op9ions ( a few 9 ?is c\ntry1 :o1 ?r\gh ignorance1 false education1 prejudice1 or sympa?y ) ca/es & races1 fe> to educate ! labor]1 le/ he may =sake 8 call+4 ,) u ^! fe>s are infrequ5t1 b !y ought n to exi/ at all4 ,! "q 9 a public s5se is n1 ,f :at family or class %all ! p9-mak] or ! /atesman be tak58 ,!re is no "q at all to be answ]$4 ,educate ! :ole p4 ,education w develop e v>iety ( tal5t1 ta/e1 & p[]4 ,^! qualities1 "u ! guidance ( ! necessities ( life & ! public judgm5t1 w direct ea* man to 8 prop] place4 ,if ! son ( a cotton-sp9n] become a /atesman1 x is because /atesman%ip ne$s him1 & he has "s p[] answ]+ to its wants4 ,& if ,mr4 ,drummond's son become a cotton-sp9n]1 x is because t is 8 "r place1 & ! _w w be ! bett] & ! ri*] t ,mr4 ,drummond's son is a cotton-sp9n]1 & t he is a le>n$ man too2 b1 if ,mr4 ,drummond's son occupy ! place ( a /atesman because he is ,mr4 ,drummond's son1 ?\gh he be no /atesman at all himself1 !n ! _w is all ! worse = ! mi/ake1 & poor comp5sation is x t ,mr4 ,drummond's son is a le>n$ man 9 some?+ t he is nev] call$ to put 9 practice4 ,:5 x is said t ! /atesm51 or ^? engag$ 9 ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t1 %all come f "o-t5? ( ! population1 is n ! /ate1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( *ances1 depriv$ ( n9e-t5?s ( its gov]n+ =ce8 ,& may n ! same sugge/ion be made ( e o!r bran* ( bus9ess8 ,b ,i pass n[ to ! la/ lead+ ?\ght1 & soon to ! conclusion ( my address4 ,! great contribution ( le>n+ to ! labor] is its p[]1 "u ! lead ( ,*ri/ianity1 to break d[n ! unnatural di/9ctions ( society1 & to r5d] labor ( e sort1 among all classes1 acceptable & honorable4 ,ignorance is ! degradation ( labor1 & :5 labor]s1 z a class1 are ignorant1 _! vocation is necess>ily %unn$ by "s2 &1 be+ %unn$ by "s1 x is likely to be despis$ by o!rs4 ,:]ev] ! labor+ population is 9 a condition ( positive1 or1 by a broad di/9ction1 ( comp>ative ignorance1 society w always divide itself into two1 & (t5times into ?ree classes4 ,we %all f9d ! dom9ant class1 ! s]vi5t class1 & !n1 g5]ally1 ! despis$ class2 ! dom9ant class1 comp>atively intellig5t1 possess+ ! prop]ty1 adm9i/]+ ! gov]nm5t1 giv+ to social life its laws1 & enjoy+ ! fruits ( labor :i* !y d n p]=m2 ! s]vi5t class1 unwitt+ly 9 a /ate ( slav]y1 :e!r nom9ally bond or free1 hav+ little besides physical =ce to promote _! own com=t or to contribute to ! g5]al prosp]ity1 & furni%+ security 9 _! degradation = a f9al submission to :atev] may be requir$ ( !m2 & la/1 a despis$ class1 too poor to live )\t labor1 & too pr\d to live by labor1 assum+ a position n accord$ to !m1 & f9ally yield+ to a social & political o/racism ev5 m degrad+1 to a s5sitive m9d1 ?an ! s]vi5t condition !y ) s mu* ef=t seek to %un4 ,all ?is is ! fruit ( ignorance2 all ?is may be remov$ by g5]al le>n+4 ,if all m5 are le>n$1 ! "w ( ! _w w be p]=m$ by le>n$ m52 & :y1 "u su* circum/ances1 %\ld n e vocation t is hone/ be equally honorable8 ,b if ?is1 9 a broad view1 seem utopian1 c we n agree t le>n+ is ! only means by :i* a poor man c escape f 8 pov]ty8 ,&1 if x furni% c]ta9 means ( escape = "o man1 w x n furni% equally c]ta9 means ( escape = _m8 ,& if s1 is n le>n+ a g5]al rem$y = ! inequalities among m58 ,,education ,,& ,,crime4 ,extract f ! ,tw5ty-,fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,! public s*ools1 9 _! relations to ! morals ( ! pupils & to ! morality ( ! community1 are attract+ a l>ge %>e ( att5tion4 ,9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry ! sy/em is boldly d5\nc$ on acc\nt ( its immoral t5d5cies4 ,9 /ates :]e free s*ools exi/ !re are p]sons :o d\bt _! utility2 & occasionally p>tisan or religi\s lead]s appe> :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( any public duty 9 reg>d to education1 or :o ass]t & ma9ta9 ! doctr9e t free s*ools are a common dang]4 ,z ! p ( ?is commonweal? are n foll[]s ( ^! prophets ( evil1 nor believ]s 9 _! pr$ictions1 !re is b slight reason = discussion among u4 ,x is n probable t a l>ge numb] ( ! citiz5s ( ,massa*usetts ent]ta9 d\bts ( ! p[] & value ( our in/itutions ( le>n+1 ( e grade1 to resi/ evil & promote virtue1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce !y ex]t4 ,b1 z !re is no?+ 9 our free-s*ool sy/em t %r9ks f light1 or inve/igation ev51 ,i h select$ f ! annual reports ev]y?+ :i* !y conta9 t\*+ ! morality ( ! in/itution4 ,9 s do+1 ,i h _h two objects 9 view4 ,fir/1 to direct att5tion to ! errors & wrongs t exi/2 &1 secondly1 to /ate ! op9ion1 & en=ce x z ,i may be able1 t ! admitt$ evils f\nd 9 ! s*ools are ! evils ( dome/ic1 social1 municipal1 & g5]al life1 :i* are sometimes *a/5$1 mitigat$1 or remov$1 b nev] produc$1 nor ev5 *]i%$1 by our sy/em ( public in/ruction4 ,9 ! extracts f ! s*ool committees' reports !re are passages :i* imply "s d\bt ( ! moral value ( ! sy/em2 b x is our duty to be> 9 m9d t ^! reports 7 prep>$ & pres5t$ = ! praisewor?y purpose ( ar\s+ an int]e/ 9 ! removal ( ! evils t are po9t$ out4 ,! writ]s are contemplat+ ! importance ( mak+ ! s*ools a bett] means ( moral & intellectual culture2 b !re is no reason to suppose t 9 any case a comp>ison is in/itut$1 ev5 m5tally1 betwe5 ! /ate ( society z x appe>s at pres5t & ! condition t w\ld foll[ ! ab&onm5t ( our sy/em ( public in/ruction4 ,!re are g5]al compla9ts t ! mann]s ( *ildr5 & y\? h *ang$ )9 ?irty or fifty ye>s2 t age & /ation d n comm& ! respect :i* 0 =m]ly manife/$1 & t "s lic5se 9 morals has foll[$ ?is lic5se 9 mann]s4 ,! *ange 9 mann]s _c be d5i$2 b ! alleg$ *ange 9 morals is n su/a9$ by a great am\nt ( positive evid5ce4 ,! cu/oms ( =m] g5]ations 7 su* t *ildr5 (t5 manife/$ 9 _! ext]ior deportm5t a def]5ce :i* !y did n feel1 :ile at pres5t !re may be m real respect = /ation1 & def]5ce = age & virtue1 ?an are exhibit$ 9 juv5ile life4 ,9 ?is explanation1 if x be true1 !re is matt] = s]i\s ?\ght2 b ,i %\ld n deem x wise to enc\rage a m]e outw>d %[ ( ! social virtues1 :i* h no spr+s ( life 9 ! affections4 ,&1 not)/&+ ! tone ( ! reports to :i* ,i h call$ att5tion1 & not)/&+ my firm conviction t _m moral defects are f\nd 9 ! s*ools1 ,i am yet confid5t t _! moral progress is appreciable & consid]able4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 tea*]s1 z a class1 h a high] idea ( _! pr(essional duties1 9 respect to moral & intellectual culture4 ,_m ( !m are p]man5tly e/abli%$ 9 _! s*ools4 ,!y are p]sons ( "* 9 society1 ) positions to ma9ta91 & !y are controll$ by a /rong s5se ( pr(essional responsibility to p>5ts & to ! public4 ,x has be51 to "s ext5t1 ! purpose & result ( ,tea*]s' ,associations1 ,tea*]s' ,in/itutes1 & ,normal ,s*ools1 to create 9 ! body ( tea*]s a bett] op9ion conc]n+ _! moral obligations 9 ! "w ( education4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$ t ! *anges 9 s*ool gov]nm5t h be5 favorable to le>n+ & virtue4 ,=1 :ile x is n assum$ t all s*ools are1 or c be1 controll$ by moral means only1 x is incontrov]tible t a gov]nm5t ( mild measures is sup]ior to "o ( =ce4 ,?is sup]iority is z app>5t 9 morals z 9 s*ol>ly acquisitions4 ,x is r>e t a tea*] n[ boa/s ( 8 success ov] 8 pupils 9 physical conte/s2 b su* claims 7 common a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,! *ange t has be5 wr\ght is *iefly moral1 & 9 its influ5ce we f9d demon/rative evid5ce ( ! moral sup]iority ( ! s*ools ( ! pres5t ov] ^? ( any previ\s p]iod ( ?is c5tury4 ,be=e we c compreh5d ! moral "w :i* ! s*ools h done & are do+1 we mu/ p]ceive & appreciate ) "s degree ( tru?fulness ! *anges t h occurr$ 9 g5]al life )9 a brief p]iod ( "t4 ,! activity ( bus9ess1 by :i* fa!rs h be5 div]t$ f ! cu/ody & tra9+ ( _! *ildr52 ! claims ( fa%ion & society1 :i* h l$ to "s neglect ( family gov]nm5t on ! "p ( mo!rs2 ! aggregation ( l>ge1 populations 9 cities & t[ns1 always unfavorable to ! physical & moral welf>e ( *ildr52 ! comp>ative neglect ( agriculture1 & ! consequ5t loss ( moral /r5g? 9 ! p1 are all facts to be consid]$ :5 we e/imate ! p[] ( ! public s*ool to resi/ evil & to promote good4 ,if1 9 addition to ^! unfavorable facts & t5d5cies1 our educational sy/em is prejudicial to good morals1 we may well inquire = ! human ag5cy p[]ful en\gh to resi/ ! d[nw>d c\rse ( ,new ,engl& & ,am]ican civilization4 ,to be sure1 ,*ri/ianity rema9s2 b x mu/1 to "s ext5t1 use human in/itutions z means ( good2 & ! ass]tion t ! s*ools are immoral is equival5t to a decl>ation t our div9e religion is practically exclud$ f !m4 ,?is decl>ation is n 9 any j s5se true4 ,! duty ( daily devotional ex]cises is always inculcat$ ^u tea*]s1 & ! lead+ tru?s & virtues ( ,*ri/ianity are made1 z f> z possible1 ! daily guides ( tea*]s & pupils4 ,! t5ets ( p>ticul> sects are n taught2 b ! great tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* are receiv$ by ,*ri/ians g5]ally1 are accept$ & taught by a l>ge majority ( committees & tea*]s4 ,x is n claim$ t ! public s*ools are religi\s in/itutions2 b !y recognize & inculcate ^? fundam5tal tru?s :i* are ! basis ( individual "*1 & ! be/ support ( social1 religi\s1 & political life4 ,! /atem5t t ! public s*ools are demoraliz+ mu/ be true1 if true at all1 = "o ( ?ree reasons4 ,ei!r because all education is demoraliz+2 or1 secondly1 because ! p>ticul> education giv5 9 ! public s*ools is s2 or1 ?irdly1 because ! public-s*ool sy/em is corrupt+1 & consequ5tly ta9ts all ! /reams ( k t fl[ ?r\gh or emanate f x4 ,=1 if ! public sy/em is unobjectionable z a sy/em1 & education is n 9 itself demoraliz+1 !n1 ( c\rse1 no gr\nd rema9s = ! *>ge t ,i am n[ consid]+4 ,i4 ,is all education demoraliz+8 ,an affirmative answ] to ?is "q implies s mu* t no rational man c accept x4 ,x is equival5t to ! ass]tion t b>b>ism is a bett] condition ?an civilization1 & t ! progress ( mod]n times has proce$$ ^u a misconception ( ! true ideal p]fection ( ! human race4 ,z no "o c be f\nd :o w admit t 8 happ9ess has be5 m>r$1 8 p[]s limit$1 or 8 life degrad$1 by education1 s !re is no process ( logic t c comm5d to ! human und]/&+ ! doctr9e t bodies ( m5 are ei!r less happy or virtu\s = ! culture ( ! intellect4 ,i am n aw>e ( any human exp]i5ce t conflicts ) ?is view2 = individual cases ( crim9als :o h be5 well educat$ prove no?+ 9 !mselves1 b are to be consid]$ z facts 9 great classes ( facts :i* indicate ! pr9ciples & conduct ( bodies ( m5 :o are subject to simil> influ5ces4 ,9 fact1 ! /ati/ics to :i* ,i h _h access t5d to %[ t crime dim9i%es z intellig5ce increases4 ,on ?is po9t ! exp]i5ce ( ,great ,brita9 is probably m def9ite1 &1 ( c\rse1 m valuable1 ?an our own4 ,! ,ab]de5 ,fe$+ ,s*ools 7 e/abli%$ 9 #ahda1 & dur+ ! t5 ye>s succe$+ ! commitm5ts to ! jails ( *ildr5 "u twelve ye>s ( age 7 z foll[s3#a ,9 #ahdb1 #cj ,9 #ahdg1 #bg #ahdc1 #fc #ahdh1 #ai #ahdd1 #da #ahdi1 #af #ahde1 #di #ahej1 #bb #ahdf1 #bh #ahea1 #h #baa #ib ,9 ! "w ( ,mr4 ,hill x is also /at$ t ! numb] ( *ildr5 "u twelve committ$ = crime to ! ,ab]de5 prisons1 dur+ ! la/ six ye>s1 0 z foll[s3 ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 #ahdi-ej1 #aa #e #af #ahej-ea1 #ad #h #bb #ahea-eb1 #f #b #h #aheb-ec1 #bc #a #bd #ahec-ed1 #bd #a #be #ahed-ee1 #dg #b #di ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s !re has be5 a great increase ( boy crime1 contemporane\sly ) an almo/ total abs5ce ( girl crime1 ?\gh =m]ly ! am\nt ( ! latt] 0 consid]able4 ,n[1 s9ce ?is extraord9>y diff]5ce co9cides 9 po9t ( "t ) ! fact ( full girls' s*ools & half empty boys' s*ools1 ! inf]5ce c h>dly be avoid$ t ! two facts be> ! relation ( cause & effect1 & t1 s f> f ! late increase ( y\?ful crime 9 ,ab]de5 any-wise impair+ ! s\ndness ( ! pr9ciple on :i* ! s*ools are bas$1 x is its /ronge/ confirmation4 ,9 moral z 9 physical sci5ce1 :5 ! objections to a !ory are1 ^u fur!r inve/igation1 expla9$ by ! !ory itself1 !y become ! be/ evid5ce ( its tru?4 ,inde$1 x is prov$1 by ! exp]i5ce1 n only ( ,ab]de51 b1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta91 ( e t[n 9 ,scotl& 9 :i* indu/rial s*ools h be5 e/abli%$1 t ! numb] ( *ildr5 9 ! s*ools & ! numb] 9 ! jail are l ! two ends ( a scale-beam2 z ! "o rises ! o!r falls1 & vice v]sa4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( imprisonm5ts ( *ildr5 att5d+ ! s*ools ( ! ,bri/ol ,ragg$ ,s*ool ,union %[s consid]able progress 9 ! "r direction3 #ahdg4ahdh4ahdi4ahej4ahea4aheb4ahec4ahed 4ahee4 ,imprison$1 #ab #ai #bf #i #a #a - #a - ,imprisonm5ts 9 #ff1 av]ag+ #af4e p] ye> on numb] ( #dag ! fir/ f\r ye>s *ildr54 ,9 subsequ5t five #c1 av]ag+ #j4f p] ye> on numb] ( #gbh ye>s1 *ildr54 ,diff]5ce1 #ae4i #af4e 3 #ae4i 33 #ajj 3 #if4cf4 ,?us1 says ,mr4 ,?ornton1 x appe>s t ! dim9ution ( ! av]age annual numb] ( *ildr5 att5d+ our s*ools imprison$ 9 ! latt] p]iod ( five ye>s1 z comp>$ ) ! annual av]age ( ! previ\s f\r ye>s1 is n9ety-six p] c5t4--a /rik+ fact1 :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 a manife/ pro( ( ! b5efit conf]r$ on !m by ! religi\s & secul> in/ruction !y receive 9 our s*ools1 or1 at ! v lea/1 ( ! advantages ( rescu+ !m f ! temptations ( idl5ess1 & f evil companion%ip & example4 ,i also copy1 f ! "w already ref]r$ to1 an extract f a pap] on ! ,re=matory ,in/itutions 9 & ne> ,bri/ol1 by ,m>y ,c>p5t]3 ,9 numb]less in/ances *ildr5 may be se5 gr[+ up dec5tly1 :o owe _! only tra9+ & in/ruction to ! s*ool4 ,"y p]sons are notic$ 9 regul> "w1 :o1 be=e !y att5d$ ! ,ragg$ ,s*ools1 7 vagrants1 or ev5 ?ieves4 ,n unfrequ5tly a visit is paid at ! s*ool by a respectable "y man1 :o proves to h be5 a wild & tr\blesome s*ol> ( =m] times4 ,mr4 ,hill1 ,record] ( ,birm+ham1 9 a *>ge to ! gr& jury1 made 9 #ahci1 speak+ ( ! means ( repress+ crime1 says3 ,x is to education1 9 ! l>ge & true mean+ ( ! ^w1 t we mu/ all look z ! means ( /rik+ at ! root ( ! evil4 ,inde$1 ( ! close connection betwe5 ignorance & crime ! cal5d> :i* ,i hold 9 my h& furni%es a /rik+ example4 ,ea* prison] has be5 exam9$ z to ! /ate ( 8 education1 & ! result is set d[n opposite 8 "n4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ( =ty-?ree prison]s only "o c read & write well4 ,! majority c nei!r read nor write at all2 & ! rema9d]1 ) ! solit>y exception :i* ,i h not$ d[n1 are said to read & write imp]fectly2 :i* necess>ily implies t !y h n ! p[] ( us+ ^? great elem5ts ( k = any practical object4 ,( =ty-?ree prison]s1 =ty-two1 !n1 are de/itute ( in/ruction4 ,^! au?orities are n cit$ because !y ref] to s*ools t answ] 9 "* to ! public s*ools ( ,massa*usetts1 = ! latt] are f> sup]ior 9 ! quality ( _! pupils1 & 9 ! opportunities giv5 = intellectual & moral education2 b ^! cases & op9ions are pres5t$ = ! purpose ( %[+ :at has be5 done = ! improvem5t ( *ildr5 & ! repression ( crime "u ! mo/ unfavorable circum/ances t exi/ 9 a civiliz$ community4 ,if su* b5ign results h foll[$ ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools ( an inf]ior "*1 is x unreasonable to claim t education & ! processes ( education1 h[ev] imp]fect !y may be1 are calculat$ to increase ! sum ( human progress1 virtue1 & happ9ess8 ,,ii4 ,is ! p>ticul> education giv5 9 ! public s*ools unfavorable to ! morals ( ! pupils1 &1 consequ5tly1 to ! morality ( ! community8 ,i h already pres5t$ a view ( ! moral & religi\s education giv5 9 ! s*ools1 & x only rema9s to consid] ! culture t is 9 its lead+ features intellectual4 ,x may be said1 speak+ g5]ally1 t education is a tra9+ & developm5t ( ! faculties1 s z to make !m h>monize 9 p[]1 & 9 _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,among o!r ?+s1 ! ability to read is acquir$ 9 ! public s*ools4 ,9 ! individual1 ?is is a p[] = good4 ,x op5s to ! m9d & he>t ! tea*+s ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures2 x secures ! companion%ip ( ! great1 ! wise1 & ! good1 ( e age2 & x is a possession t1 9 all cases1 mu/ be ! f\ndation ( ^? sci5tific acquisitions1 intellectual1 moral1 & natural1 :i* %[ ! b5efic5ce & p[] ( ! ,creator1 & indicate ! fact & ! law ( human responsibility4 ,! natural & g5]al effect ( ! sci5ces taught 9 ! s*ools is an illu/ration ( ! la/ /atem5t4 ,moreov]1 ! m]e pres5ce ( a *ild1 ?\gh he took no "p 9 ! /udies ( ! s*ool1 is to him a moral lesson4 ,he feels ! =ce ( gov]nm5t1 he acquires ! habit ( ob$i5ce1 &1 9 "t1 he compreh5ds ! reason ( ! rules t are e/abli%$4 ,?is discipl9e is ess5tially moral1 & furni%es "s basis1 ?\gh p>tial & unsatisfactory1 = ! prop] dis*>ge ( ! duties ( life4 ,b x is to be rememb]$ t ! p[] ( ! s*ool is b 9 its beg9n+ :5 ! pres5ce ( a pupil is recogniz$4 ,! con/ancy & punctuality ( att5dance requir$ by all judici\s p>5ts & fai?ful tea*]s are important moral lessons1 ^: influ5ce c nev] be de/roy$4 ,! fix$ness ( purpose t is requir$1 & is ess5tial 9 s*ool1 rema9s z ?\gh x 7 a "p ( ! nature ( ! *ild & ! man4 ,s*ool-life /r5g!ns habits ( indu/ry :5 !y exi/1 & creates !m :5 !y d n4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! only means1 ( univ]sal application1 t is compet5t to tra9 *ildr5 9 habits ( indu/ry4 ,private s*ools c nev] furni% ?is tra9+2 = l>ge numb]s ( *ildr51 by ! =ce ( circum/ances1 are depriv$ ( ! tuition ( su* s*ools4 ,bus9ess life _c furni% ?is tra9+2 = ! habits ( ! *ild are usually m\ld$1 if n h>d5$1 be=e he arrives at an age :5 he c be con/antly employ$ 9 any indu/rial vocation4 ,! public s*ool is no d\bt ju/ly *>geable ) neglects & omissions2 b its p[] = good1 measur$ by ! "* ( ! education n[ furni%$1 is c]ta9ly v great4 ,x inculcates habits ( regul>ity1 punctuality1 con/ancy1 & indu/ry1 9 ! pursuits ( bus9ess2 ?r\gh lit]ature & ! sci5ces 9 _! elem5ts1 &1 "u "s circum/ances1 by an advanc$ c\rse ( /udy1 x leads ! pupil t[>ds ! f\nta9 ( life & wisdom2 &1 by ! moral & religi\s in/ruction daily giv51 "s prep>ation is made = ! duties ( life & ! temptations ( ! _w4 ,,iii4 ,is ! public s*ool sy/em1 z a sy/em1 9 itself necess>ily corrupt+8 ,z prelim9>y to ! answ] to be giv5 to ?is "q1 x is well to consid] :at ! public-s*ool sy/em is4 #a4 ,e inhabitant is requir$ to contribute to its support4 #b4 ,x contemplates ! education ( e *ild1 reg>dless ( any di/9ction ( society or nature4 #c4 ,! sy/em is subject 9 _m respects to ! popul> w2 & ultimately its exi/5ce & "* are dep5d5t ^u ! public judgm5t4 #d4 ,9 ! ,massa*usetts s*ools1 ! daily read+ ( ! ,scriptures is requir$4 ,! consid]ation ( ^! topics w conclude my rem>ks ^u ! g5]al subject ( ! moral influ5ce ( ! ,am]ican sy/em ( public in/ruction4 ,9 ,new ,engl& x is v unusual to he> ! "r ( ! /ate to provide = ! support ( s*ools by g5]al taxation call$ 9 "q2 b ,i am satisfi$1 f private conv]sations1 & f occasional public /atem5ts1 t !re are lead+ m9ds 9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry t are yet unconv9c$ ( ! moral s\ndness ( ! basis on :i* a sy/em ( public in/ruction necess>ily re/s4 ,taxation is simply an ex]cise ( ! "r ( ! :ole to take ! prop]ty ( an individual2 & ?is "r c be ex]cis$ ju/ly 9 ^? cases only :]e ! application ( ! prop]ty s tak5 is1 morally speak+1 to a public use4 ,! judgm5t ( ! public det]m9es ! legality ( ! proce$+2 b x is possible t 9 "s cases a public judgm5t might be secur$ :i* c\ld n be support$ by a process ( moral reason+4 ,on :at moral gr\nds1 !n1 does ! "r ( taxation = educational objects re/8 ,i answ]1 fir/1 education dim9i%es crime4 ,! evid5ce 9 support ( ?is /atem5t has already be5 pres5t$4 ,x is a manife/ individual duty to make sacrifices = ?is object2 &1 z e crime is an injury1 n only to him :o is ! subject ( x1 b to e memb] ( society1 ! prev5tion ( crime becomes a public z well z an individual duty4 ,! conviction ( a crim9al is a public duty2 &1 "u all gov]nm5ts ( law1 x is und]tak5 at ! public *>ge4 ,(f5ces are n individual m]ely2 !y are aga9/ society also1 inasmu* z x is ! "r ( society t all its memb]s %all behave !mselves well4 ,&1 if x is ! "r ( society t its memb]s %all behave !mselves well1 is x n ! duty ( society to s provide = _! education t ea* individual "p may meet ! dem& :i* ! :ole body ass]ts8 ,&1 fur!r1 z a majority ( p]sons _c individually provide = _! own protection1 x is ! duty ( society1 or ! /ate1 or ! gov]nm5t1 to furni% ! ne$$ protection 9 ! mo/ economical & effective mann] possible4 ,! /ate has no moral "r to jeop>d prop]ty1 life1 & reputation1 :51 by a diff]5t policy1 all ^! might be secure2 nor has ! /ate a moral "r to make ! security furni%$1 :e!r p]fect or n1 unnecess>ily exp5sive4 ,x is ! dictate ( reason & ! exp]i5ce ( gov]nm5ts t ! mo/ effectual me?od ( repress+ crime is to dim9i% ! numb] ( crim9als2 &1 ?\gh punitive measures may accompli% some?+1 our *ief reliance mu/ be ^u ! education & tra9+ ( *ildr5 & y\?4 ,! facts drawn f ! exp]i5ce ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 :i* h be5 quot$1 lead to ! conclusion t s*ools dim9i% ! numb] ( crim9als1 & consequ5tly less5 ! am\nt ( crime2 b ,i ?9k x prop] to add "s extracts f a communication made1 9 ,augu/1 #ahef1 by ,mr4 ,dunne1 *ief con/able ( ,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,national ,re=matory ,union4#b ,i "k1 f my own p]sonal k & obs]vation1 t1 s9ce p>5tal responsibility has be5 en=c$ 9 ! di/rict1 "u ! direction ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ! numb] ( juv5ile crim9als 9 ! cu/ody ( ! police has decreas$ "o-half4 ,i "k t _m ( ! p>5ts1 :o 7 9 ! habit ( s5d+ _! *ildr5 into ! /reets = ! purposes ( /eal+1 begg+1 & plund]1 h q discont9u$ t practice1 & sev]al ( ! *ildr5 s us$1 & br\ght up z ?ieves & m5dicants1 are n[ at "s ( ! free s*ools ( ! t[n2 o!rs are at "w1 & !reby obta9 an hone/ livelihood2 &1 s f> z ,i c asc]ta91 !y seem to be ?or\ghly alt]$1 & appe> likely to become good & hone/ memb]s ( society4 ,i h1 = my own in=mation1 conv]s$ ) "s ( ! boys s alt]$1 &1 dur+ ! conv]sation ,i _h ) !m1 !y decl>$ t !y d]iv$ ! greate/ happ9ess & satisfaction f _! *ange 9 life4 ,i don't at all d\bt ! tru? ( ^! /atem5ts1 = _! evid5t improvem5t & individual circum/ances fully be> !m out2 & ,i believe !m to be really s]i\s 9 all !y say1 & truly anxi\s to become hone/ & respectable4 ,i attribute1 9 a great measure1 ?is salut>y *ange to ! effects aris+ 9 _m respects f ! e/abli%m5t ( re=matory s*ools2 b ,i h m p>ticul>ly f\nd t great] advantages h emanat$ f ^? in/itutions s9ce ! p>5ts ( ! *ildr5 conf9$ 9 !m h be5 made to pay contributions to _! ma9t5ance2 = x appe>s beyond d\bt t ! effect ( ! latt] has be5 to induce ! p>5ts ( o!r "y crim9als to )draw !m f ! /reets1 &1 in/ead ( us+ !m = ! purposes ( crime1 !y seem to take an int]e/ 9 _! welf>e4 ,& ,i "k t _m ( !m are n[ really anxi\s to get su* employm5t = _! *ildr5 z w enable !m to obta9 a livelihood2 & x is my op9ion t ! example ?us set to old] & m desp]ate crim9als1 belong+ 9 _m in/ances to ! same family z ! juv5ile ?ief1 has _h ! effect ( re=m+ !m also2 = _m ( !m h left (f _! c\rse ( crime1 & are n[ liv+ by hone/ labor4 ,! result is t s]i\s crime has consid]ably decreas$ 9 ?is di/rict1 s mu* s t !re 7 only six cases = trial at ! assizes1 :]eas1 at ! previ\s assizes1 ! av]age numb] ( cases 0 f tw5ty-five to ?irty1 :i* fact 0 made ! subject ( mu* comm5t & congratulation by ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,willes1 ! presid+ judge4 ,^! rem>ks relate *iefly to ! re=matory s*ools1 b we "k t ! prev5tion ( crime by education is mu* easi] ?an its re=mation by ! same means4 ,inde$1 x is ! result ( ! exp]i5ce ( ,massa*usetts t ! necessity = re=m s*ools has 9 a l>ge degree aris5 f neglect ( ! public s*ools4 ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,*apla9 ( ! ,/ate ,re=m ,s*ool t ( n9ete5 hundr$ & n9e boys admitt$ s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! in/itution1 ?irte5 hundr$ & ?irty-f\r are kn[n to h be5 truants4 ,x is also q probable t ! numb] report$ z truants is really less ?an ! facts w>rant4 ,x may n be out ( place to sugge/1 9 ?is connection1 t :5 a boy s5t5c$ to ! ,re=m ,s*ool is kn[n to h be5 guilty ( truancy1 if ! p>5ts 7 subject$ to "s additional burd5s on t acc\nt1 ! cause ( education w\ld be promot$1 & ! numb] ( crim9als 9 ! community w\ld be dim9i%$4 ,f ! views & facts pres5t$1 z well z f ! daily obs]vation & exp]i5ce ( m51 ,i assume t ignorance is ! ally ( crime1 & t education is favorable to virtue4 ,x is also ! result ( exp]i5ce & ! dictate ( reason t g5]al taxation is ! only means by :i* univ]sal education c be secur$4 ,all o!r plans & !ories w prove p>tial 9 _! application4 ,if1 !n1 x is ! duty ( ! /ate to protect itself aga9/ crime1 & ( c\rse to dim9i% ! numb] ( crim9als2 if education is ! mo/ effici5t means = secur+ ^! results2 if ?is education mu/ be univ]sal 9 ord] to be ?or\ghly effective2 if ! /ate is ! only ag5t or in/rum5tality ( suffici5t p[] to e/abli% s*ools & furni% education = all2 & if g5]al taxation is ! only means :i* ! /ate itself c comm&1 is n e inhabitant ju/ly requir$ & morally b\nd to contribute to ! support ( a sy/em ( public in/ruction8 ,x w n necess>ily happ5 t public s*ools w furni% to e *ild & y\? ! desir$ am\nt ( education4 ,pr(essional s*ools1 classical s*ools1 & academies ( v>i\s grades1 w be cont9u$2 b !re is an am\nt ( intellectual & moral tra9+ ne$$ by e *ild :i* c be be/ giv5 9 ! public s*ool4 ,?is tra9+ 9 ! public s*ools ought to be c>ri$ mu* fur!r ?an x usually is4 ,9 ! city ( ,newburyport1 z ,i h be5 in=m$1 !re are no exceptions to ! cu/om ( educat+ all ! *ildr5 ( ! t[n 9 ! public s*ools up to ! mom5t :5 "y m5 ent] college4 ,9 l>ge t[ns & cities !re is no excuse = ! exi/5ce ( private s*ools to d ! "w n[ done 9 su* s*ools z ^? ( ,newburyport & o!r places :]e equal educational privileges exi/4 ,! *ief objection br\ght aga9/ ! public s*ool1 t\*+ its morality1 is d]iv$ f ! fact t *ildr5 :o are subject to prop] moral influ5ces at home are br\ght 9 contact ) o!rs :o are already practis$ 9 juv5ile vices1 if !y h n be5 guilty ( petty crimes4 ,i am happy to believe t ?is /atem5t is n true ( _m ,new ,engl& communities4 ,! objection 0 consid]$ 9 ! la/ ,annual ,report1--x has be5 (t5 consid]$ else:]e2 & ,i d n propose to repeat at l5g? ! views :i* are ent]ta9$ by ! fri5ds ( public education4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 to sugge/ t :ile ?is objection applies ) "s =ce to ! public s*ool1 x applies also to e o!r s*ool1 & t ! evil is ! lea/ dang]\s :5 ! pupil is intru/$ to ! c>e ( a qualifi$ tea*]1 :o is p]sonally responsible to ! public = 8 conduct1 & :5 ! *ild is also subject to ! re/ra9ts1 & influ5c$ by ! daily example & tea*+s1 ( ! p>5ts4 ,moreov]1 x is to be rememb]$ t ! great value ( education1 9 a moral aspect1 is ! developm5t ( ! p[] to resi/ temptation4 ,?is p[] is n ! gr[? ( seclusion2 & :ile nei!r ! tea*] nor ! p>5t ought wantonly to expose ! *ild to vici\s influ5ces1 ! s*ool may be ev5 a bett] prep>ation = ! _w f ! fact t temptation has !re be5 met1 resi/$1 & ov]come4 ,x is also to be rememb]$ t ! judgm5t ( p>5ts 9 a matt] s difficult & delicate z a comp>ison betwe5 _! own *ildr5 & o!r *ildr5 w\ld n always prove tru/wor?y nor j2 & t a judgm5t ( p>ties n int]e/$ w\ld prove em95tly fruitful ( dissatisfaction & bitt]ness4 ,if all are to be educat$1 x only rema9s1 !n1 t !y be educat$ toge!r1 subject to ! g5]al rule ( society1 t :5 a memb] is dang]\s to ! safety or peace ( 8 associates1 he is to be exclud$ or re/ra9$4 ,nor is ?is necessity ( association de/itute ( moral advantages4 ,if ! comp>atively good 7 sep>at$ f ! relatively vici\s1 x is n improbable t ! latt] w\ld soon fall into a /ate ( b>b>ity4 ,x seems to be ! law ( ! s*ool & ( ! _w t ! mo/ rapid progress is made :5 ! weight ( public s5tim5t is on ! side ( improvem5t & virtue4 ,x is n necess>y = me to rem>k t su* a public s5tim5t exi/s 9 e t[n & s*ool di/rict ( ! /ate2 b :o w\ld take ! responsibility 9 any ( ^! communities1 great or small1 ( sep>at+ ! virtu\s classes f ! dang]\s classes8 ,p>5ts1 f ! =ce ( _! affections1 are manife/ly incompet5t to d ?is2 & ^? :o are n p>5ts are probably equally incompet5t4 ,b1 if x 7 hone/ly accompli%$1 :o w\ld be responsible = ! cru%+ effects ( ! measure ^u ^? :o 7 ?us exclud$ f ! pres5ce & companion%ip ( ! comp>atively virtu\s8 ,^!1 (t5 ! victims ( vici\s homes1 ne$ m ?an o!rs ! influ5ce & example ( ! good2 & x %\ld be among ! *ief satisfactions ( ^? :o are able to tra9 _! own *ildr5 9 ! ways ( virtue1 t !reby a heal?ful influ5ce is ex]t$ ^u ! less =tunate ( _! race4 ,!re is also 9 ?is c\rse a wise selfi%ness2 =1 al?\gh *ildr5 may be sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 ! circum/ances ( matur] ye>s w (t5 make ! virtu\s subject to ! influ5ce ( ! vici\s4 ,! safety ( society1 consid]$ individually or collectively1 is n 9 ! virtu\s tra9+ ( any "p1 h[ev] l>ge ! proportion1 b 9 ! virtu\s tra9+ ( all4 ,i _c deem x wise policy1 :e!r p>5tal or public1 t takes ! *ild f ! s*ool on acc\nt ( ! immoral associations t are ord9>ily f\nd !re1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 t drives ! vici\s or un=tunate f ! pres5ce ( ^? :o are comp>atively pure4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ! s*ool is (t5 ! only refuge ( ! unhappy subject ( orphanage1 or ! victim ( evil family influ5ces1 x seems an unnecess>y cruelty to )hold ! protection1 enc\ragem5t1 & support1 :i* may be s easily & pr(itably furni%$4 ,x is said t a sp>r[ pursu$ by a hawk took refuge 9 ! bosom ( a memb] ( ! sov]eign assembly ( ,a!ns1 & t ! h>% ,areopagite ?rew ! trembl+ bird f him ) su* viol5ce t x 0 kill$ on ! spot4 ,! assembly 0 fill$ ) indignation at ! cruelty ( ! de$2 ! au?or ( x 0 arraign$ z an ali5 to t s5tim5t ( m]cy s necess>y to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & by ! unanim\s suffrages ( 8 colleagues 0 degrad$ f ! s5atorial dignity :i* he _h s mu* di%onor$4 ,x does n seem necess>y to (f] an argum5t 9 support ( ! position t ! public s*ool is n unfavorably affect$1 morally1 by ! fact t x is subject to ! popul> judgm5t4 ,?is judgm5t c be r5d]$ only at /at$ times1 & "u ! =ms & solemnities ( law4 ,! hi/ory ( public s*ools w\ld probably furni% b few in/ances ( wrong 9 ?is respect4 ,! p are usually s5sitive 9 reg>d to ! moral "* ( tea*]s2 !y contribute lib]ally = ! support ( ! s*ools1 are anxi\s = _! improvem5t1 & !re is no saf] deposit>y ( a tru/ t is ess5tial to a nation 9 :i* is ! hope ( fre$om & free in/itutions4 ,&1 la/1 a s*ool _c be truly said to be de/itute ( moral "* & influ5ce 9 :i* ! sacr$ ,scriptures are daily read4 ,! obs]vance ( ?is requirem5t is a recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 ( ! ,bible z conta9+ a record ( 8 w conc]n+ m51 & ( ! common duty ( rational creatures to live 9 ob$i5ce to ! obligations ( morality & religion4 ,x has be5 no "p ( my purpose1 9 ?is discussion ( ! public s*ool z an in/itution fitt$ to promote morality1 to d5y ! exi/5ce ( s]i\s defects1 or to scre5 !m f ! eyes ( m54 ,! public s*ool ne$s a m ?or\gh discipl9e1 a pur] morality1 a cle>] conception & a m practical recognition ( ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b1 view$ z a human in/itution1 x claims ! g5]al gratitude = ! good x has already accompli%$4 ,! public s*ool 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,massa*usetts t le>n+ might n be buri$ 9 ! graves ( our =efa!rs1 9 *ur* & commonweal?2 &1 9 "s measure1 at lea/1 ! e>ly expectation ?us qua9tly express$ has be5 realiz$4 ,le>n+ has ev] be5 *]i%$ & honor$ among u4 ,! means ( education h be5 ! possession ( all2 & ! enjoym5t ( ^! means1 (t5 inadequate & humble1 has develop$ a ta/e = le>n+1 :i* has be5 gratifi$ 9 high] in/itutions2 & ?us cont9ually h ! res\rces ( ! /ate be5 magnifi$1 & its influ5ce 9 ! l& has be5 effici5t 9 all t conc]ns ! welf>e ( ! human race on ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ,repression ( ,crime4 ,by ,m4 ,d4 ,hill4 #b ,! ,repression ( ,crime1 pp4 #ceh1 #cei4 ,,re=mation ,,( ,,*ildr54 ,address at ! ,inauguration ( ,,william ,e4 ,,/>r1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,/ate ,re=m ,s*ool at ,we/bor\gh4 ,nei!r ! invitation ( ! ,tru/ees nor my own conv5i5ce w p]mit a detail$ exam9ation ( ! topics :i* ! occasion sugge/s2 & x is my purpose to address myself to ^? :o are assembl$ to p>ticipate 9 ! ex]cises ( ! day1 tru/+ to famili> & unobs]v$ visits = o!r & bett] opportunities = conf]5ce ) ! inmates ( ! in/itution4 ,z ! m>9]1 ?\gh *e]$ by g5ial w9ds & canopi$ by cl\dless skies1 te/s & m>ks 8 position & c\rse by repeat$ obs]vations1 s we n[ desire to note ! progress ( ?is humanity-freight$ vessel 9 its voyage ov] an unc]ta9 sea1 yet1 z we tru/1 t[>d l&s ( p]petual security & peace4 ,all are voyag]s on ! sea ( life4 ,"s1 ) ! k ( anci5t days only1 grope _! way by headl&s1 or tru/ !mselves occasionally to ! guidance ( ! sun or ! />s2 :ile o!rs1 ) ! *>t & compass ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 move confid5tly on _! c\rse1 attract$ by ! ,s\rce & ,c5tre ( all good4 ,& x is a bless+ ( ?is /ate ( exi/5ce1 ?\gh x may sometimes seem to be a curse1 t ! *oice betwe5 good & evil yet rema9s4 ,! wisdom ( a "r *oice is "h manife/$ 9 ! b5evol5ce ( ?is f\ndation4 ,! ,/ate ,re=m ,s*ool = ,boys has n[ enjoy$ eight full ye>s ( life & progress2 &1 ?\gh we _c e/imate nor measure ! good x may h induc$1 or ! evil x may h prev5t$1 yet en\gh ( its hi/ory & results is kn[n to ju/ify ! c\rse ( its patrons1 bo? public & private1 & to w>rant ! ultimate realization ( _! e>ly *]i%$ hopes4 ,! /ate is mo/ honor$ 9 ! honor aw>d$ to its sons2 & ! "n ( ,,lyman1 n[ & ev]more associat$ ) a "w ( b5evol5ce & re=m1 w always comm& ! admiration ( ! citiz5s ( ! commonweal?1 & /imulate ! y\? ( ! s*ool to acquire & practise ^? virtues :i* _! g5]\s patron *]i%$ 9 8 own life & honor$ 9 o!rs4 ,gov]nor ,wa%burn1 9 ! ,d$ication ,address1 said1 ,we comm5d ?is s*ool1 ) its (fic]s & inmates1 to a g5]\s & grateful public1 ) ! tru/ t ! future lives ( ! "y1 :o may be s5t hi!r = correction & re=m1 may prove ! cr[n+ glory ( an ent]prise s auspici\sly begun4 ,s9ce ^! words 7 utt]$1 & ?is hope1 ! hope ( _m he>ts1 0 express$1 ne>ly two ?\s& boys1 *>g$ ) v>i\s (f5ces1--_m ( !m petty1 & o!rs s]i\s or ev5 crim9al1--h be5 admitt$ to ! s*ool2 & ! *apla91 9 8 report = ! ye> #ahed1 says t ! in/itution w be in/rum5tal 9 sav+ a majority ( ^? :o come "u its fo/]+ c>e4 ,?is op9ion1 bas$1 no d\bt1 ^u ! exp]i5ce :i* ! *apla9 & o!r (fic]s ( ! in/itution _h _h1 is to be tak5 z possess+ a sub/antial basis ( tru?2 & x at once sugge/s important reflections4 ,massa*usetts is reliev$ ( ! pres5ce ( a ?\s& crim9al1 or1 at be/1 vici\sly dispos$ p]sons4 ,a ?\s& active1 capable1 indu/ri\s1 productive1 full-gr[n m5 h be5 creat$2 or1 r1 a ?\s& consum]s ( ! weal? ( o!rs1 enemies ( ! public ord] & peace1 h be5 trans=m$ into intellig5t support]s ( social life1 into g5]\s1 fai?ful gu>dians ( public virtue & tranquillity4 ,nor w\ld ! influ5ces ( ?is degrad$ population1 if unre=m$1 h ceas$ ) its own exi/5ce2 e succe$+ g5]ation mu/ h ga!r$ some:at ( a h>ve/ ( crime & woe4 ,a ?\s& boys1 h>d5$ by neglect1 educat$ 9 vice1 & %unn$ by ! virtu\s1 w\ld1 z m51 h be5 effici5t mission>ies ( lawlessness1 wrong1 & crime4 ,& :o %all e/imate h[ mu* _! re=m adds1 9 its results1 to ! weal?1 ! intellectual1 moral1 & religi\s "*1 ( ! /ate8 ,! crim9al class is nev] a produc+ class2 & ! labor ( a ?\s& m5 "h reclaim$1 if e/imat$ = ! p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s only1 is equal to ! labor ( tw5ty ?\s& m5 = "o ye>1 :i*1 at a hundr$ doll>s ea*1 yields two millions ( doll>s4 ,! pecuni>y advantages ( ?is s*ool1 z ( all s*ools1 we may e/imate2 b !re are bett] & high] consid]ations1 9 ! elevat$ intellectual1 moral1 & religi\s life ( ! /ate1 t are too pure1 too e!real1 to be weigh$ 9 ! balance aga9/ ! gross] possessions & acquisitions ( society4 ,we ?us get glimpses ( ! prophetic wisdom :i* l$ ,mr4 ,lyman to say1 ,i d n look on ?is s*ool z an exp]im5t2 on ! contr>y1 x /rikes me t x is an in/itution :i* w produce decid$ly b5eficial results1 n only = ! pres5t day1 b = _m ye>s to come4 ,i d n1 !re=e1 ?9k t x %\ld1 ev5 n[1 be treat$ 9 any respect 9 ! light ( an exp]im5t1 to be ab&on$ if n successful2 =1 if ! s*ool is introduc$ to public notice on no bett] foot+ & ) no m prep>ation ?an usually att5d trial-s*emes ( mo/ k9ds1 ! probability is t x w fail1 consid]+ ! peculi> difficulties ( ! case4 ,"h is a high ord] ( fai? 9 its application to human affairs2 b ,mr4 ,lyman saw1 also1 t ! "w to be p]=m$ mu/ enc\nt] ob/acles1 & t its progress t[>d a p]fect result w\ld be sl[4 ,^! ob/acles h be5 enc\nt]$2 & yet ! progress has be5 m rapid ?an ! words ( our f\nd] imply4 ,b are we n at lib]ty to =get ! trials1 crosses1 & p]plexities1 ( ?is movem5t1 z we behold ! fruits1 already matur+1 ( ! wisdom & ,*ri/ian b5evol5ce ( our honor$ commonweal?8 ,we are assembl$ to review ! pa/1 & to ga!r f x /r5g? & c\rage = ! future2 & we may ) propriety congratulate all1 :e!r pres5t or abs5t1 :o h be5 *>g$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( ?is s*ool1 & h contribut$ _! %>e1 h[ev] humble1 to promote ^! b5ign results4 ,& we ought1 also1 to rememb] ^?1 :e!r liv+ or dead1 ^: fai? & labors laid ! f\ndation on :i* ! /ate has built4 ,( ! dead1 ,i m5tion ,lyman1 ,lamb1 ,d5ny1 ,woodw>d1 ,%aw1 & ,gre5leaf1--all ( :om1 ) money1 c\nsel1 or p]sonal s]vice1 contribut$ to ! plan1 progress1 & completion1 ( ! "w4 ,! good t !y h done is n int]r$ ) _! bones2 & _! example w yet f9d _m imitators1 z m5 m g5]ally & m p]fectly realize ! importance ( fai? 9 *ildhood & y\?1 z ! elem5t ( a true fai? 9 our race4 ,if ?is ent]prise1 9 ! judgm5t ( its f\nd]1 0 n an exp]im5t t5 ye>s ago1 x _c be s reg>d$ n[2 yet ! public w look ) anxiety1 ?\gh ) hope1 ^u e *ange ( ! (fic]s ( ! in/itution4 ,! tru/ees hav+ appo9t$ a new sup]9t5d5t1 he n[ assumes ! great responsibility4 ,x may n be second to any 9 ! /ate2 yet a man ( en]gy1 :o is influ5c$ by a desire to d good1 & :o w n measure 8 rew>d by pres5t emolum5ts or tempor>y fame1 c be> /eadily & firmly ! weight put ^u him4 ,! sup]9t5d5t elect has be5 a tea*] else:]e1 & he is to be a tea*] "h also4 ,8 "w w n1 9 all p>ticul>s1 correspond ) ! "w t he has left2 yet ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t & education are 9 sub/ance ! same4 ,! head ( a s*ool always occupies a position ( influ5ce2 ! *>act]s ( ! *ildr5 & y\? confid$ to him are 9 a great degree subject to 8 control4 ,"h ! tea*] is nei!r aid$ nor imp$$ by ! usual home influ5ces4 ,?is in/itution is at once a home & a s*ool2 & its head has ! unit$ p[] & responsibility ( ! p>5t & ! tea*]4 ,"h are to be comb9$ ! social & moral influ5ces ( home1 ! religi\s influ5ces ( ! ,sunday-s*ool1 ) ! intellectual & moral tra9+ ( ! public s*ool4 ,he :o to-day ent]s ^u ?is "w %\ld h bo? fai? & c\rage4 ,he is to deal ) ! un=tunate r ?an ) ! exceptional cases ( humanity2 = all ^! are *ildr5 :om ! ,fa!r ( ! race1 9 8 provid5ce1 has confid$ to e>?ly p>5ts to be educat$ = a temporal & an immortal exi/5ce4 ,t ^! p>5ts1 ?r\gh crime1 ignorance1 indol5ce1 c>elessness1 or mis=tune1 h fail$ 9 _! "w1 is no c]ta9 evid5ce t we are to fail 9 ours4 ,may we n hope to see 9 ?is s*ool ! k9dness1 consid]ation1 affection1 & =e?\ght1 ( ! p>5t1 )\t ! delusion :i* sometimes causes ! fa!r or "m to treat ! vices ( ! *ild z virtues1 to be enc\rag$8 ,& may we n expect f ! sup]9t5d5t1 to :om1 practically1 ! discipl9e ( ! s*ool is confid$1 "o *>act]i/ic ( good gov]nm5t1 n always1 x is fe>$1 f\nd 9 punitive & re=matory in/itutions8 ,i speak ( ! attributes ( equality1 uni=mity1 & c]ta9ty1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! law4 ,to be sure1 a s*ool1 a prison1 or a /ate1 w suff] :5 its code is lax2 & x w also suff] :5 its sy/em is oppressive or sangu9>y2 b ^! peculi>ities 9 !mselves d n s (t51 9 any community1 produce dissatisfaction1 disord]1 & viol5ce1 z an unequal1 p>tial1 & unc]ta9 adm9i/ration ( ! laws4 ,if at times ! laws are adm9i/]$ /rictly accord+ to ! lett]1 & if at o!r times !y are reluctantly en=c$ or altoge!r disreg>d$2 if x c nev] be kn[n be=eh& :e!r a violation is to be foll[$ by ! prescrib$ p5alty--especially if ?is unc]ta9ty becomes sy/ematic1 & a portion are favor$1 :ile ! rema9d] are requir$ to answ] /rictly = all _! del9qu5cies2 & if1 above all1 ^! favor$ ones are recogniz$ z s5t9els1 or spies1 or in=m]s 9 ! s]vice ( ! (fic]s1--!n n only w ! _s ( insubord9ation manife/ itself1 b t _s may rip5 into ali5ations1 feuds1 & p]sonal enmities1 dang]\s to ! prosp]ity ( ! in/itution4 ,"h ! scales ( ju/ice %\ld be ev5ly balanc$1 & ! boy %\ld le>n1 f 8 own daily exp]i5ce1 to measure equal & exact ju/ice unto o!rs4 ,i d n speak ( sy/ems ( gov]nm5t3 !y are ess5tial1 no d\bt2 b !y are n to be reg>d$ z ( ! fir/ importance 9 in/itutions = puni%m5t or re=mation4 ,e/abli% z wise a sy/em z y c2 b nev] tru/ to t alone4 ,adm9i/] ! sy/em t y h ) all ! equality1 uni=mity1 & c]ta9ty1 t y c comm&4 ,z a g5]al tru?1 x may be said t ! law is respect$ :5 ^! qualities are exhibit$ 9 its adm9i/ration2 &1 :5 ^! qualities are want+1 ! _s ( ob$i5ce is driv5 f ! he>ts & m9ds ( ! p4 ,b we are n to rely altoge!r1 nor ev5 *iefly1 ^u ! visible weapons ( au?ority4 ,especially mu/ ! m9d & he>t ( *ildhood & y\? be approa*$ & quick5$ & /r5g!n$ by judici\s appeals to ! s5tim5ts ( v5]ation & love1 & to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,9 ?is in/itution1 "o s]i\s ob/acle is pres5t2 yet x may be ov]come by en]gy1 indu/ry1 & a _s ( b5evol5ce4 ,i speak ( ! l>ge numb] ( inmates to be sup]9t5d$ by "o p]son4 ,m5 act 9 masses = ! removal ( g5]al evils2 b ! re=mation ( *ildr5 mu/ be individual1 & to a great ext5t dep5d5t ^u ! ag5cy1 or at lea/ ^u ! cooep]ation1 ( ! subjects ( x4 ,x is n easy = ! sup]9t5d5t to make himself acqua9t$ ) ! p]sons & famili> ) ! lives ( six hundr$ boys2 yet ?is k is q ess5tial to ! ex]cise ( a salut>y influ5ce ov] !m4 ,he may be aid$ by ! subord9ate (fic]s ( ! in/itution2 & t aid1 "u any circum/ances1 he w ne$3 b1 aft] all1 8 own influ5ce & p[] = good w be measur$ by ! ext5t ( 8 p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! inmates z individuals4 ,fir/1 !n1 gov]nm5t is ess5tial to ?is s*ool2 n a reign ( t]ror1 b a gov]nm5t ^: maje/y1 p[]1 equality1 c]ta9ty1 uni=mity1 & consequ5t ju/ice1 %all be exp]i5c$ by all alike2 &1 be+ exp]i5c$ by all alike1 w be respect$1 rev]5c$1 & obey$4 ,& next ! social1 intellectual1 & moral influ5ces ( ! s*ool & ! home %\ld be comb9$ & m+l$1 or else ! visible =ms ( gov]nm5t become a skeleton1 m]ely indicat+ ! figure1 /ructure1 & outl9e1 ( ! p]fect body1 b de/itute ( ! vital pr9ciple :i* alone c\ld r5d] x ( any value to itself or to ! _w4 ,?is in/itution is n an end1 b a means4 ,! home itself is only a prep>atory s*ool = life4 ,?is is a sub/itute = ! home1 b is n1 & nev] c be1 its equal4 ,x !re=e foll[s t a boy %\ld be remov$ :5ev] a home c be secur$1 especially if 8 re=mation has be5 previ\sly s f> accompli%$ z to r5d] ! completion ( ! "w probable4 ,a great tru/ has be5 confid$ to ! (fic]s ( ! ,re=m ,s*ool2 b ! p[] to d good is usually proportionate to ! responsibility impos$ ^u ! labor]4 ,9 ?is view1 mu* w be expect$2 b ! expectations =m$ ought n to relate s mu* to results z to ! wisdom & humanity ) :i* ! op]ations are conduct$4 ,massa*usetts is *>g$ ) ! support ( a great numb] ( *>itable & re=matory in/itutions4 ,_! necessity spr+s f ! defects ( social life2 !re=e _! exi/5ce is a comp>ative r ?an a positive good2 & he is ! true/ fri5d ( ! race :o does mo/ to remove ! causes ( pov]ty1 ignorance1 insanity1 m5tal & physical weakness1 moral wayw>dness1 & crime4 ,,! ,,c>e ,,& ,,re=mation ,,( ,,! ,,neglect$ ,,& ,,expos$ ,,classes ,,( ,,*ildr54 ,an ,address deliv]$ at ! op5+ ( ! ,/ate ,indu/rial ,s*ool = ,girls1 at ,lanca/]1 ,massa*usetts4 ,9 man's limit$ view1 ! moral _w pres5ts a sad contra/ to ! natural4 ,! natural _w is h>moni\s 9 all its p>ts2 b ! moral _w is ! !atre ( di/urb+ & conflict+ =ces1 ^: laws ! f9ite m9d _c compreh5d4 ,! maje/y & uni=mity ( ! planet>y revolutions1 :i* br+ day & night1 summ] & w9t]1 se$-"t & h>ve/1 "k no *ange4 ,worlds & sy/ems ( worlds are guid$ by a law ( ! ,inf9ite ,m9d2 & s1 ?r\gh unnumb]$ ye>s & myriads ( ye>s1 bir? & dea?1 creation & decay1 decrees ^: fix$ness enables f9ite m9ds to pr$ict ! future1 & rules ^: ela/icity is se5 9 a nev]-end+ v>iety ( nature1 all alike prove t ! s9 ( disob$i5ce is ^u man alone4 ,b1 if man only1 ( all ! v>i$ creations ( e>?1 may fall f 8 high e/ate1 s to him only is giv5 ! p[] to rise aga91 & feebly1 yet ) fai?1 advance t[>ds ! ,div9e ,excell5ce4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! great ?\ght ( ! occasion1 to be accept$ by ! he>ts & illu/rat$ 9 ! lives ( all4 ,! fall5 may be rais$ up1 ! expos$ may be %ield$1 ! w&]]s may be call$ home1 or else ?is h\se is built ^u ! s&1 & doom$ to fall :5 ! ra9s %all desc5d1 ! floods come1 & ! w9ds bl[4 ,! return+ autumn1 ) its h>ve/ ( su/5ance & weal?1 bids u contemplate aga9 ! my/]y & h>mony ( ! natural _w4 ,! tree & ! h]b produce se$1 & ! se$ aga9 produces ! tree & ! h]b1 ea* aft] its k9d4 ,!re is a cont9u$ production & reproduction2 b ( responsibility !re is none4 ,z !re is no intellig5t violation ( law1 !re is no acc\ntability4 ,man1 h[ev]1 is an intellig5t1 dep5d5t1 fallible1 &1 ( c\rse1 responsible be+4 ,he is responsible = himself1 responsible 9 "s degree = 8 fell[-man4 ,!re is n a *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 nor a day ( its exp]i5ce1 :i* does n %[ t ! individual memb]s are dep5d5t ^u1 & responsible to1 ea* o!r4 ,?is great fact1 ( six ?\s& ye>s' duration1 at once pres5ts to u ! necessity = gov]nm5t1 & def9es ! limits ( its p[]s & duties4 ,gov]nm5t1 !n1 is a union ( all = ! protection & welf>e ( ea*4 ,?is def9ition pres5ts1 9 its pr9ciples & /atem5t1 ! highe/ =m ( human gov]nm5t1--a =m n yet p]fectly realiz$ on e>?4 ,x sets =? r :at gov]nm5t ought to be1 ?an :at x has be5 or is4 ,too (t5 hi/orical gov]nm5ts1 & liv+ gov]nm5ts ev51 may be def9$ z a union ( a few = _! b5efit1 & = ! oppression ( _m4 ,! reason ( man has n (t5 be5 consult$ 9 _! =mation1 & ! int]e/s & pr9ciples ( ! masses h usually be5 disreg>d$ 9 _! adm9i/ration4 ,a true gov]nm5t is at once repres5tative1 patri>*al1 & pat]nal4 ,9 ! pa? ( duty = ?is day & ?is occasion1 we %all consid] ! la/-nam$ quality only1--gov]nm5ts %\ld be pat]nal4 ,! pat]nal gov]nm5t is devot$ to ! elevation & improvem5t ( its memb]s1 ) no ult]ior motive except ! necess>y results ( int]nal purity & /r5g?4 ,e gov]nm5t is1 9 "s degree1 no d\bt1 pat]nal4 ,nor are ^? gov]nm5ts to be reg>d$ z em95tly s1 :]e ! p are mo/ controll$ 9 _! private1 p]sonal affairs4 ,^! are m]e despotisms2 & despotism is n a j nor necess>y elem5t ( ! pat]nal relation4 ,t gov]nm5t is mo/ truly pat]nal :i* does mo/ to enable its citiz5s or subjects to regulate _! own conduct1 & det]m9e _! relations to o!rs4 ,9 ! mid/ ( g5]al d>kness1 ! pat]nal elem5t ( gov]nm5t has be5 a light to ! human race4 ,x modifi$ ! patri>*al slav]y ( ! ,hebrews1 reliev$ ! iron rule ( ,sp>ta1 made ,european feudalism ! hope ( civilization 9 ! ,d>k ,ages1 & ! basis ( its com+ glories 9 ! ne> future2 & x n[ leads m5 to look ) tol]ation ^u ! despotism ( ,russia1 & ) k9dness ^u ! simplicity & arrogance ( ! ,cele/ial ,empire4 ,we compla91 ju/ly en\gh1 t ! _w is gov]n$ too mu*2 & yet1 9 a great degree1 we neglect ! means by :i* ! prop] relations ( society c\ld be pres]v$1 & ! _w be gov]n$ less4 ,9 :at works are ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian gov]nm5ts pr9cipally engag$8 ,are !y n seek+1 by artifice1 diplomacy1 & w>1 to ext5d national b\nd>ies1 pres]ve national honor1 or en=ce nice di/9ctions aga9/ ! timid & weak8 ,yet x is pla9 t a nation is p[]ful accord+ to ! "* ( ! liv+ elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$4 ,if x is disorganiz$ morally1 uncultivat$ 9 intellect1 ignorant1 indol5t1 or wa/eful 9 its labor1 its claims to greatness are de/itute ( solid f\ndation1 & x mu/ f9ally yield to ^? t h s\ght & ga9$ p[] by ! elevation ( ! individual z ! elem5t ( ! nation4 ,t nation1 !n1 is wise1 & de/9$ to become truly great1 :i* cultivates ! be/ elem5ts ( individual life & "*4 ,x is n en\gh to read ! p>able ( ! lo/ %eep1 & ( ! n9ety & n9e t w5t n a/ray1 & !n say1 ,ev5 s1 x is n ! w ( y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav5 t "o ( ^! little ones %\ld p]i%1 :ile ! means ( salvation1 z reg>ds ! life ( ?is _w m]ely1 are v g5]ally neglect$4 ,su* neglect is foll[$ by error & crime2 & error & crime are foll[$ by judgm5t n always temp]$ ) m]cy4 ,:ile human gov]nm5ts debate que/ions ( w> & peace1 ( trade & rev5ue1 ( annexations ) c]emony1 & appropriations ( t]ritory )\t c]emony1 :o %all answ] to ! ,gov]nor & ,judge ( all = ! neglect1 indiff]5ce1 & oppression1 :i* beget & fo/] ! del9qu5cies ( *ildhood1 & h>d5 ! crim9als ( adult life8 ,& :o %all answ] = ^? di/9ctions ( ca/e & sy/ems ( labor :i* s degrade & fami% masses ( human be+s1 t ! div9e miracle ( ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s& mu/ be multipli$ _m times ov] be=e ! tru?s ( nature or revelation c be receiv$ into tea*able m9ds or susceptible he>ts8 ,& :o %all answ] = ! h]$it>y pov]ty1 ignorance & crime1 :i* con/itute a m>k$ feature ( ,engli% life1 & are di/9ctly visible ^u ! face ( ,am]ican civilization8 ,^! que/ions may po9t ) suffici5t di/9ctness to ! s\rces ( ! evils enum]at$2 b we are n to assume t m]e human gov]nm5ts c furni% an adequate & complete rem$y4 ,yet ?is admitt$ inability to d ev]y?+ is no excuse = neglect+ ^? ?+s :i* are pla9ly )9 _! p[]4 ,tak+ ^u !mselves ! p>5tal "*1 =gett+ t !y h wrongs to av5ge1 & seek+ re=mation ?r\gh k9dness1 crim9als & ! causes ( crime w dim9i%1 if !y d n disappe>4 ,?is is ! responsibility ( ! nations1 & ! claim n[ made ^u !m4 ,individual civilization & ref9em5t h always be5 9 advance ( national2 & national "* is ! mirror$ image ( ! individual *>act]s1 n except+ ! humble/1 ( :i* ! nation is compos$4 ,ea* foot ( ! ocean's surface has1 9 its fluidity or d5sity or position1 some?+ ( ! quality or p[] ( e drop ( wat] :i* re/s or moves 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,:at is call$ national "* is ! face ( ! great society b5ea?2 &1 z t society 9 its elem5ts is elevat$ or debas$1 s w ! national "* rise or fall 9 ! e/imation ( all j m51 & ^u ! page ( imp>tial hi/ory4 ,gov]nm5t1 :i* is ! organiz$ expression ( ! w ( society1 %\ld repres5t ! be/ elem5ts ( :i* society is compos$2 & x ought1 !re=e1 to combat error & wrong1 & seek to inaugurate labor1 ju/ice1 & tru?1 z ! elem5ts ( /ability1 gr[?1 & p[]4 ,x mu/ accept z its pr9ciples ( action ! be/ rules ( conduct 9 individuals4 ,! man :o av5ges 8 p]sonal wrongs by p]sonal attacks or v9dictive retaliation1 mu/ sacrifice 9 "s measure ! sympa?y ( ! wise1 ! humane1 & ! good4 ,s ! nation :i* av5ges real or fanci$ wrongs cru%es out ! elem5ts ( humanity & a high] life1 :i*1 prop]ly cultivat$1 might lead an err+ mortal to virtue & peace4 ,! prop] object ( puni%m5t is n v5geance1 b ! public safety & ! re=mation ( ! crim9al4 ,inde$1 we may say t ! sole object ( puni%m5t is ! re=mation ( ! crim9al2 = !re c be no safety to ! public :ile ! crim9al is unre=m$4 ,! puni%m5t ( ! prison mu/1 f its nature1 be tempor>y2 p]petual conf9em5t c be met$ out to a few great crimes only4 ,if1 !n1 ! result ( puni%m5t be v5geance1 & n re=mation1 ! la/ /ate ( society is worse ?an its fir/4 ,! prison mu/ /& a sad monum5t ( ! want ( true pat]nal gov]nm5t 9 ! family & ! /ate2 b1 :5 x becomes ! receptacle m]ely ( ! crim9al1 & all ideas ( re=mation are bani%$ f ! he>ts ( convicts & ! m9ds ( keep]s1 its influ5ce is evil1 & only evil cont9ually4 ,vice1 driv5 f ! pres5ce ( virtue1 ) no hope ( re=mation or ( re/oration to society1 begets vice1 & becomes daily m & m loa?some4 ,mis]y is s univ]sal t "s %>e falls to ! lot ( all2 b t mis]y ^: dep?s _c be s\nd$1 ^: heights _c be scal$1 is ! =tune ( ! prison convict only1 :o has no hope ( re=mation to virtue or ( re/oration to ! _w4 ,8 is ! only mis]y t is unreliev$2 8 is ! only burd5 t is too great to be borne4 ,to him ! foliage ( ! tree1 ! murmur ( ! brook1 ! mirror ( ! quiet lake1 or ! ?und] ( ! heav+ ocean1 w\ld be equally acceptable4 ,8 sep>ation f nature is no less burd5some ?an 8 sep>ation f man4 ,! he>t s9ks1 ! _s turns ) a consum+ fire ^u itself1 ! s\l is 9 despair2 ! m9d is fir/ n]v$ & desp]ate1 !n w&]+ & savage1 !n idiotic1 & f9ally goes out 9 dea?4 ,gov]nm5ts _c (t5 af=d to protect !mselves1 or to av5ge !mselves1 at su* a co/4 ,!re may be great crimes on :i* su* awful p5alties %\ld be visit$2 b1 = ! honor ( ! race1 let !m be few4 ,we may err 9 our ideas ( ! true relations ( ! prison to ! prison]4 ,we call a prison good or bad :5 we see its walls1 cells1 work%ops1 its means ( security1 & po9ts ( obs]vation4 ,^! are v well4 ,!y are some?+2 b !y are n all4 ,we might s judge a hospital = ! sick2 & we did once s judge an asylum = ! insane4 ,b :at to ! sick man are walls ( wood1 brick1 granite1 or m>ble8 ,:at are t[]s & turrets1 :at are w>ds1 halls1 & v]&as1 if )al he is n *e]$ & su/a9$ by ! sympa?iz+ he>t & help+ h&8 ,& simil> prep>ations furni% = ! insane p]sonal security & physical com=t2 b c !y ,m9i/] to a m9d diseas$2 ,pluck f ! memory a root$ sorr[2 ,raze out ! writt5 tr\bles ( ! bra98 ,& x may be t ! old alm%\se at ,philadelphia1 :i* 0 ne>ly de/itute ( mat]ial aids1 & _h only sup]9t5d5t1 matrons1 & assi/ants1 01 all 9 all1 ! be/ insane asylum 9 ,am]ica4 ,we _c neglect ! claims ( security1 discipl9e1 & labor1 9 ! erection ( jails & prisons2 b to ackn[l$ge ^! m]ely w nev] produce ! prop] fruit ( puni%m5t--re=mation4 ,inde$1 walls ( /one1 gates ( iron1 bolts1 locks1 & arm$ s5t9els1 ?\gh ess5tial to security1 )\t :i* !re c\ld be nei!r puni%m5t nor re=mation1 are 9 !mselves b>ri]s r ?an helps to moral progress4 ,/&+ outside1 we _c say :at %\ld be done ei!r 9 ! insane hospital or ! prison2 b we c d$uce f ! exp]i5ce ( mod]n times a safe rule = g5]al conduct4 ,9 ! insane hospital ! pati5t is to be treat$ z ?\gh he 7 sane2 & 9 ! jail ! prison] is to be treat$1 ne>ly z may be1 z ?\gh he 7 virtu\s4 ,?is rule1 especially z mu* ( x z applies to ! prison]1 may be recklessness to "s1 to o!rs folly1 to o!rs s94 ,! c\rt aw>ds x1 & ! law do? give x1 is no d\bt ! ess5ce & /r5g? ( gov]nm5tal ju/ice 9 ! s5t5ce decre$2 b x w\ld be a sad calamity if !re 7 no escape f its lit]al fulfilm5t4 ,& let no "o borr[ ! words ( ,portia to ! ,jew1 & say to ! /ate1 ,nor cut ?\ less nor m1 ,b j a p\nd ( fle%4 ,z ! crim9al /agg]s b5ea? ! accumulat$ weight ( 8 s9 & its p5alty1 he %\ld feel t ! /ate is n only j 9 ! language ( its law1 b m]ciful 9 its adm9i/ration2 t ! gov]nm5t is1 9 tru?1 pat]nal4 ,?is feel+ inspires confid5ce & hope2 & )\t ^! !re c be no re=mation4 ,&1 foll[+ ?is ?\ght1 we are l$ to say1 x is a sad & mis*iev\s public delusion t ! p>don+ p[] is useless or p]nici\s4 ,x is a delusion2 = x is ! only means by :i* ! /ate m+les m]cy ) its ju/ice1--! means by :i* ! bett] s5tim5ts ( ! prison are m>%all$ 9 favor ( ord]1 ( law1 ( progress4 ,x is a public delusion2 = x has infect$ n only ! masses ( society1 :o "k little ( :at is go+ on 9 c\rts & prisons1 b its influ5ce is obs]v$ ^u ! b5* & 9 ! b>1 especially among ^? :o are accu/om$ to prosecute & try crim9als4 ,?is is n /range1 nor %all x be a subject ( compla9t2 b we mu/ n always look ^u ! prison] z a crim9al1 & cont9ually disreg>d 8 claims z a man4 ,x is n (t5 easy1 nor always possible1 to make ! prop] di/9ction betwe5 ! "* & condition ( ! prison]4 ,b ! prison1 /range z x may seem1 foll[s ! g5]al law ( life4 ,x has its public s5tim5t1 its classes1 its lead+ m9ds1 z well z ! univ]sity or ! /ate2 x has its m5 ( m>k1 ei!r good or bad1 z well z congress or p>liam5t4 ,z ! family1 ! *ur*1 or ! s*ool1 is ! reflection ( ! be/ face ( society1 s ! prison is ! reflection ( ! wor/ face ( society4 ,b x nev]!less is society1 & foll[s its laws ) z mu* fidelity z ! _w at l>ge4 ,x is said t ,abbe ,fissiaux1 ! head ( ! colony ( ,m>seilles1 :5 visit+ ,mettray1 a k9d ( re=m s*ool1 at :i* boys "u sixte5 ye>s ( age1 :o h committ$ (f5ces )\t disc]nm5t1 are s5t1 ask$ ! coloni/s to po9t out to him ! ?ree be/ boys4 ,! looks ( ! :ole body imm$iately designat$ ?ree "y p]sons ^: conduct _h be5 irreproa*able to an exceptional degree4 ,he !n appli$ a m delicate te/4 ,po9t out to me1 said he1 ! wor/ boy4 ,all ! *ildr5 rema9$ motionless1 & made no sign2 b "o little ur*9 came =w>d1 ) a pitiful air1 & said1 9 a v l[ tone1 ,x is me4 ,su* 7 ! public s5tim5t & s5se ( honor1 ev5 9 a re=m s*ool4 ,?is frankness 9 ! lad 0 foll[$ by re=mation2 & he became 9 aft] ye>s a good soldi]1--! life anticipat$ = _m memb]s ( ! in/itution4 ,! p>don+ p[] is n ne$$ 9 re=m & indu/rial s*ools1 :]e ! manag]s h discretion>y au?ority2 b x is q ess5tial to ! discipl9e ( ! prison to let ! light ( hope into ! prison]'s he>t4 ,n t all are to enjoy ! b5efits ( executive clem5cy1--by no means3 only ! mo/ wor?y & promis+ are to be ?us favor$4 ,b1 = _m ye>s1 ! ,massa*usetts prison has be5 improv$ & elevat$ 9 its tone & s5tim5t above :at x w\ld h be52 :ile1 z x is believ$1 ov] n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! convicts ?us dis*>g$ h conduct$ !mselves well4 ,if ! prison]'s conduct has n be51 ^u ! :ole1 reasonably good1 & = a long "t irreproa*able1 he has no *ance = clem5cy2 &1 :atev] may be 8 conduct1 & :atev] may be ! hopes inspir$1 he %\ld n be all[$ to pass )\t ! prison walls until a fri5d1 labor1 & a home1 are secur$ = him4 ,& ! ex]cise ( ! p>don+ p[]1 if x anticipate ! expiration ( ! legal s5t5ce b a mon?1 a week1 or a day ev51 may *ange ! :ole subsequ5t life4 ,m51 crim9als1 convicts1 are n ins5sible to k9dness2 & :5 ! gov]nm5t %ort5s ! legal s5t5ce1 :i* is usually _! measure ( ju/ice1 !y feel an additional obligation to s behave z to br+ no discr$it ^u a p[] :i* has be5 a s\rce ( ine/imable joy to !m4 ,& prison]s ?us dis*>g$ h (t5 gone =? ) a feel+ t ! hopes ( _m :om !y _h left beh9d 7 c5tr$ 9 !m4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,=/]1 ( ,*>le/[n1 says1 9 a lett] to me3 ,i h be5 connect$ ) ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,prison = a p]iod ( ?irty-eight ye>s1 & h always felt a /rong int]e/ 9 ! improvem5t1 welf>e1 & happ9ess1 ( ! un=tunate m5 conf9$ )9 its walls4 ,i am conv]sant ) _m t\*+ cases ( deep & he>tfelt gratitude = k9dly acts & sympa?y be/[$ ^u !m1 bo? dur+ & subsequ5t to _! imprisonm5t4 ,& ! same g5tleman says fur!r1 ,i ?9k t ! proportion ( p]sons dis*>g$ f prison by executive clem5cy1 :o h subsequ5tly be5 convict$ ( p5al (f5ces1 is v small inde$4 ,to "s1 ^: imag9ations h pictur$ a broad wa/e or deep gulf betwe5 !mselves & ! prison] class1 ^! may seem /range words2 b !re is no my/]y 9 ?is language to ^? :o h li/5$ to individual cases ( crime & puni%m5t4 ,m5 are tri$ & convict$ ( crimes accord+ to rules & def9itions :i* are necess>ily arbitr>y & te*nical2 b ! moral "* ( crim9als is n v well def9$ by ! rules & def9itions :i* h be5 appli$ to _! respective cases4 ,our prisons conta9 m5 :o are great & pr(essional crim9als1--m5 :o advis$ly foll[ a life ( crime !mselves1 & delib]ately educate g5]ation aft] g5]ation to a c>e] ( infamy & vice4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 m]cy to su* m5 w\ld be unp>donable folly4 ,( !m ,i d n n[ speak4 ,b !re is ano!r class1 :o are involv$ 9 guilt & its puni%m5t ?r\gh ! defects ( e>ly education1 ! mis=tune ( orphanage1 accid5t1 sudd5 temptation1 or ! influ5ce ( evil companion%ip 9 y\?4 ,! field f :i* ?is class is ga!r$ is an ext5sive "o1 & its out] limits are ne> to e he>?/one4 ,to all ^!1 prison life1 unless x is reliev$ by a hope ( re/oration to ! _w at ! h& ( m]cy1 is ! s*ool ( vice1 & a c]ta9 prep>ation = a c>e] ( crime4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is class does furni% recruits to supply ! places ( ! h>d5$ villa9s :o annually die1 or p]man5tly =sake ! abodes ( civiliz$ m54 ,:at hope c !re be = a "y man :o rema9s 9 prison until ! la/ day ( 8 s5t5ce is measur$ by ! sun 9 8 c\rse1 & !n passes into ! _w1 ) ! m>k ( disgrace & ! mantle ( %ame ^u him1 to ! society ( ! companions by ^: influ5ce he fir/ fell8 ,= su* a "o !re c be no hope4 ,& be x always rememb]$ t !re are ^? )\t ! prison walls1 z well z _m )91 :o resi/ e ef=t to br+ ! w&]]s back to ob$i5ce & "r4 ,i 0 pres5t at ! prison 9 ,*>le/[n :5 ! model ( a bank-lock 0 tak5 f a "y man ^: t]m _h ne>ly expir$4 ,! model 0 cut 9 wood1 aft] a plan drawn ^u s&-pap] by an exp]i5c$ crim9al1 !n rec5tly convict$4 ,?is old (f5d] 0 s famili> ) ! lock1 t he 0 able to reproduce all its p>ts f memory alone4 ,?is fact %[s ! influ5ce t may be ex]t$1 ev5 9 prison1 ^u ! *>act]s ( ! "y & less vici\s4 ,n[1 c any d\bt t ^! classes1 z classes1 ought to be sep>at$8 ,nor let ! "q be met by ! old /atem5t1 t all communication betwe5 prison]s %\ld be cut (f4 ,humanity _c def5d1 z a p]man5t sy/em1 ! plan :i* %uts up ! crim9al1 unless he is a murd]]1 f ! light ( ! human c\nt5ance4 ,su* p5alties fo/] crimes1 ^: roots take hold ( ! /ate itself4 ,! result ( ! ex]cise ( ! p>don+ p[] is believ$ to h be51 ^u ! :ole1 satisfactory4 ,?is is ! concurr5t te/imony ( (fic]s & o!rs ^: op9ions are entitl$ to weight4 ,p]mit ! /atem5t ( a s+le case1 to :i* _m simil> ones might be add$4 ,9 a remote /ate ( ! ,we/ !re is a respectable & successful f>m]1 :o 0 once s5t5c$ to ! p5it5ti>y = life4 ,8 crime 0 committ$ 9 a mom5t ( desp]ation1 produc$ by ! contra/ betwe5 a /ate ( abject pov]ty 9 a /range l&1 at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree1 & ! recollection ( *ildhood & y\? pass$ b5ea? ! p>5tal ro(1 surr\nd$ by ! com=ts & conv5i5ces ( ! well-educat$ & well-condition$ classes ( ,engli% society4 ,?is1 x is true1 0 a peculi> case4 ,x 0 m>k$ 9 ! circum/ances & enormity ( ! crime1 & m>k$ 9 ! subsequ5t good conduct ( ! prison]4 ,b c any "o object1 t1 aft] t5 ye>s' imprisonm5t1 ?is man 0 all[$ to try 8 =tunes once m among 8 fell[-m58 ,are !re ^? :o w\ld h _h no fai? 9 8 un9t]rupt$ good conduct2 9 ! abundant evid5ce ( complete re=mation2 9 ! fact t1 9 prison & pov]ty & disgrace1 he _h alli$ to him fri5ds ( "n & =tune & ,*ri/ian virtues1 :o 7 ready to aid him 9 8 good resolutions8 ,if any su* !re be1 let !m visit ! solit>y cell ( ! despair+ convict1 ^: crime is s great t executive clem5cy fe>s to approa* x4 ,crime & despair h made ! features appall+2 all ! wor/ passions ( our nature riot toge!r 9 ! temple made = ! liv+ ,god2 & ! dea? ( ! body is almo/ c]ta9ly to be prec$$ by madness1 insanity1 & idiocy ( ! m9d4 ,or1 if any ?9k t ?is p]son escap$ ) too light an expiation = s great a crime1 let !m recall ! incid5t ( ! y\? :o 0 que/ion$ because he look$ ) fond affection into ! babbl+ face ( ! runn+ brook1 &1 apologiz+1 z x 71 9 reply said1 ,o1 yes1 x is v beautiful1 & especially to me1 :o h se5 no wat] = f\r ye>s1 beside :at ,i h _h to dr9k6 ,nor is x assum$1 9 all t is said ^u ?is subject1 t ! laws are sev]e1 or t ! judicial adm9i/ration ( !m is n *>act]iz$ by ju/ice & m]cy4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( affairs1 ! p>don+ p[] is n resort$ to = ! correction ( any error or inju/ice ( ! c\rts2 b x is ! means by :i* ! /ate temp]s its ju/ice ) m]cy2 &1 if ! p5alties = crime 7 less ?an !y are1 ! necessity = ! ex]cise ( ?is p[] w\ld /ill rema94 ,x assumes t ! object ( ! p5al law is re=mation2 & if ?is object1 9 "s cases1 c be atta9$ by ! ex]cise ( ! p>don+ p[]1 :ile ! rigid execution ( ! s5t5ce w\ld leave ! crim9al1 z x usually w1 /ill h>d5$ & unrep5t+1 is x n wise = ! /ate to b5efit itself1 & save ! prison]1 by op5+ ! prison-doors1 & invit+ ! convict to a life ( indu/ry & virtue8 ,& let x nev] be =gott51 ?\gh x is ! l[e/ view :i* c be tak5 ( crime & prisons1 t ! crim9al class is ! mo/ exp5sive class ( society4 ,9 g5]al1 x is a non-produc+ class1 &1 :e!r 9 prison or out1 is a heavy burd5 ^u ! public4 ,! m]e int]e/ ( ! money n[ exp5d$ 9 prisons ( approv$ /ructure is1 = ea* cell1 equal annually to ! net income ( a labor+ man2 & pr(essional ?ieves1 :5 at l>ge1 (t5 ga!r by _! art1 & exp5d 9 pr(ligacy1 _m ?\s& doll>s a ye>4 ,& "h we see h[ mu* wis] x is1 9 an economical po9t ( view1 to save ! *ild1 or re=m ! man1 ?an to all[ ! adult crim9al to g at l>ge1 or provide = 8 safe-keep+ at ! exp5se ( ! /ate4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! p>don+ p[]1 wisely execut$1 ! commonweal? becomes a family1 ^: law is ! law ( k9dness4 ,x is ! pat]nal elem5t ( gov]nm5t appli$ to a class ( p :o1 by e process ( reason+1 w\ld be f\nd lea/ susceptible to its influ5ce4 ,x is ! great p[] ( ! /ate1 bo? 9 ! wisdom requir$ = its judici\s ex]cise1 & 9 ! b5eficial results to :i* x may lead4 ,m5 may desire (fice = its emolum5ts 9 money or fame2 !y may seek x 9 a _s ( rivalry1 or = p]sonal pride1 or = ! opportunity x br+s to rew>d fri5ds & puni% enemies2 b all ^! are poor & paltry comp>$ ) ! div9e privilege1 ex]cis$ always 9 ref]5ce to ! public welf>e1 ( elevat+ ! prison] to ! companion%ip ( m51 & *e]+ him ) words ( enc\ragem5t on 8 entrance anew to ! duties ( life4 ,yet ?9k n t ! prison is a re=matory in/itution3 f> f x4 ,if ! prison %\ld be left to ! influ5ce ( legitimate prison discipl9e m]ely1 x is d\btful :e!r ! sum ( improvem5t w\ld equal ! total ( degradation4 ,?is may be said ( ! be/ prisons ( ,am]ica1 ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! prison usually conta9s e class1 f ! h>d5$ convict1 inc>c]at$ = h\se-break+1 robb]y1 or murd]1 to ! y\? :o expiates 8 fir/ (f5ce1 committ$ "u ! influ5ce ( evil companions1 or sudd5 temptation4 ,! contact ( ^! two p]sons mu/ be injuri\s to "o ( !m1 )\t 9 any degree improv+ ! o!r4 ,!re=e ! prison1 consid]$ )\t ref]5ce to ! elevat+ influ5ce ( ! p>don+ p[]1 has b little ability to re=m ! bad1 & yet possesses a sad t5d5cy to debase ! comp>atively good4 ,we miss1 too1 9 ! prison1 ano!r ess5tial elem5t ( a re=matory in/itution4 ,re=mation 9 individual cases may take place "u ! mo/ adv]se circum/ances2 b an in/itution _c be call$ re=matory unless its prevail+ moral s5tim5t is actively1 vigor\sly1 & always1 on ! side ( progress & virtue4 ,?is moral influ5ce mu/ proce$ f ! (fic]s ( ! in/itution2 b x %\ld be increas$ & /r5g!n$ by ! sympa?y & support ( ! inmates4 ,?is c h>dly be expect$ ( ! prison4 ,! numb] ( adult p]sons exp]i5c$ 9 crime & h>d5$ by its p5alties is usually s l>ge1 t ! moral s5tim5t ( ! (fic]s1 & ! weak resolutions ( ! small class ( prison]s1 :o1 "u favorable circum/ances1 might be sav$1 are insuffici5t to give a heal?y tone to ! :ole in/itution4 ,! prison is a battle-field ( vice & virtue1 ) ! advantage ( position & numb]s on ! side ( vice4 ,inde$1 !re c h>dly be a worse place = ! "y or ! inexp]i5c$ 9 crime4 ,?is is ! te/imony ( reason & ( all exp]i5ce2 yet ! public m9d is sl[ to accept ! rem$y = ! evil4 ,x is a privilege to believe t ! wor/ sc5es ( prison life are n f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,consid] ?is case1 report$ 9 an ,engli% j\rnal1 ,! ,ragg$-,s*ool ,magaz9e3 ,d4 ,f41 ag$ ab\t f\rte54 ,"m dead sev]al ye>s2 fa!r a drunk>d1 & des]t$ him ab\t ?ree ye>s ago4 ,has s9ce liv$ z he be/ c\ld1--sometimes go+ err&s1 sometimes begg+ & ?iev+4 ,slept 9 lodg+-h\ses :5 he _h money2 b v (t5 walk$ ! /reets at night1 or lay "u ar*es or door-/eps4 ,has only "o bro!r2 he lives by ?iev+4 ,does n "k :]e he is2 has no o!r fri5d t he kn[s2 nev] le>nt to read2 0 badly (f2 pick$ a h&k]*ief out ( a g5tleman's pocket1 & 0 caught by a policeman2 s5t to ,giltspur-/reet ,prison2 0 f$ on bread & wat]2 in/ruct$ e day by *apla9 & s*oolma/]2 mu* impress$ ) :at ! *apla9 said2 felt anxi\s to d bett]2 behav$ well 9 prison2 0 well flogg$ ! morn+ he left2 back bruis$1 b n q ble$+2 0 !n turn$ into ! /reet1 ragg$1 b>efoot$1 fri5dless1 homeless1 p5niless2 walk$ ab\t ! /reets till aft]noon1 :5 he receiv$ a p5ny f a g5tleman to buy a loaf2 met1 next day1 "s exp]t ?ieves 9 ! ,m9ories2 w5t along ) !m1 & cont9ues 9 a c\rse ( vagrancy & crime4 ,& :at else c\ld h be5 expect$8 ,! gov]nm5t1 hav+ s[n t>es1 _h no "r to ga!r :eat4 ,yet1 _h ?is boy be5 provid$ ) a home1 ei!r 9 a family or a re=m s*ool1 ) suffici5t labor1 & prop] moral & intellectual culture1 he might h be5 sav$4 ,( ! ?ree ?\s& p]sons annually 9 prison at ,newgate1 f\r hundr$ are less ?an sixte5 ye>s ( age2 & tw5ty ?\s& *ildr5 & y\? "u sev5te5 ye>s ( age ye>ly pass ?r\gh ! prisons ( ,engl&4 ,_m ( ! juv5ile prison]s1 x is said1 h be5 frequ5tly 9 prison1 & are v h>d5$4 ,"s1 f n9e to elev51 h be5 9 prison repeat$ly1 & h v little fe> ( x4 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,liv]pool ,bor\gh ,jail are unit$ 9 ! op9ion t1 :5 a boy comes once1 he is almo/ c]ta9 to come aga9 & aga91 until he is transport$4 ,&1 ( e "o hundr$ "y p]sons dis*>g$ f ! pr9cipal prisons ( ,p>is1 sev5ty-five are 9 ! cu/ody ( ! law )9 ! next ?ree mon?s4 ,a pr(ess$ ?ief said to ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,clay1 ( ,engl&1 ,i am conv9c$ ( ?is1 hav+ too bitt]ly exp]i5c$ x1 t communication 9 a prison has br\ght ?\s&s to ru94 ,i speak n ( boys only1 b ( m5 & wom5 also4 ,& ,mr4 ,hill1 ,record] ( ,birm+ham1 says ( ! s5t5ces impos$ 9 8 c\rt1 ,we are compell$ to c>ry into op]ation an ignorant & v5geful sy/em1 :i* augm5ts to a fe>ful ext5t ! v evils x 0 fram$ to correct4 ,a few ye>s ago1 !re 0 a lad 9 a ,new ,engl& prison ^: exp]i5ce is a p]t95t illu/ration ( ! evil we are n[ consid]+4 ,8 fa!r1 a resid5t ( a city1 di$ :ile ! boy 0 9 infancy4 ,he1 h[ev]1 soon pass$ beyond ! control ( 8 "m1 & at an e>ly age 0 select$ by a brace ( ?ieves1 :o pett$1 c>ess$1 & humor$ him1 until he 0 completely subject to _! w4 ,he 0 !n made useful to !m 9 _! pr(ession2 b at la/ !y 7 all arre/$ :ile engag$ 9 robb+ a /ore1--! boy be+ )9 ! build+1 & ! m5 /ation$ z s5t9els )\t4 ,9 ?is case1 ! discretion ( ! c\rt1 :i* di/+ui%$ 9 ! s5t5ce betwe5 ! h>d5$ villa9s & ! y\?1 0 inadequate to ! em]g5cy4 ,! *ild1 unfit = ! prison1 & sure to be contam9at$ by x1 ought to h be5 s5t to a h\se ( re=mation1 a re=m s*ool1 or1 p]haps bett] ?an ei!r1 to ! cu/ody ( a well-regulat$1 indu/ri\s family4 ,n[1 9 su* cases1 ! di/9ction :i* ! law1 judicially adm9i/]$1 does n make1 & _c make1 mu/ be made by ! executive 9 ! wise ex]cise ( ! p>don+ p[]4 ,b ?is p[]1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 has its limits2 & on "o side x is limit$ to ^? :o h be5 convict$ ( crime4 ,at ?is po9t1 we may see h[ faulty1 & yet h[ con/antly improv+1 has be5 ! adm9i/ration ( ! crim9al law4 ,fir/1 we h ! prison )\t ! p>don+ p[]1 except 9 cases ( mal-adm9i/ration ( ! law1--a receptacle ( ! bad & good1 :]e ! =m] are n improv$1 & ! latt] are hurri$ rapidly on 9 ! pa? ( degradation & crime4 ,!n we h ! prison "u ! influ5ce ( ! p>don+ p[]1 m or less wisely adm9i/]$1 b1 9 its be/ =m1 able only to arre/ & c\nt]act p>tially ! t5d5cies to evil4 ,next1 f ! imp]fections ( ?is sy/em an advanc+ civilization has evok$ ! ,re=m ,s*ool1 :i* ga!rs 9 ! "y crim9als & vici\sly incl9$ y\?1 & prep>es !m1 by labor1 & culture ( ! m9d & he>t1 to resi/ ! temptations ( life4 ,b ?is in/itution seems to wait1 ?\gh x may n always 9 reality d s1 until ! c&idate is actually a crim9al4 ,h5ce ! necessity :i* calls u to-day to consid] ! means adopt$ else:]e1 & ! means n[ to be employ$ "h1 to save ! "y & expos$ f ! dang]s :i* surr\nd !m4 ,pass+1 !n1 9 review1 ladies & g5tlem51 ! ?\ghts :i* h be5 pres5t$1 ,i d$uce f !m = y\r ass5t & support1 if s x please y1 ! foll[+ propositions z ! basis ( :at ,i h yet to say3 ,i4 ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! prev5tion & puni%m5t ( crime1 %\ld be pat]nal4 ,,ii4 ,! object ( puni%m5t %\ld be re=mation1 & n rev5ge4 ,,iii4 ,! law ( re=mation 9 ! /ate1 z 9 ! family1 is ! law ( k9dness4 ,,iv4 ,z crim9als v>y 9 age & 9 exp]i5ce z crim9als1 s %\ld _! treatm5t v>y4 ,v4 ,prisons & jails are n1 9 _! f\ndation & managem5t1 re=matory in/itutions1 & only become s ?r\gh influ5ces n necess>ily nor ord9>ily act+ ^u !m4 ,,vi4 ,z prisons & jails det] f crime ?r\gh fe> only1 ex]t v little moral influ5ce ^u ! y\? ( ei!r sex1 & fail 9 _m respects & 9 a majority ( cases z re=matory in/itutions1 we ought to avail ourselves ( any new ag5cy :i* promises success4 ,influ5c$1 z we may reasonably suppose1 by ^! or k9dr$ s5tim5ts1 & aid$ by ! noble/ exhibitions ( private b5evol5ce1 ! /ate has "h f\nd$ a s*ool = ! prev5tion ( crime4 ,z we h ev]y:]e among u s*ools ^: lead+ object is ! developm5t ( ! intellect1 s we n[ d$icate a s*ool ^: lead+ object is ! developm5t ( ! affections z ! basis ( ! c>d9al virtues ( life4 ,! design ( ?is in/itution is s well express$ by ! tru/ees1 t x is a favor to u all = me to read ! fir/ *apt] ( ! by-laws1 :i*1 by ! cons5t ( ! ,gov]nor & ,c\ncil1 h be5 e/abli%$3 ,! int5tion ( ! /ate gov]nm5t1 & ( ! b5evol5t individuals :o h contribut$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is in/itution1 is to secure a home & a s*ool = su* girls z may be pres5t$ to ! magi/rates ( ! /ate1 appo9t$ = t purpose1 z vagrants1 p]v]sely ob/9ate1 depriv$ ( ! control & culture ( _! natural gu>dians1 or guilty ( petty (f5ces1 & expos$ to a life ( crime & wret*$ness4 ,= su* "y p]sons x is propos$ to provide1 n a prison = _! re/ra9t & correction1 b a family s*ool1 :]e1 "u ! firm b k9d discipl9e ( a judici\s home1 !y %all be c>efully in/ruct$ 9 all ! bran*es ( a good education2 _! moral affections be develop$ & cultivat$ by ! example & affectionate c>e ( "o :o %all hold ! relation ( a "m to !m2 be in/ruct$ 9 useful & appropriate =ms ( female indu/ry2 &1 9 %ort1 be fitt$ to become virtu\s & happy memb]s ( society1 & to take respectable positions 9 su* relations 9 life z ,provid5ce %all h]eaft] m>k out = !m4 ,x is to be di/9ctly und]/ood t ! in/itution is n to be consid]$ a place ( puni%m5t1 or its subjects z crim9als4 ,x is to be an invit+ refuge1 into :i* ! expos$ may be ga!r$ to be sav$ f a c\rse :i* w\ld inevitably end 9 p5al conf9em5t1 irretrievable ru91 or hopeless degradation4 ,! inmates are to be consid]$ hopeful & promis+ subjects ( appropriate culture1 & to be in/ruct$ & wat*$ ov] ) ! c>e & k9dness :i* _! peculi> exposures dem&1 & ) ! confid5ce :i* y\? %\ld ev] inspire4 ,! re/ra9t & ! discipl9e :i* w be necess>y are to be su* z w\ld be appropriate 9 a ,*ri/ian family or 9 a small bo>d+-s*ool2 & ! 'law ( k9dness' %\ld be writt5 ^u ! he>t ( e (fic] ( ! in/itution4 ,! *ief end to be obta9$1 9 all ! culture & discipl9e1 is ! prop] developm5t ( ! faculties & moral affections ( ! inmates1 h[ev] !y may h be5 h]et(ore neglect$ or p]v]t$2 & to tea* !m ! art1 & aid !m 9 secur+ ! p[]1 ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! s5tim5ts1 we pass1 if possible1 9 ! "w ( re=mation1 f ! rigor ( ! prison to ! innoc5t excitem5t & rivalry ( ! s*ool1 ! com=t1 confid5ce & joys ( home4 ,?is in/itution assumes t crime1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 is social1 local1 or h]$it>y1 9 its orig92 t ! c>e] ( h>d5$ crim9als (t5 takes its rise 9 pov]ty1 idl5ess1 ignorance1 orphanage1 des]tion1 or intemp]ance ( p>5ts1 evil example1 or ! indiff]5ce1 scorn & neglect ( society4 ,x assumes1 also1 t !re is a p]iod ( life--*ildhood & y\?--:5 ^!1 ! fir/ indications ( moral dea?1 may be eradicat$1 or _! influ5ce = evil controll$4 ,9 ?is l& ( education1 ( lib]ty1 ( law1 ( labor & religion1 we may n easily imag9e h[ univ]sal ! enum]at$ evils are 9 _m portions ( ,europe4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! evils is 9 "s degree ow+ to in/itutions :i* favor a few1 & oppress ! masses2 b x is also 9 a measure due to ! fact t ,europe is bo? old & multitud9\s4 ,am]ica1 ?\gh /ill "y1 is ev5 n[ multitud9\s4 ,h5ce1 bo? "h & !re1 crime is social & local4 ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t is proportionate to ! =ce ( ! causes 9 ! respective c\ntries4 ,we are assembl$ ^u a slop+ hillside1 ov]-look+ a quiet c\ntry village4 ,happy homes are emb[]$ 9 liv+ groves1 ^: summ] foliage is emblematical ( innoc5ce1 progress1 & peace4 ,we h "h a social life1 ) natural impulses1 cultivat$ worldly int]e/s1 moral & religi\s s5tim5ts1 all on ! side ( virtue4 ,crime "h is n social4 ,if x appe> at all1 x is segregat$2 &1 z ! burn+ tap] expires :5 plac$ at ! c5tre ( ! _s lamp's coil+ %eet ( flame1 s vice & crime _c ?rive 9 ! g5ial embrace ( virtue4 ,circum/ances are "h unfavorable to crime2 x is nev] social2 b sometimes1 ?\gh n (t51 x is h]$it>y4 ,a family = _m g5]ations seems to h a crim9al t5d5cy4 ,p]haps ! memb]s are n 9 any g5]ation guilty ( great crimes1 b (t5 ( less] ones2 & are1 moreov]1 9 ! daily practice ( vices t give rise to suspicion1 neglect1 & reproa*4 ,"h toge!r are associat$1 & made h]$it>y1 pov]ty1 ignorance1 idl5ess1 begg>y1 & vagrancy4 ,surely ^! in/ances are n common1 probably n s common z !y 7 9 ! la/ g5]ation4 ,b h[ is ! boy or girl ( su* a family to rise above ^! circum/ances1 & ?r[ (f ^! weights8 ,occasionally "o ( great en]gy ( "* may d s2 b1 if ! *ildr5 ( m =tunate classes c sc>cely escape ! influ5ce ( tempor>y evil example1 h[ %all !y :o are born to a h]itage ( pov]ty1 ignorance1 & ev]-pres5t evil c\nsel & conduct "u ! guise ( p>5tal au?ority1 pass to ! position ( intellig5t1 indu/ri\s1 respectable memb]s ( society8 ,"s ext]nal influ5ce mu/ be appli$2 by "s means f )\t1 ! spell mu/ be brok52 ! fatal succession ( vici\s homes mu/ be int]rupt$4 ,! family has "h fail$ to dis*>ge its duty to itself & to ! /ate2 & %all n ! /ate d its duty to itself1 by assum+ ! pat]nal relation "u ! guidance ( t law ( k9dness1 :i* we h se5 effectual to control ! insane1 & melt ! h>d5$ crim9al8 ,b 9 cities we f9d vice1 n only h]$it>y 9 families1 b local & social2 s t /reets & squ>es are giv5 up1 z x 71 to ! idle & vici\s1 ^: numb]s & influ5ce produce & p]petuate a public s5tim5t 9 support ( _! daily practices4 ,?is phase ( life is n due to ! fact t cities are weal?y1 or t !y are engag$ 9 manufactures or comm]ce2 b to ! s+le fact t !y are multitud9\s1 & _! inhabitants are1 !re=e1 9 daily contact ) ea* o!r1 :ile1 9 ! c\ntry1 individuals & families are comp>atively isolat$4 ,yet "s may v well d\bt :e!r su* an in/itution z ?is1 ) all ! b5ign influ5ces ( home :i* we hope to see c5tr$ & diffusive "h1 w save a *ild ( ei!r sex1 ^: fir/ ye>s %all h be5 s unfavorable to a life ( virtue4 ,! answ] is pla93 z 9 o!r re=matory in/itutions1 !re w be "s successes & "s failures4 ,! failures w be reckon$ z !y 72 ! successes w be a cle> ga94 ,b inve/igation & trial w %[ a natural aptitude or in/9ct 9 *ildr5 t w aid 9 _! improvem5t & re=mation4 ,!re has be5 9 "o ( our public s*ools a lad1 :o1 at ! age ( f\rte5 ye>s1 c\ld n recall di/9ctly ! circum/ances ( 8 life previ\s to ! "t :5 he 0 a newsboy 9 ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,he 0 ignorant ( fa!r1 "m1 k9dr$1 family "n1 & nation4 ,at an e>ly age1 he travell$ ?r\gh ! middle1 s\!rn & s\?-we/]n /ates1 engag$ 9 sell+ pap]s & tra% lit]ature2 &1 = a "t1 he 0 employ$ by a %[man to /& outside ! t5t & describe & exagg]ate ! attractions )94 ,:5 he 0 9 8 f\rte5? ye>1 he accept$ ! (f] ( a p]man5t home2 8 *ief object be+1 z he said1 to obta9 an education4 ,i h f\nd1 said he1 t a man _c d mu* 9 ?is c\ntry unless he has "s le>n+4 ,?is tru?1 simple1 & re/+ ^u a l[ view ( education1 may yet be ( inf9ite value if accept$ by ^? :o1 ev5 among u1 are advanc+ to adult life )\t ! prep>ation :i* our common s*ools are well fitt$ to furni%4 ,& ! case ( ?is lad may be yet fur!r useful by %[+ h[ comp5sation is provid$ = evils & neglects 9 m5tal & moral relations1 z well z 9 ! physical & natural _w4 ,?\gh ignorant ( books1 he 0 ?or\ghly & ext5sively acqua9t$ ) ?+s1 & consequ5tly made rapid progress 9 ! k ( signs2 = !y 7 imm$iately appli$1 & ( c\rse rememb]$4 ,9 a few mon?s1 he took a respectable position among lads ( 8 age4 ,! _w _h done = ?is boy :at good s*ools d n always accompli%1--made him famili> ) ?+s be=e he 0 tr\bl$ ) ! signs :i* /& = !m4 ,!re is an ignorance 9 manhood2 an ignorance "u ! %[ ( pr(\nd le>n+2 an ignorance = :i* s*ools1 academies & colleges1 are (t5 responsible2 an ignorance t nei!r s*ools1 academies nor colleges1 c conceal f ! humble/ intellects2 an ignorance ( life & ?+s z !y are )9 ! sph]e ( our own obs]vation4 ,f ?is mo/ deplorable ignorance ?is boy _h escap$2 & ! light ( le>n+ illum9$ 8 m9d1 z ! sun 9 8 daily return reveals anew ^? =ms ( life1 :i*1 ev5 9 an ung5ial spr+ & e>ly summ]1 8 rays _h w>m$ into exi/5ce1 & n\ri%$ & *]i%$ 9 _! progress t[>ds p]fection4 ,&1 ladies & g5tlem51 let u indulge ! hope t ! ev5ts ( ?is day & ! fai? ( ?is assembly w decl>e t x is possible to save ! *ildr5 ( orphanage1 intemp]ance1 neglect1 scorn & ignorance1 f _m ( ! evils :i* surr\nd !m4 ,let x n be assum$ & believ$ t ! task ( tra9+ & sav+ girls is less hopeful ?an simil> labors 9 behalf ( ! o!r sex4 ,x has be5 f\nd true 9 ,europe1 & x is a prevail+ op9ion 9 ?is c\ntry1 t1 among adults1 ! re=mation ( females is m difficult ?an ! re=mation ( males4 ,b an analysis ( ?is fact1 assum+ x to be true1 w unfold qualities ( female "* t r5d] x peculi>ly easy to %ield & save girls :o are expos$ to a life ( crime2 =1 be x rememb]$1 ?is in/itution deals ) m]e *ildr51 :o are expos$1 b n yet lo/4 ,x diff]s1 9 ?is respect1 f mo/ in/itutions1 al?\gh _m include ?is class ) o!rs4 ,& x may be well to rem>k1 t e re=matory s*ool 9 ,europe1 ev5 ^? altoge!r p5al1--z ,p>khur/ 9 ,engl&1 & ,mettray 9 ,france1--h _h "s measure ( success4 ,eighty-n9e p] c5t4 ( ! colons1 or convicts1 at ,mettray1 h become respectable & useful2 :ile1 ( ! y\? s5t to ! ord9>y jails & prisons1 sev5ty-five p] c5t4 are totally lo/4 ,x is n fair1 !re=e1 to assume t ?is attempt w fail4 ,! degree ( success w dep5d ^u circum/ances & causes1 to a great ext5t1 )9 human control4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ?ree elem5ts ( success1 s di/9ct t !y may well /& z ! appropriate divisions ( :at rema9s = consid]ation4 ,!y are ! "r action ( ! gov]nm5t2 ! fai?ful conduct ( sup]9t5d5t1 matrons1 & assi/ants2 ! sympa?y & aid ( ! p ( ! /ate 9 matt]s :i* d n admit ( legislative int]f]5ce4 ,! act ( ! ,legislature1 ?\gh volum9\s 9 its details1 contemplates only ?is3 ,a home = girls betwe5 sev5 & sixte5 ye>s ( age1 :o are f\nd 9 circum/ances ( want & suff]+1 or ( neglect1 exposure1 or ab&onm5t1 or ( begg>y4 ,! fir/ idea ( home precludes ! possibility ( ! inmates be+ s5t "h z a puni%m5t = crime2 !re=e !y are nei!r adjudg$ nor actual crim9als1 b p]sons expos$ to a vici\s life4 ,secondly1 ! idea ( home involves ! necessity ( reproduc+ ! family relation1 z circum/ances may p]mit4 ,h5ce1 ! memb]s ( ?is in/itution are to be divid$ into families2 & ov] ea* a matron w preside1 :o is to be a k9d1 affectionate1 discreet "m to ! *ildr54 ,& "h1 = once1 9 ,massa*usetts1 a public in/itution has escap$ ! tyranny ( bricks & mort>2 & we are p]mitt$ to indulge ! hope1 t any future additions w t5d to make ?is spot a neighborhood ( uno/5tati\s cottages1 quiet rural homes1 r ?an ! seat ( a va/ edifice1 :i* may provoke ! wond] ( ! sight-se]1 inflame local or /ate pride1 b c nev] be an effectual1 economical ag5cy 9 ! "w ( re=mation4 ,e public in/itution has "s great object4 ,ar*itecture %\ld b5d itself to t object1 & become its s]vant2 & x mu/ ev] be deem$ a mi/ake1 :5 utility is sacrific$ t art or fancy may h its way4 ,re=mation1 if wr\ght by ext]nal influ5ces1 is ! result ( p]sonal k9dness4 ,p]sonal k9dness c exi/ only :]e !re is intimate p]sonal acqua9tance2 ?is acqua9tance is impossible 9 an in/itution ( two1 ?ree1 or five hundr$ inmates4 ,b1 9 a family ( t51 tw5ty1 or ?irty1 ?is k w exi/1 & ?is k9dness ab\nd4 ,w>m p]sonal atta*m5ts w gr[ up 9 ! family1 & ^! atta*m5ts are likely to become safegu>ds ( virtue4 ,nor let ! objection prevail t ! exp5se is to be increas$4 ,x is n ! purpose to set up an e/abli%m5t & ma9ta9 x = a specific sum ( money1 b to provide ?or\gh m5tal & moral tra9+ = ! inmates4 ,make ! "w effici5t1 ?\gh x be limit$ to a small numb]1 r ?an inaugurate a magnific5t failure4 ,! /ate has wisely provid$ t ! tru/ees %all cause ! girls "u _! *>ge to be in/ruct$ 9 piety & morality1 & 9 su* bran*es ( useful k z %all be adapt$ to _! age & capacity2 !y %all also be in/ruct$ 9 "s regul> c\rse ( labor1 ei!r me*anical1 manufactur+1 or horticultural1 or a comb9ation ( ^!1 & especially 9 su* dome/ic & h\sehold labor & duties z %all be be/ suit$ to _! age & /r5g?1 disposition & capacity2 also 9 su* o!r arts1 trades1 & employm5ts1 z may seem to ! tru/ees be/ adapt$ to secure _! re=mation1 am5dm5t1 & future b5efit4 ,x is sometimes ! bane ( ! poor t !y d n "w1 & x is (t5 equally ! bane ( ! ri* t !y h no?+ to d4 ,! idle1 bo? ri* & poor1 c>ry a weight ( reproa* t n all ought to be>4 ,! disposition & ! ability to labor are bo? ! result ( education2 & :y %\ld ! un$ucat$ be bett] able to labor ?an to read ,greek & ,lat98 ,surely only t !re are m tea*]s 9 "o dep>tm5t ?an 9 ! o!rs2 b a good tea*] ( labor may be z uncommon z a good tea*] ( ,lat9 or ,greek4 ,!re is a false1 vici\s1 unmanly pride1 :i* leads our y\? ( bo? sexes to %un labor2 & x is ! bus9ess ( ! true tea*] to extirpate ?is gr[? ( a diseas$ civilization4 ,& we c\ld h no fai? 9 ?is s*ool1 if x 7 n a s*ool ( indu/ry z well z ( morality1--a s*ool 9 :i* ! div9e law ( labor is to be obs]v$ equally ) ! laws ( m54 ,indu/ry is ne> to all ! virtues4 ,9 ?is era e bran* ( labor is an art1 & sometimes x is necess>y = ! labor] to be bo? an arti/ & a sci5tific p]son4 ,h[ great1 !n1 ! mis=tune ( ^?1 :e!r ri* or poor1 :o are un9/ruct$ 9 ! bus9ess ( life6 ,we %\ld h>dly "k :at judgm5t to pass ^u a man ( weal? :o %\ld entirely neglect ! education ( 8 *ildr5 9 s*ools2 b ! common indiff]5ce to indu/rial le>n+ is n less repreh5sible4 ,labor %\ld be sy/ematic2 n con/ant1 inde$1 b always to be reckon$ z ! great bus9ess ( life1 nev] to be avoid$1 nev] to cease4 ,labor gives u a bett] k ( ! fulness1 magnific5ce & glory1 ( ! div9e bless+ ( creation4 ,?is lesson may be le>n$ by ! f>m] 9 ! wond]ful gr[? ( vegetation2 by ! arti/1 9 ! p[]s ( inv5tion & ta/e ( ! human m9d & s\l2 by ! man ( sci5ce1 9 ! beauty ( an insect or ! ord] ( a univ]se4 ,! vision ( ! idle is limit$4 ,! ability to see may be improv$ by education z mu* z ! ability to read1 rememb]1 or conv]se4 ,) _m p1 n see+ is a habit4 ,ne>-sight$ p]sons are g5]ally ^? :o decl9$ to look at di/ant objects2 & s nature1 true to ! mo/ p]fect rules ( economy1 refus$ to keep 9 ord] faculties t 7 entirely neglect$4 ,! labor]'s recomp5se is n money1 nor ! accumulation ( worldly goods *iefly2 b x is 9 8 increas$ ability to obs]ve1 appreciate1 & enjoy ! _w1 ) its beauties & bless+s4 ,nor is labor1 ! p5alty = s91 a puni%m5t m]ely1 b a div9e means ( re=mation4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a moral discipl9e t all %\ld submit to2 & especially is x a means by :i* ! y\? "h are to be prep>$ = ! duties ( life4 ,b indu/ry is n only ne> to all ! virtues2 x is itself a virtue1 z idl5ess is a vice4 ,! ^w labor is1 ( c\rse1 us$ 9 ! broade/ signification4 ,labor is any hone/ employm5t1 or use ( ! head or h&s1 :i* br+s good to ourselves1 & consequ5tly1 ?\gh indirectly1 br+s good to our fell[-m54 ,! /ate has n[ furni%$ a home1 reproduc$1 z f> z practicable1 ! family relation1 & provid$ = a class ( neglect$ & expos$ girls ! means ( m5tal1 indu/rial1 moral1 & religi\s culture4 ,! plan appe>s well2 b its practical value dep5ds ^u ! fidelity ( its execution by ! sup]9t5d5t1 matrons & assi/ants4 ,i v5ture to pr$ict 9 advance1 t ! degree ( success is ma9ly )9 _! control4 ,?is is a s*ool1 !y are ! tea*]s2 & !y mu/ b5d to ! rule :i* all true tea*]s will+ly accept4 ,! tea*] mu/ be :at he w\ld h 8 pupils become4 ,?is 0 ! /&>d ( ! great ,tea*]2 ?is is ! aim ( all :o desire to make education a matt] ( reality & life1 & n m]ely a k ( signs & =ms4 ,"h w be ne$$ a _s & pr9ciple ( devotion :i* w be fruitful 9 humility1 pati5ce1 e>ne/ness1 en]gy1 good words & works = all4 ,"h mu/ be /rictness1 possibly /]nness ( discipl9e2 b ?is is n incompatible ) ! qualities m5tion$4 ,x is a pr9ciple at ,mettray to comb9e unb\nd$ p]sonal k9dness ) a rigid exclusion ( p]sonal indulg5ce4 ,?is pr9ciple produces good results t are two-fold 9 _! influ5ce4 ,fir/1 p]sonal k9dness 9 ! tea*] induces a reciprocal quality 9 ! pupils4 ,! habit ( p]sonal k9dness1 proce$+ f "r feel+s1 is a pot5t elem5t ( good 9 ! family1 ! s*ool1 & ! prison4 ,inde$1 x is an elem5t ( good citiz5%ip2 & no "o de/itute ( ?is quality ought to be intru/$ ) ! education ( *ildr51 or ! puni%m5t & re=mation ( crim9als4 ,secondly1 ! rigid exclusion ( p]sonal indulg5ce tra9s ! inmates 9 ! virtue ( self-control4 ,& may x n be =gott5 t all app>5t re=mation mu/ be h$g$ by ?is c>d9al virtue ( practical life6 ,o!rwise ! be/-=m$ expectations w fail2 ! highe/ hopes w be disappo9t$2 & ! life ( ^! tea*]s1 & ! promise ( ! y\? :o may be ga!r$ "h1 w be l ! sun & ! w9ds ^u ! des]t1 :i* br+ nei!r refre%+ %[]s nor fruitful h>ve/s4 ,e =m ( labor requires fai?4 ,?is labor requires fai? 9 y\rselves1 & fai? 9 o!rs2--fai? 9 y\rselves1 z tea*]s "h1 bas$ ^u y\r own k ( :at y are & are to d2 & fai? 9 o!rs ^u ! div9e decl>ation t ,god brea!d into man ! brea? ( life1 & he became a liv+ s\l1--n m]ely z ! previ\s creations1 possess$ ( animal life2 b z a s5ti5t1 intellectual1 & moral be+1 capable ( a progressive1 immortal exi/5ce4 ',tis nature's law ,t none1 ! meane/ ( creat$ ?+s1 99 99 99 99 99 ,%\ld exi/ ,divorc$ f good1--a _s & pulse ( good1 ,a life & s\l1 to e mode ( be+ ,insep>ably l9k$4 ,see1 !n1 y\r only conflict is ) m52 ,& y\r sole /rife is to def5d & tea* ,! unillum9$1 :o1 )\t su* c>e1 ,mu/ dw9dle4 ,& always1 z 9 ! beg9n+1 ! reliance ( ?is s*ool is ^u ! p ( ! commonweal?1 ^: voice has spok5 into exi/5ce ano!r in/rum5tality to give eyes to ! bl9d1 e>s to ! deaf1 a he>t = ! "w ( ?is life1 & a hope = an h]eaft]1 to ^? :o f neglect & vici\s example w\ld soon pass ! p]iod ( re=mation4 ,b may ! p always be> 9 m9d ! indisputable tru?1 t s*ools = ! crim9al & ! expos$ yield n _! p]fect fruits 9 a day or a ye>6 ,!y mu/1 if !y w "k :e!r ! se$ "h plant$ produces a h>ve/1 wait = ! bir? & gr[? ( "o g5]ation1 ! decay & dea? ( ano!r4 ,yet ^! ye>s ( delay w n be ye>s ( unc]ta9ty4 ,! public fai? w be /r5g!n$ cont9ually by cases ( re=mation1 usefulness1 & virtue4 ,b1 :e!r ^! cases be few or _m1 let no "o despond4 ,! c>e] ( ! crim9al is1 (t5 9 money & always 9 influ5ce1 ! heavie/ burd5 :i* an individual c impose ^u society4 ,?is is a s*ool = girls2 & we may prop]ly appeal to ! wom5 ( ,massa*usetts to d _! duty to ?is in/itution1 & to ! cause x repres5ts4 ,we c already see ! second /age 9 ! exi/5ce ( _m ( ^? :o are to be s5t "h2 & !re is good reason to fe> t ! relation ( mi/ress & s]vant among u is 9 "s degree de/itute ( ^? moral qualities t make ! h\se a home = all :o dwell b5ea? its ro(4 ,b1 :e!r ?is fe> be ! voice ( tru? or ! sugge/ion ( prejudice1 t woman %all n be held blameless1 :o1 "u ! influ5ce ( indol5ce1 pride1 fa%ion1 or av>ice1 %all neglect1 abuse1 or oppress1 ! humble/ ( h] sex :o goes =? f ^! walls into ! broad & dang]\s pa? ( life4 ,b ?is day %all n leave ! impression t !y :o are mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! elevation & ref9em5t ( female "* are indiff]5t to ! means employ$1 & ! results :i* are to wait on !m4 ,! greate/ del9eator ( human "* 9 ?is age says1 z ! images ( neglect$ *ildr5 pass be=e 8 vision3 ,!re is n "o ( !m--n "o--b s[s a h>ve/ mank9d mu/ reap4 ,f e se$ ( evil 9 ?is boy a field ( ru9 is gr[n t %all be ga!r$ 91 & g>n]$ up1 & s[n aga9 9 _m places 9 ! _w1 until regions are ov]-spread ) wick$ness en\gh to raise ! wat]s ( ano!r deluge4 ,op5 & unpuni%$ murd] 9 a city's /reets w\ld be less guilty 9 its daily tol]ation ?an "o su* spectacle z ?is4 ,!re is n a fa!r1 by ^: side1 9 8 daily or nightly walk1 ^! creatures pass2 !re is n a "m among all ! ranks ( lov+ mo!rs 9 ?is l&2 !re is no "o ris5 f ! /ate ( *ildhood1 b %all be responsible1 9 8 or h] degree1 = ?is enormity4 ,!re is n a c\ntry ?r\gh\t ! e>? on :i* x w\ld n br+ a curse4 ,!re is no religion ^u e>? t x w\ld n d5y2 !re is no p on e>? t x w\ld n put to %ame4 ,?is in/itution1 !n1 9 ! true relation ( ?+s1 is n ! glory ( ! /ate1 b its %ame4 ,x speaks ( families1 ( s*ools1 ( ! *ur*1 ( ! /ate1 n yet educat$ to ! dis*>ge ( _! respective duties 9 ! "r way4 ,b x is ! glory ( ! /ate z a visible ef=t to correct evils1 atone = neglects1 & comp5sate = wrongs4 ,x comes to d1 9 "p at lea/1 :at ! family1 ! s*ool1 ! press1 ! libr>y1 ! ,sabba?1 h ne/ yet p]fectly accompli%$4 ,z ^! ag5cies p>tially fail$1 s w ?is2 b1 z ! law ( progress exi/s = all1 because p]fection ) u is unatta9able1 we may reasonably h fai? 9 human improvem5t1 & tru/ t ! life ( ea* succe$+ g5]ation %all unite1 9 ev]-increas+ proportions1 ! innoc5ce ( *ildhood ) ! wisdom ( age4 ,,elem5t>y ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,! ,,public ,,s*ools4 ,extract f ! ,tw5ty-,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,we are /ill sadly defective 9 me?ods ( education4 ,until rec5tly tea*+ 0 almo/ an unkn[n art2 & we are at pres5t /ruggl+ aga9/ ignorance )\t any well-def9$ plan1 & attempt+ to develop & build up ! immortal "* ( *ildr51 )\t a philosophical & g5]ally accept$ !ory ( ! nature ( ! human m9d4 ,!re are compla9ts t ! duties & exactions ( ! s*ools injure ! heal? & impair ! con/itutions ( pupils2 t ! progress 9 intellectual atta9m5ts is n always :at x %\ld be2 t ! tra9+ giv5 is sometimes det]m9$ by ! wi%es ( committees aga9/ ! bett] judgm5t ( compet5t tea*]s2 t ! text-books are defective2 t ! /udies 9 ! common s*ools are too num]\s2 t ! elem5ts are consequ5tly neglect$2 & t1 9 f9e1 too mu* ?\ght is be/[$ ^u exhibitions & conte/s = public prizes1 to ! injury ( good le>n+1 & ( individual & g5]al "*4 ,= ^! compla9ts !re is "s f\ndation2 b c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ le/ incid5tal & necess>y evils become1 9 ! public e/imation1 great wrongs1 & exceptional cases ! evid5ce ( g5]al facts4 ,x is to "s ext5t true t ! duties & exactions ( ! s*ools s]i\sly te/ ! heal? ( pupils2 b x is1 z ,i believe1 m g5]ally true t _m pupils are physically unable to meet ! ord9>y & prop] duties ( ! s*ool-room4 ,s*ool life1 z usually conduct$1 is physically injuri\s1 & our be/ ef=ts ?us f> h be5 limit$ to ! dissem9ation ( elem5t>y k ( physiology z a sci5ce1 & to an acqua9tance ) a limit$ numb] ( important physiological facts4 ,yet ev5 "h little has be5 accompli%$ 9 comp>ison ) :at may be done4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t !re is mu* in/ruction giv5 t has no practical value1 & *ildr5 are (t5 p]mitt$ to live 9 daily & uni=m neglect ( ! mo/ ess5tial tru?s ( sci5ce & ! facts ( human exp]i5ce4 ,nei!r physiology nor hygi5e c be ( mu* value 9 ! s*ools1 z a /udy1 unless !re is an application ( :at is taught4 ,great pr(ici5cy _c be made 9 ^! bran*es 9 ! brief p]iod ( s*ool life2 b a compet5t tea*] may induce ! pupils to put 9 practice ! lessons t are applicable to *ildhood & y\?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z is sometimes ! case1 pupils are und]m9+ ! physical con/itution 9 _! ef=ts to "k h[ !y are made1 ! loss is1 unque/ionably1 m ?an ! ga94 ,physical heal? & gr[? dep5d1 fir/1 ^u opportunity2 & h5ce x happ5s t1 :]e physical life is mo/ defective1 !re ! greate/ difficulties 9 ! way ( its improvem5t are f\nd4 ,boys born 9 ! c\ntry1 liv+ ^u f>ms1 accu/om$ cont9ually to outdoor labors & sports1 walk+ a mile or m e day to s*ool1 h b little use1 9 _! own p]sons1 = ! sci5ce or facts ( physiology2 & x is a v r>e ?+1 :]e su* conditions h exi/$1 t any tea*] is able to exact an am\nt ( intellectual s]vice t proves 9 any p]ceptible degree injuri\s4 ,b ^! opportunities are n s g5]ally enjoy$ by girls1 & ! mass ( *ildr5 9 cities are :olly depriv$ ( !m4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 & ev5 9 villages & t[ns ( consid]able size1 !re is no excuse1 bett] ?an ignorance or indiff]5ce1 = ! lack ( judici\s & effici5t physical tra9+ ( *ildr5 & y\? ( bo? sexes4 ,b ignorance & indiff]5ce are facts2 &1 :ile & :]e !y exi/1 !y are prejudicial to ! gr[? ( m9d & body4 ,! age at :i* *ildr5 %\ld be admitt$ to s*ool has n be5 asc]ta9$1 nor c a satisfactory rule ^u ?is po9t ev] be laid d[n4 ,if *ildr5 are n 9 s*ools1 !y are yet subject to influ5ces t are =mative ( "*4 ,:5 prop] gov]nm5t & me?ods ( education exi/ at home1 ! pres5ce ( ! *ild 9 s*ool at an e>ly age is n desirable4 ,ev5 :5 education at home is n me?odical1 x may be cont9u$ until ! *ild is sev5 or ev5 eight ye>s ( age1 if x is at once moral1 intellig5t1 & controll+4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 wise to expect a *ild :o is infirm physically to p]=m ! labors impos$ by ! necess>y & prop] regulations ( s*ool4 ,:5 *ildr5 enjoy good heal?1 & are n bless$ ) suitable tra9+ at home1 !y may be introduc$ to ! s*ool1 at ! age ( five ye>s1 ) positive advantage to !mselves & to society4 ,:5 ! *ild is a memb] ( ! s*ool1 :at %all be done ) him8 ,he mu/ fir/ be taught to take an int]e/ 9 ! ex]cises by mak+ ! ex]cises int]e/+ to him4 ,t ! transition f home to ! s*ool may be easy1 he %\ld fir/ occupy himself ) ^? topics & /udies t are pres5t$ to ! eye & to ! e>1 & may be ma/]$1 s z to produce ! s5sation t foll[s a*ievem5t ) only a mod]ate use ( ! reason+ & reflective faculties4 ,among ^! are read+1 writ+1 music1 & draw+4 ,?is is also ! "t :5 object lessons may be giv5 ) great advantage4 ,! =ms & names ( geometrical solids may be taught4 ,ex]cises may be introduc$ t5d+ to develop ^? p[]s by :i* we compreh5d ! qualities ( color1 size1 d5sity1 =m1 & weight4 ,important moral tru?s may be pres5t$ ) ! aid ( suitable illu/rations4 ,9 e s*ool ! tea*] & text-books may be consid]$ a positive quality :i* %\ld balance ! negative p[] ( ! s*ool itself4 ,9 prim>y s*ools text-books h b little value1 & ! *ief reliance is1 !re=e1 ^u ! tea*]4 ,in/ruction mu/ be ma9ly oral2 h5ce ! m9d ( ! tea*] %\ld be well furni%$1 & h] capacities *a/5$ by consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,z ! pupils are unable to /udy1 ! tea*] mu/ lead 9 all _! ex]cises1 & f9d pr(itable employm5t = ! *ildr51 or !y w give !mselves up to play or to /upid li/lessness4 ,( ^! alt]natives1 ! latt] is m objectionable ?an ! =m]4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n (t5 possible = a tea*] to occupy h]self six h\rs a day ) a s+le class 9 a prim>y s*ool1 especially if %e conf9es h] att5tion to ! /udies enum]at$4 ,9 _m s*ools1 ( v>i\s grades1 gymna/ic ex]cises h be5 introduc$ ) m>k$ advantage4 ,!re are _m su* ex]cises :i* d n ne$ app>atus1 & 9 :i* ! tea*] c prop]ly lead4 ,^! furni% a heal?ful v>iety to ! /udies usually pursu$1 & !y prep>e ! pupils to receive appropriate in/ruction 9 sitt+1 /&+1 & 9 ! modulation & use ( ! voice4 ,inde$1 gymna/ic ex]cises are indisp5sable aids to prop] tra9+ 9 read+1 :i*1 z an art ( a high ord]1 is imm$iately dep5d5t ^u position1 habits ( brea?+1 ! consequ5t p[] ( voice1 & expressiv5ess ( tone4 ,i am fully satisfi$ t mu* m may be done 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( s*ool life ?an is usually accompli%$4 ,9 ! di/rict mix$ s*ools ! prim>y pupils receive b little att5tion1 & !y are n infrequ5tly occupi$ f "o to ?ree ye>s 9 obta9+ an imp]fect k ( ! alphabet4 ,usually mu* bett] results are atta9$ by ! comb9$ ag5cy ( ! home & ! s*ool1 b !re is an av]age loss ( "o-f\r? ( ! "t employ$ 9 tea*+ & le>n+ ! elem5ts ( our language4 ,mr4 ,philbrick1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,s*ools 9 ,bo/on1 has taught & tra9$ a class ( fifty prim>y-s*ool pupils ) a degree ( success :i* fully su/a9s ! /atem5t ( ! av]age wa/e 9 s*ools g5]ally4 ,tw5ty-two lessons ( a half-h\r ea* 7 giv52 & 9 ?is brief p]iod ( "t ! class1 ) a few exceptions1 7 s well advanc$ t !y c\ld write ! alphabet 9 capital & script h&1 give ! elem5t>y s\nds ( ! lett]s1 produce & "n ! ,arabic *>act]s & ! common geometrical figures f\nd ^u ,holbrook's slates4 ,i saw a girl1 five & a half ye>s ( age1 write ! alphabet )\t delay 9 script h&1 9 a mann] t w\ld h be5 cr$itable to a pupil 9 a gramm> s*ool4 ,i pres5t ,mr4 ,philbrick's own acc\nt ( 8 mode ( proce$+1 9 an extract f 8 ?ird qu>t]ly report to ! s*ool committee ( ! city ( ,bo/on4 ,! regulations relat+ to ! prim>y s*ools require e s*ol> to be provid$ ) a slate1 & to employ ! "t n o!rwise occupi$ 9 draw+ or writ+ words f _! spell+ lessons1 on _! slates1 9 a pla9 script h&4 ,x is fur!r /at$1 9 ! same connection1 t ! tea*]s are expect$ to take special pa9s to tea* ! fir/ class to write--n pr9t--all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet on slates4 ,! language ( ?is requirem5t seems to imply t ! classes bel[ ! fir/ are to draw & write words1 9 a pla9 script h&1 )\t any special pa9s to tea* !m1 & t by su* occupation !y 7 to be kept f idl5ess4 ,z ,i saw nei!r ( ^! objects accompli%$ 9 any prim>y s*ool1 ,i ?\ght x wor? :ile to satisfy myself1 by actual exp]im5t1 :at c & ought to be done1 9 ! use ( ! slate & blackbo>d1 9 tea*+ writ+ & draw+ 9 prim>y s*ools4 ,to accompli% ?is object1 ,i h giv5 a c\rse ( lessons 9 a grad$ or classifi$ s*ool ( ! ?ird class4 ,! numb] ( pupils in/ruct$ 9 ! class 0 ab\t fifty4 ,! mat]ials ( ! s*ool are r bel[ ! av]age2 ab\t tw5ty ( ! pupils be+ ( t description usually f\nd 9 s*ools = special in/ruction4 ,! s*ool-room is furni%$1 z e prim>y s*ool-room %\ld be1 ) /ation>y *airs & desks1 & ,holbrook's prim>y slates4 ,tw5ty-two lessons1 ( f ?irty to =ty m9utes ea*1 7 giv51 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! "t be+ devot$ to draw+1 & two-?irds to writ+4 ,z to ! me?od pursu$1 ! ma9 po9ts 71 to pres5t b a s+le elem5t at a "t2 to illu/rate on ! blackbo>d defects & excell5ces 9 execution2 frequ5t review ( ! gr\nd pass$ ov]1 especially 9 ! fir/ /eps ( ! c\rse2 a vigor\s ex]cise ( all ! m5tal faculties requisite = ! p]=mance ( ! task2 & a desire = improvem5t1 enc\rag$ & /imulat$ by ! be/ & /ronge/ available motives2 ! great] "p ( ! "t be+ be/[$ ^u ! dull & backw>d pupils4 ,! result has exce$$ my expectations4 ,ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! numb] taught c draw mo/ ( ! simple ma!matical l9es & figures1 giv5 z copies on ! slates us$1 ) tol]able accuracy1 & write all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 9 a fair script h&4 ,?is exp]im5t satisfies me t1 ) ! prop] facilities1 ! ?ree upp] classes 9 grad$ prim>y s*ools c be taught to write ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 9 a pla9 script h&1 & ev5 to jo9 !m into words1 )\t any mat]ial h9drance to ! o!r requir$ /udies2 &1 moreov]1 t ! great rem$y = ! compla9t ( want ( "t1 9 ^! s*ools1 is ! increase ( skill 9 ! art ( tea*+4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe me?ods ( tea*+ ! alphabet h be5 introduc$ :i* mat]ially dim9i% ! labor ( tea*]s1 & less5 ! drudg]y to :i* *ildr5 are usually subject$4 ,! alphabet is taught z an object lesson4 ,! object is usually an animal1 plant1 or fl[]4 ,m frequ5tly ! fir/4 ,! m9d ( ! *ild is awak5$ ei!r by ! pres5ce ( ! animal1 or by a brief b vivid description ( its *>act]i/ics4 ,! *ildr5 are fir/ requir$ to pron\nce prop]ly ! "n ( ! animal4 ,"h is an opportunity = tra9+ 9 ! use ( ! voice1 & 9 ! art ( brea?+1 ) :i* ! g5]al heal?1 z well z ! vocal p[]1 is intimately connect$4 ,! ^w :i* is ! "n ( ! animal is analyz$ into its elem5t>y s\nds4 ,x may !n be recon/ruct$ )\t ! aid ( visible signs1 ei!r writt5 or pr9t$4 ,next ! tea*] produces ! signs :i* /& = ! sev]al s\nds1 & gives _! names4 ,! lett]s are pres5t$ 9 any way t suits ! tea*]4 ,!re may be no bett] me?od ?an to produce !m ^u ! blackbo>d1 z ?is c\rse enc\rages ! pupils to draw !m ^u _! slates1 & ?us !y are at once1 & )\t =mal prelim9>ies1 engag$ 9 writ+4 ,an outl9e ( ! animal may be drawn ^u ! blackbo>d1 :i* ! pupils w eag]ly copy2 & ?\gh ?is ex]cise may n be valuable 9 a high degree1 z prep>ation = ! sy/ematic /udy ( draw+1 yet x tra9s ! p]ceptive & reflective faculties 9 a mann] t is pleasant to ! great majority ( *ildr54 ,x is also 9 ! p[] ( ! tea*]1 at any po9t 9 ! ex]cises1 & ) ref]5ce bo? to v>iety & usefulness1 to give ! mo/ app>5t facts1 :i* to *ildr5 are ! mo/ int]e/+ facts1 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! animal4 ,?is plan contemplates in/ruction 9 pronunciation 9 connection ) ex]cises 9 brea?+1 9 ! elem5t>y s\nds ( words bo? consonant & v[el1 9 ! names ( lett]s1 9 writ+ & draw+1 to all ( :i* may be add$ some?+ ( natural hi/ory4 ,x is ( c\rse to be und]/ood t su* ex]cises w\ld be ext5d$ ov] _m lessons1 be subject to frequ5t reviews1 & valuable 9 proportion to ! tea*]'s ability to int]e/ *ildr54 ,! outl9e giv5 is sugge/ive1 m]ely1 & x is n pres5t$ z a plan ( a model c\rse2 b en\gh has be5 done & is do+ 9 ?is dep>tm5t to w>rant increas$ att5tion1 & to ju/ify ! belief t a degree ( progress w soon be made 9 tea*+ ! elem5ts t w m>k ! epo* z a revolution 9 educational affairs4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! sy/em indicat$ requires a high ord] ( tea*+ tal5t4 ,only ?or\gh pr(essional culture1 or long & c>eful exp]i5ce1 w meet ! claims ( su* a c\rse4 ,x is q pla91 h[ev]1 t no advantage w\ld arise f keep+ pupils 9 s*ool six h\rs ea* day2 & t1 reg>d+ only ! intellectual advancem5t ( ! *ild dur+ ! elem5t>y c\rse1 8 pres5ce might be r$uc$ to two h\rs1 or possibly 9 "s cases to "o3 provid$1 always1 t he c\ld enjoy1 ) 8 class associates1 ! undivid$ att5tion ( ! tea*]4 ,9 ?is view ( ! subject1 x w\ld be possible1 :]e ! prim>y s*ools are grad$1 z 9 portions ( ! city ( ,bo/on1 = "o tea*] to take *>ge ( two classes or s*ools1 ea* = an h\r 9 ! =5oon & an h\r 9 ! aft]noon4 ,?is arrangem5t w\ld apply only to ! y\ng] pupils2 yet ,i am aw>e t p>5ts & ! public w\ld be solicit\s conc]n+ ! mann] ( employ+ ! "t t w\ld rema94 ,9 ! cities ?is "q is "o ( magnitude1 & !re are /rong reasons = decl9+ any proposition to r$uce ! s*ool day full "o-half1 :i* does hot provide occupation = ! *ildr5 dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! "t4 ,x is only 9 connection ) su* a proposition t projects = gymna/ic tra9+ are practicable4 ,:5 *ildr5 are employ$ six h\rs 9 s*ool1 x is n easy to f9d "t = a c\rse ( sy/ematic physical education2 & physical education1 to be productive ( appreciable advantages1 mu/ be sy/ematic4 ,:5 left to *ildr5 & y\?1 or to ! c>e ( p>5ts1 v little w be accompli%$4 ,*ildr5 w p>ticipate 9 ! cu/om>y sports1 & p]=m ! allott$ labors2 b 9 cities ^! sports & labors are inadequate ev5 = boys1 & 9 c\ntry1 z well z city1 girls are (t5 ! victims ( neglect 9 ?is respect4 ,avail+ ourselves1 !n1 ( ! light %$ by rec5t exp]i5ce ^u ! subject ( prim>y in/ruction1 x seems possible to dim9i% ! l5g? ( ! s*ool day ) a ga9 r ?an a loss ( educational p[]4 ,?is *ange may be foll[$ by ! e/abli%m5t1 9 cities & l>ge t[ns1 ( public gymnasiums1 :]e tea*]s answ]+ 9 moral qualifications to ! requisitions ( ! laws %all be employ$1 & :]e ea* *ild1 = "o1 two1 or ?ree ye>s1 %all receive discreet & c>eful1 b vigor\s physical tra9+4 ,aft] a few ye>s ?us pass$ 9 correspond+ & heal?ful developm5t ( ! m9d & body1 ! pupil is prep>$ = admission to ! advanc$ s*ools1 :]e he c submit1 ) p]fect safety1 to great] m5tal requirem5ts ev5 ?an are n[ made4 ,! s*ool1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 _c d mu* = physical education2 & x mu/1 z a necessity & a duty1 graduate its dem&s to ! physical z well z ! intellectual abilities ( its pupils4 ,b ,i am satisfi$ t x is occasionally made to be> a weight ( reproa* t ought to be laid ^u ! cu/oms & habits ( dome/ic1 social & g5]al life4 ,assum+ t ! pr9cipal "w ( ! prim>y s*ools1 aft] moral & physical culture1 %\ld be to give in/ruction 9 read+1 spell+1 writ+1 music & draw+1 x is j to say t special att5tion %\ld be be/[$ ^u ! two bran*es fir/ nam$4 ,s imp]fectly is read+ sometimes taught1 t pupils are f\nd 9 advanc$ classes1 & 9 advanc$ s*ools1 ^: progress 9 o!r bran*es is ret>d$ by _! inability to read ! language flu5tly & intellig5tly4 ,:5 *ildr5 are well educat$ 9 read+1 !y f9d pr(itable employm5t2 & !y are1 ( c\rse1 by ! k ( language acquir$1 able to compreh5d1 ) great] facility1 e /udy to :i* !y are call$4 ,pupils (t5 appe> dull 9 gramm>1 geography & ari?metic1 m]ely because !y are poor read]s4 ,a *ild is n qualifi$ to use a text-book ( any sci5ce until he is able to read ) facility1 z we are accu/om$ to speak1 9 gr\ps ( words4 ,?is ability he _c acquire )\t a great deal ( practice4 ,if phonetic spell+ is comm5c$ ) ! alphabet1 he w be accurately tra9$ 9 t art also4 ,x is c]ta9 t read+1 writ+ & spell+1 h be5 neglect$ 9 our s*ools g5]ally4 ,if !re is to be a re=m1 x mu/ be comm5c$1 & 9 a consid]able degree accompli%$1 9 ! prim>y s*ools4 ,^! /udies w be taught aft]w>ds2 b ! gramm> & high s*ools c nev] comp5sate = any defect p]mitt$1 or any wrong done1 9 ! prim>y s*ools4 ,read+ is fir/ me*anical1 & !n intellectual & emotional4 ,9 ! prim>y s*ools att5tion is fir/ giv5 to me*anical tra9+1 :ile ! intellectual & emotional culture is necess>ily 9 a degree po/pon$4 ,:5 ! fir/ "p ( ! "w is ?or\ghly done1 !re is no gr\nd = compla9t1 & we may look to ! tea*]s ( advanc$ classes & s*ools = ! prop] p]=mance ( ! rema9+ duty4 ,! ability to spell arbitr>ily1 ei!r 9 writ+ or orally1 & ! ability to read me*anically1--t is1 ! ability to seize ! words readily1 & utt] !m flu5tly & accurately1--mu/ be acquir$ by mu* spell+ & mu* read+4 ,?is "w belongs to ! e>ly ye>s ( s*ool-life2 &1 if x c be fai?fully p]=m$1 ! introduction ( text-books 9 gramm>1 geography & ari?metic1 may be wisely po/pon$4 ,b x is a sad condition ( ?+s1 :i* we are (t5 compell$ to contemplate1 :5 a pupil1 :o might h become a respectable read] _h ! elem5t>y tra9+ be5 c>eful1 accurate & long-cont9u$1 is introduc$ to an advanc$ class1 & !re /ruggles aga9/ ob/acles :i* he _c compreh5d1 & :i* ! tea*] _c remove1 & f9ally leaves ! s*ool )\t ! ability to read 9 a mann] intelligible to himself1 or satisfactory to o!rs4 ,x is ! appropriate "w ( prim>y s*ools1 & ( ! tea*]s ( prim>y classes 9 di/rict s*ools1 to develop & *a/5 ! moral p[]s ( *ildr51 to tra9 !m 9 ^? habits & practices t are favorable to heal? & life1 :e!r any?+ is kn[n ( physiology z a sci5ce or n1 & to give ! be/ culture possible to ! eye1 ! e>1 ! h& & ! voice4 ,?is plan is compreh5sive en\gh = any tea*]1 & x w be f\nd suffici5t = any pupil less ?an t5 ye>s ( age4 ,nor am ,i speak+ ( t culture :i* is m]ely prep>atory = ! life ( ! arti/1 b ( t practical tra9+ :i* w enable ! subject ( x s to use 8 p[]s z to r5d] 8 life valuable to himself1 & valuable to ! _w4 ,!re w be1 9 ! ex]cises compreh5d$ by ?is outl9e1 suffici5t m5tal discipl9e4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be *iefly incid5tal1 & x may well be d\bt$ :e!r /udies t are m]ely discipl9>y %\ld ev] be introduc$ into our s*ools4 ,!re are useful occupations = pupils t1 at ! same "t1 tax & te/ ! m9d suffici5tly4 ,! plan indicat$ does n exclude gramm>1 geography & m5tal ari?metic1 b text-books w n at fir/ be ne$$4 ,gramm> %\ld be taught by conv]sation1 & 9 connection ) ! ex]cises 9 read+4 ,gramm> is ! appreciation ( ! p[] ( ! words ( ! language 9 any giv5 relations to ea* o!r1 & a k ( gramm> is ess5tial to ! ability to speak1 read & write prop]ly4 ,!re=e1 grammatical rules & def9itions are1 or %\ld be1 d$uc$ f ! language4 ,h5ce *ildr5 %\ld be fir/ tra9$ to speak ) accuracy1 s t habit %all be on ! side ( ta/e & sci5ce2 next ! (fices :i* words p]=m 9 simple s5t5ces %\ld be illu/rat$ & made cle>2 ,& ?us f> )\t text-books2 :51 f9ally1 ) _! help1 ! pupils 9 ! high] s*ools may acquire a k ( ! sci5ce1 &1 at once1 z ! result ( previ\s tra9+1 disc]n ! reason = ea* rule & def9ition4 ,! /udy ( gramm> requires "s use ( m5tal p[]2 b :5 x is pres5t$ to pupils by ! aid ( an object :i*1 9 itself & 9 :at x does1 illu/rates ! subject & ! pr$icate ( a s5t5ce1 ! "w ( compreh5d+ ! (fices :i* words p]=m is r5d]$ comp>atively easy4 ,hav+ ! skeleton ?us furni%$1 & ) ! eyes & m9ds ( ! pupils fix$ ^u an object t possesses kn[n & appreciable p[]s & qualities1 x is n difficult = ! tea*] to con/ruct a s5t5ce t %all conta9 words ( sev]al p>ts ( spee*1 all und]/ood1 because ! grammatical (fice ( ea* 0 se5 ev5 be=e ! ^w itself 0 us$4 ,?is "w may be comm5c$ :5 ! *ild is "y1 & v satisfactory results ought to be secur$ z soon z ! pupil is 9 o!r respects qualifi$ to ent] a gramm> s*ool4 ,! pupil %\ld be tra9$ 9 read+ z an art2 t is1 ) ! purpose ( express+ :atev] is intellectual & emotional 9 ! text4 ,satisfactory results _c at fir/ be secur$ by mu* read+2 x seems wis] = ! tea*] to select an extract1 p>agraph1 or s+le s5t5ce only1 & drill a pupil or a class until ! mean+ ( ! au?or is compreh5d$1 & accurately or ev5 arti/ically express$4 ,?is c be done only :5 ! tea*] reads ! passage aga9 & aga9 9 ! be/ mann] possible4 ,! contr>y practice ( read+ volumes ( extracts f ! writ+s ( ! mo/ gift$ m5 ( anci5t & mod]n times1 )\t prep>ation by ! pupil1 )\t example1 explanation1 correction1 or que/ion+s1 by ! tea*]1 _c be too /rongly condemn$4 ,! "t w come :5 ^! selections may be read ) pr(it2 b x is bett] to read some?+ well ?an to read a great deal2 or !re %\ld be at lea/ ?or\gh drill 9 connection ) e ex]cise1 until ! pupils h atta9$ "s degree ( p]fection4 ,x may n be be/ to conf9e advanc$ pupils to ! ex]cises 9 ! text-books4 ,if su* pupils are invit$ occasionally to make selections f _! entire range ( read+1 ! tea*] w h an opportunity to correct :atev] is vici\s 9 ta/e2 & ! pupil mak+ ! selection w be compell$ to read 9 su* a mann] t ^? :o li/5 c und]/&1 :i* is n always ! case :5 ! language is address$ to ! eye z well z to ! e>4 ,! introduction ( ,colburn's ,intellectual ,ari?metic 0 an epo* 9 ! sci5ce4 ,x wr\ght a radical *ange 9 ! ability ( ! p to apply ! p[] ( numb]s to ! practical bus9ess ( life4 ,its excell5ce does n consi/ 9 rules & illu/rations by :i* examples & problems are easily solv$1 b 9 lead+ ! m9d ( ! pupil into natural & app>5t processes ( reason+1 by :i* he is enabl$ to compreh5d a proposition z an indep5d5t fact4 ,h]e9 is a m5tal discipl9e ( great value1 n only 9 ! sci5ces1 b 9 ! daily affairs ( m5 ( all classes & conditions4 ,x is to be fe>$ t equally satisfactory results h n be5 atta9$ 9 :at is call$ writt5 ari?metic4 ,?is p>tial failure des]ves consid]ation4 ,! fir/ cause may be f\nd 9 an errone\s op9ion conc]n+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 m5tal & writt5 ari?metic4 ,writt5 ari?metic is m5tal ari?metic m]ely1 ) a record at giv5 /ages ( ! process ( :at at t po9t is accompli%$4 ,b1 z writt5 ari?metic t5ds to less5 ! p[] ( ! pupil = ! p]=mance ( ^? op]ations t are purely m5tal1 he %\ld be subject$1 ea* day1 to a se>*+ & rapid drill 9 m5tal ari?metic also4 ,?is neglect on ! "p ( tea*]s expla9s ! s+ul> fact t pupils1 well tra9$ 9 m5tal ari?metic1 aft] att5d+ to writt5 ari?metic = ?ree or six mon?s1 appe> to h lo/ r ?an ga9$ 9 _! k ( ! sci5ce z a :ole4 ,! second cause ( failure may be f\nd 9 ! fact t rules1 processes & simple me?ods ( solution1 conta9$ 9 ! books1 are sub/itut$ = ! p[] ( compreh5sion by ! pupil4 ,he %\ld be tra9$ to seize an example m5tally1 :e!r ! slate is to be us$ or n1 & hold x until he c det]m9e by :at process ! solution is to be wr\ght4 ,nor is x a s]i\s objection t he may n at fir/ avail himself ( ! easie/ me?od4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 me?ods or ways is altoge!r a subord9ate consid]ation4 ,!re may be _m ways ( rea*+ a tru?1 b no "o ( !m is z important z ! tru? itself4 ,! text-books %\ld conta9 all ! facts ne$$ = ! compreh5sion & ! solution ( ! examples giv52 ! tea*] %\ld furni% explanations & o!r aids1 z !y are ne$$2 b ! practice ( adopt+ a process & foll[+ x to an app>5tly satisfactory conclusion1 )\t compreh5d+ ! problem itself1 is a s]i\s educational evil1 & x ex]ts a p]man5t p]nici\s influ5ce4 ,! rem>ks ,i h n[ made ^u me?ods ( tea*+1 :i* may seem to h be5 (f]$ 9 a _s ( sev]e criticism1 %\ld be qualifi$ & reliev$ by ! /atem5t t our tea*]s are z well educat$ z any 9 ! c\ntry1 & t !y are ye>ly mak+ progress 9 _! pr(ession4 ,inde$1 ,i am enc\rag$ to sugge/ t bett] ?+s are possible1 by ! consid]ation t _m in/ances ( di/+ui%$ success 9 tea*+ ! alphabet1 read+ & gramm>1 are kn[n to me2 & t tea*]s are !mselves aw>e t ! "w is1 ^u ! :ole1 inadequately p]=m$4 ,if1 z is g5]ally conc$$1 ! highe/ ord] ( tea*+ tal5t is requir$ 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 !n t tal5t %\ld be s\ght out by committees2 ! p]sons possess+ x %\ld enjoy ! be/ means ( prep>ation2 !y %\ld receive ! highe/ rew>ds1 bo? 9 money & public consid]ation1 & !y %\ld be induc$ to labor1 )\t *ange or int]ruption1 9 ! same s*ools & ! same p4 ,,! ,,relative ,,m]its ,,( ,,public ,,high ,,s*ools ,,& ,,end[$ ,,academies4 ,rem>ks be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,in/ruction1 at ,man*e/]1 ,n4 ,h4 ,indebt$ to my fri5d on ! o!r side1 & to y1 sir1 & ?is audi5ce1 = invit+ me to take a position on ?is floor1 ,i am /ill )\t any special prep>ation to discuss ! subject4 ,i h ?\ght ^u x1 because any "o1 h[ev] humbly connect$ ) free s*ools 9 ?is c\ntry1 mu/ h done s4 ,& especially j n[1 :51 9 ! educational j\rnal ( ,massa*usetts1 a discussion has be5 conduct$ betwe5 "o ( its editors & ,mr4 ,gulliv]1 ! able orig9ator ( a s*ool 9 ,norwi*1 ,ct41 & ! advocate ( ! sy/em ( s*ool gov]nm5t e/abli%$ !re4 ,&1 !re=e1 e "o :o has _h 8 eyes op5 mu/ h se5 t "h is a great conte/1 & t und]ly+ x is a pr9ciple :i* is important to society4 ,! di/+ui%+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! advocates ( end[$ s*ools & ( free s*ools is ?is3 ^? :o advocate ! sy/em ( end[$ academies g back 9 _! argum5ts to "o f\ndation1 :i* is1 t 9 education ( ! high] grades ! great mass ( ! p are n to be tru/$4 ,& ^? :o advocate a sy/em ( free education 9 high s*ools put ! matt] :]e we h put ! rights ( prop]ty & lib]ty1 :]e we put ! in/itutions ( law & religion--^u ! public judgm5t4 ,& we w /& !re4 ,if ! public w n ma9ta9 in/itutions ( le>n+1 !n1 ,i say1 let in/itutions ( le>n+ g d[n4 ,if ,i belong to a /ate :i* _c be mov$ f its extremities to its c5tre1 & f its c5tre to its extremities1 = ! ma9t5ance ( a sy/em ( public in/ruction1 !n1 9 t respect1 ,i dis[n t /ate2 & if !re be "o /ate 9 ?is ,union ^: p _c be ar\s$ to ma9ta9 a sy/em ( public in/ruction1 !n !y are false to ! great lead+ idea ( ,am]ican pr9ciples1 & ( civil1 political1 & religi\s lib]ty4 ,x is easy to enum]ate ! advantages ( a sy/em ( public education1 & ! evils--,i say evils--( end[$ academies1 :e!r free or *>g+ paym5t = tuition4 ,end[$ academies are n1 9 all respects1 "u all circum/ances1 & ev]y:]e1 to be condemn$4 ,9 discuss+ ?is subject1 x may be well = me to /ate ! view t ,i h ( ! prop] position ( end[$ academies4 ,!y h a place 9 ! educational wants ( ?is age4 ,?is is especially true ( academies ( ! highe/ rank1 :i* furni% an elevat$ & ext5d$ c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,to su* ,i make no objection1 b ,i w\ld honor & enc\rage !m4 ,yet ,i reg>d private s*ools1 :i* d ! "w usually done 9 public s*ools1 z tempor>y1 _! necessity z ephem]al1 & ,i ?9k t "u a prop] public s5tim5t !y w soon pass away4 ,!y _c /&1--su* has be5 ! exp]i5ce 9 ,massa*usetts1--!y _c /& by ! side ( a good sy/em ( public education4 ,yet :]e ! population is sp>se1 :]e !re is n prop]ty suffici5t to enable ! p to e/abli% a high s*ool1 !n an end[$ s*ool may prop]ly come 9 to make up ! defici5cy1 to supply ! means ( education to :i* ! public weal?1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 is unequal4 ,end[$ in/itutions v prop]ly1 also1 give a pr(essional education to ! p4 ,at ?is mom5t we _c look to ! public to give t education :i* is purely pr(essional4 ,b :at we d look to ! public = is ?is3 to furni% ! means ( education to ! *ildr5 ( ! :ole p1 )\t any ref]5ce to social1 pecuni>y1 political1 or religi\s di/9ctions1 s t e p]son may h a prelim9>y education suffici5t = ! ord9>y bus9ess ( life4 ,x is said t ! means ( education are bett] 9 an end[$ academy1 or 9 an end[$ free s*ool1 ?an !y c be 9 a public s*ool4 ,:at is meant by means ( education8 ,i und]/& t1 fir/ & *iefly1 z extrane\s means ( education1 we mu/ look to a correct public s5tim5t1 :i* %all animate & influ5ce ! tea*]1 :i* %all give direction to ! s*ool1 :i* %all furni% ! necess>y public funds4 ,an end[$ free academy c h none ( ^! ?+s p]man5tly4 ,take1 = example1 ! free s*ool e/abli%$ at ,norwi* by ! lib]ality ( ?irty or =ty g5tlem51 :o contribut$ n9ety ?\s& doll>s4 ,:at security is !re t fifty ye>s h5ce1 :5 ! educational wants ( ! p %all be *ang$1 :5 ! population ( ,norwi* %all be d\ble or treble :at x is n[1 :5 sci5ce %all make great] dem&s1 :5 ^! =ty contributors %all h pass$ away1 ?is in/itution w answ] ! wants ( t g5]ation8 ,accord+ to :at we "k ( ! hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry1 x w be entirely inadequate2 &1 ?\gh none ( u may live to see ! pr$iction fulfill$ or falsifi$1 ,i d n hesitate to say t ! s*ool w ultimately prove a failure1 because x is f\nd$ 9 a mi/ake4 ,!n look & see :at w\ld h be5 ! /ate ( ?+s if !re _h be5 public _s invok$ to e/abli% a public high s*ool1 & if ! means = its support _h be5 rais$ by taxation ( all ! p1 s t ! sy/em ( education w\ld h exp&$ accord+ to ! gr[? ( ! city1 & ye> by ye> w\ld h accommodat$ itself to ! public wants & public zeal 9 ! cause4 ,?\gh ^! means seem n[ to be ample1 !y w by & by be f\nd too limit$4 ,! s*ool at ,norwi* is encumb]$ ) regulations2 & s e end[$ in/itution is likely to be1 because ! "r ( a man to appropriate 8 prop]ty to a p>ticul> object c>ries ) x1 9 ! pr9ciples ( common law1 & 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! law1 9 all free gov]nm5ts1 ! "r to decl>e1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 h[ t prop]ty %all be appli$4 ,rules h be5 e/abli%$--v prop] & judici\s rules = to-day4 ,b :o kn[s t a hundr$ ye>s h5ce !y w be prop] or acceptable at all8 ,!y h also e/abli%$ a bo>d ( tru/ees1 ultimately to be r$uc$ to tw5ty-five4 ,^! tru/ees h p[] to p]petuate !mselves4 ,:o does n see t y h sev]$ ?is in/itution f ! public s5tim5t ( ! city ( ,norwi*1 & t ultimately t city w seek = itself :at x ne$s2 & t1 a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 x w n cons5t to live1 9 ! civilization ( t "t1 "u ! regulations :i* =ty m5 h n[ e/abli%$1 h[ev] wise ! regulations may at ! pres5t mom5t be8 ,"o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 ,?omas ,hollis1 ( ,london1 made a beque/ to ! univ]sity at ,cambridge1 ) a provision t on e ,?ursday a pr(essor %\ld sit 9 8 *air to answ] que/ions 9 polemic !ology4 ,all well en\gh !n2 b ! public s5tim5t ( to-day w n c>ry x out4 ,s x may be ) ! s*ool at ,norwi* a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,! man or /ate t sacrifices ! liv+ public judgm5t to ! op9ion ( a dead man1 or a dead g5]ation1 makes a great mi/ake4 ,we %\ld nev] sub/itute1 beyond ! p[] ( revisal1 ! op9ion ( a pa/ g5]ation = ! op9ion ( a liv+ g5]ation4 ,i tru/ to ! liv+ m5 ( to-day z to :at is necess>y to meet our exi/+ wants1 r ?an to ! wise/ m5 :o liv$ 9 ,greece or ,rome4 ,&1 if ,i w\ld n tru/ ! wise m5 ( ,greece & ,rome1 ,i d n "k :y ! p1 a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 %\ld tru/ ! wise m5 ( our own "t4 ,& !n look fur!r1 & see h[1 "u a sy/em ( public in/ruction1 y c build up1 f ye> to ye>1 9 ! gr[? ( ! *ild1 a sy/em accord+ to 8 wants4 ,private in/ruction _c d ?is4 ,:at d we d :]e we h a correct sy/em8 ,a *ild goes into a prim>y s*ool4 ,he is n to g out :5 he atta9s a c]ta9 age4 ,he might z well g out :5 he is ( a c]ta9 height2 !re w\ld be z mu* m]it 9 "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,b he is advanc$ :5 he has made adequate atta9m5ts4 ,:o does n see t ! *ild is incit$ & enc\rag$ & /imulat$ by e s5tim5t to :i* y %\ld appeal8 ,&1 !n1 :5 he has gone up to ! gramm> s*ool1 we say to him1 ,y are to g into ! high s*ool :5 y h made c]ta9 atta9m5ts4 ,& :o is to judge ( ^! atta9m5ts8 ,a committee appo9t$ by ! p1 ov] :om ! p h "s ultimate control4 ,& 9 t control !y h security = two ?+s3 fir/1 t ! committee %all n be suspect$ ( p>tiality2 & secondly1 t !y %all n be actually guilty ( p>tiality4 ,9 ! same mann]1 !re is security = ! prop] connection betwe5 ! high s*ool & ! s*ools bel[4 ,b 9 ! s*ool at ,norwi*--( :i* ,i speak because x is n[ prom95t--y h a bo>d ( tw5ty-five m51 irresponsible to ! p4 ,!y select a committee ( n9e2 t committee det]m9es :at c&idates %all be transf]r$ f ! gramm> s*ools to ! high s*ool4 ,may !re n be suspicion ( p>tiality8 ,if a boy or girl is reject$1 y look = "s social1 political1 or religi\s influ5ce :i* has caus$ ! rejection1 & ! p>5t & *ild compla94 ,"h is a great evil2 = ! real & app>5t ju/ice ( ! exam9ation & decision by :i* pupils are transf]r$ f "o s*ool to ano!r is vital to ! success ( ! sy/em4 ,!re is ano!r advantage 9 ! sy/em ( public high s*ools1 :i* ,i imag9e ! p d n always at fir/ appreciate4 ,x is1 t ! private s*ool1 ) ! same tea*]s1 ! same app>atus1 & ! same means1 _c give ! education :i* may be1 & usually is1 furni%$ 9 ! public s*ools4 ,?is /atem5t may seem to require "s consid]able support4 ,we mu/ look at facts z !y are4 ,"s p are poor2 ,i am sorry = !m4 ,"s p are ri*1 & ,i congratulate !m ^u _! good =tune4 ,b x is n s mu* ( a b5efit1 aft] all1 z _m ?9k4 ,x is wor? some?+ 9 ?is _w1 no d\bt1 to be ri*2 b :at is ! result ( t condition ^u ! family fir/1 ! s*ool aft]w>ds1 & society f9ally8 ,x is1 t "s le>n ! lesson ( life a little e>li] ?an o!rs2 & t lesson is ! lesson ( self-reliance1 :i* is wor? m ?an--,i w n say a k ( ! ,engli% language--b wor? m ?an ,lat9 or ,greek4 ,if ! great lesson ( self-reliance is to be le>n$1 :o is m likely to acquire x e>ly1--! *ild ( ! poor1 or ! *ild ( ! ri*2 ! *ild :o has mo/ done = him1 or ! *ild :o is "u ! necessity ( do+ mo/ = himself8 ,pla9ly1 ! latt]4 ,n[1 :ile a sy/em ( public in/ruction 9 itself _c be magnifi$ 9 its b5eficial influ5ces to ! poor & to ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 x is equally b5eficial to ! ri* 9 ! facility x af=ds = ! in/ruction ( _! *ildr54 ,is x n wor? some?+ to ! ri* man1 :o _c1 f ! circum/ances ( ! case1 tea* self-reliance ar\nd ! family he>?1 to s5d 8 *ild to s*ool to le>n ?is lesson ) o!r *ildr51 t he may be /imulat$1 t he may be provok$ to ex]tions :i* he w\ld n o!rwise h made8 ,=1 be x rememb]$ t 9 our s*ools public s5tim5t is z well m>k$ z 9 a college1 or a t[n1 or a nation2 t x moves =w>d 9 ! same way4 ,& ! great object ( a tea*] %\ld be to create a public s5tim5t 9 favor ( virtue4 ,!re %\ld be "s pione]s 9 favor ( =m+ a correct public s5tim5t2 & :5 x is =m$ x moves on irresi/ibly4 ,x is l ! riv] made up ( drops f ! m\nta9 side1 mov+ on ) m & m p[]1 until ev]y?+ 9 its wat]s is c>ri$ to ! de/9$ end4 ,s 9 a public s*ool4 ,& x is wor? mu* to ! man ( weal? t !re may be1 ne> 8 own door1 an in/itution to :i* he may s5d 8 *ildr51 & "u ! influ5ce ( :i* !y may be c>ri$ =w>d4 ,=1 dep5d ^u x1 aft] all we say ab\t s*ools & in/itutions ( le>n+1 x is nev]!less true ( education1 z a /atesman has said ( ! gov]nm5t1 t ! p look to ! s*ool = too mu*4 ,x is n1 aft] all1 a great deal t ! *ild gets !re2 b1 if he only gets ! ability to acquire m ?an he has1 ! s*ools accompli% some?+4 ,if y give a *ild a little k ( geography or ari?metic1 & h n develop$ ! p[] to accompli% some?+ = himself1 he comes to b little 9 ! _w4 ,b put him into ! s*ool1--! prim>y1 gramm>1 & high s*ool1 :]e he mu/ le>n = himself1--& he w be fitt$ = ! _w ( life into :i* he is to ent]4 ,y w see 9 ?is /atem5t t1 ) ! same p>ties1 ! same means ( education1 ! same tea*]s1 ! public s*ools w accompli% m ?an private s*ools4 ,i f9d ev]y:]e1 & especially 9 ! able address ( ,mr4 ,gulliv]1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 t ! public s*ools are treat$ z ( que/ionable morality1 & x is impli$ t some?+ w\ld be ga9$ by remov+ c]ta9 *ildr5 f ! influ5ce ( ^! s*ools4 ,if ,i 7 speak+ f ano!r po9t ( view1 v likely ,i %\ld feel b\nd to hold up ! evils & defects :i* actually exi/ 9 public s*ools2 b :5 ,i consid] !m 9 contra/ ) end[$ & private s*ools1 ,i d n hesitate to say t ! public s*ools comp>e favorably2 &1 z ! "w ( education goes on1 ! comp>ison w be m & m to _! advantage4 ,:y8 ,i "k some?+ ( ! private in/itutions 9 ,massa*usetts2 & !re are boys 9 !m :o h left ! public s*ools because !y h fall5 9 _! classes1 & ! public int]e/ w\ld n ju/ify _! cont9uance 9 ! s*ools4 ,x 0 always true t private s*ools did n repres5t ! _w exactly z x 04 ,x is wor? ev]y?+ to a boy or girl1 man or woman1 to look ! _w 9 ! face z x is4 ,!re=e1 ! public s*ool1 :5 x repres5ts ! _w z x is1 repres5ts ! facts ( life4 ,! private s*ool nev] has done & nev] w d ?is2 & z "t goes on1 x w be less & less a true repres5tative ( ! _w4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 x seems to be a mi/ake on ! "p ( p>5ts to exclude _! *ildr5 f ! _w4 ,is x n bett] t ! *ild %\ld le>n some?+ ( society1 ev5 ( its evils1 :5 "u y\r influ5ce1 & :5 y c control him by y\r c\nsel & example1 ?an to p]mit him f9ally to g out1 z y mu/ :5 8 majority comes1 p]haps to be s$uc$ 9 a mom5t1 z x 71 f 8 allegiance to virtue8 ,virtue is n exclusion f ! pres5ce ( vice2 b x is resi/ance to vice 9 its pres5ce4 ,& x is ! duty ( p>5ts to provide safegu>ds = ! support ( _! *ildr5 aga9/ ^! temptations4 ,:5 ,cic]o 0 call$ on to def5d ,mura5a aga9/ ! sl&] t1 z he _h liv$ 9 ,asia1 he _h be5 guilty ( c]ta9 crimes1 & :5 ! te/imony fail$ to sub/antiate ! *>ge1 ! orator said1 ,& if ,asia does c>ry ) x a suspicion ( luxury1 surely x is a praisewor?y ?+1 n nev] to h se5 ,asia1 b to h liv$ temp]ately 9 ,asia4 ,& we h yet high] au?ority4 ,x is n ! glory ( ,*ri/1 or ( ,*ri/ianity1 t its ,div9e ,au?or 0 )\t temptation1 b t1 be+ tempt$1 he 0 )\t s94 ,?is is ! great lesson ( ! day4 ,! duty ( ! public is to provide means = ! education ( all4 ,to d t1 we ne$ ! political1 social1 & moral p[] ( all1 to su/a9 tea*]s & in/itutions ( le>n+2 &1 end[$ or free s*ools1 dep5d+ ^u ! contributions ( individuals1 c nev]1 9 a free c\ntry1 be rais$ to ! "* ( a sy/em4 ,if y rob ! public s*ools ( ! influ5ce ( our public-spirit$ m51 if !y take away a portion ( _! pupils f !m1 our sy/em is impair$4 ,x mu/ /& z a :ole1 educat+ ! entire p1 & look+ to all = support1 or x _c be p]man5tly ma9ta9$4 ,,! ,,high ,,s*ool ,,sy/em4 ,an ,address deliv]$ at ! ,d$ication ( ! ,p[]s ,in/itute1 ,b]n>d/on4 ,!re _c be a m gratify+ spectacle ?an ! univ]sal homage (f]$ to education & to ! "y4 ,*ildhood is attractive 9 itself2 & x is peculi>ly an object ( solicitude = its promises conc]n+ ! future4 ,h5ce ! labors ( philan?ropi/s1 re=m]s1 & ,*ri/ians1 z well z ( tea*]s1 are devot$ to ! culture & improvem5t ( ! ris+ g5]ation1 z ! *ief security possible = ! preval5ce ( bett] ideas 9 ! /ate & 9 ! _w4 ,massa*usetts has be5 peculi>ly favor$ 9 ! means ( education2 & we ought ev] to recognize ! div9e influ5ce 9 ! wisdom :i* l$ our fa!rs to lay ! f\ndations ( a sy/em t contemplat$ ! education ( ! :ole p4 ,! p[] ( ?is great idea1 univ]sal education1 has n be5 limit$ to ,massa*usetts2 ! /ates ( ! ,we/1 ! /ates ( ! ,s\?1 receive x z ! basis ( a wise public policy2 & _h our ance/ors contribut$ no?+ else to ! glory ( ! republic1 !y w\ld yet be entitl$ to ! di/+ui%$ consid]ation ( e age & p4 ,! vigor ( our culture & ! h>dihood ( our in/itutions are m manife/ out ( ,massa*usetts ?an 9 x4 ,! immigrant 9 8 new home 9 ! great valley ( prairies1 on ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,am]ican lakes1 9 ,oregon1 ,cali=nia1 or ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 invokes ! _s ( ,new ,engl& 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a free *ur* & a free s*ool4 ,& 9 ! _s & discipl9e ( ,new ,engl&1 ! ?\ghts ( h] sons are turn$ homew>d 9 adv]sity1 seek+ consolation at ! s\rces ( e>ly1 vigor\s1 & happy life2 or1 9 prosp]ity1 t !y may (f]1 9 gratitude to man & to ,god1 "s tribute1 always noble1 h[ev] humble1 to ! pr9ciples & in/itutions t fir/ =m$ _! *>act]s1 & !n controll$ _! de/9y2 or1 9 old age1 ! w&]]1 l ,jacob 9 ,egypt1 ) 8 bless+ ^u ! tribes & families ( m51 says1 ,i am to be ga!r$ unto my p2 bury me ) my fa!rs4 ,?is occasion & its honors are due to ! memory ( him ^: "n ?is in/itution be>s2 & 8 la/ w & te/am5t is an illu/ration1 or r ! cause1 ( ^! prefatory rem>ks4 ,z ! reasonably ext5d$ & em95tly prosp]\s life ( y\r wise b5efactor approa*$ its close1 he1 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,old ,engl& & ( ,new ,engl&1 ord]$ & direct$ ! paym5t ( all 8 j debts2 & !n1 secondly1 express$ ! wi%1 if practicable1 to be buri$ by ! side ( 8 p>5ts 9 ! cemet]y at ,b]n>d/on4 ,fir/ ju/ice1 & !n affection = p>5ts1 k9dr$1 & home1 animat$ ! vital1 nev]-dy+ s\l1 z ! life ( ! body ebb$ & fl[$1 & fl[$ & ebb$1 to fl[ no m4 ,= e good ! anci5ts imag9$ & nam$ a div9ity2 & !re is 9 e good some?+ div9e4 ,we d n deify ! liv+ nor ! dead2 yet su* f\ndations & in/itutions z ! ,lawr5ce ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 ! ,peabody ,in/itute1 ! ,p[]s ,in/itute1 w be> to a grateful po/]ity a k ( ! virtues ( _! respective f\nd]s1 & ( ! exactness1 rectitude1 & wisdom1 ( ! public s5tim5t :i* religi\sly consecrates ! means provid$ to ! ends propos$4 ,b j eulogy ( ! dead is ! appropriate duty ( ^? :o 7 ! associates & fri5ds ( ! f\nd] ( ?is s*ool4--,x w be my purpose1 9 ! humble "p ,i take 9 ! s]vices ( ?is honor$ occasion1 to po9t out1 z ,i may be able1 ! connection betwe5 le>n+ & wisdom1 & !n1 by ! aid ( "s g5]al rem>ks ^u education1 to exam9e ! fitness ( ?is f\ndation1 & ! rules "h e/abli%$1 to promote human progress & virtue4 ,! actual available p[] ( a /ate is 9 its adult population2 b its hope is 9 ! classes ( *ildr5 & y\? ^: pla/ic m9ds yield to good influ5ces1 & are m\ld$ to high] =ms ( beauty ?an h be5 conceiv$ by ,italian or ,grecian art4 ,excell5ce is always adorable & to be ador$4 ,if x appe> 9 beauty ( p]son1 x comm&s our admiration2 & h[ mu* m ought wisdom1 :i* is ! beauty ( ! m9d & ! excell5cy ( ! s\l1 to be cultivat$ & *]i%$ by e human be+6 ,= :at is !re1 ,o1 ye gods6 says ,cic]o1 m desirable ?an wisdom8 ,:at m excell5t & lovely 9 itself8 ,:at m useful & becom+ = a man8 ,or :at m wor?y ( 8 reasonable nature8 ,b wisdom _c be acquir$ 9 a day1 nor )\t devotion & toil4 ,x is ! a*ievem5t ( a life4 ,x is to be pursu$ c>efully ?r\gh s*ools1 colleges1 & ! _w1--to be ma/]$ by /udy1 int5se ?\ght1 rigid m5tal discipl9e1 & an ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! be/ au?ors ( anci5t & mod]n times4 ,x is n ! *ild ( ease1 indol5ce1 or luxury2 & x is well t x is n1 ,! be/ ( human possessions are *eap5$ _! atta9m5t is no long] difficult4 ,! weal? ( ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia has made silv]1 z an article ( luxury1 ! rival ( gold2 & ! pe>l loses its beauty :5 ! m\nta9 /reams are z f]tile z ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,wisdom compreh5ds le>n+1 b le>n+ is (t5 f\nd :]e wisdom is want+4 ,wisdom is n accompli%m5t 9 /udy1 or p]fection 9 art1 or supremacy 9 poetry or eloqu5ce4 ,le>n+ is ess5tial to wisdom1 = we _c imag9e a wise man :o is n also a le>n$ man2 & ! ext5t & s\ndness ( 8 le>n+ may be a measure ( 8 wisdom4 ,wisdom mu/ always h a basis ( le>n+1 b le>n+ is n always a basis ( wisdom4 ,le>n+ is a k ( p>ticul>s1 ( details2 wisdom is su* a comb9ation ( ^! p>ticul>s z enables u to h>monize our lives ) ! laws ( nature & ( ,god4 ,le>n+ is manife/$ 9 :at we "k2 wisdom 9 :at we are1 bas$ ^u :at we "k4 ,philosophy1 ev51 is love = wisdom r ?an wisdom itself4 ,! old philosoph]s def9$ wisdom to be ! k ( ?+s1 bo? div9e & human1 toge!r ) ! causes on :i* !y dep5d2 & 9 ! prov]b ( ,solomon1 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! in/ruction ( wisdom4 ,purity1 tru?1 & ju/ice1 are also ( its f\ndation4 ,wise m5 ( ! ,jewi% & ,pagan _w built on ?is f\ndation1 & ! ,*ri/ian c build on none o!r4 ,hav+ comb9$ le>n+ ) ^! ess5tial virtues1 a lib]al1 symmetrical1 compreh5sive "* may be built up4 ,9 ! =mation ( su* a "*1 indu/ry1 p[]s ( obs]vation1 /r5g? ( w & intellectual humility1 are requisite4 ,! virtue & ! glory ( indu/ry _c be pres5t$ too (t5 to ! "y4 ,i "k ( no worldly good or human excell5ce t c be atta9$ )\t x2 nor is !re any inh]it$ possession ( "n1 or weal?1 or position1 t c be pres]v$ 9 its ext5t & quality )\t active1 sy/ematic1 judici\s labor4 ,x is n necess>y to consid] indu/ry z habitual dilig5ce 9 a pursuit1 manual or intellectual2 b r z a judici\s arrangem5t ( bus9ess & recreation1 s z always to h "t = ! necess>y duties ( life4 ,m]e dilig5ce is n indu/ry 9 a good s5se2 x is labor 9 a bad s5se4 ,our "t %\ld be sy/ematically appropriat$ to our employm5ts1 & ea* measure ( "t %\ld be equal to ! "w or duty appo9t$ = x4 ,moreov]1 ea* "w or duty %\ld be accompli%$ 9 its appo9t$ "t2 & ?is c be secur$ only by a /rong w4 ,! p[] ( w admits ( education1 culture1 improvem5t1 z mu* z any faculty ( ! m9d or quality ( "*4 ,a fickle1 planless life _c accompli% mu*4 ,sy/em 9 our plans1 & firmness ( w 9 _! execution1 w place u beyond ! rea* ( ord9>y disa/]s2 yet h[ (t5 d "y m5 g ?r\gh a c\rse ( s*ool /udies )\t a plan1 ev5 = ! mom5t1 & ent] ^u life ! slaves ( *ance1 ! victims ( :at !y call =tune1 :ile !y might by indu/ry1 sy/em & firmness ( w1 rise sup]ior to circum/ances1 & extort a measure ( success n unwor?y ( a noble ambition6 ,idl5ess is a wa/+ disease1 a consum+ fire1 a de/roy+ demon2 9 y\? x is a calamity1 9 ! vigor ( manhood x is a disgrace & a s91 & 9 old age x c be honorably accept$ only z ! symbol ( reflective leisure e>n$ by a life ( indu/ry & virtue4 ,indu/ry is a badge ( honor1 an introduction ev]y:]e to ! true nobility ( ! _w1 ! security t ea* may take ( ! future = 8 own happ9ess & prosp]ity 9 x4 ,c>d9al1 p]sonal virtues %r9k & )]1 or are bla/$ & die1 9 ! company ( idl5ess2 &1 )\t firmness ( w1 ! noble/ pr9ciples & pure/ s5tim5ts sometimes we> ! liv]y ( vice1 & (t5 !y give enc\ragem5t to x4 ,good pr9ciples1 good purposes1 good ideas1 are made fruitful by a /rong resolution2 :ile )\t x !y are l bubbles ( wat]1 brilliant 9 ! sun-light1 b de/9$ to collapse by ! *ang+1 sil5t =ce ( ! m$ium 9 :i* !y float4 ,& c any life1 n positively vici\s & crim9al1 be less desirable ?an t ( ! "y man :o quietly accepts :atev] condition circum/ances assign to him8 ,i speak n[ ( 8 moral & intellectual condition r ?an ( 8 social position among m54 ,! latt] is n 9 itself important1 & only becomes s ?r\gh ! exhibition ( high qualities ( m9d & "*4 ,social & political consid]ation we _c dem& z a "r2 b we may acquire k1 develop qualities ( "*1 give evid5ces ( wisdom t entitle u to ! respect ( our fell[s4 ,x may be agreeable1 b x is n absolutely ess5tial1 = u to enjoy ! public confid5ce1 or ev5 ! public consid]ation2 ?\gh we c be happy ourselves only :5 we are consci\s ( n be+ totally unwor?y4 ,b no social or political concession or consid]ation is acceptable to a noble m9d1 t is grudg+ly yield$ or d\bt+ly be/[$2 & ! lu/re ( great intellects is dimm$ :5 !y become subs]vi5t to claims t !y despise4 ,b c we acquire a k ( ?+s1 ei!r div9e or human1 unless we cultivate our p[]s ( obs]vation8 ,p>tial or inaccurate obs]vation1 especially ( natural ?+s1 is a great defect ( "*2 & 9 ,new ,engl&1 :]e ! aim ( educators & ( ! public 9 matt]s ( education is elevat$1 a rem$y = ?is defect ought at once to be s\ght & appli$4 ,our ideas are vague conc]n+ _m subjects ( common sight & common obs]vation4 ,is adult life1 ev5 among ! educat$ classes1 equal to a description ( ! common animals1 trees1 fruits & fl[]s8 ,:o w pa9t ) words ! elm or ! oak s t its species w be kn[n :ile ! "n is )held8 ,! introduction ( draw+ into ! s*ools w improve ! p[] ( obs]vation among ! p1 especially if ! pupils are requir$ to make nature _! model4 ,& ?is %\ld always be done4 ,o1 h[ is education belittl$ & ! m9d dw>f$ by ^? tea*]s :o keep _! pupils' ?\ghts ^u signs & def9itions1 :5 !y ought to deal cont9ually ) ! facts1 ?+s & life ( ! _w6 ,x is no fable t a /ud5t ( ! high] ma!matics1 :5 8 ma/]1 a practical eng9e] ^u ! ,bo/on wat]-works1 requir$ 8 s]vices1 exclaim$1 ,i _h no idea t y _h s9es & tang5ts out ( doors4 ,) su*1 ,no?+ goes = s5se or light ,t w n ) old rules jump "r2 ,z if rules 7 n 9 ! s*ools ,d]iv$ f tru?1 b tru? f rules4 ,& ,butl]1 9 8 satirical description ( ,sir ,hudibras1 ascribes to 8 h]o m practical philosophy ?an he appe>s to h int5d$1 & m1 c]ta9ly1 ?an is f\nd 9 "s mod]n sy/ems ( education3 ,9 ma!matics he 0 great] ,?an ,ty*o ,brahe or ,erra ,pat]2 ,= he1 by geometric scale1 ,c\ld take ! size ( pots ( ale2 ,resolve by s9es & tang5ts /raight1 ,if bread or butt] want$ weight2 ,& wisely tell :at h\r o' ?' day ,! clock does /rike1 by algebra4 ,ano!r pr]equisite ( wisdom is intellectual humility1 ,solomon1 says1 ,be=e honor is humility2 & humility is be=e wisdom1 & ev5 be=e le>n+4 ,we ought n to be a%am$ ( involunt>y ignorance4 ,frankl91 :5 ask$ h[ he came to "k s mu*1 repli$1 ,by nev] be+ a%am$ to ask a "q4 ,x is idle = any "o to imag9e t !re is no?+ m = him to le>n4 ,inde$1 su* a !ory is good evid5ce ( defective education & limit$ atta9m5ts1 if n ( a defective m5tal & moral /ructure4 ,naturali/s delight & in/ruct _! pupils & auditors ) ! wond]ful tru?s fold$ 9 ! fl[]1 g>n]$ 9 ! plant1 or imprison$ 9 ! rock4 ,yet h[ mu* m !re mu/ be ( ,god's wisdom 9 ! humble/ ( ! be+s creat$ 9 8 image6 ,!re are di/9ctions among m52 & out ( ^! di/9ctions come ! tru? & ! necessity t ea* may be bo? a tea*] & a pupil ( e o!r4 ,no man1 h[ev] le>n$ he may be1 does "k or c "k all t is kn[n by 8 neighbor1 ?\gh t neighbor be ! humble/ ( %eph]ds or ( fi%]m54 ,we are n indep5d5t ( ea* o!r 9 any?+4 ,! e>ne/ & fai?ful disciple ( wisdom goes ?r\gh life ev]y:]e diffus+ k1 & ev]y:]e ga!r+ x up4 ,ov] ! great gateway ( life is ! inscription1 ,none b le>n]s ent] "h2 & along its pa?s & 9 its groves are tablets1 on :i* is writt51 ,none b le>n]s soj\rn "h4 ,he is a poor tea*] :o is n a le>n]1 & he is b little ( a le>n] :o is n some?+ ( a tea*] also4 ,! be/ tea*]s are !y :o are pupils1 & ! be/ pupils are already tea*]s4 ,su* 0 ! real & av[$ "* ( ! great tea*]s ( antiquity2 su* is ! be/ practice ( mod]n cont95tal ,europe1 & su* is ! requirem5t ( nature 9 all ages4 ,he :o does n le>n _c tea*4 ,socrates pr(ess$ to "k only ?is1 t he knew no?+4 ,plato 0 a disciple ( ,socrates & ,euclid2 a pupil 9 ! s*ool ( ,py?agoras2 &1 z a travell]1 "u ! disguise ( a m]*ant & a sell] ( oil1 he visit$ ,egypt1 & ?us ga9$ a k ( a/ronomy1 & add$ some?+ to 8 le>n+ 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,he numb]$ among 8 pupils ,isocrates1 ,lycurgus1 ,ari/otle1 & ,demo/h5es2 & = eight ye>s ,alex&] ! ,great 0 ! pupil ( ,ari/otle1 :ile ,demo/h5es ,wield$ at w t fi]ce ,democratie1 ,%ook ! ars5al1 & fulm9$ ov] ,greece ,to ,mac$on1 & ,artax]xes' ?rone4 ,?us we trace ,demo/h5es & ,alex&]1 ! ma/] spirits 9 ! /ruggle ( ,grecian indep5d5ce aga9/ ,mac$onian supremacy1 ?r\gh tea*]s & culture up to ,socrates1 ! w&]] 9 ! /reets1 & ! di/urb] ( ! peace ( ,a!ns4 ,x is /at$ t a di/+ui%$ mod]n philosoph] (t5 says1 ,i don't "k1 :5 ! curiosity or sci5ce ( 8 pupils sugge/s que/ions t he has n consid]$4 ,if we respect & admire ! wisdom ( ! wise1 h[ ought we to be humbl$1 intellectually1 by ! reflection t ! unkn[n f> exce$s ! kn[n1 & t all become z little *ildr5 :5 !y ent] ! temple ( ! sages6 ,! anci5ts priz$ s*ools1 tea*]s1 & le>n+1 because !y 7 ess5tial to wisdom2 & wisdom enabl$ !m to live temp]ately1 ju/ly1 & happily1 9 ! pres5t _w2 :ile we prize s*ools1 tea*]s1 & le>n+1 because !y contribute to :at we call success 9 life4 ,! population ( ,new ,engl&1 is compos$ ( skilful artisans1 intellig5t m]*ants1 %rewd or eloqu5t lawy]s1 indu/ri\s & intellig5t f>m]s2 & to ^! results our sy/em ( education is too exclusively subs]vi5t4 ,^! results are n to be condemn$1 nor are ! processes by :i* !y are secur$ to be neglect$4 ,b our s*ools ought to d some?+ always & = e "o1 = ! full developm5t ( a "* t is ess5tial to artisans1 m]*ants1 lawy]s1 or f>m]s4 ,le>n+ %\ld n be priz$ m]ely z an aid to ! daily "w ( life1--?\gh ?is x prop]ly is & ev] ought to be1--b = its expansive p[] 9 ! m9d & s\l1 by :i* we atta9 to a m p]fect k ( ?+s human & div9e4 ,!re are _m p]sons :o accompli% satisfactorily ! tasks assign$ !m1 b :o d n always compreh5d ! processes ( life1 9 its political1 social1 lit]>y1 sci5tific & indu/rial relations1 by :i* ! affairs ( ! _w are guid$4 ,some?+ ( ?is is due1 speak+ ( ,am]ica1 & especially ( ,new ,engl&1 to ! univ]sal desire to be engag$ 9 active bus9ess4 ,"y m5 de/9$ = ! f>m or ! %op1 ! c\nt+-h\se or ! /ore1 leave home & s*ool s e>ly t _! appr5tice%ip is end$ long be=e _! majority comm5ces2 & !y are ?us prep>$ to ent] e>ly & vigor\sly ^u ! bus9ess ( life4 ,?is c\rse has its advantages1 & x is also att5d$ by _m evils4 ,our y\? h b little opportunity = obs]vation1 & a great deal ( "t = exp]i5ce4 ,!y fall into mi/akes t %\ld h be5 obs]v$1 & consequ5tly %unn$4 ,moreov]1 ?is cu/om t5ds to make bus9ess m5 too exclusively & rigidly te*nical & pr(essional2 t is1 9 pla9 language1 speak+ relatively1 !y "k too mu* ( _! own vocation1 & too little ( ev]y?+ else4 ,bus9ess life foll[s s closely ^u home life & s*ool life1 t ! lessons ( ! latt] fail to ex]t an imm$iate & controll+ influ5ce1 & x is (t5 only 9 matur] ye>s t ! fruits ( e>ly tra9+ are se54 ,! connection is su* t ! boy or y\? becomes a devotee ( bus9ess be=e he is develop$ into complete manhood4 ,?is is movem5t1 b n true progress2 activity1 b n culture2 appropriation & accumulation1 b n natural developm5t4 ,?is peculi>ity is less prom95t 9 ,engl&1 & x is h>dly kn[n 9 ! c5tral /ates ( ,europe4 ,x is to "s ext5t a national1 & especially is x a ,new ,engl& *>act]i/ic4 ,x is a manife/ation ( ! =w>d mov+ _s ( our p1 & x is also at once a promise & ! security = ! ultimate supremacy ( ! ,am]ican race & nation 9 ! affairs ( ! _w4 ,9 ,a!ns "y m5 atta9$ _! majority :5 !y 7 sixte52 b !y usually prosecut$ _! /udies aft]w>ds1 & ,ari/otle ?\ght !m unfit = m>riage until !y 7 ?irty-sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,?is rule 0 obs]v$ by ,ari/otle 9 8 own case2 b we are unable to say :e!r ! rule 0 made be=e or aft] 8 m>riage1 :i* is a fact ( mu* importance :5 we consid] ! wisdom ( ! precept1 & ! real pr9ciples & philosophy ( its fam\s au?or4 ,moreov]1 reg>dless ( "o-half ( creation1 he has nei!r /at$ ! age at :i* females are m>riageable1 nor giv5 u t ( 8 own wife4 ,?is neglect ju/ly detracts f 8 au?ority2 & x w n be /range if "y m5 & wom5 view ) di/ru/ an op9ion t is s manife/ly p>tial & "o-sid$4 ,if s*ools make m]ely le>n$ p1 9 a n>r[ & te*nical s5se1 !y are n do+ _! :ole "w4 ,su* le>n+ makes an effici5t population1 :i* is c]ta9ly desirable2 b x ought also to be a well-educat$ population 9 a broad1 compreh5sive1 philosophic s5se4 ,by ! =ce ( nature & ! develop+ influ5ces ( society1 includ+ ! *ur*1 ! s*ool1 & ! home1 we ought fir/ to be educat$ m5 & wom51 & !n apply t education to ! p>ticul> "w we h 9 h&4 ,by le>n+1 9 ?is connection1 ,i d n mean ! le>n+ ( ,agassiz z a naturali/1 ! le>n+ ( ,*oate z a lawy]1 or ! le>n+ ( ,ev]ett z an orator2 b a m g5]al & less m9ute culture1 by :i* m5 are prep>$ to =m an accurate judgm5t ^u subjects t usually attract public att5tion4 ,9 ! g>d5s ( ! weal?y1 we (t5 see pea*-trees & pe>-trees tra9$ aga9/ brick or /one walls1 to :i* !y are atta*$ by sub/antial ?ongs4 ,^! trees are c>efully & sy/ematically tra9$1 & !y are tra9$ s z to accompli% c]ta9 results4 ,!y pres5t a l>ge surface1 9 proportion to ! :ole1 to ! sun & air2 9 addition to ! direct rays ( ! sun1 !y receive ! reflect$ & accumulat$ heat ( ! walls to :i* !y are fa/5$2 & !y furni% ripe fruit mu* 9 advance ( trees 9 ! g>d5s & fields ( ! common f>m]s4 ,"h art & nature1 9 brick walls1 manure1 ! g]m9at+ p[] ( ! pea* or pe>1 & rigid tra9+ & prun+1 h produc$ v good ma*9es = ! manufacture ( fruit2 b = ! full-gr[n1 symmetrically develop$ tree1 or ev5 = ! *oice/ fruit 9 its season1 we mu/ look else:]e4 ,& :o does n p]ceive1 if all ! trees ( ! g>d5s1 fields1 & =e/s1 7 treat$ 9 ! same way1 t ! _w w\ld be depriv$ ( a "p ( its beauty & glory1 & t _m species ( trees w\ld soon become ext9ct8 ,:o w\ld n give back ! lusci\s pe> & pea* to _! native acritude1 r ?an subject ! highe/ =ms ( vegetable life to su* irrev]5ce8 ,&1 ^u reflection1 we %all say t su* cruelty to inanimate life c be ju/ifi$ only z we ju/ify ! naturali/ :o dext]\sly & sudd5ly extracts a vital organ f a reptile1 t he may obs]ve ! effect ^u t =m ( animal exi/5ce4 ,b ! tree is n to be left 9 its native /ate4 ,by culture its gr[? is s aid$1 t x is fir/ & always a tree aft] its own k9d1 :e!r x be pea*1 pe>1 apple1 elm1 or oak2 at once ornam5tal & graceful1 /ately or maje/ic1 accord+ to ! g]m9at+ pr9ciple :i* diffuses itself ?r\gh ea* individual creation4 ,= ! e>? br+e? =? fruit ( h]self2 fir/ ! blade1 !n ! e>1 aft] t ! full corn 9 ! e>4 ,s 9 ! human he>t1 m9d1 & s\l1 nature br+e? =? fruit ( h]self2 & x is ! "w ( s*ools & tea*]s to aid nature 9 develop+ a full & attractive "*1 t %all yield fruit :ile all its p[]s are enl>g$ & /r5g!n$1 z ! almond 9 ! pea* is n only m lusci\s 9 its fruit1 b m graceful 9 its bran*es4 ,culture1 9 a broad s5se1 is ! aid r5d]$ to ea* individual creation 9 its "w ( self-improvem5t4 ,x is n a noble & g5]\s culture :i* dw>fs ! tree t e>ly rip5$ or peculi>ly flavor$ fruit may be obta9$2 & x is n a noble & g5]\s culture ( ! *ild :i* =ces into unnatural activity c]ta9 faculties or p[]s t surprise u by _! precocity1 or excite wond] by ! skill exhibit$ 9 _! use4 ,r let ! *ild gr[1 exp&1 mature1 accord+ to ! law ( its own be+1 giv+ x only enc\ragem5t & example1 :i* are ! light & air ( m5tal & moral life4 ,i am n consci\s t any "o has giv5 u a philosophical1 logical sy/em ( developm5t1 t relates to ! physical1 intellectual1 & moral "*2 & to-day ,i /ate ! educational want 9 ?is p>ticul>1 b ,i d n attempt to supply x4 ,yet 9 nature su* a sy/em !re mu/ be1 & only p[]s ( obs]vation are ne$$ t we may avail ourselves ( x4 ,& 9 /at+ ?is want m p>ticul>ly1 ,i (f]1 z my fir/ sugge/ion1 ! op9ion1 common among educators1 t1 speak+ g5]ally & ) ref]5ce to a sy/em1 we h no physical tra9+ :atev]4 ,9 ! days ( our ance/ors1 "o hundr$ or two hundr$ ye>s ago1 ?is tra9+1 z a "p ( a sy/em ( education1 0 n ne$$4 ,we _h no cities1 & b few l>ge t[ns4 ,agriculture & ! rud] =ms ( me*anical labor 7 ! *ief occupations ( ! p4 ,popul\s cities1 n>r[ /reets1 d>k lanes1 cell> habitations1 cr[d$ work%ops1 ov]-fill$ & ov]-heat$ factories1 & ! numb] ( s$5t>y pursuits t tax & we> & de/roy ! physical p[]s1 & und]m9e ! moral & m5tal1 7 unkn[n4 ,^! are ! att5dants ( our civilization1 & !y h br\ght a melan*oly tra9 ( evils ) !m4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 m5 p]i%$ f exposure1 f ignorance ( ! laws ( heal?1 f ! preval5ce ( malignant diseases t defi$ ! sci5ce ( ! times2 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! av]age l5g? ( human life 0 n great] ?an x n[ is4 ,at pres5t1 !re is b little exposure t is foll[$ by fatal results2 malignant diseases are depriv$ ( _m ( _! t]rors2 rules ( liv+1 f\nd$ ^u sci5tific pr9ciples1 are accessible to all2 & yet we daily meet "y m5 & wom5 :o are manife/ly unequal to ! lot t is be=e !m4 ,9 "s cases1 ! s9 ( ! p>5t is visit$ ^u ! *ildr51 & ! measure ( life met$ out to !m is limit$ & insuffici5t4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! individuals1 fir/ yield+ 9 _! own p]sons1 are ! victims ( positive vice1 or ( "s ( ! evils /at$4 ,civilization is n an unmix$ good2 & we _c (f] to ! city or ! factory any adequate comp5sation = ! loss ( pure wat]1 pure air1 & ! heal?ful ex]cise ( body1 :i* may be enjoy$ 9 ! c\ntry villages & agricultural di/ricts ( ! /ate4 ,yet ev5 9 cities & l>ge t[ns ! culture ( home & s*ool %\ld dim9i% ^! evils2 & x is a pleasure to believe t our sy/em ( dome/ic & public education is do+ some?+ at ! pres5t mom5t 9 behalf ( ! too mu* neglect$ body2 b n[h]e1 ei!r 9 city or c\ntry1 d we obs]ve ! evid5ces ( juv5ile heal? & /r5g? t a fri5d ( ! race w\ld desire to see4 ,& x is1 ,i fe>1 specially true ( s*ools1 & to "s ext5t x is true ( tea*]s1 z a class1 t too little att5tion is giv5 to ^? ex]cises & habits :i* secure good heal?4 ,!re are _m causes :i* t5d to l[] ! av]age heal? & /r5g? ( our p4 #a/4 ,! practice ( s5d+ *ildr5 to s*ool at ! t5d] age ( five1 f\r1 or ev5 ?ree ye>s4 ,e s*ool necess>ily imposes "s re/ra9t ^u ! pupils2 & ,i assume t no *ild "u five ye>s ( age %\ld be subject to su* re/ra9ts4 ,b ! education ( ! *ild is n1 !re=e1 to be neglect$4 ,p>5ts1 bro!rs & si/]s1 may all d some?+ = ! "y inquir]2 b he %\ld nev] h lessons impos$1 nor be subject to ! rules ( a s*ool ( any description4 ,! mom5t ( 8 admission mu/ be det]m9$ by circum/ances1 & ! =ce ( ! circum/ances mu/ be judg$ ( by p>5ts4 ,if a *ild is bless$ ) k9d1 consid]ate1 intellig5t p>5ts1 ! fir/ eight ye>s ( 8 life c be sp5t n[h]e else z pr(itably z at home4 ,! true "m is ! model tea*]4 ,no o!r p]son c ev] acquire ! control ov] h] (f-spr+ t is h] own rightful possession4 ,:5 %e neglects ! tru/ confid$ to h]1 %e is guilty ( a s]i\s wrong2 & :5 %e transf]s x to ano!r1 %e takes ^u h]self a great] responsibility ?an %e yields up4 ,! in/9ctive judgm5t ( ! _w _c be an errone\s judgm5t4 ,! "m has always1 to a great ext5t1 be5 made responsible = ! *ild2 & ! honor ( 8 virtues or ! disgrace ( 8 crimes has be5 trac$ ?r\gh him to h]4 #b;dly4 ,"s portion ( e s*ool-day %\ld be sy/ematically & /rictly devot$ to recreation1 physical ex]cise & manual labor2 & ! h\rs giv5 to /udy ought to be def9$ & limit$4 ,"s p]sons say1 ,let a *ild /udy z mu* z he w1 !re is "t en\gh to play4 ,?is may be g5]ally true1 b x is n univ]sally s4 ,i _c b ?9k t ! practice ( assign+ lessons & giv+ ! pupil ! free use ( ! f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs is a bad practice4 ,w\ld x n be bett] to give to ea* pupil c]ta9 h\rs = /udy8--assign him lessons1 by topics if possible1 all[ him to d :at he c 9 ! allott$ "t1 & !n prohibit ! appropriation ( an additional m9ute8 ,:y %\ld a dull s*ol>1 or "o :o has b little ta/e or tal5t = a giv5 /udy1 be requir$ to plod twelve1 sixte51 or eighte5 h\rs at unwelcome tasks1 :ile ano!r m favor$ disposes ( 8 "w 9 six8 ,:y %\ld a pupil1 :o is labor+ "u "s m5tal or physical debility1 be requir$ to apply 8 m9d unceas+ly :5 he mo/ ne$s re/ & recreation8 ,:y %\ld ! pages ( a spell+-book1 gramm>1 geography1 or ari?metic1 be ! measure ( ea* pupil's capacity8 ,lessons are to be assign$1 n necess>ily to be ma/]$ by ! pupil1 ?\gh !y %\ld h j ref]5ce to 8 capacity1 b z ! subject ( 8 /udies = a giv5 p]iod ( "t4 ,! pupil %\ld be responsible = no?+ b ! prop] use ( t "t4 ,two advantages might result f ?is practice4 ,fir/1 ! pupil w\ld acquire ! habit ( p]=m+ ! greate/ am\nt ( labor possible 9 ! giv5 "t2 &1 secondly1 he w\ld naturally ?r[ (f all c>e = books & s*ool :5 ! h\r = relaxation arriv$4 ,if p>ticul> /udies are assign$ to specifi$ h\rs1 ! pupil mu/ ma/] 8 ?\ghts1 & give !m ! requir$ direction4 ,?is 9 itself is a great a*ievem5t4 ,i put x1 9 practical value1 be=e any ( ! /udies t are taught & le>n$ 9 ! s*ools4 ,! dang] to :i* pupils are (t5 expos$1 9 ?is connection1 is q app>5t4 ,a lesson is assign$ = a succe$+ day4 ,! att5tion is n imm$iately fix$ ^u x4 ,"o h\r passes1 & !n ano!r4 ,no?+ is accompli%$1 yet ! pupil is cont9ually oppress$ by ! consci\sness ( duty unp]=m$1 & ! result is1 t he nei!r does :at he ought to d1 nor does any?+ else4 ,w\ld x n be bett] to measure & assign 8 "t1 & !n require him to ab&on all ?\ght ( ! matt]8 ,?is practice might give our p ! faculty & ! habit ( ?r[+ (f c>es & occupations1 :5 !y leave ! sc5es ( !m4 ,x is a j criticism ^u ,am]ican "*1 t our bus9ess m5 c>ry _! occupations ) !m :]ev] !y g4 ,i %\ld put high up among ! elem5ts ( worldly success ! ability to give assidu\sly1 /udi\sly & devot$ly1 ! necess>y "t to a subject ( bus9ess1 & !n to ?r[ (f all ?\ght ( x4 ,!re c be no peace ( m9d = ! bus9ess man :o does n possess ?is quality2 & ,i ?9k x w contribute ess5tially to a long life & a quiet old age4 ,no wise man ev] attempts m ?an "o ?+ at a "t2 & ! man :o attempts to d m ?an "o ?+ at a "t has no security t he c d any?+ well4 ,! /atem5ts ( biography & hi/ory1 t ,napoleon 0 accu/om$ to d sev]al ?+s at once1 re/ ^u a misconception ( ! op]ations ( ! human m9d4 ,8 facility = ! direction & transaction ( bus9ess dep5d$ ^u ! quality ,i am n[ consid]+4 ,he _h ! faculty ( giv+ 8 att5tion1 undivid$ & /rongly fix$1 to a subject = an h\r1 half-h\r1 m9ute1 half-m9ute1 or second1 & !n ( dismiss+ ! matt] altoge!r1 & direct+ 8 ?\ghts1 )\t loss ( "t1 to :atev] next might be pres5t$4 ,"o ?+ at a "t is a law :i* no f9ite p[] c violate2 & ability 9 execution dep5ds ^u ! ability to conc5trate all ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 at a giv5 mom5t1 ^u ! assign$ topic1 & !n to *ange1 )\t friction or loss ( "t1 to some?+ else4 ,! in/itution is a high s*ool1 & ! "q is n[ agitat$1 especially 9 ! ,/ate ( ,connecticut1 ,h[ c ! advantages ( a high s*ool education be be/ secur$8 ,?is "q ,i propose to consid]4 ,&1 fir/1 ! high s*ool mu/ be a public s*ool4 ,a public s*ool ,i und]/& to be a s*ool e/abli%$ by ! public1--support$ *iefly or entirely by ! public1 controll$ by ! public1 & accessible to ! public ^u t]ms ( equality )\t special *>ge = tuition4 ,private s*ools may be e/abli%$ & controll$ by an individual1 or by an association ( individuals1 :o h no corporate rights "u ! gov]nm5t1 b receive pupils ^u t]ms agre$ ^u1 subject to ! ord9>y laws ( ! l&4 ,private s*ools may be f\nd$ also by "o or m p]sons1 & by !m end[$ ) funds1 = _! p>tial or entire support4 ,9 su* cases1 ! f\nd]1 ?r\gh ! money giv51 has ! "r to prescribe ! rules by :i* ! s*ool %all be controll$1 & also to provide = ! appo9tm5t ( its manag]s or tru/ees ?r\gh all "t4 ,9 su* cases1 corporate p[]s are usually grant$ by ! gov]nm5t = ! managem5t ( ! bus9ess4 ,b ! *ief rights ( su* an in/itution are d]iv$ f ! f\nd]1 & ! facilities = _! easy ex]cise & quiet enjoym5t are d]iv$ f ! /ate4 ,su* s*ools are sometimes1 ^u a sup]ficial view1 suppos$ to be public1 because !y receive pupils ^u t]ms ( equality1 & no rule ( exclusion exi/s :i* does n apply to all4 ,& especially has x be5 assum$ t a free s*ool ?us f\nd$1 z ! ,norwi* ,free ,academy1 :i* makes no *>ges = tuition1 & is op5 to all ! inhabitants ( ! city1 is !re=e a public s*ool4 ,^! in/itutions are public 9 _! use1 b n 9 _! f\ndation or control1 & are !re=e n public s*ools4 ,! "* ( a s*ool1 z ( any eleemosyn>y in/itution1 is d]iv$ f ! w ( ! f\nd]2 & :5 ! b5eficial f\nd] is an individual1 or a numb] ( individuals less ?an ! :ole political organization ( :i* ! individuals are a "p1 ! in/itution is private1 :atev] ! rules = its enjoym5t may be4 ,to say t a s*ool is a public s*ool because x receives pupils free ( *>ge = tuition1 or because x receives !m ^u conditions t are appli$ alike to all1 is to d5y t !re are any private s*ools1 = all come )9 ! def9ition ?us laid d[n4 ,nor is !re any good reason+ 9 ! /atem5t t a s*ool is public because x receives pupils f a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,d>tm\? ,college is a private s*ool1 ?\gh its pupils come f all ! l& or all ! _w2 :ile ! ,bo/on ,lat9 ,s*ool is a public s*ool2 ?\gh x receives ^? pupils only ^: homes are )9 ! limits ( ! city4 ,! fir/ is a private s*ool1 because x 0 f\nd$ by ,presid5t ,:eelock1 & has be5 controll$ by him & 8 successors1 hold+ & gov]n+ & enjoy+ ?r\gh him1 f ! fir/ until n[2 :ile ! ,bo/on ,lat9 ,s*ool is a public s*ool1 because x 0 e/abli%$ by ! city ( ,bo/on1 ?r\gh ! votes ( its inhabitants1 "u ! laws ( ! /ate1 & is at all times subject1 9 its gov]nm5t & exi/5ce1 to ! popul> w :i* creat$ x4 ,:5 we speak ( ! public we d n necess>ily mean ! _w1 nor ! nation1 nor ev5 ! /ate2 b ! ^w public1 9 a legal s5se1 may /& = any legal political organization1 t]ritorially def9$1 & intru/$ 9 any degree ) ! adm9i/ration ( its own affairs4 ,& ! public "* ( a p>ticul> s*ool1 z ! ,bo/on ,lat9 ,s*ool1 = example1 may be det]m9$1 by a process ( reason+ q indep5d5t ( t already pres5t$4 ,! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 a complete sov]eignty 9 itself1 has provid$ by h] con/itution & laws1 :i* are ! express$ judgm5t ( h] p1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( public s*ools1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy & action ( ! respective cities & t[ns ( ! commonweal?4 ,^! t[ns & cities1 "u ! laws1 set up ! s*ools2 & ( c\rse ea* s*ool p>takes ( ! public "* :i* ! action ( ! /ate1 foll[$ by ! corporate public action ( ! city or t[n1 has giv5 to x4 ,?us x is se5 t our public s*ools answ] to ! requirem5t already /at$4 ,!y are e/abli%$ by ! public1 support$ *iefly or entirely by ! public1 controll$ by ! public1 & accessible to ! public ^u t]ms ( equality1 )\t special *>ge = tuition4 ,nor is ! public "* ( a s*ool *ang$ by ! fact t private citiz5s may h contribut$ to its ma9t5ance1 if su* contributors d n assume to /& 9 ! relation ( f\nd]s4 ,x is well und]/ood t ! b5eficial f\nd] ( a s*ool is he :o makes ! fir/ gift or beque/ to x1 & ! legal f\nd] is ! gov]nm5t :i* grants a *>t]1 or 9 any way conf]s ^u x a corporate exi/5ce4 ,if a t[n e/abli% a high s*ool1 z 9 ,b]n>d/on to-day1 & accept a gift or beque/1 ! "* ( ! s*ool is n *ang$ !reby4 ,mr4 ,p[]s did n attempt to e/abli% a new s*ool4 ,he gave ! income ( t5 ?\s& doll>s = ! aid ( s*ools !n exi/+1 & = ! aid ( a s*ool ^: exi/5ce 0 already contemplat$ by ! laws ( ! /ate4 ,no *ange has be5 wr\ght 9 y\r in/itutions2 !y are /ill public1--y\r g5]\s te/ator has only contribut$ to _! support4 ,&1 9 consid]+ yet fur!r ! "q1 ,h[ c ! advantages ( a high-s*ool education be be/ secur$8 ,i %all proce$ to comp>e1 ) :at brevity ,i c comm&1 ! public high s*ool ) ! free high s*ool or academy ^u a private f\ndation4 ,my reason+ is g5]al1 & ! argum5t does n apply to all ! circum/ances ( society4 ,x is n ev]y:]e possible to e/abli% a public high s*ool4 ,9 "s cases ! population may n be suffici5t1 9 o!rs !re may n be adequate weal?1 & 9 o!rs !re may n be an elevat$ public s5tim5t equal to ! em]g5cy4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 ^? :o desire education mu/ obta9 x 9 ! be/ mann] possible2 & academies1 :e!r free or n1 & private s*ools1 :e!r end[$ or n1 %\ld be ?ankfully accept$ & enc\rag$4 ,nor w high s*ools meet all ! wants ( society4 ,!re mu/ always be a place = classical s*ools1 sci5tific s*ools1 pr(essional s*ools1 :i*1 9 _! respective c\rses ( /udy1 ei!r anticipate or foll[1 9 ! c>e] ( ! /ud5t1 8 f\r ye>s ( college life4 ,) ^! conditions & limitations /at$1 ! po9t ,i seek to e/abli% is t a public high s*ool c d ! "w usually done 9 su* in/itutions m fai?fully1 ?or\ghly1 & economically1 ?an x c be done any:]e else4 #a/4 ,! sup]vision ( ! public s*ool is m responsible1 & consequ5tly m p]fect4 ,9 private s*ools1 academies & free high s*ools :i* are end[$1 !re is a bo>d ( tru/ees1 :o p]petuate1 z a corporation1 _! own exi/5ce4 ,ea* memb] is elect$ = life1 & he is n only n responsible to ! public1 b he is n ev5 responsible1 except 9 extraord9>y cases1 to 8 associates4 ,responsibility is1 9 all gov]nm5ts1 ! security tak5 = fidelity4 ,! election ( repres5tatives1 9 ! /ate or national legislature1 = life1 w\ld be e/eem$ a great & dang]\s innovation4 ,x maybe said t bo>ds ( tru/ees are usually bett] qualifi$ to manage a s*ool ?an ! committees elect$ by ! respective cities & t[ns4 ,judg$ z individuals1 ?is is probably true2 ?\gh ^u ?is po9t ,i pref] to admit a claim r ?an to express an op9ion4 ,b positively incompet5t s*ool committees are ! exception 9 ,massa*usetts2 usually ! p make ! selection f _! be/ m54 ,b 9 ! public s*ool y get ! imm$iate1 direct sup]vision ( ! public4 ,n m]ely 9 ! election ( committees1 b 9 a daily int]e/ & vigilance ^: results are freely disclos$ to ! sup]9t5d+ committee1 z e inhabitant feels t 8 contribution1 z a tax-pay]1 gives him ! "r to judge ! "* ( ! s*ool1 & makes x 8 duty to report its defects to ^? *>g$ ) its managem5t4 ,! real defects ( a s*ool1 especially ( a high s*ool1 w be fir/ discov]$ by pupils2 & !y are likely to report ^! defects to _! p>5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ! end[$ private s*ool1 ! p>5t feels t he buys :atev] ! tru/ees h to sell1 or takes z a gift :atev] !y h to (f] free2 & he does n1 logically nor z a matt] ( fact1 inf] f ei!r ( ^! relations 8 "r to p>ticipate 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! s*ool4 ,9 "o case y h ! obs]vation1 ! judgm5t1 ! sup]vision1 ( ! :ole community2 9 ! o!r case y h ! le>n+ & judgm5t ( five1 sev51 t51 or twelve m54 #b;dly4 ,! fai?fulness ( ! tea*] is v mu* dep5d5t ^u ! sup]vision to :i* he is subject4 ,?is is only say+ t ! tea*] is human4 ,9 ! public s*ool !re is no motive :i* c influ5ce a reasonable man t w\ld lead him to sw]ve 9 ! lea/ f 8 fidelity to ! int]e/ ( ! s*ool z a :ole4 ,no p>tiality to a p>ticul> individual1 no desire to promulgate a special idea1 c ev] /& 9 ! place ( t public support :i* is be/ secur$ by a j p]=mance ( 8 duties4 ,9 ! private s*ool1 ) a self-p]petuat+ bo>d ( tru/ees1 ! temptation is /rong to make ! organization subs]vi5t to "s op9ion 9 politics1 religion1 or social life4 ,?is may n always be done2 b 9 _m cases x has be5 done1 & !re is no reason to expect diff]5t ?+s 9 ! future4 ,i concur1 !n1 unres]v$ly 9 ! judgm5t :i* has plac$ ?is in/itution1 9 all its int]e/s & 9 all its duties1 "u ! control ( ! inhabitants ( ,b]n>d/on4 ,:5 !y :o live 9 its light & enjoy its b5efits cease to respect x1 :5 !y to :om x is specially d$icat$ cease to love & *]i% x1 x w no long] be entitl$ to ! favorable consid]ation ( a m ext5d$ public s5tim5t4 ,z all tru/wor?y national patriotism mu/ be built on love = /ate1 t[n1 & home1 s e s*ool ought to e/eem its p[] = usefulness 9 its own neighborhood its *ief means ( good4 ,x w naturally be inf]r$1 f ! rem>ks made ^u ! s+l5ess ( purpose & fidelity ( ! public s*ool to ! cause ( education1 t ! in/ruction giv5 9 x is m ?or\gh ?an is usually giv5 9 ! private s*ool4 ,b1 9 exam9+ yet fur!r ! claim ( ! public s*ool to sup]ior ?or\ghness1 ,i mu/ assume t x enjoys ! advantages ( com=table rooms1 adequate app>atus & compet5t tea*]s4 ,& ?is assumption ought to be support$ by ! facts4 ,!re is no good reason :y any t[n 9 ,massa*usetts %\ld be neglig5t or p>simoni\s 9 ^! p>ticul>s4 ,true economy requires lib]al appropriations4 ,) ^! appropriations1 ! be/ tea*]s1 ev5 f private s*ools & academies1 c be secur$1 & all ! aids & enc\ragem5ts to lib]al culture c be provid$4 ,is x possible t any ( ! means ( a common-s*ool education are necess>ily d5i$ to a million & a qu>t] ( indu/ri\s p1 :o already possess an aggregate capital ( sev5 or eight hundr$ millions ( doll>s8 ,b ! "* ( a high s*ool mu/ always dep5d mat]ially ^u ! previ\s tra9+ ( ! pupils1 & ! qualifications requir$ = admission4 ,:5 ! high s*ool is a public s*ool1 ! /udies ( ! prim>y & gramm> or di/rict s*ools are arrang$ ) reg>d to ! sy/em z a sy/em4 ,!re is no inducem5t to admit a pupil = ! sake ( ! tuition fees1 or = ! purpose ( add+ to ! numb] ( s*ol>s4 ,! applicant is judg$ by 8 m]its z a s*ol>2 & :]e !re is a wise public s5tim5t1 ! committee w be su/a9$ 9 ! execution ( j rules4 ,9 ! public high s*ool we avoid a difficulty t is almo/ univ]sal 9 academies & private s*ools--! pres5ce ( pupils ^: atta9m5ts are s v>i\s t by a prop] classification !y w\ld be assign$ to two1 if n to ?ree grades1 :]e ! grad$ sy/em exi/s4 ,! vigilance1 indu/ry & fidelity ( tea*]s1 _c ov]come ?is evil4 ,! in/ruction giv5 is inevitably less sy/ematic & ?or\gh4 ,! "* :i* ! high s*ool1 :e!r public or private1 pres5ts1 is n its own "* m]ely2 x reflects ! qualities & peculi>ities ( ! s*ools bel[4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! att5tion ( ! public %\ld be z mu* direct$ to ! prim>y & gramm> or di/rict s*ools z to ! high s*ool itself4 ,( c\rse1 x ought n to be assum$ t ! exi/5ce ( a high s*ool w w>rant any abatem5t ( appropriations = ! l[] grades2 inde$1 ! int]e/ & res\rces ( ^! s*ools ought cont9ually to increase4 ,nor c x be assum$ t y\r contributions to ! cause ( education w be dim9i%$ by ! beque/ ( y\r g5]\s te/ator4 ,he did n seek to less5 y\r burd5s1 b to add to ! means ( education among y4 ,!re is also an inh]5t p[] ( discipl9e 9 ! public s*ools1 :]e !y are grad$ & a sy/em ( exam9ations exi/s1 t is n f\nd else:]e4 ,nei!r ! pupil nor ! p>5t is view$ by ! tea*] 9 ! light ( a patron2 h5ce1 he seeks only to s conduct 8 s*ool z to meet ! public requirem5t4 ,moreov]1 z admission to a high s*ool c be secur$ by m]it only1 ! results ( ! prelim9>y tra9+ mu/ h be5 su* z to create a reasonable presumption 9 favor ( ! applicant1 m5tally & morally4 ,h5ce1 ! public s*ools are fill$ by y\? :o are !re z ! rew>d ( individual1 p]sonal m]it4 ,practically1 ! motive by :i* ! pupils are animat$ has mu* to d ) _! success4 ,if !y are mov$ by a love = le>n+1 !y atta9 ! object ( _! desires ev5 )\t ! aid ( tea*]s2 b :]e !y are aid$ & enc\rag$ by fai?ful tea*]s1 ! s*ool is soon "u ! control ( a public s5tim5t :i* secures ! end 9 view4 ,?is public s5tim5t is n z easily built up 9 a private s*ool2 =1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 "s pupils w f9d _! way !re :o are n true disciples ( le>n+2 & su* p]sons are ob/acles to g5]al progress1 :ile !y advance b little !mselves4 ,&1 g5tlem5 tru/ees & citiz5s ( ,b]n>d/on1 may ,i n p]sonally & especially invite y to consid] ! importance ( a fix$ /&>d ( admission & a c>eful exam9ation ( c&idates8 ,?is c\rse is ess5tial to ! improvem5t ( y\r di/rict & village s*ools4 ,x is ess5tial to ! true prosp]ity ( ?is sem9>y1 & x is also ess5tial to ! intellectual advancem5t ( ! p )9 y\r influ5ce4 ,y expect pupils f ! neighbor+ t[ns4 ,y\r object is n pecuni>y pr(it1 b ! education ( ! p4 ,if y\r requirem5ts are positive1 ?\gh x may n be difficult to meet !m 9 ! beg9n+1 e t[n t dep5ds ^u ?is in/itution = bett] le>n+ ?an x c furni% at home w be compell$ to ma9ta9 s*ools ( a high ord]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 neglig5ce 9 ?is p>ticul> w n only degrade ! s*ool "u y\r c>e "h1 b ! s*ools 9 ?is t[n & ! cause ( education 9 ! vic9ity w be unfavorably affect$4 ,nor let ! objection t a rigid /&>d ( qualifications w exclude _m pupils1 & dim9i% ! att5dance ^u ! s*ool1 h great weight2 = y p]=m b half y\r duty :5 y provide ! means ( a good education = y\r own /ud5ts4 ,y are also1 ?r\gh ! p[] inh]5t 9 ?is au?ority1 to d some?+ to elevate ! /&>d ( le>n+ 9 o!r s*ools1 & 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd4 ,:at h>m if ?is s*ool be small1 :ile by its influ5ce o!r s*ools are made bett]1 & ?us e boy & girl 9 ! vic9ity has ri*] means ( education ?an c\ld o!rwise h be5 secur$8 ,?us w t5s1 & hundr$s1 & ?\s&s1 ( successive g5]ations1 h cause to bless ?is s*ool1 ?\gh !y may nev] h sat "u its tea*]s1 or be5 )9 its walls4 ,9 a sy/em ( public s*ools1 ev]y?+ may be _h at its prime co/4 ,!re ne$ be no wa/e ( money1 or ( ! "t or p[] ( tea*]s4 ,z ! public sy/em mu/ ev]y:]e exi/1 x is a matt] ( economy to br+ all ! *ildr5 "u its influ5ce4 ,! private sy/em nev] c educate all2 !re=e ! public sy/em _c be ab&on$1 unless we cons5t to give up a "p ( ! population to ignorance4 ,x may1 !n1 be said t ! private s*ools1 ess5tial 9 _m cases1 ought to give way :5ev] ! public s*ools are prep>$ to d ! "w2 & :5 ! public s*ools are s prep>$1 ! exi/5ce ( private s*ools adds _! own co/ to ! necess>y co/ ( popul> education4 ,b we are n to enc\rage p>simony 9 education2 = p>simony 9 ?is dep>tm5t is n true economy4 ,x is true economy = ! /ate & = a t[n to set up & ma9ta9 good s*ools z *eaply z !y c be _h1 yet at any necess>y co/1 s only t !y be good4 ,massa*usetts is prosp]\s & weal?y to-day1 respect$ 9 evil report z well z 9 good1 because1 fai?ful to pr9ciple & p]si/5t 9 c\rage1 %e has = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s provid$ = ! education ( h] *ildr52 & n[ ! re-fl[+ tide ( h] weal? f seabo>d & cities w be> on its wave to ^! quiet valleys & pleasant hill-sides ! lov]s ( agriculture1 fri5ds ( art1 /ud5ts ( sci5ce1 & su* z wor%ip rural sc5es & indulge 9 rural sports2 b ! favor$ & fir/-s\ght spots w be ^? :]e le>n+ has already *os5 h] seat1 & (f]s to manhood & age ! culture & society :i* le>n+ only c give1 & to *ildhood & y\?1 ov] & above ! tra9+ ( ! be/ s*ools1 heal?ful moral influ5ces1 & elem5ts ( physical gr[? & vigor1 :i* ev] di/+ui% life 9 ! c\ntry & among ! m\nta9s f life 9 ! city or on ! pla94 ,& ov] a broad] field & ^u a l>g] sph]e %all ! b5ignant influ5ce ( ?is sy/em ( public in/ruction be felt4 ,9 ! affairs ( ?is great republic1 ! p[] ( a /ate is n to be measur$ by ! numb] ( its votes 9 ,congress4 ,public op9ion is mighti] ?an ,congress2 & !y :o wield or control t d1 9 reality1 be> rule4 ,p[] 9 ! _w1 ^u a l>ge view1 & 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 has n be5 confid$ to ! majorities ( m54 ,greece1 unimportant 9 ext5t ( t]ritory1 a p59sula & ar*ipelago 9 ! sea1 l$ ! way 9 ! civilization ( ! we/1 &1 ?r\gh h] eloqu5ce1 poetry1 hi/ory & art1 became ! model ( mod]n culture4 ,rome1 a s+le city 9 ,italy1 t /ret*es itself into ! sea z ?\gh x w\ld gaze ^u ?ree cont95ts1 subjugat$ to h] sway ! savage & civiliz$ _w1 & impress$ h] arms & jurisprud5ce ^u all succe$+ times2 !n ,v5ice1 )\t a s+le foot ( solid l&1 gu>d$ inviolate ! treasure ( h] sov]eignty = ?irte5 hundr$ ye>s aga9/ ! armies ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/2 :ile1 9 our own "t1 ,engl&1 unimportant 9 ! ext5t ( h] insul> t]ritory1 has be5 able1 by ! intellig5ce & ent]prise ( h] p1 to make h]self mi/ress ( ! seas1 arbit] ( ! =tunes ( ,europe1 & ! rul] ( a hundr$ millions ( p 9 ,asia4 ,^! ?+s h happ5$ 9 ob$i5ce to a law :i* kn[s no *ange4 ,p[] 9 ,am]ica is ) ^? :o c br+ ! greate/ intellectual & moral =ce to be> ^u a giv5 po9t4 ,& ,massa*usetts1 limit$ 9 ! ext5t ( h] t]ritory1 )\t salubrity ( climate1 f]tility ( soil1 or weal? ( m9es1 w h influ5ce1 ?r\gh h] p at home & h] p abroad1 proportionate to h] fidelity to ! cause ( univ]sal public education4 ,,normal ,,s*ool ,,tra9+4 ,an ,address deliv]$ at ! ,d$ication ( ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 at ,salem4 ,! human race may be divid$ into two classes4 ,"o has no ideal ( a future diff]5t f ! pres5t2 or1 if x is n always satisfi$ ) ?is view1 x has yet _h no cle> conception ( a high] exi/5ce4 ,! o!r class is consci\s ( ! p[] ( progress1 is mak+ cont9ual advances1 & has an ideal ( a future su* z1 9 its judgm5t1 ! pres5t ought to be4 ,bo? ( ^! classes h in/itutions2 = in/itutions are n ! product ( civilization1 z !y exi/ :]ev] our social nature is develop$4 ,man is also a dep5d5t be+1 & he !re=e seeks ! company1 c\nsel & support ( 8 fell[s4 ,f ! "r ( numb]s to act comes ! necessity ( agreem5t1 or at lea/ s mu* concurr5ce 9 :at is to be done z to secure ! object s\ght4 ,! w ( numb]s c only be express$ ?r\gh ag5cies2 & ^!1 h[ev] simple1 are inde$ in/itutions--! evid5ce ( civilization1 r ?an its product4 ,!y are always ! sign1 symbol1 or language1 by :i* ! liv+ man expresses ! purpose ( 8 life4 ,!re=e1 in/itutions diff]1 z ! purposes ( m5 v>y4 ,! savage & ! man ( culture d n seek ! same end2 h5ce !y w n employ ! same means4 ,! in/itutions ( ! savage are ^? ( ! family1 clan1 or tribe1 to :i* he belongs4 ,!re ! *ild is in/ruct$ 9 ! art ( dress1 9 mann]s & language1 9 ! rude cu/oms ( agriculture1 ! *ase1 & w>4 ,?is ) him is life1 & ! hi/ory ( "o g5]ation is (t5 ! hi/ory ( _m g5]ations4 ,_! ideal corresponds ) _! actual life2 &1 z a necess>y result1 !re is little or no progress4 ,b ! o!r class e/abli%es in/itutions :i* indicate ! exi/5ce ( new relations1 & exact ! p]=mance ( new duties4 ,z man is a social be+1 he necess>ily creates in/itutions ( gov]nm5t & education correspond+ to ! sph]e 9 :i* he is to act4 ,if a nation desires to educate only a "p ( its p1 its in/itutions are naturally exclusive2 b :]ev] ! idea ( univ]sal education has be5 receiv$1 ! in/itutions ( ! c\ntry look to t end4 ,:5 ,massa*usetts 0 settl$ !re 7 no truly popul> in/itutions 9 ! _w1 = !re 0 really no belief 9 popul> rights4 ,& :y %\ld ^? be enc\rag$ to ?9k :o h no "r to act8 ,! pr9ciple t e man is to take a "p 9 ! affairs ( ! community or /ate to :i* he belongs seems to be ! f\ndation ( ! doctr9e t e man %\ld be educat$ to ?9k = himself4 ,free s*ools & g5]al education are ! natural results ( ! pr9ciples ( human equality1 :i* di/+ui% ! p & political sy/ems ( ,am]ica4 ,! purposes ( a p are *angeable & *ang+1 b in/itutions are inflexible2 !re=e ^! latt] (t5 outla/ ! ideas 9 :i* !y orig9at$1 or ! ideas may be act+ 9 o!r bodies or =ms4 ,in/itutions are ! visible =ms ( ideas1 b !y are useful only :ile ^? ideas are liv+ 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,if an in/itution is suff]$ to rema9 aft] ! idea has pass$ away1 x emb>rasses r ?an aids an advanc+ p4 ,su* are mona/ic e/abli%m5ts 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries2 su* is ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 z an in/itution ( religion & gov]nm5t1 to all classes ( diss5t]s2 su* are _m sem9>ies ( le>n+ 9 ,europe1 & "s 9 ,am]ica4 ,massa*usetts has _h "o liv+ idea1 f ! fir/1--t g5]al intellig5ce is necess>y to popul> virtue & lib]ty4 ,?is idea %e has express$ 9 v>i\s ways2 ! end x promises %e has s\ght by v>i\s means4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ?is idea1 %e has e/abli%$ colleges1 common s*ools1 gramm> s*ools1 academies1 & at la/ ! ,normal ,s*ool4 ,! in/itution only ( ! ,normal ,s*ool is new2 ! idea is old4 ,! ,normal sy/em is b a bett] expression ( an idea p>tially conceal$1 b nev]!less to be f\nd 9 ! college1 gramm> s*ool & academy ( our fa!rs4 ,nor h we accept$ ! in/itution s readily f a k ( its results 9 o!r c\ntries1 z f its manife/ fitness to meet a want "h4 ,x is n1 !n1 our =tune to inaugurate a new idea1 b only to clo! an old "o aga91 s t x may m effici5tly advance popul> lib]ty1 intellig5ce & virtue4 ,& ?is is our duty to-day4 ,! proprieties ( ?is occasion w\ld h be5 bett] obs]v$1 _h 8 excell5cy1 ,gov]nor ,wa%burn1 f\nd x conv5i5t to deliv] ! address1 :i*1 at a late mom5t1 has be5 assign$ to me4 ,b we are all 9 "s degree aw>e ( ! nature & ext5t ( 8 public duties1 & c1 !re=e1 appreciate ! necessity :i* dem&s relief f "s ( !m4 ,massa*usetts has f\nd$ f\r ,normal ,s*ools1 & at ! close ( ! pres5t c5tury %e may n h e/abli%$ z _m m1 = %e n[ satisfies ! j dem&s ( e section ( h] t]ritory1 & pres5ts ! b5efits ( ?is sy/em ( in/ruction to all h] inhabitants4 ,! build+ we "h set ap>t1 & ! s*ool we n[ inaugurate to ! s]vice ( le>n+1 are to be reg>d$ z ! completion ( ! orig9al plan ( ! /ate1 & any future ext5sion w dep5d ^u ! success ( ! ,normal sy/em z x %all appe> 9 o!r ye>s to o!r g5]ations ( m54 ,b we h great fai? t ! ,normal sy/em1 9 itself & 9 its connections1 w realize ! *]i%$ idea ( our :ole hi/ory2 & if s1 x w be ext5d$ until e s*ool is suppli$ ) a ,normal tea*]4 ,?is1 !n1 is an occasion ( g5]al int]e/2 b to ! city ( ,salem1 & ! c\nty ( ,essex1 x is specially important4 ,simil> in/itutions h be5 long e/abli%$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! /ate2 b "s comp5sation is n[ to be made to y1 9 ! exp]i5ce & improvem5ts ( ! la/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,intellig5t labor %$s light ^u ! pa? ( ! labor]1 &1 ?\gh ! direct b5efits ( ?is sy/em h n be5 "h enjoy$1 _m result+ advantages f ! exp]i5ce ( simil> in/itutions 9 o!r places w n[ inure to y4 ,! city ( ,salem1 ) wise =eca/1 anticipat$ ^! advantages1 & g5]\sly contribut$ a sum l>g] ev5 ?an t appropriat$ by ! /ate itself4 ,?is b\nty det]m9$ ! location ( ! s*ool1 b det]m9$ x =tunately = all conc]n$4 ,salem is "o ( ! c5tral po9ts ( ! /ate2 & 9 ?is respect no o!r t[n 9 ! vic9ity1 h[ev] well situat$1 is a competitor4 ,pupils may reside at _! homes 9 ,newburyport1 ,lynn1 ,lawr5ce1 ,hav]hill1 ,gl\ce/] & ,l[ell1 or at any int]m$iate place1 & enjoy ! b5efit ( daily in/ruction )9 ^! walls4 ,?is is a great privilege = p>5ts & pupils2 & x c\ld n h be5 s well secur$ at any o!r po9t4 ,"h1 also1 pupils & tea*]s may avail !mselves ( ! libr>ies1 lit]>y in/itutions & cab9ets ( ?is anci5t & prosp]\s t[n4 ,^! are no common advantages4 ,we are wis] & bett] = ! pres5ce ( great numb]s ( books1 ?\gh we may nev] "k :at !y conta94 ,we see h[ mu* p]sev]ance & labor h accompli%$1 & are s5sible t :at has be5 may be equall$ if n excell$4 ,9 great libr>ies1 we realize h[ ! works ( ! ambiti\s are neglect$1 & _! names =gott51 :ile we _c fail to be impress$ ) ! value ( ! tru?1 t ! only labor :i* br+s a c]ta9 rew>d is t p]=m$ "u a s5se ( duty4 ,salem is itself ! intellig5t & ref9$ c5tre ( an intellig5t & prosp]\s population2 & we may v5ture s f>1 9 j eulogy1 z to attribute to x ! unit$ advantages ( city & c\ntry1 )\t a l>ge %>e ( ! privations ( ! "o1 or ! vices ( ! o!r4 ,( ! f\r ,normal ,s*ools1 ?is is1 unque/ionably1 ! mo/ =tunate 9 its position & surr\nd+s4 ,we1 !re=e1 ask = ! concurr5ce ( ! public 9 ! judgm5t :i* has e/abli%$ x 9 ?is city4 ,if x %all be ! =tune ( ! gov]nm5t to assemble a body ( in/ructors qualifi$ = _! /ations1 !re w !n rema9 no reason :y ^! accommodations & advantages %\ld n be fully enjoy$4 ,! ,normal ,s*ool diff]s f all o!r sem9>ies ( le>n+1 & only because x is an auxili>y to ! common s*ools c x be deem$ _! inf]ior 9 importance4 ,! academy & college take "y m5 f ! di/rict & high s*ools1 & furni% !m ) additional aids = ! bus9ess ( life2 b ! ,normal ,s*ool is truly ! help] ( ! common s*ools4 ,x receives its pupils f !m1 fits ^! pupils = tea*]s1 & s5ds !m back to sup]9t5d :]e a few mon?s be=e !y 7 s*ol>s4 ,! ,normal ,s*ools are su/a9$ by ! common s*ools2 & ^! latt]1 9 return1 draw _! be/ nutrim5t f ! =m]4 ,?is in/itution /&s ) ! common s*ool2 x is z truly popul>1 z really democratic 9 a j s5se1 & its claim = support re/s ^u ! same f\ndation4 ,9 ,massa*usetts we h ab&on$ ! idea1 nev]1 ,i ?9k1 g5]al1 t in/ruction 9 ! art ( tea*+ is unnecess>y4 ,! ,normal ,s*ool is1 ) u1 a necessity2 = x furni%es t tuition :i* nei!r ! common s*ool1 academy1 nor college c4 ,^! in/itutions 7 once bett] adapt$ to ?is s]vice ?an n[4 ,!re has be5 a cont9ual increase ( academic /udies1 until x has become necess>y to e/abli% in/itutions = special purposes2 & ( ^! ! ,normal ,s*ool is "o4 ,its object is def9ite4 ,! true ,normal ,s*ool in/ructs only 9 ! art ( tea*+2 &1 9 ?is respect1 x mu/ be confess$ we h fail$1 sadly fail$1 to realize ! ideal ( ! sy/em4 ,x is n a sub/itute = ! common s*ool1 academy1 or college1 ?\gh _m pupils1 & 9 "s degree ! public1 h be5 incl9$ ?us to treat x4 ,!re %\ld be no in/ruction 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( le>n+1 high or l[1 except :at is incid5tal to ! ma9 bus9ess ( ! in/itution2 yet "s h gone s f> 9 ! wrong c\rse z to sugge/ t n only ! common bran*es %\ld be /udi$1 b t tuition %\ld be giv5 9 ! languages & ! high] ma!matics4 ,a little reflection w satisfy u h[ great a dep>ture ?is w\ld be f ! j idea ( ! ,normal ,s*ool4 ,yet circum/ances1 r ?an public s5tim5t1 h compell$ ! gov]nm5t to dep>t 9 practice1 ?\gh nev] 9 !ory1 f ! true sy/em4 ,x s happ5s t mu* "t is occupi$ 9 in/ruction 9 ^? bran*es :i* ought to be ?or\ghly ma/]$ by ! pupil be=e he ent]s ! ,normal ,s*ool1--t is1 be=e he beg9s to acquire ! art ( tea*+ :at he has n himself le>n$4 ,su* is ! /ate ( our s*ools t we are oblig$ to accept z pupils ^? :o are n qualifi$1 9 a lit]>y po9t ( view1 = ! po/ ( tea*]s4 ,by s5d+ bett] tea*]s into ! public s*ools1 y w effectually aid 9 ! removal ( ?is difficulty4 ,! ,normal ,s*ool is1 !n1 no sub/itute = ! high s*ool1 academy1 or college4 ,nor d we ask = any sympa?y or aid :i* prop]ly belongs to ^? in/itutions4 ,he is no fri5d ( education1 9 its prop] signification1 :o patronizes "s "o in/itution1 & neglects all o!rs4 ,we h no sem9>ies ( le>n+ :i* c be consid]$ useless1 & he only is a true fri5d :o aids & enc\rages any & all z he has opportunity4 ,:at is popul>ly kn[n z le>n+ is to be acquir$ 9 ! common s*ool1 high s*ool1 academy & college1 z h]et(ore4 ,! ,normal ,s*ool does n pr(ess to give in/ruction 9 read+ & ari?metic1 b to tea* ! art ( tea*+ read+ & ari?metic4 ,s ( all ! elem5t>y bran*es4 ,b1 z ! art ( tea*+ a subject _c be acquir$ )\t at ! same "t acquir+ a bett] k ( ! subject itself1 ! pupil w always leave ! ,normal ,s*ool bett] gr\nd$ ?an ev] be=e 9 ! elem5ts & pr9ciples ( le>n+4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 to be expect$ t complete success w be realiz$ "h m ?an else:]e2 yet x is well to elevate ! /&>d ( admission1 f "t to "t1 s t a l>g] "p ( ! ex]cises may be devot$ to ! ma9 purpose ( ! in/itution4 ,! /ruggle %\ld be p]petual & 9 ! "r direction4 ,fir/1 elevate y\r common s*ools s t ! education !re may be a suffici5t basis = a c\rse ( tra9+ "h4 ,if ! ,normal ,s*ool & ! public s*ools %all ea* & all d _! duty1 c&idates = admission w be s well qualifi$ 9 ! bran*es requir$1 t ! art ( tea*+ w be ! only art taught "h4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ! "t ( att5dance w be dim9i%$1 & a mu* l>g] numb] ( p]sons may be annually qualifi$ = ! /ation ( tea*]s4 ,next1 let ! committees & o!rs int]e/$ 9 education make special ef=ts to fill ! *airs ( y\r hall ) "y wom5 ( promise1 :o are likely to devote !mselves to ! pr(ession4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible = human wisdom to gu>d aga9/ "o fate t happ5s to all1 or ne>ly all1 ! "y wom5 :o are graduat$ at our ,normal ,s*ools4 ,b ?is rem>k is n made publicly1 le/ "s anxi\s ones avail !mselves ( y\r b\nty z a means to an end n contemplat$ by ! /ate4 ,! h\se y h erect$ is n s mu* d$icat$ to ! s*ool z to ! public2 ! in/itution "h set up is n s mu* = ! b5efit ( ! "y wom5 :o may become pupils1 z = ! b5efit ( ! public :i* !y repres5t4 ,! appeal is1 !re=e1 to ! public to furni% su* pupils1 9 numb] & "*1 t ?is in/itution may soon & successfully ent] ^u ! "w = :i* x is prop]ly design$4 ,b ! "* & value ( ?is s*ool dep5d on ! quality ( its tea*]s m ?an on all ?+s else4 ,!y %\ld be ?or\ghly in/ruct$1 n only 9 ! bran*es taught1 b 9 ! art ( tea*+ !m4 ,! tea*] ought to h atta9$ mu* t ! pupil is yet to le>n2 if he has n1 he _c utt] words ( enc\ragem5t1 nor e/imate ! *ances ( success4 ,x is n en\gh to "k :at is conta9$ 9 ! text-book2 ! pupil %\ld "k t1 at lea/2 ! tea*] %\ld "k a great deal m4 ,a p]son is n qualifi$ = ! (fice ( tea*] :5 he has ma/]$ a book2 & has1 9 fact1 no "r to in/ruct o!rs until he has ma/]$ ! subject4 ,text-books help u a little on ! road ( le>n+2 b1 by & by1 :atev] our pursuit or pr(ession1 we leave !m beh9d1 or else cont5t ourselves ) a subord9ate position4 ,practical m5 h made book-f>m]s ! subject ( ridicule2 & !re is "s propriety 9 ?is2 = he is n a ma/] 9 8 pr(ession :o has n got1 z a g5]al ?+1 out ( & beyond ! books :i* treat ( x4 ,books are necess>y 9 ! s*ool-room2 b ! good tea*] has little use = !m 9 8 own h&s1 or z aids 9 8 own prop] "w4 ,he %\ld be in/ruct$ 9 8 subject1 aside f & above ! arbitr>y rules ( au?ors2 & he w be1 if he is himself inspir$ ) a love ( le>n+4 ,inspir$ ) a love ( le>n+6 ,:oev] is1 is sure ( success2 & :oev] is n1 has ! be/ possible security = ! failure ( 8 plans4 ,!re _c be a good s*ool :]e ! love ( le>n+ 9 tea*] & pupil is want+2 & !re _c be a bad "o :]e ?is _s has control4 ,z ! ma/]1 s is ! disciple2 z ! tea*]1 s is ! pupil2 = ! _s ( ! tea*] w be communicat$ to ! s*ol>s4 ,!re mu/ also be habits ( indu/ry & sy/em 9 /udy4 ,we h multitudes ( s*ol>s :o /udy occasionally1 & /udy h>d2 b we ne$ a race ( /ud5ts :o w devote !mselves habitually1 & ) love1 to lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,on ! tea*]s1 !n1 is ! *ief responsibility1 :e!r ! "y wom5 :o g out f ?is in/itution are well qualifi$ = _! pr(ession or n4 ,! /udy ( te*nicalities is drudg]y ( ! wor/ sort to ! m]e pupil2 b ! s*ol> looks ^u x z a prep>ation = a wide & noble ex]cise ( 8 intellectual p[]s--z a key to unlock ! my/]ies ( le>n+4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! tea*] to light5 ! labors ( to-day by bright visions ( to-morr[4 ,!re is a s*ool 9 m$ic9e1 ^: *ief claim is1 t x invites & prep>es ,nature to act 9 ! removal ( disease4 ,we pass no judgm5t ^u ?is claim2 b he is1 no d\bt1 ! be/ tea*] :o does little = 8 pupils1 :ile he incites & enc\rages !m to d mu* = !mselves4 ,ext5sive k w enable ! tea*] to d ?is4 ,he is a poor in/ructor ( ma!matics :o sees only ! dry details ( rules1 tables & problems1 & nev] asc5ds to ! contemplation ( ^? supreme wond]s ( ! univ]se :i* ma!matical a/ronomy has laid op54 ,! gramm> ( a language is def9$ to be ! art ( read+ & writ+ t language ) propriety4 ,! /udy ( its elem5ts is dry & un9t]e/+2 &1 :ile ! tea*] dwells ) c>e ^u ! m]its ( ! text1 he %\ld also lift ! veil f t :i* is hidd51 & lead 8 pupils to appreciate ^? ri*es ( le>n+ :i* ! k ( a language may conf] ^u ! /ud5t4 ,x is useful to "k ! division ( ! globe into cont95ts & oceans1 isl&s & lakes1 m\nta9s & riv]s--& ?is k ! text-books conta92 b x is a high] le>n+ to und]/& ! effect ( ?is division ^u climate1 soil & natural productions--^u ! "* & pursuits ( ! human race4 ,books are s improv$ t !y may v well take ! place ( poor1 or ev5 ord9>y tea*]s4 ,explanations & illu/rations are num]\s & appropriate1 & v little rema9s = ! m]e text-book tea*] to d4 ,b1 :5 ! duties ( tea*] & ! ex]cises ( ! s*ool-room are prop]ly p]=m$1 ! entire range ( sci5ce1 bus9ess1 lit]ature & art1 is pres5t$ to ! /ud5t4 ,may x be y\r =tune to see education ?us elevat$ "h1 & !n w ! same _s be infus$ into ! public s*ools ( ! vic9ity4 ,! ,massa*usetts sy/em ( education is a noble tribute to fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,! p[] ( educat+ a p1 :i* is1 9 f9e1 ! *ief p[] 9 a /ate1 has be5 (t51 if n usually1 p]v]t$ to ! support ( favor$ op9ions 9 religion & gov]nm5t4 ,! boa/$ sy/em ( ,prussia is only a prop & ally ( ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s4 ,9 ,france1 ,napoleon makes ! press1 :i* has become 9 civiliz$ c\ntries an educator ( ! p1 ! m]e in/rum5t ( 8 w4 ,tyrants d n hesitate to p]v]t s*ools & ! press1 le>n+ & lit]ature1 to ! support ( tyranny4 ,b ) u ! press & ! s*ool are free2 & ?is fre$om1 d5i$ ?r\gh fe> 9 o!r c\ntries1 is ! be/ evid5ce ( ! /ability ( our in/itutions4 ,x is n[ a hundr$ ye>s s9ce an attempt 0 made 9 ,massa*usetts to ex]cise legal c5sor%ip ov] ! press2 b we occasionally he> ( movem5ts to make ! public s*ools ( ,am]ica subs]vi5t to sect or p>ty4 ,! success ( ^! movem5ts w\ld be z great a calamity z c ev] befall a free p4 ,ignorance w\ld take ! place ( le>n+1 & slav]y w\ld usurp ! doma9 ( lib]ty4 ,no def5ce1 excuse1 or palliation1 c be (f]$ = su* movem5ts2 & _! triumph w safely produce all ! evils :i* x is possible = an enlight5$ p to endure4 ,our sy/em ( in/ruction is :at x pr(esses to be1--a public sy/em4 ,z sects or p>ties1 we h no claim :atev] ^u x4 ,a man is n tax$ because he is ( a p>ticul> fai? 9 religion1 or p>ty 9 politics2 he is n tax$ because he is ! fa!r ( a family1 or excus$ because he is n2 b he contributes to ! cause ( education because he is a citiz51 & has an int]e/ 9 t g5]al intellig5ce :i* decides que/ions ( fai? & practice z !y arise4 ,x is = ! int]e/ ( all t all %all be educat$ = ! v>i\s pursuits & duties ( ! "t4 ,! education ( *ildr5 is1 no d\bt1 fir/ 9 individual duty4 ,x is ! duty ( ! p>5t1 ! duty ( ! fri5d2 b1 above all1 x is ! duty ( ! public4 ,?is duty arises f ! relations ( m5 9 e civiliz$ /ate2 b 9 a popul> gov]nm5t x becomes a necessity4 ,! p are ! s\rce ( p[]--! sov]eign4 ,& is x m important 9 a mon>*y ?an 9 a republic t ! rul] be intellig5t1 virtu\s1 & 9 all respects qualifi$ = 8 duties8 ,! in/itution "h set up is an ess5tial "p ( our sy/em ( public in/ruction1 &1 z su*1 x claims ! public favor1 sympa?y & support4 ,?is is a p]iod ( excitem5t 9 all ! affairs & relations ( m51 & ,am]ica is fa/ becom+ ! c5tral po9t ( ^! activities4 ,!y are1 no d\bt1 associat$ ) _m bless+s1 b !y may also be att5d$ by great evils4 ,we claim = our c\ntry preem95ce 9 education4 ,?is may be j1 b x is also true t ,am]icans1 m ?an any o!r p1 ne$ to be bett] educat$ ?an !y are4 ,:]e else is ! field ( /atesman%ip s l>ge1 or ! necessity = able /atesm5 s great8 ,) ! s+le exception ( ,great ,brita91 !re is no nation ^: relations are su* z to require a union 9 rul]s ( ! r>e/ practical abilities ) accurate1 s\nd & v>i$ le>n+2 & !re is no nation ^: p are s critical 9 ! te/s !y apply to _! public ag5ts4 ,we ne$ m5 ?or\ghly educat$ 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( le>n+2 to :i* ought to be add$1 travel 9 =eign c\ntries1 & an intimate acqua9tance ) e "p ( our own4 ,su* m5 we h _h--su* m5 we h n[2 b !y w be m & m important z we advance 9 numb]s1 t]ritory & p[]4 ,a correspond+ culture is necess>y 9 !ology1 9 law1 & 9 all ! pursuits ( indu/ry4 ,no o!r nation has s great a de/9y4 ,t de/9y is manife/1 & may be read 9 ! he>t & purpose ( ! p4 ,!y seek new t]ritories1 an increase ( population1 ! prosp]ity ( comm]ce1 ( all ! arts ( indu/ry1 & preem95ce 9 virtue1 le>n+ & intellectual p[]4 ,& all ?is !y c atta92 = ! de/9y ( a p1 )9 ! limits prescrib$ by reason1 is det]m9$ by !mselves4 ,if1 h[ev]1 by conque/1 annexation & absorption1 we acquire new t]ritories1 & /range races & nations ( m51 & yet neglect education1 e /ep w b increase our burd5s & p]ils1 & ha/5 our decay4 ,,female ,,education4 ,an ,address be=e ! ,newburyport ,female ,high ,s*ool4 ,i accept$1 )\t a mom5t's delay1 ! invitation ( ! pr9cipal ( ?is s*ool to deliv] ! cu/om>y address on ?is1 ! fifte5? anniv]s>y ( its e/abli%m5t4 ,my pres5ce "h 9 connection ) public in/ruction is n a prop] subject = comm5t by myself2 b ,i h n[ come1 all[ me to say1 ) unusual alacrity1 t we may toge!r recognize ! claims ( an in/itution :i* furni%es ! e>lie/ evid5ce exi/+ among u ( a special design on ! "p ( ! public to provide adequate intellectual & moral tra9+ = ! "y wom5 ( ! /ate4 ,^? movem5ts :i* h accompli%$ mo/ = religion1 lib]ty1 & le>n+1 h n be5 sudd5 9 _! orig9 nor rapid 9 _! progress4 ,*ri/ianity has be5 prea*$ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 yet x is n n[ receiv$1 ev5 intellectually1 by ! l>g] "p ( ! human race4 ,magna ,*>ta is six c5turies old1 b its pr9ciples are n accept$ by all ! nations ( ,europe & ,am]ica2 & x is n1 !re=e1 /range t a sy/em ( public in/ruction1 orig9at$ by ! ,puritans ( ,new ,engl&1 %\ld yet be /ruggl+ aga9/ prejudice & error4 ,9 ,asia woman is degrad$1 & 9 ,europe h] common condition is t ( app>5t & absolute inf]iority4 ,:5 ,am]ica 0 settl$ %e became a p>ticipator 9 ! /ruggles & suff]+s :i* await$ ! pione]s ( civilization & lib]ty on ?is cont95t1 & %e ?us e>n$ a place 9 family1 religi\s1 & ev5 9 public life1 :i* =e%[$ h] c]ta9 & spe$y dis5?rallm5t f ! tyranny ( tradition & "t4 ,h] rights ) u are secure1 & ! anxiety & boi/]\s al>m exhibit$ by "s /rong-m9d$ wom51 & ! horror-fr+$ appreh5sions & prophecies ( "s weak-m9d$ m51 are equally unreasonable & absurd4 ,woman is %>+ ! lot ( humanity1 & !re) %e ought to be cont5t4 ,man does n remove ! burd5 ( ignorance & oppression f 8 sex1 m]ely1 b g5]ally f 8 k9d4 ,at lea/1 ?is is ! exp]i5ce & promise ( ,am]ica4 ,if woman does n vote because %e is woman1 s & = ! same reason %e is n subject to p]sonal taxation4 ,x is an error to suppose t vot+ is a privilege1 & taxation1 ev] & always1 a burd54 ,bo? are duties2 & ! privilege ( ! "o & ! burd5 ( ! o!r are only incid5tal & subord9ate4 ,! human family is an aggregation ( families2 & ! family1 n ! man nor ! woman1 is ! unit ( ! /ate4 ,! civil law assumes ! exi/5ce ( ! family relation1 & its unity :]e x exi/s2 h5ce taxation ( ! woman br+s no rev5ue to ! /ate t might n h be5 secur$ by ! taxation ( ! man2 & h5ce ! ex]cise ( ! elective fran*ise by ! woman br+s no additional political p[]2 =1 9 ! !ory ( ! relation to :i* !re are1 9 fact1 b few exceptions1 !re is 9 ! h\sehold b "o political idea1 & b "o ag5t is ne$$ = its expression4 ,! ballot is ! judgm5t ( ! family2 n ( ! man1 m]ely1 nor ( ! woman1 nor yet1 inde$1 always ( bo?1 ev54 ,! fir/ smile t ! fa!r receives f ! *ild affects e subsequ5t vote 9 municipal conc]ns1 & likely en\gh also 9 national affairs4 ,f t mom5t =w>d1 he judges con/ables1 selectm51 magi/rates1 ald]m51 mayors1 s*ool-committees1 & c\ncillors1 ) an alt]$ judgm5t4 ,! result ( ! election is n ! victory or defeat ( ! man alone2 x is ! triumph or pro/ration ( a pr9ciple or purpose ) :i* ! family is id5tifi$4 ,is x said t !re is occasionally1 if n frequ5tly1 a divid$ judgm5t 9 ! h\sehold ^u ^? que/ions t are decid$ by ! ballot8 ,?is mu/1 ( c\rse1 be grant$ z an exceptional condition ( dome/ic life2 b1 = ! wise/ reasons ( public policy1 ^: avoidance by ! /ate w\ld be trea*]y to humanity1 ! law univ]sal c recognize only ! g5]al condition ( ?+s4 ,s1 & = k9dr$ b n equally /rong reasons1 ! elective fran*ise is ex]cis$ by m5 )\t families1 & d5i$ to ^? wom5 :o by ! disp5sations ( ,div9e ,provid5ce are call$ to preside 9 homes :]e ! fa!r's face is se5 no m4 ,b :y1 9 ! eye ( ! /ate1 %all ! man /& z ! head ( ! family1 r ?an ! woman8 ,because ,god has s orda9$ x2 & no civil community has ev] yet escap$ f ! =ce ( ,8 decree 9 ?is respect4 ,^? ^: physical p[] def5ds ! nation1 or tribe1 or family1 are naturally call$ ^u to decide :at ! means ( def5ce %all be4 ,is n woman1 !n1 ! equal ( man8 ,we _c say ( woman1 ) ref]5ce to man1 t %e is 8 sup]ior1 or 8 inf]ior1 or 8 equal2 nor c we say ( man1 ) ref]5ce to woman1 t he is h] sup]ior1 or h] inf]ior1 or h] equal4 ,he is h] protector1 %e is 8 helpmeet4 ,8 /r5g? is suffici5t = h] weakness1 & h] p[] is ! support ( 8 irresolution & want ( fai?4 ,woman's rights are n man's rights2 nor are man's rights ! measure ( woman's rights4 ,if %e %\ld ass]t h] indep5d5ce1 z "s idiosyncratic p]sons desire1 %e c\ld only decl>e h] int5tion to d all ^? acts & ?+s :i* woman may ( "r d4 ,giv5 t ?is is accompli%$1 & ,i "k n t %e w\ld possess "o additional dome/ic1 political1 or public "r1 or enjoy "o privilege 9 ! family1 neighborhood1 or /ate1 to :i* %e is n1 9 "s degree1 at lea/1 already accu/om$4 ,^! views & reflections may s]ve to illu/rate & en=ce ! lead+ position ( ?is address--t we are to educate "y wom5 = ! enjoym5ts & duties ( ! sph]e 9 :i* !y are to move4 ,we speak to-day ( public in/ruction2 b x %\ld ev] be borne 9 m9d t ! education ( ! s*ools is b a "p1 & (t5 only ! lea/ important "p1 ( ! tra9+ t ! "y receive4 ,!re is ! tra9+ ( infancy & e>ly *ildhood1 ! daily culture ( home1 ) its ref9+ or dead5+ influ5ces1 & !n ! education ( ! /reet1 ! p>lor1 ! fe/ive ga!r+1 & ! clubs1 :i* ex]t a p[] ov] ! y\? ( bo? sexes t _c (t5 be controll$ entirely by ! s*ool4 ,womanhood is sometimes sacrific$ 9 *ildhood1 :5 ! "m & ! family fail to develop ! womanly qualities ( mode/y1 grace1 g5]osity ( "*1 & g5iality ( temp]1 :i* dignify1 adorn1 & protect1 ,! sex ^: pres5ce civilizes ours4 ,! *ild1 :e!r girl or boy1 reflects ! "* ( its home2 & !re=e we are compell$ to deal ) all ! homes ( ! di/rict or t[n1 & are requir$ (t5 to c\nt]act ! influ5ces !y ex]t4 ,e>ly vici\s tra9+ is q z disa/r\s to ! girl z to ! boy2 =1 /range z x may seem1 ! _w m readily tol]ates ignorance1 co>s5ess1 rud5ess1 immode/y1 & all _! answ]+ vices1 9 man ?an 9 woman4 ,9 ! p]iod ( life f eight to tw5ty ye>s ( age ! progress ( woman is1 to u ( /]n] m\ld1 inconceivably rapid2 b f tw5ty to =ty ! advantages ( education are ^u ! o!r side4 ,x !n foll[s t a defective sy/em ( education is m p]nici\s to woman ?an to man4 ,we may contemplate woman 9 f\r relations ) _! answ]+ responsibilities--z pupil1 tea*]1 companion1 & "m4 ,z a pupil1 %e is s5sitive1 consci5ti\s1 quick1 ambiti\s1 & possesses 9 a m>vell\s degree1 z comp>$ ) ! o!r sex1 ! p[] ( intuition4 ,! boy is logical1 or he is no?+2 b logic is n necess>y = ! girl4 ,n t %e is illogical2 b %e usually sees ?r\gh1 )\t obs]v+ ! /eps 9 ! process :i* a boy mu/ disc]n be=e he c compreh5d ! subject pres5t$ to 8 m9d4 ,9 ! use ( ! eye1 ! e>1 ! voice1 & 9 ! appropriation ( :atev] may be comm&$ )\t ! highe/ ex]cise ( ! reason+ & reflective faculties1 %e is incomp>ably sup]ior4 ,%e accepts moral tru? )\t wait+ = a demon/ration1 & %e obeys ! law f\nd$ ^u x )\t be+ its slave4 ,%e in/9ctively pref]s good mann]s to faulty habits2 &1 9 ! requirem5ts ( family1 social1 & fa%ionable life1 %e is bett] educat$ at sixte5 ?an h] bro!r is at tw5ty4 ,%e is an adept 9 "o only ( ! vices ( ! s*ool--:isp]+--& 9 t %e excels4 ,b %e does n s readily resort to ! great vice--! crime ( falsehood--z d h] companions ( ! o!r sex4 ,i call falsehood ! great vice1 because1 if ?is 7 unkn[n1 t>d9ess1 truancy1 obsc5ity1 & pr(anity1 c\ld n ?rive4 ,holmes has well said t s9 has _m tools1 b a lie is ! h&le t w fit !m all4 ,9 _m prim>y & di/rict s*ools ! habits & mann]s ( *ildr5 are too mu* neglect$4 ,we associate good habits & good mann]s ) good morals2 &1 ?\gh we are deceiv$ aga9 & aga91 & soliloquize ^u ! maxim t all is n gold t glitt]s1 we in/9ctively believe1 h[ev] (t5 we are betray$4 ,habits & mann]s are ! fir/ evid5ce ( "*2 & s mu* ( weight d we atta* to su* evid5ce1 t we give cr$it & confid5ce to ^? :om 9 our calm] mom5ts we "k to be unwor?y4 ,! fir/ aim 9 ! s*ool %\ld be to build up a "* t %all be tru?fully indicat$ by purity & ref9em5t ( mann] & conv]sation4 ,x does1 inde$1 sometimes happ5 t purity ( "* is n associat$ ) ref9em5t ( mann]s4 ,?is mis=tune is traceable to a defective e>ly education1 bo? 9 ! s*ool & ! home2 =1 _h ei!r be5 fai?ful & intellig5t1 ! evil w\ld h be5 av]t$4 ,&1 z !re are _m homes 9 city & c\ntry :]e ref9em5t ( mann]s is n f\nd1 &1 ( c\rse1 _c be taught1 ! s*ools mu/ furni% ! tra9+4 ,9 ?is connection1 ! value ( ! high s*ool = females--:e!r exclusively s or n1 does n seem to me important--is cle>ly se54 ,"y wom5 are naturally & prop]ly ! tea*]s ( prim>y1 di/rict1 & subord9ate s*ools ( e grade2 & society z naturally & prop]ly looks to !m to educate1 by example z well z by precept1 all ! *ildr5 ( ! /ate 9 good habits1 good mann]s1 & good morals4 ,we are also p]mitt$ to look =w>d to ! high] relations ( life1 :51 z wives & mo!rs1 !y are to ex]t a pot5t influ5ce ov] exi/+ & future g5]ations4 ,! law & ! lexicons say home is ! h\se or ! place :]e "o resides4 ,?is def9ition may answ] = ! law & ! lexicons1 b x does n meet ! wants ( common life4 ,! wife w usually f9d 9 h] husb& less ref9em5t ( mann]s ?an %e h]self possesses2 & x is h] great privilege1 if n h] solemn duty1 to illu/rate ! l9e ( ,c[p]1 & %[ t %e is ( ,! sex ^: pres5ce civilizes ours4 ,x is ! duty ( ! tea*] to make ! s*ool attractive2 & :at ! tea*] %\ld d = ! s*ool ! wife %\ld d = ! home4 ,! home %\ld be pref]r$ by ! husb& & *ildr5 to all o!r places4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u !mselves2 !y h no "r to claim all ( ! wife & "m4 ,b1 )\t h] aid1 !y c d b little4 ,) h] aid1 e desirable result may be accompli%$4 ,t ?is result may be secur$1 female education mu/ be g5]\s1 critical1 & pure1 9 ev]y?+ t relates to mann]s1 habits1 & morals4 ,mu* may be add$ to ^!1 b no?+ c s]ve 9 _! /ead4 ,we %\ld add1 no d\bt1 ?or\gh elem5t>y tra9+ 9 read+1 writ+1 & spell+1 bo? = h] own good & = ! s]vice ( h] *ildr54 ,intellectual tra9+ is defective :]e ^! elem5ts are neglect$1 & _! importance to ! sexes may be equal4 ,we %\ld n omit music & ! culture ( ! voice4 ,! tones ( ! voice indicate ! tone ( ! m9d2 b ! temp] itself may f9ally yield to a graceful & g5tle =m ( expression4 ,x is n probable t we %all ev] give due att5tion to ! cultivation ( ! human voice = speak+1 read+1 & s++4 ,?is is an invaluable accompli%m5t 9 man4 ,_m ( u h li/5$ to ,new ,engl&'s mo/ di/+ui%$ liv+ orator1 & felt t well-kn[n l9es f ! ,engli% poets d]iv$ new p[]1 if n actual inspiration1 f ! classic tones 9 :i* ! words 7 utt]$4 ,a cultivat$ voice 9 woman is at once ! evid5ce & ! means ( moral p[]4 ,z ! moral s5sibilities ( ! girl are m acute ?an ^? ( ! boy1 s ! moral p[] ( ! woman is great] ?an t ( ! man4 ,_m "y wom5 are educat+ !mselves = ! bus9ess ( tea*+2 & ,i c comm5d no?+ m important1 aft] ! prop] ord]+ ( "o's own life1 ?an ! discreet & c>eful tra9+ ( ! voice4 ,x is itself a p[]4 ,x dem&s sympa?y be=e ! suff]+ or its cause is reveal$ by articulate spee*2 its tones awe assemblies1 & comm& sil5ce be=e ! speak] ann\nces 8 views2 & ! rebelli\s & disord]ly1 :e!r 9 ! s*ool1 ar\nd ! ro/rum1 or on ! field1 b[ 9 submission b5ea? ! au?ority ( its maje/ic cad5ces4 ,x is h>dly possible to imag9e a good s*ool1 & v r>e to see "o1 :]e ?is p[] is want+ 9 ! tea*]4 ,wom5 are (t5 call$ to take *>ge ( s*ools :]e !re are lads & y\? de/itute ( t culture :i* w\ld lead !m to yield respect & consequ5t ob$i5ce4 ,physical =ce 9 ^! cases is n usually to be ?\ght (2 b nature has v\*saf$ to woman su* a degree ( moral p[]1 ( :i* 9 ! s*ool ! voice is ! be/ expression1 z (t5 to fully comp5sate = h] weakness 9 o!r respects4 ,x is unnecess>y to comm5d read+ z an art & an accompli%m5t2 b good read]s are s r>e among u1 t we _c too /rongly urge tea*]s to qualify !mselves = ! great "w4 ,i say great "w1 because ev]y?+ else is comp>atively easy to ! tea*]1 & comp>atively unimportant to ! pupil4 ,gramm> is m]ely an elem5t ( read+4 ,x %\ld be introduc$ z soon z ! *ild's reason+ faculties are 9 any degree develop$1 & pres5t$ by ! liv+ voice1 )\t ! aid ( books4 ,! alphabet %\ld be taught 9 connection ) ex]cises = /r5g!n+ & modulat+ ! voice1 & ! elem5t>y s\nds ( ! lett]s %\ld be deem$ z important z _! names4 ,all ?is is ! prop] "w ( ! female tea*]2 &1 :5 %e is ignorant or neglects h] duty1 ! evil is usually s great z to admit ( no complete rem$y4 ,read+ is at once an imitative & an appreciative art on ! "p ( ! pupil4 ,he mu/ be tra9$ to appreciate ! mean+ ( ! writ]2 b he w dep5d ^u ! tea*] at fir/1 &1 inde$1 = a long "t1 = an example ( ! true mode ( expression4 ,?is ! tea*] mu/ be ready to give4 ,x is n en\gh t %e c correct faults ( pronunciation1 c5sure in>ticulate utt]ances1 & condemn gruff1 nasal1 & guttural s\nds2 b %e mu/ be able to pres5t1 9 reasonable purity1 all ! opposite qualities4 ,! "y wom5 h n yet done _! duty to ! cause ( education 9 ^! respects2 nor is !re ev]y:]e a public s5tim5t t w ev5 n[ all[ ! duty to be p]=m$4 ,x is difficult to see :y ! *ild ( five1 & ! y\? ( fifte51 %\ld be kept an equal numb] ( h\rs at s*ool4 ,ea* pupil %\ld sp5d z mu* "t 9 ! s*ool-room z is ne$$ = ! prep>ation ( ! ex]cise & ! ex]cise itself4 ,! dang] f excessive conf9em5t & labor is ) "y pupils4 ,^? 9 gramm> & high s*ools may (t5 use additional h\rs = /udy2 b a pupil %\ld be some:at advanc$1 & %\ld possess consid]able physical /r5g? & endurance1 be=e he v5tures to give m ?an six h\rs a day to sev]e intellectual labor4 ,x mu/ (t5 happ5 t *ildr5 9 prim>y s*ools c le>n 9 two h\rs ea* day all t ! tea*] has "t to communicate1 or !y h p[] to receive & appropriate4 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k ?is is usually s4 ,x may n1 h[ev]1 be safe to d$uce f ?is fact ! op9ion t *ildr5 %\ld nev] be kept long] 9 s*ool ?an two h\rs a day2 b x seems prop] to assume t1 if bless$ ) good homes1 !y may be reliev$ f ! t$ium ( conf9em5t 9 ! s*ool-room1 :5 !re is no long] opportunity = improvem5t4 ,we are beg9n+ to realize ! advantages ( well-educat$ female tea*]s 9 prim>y s*ools2 nor d ,i deem x improbable t !y %all become successful tea*]s & manag]s ( s*ools ( high] grade1 accord+ to ! pres5t public e/imation4 ,b1 9 reg>d to ! latt] position1 ,i h nei!r hope1 desire1 nor anxiety4 ,:5ev] ! public judge !m1 g5]ally1 or 9 p>ticul> cases1 qualifi$ to take *>ge ( high s*ools & normal s*ools1 ^? positions w be assign$ to !m2 &1 till t degree ( public confid5ce is accord$1 x is useless to make ass]tions or indulge 9 conjectures conc]n+ ! ability ( wom5 = su* duties4 ,x is my own conviction t a high] ord] ( tea*+ tal5t is requir$ 9 ! prim>y s*ool1 or = ! e>ly1 judici\s education ( *ildr51 ?an is requir$ 9 any o!r in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,nor c x be %[n t equal ability = gov]nm5t is n ess5tial4 ,!re mu/ be diff]5t manife/ations ( ability 9 ! prim>y & ! high s*ool2 b1 :]e prop] tra9+ has be5 enjoy$1 pupils 9 ! latt] ought to be f> advanc$ 9 ! acquisition ( ! c>d9al virtue ( self-control1 ^: exi/5ce 9 ! s*ool & ! /ate r5d]s gov]nm5t comp>atively unnecess>y4 ,:]e !re is a human be+1 !re are ! opportunity & ! duty ( education4 ,b our pres5t great conc]n1 z fri5ds ( le>n+1 is ) ^? s*ools :]e *ildr5 are fir/ tra9$ 9 ! elem5ts4 ,if 9 ^! we c h fai?ful1 accurate1 sy/ematic1 compreh5sive tea*+1 ev]y?+ else desirable w be add$ !reunto4 ,b1 if we are neglig5t1 unphilosophical1 & false1 ! reasonable public expectation w nev] be realiz$ 9 reg>d to o!r in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,! "w mu/ be done by wom51 & by well-educat$ wom52 &1 :5 x is said t 9 ,massa*usetts alone we ne$ ! s]vices ( six ?\s& su* p]sons1 ! magnitude ( ! "w ( provid+ tea*]s may be appreciat$4 ,h we n en\gh 9 ?is field = e female s*ool & academy1 :]e high s*ools are n requir$1 or _c exi/1 & = e high s*ool & normal s*ool 9 ! commonweal?8 ,if x is ass]t$ t ! supply ( female tea*]s is already great] ?an ! dem&1 x mu/ be /at$1 9 reply1 t !re are p]sons en\gh engag$ 9 tea*+1 b t ! numb] ( compet5t tea*]s is1 & ev] has be51 too small4 ,x is some?+1 my fri5ds1 x is (t5 a great deal1 to s5d into a t[n a well-qualifi$ female tea*]4 ,%e is n only a bless+ to ^? :o are "u h] tuition1 b h] example & influ5ce are (t5 su* z to *ange ! local s5tim5t conc]n+ tea*]s & s*ools4 ,:5 may we expect a supply ( su* p]sons8 ,! hope is n a delusion1 ?\gh its realization may be _m ye>s po/pon$4 ,h[ are compet5t p]sons to be select$ & qualifi$8 ,! *ange w be gradual1 & x is to be made 9 ! public op9ion z well z 9 ! "* ( tea*]s & s*ools4 ,& is x n possible1 ev5 9 view ( all t has be5 accompli%$1 t we are yet grop+ 9 a d>k passage1 ) only ! hope t x leads to an outw>d-op5+ door1 :]e1 9 m>vell\s b g5ial light we %all p]ceive new tru?s conc]n+ ! philosophy ( ! human m9d1 & ! means ( its developm5t8 ,at ?is mom5t we are compell$ to admit t practical tea*]s & !ori/s 9 educational matt]s are alike unc]ta9 9 reg>d to ! true me?od ( tea*+ ! alphabet1 & divid$ & subdivid$ 9 op9ion conc]n+ ! ord] ( succession ( ! v>i\s /udies 9 ! prim>y & gramm> s*ools4 ,p]fect agreem5t on ^! po9ts is n probable2 x may n be desirable4 ,i am satisfi$ t no great] contribution c be made to ! cause ( le>n+ ?an a pres5tation ( ^! topics & _! elucidation1 s t ! tea*] %all feel t :at he does is philosophical1 & !re=e wise4 ,! only way to a*ieve success is to apply fai?fully ! means at h&4 ,g5]ations ( *ildr5 _c wait = p]fection 9 me?ods ( tea*+2 b tea*]s ( prim>y s*ools ought n to neglect any opportunity :i* promises aid to !m z individuals1 or progress 9 ! pr(ession t !y h *os54 ,z tea*]s improve1 s d s*ools2 &1 z s*ools improve1 s d tea*]s4 ,! influ5ce ex]t$ by tea*]s is fir/ b5eficial to pupils1 b1 z a result1 we soon h a class ( bett] qualifi$ tea*]s4 ,) ^! ideas ( ! importance ( ! tea*]'s vocation to prim>y in/ruction1 &1 consequ5tly1 to all good le>n+1 x is n /range t ,i place a high value ^u pr(essional tra9+4 ,a degree ( pr(essional tra9+ m or less desirable is1 no d\bt1 furni%$1 by e s*ool2 b ! admission does n 9 any mann] detract f ! =ce ( ! /atem5t t a "y man or woman well qualifi$ 9 ! bran*es to be taught1 yet )\t exp]i5ce1 may be /r5g!n$ & prep>$ = ! "w ( tea*+1 by devot+ six1 twelve1 or eighte5 mon?s1 "u compet5t in/ructors1 9 company ) a hundr$ o!r p]sons hav+ a simil> object 9 view1 to ! /udy1 exam9ation1 & discussion1 ( ^? subjects & topics :i* are sometimes connect$ )1 & sometimes indep5d5t (1 ! text-books1 b :i* are ( daily value to ! tea*]4 ,at pres5t only a portion ( ?is necess>y pr(essional tra9+ c be giv5 9 ! normal s*ools4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z ,i tru/ may sometimes be ! case1 none %\ld be admitt$ b ^? :o are already qualifi$ 9 ! bran*es to be taught1 ! "t ( att5dance might be dim9i%$1 & ! numb] ( graduates proportionately increas$4 ,!re are ab\t "o hundr$ high s*ools 9 ! /ate1 &1 )9 ! sph]e ( _! labors1 !y are n equall$ by any in/itutions t ! _w has se54 ,"y m5 are fitt$ = ! colleges1 = me*anical1 manufactur+1 comm]cial1 agricultural1 & sci5tific labors1 & "y m5 & "y wom5 are prep>$ = ! g5]al duties ( life4 ,!y are also furni%+ a l>ge numb] ( well-qualifi$ tea*]s4 ,"s may say t ) ^! results we ought to be cont5t4 ,reg>d+ only ! pa/1 !y are entirely satisfactory2 b1 animat$ ) reasonable hopes conc]n+ ! future1 we claim some?+ m & bett]4 ,x is n disguis$ t ! memb]s ( normal s*ools1 :5 admitt$1 d n su/a9 an av]age rank 9 s*ol>%ip ) graduates ( high s*ools4 ,?is is a mis=tune f :i* relief is s\ght4 ,x is a sugge/ion1 diffid5tly made1 yet ) consid]able confid5ce 9 its practicability & value1 t graduates ( high s*ools w (t5 obta9 additional & necess>y prep>ation by att5d+ a normal s*ool1 if = ! t]m ( six mon?s only4 ,& ,i am satisfi$1 beyond all reasonable d\bt1 t1 :5 ! normal s*ools receive only ^? ^: education is equival5t to t n[ giv5 9 ! high s*ools1 a body ( tea*]s w be s5t out :o w surpass ! graduates ( any o!r in/itution1 & ^: av]age pr(essional atta9m5ts & practical excell5ce w meet ! highe/ reasonable public expectation4 ,nor is x claim$ t ?is result w be due to any?+ kn[n or practis$ 9 normal s*ools t may n be kn[n & practis$ else:]e2 b x is r attributable to ! fact t 9 ^! in/itutions ! att5tion ( tea*]s & pupils is direct$ almo/ exclusively to ! "w ( tea*+1 & ! means ( prep>ation4 ,! /udies1 ?\ghts1 & discussions1 are devot$ to ?is end4 ,if1 ) su* opportunities1 !re %\ld be no progress1 we %\ld be l$ to d\bt all our previ\s k ( human "*1 & ( ! developm5t ( ! y\?ful m9d4 ,& n[1 ladies & g5tlem51 be=e ,i conclude1 all[ me to remove1 or at lea/ to less51 an impression t ^! rem>ks are calculat$ to produce4 ,i h assum$ t tea*+ is a pr(ession--an ardu\s pr(ession--& t p]fection has n yet be5 atta9$4 ,i h assum$1 also1 t !re are _m p]sons engag$ 9 tea*+1 especially 9 ! prim>y & mix$ di/rict s*ools1 ^: qualifications are n z great z !y ought to be4 ,b let x n be !nce inf]r$ t ,i am dissatisfi$ ) our tea*]s & s*ools4 ,!re has be5 cont9ual progress 9 education1 & a l>ge %>e ( ?is progress is due to tea*]s2 b ! "t has n yet come :5 we c wisely fold our arms1 & accept ! allurem5ts ( undi/urb$ repose4 ,nor h ,i s\ght1 on ?is occasion1 to pres5t ev5 an outl9e ( a sy/em ( female education4 ,9 all ! public in/itutions ( le>n+ among u1 x %\ld be z compreh5sive1 z m9ute1 z exact1 z t furni%$ = y\? ( ! o!r sex4 ,nor is x necess>y to conc]n ourselves ab\t ! effect ( ?is lib]al culture ^u ! "* & =tunes ( society4 ,i d n anticipate any sudd5 or disa/r\s effects4 ,! "r ( education is a common "r2 & x is unque/ionably ! "r ( woman to ass]t h] rights2 & x is a wrong & s9 if we )hold any1 ev5 ! lea/4 ,hav+ fai? 9 humanity1 & fai? 9 ,god1 let u n %r9k f ! privilege we enjoy ( (f]+ to all1 )\t ref]5ce to sex or condition1 ! b5efits ( a public & lib]al sy/em ( education1 :i* seeks1 9 an alliance ) virtue & religion1 ^: banns are =bidd5 by none1 to enlight5 ! ignorant1 re/ra9 & re=m ! deprav$1 & p5etrate all society ) good le>n+ & civilization1 s t ! highe/ idea ( a well-ord]$ /ate %all be realiz$ 9 an advanc$ & advanc+ condition ( individual & family life4 ,,! ,,influ5ce1 ,,duties1 ,,& ,,rew>ds1 ,,( ,,tea*]s4 ,a ,lecture deliv]$ at ,tea*]s' ,in/itutes4 ,x is ! purpose1 & we believe t x w be ! de/9y1 ( ,massa*usetts1 to build up a comp>atively p]fect sy/em ( public in/ruction4 ,to ?is antiquity did n aspire2 & x is ! j boa/ ( mod]n times1 & especially ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 t le>n+ is n ! amusem5t ( a few only1 :om weal? & ta/e h l$ into its pa?s1 b t x is enc\rag$ by gov]nm5ts1 & *]i%$ by ! :ole p4 ,antiquity _h its s*ools & tea*]s2 b ! latt] 71 = ! mo/ "p1 f\nd]s ( sects 9 politics1 morals1 philosophy1 religion1 or ! habits ( daily life2 :ile its s*ools 7 frequ5t$ & su/a9$ by ^? :o s\ght to build on ! civilization ( ! times su* /ructures z _! ta/es conceiv$ or _! op9ions dictat$4 ,!re 7 n 9 ,a!ns or ,rome1 accord+ to ! ,am]ican idea1 any s*ools = ! p2 & ,c>lyle1 ,br[nson1 & ,em]son1 are su* tea*]s 9 k9d1 ?\gh n 9 p[] & influ5ce1 z 7 ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle4 ,^! m5 7 lead]s z well z tea*]s1 & _! foll[]s 7 disciples & controv]siali/s r ?an pupils4 ,b x is n possible = mod]n lead]s 9 politics1 philosophy1 & social life1 to rival ! anci5ts4 ,manual labor is n m divid$ & subdivid$ ?an is ! influ5ce ( ! human intellect4 ,! newspap] has inspir$ e man ) ! love ( self-judgm5t1 & ! common s*ool has qualifi$ him1 9 "s degree1 = its ex]cise4 ,! anci5ts1 ^: names & fame h come d[n to u1 taught by conv]sations1 discussions1 & lectures2 ! mod]ns1 z ,c>lyle1 ,br[nson1 & ,em]son1 by lectures1 essays1 & reviews4 ,b ^! sy/ems are q inadequate to meet ! wants ( ,am]ican civilization4 ,inde$1 h[ev] m5 ( tal5t may /rive1 !re _c be ano!r ,socrates1 ,plato1 or ,ari/otle2 = ! pr9t+-press has come1 & _! occupation has gone4 ,tea*]s 7 philosoph]s1 pupils 7 foll[]s & disciples1 :ile le>n+ 0 devot$ to ! support ( speculations & !ories4 ,b1 :ile we h no su* tea*]s z ^? ( ,a!ns1 & ne$ no su* s*ools z !y f\nd$1 we h tea*]s & s*ools ^: "* & g5ius correspond to ! age 9 :i* we live4 ,tea*+ is a pr(ession2 n m]ely an ignoble pursuit1 nor a toy ( s*ola/ic ambition1 b a pr(ession enjoy+ ! public confid5ce1 requir+ great tal5ts1 dem&+ great indu/ry1 & secur+1 p]mit me to say1 great rew>ds4 ,to be ! lead] ( a sect or ! f\nd] ( a s*ool1 is some?+2 b ! acceptable tea*] is sup]ior to ei!r2 he is ! fir/ & *ief expon5t ( a popul> sov]eignty :i* seeks happ9ess & immortality = itself by elevat+ & ref9+ ! p>ts ( :i* x is compos$4 ,! anci5t tea*] ga!r$ 8 he>]s1 disciples1 & pupils1 9 ! /reets1 groves1 & public squ>es4 ,! mod]n tea*] is comp>atively seclud$2 b let him n h5ce inf] t he is )\t influ5ce4 ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 _h _! triumphs2 b none m di/+ui%$ ?an t ( a ,massa*usetts tea*]1 :o1 at ! age ( f\rscore ye>s1 on a fe/ive day1 receiv$ f 8 =m] pupils--& among !m 7 ! mo/ em95t ( ! l&--s9c]e & affectionate assurances ( e/eem & gratitude4 ,! pupil may be e/rang$ f ! ma/] 9 op9ion1 = our sy/em does n conc]n itself ) op9ions1 political or religi\s2 b ! fai?ful tea*] w always f9d ! evid5ce ( 8 fidelity 9 ! lives ( ^? intru/$ to 8 c>e4 ,no position is m important ?an ! tea*]'s2 & 8 influ5ce is next to t ( ! p>5t4 ,x is 8 high & noble prov9ce to t\* ! y\?ful m9d1 te/ its quality1 & develop its *>act]i/ics4 ,he (t5 /&s 9 ! place ( ! p>5t4 ,he aids 9 giv+ "* to ! g5]ations ( m52 :i* is at once a high] art & a pur] glory ?an di/+ui%es ^? :o build ! walls ( cities1 or lay ! f\ndations ( empires4 ,! cities :i* conte/$ = ! honor ( be+ ! bir?place ( ,hom] are =gott51 or rememb]$ only because !y conte/$ = ! honor1 :ile ,hom] himself is immortal4 ,if1 !n1 ! m]e bir? ( a human be+ is an honor to a city1 h[ illu/ri\s ! di/9ction ( ^? :o guide ! foot/eps ( y\? along ! rugg$ pa?s ( le>n+1 & develop 9 a g5]ation ! pr9ciples ( integrity & m]cy1 ju/ice & fre$om1 gov]nm5t & humanity6 ,if 9 a lifetime ( toil ! tea*] %all br+ out ( ! mass ( common m9ds "o ,frankl91 or ,h[>d1 or ,*ann+1 or ,b[dit*1 he w h accompli%$ m ?an is secur$ by ! devotees ( weal?1 or ! disciples ( pleasure4 ,z ! man is m important ?an ! m]e philosoph]1 s is ! mod]n tea*] m elevat$ ?an ! anci5t4 ,! true tea*] takes hold ( ! practical & elem5t>y1 z di/+ui%$ f ! le>n+ ^: *ief or sole value is 9 display4 ,pres5t gratification is desirable1 especially to p>5ts & tea*]s2 b x may be secur$ at ! co/ ( solid le>n+ & real progress4 ,?is is a s]i\s error among u1 & x w n readily be ab&on$2 b x is ! duty ( tea*]s1 & ( all p>5ts :o are fri5ds to g5u9e le>n+1 to aid 9 its removal4 ,we are incl9$ to treat ! p]iod ( s*ool-life z ?\gh x cov]$ ! entire "t t ought prop]ly to be devot$ to education4 ,! fir/ result--a result foll[$ by p]nici\s consequ5ces--is t ! tea*] is expect$ to give in/ruction 9 e bran* t ! pupil1 z *ild1 y\?1 or adult1 may ne$ to "k4 ,x is impossible t in/ruction s v>i$ %\ld always be good4 ,le>n+ is k ( subjects bas$ & built ^u a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) _! elem5ts4 ,! pa? ( duty1 !re=e1 %\ld lead ! tea*] to make 8 in/ruction ?or\gh 9 a few bran*es1 r ?an attempt to ext5d x ov] a great v>iety ( subjects4 ,?is1 to ! tea*] :o is employ$ 9 a di/rict or t[n b ?ree or six mon?s1 is a h>d c\rse1 & _m may n be incl9$ to pursue x4 ,some?+1 no d\bt1 mu/ be yield$ to p>5ts2 b !y1 too1 %\ld be educat$ to a true view ( _! *ildr5's int]e/s4 ,z ! _w is1 a well-spok5 declamation is m gratify+ to p>5ts1 & m cr$itable to tea*]s1 ?an ! mo/ c>eful tra9+ 9 ! v[el-s\nds2 yet ! latt] is inf9itely m valuable to ! s*ol>4 ,nei!r progress 9 ! languages nor k ( ma!matics c comp5sate = ! want ( a ?or\gh etymological discipl9e4 ,?is tra9+ %\ld be prim>y 9 po9t ( "t1 z well z elem5t>y 9 "*2 & a classical education is no adequate comp5sation4 ,elem5ts are all-important to ! tea*] & ! /ud5t4 ,x is n possible to h an idea ( a squ>e )\t "s idea ( a /raight l9e1 nor to express ) p5cil or words ! arc ( a circle )\t a previ\s conception ( ! curve4 ,comb9ation foll[s 9 c\rse4 ,we are driv5 to x4 ,our own m9ds1 all nature1 all civilization1 t5d to ! comb9ation ( elem5ts4 ,we ?9k fa/1 live fa/1 le>n fa/1 &1 z ! fa%ion ( ! _w requires a k ( _m ?+s1 we cr[d ! entire education ( our *ildr5 into ! %ort p]iod ( s*ool-life4 ,"h1 & j "h1 public s5tim5t ought to relieve ! tea*] by re=m+ itself4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t s*ool-life is to be devot$ to ! ?or\gh discipl9e ( ! m9d to /udy1 & to an acqua9tance ) ^? simple1 elem5t>y bran*es1 :i* are ! f\ndation ( all good le>n+4 ,:5 a k ( ! elem5ts is secur$1 !n ! languages1 ma!matics1 & all sci5ce1 may be pursu$ ) en?usiasm & success by a class ( m5 well educat$ 9 e dep>tm5t4 ,public s5tim5t mu/ all[ ! tea*] to give c>eful in/ruction 9 read+ & spell+1 = example1 9 ! mo/ compreh5sive mean+ ( ^? t]ms--9 ! s\nd & p[] ( lett]s1 9 ! composition & use ( words1 & 9 ! natural con/ruction ( s5t5ces4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 includes a k ( gramm>1 n z a dry1 philological /udy1 b z a sci5ce2 n z compos$ ( arbitr>y rules1 m]ely1 b z ! common & be/ judgm5t ( m5 conc]n+ ! use & p[] ( language1 ( :i* rules & def9itions are b an imp]fect expression4 ,nor d we h]e9 assign ! tea*] to neglect or obscurity4 ,he1 z well z o!rs1 mu/ h fai? 9 ! future4 ,8 rew>d may be di/ant1 b x is c]ta94 ,x is1 h[ev]1 likely t ! labors ( a fai?ful elem5t>y tea*] w be appreciat$ imm$iately1 & ^u ! sc5e ( 8 toil4 ,b1 if !y are n1 8 pupils1 advanc+ 9 age & increas+ 9 k1 w rememb] ) gratitude & 9 words ! self-sacrific+ labors ( _! ma/]4 ,we are n s con/itut$ z to labor )\t motive4 ,) "s ! motive is high1 ) o!rs x is l[ & grovell+4 ,! tea*] mu/ be himself elevat$1 or he _c elevate o!rs4 ,! pupil may1 inde$1 advance to a high] sph]e ?an t occupi$ by ! tea*]2 b x is only because he draws f a high] f\nta9 else:]e4 ,9 su* cases ! success ( ! pupil is n ! success ( ! ma/]4 ,he :o labors z a tea*] = m]e money1 or = tempor>y fame1 :i* is ev5 less valuable1 _c *oose a call+ m ignoble1 nor c he ev] rise to a high]2 = 8 sordid motives br+ all pursuits to ! l[ level ( 8 own nature4 ,yet x is n to be assum$ t ! tea*]1 m ?an ! cl]gyman1 is to labor )\t pecuni>y comp5sation2 =1 :ile money %\ld n be ! sole object ( any man's life1 x is1 "u ! influ5ce ( our civilization1 ess5tial to ! happ9ess ( u all4 ,weal?1 prop]ly acquir$ & prop]ly us$1 may become a means ( self-education4 ,x pur*ases relief f ! h>ass+ toil ( un9t]rupt$ manual labor4 ,x is ! only introduction we c h to ! ?or\ghf>es ( travel by :i* we are made acqua9t$ p]sonally ) ! globe t we inhabit4 ,x br+s to our firesides books1 pa9t+s1 & /atu>y1 by :i* we le>n some?+ ( ! _w z x is & z x 04 ,x gives u ! telescope & ! microscope1 by ^: ag5cy we are able to appreciate1 ev5 ?\gh b imp]fectly1 ! imm5sity ( creation on ! "o h&1 & its inf9ity on ! o!r4 ,! tea*] is n to lab\r )\t money1 nor to despise x m ?an o!r m52 & ! public might z well expect ! free s]vices ( ! m9i/]1 lawy]1 physician1 or f>m]1 z to expect ! gratuit\s or *eap education ( _! *ildr54 ,:ile ! tea*] is educat+ o!rs1 he mu/ also educate himself4 ,?is he _c d )\t bo? leisure & money4 ,! advice ( ,iago is1 !re=e1 good advice = tea*]s3 ,g1 make money4 99 99 ,put money en\gh 9 y\r purse4 ,! tea*]'s motives %\ld be above m]e ga92 ?\gh ?is view ( ! subject does n1 z "s might inf]1 lead to ! conclusion t he ought to labor = inadequate comp5sation4 ,:5 ,george ,,iii4 0 fir/ insane1 ,dr4 ,willis 0 call$ to ! imm$iate p]sonal *>ge ( ! k+4 ,dr4 ,willis _h be5 educat$ to ! *ur*1 & a liv+ _h be5 assign$ him2 b1 becom+ int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( insanity1 he _h e/abli%$ an asylum1 & ga9$ a di/+ui%$ position 9 8 new pr(ession4 ,! suff]+ mon>* 0 sadly puzzl$ to "k :y ,dr4 ,willis 0 ) him1 & h[ he _h be5 br\ght !re4 ,! cu/odian 0 n v def9ite 9 8 explanations1 b sugge/$ t he came to com=t ! k+ 9 8 afflictions2 &1 said he1 ,y "k t our ,savi\r w5t ab\t do+ good4--,yes1 said ! k+1 b he nev] receiv$ sev5 hundr$ p\nds a ye> = x4 ,?is 0 good wit1 especially good royal wit1 because unexpect$4 ,b !re is no reason :y actual mon>*s ( ,engl&1 or com+ mon>*s ( ,am]ica1 %\ld be treat$ or taught gratuit\sly4 ,! comp5sation1 ! liv+ ( ! tea*]1 is "o ?+2 ! motive may & ought to be q diff]5t4 ,! tea*] %\ld labor 9 8 pr(ession because he loves x1 because he does good 9 x1 & because he c 9 t sph]e answ] a high purpose ( exi/5ce4 ,^! be+ ! motives ( ! tea*]1 he %\ld educate1 draw out1 correspond+ ones 9 8 pupils4 ,! tea*] is n to create--he is to draw out4 ,e *ild has ! g]ms ( _m1 &1 x may be1 q diff]5t qualities ( "*4 ,look at ! infant4 ,x is s con/itut$ t x may h a /alw>t arm1 broad *e/1 & well-r\nd$1 vigor\s muscles2 b yet x may come to adult age de/itute ( ^! physical excell5ces4 ,yet y w n say t ! elem5ts did n exi/ 9 ! *ild4 ,!y 7 !re2 b1 be+ neglect$1 !y foll[$ a law ( our nature1 t ! developm5t ( a faculty dep5ds ^u its ex]cise4 ,nature w develop "s quality 9 e man2 = our exi/5ce dem&s ! ex]cise ( a "p ( our faculties4 ,! faculty us$ w be develop$ 9 excess z comp>$ ) o!r faculties4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! tea*] to aid nature4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 he mu/ /imulate1 enc\rage1 draw out1 develop1 ?\gh x may happ5 t he w be requir$ occasionally to *eck a t5d5cy :i* ?reat5s to absorb or ov]%ad[ all ! o!rs4 ,he mu/1 at any rate1 prev5t ! gr[? ( ^? p[]s :i* t5d t[>ds ! savage /ate4 ,:ile ! tea*] creates no?+1 he mu/ s draw out ! qualities ( ! *ild t x may atta9 to p]fect manhood4 ,he m\lds1 he r5d]s symmetrical1 ! physical1 ! intellectual1 ! moral man4 ,nature sometimes does ?is h]self1 z ?\gh %e w\ld occasionally furni% a model man = our imitation1 z %e has giv5 l9es1 & =ms1 & colors1 :i* all arti/s ( all ages %all copy1 b _c equal4 ,b1 d ! be/ we c1 education is m or less artificial2 & h5ce ! *ild ( ! s*ool w suff] by comp>ison ) ! *ild ( nature1 :5 %e pres5ts him 9 h] be/ =ms4 ,9 a summ] ramble ,i met a man s dignifi$ z to attract ! notice & comm& ! respect ( all :o knew him4 ,i 0 ) him ^u ! lakes & m\nta9s sev]al days & nights1 & nev] = a mom5t did ! manl9ess ( 8 "* des]t him4 ,i h se5 no o!r p]son :o c\ld boa/ su* physical beauty4 ,accu/om$ to a hunt]'s life2 c>ry+ (t5 a pack ( ?irty or =ty or fifty p\nds2 sleep+ ^u ! gr\nd or a b$ ( b\ghs2 able1 if necessity ( int]e/ dem&$1 to travel 9 ! woods ! ord9>y di/ance :i* a good horse w\ld pass ov] ^u our roads2 ) e organ ( ! arm1 ! leg1 ! trunk1 fully express$2 ) a manly1 k9d1 intellig5t c\nt5ance1 a be>d uncut1 9 ! vigor ( e>ly manhood1 he seem$ a model :i* ! /atu>ies ( ,greece & ,rome desir$ to see1 b did n4 ,he _h at once ! be>+ ( a soldi] & ! *>act]i/ics ( a g5tleman4 ,he 0 ignorant ( grammatical rules & def9itions1 yet 8 conv]sation w\ld h be5 accept$ 9 good circles ( ,new ,engl& society4 ,?is man _h 8 faults1 b !y 7 n griev\s faults1 nor did !y 9 any mann] affect ! qualities ( :i* ,i h spok54 ,?is is :at nature sometimes does2 ?is is :at we %\ld always /rive to d1 ext5d+ ?is symmetry1 if possible1 to ! moral z well z to ! intellectual & physical organization4 ,?is man is ignorant ( sci5ce1 ( books1 ( ! _w ( lett]s1 & ! _w ( art1 yet we respect him4 ,:y8 ,because nature has *os5 to illu/rate 9 him h] own pr9ciples1 p[] & beauty4 ,t we may draw out ! qualities ( ! human m9d z !y exi/1 we mu/ fir/ appreciate our influ5ce ^u *ildhood & y\?4 ,our own exp]i5ce is ! be/ evid5ce ( :at t influ5ce is4 ,all along our lives ! lessons ( *ildhood return to u4 ,! hills & valleys1 ! lakes1 riv]s1 & rivulets1 ( our e>ly home1 come n 9 cle>] visions be=e u ?an d ! exhortations to indu/ry1 ! inc5tives to progress1 ! lessons ( le>n+1 & ! pr9ciples ( tru?1 utt]$ & (f]$ by ! tea*]s ( e>ly ye>s4 ,9 ! same way ! l9es ( ! poet1 ! reflections ( ! philosoph]1 ! calm tru?s ( ! hi/orian1 read once & (t5 c>elessly1 & = _m ye>s =gott51 return z voices ( inspiration1 & are ev]more ) u4 ,t ! tea*] may h influ5ce1 8 e> mu/ be op5 to ! voice ( tru?1 & 8 m\? mu/ be lib]al ) words ( consolation1 enc\ragem5t1 & advice4 ,he rules 9 a little _w1 & ! scales ( ju/ice mu/ be balanc$ ev5ly 9 8 h&s4 ,he %\ld g 9 & out be=e 8 s*ol>s free f p>tiality or prejudice2 indiff]5t to ! voice ( envy or detraction2 %unn+ evil & emul\s ( good2 pati5t ( inquiries 9 ! h\rs ( duty2 fill$ ) ! _s ( indu/ry 9 8 mom5ts ( leisure2 ga!r+ up & spread+ be=e 8 pupils ! *oice/ gems ( lit]ature1 art1 & sci5ce1 t !y may be e>ly & truly inspir$ ) ! love ( le>n+4 ,! public s*ool is a little _w1 & ! tea*] rules !re94 ,x conta9s ! ri* & ! poor1 ! virtu\s & ! corrupt1 ! /udi\s & ! indiff]5t1 ! timid & ! brave1 ! fe>ful & ! he>ts elate ) hope & c\rage4 ,life is !re no *eat2 x we>s no mask1 x assumes no unnatural positions1 b pres5ts itself z x is4 ,de=m$ & repulsive 9 "s ( its features1 yet to him ^: eye is z quick to discov] its beauty z its de=mity1 its h>mony z its discord1 !re is always a bright spot on :i* he may gaze1 & a fond hope to :i* he may cl+4 ,artificial life1 :e!r 9 ! select s*ool or ! select p>ty1 t5ds to weak5 our fai? 9 humanity2 & a want ( fai? 9 our race is an om5 ( ill-success 9 life4 ,tea*]s %\ld h fai? 9 humanity1 & %\ld labor con/antly to inspire o!rs ) ! belief t ! true law ( our nature is ! law ( progress4 ,^? :o come e>ly 9 life to ! conclusion t ! _m _c be mov$ by ! high] s5tim5ts & ideas :i* control a few favor$ mortals1 cease to labor = ! advancem5t ( ! race4 ,!y consequ5tly lose _! hold ^u society1 & society neglects !m4 ,= su* m5 !re c be no success4 ,o!rs1 l ,jeff]son & ,*ann+1 nev] lose confid5ce 9 _! species1 & _! species nev] lose confid5ce 9 !m4 ,:5 ! tea*] comes to believe t ! _w is worse ?an x 01 & nev] c be bett]1 he ne$ wait = no o!r evid5ce t 8 days ( usefulness are ov]4 ,! s*ool-room w tea* ! *ild1 ev5 z ! prison w in/ruct maturity & age1 t few p]sons are vici\s 9 ! extreme1 & t no "o lives )\t "s ennobl+ traits ( "* & life4 ,! tea*]'s fai? is ! measure ( ! tea*]'s usefulness4 ,x is to him :at conception is to ! arti/2 &1 if ! sculptor c see ! image ( grace & beauty 9 ! fre%-qu>ri$ m>ble1 s mu/ ! tea*] see ! full =m ( ! com+ man 9 ! trembl+ *ild or awkw>d y\?4 ,! tea*] ought n to gr[ old4 ,to be sure1 "t w lay its h& on him1 z x does on o!rs2 b he %\ld always cultivate 9 himself ! feel+s1 s5tim5ts1 & ev5 ambitions ( y\?4 ,f> en\gh remov$ f 8 pupils 9 age & position to /imulate !m by 8 example1 & enc\rage !m by 8 precepts1 he %\ld yet be s ne> !m t he c appreciate ! /eps & /ruggles :i* m>k _! progress 9 ! pa? ( le>n+4 ,!re mu/ be "s po9ts ( contact1 some?+ common to tea*] & pupils4 ,inde$1 = u all x is true t age loses no?+ ( its dignity or respect :5 x accepts ! s5tim5ts & sports ( y\? & *ildhood4 ,b above all %\ld ! tea*] rememb] ! common rem>k ( ,la ,place1 9 8 ,cele/ial ,me*anics1 & ! obs]vation ( ,dr4 ,b[dit* ^u x4 ,:5ev] ,i meet 9 ,la ,place ) ! words1 ',?us x pla9ly appe>s1' ,i am sure t h\rs1 & p]haps days1 ( h>d /udy1 w alone enable me to discov] h[ x pla9ly appe>s4 ,! good tea*] w seek fir/ to e/imate ea* s*ol>'s capacity1 & !n adapt 8 in/ructions accord+ly4 ,?\gh he may be f> remov$ f 8 pupils 9 atta9m5ts1 he %\ld be able to m>k ! /eps by :i* ord9>y m9ds pass f common pr9ciples to _! noble/ application4 ,?is obs]vation may by "s be deem$ unnecess>y2 b !re are liv+ tea*]s :o1 hav+ ma/]$ ! noble/ sci5ces1 are unable to appreciate & lead ord9>y m9ds4 ,! tea*] mu/ be 9 e>ne/4 ,?is is ! price ( success 9 e pr(ession4 ,! law1 x is said1 is a jeal\s mi/ress1 & p]mits no rivals2 ! indiff]5t1 c>eless m9i/] is b a bl9d lead] ( ! bl9d1 & ! undev\t a/ronom] is mad4 ,s9c]ity ( s\l & e>ne/ness ( purpose w a*ieve success4 ,accord+ to an em95t au?ority1 !re are ?ree k9ds ( great m53 ^? :o are born great1 ^? :o a*ieve greatness1 & ^? :o h greatness ?ru/ ^u !m4 ,if we take greatness ( bir? to be 9 greatness ( s\l & intellect1 & n 9 ! m]e accid5t ( ance/ry1 x is su* only :o h greatness ?ru/ ^u !m2 = ! _w1 aft] all1 r>ely makes a mi/ake 9 ?is respect4 ,b !re is a l>g] & a nobl] class1 ^: greatness1 :atev] x is1 mu/ be a*iev$2 & to ?is class ,i address myself4 ,success is practicable4 ,!re ne$ be no failures4 ,a man ( reflection w soon f9d :e!r he c succe$ 9 8 pursuit2 if n1 he has mi/ak5 8 call+1 or neglect$ ! prop] means ( success4 ,9 ei!r case1 a rem$y is at h&4 ,if a tea*] is indiff]5t to 8 call+1 & _c br+ himself to pursue x ) ardor1 x is a duty to himself1 to 8 pr(ession1 to 8 pupils1 to ab&on x at once4 ,x is idle to suppose t we are do+ good 9 a "w to :i* we are n attract$ by our sympa?ies1 & 9 :i* we are n su/a9$ by our fai? & hopes4 ,! m5 :o succe$ are ! m5 :o believe t !y c succe$4 ,! m5 :o fail are ^? to :om success w\ld h be5 a surprise4 ,!re is no d\bt "s appropriate pursuit 9 life = e man ( ord9>y tal5ts2 b no "o c tell :e!r he has f\nd x = himself until he has made a vigor\s & p]si/5t application ( 8 p[]s4 ,if ! tea*] fail to d ?is1 he ne$ n seek = success 9 ano!r pr(ession1 :5 he has already decl9$ to pay its price4 ,! *oice ( a pr(ession is "o ( ! great acts ( life4 ,x %\ld n be done ha/ily1 nor )\t a c>eful exam9ation & j appreciation ( ! elem5ts ( "*4 ,a compet5t tea*] may aid 8 pupils 9 ?is respect4 ,a mi/ake 9 occupation is a calamity to ! individual1 & an injury to ! public4 ,our s*ool-rooms conta9 arti/s1 f>m]s1 ma!maticians1 me*anics1 poets1 lawy]s1 /atesm51 orators1 & w>riors2 b "s "o mu/ d = !m :at ,%akspe>e says ! mon>* ( ! hive has done = all 8 subjects--assign$ !m ,(fic]s ( sorts2 ,:]e "s1 l magi/rates1 correct at home2 ,o!rs1 l m]*ants1 v5ture trade abroad2 ,o!rs1 l soldi]s1 arm$ 9 _! /+s1 ,make boot ^u ! summ]'s velvet buds2 ,:i* pillage1 !y ) m]ry m>* br+ home ,to ! t5t-royal ( _! emp]or2 ,:o1 busi$ 9 8 maje/y1 surveys ,! s++ masons1 build+ ro(s ( gold2 ,! civil citiz5s knead+ up ! honey2 ,! poor me*anic port]s cr[d+ 9 ,_! heavy burd5s at 8 n>r[ gate2 ,! sad-ey$ ju/ice1 ) 8 surly hum1 ,deliv]+ o'er to executors pale ,! lazy1 yawn+ drone4 ,tea*]s are s situat$ t !y may give :olesome advice2 :ile p>5ts--& ,i say x ) respect--are q likely1 "u ! influ5ce ( an in/9ctive belief t _! *ildr5 are fitt$ = any place )9 ! range ( human labor or human ambition1 to make fatal mi/akes4 ,:ile all pursuits & pr(essions1 if hone/1 are equally honorable1 ! individual selection mu/ be det]m9$ by ta/e1 circum/ances1 individual habits1 & (t5 by physical facts4 ,x is n = "o p]son to d ev]y?+1 b x is = ea* p]son to d at lea/ "o ?+ well4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! pa9t]1 :o has sp5t 8 y\? & manhood 9 /udy+ ! canvas1 _h bett] n /udy ! />s2 & ! arti/1 :o has p[] to br+ ! =m ( life f ! cold m>ble1 has no "r to solve problems 9 geometry1 weigh planets1 or calculate eclipses4 ,! prop] *oice ( ! bus9ess ( life may d mu* to p]fect our social sy/em1 & x w c]ta9ly advance our mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,!re is ev]y:]e 9 our civilization mutual dep5d5ce1 & !re mu/ be mutual support4 ,9 no o!r way c we advance to our de/9y z becomes an enlight5$ p4 ,b all ( life & education1 ei!r to pupil1 tea*]1 or man1 is n to be f\nd 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,! common p]iod ( s*ool-life is suffici5t only = elem5t>y education4 ,! av]age s*ool-go+ p]iod is t5 ye>s4 ,( ?is1 "o-half is sp5t 9 vacations & abs5ces1 s t ea* *ild has ab\t five ye>s ( s*ool-life4 ,only "o-f\r? ( ea* day is sp5t 9 ! s*ool-room2 & ! cont9u\s att5dance1 !re=e1 is ab\t fifte5 mon?s1 equal to ! "t :i* mo/ ( u give to sleep1 e f\r or five ye>s ( our exi/5ce4 ,?is view leads me to say aga9 t x is ! duty ( ! tea*] 9 ?is brief p]iod to lay a good f\ndation = subsequ5t sci5tific & classical culture4 ,m ?an ?is _c be accompli%$2 &1 :]e ?is is accompli%$1 & a ta/e = le>n+ is =m$1 & ! means to be employ$ are compreh5d$1 a satisfactory s*ool-life has be5 pass$4 ,education--univ]sal education--is a necessity2 &1 z !re is no royal road to le>n+1 s !re is no ari/ocracy ( m5tal p[] dep5d+ ^u social or pecuni>y di/9ctions4 ,! ,new ,engl& colonies1 & ,massa*usetts fir/ ( all1 e/abli%$ ! sy/em ( education n[ call$ univ]sal or public4 ,x 0 n !n easy to compreh5d ! pr9ciple :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( a sy/em ( public in/ruction4 ,we are fir/ to consid] t a sy/em ( public in/ruction implies a sy/em ( univ]sal taxation4 ,! only rule on :i* taxes c be levi$ ju/ly is t ! object s\ght is ( public necessity1 or manife/ public conv5i5ce4 ,x q (t5 happ5s t m5 ( our own g5]ation are ins5sible or indiff]5t to ! true relation ( ! citiz5 to ! cause ( education4 ,"s seem to imag9e t _! int]e/ 9 s*ools1 & ( c\rse _! moral obligation to support !m1 ceases ) ! education ( _! own *ildr54 ,?is is a great error4 ,! public has no "r to levy a tax = ! education ( any p>ticul> *ild1 or family ( *ildr52 b its "r ( taxation comm5ces :5 ! education or plan ( education is univ]sal1 & ceases :5ev] ! plan is limit$1 or ! op]ations ( ! sy/em are circumscrib$4 ,no man c be tax$ prop]ly because he has *ildr5 ( 8 own to educate2 ?is may be a reason ) "s = *e]ful paym5t1 b x has 9 itself no elem5t ( a j pr9ciple4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! p decide t education is a matt] ( public conc]n1 !n taxation = its promotion re/s ^u ! same f\ndation z ! mo/ important dep>tm5ts ( a gov]nm5t4 ,yet1 _m g5]ations ( m5 came & pass$ away be=e ! doctr9e 0 receiv$ t1 z a public matt]1 a man is equally int]e/$ 9 ! education ( 8 neighbor's *ildr5 z 9 ! education ( 8 own4 ,z p>5ts1 we h a special int]e/ 9 our *ildr52 z citiz5s1 x is ?is1 t !y may be hone/1 indu/ri\s1 & effective 9 _! labors4 ,?is int]e/ we h 9 all *ildr54 ,! safety ( our p]sons & prop]ty dem&s _! hone/y2 our "r to be exempt f paup] & crim9al taxes requires habits ( univ]sal indu/ry2 & our "p 9 ! g5]al weal? & prosp]ity is increas$ by ! intellig5t application ( manual labor 9 all ! walks ( life4 ,a man may1 inde$1 be pr\d ( ! atta9m5ts ( 8 family1 z m5 are (t5 pr\d ( _! ance/ry2 yet !y possess little real value z a family possession4 ,! pride ( ance/ry has no value2 x ,is l a circle 9 ! wat]1 ,:i* nev] cease? to enl>ge itself ,till1 by broad-spread+1 x disp]se to naught4 ,i pass f ?is digression to ! /atem5t t ! *ief means ( self-improvem5t are five3 ,obs]vation1 ,conv]sation1 ,read+1 ,memory1 & ,reflection4 ,x is an art to obs]ve well--to g ?r\gh ! _w ) our eyes op5--to see :at is be=e u4 ,all m5 d n see alike1 nor see ! same ?+s4 ,our p[]s ( obs]vation take on ! hues ( daily life4 ,! arti/1 9 a /range city or =eign l&1 obs]ves only ! specim5s ( ta/e & beauty or _! opposites2 ! me*anic /udies anew ! pr9ciples ( 8 sci5ce z appli$ to ! purposes ( life2 ! ar*itect transf]s to 8 own m9d ! images ( *ur*es1 ca!drals1 temples1 & palaces2 :ile ! philan?ropi/ rejoices 9 cell>s & lanes1 t he may "k h[ pov]ty & mis]y *ange ! face & he>t ( man4 ,an ,am]ican arti/1 foll[+ ! lead ( ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 has beautifully illu/rat$ ! nature ( ! p[] ( obs]vation4 ,we d n see ev5 ! faces ( our common fri5ds alike4 ,! /rang] obs]ves a family lik5ess :i* is invisible to ! famili> acqua9tance4 ,! =m] sees only ! few po9ts ( agreem5t1 & decides ^u !m2 :ile ! latt] has obs]v$ & /udi$ ! m num]\s po9ts ( diff]5ce1 until he is bl9d to all o!rs4 ,h5ce a portrait may appe> true to a /rang]1 :i*1 to an intimate acqua9tance1 is b>r5 9 expression1 & de/itute ( "*4 ,!re=e1 ! arti/ wisely & prop]ly e/eem$ himself successful :5 8 "w 0 approv$ by ! wife or ! "m4 ,! _w ar\nd u is full ( k4 ,we %\ld s behold x z to be in/ruct$ by all t is4 ,! di/ant /> pa9ts its image on our eye ) a ray ( light s5t =? ?\s&s ( ye>s ago2 yet its lesson is n ( itself1 b ( ! univ]se & its my/]ies1 & ( ! ,creator out ( ^: div9e h& all ?+s h come4 ,conv]sation is at once an art1 an accompli%m5t1 & a sci5ce4 ,x leads to valuable practical results4 ,x has a place1 & by no means an inf]ior place1 9 ! s*ools4 ,facts /at$1 que/ions propos$1 or !ories illu/rat$1 9 conv]sation1 are p]man5tly impress$ ^u ! m9d4 ,x is 9 ! p[] ( ! tea*] to communicate mu* in=mation 9 ?is way1 & x is 9 ! p[] ( u all to make conv]sation a means ( improvem5t4 ,b1 :5 ! pupil leaves ! s*ool1 read+1 s sy/ematic & ?or\gh z to be call$ /udy1 is1 no d\bt1 ! be/ culture he c enjoy4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 books are accessible to all1 & !y may be _h at all times4 ,!y c be us$ 9 mom5ts ( leisure1 9 solitude1 9 ! h\rs :5 sleep is too pr\d to wait on u1 & :5 fri5ds are abs5t or indiff]5t to our lot4 ,conv]sation may be patroniz+1 or x may leave u a debtor2 :5 ! book-sell]'s bill is settl$1 we h no acc\nt ) ! au?or4 ,if ,i am p]mitt$ to speak to all1 pupils z well z tea*]s1 ,i am incl9$ to say1 ,d n consid] y\r education f9i%$ :5 y leave home & ! s*ool4 ,y\r labors ( a practical sort ought !n to comm5ce4 ,) sy/em & c>e1 y may read works ( lit]ature & hi/ory1 or devote y\rself to ma!matics 9 ! high] dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 h[ev]1 x is n wise to attempt too mu* at once4 ,! cu/om ( ! s*ools is to require ea* pupil to att5d to sev]al bran*es at ! same "t2 b ?is c\rse _c be recomm5d$ to adult p]sons ) discipl9$ m9ds4 ,x seems bett] to select "o subject1 & make x ! lead+ topic1 = a "t1 ( our /udies & ?\ghts4 ,x may also be prop] to sugge/ t works ( fiction1 poetry1 & romance1 ought n to be read until ! m9d is well discipl9$1 & a good f\ndation ( solid le>n+ is laid4 ,su* works t5d to make "o's /yle ( ?\ght & writ+ easy1 fl[+1 & agreeable2 b !y are also calculat$ to make u dissatisfi$ ) ! m sub/antial labors ( intellectual life4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! elem5ts ( le>n+1 "o ?+ is absolutely ess5tial--sy/em 9 /udy4 ,i fancy t !re are two preval5t errors among u4 ,fir/1 t m5 (t5 atta9 intellectual em95ce )\t /udy2 &1 secondly1 t exclusive devotion to books is ! price ( success4 ,:oev] neglects /udy1 :atev] 8 natural abilities1 w f9d himself di/anc$ by inf]ior m52 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :oev] w devote ?ree h\rs ea* day to ! sy/ematic improvem5t ( 8 m9d w f9ally be numb]$ among ! lead+ p]sons ( ! age4 ,b1 :ile we obs]ve1 conv]se1 & read1 ! p[] ( memory & ! habit ( reflection %\ld be cultivat$4 ,! habit ( reflection is a great aid to ! memory1 & toge!r !y enable u to use ! k we daily acquire4 ,no previ\s age ( ! _w has (f]$ s great enc\ragem5t1 :e!r 9 fame or money1 to m5 ( sci5ce & lit]ature1 z ! pres5t4 ,=m]ly1 au?ors fl\ri%$ "u ! patronage ( pr9ces1 or )]$ by _! neglect2 b n[ !y are enc\rag$ & paid by ! p1 & reap :]e !y h s[n1 :e!r k+s w or n4 ,! pov]ty ( au?ors 0 once prov]bial2 b n[ ! only au?ors :o are poor are poor au?ors4 ,good le>n+1 integrity1 & ability1 are well comp5sat$ 9 all ! pr(essions4 ,"s "o rem>k$ to ,mr4 ,web/]1 ,t ! pr(ession ( ! law 0 cr[d$4--,yes1 said he1 r cr[d$ bel[1 b !re is pl5ty ( room above4 ,littl5ess & m$iocrity always seek ! pa?s worn by sup]ior m52 & ! truly illu/ri\s 9 lit]ature & sci5ce are few 9 numb] comp>$ ) ^? :o attempt to tread 9 ! foot/eps ( _! illu/ri\s pr$ecessors2 b none ( ^! ?+s ought to det] "y m5 ( ability1 indu/ry1 & integrity1 f boldly ent]+ ! li/s1 )\t fe> ( failure4 ,! _w is usually j1 & x w ultimately aw>d ! tok5s ( its approbation to ^? :o des]ve success4 ,& !re is a happy peculi>ity 9 tal5t1--! v>iety is s great t ! competition is small4 ,( all ! liv+ au?ors1 are !re two s alike t !y c be consid]$ competitors or rivals8 ,! nation has applaud$ & set ! seal ( its approbation ^u ! eloqu5ce ( ,h5ry1 ,otis1 ,adams1 ,ames1 ,p9ckney1 ,wirt1 ,calh\n1 ,clay1 & ,web/]1 n because ^! m5 resembl$ "o ano!r1 b because ea* _h peculi>ities & excell5ces ( 8 own4 ,! same v>iety ( excell5ce is se5 9 liv+ orators1 & 9 all ! eloqu5ce & le>n+ ( antiquity :i* "t has sp>$ & hi/ory has transmitt$ to u4 ,x is said t :5 ,ari/ides wrote ! s5t5ce ( 8 own bani%m5t = a humble & unkn[n enemy1 ! only reason giv5 by ! peasant 0 t he 0 tir$ ) he>+ him call$ ! ,j4 ,& ! _w sometimes appe>s to be re/ive "u ! influ5ce ( m5 ( tal5t2 b t influ5ce1 :e!r always agreeable or n1 is bo? p]man5t & b5eficial4 ,n only does ea* g5]ation respect its own lead+ m9ds1 b x is submissive to ! le>n+ & intellect ( o!r days4 ,! influ5ce ( anci5t ,greece /ill rema9s4 ,we copy h] ar*itecture1 borr[ f h] philosophy1 admire h] poetry1 & b[ ) humility be=e ! remnants ( h] maje/ic lit]ature4 ,s ! policy ( ,rome is p]ceptible 9 ! civilization ( e ,european c\ntry1 & x is a pot5t elem5t 9 ! laws & jurisprud5ce ( ,am]ica4 ,! eloqu5ce ( ,demo/h5es has be5 impress$ ^u e succe$+ g5]ation ( civiliz$ m52 ! g5ius ( ,hannibal has /imulat$ ! ambition ( w>riors f 8 own "t to t ( ,napoleon2 :ile ,%akspe>e's p[] has be5 ! wond] ( all mod]n au?ors & read]s4 ,x is a great repres5tative fact 9 m5tal philosophy1 :i* we _c too mu* contemplate1 t ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o n only en*a9$ ! ?\s&s ( ,greece & ,rome 9 ^: pres5ce !y /ood1 b t _! eloqu5ce has _h a controll+ influ5ce ov] myriads to :om ! language 9 :i* !y spoke 0 unkn[n4 ,! words t ! h\seless ,hom] sung 9 ! /reets ( ,smyrna h comm&$ ! admiration ( all lat] times2 & ev5 ! mud walls ar\nd ,plato's g>d51 on :i* are pres]v$ ! fragm5ts ( /atu>y ) :i* ! g>d5 0 once adorn$1 attract & in/ruct ! w&]]s & /ud5ts ab\t ,a!ns4 ,b let u n deceive ourselves ) ! idea t we c illu/rate anew ! greatness :i* has di/+ui%$ a few m5 only 9 all ! long c5turies ( ! _w's exi/5ce4 ,be n imitators nor foll[]s ( o!r m5's glory4 ,!re is a pa? = ea* "o1 & 8 duty lies !re94 ,yet ! lead+ m5 ( ! _w are lights :i* ought n to be hid f ! "y1 = !y s]ve to %[ ! ext5t ( ! field 9 :i* human p[]s may be employ$4 ,! rule ( ! successful life is to neglect no pres5t opportunity ( good ei!r to y\rself or to o!rs2 & ! rule ( ! successful /ud5t is to ga!r in=mation f :atev] s\rce he may1 n d\bt+ t x w prove useful to himself or to 8 fell[-m54 ,our own age has furni%$ two m51--"o liv+1 ! o!r dead1--q opposite 9 tal5ts & atta9m5ts1 ^: p[] & influ5ce may n h be5 surpass$ 9 anci5t or mod]n times4 ,i speak ( ,kossu? & ,web/]4 ,our hi/ory has no p>allel = ! fir/4 ,mo/ m51 "y or old1 gay or sev]e1 radical or cons]vative1 7 t\*$ by 8 m\rnful /ra9s1 & influ5c$ by 8 magic words4 ,he came f a l& ( :i* we knew little1 & s laid op5 ! hi/ory ( its wrongs t he enli/$ multitudes 9 its behalf4 ,i speak n n[ ( ! views he pres5t$1 nor ( ! dem&s he made ^u ! ,am]ican p4 ,if he taught error & ask$ wrong1 s ! m wond]ful 0 8 c>e]4 ,no d\bt 8 cause did mu* = him2 b o!r patriots & exiles h _h equal opportunities ) ,kossu?1 yet no "o has s sway$ ! public m9d4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ 9 intellect1 a ma/] ( mu* le>n+1 a man ( nice moral feel+ & /rong religi\s s5tim5ts1 all ( :i* 7 comb9$ & bl5d$ 9 8 addresses to ! p4 ,b he spoke a language ^: rudim5ts he fir/ le>n$ 9 manhood4 ,9 8 spee* he neglect$ ! *ief rule ( ,grecian eloqu5ce4 ,) "o !me1 only1--! wrongs ( ,hung>y2 ) "o object1 only1--h] relief & elevation1--he comm&$ ! g5]al att5tion ( ! ,am]ican m9d4 ,! mission ( ,kossu? 9 ,am]ica des]ves to be rememb]$ z an intellectual ph5om5on1 ^: l1 we ( ?is g5]ation may n aga9 see4 ,mr4 ,web/] _h nev] great p]sonal popul>ity4 ,8 pres5ce 0 maje/ic1 b =bidd+4 ,8 mann]s 7 agreeable1 & sometimes fasc9at+ to 8 fri5ds1 :5 he 0 9 a g5ial mood2 b he 0 (t5 res]v$ or ev5 au/]e to /rang]s1 & t]rible to 8 enemies4 ,8 /yle ( ?\ght 0 ma!matical1 8 language expressive1 b nev] popul>4 ,he wrote z a man w\ld dictate an essay :i* 0 to appe> z a po/hum\s "w4 ,8 eloqu5ce 0 n t :i* (t5 passes = eloqu5ce ^u ! /ump or at ! b>4 ,he seldom attempt$ to c\rt ! p1 & :5 he did1 x 0 z if he mock$ himself1 & scorn$ ! _s :i* c\ld be mov$ by ! breezes ( popul> favor4 ,he 0 n free f faults1 p]sonal & political2 yet he acquir$ a control :i* has n be5 possess$ by any man s9ce ,wa%+ton4 ,:5ev] he 0 to speak1 ! public 7 anxi\s to he> & to read4 ,h>dly any man has _h ! =tune to pres5t 8 views 9 addresses1 lett]s1 & spee*es1 to s l>ge a portion ( 8 c\ntrym52 yet ! p :om he address$1 & :o 7 anxi\s = 8 words & op9ions1 did n always1 or ev5 g5]ally1 agree ) him4 ,mr4 ,web/]'s p[] 0 *iefly1 if n solely1 intellectual4 ,he _h n ! p]sonal qualities ( ,mr4 ,clay or ,g5]al ,jackson2 he 0 n1 l ,mr4 ,jeff]son ! *os5 expon5t ( a political cre$1 & ! admitt$ lead] ( a great political p>ty2 nor _h he ! milit>y "* & univ]sally ackn[l$g$ patriotism ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 :i* made him fir/ 9 ! he>ts ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,mr4 ,web/] /&s alone4 ,8 doma9 is ! intellect1 & ?us f> 9 ,am]ica he is )\t a rival4 ,to ,mr4 ,web/]1 & to all m5 proportionately1 accord+ to ! measure ( _! gifts & atta9m5ts1 we may apply 8 great words3 ,a sup]ior & comm&+ human intellect1 a truly great man1 :5 ,heav5 v\*safes s r>e a gift1 is n a tempor>y flame1 burn+ brightly = a :ile1 & !n giv+ place to return+ d>kness4 ,x is r a sp>k ( f]v5t heat1 z well z radiant light1 ) p[] to enk9dle ! common mass ( human m9d2 s t1 :5 x glimm]s 9 its own decay1 & f9ally goes out 9 dea?1 no night foll[s1 b x leaves ! _w all light1 all on fire1 f ! pot5t contact ( its own _s4 ,"s humble measure ( ?is greatness may be atta9$ by all2 &1 if ,i h s\ght to lead y 9 ! way ( improvem5t by consid]ations too purely p]sonal & selfi%1 ,i w implore y1 9 conclusion1 z tea*]s & z citiz5s1 to consid] y\rselves z ! s]vants ( y\r c\ntry & y\r race4 ,!re c be no real greatness ( m9d )\t g5]osity ( s\l4 ,if a sup]ior human intellect seems to be specially ! gift ( ,god1 h[ is he want+ 9 true religion :o fails to d$icate x to humanity1 ju/ice1 & virtue6 ,an em95t hi/orian1 see+ at "o view1 & z 9 ! pres5t mom5t1 ! fall ( great /ates1 anci5t & mod]n1 & anticipat+ a l fate = 8 own belov$ l&1 has pr$ict$ t 9 two c5turies !re w be ?ree hundr$ millions ( p 9 ,nor? ,am]ica speak+ ! language ( ,engl&1 read+ its au?ors1 & glory+ 9 _! desc5t4 ,if ?is be s1 :at limits c we assign to ! "w1 or h[ e/imate ! duty1 ( ^? intru/$ ) ! education ( ! "y8 ,:o c say :at %>e ( responsibility = ! future ( ,am]ica is ^u ! tea*]s ( ! l&8 ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,le>n+4 ,an ,address deliv]$ at ,montague1 ,july #d?1 #aheg4 ,i congratulate y ^u ! auspici\s mom5ts ( ?is1 ! eighty-fir/ anniv]s>y ( our ,national ,indep5d5ce2 & its return1 n[ & ev]1 %\ld be ! occasion ( gratitude to ! ,au?or ( all good1 t ,he ha? v\*saf$ to our fa!rs & to _! desc5dants ! wisdom to e/abli% & ! wisdom to pres]ve ! in/itutions ( ,lib]ty 9 ,am]ica4 ,& ,i congratulate y t y accept ?is anniv]s>y z ! occasion = consid]+ ! subject ( education4 ,ignorant & bl9d wor%ipp]s ( ,lib]ty c d b little = its support2 b1 :atev] ( *ange or decay may come to our in/itutions1 ,lib]ty itself c nev] die 9 ! pres5ce ( a p univ]sally & ?or\ghly educat$4 ,x is n1 !n1 inappropriate nor unphilosophical = u to connect ,education & ,lib]ty toge!r2 & ,i !re=e propose1 aft] pres5t+ "s ?\ghts ^u ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & its relations to ! ,am]ican ,union1 to consid] ! value ( political le>n+1 its neglect1 & ! means by :i* x may be promot$4 ,! ev5ts & epo*s ( life are logical 9 _! nature1 & are h>moni\s or inh>moni\s z ! affairs ( m5 are controll$ by pr9ciple1 policy1 or accid5t4 ,humboldt1 ,maury1 & ,guyot1 ,arago1 ,agassiz1 & ,pi]ce1 by obs]vation1 philosophy1 & ma!matics1 demon/rate ! h>mony ( ! physical creation4 ,9 ! microscopic animalculae2 9 ! gigantic rema9s1 :e!r vegetable or animal1 ( o!r ages & conditions ( life2 9 ! coral reef & ! m\nta9 range2 9 ! hill-side rivulet t makes ! mead[s gre52 9 ! ocean curr5t t ba!s & vivifies a cont95t2 9 ! sett+ ( ! leaf ^u its /em1 & ! mov+ ( ,uranus 9 its orbit1 !y trace a law ^: h>mony is its glory1 & ^: my/]y is ! evid5ce ( its div9ity4 ,national *anges1 ! movem5ts & progress ( ! human race1 z a :ole & 9 its p>ts1 are ob$i5t1 likewise1 to law2 & are1 !re=e1 logical 9 _! "*1 ?\gh g5]ally lack+ 9 precision ( connection & ord] ( succession4 ,or x may be1 r1 t we lack p[] to trace ! connection betwe5 ev5ts t dep5d 9 "p1 at lea/1 ^u ! prejudices1 passions1 vices1 & weaknesses1 ( m54 ,! developm5t ( ! logic ( human affairs waits = a philosoph] :o %all /udy & compreh5d ! liv+ millions ( our race1 z ! philosoph]s n[ /udy & compreh5d ! subjects ( physical sci5ce4 ,we h no gu>anty t ?is c ev] be done4 ,z m9d is above matt]1 ! m5tal philosoph] ent]s ^u ! mo/ v>i$ & difficult field ( labor4 ,keep+ ?is fact 9 m9d1 x appe>s to be true t e p]son ( obs]vation1 read+1 & reflection1 is some?+ ( a m5tal philosoph]1 ?\gh mu* ! l>g] numb] h no k ( physical sci5ce4 ,& especially mu/ ! /ud5t ( hi/ory h a sy/em ( m5tal philosophy2 b (t51 no d\bt1 8 sy/em is too crude = g5]al notice4 ,e hi/orian connects ! ev5ts ( 8 n>rative by "s ?read ( philosophy or speculation2 e read] obs]ves "s connection1 ?\gh he may nev] develop x to himself1 betwe5 ! ev5ts & *anges ( national & e?nological life2 & ev5 ! obs]v] ^: vision is limit$ by 8 own horizon 9 "t & space m>ks a dep5d5ce1 & speaks ( cause & effect4 ,all ?is foll[s f ! exi/5ce & nature ( man4 ,man is n in]t1 nor ev5 passive1 m]ely2 & 8 activity w cont9ually organize itself into facts & =ms1 ev] *ang+ 9 "*1 x may be1 yet subject to a law z wise & fix$ z t ( planet>y motion4 ,! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,briti% ,colonies 9 ,am]ica1 decl>$ on ! #d? ( ,july1 #aggf1 is n an isolat$ fact2 nor is ! ,decl>ation itself a ha/y & ov]wr\ght production ( a "y & en?usia/ic adv5tur] 9 ! cause ( lib]ty4 ,! passions & ! reason ( m5 connect$ ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ) ! massacre 9 ,k+-/reet1 ( ,m>* #e?1 #aggj2 ) ! passage & repeal ( ! ,/amp ,act2 ) ! attempt to en=ce ! ,writs ( ,assi/ance2 ) ! act to close ! port ( ,bo/on2 ) ! peace ( #agfc2 ) ! ,act ( ,settlem5t ( #afhh2 ) ! execution ( ,*>les ,i41 & ! ,protectorate ( ,cromwell2 ) ! dea? ( ,hampd52 ) ! conf$]ation ( #afdc2 ) ! royal *>t]s grant$ to ! respective colonies2 ) ! compact made on bo>d ! ,mayfl[]2 &1 f9ally1 & di/9ctly1 & *iefly1--z ! basis ( ! greate/ legal argum5t ( mod]n times1 made by ! ,massa*usetts ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 f #agfe to #agge1--) ! ev5ts at ,runnym$e1 & ! grant ( ! ,great ,*>t] to ! nobles & p ( ,engl& 9 #abae1 :i* is itself bas$ ^u ! concessions ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 & ! affirmation ( ! ,saxon laws 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,our ,indep5d5ce is1 !n1 "o logical fact or ev5t 9 a long succession1 to ! enum]ation ( :i* we may yet add ! conf$]ation ( #aggh1 ! con/itution ( #aghg1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution ( #aghi1 ! rapid increase ( ,am]ican t]ritory & ,/ates1 ! revolution>y _s ( cont95tal ,europe1 ! re=ms 9 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t at home1 ! wise modifications ( its colonial policy1 & = u a long c>e] ( prosp]ity bas$ ^u ! c>d9al doctr9e ( ! equality ( all m5 be=e ! law4 ,nor c any read] ( ! ,decl>ation itself assume t x conta9s "o /atem5t1 proposition1 idea1 or ^w1 n c>efully consid]$1 & c>efully express$4 ,x 0 n ! production ( ha/y1 ?\ghtless1 or reckless m54 ,! c\ntry _h be5 gradually prep>$ = ! great ev5t4 ,/ates1 c\nties1 & t[ns1 _h made ! mo/ di/9ct expressions ( op9ion ^u ! relations ( ! colonies to ! "m c\ntry4 ,on ! #g? ( ,june1 #aggf1 ,ri*>d ,h5ry ,lee1 ( ,virg9ia1 mov$1 9 ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,colonies1 a resolution decl>+1 ,t ^! ,unit$ ,colonies are1 & ( "r ought to be1 free & indep5d5t /ates2 t !y are absolv$ f all allegiance to ! ,briti% cr[n1 & t all political connection betwe5 !m & ! /ate ( ,great ,brita9 is1 & ought to be1 totally dissolv$4 ,! subject 0 consid]$ on ! t5?2 &1 on ! elev5? in/ant1 ! committee1 consi/+ ( ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ,john ,adams1 ,dr4 ,frankl91 ,rog] ,%]man1 & ,rob]t ,r4 ,liv+/on1 0 appo9t$4 ,on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,june1 a ,decl>ation ( ! ,deputies ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 favor ( ,indep5d5ce1 0 read4 ,on ! tw5ty-eigh?1 ! cr$5tials ( ! delegates f ,new ,j]sey1 9 :i* !y 7 in/ruct$ to favor ,indep5d5ce1 7 pres5t$2 & on ! fir/ ( ,july simil> in/ructions to ! ,m>yl& delegates 7 laid be=e ,congress4 ,at ?is "t ,congress proce$$ to consid] ! ,decl>ation & resolution report$ by ! committee4 ,! ,decl>ation 0 c>efully consid]$1 & mat]ially am5d$ 9 committee ( ! :ole1 on ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & f\r?1 :5 x 0 f9ally adopt$4 ,x 0 !n sign$ by ! presid5t & secret>y1 & copies 7 transmitt$ to ! sev]al colonies4 ,! ord] = its engrossm5t1 & = ! signature by e memb]1 0 n pass$ until ! n9ete5? ( ,july1 & x 0 n really sign$ until ! second ( ,augu/ foll[+4 ,x is n likely1 consid]+ ! circum/ances1 & ! kn[n "* ( ! memb]s ( ,congress1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,john ,hancock1 ,samuel ,adams1 ,b5jam9 ,ru%1 ,rob]t ,morris1 ,b5jam9 ,h>rison1 ,elbridge ,g]ry1 ,john ,)]spoon1 a desc5dant ( ,john ,knox1 ! ,scotti% ,re=m]1 ,*>les ,c>roll1 & ,samuel ,hunt+ton1--all di/+ui%$ = coolness1 probity1 & patriotism1--t ! immortal docum5t c conta9 "o ?\ght or ^w unwor?y its sacr$ associations1 & ! "* ( ! ,am]ican p6 ,& x is among ! al>m+ symptoms ( public s5tim5t t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce is by "s publicly condemn$1 & by o!rs quietly accept$ z entitl$ to j ! consid]ation1 & no m1 t is giv5 to an excit$ advocate's spee* to a jury1 or a demagogue's electione]+ h>angue1 or ! daily contribution ( ! p>tisan editor to ! /ock ( political capital t aids ! election ( 8 favorite c&idates4 ,& ^u ?is evid5ce is ! nation & ! _w to be taught t b little 0 meant by ! ass]tions1 t all m5 are creat$ equal2 t !y are end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9 inali5able rights2 t among ^! are life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess2 t1 to secure ^! rights1 gov]nm5ts are in/itut$ among m51 d]iv+ _! j p[]s f ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$8 ,w\ld x n be wis] to te/ ! gov]nm5t we h1 by a /atesmanlike application ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs8 ,! ,union is connect$ ) ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,! ,union is an in/itution3 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce is an ass]tion ( rights1 & an exposition ( pr9ciples4 ,:5 pr9ciples are disreg>d$1 in/itutions d n1 = any consid]able "t1 reta9 _! orig9al value4 ,& x w\ld be ! folly ( o!r nations1 )\t excuse 9 u1 7 we to wor%ip bl9dly any in/itution1 :atev] its orig9 or its hi/ory4 ,i d n1 myself1 d\bt ! value ( ! ,am]ican ,union4 ,x 0 ! necessity ( ! "t :5 x 0 =m$2 x is ! necessity ( ! pres5t mom5t2 x 01 inde$1 ! claim ( our :ole colonial life1 & its recognition c\ld be po/pon$ no long] :5 ! colonies cross$ ! ?re%old ( national exi/5ce4 ,! colonies _h c>ri$ on a correspond5ce among !mselves ^u important matt]s2 ! ,new ,engl& settlem5ts =m$ a conf$]ation 9 #afdc1 t 0 ! prototype ( ! pres5t ,union2 & ! conv5tion at ,albany1 9 #aged1 consid]$ 9 connection ) v>i\s resolutions & decl>ations1 indicat$ a gr[+ desire to =m a m p]fect union1 e/abli% ju/ice1 insure dome/ic tranquillity1 provide = ! common def5ce1 promote ! g5]al welf>e1 & secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ! successive g5]ations t %\ld occupy ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,= ^! exalt$ purposes ! ,con/itution 0 fram$1 & ! ,union e/abli%$2 & ! ,con/itution & ! ,union w rema9 z long z ^! exalt$ purposes1 ) any consid]able %>e ( fidelity1 are secur$4 ,! ,union w n be de/roy$ by declamation1 nor c declamation pres]ve x4 ,words h p[] only :5 !y awak5 a response 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o li/54 ,! ,union w be judg$1 f9ally1 by its m]its2 & !y are n p[]ful enemies = evil :o attack x ?r\gh ! press & f ! ro/rum2 b r !y :o1 clo!d ) au?ority1 brief or p]man5t1 int]pret ! con/itution s z to defeat ! end = :i* x 0 fram$4 ,nor are !y ! be/ fri5ds ( ! ,union :o lavi%ly be/[ ^u x nicely-wr\ght encomiums1 z ?\gh ! gild+ ( rhetoric & ! ornam5t ( praise c\ld %ield a human in/itution f ! judgm5t ( a free p2 b r !y :o1 "u ,heav51 & 9 ! pres5ce ( m51 seek to s int]pret ! con/itution z1 9 ! language & 9 ! ord] ( its preamble1 to =m a m p]fect union1 e/abli% ju/ice1 insure dome/ic tranquillity1 provide = ! common def5ce1 promote ! g5]al welf>e1 & secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to !mselves & _! po/]ity4 ,words are p[]less1 & enemies--envi\s1 jeal\s1 or delud$--are p[]less1 :5 !y w> ^u a sy/em ( gov]nm5t t secures su* exalt$ results4 ,&1 if 9 ^! lat] days ( our national exi/5ce patriotism has be5 weak5$1 respect & rev]5ce = ! con/itution & ! ,union h be5 dim9i%$1 x is because ! actual gov]nm5t "u ! con/itution has1 9 ! judgm5t ( _m1 fail$ to realize ! gov]nm5t ( ! con/itution4 ,b let no "o despair ( ! ,republic4 ,m5 are n[ build+ bett] ?an !y "k2 possibly1 bett] ?an !y wi%4 ,a great gov]nm5t1 p[]ful 9 its ju/ice1 & !re=e to be respect$ & ma9ta9$1 mu/ also be p[]ful 9 its errors1 prejudices1 & wrongs1 & !re=e to be *ang$ & re=m$ 9 ^! respects4 ,! decl>ation t all m5 are creat$ equal is vital1 & w live 9 ! pres5ce ( all gov]nm5ts1 /rong z well z weak1 ho/ile z well z fri5dly4 ,x has no respect = worldly au?ority1 s evid5tly is x a direct emanation ( ! ,div9e ,m9d1 & s does x h>monize ) ! highe/ manife/ations ( ! nature ( man4 ,b ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce does n1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ass]t t all m5 are creat$ equal 9 height or weight1 equal 9 physical /r5g?1 intellectual p[]1 or moral wor?4 ,x is n deal+ ) ^! qualities at all1 b ) ! natural political rights & relations ( m54 ,9 its view1 all are born free f any political subord9ation to o!rs on acc\nt ( ! accid5ts or incid5ts ( family or hi/oric "n4 ,& h5ce x foll[s t no man1 by bir? or nature1 has any "r 9 political affairs to control 8 fell[-man2 & h5ce x foll[s fur!r1 z !re is nei!r subjection any:]e nor au?ority any:]e1 t all m5 are creat$ equal1 t gov]nm5ts d]ive _! j p[]s f ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$4 ,& h5ce x mu/1 ere long1 be demon/rat$ by ?is c\ntry1 "u ! light ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! _w1 t man _c h prop]ty 9 8 fell[-man4 ,&1 aga91 let no "o despair ( ! ,republic or ( ! ,union2 nor let any1 ) ra% confid5ce1 believe t !y are inde/ructible4 ,!y are human in/itutions built up ?r\gh great sacrifices1 & by ! ex]cise ( a high ord] ( worldly wisdom4 ,b ! gov]nm5t is n an end--x is a means4 ,! end is ,lib]ty regulat$ by law2 & ! means w exi/ z long z ! end !re( is atta9$4 ,b1 %\ld ! "t ev] come :5 ! in/itutions ( ! c\ntry fail to secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ! liv+ g5]ation1 & hold out no promise ( bett] ?+s 9 ! future1 ,i "k n t ^! in/itutions c\ld long] exi/1 ( t !y ought long] to exi/4 ,to be sure1 ! horizon is n always di/9ctly se54 ,! sky is n always cle>2 !re are d>k spots ^u ! disk ( ,lib]ty1 z ^u ! sun 9 ! heav5s2 b1 l ! sun1 its pres5ce is = all4 ,&1 :e!r !re be night1 or cl\ds1 or di/ance1 its bless+s c nev] be :olly )drawn f ! human race4 ,x is n to be conceal$1 h[ev]1 t ! affections ( ! p h be5 ali5at$ f ! ,am]ican ,union dur+ ! la/ sev5 ye>s1 z !y 7 f ! union ) ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! ye>s ( our colonial life imm$iately previ\s to ! ,massacre 9 ,k+-/reet1 9 #aggj4 ,?is solemn p]sonal & public exp]i5ce is fraught ) a great lesson4 ,x %\ld tea* ^? :o are intru/$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs to translate ! language ( ! con/itution into ! /]n realities ( public policy1 9 ! light ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & ( ,lib]ty2 & x %\ld w>n ^? :o con/itute ! gov]nm5t1 & :o judge x1 n to all[ _! opposition to m5 or to measures to deg5]ate into indiff]5ce or ho/ility to ! in/itutions ( ! c\ntry4 ,a little di/ru/ ( ourselves1 :o see n beyond our own horizon1 might sometimes l5d *>ity to our judgm5t1 & discretion to our opposition2 =1 9 ! turmoil ( politics1 & ! conte/s ( /atesman%ip1 ev51 x is n always ----! sea t s9ks & %elves1 ,b ourselves1 ,t rook & rise ,) endless & uneasy motion1 ,n[ t\*+ ! v skies1 ,n[ s9k+ into ! dep?s ( ocean4 ,&1 z !re mu/ be 9 e society ( m5 some?+ ( evil t c be trac$ to ! gov]nm5t1 & some?+ ( good neglect$ t a wise & effici5t gov]nm5t might h accompli%$1 x is easy to build up an argum5t aga9/ an exi/+ gov]nm5t1 h[ev] good :5 comp>$ ) o!rs4 ,?is is a n>r[1 sup]ficial1 unsatisfactory1 dang]\s view to take ( public affairs4 ,we %\ld seek to compreh5d ! relations ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! pr9ciples on :i* x is f\nd$2 &1 :ile we ju/ly compla9 ( its defects1 & seek to rem$y !m1 we ought also to comp>e x ) o!r sy/ems t exi/1 or t might be e/abli%$4 ,?is proposition involves an intellig5t realization by ! p ( ! "* ( _! in/itutions2 & ,i am ?us l$ to express ! appreh5sion t ! popul> political education ( our day is inf]ior to t ( ! revolution>y era1 & ( ! age t imm$iately succe$$ x4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 a disposition & a t5d5cy to extol ! rec5t pa/4 ,! recollections ( *ildhood are q at v>iance ) ! real tru?1 & tradition is (t5 ! dream ( old age conc]n+ ! ev5ts ( e>ly life4 ,z riv]s1 hills1 m\nta9s1 roads1 & t[ns1 are all magnifi$ by ! visions ( *ildhood1 x is n /range t m5 %\ld be also4 ,h5ce comes1 9 "p1 ! popul> belief 9 ! sup]ior physical /r5g? & great] longevity ( ! p :o liv$ fifty or a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,ea* g5]ation is famili> ) its pr$ecessor2 b ( ! "o next remote x kn[s only ! m>k$ *>act]s4 ,^? :o possess$ great physical excell5ces rema92 b !y are n s mu* ! repres5tatives ( _! g5]ation z its exceptions4 ,! weak1 ! diseas$1 h fall5 by ! way2 &1 z !re is an intimate connection betwe5 physical & intellectual p[]1 ! remnant ( any g5]ation1 :atev] its common "*1 w reta9 a disproportionate numb] ( /rong-m9d$ m54 ,h5ce x is n safe to judge a g5]ation z a :ole by ^? :o rema9 at ! age ( sixty or sev5ty ye>s2 especially if we reflect t public op9ion & tradition are mo/ likely to pres]ve ! names & qualities ( ^? :o 7 di/+ui%$ = physical or m5tal p[]4 ,yet1 aft] mak+ due all[ance = ^! exagg]ations1 ,i _c escape ! conclusion t we h1 z a p1 det]iorat$ 9 av]age s\nd political le>n+2 & ,i proce$ to m5tion "s ( ! causes & evid5ces ( our deg5]acy1 & ( ! sup]iority ( our ance/ors4 ,i4 ,! political condition ( ! c\ntry has be5 ess5tially *ang$4--,g5]al p]sonal & family com=t1 accord+ to ! ideas n[ ent]ta9$1 0 n a feature ( ,am]ican society = "o hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s f ! settlem5t at ,plym\?4 ,life 0 a cont9ual conte/--a conte/ ) ! =e/1 ) ! climate1 ) ! ,indians1 & especially 0 x a cont9ual conte/ ) ! "m c\ntry4 ,! coloni/s s\ght to ma9ta9 _! own rights )\t infr+em5t1 :ile !y accord$ to ! sov]eign 8 con/itutional privileges4 ,conflicts 7 frequ5t1 & appreh5sions ( conflict yet m frequ5t4 ,h5ce ^? :o _h ! conduct ( public affairs 7 compell$ to give "s att5tion to ,engli% hi/ory1 & to ! con/itutional law ( ,great ,brita94 ,moreov]1 x 0 always important to secure & keep a /rong public s5tim5t on ! side ( lib]ty2 & !re 7 usually 9 e t[n m5 :o ?or\ghly inve/igat$ que/ions ( public policy4 ,!re 0 "o topic1 m absorb+ ?an any o!r1 t involv$ ! /udy ( ! legal hi/ory & usage ( ,great ,brita91 & a c>eful consid]ation ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( lib]ty2 namely1 ! con/itutional rights ( a ,briti% subject4 ,"h 0 a broad field = inquiry1 inve/igation1 & /udy2 & x 0 fai?fully cultivat$ & glean$4 ,!re has nev] be5 a political topic = public discussion 9 ,am]ica m important 9 itself1 or bett] calculat$ to educate an ,am]ican 9 a k ( 8 political rights1 ?an ! exam9ation ( ! political relations ( ! subject to ! cr[n & p>liam5t ( ,great ,brita9 previ\s to ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,x 0 n an ab/raction4 ,x _h a practical value to e man 9 ! colonies1 & x 0 ! prom95t feature ( ! ma/]ly exposition made by ! ,massa*usetts ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,& we c bett] e/imate ! political education :i* ! times furni%$1 :5 we consid] t ! revolution>y w> 0 made logical & necess>y ?r\gh a k ( positions1 facts1 & argum5ts1 scatt]$ ov] ! hi/ory ( ! colonies4 ,b1 :5 our ,indep5d5ce _h be5 e/abli%$ & recogniz$1 con/itutions _h be5 fram$1 & ! gov]nm5ts ( ! /ates & nation set 9 motion1 ! beauty & h>mony ( our political sy/em seem$ to r5d] cont9u$ att5tion to political pr9ciples & ! rights ( individual m5 unnecess>y4 ,h5ce1 we may anticipate ! judgm5t ( imp>tial hi/ory 9 ! admission t public att5tion 0 gradually giv5 to conte/s = (fice :i* did n always involve ! ma9t5ance ( a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t1 or ! recognition ( an ess5tial human "r4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 foll[1 f ?is admission1 t we are indiff]5t to our political lot1--occasional conte/s ^u pr9ciple refute su* a conjecture1--b t m5 are n anxi\s conc]n+ ^? ?+s :i* appe> to be secure4 ,& ! diff]5ces ( political p>ties ( ! la/ fifty ye>s h n be5 s mu* conc]n+ ! nature ( human rights1 z 9 reg>d to ! in/itutions by :i* ^? rights c be be/ protect$4 ,!re=e our political que/ions h be5 que/ions ( exp$i5cy r ?an ( pr9ciple4 ,&1 if !re is any f\ndation = ! popul> impression t public (fices are conf]r$ on m5 less em95tly qualifi$ to give dignity to public employm5ts1 ! reason ( ?is deg5]acy--less notewor?y ?an x is usually repres5t$--is to be f\nd 9 ?is connection4 ,gov]nm5ts & political organizations accept ! common law ( society4 ,:5 an individual or a corporation is prosp]\s1 places ( tru/ & emolum5t are (t5 ga9$ & occupi$ by unwor?y m52 b1 :5 pr(its are dim9i%$1 or :5 !y disappe> entirely2 :5 divid5ds are pass$1 :5 loss & bankruptcy are imm95t1 !n1 if hope & c\rage /ill rema91 places ( importance are fill$ by ! appo9tm5t ( abl] & wor?i] m54 ,! *>ge made aga9/ (ficial "*1 to :atev] ext5t true1 is bett] evid5ce ( confid5ce & prosp]ity ?an x is ( ! deg5]acy ( ! p2 & a public exig5cy1 s]i\s & long-cont9u$1 w\ld call to po/s ( responsibility ! highe/ tal5t & integrity :i* ! c\ntry c\ld produce4 ,b x is1 nev]!less1 to be admitt$ z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! facts already /at$1 & ! views pres5t$1 t ! av]age am\nt ( s\nd political le>n+ among ^? engag$ 9 public employm5ts is less ?an x 0 dur+ ! revolution>y era4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 also to be obs]v$1 t1 :5 su* le>n+ seems to be specially requir$1 ! p dem& x & secure x4 ,h5ce ! "w ( fram+ con/itutions1 ev5 9 ! new /ates1 has1 9 its execution1 comm&$ ! approval ( political writ]s 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,& x mu/1 also1 be admitt$ t peace & prosp]ity r5d] s\nd political le>n+ & great exp]i5ce less necess>y1 & at ! same "t multiply ! numb] ( m5 :o are consid]$ eligible to (fice4 ,c&idates are put 9 nom9ation & elect$ because !y h be5 good neighbors1 honorable citiz5s1 compet5t tea*]s ( y\?1 or fai?ful spiritual guides2 or1 possibly1 because !y h be5 successful 9 bus9ess1 are ( ! milit>y or ( ! fire dep>tm5t1 or because !y are lead]s & b5efactors ( special classes ( society4 ,9 ord9>y times ^! facts are all wor?y ( consid]ation & real def]5ce2 b :51 z 9 ! ,revolution1 e place ( public s]vice is a po/ ( responsibility1 or sacrifice1 or dang]1 c&idates & electors w n meet ^u ^! gr\nds1 b1 disreg>d+ su* circum/ances1 ! canvass w h special ref]5ce to ! "w to be done4 ,= civil employm5ts1 political le>n+ & exp]i5ce are requir$2 & = milit>y po/s1 skill1 sagacity1 & c\rage4 ,x may be said t our :ole colonial life 0 a prep>atory s*ool = ! revolution>y conte/2 &1 !re=e1 ! major "p ( ! ent]prise1 ambition1 & patriotism1 ( ! c\ntry1 0 giv5 to ! tra9+1 /udies1 & pursuits1 calculat$ to fit m5 = s /]n a /ruggle4 ,b n[ t o!r av5ues are invit+ 9 !mselves1 & promise political pref]m5t1 we are liable to ! criticism t our "y m51 well educat$ 9 ! s*ools & 9 a k ( ! _w1 are n well gr\nd$ 9 political hi/ory & con/itutional law1 )\t :i* !re c be no ?or\gh & compreh5sive /atesman%ip4 ,&1 z ,i pass f ?is bran* ( my subject1 ,i may prop]ly say t ,i d n seek to limit ! numb] ( c&idates = public (fice2 = e (fice is a s*ool1 & ! public itself is a great & wise tea*]4 ,nor d ,i ask any to ab&on ! employm5ts & duties1 or to neglect ! claims ( bus9ess & ( social life2 b ,i seek to impress ^u our y\? a s5se ( ! importance ( add+ some?+ !reto4 ,! k ( :i* ,i h spok5 is valuable 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( public bus9ess1 & absolutely ess5tial 9 ! exig5ces ( political & national life4 ,& x is ) an eye s+le to ! happ9ess ( individuals1 & ! welf>e ( ! public1 t ,i invite my fell[-citiz5s1 & especially ! "y m5 ( ! /ate1 to take some?+ f ! h\rs ( labor1 :]e labor is excessive2 or some?+ f amusem5t1 :]e amusem5t has ceas$ to be recreation2 or some?+ f light read+1 :i* (t5 is nei!r true1 nor reasonable1 nor useful2 or some?+ f indol5ce & dissipation2 &1 9 ! m9utes & h\rs ?us ga9$1 treasure up valuable k = ! circum/ances & exig5ces ( citiz5%ip & public (fice4 ,,ii4 ,! claims ( bus9ess & society are unfavorable to political le>n+4--,i assume x to be true ( ,massa*usetts t ! proportion ( freehold f>m]s to ! :ole population is gradually dim9i%+1 & t ! am\nt ( labor p]=m$ by ea* is gradually increas+4 ,f ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry to ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 !re 0 a great deal ( privation1 h>d%ip1 & positive suff]+2 b ! claim = cont9u\s labor 0 n exact+4 ,! necess>y articles ( food & clo?+ 7 *iefly suppli$ f ! l&1 & ! majority did n contemplate any great accumulation ( worldly goods1 b s\ght r to place _! political & religi\s privileges ^u a sure f\ndation4 ,agriculture 0 9 a rude /ate1 & consequ5tly did n furni% /eady employm5t to ^? engag$ 9 x4 ,x is only :5 !re are valuable m>kets1 sci5tific1 or at lea/ c>eful cultivation1 & l>ge pr(its1 t ! f>m] c use 8 ev5+s & long w9t]s 9 8 pr(ession4 ,^! circum/ances did n exi/ until ! pres5t c5tury2 & we h ?us 9 ?is discussion f\nd bo? ! motive & ! opportunity = political le>n+ among our ance/ors4 ,x is also possible t ! increas$ activity ( bus9ess & bus9ess m5 is unfavorable to ^? /udies & ?\ghts t are ess5tial to political le>n+4 ,comm]ce & trade are /imulat$ by nev]-ceas+ competition2 & manufactur]s are n free f ! influ5ce ( m>kets1 & ! necessity ( v>iety1 ta/e1 & skill1 9 ! managem5t ( _! bus9ess4 ,if ! l>g] %>e ( ! physical & m5tal vigor ( a man is giv5 to bus9ess1 8 h\rs ( leisure mu/ be h\rs ( relaxation2 & to mo/ m9ds ! /udy ( hi/ory & ( k9dr$ topics is by no means equival5t to recreation4 ,moreov]1 society pres5ts num]\s claims :i* are n easily disreg>d$4 ,fa%ionable life puts que/ions t b few p h ! c\rage to answ] 9 ! negative4 ,h y read ! la/ novel8 ! new play8 ! reviews ( ! qu>t]8 ! magaz9es ( ! mon?8 or ! greate/ satire ( ! age8 ,^! que/ions h puzzl$ _m "y m5 into cu/om>y neglect ( useful read+1 t !y may n admit _! ignorance 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? :om !y respect or admire4 ,b1 ev]y?+ valuable is exp5sive1 & le>n+ c be secur$ only by sev]e self-sacrifice4 ,) our ance/ors1 aft] religi\s culture1 hi/orical & political read+ 0 next imm$iately be=e !m2 b ! y\? ( ?is g5]ation :o seek su* le>n+ are compell$ to make _! way )\t def]5ce to ! daily cu/oms ( society4 ,!re is no fa%ionable or tol]at$ society t invites "y m5 to read ! hi/ory ( ,engl& prior to ! "t :5 ,macaulay beg9s4 ,nor does public s5tim5t recomm5d ,de ,lolme on ! ,briti% con/itution1 ! ,f$]ali/1 ! writ+s ( ,jeff]son1 ,madison1 ,m>%all1 ,/ory1 & ,web/]1 ^u ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! practice ( ! gov]nm5t "u x4 ,n b t ^! topics are consid]$ 9 ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+2 b ,i address myself to ^? :o h enjoy$ ! advantages ( our common s*ools only1 :]e ?or\gh in/ruction 9 national & g5]al political hi/ory _c be giv54 ,?is k9d ( le>n+ mu/ be self-acquir$1 & acquir$ by "s tempor>y sacrifice2 & ! soon]1 9 ! case ( e "y man1 ?is sacrifice is contemplat$ & (f]$1 ! m acceptable & useful x w be4 ,& ! acquisition ( ?is k9d ( le>n+ does n1 9 a majority ( cases1 admit ( delay4 ,x %\ld be ! "w ( y\? & e>ly manhood4 ,! duties ( life are s con/ant & press+ t we f9d x difficult to ab/ract ourselves & our ?\ghts f ! _w2 b1 f ! age ( sixte5 to ! age ( tw5ty-five1 ! att5tion may be conc5trat$ ^u special subjects1 & _! elem5ts ma/]$4 ,by ! ,a!nian law1 m9ority t]m9at$ at ! age ( sixte5 ye>s2 & ,demo/h5es1 at t p]iod ( 8 life1 comm5c$ a c\rse ( self-education by :i* he became ! fir/ orator ( ,a!ns1 & ! admiration ( ! aft]-_w4 ,! fa!r ( ,demo/h5es di$ wor? f\rte5 tal5ts2 & ! son1 ?\gh defraud$ by 8 gu>dians1 01 z 8 fa!r _h be51 enroll$ 9 ! weal?ie/ class ( citiz5s2 yet he did n hesitate to subject himself to ! sev]e/ m5tal & physical discipl9e1 9 prep>ation = ! great life he 0 to lead4 ,demo/h5es receiv$1 dur+ 8 y\?1 ! ord9>y grammatical & rhetorical education ( a weal?y ,a!nian4444 ,x appe>s also t he 01 f *ildhood1 ( sickly con/itution & feeble muscul> frame2 s t1 p>tly f 8 own dis9cl9ation1 p>tly f ! solicitude ( 8 "m1 he took little "p1 z boy or y\?1 9 ! ex]cises ( ! palae/ra4444 ,su* comp>ative bodily disability probably contribut$ to incite 8 ?ir/ = m5tal & rhetorical acquisitions1 z ! only road to celebrity op54 ,b x at ! same "t disqualifi$ him f appropriat+ to himself ! full range ( a compreh5sive ,grecian education1 z conceiv$ by ,plato1 ,isokrates1 & ,ari/otle2 an education apply+ alike to ?\ght1 ^w1 & action--comb9+ bodily /r5g?1 endurance1 & fe>lessness1 ) an enl>g$ m5tal capacity1 & a p[] ( mak+ x felt by spee*4 ,! disproportion betwe5 ! physical en]gy & ! m5tal =ce ( ,demo/h5es1 beg9n+ 9 *ildhood1 is record$ & lam5t$ 9 ! inscription plac$ on 8 /atue aft] 8 dea?4444 ,demo/h5es put himself "u ! tea*+ ( ,isaeus2 444 & also pr(it$ l>gely by ! disc\rse ( ,plato1 ( ,isokrates1 & o!rs4 ,z an ard5t aspirant1 he w\ld seek in/ruction f mo/ ( ! be/ s\rces1 !oretical z well z practical--writ]s z well z lectur]s4 ,b1 besides liv+ tea*]s1 !re 0 "o ( ! la/ g5]ation :o contribut$ l>gely to 8 improvem5t4 ,he /udi$ ,?ucydides ) indefatigable labor & att5tion2 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 he copi$ ! :ole hi/ory eight times ov] ) 8 own h&2 accord+ to ano!r1 he le>nt x all by he>t1 s z to be able to rewrite x f memory1 :5 ! manuscript 0 accid5tally de/roy$4 ,)\t m9utely criticiz+ ^! details1 we asc]ta91 at lea/1 t ,?ucydides 0 ! peculi> object ( 8 /udy & imitation4 ,h[ mu* ! composition ( ,demo/h5es 0 fa%ion$ by ! read+ ( ,?ucydides1 reproduc+ ! d>+1 maje/ic1 & impressive phraseology1 yet )\t ! ov]/ra9$ brevity & involutions ( t great hi/orian1--& contriv+ to bl5d ) x a p]spicuity & grace n inf]ior to ,lysias1--may be se5 illu/rat$ 9 ! elaborate criticism ( ! rhetor ,dionysius4 ,:ile ?us /rik+ out = himself a bold & orig9al /yle1 ,demo/h5es _h /ill great] difficulties to ov]come 9 reg>d to ! ext]nal requisites ( an orator4 ,he 0 n end[$ by nature1 l ,a,eschines1 ) a magnific5t voice2 nor1 l ,demades1 ) a ready fl[ ( vehem5t improvisation4 ,8 ?\ghts requir$ to be put toge!r by c>eful prep>ation2 8 voice 0 bad1 & ev5 lisp+2 8 brea? %ort2 8 ge/iculation ungraceful2 moreov]1 he 0 ov]aw$ & emb>rass$ by ! manife/ations ( ! multitude4444 ,! en]gy & success ) :i* ,demo/h5es ov]came 8 defects1 9 su* mann] z to satisfy a critical assembly l ! ,a!nians1 is "o ( ! mo/ memorable circum/ances 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( self-education4 ,repeat$ humiliation & repulse only spurr$ him on to fre% solit>y ef=ts = improvem5t4 ,he correct$ 8 defective elocution by speak+ ) pebbles 9 8 m\?2 he prep>$ himself to ov]come ! noise ( ! assembly by declaim+ 9 /ormy wea!r on ! sea-%ore ( ,phal]um2 he op5$ 8 lungs by runn+1 & ext5d$ 8 p[]s ( hold+ brea? by pron\nc+ s5t5ces 9 m>*+ up-hill2 he sometimes pass$ two or ?ree mon?s )\t int]ruption 9 a subt]ranean *amb]1 practis+ night & day ei!r 9 composition or declamation1 & %av+ "o-half ( 8 head 9 ord] to disqualify himself f go+ abroad4#c ,yet all ?is ef=t & sacrifice 7 accompani$ by repeat$ & humiliat+ failures2 & x 0 n until he 0 tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age t ! great orator ( ! _w a*iev$ 8 fir/ success be=e ! ,a!nian assembly4 ,b h[ c ! y\? ( ?is age hope to be foll[]s1 ev5 at a di/ance1 ( ,demo/h5es1 & ( ^? 8 pe]s1 :o1 by eloqu5ce1 poetry1 art1 sci5ce1 & g5]al le>n+1 h add$ dignity to ! race1 & giv5 lu/re to g5]ations sep>at$ by oceans & c5turies1 unless !y are animat$ by a _s ( progress1 & *e]$ by a fai? t %all be manife/$ 9 ! disposition & ! p[] to ov]come ! ob/acles t lie 9 e "o's pa?8 ,su* a c\rse ( tra9+ requires individual ef=t & p]sonal self-sacrifice4 ,x w\ld n be wise to foll[ ! plan ( ! ,a!nian orator2 he adapt$ 8 tra9+ to 8 p]sonal circum/ances1 & ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry4 ,8 hi/ory is *iefly valuable = ! lessons ( self-reliance1 & ! example ( p]sev]ance "u disc\ragem5ts1 t x furni%es4 ,b x is always a solemn duty to hold up be=e y\? noble models ( indu/ry1 p]sev]ance1 & success1 t !y may be /imulat$ to ! "w ( life by ! assurance ( hi/ory t1 ,n enjoym5t1 & n sorr[1 ,is our de/9$ end or way2 ,b to act1 t ea* to-morr[ ,f9d u fur!r ?an to-day4 ,,iii4 ,! popul> read+ ( ! day does n contribute ess5tially to ! education ( ! citiz5 & /atesman4--,x is n1 ( c\rse1 expect$ t e man is to qualify himself = ! life ( a /atesman2 b x does seem necess>y = all to be s well in/ruct$ 9 political le>n+ z to possess ! means ( =m+ a reasonable & philosophical op9ion ( ! policy ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is z discr$itable to ! intellect & judgm5t ( a free p to compla9 ( t :i* is "r 9 itself1 & re/s ^u e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( "r1 z to submit )\t resi/ance or murmur to usurpation or misgov]nm5t4 ,i d n mean to und]value ! p]iodical press2 b x mu/ always assume some?+ 9 reg>d to its read]s1 & 9 politics x mu/ assume t ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t & ! hi/ory ( national in/itutions are kn[n & und]/ood4 ,b ! "y man %\ld subject himself to a sy/ematic c\rse ( tra9+2 & ,i "k ( no?+ m valuable 9 political /udies ?an a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ,engli% hi/ory4 ,our pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t 7 d]iv$ f ,engl&2 & x is 9 ! hi/ory ( ! "m c\ntry t ! be/ discussion ( pr9ciples is f\nd1 z 9 t c\ntry _m ( ! conte/s = lib]ty occurr$4 ,b1 z our gov]nm5t is ! outgr[? r ?an a copy ( ,briti% pr9ciples & in/itutions1 ! ,am]ican citiz5 is n prep>$ = 8 duties until he has made himself famili> ) ,am]ican hi/ory1 9 all its dep>tm5ts4 ,h[ ill-suit$1 !n1 = ! duties ( citiz5%ip & public life1 9 ! =mation ( ta/e & habits ( ?\ght1 is mu* ( ! read+ ( ! pres5t "t6 ,& ,i may "h call att5tion to ! fact t ea* t[n 9 ,massa*usetts is inve/$ ) au?ority to e/abli% a public libr>y by taxation4 ,?is1 x seems to me1 is "o ( ! mo/ important legislative acts ( ! pres5t dec5nial p]iod2 &1 inde$1 a public libr>y is ess5tial to ! view ,i am tak+ ( ! necessity & importance ( political education4 ,private libr>ies exi/1 b !y are n f\nd 9 e h\se1 nor c e p]son enjoy _! advantages4 ,public libr>ies are op5 to all2 &1 :5 ! selection ( books is judici\s1 !y furni% opportunities = education h>dly less to be priz$ ?an ! common s*ools !mselves4 ,! public libr>y is n only an aid to g5]al le>n+1 a contributor to political intellig5ce & p[]1 b x is an effici5t support] ( s\nd morals1 & all good neighborhood among m54 ,if ! public w n (f] to its y\? valuable read+1 su* z its exp]i5ce1 its wisdom1 its k ( ! claims ( society1 its morality may select1 %all ! public compla9 if its "y m5 & wom5 are tempt$ by frivol\s & p]nici\s m5tal occupations8 ,x is1 moreov]1 ! duty ( ! public to furni% ! means ( self-education1 especially 9 ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t2 & political le>n+1 = ! mo/ "p1 mu/ be ga9$ aft] ! s*ool-go+ p]iod ( life has pass$4 ,let ,am]ican lib]ty be an intellig5t lib]ty1 & !re=e a self-su/a9+ lib]ty4 ,fre$om1 m or less complete1 has be5 f\nd 9 two conditions ( life4 ,man1 9 a rude /ate1 :]e 8 condition seem$ to be normal1 r ?an ! result ( a process ( m5tal & moral deg5]acy1 has (t5 possess$ a l>ge %>e ( indep5d5ce2 b ?is %\ld by no means be conf\nd$ ) :at 9 ,am]ica is call$ lib]ty4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ! savage1 or nomad1 is manife/$ 9 ! abs5ce ( law2 b ! lib]ty ( an ,am]ican citiz5 is ! p[] to d :atev] may be b5eficial to himself1 & n injuri\s to 8 neighbor nor to ! /ate4 ,! fir/ leaves self-protection & self-regulation to ! individual1 :ile ! latt] re/ra9s ! aggressive t5d5cies ( all = ! security ( ea*4 ,! fir/ is natural equality )\t law2 ! second is natural equality be=e ! law4 ,) ! fir/1 might makes "r2 ) ! latt]1 "r makes might4 ,) ! fir/1 ! p[] ( ! law1 or ( ! w ( an individual or clan1 is 9 ! rigor & success ( execution2 ) ! latt]1 ! p[] ( ! law is 9 ! ju/ice ( its dem&4 ,we1 z a p1 h pass$ ! savage & nomadic /ate1 & c return to x only aft] a long & melan*oly process ( decay & *ange1 out ( :i* ultimately might come a new & savage race ( m54 ,?is1 !n1 is n our imm$iate1 ev5 if x be a possible dang]4 ,b we are to gu>d aga9/ intellectual1 political1 & moral deg5]acy4 ,we are1 ?r\gh family1 religi\s1 & public education1 to take security ( ! *ildhood & y\? ( ! l& = ! pres]vation ( ! in/itutions we h1 & = ! gr[?1 greatness1 & ju/ice1 ( ! republic4 ,lib]ty 9 ,am]ica1 if y w admit ! di/9ction1 is a gr[? & n a creation4 ,! in/itutions ( lib]ty 9 ,am]ica h ! same "*4 ,by _m c5turies ( trial1 /ruggle1 & conte/1 ?r\gh _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 sometimes joy\s1 & sometimes sad1 ! fact & ! in/itutions ( lib]ty 9 ,am]ica h be5 evolv$4 ,x has n be5 a "w ( de/ruction & creation1 b a process ( *ange & progress4 ,& s x mu/ ev] be4 ,re=mation does n (t5 foll[ de/ruction2 & !y :o seek to de/roy ! in/itutions ( a c\ntry are n its fri5ds 9 fact1 h[ev] !y may be 9 purpose4 ,ignorance c de/roy1 b intellig5ce is requir$ to re=m or build up4 ,let ! prejudice aga9/ le>n+1 n common n[1 b possibly exi/+ 9 "s m9ds1 be =ev] bani%$4 ,le>n+ is ! fri5d ( lib]ty4 ,( ?is ,am]ica has _h evid5ce 9 h] own hi/ory1 & 9 h] obs]vation ( ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,! lit]>y in/itutions & ! cultivat$ m5 ( ,am]ica1 l ,milton & ,hampd5 9 ,engl&1 pref]r$ ,h>d lib]ty be=e ! easy yoke ,( s]vile pomp4 ,x 0 ! intellig5ce ( ! c\ntry t ev]y:]e utt]$ & ev]y:]e accept$ ! decl>ation ( ! t[n ( ,bo/on1 9 ! revolution>y /ruggle1 ,we c endure pov]ty1 b we disda9 slav]y4 ,ignorance is quicks& on :i* no /able political /ructure c be built2 & ,i pr$ict ! future greatness ( our belov$ /ate1 9 ^? hi/orical qualities t outla/ ! ages1 f ! fact t %e is n tempt$ by h] ext5t ( t]ritory1 salubrity ( climate1 f]tility ( soil1 or by ! pres5ce & promise ( any natural s\rce ( weal?1 to falt] 9 h] devotion to le>n+ & lib]ty4 ,& ,i anticipate = ,massa*usetts a c>e] ( influ5ce b5eficial to all1 :e!r disput$ or accept$1 :5 ,i reflect t1 ) less good =tune 9 ! pres5ce & comb9ation ( le>n+ & lib]ty1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,v5ice1 ,holl&1 & ,engl&1 enjoy$ p[] disproportionate to _! respective populations1 t]ritory1 & natural res\rces4 ,&1 :ile ! object = :i* we are conv5$ may p>don some?+ to local atta*m5ts & /ate pride1 ! day & ! occasion ought n to pass )\t a grateful & he>ty ackn[l$gm5t ( ! int]e/ manife/$ by o!r /ates & sections 9 ! cause ( g5]al le>n+1 & especially 9 common-s*ool education4 ,! ,canadas are our rivals2 ! /ates ( ! ,we/ are our rivals2 ! /ates ( ! ,s\? are our rivals2 &1 7 our great] exp]i5ce & bett] opportunities reckon$ aga9/ u1 ,i "k n t !re w\ld be mu* 9 our sy/ems ( education ( :i* we c\ld prop]ly boa/4 ,x is1 inde$1 possible t ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 unt[>d circum/ances hav+ _! due weight1 has made m progress 9 education1 s9ce #ahdj1 ?an any o!r /ate ( ! ,union4 ,education is n only favorable to lib]ty1 b1 :5 associat$ ) lib]ty1 x is ! basis ( ! ,union & p[] ( ! ,am]ican /ates4 ,z citiz5s ( ! republic1 we ne$ a bett] k ( our national in/itutions1 a bett] k ( ! in/itutions ( ! sev]al /ates1 a m intimate acqua9tance ) "o ano!r1 & ! p[] ( judg+ wisely & ju/ly ! policies & measures ( ea* & all4 ,^! ends1 aid$ or accompli%$ by g5]al le>n+1 w s /r5g!n ! ,union z no =ce ( armies c--w s /r5g!n ! ,union z t by no =ce ( armies c x be ov]?r[n4 ,,footnote3 #c ,grote's ,hi/41 vol4 xi41 p4 #bff1 et seq4 ,,massa*usetts ,,s*ool ,,fund4 ,extract f ! ,tw5ty-,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,! ,massa*usetts ,s*ool ,fund 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,legislature ( #ahcd 7/at4 #ahcd1 *ap4 #afi71 & x 0 provid$ by ! act t all moneys 9 ! treasury on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahce1 d]iv$ f ! sale ( l&s 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e1 & f ! claim ( ! /ate on ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = milit>y s]vices1 & n o!rwise appropriat$1 toge!r ) fifty p] c5tum ( all moneys !reaft] to be receiv$ f ! sale ( l&s 9 ,ma9e1 %\ld be appropriat$ to con/itute a p]man5t fund1 = ! aid & enc\ragem5t ( ,common ,s*ools4 ,x 0 provid$ t ! fund %\ld nev] exce$ "o million ( doll>s1 & t ! income only %\ld be appropriat$ to ! object 9 view4 ,! mode ( di/ribution 0 ref]r$ to a subsequ5t ,legislature4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 provid$ t a great] sum %\ld nev] be paid to any city or t[n ?an 0 rais$ !re9 = ! support ( common s*ools4 ,!re are two po9ts 9 ! law t des]ve consid]ation4 ,fir/1 ! object ( ! fund 0 ! aid & enc\ragem5t ( ! s*ools1 & n _! support2 & secondly1 ! limit ( appropriation to ! respective t[ns 0 ! am\nt rais$ by ea*4 ,!re is an app>5t inconsi/5cy 9 ?is re/riction :5 x is consid]$ t ! income ( ! entire fund w\ld h be5 equal to only =ty-?ree c5ts = ea* *ild 9 ! /ate betwe5 ! ages ( five & fifte5 ye>s1 & t ea* t[n rais$1 annually1 by taxation1 a l>g] sum2 b ?is inconsi/5cy is to be expla9$ by ! fact t ! public s5tim5t1 z indicat$ by resolves report$ by ! same committee = ! appo9tm5t ( commission]s on ! subject1 t5d$ to a di/ribution ( money among ! t[ns accord+ to _! educational wants4 ,z e>ly z #ahbh1 ! ,committee on ,education ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 9 a ,report made by ,hon4 ,w4 ,b4 ,calh\n1 decl>$1 ,t means %\ld be devis$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a fund hav+ 9 view n ! support1 b ! enc\ragem5t1 ( ! common s*ools1 & ! in/ruction ( s*ool tea*]s4 ,?is report 0 made 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 & 9 ,febru>y foll[+ ! same committee say3 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a fund %\ld look to ! support ( an in/itution = ! in/ruction ( s*ool tea*]s 9 ea* c\nty 9 ! commonweal?1 & to ! di/ribution1 annually1 to all ! t[ns1 ( su* a sum = ! b5efit ( ! s*ools z %all simply op]ate z an enc\ragem5t to proportionate ef=ts on ! "p ( ! t[ns4 ,a fund :i* %\ld be s l>ge z to suffice = ! support ( ! :ole s*ool e/abli%m5t ( ! /ate1 z is ! case 9 ,connecticut1 w\ld1 9 ! op9ion ( ! committee1 be r detrim5tal ?an advantage\s2 x w\ld only s]ve to draw (f f ! mass ( ! community t animat+ int]e/ :i* w ev] be f\nd indisp5sable :]e a resolute feel+ ^u ! subject is wi%$ = or expect$4 ,su* a result is1 9 e s5se1 to be deprecat$1 & :atev] may t5d to x1 ev5 remotely1 %\ld be anxi\sly avoid$4 ,a fund :i* %\ld admit ( ! di/ribution ( "o ?\s& doll>s to any t[n :i* %\ld raise ?ree ?\s& doll>s1 9 any mann] )9 itself1 or 9 t proportion1 w\ld op]ate z a /rong inc5tive to high ef=ts2 &1 if to ?is %\ld be add$ ! fur!r requisition ( a fai?ful return to ! ,legislature1 annually1 ( ! condition ( ! s*ools1 ! consequ5ces c\ld n be o!rwise ?an decid$ly favorable4 ,?is report 0 accompani$ by a bill = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,massa*usetts ,lit]>y ,fund4 ,! bill foll[$ ! report 9 reg>d to ! proportionate am\nt ( ! income ( ! fund to be di/ribut$ to ! sev]al t[ns4 ,?is bill fail$ to become a law4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahcc1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 "u an ord] introduc$ by ,mr4 ,m>%1 ( ,dalton1 appo9t$ a committee to consid] ! exp$i5cy ( inve/+ a portion ( ! proce$s ( ! sales ( ! l&s ( ?is commonweal? 9 a p]man5t fund1 ! int]e/ ( :i* %\ld be annually appli$1 z ! ,legislature %\ld f "t to "t direct1 = ! enc\ragem5t ( common s*ools4 ,! adoption ( ?is ord] 0 ! incipi5t measure t l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,massa*usetts ,s*ool ,fund4 ,on ! tw5ty-?ird ( ! same mon?1 ,mr4 ,m>% submitt$ ! report ( ! committee4 ,! committee act$ ^u ! expectation t all moneys !n 9 ! treasury d]iv$ f ! sale ( public l&s1 & ! entire proce$s ( all subsequ5t sales1 7 to be set ap>t z a fund = ! enc\ragem5t ( common s*ools2 b1 z blanks 7 left 9 ! bill report$1 !y seem n to h be5 sangu9e ( ! lib]ality ( ! ,legislature4 ,! ca% & notes on h& am\nt$ to #bcd1dah4cb1 & ?ree & a half millions ( acres ( l& unsold am\nt$1 at ! e/imat$ price ( =ty c5ts p] acre1 to #a1djj1jjj m2 mak+ toge!r a fund ) a capital ( #a1fcd1dah4cb4 ,! income 0 e/imat$ at #ih1jfe4ji4 ,x 0 also /at$ t !re 7 #adj1jjj *ildr5 9 ! /ate betwe5 ! ages ( five & fifte5 ye>s1 & x 0 !re=e expect$ t ! income ( ! fund w\ld p]mit a di/ribution to ! t[ns ( sev5ty c5ts = ea* *ild betwe5 ! a=e-nam$ ages4 ,?is c]ta9ly 0 a lib]al expectation1 comp>$ ) ! results t h be5 atta9$4 ,! di/ributive %>e ( ea* *ild has am\nt$ to only ab\t "o-?ird ( ! sum !n contemplat$4 ,! committee 7 c>eful to say1 ,x is n int5d$1 9 e/abli%+ a s*ool fund1 to relieve t[ns & p>5ts f ! pr9cipal exp5se ( education2 b to manife/ our int]e/ 91 & to give direction1 en]gy1 & /ability to1 in/itutions ess5tial to individual happ9ess & ! public welf>e4 ,9 conclusion1 ! committee make ! foll[+ inquiries & sugge/ions3 ,%\ld n our common s*ools be br\ght ne>] to _! con/itutional gu>dians8 ,%all we n adopt measures :i* %all b9d1 9 grateful alliance1 ! y\? to ! gov]nors ( ! commonweal?8 ,we consid] ! application1 annually1 ( ! int]e/ ( ! propos$ fund1 z ! e/abli%m5t ( a direct communication betwixt ! ,legislature & ! s*ools2 z ea* repres5tative c c>ry home ! b\nty ( ! gov]nm5t1 & br+ back f ! s*ools returns ( gratitude & pr(ici5cy4 ,!y w !n *e]fully r5d] all su* in=mation z ! ,legislature may desire4 ,a new _s w\ld animate ! community1 f :i* we might hope ! mo/ happy results4 ,?is end[m5t w\ld give ! s*ools consequ5ce & "*1 & w\ld correct & elevate ! /&>d ( education4 ,!re=e1 to pres]ve ! purity1 ext5d ! usefulness1 & p]petuate ! b5efits ( intellig5ce1 we recomm5d t a fund be con/itut$1 & ! di/ribution ( ! income s ord]$ z to op5 a direct & m c]ta9 int]c\rse ) ! s*ools2 believ+ t by ?is measure _! wants w\ld be bett] und]/ood & suppli$1 ! advantages ( education m highly appreciat$ & improv$1 & ! bless+s ( wisdom1 virtue1 & k1 c>ri$ home to ! fireside ( e family1 to ! bosom ( e *ild4 ,! bill report$ by ?is committee 0 read twice1 & !n1 ^u ,mr4 ,m>%'s motion1 ref]r$ to ! next ,legislature4 ,9 #ahcd1 ! bill f ! files ( ! la/ ,g5]al ,c\rt to e/abli% ! ,massa*usetts ,s*ool ,fund1 & s mu* ( ! petition ( ! inhabitants ( ,seekonk z relat$ to ! same subject1 7 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,education4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 ,hon4 ,a4 ,d4 ,fo/]1 ( ,worce/]1 *airman ( ! committee1 made a report1 & submitt$ a bill :i* 0 ! basis ( ! law ( ,m>* #ca1 #ahcd4 ,! committee 7 s5sible ( ! importance ( e/abli%+ a fund = ! enc\ragem5t ( ! common s*ools4 ,^! in/itutions 7 langui%+ = support1 & 9 a great degree de/itute ( ! public sympa?y4 ,!re 7 no means ( communication betwe5 ! gov]nm5t & ! s*ools1 & 9 "s sections t[ns & di/ricts _h set !mselves resolutely aga9/ all int]f]5ce by ! /ate4 ,9 #ahcb1 an ef=t 0 made to asc]ta9 ! am\nt rais$ = ! support ( s*ools4 ,returns 7 receiv$ f only n9ety-n9e t[ns1 %[+ an annual av]age exp5diture ( "o doll> & n9ety-eight c5ts = ea* pupil4 ,! int]e/ 9 ?is subject does n seem to h be5 conf9$ to ! ,legislature1 nor ev5 to h orig9at$ !re4 ,! report ( ! committee conta9s an extract f a communication made by ,rev4 ,william ,c4 ,woodbridge1 !n editor ( ! ,am]ican ,annals ( ,education & ,in/ruction4 ,8 views 7 adopt$ by ! committee1 & !y correspond$ ) ^? :i* h be5 already quot$4 ,! dang]s ( a l>ge fund 7 pres5t$1 & ! example ( ,connecticut1 & "s /ates ( ! ,we/1 :]e s*ool funds _h dim9i%$ r ?an increas$ ! public int]e/ 9 education1 0 t5d]$ z a w>n+ aga9/ a too lib]al appropriation ( public money4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,woodbridge claim$ t ! e/abli%m5t ( a fund :i* %\ld enc\rage ef=ts r ?an supply all wants1 &1 )\t su/a9+ ! s*ools1 give aid to ! p 9 proportion to _! own contributions1 0 a measure indisp5sable to ! cause ( education4 ,he also ref]r$ to ! exp]i5ce ( ,new ,j]sey1 :i* _h made a g5]al appropriation to be paid to ^? t[ns t %\ld contribute = ! support ( _! own s*ools2 b1 su* 0 ! public indiff]5ce1 t aft] _m ye>s ! money 0 /ill 9 ! treasury4 ,h5ce x 0 inf]r$ t all ^! measures 7 ineffectual1 & t m]e taxation 01 ^u ! :ole1 to be pref]r$ to any imp]fect sy/em4 ,b ! example ( ,new ,york 0 approv$1 :]e ! di/ribution ( a small sum1 equal to ab\t tw5ty c5ts = ea* pupil1 _h increas$ ! public int]e/1 & wr\ght :at !n seem$ to be an effectual & p]man5t revolution 9 educational affairs4 ,^! facts & reason+s1 say ! committee1 seem to be important & s\nd1 & to result 9 ?is1--t no provision ought to be made :i* %all dim9i% ! pres5t am\nt ( money rais$ by taxes = ! s*ools1 or ! int]e/ felt by ! p 9 _! prosp]ity2 t a fund may be s us$ z satisfactorily to increase bo?--& t fur!r in=mation 9 reg>d to our s*ools is requisite to det]m9e ! be/ mode ( do+ ?is4 ,^! op9ions are support$ g5]ally by ! judgm5t ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,yet x is to be rem>k$1 by way ( p>tial diss5t1 t ! public apa?y 9 ,connecticut & ! /ates ( ! ,we/ 0 n 9 a great degree ! effect ( ! funds1 b 0 r a coexi/+1 indep5d5t fact4 ,x ought n1 !re=e1 to h be5 expect$ t ! m]e (f] ( money = educational purposes1 :ile ! p _h no j idea ( ! importance ( education or ( ! means by :i* x c\ld be acquir$1 w\ld lead !m ev5 to accept ! pr(f]$ boon2 & x c]ta9ly1 9 _! judgm5t1 furni%$ no reason = self-taxation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 no d\bt true t ! p[] ( local taxation = ! support ( s*ools is 9 its ex]cise a means ( provok+ int]e/ 9 education2 & x is reasonable to assume t a public sy/em ( in/ruction w nev] be vigor\s & effici5t at all times & "u all circum/ances :]e ! "r ( local taxation does n exi/ or is n ex]cis$4 ,:5 ! entire exp5diture is d]iv$ f ! income ( public funds1 or obta9$ by a univ]sal tax1 & ! proce$s di/ribut$ among ! t[ns1 p>i%es1 or di/ricts1 !re w (t5 be g5]al conditions ( public s5tim5t unfavorable1 if n ho/ile1 to s*ools2 &1 !re w always be f\nd 9 any /ate1 h[ev] small1 local indiff]5ce & le?>gy :i* r5d] all gifts1 donations1 & di/ributions1 comp>atively valueless4 ,! subject ( self-taxation annually is important 9 connection ) a sy/em ( free education4 ,x is ! exp]i5ce ( ! /ates ( ?is c\ntry t ! p !mselves are m g5]\s 9 ! use ( ?is p[] ?an are _! repres5tatives2 & x is also true t :5 ! p[] has be5 ex]cis$ by ! p1 !re is usually m int]e/ awak5$ 9 reg>d to modes ( exp5diture1 & m zeal manife/$ 9 secur+ adequate returns4 ,! private conv]sations & public debates (t5 ar\se an int]e/ :i* w\ld nev] h be5 manife/$ _h ! means ( education be5 furni%$ by a fund1 or be5 di/ribut$ z ! proce$s ( a g5]al tax assess$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate4 ,i h no d\bt t mu* ( our success is due to ! fact t 9 all ! t[ns ! "q ( taxation is annually submitt$ to ! p4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ! sum ( our municipal appropriations nev] c\ld h be5 increas$ f #chg1abd4ag1 9 #ahcg1 to #a1cda1beb4jc1 9 #aheh1 )\t ! influ5ce ( ! /ati/ical tables t are app5d$ to ! ,annual ,reports ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education2 & x is also true t ! mat]ials = ^! tables c\ld n h be5 secur$ )\t ! ag5cy ( ! s*ool fund4 ,our exp]i5ce z a /ate confirms ! wisdom ( ! reports ( #ahcc & #ahcd2 & ,i unres]v$ly concur 9 ! op9ion t a fund ought n to be suffici5t = ! support ( s*ools1 b t su* a fund is ne$$ to give enc\ragem5t to ! t[ns1 to /imulate ! p to make adequate local appropriations1 to secure accurate & complete returns f ! committees1 & f9ally to provide means = tra9+ tea*]s1 & = defray+ ! necess>y exp5ses ( ! educational dep>tm5t4 ,! law ( #ahcd1 e/abli%+ ! s*ool fund1 0 re5act$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7*ap4 #aa1 sects4 #ac & #ad74 ,! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7*ap4 #bc1 sects4 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff1 & #fg7 also requir$ t returns %\ld be made1 ea* ye>1 f all ! t[ns ( ! commonweal?1 ( ! condition ( ! s*ools 9 v>i\s important p>ticul>s4 ,! income ( ! fund 0 to be apportion$ among ! t[ns t _h rais$1 ! prec$+ ye>1 ! sum ( "o doll> by taxation = ea* pupil1 & _h compli$ ) ! laws 9 o!r respects2 & x 0 to be di/ribut$ accord+ to ! numb] ( p]sons 9 ea* betwe5 ! ages ( f\r & sixte5 ye>s4 ,^! provisions h s9ce be5 frequ5tly & v>i\sly modifi$2 b at all times ! /ate has impos$ simil> conditions ^u ! t[ns4 ,by ! /atute ( #ahci1 *apt] #ef1 ! income ( ! s*ool fund 0 to be apportion$ among ^? t[ns t _h rais$ by taxation = ! support ( s*ools ! sum ( "o doll> & tw5ty-five c5ts = ea* p]son betwe5 ! ages ( f\r & sixte5 ye>s2 &1 by ! law ( #ahdi1 *apt] #aag1 ! income 0 to be apportion$ among ^? t[ns :i* _h rais$ by taxation ! sum ( "o doll> & fifty c5ts = ! education ( ea* p]son betwe5 ! ages ( five & fifte5 ye>s4 ,?is provision is n[ 9 =ce4 ,by an act ( ! ,legislature1 pass$ ,april #ae?1 #ahdf1 x 0 provid$ t all sums ( money :i* %\ld !reaft] be drawn f ! treasury1 = educational purposes1 %\ld be consid]$ z a *>ge ^u ! moiety ( ! proce$s ( ! sales ( ! public l&s set ap>t = ! purpose ( con/itut+ a s*ool fund4 ,?is provision cont9u$ 9 =ce until ! reo]ganization ( ! fund1 9 #ahed4 ,by ! law ( t ye> 7*ap4 #cjj71 x 0 provid$ t "o half ( ! annual income ( ! fund %\ld be apportion$ & di/ribut$ among ! t[ns accord+ to ! !n exi/+ provisions ( law1 & t ! educational exp5ses be=e ref]r$ to %\ld be *>geable to & paid f ! o!r half ( ! income ( said fund4 ,^! provisions are n[ 9 =ce4 ,! limitation ( ! act ( #ahcd1 e/abli%+ ! fund1 & ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes1 0 remov$ by ! law ( #ahea1 *apt] #aab1 & ! am\nt ( ! fund 0 !n fix$ at "o million & five hundr$ ?\s& doll>s4 ,by ! act ( #ahed ! pr9cipal 0 limit$ to two millions ( doll>s4 ,! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion ( #ahec _h1 ) great unanimity1 decl>$ x to be ! duty ( ! ,legislature to provide = ! increase ( ! s*ool fund to ! sum ( two millions ( doll>s2 &1 ?\gh ! propos$ con/itution 0 reject$ by ! p1 ! provision conc]n+ ! fund 0 g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 acceptable4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! legislature ( #ahed may be said to h act$ 9 con=mity to ! kn[n op9ion & purpose ( ! /ate4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,june1 #aheh1 ! pr9cipal ( ! fund 0 #a1ebb1hih4da1 includ+ ! sum ( #a1hdc4fh1 add$ dur+ ! ye> prec$+ t date4 ,9 ?is /atem5t no notice is tak5 ( ! rights ( ! s*ool fund 9 ! ,we/]n ,railroad ,loan ,s9k+ ,fund4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! committee ( #ahcc contemplat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a fund1 ) a capital ( #a1fcd1dah4cb1 & yet1 aft] tw5ty-five ye>s1 ! ,massa*usetts ,s*ool ,fund am\nts to only #a1ebb1hih4da4 ,its pres5t means ( increase are limit$ to ! excess ( "o-half ( ! annual income ov] ! curr5t educational exp5ses4 ,! increase = ! ye> #ahef-g 0 #d1adb4ij2 & = ! ye> #aheg-h1 #a1hdc4fh4 ,) ?is res\rce only1 & at ?is rate ( increase1 ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty ye>s w be requir$ = ! augm5tation ( ! capital to ! maximum contemplat$ by exi/+ laws4 ,b ! educational wants ( ! /ate are su* t ev5 ?is scanty supply mu/ soon cease4 ,x is !n due to ! magnitude ( ! proposition = ! consid]able & spe$y increase ( ! s*ool fund1 t its necessity1 if possible1 or its utility1 at lea/1 %\ld be satisfactorily demon/rat$2 & x is = ?is purpose t ,i h already pres5t$ a brief sket* ( its hi/ory 9 connection ) ! legislation ( ! commonweal?1 & t ,i n[ proce$ to set =? its relations to ! practical "w ( public in/ruction4 ,:5 ! fund 0 in/itut$1 public s5tim5t 9 reg>d to education 0 le?>gic1 if n retrograd+4 ,! m]e fact ( ! action ( ! ,legislature l5t new importance to ! cause ( le>n+1 inspir$ its advocates ) additional zeal1 gave effici5cy to previ\s & subsequ5t legislation1 &1 z ?\gh !re _h be5 a new creation1 evok$ ord] out ( *aos4 ,previ\s to #ahcd !re 0 no tru/wor?y in=mation conc]n+ ! s*ools ( ! /ate4 ,! law ( #ahbf1 *apt] #adc1 section #h1 requir$ ea* t[n to make a report to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?1 ( ! am\nt ( money paid1 ! numb] ( s*ools1 ! aggregate numb] ( mon?s t ! s*ools ( ea* city & t[n 7 kept1 ! numb] ( male & female tea*]s1 ! :ole numb] ( pupils1 ! numb] ( private s*ools & academies & ! numb] ( pupils !re91 ! am\nt ( comp5sation paid to ! in/ructors ( private s*ools & academies1 & ! numb] ( p]sons betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & tw5ty-"o ye>s :o 7 unable to read & write4 ,! ,legislature did n provide a p5alty = neglect ( ?is provision1 nor does !re seem to h be5 any j me?od ( compell+ ob$i5ce4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal? s5t out blank =ms ( returns1 & replies 7 receiv$ f two hundr$ & f\rte5 t[ns1 :ile eighty-eight 7 entirely sil5t4 ,! returns receiv$ furni% a s]ies ( int]e/+ facts = ! ye> #ahbf4 ,!re 7 "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-six di/rict s*ools1 support$ at an exp5se ( two hundr$ & tw5ty-six ?\s& two hundr$ & n9ete5 doll>s & n9ety c5ts 7#bbf1bai4ij71 :ile !re 7 n9e hundr$ & fifty-?ree academies & private s*ools ma9ta9$ at a co/ ( #aib1dee4aj4 ,! :ole numb] ( *ildr5 att5d+ public s*ools 0 #aag1ahf1 & ! numb] educat$ 9 private s*ools & academies 0 #be1jhc4 ,! exp5se1 !re=e1 0 #g4fg p] pupil 9 ! private s*ools1 & only #a4ic ea* 9 ! public s*ools4 ,^! facts are indicative ( ! condition ( public s5tim5t4 ,ab\t "o-six? ( ! *ildr5 ( ! /ate 7 educat$ 9 academies & private s*ools1 at a co/ equal to ab\t six-sev5?s ( ! am\nt paid = ! education ( ! rema9+ five-six?s1 :o att5d$ ! public s*ools4 ,! returns also %[$ t !re 7 #b1igd *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( sev5 & f\rte5 ye>s :o did n att5d s*ool1 & #ecj p]sons ov] f\rte5 ye>s ( age :o 7 unable to read & write4 ,! incomplet5ess ( ^! returns detracts f _! value2 b1 z ^? t[ns :]e ! greate/ int]e/ exi/$ 7 m likely to respond to ! call ( ! ,legislature1 x is probable t ! actual condition ( ! :ole /ate 0 bel[ t ( ! two hundr$ & eighty-eight t[ns4 ,! int]e/ :i* ! law ( #ahbf _h call$ =? 0 tempor>y2 & 9 ,m>*1 #ahcb1 ! ,committee on ,education1 to :om 0 ref]r$ an ord] ) in/ructions to inquire into ! exp$i5cy ( provid+ a fund to furni%1 9 c]ta9 cases1 common s*ools ) app>atus1 books1 & su* o!r aid z may be necess>y to raise ! /&>d ( common s*ool education1 say t !y desire m accurate k ?an c\ld !n be obta9$4 ,! returns requir$ by law 7 9 _m cases :olly neglect$1 & 9 o!rs !y 7 inaccurately made4 ,9 ! ye> #ahca returns 7 receiv$ f only eighty-six t[ns4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! desir$ in=mation1 a special movem5t 0 made by ! ,legislature4 ,! report ( ! committee 0 pr9t$ 9 all ! newspap]s t publi%$ ! laws ( ! commonweal?1 & ! ,secret>y 0 direct$ to prep>e & pres5t to ! ,legislature an ab/ract ( ! returns :i* %\ld be receiv$ f ! sev]al t[ns = ! ye> #ahcb4 ,! result ( ?is extraord9>y ef=t 0 se5 9 returns f only n9ety-n9e ( ?ree hundr$ & five t[ns1 & ev5 a l>ge "p ( ^! 7 confess$ly inaccurate or incomplete4 ,!y pres5t1 h[ev]1 "s rem>kable facts4 ,! foll[+ table1 prep>$ f ! returns ( #ahcb1 %[s ! relative /&+ & co/ ( public & private s*ools 9 a "p ( ! pr9cipal t[ns4 ,x appe>s t ! t[ns nam$ 9 ! table 7 educat+ r m ?an two-?irds ( _! *ildr5 9 ! public s*ools1 at an exp5se ( #b4hh ea*1 & ne>ly "o-?ird 9 private s*ools1 at a co/ ( #ab4gj ea*1 & t ! total exp5diture = public in/ruction 0 ab\t ?irty-six p] c5t4 ( ! outlay = educational purposes4 ,column ,head+s3 ,a - ,am\nt paid = public in/ruction dur+ ! ye>4 ,b - ,:ole ,no4 ( ,pupils 9 ! ,public ,s*ools 9 ! c\rse ( ! yr4 ,c - ,numb] ( ,academies & ,private ,s*ools4 ,d - ,numb] ( ,pupils 9 ,academies & ,private ,s*ools & n att5d+ ,public ,s*ools4 ,e -,e/imat$ am\nt ( comp5sation ( ,in/ructors ( ,academies & ,private ,s*ools4 ,,t[ns4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,bev]ly1 #a1hjj #jj #ehj #bh #dij #b1cfe #cc ,brad=d1 #gej #jj #fjj #i #agg #a1gbe #jj ,danv]s1 #b1jjj #jj #hgc #f #aej #a1ejj #jj ,m>blehead1 #b1bjj #jj #fej #ca #fej #c1hjj #jj ,cambridge1 #h1fjj #jj #igj #af #dda #e1ghb #jj ,m$=d1 #a1bjj #jj #bhd #f #aea #b1cgb #jj ,newton1 #a1fjj #jj #edb #c #ajj #b1ige #jj ,amh]/1 #hej #jj #eef #b #bgj #d1fjj #jj ,spr+field1 #c1fjj #jj #a1ieg #d #hjj #b1ejj #jj ,gre5field1 #fcc #ge #baf #b #fe #a1djj #jj ,dor*e/]1 #b1eii #jj #fac #ae #abd #a1hjj #jj ,qu9cy1 #a1hjj #jj #dfe #g #ajf #b1gda #ej ,roxbury1 #d1dej #jj #hcf #ab #cac #h1bah #jj ,new ,b$=d1 #d1jjj #jj #a1bfh #ae #ecg #f1cjj #jj ,h+ham1 #b1add #jj #gjc #h #ahj #b1fbe #jj ,prov9cet[n1 #ehd #cb #dej #d #adj #hjj #jj ,edg>t[n1 #dej #jj #cej #aj #ajj #b1gjj #jj ,nantucket1 #b1fcc1dj #hhb #ej #a1jhd #aj1gie #jj ---------------------------------------- ---- #ah ,t[ns1 #cf1hid #dg #ab1gie #bbh #e1cgh #fd1idh #hc ,! evid5ce is suffici5t t ! public s*ools 7 9 a deplorable & app>5tly hopeless condition4 ,! *ange t has be5 effect$ 9 ! eighte5 t[ns nam$ may be se5 by comp>+ ! foll[+ table ) ! "o already giv54 ,9 #ahcb1 #fd p] c5t4 ( ! am\nt paid = education 0 exp5d$ 9 academies & private s*ools1 :ile 9 #aheh only #bd p] c5t4 0 s exp5d$4 ,9 ! same p]iod ! am\nt rais$ = public s*ools increas$ f less ?an ?irty-sev5 ?\s& doll>s to m ?an two hundr$ & fifty-n9e ?\s& doll>s4 ,at ! fir/ p]iod1 ! att5dance ( pupils ^u academies & private s*ools 0 ne>ly #cj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole numb]1 :ile 9 #aheh x 0 only #h p] c5t4 ,! private s*ools ( "s ( ^! t[ns 7 e/abli%$ rec5tly1 & are su/a9$ 9 a degree by pupils :o are n inhabitants ( ! /ate1 b :o h come among u = ! purpose ( enjoy+ ! culture :i* our tea*]s & s*ools1 private z well z public1 are able to furni%4 ,if1 z seems probable1 ! numb] ( =eign pupils 0 less 9 #ahcb ?an 9 #aheh1 ! decrease ( pupils 9 private s*ools w\ld be great] ?an is indicat$ by ! tables4 ,! co/ ( education1 z x appe>s by ?is table1 is r m ?an ?irty doll>s p] pupil 9 ! private s*ools1 & only eight doll>s & =ty-n9e c5ts 9 ! public s*ools4 ,9 ! foll[+ table1 ,brad=d includes ,grovel&1 ,danv]s includes ,s\? ,danv]s1 ,spr+field includes ,*icopee1 & ,roxbury includes ,we/ ,roxbury4 ,?is is r5d]$ necess>y = ! purposes ( comp>ison1 z ,grovel&1 ,s\? ,danv]s1 ,*icopee1 & ,we/ ,roxbury1 h be5 incorporat$ s9ce #ahcb4 ,column ,head+s3 ,a - ,am\nt paid = ,public ,s*ools 9 #aheg-h1 includ+ tax1 income ( ,surplus ,rev5ue1 & ( ,/ate ,s*ool ,fund1 :5 su* income is appropriat$ = su* s*ools1 & exclusive ( sums paid = s*ool-h\ses4 ,b - ,:ole ,no4 ( pupils att5d+ ,public ,s*ools 9 #aheg-h--! l>ge/ ,no4 return$ z 9 att5dance dur+ any "o t]m4 ,c - ,numb] ( incorporat$ & un9corporat$ ,academies & ,private ,s*ools return$ 9 #aheh4 ,d - ,e/imat$ att5dance 9 ,academies & ,private ,s*ools 9 #aheg-h4 ,e - ,e/imat$ am\nt ( tuition paid 9 ,academies & ,priv4 ,s*ools 9 #aheg-h4 ,,t[ns4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,bev]ly1 #e1gdh #bj #a1aad #a #aj #ajj #jj ,brad=d1 #b1daf #dg #eac #b #hd #a1gbj #jj ,danv]s1 #ad1hbi #eb #b1jff #a #dj #cfj #jj ,m>blehead1 #g1caa #aj #a1ahh #f #afj #a1cij #jj ,cambridge1 #cg1dbj #hf #d1gaj #ad #djj #ae1jjj #jj ,m$=d1 #g1gid #dd #hcg #e #acj #c1hjj #jj ,newton1 #ab1bfc #ej #a1ach #h #cjh #bb1hjj #jj ,amh]/1 #b1adb #hj #ecf #e #aba #c1icd #jj ,spr+field1 #bg1cbd #hd #c1hfd #f -- -- ,gre5field1 #b1fbg #ej #ehi #b #be #a1hjj #jj ,dor*e/]1 #bb1cch #ea #a1gie #a #ca #fjj #jj ,qu9cy1 #h1hfa #df #a1bfj #b #bj #bbe #jj ,roxbury1 #ej1jjj #jj #d1djj #be #efa #aj1fjj #jj ,new ,b$=d1 #cf1jgd #be #c1edh #bj #dcd #ae1jgd #jj ,h+ham1 #d1ijd #ac #gbh #b #ga #a1gag #ef ,prov9cet[n1 #c1adg #bf #fhi -- -- -- ,edg>t[n1 #b1egh #fc #chj #h #if #bjj #jj ,nantucket1 #aa1eif #bg #a1aih #ac #bei #c1dff #bc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,totals1 #bei1cgi #gd #cj1eec #aba #b1gej #hb1ghf #gi ,! ,legislature ( #ahcd act$ ) wisdom & en]gy4 ,! s*ool fund hav+ be5 e/abli%$1 ! t[ns 7 next requir$ to furni% answ]s to c]ta9 que/ions t 7 sub/itut$ = ! requisition ( ! /atute ( #ahbf1 & any t[n ^: committee fail$ to make ! return 0 to be depriv$ ( its %>e ( ! income ( ! s*ool fund1 :5ev] x %\ld be fir/ di/ribut$4 7,res4 #ahcd1 *ap4 #gh47 ,^? measures 7 9 ! highe/ degree salut>y4 ,!re 7 #cje t[ns 9 ! /ate1 & returns 7 receiv$ f #bfa4 ,!re 0 /ill a want ( accuracy & complet5ess2 b f ?is "t =? ! /ate secur$ :at _h nev] be=e be5 atta9$1--intellig5t legislation by ! gov]nm5t1 & intellig5t cooep]ation & support by ! p4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahcd1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal? prep>$ an aggregate ( ! returns receiv$1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a copy3 ,numb] ( t[ns f :i* returns h be5 receiv$1 #bfa ,numb] ( s*ool di/ricts1 #b1bea ,numb] ( male *ildr5 att5d+ s*ool f f\r to sixte5 ye>s ( age1 #fg1dii ,numb] ( female *ildr5 att5d+ s*ool f f\r to sixte5 ye>s ( age1 #fc1gbh ,numb] ov] sixte5 & "u tw5ty-"o unable to read & write1 #aeh ,numb] ( male in/ructors1 #a1ifg ,numb] ( female in/ructors1 #b1chh ,am\nt rais$ by tax to support s*ools1 #haj1agh #hg ,am\nt rais$ by contribution to support s*ools1 #ae1ada #be ,av]age numb] ( s*ol>s att5d+ academies & private s*ools1 #bd1gdi ,e/imat$ am\nt paid = tuition 9 academies & private s*ools1 #bgf1ege #ge ,local funds--,yes1 #ga ,local funds--,no1 #aha ,?us1 by ! in/itution ( ! s*ool fund1 provision 0 made = a sy/em ( annual returns1 f :i* has be5 drawn a s]ies ( /ati/ical tables1 t h n only exhibit$ ! s*ool sy/em z a :ole & 9 its p>ts1 b h also contribut$ ess5tially to its improvem5t4 ,^! /ati/ics h be5 s accurate & complete1 = _m ye>s1 z to furni% a safe basis = legislation2 & !y h at ! same "t be5 employ$ by ! fri5ds ( education z means = awak5+ local int]e/1 & /imulat+ & enc\rag+ ! p to assume freely & be> will+ly ! burd5s ( taxation4 ,x is n[ easy = ea* t[n1 or = any inhabitant1 to "k :at has be5 done 9 any o!r t[n2 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ^? t d be/ are a cont9ual example to ^? t1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 might be indiff]5t4 ,! e/abli%m5t & effici5cy ( ! s*ool-committee sy/em is due also to ! same ag5cy4 ,!re are1 ,i fe>1 "s t[ns t w\ld n[ neglect to *oose a s*ool committee1 7 !re n a small annual di/ribution ( money by ! /ate2 b1 9 #ahcb1 ! duty 0 (t5 ei!r neglect$ altoge!r1 or p]=m$ 9 su* a mann] t no appreciable b5efit 0 produc$4 ,! sup]9t5d+ committee is ! mo/ important ag5cy connect$ ) our sy/em ( in/ruction4 ,9 "s portions ( ! /ate ! committees are :olly1 & 9 o!rs !y are p>tly1 responsible = ! qualifications ( tea*]s2 !y ev]y:]e sup]9t5d & give "* to ! s*ools1 & by _! annual reports !y ex]t a l>ge influ5ce ov] public op9ion4 ,! p n[ usually elect well-qualifi$ m52 & x is believ$ t ! extracts f ! local reports1 publi%$ annually by ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 con/itute ! be/ s]ies ( pap]s 9 ! language ^u ! v>i\s topics t h f "t to "t be5 consid]$4#d ,by ! publication ( ^! ab/racts1 ! committees1 & inde$ ! p g5]ally1 are made acqua9t$ ) ev]y?+ t has be5 done1 or is at any "t do+1 9 ! commonweal?4 ,improvem5ts t w\ld o!rwise rema9 local are made univ]sal2 in=mation 9 reg>d to g5]al errors is easily communicat$1 & ! errors !mselves are spe$ily remov$1 :ile ! sy/em is1 9 all respects1 r5d]$ homog5e\s & effici5t4 ,nor does x seem to be any disp>agem5t ( ,massa*usetts to assume t1 9 "s degree1 %e is indebt$ to ! s*ool fund = ! consi/5t & /eady policy ( ! ,legislature1 pursu$ = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 & execut$ by ! ag5cy ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,9 ?is p]iod1 normal s*ools h be5 e/abli%$1 :i* h educat$ a l>ge numb] ( tea*]s1 & ex]t$ a p[]ful & ev] increas+ influ5ce 9 favor ( good le>n+4 ,tea*]s' in/itutes h be5 au?oriz$1 & ! exp]im5t successfully te/$4 ,ag5ts ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education h be5 appo9t$1 s t x is n[ possible1 by ! aid ( bo? ^! means1 z is %[n by accompany+ returns & /atem5ts1 to af=d1 ea* ye>1 to ! p ( a majority ( ! t[ns an opportunity to conf] ) ^? :o are specially devot$ to ! "w ( education4 ,9 all ?is p]iod ( "t1 ! ,legislature has nev] be5 call$ ^u to provide money = ! exp5ses :i* h ?us be5 incurr$2 &1 ?\gh a rigid scrut9y has be5 ex]cis$ ov] ! exp5ditures ( ! educational dep>tm5t1 measures = ! promotion ( ! common s*ools h nev] be5 consid]$ 9 relation to ! g5]al f9ances ( ! commonweal?4 ,:ile "s /ates h hesitat$1 & o!rs h vacillat$1 ,massa*usetts has _h a consi/5t1 uni=m1 progressive policy1 :i* is due 9 "p to ! consid]ation already nam$1 & 9 "p1 no d\bt1 to a popul> op9ion1 traditional & hi/orical 9 its orig91 b su/a9$ & /r5g!n$ by ! measures & exp]i5ce ( ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 t a sy/em ( public in/ruction is s important an elem5t ( g5]al prosp]ity z to ju/ify all ne$ful appropriations = its support4 ,x may1 !n1 be claim$ = ! ,massa*usetts ,s*ool ,fund1 t ! expectations ( ^? by :om x 0 e/abli%$ h be5 realiz$2 t x has giv5 unity & effici5cy to ! s*ool sy/em2 t x has secur$ accurate & complete returns f all ! t[ns2 t x has1 consequ5tly1 promot$ a good und]/&+ betwe5 ! ,legislature & ! p2 t x has increas$ local taxation1 b has nev] be5 a sub/itute = x2 & t x has enabl$ ! ,legislature1 at all times & 9 e condition ( ! g5]al f9ances1 to act ) fre$om 9 reg>d to ^? ag5cies :i* are deem$ ess5tial to ! prosp]ity ( ! common s*ools ( ! /ate4 ,hav+ ?us1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! s*ool fund1 fully ju/ifi$ its e/abli%m5t1 s 9 its hi/ory we f9d suffici5t reasons = its sacr$ pres]vation4 ,:ile o!r communities1 & ev5 o!r /ates1 h treat$ educational funds z ord9>y rev5ue1 subject only to an obligation on ! "p ( ! public to be/[ an annual income on ! specifi$ object1 ,massa*usetts has ev] act$ 9 a fiduci>y relation1 & consid]$ h]self responsible = ! pr9cipal z well z ! income ( ! fund1 n only to ?is g5]ation1 b to e g5]ation t %all occupy ! soil1 & inh]it ! "n & fame ( ?is commonweal?4 ,x only rema9s = me to pres5t ! reasons :i* r5d] an increase ( ! capital ( ! fund desirable1 if n necess>y4 ,! annual income ( ! exi/+ fund am\nts to ab\t n9ety-?ree ?\s& doll>s1 "o-half ( :i* is di/ribut$ among ! t[ns & cities1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( p]sons 9 ea* betwe5 ! ages ( five & fifte5 ye>s4 ,! di/ribution = ! ye> #aheg-h am\nt$ to tw5ty c5ts & eight mills = ea* *ild4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! annual di/ribution to ! t[ns f ! ye> #ahcf2 ! :ole numb] ( *ildr5 = ea* ye> except #ahcf & #ahdj1 :5 ! entire population 0 ! basis2 & ! am\nt paid on acc\nt ( ea* *ild s9ce ! ye> #ahdi1 :5 ! law e/abli%+ ! pres5t me?od ( di/ribution 0 enact$3 ,income p] ,ye>4 ,*ildr54 ,income4 pupil4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #ahcf4 #dgc1fhd #af1bcj #ege -- #ahcg4 #afj1fgf #ai1jjb #gdf -- #ahch4 #agd1ihd #ai1igj #dg -- #ahci4 #ahj1jgj #ba1ceh #ha -- #ahdj4 #gja1cca #ba1bjb #fdg -- #ahda4 #agi1ifg #cb1aji #cbh -- #ahdb4 #agi1iag #bd1jjf #hi -- #ahdc4 #agc1daf #bd1jid #hg -- #ahdd4 #aeh1aic #bb1icb #ga -- #ahde4 #agj1hbc #bh1bdh #ce -- #ahdf4 #aie1jcb #cj1aej #bg -- #ahdg4 #aig1dge #cd1eaa #hi -- ,p] ,pupil 9 ,c5ts ,ye>4 ,*ildr54 ,income4 ,mills4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #ahdh4 #baj1djc #cc1hgd #hg -- #ahdi4 #baj1ggj #cc1gbc #bj -- #ahej4 #ahb1jjc #cg1cgj #eai 4#bje #ahea4 #aib1hdi #da1dfb #ed 4#bae #aheb4 #aih1jej #dd1jff #ab 4#bbb #ahec4 #aii1bib #df1ijh #aj 4#bce #ahed4 #bjb1ajb #dh1ejd #dh 4#bdj #ahee4 #baj1gfa #df1ghh #id 4#bbb #ahef4 #bba1ijb #dd1hdb #ge 4#bjb #aheg4 #bbj1ccf #df1ghc #fd 4#bab #aheh4 #bbb1hfj #df1dif #ai 4#bjh ,x 0 contemplat$ by ! f\nd]s ( ! s*ool fund t an am\nt might safely be di/ribut$ among ! t[ns equal to "o-?ird ( ! sums rais$ by taxation1 b ! /ate is really furni%+ only "o-?irtie? ( ! annual exp5diture4 ,a di/ribution correspond+ to ! orig9al expectation is nei!r desirable nor possible2 b a sub/antial addition might be made )\t 9 any degree dim9i%+ ! int]e/ ( ! p1 or reliev+ !m f taxation4 ,! income ( ! s*ool fund has be5 ?ree times us$ z a means ( increas+ ! appropriations 9 ! t[ns4 ,x is d\btful :e!r1 )\t an addition to ! fund1 ?is p[] c be aga9 appli$2 & yet !re are1 accord+ to ! la/ returns1 tw5ty-two t[ns t d n raise a sum = s*ools equal to #b4ej = ea* *ild betwe5 ! ages ( five & fifte5 ye>s2 & !re are fifty-two t[ns ^: appropriations are less ?an ?ree doll>s4 ,:5 ! av]age annual exp5diture is ov] six doll>s1 ! m9imum ought n to be less ?an ?ree4 ,x is to be consid]$ t1 z population increases1 ! annual p]sonal di/ribution w dim9i%1 & consequ5tly t ! bond n[ exi/+ betwe5 ! ,legislature & p w be weak5$4 ,moreov]1 any def9ite sum ( money is wor? less ?an x 0 tw5ty ye>s ago2 & x is reasonably c]ta9 t ! same sum w be less valuable 9 #ahfj1 & yet less valuable 9 #ahgj1 ?an x is n[4 ,h5ce1 if ! fund rema9 nom9ally ! same1 x yet suff]s a practical annual decrease4 ,x is fur!r to be presum$ t ! ,legislature w f9d x exp$i5t to advance 9 its legislation f ye> to ye>4 ,a small numb] ( t[ns1 few or _m1 may n always approve ( :at is done1 & x is q important t ! influ5ce ( ! fund %\ld be suffici5t to enable ! /ate to execute its policy ) uni=mity & precision4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! exp5ses ( ! educational dep>tm5t are defray$ f ! o!r half ( ! income ( ! fund4 ,f ?is income ! =ty-eight s*ol>%ips 9 ! colleges1 ! ,normal ,s*ools1 ! ,tea*]s' ,in/itutes1 ! ,ag5ts ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 are support$1 & ! sal>ies ( ! ,secret>y & ! ,assi/ant-,secret>y are paid4 ,z has be5 /at$1 ! surplus c>ri$ to ! capital ( ! fund 9 ,june la/ 0 only #a1hdc4fh4 ,! objects ( exp5diture1 already nam$1 may be aboli%$1 b no reasonable plan ( economy c effect mu* sav+ :ile !y exi/4 ,x is also reasonably c]ta9 t ! exp5ses ( ! dep>tm5t mu/ be increas$4 ,! law n[ provides = twelve ,tea*]s' ,in/itutes1 annually1 & !re 7 opportunities dur+ ! pres5t ye> = hold+ !m2 b1 9 ord] t "o ag5t might be con/antly employ$1 & a second employ$ = ! t]m ( six mon?s1 ,i limit$ ! numb] ( sessions to t54 ,! sal>ies ( ! tea*]s 9 ! ,normal ,s*ools are l[1 & ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ b>ely adequate to ! "w to be done4 ,"s *ange1 involv+ additional exp5se1 is likely to be call$ = 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s4 ,9 view ( ! em95t aid :i* ! s*ool fund has r5d]$ to ! cause ( education1 ) due def]5ce to ! wisdom & op9ions ( its f\nd]s1 & ) j reg>d to ! exi/+ & probable necessities ( ! /ate 9 connection ) ! cause ( education1 ,i e>ne/ly favor ! increase ( ! s*ool fund by ! addition ( a million & a half ( doll>s4 ,nor does ! proposition = ! /ate to appropriate annually #ahj1jjj 9 aid ( ! common s*ools seem unreasonable1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! milit>y exp5ses are #fe1jjj1 ! re=matory & correctional ab\t #bjj1jjj1 ! *>itable ab\t #de1jjj1 & ! paup] exp5ses ne>ly #bej1jjj m1 all ( :i* w dim9i% z our s*ools are ye> by ye> bett] qualifi$ to give ?or\gh & c>eful intellectual1 moral1 & religi\s culture4 ,?is increase seems to be necess>y 9 ord] t ! ,massa*usetts ,s*ool ,fund may furni% aid to ! common s*ools dur+ ! next qu>t] ( a c5tury proportionate to ! relative influ5ce ex]t$ by ! same ag5cy dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,nor w su* an addition give occasion = any appreh5sion t ! zeal ( ! p w be dim9i%$ 9 ! lea/4 ,7 !re to be no increase ( population 9 ! /ate1 ! di/ribution = ea* pupil w\ld nev] exce$ =ty c5ts1 or ab\t "o-fifte5? ( ! am\nt n[ rais$ by taxation4 ,s conv9c$ are ! p ( ,massa*usetts ( ! importance ( common s*ools1 & s mu* are !y accu/om$ to taxation = _! support1 t !re is no occasion to hesitate1 le/ we %\ld foll[ ! example ( ^? communities :]e l>ge funds1 op]at+ ^u an un$ucat$ & inexp]i5c$ popul> op9ion1 h injur$ r ?an b5efit$ ! public s*ools4 ,! anci5t policy ( ! commonweal? w be cont9u$2 b1 :5ev] ! p see ! gov]nm5t1 by solemn act1 manife/+ its confid5ce 9 s*ools & le>n+1 !y w be enc\rag$ to gu>d & su/a9 ! in/itutions ( ! fa!rs4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,an em95t fri5d ( education1 & an ,engli%man1 speak+ ( ! reports = ! ye> #ahff-g1 says3 ,! views enunciat$ by y\r local committees1 :ile !y h ! sobriety indicative ( practical k1 are at ! same "t enlight5$ & expansive4 ,! writ]s ( su* reports mu/ be ( ine/imable aid to y\r s*oolma/]s1 /&+ z !y d betwe5 ! tea*] & ! p>5t1 & ex]cis+ ! mo/ :olesome influ5ce on bo?4 ,let me rem>k1 9 pass+1 t ,i am /ruck ) ! p[] ( composition ev9c$ 9 ^! prov9cial pap]s4 ,cle> exposition1 great comm& ( ! be/ ,engli%1 correctness & ev5 elegance ( /yle1 are _! *>act]i/ics4 #e ,di/ribut$ among ! cities & t[ns1 accord+ to an ,act ( #ahce4 7,/at4 #ach1 ,sec4 #b47 #f ,di/ribut$ among ! cities & t[ns1 accord+ to ! numb] ( p]sons 9 ea* betwe5 ! ages ( f\r & sixte5 ye>s4 7,rev4 ,/at41 *ap4 #bc1 ,sec4 #fg47 #g ,income di/ribut$ among ! cities & t[ns1 accord+ to population1 "u an ,act pass$ ,feb4 #bb1 #ahdj4 7,/at4 #ahdj1 ,*ap4 #g47 ,?is act 0 repeal$ by an act pass$ ,feb4 #h1 #ahda4 7,/at4 #ahda1 *ap4 #ag1 ,sec4 #b47 #h ,di/ribut$ among ! cities & t[ns1 accord+ to ! numb] ( p]sons 9 ea* betwe5 ! ages ( f\r & sixte5 ye>s4 7,/at4 #ahda1 *ap4 #ag1 ,sec4 #b47 #i ,di/ribut$ among ! cities & t[ns1 accord+ to ! numb] ( p]sons 9 ea* betwe5 ! ages ( five & fifte5 ye>s4 7,/at4 #ahdi1 *ap4 #aag1 ,sec4 #b47 ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,agricultural ,,education4 ,an ,address be=e ! ,b>n/able ,agricultural ,society1 ,oct4 #h1 #aheg4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 #ahee1 a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican1 :o has read mu*1 & acquir$1 by conv]sation1 obs]vation1 & travels 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 ! highe/ culture ( ,am]ican society1 wrote ^! noticeable s5t5ces3 ,! f>m]s h n kept pace1 9 intellig5ce1 ) ! re/ ( ! community4 ,!y d n put bra9-manure en\gh into _! acres4 ,our /yle ( f>m+ is slov5ly1 dawdl+1 & /upid1 & ! wa/e1 especially 9 manure1 is imm5se4 ,i suppose we are ab\t1 9 f>m+1 :]e ! ,l[l&s ( ,scotl& 7 fifty ye>s ago2 & :at imm5se /rides agriculture has made 9 ,great ,brita9 s9ce ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 & h[ impossible x w\ld h be5 = ! f>m]s to h held _! own )\t6#aj ,x w\ld n be civil = me to endorse ^! /atem5ts z introductory to a brief address ^u ,agricultural ,education2 b ,i %\ld n accept !m at all did !y n conta9 tru? en\gh to furni% a text = a layman's disc\rse be=e an assembly ( f>m]s4 ,compet5t ,am]ican travell]s concur 9 ! op9ion t ! ,europeans g5]ally1 & especially our bre?r5 ( ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ,scotl&1 are f> 9 advance ( u 9 sci5tific & practical agriculture4 ,?is has be5 /at$ or admitt$ by ,mr4 ,colman1 ,presid5t ,hit*cock1 & la/ by ,mr4 ,fr5*1 :o has rec5tly visit$ ,europe "u ! auspices ( ! ,national ,agricultural ,society4 ,!re are good reasons = ! pa/ & = ! exi/+ sup]iority ( ! ,old ,_w2 & !re are good reasons1 also1 :y ?is sup]iority %\ld n mu* long] cont9ue4 ,europe is old1--,am]ica is "y4 ,l& has be5 cultivat$ = c5turies 9 ,europe1 & (t5 by ! same family2 its capacity te/$1 its fitness or unfitness = p>ticul> crops prov$1 ! local & special effects ( diff]5t f]tiliz]s well kn[n1 & ! exp]i5ce ( _m g5]ations has be5 pres]v$1 s z to be equival5t to a l exp]i5ce1 9 "t & ext5t1 by ! pres5t occupants ( ! soil4 ,9 ,am]ica !re are no family e/ates1 nor long occupation by ! same family ( ! same spot4 ,cultivat$ l&s h *ang$ h&s z (t5 z e tw5ty-five ye>s f ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,! capacity ( our soils to produce1 :5 labori\sly & sy/ematically cultivat$1 has n be5 asc]ta9$2 !re has be5 no accumulation ( exp]i5ce by families1 & b little by ! public2 & ! ef=t1 9 _m sections1 has be5 to draw z mu* z possible f ! l&1 :ile little or no?+ 0 return$ to x4 ,f>m+1 z a :ole1 has n be5 a sy/em ( cultivation1 :i* implies improvem5t1 b a process ( exhau/ion4 ,x has be5 easi] = ! f>m]1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 n z economical1 if all ! elem5ts necess>y to a correct op9ion c\ld be comb9$1 to ex*ange 8 worn-out l&s = fre% soils1 ?an to adopt an improv+ sy/em ( agriculture4 ,! pres5t has be5 consult$2 ! future has be5 disreg>d$4 ,z ! half-civiliz$ hunt]s ( ! pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres make indiscrim9ate slaught] ( ! myriads ( wild cattle t roam ov] ! unf5c$ prairies ( ! s\?1 & pres]ve ! hides only = ! comm]ce & com=t ( ! _w1 s we h clut*$ f nature :atev] 0 9 sight or next at h&1 reg>dless ( ! actual & ultimate wrong to physical & vegetable life2 &1 z ! pione]s ( a bett] civilization n[ ga!r up ! bones long neglect$ & blea*+ "u tropical suns & tropical ra9s1 & by ! ag5cy ( trade1 art1 & indu/ry1 extort m weal? f !m ?an 0 orig9ally d]iv$ f ! liv+ animals1 s we %all f9d t worn-out l&s1 :5 subject$ to skilful1 c>eful1 sci5tific husb&ry1 are q z pr(itable z ! virg9 soils1 :i*1 f ! day ( ! migration into ! ,connecticut valley to ! occupancy ( ! ,miss\ri & ! ,kansas1 h prov$ s tempt+ to our ance/ors & to u4 ,b !re has be5 "s philosophy1 "s ju/ice1 & consid]able necessity1 9 ! c\rse t has be5 pursu$4 ,subsi/5ce is ! fir/ desire2 &1 9 new c\ntries :]e =e/s are to be fell$1 dwell+s erect$1 public in/itutions e/abli%$1 roads & bridges built1 settl]s _c be expect$1 9 ! cultivation ( ! l&1 to look mu* beyond ! pres5t mom5t4 ,& !y are entitl$ to ! orig9al f]tility ( ! soil4 ,europe pass$ ?r\gh ! process ( settlem5t & exhau/ion _m c5turies ago4 ,h] recov]y has be5 ! "w ( c5turies1--ours may be accompli%$ 9 a few ye>s1 ev5 )9 ! limits ( a s+le life4 ,! fact f :i* an improv+ sy/em ( agriculture mu/ proce$ is app>5t 9 ! nor!rn & c5tral ,atlantic /ates1 & is1 9 a measure1 appreciat$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,we h all he>d t c]ta9 soils 7 inexhau/ible4 ,! /atem5t 0 fir/ made ( ! valley ( ! ,connecticut1 !n ( ! ,g5esee c\ntry1 !n ( ,ohio1 !n ( ,ill9ois1 & occasionally we n[ he> simil> /atem5ts ( ,kansas1 or ,cali=nia1 or ! valley ( ! ,willamette4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s ^! /atem5ts 7 errone\s4 ,! idea ( soil1 9 reason & 9 ! use ( ! ^w1 conta9s ! idea ( exhau/ion4 ,soil is n m]ely ! upp] /ratum ( ! e>?2 x is a sub/ance :i* possesses ! p[]1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ( giv+ up ess5tial prop]ties ( its own = ! support ( vegetable & ultimately ( animal life4 ,:at x gives up x loses1 & to ! ext5t ( its loss x is exhau/$4 ,x is no m untrue to say t ! great cities ( ! _w h n1 9 _! build+1 exhau/$ ! =e/s & ! m9es to any ext5t1 ?an to say t ! annual abundant h>ve/s ( corn & :eat h n1 9 any degree1 exhau/$ ! prairies & bottom l&s ( ! ,we/4 ,"s l&s may be exhau/$ = p>ticul> crops 9 a s+le ye>2 o!rs 9 five ye>s1 o!rs 9 t51 :ile o!rs may yield undim9i%$ returns = tw5ty1 fifty1 or ev5 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,b x is pla9 t annual cropp+ )\t rotation1 & )\t comp5sation by nature or art1 mu/ f9ally deprive ! soil ( ! requir$ elem5ts4 ,nor %\ld we deceive ourselves by consid]+ only ^? exceptions ^: exi/5ce is due to ! fact t nature makes comp5sation = ! loss4 ,annual or occasional irrigation ) ri* deposits1--z ^u ! ,nile & ! ,connecticut1--all[+ ! l& to lie fall[1 rotation ( crops & ! gr[? ( wood1 are s _m exp$i5ts & provisions by :i* nature increases ! productiv5ess ( ! e>?4 ,nor is a great dep? ( soil1 z two1 five1 t51 or tw5ty feet1 any security aga9/ its ultimate impov]i%m5t4 ,only a c]ta9 portion is available4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ! case ( coal-m9es :i* lie at great dep?s1 t !y are1 = ! pres5t1 valueless2 & we _c atta* mu* importance to soil t is tw5ty feet bel[ ! surface4 ,nei!r cultivation nor vegetation c g beyond a c]ta9 dep?2 & :]ev] vegetable life exi/s1 its elem5ts are requir$ & appropriat$4 ,great dep? ( soil is desirable2 b1 ) our pres5t k & means ( culture1 x furni%es no security aga9/ ultimate exhau/ion4 ,! fact t all soils are exhau/ible e/abli%es ! necessity = agricultural education1 by ^: aid ! processes ( impov]i%m5t may be limit$ 9 numb] & dim9i%$ 9 =ce2 & ! realization ( ?is fact by ! public g5]ally is ! only ju/ification necess>y = ^? :o advocate ! imm$iate application ( means to ! propos$ end4 ,&1 g5tlem51 if y w all[ a fe/ive day to be m>r$ by a s+le ^w ( criticism1 ,i feel con/ra9$ to say1 t a great ob/acle to ! increas$ usefulness1 fur!r elevation1 & high] respectability1 ( agriculture1 is 9 ! body ( f>m]s !mselves4 ,& ,i assume ?is to be s ^u ! supposition t agriculture is n a *]i%$ pursuit 9 _m f>m]s' homes2 t ! head ( ! family (t5 reg>ds 8 life ( labor ^u ! l& z a necessity f :i* he w\ld will+ly escape2 t he e/eems o!r pursuits z at once less labori\s1 m pr(itable1 & m honorable1 ?an 8 own2 t *ildr51 bo? sons & daught]s1 "u ! influ5ce ( p>5ts1 bo? fa!r & "m1 receive an education at home1 :i* nei!r s*ool1 college1 nor newspap]1 c c\nt]act1 t leads !m to ab&on ! l& = ! /ore1 ! %op1 ! w>eh\se1 ! pr(essions1 or ! sea4 ,! reasonable hope ( e/abli%+ a successful sy/em ( agricultural education is n great :]e su* notions prevail4 ,agriculture is n to atta9 to true practical dignity by ! borr[$ lu/re t em95t names1 anci5t & mod]n1 may h l5t to x1 any m ?an ! e>? itself is w>m$ & made fruitful by ! aurora borealis ( an autumn night4 ,our sy/em ( public in/ruction1 f ! prim>y s*ool to ! college1 re/s ma9ly ^u ! public belief 9 its importance1 its possibility1 & its necessity4 ,x is easy on a pr(essional holiday to believe 9 ! respectability ( agriculture2 b is x a liv+ s5tim5t1 controll+ y\r conduct1 & inspir+ y ) c\rage & fai? 9 y\r daily labor8 ,does x lead y to contemplate ) satisfaction ! prospect t y\r son is to be a f>m] also1 & t y\r daught] is to be a f>m]'s wife8 ,^!1 ,i imag9e1 are te/ que/ions :i* n all f>m]s nor f>m]s' wives c answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,else1 :y ! cu/om among f>m]s' sons ( mak+ _! escape1 at ! e>lie/ mom5t possible1 f ! labors & re/ra9ts ( ! f>m8 ,else1 :y ! disposition ( ! f>m]'s daught] to accept o!r situations1 n m honorable1 & 9 ! end n usually m pr(itable1 ?an ! place ( h\sehold aid to ! bus9ess ( ! home8 ,h[1 !n1 c a sy/em ( education be prosp]\s & effici5t1 :5 ^? = :om x is design$ nei!r respect _! call+ nor desire to pursue x8 ,y w n1 ( c\rse1 imag9e t ,i ref]1 9 ^! /atem5ts1 to all f>m]s2 !re are _m exceptions2 b my own exp]i5ce & obs]vation lead me to place confid5ce 9 ! fitness ( ^! rem>ks1 speak+ g5]ally ( ! f>m]s ( ,new ,engl&4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true1 & ! /atem5t ( ! tru? ought n to be omitt$1 t ! preval5t ideas among u are mu* 9 advance ( :at !y 7 t5 ye>s ago4 ,9 :at has be5 accompli%$ we h gr\nd = hope1 & ev5 security = fur!r advancem5t4 ,i look1 !n1 fir/ & *iefly to an improv$ home culture1 z ! necess>y basis ( a sy/em ( agricultural education4 ,*ri/ian education1 culture1 & life1 dep5d ess5tially ^u ! influ5ces ( home2 & we feel cont9ually ! importance ( k9dr$ influ5ces ^u our common s*ool sy/em4 ,x w n1 ( c\rse1 be wise to wait1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( agricultural education1 until we are satisfi$ t e f>m] is prep>$ = x2 9 ! beg9n+ suffici5t support may be d]iv$ f a small numb] ( p]sons1 b 9 ! end x mu/ be su/a9$ by ! mass ( ^? int]e/$4 ,o!r pursuits & pr(essions mu/ meet ! special claims made ^u !m1 & 9 ! matt] ( agricultural education !y _c be expect$ to d m ?an ass5t to :at ! f>m]s !mselves may require4 ,an important "p ( a sy/em ( agricultural education has be51 z x seems to me1 already e/abli%$4 ,i speak ( our national1 /ate1 c\nty1 & t[n associations = ! promotion ( agriculture4 ,! fir/ ?ree may educate ! p ?r\gh _! annual fairs1 by _! publications1 & by ! collection & di/ribution ( r>e se$s1 plants1 & animals1 t are n usually )9 rea* ( individual f>m]s4 ,by su* means1 & o!rs less noticeable1 ^! ag5cies c ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce ^u ! f>m]s ( ! c\ntry2 b _! ?or\gh1 sy/ematic education mu/ be c>ri$ on at home4 ,& = local & dome/ic education ,i ?9k we mu/ rely ^u our public s*ools1 ^u t[n clubs or associations ( f>m]s1 & ^u sci5tific m5 :o may be appo9t$ by ! gov]nm5t to visit ! t[ns1 conf] ) ! p1 & receive & communicate in=mation ^u ! agricultural res\rces & defects ( ! v>i\s localities4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ?is outl9e ( a plan ( education ,i omit ! agricultural college4 ,?is omission is int5tional1 & ,i w /ate my reasons = x4 ,i speak1 h[ev]1 ( ! pres5t2 ! "t may come :5 su* an in/itution w be ne$$4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,bussey has made provision = a college at ,roxbury1 & ,mr4 ,oliv] ,smi? has made simil> provision = a college at ,nor?ampton2 b ^! beque/s w n be available = _m ye>s4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,prussia1 ,russia1 ,au/ria1 & ! small] /ates ( ,europe1 agricultural s*ools & colleges h be5 e/abli%$2 & !y appe> to be ! mo/ num]\s :]e ! ignorance ( ! p is ! greate/4 ,engl& has five colleges & s*ools1 ,irel& sixty-?ree1 :ile ,scotl& has only a pr(essor%ip 9 ea* ( h] colleges at ,ab]de5 & ,ed9burgh4 ,9 ,france1 !re are sev5ty-five agricultural s*ools2 b 9 sev5ty ( !m--call$ inf]ior s*ools--! in/ruction is a comp\nd ( t giv5 9 our public s*ools & ! discipl9e ( a good f>m] ^u 8 l&1 ) "s special att5tion to agricultural read+ & f>m acc\nts4 ,su* s*ools are n desir$ & w\ld n be patroniz$ among u4 ,:5 an agricultural s*ool is e/abli%$1 x mu/ be ( a high] grade1--x mu/ take rank ) ! colleges ( ! c\ntry4 ,presid5t ,hit*cock1 9 8 report1 publi%$ 9 #ahea1 /ates t six pr(essors w\ld be requir$2 t ! fir/ outlay w\ld be sixty-sev5 ?\s& doll>s1 & t ! annual exp5se w\ld be six ?\s& & two hundr$ doll>s4 ,by ^! arrangem5ts & exp5ditures he contemplates ! education ( "o hundr$ /ud5ts1 :o are to pay annually ea* = tuition ! sum ( =ty doll>s4 ,x 0 also propos$ to connect an agricultural dep>tm5t ) sev]al ( ! exi/+ academies1 at an annual exp5se ( ?ree ?\s& doll>s m4 ,^! e/imates ( co/ seem l[1 nor d ,i f9d 9 ?is p>ticul> any special objection to ! recomm5dation made by ! commission]s ( ! gov]nm5t2 any o!r s*eme is likely to be q z exp5sive 9 ! end4 ,my *ief objection is1 t su* a plan is n compreh5sive en\gh1 & _c1 9 a reasonable "t1 s5sibly affect ! av]age /&>d ( agricultural le>n+ among u4 ,! graduation ( fifty /ud5ts a ye> w\ld be equal to "o 9 a ?\s& or fifte5 hundr$ ( ! f>m]s ( ! /ate2 & 9 t5 ye>s !re w\ld n be "o pr(essionally educat$ f>m] 9 a hundr$4 ,we are n1 ( c\rse1 to ov]look ! indirect influ5ce ( su* a s*ool1 ?r\gh its /ud5ts annually s5t =?3 ! bett] modes ( culture adopt$ by !m w\ld1 to "s ext5t1 be copi$ by o!rs2 nor are we to ov]look ! probability ( a prejudice aga9/ ! in/itution & its graduates1 gr[+ out ( ! republican ideas ( equality prevail+ among u4 ,b ! /ruggle aga9/ m]e prejudice w\ld be an honorable /ruggle1 if1 9 ! h\r ( victory1 ! college c\ld claim to h re=m$ & elevat$ mat]ially ! practices & ideas ( ! f>m]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,i fe> t ev5 victory "u su* circum/ances w\ld n be complete success4 ,an in/itution e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,engl& mu/ look to ! exi/+ peculi>ities ( our c\ntry1 r ?an v5ture at once ^u ! adoption ( s*emes t may h be5 successful else:]e4 ,"h e f>m] is a labor] himself1 employ+ usually f "o to ?ree h&s1 & !y are (t5 p]sons :o look to ! pur*ase & cultivation ( a f>m on _! own acc\nt2 :ile 9 ,engl& ! ma/] f>m] is an ov]se] r ?an a labor]4 ,! numb] ( m5 9 ,europe :o own l& or "w x on _! own acc\nt is small2 ! numb] ( labor]s ^: labors are direct$ by ! proprietors & f>m]s is q l>ge4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 if ! few are educat$1 ! "w w g successfully on2 :ile "h1 our agricultural education ought to rea* ! great body ( ^? :o labor ^u ! l&4 ,w a college 9 ea* /ate answ] ! dem& = agricultural education n[ exi/+8 ,is x safe 9 any c\ntry1 or 9 any pr(ession or pursuit1 to educate a few1 & leave ! majority to ! indirect influ5ce ( ! culture ?us be/[$8 ,& is x philosophical1 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e !re is a degree ( p]sonal & pr(essional fre$om su* z is n[h]e else enjoy$1 to f\nd a college or high] in/itution ( le>n+ ^u ! g5]al & admitt$ ignorance ( ! p 9 ! giv5 dep>tm5t8 or is x wis]1 by elem5t>y tra9+ & ! univ]sal diffusion ( bett] ideas1 to make ! e/abli%m5t ( ! college ! necessity ( ! culture previ\sly giv58 ,e new s*ool1 n a college1 makes ! dem& = ! college c\rse great] ?an x 0 be=e2 & ! advance made 9 our public s*ools increases ! /ud5ts 9 ! colleges & ! univ]sity4 ,we build f ! prim>y s*ool to ! college2 & )\t ! prim>y s*ool & its dep5d5ts1--! gramm>1 high s*ool1 & academy1--! colleges w\ld cease to exi/4 ,?is view ( education supports ! /atem5t t an agricultural college is n ! f\ndation ( a sy/em ( agricultural tra9+1 b a result t is to be rea*$ ?r\gh a prelim9>y & elem5t>y c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,:at %all t c\rse be8 ,i say1 fir/1 ! e/abli%m5t ( t[n or neighborhood societies ( f>m]s & o!rs int]e/$ 9 agriculture4 ,^! societies ought to be auxili>y to ! c\nty societies1 & !y nev] c become _! rivals or enemies unless !y are grossly p]v]t$ 9 _! managem5t & purposes4 ,z su* societies mu/ be mutual & volunt>y 9 _! "*1 !y c be e/abli%$ 9 any t[n :]e !re are tw5ty1 t51 or ev5 five p]sons :o are dispos$ to unite toge!r4 ,its object w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ! advancem5t ( practical agriculture2 & x w\ld look to !ories & ev5 to sci5ce z means only = ! atta9m5t ( a specifi$ end4 ,! ex]cises ( su* societies w\ld v>y accord+ to ! ta/es & plans ( ! memb]s & directors2 b !y w\ld naturally provide = discussions & conv]sations among !mselves1 lectures f compet5t p]sons1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a libr>y1 & = ! collection ( models & draw+s ( dome/ic animals1 models ( v>ieties ( fruit1 specim5s ( se$s1 grasses1 & gra9s1 rocks1 m9]als1 & soils4 ,! discussions & conv]sations w\ld be bas$ ^u ! actual obs]vation & exp]i5ce ( ! memb]s2 & agriculture w\ld at once become bett] und]/ood & m c>efully practis$ by ea* p]son :o int5d$ to contribute to ! ex]cises ( ! meet+4 ,until ! e/abli%m5t ( agricultural j\rnals1 !re 7 no means by :i* ! results ( individual exp]i5ce c\ld be made kn[n to ! mass ( f>m]s2 &1 ev5 n[1 m5 ( ! l>ge/ exp]i5ce are n ! *ief contributors4 ,:]ev] a local club exi/s1 x is always possible to comp>e ! k ( ! diff]5t memb]s2 & ! results ( su* comp>ison may1 :5 deem$ desirable1 be laid be=e ! public at l>ge4 ,x is also 9 ! p[] ( su* an organization ?or\ghly & at once to te/ any giv5 exp]im5t4 ,! att5tion ( ?is section ( ! c\ntry has be5 direct$ to ! culture ( ! ,*9ese sug>-cane2 & m]*ants1 economi/s1 & /atesm51 z well z ! f>m]s !mselves1 are int]e/$ 9 ! spe$y & satisfactory solution ( s important an indu/rial problem4 ,_h ! att5tion ( a few local societies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,new ,engl& be5 direct$ to ! culture1 ) special ref]5ce to its feasibility & pr(itabl5ess1 a def9ite result might h be5 rea*$ ! pres5t ye>4 ,! gr[? ( flax1 bo? 9 ! means ( cultivation & 9 economy1 is a subject ( great importance4 ,_m o!r crops might also be nam$1 conc]n+ :i* opposite1 n to say vague1 op9ions prevail4 ,! local societies may make ^! trials ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( individual memb]s bett] ?an !y c be made by c\nty & /ate societies1 & bett] ?an !y c usually be made ^u model or exp]im5tal f>ms4 ,x w (t5 happ5 ^u exp]im5tal f>ms t ! circum/ances d n correspond to ! condition ( ?+s among ! f>m]s4 ,! comb9$ practical wisdom ( su* associations mu/ be v great2 & ,i h b to ref] to ! publi%$ m9utes ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,concord ,club to ju/ify ?is /atem5t 9 its broade/ s5se4 ,! meet+s ( su* a club h all ! *>act]i/ics ( a s*ool ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,ea* memb] is at ! same "t a tea*] & a pupil4 ,! meet+ is to ! f>m] :at ! c\rt-room is to ! lawy]1 ! hospital to ! physician1 & ! legislative assembly to ! /atesman4 ,moot c\rts alone w n make skilful lawy]s2 ! manik9 is b an indiff]5t tea*] ( anatomy2 & we may safely say t no /atesman 0 ev] made s by books1 s*ools1 & /reet discussions1 )\t actual exp]i5ce 9 "s dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 to be expect$ t an agricultural college w\ld h ! means ( mak+ exp]im5ts2 b ea* exp]im5t c\ld be made only "u a s+le set ( circum/ances1 :ile ! ag5cy ( local societies1 9 connection ) o!r p>ts ( ! plan t ,i h ! honor diffid5tly to pres5t1 w\ld conv]t at once a c\nty or a /ate into an exp]im5tal f>m = a giv5 "t & a giv5 purpose4 ,! local club be+ always practical & nev] !oretical1 deal+ ) ?+s always & nev] ) signs1 pres5t+ only facts & nev] conjectures1 w\ld1 z a s*ool = ! "y f>m]1 be q equal1 & 9 "s respects sup]ior1 to any t ! gov]nm5t c e/abli%4 ,b1 x may be ask$1 w y call t a s*ool :i* is m]ely an assembly ( adults )\t a tea*]8 ,i answ] t te*nically x is n a s*ool1 b t 9 reality su* an association is a s*ool 9 ! be/ use ( ! ^w4 ,a s*ool is1 fir/1 = ! developm5t ( p[]s & qualities ^: g]ms already exi/2 !n = ! acquisition ( k previ\sly possess$ by o!rs2 !n = ! prosecution ( orig9al inquiries & inve/igations4 ,! associations ( :i* ,i speak w\ld possess all ^! p[]s1 & contemplate all ^! results2 b t _! p[]s might be m effici5t1 & = ! advancem5t ( agriculture g5]ally1 x seems to me fit & prop] = ! /ate to appo9t sci5tific & practical m5 z ag5ts ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 & lectur]s ^u agricultural sci5ce & labor4 ,if an agricultural college 7 f\nd$1 a f>m w\ld be requir$1 & at lea/ six pr(essors w\ld be necess>y4 ,in/ead ( a s+le f>m1 ) a hundr$ "y m5 ^u x1 accept gratuit\sly1 z y w\ld no d\bt h opportunity1 ! use ( _m f>ms = exp]im5ts & repeat$ trials ( crops1 &1 at ! same "t1 educate1 n a hundr$ only1 b _m ?\s& "y m51 ne>ly z well 9 !ory & sci5ce1 & mu* bett] 9 practical labor1 ?an !y c\ld be educat$ 9 a college4 ,six pr(essors1 z ag5ts1 c\ld accompli% a l>ge am\nt ( necess>y "w2 possibly1 = ! pres5t1 all t w\ld be desir$4 ,assume1 = ?is inquiry1 t ,massa*usetts conta9s ?ree hundr$ agricultural t[ns2 divide ^! t[ns into sections ( fifty ea*2 !n assign "o section to ea* ag5t1 ) ! und]/&+ t 8 "w = ! ye> is to be p]=m$ 9 t section1 & !n t he is to be transf]r$ to ano!r4 ,by a rotation ( appo9tm5ts & a succession ( labors1 ! v>i$ atta9m5ts ( ! lectur]s w\ld be enjoy$ by ! :ole commonweal?4 ,b1 x may be ask$1 :at1 specifically /at$1 %all ! "w ( ! ag5ts be8 ,only sugge/ions c be (f]$ 9 answ] to ?is inquiry4 ,an ag5t might1 9 ! summ] season1 visit 8 fifty t[ns1 & sp5d two days 9 ea*4 ,:ile !re1 he c\ld asc]ta9 ! k9ds ( crops1 modes ( culture1 nature ( soils1 practical excell5ces1 & practical defects1 ( ! f>m]s2 & he might also provide = su* exp]im5ts z he desir$ to h made4 ,x w\ld1 likewise1 be 9 8 p[] to give valuable advice1 :]e x might be ne$$1 9 reg>d to f>m+ prop]1 & also to ! erection & repair ( f>m-build+s4 ,i am satisfi$ t a compet5t ag5t w\ld1 9 ?is la/ p>ticul> alone1 save to ! p a sum equal to ! entire co/ ( 8 s]vices4 ,aft] ?is labor 0 accompli%$1 eight mon?s w\ld rema9 = ! prep>ation & deliv]y ( lectures 9 ! fifty t[ns previ\sly visit$4 ,^! lectures might be deliv]$ 9 ea* t[n1 or ! ag5t might hold meet+s ( ! nature ( in/itutes 9 a numb] ( t[ns c5trally situat$4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! lectures w\ld be at once sci5tific & practical2 & _! practical "* w\ld be appreciat$ 9 ! fact t a judici\s ag5t w\ld adapt 8 lectures to ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s 9 ! giv5 locality4 ,?is c\ld n be done by a college1 h[ev] favorably situat$1 & h[ev] well accompli%$ 9 ! mat]ial ( education4 ,x is probable t ! lectures w\ld be less sci5tific ?an ^? t w\ld be giv5 9 a college2 b :5 _! sup]ior practical "* is consid]$1 & :5 we consid] also t !y w\ld be li/5$ to by ! great body ( f>m]s1 old & "y1 :ile ^? ( ! college c\ld be enjoy$ by a small numb] ( y\? only1 we _c d\bt :i* w\ld be ! mo/ b5eficial to ! /ate1 & to ! cause ( agriculture 9 ! c\ntry4 ,an objection to ! plan ,i h indicat$ may be f\nd 9 ! belief t ! av]age education ( ! f>m]s is n equal to a full appreciation ( ! topics & lectures to be pres5t$4 ,my answ] is1 t ! lectur]s mu/ meet ! popul> intellig5ce1 :atev] x is4 ,no?+ is to be assum$ by ! tea*]2 x is 8 fir/ duty to asc]ta9 ! qualifications ( 8 pupils4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 l$ to ! op9ion t ! s*ools ( ! c\ntry h already laid a v good basis = practical in/ruction 9 agriculture2 &1 if ?is be n s1 !n an additional argum5t w be (f]$ = ! mo/ rapid advance possible 9 our sy/ems ( education4 ,9 any ev5t1 x is true t ! public s*ools furni% a l>ge "p ( ! intellectual culture giv5 9 ! inf]ior & int]m$iate agricultural s*ools ( ,europe4 ,! great defect 9 ! plan ,i h pres5t$ is ?is3 ,t no means are provid$ = ! ?or\gh education ne$$ by ^? p]sons :o are to be appo9t$ ag5ts1 & no provision is made = te/+ ! qualities ( soils1 & ! elem5ts ( gra9s1 grasses1 & fruits4 ,my answ] to ?is sugge/ion is1 t x is 9 "p1 at lea/1 well f\nd$2 b t ! sci5tific s*ools furni% a c\rse ( /udy 9 ! natural sci5ces :i* mu/ be satisfactory to ! be/ educat$ f>m] or pr(essor ( agricultural le>n+1 & t analyses may be made 9 ! laboratories ( exi/+ in/itutions4 ,x is my =tune to be able to read a lett] f ,pr(essor ,hors=d1 :i* furni%es a satisfactory view ( ! ability ( ! ,sci5tific ,s*ool at ,cambridge4 ,cambridge1 ,sept4 #ai1 #aheg4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir3 ,! occupation incid5t to ! op5+ ( ! t]m has prev5t$ an e>li] answ] to y\r lett] ( inquiry 9 reg>d to ! ,sci5tific ,s*ool4 ,! ,sci5tific ,s*ool furni%es1 ,i believe1 ! necess>y sci5tific k = /ud5ts ( agriculture 7su* z y m5tion71 ':o h be5 well educat$ at our high s*ools1 academies1 or colleges1 & h also be5 tra9$ practically 9 ! bus9ess ( f>m+4' ,x provides3 #a/4 ,practical in/ruction 9 ! modes ( exp]im5tal inve/igation4 ,?is is1 ,i "k1 an unrecogniz$ dep>tm5t1 b x is1 p]haps1 ! bett] suit$ "n to ! c\rse ( in/ruction ( our *emical dep>tm5t4 ,x qualifies ! /ud5t = ! mo/ direct me?ods ( solv+ ! practical problems :i* are con/antly aris+ 9 practical agriculture4 ,x includes ! analysis ( soils1 ! manufacture & te/+ ( manures1 ! philosophy ( improv$ me?ods ( culture1 ( rotation ( crops1 ( dairy production1 ( pres]v+ fruits1 meats1 c4 ,x applies m or less directly to ! :ole subject ( me*anical exp$i5ts4 #b;d4 ,practical in/ruction 9 survey+1 m5suration1 & draw+4 #c;d4 ,& by lectures--9 botany1 geology1 zoology1 comp>ative anatomy1 & natural philosophy4 ,"s ( !m--inde$1 all ( !m1 if desir$--might be pursu$ practically1 & ) ! use ( app>atus & specim5s4 ,?is c\rse contemplates a p]iod ( /udy ( f "o ye> to two & a half ye>s1 accord+ to ! qualification ( ! pupil at ! outset4 ,he appe>s an h\r ea* day at ! blackbo>d1 :]e he %>es ! drill ( a class1 & :]e he acquires a facility ( illu/ration1 comm& ( language1 an address & ?or\gh consci\sness ( real k1 :i* are ( m value1 9 _m cases1 z y "k1 ?an almo/ any am\nt ( simple acquisition4 ,he also att5ds1 on an av]age1 ab\t "o lecture a day ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,dur+ ! rema9+ "t he is occupi$ ) exp]im5tal "w 9 ! laboratory or field4 ,! great difficulty ) /ud5ts ( agriculture1 :o might c>e to come to ! ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 is ! exp5se ( liv+ 9 ,cambridge4 ,if "s f>m] at a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles f college1 :]e r5ts = rooms are l[1 w\ld op5 a bo>d+-h\se = /ud5ts ( agriculture 9 ! ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 :]e ! c>e ( a kit*5 g>d5 & "s /ock might be intru/$ to !m1 & :]e a f>m]'s pla9 table might be spread at ! price at :i* labor]s w\ld be receiv$1 we might hope t our facilities w\ld be tak5 advantage ( on a l>g] scale4 ,z x is1 b few1 comp>atively1 among our /ud5ts1 come to qualify !mselves = f>m+4 ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 consid] ! arrangem5ts propos$ z tempor>y1 & f9ally to be ab&on$ or made p]man5t1 z exp]i5ce %\ld dictate4 ,x may be said1 ,i ?9k1 )\t disp>agem5t to ! _m di/+ui%$ & dis9t]e/$ m5 :o h labor$ = ! advancem5t ( agriculture1 t ! op]ations ( ! gov]nm5t & ( ! /ate & c\nty societies h no plan or sy/em by :i*1 z a :ole1 !y are guid$4 ,! c\nty societies h be5 & are ! *ief means ( influ5ce & progress2 b !y h no p[] :i* c be sy/ematically appli$2 _! movem5ts are v>iable1 & _! annual exhibitions d n always indicate ! condition ( agriculture 9 ! di/ricts repres5t$4 ,!y h become1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 localiz$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[ns :]e ! fairs are held2 & yet !y d n possess ! vigor :i* in/itutions positively local w\ld enjoy4 ,! t[n clubs hold annual fairs2 & ^! fairs %\ld be made tribut>y1 9 _! products & 9 ! int]e/ !y excite1 to ! c\nty fairs4 ,let ! t[n fairs be held z e>ly 9 ! season z practicable1 & !n let ea* t[n s5d to ! c\nty fairs its fir/-class premium articles z ! contributions ( ! local society1 z well z ( ! individual produc]s4 ,?us a heal?ful & g5]\s rivalry w\ld be /irr$ up betwe5 ! t[ns ( a c\nty z well z among ! citiz5s ( ea* t[n2 & a c\nty exhibition ^u ! plan sugge/$ w\ld repres5t at "o view ! g5]al condition ( agriculture 9 ! vic9ity4 ,no "o c pret5d t ?is is accompli%$ by ! pres5t arrangem5ts4 ,moreov]1 ! c\nty society1 9 its managem5t & 9 its annual exhibitions1 w\ld possess an importance :i* x _h n be=e enjoy$4 ,z ea* t[n w\ld be repres5t$ by ! products ( ! dairy1 ! h]d1 & ! field1 s x w\ld be repres5t$ by its m52 & ! annual fair ( ! c\nty w\ld be a tru?ful & complete exposition ( its indu/rial /&+ & p[]4 ,out ( a sy/em ?us broad1 popul>1 & /rong1 an agricultural college w c]ta9ly spr+1 if su* an in/itution %all be ne$$4 ,b is x likely t 9 a c\ntry :]e ! l& is divid$1 & ! numb] ( f>m]s is great1 ! majority w ev] be educat$ 9 colleges1 & ^u /rict sci5tific pr9ciples8 ,i am ready to answ] t su* an expectation seems to me a m]e delusion4 ,! great body ( "y f>m]s mu/ be educat$ by ! example & practices ( _! eld]s1 by _! own ef=ts at individual & mutual improvem5t1 & by ! influ5ce ( agricultural j\rnals1 books1 lectur]s1 & ! example ( ?or\ghly educat$ m54 ,&1 z ?or\ghly educat$ m51 lectur]s1 j\rnals1 & books ( a prop] "*1 _c be furni%$ )\t ! aid ( sci5tific s*ools & ?or\gh culture1 ! f>m]s1 z a body1 are int]e/$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( all in/itutions ( le>n+ :i* promise to advance any numb] ( m51 h[ev] small1 9 ! my/]ies ( ! pr(ession2 b1 :5 we design a sy/em ( education = a class1 common wisdom requires u to contemplate its influ5ce ^u ea* individual4 ,! influ5ce ( a s+le college 9 any /ate1 or 9 ea* /ate ( ?is ,union1 w\ld be exce$+ly limit$2 b local societies & travell+ lectur]s c\ld make an appreciable impression 9 a ye> ^u ! agricultural population ( any /ate1 & 9 ,new ,engl& ! int]e/ 9 ! subject is su* t !re is no difficulty 9 f\nd+ t[n clubs1 & mak+ !m at once ! ag5ts ( ! gov]nm5t & ! s*ools = ! p4 ,9 ! plan indicat$1 ,i h1 ?r\gh\t1 assum$ ! disposition ( ! f>m]s to educate !mselves4 ,?is assumption implies a c]ta9 degree ( education already atta9$2 = a consci\sness ( ! necessity ( education is only develop$ by culture1 le>n+1 & reflection4 ,su* be+ ! admitt$ fact1 x rema9s t ! f>m]s !mselves ought at once to in/itute su* means ( self-improvem5t z are at _! comm&4 ,!y are1 9 ne>ly e /ate ( ?is ,union1 a majority ( ! vot]s1 & ! controll+ =ce ( society & ! gov]nm5t2 b ,i d n f ^! facts inf] ! propriety ( a reliance on _! "p ^u ! p[]s :i* !y may ?us direct4 ,h[ev] wisely said1 :5 fir/ said1 x is n wise to look to ! gov]nm5t = too mu*2 & !re c be no reasonable d\bt ( ! ability ( ! f>m]s to in/itute & p]fect su* measures ( self-education z are at pres5t ne$$4 ,b ! _s 9 :i* !y ent] ^u ?is "w mu/ be broad1 compreh5sive1 ca?olic4 ,!y w f9d some?+1 ,i hope1 ( example1 some?+ ( motive1 some?+ ( p[]1 9 _! exp]i5ce z fri5ds & support]s ( our sy/em ( common s*ool education2 & some?+ ( all ^!1 ,i tru/1 9 ! facts t ?is sy/em is kept 9 motion by ! self-impos$ taxation ( ! :ole p2 t all individuals & classes ( m51 =gett+ _! diff]5ces ( op9ion 9 politics & religion1 rally to its support1 z be+ 9 itself a safe basis on :i* may be built :atev] /ructures m5 ( wisdom & virtue & piety may desire to erect1 :e!r !y labor fir/ & *iefly = ! _w t is1 or = t :i* is to come4 ,,footnote3 #aj ,hon4 ,george ,s4 ,hill>d4 ,,adv]tisem5ts ,,juv5ile ,,books4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,beautiful ,,& ,,mo/ ,,ent]ta9+ ,,books ,,= ,,*ildr5 ,,ev] ,,publi%$4 ,,mr4 ,,cran*',s ,,illu/rat$ ,,/ories4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,( ,,! ,,hugg]mugg]s3 a ,giant ,/ory4 ,by ,,*ri/oph] ,,pe>se ,,cran*1 ,) illu/rations on wood1 f draw+s by ! au?or4 ,pr9t$ on f9e1 hot-press$ pap]1 f l>ge1 fair type4 ,price #a4jj4 ,?is book has be5 receiv$ ) ! utmo/ delight by all ! *ildr54 ,mr4 ,cran* is at once pa9t] & poet1 & 8 /ory & illu/rations are bo? *>act]i/ic ( a man ( g5ius4 ,,kobboltozo2 be+ a ,sequel to ,! ,la/ ( ! ,hugg]mugg]s4 ,by ,,*ri/oph] ,,pe>se ,,cran*4 ,) illu/rations by ! au?or4 ,! h& ( ! au?or 9 ! tale1 & especially 9 ! draw+s1 is fre] ?an 9 8 =m] "w4 ,! pictures are exquisite1 & mu* m num]\s ?an 9 ! ,hugg]mugg]s4 ,bo? ^! books w please ! l>g] or gr[n-up *ildr51 z well z ^? /ill 9 ! nurs]y4 ,uni=m 9 /yle ) its pr$ecessor4 ,price #a4jj4 ,,c\s9 ,,fannie',s ,,juv5ile ,,books4 ,,e ,,beg9n+ ,,is ,,easy ,,= ,,*ildr5 ,,:o ,,love ,,/udy4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man1 by ,,c\s9 ,,fannie4 ,l>go qu>to1 ) elegantly color$ li?ographic plates4 ,price #a4jj4 ,altoge!r "o ( ! mo/ attractive books1 bo? 9 matt] & /yle1 ev] issu$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,aunty ,,wond]ful',s ,,/ories4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man1 by ,,c\s9 ,,fannie4 ,) spirit$ li?ographic illu/rations4 ,x has prov$ imm5sely popul> among ! little folks4 ,price #ge c5ts4 ,,r$ ,,be>d',s ,,/ories ,,= ,,*ildr54 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man1 by ,,c\s9 ,,fannie4 ,! illu/rations = ?is book are ( a mo/ novel & tak+ "*4 ,!y are 9 imitation ( ! silh\ettes or pictures cut out by scissors1 9 :i* our ance/ors' portraits h (t5 be5 pres]v$4 ,! pictures are num]\s1 spirit$ & effective4 ,! /ories are wor?y ( _! elegant dress4 ,price #ge c5ts4 ,,bright ,,pictures ,,( ,,*ild-,,life4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man1 by ,,c\s9 ,,fannie4 ,illu/rat$ by num]\s highly-f9i%$ color$ engrav+s4 ,price #ge c5ts4 ,,violet2 ,a ,fairy ,/ory4 ,illu/rat$ by ,bill+s4 ,price #ej c5ts2 gilt1 #ge c5ts4 ,! publi%]s desire to call att5tion to ?is exquisite little /ory4 ,x brea!s su* a love ( ,nature 9 all h] =ms2 inculcates su* excell5t pr9ciples1 & is s full ( beauty & simplicity1 t x w delight n only *ildr51 b all read]s ( unsophi/icat$ ta/es4 ,! au?or seems to tea* ! g5tle cre$ :i* ,col]idge has embodi$ 9 ^? famili> l9es-- ,he praye? well :o love? well ,bo? man1 & bird1 & bea/4 ,,daisy2 or ! ,fairy ,spectacles4 ,by ! au?or ( ,,violet4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #ej c5ts2 gilt1 #ge c5ts4 ,,! ,,great ,,rosy ,,diamond4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,anne ,,augu/a ,,c>t] ,) illu/rations by ,bill+s4 ,price #ej c5ts2 gilt #ge c5ts4 ,?is is a mo/ *>m+ /ory1 f an au?or ( reputation 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,! ma*9]y ( ,fairy ,l& is employ$ ) great +5uity2 ! /yle is beautiful1 imag9ative1 yet simple4 ,! frolics ( ,rob9 ,goodfell[ are r5d]$ ) ! utmo/ grace & _s4 ,,tales ,,f ,,%akspe>e4 ,design$ = ! ,use ( ,"y ,p]sons4 ,by ,,*>les ,,lamb4 ,f ! fif? ,london edition4 #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price1 b\nd 9 musl91 #a4jj2 gilt1 #a4ej4 ,^! tales are int5d$ to int]e/ *ildr5 & y\? 9 "s ( ! plays ( ,%akspe>e4 ,! =m ( ! dialogue is dropp$1 & in/ead ! plots are wov5 into /ories1 :i* are models ( beauty4 ,:at ,haw?orne has lately done = ! classical my?ology1 ,lamb has "h done = ,%akspe>e4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,phillips1 ,,sampson ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,& = sale by all ,booksell]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,juv5ile ,,books4 ,,! ,,rollo ,,books4 ,by ,,rev4 ,,jacob ,,abbott4 ,9 f\rte5 volumes4 ,new edition1 ) f9ely execut$ engrav+s f orig9al designs by ,bill+s4 ,price #g2 s+le1 #ej c5ts1 ,any volume sold sep>ately4 ,rollo ,le>n+ to ,talk4 ,rollo ,le>n+ to ,read4 ,rollo at ,"w4 ,rollo at ,play4 ,rollo at ,s*ool4 ,rollo's ,vacation4 ,rollo's ,exp]im5ts4 ,rollo's ,museum4 ,rollo's ,travels4 ,rollo's ,correspond5ce4 ,rollo's ,philosophy--,wat]4 ,rollo's ,philosophy--,fire4 ,rollo's ,philosophy--,air4 ,rollo's ,philosophy--,sky4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! mo/ popul> s]ies ( juv5ile books ev] publi%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is edition is f> m attractive ext]nally ?an ! "o by :i* ! au?or fir/ became kn[n4 ,ne>ly "o hundr$ new engrav+s1 cle> & f9e pap]1 a new & beautiful cov]1 ) a neat box to conta9 ! :ole1 w give to ?is s]ies1 if possible1 a /ill wid] & m endur+ reputation4 ,! same1 )\t illu/rations1 f\rte5 volumes1 musl91 #e4be4 ,,excelsior ,,gift ,,books4 ,six volumes1 l>ge #afmo41 illu/rat$4 ,price1 9 clo?1 #ge c5ts p] volume2 gilt1 #a4jj4 ,*ri/mas ,roses4 ,favorite ,/ory ,book4 ,little ,mess5g] ,birds4 ,! ,ice ,k+4 ,y\?'s ,diadem4 ,juv5ile ,keepsake4 ,a beautiful s]ies ( books1 & univ]sally popul>4 ,,vacation ,,/ory ,,books4 ,six volumes1 ) f9e wood engrav+s4 ,price1 9 clo?1 #ej c5ts p] volume2 gilt1 #ge c5ts4 ,e/elle's ,/ories ab\t ,dogs4 ,! ,*e]ful ,he>t4 ,little ,blossom's ,rew>d4 ,holidays at ,*e/nut ,hill4 ,c\ntry ,life4 ,! ,angel ,*ildr54 ,a s]ies ( /ories t w give unfail+ ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction4 ,,juv5ile ,,/ory ,,books4 ,sev5 volumes1 illu/rat$4 ,price1 9 clo?1 #cg #a-b c5ts p] volume3 gilt1 #ej c5ts4 ,aunt ,m>y's ,/ories4 ,gift ,/ory ,book4 ,good ,*ild's ,fairy ,gift4 ,frank & ,fanny4 ,c\ntry ,sc5es & ,*>act]s4 ,peep at ! ,animals4 ,peep at ! ,birds4 ,,little ,,m>y2 or1 ,talks & ,tales = ,*ildr54 ,by ,h4 ,,tru/a4 ,beautifully pr9t$ & f9ely illu/rat$4 #afmo4 ,price1 musl91 #fj c5ts2 musl91 full gilt1 #hh c5ts4 ,,uncle ,,frank',s ,,boys' ,,& ,,girls' ,,libr>y4 ,a beautiful s]ies1 compris+ six volumes1 squ>e #afmo41 ) eight t9t$ ,engrav+s 9 ea* volume4 ,! foll[+ are _! titles respectively2 ,i4 ,! ,p$l]'s ,boy2 or1 ,i'll be ,somebody4 ,,ii4 ,! ,div+ ,bell2 or1 ,pe>ls to be s\ght =4 ,,iii4 ,! ,poor ,organ ,gr9d]2 & o!r ,/ories4 ,,iv4 ,loss & ,ga92 or1 ,susy ,lee's ,motto4 ,v4 ,mike ,m>ble2 8 ,crot*ets & ,oddities4 ,,vi4 ,! ,wond]ful ,lett] ,bag ( ,kit ,curi\s4 ,by ,,francis ,c4 ,,woodwor?4 ,price1 b\nd 9 musl91 #ej c5ts p] volume2 musl91 gilt1 #ge c5ts p] volume4 ,catalogues ( ! publications ,p4 ,s4 ,co4 s5t1 po/ paid1 ^u application4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,phillips1 ,,sampson ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,& = sale by all ,booksell]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4