---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,eighth ,,annual ,,meeting ,illustration ,,stamford1 ,,connecticut ,,september #e ,,and #f1 #aiag ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,eighth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,stamford1 ,,connecticut ,,september #e ,,and #f1 #aiag ,,annapolis ,,pub4 ,,co4 ,,print4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association4 ,president ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed ,vincennes1 ,indiana ,vice-,president ,w4 ,n4 ,,hutt ,raleigh1 ,north ,carolina ,secretary and ,treasurer ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,georgetown1 ,connecticut ,,committees ,auditing--,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed ,executive--,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith ,,and ,,the ,,officers ,finance--,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,hybrids--,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,j4 ,g4 ,,rush ,membership--,,harry ,e4 ,,weber1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,f4 ,n4 ,,fagan1 ,w4 ,o4 ,,potter1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,,wendell ,p4 ,,williams1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith ,nomenclature--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones ,press and ,publication--,,ralph ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,programme--,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,w4 ,n4 ,,hutt1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris ,promising ,seedlings--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones ,,state ,,vice-,,presidents ,california ,t4 ,c4 ,tucker #caa ,california ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,canada ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan #fc ,avenue ,road1 ,toronto ,connecticut ,henry ,leroy ,lewis ,stratford ,delaware ,e4 ,r4 ,angst #ebg ,dupont ,building1 ,wilmington ,georgia ,j4 ,b4 ,wight ,cairo ,illinois ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl ,alton ,indiana ,m4 ,p4 ,reed ,vincennes ,iowa ,wendell ,p4 ,williams ,danville ,kentucky ,prof4 ,c4 ,w4 ,matthews ,state ,agricultural ,station ,lexington ,maryland ,c4 ,p4 ,close ,college ,park ,massachusetts ,james ,h4 ,bowditch #ijc ,tremont ,building1 ,boston ,michigan ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg ,battle ,creek ,minnesota ,l4 ,l4 ,powers #ajah ,hudson ,ave41 ,st4 ,paul ,missouri ,p4 ,c4 ,stark ,louisiana ,new ,jersey ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway ,lumberton ,new ,york ,m4 ,e4 ,wile #cg ,calumet ,st41 ,rochester ,north ,carolina ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt ,raleigh ,ohio ,harry ,r4 ,weber #fja ,gerke ,building1 ,cincinnati ,pennsylvania ,j4 ,g4 ,rush ,west ,willow ,texas ,r4 ,s4 ,trumbull ,m4 ,s4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 ,el ,paso ,virginia ,lawrence ,r4 ,lee ,leesburg ,washington ,a4 ,e4 ,baldwin ,kettle ,falls ,west ,virginia ,b4 ,f4 ,hartzell ,shepherdstown ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers' ,,association ,,alabama ,baker1 ,samuel ,c41 ,centerville ,,arkansas 99,drake1 ,prof4 ,n4 ,f41 ,university of ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville ,,california ,dawson1 ,l4 ,h41 ,llano ,kelley1 ,m4 ,c41 ,san ,dimas ,tucker1 ,t4 ,c41 ,manager ,california ,almond ,growers ,exchange1 #caa ,california ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,,canada ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h41 ,university of ,toronto1 ,athletic ,association1 ,toronto ,sager1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,s41 ,brantford ,,connecticut ,barnes1 ,john ,r41 ,yalesville ,bartlett1 ,francis ,a41 ,stamford ,barrows1 ,paul ,m41 ,may ,apple ,farm1 ,high ,ridge1 ,stamford ,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c41 ,georgetown ,deming1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,c41 ,georgetown ,donning1 ,george ,w41 ,north ,stamford ,filley1 ,w4 ,o41 ,state ,forester1 ,drawer #a1 ,new ,haven ,glover1 ,james ,l41 ,shelton ,goodwin1 ,james ,l41 ,hartford1 ,box #ddg ,hungerford1 ,newman1 ,hartford1 ,box #ajhb ,irwin1 ,mrs4 ,payson1 #ege ,main ,st41 ,stamford ,ives1 ,ernest ,m41 ,sterling ,orchards1 ,meriden ,lewis1 ,henry ,leroy1 ,stratford 99,mc,glashan1 ,archibald1 ,kent ,mikkelsen1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,a41 ,georgetown 99,morris1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t41 ,cos ,cob1 ,route #bh1 ,box #ie ,randel1 ,noble ,p41 #aeg ,grove ,st41 ,stamford ,sessions1 ,albert ,l41 ,bristol ,southworth1 ,george ,e41 ,milford1 ,box #agb ,staunton1 ,gray1 ,stamford1 ,route #cj ,stocking1 ,wilber ,f41 ,stratford1 ,route #ac ,walworth1 ,c4 ,w41 ,belle ,haven1 ,greenwich ,white1 ,gerrard1 ,north ,granby ,williams1 ,w4 ,w41 ,milldale ,,delaware ,angst1 ,e4 ,r41 #ebg ,du,pont ,building1 ,wilmington ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,close1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,p41 ,pomologist1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington 99,littlepage1 ,t4 ,p41 ,union ,trust ,building1 ,washington ,reed1 ,c4 ,a41 ,nut ,culturist1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,taylor1 ,dr4 ,lewis ,h41 ,the ,cecil1 ,washington ,,england ,spence1 ,howard1 ,eskdale1 ,knutsford1 ,cheshire ,,georgia ,bullard1 ,william ,p41 ,albany ,van ,duzee1 ,c4 ,a41 ,judson ,orchard ,farm1 ,cairo ,wight1 ,j4 ,b41 ,cairo ,,illinois ,casper1 ,o4 ,h41 ,anna ,librarian1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana ,poll1 ,carl ,j41 #ajji ,maple ,st41 ,danville ,potter1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,o41 ,marion ,riehl1 ,e4 ,a41 ,godfrey ,,indiana ,burton1 ,joe ,a41 ,mitchel ,phelps1 ,henry1 ,remington ,reed1 ,m4 ,p41 ,vincennes ,reed1 ,w4 ,c1 ,vincennes ,simpson1 ,h4 ,d41 ,vincennes ,stadermann1 ,a4 ,l41 #abj ,s4 ,seventh ,st41 ,terre ,haute ,woolbright1 ,clarence1 ,elnora1 ,r #c1 ,box #gf ,,iowa ,snyder1 ,d4 ,c41 ,center ,point 7,linn ,co4 ,nurseries7 ,williams1 ,wendell ,p41 ,danville ,,kansas ,sharpe1 ,james1 ,council ,grove1 7,morris ,co4 ,nurseries7 ,,kentucky ,matthews1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,w41 ,horticulturist1 ,state ,agricultural ,station1 ,lexington ,,louisiana ,montgomery1 ,dr4 ,mary1 ,weyanoke ,,maryland ,darby1 ,r4 ,u41 ,suite #hjd1 ,continental ,building1 ,baltimore ,fisher1 ,john ,h4 ,jr41 ,bradshaw ,hayden1 ,charles ,s41 #bjj ,e4 ,lexington ,st41 ,baltimore ,hoopes1 ,wilmer ,p41 ,forest ,hill ,keenan1 ,dr4 ,john1 ,brentwood ,kyner1 ,james ,h41 ,bladensburg ,littlepage1 ,miss ,louise1 ,bowie ,stabler1 ,henry1 ,hancock ,,massachusetts 99,bowditch1 ,james ,h41 #ijc ,tremont ,building ,boston ,cleaver1 ,c4 ,leroy1 ,hingham ,center ,cole1 ,mrs4 ,george ,b41 #ae ,mystic ,ave41 ,winchester ,hoffman1 ,bernhard1 ,overbrook ,orchard1 ,stockbridge 7#ajc ,park ,ave4 ,n4 ,y4 ,city7 ,simmons1 ,alfred ,l41 #gb ,edison ,park1 ,quincy ,smith1 ,fred ,a41 ,hathorne ,,michigan ,kellogg1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h41 ,battle ,creek1 #bjb ,manchester ,st4 ,linton1 ,w4 ,s41 ,president ,board of ,trade1 ,saginaw ,ritchey1 ,paul ,h41 #ab ,south ,rose ,lawn ,drive1 ,pontiac ,,missouri ,bauman1 ,x4 ,c41 ,sainte ,genevieve ,darche1 ,j4 ,h41 ,parkville ,dod1 ,mrs4 ,nettie ,l41 ,knox ,city ,stark1 ,p4 ,c41 ,louisiana4 ,,nebraska ,kurtz1 ,john ,w41 #ecjd ,bedford ,st41 ,omaha ,warta1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j41 #abbc ,first ,national ,bank ,building1 ,omaha ,,new ,,jersey ,hoecker1 ,r4 ,b41 ,tenafly1 ,box #gjc ,jaques1 ,lee ,w41 #gd ,waverly ,st41 ,jersey ,city ,heights ,marston1 ,edwin ,s41 ,florham ,park1 ,box #gb ,ridgeway1 ,c4 ,s41 ,floralia1 ,lumberton ,roberts1 ,horace1 ,moorestown ,roffe1 ,john ,c41 #gbj ,boulevard1 ,e4 ,weehawken ,,new ,,york ,abbott1 ,frederick ,b41 #dai ,ninth ,st41 ,brooklyn ,atwater1 ,c4 ,c41 ,the ,barrett ,co41 #ag ,battery ,place1 ,new ,york ,city ,baker1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,fred1 ,director of ,forest ,investigations1 ,state ,college of ,forestry1 ,syracuse ,bixby1 ,willard ,g41 #dfth ,st4 and #bnd ,ave41 ,brooklyn ,brown1 ,ronald ,j41 #cbj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,buist1 ,dr4 ,george ,j41 #c ,hancock ,st41 ,brooklyn ,crane1 ,alfred ,j41 ,monroe1 ,box #cdb ,ellwanger1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d41 #eaj ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,haywood1 ,albert1 ,flushing ,hicks1 ,henry1 ,westbury1 ,long ,island ,hickox1 ,ralph1 #chcb ,white ,plains ,ave4 ,new ,york ,city ,hodgson1 ,casper ,w41 ,world ,book ,co41 ,yonkers ,holden1 ,e4 ,b41 ,hilton 99,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 #ae ,w4 #hast ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,hupfel1 ,adolph1 #faa ,w4 #ajgth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,mc,glennon1 ,james ,s41 #djf ,cutler ,building1 ,rochester ,manley1 ,dr4 ,mark1 #bfa ,monroe ,st41 ,brooklyn ,martin1 ,harold1 #adj ,continental ,ave41 ,forest ,hills ,gardens1 ,l4 ,i4 ,n4 ,y4 ,miller1 ,milton ,r41 ,batavia1 ,box #cid ,nelson1 ,dr4 ,james ,robert1 #bc ,main ,st41 ,kingston-on-,hudson ,olcott1 ,ralph ,t41 ,editor ,american ,nut ,journal1 ,ellwanger and ,barry ,building1 ,rochester ,palmer1 ,a4 ,c41 ,new ,york ,military ,academy1 ,cornwall-on-,hudson4 ,pannell1 ,w4 ,b41 ,pittsford ,pomeroy1 ,a4 ,c41 ,lockport ,rice1 ,mrs4 ,lillian ,mc,kee1 ,adelano1 ,pawling ,stuart1 ,c4 ,w41 ,newark ,teele1 ,a4 ,w41 #cj ,broad ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,thomson1 ,adelbert1 ,east ,avon ,tuckerman1 ,bayard1 #aah ,e #cgth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,ulman1 ,dr4 ,ira1 #bac ,w4 #adgth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,wile1 ,m4 ,e41 #cg ,calumet ,st41 ,rochester ,williams1 ,dr4 ,charles ,mallory1 #dh ,e4 #dith ,st41 ,new ,york ,city 99,wissman1 ,mrs4 ,f4 de,r41 ,westchester1 ,new ,york ,city ,,north ,,carolina ,hadley1 ,z4 ,t41 ,graham ,hutchings1 ,miss ,lida ,g41 ,pine ,bluff ,hutt1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,n41 ,state ,horticulturist1 ,raleigh ,le ,fevre1 ,revere1 ,johns ,van ,lindley1 ,j41 ,j4 ,van ,lindley ,nursery ,co41 ,pomona ,,ohio ,burton1 ,j4 ,howard1 ,casstown ,cruickshank1 ,prof4 ,r4 ,r41 ,state ,college of ,agriculture ,extension ,service1 ,columbus ,dayton1 ,j4 ,h41 ,storrs ,harrison ,co41 ,painesville ,dysart1 ,j4 ,t41 ,belmont1 ,route #c ,ketchum1 ,c4 ,s41 ,middlefield ,thorne1 ,charles ,e41 ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,wooster ,weber1 ,harry ,r41 #fja ,gerke ,building1 ,cincinnati ,yunck1 ,e4 ,g41 #gjf ,central ,ave41 ,sandusky ,,oklahoma ,heffner1 ,chris1 ,collinsville1 ,box #bee ,,pennsylvania ,corcoran1 ,charles ,a41 ,wind ,rush ,fruit ,farm1 ,new ,albany ,druckemiller1 ,w4 ,c41 ,sunbury ,fagan1 ,prof4 ,f4 ,n41 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,state ,college ,heffner1 ,h41 ,highland ,chestnut ,grove1 ,leeper ,hile1 ,anthony1 ,curwensville ,national ,bank1 ,curwensville ,hoopes1 ,wilmer ,w41 ,hoopes ,brothers ,thomas ,co41 ,westchester ,hutchinson1 ,mahlon1 ,ashwood ,farm1 ,devon ,jenkins1 ,charles ,francis1 ,farm ,journal1 ,philadelphia 99,jones1 ,j4 ,f41 ,lancaster1 ,box #ebg ,kaufman1 ,m4 ,m41 ,clarion ,leas1 ,f4 ,c41 ,merion ,station ,murphy1 ,p4 ,j41 ,vice ,president ,l4 ,w4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 ,scranton ,o',neill1 ,william ,c41 #cbh ,walnut ,st41 ,philadelphia ,rheam1 ,j4 ,f41 #de ,north ,walnut ,st41 ,lewiston 99,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,pennsylvania ,square1 ,reading ,rife1 ,jacob ,a41 ,camp ,hill ,rush1 ,j4 ,g41 ,west ,willow ,smedley1 ,samuel ,l41 #ijb ,stephen ,girard ,building1 ,philadelphia 99,sober1 ,col4 ,c4 ,k41 ,lewisburg ,thomas1 ,joseph ,w41 ,jos4 ,w4 ,thomas ,sons1 ,king of ,prussia ,weaver1 ,william ,s41 ,mc,cungie 99,wister1 ,john ,c41 ,wister ,st4 ,clarkson ,ave41 ,germantown ,wright1 ,r4 ,p41 #bce ,w4 #fth ,st41 ,erie ,,south ,,carolina ,shanklin1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,g41 ,clemson ,college ,,tennessee ,marr1 ,thomas ,s41 #gja ,stahlmam ,building1 ,nashville ,,texas ,burkett1 ,j4 ,h41 ,nut ,specialist1 ,state ,department of ,agriculture1 ,clyde ,trumbull1 ,r4 ,s41 ,agricultural ,agent1 ,el ,paso ,s4 ,w4 ,system1 ,morenci ,southern ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 ,el ,paso ,,virginia ,crockett1 ,e4 ,b41 ,monroe ,lee1 ,lawrence ,r41 ,leesburg ,smith1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,roundhill ,,west ,,virginia ,cather1 ,l4 ,a41 #bae ,murry ,st41 ,fairmont ,hartzell1 ,b4 ,f41 ,shepherdstown ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,john ,egerton1 ,charleston1 ,box #fic 99 ,life ,member4 ,,constitution ,,article ,i ,name4 ,this society shall be known as the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association4 ,,article ,,ii ,object4 ,its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,membership in the society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership4 ,,article ,,iv ,officers4 ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president and a secretary-treasurer1 who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting2 and an executive committee of five persons1 of which the president1 two last retiring presidents1 vice-president and secretary-treasurer shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,,article ,v ,election of ,officers4 ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year4 ,,article ,,vi ,meetings4 ,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee4 ,,article ,,vii ,quorum4 ,ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum1 but must include a majority of the executive committee or two of the three elected officers4 ,,article ,,viii ,amendments4 ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i ,committees4 ,the association shall appoint standing committees as follows3 ,on membership1 on finance1 on programme1 on press and publication1 on nomenclature1 on promising seedlings1 on hybrids1 and an auditing committee4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,,article ,,ii ,fees4 ,the fees shall be of two kinds1 annual and life4 ,the former shall be two dollars1 the latter twenty dollars4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,all annual memberships shall begin with the first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the association4 ,,article ,,iv ,amendments4 ,by-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any annual meeting4 ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association ,,eighth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,september #e ,,and #f1 #aiag ,,stamford1 ,,connecticut4 ,the eighth annual meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association was called to order at the ,hotel ,davenport1 ,stamford1 ,connecticut1 at #i4cj ,a4 ,m41 the ,vice-,president1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt1 presiding in the absence of the ,president1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed4 ,the meeting opened without formalities with a short business session4 ,the report of the ,secretary was read and adopted as follows3 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,secretary-,,treasurer4 ,balance on hand date of last report #ba4de ,receipts3 ,dues #bee4jj ,advertisements #cf4jj ,contributions #ae4jj ,sale of reports4 #bf4fe ,contributions for prizes #df4ge ,miscellaneous 4#hi ------- #dja4gd ,expenses3 ,printing report #aeh4fj ,miscellaneous printing #ai4jj ,postage and stationery #de4ia ,stenographer #dj4cj ,prizes #eg4jj ,litchfield ,savings ,society #fe4jj ------- #che4ha ------- ,balance on hand #ae4ic ,total receipts were a little greater than the year before1 receipts from dues a little less4 ,there are several new life members1 ten in all now1 and the secretary has followed the course adopted some time ago of depositing receipts from life memberships in a savings bank as a contingent fund4 ,there are #ach paid up members1 compared with #aed last year4 ,fifty members have not paid their dues and there seems to be no other course but to drop them1 after repeated notice1 though some are old friends4 ,four members have resigned and there has been one death1 that of ,mrs4 ,charles ,miller1 of ,waterbury1 ,connecticut4 ,we have added but #bh new members during the year1 while we have lost #ee4 ,there have been #ceh members since organization1 of whom we still have #ach1 #bbj having dropped out4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 as chairman of the ,committee on ,incorporation1 reported at some length on the advisability and the possibilities4 ,on motion of ,mr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,olcott1 the question of incorporation was left in the hands of the committee with power4 ,the following ,nominating ,committee was elected3 ,col4 ,van ,duzee1 ,mr4 ,weber1 ,mr4 ,bixby1 ,mr4 ,smith1 ,mr4 ,ridgeway4 ,the following ,committee on ,resolutions was appointed by the ,chair3 ,dr4 ,morris1 ,mr4 ,bartlett1 ,mr4 ,olcott4 ,moved by ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,that the association request the ,secretary of ,agriculture to include in his estimates of appropriations for the next fiscal year a sum sufficient1 in his judgment1 to enable the department to carry on a continuous survey of nut culture1 including the investigation and study of nut trees throughout the northern states1 such nut trees including all the native varieties of nuts1 hickories1 walnuts1 butternuts and any sub-divisions of those varieties1 and that a committee of three be appointed to interview the secretary personally to have this amount included in the appropriation4 ,motion carried4 ,mr4 ,olcott recalled that last year the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association secured an appropriation1 and he suggested that this would make it easier for the ,northern ,nut ,growers to do so this year4 ,,mr4 ,,bartlett3 ,it occurred to me that the boy scouts1 with their great membership and being often out in the woods1 would be valuable to the nut growers' association in hunting native nuts4 ,i took up the matter with ,dr4 ,bigelow of the ,agassiz ,association1 who is also ,scout ,naturalist and ,i think he can tell us more about getting the boy scouts interested4 ,,dr4 ,,bigelow3 ,i would suggest that you enlist also the interest of other organizations for outdoor life4 ,if ,i knew a little more definitely what is wanted it could be exploited in definite terms in ,boys' ,life1 the official organ of the ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 which has a mailing list of over #ajj1jjj1 and which reaches ten or twenty boys each copy4 ,so you have nigh on to #a1jjj1jjj members who would be reached in this way4 ,my predecessor1 ,mr4 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 has organized the ,woodcrafters1 which consists of both boys and girls4 ,it seems to me that their service should be enlisted4 ,they have done remarkably good work4 ,and there are other organizations such as the ,camp ,fire ,girls4 ,i would suggest that some of you formulate a resolution and let me have a copy of it to publish in ,boys' ,life4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i will say one word in harmony with ,dr4 ,bigelow and the possibility of enlisting the interest of these organizations4 ,one of our members1 ,i think ,mr4 ,weber1 has found on a tributary of the ,ohio ,river a thin shelled black walnut that came down with the flood4 ,he has found two specimens at the mouth of the stream and he knows that this particular thin shelled black walnut grows somewhere up that stream4 ,he would give #ej to anybody who would find that black walnut tree4 ,i will give five dollars every year to any boy scout who wins any of our prizes4 ,that is a permanent offer4 ,or ,i will enlarge it perhaps1 after we discuss the matter further by including the ,camp ,fire ,girls4 ,i will add others to that list4 ,i will give five dollars to any member of one of those organizations affiliated with us who wins any nut prize in any year1 in addition to our regular prizes4 ,furthermore we will offer to name any prize nut after the discoverer1 so that his or her name will go down in history1 perhaps causing much fame4 ,,dr4 ,,bigelow3 ,i have had my attention called to the fact that in the ,west the beech trees are heavily laden with nuts4 ,it suddenly dawned on me that in all of my boyhood experience as a hunter and tramper1 ,i had never seen one edible beech nut in ,connecticut4 ,i know there are many beech trees around ,stamford1 but ,i have not been able to find any nuts4 ,i have advertised for them but although ,i have received more than a hundred packages from over the rest of the country1 ,i have not seen one single beech nut from ,connecticut4 ,some of the old-timers say they were once plentiful4 ,i wonder whether beech nuts have disappeared from ,connecticut as have potato balls4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,in the lime stone regions they commonly fill well4 ,i have a great many beech trees on my place from one year to more than one hundred years of age1 and they came from natural seeding1 but the seeds in this part of ,connecticut are very small and shrivelled4 ,they are not valuable like the ones in western ,new ,york1 for instance1 and ,i do not remember even as a boy to have known of eastern beech trees with well-filled nuts4 ,many of these inferior nuts will sprout1 however4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i think ,dr4 ,bigelow has hit upon a point of a great deal of interest4 ,for example1 on my farm in ,maryland ,i think there are perhaps three or four hundred beech trees of various sizes1 probably none of them under ten years of age and up to fifty1 and in the four years that ,i have been observing these beech trees1 there has never grown upon them a single full1 fertile beech nut4 ,i have observed very carefully4 ,on my farm in ,indiana ,i have been observing the same thing for probably ten or twelve years1 and ,i have never seen a single filled beech nut4 ,there are some beech trees there two feet in diameter4 ,,president',s ,,address4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,,indiana4 7,read by the ,secretary47 ,,fellow ,,members ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers' ,,association1 ,,ladies ,,and ,,gentlemen3 ,our association convenes today under changed conditions not only in this country but throughout the world4 ,upon the ,united ,states rests the burden of feeding the world1 or at least a large portion of it4 ,with seven-tenths of the globe's population at war1 surely this is a mammoth undertaking4 ,the government is urging the farmer to increase his acreage of all leading grain crops1 to give them better cultivation1 and is guaranteeing him a liberal price4 ,,crop ,,values4 ,crop values have increased until today there is land bringing more than #ajj4jj per acre for a single wheat crop4 ,corn has sold above #b4jj per bushel1 beans at #bj cents per pound1 and hogs at #bj4jj per #ajj pounds on foot4 ,,labor ,,advances4 ,with these high prices all along the line the price of labor has advanced to the highest point ever known4 ,surely it is up to the ,american farmer to husband his resources by the use of labor-saving machinery1 by using the tractor and other power machines to conserve horse feed1 by the cultivation of all waste land possible and by practicing economy and thrift4 ,,more ,,intensive ,,agriculture4 ,in the more intensive agriculture that is urged upon us the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association can do a splendid work by the interesting of all land owners in the conservation of the native nut trees and the planting of grafted nut trees in gardens1 orchards and yards1 to take the place of many worthless shade trees4 ,,highway ,,planting4 ,with the government and states working together in the establishment of market highways and the building of permanent roads1 now is the time to urge the planting of trees that will last for this generation and the ones that are to follow4 ,in sections of the country the different kind of nut trees suitable could be selected and1 if planted and given proper care1 would be a source of large income in the years that are to come4 ,community effort is needed for such work and if the members of this association will use their influence it will help to bring this about4 ,there is one county in ,england where all the roadsides have been planted to ,damson plums1 which has not only made the landscape more beautiful and furnished the people with much fruit1 but the past season has furnished many tons of plums that were picked half ripe for the manufacture of dyes that had become scarce owing to the war4 ,if such a movement as this had been taken in this country in the planting of nut trees in former years our roadsides today would be more beautiful1 the country more healthy1 the farmer more independent1 having these side crops that require little labor and that could be marketed at leisure4 ,our soldier boys might today have sealed cartons of nut meats included in their rations on the ,european battle fronts that would be very acceptable as food and add little to their burden4 ,,nut ,,meats ,,in ,,place ,,of ,,pork4 ,if every land owner had enough nut trees to furnish his family with all the nut meats they cared to use1 and all the nut bread they would eat1 it would go a long way in solving the high cost of pork and beef4 ,the better grafted varieties of the black walnut are specially well adapted for use in nut bread and can be grown in many places where pecans and ,english walnuts will not succeed so well4 ,,what ,,this ,,association ,,has ,,accomplished4 ,in looking backward over the past eight years since this association was organized it might be well to review some of the things accomplished4 ,when this organization first came into existence there was a small demand for budded and grafted nut trees1 but none were to be had in the hardy northern varieties4 ,interest was created1 best individual trees have been located and new varieties introduced4 ,methods of propagation have been worked out1 public opinion has been moulded1 government investigation has been fostered1 commercial planting of northern nut trees made possible1 and today pecans1 ,english walnuts and best varieties of grafted black walnuts may be had in quantity4 ,this association has caused thousands of nut trees to be planted that would otherwise not have been4 ,some may ask the question1 has it paid8 ,individually ,i would say it has not1 but collectively it has1 and will pay large dividends to future generations by making it possible for a larger food supply at a minimum cost4 ,,care ,,of ,,transplanted ,,nut ,,trees4 ,it might be well to urge greater care in the cultivation of transplanted nut trees4 ,trees should be set fall or early spring while perfectly dormant4 ,if bodies are wrapped the first summer and first winter it will prevent much trouble from sun scald4 ,if mounds of earth one foot high are banked around trees before first cold weather it will often prevent bark bursting which may be caused by freezing of the trees when full of sap1 caused by late growth4 ,this mound can be removed the next spring and in case of any winter injury you have plenty of fresh healthy wood to produce a top4 ,cultivation should commence early in the spring and be kept up until ,september first4 ,never allow weeds to grow or ground to become crusted4 ,nut trees form new rootlets slowly the first summer and require special care4 ,after the second summer they will stand more neglect1 but extra cultivation will be rewarded with extra growth at all times4 ,,finances4 ,in looking over the treasurer's report at ,washington ,i find a balance of #ba4de1 reported at last meeting under date ,august #adth1 #aiag4 ,treasurer reports balance on hand of #ad4ac and no obligations4 ,i think he is to be congratulated on being able to make ends meet and issue the reports4 ,after going over the budget for the coming year ,i think that we may be able to keep up this record if the membership committee will look after new members and see that all old members renew their membership promptly4 ,,place ,,of ,,meetings4 ,owing to present war conditions the president would recommend that selection of the next place of meeting be left to executive committee to be fixed later after conditions and crops for next year are better assured4 ,it would seem that some central location might draw the largest attendance and be of greatest benefit to the association for the coming year4 ,,nut ,,exhibits4 ,nut exhibits should be encouraged as much as possible and prizes offered when finances will permit1 or where members offer special premiums4 ,this effort will bring out varieties that are worthy of propagation and valuable trees will be saved to posterity4 ,these exhibits can often be held in connection with local horticultural meetings4 ,it is well for our members to keep a watch for such chances4 ,,reasons ,,for ,,our ,,limited ,,knowledge ,,as ,,to ,,what ,,varieties ,,of ,,nut ,,trees ,,to ,,plant4 ,,prof4 ,w4 ,n4 ,,hutt1 ,,north ,,carolina4 ,agriculturally this continent is about three centuries old4 ,horticulturally its experience has scarcely reached the century mark4 ,practically all the commercial fruit industry of the ,united ,states is the product of the last half century4 ,relatively speaking we are quite young and therefore there are a great many things about nut-growing that we may not be expected to know4 ,in the older lands of ,europe and ,asia they have a horticultural experience going back from ten to twenty centuries4 ,in this new country the pioneers had necessarily to confine themselves to the fundamentals and it is to be expected that their horticultural operations were confined to a very narrow maintenance ratio4 ,as the country was cleared up and developed certain sections were found to be especially suited to fruit culture4 ,about these centers specialized fruit-growing industries were developed4 ,these planters tried out all available varieties and developed their own methods of culture4 ,as these industries developed horticultural societies were formed for the exchanging of ideas and experiences4 ,in #ahdg the ,american ,pomological ,society was formed as a national clearing house of horticultural ideas4 ,the first work the society undertook was to determine the varieties of the different classes of fruits suitable for planting in different sections of the country4 ,patrick ,barry1 of ,rochester1 one of the pioneers of ,american horticulture was for years the chairman of the committees on varietal adaptation and did an immense amount of work on that line4 ,at the meetings of the society he went alphabetically over the variety lists of fruits and called for reports on each one from growers all over the country4 ,this practice was kept up for years and the resulting data were collated and compiled in the society's reports4 ,in this systematic way the varietal adaptations of the different classes of fruits were accurately worked out for all parts of the country4 ,a similar systematic roll call of classes and varieties of nuts grown by the members of this association would be of immense value to intending planters of nut trees4 ,in northern nut-growing1 however1 it may be questioned if we are yet arrived at the ,patrick ,barry stage4 ,what we need is pioneer planters who have the courage to plant nut trees and take a chance against failure and not wait for others to blaze the trail4 ,it needs men of vision and courage to plant the unknown and look with hope and optimism to the future4 ,so many are deterred from planting by the fact that nut trees are tardy in coming into bearing and uncertain of results4 ,in these stirring times we want men of nerve in the orchard as well as in the trenches4 ,we need tree planters like ,prof4 ,corsan who1 at a former meeting of this association when joked about planting hickories1 replied that he wasn't nervous and could watch a hickory tree grow4 ,it takes nerve to be an innovator and to plant some radically different crop from what your conservative neighbors all about you are planting4 ,the ,georgia cotton planters wagged their heads and tapped their foreheads when ,col4 ,stuart and ,major ,bacon turned good cotton land into pecan groves4 ,but the thousands of acres of commercial pecan orchards now surrounding these original plantings showed that these pioneer pecan planters were not lunatics or impractical dreamers1 but courageous men of vision1 thirty years ahead of their time4 ,nut tree planting is not all waiting4 ,it will give the busy man some surprises as ,i have reason to know from my own limited experience4 ,ten years ago when ,i planted my first experimental orchard ,i set about preparing several other lines of quick maturing experimental work1 for ,i did not expect those trees would have any thing to report for a decade or so4 ,you can imagine how surprised and delighted ,i was when on the third year there was a sprinkling of nuts1 enough to be able to identify the most precocious varieties4 ,the surprise increased to wonder the next year when there was an increased number of nuts on the trees that had borne last year and a number of new varieties came into bearing4 ,in the eighth year when an #hjj-pound crop of nuts changed that experimental planting into a commercial pecan orchard1 ,i was1 to use a sporting phrase1 completely knocked out of the box4 ,the man who thinks there are no thrills in tree planting has something yet to learn4 ,it is the surest sign of a real true-blue horticulturist that he wants to set some kind of new tree or plant4 ,it is the rarest kind of a plantation that has on it no waste land4 ,fence rows1 ditch banks and rough or stony places are to be found on practically every farm4 ,such spots too often lie waste or galled or at best are covered with weeds1 briars1 bushes or useless scrubby trees4 ,these waste places would make a fine trial ground for testing out nut trees4 ,a few fine walnuts1 pecans or hickories1 or rows of chinquapins and hazels would add profit as well as beauty to these waste and unsightly places found on most farms4 ,following old conservative methods the average farmer sets about his house and buildings unproductive oaks1 elms and maples1 with scarcely a question of a thought that there are as handsome shade trees that will produce pleasure and profit as well4 ,on our lawns and about our door yards we could plant to advantage the ,japanese walnut and the hardier types of pecans and ,persian walnuts4 ,it would be of interest to try a few seedlings of these classes of nuts4 ,if such practices were followed in the planting of nut trees it would not be long until new and valuable sorts would be found and a great deal of data made available to intending nut planters4 ,i believe that a great deal of good would result from the preparation and dissemination of a circular encouraging farmers in nut planting4 ,this association is doing a valuable work in offering prizes to locate high class seedling nut trees that will be worthy of propagating4 ,sooner or later valuable sorts will be found in this way4 ,in this connection it will be wise for this association to solicit the active co-operation of the horticultural workers in the different states4 ,the workers of the agricultural colleges1 experiment stations and extension service do a great deal of traveling and have special facilities for getting in touch with promising varieties4 ,the horticulturists of some states have made nut surveys of their states to ascertain their resources in the way of valuable varieties and of conditions suitable for nut culture4 ,the interesting bulletin1 ,nut ,growing in ,maryland1 gotten out by ,prof4 ,close1 when he was ,state ,horticulturist in ,maryland1 is a very valuable contribution along this line4 ,it would be well for this association to solicit the co-operation of the trained horticulturists in the northern states to make nut surveys and ascertain definitely the valuable varieties already growing within their borders and what are the possibilities for the production of these types for home purposes for commercial growing4 ,a few of the state experiment stations have taken up definite experimental and demonstration nut projects and are doing valuable work in this line4 ,this association should memorialize the directors of the other stations to undertake definite nut projects and surveys and get the work under way as soon as possible4 ,while endeavoring to stimulate private1 state and national investigations in nut culture1 the author would be very remiss if he failed to recognize the very valuable work already done by the zealous1 painstaking and unselfish pioneers of northern nut growing4 ,messrs4 ,bush and ,pomeroy have given to the country and especially to the north and east1 two valuable hardy ,persian walnuts4 ,our absent president1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 of ,vincennes1 ,ind41 is doing a great deal in the testing and dissemination of hardy nut trees4 ,our first president1 though an exceedingly busy surgeon and investigator in medicine1 finds time to turn his scientific attention to the testing and breeding of nut trees4 ,some of our brilliant legal friends1 too1 find time to pursue the elusive phantom of ideal nuts for northern planting4 ,we cannot go through the growing list of nut investigators nor chronicle their achievements1 but we know that when the history of ,american horticulture is written up ample justice will be done to their labors and attainments4 ,let each of us do our part in the building up of the country by the planting of nut trees4 ,let us plant them on our farms1 in our gardens and about our buildings and lawns4 ,let us induce and encourage our neighbors to plant and do all possible to make nut planting fashionable until it becomes an established custom all over the land4 ,it will not then be long before valuable varieties of nut trees will be springing up all over the country4 ,this association will then soon have a wealth of available data at hand to give to intending planters in all parts of the country4 ,a ,,member3 ,in ,europe they raise a great many nuts that they ship to this country1 chestnuts1 hazels and ,persian walnuts4 ,i understand they grow usually in odd places about the farms1 but the aggregate production amounts to a great deal4 ,we could very well follow the lead given by ,europe in that particular1 at least4 ,i think we could have for dissemination circulars which would stimulate people to plant nut trees more widely than at present4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,this question of nut planting in waste places always comes up at our meetings and is always encouraged by some and frowned upon by others4 ,i do not think we ought to recommend in an unqualified way the planting of nut trees in waste places4 ,i have planted myself1 lots of us have tried it1 and found that most nut trees planted in waste places are doomed to failure4 ,i do not recall an exception in my own experience4 ,i understand that in ,europe the road sides and the fence rows are planted with trees and the farmers get a part of their income in that way4 ,but with us in ,connecticut nut planting in waste places does not seem to be a success4 ,it is quite different when you come to plant nut trees about the house and about the barn4 ,they seem to thrive where they don't get competition with native growth and where they have the fertility which is usually to be found about houses and barns4 ,in fact1 ,i have advocated the building of more barns in order that we might have more places for nut trees4 ,i think we should plant nut trees around our houses and barns where we can watch them and keep the native growth from choking them1 and where we can give them fertility and keep them free from worms4 ,the worms this year in ,connecticut have been terribly destructive4 ,my trees that ,i go to inspect every two or three weeks1 at one inspection would be leafing out1 at the next would be defoliated4 ,if such trees are about your house where you can see them every day or two you can catch the worm at its work4 ,so for experimental planting ,i think places about our houses and barns can be very successfully utilized4 ,when it comes to commercial planting1 ,i think we must recommend for nut trees what we do for peach trees4 ,we must give them the best conditions4 ,i am hoping from year to year that somebody will come forward to make the experiment of planting nut trees in orchard form and give them the best conditions1 as he would if he were going to set out an apple or peach orchard4 ,the association has made efforts by means of circulars to interest the experiment stations1 schools of forestry and other agricultural organizations4 ,a number of the members of such organizations are members of the association4 ,the work has been taken up to some slight degree in such places as the ,school of ,forestry at ,syracuse4 ,i do not recall any others at this moment1 although there are some4 ,i will read part of a letter from ,professor ,record of the ,yale ,school of ,forestry3 ,the only reasons ,i can think of why the consideration of nut trees is not given more attention in our school are 7#a7 it comes more under the head of horticulture than forestry 7#b7 lack of time in a crowded curriculum 7#c7 unfamiliarity with the subject on the part of the faculty4 ,we would like to interest these faculties in nut growing4 ,we look upon them as sources of education but evidently we are more advanced than they are in the subject of nut growing and it is up to us to educate them4 ,,col4 ,,van ,,duzee3 ,right now when you are at the beginning of nut growing in the ,north you cannot over estimate the value for the future of records4 ,my heart goes out to the man who comes to us as a beginner and wants to know something definite4 ,our records are the only thing we can safely give him4 ,the behavior of individual nut trees1 the desirability of certain varieties for certain localities--those things are of tremendous value4 ,no doubt you know that in ,california they have come to the point in many sections where they keep records of what each individual tree does4 ,i began that some years ago with the commercial planting that ,i have had charge of for the last twelve years4 ,we now have an individual tree record of every nut produced since these trees came into bearing--about #bejj trees4 ,i went further than that--,i kept a record of the value of the different nuts for growing nursery stock so that ,i might grow trees that would be the very best produced in our section4 ,now the years have gone by and ,i have a ledger account with every tree in that #bejj and ,i know exactly what it has given me4 ,i know how many nuts it has produced4 ,you would be surprised to see the wide discrepancy in those records1 the different behavior of individual trees4 ,i wish ,i could talk to you longer on that subject4 ,it is something ,i am very enthusiastic about4 ,by virtue of the records we have kept for years ,i have found a source of supply for seed nuts and nursery stock which has proved to be a constant performer4 ,i bud this nursery stock from trees with individual records that have proved themselves to be good performers1 ,i have found that certain varieties have proved themselves not worthy of being planted1 and certain other varieties have proven themselves at least promising4 ,this last year ,i took #ajj ,schley1 #ajj ,stuart1 #ajj ,delmas and #ajj ,moneymaker trees and planted them all on the same land4 ,now these trees1 you understand1 are grown from the stock grown from a nut that ,i know the record of for years4 ,i know its desirability4 ,the buds are from selected trees whose records ,i have4 ,more than that1 ,i alternated the rows and the trees in the rows4 ,these trees are now where they have got to stand right up and make a record so that we will know ten years from today what is the best variety for our section4 ,i do not think ,i can make myself as clear as ,i wish ,i could this morning1 but here is the point4 ,if anybody comes to me ,i can tell him definitely1 and ,i have records in my office to show1 what the different varieties are doing and what soil they are growing in4 ,here in the north where the industry is in its infancy now is the time to start records4 ,when ,i saw the subject of ,professor ,hutt's paper1 the ,reasons ,for ,our ,limited ,knowledge as to ,what ,varieties of ,nut ,trees to ,plant1 it occurred to me that if you don't now start right in making records1 ten years from today you will still have existing one of the principal reasons why you don't know4 ,,mr4 ,,kelsey3 ,i started out four years ago with ,english walnuts4 ,i read the account of ,pomeroy and so ,i got a half dozen trees from him4 ,they all died4 ,i got five or six trees from ,mr4 ,jones4 ,i think this is the third year and one of those has some nuts on4 ,i have got now about #aej trees planted in regular rows where ,i am cultivating them4 ,but ,i was going to say that four years ago ,i sent to ,pomeroy and asked him if he wouldn't send me a few nuts as a sample4 ,he sent me #af4 ,i cracked two of them4 ,fourteen of them ,i put in4 ,i didn't know how to put them in so ,i took a broom handle1 punched a hole in the ground and stuck them in the bottom4 ,i never thought ,i would get any results from them4 ,they came up in ,july4 ,they did not come up quick4 ,i suppose ,i had them so deep4 ,i set them out three years ago4 ,some of them are as high as this room in three years on cultivated land set out in rows4 ,they have never borne any4 ,no one knows how long it takes for a seedling to bear4 ,it may be two years1 or five years1 or ten4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i want to bear witness on the point that ,col4 ,van ,duzee made1 the matter of keeping records4 ,the man who keeps good records is a public benefactor because what he learns becomes public property upon the basis of available data4 ,every one of us should pay attention to that point which ,col4 ,van ,duzee has brought out4 ,unfortunately my records have been kept by my secretaries in shorthand notes and ,i have had four different secretaries in ten years1 and each with different methods of shorthand4 ,they have not had time to write up all the notes1 and so ,i find it difficult to present good nut records when busily occupied with professional responsibilities1 which must come first4 ,i had one field filled with young hybrid nut trees4 ,a neighbor's cow got into that field and the boy who came after the cow found her to be refractory4 ,the boy began to pull up stakes with tags marking the different trees and threw them at the cow4 ,before he got through he had hybridized about forty records of nut trees4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,as a horticulturist along experimental lines ,i find the trouble is to get people to plant trees and properly plant them4 ,i do not think that the average farmer knows how to plant trees4 ,that is why they get such poor results4 ,they plant them where anybody with intelligence would not plant them4 ,we find in the ,south that we can grow trees if there is protection against fire and stock4 ,if fire is kept out and stock is kept from grazing1 nature will cover the land with forest trees4 ,i think that will go a long way to getting nut trees4 ,but a man planting something as valuable as a nut tree wants to take a little more pains than that4 ,i have seen ,mr4 ,littlepage's place where he is raising handsome trees1 but he has planted crops around each tree and there is plenty of plant food4 ,you can grow trees almost anywhere if you make the conditions favorable4 ,in hedge rows and odd places1 if the forest soil is preserved1 you can grow almost any kind of a nut tree4 ,these conditions must prevail or we must make them prevail4 ,just another point on the matter of home planting4 ,i wouldn't be a very good preacher if ,i didn't carry out my own practices4 ,just to show my faith by my works ,i want to say that ,i took out every shade tree at home and put a nut tree in its place4 ,down south where shade is very valuable they said that man is very foolish to cut down nice elms and maples like that and put nut trees in their place4 ,it did look so then for a while4 ,now ,i have some handsome pecans and ,persian walnuts and ,japanese walnuts1 and this year ,i get my first dividends from a tree five years old4 ,of course we have taken care to preserve their symmetry1 but ,i think our nut trees come pretty close to being our best shade tree4 ,i will challenge anybody to find a handsomer tree than a well-grown pecan4 ,it is a very stalwart tree with its branches of waving foliage1 which is the characteristic of an ideal shade tree1 and yet1 in addition to that1 it produces in the fall magnificent nuts4 ,so the proposition of home planting is one that pays quick dividends on attention given4 ,i think ,i have convinced my neighbors that it is a good deal better to raise handsome nut trees than poplars4 ,my neighbor planted ,carolina poplars at the same time4 ,he was out there the other morning raking up the leaves and that is all he will have to do until ,christmas time4 ,,the ,,diseases ,,of ,,nut ,,trees4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,mcmurren1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,mr4 ,,president ,,and ,,members3 ,it is a source of great regret with me that ,i cannot report to you some new and horrible disease attacking nut trees4 ,this makes a more interesting talk4 ,last year in ,washington ,i talked to you briefly about the ,persian walnut blight which we had definitely established as occurring in the ,east4 ,last ,march the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association got very busy and so amended the agricultural appropriation bill that all the funds for national nut investigation were spent for pecan investigation1 so it left us up in the air for work in the north4 ,we have1 however1 been able to continue our observations with the ,persian walnut blight and there is only one further point to be emphasized and brought out at this time4 ,those of you who have informed yourselves on this matter know that the serious period of infection on the ,pacific ,coast is in the spring4 ,it is a blossom blight4 ,during the past two years the period of infection in the ,east has been in the late summer and it has not been serious on that account4 ,it is well known that in certain dry springs on the ,pacific ,coast this blight does not occur and those years the growers are assured of good crops4 ,i think that this investigation1 and the bulletin which will soon be forthcoming1 will not act as a discouragement for those who want to plant ,persian walnuts4 ,i think it should not but should rather encourage planting of these nuts4 ,in spite of the presence of this disease on the ,pacific ,coast the walnut industry has grown to be very profitable1 and if it proves that late infection is the rule in the ,east there is every reason to believe that the disease will not be so serious4 ,that is practically the only walnut disease worthy of attention at present4 ,the filbert disease is a fungus disease and ,dr4 ,morris and others are authority for the statement that it can be readily controlled by cutting out4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i will show this afternoon that it can be controlled in a way4 ,,dr4 ,,mcmurren3 ,we in the department have not been in a position to do any work on the hazel blight so far4 ,the hazel blight is interesting in that it illustrates a principle in plant diseases which it is well to know1 that most of our serious plant diseases fall in one of two classes2 either a native disease on imported plants or an imported disease on native plants4 ,this filbert blight is very slight on native hazels but very serious on imported ,european hazels4 ,i do not think there is anything more on the filbert disease1 but ,dr4 ,morris will have some interesting things to show you this afternoon4 ,i want to interject a remark here about the business of planting trees for commercial crops along the road sides4 ,there is more to be considered than the mere matter of planting a tree4 ,insect pests and diseases have to be taken into consideration4 ,there is nothing that an apple orchard planter more hates to see than a tree out of the orchard4 ,it doesn't receive proper attention and is apt to be a source of disease4 ,i believe that wherever the nut industry has been established on an orchard scale it is a matter that should receive careful thought before trees are planted on the road side4 ,when you have an adequate fertilizing department and can give it careful attention the same as trees in the orchard1 all right4 ,but they do not as a rule receive it4 ,roadside planting perhaps sounds very attractive on the surface and is probably a very good plan in some cases1 but ,i think it is open to grave objections where an orchard industry is in the same section4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i am sorry that ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed is not here to take up the discussion of the walnut blight1 because ,i think he takes a little more serious view of it than ,mr4 ,mc,murren4 ,,mr4 ,,mcmurren3 ,i know he does4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,that is right that ,mr4 ,reed does1 and ,i am glad he is here 7,mr4 ,reed having just entered7 to talk it over4 ,mr4 ,jones is also here4 ,mr4 ,jones is a close observer and has followed it in the field from the beginning4 ,this matter of walnut bacteriosis is a very important one4 ,here is the walnut industry just in its infancy4 ,we want to know whether this walnut bacteriosis is threatening such proposed industry seriously or not4 ,we know it is a very serious thing in ,california4 ,can we safely begin planting ,english walnut trees or is the question of the seriousness of bacteriosis so serious that we should not plant extensively until we know more about it4 ,mr4 ,mc,murren has been saying a few words about bacteriosis in which he has not given us an impression of seriousness4 ,i think ,mr4 ,reed will give us some remarks on that matter4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,i do not like to go up against ,mr4 ,mc,murren4 ,he is the disease man4 ,he is the last word in the government4 ,i am only a second fiddle when it comes to diseases but ,i must say that ,i have not a very optimistic feeling over the blight situation4 ,i have been depending very largely on him to give us information4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,where did you find it1 ,mr4 ,reed8 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,speaking for the ,east only1 for the part of the country that we are directly interested in1 ,i have visited a number of the walnut sections4 ,i think ,i have tried to reach all of them and in nearly every place that ,i have been to in the last year or two there has been blight4 ,several of the orchards that have been most widely advertised have blight1 according to ,mr4 ,mc,murren's identification4 ,i went all the way from ,georgia to ,northwestern ,pennsylvania and ,northern ,new ,york ,state last year to be present when the crops were gathered from orchards of those sections1 and in one of those orchards1 one at ,north ,east1 ,pennsylvania1 the crop was what ,i would call about #fe per cent failure due to blight4 ,the other orchard1 one near ,rochester1 was not badly blighted1 but there was a very light crop1 not over #aj per cent of a crop1 but still there was some blight there4 ,now1 ,i do not know just what ,mr4 ,mc,murren has said4 ,i do know that he does not feel very badly alarmed over the blight situation in the ,east and ,i would rather hear him talk and ,mr4 ,rush1 and ,mr4 ,jones4 ,,mr4 ,,bartlett3 ,i would like to know what the chief characteristics of the blight are4 ,,mr4 ,,mcmurren3 ,the ordinary late infection in the ,east begins with a little spot on the husk around the #ast of ,july1 and that merely spreads until just about the time they fall off the tree4 ,when the blight infection strikes it it stains the nut badly4 ,the point ,i want to make is that you get the nuts anyhow4 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 do you recall the trees in ,georgetown8 ,the blight there is a very late infection4 ,it is not a thing that ,i can say should be discouraging4 ,blights are all over1 the pear blight1 the apple blight1 the lettuce blight4 ,if we can make the crop in spite of it ,i don't see why we should be unduly alarmed4 ,i think there are a good many other factors to be taken into consideration in planting on a large scale and to make the question hinge on the blight is not right4 ,spraying is of no avail4 ,i don't think the walnut growers should be discouraged because even in ,california where it is most serious the industry is still profitable4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,some times the husk worm may spoil the husk and that may be confused with the blight4 ,so far ,mr4 ,rush has had the blight ever since ,i have known his trees4 ,last year the blight was more prevalent than this year4 ,this year ,i estimated the loss in the nuts about #aj per cent4 ,last year ,i think it ran one-quarter4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,would those nuts be ruined8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,some of them would be and some of them not4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,one-quarter would be affected by blight and some of those would be good but not all8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i don't know what proportion4 ,if the nut when taken out of the husk is black1 it would not be worth much4 ,you can eat them but they are not marketable4 ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,nut ,,bearing ,,pines ,,and ,,allied ,,conifers4 ,,dr4 ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,new ,,york ,among the food trees of the world of the nut bearing group the palms with their many species of cocoanuts probably stand first1 the pines next1 and the chestnuts third in order1 so far as food supply for various peoples is concerned4 ,then come the almonds1 walnuts1 hazels1 hickories and other nut bearing trees1 the nuts of which have been somewhat carelessly looked upon as luxuries rather than as an important pantry full of good substantial calories to be turned into human kinetics4 ,the pines and allied conifers like ,araucaria and ,podocarpus will take their respective places in furnishing food supply for us all when the need comes4 ,such need is already close upon our new vista of war supplies4 ,the squirrels and mice this year will eat thousands of tons of good food that our soldiers would be glad to have4 ,the particular advantage in planting nut bearing pines rests in the fondness of these trees for waste places where little else will grow1 and they need less attention perhaps than any other trees of the nut bearing group4 ,for purposes of convenience in description ,i shall group all of the conifers together under the head of pines in this paper1 although in botany the word ,pinus is confined to generic nomenclature4 ,up to the present time we have not even developed our resources to the point of utilizing good grounds very largely for any sort of nut tree plantations4 ,in accordance with the canons of human nature men work hardest1 and by preference1 with crops which give them small returns for their labor4 ,riches from easily raised crops go chiefly to the lazy folks who don't like work4 ,on the way to this meeting some of you perhaps noticed near ,rye on the west side of the railroad track1 a chicken farm on a side hill and a rich bottom land which had been ditched and set out to about three hundred willow trees along the ditch banks4 ,now if the owner of this property had set out ,english walnuts in the place of the willows1 each tree at the present time1 at a low estimate1 might be bearing five dollars worth of nuts per year per tree1 and ,i am1 sure that would be a much larger income than the owner gets from his chickens--an income obtained certainly with much less trouble1 because neighbors cannot break in at night and carry off walnut trees of such size4 ,two or three weeks from the present time you will observe people everywhere in this section of the country raking up leaves from various willows1 poplars and maples1 when they might quite as well be raking up bushels of nuts of various kinds instead of just leaves4 ,i presume that the extensive planting of pine trees for food purposes will have to wait until we have advanced to the point of putting other kinds of nut trees upon good ground first4 ,pines will be employed for the more barren hillsides when the folks of three hundred years from now begin to complain of the high cost of living4 ,among some thirty or more species of pine trees which furnish important food supply for various peoples ,i exhibit nuts from only sixteen species today1 because much of the crop comes from ,europe and from ,asia4 ,i could not obtain a larger variety of specimens on account of the present interest of people in the game which military specialists play wherever industrious nations have saved up enough money to be turned over to their murder experts4 ,in the pine trees we have opportunity for combining beauty and utility4 ,as a group they are mountain lovers preferring localities where the air drainage is particularly good1 but many of them will grow thriftily and will fruit well on low grounds4 ,fine nuts range in character from the rich1 sugary1 oily and highly nitrogenous nut of the ,mexican pion to the more starchy bunya bunya of ,australia1 as large as a small potato and not much better than a potato1 unless it is roasted or boiled4 ,yet this latter pine is valuable for food purposes and the ,british ,government has reserved one forest of the species thirty miles long and twelve miles wide in which no one is allowed to cut trees4 ,the nut of the ,araucaria imbricata has constituted a basis for contention among ,indian tribes in ,chile for centuries1 and perhaps more blood has been shed over the forests of this pine than over any other single source of food supply in the world4 ,we do not know if the ,pinus imbricata will fruit in the climate and at the latitude of ,new ,york1 but ,i know that at least one tree of the species has lived for twenty years on the ,palmer estate here in ,stamford4 ,some of the smaller pine nuts like those of the single-leaved pine1 or of the sugar pine1 are delicious when cracked and eaten out of hand1 but the smaller pine nuts are pounded up by the ,indians with a little water and the thick1 rich1 creamy emulsion like hickory milk when pressed out1 is evaporated down to a point where the milk can be kept for a long time without decomposition4 ,in addition to the nuts of the sugar pine1 the ,indians collect the sugar of dried juice which exudes at points where cuts have been made in the tree for the purpose4 ,incidentally1 the sugar pine is one of our finest ,american trees anyway4 ,botanists tell us that it grows to a height of two hundred and seventy-five feet1 and travellers say that it reaches three hundred feet4 ,the latter people having actually seen the trees we may know which estimate to accept4 ,aside from the beauty of most pines and the majesty of some of them1 their utility is not confined to nuts alone4 ,timber and sap products are very valuable4 ,the sugar pine in the latitude of ,new ,york is hardy1 but does not grow as rapidly as it does in the ,west4 ,the same may be said of the ,jeffrey bull pine1 but ,i shall show you some thriftier trees of this latter species tomorrow on my property4 ,a very pretty striped nut is that of the ,pinus pinea4 ,this is the ,italian pignolia1 and you may buy them in the confectionery stores in this country4 ,they are used as a dessert nut chiefly1 but form an important food supply in some parts of ,europe4 ,the ,swiss stone pine1 ,pinus cembra1 is one of the hardy nut pines1 fruitful in this vicinity1 and the ,pinus ,armandi1 the ,korean pine and the ,lace-bark pine from central ,china1 are hardy and fruitful in this vicinity1 to our knowledge4 ,two very handsome pine nuts are those of the ,digger pine1 ,pinus ,sabiniana and the ,big-cone pine1 ,pinus ,coulteri4 ,both trees are hardy in this latitude1 but ,i have not been able to locate any which are of bearing age as yet4 ,the nuts have a rich dark brown or nearly black and tan shading4 ,the nut of the ,digger pine is very highly prized by the ,indians and is larger and better in quality than the nut of the ,big-cone pine which looks so much like it4 ,nuts of the ,torrey pine have been somewhat difficult to secure for planting1 because they are esteemed so highly for food purposes that they have been collected rather closely by local people in the small area in which this species is found1 on our ,pacific ,coast4 ,it is improbable that the ,torrey pine will be hardy much above our most southern states4 ,we do not advertise dealers in our association as a rule1 but ,mr4 ,thomas ,j4 ,lane1 of ,dresher1 ,pennsylvania1 is not likely to make any great fortune from his sale of pine nuts to us4 ,consequently1 ,i am stating at this point that ,mr4 ,lane has offered to go to the trouble of securing pine nuts from different parts of the world for our members who wish to plant different species experimentally4 ,i have given him a list of species to be kept permanently on file1 and the list is marked in such a way that ones which are known to be hardy1 semi-hardy1 or fruitful in the latitude of ,new ,york may be selected for experimental planting4 ,i hope that some of our southern planters will plant ,south ,american1 ,asiatic1 ,african and ,australian species of nut pines for purposes of observation4 ,mr4 ,lane will get the seed for them4 ,i have included among the specimens here today nuts of the ginkgo because that tree belongs among the conifers in natural order4 ,it is an ancient tree which should not fit into this time and generation1 but it has gone on down past the day when it belonged on earth4 ,its prehistoric enemies have died out1 so the ginkgo tree has come rolling along down the centuries without enemies and at the same time with many peculiarities4 ,comparatively few of the trees are females1 but the tree grows heartily in this latitude and one may graft male ginkgos in any quantity from some one female4 ,the nut of this tree is rather too resinous to suit the ,american palate1 but the ,chinese and ,japanese visitors to the ,capitol grounds at ,washington greedily collect the nuts from a bearing female tree growing there4 ,most of the pine nuts have a resinous flavor1 but as a class they are so rich and sweet that this is not disagreeable4 ,the nuts of the single-leaf pine and our common pion1 ,pinus edulis1 are delicious when eaten out of hand and both of these trees are hardy in this latitude1 but they do not grow as rapidly here as they do upon the arid mountains and under the conditions of their native habitat4 ,in ,europe and ,asia pine nuts for the market are cracked by machinery or by cheap hand labor1 and ,i presume that we may eventually hull some of the smaller ones as buckwheat is hulled4 ,if the contents of the smaller nuts are extracted by the ,indian method of grinding them up with a little water and then subjecting them to pressure1 the waste residue will probably be valuable for stock food of the future1 very much as we now use oil cake4 ,when planting nuts of pine trees ,i would call the attention of horticulturists to one very important point4 ,the nuts must be planted in ground that does not heave in the spring time when the frost goes out4 ,many of the pine nuts send down a rather slender root at first without many side rootlets1 and when the frost opens the ground in the spring the young trees are thrown out and lost4 ,here is another point of practical importance4 ,do not plant pine seed where stock can get at the young shoots in ,march4 ,the little gems look so bright and green1 so fresh and attractive when the snow goes off that cows and sheep1 deer1 squirrels and field mice will all try to collect them4 ,young pines should be grown in half shade during their first two years4 ,they will require weeding and nice attention on the part of a lover who wishes to be polite to them4 ,,question3 ,is there any difficulty in harvesting the crops1 do the cones shed8 ,,answer3 ,with some species the cones are shed before they are fully opened4 ,they are collected and stored until the nuts can be beaten out4 ,other species retain the cones until the nuts have been shed4 ,the branches are shaken and the nuts collected from tree to tree by the beaters and spread out upon the ground4 ,sometimes coarse sheeting or matting is carried from tree to tree by the beaters and spread out upon the ground4 ,,question3 ,at what age will they bear8 ,,answer3 ,pines bear rather late as a rule4 ,i doubt if very many of them will bear in less than #aj years from seed4 ,,question3 ,would it be possible to produce grafted trees8 ,,answer3 ,yes1 without much difficulty4 ,undoubtedly you could get bearing wood from old trees and graft on young trees1 or graft on other species4 ,they may be grafted back and forth like the ornamental firs and spruces of the nurserymen4 ,,question3 ,they don't compass1 do they4 ,if you cut them off1 do shoots come out of the stumps8 ,,answer3 ,not as a rule4 ,adventitious buds belong to few pine trees4 ,they graft conifers when the stocks are young4 ,,question3 ,of those that you suggest1 what would be the best here8 ,,answer3 ,the ,korean1 the ,bungeana or lace-bark1 the ,swiss stone pine1 and the ,armandi4 ,these can be counted on to bear in the vicinity of ,new ,york4 ,several other species not yet tried out may bear well here1 but ,i have not gone over the trees on estates very extensively as yet with that question in mind4 ,,question3 ,are any of these specially good for the ,south8 ,,answer3 ,yes1 most of the pine nuts that ,i have shown here will grow south of ,maryland and seven of the best pine nuts in the world belong to our ,southwest4 ,,question3 ,is there any more trouble with the cows and squirrels over nut pines than there is with ordinary pine trees8 ,,answer3 ,no1 excepting that you don't miss the ordinary kinds so much4 ,it is largely a matter of comparative interest4 ,,notes ,,taken ,,on ,,an ,,excursion ,,to ,,merribrooke1 ,,the ,,country ,,place ,,of ,,dr4 ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,at ,,stamford1 ,,conn41 ,,september #e1 #aiag4 ,,dr4 ,,morris ,,conducting ,,the ,,party4 7#a7 ,taylor shagbark hickory tree1 overhanging the entrance-gate4 ,a tree remarkable for annual bearing and for nuts of high quality1 thin shell1 large size1 and excellent cleavage4 ,among hundreds of hickories examined1 many of them in response to prize offers1 this tree at the entrance furnishes one of the very best nuts of the lot4 7#b7 ,buckley hickory 7,hicoria ,buckleyi7 from ,texas4 ,supposed not to be hardy in this latitude4 ,perfectly hardy1 but not growing as rapidly as it does at home4 ,very large roundish thick shelled nut with a kernel of good quality if you can get it4 ,kernel has a peculiar but agreeable fragrance4 7#c7 ,another southern species1 the ,north ,carolina hickory 7,hicoria ,carolinae-septentrionalis74 ,note the small1 pointed1 dark colored buds and beautiful foliage4 ,the tree is perfectly hardy in ,connecticut4 ,this shagbark bears a small thin shelled nut of high-quality and it will be particularly desirable for table purposes4 ,the tree grows thriftly in ,connecticut4 7#d7 ,carolina hickory4 ,grafted on native shagbark4 7#e7 ,a group of ,korean nut pines 7,pinus ,koraensis74 ,raised from seed and now six years of age4 ,one of the valuable food supply pines of northern ,asia4 ,like most eastern ,asiatic trees the species does well in eastern ,north ,america4 7#f7 ,a central ,asian prune 7,prunus ,armeniaca74 ,without value for the fleshy part of the drupe1 but with a nut like that of the apricot1 highly prized for its kernel4 ,the tree is hardy and thrifty1 but rather vulnerable to a variety of blights belonging to ,prunus4 7#g7 ,an ordinary black walnut grafted to the ,lutz variety4 ,a very large nut with good cleavage1 good color and good quality4 7#h7 ,alder-leaved chestnut 7,castanea alnifolia7 from central ,georgia4 ,one of the most beautiful of the ,american chestnuts1 with more or less of the trailing habit1 running over the ground like the juniper1 and apparently not subject to blight4 ,in ,georgia it is an evergreen1 but in ,connecticut it is deciduous1 although sometimes a few green leaves are found in the early spring if they have been covered by snow or by loose dead leaves during the winter4 ,the nut is of high quality and fair size4 ,there are a number of hybrids between this and other chestnuts at ,merribrooke1 but not bearing as yet4 7#i7 ,a group of common papaws 7,asimina triloba71 two of them grafted4 ,the ,journal of ,heredity offered a prize of fifty dollars for the best ,american papaw1 and the prize was awarded to the ,ketter variety1 the fruits of which weigh about one pound each4 ,seven little trees of this species were secured and two larger papaw trees grafted from cuttings when the seven were set out4 ,papaws grow well in this part of ,connecticut1 and because of the high quality of the fruit should be more largely planted4 7#aj7 ,mills persimmon4 ,one of a group of several varieties that are being cultivated in this country4 ,hardy and thrifty in ,connecticut4 7#aa7 ,a group of ,jeffrey bull pines 7,pinus ,jeffreyi7 from ,colorado4 ,one of the nut pines4 ,supposed to do its best in the arid mountains of the ,west4 ,perfectly hardy and thrifty with beautiful bluish-green foliage in ,connecticut4 7#ab7 ,himalayan white pine 7,pinus excelsa74 ,one of the nut pines and with remarkably handsome foliage4 7#ac7 ,a group of ,chinese pistache nut trees 7,pistacia sinensis74 ,at ,merribrooke it has the habit of frequently growing twice in one year and sometimes three times in one year4 ,the shoots will grow a foot or more and then make resting buts early in ,july4 ,after about ten days of resting the buds burst1 new shoots grow again and rest for the second time in the early part of ,september4 ,if we have a warm moist fall the buds burst for the third time and make a third growth4 ,this third growth winter-kills without injury to the tree1 however4 ,the significance of the growth presumably relates to the tree being an inhabitant of an arid country1 where it has adapted itself to the rainfall of that country4 ,i do not know if the trunk adds a new ring of wood after each resting period1 but it likely enough does so4 7#ad7 ,moneymaker pecan4 ,perfectly hardy and thrifty4 ,it has not borne as yet and there may be a question of the season being long enough for ripening the nut4 ,at the left a ,stuart pecan1 that comes from the very borders of the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,sometimes the smaller branches winter-kill badly and at other times they do not4 ,it is remarkable that a tree from the shores of the ,gulf of ,mexico should live here at all in the winter4 7#ae7 ,a field of six-year-old trees4 ,most of them the result of placing bitternut hickory pollen on staminate butternut flowers4 ,the trees have not borne as yet and we can not tell if they are true hybrids or parthenogens4 ,parthenogenesis occurs readily with many nut trees4 ,pollen of an allied species which does not fuse with the female cell to make a gamete may1 nevertheless1 excite a female cell into division and the development of a tree4 ,such a tree would be expected to show intensified characteristics belonging to the parent4 ,this lot of trees notable for the fact that some are very small for their age and some very large4 7#af7 ,a group of ,japanese chestnuts4 ,they blight and die and blight and live and are not given much attention as they are of little value anyway4 ,the chestnut blight 7,endothia parasitica7 attacks the ,japanese chestnut about as freely as it does the ,american chestnut4 ,the trees do not die from it quite so quickly and may bear for some years before dying4 7#ag7 ,a group of ,japanese persimmons in a protected corner of a west-facing side hill4 ,most of the ,japanese persimmons are not hardy in ,connecticut1 but an occasional variety given a moderate degree of protection will manage to live pretty well4 ,they are uncertain trees1 however1 as two of the trees grafted to ,bennett ,japaneses persimmons from ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 had two-year-old shoots winter-killed this year4 ,these were on low ground4 ,i shall put my other ,bennetts on hill sides4 7#ah7 ,american sweet chestnut grafted upon ,japanese stock4 ,ordinarily ,asiatic and ,american chestnuts do not make very satisfactory exchange stocks4 ,in this case the ,american chestnut happens to be doing very well4 ,the variety is known as the ,merribrooke4 ,among the many thousands of chestnut trees here when ,i bought the place this one bore the best nut of all1 very large and of high quality1 and beautifully striped with alternate longitudinal stripes of dark and light chestnut color4 ,the parent tree was one of the very first to go down with the blight ten years ago1 and the standing dead trunk was removed at the time when ,i cut out five thousand dead or dying chestnut trees4 ,stump sprouts of the ,merribrooke variety survived for grafting purposes1 and ,i have now kept the variety going by patient grafting ever since1 on new stocks1 hoping to carry the variety along until this epidemic of blight runs out of its protoplasmic energy4 7#ai7 ,ordinary ,japanese chestnut4 ,with fairly good crop of large nuts1 but not of good quality1 except for cooking purposes4 7#bj7 ,a group of hybrids resulting from placing the pollen of the ,siebold ,japanese walnut upon the pistillate flowers of our butternut4 ,the young trees have not borne as yet4 7#ba7 ,hybrids between the common ,american hazel and the ,european purple hazel4 ,there are a number of these hybrids1 and none of them with nuts better than those of either parent1 consequently ,i give them little attention4 ,some of the hybrids1 not as yet bearing1 may prove to be more valuable4 ,we have to make lots of hybrids in order to get a small percentage of important ones4 ,in this particular lot the hybrid has taken on a habit of the mother parent1 the common ,american hazel1 growing long stoloniferous roots1 an undesirable feature4 7#bb7 ,the ,golden ,gem persimmon1 laden with fruit4 ,grafted upon the stock of a staminate common persimmon4 7#bc7 ,early ,golden persimmon4 ,bearing heavily1 a variety grafted upon common persimmon stock4 7#bd7 ,a group of ,chinese chestnut trees 7,castanea mollissima74 ,very beautiful trees1 worthy of a position on almost any lawn1 the foliage is bright and shining1 and the thrifty growth very attractive4 ,the species is practically immune to blight1 sometimes at a point of injury bark blight will appear1 but it spreads very slowly1 is easily cut out and does not reappear at that point4 ,it will be a success in ,connecticut4 ,the nut is not quite up to our native chestnut in quality1 but it is larger in size and a first rate nut on the whole4 ,the tree comes from the original home of the blight1 and the two plants having lived together for ages the law of survival of the fittest has given us this chestnut tree1 which can largely take the place of our lost ,american chestnut4 ,the tree does not grow to be quite so large as our chestnut1 but ,i am making hybrids between this species and three species of ,american chestnuts1 and may find some remarkable ones eventually4 7#be7 ,two young nut pines with lost labels4 ,i shall probably not be able to determine the species until they bear cones4 7#bf7 ,a number of black walnut trees grafted with several varieties of ,english walnut 7,juglans regia74 ,there is particular advantage in grafting ,english walnut upon black walnut stock for the reason that mice are extremely destructive to ,english walnut roots in winter time4 ,furthermore black walnuts will grow in soil that is distinctly acid in reaction1 while the ,english walnut demands a neutral or alkaline soil4 ,the nearest tree of this group had new shoots of the ,rush ,english walnut nearly six feet long1 which blew off last week in a wind storm because they had not been braced sufficiently4 ,it is very important when grafting nut trees to fasten strong bracing sticks alongside of vigorous shoots and tying them with sisal tarred cord1 which holds good for two years4 7#bg7 ,appomattox pecan1 ,busseron pecan1 and ,major pecan4 ,all three trees growing very thriftily and all set nuts this spring1 but did not hold them4 ,this is the habit of young hickories and walnuts rather largely4 ,none of my pecan trees are old enough as yet to fruit well4 ,i do not know what varieties will find our season long enough for ripening purposes4 ,that particular feature of pecan raising is quite as important as the mere question of hardiness in ,connecticut4 7#bh7 ,a little old butternut tree by my garden4 ,this has been the mother of practically all my hybrids between butternuts and other species of walnuts4 ,this little old tree bears flowers every year and is very conveniently situated for hybridizing work4 7#bi7 ,an ,english walnut tree near the garden gate is growing thriftily1 making sometimes four feet in a year1 but as a seedling has not borne as yet4 7#cj7 ,pecan seedling with buds of ,busseron recently inserted4 ,they are fastened in place with waxed muslin and then painted with ordinary white paint4 ,i use that a great deal in place of grafting wax1 but make the paint thick and heavy so that little free oil runs in between the cambium layers when grafting or budding4 ,paint seems to be harder and better than liquid grafting wax if it has no free oil4 7#ca7 ,a rapidly growing ,chinese walnut 7,juglans sinensis74 ,very much like ,juglans regia4 ,the nuts have prominent sutures and the kernel is rather more oily than that of the ,english walnut1 but of very good quality1 nevertheless4 7#cb7 ,a number of hickory trees of different species grafted by my favorite method1 unless we call it budding4 ,i call it the slice graft1 and have not known any one else to try it4 ,a slice of bark from one inch to four inches in length is removed from the stock and this area is fitted with a slice of about the same length and breadth1 carrying a bud or spur cut from the guest variety4 ,on one of these young hickories you observe ,i made three slice grafts and all of them have taken with a very thrifty growth of the ,taylor variety4 ,one point of importance1 ,i believe1 is to have the slice from the guest variety a trifle smaller than the slice from the host stock4 ,the guest slice is bound firmly to the host with waxed muslin4 7#cc7 ,paragon chestnut heavily loaded with burs4 ,this particular tree is said to belong to a variety that is much advertised1 but there is some question if it is a peculiar variety of the ,paragon1 because ,mr4 ,engel1 of ,pennsylvania1 is said to have furnished his own ,paragon chestnut scions when the other people were short of stock4 ,if the nursery firm that has put out this ,paragon chestnut on the market with so much vigor and at such expense had been a little more frank everybody would have profited4 ,they have made a point of advertising the ,paragon chestnut as blight resistant1 which it is not2 consequently1 the country is full of disappointed customers4 ,the dealers should have said something more or less as follows3 ,this chestnut blights freely1 but it bears so well and so abundantly and with such a good nut that people can afford to plant it in large acreage and let it blight1 carrying it along with about the degree of attention that one would naturally give to good apple trees4 ,had the dealers only said something like that1 the members of our ,association who receive very many letters from all over the country asking about this particular chestnut would have advised its purchase in large quantities4 ,prospective customers are shy of nurserymen in general4 ,they write to members of our ,association asking who is reliable4 ,people have learned what we stand for4 7#cd7 ,a hybrid between a pecan and a bitternut hickory4 ,a large handsome thin shelled nut1 but bitter4 ,the great vigor of growth of the seedlings of this hybrid1 which comes from ,mr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,brown1 of ,van ,buren1 ,ark41 would seem to make this hybrid variety of remarkable value as grafting stock for other hickories4 ,the nuts are exceptional in carrying the type form of progeny4 7#ce7 ,two rows of many species of nut trees planted in thick glazed earthenware pots4 ,the pots are about four feet in depth and with round perforations4 ,i had these made to order4 ,i sunk them in the ground to the level of the rim and then planted these trees in the pots under the impression that they would remain dwarfed on account of the confinement of the roots1 and that ,i would have a conveniently placed series for experiments in hybridization4 ,the experiment was not a success4 ,i knew that growing trees would move rocks1 but had no idea that roots protruding through these holes in heavy glazed earthenware would be able to break the pots4 ,the roots have done just that1 and whenever a tree in a pot becomes large enough the protruding roots break the pot to pieces1 and the tree marches straight along to its original destiny4 7#cf7 ,one of a group of ,european chestnuts from seed brought me by ,major ,l4 ,l4 ,seaman4 ,the parent tree is famous in ,england for its enormous size and heavy bearing2 it is said to be centuries of age and is growing upon the estate of ,sir ,george ,b4 ,hingley1 ,droitwich1 ,worcestershire1 ,england4 ,my young trees are growing very thriftily4 ,they are showing some blight spots1 but this has been controlled by cutting out and painting4 7#cg7 ,a group of vigorous young trees1 the result of placing pecan pollen on the pistillate trees of ,siebold walnut4 ,they show the ,siebold parentage so distinctly that ,i imagine them to be parthenogens1 but we cannot tell to a certainty until they bear fruit4 7#ch7 ,a hillside set out with a large number of common bush chinkapins from the ,east1 tree chinkapins from ,missouri and a number of hybrids4 ,the chinkapins and the alder-leaved chestnuts on this side hill have been so blight resistant as to require almost no attention1 and for that reason ,i am making hybrids between the chinkapin and the alder-leaved chestnut and the ,chinese chestnut in the hope of making an excellent combination of chinkapin quality and ,chinese size4 ,up to the present time none of my hybrids have been as valuable as either parent1 with the exception of two4 ,two of the hybrids bear nuts about the size of the average ,american sweet chestnut and of first rate quality4 ,these two hybrid trees have shown no sign of blight as yet4 7#dj7 ,a hybrid between an ,american chestnut and a chinkapin4 ,it blights freely like its ,american parent4 ,some of the hybrids do that while others show the resistance of the chinkapin parent4 ,this particular tree grows lustily1 and ,i have taken the trouble to cut out the blight every year4 ,the leaves and general appearance are very closely like the common ,american chestnut4 ,when it first began to bear1 the nuts were of the chinkapin type1 a single nut to the bur and hardly to be distinguished from other chinkapins4 ,a year or two later the nuts changed in appearance1 becoming distinctly lighter in color and with peculiar longitudinal corrugations of the shell4 ,a year or so later still the tree made another change1 and it now bears two or three nuts to the bur like the ,american chestnut1 the nuts retain their light color and peculiar corrugation4 7#da7 ,a group of ,european hazels 7,corylus avellana74 ,several years ago the ,prince of ,colloredo-,mannsfeld was visiting ,merribrooke4 ,his ,highness was much interested in the experimental work in nut trees and later sent me a number of hazel nuts from one of his estates in ,bohemia4 ,among the hazel bushes which grew from these nuts there was one which bore large1 long1 thin-shelled nuts of high quality4 ,this bush1 as you observe1 has rather small dark leaves and stout1 crooked branches4 ,at one of the meetings of the ,association ,i spoke of the bush as having a bony look1 and ,prof4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith referred to it in discussion as the ,bony ,bush hazel1 and that name has been retained4 ,i have grafted a number of other ,american and ,european hazels from this bush and ,i have sent scions to friends4 7#db7 ,a ,cook shagbark hickory from ,moscow1 ,ky41 grafted upon bitternut stock4 ,this variety bears a very large thin-shelled1 irregular nut1 with rather poor cleavage1 but the quality of the kernel is of such distinct value that ,i prize the variety4 7#dc7 ,an example of the spur graft4 ,a common ,t cut is made in the bark of the stock and then a slice of guest bark carrying a small branch or spur is inserted4 ,in this particular case ,i put in a branch about ten inches in length and you see that it is growing very well4 7#dd7 ,my beautiful ,merribrooke chestnut grafted upon an ordinary ,american chestnut stock growing by the roadside4 ,five years ago ,i noticed this little chestnut tree growing by the roadside with two stems4 ,one of the stems was blighted and ,i cut it off and stopped the blight for the time being4 ,the following year the other stem blighted and ,i trimmed out the blight and sprayed the stem with pyrox4 ,in the following year ,i grafted the stock1 but blight appeared at another point1 the blight was cut out1 and the stem again sprayed4 ,in the following year blight appeared again1 but at another point1 and after cutting it out ,i put on tanglefoot1 simply because ,i happened to have some with me when passing the tree4 ,this year the stem has blighted again and ,i have cut out the blight and sprayed it1 and ,i shall now whitewash a large part of the stock with whitewash containing a little carbolineum4 ,the graft now in its third year is bearing one big bur4 ,the interesting point is that this tree has blighted every year for five years1 and ,i have kept it going along by giving it attention4 ,this means if we are willing to take the trouble we can get the best of the blight1 even with such a remarkably vulnerable tree as this one proves to be4 7#de7 ,a barren hillside covered with very handsome red pines eleven years of age1 some of them grow nearly two feet per year4 ,the soil is sandy and gravelly glacial till which will raise little else beside feather grass and sumac4 ,the red pines are not nut pines1 and attention is called to them incidentally because of their value for growing upon this sort of soil4 7#df7 ,a ,korean chestnut filled with burs4 ,the ,korean chestnut does not blight quite so readily as the ,american chestnut1 and certain individuals are fairly blight resistant4 ,i raised several hundreds of them1 but almost all of them are dead4 ,a fairly large number are growing well and bearing without much attention4 ,the nut is pretty good1 but coarser than that of the ,american chestnut4 7#dg7 ,a group of ,tamba chestnuts from ,japan4 ,this is the favorite chestnut of the ,japanese4 ,i secured a number of the nuts1 sprouted them and planted them out here in rows1 intending to transplant them to permanent sites later4 ,finding that they were going to blight badly1 ,i have neglected them and have allowed them to stand4 ,one little tree among them bore a single bur at eighteen months of age and has borne steadily ever since with a heavy crop this year4 ,this particular tree has not blighted1 but its nut is coarse and of little value4 7#dh7 ,when collecting walnuts ,i obtained a lot of nuts from a correspondent from the ,mogollon ,mountains in ,arizona4 ,the nut resembles that of ,juglans rupestris1 but is larger and thicker shelled4 ,no one knows whether it is an undescribed species or only a distinct variety of ,juglans rupestris4 ,several of the nuts sprouted1 but various accidents happened to them and this tree now1 seven years old1 is the only one of the lot living4 ,it looks very different from any ,american walnut ,i have ever seen4 ,in fact1 it looks so much like a stunted heart nut that ,i suspected that one of these nuts might have gotten into the lot by accident4 ,in digging down about the stem1 however1 ,i found only the shells of a ,mogollon walnut4 ,we can not tell what the tree will bring forth1 as it is not bearing as yet4 7#di7 ,two groups of chestnut trees of the ,mc,farland variety1 about eighteen years of age4 ,they grow and blight and bear1 but have not blighted to the point of killing altogether4 ,they have been neglected because the nut has not much value4 7#ej7 ,a group of ,merribrooke hazels4 ,some years ago ,i devoted several weeks to examining hundreds of hazel bushes in this part of the country1 where they are a pest1 and ,i also visited other hazel localities at a distance4 ,among all the bushes examined the best nut was found on my own property and ,i learned later that this particular bush had been known among the boys of the locality for a century4 ,the nut is of large size for an ,american hazel1 thin shelled1 of high quality4 ,this group consists of transplants of root progeny from the parent bush4 7#ea7 ,a ,horn hazel 7,corylus cornuta1 commonly wrongly designated as ,corylus rostrata74 ,a species fairly abundant in ,connecticut1 and ,i transplanted these bushes because they happened to have a tremendously long involucre4 ,the nut of the horn hazel is not of such good quality as that of the common ,american hazel1 and ,i have not succeeded in making hybrids between this and other hazels as yet4 ,the hazels are very ancient in descent and each species likes to retain particular identity4 7#eb7 ,a number of stocks of red birch1 white birch and scrub oak grafted with ,european hazels and chinkapins1 but the grafts all died4 ,the grafting was done as an experiment in the hope that we might possibly utilize our waste lands which are covered with birch and scrub oak by grafting these trees with hazels and chinkapins4 ,some of the grafts lived for such a long time and put out such long shoots that the experiment will be tried again next year4 ,it would not seem worth while1 excepting for the fact that it was a bad spring for grafting anyway1 and hazels did not even catch on hazels1 though they caught freely last year4 ,the ,japanese do grafting on stocks widely different from the scions1 but we have not developed that particular feature in this country as yet4 7#ec7 ,asiatic tree hazels 7,corylus colurna74 ,this species makes a tree as large as the common oaks and bears heavily4 ,the nut is about the size of that of the common ,american hazel4 ,the tree is very beautiful1 and ,i am using it for grafting stock and for hybridizing4 7#ed7 ,sprouting cages4 ,a double row of galvanized wire cages sunk four inches into the ground and about four inches free above ground1 filled with sandy loam and used for sprouting any nuts which are to be employed in experimental work4 ,each cage is fitted with a cover of galvanized wire1 the purpose of which is to keep out rodents which are so destructive to planted nuts4 ,in these cages there are now a large number of hybrid nut trees growing1 and they will be transplanted to permanent sites or to the garden for culture next spring4 7#ee7 ,japanese heart nut 7,juglans cordiformis74 ,the tree is supposed by some botanists to be a form of the ,siebold walnut1 but it has quite a different appearance4 ,it has an open habit with large leaves and nuts which are suggestive of the conventional heart4 ,the quality of the nut is very good1 much like that of the ,siebold1 but the nut is larger and compressed4 ,the tree is very hardy and is almost tropical in appearance4 ,it has not been planted very largely in this county1 but it undoubtedly will be eventually4 7#ef7 ,siberian walnut4 ,the tree looks much like the ,siebold walnut in general appearance1 but with smaller leaflets1 and the nut is very much like our butternut1 but smaller and with much rougher shell4 7#eg7 ,two pecan trees that ,i bought from a nursery about twelve years ago4 ,they have not borne as yet and being seedlings we cannot know if they will be of value4 ,i shall probably graft them next year and not wait for them to bear their own nuts4 7#eh7 ,two large ,siebold walnuts only twelve years of age1 but growing in rich ground and sometimes making five feet of growth in a single year4 ,they were well filled with nuts two weeks ago1 but the red squirrels have cut down all of the nuts including numbers which ,i hybridized with ,english walnut pollen this spring4 ,on one of the lower branches of one of the ,siebold walnuts is a long thrifty graft of the ,lutz black walnut that ,i put in this spring1 simply because ,i happened to cut off the lower branches of the ,siebold that were shading the garden1 and ,i happened to have some of the black walnut scions with me at the time4 ,it will not be allowed to remain on this tree4 7#ei7 ,a cross between our ,siebold walnut and our butternut1 now about eight years old1 but growing thriftily4 ,it has not borne nuts as yet4 ,i have a number of these trees and they appear to be good hybrids4 7#fj7 ,a group of ,kaghazi ,persian walnuts4 ,a valuable variety and one of the so-called ,english walnuts1 a term that we use for convenience because the name has become established in this country by the market men1 not by the botanists4 7#fa7 ,a thrifty young ,chinese seedling persimmon 7,diospyros lotus74 7#fb7 ,little trees of one of the nut pines 7,pinus edulis74 ,they are at their best in the arid mountains of ,arizona1 and the species is very important as furnishing a food supply for the ,indians4 ,the little trees are hardy here in dry soil among the rocks1 but do not grow rapidly4 ,mine have been in more than six years and are not more than six inches in height1 but are very pretty4 7#fc7 ,the ,chinese ,tamopan persimmon4 ,the tree is very handsome1 with large glossy leaves1 but somewhat tender in ,connecticut and requiring protected exposure4 ,the fruit of the ,tamopan is as large as a very large apple4 7#fd7 ,several trees five years of age1 the result of ,english walnut pollen on ,siebold walnut pistillate flowers4 ,the trees are growing very thriftily1 but they show the ,siebold characteristic without much evidence of the ,english walnut parentage4 7#fe7 ,a field of ,pomeroy ,english walnuts1 notable for their beautiful white bark4 ,the trees have been in over eight years and set nuts for the first time this year4 ,as seedling trees we cannot tell what they will do when in full bearing4 7#ff7 ,two species of nut bearing pines from which the marking labels have become lost1 and ,i shall not be able to determine the species until they bear cones4 ,one of them is very beautiful1 with long leaves and pleasing bluish green foliage4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,the ,,estate ,,of ,,the ,,late ,,lowell ,m4 ,,palmer1 ,,notable ,,for ,,its ,,collection ,,of ,,trees ,,and ,,shrubs1 ,,dr4 ,,morris ,,conducting4 ,here we see the ,ginkgo trees1 two of them bearing4 ,the ,ginkgo belongs by descent to the coniferous tree group4 ,a very fine tree with nuts that are highly prized by the ,asiatics1 but somewhat too resinous for the ,american palate4 ,most of the ,ginkgo trees are males1 but one may graft any number of males with bearing female scions4 ,an ,araucaria imbricata grew for twenty years on this place1 and we have only just learned that it died last year4 ,this pine is one of the most important of the nut pines and furnishes a large food supply in ,south ,america4 ,the fact that one tree lived for twenty years in this latitude means a great deal4 ,a number of ,european hazel bushes are growing on the property and bearing heavily4 ,a large heart nut tree1 but bearing small nuts1 is growing well4 ,several of the ,himalayan nut pines 7,pinus excelsa7 beautify the property1 and one of the trees1 heavily laden with cones1 is at least fifty years of age4 ,another one of the nut-bearing pines 7,pinus paviflora1 from ,japan7 is represented by several specimens on the ,palmer property1 and one little tree apparently less than ten years of age1 is heavily loaded with cones4 ,incidentally we may examine here a trifoliate orange filled with fruit4 ,it is growing in a well protected corner of the grounds4 ,mr4 ,webber sent some valuable trifoliate hybrids to ,merribrooke4 ,one variety lived through the winter1 but made a crippled start in the spring4 ,some day we may have good trifoliate orange hybrids in ,connecticut if the ,buckley hickory1 ,stuart pecan1 ,arizona walnut and imbricated pine grow here4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a dinner was held at the ,hotel ,davenport on the evening of the #eth1 at which about thirty-five members and guests were present4 ,after dinner the public was admitted and the following papers were read1 ,mr4 ,collingwood being a guest of the ,association3 ,,dr4 ,,kellogg3 ,i feel a great interest in the work of this ,association and a great sympathy with it4 ,i feel that you are all working for me and ,i am doing what ,i can to promote your interests also4 ,that is1 ,i am trying to create a market for your products4 ,,advent ,,of ,,nuts ,,into ,,the ,,nation',s ,,list ,,of ,,staple ,,foods4 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,kellogg1 ,,michigan4 ,in these days when a condition of food shortage exists in the greater part of the civilized world1 any question which concerns a nation's food supply is of public interest4 ,food conservation is the great question of the hour4 ,visions of vanishing steaks and chops alarm the overfed and rising prices of all foodstuffs pinch the bills of fare of the poor4 ,it may easily be shown that most of all the hardships which the civilized world is suffering as regards food supply is due to lack of understanding and of foresight4 ,the fundamental error is the popular faith in the high protein ration4 ,the physiologists are at least partly at fault4 ,liebig's dictum1 which made protein the essential food factor in supporting work1 has misled the whole civilized world for more than half a century4 ,the dietaries of institutions1 armies1 whole nations have been based upon a conception which modern science has shown to be utterly false1 and the result has been an economic loss which staggers belief1 and a destruction of human life and efficiency which overshadows every other malign influence4 ,to properly appreciate the place of nuts in the national dietary we must have in mind a clear conception of the nature of food as revealed to us in the light of modern laboratory studies of human nutrition and metabolism4 ,food is to an animal what soil is to a plant4 ,it is the soil out of which we grew4 ,what we eat today is walking around and talking tomorrow4 ,the most marvelous of miracles is the transmutation of common foodstuffs into men and women1 the transfiguration of bread1 potatoes and beefsteak into human intelligence1 grace1 beauty and noble action4 ,we read in holy writ how the wandering ,israelites were abundantly fed in the ,assyrian desert with manna from the skies and marvel at the ,providence which saved a million souls from death1 forgetting that every harvest is a repetition of the same miracle1 that each morsel of food we eat is a gift of ,heaven conveyed to us by a sunbeam4 ,food is simply sunshine captured by the chlorophyll of plants and served up to us in tiny bundles called molecules1 which1 when torn apart in our bodies by the processes of digestion and assimilation release the captured energy which warms us with heat brought from the sun and shines out in human thought and action4 ,it is less than a century since ,liebig and ,lehmann and their pupils began to unravel the mystery of food4 ,in recent years no subject has received more assiduous attention from scientific men1 and none has been made the object of more constant or more profound research than the questions of food and food supply4 ,the feeding of animals and men is without question the most pressing and vital of all economic problems4 ,the labors of ,voit and ,pettenkofer1 ,rubner1 ,zuntz1 ,atwater1 ,benedict1 ,chittenden1 ,mendel1 ,lusk and ,hindhede have demonstrated that there is the closest relation between food supply or food selection and human efficiency4 ,in fact1 it has been clearly shown that the quality of the food intake is just as directly and as closely related to the question of human efficiency as is the quality and quantity of gasoline to the efficiency of an automobile4 ,in fact it has been established as a fundamental principle in human physiology that food is fuel4 ,life is a combustion process4 ,the human body is a machine which may be likened to a locomotive--it is a self-controlling1 self-supporting1 self-repairing mechanism4 ,as the locomotive rushes along the iron road1 pulling after it a thousand-ton cargo of produce or manufactured wares or human freight sufficient to start a town or stock a political convention its enormous expenditure of energy is maintained by the burning of coal from the tender which is replenished at every stopping place4 ,the snorting-monster at the head of the rushing procession gets hungry and has to have a lunch every few miles along the way4 ,after a run of a hundred miles or so the engine leaves the train and goes into a roundhouse for repairs2 an iron belt has dropped out or a brass nut has been shaken off4 ,every lost or damaged part of the metal leviathan is replaced1 and then it is ready for another century run4 ,the human body is wonderfully like the locomotive4 ,it pulls or carries loads1 it expends energy1 it consumes fuel and has to stop at meal stations to coal up2 it has to go off duty periodically for repairs4 ,the body needs just what the locomotive needs--fuel to furnish energy and material for repair of the machinery4 ,food differs from fuel chiefly in the one particular1 that in each little packet of food done up by ,mother ,nature there is placed along with the fuel for burning a tiny bit of material to be used for repair of the machine4 ,in other words1 food represents in its composition both the coal and the metal repair materials of the locomotive4 ,the starch1 sugar and fat of foods are the coal and the protein or albumin is the metal repair stuff4 ,here we see at once the reason why starch and sugar and fat are so abundant in our foodstuffs1 while protein or albumin is in quantity a minor element4 ,but there are other differences between food and common fuel which are worthy of mention4 ,the water and the salts are essential to meet the body's needs1 especially the various mineral elements1 lime1 soda1 potash and iron4 ,all these we must have--lime for the bones and nerves1 soda and potash to neutralize the harmful acid products of combustion processes1 and iron for the blood4 ,all these are found in normal foodstuffs1 but in greatly varying proportions1 so that a pretty large variety of foods must be eaten to make sure that each of the different food principles required for perfect nutrition are supplied in ample quantity4 ,in recent years science has discovered another and most surprising property of food in which it transcends all other fuel substances as a diamond from the ,transvaal outshines a lump of coal4 ,natural food contains vitamines4 ,it has long been known that an exclusive rice diet sometimes causes beri-beri1 a form of general neuritis1 and that a diet of dry cereals and preserved food in time gives rise to scurvy1 but the reason was a profound mystery4 ,in very recent years it has been learned that the real cause of beri-beri and scurvy is the lack of vitamines which are associated with the bran of cereals and so are removed in the process of polishing rice and in the bolting of wheat and other grains4 ,vitamines do not enter into the composition of the body as do other food principles1 but they are somehow necessary to activate or render active the various subtle elements which are essential to good nutrition4 ,there are several kinds of vitamines4 ,some are associated with the bran of cereals1 other with the juices of fruits4 ,some are easily destroyed by heat1 while others survive a boiling temperature4 ,the discovery of vitamines must stand as one of the most masterly achievements of modern science1 even outshining in brilliancy the discovery of radium4 ,it was only by the most persevering efforts and the application of all the refinements of modern chemical technic that the chemist1 ,funk1 was able to capture and identify this most subtle but marvelously potent element of the food4 ,this discovery has cleared up a long category of medical mysteries4 ,we now know not only the cause of beri-beri and scurvy and the simple method of cure by supplying vitamine-containing foods1 but within a very short time it has been shown that rickets and pellagra are likewise deficiency diseases1 probably due to lack of vitamines1 and in a recent discussion before the ,new ,york ,academy of ,medicine by ,funk1 ,holt1 ,jacobi and others1 it was maintained that vast multitudes of people are suffering from disorders of nutrition due to the same cause4 ,osborne a few years ago conducted experiments which demonstrated that something more than pure food elements and salts is essential for growth and development4 ,they found that rats fed on starch and fat lived only four to eight weeks4 ,when protein was added they sometimes lived and grew and sometimes remained stunted or died4 ,it was thus evident that proteins differ4 ,their observations proved very clearly that there are perfect and imperfect proteins4 ,the protein of corn1 zein1 for example1 was shown to be incapable of supporting life4 ,with the addition of a chemical fraction1 tryptophan1 obtained from another protein1 the rats lived1 but did not grow4 ,by adding another fractional protein1 lysin1 the rats were made to thrive4 ,a minute study of the subject by ,osborne1 ,mendel and numerous other physiologic chemists have shown that a perfect protein is composed of more than a dozen different bodies called amino-acids1 each of which must be present in the right proportion to enable the body to use the protein in body building4 ,each plant produces its one peculiar kind of protein4 ,the protein of milk1 caseine1 is a perfect protein4 ,eggs and meat1 of course1 supply complete proteins1 but among plants there are many imperfect proteins4 ,mc,collum has demonstrated that grains1 either singly or in combination will not maintain life and growth4 ,the same is true of a mixture of grains with peas or navy beans4 ,another element is lacking which must be supplied to support life and growth4 ,with these facts before us we are prepared to inquire what place in the dietary are nuts prepared to fill8 ,with few exceptions nuts contain little carbohydrate 7starch or sugar74 ,they are1 however1 rich in fat and protein4 ,on account of their high fat content they are the most highly concentrated of all natural foods4 ,a pound of nuts contains on an average more than #c1jjj calories or food units1 double the amount supplied by grains1 four times as much as average meats and ten times as much as average fruits or vegetables4 ,for example1 according to ,jaffi's table1 ten of our common nuts contain on an average #bj4g per cent4 of protein1 #ec per cent4 of fat and #ah per cent4 of carbohydrate1 as shown in the following table3 ,protein ,fat ,carbohydrate ,almonds #ba4d #ed4d #ac4h ,peanuts #bi4h #df4e #ag4a ,filberts #af4e #fd4j #aa4g ,hickory #ae4d #fg4d #aa4d ,pine nut #cc4i #dh4b #f4e ,walnut #ah4b #fj4g #ac4g ,pecan #ab4j #gj4g #ah4e ,butternut #bg4i #fa4b #e4g ,beechnut #ba4h #di4i #ac4h ,chestnut #aj4g #g4h #gj4a ------ ------ ------ ,average #bj4gf #ec4jh #ah4bc ,meat 7round steaks7 gives #ai4h per cent4 of protein and #ae4f per cent4 of fat1 with no carbohydrate4 ,a pound of average nuts contains the equivalent of a pound of beefsteak1 and in addition1 nearly half a pound of butter and a third of a loaf of bread4 ,a nut is1 in fact1 a sort of vegetable meat4 ,its composition is much the same as that of fat meat1 only it is in much more concentrated form4 ,there can be no doubt that the nut is a highly concentrated food4 ,the next question naturally is1 can the body utilize the energy stored in nuts as readily as that supplied by meat products1 for example4 ,the notion that nuts are difficult of digestion has really no foundation in fact4 ,the idea is probably the natural outgrowth of the custom of eating nuts at the close of a meal when an abundance1 more likely a super-abundance1 of highly nutritious foods has already been eaten1 and the equally injurious custom of eating nuts between meals4 ,neglect of thorough mastication must also be mentioned as a possible cause of indigestion following the use of nuts4 ,nuts are generally eaten dry and have a firm hard flesh which requires thorough use of the organs of mastication to prepare them for the action of the several digestive juices4 ,experiments made in ,germany showed that nuts are not digested at all1 but pass through the alimentary canal like foreign bodies unless reduced to a smooth paste before swallowing4 ,particles of nuts the size of small seeds wholly escaped digestion4 ,having been for more than fifty years actively interested in promoting the use of nuts as a staple food1 ,i have given considerable thought and study to their dietetic value and have made many experiments4 ,about twenty-five years ago it occurred to me that one of the above objections to the extensive dietetic use of nuts might be overcome by mechanical preparation of the nut before serving so as to reduce it to a smooth paste and thus insure the preparation for digestion which the average eater is prone to neglect4 ,my first experiments were with the peanut4 ,the result was a product which ,i called peanut butter4 ,i was much surprised at the readiness with which the product sprang into public favor4 ,several years ago ,i was informed by a wholesale grocer of ,chicago that the firm's sales of peanut butter amounted on an average to a carload a week4 ,i think it is safe to estimate that not less than one thousand carloads of this product are annually consumed in this country4 ,the increased demand for peanuts for making peanut butter led to the development of corners in the peanut market1 and more than doubled the price of the shelled nuts and to a marked degree influenced the annual production4 ,the nut butter idea also caught on in ,england4 ,i am citing my experience with the peanut not for the purpose of recommending this product1 for ,i am obliged to confess that ,i was soon compelled to abandon the use of peanut butter prepared from roasted nuts for the reason that the process of roasting renders the nut indigestible to such a degree that it was not adapted to the use of invalids4 ,i only mention the circumstance as an illustration of the readiness with which the public accepts a new dietetic idea when it happens to strike the popular fancy4 ,ways may be found to render the use of nuts practical by adapting them to our culinary and dietetic customs and to overcome the popular objections to their use by a widespread and efficient campaign of education4 ,other nuts1 when crushed1 made most delicious butters1 as easily digestible as cream1 since they did not require roasting4 ,i later found ways for preparing the peanut without roasting4 ,the fats of nuts1 their chief food principle1 are the most digestible of all forms of fat4 ,having a low melting point they are far more digestible than most animal fats4 ,hippocrates noted that the stearin of eels was difficult of digestion4 ,the indigestibility of beef and mutton fat has long been recognized4 ,the fat of nuts much more closely resembles human fat than do fats of the sort mentioned4 ,the importance of this will be appreciated when attention is called to the fact that fats entering the body do not undergo the transformation changes which take place in other foodstuffs2 for example1 protein in the process of digestion is broken into its ultimate molecular units4 ,starch is transformed into sugar which serves as fuel to the body1 but fats are so slightly modified in the process of digestion and absorption that after reaching the blood and the tissues they are reconstructed into the original form in which they are eaten1 that is1 beef fat is deposited in the tissues as beef fat without undergoing any chemical change whatever2 mutton fat is deposited as mutton fat2 lard as pig fat1 etc4 ,when the body makes its own fat from starch or sugar1 the natural source of this tissue element1 the product formed is sui generis and must be better adapted to the body uses than the animal fat which was sui generis to a pig1 a sheep or a goat4 ,it is certainly a pleasant thought that one who rounds out his figure with the luscious fatness of nuts may felicitate himself upon the fact that his tissues are participating in the sweetness of the nut rather than the relic of the sty and the shambles4 ,it is also worthy of note that the fat of nuts exists in a finely divided state1 and that in the chewing of nuts a fine emulsion is produced so that nut fats enter the stomach in a form best adapted for prompt digestion4 ,another question which will naturally arise is this3 if nuts are to be granted the place of a staple in our list of food supplies will it be safe to accept them as a substitute for flesh foods8 ,beef steak has become almost a fetish with many people1 but the experiments of ,chittenden and others have demonstrated that the amount of protein needed by the body daily is so small that it is scarcely possible to arrange a bill of fare to include flesh foods without making the protein intake excessive4 ,this is because the ordinary foodstuffs other than meat contain a sufficient amount of protein to meet the needs of the body4 ,nuts present their protein in combination with so large a proportion of easily digestible fat that there is comparatively little danger of getting an excess4 ,it is also worthy of note that the protein of nuts is superior in quality to that of grains and vegetables4 ,the critically careful analyses made in recent years have shown that the proteins of nuts1 at least of a number of them1 contain all the elements needed for building up complete body proteins1 in other words1 nuts furnish perfect proteins1 which are not supplied so abundantly by any other vegetable product4 ,this fact places the nut in an exceedingly important position as a foodstuff4 ,in face of vanishing meat supplies it is most comforting to know that meats of all sorts may be safely replaced by nuts not only without loss1 but with a decided gain4 ,nuts have several advantages over flesh foods which are well worth considering4 #a4 ,nuts are free from waste products1 uric acid1 urea1 carmine and other tissue wastes4 #b4 ,nuts are aseptic1 free from putrefactive bacteria and do not readily undergo decay either in the body or outside of it4 ,meats1 on the other hand1 are practically always in an advanced stage of putrefaction1 as found in the meat markets4 ,ordinarily meats contain from three million to ten times that number of bacteria per ounce1 and such meats as hamburger steak often contain more than a billion putrefactive organisms to the ounce4 ,nuts are clean and sweet4 #c4 ,nuts are free from trichinae1 tapeworm and other parasites1 as well as the infections due to specific disease4 ,nuts are in good health when gathered and remain so until eaten4 ,the contrast between the delectable product of the beautiful walnut1 chestnut or pecan tree and the abattoir recalls the story of the ,tennessee school teacher who was told when she made inquiry about a certain shoulder of pork which had been promised in part payment of services1 but had not arrived3 ,dad didn't kill the pig4 ,and why not1 said the teacher4 ,because1 replied the observing youngster1 he got well4 ,nearly all the cows slaughtered are tuberculous4 ,they are killed to be eaten because too sick to longer serve as community wet nurses4 ,that nuts are competent to serve as staple foods might be inferred from a fact to which ,professor ,matthews1 of the ,new ,york ,museum of ,natural ,history1 calls attention to1 to wit1 that our remote ancestors1 the first mammals1 were all nut and fruit eaters4 ,they may have gobbled an insect now and then1 but their staple food was fruits and nuts1 with tender shoots and succulent roots1 which is still true of those old fashioned forest folks1 the primates of which the orang outang1 the chimpanzee and the gorilla are consistent representatives1 while their near relative1 also a primate1 civilized man1 has departed from his original bill of fare and has exploited the bills of fare of the whole animal kingdom4 ,the keeper of the famous big apes of the ,london ,zoo informed me that they were never given meat4 ,even the small monkeys generally regarded as insectivorous1 were confined to a rigid vegetarian fare and were thriving4 ,whole races of men1 comprising many millions1 live their entire lives without meats of any sort1 and when fed a sufficient amount are wonderfully vigorous1 prolific1 enduring and intelligent4 ,witness the ,brahmins of ,india1 the ,buddists of ,china and ,japan and the teeming millions of ,central ,africa4 ,carl ,mann1 the winner of the great walking match between ,berlin and ,dresden1 performed his great feat on a diet of nuts with lettuce and fruits4 ,the ,finn ,kilmamen1 the world's greatest runner1 eats no meat4 ,weston1 the long-distance champion1 never eats meat when taking a long walk4 ,the ,faramahara ,indians1 the fleetest and most enduring runners in the world are strict vegetarians4 ,the gorilla1 the king of the ,congo forests1 is a nut feeder4 ,milo1 the mighty ,greek1 was a flesh abstainer1 as was also ,pythagoras1 the first of the ,greek philosophers1 ,seneca1 the noble ,roman ,senator1 and ,plutarch1 the famous biographer4 ,the writer has excluded meat from his diet for more than fifty years1 and has within the last forty years1 supervised the treatment of more than a hundred thousand sick people at the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium on a meatless diet4 ,even carnivorous animals nourish on a diet of nuts with other vegetable foods and cooked cereals4 ,the ,turks mix nuts with their pilaff of rice and the ,armenians add nuts to their baalghoor1 a dish prepared from wheat which has been cooked and dried4 ,that nuts are not only competent to serve as a staple food1 but that they may fill a very important place as accessory foods in supplementing the imperfect proteins of the grains and vegetables is shown in a very conclusive way by an extended research by ,dr4 ,hoobler1 of ,detroit4 ,before describing ,dr4 ,hoobler's experiment ,i may be allowed to explain that some years ago1 in #ahii1 ,i was asked by the then ,united ,states ,secretary of ,agriculture to undertake experiments for the purpose of providing a vegetable substitute for meat4 ,dr4 ,dabney said there was no doubt that the time would come when such substitutes would be needed on account of the scarcity of meat4 ,i succeeded in developing several products which have come to be quite widely known and used more or less extensively in this country and ,europe4 ,among these were ,protose 7resembling potted meat7 and malted nuts1 a soluble product somewhat resembling malted milk4 ,it was noted that the malted nuts when used by nursing mothers greatly increased the flow of milk and promoted the health of the infant4 ,recently ,dr4 ,hoobler undertook an extensive feeding experiment with nursing mothers and wet nurses as subjects4 ,he made use of these nut preparations as well as of ordinary nuts and compared the results with various combinations into which meat and milk entered in various proportions4 ,he found that a diet of fruits1 grains and vegetables alone gave a very poor quality of milk1 but when nuts were added the result was a milk supply superior in quantity and quality to any other combination of foodstuffs1 not excepting those which included liberal quantities of milk1 meat and eggs4 ,from this it appears that nuts possess such superior qualities as supplementary or accessory foods that they are able to replace not only meats1 but even eggs and milk in the dietary4 ,the full account of ,dr4 ,hoobler's interesting observations will be found in the ,journal of the ,american ,medical ,association for ,august #aa1 #aiag4 ,extensive feeding experiments are now being conducted at the research laboratory of the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium1 which it is hoped will develop still other points of interest respecting the superior nutritive properties of the choicest and most remarkable of all the food products which are handed to us from the fertile laboratory of the vegetable world4 ,another and most interesting phase of my subject is the relation of nut feeding to anaphylaxis4 ,this newly coined word perhaps needs explanation for the benefit of my lay hearers4 ,for many years it has been known that some persons were astonishingly sensitive to certain foods which indeed appeared to act as violent poisons4 ,oysters1 shellfish1 mutton1 fish and other animal products1 as well as a few vegetable products1 especially honey1 strawberries and buckwheat1 were most likely to be the cause of these violent disturbances4 ,more recently it has been found that cow's milk very often shows the same peculiarity4 ,it is now known that this remarkable phenomenon is due to the fact that the body sometimes becomes sensitized to certain proteins which thereafter act as most violent poisons and may cause death4 ,sensitization to animal proteins is much the more frequent4 ,in such cases nut products become a very precious resource4 ,this is especially true with reference to cow's milk4 ,liquid nut preparations have saved the lives of hundreds of infants within the last twenty years4 ,i have had the pleasure of meeting several fine looking young people who owed their lives to nut-feeding when other resources had failed4 ,one case was particularly interesting4 ,a telegram from a well-known ,senator at ,washington announced the fact that his infant daughter and only child was dying from mal-nutrition1 as cow's milk and all the known infant foods had been found to disagree4 ,i advised nut-feeding1 and fortunately the prescription suited the case and the little one began to improve at once4 ,when the physician in attendance learned that the child was eating nuts he vigorously protested1 declaring that such a diet was preposterous and would certainly kill the infant1 but the child flourished wonderfully on the liquid nut diet1 eating almost nothing else for the first three years of her life1 and today is a splendidly developed young woman1 a brilliant witness to the food value of nuts4 ,i have by no means exhausted the physiologic phases of my subject1 but will now turn a moment in concluding my paper1 to its economic aspects4 ,the high price of nuts is constantly urged as an objection to their use as a staple4 ,it is probable that a largely increased demand would lead to so great an increase in the supply that the cost of production1 and hence the cost to the consumer1 would be decreased4 ,but even at the present prices the choicest varieties of nuts are cheaper than meats if equivalent food values are compared4 ,this is clearly shown by the following table which indicates the amounts of various flesh foods which are equivalent to one pound of walnut meats4 ,beef loin1 lean #d4jj pounds ,beef ribs1 lean #f4ej ,beef neck1 lean #i4ej ,veal #e4ej ,mutton leg1 lean #d4bj ,ham1 lean #c4jj ,fowls #d4jj ,chicken1 broilers #aj4jj ,red bass #be4jj ,trout #d4hj ,frogs' legs #ae4jj ,oysters #ac4ej ,lobsters #bb4jj ,eggs #e4jj ,milk #i4ej ,evaporated cream #d4jj ,but the great economic importance of the encouragement of nut culture in every civilized land is best shown by comparing the amount of food which may be annually produced by an acre of land planted to nut trees and the same area devoted to the production of beef4 ,i am credibly informed that two acres of land and two years are required to produce a steer weighing #fjj pounds4 ,the product of one acre for one year would be one-fourth as much1 or #aej pounds of steer4 ,the same land planted to walnut trees would produce1 if ,i am correctly informed1 an average of at least #ajj pounds per tree per annum for the first twenty years4 ,forty trees to the acre would aggregate #d1jjj pounds of nuts1 or #a1jjj pounds of walnut meats4 ,the highest food value which could be ascribed to the #aej pounds of beef would be #aej1jjj calories or food units4 ,the food value of the nut meats would be #c1jjj1jjj calories1 or twenty times as much food from the nut trees as from the fattened steer1 and food of the same general character1 protein and fat1 but of superior quality4 ,one acre of walnut trees will produce every year food equal to3 #ad1jjj lbs4 red bass 7a ship load74 #c1jjj beef 7five steers74 #g1ejj chicken broilers4 #ae1jjj lobsters4 #aj1jjj oysters4 #fj1jjj eggs 7#e1jjj dozen74 #d1jjj qts4 milk4 ,a ton of mutton 7#ac sheep74 #bej1jjj frogs4 ,and when one acre will do so much1 think of the product of a million acres4 ,ten times the product of all the fisheries of the country4 ,half as much as all the poultry of the country4 ,one seventh as much as all the beef produced4 ,more than twice the value of all the sheep4 ,half as much as all the pork4 ,and many millions of acres may be thus utilized in nut culture4 ,and the walnut is not the only promising food tree4 ,the hickory1 the pecan1 the butternut1 the filbert and the pion are all capable of producing equal or greater results4 ,a single acre of nut trees will produce protein enough to feed four persons a year and fat enough for twice that number of average persons4 ,so #be1jjj1jjj acres of nut trees would more than supply the whole people of the ,united ,states with their two most expensive food stuffs4 ,cereals and fresh vegetables1 our cheapest foods1 would be needed for the carbohydrate portion of the dietary4 ,just think of it4 ,a little nut orchard #bjj miles square supplying one-third enough food to feed one hundred million of citizens4 ,the trouble is the frogs and cattle are eating up our food supplies4 ,we feed a steer #ajj pounds of food and get back only #b4h pounds4 ,if we plant #aj pounds of corn we get back #ejj pounds4 ,if we plant one walnut we get back in twenty harvests a ton of choicest food4 ,in nut culture there is a treasury of wealth and health and national prosperity and safety that is at present little appreciated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,here is a veritable treasury of wealth1 a potential food supply which may save the world from any suggestion of hunger for centuries to come if properly utilized4 ,every man who cuts down a timber tree should be required to plant a nut tree4 ,a nut tree has a double value4 ,it produces valuable timber and yields every year a rich harvest of food while it is growing4 ,every highway should be lined with nut trees4 ,nut trees will grow on land on which no other crop will grow and which is even worthless for grazing4 ,the pion flourishes in the bleak and barren peaks of the rockies4 ,the nut should no longer be considered a table luxury4 ,it should become a staple article of food and may most profitably replace the pork and meats of various sorts which are inferior foods and are recognized as prolific sources of disease4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ten nut trees planted for each inhabitant will insure the country against any possibility of food shortage4 ,a row of nut trees on each side of our #e1jjj1jjj miles of country roads will provide for a population of #afj1jjj1jjj4 ,with a vanishing animal industry1 nut culture offers the only practical solution of the question of food supply4 ,as the late ,prof4 ,virchow said1 ,the future is with the vegetarians4 ,,the ,,importance ,,of ,,nut ,,growing4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,collingwood1 ,,new ,,jersey4 ,in these days the importance of most things is valued in figures4 ,i never was good at figures4 ,it seems to me that you can do anything you like with figures1 except make them clear1 yet it was the failure to figure that gave me my first idea of the importance of nut culture4 ,some #ej years ago a small boy on a ,new ,england farm could not1 or would not1 do his sums in the old ,coburn ,arithmetic4 ,it made no difference that the teacher called it ,mathematics1 and pointed it with the end of a hickory stick4 ,by any other name it was not sweet4 ,this boy got stuck on a question about a hare and a hound4 ,it appeared that the hare jumped a rod at a time1 and made #cc jumps a minute4 ,the hound started #bjj feet behind the hare4 ,this hound made #ah ft4 at a jump1 and made #cba_/b jumps a minute4 ,now1 would the hound catch the hare before they got to a hickory tree half a mile away8 ,i am glad they introduced that hickory tree because the question was a hard nut at best and needed brain food4 ,i couldn't tell where the hare would be1 and ,i can't now2 nor do ,i believe that some of you wise heads1 grown hairless with constant thinking1 could really tell how the hare came out4 ,if ,i saw one of my children headed for me with such a problem in hand1 ,i confess that ,i should make a prompt engagement outside4 ,the old folks who brought me up1 had sterner ways of enforcing education4 ,they decided that the boy should live on brown bread and water until he did that example4 ,in order to assist hunger in bringing the boy to it1 after the first day showed that the boy was still going1 the old gentleman hunted up all the axes and hatchets1 scythes and knives on the place1 and made the boy turn grindstone while he held the implements on4 ,greek met ,greek4 ,the boy wouldn't give in1 and the old man couldn't and preserve his dignity1 but try as he might the old man could not tire out the boy2 the old hands gave out first1 and the old man straightened his back and gazed at that wonderful boy4 ,now it wasn't in brown bread and water to sustain strength and will in that way4 ,not when there are baked beans for supper and you can smell them6 ,the old man had to acknowledge a higher power which beat him4 ,he wouldn't do it openly1 that was not the ,new ,england way1 but he did it on the second night by helping the boy to baked beans and fried potatoes without a word4 ,the old man went to his death thinking that he had a most wonderful boy1 and the little fellow did not give his secret away4 ,now we may have it as a slight contribution to the importance of nut culture4 ,the sustaining power which carried the boy through his trial was the hickory nut4 ,there was a pile of them in the attic1 and the boy on the quiet1 cracked and ate a quart of them every day4 ,that boy could not spell protein to save his life1 and carbo-hydrates would have scared him off the floor1 but the nuts and the brown bread gave him a balanced ration which did everything except find out about the hound and the hare4 ,i think it would have required a balanced ration fed to an unbalanced brain to settle that problem4 ,now ,i think the importance of the nut industry must come to the general public in that way1 through the stomach rather than through the mind4 ,the human mind is a marvelous piece of mental machinery1 so is the machine which sets type or weaves fine cloth1 yet both are powerless unless the fire pot under the engine1 or the stomach of the man1 are kept filled with fuel or food4 ,i have heard very old men tell of the prejudice which existed against coal1 years ago1 in ,new ,england1 when attempts were made to introduce the new fuel4 ,cord wood was the local fuel1 people knew what it was1 and its preparation provided a local industry4 ,the introduction of coal meant destruction for this local business of wood cutting1 and wiped out the value of many a farm4 ,coal had to win its way against prejudice and local interest1 and it only won out by showing power4 ,i am sure that #ge years ago1 if some visionary ,yankee had said that coal would be so freely used in ,new ,england that cord wood would be almost unsaleable1 the public would surely have given him that honorary title which goes with prospective and persistent knowledge1 nut4 ,in like manner the importance of nut growing will not be truly recognized until we can show a man in the most practical way that nuts provide the energy to be found in beef steak4 ,it is said that knowledge creates an atmosphere in which prejudice cannot live4 ,i know an old man who is absolutely settled in his conviction that ,new ,england has degenerated because her people have given up eating baked beans and cod fish balls1 and introduced the sale of these delicacies in the ,west4 ,that man says1 with convincing logic1 that in the old days when ,new ,england lived on brown bread and baked beans1 we produced statesmen on every rocky hillside1 and we dominated the thought of the nation4 ,now1 he says1 we have not developed one single statesman since the canned baked bean industry took our specialty away from us4 ,the only way to convince him is to produce a dozen statesmen out of men who are willing to subscribe to a diet of nuts4 ,i have a friend who says he feels like throwing a brick every time he passes a modern laundry4 ,he says the invention of the linen collar kept him a poor man4 ,his grandfather invested the family fortune in the stock of a paper collar factory4 ,many of our older men remember the time when we all wore paper collars1 and bought them by the dozen in boxes4 ,it seemed like a sure thing when the old man put all his money into it4 ,he figured that by #aiae there would be #dj1jjj people in this country1 each one wearing at least #bjj paper collars a year1 something like the hound and the hare1 perhaps1 but he didn't know that the hare in this case would drop dead1 and the hound double his jump1 as happened to paper and linen collars4 ,some one invented the modern linen collar4 ,the laundry service started up1 and paper collars disappeared with the family fortune4 ,now1 my friend must work for a living1 and throw mental bricks at the laundry4 ,in a way every new habit1 or every new interference with the thought and method of the plain people must run the gauntlet and submit to just such violent changes4 ,now the future of the nut business1 which contains the importance of the industry1 depends upon our ability to make the plain1 common people understand that in the future we must cut our beef steak and our chops off a nut tree4 ,we have made some of the brainy people understand this already1 but the hound is still chasing the hare1 and he is several jumps behind4 ,you may say what you will1 or think as highly as you like of your own place in society1 but the world is not run or pushed on by the brainy people4 ,they may steer it for a while and master it1 but only at the permission of what ,i may call the stomach people1 who always sooner or later rise up and dominate things4 ,a gild-edged1 red line edition of nut knowledge will get the few or select class1 but in order to make the industry truly important we must make a homely appeal to the plain people4 ,it seems to me that one of the most effective nut documents yet issued is that bulletin by ,george ,carver1 a colored man at the ,tuskegee ,institute4 ,carver simply makes his appeal to the ,southern farmer1 and he gives him #de ways of cooking and eating peanuts4 ,i rather think that ,carver's work in trying to get the ,southern negroes to eat more peanuts and more cow-peas has done about as much for the race as the academic instruction given in the college4 ,on the principle that ,like begets like1 ,i feel sure that the continued practice of cracking the shell to get at the sweet meat inside will tend to put more phosphorus and less lime into the skull of the race4 ,i once explained the nut proposition to an energetic man and he said3 ,fine--the theory is perfect--now hire a man who lives on rare beef to get out and fight for your proposition and you will put it over6 ,last year ,i went up into ,new ,york ,state with a prominent public man1 who was to make a speech4 ,this man was delayed1 and in order to get there he had to jump on the last platform of the last car4 ,he had eaten no lunch1 and only a light breakfast4 ,he said he should surely fail in his speech because he was faint from lack of food4 ,i asked him what he would eat if he had the chance4 ,he said soup1 half a chicken1 potatoes and asparagus1 and apple pie4 ,i told the train boy to bring samples of everything he had1 and we finally selected an apple from ,oregon1 a banana from ,mexico1 a box of figs from ,california1 some pop corn from ,massachusetts1 chocolate from ,venezuela1 and salted nuts from ,louisiana4 ,the air and the sunshine and the water seemed to be produced in ,new ,york1 but nothing else4 ,a great dinner for a ,new ,york man1 but to his surprise it satisfied him1 took the place of the chicken1 and carried him through his speech with a strong punch4 ,it seems to me that one trouble with our nut propaganda is that we go at it in such a way that the pupils regard us somewhat as nuts1 and why should the man who becomes a specialist on any subject1 and airs it on all occasions1 be called a nut8 ,we shall have to admit that men are called such names4 ,i think it is because we let our brains work somewhat like the oyster or clam1 and secrete a hard shell of formal knowledge around the sweet meat of condensed human nature1 for that is what all useful knowledge is4 ,we must crack our shell of formal knowledge and grind it up finer before we can put it into the think works of the plain people4 ,while ,i was working up the ,apple ,consumers' ,league some years ago1 ,i ran upon the fact that ,corbett1 the prize-fighter1 consumed #c dishes of apple sauce every day while training4 ,now1 ,i had used the statement that ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan always had a baked apple for his lunch1 but ,i got small results from that story4 ,few people ever expected to make millions1 and ,morgan was out of their class4 ,every man carried a punch1 which he wanted to enlarge and make effective4 ,if ,corbett used apple sauce to oil his arm for a knock-out blow1 every man with red blood wanted apples4 ,now we must work our nut campaign in some such popular way1 if we expect to put a nut on the wheel of progress4 ,the fact that ,prof4 ,johnson1 or ,dr4 ,jackson1 or the ,rev4 ,thompson1 or ,judge ,dixon1 or ,senator ,harrison1 find strength and comfort from eating nuts1 is very important and very pleasant1 but #ii per cent of our people never expect to enter the learned profession1 and they must not get the idea that these professions stand around the full use of nuts like a barbed wire fence4 ,most men must live and work in the rough and tumble of life1 and at present they think red meat is the sustaining power for that sort of stuff4 ,we must change their point of view4 ,let us find athletes1 baseball men1 wrestlers1 fighters1 runners1 men who stand well in popular sports and who will publicly state that they substitute nuts for meat in part at least4 ,we must put this thing into the popular imagination of the plain people if it is to be of full importance4 ,when some fellow with a new brand of cigarettes wants to develop a trade among young men1 he gets some noted ball player to write a letter stating his love for that brand4 ,i think we should follow that plan somewhat in putting our nut campaign before the people4 ,two years ago the ,oregon ,agricultural ,college sent a football team ,east4 ,the college was almost unknown here1 but ,i asked one or two football men about it4 ,they laughed at these ,pacific ,coast athletes4 ,here was a college they said which had issued a bulletin advising the people to send their children to school with nut sandwiches instead of meat4 ,this man said that such training could only result in puny1 half grown men1 and he doubted if this team would last half way across the country4 ,those ,oregon boys lined up a team of giants4 ,they simply wiped the earth with most teams of their class1 and left behind the cracked shells of a long line of reputation1 with the sweet meat well picked out4 ,personally ,i believe that within #be years1 #ej at the latest1 our people will be absolutely forced to accept a diet of nuts in place of our present proportion of meat4 ,as ,i see it1 the time is coming when increased population and shortage of available land will make prime1 beef nearly as scarce as turkey and venison are today4 ,not only so1 but ,i think knowledge will slowly but surely lead men to change their diet from choice4 ,my children will live to see the time when the acre nut orchard on the average farm will be considered just as useful and as much of a necessity1 and far more profitable1 than the present chicken yard4 ,in that day ,i think the nut industry will rank in food importance second only to that of corn1 and ,i believe that the greatest change will be found here in ,new ,england1 for ,i believe that nut culture is to change history1 and readjust population and industry to some extent4 ,frankly1 ,i expect my children to live to see the time when the hickory nut in ,new ,england will rank far above the walnut industry in ,california or in ,france4 ,i think this nut culture will1 in time1 bring a greater income to the ,new ,england ,states than all its fruits and grain combined today4 ,out in the wild woods on some ,new ,england hillside there are growing today strains or varieties of nuts which will do far more for this section than the ,baldwin apple1 or the ,bartlett pear have ever done4 ,they will be found1 tamed and propagated4 ,you may1 if you like1 call me a dreamer1 or what is the same thing1 a nut4 ,i can stand that1 for have ,i not in my short span of life seen dreams come true4 ,suppose the wandering hunter1 or the farmer's boy1 who discovered the ,baldwin apple in the woods of ,massachusetts1 had gone back to his home and stated that the time would come when this beautiful red fruit would grow wherever it found a suitable climate1 that it would revolutionize horticulture1 bring millions of dollars to ,new ,england1 and find its way throughout the world wherever the sails of commerce are blown4 ,they might have hung him as a witch or dreamer1 and yet1 his dream would be no more improbable than what ,i say of nut culture in ,new ,england4 ,i have seen the telephone1 the flying machine1 the gasoline engine1 all grow from the vain dream of a crazy inventor to public necessities1 and as surely as fate the nut industry is to bring back to the old hillsides of ,new ,england much of the profit and the glory of old days4 ,,the ,,proper ,,place ,,of ,,nut ,,trees ,,in ,,the ,,planting ,,program4 ,,by ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,,nut ,,culturist1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,in the planting of trees for most purposes1 it is now possible to exercise practically the same degree of choice with regard to special fitness as is employed in the selection of men for positions or tools for a piece of work4 ,the fruit grower in every part of the country has his special species and pomological varieties from which to choose4 ,the foresters and landscape gardeners have their species and botanical varieties or improved strains to pick from4 ,among the important purposes for which trees are planted the production of native nuts is singularly behind4 ,the leading species of native nut-bearing trees include the hickories1 the walnuts1 the chestnuts1 the pines1 and the beech4 ,of these1 one of the hickories1 the pecan1 is the only species which has so far been developed by cultivation as to become of importance for the production of an orchard product4 ,the timber of the pecan is less valuable than is that of most other hickories1 and is in commercial use only as second-class material4 ,however1 it is the most important species of nut-bearing tree in the ,united ,states4 ,its native and introduced range includes the fertile lands of the plains of practically the entire southeastern quarter of the country4 ,it is neither an upland nor a wet land tree4 ,in the ,united ,states it is not found in the mountainous sections1 nor1 to any important extent1 south of ,middle ,florida4 ,in ,mexico1 it is occasionally found on mountain sides at considerable elevations and by some is supposed to be there indigenous4 ,however1 according to ,pomological ,possibilities of ,texas1 written by ,gilbert ,onderdonk1 of ,nursery1 ,texas1 and published by the ,state ,department of ,agriculture in #aiaa1 its success at those altitudes is vitally dependent upon the water supply4 ,in each case investigated by ,mr4 ,onderdonk1 while upon official trips made for the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 he found the pecan trees to be adjacent to some stream1 either natural or artificial4 ,at ,bustamente1 says ,mr4 ,onderdonk1 one hundred and seven miles beyond ,laredo1 are pecan trees two hundred years old that have been watered all their lives and have continued productive4 ,from these trees1 grown from ,texas pecans1 pecan culture has been extended until there are now thousands of thrifty pecan trees under irrigation4 ,one owner of a small lot sold his water right when his trees were about seventy-five years old1 and when the writer visited his grounds fourteen years later1 every one of his trees was either dead or dying4 ,we may yet find the pecan to be suitable for plateau or mountain land growth1 but as ,mr4 ,onderdonk reports was the case in ,mexico1 it is also the case here4 ,the species must have ample water4 ,with the proper amount of moisture1 neither too much nor yet too little1 there is no way of predicting to what altitudes or even latitudes it may be taken4 ,its northernmost points of native range are near ,davenport1 ,iowa1 and ,terre ,haute1 ,indiana4 ,iowa seed planted in #ahhg1 at ,south ,haven1 ,michigan1 on the eastern shore of ,lake ,michigan1 at a latitude of about #dba_/b degrees1 have never been seriously affected by winter temperatures4 ,however1 they have fruited but little4 ,so far as the writer can ascertain the crops of nuts have been insignificant both as regards quantity and character4 ,dr4 ,deming reports a large tree at ,hartford1 ,conn41 at a latitude of nearly #db degrees which1 judging from a photograph which he took several years ago1 was then #c feet in diameter and quite at home1 so far as growth was concerned4 ,other planted trees are fairly numerous along the ,atlantic ,coast between ,washington and ,new ,york4 ,there is one in the southern part of ,lancaster ,county1 ,pa41 near ,colemanville1 but so far as is known to the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 important crops of nuts have never been realized from any of these northern trees4 ,crops from the native trees in the bottoms north of latitude #ci degrees or approximately that of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and ,vincennes1 ,indiana1 are fairly uncertain4 ,northern nurserymen are now disseminating promising varieties of pecans from what has come to be known as the ,indiana district1 which includes the southwestern part of that state1 northwestern ,kentucky and southwestern ,illinois4 ,in many respects these varieties compare very favorably with the so-called papershells of the southern states4 ,they are believed to be of very great promise for northern planting in sections to which they may be adapted4 ,however1 before any northern varieties are planted for commercial 7orchard7 purposes1 they should be fully tested as to their adaptability in the particular section where the planting is to take place4 ,the commercial propagation of northern varieties of pecans began less than ten years ago2 the first attempts were not generally successful1 and as a result there are no budded or grafted trees of northern varieties yet of bearing age4 ,aside from the pecan there are no named ,pomological varieties of any native nut now being propagated1 with very few exceptions4 ,so far as these exceptions are concerned1 it is probable that fewer than one hundred budded or grafted trees of such varieties are yet of bearing age1 and of such as have attained the age at which fruit might be expected1 exceedingly few have borne in paying quantities for any number of consecutive years4 ,therefore1 with reference to the planting of native nut species for profit1 the truth of the situation is simply this3 ,in the ordinary course of events1 with the exception of the pecan1 years of experimentation in the testing of varieties and in a study of their cultural requirements must be gone through before any native species of nut-bearing trees can be planted in any of the northern states with a certainty of commercial return from nuts alone which would be comparable with that of many other crops which already are upon a well established commercial basis in this part of the country4 ,with reference to two of the foreign species of nuts which have been introduced1 the situation is quite different4 ,in order of commercial importance of the nuts now grown in this country1 two foreign species1 the ,persian 7,english7 walnut and the almond1 stand second and third1 respectively1 the pecan1 which is an ,american species only1 being first4 ,with these exceptions1 the foreign introductions are all in the experimental or test stage1 and while possibly the ,european hazel 7filbert7 may now be making a strong bid for commercial recognition in the northwest1 and the pistache in parts of ,california1 neither species can yet be recommended for commercial planting4 ,with the exception of a few hardshell varieties of almonds1 which are practically as hardy as the peach and which are suitable only for home planting1 as they are in no way to be compared with the almond of commerce1 there is now no indication that this species is destined ever to be come of commercial importance east of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,the ,persian or so-called ,english walnut is of commercial importance in this county only in the far ,western ,states4 ,in the ,south1 it has thus far failed altogether4 ,in the ,north and ,east it has held out gleams of hope1 first bright1 then dull1 for more than a century4 ,there is no way of telling the number of trees of this species which have been planted in the northeastern section of the country1 but let us imagine it to have been sixty thousand4 ,of these fully fifty per cent have succumbed to climatic conditions2 twenty-five per cent have been but semi-hardy1 and possibly twenty-five per cent have attained the bearing age4 ,a part of each of the last two classes have borne crops of commercial size for a number of years4 ,some have produced nuts of good size and quality4 ,a great many of all those surviving are now proving susceptible to a walnut blight upon which ,mr4 ,mc,murran is to report tomorrow4 ,a liberal estimate of the present number of bearing ,persian walnut trees in this part of the country would be ten per cent of the original supposed sixty thousand or six thousand trees4 ,of these1 the writer has positive knowledge of none which are now bearing crops of nuts in such quantity1 and of such size1 and quality and with such regularity and which have so borne for such length of time as to encourage commercial planting4 ,few of the eastern grown nuts are so free from tannin as to be really pleasing to the taste1 or favorably comparable with the best nuts of the market4 ,the writer is now closely watching the best known varieties which the nurserymen are putting out1 but at the present time there is no variety which1 in his judgment1 should be commercially planted without further testing4 ,the proper place for such partially improved species1 as are most of the nut producers hardy in this section at the present time1 is that in which they may be used for more than the single purpose of nut production4 ,most of the species of the botanical family ,juglandaceae1 to which the walnuts and hickories belong1 are slow growers1 and as such1 are objectionable to the average planter4 ,in answer to this1 it may be said that among trees1 slowness of growth is invariably associated with longevity of tree and its value when cut as timber4 ,also1 when due pains are taken1 it is possible to select species which are exceedingly satisfactory in the landscape4 ,several of the slides1 which are to follow1 illustrate the individual beauty of selected nut trees1 and some show their effective use in the landscape4 ,foresters are now advocating the planting of trees in waste places in the country1 especially about farm buildings4 ,there are1 perhaps1 no conspicuous waste places with a greater aggregate area than the strips along the public highway4 ,in certain foreign countries1 these strips are planted to fruit trees and the right of harvest awarded to the highest bidder4 ,the revenue so obtained goes a long way toward keeping the highways in good condition4 ,it is possible that this practice may sometime be introduced into the ,united ,states1 but until public opinion is radically changed1 the planting of fruit trees along the highways can not be expected to yield any satisfactory returns to the public4 ,the experience of ,dr4 ,morris who planted cherry trees along the public road past his farm here in ,connecticut1 where we have just been1 is typical of what1 under present conditions1 might be expected in any part of the country4 ,when the cherries were ripe1 automobile parties came for many miles to pick the fruit1 and when that in the highway was gone1 the cherries from the nearby orchard were taken4 ,in both cases1 the branches were broken down and the trees left in badly mangled condition4 ,dr4 ,morris then tried nursery-grown and expensive evergreens1 but on ,sundays1 automobile parties came again with spades and shovels and dug up the trees4 ,the ratio of population to tillable land in this country is not such that1 for a long time to come1 the ,american people as a whole will be pressed into the using of highway land for the production of crops or into respecting the right of the public to harvest such crops as might be grown in its highways4 ,therefore1 for the present1 except in densely populated1 or in more than ordinarily well regulated communities1 it would be useless to advocate the planting of ordinary fruit trees along the public roadways4 ,irrespective of the possible value of their crops1 fruit trees of most species are both too small and too short-lived to be suitable for highway planting4 ,with nut trees1 the situation is entirely different4 ,the native walnuts1 most species of hickories and the ,american beech are large-growing and long-lived trees4 ,in addition1 they are capable of withstanding severe temperatures2 they are tough and strong and not liable to injury by storm or while being climbed by ordinary persons2 and they readily adapt themselves to a wide range of soil1 moisture1 and climatic conditions4 ,ordinary species of nut trees can not be recommended for the dual purpose of timber and nut production1 as1 for the former purpose1 the trees should be planted close together in order to induce length and straightness of trunk with a minimum of top or bearing surface1 while for the latter1 they should be planted in the open and given space for the maximum development to bearing surface and a minimum length of trunk4 ,the great demand for hickory in the making of axles1 wheels1 and other vehicle parts and handles for tools1 and for walnut in the manufacture of furniture and gun stocks1 makes it not only possible but common practice to use these woods in short lengths4 ,therefore1 both species planted along the highways and in other waste places might profitably be converted into their timber upon reaching maturity1 if their crops of nuts should prove to be of small commercial value4 ,the butternut1 ,j4 cinerea1 is a less symmetrical grower than are the black walnuts4 ,the timber is less valuable and the nuts are cracked with greater difficulty4 ,nevertheless1 it is the most hardy of any native species of ,juglans4 ,its kernels are rich in quality and of a flavor more pleasing to some persons than that of any other nut4 ,cracking the native butternut and marketing the kernels affords the rural people in many sections a fairly profitable means of employment during the winter months4 ,its native range extends farther north than does that of either the eastern black walnut1 or that of the shagbark hickory1 ,hicoria ovata1 and considerably beyond that of the shellbark hickory1 ,h4 laciniosa4 ,therefore1 in view of its hardiness1 and the merit of its kernels1 it is well worthy of consideration for planting in the most northern parts of the country4 ,were it not for the blight which is now making practically a clean sweep of destruction over the eastern states1 wherever the native chestnut is found1 the ,american chestnut1 ,castanea dentata1 would certainly be entitled to leading consideration as a highway1 an ornamental or a nut producing tree4 ,unaffected by blight or other diseases1 it is one of the largest-growing and most graceful species in the eastern ,united ,states4 ,the ,european chestnut is nearly as susceptible to this blight as is the ,american species4 ,the chestnuts from eastern ,asia now appear to be sufficiently immune to offer a practical solution to the situation by their introduction into this country4 ,however1 they commonly lack the sweet agreeable flavor of the ,american species and need hybridizing in order to improve their quality4 ,this1 the ,federal ,department of ,agriculture is now doing1 and in due time1 there may be something to offer in ample quantity which will make a satisfactory substitute for the native species4 ,exclusive of the ,asiatic species and the government hybrids1 there are now no available species which can be recommended for planting in the blight affected area1 and these should be planted only for test purposes4 ,the pines referred to at the outset of this article as being important nut producers are all western species found only on the mountains and nowhere under cultivation4 ,there are at least fourteen ,american species4 ,representatives are found in most of the ,rocky ,mountain states4 ,the most important species is ,pinus edulis4 ,it is found at altitudes of from five to seven thousand feet in the mountains of ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona and northern ,mexico4 ,in favorable years1 the seeds are gathered in enormous quantities under the name of pions1 or according to the ,mexicans1 pinyonies4 ,the nuts are rich in flavor but small and difficult to extract from the shells4 ,they are not well known in the eastern market1 but in the southwest they form a highly important article of food for the ,indians and ,mexicans4 ,these pines are exceedingly slow growers and not of graceful form4 ,they could scarcely be considered for ornamental planting1 except at the altitudes to which they are common1 and then2 probably1 only where some more satisfactory shade trees would not succeed4 ,among all ,american species of trees1 it is probable that in a combination of beauty1 longevity1 strength and hardiness1 the ,american beech1 ,fagus grandifolia1 is unexcelled4 ,although commonly looked upon as being a northern species1 its range extends south to northern ,florida and west to the ,trinity ,river in ,texas4 ,it is most familiar as a clean-barked1 spreading tree1 with low head1 and a height of from fifty to sixty feet4 ,however1 its form depends largely upon environment4 ,the writer has seen it in the bottoms of southwestern ,georgia1 in common with the magnolia1 growing to a height of from seventy-five to one hundred feet and with trunks of two feet in diameter extending upward in a manner which1 with regard to height and uniformity of size1 compared favorably with the long-leafed ,georgia pine4 ,the nuts of the beech are rich in quality and of excellent flavor1 but owing to their small size and the great difficulty attending the extraction of the kernels1 they are not ranked as being of direct importance for human food4 ,their principal use in this country is as a mast crop for turkeys and swine1 for which they serve a most useful purpose4 ,crops which can be used in this manner to good advantage1 thus practically obviating the problems of harvesting1 storing and marketing1 are certainly well worth thinking about in these days of labor scarcity4 ,there are few large sections of the ,united ,states adapted to the growing of trees to which some nut-bearing species is not suited4 ,most species of nut trees are as capable of producing shade and ornamental effect1 and are as hardy and lasting as any others which might be mentioned4 ,in addition1 they produce an edible product which is entering into the list of staple food products with great rapidity4 ,the present scarcity of meats and the consequent high prices are compelling the substitution of other products4 ,the superiority of nuts over practically all other products which are available1 as substitutes1 scarcely needs argument4 ,already1 nuts are being pressed into service as rapidly as production permits1 and perhaps more so than prices and comparative food values justify4 ,singularly enough1 this section of the ,united ,states1 which is the oldest and most thickly populated portion of the country1 and that within which the greatest number of edible species of nuts are indigenous1 is today practically without pomological varieties for planting4 ,within this area1 individuals have made tests of species and varieties for many generations1 yet little progress has resulted4 ,the obvious need is for further test on a large scale4 ,a better opportunity for the making of such a test could scarcely be imagined than that of highway planting4 ,pomologists are firmly recommending the exclusive use of budded or grafted trees4 ,but this advice applies only to orchard planting for the purpose of commercial production4 ,until more and better varieties are known and their merits established1 that portion of the country lying north of the pecan belt and east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 must await the development and trial of new varieties4 ,seedlings must be planted in large numbers from which to select varieties4 ,the process is too slow and the percentage of varieties which may be expected to be worth while too small for it to be possible for the individual to make much headway during an ordinary lifetime4 ,our present system of national highways by which all parts of the country are being connected is perfecting the opportunity4 ,the general planting along these great national highways of elm1 oak1 poplar1 tulip1 cedar1 hemlock1 magnolia1 pine or any other species which1 unless cut1 are capable of producing no crop other than that of shade1 would hardly be in keeping with the present need for utility4 ,it would be giving a questionable degree of thought to the welfare of future generations4 ,to the list of nut trees as utility trees there might be added the sugar maple1 and certain species of prolific-bearing oaks4 ,the former could be drawn upon for the making of syrup and sugar1 and the acorns from the latter could be put to good use as hog and turkey food4 ,in wet sections1 willows might prove useful from which to cut material for baskets1 furniture1 or tying bundles4 ,a way of overcoming the objection of slow growth of some of the nut species might be the alternate planting of quick-growing species which would furnish shade in a minimum length of time1 and which could be cut for pulp or other purposes by the time the nut trees reach maturity4 ,a practical objection to highway planting of nut trees is that unless cared for1 such trees are in danger of becoming breeding places for diseases and insect pests which would quickly spread to nearby orchards4 ,however1 such planting in numbers too small to be worth caring for is not to be considered4 ,already the country is agreed that the maintaining of the middle of the road in such condition that it can render maximum service is a paying investment4 ,the suggestion here made is only as the next step in highway investment4 ,it is a proposition to make more comfortable and attractive the present system of roadways1 and at the same time to help develop new varieties of nut trees for orchard planting4 ,unless such new varieties are soon to become available1 a large part of the country will presently find itself dependent upon outside sources for its principal substitute for meat and its main supply of vegetable fats4 ,a little thought should be able to work out a sound program for the planting of utility trees on practically every highway in this country4 ,since this manuscript was completed1 attention has been called to a reference to a war use of the horse chestnut1 which appears on page #ah of the ,july number of ,my ,garden1 a monthly publication1 with headquarters at #f ,bouverie ,street1 ,fleet ,street1 ,london4 ,as the heading ,,new ,,use ,,for ,,horse ,,chestnuts1 and its sub-head ,cereal ,saving1 both indicate it may be of interest to the ,american people1 although the production of horse chestnuts in this country is not large4 ,the article which is credited to ,the ,times1 is as follows3 ,an important war time use has been found for horse chestnuts by the systematic collection and transport of all the nuts that can be obtained to the centre where they can be utilized4 ,up to the present time cereals have been necessary for the production of an article of great importance in the prosecution of the war4 ,under the direction of the ,food 7,war7 ,committee of the ,royal ,society1 which acts for and in consultation with the ,royal ,commission on ,wheat ,supplies1 the ,minister of ,food1 and the ,minister of ,munitions1 experiments have been carried out during the winter to find a substitute for these cereals1 and thus to set them free for food supplies4 ,brilliant work has ended in the difficulties being overcome1 and the proof that the seeds of the horse chestnuts answer the purpose admirably4 ,except as food for deer and goats the seeds have1 in the past1 been practically a waste crop1 and they can be used instead of cereals1 essential for human consumption1 without interfering with any existing industry or interest4 ,the organization for the collection and transport of all that can be obtained is being rapidly perfected4 ,when the time comes it will be the privilege and duty of every owner of a tree or trees to help and to give facilities for the collection of the nuts4 ,every ton of chestnuts collected will set free an equivalent amount of grain4 ,the tree being chiefly grown for ornamental purposes occurs most freely in towns and private gardens4 ,in some towns it is the practice to remove the young nuts from the trees in ,july so as to prevent them from being stoned and broken by boys later on when the conker demand begins4 ,urban authorities and park-keepers must discontinue the practice this year4 ,chestnut ,day1 early in next autumn1 will have a far wider observance and significance this year than any ,chestnut ,sunday at ,bushey1 or than ,arbor ,day over here1 or even in ,america4 ,for once the small boy will collect the nuts with the full approval of the owner4 ,to prevent any misapprehension it should perhaps be made clear that the horse chestnuts will not themselves be used as food4 ,they are required for another purpose altogether1 and the only way in which they will help the food supplies of the country is by setting free cereals which have now to be consumed in the production of a necessary article4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thursday1 ,,sept4 #f1 #aiag4 ,meeting called to order at #i4cj ,a4 ,m4 ,the ,nominating ,committee reported the renomination of all the officers4 ,the ,secretary was instructed to cast one vote for these candidates4 ,carried4 ,moved and carried that the selection of the time and place for next meeting to be left to the ,executive ,committee with especial consideration of a joint meeting with the ,national ,association at ,albany1 ,georgia4 ,,some ,,insects ,,injuring-,,nut ,,trees4 ,,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,britton1 ,,state ,,entomologist1 ,,connecticut4 ,nut-bearing trees1 like other kinds of trees1 are attacked by insect pests4 ,some kinds are seriously injured by them2 others scarcely at all4 ,some of these insects are borers in the trunk and branches2 some devour the leaves2 some feed inside the nuts and ruin them2 some suck the sap from the stems and leaves4 ,i shall make no attempt in this paper to enumerate these pests4 ,time forbids4 ,i shall only mention a few of the most obvious and most serious1 and where possible1 point out control measures4 ,,the ,,walnut ,,caterpillar4 ,datana integerrima ,g4 ,r4 ,during the month of ,august clusters of blackish caterpillars bearing white hairs1 may be seen stripping the terminal branches of black walnut1 butternut and hickory trees4 ,this is called the walnut caterpillar1 and it has been very abundant in ,connecticut this season4 ,many small trees have been entirely stripped and large ones almost defoliated4 ,there is only one brood each year in ,connecticut1 though two occur in the southern states1 and the pupae winter in the ground4 ,the adult is a reddish brown moth1 having a wing-spread of about one and one-half inches4 ,clipping off the twigs and crushing the mass of caterpillars is perhaps the simplest control method on small trees4 ,spraying with lead arsenate will prevent defoliation4 ,,the ,,fall ,,web-,,worm4 ,hyphantria cunea ,drury4 ,though a general feeder attacking all kinds of fruit1 shade and forest trees1 the fall web-worm commonly feeds upon the foliage of nut trees1 especially hickories1 causing considerable damage in the ,south4 ,the adult is a white moth1 having a wing-spread of an inch or more1 appearing in midsummer and laying its egg-cluster on the under side of a leaf4 ,the young caterpillars make a nest at the end of a lateral branch by drawing the leaves together with their webs4 ,these nests usually appear in ,july and ,august1 though in ,connecticut there is a partial second brood and usually a few nests of the early brood may be found in ,june4 ,in the ,south there are two complete generations4 ,when the larvae have exhausted their food supply1 they extend their nest by taking in fresh leaves1 but always feed inside the nest1 differing in this respect from the tent caterpillar which makes its nests here in ,may4 ,when fully grown the caterpillars are about one and one-fourth inches long1 with brown bodies covered with light brown hairs1 and may be seen crawling about seeking a place to pupate4 ,they soon go into the ground where they transform1 the adults emerging the following year4 ,the best remedies are 7#a7 clipping off and burning the nests when small1 and 7#b7 spraying the foliage with arsenical poison4 ,,the ,,walnut ,,bud ,,moth4 ,acrobasis caryae ,grote8 ,inconspicuous nests containing small caterpillars are often found at the ends of the new shoots of ,juglans regia1 seriously injuring them1 and sometimes killing the trees4 ,one small tree two feet high was killed1 and thirty-five pupae were found in the nests at ,dr4 ,morris' farm in #aiab4 ,the adult is a small gray moth with a wing expanse of about three-fourths of an inch4 ,there are three broods each season in ,connecticut1 the larvae appearing about ,june #a1 ,july #aj and ,august #ah4 ,by spraying the foliage with lead arsenate 7#c lbs4 in #ej gals4 water7 this insect can be controlled4 ,one application should be made about ,june #a1 followed by a second about ,july #aj4 ,though this insect is thought to be ,acrobasis caryae ,grote1 it is often difficult to distinguish some of these species in this genus without a knowledge of their food habits and seasonal life histories4 ,we possess such knowledge regarding this species which we have studied and reared in ,connecticut1 but it is lacking in connection with adult specimens in the ,united ,states ,national ,museum labeled caryae1 which superficially seemed identical with ours4 ,further study1 therefore1 may prove this to be an undescribed species4 ,there are other bud-worms attacking nut trees1 especially in the southern states1 where they cause considerable damage to pecans4 ,,the ,,walnut ,,weevil ,,or ,,curculio4 ,conotrachelus juglandis ,le,c4 ,probably the most serious enemy of ,juglans1 in ,connecticut at least1 is the walnut weevil or curculio1 ,conotrachelus juglandis ,le,c4 ,the larvae tunnel in the tender shoots1 often ruining the new growth1 and they also infest the nuts4 ,the adults feed upon the shoots and leaf petioles4 ,observations on the different hosts indicate that ,juglans cordiformis and ,j4 sieboldiana are preferred1 and the most severely injured1 followed in order by cinerea1 regia1 nigra and mandshurica4 ,though described as early as #ahgf1 little was known about the life history of this insect until the studies were made at the ,station in #aiab by ,mr4 ,kirk and the writer4 ,formerly it was supposed that this insect attacked and injured only the nuts or fruit1 and ,dr4 ,morris in #aiji seems to be the first on record to observe the injury to the shoots of ,juglans regia4 ,it was on the trees of ,dr4 ,morris here in ,stamford and those of ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,champlain at ,lyme that the life history studies were made4 ,there is but one brood each year1 and the winter is passed in the adult stage4 ,the beetles appear the latter part of ,may and feed upon the stems and leaf veins during the egg-laying period1 which extends from the last week in ,may up to ,august #ast4 ,the eggs are laid in irregular crescent-shaped punctures1 similar to those of the plum curculio1 and hatch in from six to twelve days1 depending upon the weather4 ,from four to six weeks are necessary for the development of the larvae1 and when mature they go into the ground where they remain for about ten days an inch or so beneath the surface4 ,they then pupate1 and from sixteen to twenty days later the adult beetles emerge4 ,they fly to the trees and eat small holes chiefly at the base of the leaf petioles1 but must early go into winter quarters as they are seldom seen after the first week in ,september4 ,this insect occurs throughout the ,eastern ,united ,states1 but seems to cause more injury in ,connecticut than has been noted elsewhere4 ,the remedy is to spray the new shoots and under side of the leaves about ,june #a1 with lead arsenate 7#f lbs4 of the paste in #ej gallons of water71 to kill the beetles when feeding on the leaf petioles4 ,,the ,,nut ,,weevils4 ,balaninus sp4 ,several kinds of nuts are attacked and injured by long-beaked snout beetles or weevils belonging to the genus ,balaninus1 the chestnut probably being the most seriously damaged4 ,all of them feed inside the nuts or fruit during the larval stage1 and the larvae are without legs4 ,as both the methods of attack and the life history are similar for all species1 they will be considered here in a group4 ,for the sake of distinguishing them1 however1 their names are mentioned4 ,larger ,chestnut weevil1 ,balaninus proboscideus ,fabr4 ,lesser ,chestnut weevil1 ,b4 rectus ,say4 ,hickory nut or ,pecan weevil1 ,b4 caryae ,horn4 ,hazelnut weevil1 ,b4 obtusus ,blanch4 ,common acorn weevil1 ,b4 quercus ,horn4 ,mottled acorn weevil1 ,b4 nasicus ,say4 ,straight-snouted acorn weevil1 ,b4 orthorhynchus ,chittn4 ,sooty acorn weevil1 ,b4 baculi ,chittn4 ,confused acorn weevil1 ,b4 confusor ,ham4 ,spotted acorn weevil1 ,b4 pardalus ,chittn4 ,all of these weevils pass the winter in the ground in the larval stage1 transforming to pupae about three weeks before the adult beetles emerge1 which varies from ,june1 when they are usually few and scattering1 to ,september1 when they have become abundant4 ,thus there is a single brood each year1 and the larval period lasts from three to five weeks in the nuts and some ten months in the ground1 from two to eight inches below the surface4 ,the control of these weevils is difficult1 and ordinary methods such as spraying are not effective4 ,in fact little can be done other than destroying the weeviled nuts1 which may be fed to hogs4 ,when first gathered the nuts may be fumigated with carbon disulphide4 ,about two fluid ounces of the liquid should be used for each bushel of nuts and placed in a shallow dish on top of the nuts1 which should be enclosed in a tight box or barrel4 ,the period of fumigation should be from #ab to #bd hours4 ,where nuts are not to be used for seed they may be thrown into boiling water for about five minutes--just long enough to kill the weevils4 ,the nuts are then dried and sold4 ,most of the weeviled nuts will rise to the surface and may be discarded1 but this test is not absolute and cannot be depended on to distinguish the sound from the weeviled nuts4 ,,hickory ,,bark ,,beetle ,,or ,,bark ,,borer4 ,scolytus quadrispinosus ,say4 ,outbreaks of the hickory bark borer occur periodically throughout the northeastern ,united ,states1 and during the past five years many hickory trees in this vicinity have died4 ,the adult is a small black beetle appearing in ,may and ,june1 which eats holes in the axils of the leaf stems causing them to fall early--usually in ,july and ,august4 ,brood galleries are then made longitudinally just under the bark of the trunk by the female1 and a row of eggs is placed along either side of this brood chamber4 ,on hatching the grubs1 which are at first very small1 tunnel at right angles to the central chamber1 each making its own separate gallery4 ,these galleries never meet or cross each other1 but must necessarily diverge toward their extremities as they become larger4 ,the effect of this is to girdle the tree which soon dies4 ,the larvae pass the winter under the bark1 finish their development in the spring1 pupate1 and the adults emerge in ,may and ,june from small round holes about the size of bird shot4 ,for control measures1 ,dr4 ,hopkins advises examining the trees during the fall and marking all dead and dying trees within an area of several square miles4 ,then between ,october #a and ,may #a1 cut all such trees and dispose of the infested portion to destroy the insects before the adults emerge4 ,many forms of treatment have been devised and recommended by tree doctors for the control of this insect4 ,some of them may be worth trying2 most are of doubtful value1 and some are absolutely injurious to the trees4 ,on ,july #c1 #aiad1 some affected hickory trees on the ,station grounds were sprayed heavily with powdered lead arsenate1 #d lbs4 in #ej gallons of water1 to which one pint of ,black ,leaf ,no4 #dj was added4 ,two days later many dead beetles were found on the tar walks under the trees1 and a few were observed each day up until about the middle of ,august4 ,most of the trees treated1 however1 had been so badly injured by the insect that they were removed4 ,since then this insect has caused little damage on the grounds1 though a few hickory trees still remain4 ,in #aija an outbreak of the hickory bark beetle caused the death of #aaj trees on the ,hillhouse place in ,new ,haven2 then the destructive work of the insect ceased and the few remaining hickory trees are still standing and in fairly good condition4 ,i mention these instances to show that nature's control methods through parasites and natural enemies is far more effective with certain pests than any which man has yet devised4 ,of course1 we hope that in the future man will make better progress along this line4 ,,the ,,painted ,,hickory ,,borer4 ,cyllene pictus ,drury4 ,there are several borers attacking the wood of the trunk of the hickory1 but one of the commonest is the painted hickory borer4 ,it also occasionally attacks black walnut1 butternut1 mulberry and osage orange4 ,in hickory especially the larval tunnels are often found in the wood when trees are felled4 ,there is probably one brood annually and the winter passed in the pupa stage1 though it may possibly hibernate as a larva4 ,its life history is not fully understood4 ,it is a common occurrence in ,connecticut1 and specimens are sent me every year1 for the adult beetles to emerge in ,march from firewood in the house or cellar and crawl about seeking a chance to escape4 ,the housewife fears that a terrible household pest has descended upon her1 and with fear and trembling invokes the aid of the ,agricultural ,station4 ,the beetles appear outside in ,april and ,may1 and probably oviposit soon afterward4 ,they are about three-fourths of an inch in length and are black1 prettily marked with golden yellow4 ,the insect can be controlled only by the old arduous methods of digging out1 and injecting carbon disulphide into the burrows4 ,several other long-horned beetles are borers in the hickory and other nut trees4 ,then1 too1 the leopard moth1 zeuzera pyrina ,linn41 and the carpenter worm1 ,prionoxystus robiniae ,peck1 may be found occasionally in most any kind of tree4 ,the chestnut tree 7if it has thus far escaped the blight or bark disease7 may show small1 deep tunnels into the wood of trunk and branch1 made by the chestnut timber worm1 ,lymexylon sericeum ,harr4 ,slow-growing woodland trees are more apt to show these galleries than trees of rapid growth standing in the open4 ,there are a number of tussock moths1 sawflies1 beetles1 etc41 which feed on the leaves of nut trees4 ,spraying with lead arsenate will prevent damage4 ,there are also many sucking insects attacking them1 such as the hickory gall aphis1 and several species found on the leaves4 ,some of these may be controlled by spraying with a contact insecticide such as nicotine solution or kerosene emulsion4 ,in the ,southern ,states1 pecan trees are attached by some of these insects which ,i have mentioned2 there are also many more which cannot even be mentioned in the time allotted to this paper4 ,information may be obtained regarding them1 by any one interested1 and for this purpose ,i have appended a short list of publications4 ,,literature4 ,britton1 ,w4 ,e41 and ,kirk1 ,h4 ,b4 ,the ,life ,history of the ,walnut ,weevil or ,curculio4 ,report ,conn4 ,agr4 ,expt4 ,station for #aiab1 page #bdj4 ,brooks1 ,fred ,e4 ,snout ,beetles ,that ,injure ,nuts4 ,bull4 #abh1 ,west ,virginia ,agr4 ,expt4 ,sta41 ,morgantown1 ,w4 ,va41 #aiaj4 ,chittenden1 ,f4 ,h4 ,the ,nut ,weevils1 ,circular #ii1 ,bureau of ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aijh4 ,felt1 ,e4 ,p4 ,insects ,affecting ,park and ,woodland ,trees4 ,memoir ,no4 #h1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,museum1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #b vols41 #aije1 #aijf4 ,gossard1 ,h4 ,a4 ,insects of the ,pecan1 ,bull4 #gi1 ,fla4 ,agr4 ,expt4 ,station1 ,gainesville1 ,fla41 #aije4 ,herrick1 ,g4 ,w4 ,insects ,injurious to ,pecans1 ,bull4 #hf1 ,miss4 ,agr4 ,expt4 ,station1 ,agricultural ,college1 ,miss41 #aijd4 ,hopkins1 ,a4 ,d4 ,the ,dying ,hickory ,trees4 ,circular #add1 ,bureau of ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aiab4 ,kirk1 ,h4 ,b4 ,the ,walnut ,bud ,moth4 ,report ,conn4 ,agr4 ,expt4 ,station for #aiab1 page #bec4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,member3 ,early in the spring ,i noticed something on the hickory trees swollen and bright red in color1 so that the trees were conspicuous from a distance4 ,later insects emerged which appeared to be these little gnats that fly in swarms4 ,,dr4 ,,britton3 ,from the description ,i am not able to say what it was1 but it was probably one of those gall flies1 a great many species of which exist and which attack all kinds of plants4 ,they do not1 as a rule1 cause very serious damage1 and ,i can not suggest any particular remedy4 ,did it interfere with the growth of the tree8 ,a ,,member3 ,i noticed what seemed to be the same insect on the grape vines4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i would call attention to one pest that is very destructive to hazels2 unless watched closely it will produce serious injury4 ,that is the larvae of two of the sawflies4 ,dr4 ,britton was unable to determine off-hand the species of the specimens ,i sent him1 but you may know the sawfly larvae by their habit of collecting in a row like soldiers around the edge of the leaf and when the branch is disturbed1 their heads and tails stand up4 ,these sawfly larvae need looking after and can be killed by spraying4 ,they usually collect on two or three leaves at a time4 ,i would like to ask about a bud worm that attacks the leaf of the hickory near the axil1 sometimes very extensively1 but not very injuriously4 ,at the same time it makes deformities4 ,colonies of this insect select certain trees1 for instance1 the ,taylor tree that you saw yesterday is infected with this particular bud larva4 ,the base of a petiole becomes enlarged two or three times1 and you will find one white worm at the bottom4 ,this colony is confined to this one tree1 and the very next tree adjoining the ,taylor has its branches interwining1 but is not bothered at all1 so far as ,i can determine4 ,this colony habit is also true of the hickory nut weevil--the hickory weevil makes the ,taylor tree a colony house1 whereas ,i haven't found a single weevil in nuts of the adjoining hickory tree that has its branches interwining4 ,that colony habit is1 perhaps1 a weak point with the weevil1 and it may enable us to eradicate them by concentrating our attention upon their colony trees4 ,one point in regard to the chestnut weevil4 ,when our chestnuts began to die here1 ,i supposed that the chestnut weevils would immediately turn to my chinquapins for comfort4 ,weevils attack the chinquapins so extensively in the ,south that ,mr4 ,littlepage said chinquapins would not be acceptable to ,dr4 ,kellogg because they furnished so much animal diet4 7,laughter74 ,curiously enough1 the chestnut weevils did not go to my chinquapins4 ,these chinquapins bear full crops1 heavy crops1 and one will almost never find a chestnut weevil in the nuts4 ,i have found now and then a little weevil1 about half a dozen altogether1 that attacks the involucre at its point of attachment to the chinquapin4 ,this looks like the chestnut weevil1 but perhaps1 only according to my eye1 very much as all ,chinamen look alike to one who has never seen them before4 ,the matter of carbon disulphide for the painted hickory borer4 ,i have used that apparently successfully1 but ,i didn't tunnel through six feet of hickory tree afterward to see whether the borers were dead or not4 ,it is a successful treatment for apple borers4 ,i have no trouble with the apple borers now4 ,i simply clean off the entrance of the hole1 the sawdust1 and then with a little putty spread out with my hand make a sort of putty shelf below the hole1 then ,i squirt in a few drops of carbon disulphide with a syringe1 turn up the putty and leave it adhering to the bark1 closing the hole4 ,you can do that very quickly1 and it spares a good deal of perspiring and backache4 ,the black walnut4 ,on one of my black walnut trees there is a serious pest1 a very little worm which infests the involucre4 ,the black walnuts of this tree fall early4 ,i found that same worm last year also extending to the ,asiatic walnuts1 so that a great many ,japanese walnuts fell early as the black walnuts fall1 as a result of this little worm's working in large numbers within the involucre4 ,i sent some specimens to ,new ,haven for the species to be observed4 ,this will be a very serious matter if it is going to involve the ,english walnuts as it does on ,long ,island4 ,i have found the same thing1 apparently1 on ,long ,island in the black walnut1 in the ,english walnut1 and in the pecan4 ,it causes a serious drop of these nuts at ,dana's ,island1 near ,glen ,cove1 ,long ,island4 ,,the ,,extent ,,of ,,the ,,hardy ,,nut ,,tree ,,nursery ,,business4 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,,new ,,york4 ,for obvious reasons this subject may well be considered as constituting a gauge of commercial nut culture in the ,north2 it is therefore of much more importance than the mere title would suggest4 ,if there is merit in all that has been preached regarding the planting of budded and grafted trees instead of seedlings2 and if it is still true1 as we have long observed1 that the propagation of named varieties of nut trees1 and especially of hardy nut trees1 is successful almost solely in the hands of experts1 the progress of commercial nut culture in the northern states rests largely in the hands of the nurserymen4 ,we may even go further and assert that it rests for the present mainly in the hands of a few nurserymen who have persistently studied the problems pertaining to the taming of a denizen of the forest1 and have persevered with experiments in the face of repeated failure2 for1 as editor of the ,american ,nurseryman1 ,i am in a position to state that with a few exceptions nurserymen generally have not attempted to prepare to supply a demand for hardy1 northern-grown1 improved nursery nut trees4 ,seedling walnuts and hickories have been procurable for years from nurseries all over the country1 as is shown by nursery catalogue listings2 and at least two concerns--one at ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y41 and another at ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41--have advertised nut tree seedlings extensively1 despite the universal nursery practice of budding or grafting or layering practically all other kinds of trees and plants offered for sale as nursery stock--simply because it is not easy to propagate nut trees1 and these nurserymen would take advantage of the growing demand for nut orchards4 ,within established nut circles all this is commonly known4 ,it was my purpose in referring to these conditions to direct the attention of those not posted to what has been done by a half dozen or more conscientious nursery concerns in an endeavor to supply material of quality for the starting of nut orchards or the planting of isolated trees in response to the arguments set forth in behalf of nut culture4 ,my subject lies at the very base of the formation of this association2 for was it not with the idea of directing into safe channels interest which might be aroused in nut culture that the pioneers of the industry in the ,north organized and convened repeatedly to select and propagate and recommend certain varieties8 ,as the result of years of concentrated effort selections have been made and varieties have been named--and to some extent recommended--throughout the northern states4 ,now and for some time past the public has had opportunity to purchase and plant carefully grown budded and grafted true-to-name nursery nut trees of varieties having in the parent trees exceptional characteristics deemed sufficient to warrant propagation and dissemination4 ,i need not go into the matter of years of patient effort on the part of a few nurserymen and of a few investigators who entered the lists solely for the love of ,nature's developments4 ,this1 in brief1 is the rise of the hardy nut tree nursery business4 ,now1 what of its extent8 ,there are upwards of two thousand propagating nurserymen in the country1 but those who have made a specialty of hardy1 northern-grown nut trees are few4 ,they include the ,vincennes ,nurseries1 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed ,son1 ,vincennes1 ,ind42 the ,indiana ,nurseries1 ,j4 ,ford ,wilkinson1 ,rockport1 ,ind42 the ,mc,coy ,nut ,nurseries1 ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy1 president1 ,evansville and ,lake1 ,ind42 the ,maryland ,nurseries1 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,bowie1 ,md42 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pa12 ,j4 ,g4 ,rush1 ,west ,willow1 ,pa42 ,c4 ,k4 ,sober1 ,lewisburg1 ,pa41 and some in the northwest4 ,as showing the extent of the business1 ,mr4 ,reed1 of ,vincennes1 reports demand for nut trees increasing4 ,he had to return orders unfilled last spring4 ,his nurseries have #c1jjj to #d1jjj ,persian walnut trees and about the same number of pecan trees for fall sales2 also about #a1jjj grafted black walnut trees4 ,there are growing in the ,vincennes nurseries ready for budding and grafting #ej1jjj black walnut seedlings and #ej1jjj pecan seedlings4 ,mr4 ,reed said recently3 ,owing to the extreme difficulty of propagating nut trees in the ,north1 ,i think the demand will keep up with the supply4 ,mr4 ,jones sold last year about #h1jjj nut trees which went to points all over the country2 not many to ,california1 or to the far ,south2 a good many to ,new ,jersey1 ,new ,york1 ,maryland1 ,virginia1 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 etc4 ,the largest order was for #fjj trees4 ,a number of orders were for #ajj to #cjj trees4 ,new ,jersey leads in planting1 he finds1 with ,virginia a close second1 in large orders4 ,in small orders1 ,pennsylvania leads with him4 ,mr4 ,mc,coy has done a great deal of experimenting with grafts and he is still at it4 ,he has #dj acres mostly under nut tree cultivation1 and has a considerable number of trees for sale4 ,anyone who has seen the handsome nut tree catalogue issued by ,mr4 ,littlepage1 of the ,maryland ,nurseries1 must have been impressed with the great care taken to produce the attractive trees and nuts there depicted4 ,these nurseries have been recently established and not a great number of trees have yet been offered for sale1 but ,mr4 ,littlepage has #aej1jjj seedling nut trees in his nurseries for propagating purposes4 ,mr4 ,sober's nurseries are devoted almost entirely to the cultivation of chestnut trees4 ,mr4 ,rush's specialty is the ,persian walnut4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson naturally specializes in ,indiana pecan trees4 ,at ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 ,james ,s4 ,mc,glennon and ,conrad ,vollertsen have produced interesting results with filberts imported some years ago from ,germany4 ,they have five-year-old bushes bearing2 these have proved hardy in every way and they have no blight4 ,the nuts compare favorably with the best of the imported kinds4 ,nursery stock will soon be ready in quantity1 and they now have #ejj plants suitable for transplanting4 ,filbert and walnut are the only nut trees grown commercially to any extent in the nurseries of the northwest4 ,a few almond and chestnut trees are grown there1 but the demand for them is very light4 ,j4 ,b4 ,pilkington1 ,portland1 ,ore41 a well-known grower of a general line of nursery stock1 advertises ,french1 ,japanese and ,italian chestnut trees and the ,american ,sweet4 ,filberts are being produced to a considerable extent4 ,at present the nurseries cannot supply the demand for filbert plants1 owing to the limited number of mother plants in the northwest4 ,practically all the nurseries have ,barcelona and ,du ,chilly for sale1 and a number have the ,avelines4 ,from one nursery or another ,de ,alger1 ,kentish ,cob and a few other varieties can be had4 ,persian walnuts are grown on a larger scale4 ,groner ,mc,clure1 ,hillsboro1 ,ore41 are the largest exclusive walnut nurserymen in the northwest4 ,they produce close to #f1jjj grafted trees annually4 ,these sell at #ij;c4 to #a4jj per tree in lots of #ajj4 ,the ,oregon ,nursery ,company1 ,orenco1 ,ore41 produce a large number of both grafted and seedling walnut trees1 asking up to #b4jj per tree for grafted and #ce to #ej;c4 for seedlings4 ,many of the smaller nurseries procure their nut trees from ,california nurseries4 ,each year the proportion of seedlings planted is less4 ,franquette is the popular variety that is propagated4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association and one or two other similar organizations have labored for years to extend interest in nut culture4 ,the files of the secretary of this association will show in heaps of letters and piles of newspaper clippings the marked success in view of the means that were at hand4 ,and it has all been upon a high plane4 ,the campaigns have been marked by the utmost degree of conscientious effort to arrive at the truth regarding1 adaptability of varieties and cultural methods4 ,this work is still in progress--indeed1 the need for it will never end4 ,but in the opinion of the writer there should from this day go hand in hand with investigation and experiment a very practical application to orchard purposes of what has been learned4 ,the sooner northern nut trees come into bearing in grove form the sooner will general interest in nut culture increase4 ,i would urge constant effort in that direction2 even1 if need be1 to the exclusion of some of the further study on varieties4 ,there are now grown in northern nut tree nurseries approved by this association named varieties of pecans1 ,persian walnuts1 black walnuts1 hickories and some other nuts amply sufficient to start orchards4 ,the pecan growers of the southern states selected and experimented and discussed for a time--and then they planted4 ,mistakes were made1 but these were discovered quicker by grove planting4 ,now they are shipping improved varieties of pecans by the carload1 at #ab1jjj per car4 ,naturally interest in pecan culture in the ,south is widespread4 ,with bearing orchards of nut trees in the northern states1 similar interest will be manifested2 and then we shall all see the real progress which comes of producing commercial results4 ,has not the time arrived to put into practical operation what has been learned in the last eight years8 ,i believe this association could wisely consider the policy of confining discussion in the open session of its annual meetings to topics relating to behavior of varieties in orchard form and commercial cultural methods--at least to the handling of the planted tree by the public1 whether isolated or in orchard rows--and reserve for executive sessions the discussion of varieties and methods not yet at a stage for formal endorsement by the association4 ,it seems to me that any other policy obscures the issue which1 ,i take it1 is to foster the extension of nut culture4 ,how can nut culture be practically extended if the public is constantly confronted with features of the experimental stage8 ,persons mildly interested in nut culture1 as the result1 perhaps1 of association propaganda1 drift into our meetings or make ad interim inquiry and receive for membership enrollment1 or otherwise1 printed matter relating almost wholly to experimentation in nut work4 ,no wonder their interest wanes a short time afterward and many of them are not heard from again4 ,what most of them expected was information as to varieties of improved nut trees available1 where to get them and how to treat them when planted4 ,discussion by the experts is not for them2 they will reap the result of that in due time4 ,now1 the extent of the hardy nut tree nursery industry is directly dependent upon all this4 ,if that extent is not yet great1 it is due undoubtedly to the newness of the industry4 ,but it is also due in part to conditions which have been referred to4 ,i wish especially for the purposes of this address that this association were an incorporated body so that ,i could speak of it as such and not seem to be criticising individuals4 ,what has been done by our officers and members has been very necessary4 ,it is of the future that ,i speak4 ,nut brokers1 wholesale grocers and manufacturers of confectionery are calling for crop and market reports of nuts4 ,a letter from a large commission house in ,san ,francisco1 importers and exporters1 says that what is wanted is information as to growing crops of nuts and market conditions4 ,other brokers and dealers ask the same thing4 ,the ,american ,nut ,journal has given crop and market conditions of southern pecans and ,california walnuts and almonds2 and1 in peace times1 of foreign nut crops4 ,what else is there to give8 ,the native nut crop8 ,but that concerns this association about as much as the blueberry and huckleberry crops of the ,michigan and ,minnesota barrens concerns the horticultural societies and the ,national ,apple ,growers4 ,what the brokers1 wholesale grocers and commission merchants want is crop and market reports on cultivated nuts4 ,but where are they8 ,the public and the middlemen are calling for nuts4 ,and these people write that they are not interested in cultural methods4 ,the hardy nut tree nursery business is what it is and will be what it will be just in proportion to the character of the crop and the market report4 ,interest in nut culture generally will lag or increase in just the same ratio4 ,this is the eighth annual convention of this association4 ,will the sixteenth annual meeting see a greatly augmented membership without a practical incentive8 ,i have said that this association has recommended to some extent the planting of nut trees--the named varieties4 ,i believe that what is needed is a publicity campaign bearing upon the planting of the varieties now on the market4 ,when other varieties come on they may receive proper attention4 ,native nuts are in great demand4 ,the varieties considered by this association are the best of the natives4 ,is that not sufficient basis to proceed on8 ,has not this association officially endorsed the varieties grown by the nut tree nurserymen we have referred to1 by officially endorsing those nurserymen8 ,having endorsed the named varieties grown for sale by the nurserymen on its approved list can this association consistently do otherwise then to urge without hesitation the planting of those varieties by the public8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,mr4 ,olcott spoke on the almonds of the ,pacific ,coast4 ,here in the east it was said yesterday that only hard shelled almonds would thrive4 ,that has been my experience with one exception4 ,i got from a missionary some soft shelled almonds of very high quality and thin shelled4 ,there were about twenty of those almonds1 ,i ate two and planted the rest4 ,the ants enjoyed the sprouting cotyledons of all but one4 ,that one lived and thrived and grew in two years to a height of about four feet4 ,in its third winter it was absolutely killed4 ,now that means that somewhere in ,syria there is a soft shelled almond of very high quality that will live three years in ,connecticut according to accurate record4 ,it may live fifty years here if well started and protected when young4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,you showed us some hard shelled almonds ,i believe from your place4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,the hard shelled almonds do pretty well on my place if looked after4 ,i have had trees that bore nearly a bushel each1 but the chief difficulty is due to the leaf blights4 ,almond trees are quite subject to leaf blights4 ,as long as ,i sprayed the almond trees frequently they did well but ,i had several other things to do and couldn't keep it up4 ,a ,,member3 ,the ,association has a list of nurserymen who are reliable and who will furnish reliable trees4 ,it occurred to me in line with the spirit of ,mr4 ,olcott's paper1 if it would be practicable1 for the ,association to get up a little paper on approved varieties of trees for planting4 ,that may seem foolish to suggest but a good many members who come in here are very green on the subject of nut growing4 ,it may have been done but if it has ,i am not familiar with it4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,a good many requests are received by the secretary for information as to what nut trees to plant4 ,my advice usually is that they get the catalogues of all the different nurserymen on our approved list and select from those catalogues as many nut trees of each variety recommended by the nurserymen as they wish and give them the best cultural conditions they can4 ,i don't see that we can recommend any particular varieties4 ,there are few enough grafted varieties of nut trees obtainable1 and ,i do not see that we can1 as an association1 recommend any particular varieties4 ,i would like to have suggestions4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i ,don't ,think ,it ,is ,advisable for the ,association ,to go into that detail4 ,i think that as the association has endorsed a list of nurserymen1 so long as those nurserymen keep within boundary and retain that endorsement that is sufficient guarantee to the public4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,we cannot recommend the different varieties because they have not been tested out and fruited4 ,in the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association data are obtainable because they have been worked out by experiment stations and by individuals4 ,but in this association where varieties are just being discovered and have not been disseminated and tried we have got to test them4 ,we haven't got developed beyond the infant class in this ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,a ,,member3 ,i realize that the thing is in an experimental stage1 but since ,i have been at this meeting ,i have been asked by two different people here if ,i could give them any information as to what varieties to plant4 ,that is a very live question for a person here for the first time and he wants a primer4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,we had a circular1 now exhausted1 giving the best information known at that time4 ,it gave the method of procedure from the cultivation of the land until the nut trees were advanced several years in their growth1 covering it in detail in so far as it lay in the secretary's ability to give it at that time4 ,the same advice perhaps would not be given now but it would be practically the same thing4 ,it may be desirable that we reprint something of the kind for the person who wants to begin the cultivation of nuts and has no knowledge on the subject4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i think the association might do something of the kind4 ,we could have a map of the states for instance1 and have that outlined in belts and varieties specified that would be somewhat likely to succeed in those belts4 ,,mr4 ,,chairman3 ,i think it is only a question of time when that will be done4 ,in the ,national ,association that has been worked out1 what they plant in ,florida what they plant in west ,georgia1 what they plant in ,mississippi1 and what they plant in all the different sections4 ,i think it is only a question of time when it will be worked out by this association4 ,every year will bring in new data4 ,you will find in the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association that good reports on new varieties of nuts from year to year keep accumulating4 ,from that we get data very definite for certain varieties4 ,i expect the members of this association will know lots of them4 ,they have become past history in nut growing in the south4 ,we have got past those poor things and in to something that is definite and satisfactory4 ,,mr4 ,,bartlett3 ,would it be possible and advisable for the association to have such a thing as an experimental orchard1 provided they could get somebody to take care of such a place8 ,there is a man in this room who has plenty of room and facilities for taking care of an orchard4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,that is worthy of attention but ,i do not know whether the association is in a position to take care of it4 ,in my paper yesterday ,i spoke about putting it up to the experiment stations4 ,,col4 ,,van ,,duzee3 ,the experiment stations are at the service of the people and if you will call upon your stations repeatedly they will respond eventually4 ,it is going to take some little time but it seems to me that they are the logical people to carry it out4 ,we have found in the south that the behaviour of varieties in different localities was so different that we have been obliged to wait until each locality had something of history to guide us4 ,i suppose it would be a very good plan if all who are interested in nut culture in the ,north would convey the information to their experiment stations that they are desirous of having these orchards established4 ,eventually the country could be covered with little experimental plots where the information obtained would be reliable1 where the work could be under the supervision and inspection of people who are paid by the state for that purpose4 ,now in regard to the publicity4 ,we have followed a plan for a number of years in the ,south of publishing frequently what we call ,nut ,notes4 ,they were gathered together by the editor of the ,nut ,grower4 ,whenever an item of interest to the public came to him in his exchange and from any other source1 he made a paragraph of it and then at the end of the month1 or perhaps two months1 he would publish a little circular ,nut ,notes1 and that would be run off in some large number1 and distributed to the nurserymen1 or other interested people1 and they would simply enclose it in their correspondence4 ,they would send them to the local papers all through the ,south so that the things that were found worthy of dissemination in the way of new records and new ideas were constantly being sent to the local papers and to the interested people in that way4 ,i have a vast sympathy for ,dr4 ,deming4 ,he is not drawing a princely salary and he has a lot of things to do4 ,i know his heart is in this work and he would be glad to do these things but he must have help4 ,these two ways ,i suggest to you are ways we have found in the ,south to accomplish a considerable work4 ,make a demand upon your experiment stations that this work be taken up and get ,mr4 ,olcott to print the slips and then get the nurserymen who are interested and the local newspaper people to publish the nut notes that become available from time to time4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i have knowledge of these circulars of ,nut ,notes sent out by ,dr4 ,wilson in the ,south and have thought of doing something like it but have not gotten at it yet4 ,i have exchanges and notices coming in that could be summarized just that way and even more extensively but ,i haven't had time to do this work4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i think this proposal of ,mr4 ,bartlett's is very important and ,i promise ,mr4 ,bartlett and ,mr4 ,barrows that all the members of this association will help4 ,i am sure ,dr4 ,morris will be glad to give advice about planting this orchard4 ,i haven't the slightest doubt that ,mr4 ,reed will go there in his position as ,nut ,culturist of the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,i think we ought to go ahead and do that without waiting for the ,connecticut authorities1 but at the earliest opportunity begin to try to interest them4 ,they are not interested enough to go into it now4 ,some of the members of this association have got to start this thing and then we have got to interest the men at the agricultural experiment station4 ,two of them were here yesterday and have expressed their interest in the subject4 ,we hope eventually that they will take full charge of such work which really ought to be in the hands of self perpetuating institutions and not in the hands of individuals4 ,i can assure ,mr4 ,bartlett of the hearty co-operation of this association in any planting of that kind and ,i wish that the steps might be taken at once to begin such a planting4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i would be only too glad to give him some trees to start with4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,the nurseries growing these trees would be glad to cooperate and supply these trees at reduced prices for this experimental orchard4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,there seems to be lots of interest in this matter but it ought not to be on a voluntary basis4 ,it might be interesting to you to have an idea of how we have done that further south4 ,in ,north ,carolina we have definite nut projects on our experiment station's list4 ,the work is outlined and funds appropriated for carrying it out1 and workers and funds are assigned to that particular project4 ,they have a regular definite program and when a project is once begun that project has to be reported on4 ,it cannot be discontinued4 ,it has to be continued until it is worked out4 ,in that way we are getting something definite and we have some machinery to work with4 ,at first we had no commercial nut growing4 ,we instituted a nut survey of the state4 ,we issued instructions for our extension men to look out for nut trees on the farms4 ,then we made a list of the growers and orchards4 ,there we made experimental planting and we made them in every section of the state so as to find out what varieties were best for the different sections4 ,we had difficulty in finding varieties for all of our conditions4 ,we had experiment orchards in all of the various sections of the ,state which have been conducted now for ten years and we have very definite data4 ,the man who writes in to me for information can be answered shortly4 ,every year we are getting new data4 ,i think every tree that we can get from any nursery catalogue that ,i can find is in those experimental orchards4 ,every year eliminates a few4 ,if the stocks are good we work them over4 ,there is no uncertainty about it4 ,it is either a positive or a negative result4 ,these results are published just as soon as they can be4 ,it is part of our experiment work just as we experiment with cotton or apples or corn4 ,i made a suggestion in my paper for work of this kind here and ,i thought it would be picked up by the ,committee on ,resolutions1 but it was not acted on4 ,to get this matter crystallized and get it to the attention of the experimental station ,i think that the secretary ought to be empowered to write officially to the directors of the experiment station in the various states asking that a nut survey be made of those states and that nut projects be entered upon and especially the testing of the varieties that have been found in the various states4 ,,dr4 ,,britton3 ,representing the ,connecticut station ,i can say that the men there will be glad to help you1 but they are in the same position as ,dr4 ,deming1 doing all they can at present1 more than they ought to do1 and most of the funds for that reason are arranged for in definite projects4 ,that being the case1 it will be necessary to provide for a future appropriation4 ,during his war we are all short handed4 ,i have four young men working in my department who have not had a day's vacation this summer--more work than they can do4 ,at present we have no one connected with the station who is a specialist on nuts1 and it would mean getting in a man to work up this subject4 ,but ,i think that can be brought about in time4 ,of course if the legislature is asked for any appropriation1 this association or those interested in growing nuts would have to help get the appropriation for the state4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,prof4 ,hutt is ,state ,horticulturist of his state and he is also a specialist on nuts4 ,he lives in a state where nut culture is much further advanced than it is here1 consequently it has been1 it seems to me1 a good deal simpler for him to accomplish results there than it is for us here4 ,i approve of grasping this opportunity and going ahead with it and at the same time following up the suggestions of ,dr4 ,britton of trying to get the appropriation in order to enable the agricultural experiment station to take action4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i move that the secretary be asked to communicate with the experiment stations in the various states along just the lines you suggested for the purpose of getting started4 ,the motion1 duly seconded1 was passed4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i would like to make another motion that the association do whatever it can to take advantage of this opportunity that ,mr4 ,bartlett has just spoken about1 and ,i would move that the matter be put in the hands of the secretary with power to act4 ,mr4 ,webber seconded the motion and it was carried4 ,,nut ,,trees ,,for ,,shade4 ,,francis ,a4 ,,bartlett1 ,,connecticut4 ,were we to limit our shade trees to those trees which alone produce edible nuts we would then have a greater assortment of trees than one could hardly suppose1 and not only would be varieties be numerous but they would embrace many of our most noble and most beautiful trees4 ,let us consider the varieties from which we may draw4 ,in so doing let me ask why1 with all these trees1 we really need other trees which in themselves are no more ornamental and are non-producing4 ,of the oaks there are many1 while the nuts or acorns are seldom eaten by man1 yet they have often composed his diet when other foods have failed4 ,in many parts of the ,south this nut has been the principal food used in the fattening1 or possibly the sustaining food1 of the native razor-back hog4 ,our native beech produces the small triangular nuts which have been sought by the boys and girls of centuries and are as popular today as of hundreds of years ago4 ,the beech will grow to immense size and may live sometimes for centuries4 ,a beautiful bright smooth foliage makes it very desirable as a park tree and it does not lose its charm in winter4 ,on an extensive lawn it makes a very desirable tree but in close proximity to the house the one objection there may be is that the dead foliage seems to cling to the twigs sometimes the entire winter4 ,this objection is more pronounced1 however1 in the younger trees than in the older ones4 ,our native black walnut is a magnificent tree which can compare favorably with the finest oak in size1 in shape1 in picturesqueness and above all1 in its huge nuts1 which are both wholesome and delicious4 ,were it not for the great value of its wood for making gun stocks and for cabinet work we would today have hundreds of these trees growing1 where now but few can be found2 yet there are individual specimens with spread of over #aej feet and as magnificent and majestic as the finest oak4 ,our native chestnut2 let us not think of it in memory only1 though the pride of our forests seems to have left us after the scourge of the chestnut blight4 ,unless the history of all scourges has been upset we will find some tree somewhere sometime that is blight resistant and then from this tree we will produce and propagate the chestnut back to its own4 ,at least1 as far as an ornamental and useful nut-producing tree is concerned4 ,should we find no tree in all this huge area which is disease-resistant we have at least one hope in the chestnut brought from ,china1 where for probable centuries this disease has been present1 but unable to destroy its host1 the chestnut4 ,already in this country there are thousands of these seedlings growing which are apparently disease-resistant4 ,the tree itself compares very favorably with our native tree4 ,we will yet grow our favorite chestnuts and our children will yet enjoy them as we have done in the days of our youth4 ,we must not forget the chinkapin1 the little brother of the chestnut1 but a better fighter of its enemies1 for this latter tree is almost resistant to the blight and will bloom and bear nuts while only a little tree1 and the nuts are sweet and good4 ,then1 too1 it is not necessary to climb the tree to gather the nuts for the tree being small the nuts can almost be gathered from the ground4 ,for planting over rocky banks and hillsides nothing is more handsome4 ,the dark green foliage dotted here and there with the bright green burrs always attracts favorable attention and comment4 ,our butternut1 too1 cannot be omitted1 for there are few better flavored nuts than the butternut4 ,though hard to crack1 this fault1 if it may be a fault1 will soon be overcome1 for we will find a tree with thin-shelled nuts somewhere4 ,they are no doubt present and when we do find such a tree we may all propagate from it4 ,though the tree is a rather irregular grower and is susceptible to certain bark diseases yet it has its place in the home planting for its compound leaves and light bark always shows prominently in the landscape4 ,this tree sometimes grows to an immense size4 ,at my early home in ,massachusetts one huge butternut stood in the yard4 ,though the tree died long before ,i became especially interested in old trees ,i remember that we counted the annular rings and as near as ,i can recall the figures for its measurements and rings were #ac ft4 in circumference and #hj annular rings4 ,the trunk was perfectly solid and showed no signs of decay4 ,many bushels of nuts were gathered from this one tree yearly and ,i can remember the long winter evenings when we sat in the kitchen cracking the nuts from this old tree4 ,some have said the butternut is unsatisfactory as an ornamental tree but let me add--do not neglect it in the planting plan for it will give you much pleasure1 and1 too1 the meats are well worth the trouble in cracking the nuts even though a bruised finger may result4 ,to the family of the walnut we are indebted to ,japan for the beautiful and tropical foliage of the ,japanese walnut1 ,sieboldiana4 ,although the tree has many characteristics of the butternut the foliage is much more luxuriant and it is an admirable tree for planting in the open lawn4 ,the individual fruit of the ,sieboldiana walnut is similar in appearance to that of the butternut and is borne in clusters or racemes1 sometimes as many as twenty or more in a cluster1 and is equal in every way to that of the butternut but the nuts being smaller contain a much less quantity of meat4 ,the king of the walnuts1 ,juglans regia1 sometimes called ,madeira walnut1 ,persian walnut1 ,spanish walnut and ,english walnut1 is the finest of the nuts as far as the fruit is concerned1 and is a handsome tree growing to immense size with large spreading branches and almost tropical foliage4 ,for over #aej years this tree has been growing and thriving in our immediate neighborhood1 producing bushels of nuts annually1 yet few people whom we have met will hardly believe that the ,english walnut will thrive in this northern latitude4 ,there is one specimen of this tree today with which ,i am familiar in ,tarry town1 ,n4 ,y41 which is over #b feet in diameter1 with a spread of #ge feet or more and nearly #ajj feet in height4 ,while the tree has not produced regularly yet it bears a few nuts each year and sometimes numbers of bushels4 ,the ,english walnut always attracts attention on account of its symmetrical growth and its luxuriant foliage4 ,as a shade tree there are few better4 ,of the nut family the one truly ,american tree of which we should be duly proud is the hickory1 this tree being found in no other part of the world1 with the exception of ,china1 but ,north ,america4 ,as a park or roadside tree there are few trees that can compare with it1--upright in growth with a beautifully rounded head1 sometimes growing to immense size and producing nuts almost annually4 ,of this group of trees we have the shellbark1 shagbark and pignut4 ,the pignut being of little value as far as the nuts are concerned1 yet having smaller and possibly more luxuriant foliage than the shagbark or shellbark4 ,the shagbark is the nut most sought for by the younger generations and bids fair to become a nut of considerable importance4 ,it seems strange that in the long history of the hickory or shagbark more has not been done in the improvement of the nuts in the growing of large thin-shelled and sweeter nuts4 ,trees bearing such nuts do exist and ,i think most of us can recall certain trees in our boyhood days that produced nuts of far superior quality than are ordinarily found from the common tree4 ,at least1 ,i can recall one tree from which twenty-five years ago there was produced a very large fine sweet nut which was sought by all the children in the neighborhood4 ,this tree1 however1 has passed away with hundreds of others1 either by the hickory bark beetle or the axe4 ,it is well to mention the filbert and hazel4 ,while not really trees the filbert sometimes reaches a height of #e ft4 or more with very luxuriant foliage in the summer and in the early spring the catkins are very prominent and attractive4 ,there is no reason why the filbert should not be grown more extensively even though it is affected by blight or canker4 ,we are assured that this can be readily cut away with less trouble than the ordinary treatment of trees4 ,of the hazel there are two kinds1 the common hazel and beaked hazel1 both native here4 ,while the nuts of these shrubs are really too small to be of any commercial value yet ,i believe we will find nuts growing somewhere that are as large as our imported filberts4 ,of the pines and evergreens there are a number which produce nuts of which ,dr4 ,morris has told us4 ,some of them are rapid growing trees and there seems to be good reason why we should not plant out evergreens which produce fruit and are just as attractive and fine as those evergreens which produce shade only4 ,i have not mentioned one tree which ,i believe to be the most promising for this locality--that is the pecan4 ,it has been demonstrated that we can grow the pecan on our native hickories and from what ,i have seen of the wonderful growth of the first year of the bud ,i am sure we will be able to produce as fine pecans as can be produced in any section of the country1 and further than that1 we have an unlimited number of native hickories on which we can graft this finest of nuts4 ,the pecan is hardy in this locality and farther north4 ,i have seen it grown to a fair sized tree in ,connecticut4 ,i have seen it on the south side of ,long ,island and have seen one tree planted possibly over #ajj years near ,oyster ,bay1 ,l4 ,i4 which today is more than #c ft4 in diameter and reaches possibly #ge ft4 in height4 ,the pecan1 too1 is fruiting on ,long ,island and ,i believe we will have it fruiting in this locality within the next two or three years4 ,during the last few years ,i have talked with numbers of people1 many of them owners of large estates who could hardly believe it is possible to grow the ,english walnut and pecan in this latitude4 ,i have said that were we to limit our shade trees to those trees alone which produce edible nuts we would then have a greater assortment than one could hardly suppose4 ,each and every one of the trees ,i have mentioned were they not to produce a single nut would in themselves equal or surpass almost any tree in beauty and majesty4 ,were we to develop a park and limit the plantings to nut trees alone how attractive such a park might be--the taller trees in the background to be of the black walnut and beech4 ,these trees to be banked with the smaller trees of the butternut and ,english walnut4 ,over the rocky places we could plant the chinkapin and hazel4 ,we could then put in specimen trees of the hickory and pecans with groups of filberts1 dotted here and there with plantings of nut bearing pines4 ,i believe such a planting would be as attractive as a planting of an added number of our ordinary shade trees4 ,let us imagine what the return from such a planting might mean to the public or the owners4 ,in fifty years from this time1 and in speaking of nut trees looking forward to fifty years is but a comparatively short time1 our roadside trees could be replaced by nut bearing trees which are as attractive as any shade tree4 ,i have no doubt that in this city alone were the roadsides planted with nut trees and these received reasonable care the returns from these trees would pay the entire city and town tax4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,mr4 ,bartlett said that the hickory belonged only to ,north ,america4 ,that was supposed to be the case until very recently ,mr4 ,meyer1 an agricultural explorer1 found an open bud hickory in ,china4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,mr4 ,bartlett said he hoped the day would come when the filbert and hazels would be produced in this country4 ,i saw last week the report of a crop in ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 on five-year old filbert bushes that had been pronounced as good as imported nuts in quality and certainly were in size1 and finer in coloring4 ,i have some photographs of the trees on which they grew4 ,these were the trees which were described in detail in a paper read at the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association at ,nashville last year by ,mr4 ,mc,glennon1 of ,rochester4 ,he told me that all he said at that time stands1 with the addition that since then he has had proof regarding the absence of blight and the extreme hardiness of the trees and their continued bearing4 ,the trees are grown for propagating purposes and not for fruit1 and therefore they are not in their best condition for bearing4 ,mr4 ,mc,glennon is a business man of ,rochester1 with no special experience except that he became interested in some southern pecan plantings4 ,afterwards the filbert planting came up and he worked with ,mr4 ,vollertson1 who was experienced in this work in ,germany4 ,he and ,mr4 ,mc,glennon imported #bb kinds of filberts from ,europe4 ,they are so far blight-proof and extremely hardy and are bearing4 ,,mrs4 ,,irwin3 ,i would like to say that ,i do not think there is enough publicity given this organization4 ,there are a number of people1 to whom ,i casually mentioned yesterday1 that ,i had become interested in this thing1 but they had not seen the ,advocate and knew nothing about the meeting4 ,they are interested1 ,i think1 and it seems to me that an organization for growth must have publicity and a lot of it4 ,a ,,member3 ,we were discussing this morning why we did not have a larger number of people here from ,stamford and ,greenwich4 ,it is the merest chance ,i saw the notice4 ,i have been interested for some time4 ,i think there should be greater publicity because only by large membership can we get the growth and the standing that we want4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,even a good many people in the vicinity who knew about this conference and said they would be interested to come1 have not appeared4 ,our meeting came to ,stamford this year because there are so many wealthy people interested in horticulture in ,stamford and ,greenwich4 ,very large funds are required for development of this subject1 experimental orchards1 publication and publicity4 ,we believed here we would strike the sort of men to further public interest in the subject4 ,this is by all means the smallest local attendance1 however1 that we have ever had since the beginning of the ,association in any part of the country4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,we have never had the advertising more thoroughly done4 ,mr4 ,bartlett and ,mr4 ,staunton and ,dr4 ,morris and ,i have all worked at it2 notices have been in at least three of the ,new ,york papers1 clippings of which have been sent me1 and articles in ,ansonia and ,hartford papers2 articles and programs have been sent repeatedly to ,stamford1 ,greenwich1 ,darien1 ,port ,chester1 ,danbury1 ,ridgefield and ,new ,canaan papers4 ,dr4 ,morris has written personal letters4 ,and then1 too1 there are the signs around here4 ,i don't know what other measures could have been taken4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,my chauffeur1 who is in the ,naval ,reserve1 and doesn't know about nuts at all1 dropped in casually yesterday1 but stayed through the whole session4 ,that shows what interest might be aroused if only you can catch people4 ,no trouble to hold them when captured4 ,every person who has come into this association has done so because of something from the heart within4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,on this subject of publicity1 ,i have done something in a very humble way that ,i thought might help1 and this year ,i am planning to do it to a little larger extent4 ,i have been very much interested in the butternut4 ,the concern with which ,i am associated has a connection with general stores throughout the country1 so ,i sent circulars calling attention to the butternut prizes to the general stores in the smaller towns throughout ,new ,hampshire and ,vermont4 ,that circular invited the people who had specimens of butternuts that they thought superior to send them to ,dr4 ,deming1 and in the same circular ,i called attention to the fact that there were prizes for other nuts1 and invited them to communicate with ,dr4 ,deming4 ,it was all done in the name of the ,association4 ,,prof4 ,,hutt3 ,when we started our meeting we announced a question box4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,we expected to have a revised proof of our question box to be distributed among the audience1 but it has not come4 ,i would like to ask any one who now desires to ask questions relative to nut culture to do so and ,i think he will be able to get answers from members present4 ,i had better begin by propounding a question myself that has been asked often--what variety of nut trees to plant--and ,i am going to make a short answer myself1 just to bring about discussion4 ,for early bearing1 and encouragement to the nut grower1 plant chinkapins1 hazels1 or filberts1 many varieties1 so that they will pollenize one another1 and plant ,japanese walnuts1 early bearing and beautiful trees4 ,for later results plant ,persian walnuts1 the ,franquette and ,mayette varieties1 which are old standard ones4 ,if you want to go a little bit more experimentally1 plant pecans1 say the ,indiana and ,busseron varieties1 both from the ,indiana district1 and both hardy1 though neither of them have fruited here4 ,plant some black walnuts1 say of the ,stabler and the ,thomes varieties1 which are the best known1 and plant a few shagbark hickories4 ,there are very few varieties to be had in the shagbark4 ,we don't know much about the ,kirtland1 although that is one of the best nuts4 ,we know little of the bearing records of these trees4 ,i leave this answer for emendation1 addition or correction4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,has anybody any ,kirtland hickories in stock grafted for sale8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 #ajj to #aej4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,have you any ,weicker8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,yes1 some are in stock for sale4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,hales's hickories8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,no1 not grown4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,the ,hales' nut is big1 too coarse and not very good4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,the kernel is yellowish4 ,,dr4 ,,britton3 ,i would like to ask ,dr4 ,morris what time of the year he would advise pruning the ,persian walnuts here in ,stamford4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,the editor of a horticultural journal at one time set out to get opinions about the best time for pruning peaches4 ,there were opinions from all points as to whether peach trees should be trimmed in winter1 spring1 summer or autumn1 and summing up all of the replies1 the editor said1 ,we have come to the conclusion that the right time to prune peach trees is when your knife is sharp4 ,i presume that that in a way will apply to almost all trees4 ,pruning the walnut trees in the spring when sap is flowing freely would not be desirable1 ,i should think4 ,walnut trees need very little pruning4 ,very few of the nut trees need pruning1 excepting the hazels4 ,these need to be pruned in order to put them in good head4 ,and possibly some of the hickories1 but for the most part ,i doubt if pruning is desirable1 save for broken branches4 ,i leave that to ,mr4 ,jones4 ,,dr4 ,,britton3 ,the reason why ,i asked the question is that when we were carrying on this investigation with the walnut weevil1 we found that when branches were cut early in the spring there was nearly always a bad wound that did not heal over4 ,it died back around the place4 ,but when we cut branches later1 from the first to the middle of ,june1 when the growth was taking place1 it healed over very smoothly without leaving any bad scars1 and ,i was wondering whether that happened over the region where the ,persian walnut was grown4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i am glad to have that observation that the wounds did not granulate and heal well4 ,i have noticed that the shag bark hickory cannot be cut well for scions in the spring without injuring the rest of the limb on the tree4 ,i have cut back the ,taylor tree's lower branches1 in order to cut off scions1 and almost every branch from which ,i have cut scions is dead or dying4 ,that is perhaps in line with the observation of ,dr4 ,britton4 ,some of the juglandaciae cannot be cut in the spring4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i have found that in cutting scions of walnut trees when the sap is running the tree bleeds and makes a bad wound and doesn't heal over4 ,it dies back4 ,but if you cut those any time in the winter when you have say two or three days without freezing1 they will not bleed then nor in the spring when the sap comes up4 ,also1 if cut after the growth is well started1 they won't bleed very much4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,are back numbers of the ,journal available8 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,all of our reports4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,i would suggest for the benefit of uninitiated persons that they get the back numbers1 also send to each of the accredited nurserymen and get a copy of each1 catalogue and then study the back numbers and the catalogues4 ,they will be pretty well posted1 as all the nut catalogues are well illustrated and contain a great deal of information1 and it will take them out of the realm of hazy knowledge they now have on the subject4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,the ,government has some excellent bulletins in line with this work4 ,,mr4 ,,smith3 ,i would like to get some information about spring and fall planting in ,massachusetts4 ,a ,,member3 ,i advise planting in the spring4 ,where the ground freezes heavily in the winter1 plant in the spring4 ,in the ,south you don't have any injury from cold4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,i have planted trees in the fall and the tops winter-kill down to the grafts4 ,i had them wrapped and still they were winter-killed1 or else the wrapping killed them4 ,persian walnuts and ,indiana pecans4 ,they threw a good shoot in the spring1 however1 and made a very good growth4 ,i move that a vote of thanks be extended to the local committee for making this convention a success1 and a rising vote of thanks to show ,dr4 ,morris the appreciation of the convention4 ,the convention thereupon adjourned4 ,,appendix4 ,i report on soft shell almonds as follows3 ,in ,february1 #aiad1 ,i ordered from ,armstrong ,nurseries1 ,ontario1 ,california1 the following trees3 #aj four to six ft4 ,jordon ,almond trees #aj four to six ft4 ,i4 ,x4 ,l4 ,almond trees #aj four to six ft4 ,ne ,plus ,ultra ,almond trees ,the trees were shipped in ,march of the same year and healed in until ,may4 ,the farm on which these trees were planted is situated on the south shore of ,lake ,ontario1 in ,wayne ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,this district is a large producer of peaches and apples4 ,the trees were planted twenty feet apart in a sandy loam soil in line with a young apple orchard4 ,this soil is especially adapted to peach growing4 ,the entire orchard was given clean cultivation with intercrops until the ,spring of #aiag4 ,for two years potatoes were grown among the trees1 and for one year cabbage4 ,the land was limed and fertilized with both natural and chemical fertilizers4 ,cultivation of the tree rows stopped about the #ast of ,august1 the intercrops about the #aeth of ,september4 ,for the year #aiag the trees were grown in sod4 ,the trees were pruned similar to the peach trees1 and have made somewhat less growth than a peach tree would make under the same conditions4 ,the lake on the boundary of the farm tempers the climate conditions of this location so that the opening of the season is about two weeks later than the average1 and the date of the first frost is two to three weeks later4 ,on this account the trees have had a better opportunity to ripen the wood for the winter period after cultivation ceases4 ,during these winters the thermometer has gone as low as four degrees below zero without winter killing those trees which survived4 ,six trees of the thirty originally planted are now living4 ,all others died the first winter after being set out4 ,unfortunately1 the trees were not labeled at the time of getting out so ,i am unable to indicate what varieties lived through4 ,of the six trees living1 three blossomed scantily this year1 but all the blossoms proved false4 ,i think there is no particular cause for discouragement on this account1 as we have the same experience with peach trees4 ,that is1 they often bear a number of blossoms the first year1 and none of them come to maturity4 ,all the trees appear to have buds for next year4 ,some of these should develop into blossoms1 and unless there is a frost after the blossoms come out in the spring of #aiah1 there may be some nuts produced4 ,the final test as to whether or not these trees can be brought into bearing1 will come next spring4 ,the site upon which the trees are planted1 as mentioned before1 on account of the proximity of the lake1 is more favorable than most locations for peach growing1 and if the experience of the peach growers in ,new ,york ,state is any index1 there would be little opportunity for success with almond trees1 except under similar conditions4 ,m4 ,e4 ,,wile4 ,i am pleased to advise that the hardy soft shell pecan trees ,i have planted in ,virginia1 and the hardy ,english walnut trees are all growing finely4 ,i find it just as easy to get a budded pecan tree to grow as it is to get an apple tree to grow4 ,i am telling my friends about this all over ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,kentucky and ,tennessee as well as ,virginia4 ,they have planted a good many trees and all report favorably4 ,my advice is to plant pecan and ,english walnut trees as they are just as beautiful and useful for shade as any other kind1 and in addition to this they will produce a large amount of the healthiest and most nutritious of food for the human family4 ,i am very much indebted to the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association for the knowledge obtained along this line4 ,you can rest assured that ,i will try and pass it along as ,i go4 ,,john ,s4 ,,parrish4 ,,attendance ,r4 ,t4 ,olcott1 ,rochester ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,irwin ,r4 ,waite1 ,stamford1 ,ct4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,o4 ,filley1 ,state ,forester1 ,connecticut4 ,prof4 ,record1 ,state ,college of ,forestry4 ,a4 ,c4 ,pomeroy1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,m4 ,mc,murran1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,harry ,e4 ,weber1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,fitch ,a4 ,hoyt1 ,stamford1 ,conn4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,bump1 ,stamford1 ,ct4 ,wilber ,f4 ,stocking1 ,stratford1 ,ct4 ,j4 ,a4 ,seitz1 ,greenwich1 ,ct4 ,l4 ,c4 ,root1 ,stamford1 ,ct4 ,john ,rick1 ,redding1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,a4 ,bartlett1 ,stamford1 ,ct4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,r4 ,h4 ,g4 ,cunningham1 ,stamford1 ,ct4 ,col4 ,c4 ,a4 ,van ,duzee1 ,cairo1 ,ga4 ,john ,h4 ,hohener1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,l4 ,cleaver1 ,hingham1 ,mass4 ,fred ,a4 ,smith1 ,hathorne1 ,mass4 ,dr4 ,lewis ,h4 ,taylor1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,druckemiller1 ,sunbury1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway1 ,lumberton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,miss ,marie ,brial1 ,stamford1 ,ct4 ,j4 ,e4 ,brown1 ,elmer1 ,n4 ,j4 ,a4 ,m4 ,heritage1 ,elmer1 ,n4 ,j4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,gray ,staunton1 ,stamford1 ,ct4 ,j4 ,l4 ,glover1 ,shelton1 ,ct4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,bigelow1 ,stamford1 ,ct4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt1 ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,h4 ,l4 ,lewis1 ,stratford1 ,ct4 ,h4 ,w4 ,collingwood1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg1 ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,georgetown1 ,ct4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,m4 ,a4 ,mikkelsen1 ,georgetown1 ,ct4 ,paul ,m4 ,barrows1 ,stamford1 ,ct4 ,g4 ,w4 ,donning1 ,north ,stamford4 ,mrs4 ,payson ,irwin1 ,stamford1 ,ct4 ,noble ,p4 ,randel1 ,stamford1 ,ct4 99 99 99 99 99 ,vincennes ,nurseries ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,proprietor4 ,,vincennes1 ,,indiana1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,propagators ,,and ,,introducers ,budded and ,grafted ,pecans1 ,hardy ,northern ,varieties ,english 7,persian7 ,walnut ,grafted on ,black ,walnut ,best ,northern and ,french ,varieties ,grafted ,thomas ,black ,walnut ,grafted ,persimmons1 best sorts ,hardy ,almonds ,filberts and ,hazelnuts ,also ,general ,line ,nursery ,stock ,,special ,,nut ,,catalogue ,,on ,,request 99 99 99 99 99 ,,stabler ,,black ,,walnut ,,trees ,if you would provide for the future beauty of your lawn or roadside1 plant at least a few trees of the new ,stabler ,black ,walnut4 ,its luxuriant fern-like foliage and its weeping twigs make it unique among shade trees--its thin-shelled nuts and heavy bearing habit put it at the top of the list as a nut producer4 ,the only black walnut that yields a whole kernel when cracked4 ,,order ,,now ,,for ,,spring ,,delivery4 ,my trees1 if you plant them in a fertile spot1 will surprise you by their growth4 ,fine ,grafted ,trees #a4ej to #b4jj4 ,,henry ,,stabler ,,hancock1 ,,md4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chester ,,valley ,,nurseries ,,established #ahec ,choice ,fruit and ,ornamental ,trees1 ,cherry ,trees on ,mazzard ,roots1 ,hardy ,evergreens1 ,flowering ,shrubs1 ,hedge ,plants1 etc4 ,originators of the ,,thomas ,,black ,,walnut ,,jos4 ,w4 ,,thomas ,,sons ,king of ,prussia ,p4 ,o41 ,,montgomery ,,co41 ,,penna4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chestnut ,,trees ,best ,varieties ,grown4 ,grown in section free from blight4 ,descriptive ,pricelist4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,riehl1 ,,godfrey1 ,,ill4