,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s ,,in/itut$ #aheb ,,transactions ,pap] ,no4 #aaeh ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,tunnel ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,railroad4 ,,! ,,cross-,,t[n ,,tunnels4,a ,,by ,,james ,h4 ,,brace ,,& ,,francis ,,mason1 ,,memb]s1 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,9 ?is pap]1 x is propos$ to describe ! con/ruction ( ! tunnels ext5d+ ea/w>d f ! ea/]ly ext5sion ( ! ,t]m9al ,/ation to ! p]man5t %afts ea/ ( ,fir/ ,av5ue4 ,!y 7 locat$ "u #cb;d & #cc;d ,/reets f ! /ation to ,second ,av5ue1 & !nce1 curv+ to ! left1 pass$ "u private prop]ty & ,fir/ ,av5ue to ! %afts1 z describ$ 9 a prec$+ pap]4 ,typical cross-sections ( ! tunnels are %[n on ,plate ,,xii4,b ,on ,may #bi?1 #aije1 a contract 0 ent]$ into ) ! ,unit$ ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+ ,company = ! p]=mance ( ?is "w4 ,?is contract provid$ t "w on ea* pair ( tunnels %\ld be c>ri$ on f two %afts4 ,! fir/1 "h ref]r$ to z ! ,fir/ ,av5ue ,%afts1 7 locat$ j ea/ ( t av5ue & directly ov] ! l9e ( ! tunnels2 ! o!r two1 call$ ! ,int]m$iate ,%afts1 7 locat$ on private prop]ty to ! nor? ( ea* pair ( tunnels 9 ! blocks betwe5 ,f\r? & ,madison ,av5ues4 ,x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to d all ! "w ( con/ruction f ^! f\r %afts4 ,work+s 7 />t$ bo? ea/ & we/ f ! ,int]m$iate ,%afts1 & ^? to ! we/ 7 to be cont9u$ to ! ,t]m9al ,/ation4 ,aft] ! *ange ( plans1 describ$ 9 a previ\s pap]1 x 0 decid$ to s9k a ?ird %aft on ea* l9e4 ,^! 7 kn[n z ! ,we/ ,%afts1 & 7 locat$ betwe5 ,six? & ,sev5? ,av5ues4 ,f9ally1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to build a portion ( ! tunnels on ea* l9e we/ ( ,six? ,av5ue 9 op5 cut4 ,! locations ( ! %afts are %[n on ,plate ,,xiv4,c ,! ,fir/ ,av5ue %afts 7 built by ,s4 ,pe>son & ,son1 ,inc41 = ! jo9t use ( ! two contractors1 z describ$ 9 ! pap] on ! tunnels "u ! ,ea/ ,riv]4 ,:ile ! %afts 7 be+ sunk1 ! full-siz$ tunnels 7 excavat$ we/w>d by ! contractor = ! riv] tunnels = a di/ance ( #ej ft41 & top head+s = #ej ft4 f>!r4 ,by ?is means1 injury to ! caissons & to ! contractor's plant 9 ! %afts by ! subsequ5t "w 9 ! ,cross-,t[n ,tunnels 0 avoid$4 ,! we/ half ( ! %aft 0 = ! exclusive use ( ! contractor = ! ,cross-,t[n ,tunnels4 ,,contractor',s ,,plant4 ,! me?od ( h&l+ ! "w adopt$ by ! contractor 01 broadly speak+1 z foll[s3 ,excavation 0 usually c>ri$ on by modifications ( ! top-head+ & b5* me?od1 ! b5* be+ c>ri$ z close to ! face z possible 9 ord] to all[ ! muck f ! head+ to be bla/$ ov] ! b5* into ! full section4 ,! spoil 0 load$ into #c-yd4 buckets 7design$ by ! contractor & h]e9aft] describ$71 by /eam %ovels op]at$ by compress$ air1 & haul$ to ! %afts by electric locomotives4 ,electrically-op]at$ telph]s1 susp5d$ f a timb] tre/le1 hoi/$ ! buckets1 &1 travel+ on a mono-rail track1 deposit$ !m on wagons = transportation to ! dock4 ,arriv+ at ! dock1 ! buckets 7 lift$ by electrically-op]at$ /iff-leg d]ricks & _! cont5ts deposit$ on sc[s = f9al disposal4 ,! spoil 0 ?us transport$ f ! head+ to ! sc[ )\t break+ bulk4 ,:5 concret+ 0 9 progress1 ! spoil buckets 7 return$ to ! %afts load$ ) s& & /one4 ,! concrete mat]ials 7 deposit$ 9 /orage b9s plac$ 9 ! %afts1 f :i* !y 7 f$ to ! mix]s locat$ at ! foot ( ! %aft ab\t on a level ) ! cr[n ( ! tunnels4 ,! concrete 0 transport$ to ! =ms 9 side-dump1 /eel1 concrete c>s1 haul$ by ! electric locomotives4 ,electrical p[] 0 adopt$ l>gely on acc\nt ( ! re/rict$ area at ! %aft sites1 :]e a /eam plant w\ld h occupi$ consid]able space ( great value = o!r purposes4 ,! in/allation ( a /eam plant at ! ,int]m$iate ,%afts1 :i* 7 locat$ 9 a high-class resid5tial di/rict1 w\ld h be5 highly objectionable to ! neighbor+ prop]ty own]s1 on acc\nt ( ! att5dant noise1 smoke1 & dirt1 &1 9 addition1 ! co/ ( ! transportation ( fuel w\ld h be5 a s]i\s burd54 ,except = ! =ges &1 t[>d ! la/1 ! /eam locomotives1 n a p\nd ( coal 0 burn$ on ! "w4 ,! use ( ! bucket & telph] also elim9at$ mo/ ( ! objectionable noise incid5t to ! transf] ( spoil f tunnel c>s to ord9>y wagons at ! %aft sites4 ,p[] plants 7 in/all$ at ! ,nor? ,%aft ne> ,fir/ ,av5ue & at ! re> ( ! #cc;d ,/reet ,int]m$iate ,%aft4 ,fir/ ,av5ue ,plant4--,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lviii1 is a g5]al view ( ! ,fir/ ,av5ue plant4 ,! p[]-h\se at ! corn] ( #cd? ,/reet & ,fir/ ,av5ue suppli$ compress$ air = op]at+ drills1 %ovels1 pumps1 & hoi/s 9 ! tunnels driv5 f ! riv] %afts1 & 9 x ?ree ,laidlaw-,dunn-,gordon compressors 7 in/all$4 ,! l>ge/ 0 a #cb by #bj by #cj-;941 two-/age1 cross-comp\nd1 direct-connect$ to a ,=t ,wayne #dhj h4p41 #bcj-volt1 direct-curr5t1 con/ant-spe$ motor run at #ajj rev4 p] m94 ,?is compressor 0 rat$ at #b1hgj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute at a pressure ( #ajj lb4 ,x 0 gov]n$ by ?rottl+ ! suction1 ! gov]nor be+ controll$ by ! pressure 9 ! air receiv] & ! motor runn+ cont9u\sly at a con/ant spe$4 ,! two o!rs 7 ( simil> type1 "o 0 #bb-a_/b by #ad by #ah-;941 rat$ at #a1bej cu4 ft4 ( free air at a pressure ( #ajj lb41 ! o!r 0 #af by #aj by #ah-;941 rat$ at #fcj cu4 ft4 ,!y 7 fitt$ ) #i-;ft4 fly-:eels1 & 7 driv5 at #aej rev4 p] m94 by #aje-;h4p41 ,g5]al ,electric1 #bbj-volt1 comp\nd-w\nd1 direct-curr5t motors runn+ at #fee rev4 p] m94 ,! l>g] ( ^! two compressors 0 driv5 by two ( ! motors belt$ 9 t&em1 & ! small] 0 belt-connect$ to a ?ird motor4 ,! compressors 7 wat]-jacket$ & _h small int]-cool]s1 ! wat] supply = :i* 0 itself cool$ 9 a ,:eel] ,cond5s] & ,eng9e]+ ,company's wat]-cool+ t[]4 ,! pump & ! bl[] op]at+ x 7 electrically driv54 ,! telph]s1 us$ = hoi/+ muck f ! tunnels & = l[]+ supplies1 7 ea* hung f s+le rails on a timb] tre/le1 ab\t #dj ft4 high1 spann+ & connect+ ! two %afts4 ,"o ma*9e 0 provid$ = ea* %aft1 & :]e _! tracks cross$ #cc;d ,/reet !y 7 sep>at$ suffici5tly to p]mit ! ma*9es to pass ea* o!r4 ,at ?is po9t1 & cov]+ ! /reet1 a l>ge plat=m 0 provid$1 on :i* ! trucks 7 load$ & unload$ 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,lviii71 & f :i* !y desc5d$ by an incl9e on ,fir/ ,av5ue lead+ s\? to #cb;d ,/reet4 ,! plat=m also cov]$ practically all ! y>d at ! ,s\? ,%aft & mat]ially increas$ ! available work+ area4 ,! telph]s 7 built by ! ,dodge ,cold ,/orage ,company1 & 7 op]at$ by a #ge-;h4p4 ,g5]al ,electric motor = hoi/+ & a #ae-;h4p4 ,nor!rn ,electric ,company motor = propulsion4 ,_! rat$ lift+ capacity 0 #aj1jjj lb4 at a spe$ ( #bjj ft4 p] m94 ,! c>p5t] %op & ma*9e-%op1 bo? ( :i* s]v$ ! entire "w1 7 conv5i5tly locat$ 9 small build+s on ! load+ plat=m4 ,9 ! =m] ! saws 7 ea* run indep5d5tly by small electric motors susp5d$ "u ! plat=m4 ,! heavy =ms & =m c>riages us$ 9 l9+ ! tunnels ) concrete 7 fabricat$ & /or$ on ! plat=m outside4 ,! ma*9e-%op la!s1 etc41 7 all belt$ to "o %aft driv5 by an #h-;h4p4 ,g5]al ,electric motor4 ,above ! ma*9e-%op 0 a lock]-room & bel[ x on ! /reet level 0 ! ma9 blacksmi? %op = ! "w4 ,subsidi>y blacksmi? %ops 7 locat$ at ea* ( ! o!r %afts4 ,! /or]oom & additional lock]-rooms 7 locat$ above ! p[]-plant 9 ! ,nor? ,%aft y>d1 & isolat$ f ! o!r /ructures 0 a small oil-h\se4 ,additional /orage space 0 provid$ by ! contractor on #cb;d ,/reet j we/ ( ,fir/ ,av5ue by r5t+ ?ree old build+s & ! y>ds 9 ! re> ( !m & ( ! ,railroad ,company's cem5t w>eh\se adjac5t4 ,"h electric conduits1 pipe1 ca/+s1 & o!r heavy & bulky supplies 7 /or$4 ,dur+ excavation ! head+s 7 suppli$ ) =c$ v5tilation ?r\gh #ab-;94 & #ad-;94 ,no4 #af1 spiral-rivet$1 asphalt$ pressure pipes1 canvas ext5sions be+ us$ beyond ! ends ( ! pipes4 ,a ,no4 #d ,am]ican ,bl[]1 locat$ at ! top ( ea* %aft & driv5 by a #ae-;h4p4 ,g5]al ,electric motor1 suppli$ ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lviii1 ,,fig4 #a4--,,view ,,( ,,fir/ ,,av5ue ,,plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lviii1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,telph] ,,/ructure ,,& ,,load+ ,,plat=m1 ,,fir/ ,,av5ue ,,%aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lviii1 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,headworks ,,at #cc;,d ,,/reet3 ,,int]m$iate ,,%aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lviii1 ,,fig4 #d4--,,load+ ,,spoil ,,on ,,b>ges1 #ce,,? ,,/reet ,,pi]4 ,a concrete-mix+ plant 0 plac$ 9 ea* %aft1 ! mix] be+ locat$ high en\gh to dis*>ge into c>s at ab\t ! level ( ! spr++ l9e ( ! ar*4 ,above ! mix]s 7 ! measur+ hopp]s set 9 ! floor ( a plat=m :i* 0 l>ge en\gh to c>ry half a day's supply ( cem5t4 ,at ! ,s\? ,%aft ! cem5t 0 deliv]$ to ?is floor f ! load+ plat=m ?r\gh a spiral /eel *ute2 at ! ,nor? ,%aft x 0 l[]$ 9 buckets by ! telph]4 ,! s& & /one 7 drawn into ! hopp]s ?r\gh %ort *utes f ! base ( ! /orage b9s :i* occupi$ ! rema9+ height ( ! %aft--ab\t #ej ft4 ,at ! ,s\? ,%aft ! b9s 7 ( concrete & /eel1 ab\t #f by #ab ft4 9 section1 & atta*$ to ! c5tral wall ( ! caisson4 ,s& & /one 7 deliv]$ into !m f dump-wagons on ! load+ plat=m4 ,at ! ,nor? ,%aft /eel-plate b9s 7 us$1 & 7 suppli$ ) mat]ial by ! buckets h&l$ by ! telph]4 ,! mix]s 7 ,no4 #e ,smi?1 belt-connect$ to #be-;h4p4 motors1 & ab\t #j4h cu4 yd4 ( concrete 0 mix$ at a bat*4 ,! concrete c>s 7 /eel side-dump]s ( ! ,wi5] or ,koppel type4 ,9 ord] to be able to cont9ue concret+ dur+ ! w9t]1 :5 nei!r s& nor /one c\ld be obta9$ by wat]1 practically all ! space "u ! load+ plat=ms 9 ! ,s\? ,%aft y>ds n occupi$ by ! blacksmi? %op 0 fill$ ) ^! mat]ials1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 /orage 9 ! late fall4 ,int]m$iate-,%aft ,plant4--,! air-compress+ plant 0 locat$ at ! re> ( ! #cc;d ,/reet ,int]m$iate ,%aft1 & suppli$ air = driv+ ! tunnels ea/ & we/ f ! ,int]m$iate ,%afts on bo? #cb;d & #cc;d ,/reets4 ,two compressors1 ! same z ! l>ge ,laidlaw-,dunn-,gordon ma*9e at ,fir/ ,av5ue1 7 in/all$ "h1 ) a simil> wat]-cool+ t[]4 ,bo? %afts 7 on private prop]ty1 own$ by ! ,railroad ,company1 on ! nor? side ( ! /reets1 & ea* 0 equipp$ ) two telph]s support$ on timb] tre/les1 simil> to ^? at ,fir/ ,av5ue4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! buckets 7 plac$ on wagons /&+ at ! curb1 z %[n by ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,lviii4 ,bl[]s = v5tilation 7 in/all$ at ea* %aft1 z at ,fir/ ,av5ue1 &1 aft] ! excavation _h proce$$ "s di/ance1 small blacksmi? %ops1 = %>p5+ drill /eel & mak+ m9or repairs1 7 locat$ 9 ! tunnels ne> ! %afts4 ,! concrete plant 9 ea* %aft 0 simil> 9 arrangem5t to ^? at ,fir/ ,av5ue1 b ! /orage b9s _h wood5 walls made ( #b by #d-;94 & #b by #f-;94 scantl+ nail$ flat on ea* o!r4 ,! contractor's (fice on #cc;d ,/reet back$ up aga9/ ! #cb;d ,/reet %aft site1 & ! basem5t 0 us$ z a /or]oom = supplies = bo? %afts4 ,aft] ! decision to d "p ( ! "w betwe5 ,six? & ,sev5? ,av5ues 9 op5 cut1 an #h-;94 air ma9 0 laid 9 #cc;d ,/reet to ! ,we/ ,%afts1 & air 0 suppli$ f ! ,int]m$iate ,%aft = "w on bo? /reets 9 t neighborhood4 ,we/-,%aft ,plant4--,we/ ( ,six? ,av5ue1 betwe5 #cb;d & #cc;d ,/reets & adjac5t to ! op5-cut sections1 ! ,railroad ,company obta9$ f ! ,hudson & ,manhattan ,railroad ,company ! use ( a l>ge area f :i* ! build+s _h rec5tly be5 remov$1 & gave ! use ( x to ! contractor4 ,?is 0 ( great value 9 prosecut+ ! we/ end ( ! "w4 ,! two ,we/ ,%afts 7 locat$ 9 ! /reets & 7 suppli$ ) %ort timb] tre/les simil> to ^? at ! ,int]m$iate ,%afts4 ,"o telph] 0 tak5 f ea* ( ! ,int]m$iate ,%afts to op]ate at ea* ( ! ,we/ ,%afts4 ,9 addition1 a numb] ( /iff-leg d]ricks 7 set up along ! op5-cut section1 & 7 op]at$ by ,lidg]wood or ,lamb]t air hoi/+ eng9es1 or by electric motors1 z circum/ances dictat$4 ,a #ae-ton ,bay ,city locomotive crane 0 also us$ along "p ( ! op5-cut "w on #cb;d ,/reet4 ,sev]al concrete plants 7 in/all$ at po9ts along ! op5-cut section1 & 7 mov$ f place to place1 ! same g5]al arrangem5t be+ adopt$ z at ! plants already describ$4 ,no4 #c & ,no4 #d ,ransome mix]s 7 us$1 & 7 g5]ally set up at ab\t ! level ( ! top ( ! ar*4 ,! s& & /one /orage b9s 7 made ( scantl+s spik$ toge!r1 & 7 necess>ily r %all[ on acc\nt ( ! proximity ( ! tunnels to ! /reet surface4 ,?irty-fif? ,/reet ,pi]4--,= ! receipt & disposal ( mat]ials at ! #ce? ,/reet pi]1 f\r /iff-leg d]ricks1 op]at$ by electric hoi/+ eng9es1 7 in/all$4 ,two 7 us$ 9 lift+ ! muck buckets f ! wagons & dump+ _! cont5ts on ! sc[s = f9al disposal 7,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,lviii72 & ! o!r two 7 fitt$ ) clam-%ell buckets = unload+ s& & brok5 /one f b>ges & deposit+ ! mat]ials 9 l>ge hopp]s1 f :i* !y 7 drawn into wagons = transportation to ! v>i\s concrete plants4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! cem5t 7all ( :i* 0 suppli$ by ! ,railroad ,company7 0 also unload$ at ! #ce? ,/reet pi] & haul$ directly to ! "w1 ! surplus be+ /or$ tempor>ily 9 ! ,company's cem5t w>eh\ses on #cb;d1 #cc;d & #ce? ,/reets1 ne> ,fir/ ,av5ue1 f :i* x 0 drawn z requir$4 ,on ! dock 0 locat$ ! ma9 p[d] magaz9e1 a small concrete /ructure4 ,consid]able use 0 also made ( neighbor+ pi]s = unload+ electric conduits1 lumb]1 /eel1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,special ,,/eel ,,bucket ,,plan ,,( ,,bucket ,,end ,,view ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,bucket ,,section ,,at ,a-,a ,tunnel ,plant4--,! spoil buckets1 design$ by ,d4 ,l4 ,h\gh & ,george ,p]r9e1 ,memb]s1 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 7 a novel feature ( ! "w4 ,^! buckets are %[n 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #a & v>i\s photographs4 ,!y 7 ( #c cu4 yd4 capacity & 7 split longitud9ally1 ! two halves be+ p9n$ at ! apices ( ! ends4 ,= lift+1 !y 7 susp5d$ f eyes at t po9t1 &1 :5 dump+1 trip ropes 7 hook$ into eyes at ! bottom ( ea* side2 lift+ ! trip ropes or l[]+ ! hoi/+ rope split ! bucket1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,lviii1 & dump$ ! cont5ts4 ,!y 7 transport$ 9 ! tunnel on flat c>s1 & 9 ! /reet on wagons1 bo? c>s & wagons be+ provid$ ) cradles %ap$ to receive ! bottom ( ! bucket4 ,9 ! tunnels ! load+ 0 done ) air-op]at$ /eam %ovels1 f\r 7,model #bj7 ,m>ion %ovels be+ us$ at v>i\s po9ts ( ! "w4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lix1 "o ( ^! is %[n load+ ! bucket4 ,! c>s 7 haul$ by ,g5]al ,electric1 /&>d1 #aj-ton1 m9e locomotives1 ! curr5t = :i* 0 tak5 at #bbj volts f a pair ( ,no4 #jj copp] trolley wires susp5d$ f ! ro( ( ! tunnel4 ,! collector 0 a small f\r-:eel$ buggy rid+ on ! wires & connect$ to ! locomotive by sev]al hundr$ feet ( cable w\nd on a reel = use beyond ! end ( ! trolley wire4 ,two #h-a_/b-ton1 ,dav5port1 /eam locomotives 7 also us$ 9 #cb;d ,/reet1 t[>d ! end ( ! "w1 aft] ! head+s _h be5 hol$ ?r\gh & ! tunnels w\ld quickly cle> !mselves ( gas & smoke4 ,! /eam %ovels 7 supplem5t$ by two ,br[n+1 #ae-ton1 locomotive cranes1 :i* h&l$ ! spoil 9 places :]e timb]+ int]f]$ ) ! op]ation ( ! %ovels4 ,all tracks 7 ( #c-;ft4 gauge ?r\gh\t & laid ) #dj-lb4 rails4 ,practically all ! heavy drill+ 0 done ) ,+]soll drills 7,model ,e #eb71 ! trimm+ be+ l>gely done ) jap & baby drills4 ,a l>ge numb] ( pumps 7 us$ at v>i\s po9ts on ! "w1 & practically all 7 ( ,cam]on make1 ! l>ge/ ones at ! %aft be+ #aj by #e by #ac-;94 ,! gr\t ma*9es 7 ( ! v]tical-cyl9d]1 air-/irr+ type4 ,,%aft ,,s9k+4 ,! s9k+ ( ! ,int]m$iate ,%afts 0 ! fir/ "w und]tak5 by ! contractor4 ,! #cc;d ,/reet ,%aft 0 #cd4e ft4 long1 #ba ft4 wide1 & #hc ft4 deep4 ,! rock surface av]ag$ #e ft4 bel[ ! gr\nd surface4 ,s9k+ 0 />t$ on ,july #aj?1 #aije1 & 0 complet$ on ,octob] #c;d1 #aije1 ! rock be+ h>d & dry4 ,! av]age daily rate 0 #j4gc ft4 & an av]age ( #ag4a cu4 yd4 7 excavat$ p] day1 ) two %ifts ( #h hr4 ea*4 ,! fir/ %ift />t$ at #f ,a4 ,m4 & ! second at #b4cj ,p4 ,m41 end+ at #aa ,p4 ,m4 ,^! h\rs 7 adopt$ 9 ord] to avoid undue di/urbance dur+ ! night4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lix1 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,air-,,op]at$ ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,us$ ,,9 ,,tunnel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lix1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,timb]+ ,,9 ,,top ,,head+s ,,above ,i-,,beams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lix1 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,fir/ ,,section ,,( ,,concrete ,,l9+ ,,at ,,fif? ,,av5ue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lix1 ,,fig4 #d4--,,timb]+ ,,& ,,rubble ,,masonry ,,ov] ,i-,,beams4 ,be=e bla/+ ! fir/ lift ( rock1 *annel cuts #e or #f ft4 deep 7 made along ! sides ( ! %aft1 9 ord] to avoid damage to ! walls ( neighbor+ build+s4 ,timb]+ 0 requir$ = a dep? ( only #aj ft4 bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,a drift1 #cj4f ft4 long1 #ag ft4 wide1 & #bg ft4 high1 connect$ ! s\? end ( ! %aft ) ! tunnels4 ,! drift 0 excavat$ 9 ?ree /ages1 a top head+ & a b5* 9 two lifts4 ,:ile bla/+ ! cut 9 ! top head+1 !re 0 en\gh concussion to break glass 9 ! neighbor+ build+s4 ,! use ( a radialax ma*9e r$uc$ ! concussion some:at1 b x 0 v quickly ab&on$ on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! drill+4 ,! con/ruction ( ! #cb;d ,/reet ,%aft 0 q simil> to ! "o on #cc;d ,/reet4 ,x 0 #ca4e ft4 long1 #bj4e ft4 wide1 & #ga ft4 deep4 ,! dep? ( e>? excavation av]ag$ #ai4e ft4 ,! rock 9 ?is %aft 0 seamy & n q z h>d or dry z t 9 #cc;d ,/reet1 & timb]+ 0 requir$ = practically ! full dep? to ! cr[n ( ! drift4 ,s9k+ 0 />t$ on ,may #ae?1 #aije1 & 0 complet$ on ,octob] #bf?1 #aije4 ,! daily av]age rate 0 #j4cj ft4 9 e>? & #j4eb ft4 9 rock4 ,! drift 0 excavat$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! "o 9 #cc;d ,/reet1 b ! rock be+ s(t] ! radialax ma*9e 0 n us$4 ,,tunnel ,,excavation4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! "w1 ! contractor devot$ 8 entire att5tion to ! "w ( excavation4 ,ne>ly all ! excavation ea/ ( ,fif? ,av5ue 0 done be=e any ( ! l9+ 0 plac$4 ,at a numb] ( po9ts we/ ( ,fif? ,av5ue & at a few po9ts to ! ea/ ! nature ( ! rock 0 su* t ! two op]ations _h to be done simultane\sly4 ,s+le-,tunnel ,me?od4--,= an av]age di/ance ( #cej ft4 we/ f ! ,fir/ ,av5ue ,%afts !re 7 f\r s+le tunnels4 ,! rock 0 s\nd & comp>atively dry4 ,a top head+ ( ! full size ( ! tunnel & ab\t #h ft4 high 0 fir/ driv54 ,x 0 drill$ by f\r drills m\nt$ on two columns1 & 0 bla/$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! b5* 0 ab\t #ac ft4 high4 ,tripod drills1 /&+ on ! b5*1 drill$ ! usual holes1 b1 ow+ to ! lack ( head-room1 /eels long en\gh to rea* ! bottom ( ! b5* c\ld n be us$4 ,tripod drills 7 set z l[ z possible at ! foot ( ! b5* & drill$ lift+ holes4 ,^! holes 7 incl9$ d[nw>d f #aj to #ae to ! horizontal1 & 7 spac$ to conv]ge at ! location ( ! dra9age dit*es4 ,! head+ 0 usually driv5 f #aj to #bj ft4 9 advance ( ! b5*4 ,at ?is di/ance a l>ge "p ( ! muck f ! head+ 0 %ot backw>d ov] ! b5*4 ,9 ! s+le tunnels ! muck 0 load$ by h&4 ,tw9-,tunnel ,me?ods4--,f ! end ( ! s+le-track tunnel we/w>d to ,fif? ,av5ue on #cc;d ,/reet1 & to ,madison ,av5ue on #cb;d ,/reet1 ) "s exceptions1 ea* pair ( tunnels 0 excavat$ = ! entire wid? at "o op]ation4 ,?ree diff]5t me?ods ( "w 7 ext5sively us$4 ,!y 7 ! d\ble-head+ me?od1 ! c5t]-head+ me?od1 & ! full-siz$-head+ me?od1 & ^! diff]$ only 9 ! mann] ( drill+ & bla/+4 ,! b5* 0 usually )9 #aj or #ae ft4 ( ! face ( ! head+1 & 0 drill$ & fir$ 9 ! same way z 9 ! s+le tunnels4 ,aft] ! in/allation ( ! p]man5t plant1 mo/ ( ! muck 0 h&l$ by /eam %ovels4 ,9 ! d\ble-head+ me?od1 %[n on ,plate ,,lvii1 ! top head+s = ea* tunnel ( ! pair 7 driv5 sep>ately1 leav+ a %ort rock core-wall betwe5 !m4 ,! head+s 7 drill$ f columns 9 ! mann] describ$ = ! s+le tunnels4 ,! tempor>y rock divid+ wall betwe5 ! head+s 0 drill$ by a tripod drill on ! b5* ( "o ( ! head+s1 & 0 fir$ ) ! b5*4 ,9 ! c5t]-head+ me?od1 also %[n on ,plate ,,lvii1 only "o head+ 0 driv54 ,x 0 rectangul> 9 %ape1 ab\t #h ft4 high & #ad ft4 wide4 ,x 0 locat$ on ! c5t] l9e betwe5 ! tunnels4 ,9 g5]al1 ! face 0 f #f to #ab ft41 or ! l5g? ( "o or two r\nds1 9 advance ( ! rema9d] ( ! face at ! top4 ,! c5t] head+ 0 drill$ by f\r drills m\nt$ on two columns4 ,by turn+ ^! drills to ! side1 !y 7 us$ = holes at "r angles to ! l9e ( ! tunnels1 by :i* ! rema9d] ( ! face ( ! head+ 0 bla/$4 ,by turn+ ! drills d[nw>d1 ! b5* holes "u ! c5t] head+ 7 also drill$4 ,! c5t] head+ explor$ ! rock 9 advance ( ! full-wid? head+1 & gave a good idea z to ! c>e ne$$ 9 fir+4 ,= ! full-wid?-head+ me?od1 ,fig4 #b1 t5 drills 7 m\nt$ on five columns set abrea/ across ! face4 ,holes 7 drill$ to =m a cut ne> ! c5t] l9e betwe5 ! tunnels4 ,! rema9d] ( ! holes 7 locat$ s t !y w\ld draw into ! cut4 ,! b5* 0 frequ5tly drill$ f ! same set-up ( columns by turn+ ! drills d[nw>d4 ,9 s\nd rock ?is me?od prov$ to be ! mo/ rapid ( any4 ,practically all trimm+ 0 left until imm$iately be=e ! concret+4 ,x 0 !n tak5 up z a sep>ate op]ation1 b prov$ to be co/ly & t$i\s1 & a h9drance to ! plac+ ( ! l9+4 ,mat]ials ,enc\nt]$4--,all ! rock enc\nt]$ 0 ! famili> ,hudson s*i/1 b x v>i$ widely 9 its m9]al con/itu5ts & 9 its physical *>act]i/ics4 ,9 _m places :]e ! rock surface 0 p5etrat$1 a f9e s& 0 f\nd t 0 probably quicks&4 ,! mat]ial above ! rock 9 ! op5-cut sections 0 mo/ly s&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,excavat+ ,,) ,,full-,,wid? ,,head+ ,,cross-,,t[n ,,tunnels1 ,,manhattan ,,side ,,elevation ,,front ,,elevation ,,plan ,,%[+ ,,position ,,( ,,columns ,,= ,,drill+ ,,face ,! concurr5ce ( ! wat]c\rse1 %[n on ,g5]al ,viele's map ( ,manhattan ,isl& 7,plate ,,ix,d71 ) ! po9ts :]e difficulties 9 ! con/ruction ( ! tunnels 7 enc\nt]$ has be5 not$ 9 a previ\s pap]4 ,9 all cases :]e ! c\rse ( ?is anci5t /ream 0 cross$ 7except at its f9al int]section ( #cc;d ,/reet71 ! rock 0 f\nd to be v s(t & dis9tegrat$1 a l>ge quantity ( wat] 0 enc\nt]$1 & heavy timb]+ 0 requir$4 ,! con/ruction at ^! localities w be tak5 up lat]4 ,9 addition1 dis9tegrat$ rock1 b ( a less tr\blesome "*1 0 inv>iably met "u ! depressions 9 ! rock surface develop$ by ! bor+s f ! /reets & te/ holes f ! tunnels4 ,_m ( ^! places requir$ timb]+1 & no timb]+ 0 else:]e necess>y except at ! portals4 ,^! co9cid5t conditions 7 especially m>k$ 9 #cb;d ,/reet1 :i* = a long di/ance closely adjo9s ! c\rse ( ! =m] creek4 ,disposal ( ,spoil4--,! mat]ials excavat$ f ! tunnels 7 dump$ at ! #ce? ,/reet pi] on b>ges furni%$ by ! ,railroad ,company "u ano!r contract1 & 7 t[$ to po9ts ne> ! ,bayonne p59sula :]e ! spoil 0 us$ pr9cipally 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,gre5ville ,freight ,y>ds & ! l9e across ! ,hack5sack ,mead[s to ! tunnels4 ,details ( ?is "w w be giv5 9 a subsequ5t pap]4 ,aft] ,decemb]1 #aijg1 :5 ! excavation 0 ab\t #he complet$1 ! contractor furni%$ ! b>ges & effect$ ! complete disposal ( ! spoil4 ,difficulties ( ,excavation4--,z /at$ 9 a previ\s pap]1 ! excavation ( ! ,tw9 ,tunnel 9 #cc;d ,/reet 0 cont9u$ we/w>d to ! we/ l9e ( ,fif? ,av5ue on ! orig9al grade4 ,at t po9t ! contractor />t$ ?ree drifts 9 ! ?ree-track section4 ,! relation ( ! drifts to ea* o!r & to ! cross-section are %[n by ,fig4 #c4 ,! c5t] head+ 0 driv5 a little 9 advance ( ^? on ! sides4 ,at a di/ance ( #fe ft4 we/ ( ,fif? ,av5ue ! rock surface 0 brok5 ?r\gh 9 ! top ( ! head+1 & a v f9e s& 0 enc\nt]$4 ,= "s di/ance ea/ ( ?is po9t ! rock 0 badly dis9tegrat$1 & ! head+ requir$ timb]+4 ,?r\gh ! s(t mat]ial1 tight lagg+ 0 plac$ on ! sides & ro( ( ! head+1 & ! face 0 protect$ by brea/ bo>ds4 ,!re 0 a mod]ate fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! cracks1 &1 9 spite ( e ef=t1 "s ( ! f9e s& 0 con/antly c>ri$ into ! head+4 ,9 "o or two in/ances consid]able gr\nd 0 lo/ at ! face4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,decemb] #ad?1 #aijf1 z a heavy coal wagon 0 pass+ along #cc;d ,/reet above ! head+1 ! re> :eels dropp$ ?r\gh ! asphalt pavem5t4 ,an exam9ation disclos$ a cavity "u ! pavem5t ab\t #ad ft4 long1 #ab ft4 wide & #ad ft4 deep4 ,evid5tly1 ! f9e s& _h gradually settl$ into ! voids caus$ by ! loss ( mat]ial at ! face1 & ! settlem5t broke ! brick sew] ov] ! head+4 ,! sew] 0 tempor>ily repair$1 & ! hole 9 ! /reet 0 fill$ be=e morn+4 ,a tight bulkhead 0 built across ! head+1 & "w 0 ab&on$ at t po9t4 ,! nor? drift 0 advanc$ to a po9t #ajh ft4 we/ ( ,fif? ,av5ue :]e s& 0 also enc\nt]$ & a consid]able run occurr$4 ,aft] t "t all "w on ! ?ree-track section 0 discont9u$4 ,! ,company !n took up ! consid]ation ( *anges 9 plan4 ,to det]m9e ! difficulties ( driv+ a ,tw9 ,tunnel at a l[] elevation1 an exploration drift1 #h ft4 high & #ab ft4 wide1 0 driv5 on ! c5t] l9e ( ! /reet z a top head+ on ! propos$ new grade4 ,te/ holes 7 drill$ above ?is head+ & to ! sides4 ,! results indicat$ t !re 0 suffici5t rock cov] ( fair quality to enable ! ,tw9 ,tunnel to be driv5 )\t great risk4 ,! new plan 7cont9u+ ! ,tw9 ,tunnel we/w>d at a l[] grade7 0 adopt$ 9 ,m>*1 #aijg1 & "w 0 imm$iately resum$ at ,fif? ,av5ue4 ,! relation betwe5 ! cross-sections "u ! old & new plans at t po9t is %[n by ,fig4 #c4 ,be=e ! new section 0 excavat$ x 0 necess>y to support ! timb] "w 9 ! old head+s4 ,! plan adopt$ is also %[n by ,fig4 #c4 ,! rock 0 excavat$ "u ! c5t] head+1 z %[n 9 cross-section1 = a l5g? ( ab\t #c ft4 ,a gird] compos$ ( two #ah-;94 ,i-beams 0 !n put 9 position ov] ea* l9e & support$ on ! sides by po/s4 ,! ends at ! c5t] l9es betwe5 ! tunnels 7 support$ on %ort po/s be>+ on ! rock b5*4 ,! support ( ! timb]+ 9 ! head+s 0 !n transf]r$ to ! gird]s by additional po/s4 ,block+ 0 also ins]t$ betwe5 ! tops ( ! beams & ! rock walls betwe5 ! head+s4 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,lix1 gives a good idea ( ! timb] "w 9 ! top head+s above ! ,i-beams4 ,:5 ! ro( _h be5 made secure1 ! removal ( ! b5* 0 begun4 ,z ! "w advanc$ x 0 necess>y to replace ! %ort po/s at ! c5t] ( ! tunnel by o!rs ( full height1 & !re 0 consid]able settlem5t 9 ! ,i-beams dur+ ?is op]ation4 ,:5 ! b5* _h be5 remov$ to a po9t #fa ft4 we/ ( ,fif? ,av5ue1 settlem5t 0 detect$ 9 ! /reet surface above4 ,b5* excavation 0 susp5d$ & a section ( ! p]man5t l9+1 #ce ft4 long1 0 plac$4 ,! space betwe5 ! l9+ & ! beams & betwe5 ! beams & ! ro( 0 fill$ ) rubble masonry4 ,gr\t pipes 7 built into ! masonry & lat] all voids 7 fill$ ) gr\t4 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,lix1 %[s ! fir/ section ( ! concrete l9+ complet$ & "p ( ! rubble 9 place2 & ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,lix1 %[s details ( ! "w above ! tunnels4 ,a second section ( b5* 0 next remov$ & m l9+ 0 plac$4 ,"w 0 cont9u$ 9 ?is way until all ! ro( at ! old ?ree-track head+s _h be5 secur$4 ,9 ?is portion ( ! "w ! po/s 7 emb$d$ 9 ! concrete4 ,betwe5 ,fif? & ,six? ,av5ues !re 7 two m sections ( bad rock :]e x 0 necess>y to support ! ro( ) /eel beams4 ,at ^! latt] po9ts !re 7 no complications ) ! excavation = ! ,?ree-,track ,tunnel1 & ! "w 0 mu* simpl]4 ,to avoid leav+ ! c5t] po/s 9 ! p]man5t "w1 two r[s ( tempor>y po/s 7 plac$1 z %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lx1 ! c5t] wall & skewback 7 built1 & ! po/s 7 remov$1 z %[n by ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,lx1 be=e plac+ ! rema9d] ( ! l9+4 ,9 #cb;d ,/reet ! normal progress ( ! excavation 0 frequ5tly int]rupt$ by enc\nt]+ s(t & uns\nd rock4 ,9 ! excavation betwe5 ! ,ea/ ,riv] & ! ,int]m$iate ,%afts x 0 possible to ov]come ^! conditions by tempor>ily n>r[+ ! excavation on "o side & support+ ! ro( on #af by #af-;94 transv]se timb]s caught 9 ni*es 9 ! rock at ! sides1 leav+ suffici5t room = ! /eam %ovel to "w ?r\gh4 ,9 ord] to save "t1 ! height ( ! excavation 0 n increas$ be=e plac+ ^! timb]s1 s t1 previ\s to ! concret+1 !y all requir$ to be rais$ to cle> ! masonry l9+ & 7 !n support$ on po/s on ! c5t] l9e betwe5 ! tunnels4 ,?is p]mitt$ ! rema9d] ( ! excavation to be made1 & su* additional timb]+ z 0 requir$ 0 plac$4 ,at mo/ ( ^! sections a brick ar* & wat]-pro(+ 7 us$1 on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,9 c]ta9 places ! c5t] l9e po/s 7 buri$ 9 ! core-wall1 &1 9 ord] to p]mit ! plac+ ( ! wat]-pro(+1 7 !n cut (f "o by "o flu% ) its top z ! load 0 transf]r$ to ! complet$ masonry4 ,9 o!r cases ! load 0 transf]r$ to po/s cle> ( ! masonry & ! c5t] l9e po/s 7 entirely remov$4 ,"u su* conditions ! normal concrete me?ods1 to be describ$ lat]1 c\ld n be us$1 & special =ms 7 sub/itut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,tw9 ,,tunnels1 ,,?r\gh ,,excavation ,,/>t$ ,,= ,,?ree-,,track ,,tunnel ,,9 #cc;,d ,,/reet ,,ne> #e,,? ,,av5ue ,9 ?is section ( ! "w ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties 7 enc\nt]$ ne> ,f\r? ,av5ue a %ort di/ance ea/ ( ! ,int]m$iate ,%aft1 & b5ea? ! site ( ! old pond %[n on ,g5]al ,viele's map4 ,! rock cov] 0 kn[n f ! bor+ to be v ?91 & ! pres5ce ( ! subway ov]head caus$ "s anxiety4 ,! excavation 0 at fir/ tak5 out to practically full wid? & timb]$1 b ! rock became s trea*]\s t ! head+ 0 n>r[$ to a wid? suffici5t = "o tunnel only4 ,) ?is span ! rock 9 ! ro( held )\t timb]+4 ,z ! masonry l9+ approa*$1 suffici5t trimm+ 0 done to p]mit ! plac+ ( ! core-wall & "o ar*4 ,above ! complet$ core-wall & brick ar* ! voids 7 fill$ solid ) rubble masonry to give an unyield+ support to ! ro(4 ,! excavation ( ! rema9+ wid? ( tunnel 0 !n und]tak54 ,ne> ! we/ side ( ,f\r? ,av5ue1 ! excavation broke out ( rock at ! top1 & f9e s& & gravel ) a l>ge quantity ( wat] 7 enc\nt]$4 ,! "w ( excavation 0 ardu\s1 & proce$$ v sl[ly1 on acc\nt ( ! c>e ) :i* x 0 execut$4 ,only a small am\nt ( s& ent]$ ! tunnel1 b ! l9+ 0 plac$ z soon z ! excavation 0 complet$4 ,rubble masonry pack+ & gr\t eject$ ?r\gh pipes built into ! ar* 7 us$ to fill ! voids above ! ro(4 ,z a fur!r precaution aga9/ ! settlem5t ( ! subway1 #b-;94 pipes 7 wa%$ d[n f ! /reet above ! po9t :]e s(t gr\nd 0 expos$ 9 ! ro( ( ! tunnel1 & ?r\gh !m gr\t 0 =c$ into ! gr\nd at v>i\s dep?s4 ,c>eful levels %[ t no settlem5t ( ! subway has tak5 place4 ,we/ ( ! ,int]m$iate ,%aft ! tunnel 0 excavat$ = full wid? until bad rock 0 enc\nt]$ ab\t #fj ft4 we/ ( ,madison ,av5ue4 7,see ,g5]al ,viele's map1 ,plate ,,ix47 ,timb]+ 0 us$ = a %ort di/ance1 & !n ! head+ & b5* 7 n>r[$ to #ah ft41 & /eam-%ovel excavation 0 ab&on$4 ,z ! head+ advanc$ ! rock grew /eadily s(t]1 ! difficult conditions 9 ?is locality culm9at+ :5 a slu%y dis9tegrat$ feldsp> 0 met1 requir+ pol+ & brea/+4 ,!reaft] ! rock improv$ m>k$ly1 b ne> ! ea/ side ( ,fif? ,av5ue its ?ickness above ! ro( 0 f\nd to be only #a-a_/b ft41 & ! advance 0 /opp$1 p5d+ a decision z to a *ange ( plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lx1 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,d\ble ,,r[ ,,( ,,po/s ,,"u ,i-,,beams1 ,,support+ ,,ro( ,,9 ,,bad ,,rock ,,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lx1 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,c5t] ,,wall ,,& ,,skewback ,,"u ,i-,,beams1 ,,aft] ,,removal ,,( ,,d\ble ,,r[ ,,( ,,po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lx1 ,,fig4 #c4--,,timb]+ ,,9 ,,full-,,wid? ,,head+ ,,( ,,?ree-,,track ,,tunnel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lx1 ,,fig4 #d4--,,und]p9n+ ,,walls ,,9 ,,op5-,,cut ,,section4 ,aft] "s delay1 an exploration drift1 simil> to ! "o already describ$1 0 driv5 ?r\gh to ,six? ,av5ue1 & a *ange 9 plan 0 made1 sub/antially ! same z = ! #cc;d ,/reet tunnels4 ,enl>gem5t to full size 0 at once />t$1 b1 = #djj ft4 ! rock 0 v s(t & poor1 & requir$ extremely c>eful h&l+4 ,! exploration drift 0 wid5$ out to ! full ,tw9-,tunnel wid?1 & ,i-beams 7 plac$ & support$1 9 mu* ! same mann] z 9 #cc;d ,/reet4 ,! rock 0 s s(t t x 0 frequ5tly necess>y to drive pol+ bo>ds ahead z ! face 0 m9$ out ) picks & %ovels4 ,! load 0 v heavy1 & ! "w ! mo/ difficult enc\nt]$ 9 ! tunnels4 ,aft] ?is /age ( ! enl>gem5t 0 rea*$1 ! excavation ( ! b5* & ! plac+ ( ! l9+ proce$$ alt]nately1 ) ! ,i-beams tempor>ily support$ on long po/s :ile ! concrete core-wall 0 be+ built4 ,consid]able settlem5t took place :ile %ift+ ! po/s1 & ev5tually %[$ on ! /reet surface & 9 ! adjac5t sidewalk vaults1 b no damage 0 done to ! /ructural portions ( ! build+s4 ,:ile ! above "w _h be5 go+ on we/w>d f ,fif? ,av5ue1 ! excavation ( ! ,tw9 ,tunnel ea/w>d f ! end ( ! op5-cut section at ,six? ,av5ue _h be5 proce$+ rapidly1 &1 t[>d ! end ( ! difficult ,fif? ,av5ue "w1 x 0 be+ attack$ f bo? directions4 ,,progress ,,( ,,excavation4 ,ow+ to ! num]\s sections ( poor rock1 int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! "w ) /ret*es ( s\nd rock1 ! progress ( ! excavation 0 v irregul>1 especially 9 #cb;d ,/reet4 ,! rate ( excavation 9 good gr\nd is %[n 9 ,table #a4 ,9 ! sections ( bad gr\nd1 ! op]ations ( excavation1 timb]+1 & l9+ 7 (t5 c>ri$ on alt]nately1 & x is impracticable to include !m 9 ! table4 ,,table #a4--,,progress ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,excavation ,,9 ,,good ,,gr\nd4 ,,?irty-,,?ird ,,/reet4 #a #b #c ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,type ( excavation4 ,tunnels4 ,work$ f3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,full-siz$ s+le tunnel ,b #a/ ,ave4 %aft4 ,full-siz$ s+le tunnel ,a #a/ ,ave4 %aft4 ,full-siz$ tw9 tunnel ,a & ,b #a/ ,ave4 %aft4 ,full-siz$ tw9 tunnel ,a & ,b ,int]m$iate %aft4 7,we/ ( %aft47 ,full-siz$ tw9 tunnel ,a & ,b ,int]m$iate %aft4 7,ea/ ( %aft47 ,full-siz$ tw9 tunnel ,a & ,b ,int]m$iate %aft4 7,ea/ ( %aft47 ,exploration drift ,a & ,b ,int]m$iate %aft4 7,we/ ( %aft47 ,tw9 tunnel4 ,enl>gem5t ,a & ,b ,we/ %aft4 ( exploration drift 7,ea/ ( %aft47 #d #e #f #g ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,l5g? ,av]age ,,dates4 ,"t tunnel advance ----------------------------------elaps$ 1 excavat$1 p] day1 9 9 9 ,f ,to days4 l9e> feet4l9e> feet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,feb4 #bh1 #aijf4 ,may #ab1 #aijf4 #gd #cdf #d4g ,feb4 #bh1 #aijf4 ,apr4 #cj1 #aijf4 #fb #bee #d4a ,aug4 #bc1 #aijf4 ,jan4 #e1 #aijg4 #acf #ghi #e4h ,apr4 #d1 #aijf4 ,oct4 #ca1 #aijf4 #baj #gcj #c4e ,apr4 #d1 #aijf4 ,oct4 #ca1 #aijf4 #baj #ghc #c4g ,nov4 #a1 #aijf4 ,dec4 #bf1 #aijf4 #ef #caa #e4e ,m>4 #a1 #aijg4 ,july #bc1 #aijg4 #ade #idg #f4e ,sept4 #f1 #aijg4 ,dec4 #d1 #aijg4 #hi #fjc #f4h #h ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,me?ods & conditions4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,top head+ & b5*4 ,muck load$ by h&4 ,top full-wid? head+ & b5*4 ,muck load$ by /eam %ovel4 ,work+ exclusively on ?is head+4 ,top c5t] head+ & b5*4 ,muck load$ by /eam %ovel4 ,work+ alt]nately 9 head+s ea/ & we/ ( ! %aft4 ,top c5t] head+ & b5*4 ,muck load$ by /eam %ovel4 ,work+ alt]nately 9 head+s ea/ & we/ ( ! %aft4 ,top full-wid? head+ & b5*4 ,muck load$ by /eam %ovel work+ exclusively on ?is head+4 ,exploration drift ab\t #i ft4 by #ab ft4 ,muck+ by h&4 ,f\rte5 timb] b5ts 7 plac$ 9 ,m>*1 & sev5 9 ,april1 #aijg4 ,drift excavat$ to full wid? & b5*4 ,muck load$ by /eam %ovel4 ,,?irty-,,second ,,/reet4 #a #b #c ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,type ( excavation4 ,tunnels4 ,work$ f3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,full-siz$ s+le tunnel ,c #a/ ,ave4 %aft4 ,full-siz$ s+le tunnel ,d #a/ ,ave4 %aft4 ,full-siz$ tw9 tunnel ,c & ,d #a/ ,ave4 %aft4 ,n>r[$ tw9 tunnel ,c ,int]m$iate %aft4 7,ea/ ( %aft47 ,n>r[$ tw9 tunnel ,c ,int]m$iate %aft4 7,ea/ ( %aft47 ,full-siz$ tw9 tunnel ,c & ,d ,int]m$iate %aft4 7,we/ ( %aft47 ,exploration drift ,c & ,d ,int]m$iate %aft4 7,we/ ( %aft47 ,tw9 tunnel4 ,enl>gem5t ,c & ,d ,ea/w>d f ( exploration drift op5 cut4 ,tw9 tunnel4 ,enl>gem5t ,c & ,d ,ea/w>d f ( exploration drift op5 cut4 #d #e #f #g ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,l5g? ,av]age ,,dates4 ,"t tunnel advance ----------------------------------elaps$ 1 excavat$1 p] day1 9 9 9 ,f ,to days4 l9e> feet4l9e> feet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,jan4 #be1 #aijf4;,apr4 #cj1 #aijf4 #ie #cfg #c4i ,jan4 #bg1 #aijf4;,apr4 #cj1 #aijf4 #ic #ced #c4h ,may4 #bb1 #aijf4;,july #bd1 #aijf4;,e #agc #haj #d4g ,aug4 #aa1 #aijf4,nov4 #bi1 #aijf4 ,m>4 #ai1 #aijf4,may #bh1 #aijf4 #gj #eh #j4h ,may #bi1 #aijf4;,july #c1 #aijf4;,e #bjh #a1bjf #e4h ,july #ah1 #aijf4;,july #ca1 #aijf4 ,aug4 #ab1 #aijf4,nov4 #bc1 #aijf4 ,jan4 #ae1 #aijg4;,feb4 #e1 #aijg4 ,feb4 #ag1 #aijg4,m>4 #ba1 #aijg4 ,dec4 #a1 #aije4,may4 #aj1 #aijf4 #afa #bbe #a4d ,feb4 #a1 #aijg4,sept4#ac1 #aijg4 #bbe #a1jcc #d4f ,feb4 #a1 #aijh4;,feb4 #ad1 #aijh4 #ad #fe #d4f ,feb4 #ae1 #aijh4;,apr4 #ad1 #aijh4 #ei #ebd #h4i ,footnote ,e3 ,"t & di/ance omitt$ :ile work+ ?r\gh timb]$ /ret*es4 #h ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,me?ods & conditions4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,top head+ & b5*4 ,muck load$ by h&4 ,d\ble head+ & b5*4 ,muck load$ by /eam %ovel4 ,/ret*es aggregat+ #bjj ft4 n>r[$ to ab\t #be ft4 & lat] enl>g$ are includ$4 ,excavation ab\t #cj ft4 wide4 ,top full-wid? head+ & b5*4 ,muck load$ by h&4 ,/eam %ovel n in/all$4 ,excavation ab\t #cj to #ce ft4 wide4 ,top full-wid? by h& & "p by /eam %ovel4 ,d\ble head+ & b5*4 ,"p ( ! muck h&l$ by h& & "p by /eam %ovel4 ,exploration drift ab\t #aj ft4 by #ac 94 ,muck load$ by h&4 #ad ft4 timb]$4 ,at portal ( tw9 tunnels4 ,drift excavat$ to full wid? & b5*4 ,muck load$ by h&4 #ab ft4 timb]$4 ,drift excavat$ to full wid? & b5*4 ,muck load$ by /eam %ovel4 ,full-wid? tunnel timb]$ = #bf ft4 indep5d5tly ( ! ma9 excavation4 ,,?ree-,,track ,,tunnel ,,excavation4 ,:5 x became evid5t t ! "w ?r\gh ! ,fif? ,av5ue section w\ld be extremely sl[1 %afts 7 sunk 9 ea* /reet betwe5 ,six? & ,sev5? ,av5ues4 ,! %afts1 z %[n on ,plate ,,xiv1 7 locat$ 9 ! /reets1 b 9 su* a way z to block only half ( ! roadway4 ,at ! same "t x 0 decid$ to con/ruct 9 op5 cut ab\t #bjj ft4 ( ! ,?ree-,track ,tunnel at ! we/ end ( ! contract 9 #cb;d ,/reet1 :]e ! rock surface 0 bel[ ! top ( ! tunnel4 ,x 0 hop$ t ! rema9d] ( ! "w c\ld be built )\t op5+ ! /reet1 b fur!r inve/igation %[$ t ?is 0 impracticable1 & ev5tually all ! ,?ree-,track ,tunnel 9 #cb;d ,/reet1 except #abj ft4 ea/ ( ! %aft1 0 built 9 op5 cut4 ,?irty-second ,/reet ,"w 9 ,tunnel4--,foll[+ ! s9k+ ( ! %aft1 a drift 0 driv5 across ! /reet at ! cr[n ( ! tunnel1 & a top head+ on ! s\? side 0 excavat$ 9 bo? directions4 ,frequ5t cross-drifts to ! nor? side %[$ t ! rock 0 n[h]e v s\nd & t1 except = a %ort di/ance ea/ ( ! %aft1 x 0 di/9ctly unfavorable = ! wide ,?ree-,track excavation4 ,9 ?is /ret* ! nor? ends ( ^! cross-cuts 7 connect$ by a second head+1 & wall-plates & sets ( ?ree-segm5t ar* timb]+ 7 set up to support ! ro( ( ! drifts4 ,! cross-cutt+s 7 gradually wid5$ & timb]$ until ! entire excavation _h be5 made d[n to ! level ( ! wall-plates1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,lx4 ,! b5* 0 !n excavat$ 9 two lifts1 leav+ ! wall-plates support$ on n>r[ longitud9al b]ms1 :i* 7 remov$ 9 %ort sections to p]mit ! plac+ ( po/s "u ! wall-plates4 ,?irty-second ,/reet ,op5-,cut ,"w4--,be=e actual op5-cut excavation 0 />t$1 all build+s fac+ x 7 und]p9n$ to rock4 ,= ?is purpose1 a tr5* 0 dug along ! face ( ! build+s & ( ! same dep? z _! cell>s4 ,holes 7 cut 9 ! front f\ndation walls ?r\gh :i* long ne$le-beams 7,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,lx7 7 ins]t$ & jack$ up on block+ plac$ on ! cell> floor & 9 ! tr5*1 until ! weight ( ! build+ _h be5 tak5 (f its f\ndations4 ,a close-%eet$ tr5* 0 !n sunk to rock "u ! front build+ walls1 & a light rubble masonry reta9+ wall 0 built 9 x to support ! build+ p]man5tly4 ,frequ5tly1 ! excavation = ! und]p9n+ wall1 :i* 0 tak5 out 9 sections f #cj to #dj ft4 long1 & 9 places 0 c>ri$ to a dep? ( #dj ft41 0 v tr\blesome on acc\nt ( ! l>ge quantity ( wat] enc\nt]$ & ! f95ess ( ! s&1 :i* exhibit$ a t5d5cy to fl[ :5 saturat$4 ,! ,elevat$ ,railroad columns 9 ,six? ,av5ue1 ne> ! nor? & s\? l9es ( #cb;d ,/reet1 7 und]p9n$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! build+ f\ndations1 :ile ^? on ! c5t] l9e ( ! /reet 7 support$ by gird]s rivet$ to !m close "u ! track level4 ,! gird]s 9 turn 7 support$ on po/s foot$ on ! new und]p9n+ ( ! adjac5t columns4 ,on ! completion ( ! tunnels1 concrete pi]s 7 built up f ! ro( ( ! tunnel to =m a p]man5t f\ndation = ! c5t]-l9e columns4 ,! area to be excavat$ "u ,six? ,av5ue 0 enclos$ by a rubble masonry reta9+ wall con/ruct$ 9 a tr5*4 ,op5-cut excavation 0 />t$ by plank+ ov] ! /reet on /r+]s re/+ on transv]se #ab by #ab-;94 caps4 ,! caps 7 gradually und]m9$ & support$ on tempor>y po/s :i* 7 !n replac$ by %ort po/s re/+ on #ab by #ab-;94 sills ab\t #g ft4 bel[ ! cap4 ,! op]ation 0 !n repeat$ & ! sill 0 support$ on ano!r set ( %ort po/s re/+ on a second sill4 ,:5 ! excavation _h be5 c>ri$ d[n 9 ?is mann] to ! level ( ! top ( ! tunnel1 diagonal #c by #aj-;94 timb]s 7 cut 9 betwe5 ! po/s & sills to =m a species ( d\ble ,a-frame1 ! legs ( :i* re/$ 9 ni*es cut 9 ! rock & on po/s c>ri$ up ! face ( ! und]p9n+ wall1 & ! :ole 0 /iff5$ ) v]tical tie-rods4 ,?is con/ruction is %[n by ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,lxii4 ,! brick sew] 0 replac$ tempor>ily by "o ( rivet$ /eel pipe4 ,?is pipe & ! wat] & gas pipes & electric conduits 7 susp5d$ f ! timb]s z ! pipes 7 uncov]$4 ,excavation 9 rock 0 made by s9k+ a pit to sub-grade = ! full wid? ( ! tunnel & advanc+ ! face ( ! pit 9 sev]al lifts1 ! muck be+ bl[n ov] ! slope & load$ into buckets at its foot4 ,! "w 0 attack$ at sev]al places simultane\sly1 & ! spoil 0 hoi/$ by d]ricks locat$ at conv5i5t po9ts along ! side ( ! cut4 ,?irty-?ird ,/reet ,"w 9 ,tunnel & ,op5 ,cut4--,! ,we/ #cc;d ,/reet ,%aft 0 simil> to ! "o 9 #cb;d ,/reet1 & 0 sunk dur+ ,febru>y1 ,m>*1 & ,april1 #aijg1 ?r\gh #aj ft4 ( e>?1 #ba ft4 ( s(t rock1 & #bi ft4 ( fairly h>d rock4 ,x 0 necess>y to timb] heavily ! upp] #cj ft4 ( ! %aft4 ,! timb] lat] %[$ evid5ces ( sev]e /ra91 & _h to be re9=c$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxi4--,,excavation ,,& ,,timb]+ ,,9 ,,heavy ,,gr\nd ,,( ,,?ree-,,track ,,tunnel ,,( #cc;,d ,,/4 ,z soon z ! %aft excavation 0 deep en\gh1 a drift 0 driv5 "p way across ! tunnels1 & top head+s 7 />t$ bo? ea/ & we/ to explore ! rock4 ,! head+ to ! we/ 0 divid$ into two drifts1 z %[n on ,plate ,,lxi4 ,^! two drifts 7 cont9u$ to ! we/ end ( ! contract1 & 7 !n enl>g$ to a full-siz$ head+ & timb]$1 z %[n on ,plate ,,lxi & ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,lx4 ,! rock ne> ! %aft conta9$ _m wet ru/y seams1 & settlem5t 0 detect$ 9 ! segm5tal tunnel timb]+ soon aft] ! wid5+ ( ! head+ 0 complet$4 ,%ort props 7 plac$ "u ! timb]s1 & ! /reet surface 0 op5$ ) a view ( /ripp+ ! e>? d[n to ! rock & ?us light5+ ! load on ! timb]+4 ,/reet traffic 0 ma9ta9$ on a timb] /ructure ) po/s ev5tually c>ri$ d[n to ! rock surface1 & ! walls ( ! build+s on ! nor? side ( ! /reet 7 und]p9n$ to rock4 ,! settlem5t ( ! tunnel timb]+ 0 *eck$ = a "t1 & ! b5* 0 excavat$ z %[n on ,plate ,,lxi4 ,9 ?is "w ! cut 9 ! c5t] 0 fir/ made1 & ! %ort props 7 replac$ by /ruts1 z %[n2 aft] ?is ! b]ms 7 remov$ & ! side po/s 7 plac$4 ,:ile build+ ! brick ar*es1 holes 7 left 9 ! masonry ar\nd ! /ruts4 ,aft] ! masonry _h h>d5$1 pi]s 7 built on ! ar*es to support ! segm5tal timb]s4 ,! /ruts 7 !n remov$ & ! op5+s fill$ ) masonry4 ,! voids above ! ar* 7 pack$ ) rock & aft]w>d ?or\ghly gr\t$4 ,! timb]s ne> ! %aft cont9u$ to settle1 &1 al?\gh !y _h be5 plac$ f #i to #ab 94 above ! level ( ! top ( ! masonry1 by ,octob] #a/1 !y encroa*$ #i 94 )9 ! l9e ( masonry4 ,x 0 !n decid$ to remove ! rock = a di/ance ( #dh ft4 we/ ( ! %aft1 & build ?is portion ( ! tunnel 9 op5 cut4 ,! po/s support+ ! deck =m+ ! /reet surface 7 replac$ by an ,a-frame /ructure simil> to t develop$ = ! #cb;d ,/reet op5 cut1 )\t int]ruption ( ! /reet traffic4 ,aft] mak+ ! op5 cut to ! we/w>d ( ! %aft1 !re 0 a slip 9 ! rock nor? ( & adjo9+ ! %aft4 ,=tunately1 ! timb]s did n give way entirely1 & no damage 0 done4 ,! op5 cut 0 ext5d$ ea/w>d = a di/ance ( #df ft41 mak+ ! total l5g? ( tunnel built 9 op5 cut on ?is /reet #id ft4 ,ea/ ( ! %aft1 = a di/ance ( ab\t #abe ft41 ! rock 0 brok5 & c\ld n be excavat$ to full size )\t timb]+ ! ro(1 b betwe5 ?is section ( poor rock & ^? already m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! "w at ,fif? ,av5ue1 !re 0 a /ret* ( #fjj ft4 ( good rock :]e all ! spoil 0 h&l$ ) a /eam %ovel4 ,,tw9-,,tunnel ,,l9+4 ,! masonry l9+ = ! tunnels 0 n />t$ until ! late fall ( #aijf1 aft] excavation _h be5 9 progress = a ye> & a half4 ,at t "t concret+ 0 />t$ 9 ! s+le tunnels we/w>d f ! ,fir/ ,av5ue ,%afts1 & by spr+ 0 9 full sw+ 9 ! ,tw9 ,tunnels4 ,! plans contemplat$ ! use ( a complete concrete l9+ except :]e l>ge quantities ( wat] 7 enc\nt]$2 9 :i* case ! ar*es1 beg9n+ at a po9t #ae above ! spr++ l9e1 7 to be built ( vitrifi$ pav+ brick4 ,by ref]5ce to ,plate ,,xii x w be se5 t ! wat]-pro(+1 :i* 9 ! concrete-ro( tunnels ext5d$ ! full height ( ! sides to ! #ae l9e1 0 c>ri$ 9 ! brick-ro( tunnels completely ar\nd ! extrados ( ! ar*4 ,! cross-sections also %[ ! location ( ! electric conduits :i* 7 buri$ 9 ! mass ( ! side & core-walls & :i* limit$ ! height to :i* ! concrete c\ld be c>ri$ 9 "o op]ation4 ,! same g5]al s*eme ( op]ations 0 us$ :]ev] possible ?r\gh\t ! ,tw9-,tunnel "w1 b 0 subject to m9or modifications z circum/ances dictat$4 ,concrete 0 fir/ deposit$ 9 ! bottom1 to ! grade ( ! fl[ l9e ( ! dra9s2 aft] x _h set1 collapsible box =ms1 ( #b-;94 plank ) #c-;94 plank tops1 7 laid on x to =m ! dit* & ! %\ld]s = ! flag/one cov]s4 ,! track1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 block$ up on ! rock betwe5 ! dit*es1 0 rais$ & support$ on ! dit* boxes above ! f9i%$ floor level4 ,at ! same "t1 light =ms 7 brac$ f ! dit* boxes to ! grade ( ! base ( ! l[-t5sion & telephone-duct bank4 ,aft] deposit+ ! concrete to ?is level1 ! telephone ducts 7 laid4 ,! =ms = ! wat]-pro(+ or s&-wall up to ! #ae l9e & = ! ma9 side-walls & core-walls 7 built 9 #cj-;ft4 panels & 7 support$ on c>riages1 :i*1 travel+ on a broad-gauge track above ! dit*es1 mov$ along ! tunnel1 section by section1 z ! "w advanc$4 ,! panels 7 hung loosely f joi/s c>ry+ a plat=m on ! top *ord ( ! c>riage trusses1 & 7 adju/$ transv]sely by brac+ & w$g+ !m out f ! c>riage4 ,! small =ms = ! refuge ni*es1 ladd]s1 etc41 7 collapsible1 & 7 spik$ to ! ma9 panel =ms j previ\s to ! deposition ( ! concrete4 ,! concrete 0 deposit$ f ! plat=m on top ( ! c>riage1 to :i* ! c>s 7 elevat$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,plate ,,lxi %[s ! details ( ! c>riages1 & is self-explanatory4 ,! concrete = ! s&-walls & ! core-wall1 to ! level ( ! sidewalk1 0 deposit$ at ! same "t2 two c>riages 9 ea* tunnel1 plac$ opposite ea* o!r1 =m+ a #fj-;ft4 l5g?1 7 us$ at ea* sett+4 ,! floor section ( ! #d-;94 tile dra9s _h be5 laid ) ! floor concrete1 &1 z ! s&-wall concrete 0 deposit$1 ! dra9s 7 br\ght up simultane\sly1 brok5 /one be+ deposit$ betwe5 ! tile & ! rock to =m a bl9d dra9 & af=d access to ! op5 jo9ts ( ! tile = ! wat] ent]+ ! tunnel ?r\gh seams 9 ! rock4 ,! dra9s 7 spac$ at int]vals n exce$+ #be ft41 dep5d+ on ! wetness ( ! rock1 & 7 plac$ at simil> int]vals 9 ! core-wall "u ! l[e/ project+ po9ts ( ! rock on ! c5t] l9e betwe5 ! tunnels4 ,a small dit* l9$ ) loose #f-;94 vitrifi$ half pipe 0 provid$ 9 ! top ( ! s&-wall to collect ! wat] f ! extrados ( ! ar* & lead x to ! top ( ! dra9s4 ,great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ma9ta9+ ^! dra9s cle>1 &1 on completion ( ! "w1 a l>ge am\nt ( labor 0 exp5d$ 9 remov+ ob/ructions f ! floor sections1 ! only portion !n accessible4 ,aft] wat]-pro(+ ! s&-walls & lay+ ! l[-t5sion ducts1 a second pair ( c>riages1 ) panels on "o side only1 = #fj ft4 ( side-wall & skewback to ! #ae l9e1 7 set & brac$ aga9/ ! core-wall4 ,^! =ms are %[n 9 connection ) ! c>riage on ,plate ,,lxi4 ,!y 7 concret$ to ! base ( ! high-t5sion duct bank1 &1 aft] ! concrete _h h>d5$ & ! bank ( ducts _h be5 laid1 ! concret+ 0 complet$ 9 a second op]ation4 ,9 places :]e ! ro( 0 support$ tempor>ily by po/s & heavy timb]+1 su* z at ,fif? ,av5ue1 ! =m c>riages c\ld n be us$1 & special me?ods 7 devis$ to suit ! local conditions4 ,usually1 ! panels 7 /ripp$ f ! c>riages & mov$ f section to section by h&1 &1 :5 9 position1 7 brac$ to ! timb]+4 ,! ar* c5t]s 7 built up ( two #e by #c by #c_/h-;94 /eel angles1 &1 :5 set1 7 block$ up on ! sidewalks opposite ea* o!r 9 ! two tunnels4 ,a tempor>y plat=m 0 laid on ! bottom *ord angles ( ! ribs1 on :i* ! concrete 0 dump$1 ! same z on ! =m c>riages4 ,! lagg+ us$ 0 #c by #c-;94 dress$ p9e or spruce #af ft4 long1 & 0 plac$ z ! concret+ ( ! ar* proce$$ above ! #ae l9e on ! side-wall & above ! sidewalk on ! core-wall4 ,aft] ! ar* _h rea*$ su* a height t ! concrete c\ld n be pass$ ov] ! lagg+ directly f ! ma9 plat=m1 x 0 ca/ on a small plat=m on ! upp] horizontal brac+ ( ! c5t]s1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,lix1 & 0 !nce %ovel$ into ! "w4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! ar* ! face ( ! concrete 0 kept on a radial plane1 &1 :5 only #c ft4 rema9$ to be plac$1 x 0 key$ 9 f "o end1 ! key lagg+ be+ set 9 ab\t #e-;ft4 l5g?s4 ,! ar*es 7 concret$ usually 9 #fj-;ft4 l5g?s4 ,:]e brick ar*es 7 us$1 ! core-wall skewback 0 concret$ beh9d special =ms set up on ! sidewalks1 or ! ar* ribs & lagg+ 7 us$ = =ms1 & ! brick ar* 0 n />t$ until aft] ! concrete _h set4 ,9 lay+ ! brick 9 ! ar*1 ! five c\rses ( ! r+ 7 c>ri$ up z high z ! void betwe5 ! extrados & ! rock w\ld p]mit & /ill leave a work+ space 9 :i* to place ! wat]-pro(+4 ,?is 0 usually n m ?an #c ft41 except on ! core-wall side4 ,! felt & pit* wat]-pro(+ 0 !n laid = t height1 jo9$ to ! previ\s wat]-pro(+ on ! side-walls1 & 0 foll[$ by ! brick armor c\rse ov] ! wat]-pro(+ & by ! rock pack+1 aft] :i* ano!r lift ( brick 0 laid & ! op]ations 7 repeat$4 ,! l>ge void 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lxii7 above ! core-wall gave conv5i5t access = work+ on top ( ! adjac5t sides ( ! ro(1 & ! key+ ( ! ar*es & ! wat]-pro(+ & rock pack+ above ! core-wall 7 usually c>ri$ on f t po9t1 ! "w progress+ f "o end4 ,! concrete = all "w above ! floor 0 dump$ on ! plat=m ( ! c>riages1 to :i* x 0 transport$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! "w 9 c>s runn+ on a high-level track laid on long ties1 re/+ on ! f9i%$ sidewalks4 ,?is arrangem5t1 al?\gh requir+ a l>ge am\nt ( timb] = ! track1 p]mitt$ ! muck to be c>ri$ out on ! l[-level track )\t int]f]5ce4 ,lat]1 :5 ! advance ( ! head+ _h ceas$ & ! heavy muck+ 0 ov]1 all concrete 0 transport$ on ! floor level1 & ! c>s 7 lift$ to ! c>riage plat=ms by elevators & 7 haul$ by hoi/+ eng9es up a movable incl9e4 ,! latt] me?od is %[n by ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,lix4 ,wat]-,pro(+4--,! wat]-pro(+ ref]r$ to above 0 9 all cases felt & pit* laid ) six ?icknesses ( felt & sev5 ( pit*4 ,! sub-contractor = ! "w 0 ! ,sicilian ,asphalt ,pav+ ,company4 ,all jo9ts 7 lapp$ at lea/ #a ft41 &1 :]e "w 0 susp5d$ = a "t & a bevel lap c\ld n be made1 ! edges ( ! felt 7 left unpit*$ = #a ft4 & ! new] "w 0 int]lac$ ) ! old4 ,?is me?od 0 n always successful1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( ! s(t5+ ( ! unpit*$ felt on long-cont9u$ exposure to ! wat]4 ,! felt us$ 0 ma9ly ,tunaloid1 toge!r ) "s ,hydrex4 ,x weigh$ ab\t #ab lb4 p] #ajj sq4 ft4 :5 saturat$ & coat$ on "o side only1 & conta9$ ab\t #be ( wool4 ,! coal-t> pit* us$ _h a melt+ po9t ( #ajj ,fahr4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! tunnel1 ! concrete ar* %[$ "s leakage & 9 places unsightly lime deposits4 ,x 0 det]m9$ to attempt to /op ^! leaks by ! application ( a wat]-pro( cem5t coat+ on ! intrados ( ! ar*4 ,ext5d$ exp]im5tal application ( two v>ieties ( mat]ials us$ = ?is purpose--,hydroli?ic cem5t & ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wat]-pro(+ ,company's comp\nd--h be5 made ) app>5t success up to ! pres5t "t1 & ! results aft] ! lapse ( a consid]able p]iod are await$ ) int]e/4 ,duct ,lay+4--,! position ( ! electric conduits1 buri$ 9 ! he>t ( ! concrete walls1 int]f]$ greatly ) ! economical & spe$y plac+ ( ! l9+1 & _! lay+ prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ tr\blesome features ( ! "w4 ,! p[] conduits 7 s+le-way1 ) ! bank = high-t5sion cables sep>at$ 9 ! side-walls f ! l[-t5sion bank1 z %[n on ,plate ,,xii4 ,! conduits = telephone & telegraph s]vice 7 f\r-way1 & 7 locat$ 9 ! core-wall4 ,all ducts _h #c_/d-;94 walls & a m9imum cle> op5+ ( #c-c_/h 94 squ>e1 ) corn]s r\nd$4 ,!y 7 laid ) jo9ts brok5 9 all directions1 & 9 ab\t #a_/d-;94 b$s ( #a3b-a_/b mort>4 ,flat /eel bond-irons1 #b by #a_/h 941 ) split & b5t ends1 7 plac$ 9 ! jo9ts at int]vals ( #c ft4 & project$ into ! concrete #c 94 on ea* side1 ty+ toge!r ! concrete on opposite sides ( ! ducts4 ,! jo9ts 7 wrapp$ ) a #f-;94 /rip ( #aj-oz4 duck saturat$ ) neat-cem5t gr\t1 &1 9 addition1 ! p[] conduits 7 completely cov]$ ) a #a_/b-;94 coat ( mort> to prev5t ! intrusion ( cem5t & s& f ! fluid concrete4 ,! f\r-way conduits 7 pla/]$ only ov] ! wraps4 ,splic+ *amb]s 7 provid$ at int]vals ( #djj ft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxii1 ,,fig4 #a4--,,wat]-,,pro(+ ,,ov] ,,brick ,,ar*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxii1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,tre/le ,,us$ ,,9 ,,concret+ ,,9 ,,?ree-,,track ,,tunnel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxii1 ,,fig4 #c4--,,me?od ,,( ,,/reet ,,support ,,ov] ,,op5-,,cut ,,excavation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lxii1 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,junction ,,( ,,tw9 ,,& ,,?ree-,,track ,,tunnels4 ,,?ree-,,track ,,tunnel ,,l9+4 ,9 ! ,?ree-,track ,tunnels1 a heavy brick ar* 0 us$ = ^? portions con/ruct$ 9 tunnel1 :ile1 9 ! op5-cut sections1 ! ro( 0 ( concrete4 ,bo? 7 completely wat]-pro($ on ! ro( & sides1 & 9 ! tunnel sections ! space above ! brick ro( 0 fill$ ) rock pack+4 ,on acc\nt ( ! un/able nature ( ! rock enc\nt]$ ?r\gh\t1 ! voids 9 ! pack+ 7 aft]w>d fill$ ) gr\t4 ,by ref]5ce to ! cross-sections1 ,plate ,,xii1 x w be se5 t ! haun*es ( ! ar* 7 ti$ toge!r by /eel ,i-beams an*or$ 9 ! concrete1 ) ! object ( mak+ ! /ructure self-support+ 9 ! ev5t ( ! removal ( ! adjac5t rock = deep cell> excavations4 ,?is con/ruction mat]ially influ5c$ ! contractor's me?od ( plac+ ! masonry l9+4 ,aft] deposit+ ! floor concrete1 by ! same me?od t 0 us$ 9 ! ,tw9 ,tunnels1 a timb] tre/le 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,lxii7 0 erect$ to ! height ( ! und]side ( ! ,i-beam ties1 ! po/s be+ foot$ 9 holes1 ab\t #c 94 deep1 left 9 ! concrete floor to prev5t slipp+4 ,9 ! op5-cut sections ! s&-wall =ms 7 ( undress$ plank tack$ to ! /udd+ & brac$ f ! tre/le2 9 ! tunnel section !y 7 spik$ to ! face ( ! po/s support+ ! timb]+4 ,! side-wall =ms 7 made up 9 panels ab\t #c by #aj ft41 & 7 clamp$ to /uds by ,u-%ap$ irons pass+ ar\nd ! /ud & bolt$ to ! cleats on ! back ( ! panels1 ! /uds be+ brac$ f ! tre/le4 ,! side-wall concrete 0 deposit$ 9 ?ree sections4 ,! fir/ 0 br\ght up j above ! sidewalk & =m$ ! b5* = ! high-t5sion ducts2 ! second c>ri$ ! wall up to ! spr++ l9e4 ,be=e plac+ ! ?ird section ! ,i-beam ties 7 set 9 position 7,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,lxii7 on top ( ! tre/le1 & ! re9=c+ rods 9 ! haun* ( ! ar* 7 hung f !m4 ,! concrete 0 c>ri$ up to a skewback = ! ar*1 z %[n 9 ! brick-ro( cross-section 7,plate ,,xii7 & emb$d$ ! ends ( ! ties4 ,! c5t]s = ! ar*es /ood on ! ,i-beam ties1 & ! tops ( ! hang]s1 = ! p]man5t support ( ! ties ne> _! c5t]1 7 ins]t$ ?r\gh ! lagg+4 ,! brick ar*1 wat]-pro(+1 & rock pack+ 7 laid up 9 lifts1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! ,tw9 ,tunnel1 ) gr\t pipes built 9 at int]vals ( ab\t #h ft4 ,! concrete ar* 0 plac$ 9 sections1 f #be to #ej ft4 9 l5g?1 ) a r wet mixture & a back =m on ! /eep slope ( ! extrados4 ,! concrete = ! s&-walls & l[] "p ( side-walls 0 h&l$ on tracks & plat=ms laid on cantilev] beams at mid-height ( ! tre/le1 z %[n by ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,lxii4 ,= ! walls above ! spr++ l9e1 ! tracks 7 laid on top ( ! ,i-beam ties1 & "s ( ! ar* concrete1 also1 0 deliv]$ f ! mix] at t level & haul$ up an incl9e to ! level ( ! top ( ! ar*4 ,by f> ! great] "p1 h[ev]1 0 turn$ out f mix]s set on ! complet$ ar*1 & 0 transport$ on tracks hung 9 "p f ! /reet timb]+4 ,completion4--,except 9 ! heavily-timb]$ portions1 su* z at ,fif? ,av5ue1 :]e ! load _h to be transf]r$ f po/s to ! complet$ masonry section by section1 ! l9+ ( ! tunnels pres5t$ no special difficulty4 ,! l>ge numb] ( small =ms to be set1 & ! mutual int]f]5ce ( ! concret+ & duct-lay+ op]ations prov$ to be ! mo/ tr\blesome features ( ! "w4 ,! re/oration ( ! /reets1 public utilities1 etc41 at ! op5-cut sections 0 a sl[ & t$i\s op]ation1 b ! tunnels !mselves 7 complet$ 9 ,m>*1 #aiji1 #c ye>s & #aj mon?s aft] ! inception ( ! "w4 ,! f9i%$ tunnels are %[n by ! photograph1 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,lxii1 tak5 at ! junction ( ! tw9 & ?ree-track types4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,a3 ,pres5t$ at ! meet+ ( ,decemb] #a/1 #aiji4 ,footnote ,b3 ,( ! pap] by ,mr4 ,noble4 ,footnote ,c3 ,( ! pap] by ,mr4 ,noble4 ,footnote ,d3 ,( ! pap] by ,mr4 ,noble4