,illustration3 ,a ,,corner ,,of ,,the ,,author',s ,,garden ,,at ,,kirkstall4 ,,hardy ,,perennials ,,and ,old-,fashioned ,garden ,flowers3 ,,describing ,,the ,,most ,,desirable ,,plants ,,for ,,borders1 ,,rockeries1 ,,and ,,shrubberies1 ,,including ,,foliage ,,as ,,well ,,as ,,flowering ,,plants4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,john ,,wood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,illustrated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,l4 ,,upcott ,,gill1 #agj1 ,,strand1 ,w4 ,c4 #ahhd4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,a4 ,,bradley1 #agj1 ,,strand1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,preface4 ,at the present time there is a growing desire to patronise perennial plants1 more especially the many and beautiful varieties known as old-fashioned flowers4 ,not only do they deserve to be cultivated on their individual merits1 but for other very important reasons2 they afford great variety of form1 foliage1 and flower1 and compared with annual and tender plants1 they are found to give much less trouble4 ,if a right selection is made and properly planted1 the plants may be relied upon to appear with perennial vigour and produce flowers more or less throughout the year4 ,i would not say bouquets may be gathered in the depth of winter1 but what will be equally cheering may be had in blow1 such as the ,bluet1 ,violet1 ,primrose1 ,christmas ,rose1 ,crocus1 ,hepatica1 ,squills1 ,snowdrops1 and other less known winter bloomers4 ,it does not seem to be generally understood that warm nooks and corners1 under trees or walls1 serve to produce in winter flowers which usually appear in spring when otherwise placed4 ,there are many subjects which1 from fine habit and foliage1 even when flowerless1 claim notice1 and they1 too1 are described4 ,many gardens are very small1 but these1 if properly managed1 have their advantages4 ,the smaller the garden the more choice should be the collection1 and the more highly should it be cultivated4 ,i shall be glad if anything ,i say tends in this direction4 ,from my notes of plants useful memoranda may be made1 with the object of adding a few of the freest bloomers in each month1 thus avoiding the error often committed of growing such subjects as mostly flower at one time1 after which the garden has a forlorn appearance4 ,the plants should not be blamed for this2 the selection is at fault4 ,no amount of time and care can make a garden what it should be if untidy and weedy plants prevail4 ,on the other hand1 the most beautiful species1 both as regards foliage and flowers1 can be just as easily cultivated4 ,the object of this small work is to furnish the names and descriptions of really useful and reliable ,hardy and ,perennial ,plants1 suitable for all kinds of flower gardens1 together with definite cultural hints on each plant4 ,perhaps flowers were never cultivated of more diversified kinds than at the present time2 and it is a legitimate and not uncommon question to ask1 ,what do you grow8 ,not only have we now the lovers of the distinct and showy1 but numerous admirers of such species as need to be closely examined1 that their beautiful and interesting features may gladden and stir the mind4 ,the latter class of plants1 without doubt1 is capable of giving most pleasure2 and to meet the growing taste for these1 books on flowers must necessarily treat upon the species or varieties in a more detailed manner1 in order to get at their peculiarities and requirements4 ,the more we learn about our flowers the more we enjoy them2 to simply see bright colours and pretty forms is far from all the pleasure we may reap in our gardens4 ,if ,i have not been able to give scientific information1 possibly that of a practical kind may be of some use1 as for many years1 and never more than now1 ,i have enjoyed the cultivation of flowers with my own hands4 ,to be able to grow a plant well is of the highest importance1 and the first step towards a full enjoyment of it4 ,i have had more especially in view the wants of the less experienced ,amateur2 and as all descriptions and modes of culture are given from specimens successfully grown in my own garden1 ,i hope ,i may have at least a claim to being practical4 ,i have largely to thank several correspondents of many years' standing for hints and information incorporated in these pages4 ,j4 ,,wood4 ,,woodville1 ,,kirkstall1 ,november1 #ahhc4 ,,errata4 ,for the placing of capital letters uniformly throughout this ,volume to the specific names at the cross-headings1 and for the omission of many capitals in the body of the type1 the printer is alone responsible4 ,numerous oversights fall to my lot1 but in many of the descriptions other than strictly proper botanical terms have been employed1 where it seemed desirable to use more intelligible ones2 as1 for instance1 the flowers of the ,composites have not always been termed heads1 perianths have sometimes been called corollas1 and their divisions at times petals1 and so on2 this is hardly worthy of the times1 perhaps1 but it was thought that the terms would be more generally understood4 ,page #g1 line #h4 ,for lupin read ,lupine4 ,page #ci1 line #ca4 ,for calyx read involucre4 ,page #dj1 line #bg4 ,for calyx read involucre4 ,page #df1 line #a4 ,for corolla read perianth4 ,page #dg1 lines #c and #f4 ,for corolla read perianth4 ,page #dh1 last line4 ,for lupin read ,lupine4 ,page #fj1 line #af4 ,for pompon read pompone4 ,page #fd1 line #cf4 ,for corolla read perianth4 ,page #ajb1 line #bg4 ,for ,fritillaries read ,fritillarias4 ,page #aad1 cross-heading4 ,for ,ice-cold ,gentian read ,ice-cold ,loving ,gentian4 ,page #bac4 ,for ,tirolensis read ,tyrolensis4 ,page #bad1 cross-heading4 ,for ,cashmerianum read ,cashmeriana4 ,page #bae1 cross-heading4 ,for ,cashmerianum read ,cashmeriana4 ,page #bge1 line #bf4 ,for corolla read perianth4 ,page #bhd1 line #be4 ,for calyx read involucre4 ,page #bhe1 line #a4 ,for calyx read involucre4 ,,john ,,wood4 ,november #adth1 #ahhc4 ,,hardy ,,perennials ,,and ,,old-,,fashioned ,,garden ,,flowers4 ,acaena ,novae ,zealandiae4 ,otherwise ,a4 ,,microphylla2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,sanguisorbeae1 or ,,rose ,,family4 ,the plant1 as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #a71 is small1 and its flowers are microscopic1 hardly having the appearance of flowers1 even when minutely examined1 but when the bloom has faded there is a rapid growth1 the calyces forming a stout set of long spines2 these1 springing from the globular head in considerable numbers1 soon become pleasingly conspicuous1 and this is by far the more ornamental stage of the plant4 ,it is hardy1 evergreen1 and creeping4 ,it seldom rises more than one or two inches from the ground1 and only when it approaches a wall1 stones1 or some such fixed body1 does it show an inclination to climb2 it is1 therefore1 a capital rock plant4 ,as implied by its specific name1 it comes from ,new ,zealand1 and has not long been acclimatised in this country4 ,the flowers are produced on fine wiry stems an inch or more long1 being nearly erect2 they are arranged in round heads1 at first about the size of a small pea2 these1 when bruised1 have an ammoniacal smell4 ,each minute flower has four green petals and brownish seed organs1 which cause the knob of flowers to have a rather grimy look1 and a calyx which is very hard and stout1 having two scales and four sepals4 ,these sepals are the parts which1 after the seed organs have performed their functions1 become elongated and of a fine rosy-crimson colour2 they form stiff and rather stout spines1 often #c_/d;in4 long2 they bristle evenly from every part of the little globe of seed vessels1 and are very pretty4 ,the spines are produced in great abundance1 and they may be cut freely2 their effect is unique when used for table decoration1 stuck in tufts of dark green selaginella4 ,on the plant they keep in good form for two months4 ,the leaves are #a;in4 to #b;in4 long1 pinnate2 the leaflets are of a dark bronzy colour on the upper side and a pale green underneath1 like maidenhair1 which they also resemble in form1 being nearly round and toothed4 ,they are in pairs1 with a terminal odd one2 they are largest at the extremity1 and gradually lessen to rudimentary leaflets2 the foliage is but sparingly produced on the creeping stems1 which root as they creep on the surface4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,acaena ,,novae ,,zealandiae4 7,one half natural size47 ,the habit of the plant is compact and cushion-like1 and the brilliant spiny balls are well set off on the bed of fern-like but sombre foliage4 ,during ,august it is one of the most effective plants in the rock garden1 where ,i find it to do well in either moist or dry situations2 it grows fast1 and1 being evergreen1 it is one of the more useful creepers for all-the-year-round effect2 for covering dormant bulbs or bare places it is at once efficient and beautiful4 ,it requires light soil1 and seems to enjoy grit2 nowhere does it appear in better health or more at home than when carpeting the walk or track of the rock garden4 ,it is self-propagating1 but when it is desirable to move a tuft of it1 it should be done during the growing season1 so that it may begin to root at once and get established1 otherwise the wind and frosts will displace it4 ,it blooms from ,june to ,september1 more or less1 but only the earliest flowers produce well-coloured spines4 ,achillea ,a,egyptica4 ,,egyptian ,,yarrow2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this is an evergreen 7though herb-like7 species4 ,it has been grown for more than #bjj years in ,english gardens1 and originally came1 as its name implies1 from ,egypt4 ,notwithstanding the much warmer climate of its native country1 it proves to be one of the hardiest plants in our gardens4 ,i dare say many will think the ,yarrows are not worthy of a place in the garden2 but it should not be forgotten that not only are fine and useful flowers included in this work1 but also the good old-fashioned kinds1 and that a few such are to be found amongst the ,yarrows is without doubt4 ,could the reader see the collection now before me1 cut with a good piece of stem and some foliage1 and pushed into a deep vase1 he would not only own that they were a pleasing contrast1 but quaintly grand for indoor decoration4 ,a4 ,a,egyptica not only produces a rich yellow flower1 but the whole plant is ornamental1 having an abundance of finely-cut foliage1 which1 from a downy or nappy covering1 has a pleasing grey or silvery appearance4 ,the flowers are produced on long stems nearly #b;ft4 high1 furnished at the nodes with clean grey tufts of smaller-sized leaves2 near the top the stems are all but naked1 and are terminated by the flat heads or corymbs of closely-packed flowers4 ,they are individually small1 but the corymbs will be from #b;in4 to #c;in4 across4 ,their form is that of the common ,yarrow1 but the colour is a bright light yellow4 ,the leaves are #f;in4 to #h;in4 long1 narrow and pinnate1 the leaflets of irregular form1 variously toothed and lobed2 the whole foliage is soft to the touch1 from the nappy covering1 as already mentioned4 ,its flowers1 from their extra fine colour1 are very telling in a cut state4 ,the plant is suitable for the borders1 more especially amongst other old kinds4 ,ordinary garden loam suits it1 and its propagation may be carried out at any time by root division4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,september4 ,achillea ,filipendula4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this grows #d;ft4 high1 and the foliage1 though fern-like1 has an untidy appearance1 from the irregular way in which it is disposed4 ,it is herbaceous1 and comes from the ,caucasus4 ,the flowers are somewhat singular1 arranged in corymbs of a multiplex character2 they are very large1 often #e;in4 across4 ,the smaller corymbs are arched or convex1 causing the cluster or compound corymb to present an uneven surface2 the small flowers are of rich old gold colour1 and have the appearance of knotted gold cord2 they are very rigid1 almost hard4 ,the leaves are linear1 pinnate1 lobed and serrated1 hairy1 rough1 and numerously produced4 ,from the untidy and tall habit of this subject1 it should be planted in the background2 its flowers1 however1 will claim a prominent position in a cut state2 they are truly rich1 the undulating corymbs have the appearance of embossed gold plate1 and their antique colour and form are compared to gold braid by a lady who admires old-fashioned flowers4 ,it will last for several weeks after being cut1 and even out of water for many days4 ,a few heads placed in an old vase1 without any other flowers1 are rich and characteristic1 whilst on bronze figures and ewers in a dry state1 and more especially on ebony or other black decorations1 it may be placed with a more than floral effect4 ,in short1 rough as the plant is1 it is worth growing for its quaint and rich flowers alone2 it is seldom met with4 ,soil and propagation1 the same as for ,a4 ,a,egyptica4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,september4 ,achillea ,millefolium4 ,,common ,,milfoil2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this is the well-known wild ,yarrow2 it is1 however1 the typical form of a fine variety1 called ,a4 m4 roseum1 having very bright rose-coloured flowers1 which in all other respects resembles the wild form4 ,both as a border subject and for cutting purposes1 ,i have found it useful2 it flowers for several months1 but the individual blooms fade in four or six days2 these should be regularly removed4 ,the freshly-opened corymbs are much admired4 ,soil and mode of propagation1 the same as for previous kinds4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,november4 ,achillea ,ptarmica4 ,syns4 ,a4 ,,sylvestris and ,,ptarmica ,,vulgaris2 ,common ,names1 ,,wild ,,yarrow1 ,,sneezewort1 ,,goose-,,tongue1 and ,,wild ,,pellitory2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,a very common ,british plant1 or1 ,i may say1 weed1 which can live in the most reeky towns1 only mentioned here to introduce ,a4 ,p4 fl4-pl41 which is one of the most useful of border flowers4 ,i am bound to add1 however1 that only when in flower is it more presentable than the weedy and typical form2 but the grand masses of pure white bachelors'-button-like flowers1 which are produced for many weeks in succession1 render this plant deserving of a place in every garden4 ,it is a very old flower in ,english gardens4 ,some #bej years ago ,parkinson referred to the double flowering kind1 in his ,paradise of ,pleasant ,flowers1 as a then common plant2 and ,i may as well produce ,gerarde's description of the typical form1 which answers1 in all respects1 for the double one1 with the exception of the flowers themselves3 ,the small ,sneesewoort hath many rounde and brittle braunches1 beset with long and narrowe leaues1 hackt about the edges like a sawe2 at the top of the stalkes do grow smal single flowers like the fielde ,daisie4 ,the roote is tender and full of strings1 creeping farre abroade in the earth1 and in short time occupieth very much grounde4 ,the flowers of this plant are often1 but wrongly1 called bachelors' buttons1 which they much resemble4 ,for cutting purposes1 this plant is one of the most useful2 not only are the blooms a good white1 but they have the quality of keeping clean1 and are produced in greater numbers than ever ,i saw them on the single form4 ,those requiring large quantities of white flowers could not do better than give the plant a few square yards in some unfrequented part of the garden2 any kind of soil will suit it1 but if enriched the bloom will be all the better for it4 ,the roots run freely just under the surface1 so that a large stock may soon be had2 yet1 fine as are its flowers1 hardy and spreading as the plant proves1 it is but seldom met with4 ,even in small gardens this fine old flower should be allowed a little space4 ,transplant any time4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,aconitum ,autumnale4 ,,autumn ,,monk',s-,,hood2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,hardy1 perennial1 and herbaceous4 ,this is one of the finest subjects for autumn flowering4 ,the whole plant1 which stands nearly #c;ft4 high1 is stately and distinct 7,fig4 #b72 the leaves are dark green1 large1 deeply cut and veined1 of good substance1 and slightly drooping4 ,the flowers are a fine blue 7a colour somewhat scarce in our gardens at that season71 irregularly arranged on very stout stems2 in form they exactly resemble a monk's hood1 and the manner in which they are held from the stems further accords with that likeness4 ,these rich flowers are numerously produced2 a three-year-old plant will have as many as six stout stems all well furnished1 rendering the specimen very conspicuous4 ,this is one form of the ,monk's-hood long grown in ,english gardens1 and is called old-fashioned4 ,a4 japonicum1 according to some1 is identical with it1 but whether that is so or not1 there is but a slight difference1 and both1 of course1 are good4 ,i find it likes a rich deep soil4 ,it is propagated by division of the roots after the tops have turned yellow in autumn or winter4 ,it flowers from ,august until cut down by frosts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,aconitum ,,autumnale4 7,about one-tenth natural size47 ,allium ,moly4 ,,large ,,yellow ,,garlic2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,a hardy bulbous perennial1 of neat habit1 with bright golden flowers1 produced in large heads2 they endure a long time and are very effective2 it is by far the best yellow species4 ,where bold clumps of yellow are desirable1 especially if somewhat in the background1 there can be few subjects more suitable for the purpose than this plant2 both leaves and flowers1 however1 have a disagreeable odour1 if in the least bruised4 ,it is a very old plant in ,english gardens1 and is a native of the ,south of ,europe4 ,its chief merits are fine colour1 large head1 neat habit1 and easy culture4 ,the flowers are #a;in4 across1 borne in close heads1 having stalks over an inch long springing from stout scapes2 the six long oval petals are of a shining yellow colour2 the seed organs also are all yellow and half the length of petals2 the scape is about a foot high1 naked1 round1 and very stout2 the leaves are nearly as broad as tulip leaves1 and otherwise much resemble them4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,allium ,neapolitanum4 ,,neapolitan ,,allium2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,this has pure white flowers arranged in neat and effective umbels1 and though not so useful in colour as the flowers of ,a4 ,moly1 they are much superior to those of many of the genus4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,both of the above ,alliums may be grown in any odd parts which need decorating with subjects requiring little care2 any kind of soil will do for them1 but if planted too near the walks the flowers are liable to be cut by persons who may not be aware of their evil odour4 ,the bulbs may be divided every three years with advantage1 and may be usefully planted in lines in front of shrubs1 or mixed with other strong-growing flowers1 such as alkanets1 lupins1 and foxgloves4 ,alyssum ,saxatile4 ,,rock ,,madwort1 or ,,golden ,,tuft2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,cruciferae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,alyssum ,,saxatile4 7,one-third natural size47 ,this pleasing and well-known hardy1 evergreen1 half-woody shrub is always a welcome flower4 ,from its quantity of bloom all its other parts are literally smothered 7see ,fig4 #c74 ,when passing large pieces of it in full blow1 its fragrant honey smell reminds one of summer clover fields4 ,its golden yellow flowers are densely produced in panicles on procumbent stems1 #ab;in4 to #ah;in4 long4 ,the little flowers1 from distinct notches in the petals1 have a different appearance from many of the order ,cruciferae1 as1 unless they are well expanded1 there seem to be eight instead of four petals4 ,the leaves are inversely ovate1 lanceolate1 villose1 and slightly toothed4 ,a specimen will continue in good form during average weather for about three weeks4 ,it is not only seen to most advantage on rockwork1 where its prostrate stems can fall over the stones1 but the dry situation is in accordance with its requirements2 still1 it is not at all particular1 but does well in any sunny situation1 in any soil that is not over moist or ill drained4 ,it is easily and quickly propagated by cuttings in early summer4 ,flowering period1 ,april and ,may4 ,anchusa ,italica4 ,,italian ,,alkanet2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,boraginaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,anchusa ,,italica 7,flower ,spray74 7,one-third natural size47 ,a hardy herbaceous perennial of first-class merit for gardens where there is plenty of room2 amongst shrubs it will not only prove worthy of the situation1 but1 being a ceaseless bloomer1 its tall and leafy stems decked with brilliant flowers may always be relied upon for cutting purposes2 and let me add1 as1 perhaps1 many have never tried this fine but common flower in a large vase1 the stems1 if cut to the length of #ah;in41 and loosely placed in an old-fashioned vase1 without any other flowers1 are more than ornamental--they are fine4 ,its main features are seen in its bold leafy stems1 furnished with large1 dark blue1 forget-me-not-like flowers1 nearly all their length4 ,the little white eyes of the blossoms are very telling 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,the flowers are held well out from the large leaves of the main stem by smaller ones 7from #a;in4 to #h;in4 long71 at the ends of which the buds and flowers are clustered1 backed by a pair of small leaflets1 like wings4 ,just before the buds open they are of a bright rose colour1 and when the flowers fade the leafy calyx completely hides the withered parts1 and other blooms take their places between the wing-like pair of leaflets2 so the succession of bloom is kept up through the whole summer4 ,the leaves of the root are very large when fully grown during summer--over a foot long--those of the stems are much less2 all are lance-shaped and pointed1 plain at the edges1 very hairy1 and of a dark green colour4 ,the stems are numerous1 upright1 and1 as before hinted1 branched2 also1 like the leaves1 they are covered with stiff hairs1 a characteristic common to the order4 ,well-established plants will grow to the height of #c;ft4 to #e;ft4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,september4 ,anchusa ,sempervirens4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,boraginaceae4 ,this is a ,british species1 and1 as its name denotes1 is evergreen2 not1 let me add1 as a tall plant1 for the stems wither or at least become very sere1 only the large leaves of the root remaining fresh2 and though it has many points of difference from ,a4 ,italica1 such as shorter growth1 darker flowers and foliage1 and more oval leaves--these form the distinctions most observable4 ,by its evergreen quality it is easily identified in winter4 ,there is also an important difference from the axillary character of the flower stems4 ,with these exceptions the description of ,a4 ,italica will fairly hold good for this native species4 ,this ,alkanet has various other names1 as ,borago sempervirens1 ,buglossum s41 and with old writers it1 together with allied species1 was much esteemed1 not only for the flowers1 but for its reputed medicinal properties4 ,to those who care to grow these good old plants ,i would say1 well enrich the soil2 when so treated1 the results are very different from those where the plants have been put in hungry and otherwise neglected situations2 this favourable condition may be easily afforded1 and will be more than repaid4 ,strong roots may be transplanted at any time1 and propagation is more quickly carried out by division of the woody roots1 which should be cut or split so that each piece has a share of bark and a crown4 ,just before new growth has begun1 as in ,january1 is the best time for this operation1 so that there is no chance of rot from dormancy4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,september4 ,andromeda ,tetragona4 ,syn4 ,,cassiope ,,tetragona2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ericaceae4 ,a dwarf hardy evergreen shrub1 which comes to us from ,lapland and ,north ,america2 though a very beautiful subject for either rockwork or border1 it is rarely seen4 ,it is not one of the easiest plants to grow1 which may1 to some extent1 account for its rarity4 ,still1 when it can have its requirements1 it not only thrives well1 but its handsome form and flowers repay any extra trouble it may have given4 ,in the culture of this1 as of most plants of the order ,ericaceae1 there is decidedly a right way and a wrong one1 and if the species now under consideration has one or two special requirements it deserves them4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,andromeda ,,tetragona4 7,one-half natural size47 ,with me it never exceeds a height of #f;in4 or #g;in41 is much branched1 and of a fine apple green colour2 the flowers are small but very beautiful1 bell-shaped1 pendent1 and springing from the leafy stems of the previous year's growth4 ,the leaves are small as well as curious1 both in form and arrangement1 completely hiding their stems2 their roundish grain-shaped forms are evenly arranged in four rows extending throughout the whole length of the branches 7whence the name tetragona71 giving them a square appearance resembling an ear of wheat1 but much less stout 7see ,fig4 #e72 the little leaves1 too1 are frosted somewhat in the way of many of the saxifrages4 ,it is next to impossible to describe this pretty shrub2 fortunately1 the cut will convey a proper idea at a glance4 ,all who possess more select collections of hardy plants and shrubs should not fail to include this2 it is fit for any collection of fifty choice species4 ,i struggled long before finding out the right treatment1 as presumably ,i now have1 yet it is very simple1 in fact1 only such as many other plants should have2 but1 unlike them1 ,a4 tetragona will take no alternative2 it must have partial shade1 sandy peat or leaf soil1 and be planted in a moist or semi-bog situation4 ,on the raised parts of rockwork it became burnt up2 planted in loam1 though light1 it was dormant as a stone2 in pots1 it withered at the tips2 but1 with the above treatment1 ,i have flowers and numerous branchlets4 ,many little schemes may be improvised for the accommodation of this and similar subjects4 ,something of the bog character would appear to be the difficulty here2 a miniature one may be made in less than half an hour4 ,next the walk dig a hole #ah;in4 all ways1 fill in with sandy peat1 make it firm2 so form the surface of the walk that the water from it will eddy or turn in4 ,in a week it will have settled2 do not fill it up1 but leave it dished and put in the plant4 ,gentians1 pyrolas1 calthas1 and even the bog pimpernel ,i have long grown so4 ,a4 tetragona can be propagated by division of the roots1 but such division should not be attempted with other than a perfectly healthy plant4 ,it should be done in spring1 just as it begins to push1 which may be readily seen by the bright green tips of the branchlets2 and it is desirable1 when replanting1 to put the parts a little deeper1 so as to cover the dead but persistent leaves about the bottoms of the stems which occur on the parts four or more years old4 ,after a year1 when so planted1 ,i have found good roots emitted from these parts1 and1 doubtless1 such deeper planting will1 in some way1 meet its requirements1 as in this respect they are provided for in its habitats by the annual and heavy fall of leaves from other trees which shade it4 ,flowering period1 ,april and ,may4 ,anemone ,alpina4 ,,alpine ,,windflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,from ,austria1 the foliage closely resembling that of ,a4 sulphurea1 but the flowers are larger and of various colours4 ,it is said to be the parent of ,a4 sulphurea4 ,it flowers in ,june4 ,see ,a4 sulphurea4 ,anemone ,apennina4 ,,mountain ,,windflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this is one of the old-fashioned flowers of our gardens--in fact1 a native species1 having a black tuberous root1 which forms a distinct1 though invisible characteristic of the species4 ,as the old names are somewhat descriptive1 ,i give them--viz41 ,geranium-leaved ,anemone1 and ,stork's-bill ,windflower4 ,the appearance of a bold piece of this plant when in flower is exceedingly cheerful2 the soft-looking feathery foliage forms a rich groundwork for the lavish number of flowers1 which vary much in colour1 from sky-blue to nearly white1 according to the number of days they may have been in blow1 blue being the opening colour4 ,the flowers are produced singly on stems1 #f;in4 high1 and ornamented with a whorl of finely-cut leaflets1 stalked1 lobed1 and toothed2 above this whorl the ruddy flower stem is much more slender4 ,during sunshine the flowers are #aa_/b;in4 across the tips of sepals1 becoming reflexed4 ,the foliage1 as before hinted1 is in the form of a whorl1 there being no root leaf1 and the soft appearance of the whole plant is due to its downiness1 which extends to and includes the calyx4 ,the lobes of the leaves are cupped1 but the leaves themselves reflex until their tips touch the ground1 whence their distinct and pleasing form4 ,this plant is most at home in the half shade of trees1 where its flowers retain their blue colour longer4 ,it should be grown in bold patches1 and in free or sandy soil4 ,the tubers may be transplanted soon after the tops have died off in late summer4 ,flowering period1 ,april and ,may4 ,anemone ,blanda4 ,,fair ,,windflower1 or ,,blue ,,grecian ,,anemone2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this is a lovely winter flower1 of great value in our gardens1 from its showiness4 ,it is a recent introduction from the warmer climes of the ,south of ,europe and ,asia ,minor2 and though it is not so vigorous under cultivation in our climate as most ,windflowers1 it proves perfectly hardy4 ,a little extra care should be taken in planting it as regards soil and position1 in order to grow it well4 ,it belongs to that section of its numerous genus having an involucrum of stalked leaflets4 ,the flowers are produced on stalks1 #d;in4 to #f;in4 high2 they are nearly #b;in4 across1 of a fine deep blue colour2 the sepals are numerous and narrow1 in the way of ,a4 stellata1 or star anemone4 ,the leaves are triternate1 divisions deeply cut and acute2 the leaves of the involucrum are stalked1 trifid1 and deeply cut4 ,the whole plant much resembles ,a4 ,apennina4 ,where it can be established1 it must prove one of the most useful flowers1 and to possess such charming winter blossom is worth much effort in affording it suitable conditions4 ,the soil should be rich1 light1 and well drained1 as sandy loam1 and if mixed with plenty of leaf soil all the better4 ,the position should be sheltered1 otherwise this native of warm countries will have its early leaves and flowers damaged by the wintry blast1 and the evil does not stop there1 for the check at such a period interferes with the root development1 and repetitions of such damage drive the plants into a state of dwindling1 and ,i may add1 this is the condition in which this plant may frequently be seen4 ,many of the ,anemones may be planted without much care1 other than that of giving them a little shade from sunshine4 ,the present subject1 however1 being so early1 is not likely to obtain too much bright weather1 but rather the reverse4 ,if1 then1 it is planted in warm quarters1 it may be expected to yield its desirable flowers in average quantity compared with other ,windflowers1 and in such proportion will its roots increase4 ,the latter may be divided 7providing they are of good size and healthy7 when the leaves have died off4 ,flowering period1 ,february and ,march4 ,anemone ,coronaria4 ,,poppy-,,like ,,windflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,hardy and tuberous4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #f7 is of the double form1 in which it may frequently be seen2 also in many colours1 as blue1 purple1 white1 scarlet1 and striped2 the same colours may be found in the single and semi-double forms4 ,there are many shades or half colours1 which are anything but pleasing1 and where such have established themselves1 either as seedlings or otherwise1 they should be weeded out1 as there are numerous distinct hues1 which may just as easily be cultivated4 ,the great variety in colour and form of this ,anemone is perhaps its most peculiar characteristic2 for nearly #cjj years it has had a place in ,english gardens1 and came originally from the ,levant4 ,its habit is neat2 seldom does it reach a foot in height1 the flowers being produced terminally2 they are poppy-like1 and #b;in4 to #c;in4 across1 having six sepals4 ,the leaves are ternate1 segments numerous2 each leaf springs from the tuber1 with the exception of those of the involucre4 ,in planting this species1 it should be kept in mind that it neither likes too much sunshine nor a light soil2 under such conditions it may exist1 but it will not thrive and scarcely ever flower4 ,when the tuberous roots have become devoid of foliage they may be lifted1 and if they have grown to a size exceeding #c;in4 long and #a;in4 in diameter1 they may be broken in halves with advantage2 the sooner they are put back into the ground the better2 slight shade from the mid-day sun and good loam will be found to suit them best4 ,when the various colours are kept separate1 bold clumps of a score or so of each are very effective2 mixed beds are gay1 almost gaudy2 but the grouping plan is so much better1 that1 during the blooming period1 it is worth the trouble to mark the different colours1 with a view to sorting them at the proper time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,anemone ,,coronaria ,,flore-,,pleno4 7,one-third natural size47 ,the nutty roots are often eaten by earth vermin1 especially wireworm4 ,whenever there is occasion to lift the roots it is a good plan to dress them1 by repeated dips in a mixture of clay and soot1 until they are well coated2 they should be allowed to dry for a short time between each dip2 this will not only be found useful in keeping off wireworm and similar pests1 but will otherwise benefit the plants as a manure4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,anemone ,decapetala4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,new1 from ,north ,america2 has a deteriorated resemblance to ,a4 alpina and ,a4 sulphurea 7which see74 ,the foliage is much less2 the flower stems are numerous1 close together1 stout1 and #i;in4 to #ab;in4 high2 they are also branched1 but not spreading4 ,the flowers have seven to ten sepals1 are an inch across1 and of a creamy white colour4 ,the heads of seed are more interesting than their flowers2 they form cotton-like globes1 #aa_/b;in4 diameter1 and endure in that state for a fortnight4 ,i was inclined to discard this species when ,i first saw its dumpy and badly-coloured flowers1 but the specimen was left in the ground1 and time1 which has allowed the plant to become more naturally established1 has also caused it to produce finer bloom1 and it is now a pleasing and distinct species of an interesting character4 ,the same treatment will answer for this species as for ,a4 sulphurea4 ,all the ,anemones may be propagated by seeds or division of the roots4 ,the latter method should only be adopted in the case of strong roots1 and their division will be more safely effected in early spring1 when they can start into growth at once4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,june4 ,anemone ,fulgens4 ,,shining ,,windflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,anemone ,,fulgens4 7,plant1 one-eighth natural size47 ,this is a variety of ,a4 hortensis or ,a4 pavonina1 all of which much resemble each other4 ,this very showy flower is much and deservedly admired4 ,in sheltered quarters or during mild seasons it will flower at ,christmas and continue to bloom for several months4 ,it will be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #g7 to be a plant of neat habit1 and for effect and usefulness it is one of the very best flowers that can be introduced into the garden1 especially the spring garden1 as there is scarcely another of its colour1 and certainly not one so floriferous and durable4 ,though it has been in ,english gardens over fifty years1 it seems as if only recently its real worth has been discovered4 ,it is now fast becoming a universal favourite4 ,the flowers are #b;in4 across1 and of a most brilliant scarlet colour1 produced singly on tall naked stems1 nearly a foot high4 ,they vary in number of sepals1 some being semi-double4 ,the foliage is bright and compact1 more freely produced than that of most ,windflowers2 it is also richly cut4 ,it may be grown in pots for conservatory or indoor decoration4 ,it needs no forcing for such purposes2 a cold frame will prove sufficient to bring out the flowers in winter4 ,borders or the moist parts of rockwork are suitable for it2 but perhaps it is seen to greatest advantage in irregular masses in the half shade of trees in front of a shrubbery1 and1 after all1 it is impossible to plant this flower wrong1 as regards effect4 ,to grow it well1 however1 it must have a moist situation1 and good loam to grow in4 ,it is easily propagated by division of strong healthy roots in autumn4 ,flowering period1 ,january to ,june1 according to position and time of planting4 ,anemone ,japonica4 ,,japan ,,windflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this and its varieties are hardy perennials of the most reliable kinds2 the typical form has flowers of a clear rose colour4 ,a4 j4 vitifolia has larger flowers of a fine bluish tint1 and seems to be the hybrid between the type and the most popular variety1 viz41 ,a4 j4 alba--,honorine ,jobert--7see ,fig4 #h74 ,so much has this grown in favour that it has nearly monopolised the name of the species1 of which it is but a variety2 hence the necessity of pointing out the distinctions4 ,frequently the beautiful white kind is sought for by the typical name only1 so that if a plant were supplied accordingly there would be disappointment at seeing a somewhat coarse specimen1 with small rosy flowers1 instead of a bold and beautiful plant with a base of large vine-shaped foliage and strong stems1 numerously furnished with large white flowers1 quite #b;in4 across1 and centered by a dense arrangement of lemon-coloured stamens1 somewhat like a large single white rose4 ,this more desirable white variety sometimes grows #c;ft4 high1 and is eminently a plant for the border in front of shrubs1 though it is very effective in any position4 ,i grow it in the border1 on rockwork1 and in a half shady place1 and it seems at home in all4 ,it will continue in bloom until stopped by frosts4 ,the flowers are among the most useful in a cut state1 especially when mingled with the now fashionable and handsome leaves of heucheras and tiarellas2 they form a chaste embellishment for the table or fruit dishes4 ,the plant is sometimes much eaten by caterpillars2 for this the remedy is soapy water syringed on the under side of the leaves4 ,earwigs also attack the flowers2 they should be trapped by a similar plan to that usually adopted for dahlias4 ,to those wishing to grow this choice ,anemone1 let me say1 begin with the young underground runners2 plant them in the autumn anywhere you like1 but see that the soil is deep1 and if it is not rich1 make it so with well-decayed leaves or manure1 and you will have your reward4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,anemone ,,japonica ,,alba 7,a4 ,,honorine ,,jobert74 7,about one-twelfth natural size47 ,flowering period1 ,august to ,november4 ,anemone ,nemorosa ,flore-pleno4 ,,double ,,wood ,,anemone1 or ,,windflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this is the double form of the common ,british species2 in every part but the flower it resembles the type4 ,the flower1 from being double1 and perhaps from being grown in more exposed situations than the common form in the shaded woods1 is much more durable2 an established clump has kept in good form for three weeks4 ,the petals 7if they may be so called71 which render this flower so pleasingly distinct1 are arranged in an even tuft1 being much shorter than the outer or normal sepals1 the size and form of which remain true to the type4 ,the pure white flower--more than an inch across--is somewhat distant from the handsome three-leaved involucrum1 and is supported by a wiry flower stalk1 #c;in4 to #e;in4 long2 it is about the same length from the root1 otherwise the plant is stemless4 ,the flowers are produced singly1 and have six to eight petal-like sepals2 the leaves are ternately cut2 leaflets or segments three-cut1 lanceolate1 and deeply toothed2 petioles channelled2 the roots are long and round1 of about the thickness of a pen-holder4 ,this plant grown in bold clumps is indispensable for the choice spring garden2 its quiet beauty is much admired4 ,it enjoys a strongish loam1 and a slightly shaded situation will conduce to its lengthened flowering1 and also tend to luxuriance4 ,soon after the flowers fade the foliage begins to dry up2 care should1 therefore1 be taken to have some other suitable flower growing near it1 so as to avoid dead or blank spaces4 ,pentstemons1 rooted cuttings of which are very handy at this season for transplanting1 are well adapted for such use and situations1 and as their flowers cannot endure hot sunshine without suffering more or less1 such half-shady quarters will be just the places for them4 ,the double white ,wood ,anemone may be propagated by divisions of the tubers1 after the foliage has completely withered4 ,flowering period1 ,may4 ,anemone ,pulsatilla4 ,,pasque ,,flower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,a ,british species4 ,this beautiful flower has long been cultivated in our gardens1 and is deservedly a great favourite4 ,it may not be uninteresting to give the other common and ancient names of the ,easter ,flower1 as in every way this is not only an old plant1 but an old-fashioned flower4 ,passe ,flower and ,flaw ,flower come from the above common names1 being only derivations1 but in ,cambridgeshire1 where it grows wild1 it is called ,coventry ,bells and ,hill ,tulip4 ,three hundred years ago ,gerarde gave the following description of it1 which1 together with the illustration 7,fig4 #i71 will1 ,i trust1 be found ample3 ,these ,passe flowers hath many small leaues1 finely cut or iagged1 like those of carrots1 among which rise up naked stalks1 rough and hairie2 whereupon do growe beautiful flowers bell fashion1 of a bright delaied purple colour2 in the bottome whereof groweth a tuft of yellow thrums1 and in the middle of the thrums thrusteth foorth a small purple pointell2 when the whole flower is past1 there succeedeth an head or knoppe1 compact of many graie hairie lockes1 and in the solide parts of the knops lieth the seede flat and hoarie1 euery seed having his own small haire hanging at it4 ,the roote is thick and knobbie of a finger long1 and like vnto those of the anemones 7as it doth in all other parts verie notablie resemble7 whereof no doubt this is a kinde4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,anemone ,,pulsatilla4 7,one-half natural size47 ,this flower in olden times was used for making garlands1 and even now there are few flowers more suitable for such purpose2 it varies much in colour1 being also sometimes double4 ,it may be grown in pots for window decoration or in the open garden2 it likes a dry situation and well-drained soil of a calcareous nature4 ,in these respects it differs widely from many of the other species of ,windflower1 yet ,i find it to do well in a collection bed where nearly twenty other species are grown1 and where there are both shade and more moisture than in the open parts of the garden4 ,it may be propagated by division of the strong root-limbs1 each of which should have a portion of the smaller roots on them4 ,soon after flowering is a good time to divide it4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,anemone ,stellata4 ,,star ,,windflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,anemone ,,stellata4 7,one-half natural size47 ,this gay spring flower 7,fig4 #aj7 comes to us from ,italy1 but that it loves our dull climate is beyond doubt1 as it not only flowers early1 but continues for a long time in beauty4 ,a4 hortensis is another name for it1 and there are several varieties of the species1 which mostly vary only in the colours of the flowers1 as striped1 white and purple4 ,the typical form1 as illustrated1 is seen to be a quaint little plant2 its flowers are large1 of a shining light purple colour1 and star-shaped2 the dwarf foliage is of the well-known crowfoot kind4 ,when grown in bold clumps it is richly effective1 and1 like most other ,anemones1 is sure to be admired4 ,it thrives well in a light loam and in slight shade2 ,i have tried it in pots kept in cold frames1 where it flowers in mid-winter4 ,it would doubtless make a showy appearance in a cool greenhouse4 ,to propagate it1 the roots should be divided after the tops have died down in summer4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,june1 according to position and time of planting4 ,anemone ,sulphurea4 ,,sulphur-,,coloured ,,windflower2 ,syn4 ,a4 ,,apiifolia2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,anemone ,,sulphurea4 7,one-fourth natural size47 ,this is a grandly beautiful ,windflower from ,central ,europe4 ,the names1 combined with the illustration 7,fig4 #aa71 must fail to give the reader a proper idea of its beauty2 the specific name in reference to the colour falls far short1 and cannot give a hint of its handsome form and numerous finely-coloured stamens2 and the drawing can in no way illustrate the hues and shell-like substance of the sepals2 there is also a softness and graceful habit about the foliage1 that the name1 apiifolia 7parsley-leaved71 does not much help the reader to realise4 ,it may be parsley-like foliage in the comparative sense and in relation to that of other ,anemones1 but otherwise it can hardly be said to be like parsley4 ,it is said by some to be only a variety of ,a4 alpina2 if so1 it is not only a distinct but an unvarying form1 so much so that by others it is held to be a species2 the line of difference in many respects seems so far removed1 even granting it to be a variety 7as in hundreds of similar cases71 as to warrant a specific title4 ,it may be more interesting to state that it is a lovely and showy flower1 and that the shortest cut to an enjoyment of its beauties is to grow it4 ,the flowers are #b;in4 to #ba_/b;in4 across when expanded1 but usually they are cup-shaped4 ,the six sepals are egg-shaped but pointed1 of much substance1 and covered with a silky down on the outside1 causing them to have changeable hues according to the play of wind and light4 ,the stamens are very numerous1 the anthers being closely arranged and of a rich golden colour2 the flower stems grow from #i;in4 to #ah;in4 high1 being terminated by one flower2 it carries a large and handsome involucre of three leaves1 a little higher than the middle of the stem1 and just overtopping the radical leaves1 umbrella fashion2 the leaves of the involucre are like those of the root1 but stalkless4 ,the radical leaves are stalked1 well thrown out1 drooping1 and over #a;ft4 long1 ternate and villous2 the leaflets are pinnatifid and deeply toothed4 ,this desirable plant is of the easiest culture1 thriving in common garden soil1 but it prefers that of a rich vegetable character and a situation not over dry4 ,the flowers are persistent under any conditions1 and they are further preserved when grown under a little shade1 but it should only be a little4 ,for propagation see ,a4 decapetala4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,there are two other allied kinds which not only much resemble this1 but which flower at or near the same time--viz41 ,a4 alpina and ,a4 decapetala1 which see4 ,anemone ,sylvestris4 ,,snowdrop ,a42 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this hardy herbaceous species comes from ,germany1 but it has been grown nearly #cjj years in this country1 ,it is distinct1 showy1 and beautiful2 it ranks with old-fashioned flowers4 ,of late this ,windflower has come into great favour1 as if for a time it had been forgotten2 still1 it is hard to make out how such a fine border plant could be overlooked4 ,however1 it is well and deservedly esteemed at the present time2 and1 although many have proved the plant and flowers to be contrary to their expectations in reference to its common name1 ,snowdrop ,anemone1 the disappointment has been1 otherwise1 an agreeable one4 ,it only resembles the snowdrop as regards the purity and drooping habit of its flowers4 ,well-grown specimens have an exceedingly neat habit--the foliage spreads and touches the ground1 rounding up to the flower stems 7which are about a foot high7 in a pleasing manner4 ,the earliest flowers are very large--when fully open quite #aa_/b;in4 across--but they are more often seen in the unopen state1 when they resemble a nutmeg in shape4 ,whether open or shut1 they are a pure white1 and their pendent habit adds not a little to their beauty1 as also does the leafy involucre4 ,the leaves are three-parted1 the two lower lobes being deeply divided1 so that at a first glance the leaves appear to be five-parted2 each of the five lobes are three-cleft1 and also dentate1 downy1 and veined2 the leaf stalks are radical1 red1 long1 slightly channelled1 and wiry2 in all respects the leaves of the involucre resemble those of the root1 excepting the size1 which is smaller1 and the stalks are green1 like the flower stems4 ,in a cut state1 the pure satin-white blossoms are fit for the most delicate wreath or bouquet2 they have1 morever1 a delicious clover-scent4 ,it enjoys a light vegetable soil in a slightly shaded and moist situation2 if it could be allowed to ramble in the small openings of a front shrubbery1 such positions would answer admirably4 ,the roots are underground-creeping1 which renders this species somewhat awkward to manage when grown with others in a collection of less rampant habit4 ,on the other hand1 the disposition it has to spread might very well be taken advantage of by providing it with a good broad space1 than which nothing could be more lovely for two months of the year4 ,it is needless to give directions for its propagation1 as the runners spring up all round the parent plant4 ,slugs are very fond of it1 and in early spring1 especially when the new growths are appearing1 they should be kept in check1 otherwise they will eat down into the heart of the strongest plant2 a dose of clear lime water will be found effective and will not hurt the new leaves2 if this is followed up with a few sprinklings of sand1 the slugs will not care to occupy such unpleasant quarters4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,anemone ,vernalis4 ,,shaggy ,,windflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,a curious but pretty alpine species1 from the ,swiss ,alps1 consequently very hardy4 ,it is not a showy subject1 but its distinctions are really beautiful1 and commend it to those who love to grow plants of a recherche character4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #ab7 will give some idea of it1 but no description can convey even an approximate notion of its flowers1 which are produced singly1 on short1 stout1 hairy stems1 about #e;in4 high4 ,for so small a plant the flower is large1 more than an inch across when expanded1 but usually it keeps of a roundish1 bell-shaped form4 ,its colour is a bluish-white inside1 the outside being much darker4 ,it would be violet1 were not the hairs so long and numerous that they form a brownish coat which is1 perhaps1 the most remarkable trait of this species4 ,the leaves1 too1 are very hairy--twice1 and sometimes thrice1 divided1 rather small1 and also few4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,anemone ,,vernalis 7,,shaggy ,,anemone74 7,one-half natural size47 ,this little plant is most enjoyed when grown in pots4 ,it may be plunged in sand or ashes in an open space1 but it should never be allowed to suffer for moisture4 ,when so grown1 and just before the flowers open1 it should be removed to a cool1 airy frame1 where it should also be plunged to keep its roots cool and moist2 it will require to be very near the glass1 so as to get perfect flowers4 ,such a method of growing this flower affords the best opportunity for its close examination2 besides1 it is so preserved in finer and more enduring form4 ,it thrives well in lumpy peat and loam1 but ,i have found charcoal1 in very small lumps1 to improve it1 as it does most plants grown in pots1 especially such as require frequent supplies of water4 ,the slugs are very fond of it2 a look-out for them should be kept when the plants are growing1 and frequent sprinklings of sharp ashes will be found useful4 ,flowering period1 ,april and ,may4 ,anthericum ,liliago4 ,,st4 ,,bernard',s ,,lily2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,this may be grown as a companion to ,st4 ,bruno's ,lily1 though not so neat in habit or rich in bloom4 ,in all respects it is very different4 ,it is taller1 the flowers not half the size1 and more star-shaped1 foliage more grassy1 and the roots creeping and jointed4 ,all the ,anthericums named by me will do in ordinary soil1 but prefer a fat loam of considerable depth4 ,if1 therefore1 such conditions do not exist1 there should be a good dressing of well-rotted stable manure turned in1 and a mulching given in early spring4 ,anthericums are propagated by division of the roots1 which should be carefully performed during the autumn4 ,after such mutilation they should not be disturbed again for three years1 or they will deteriorate in vigour and beauty4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,anthericum ,liliastrum4 ,,st4 ,,bruno',s ,,lily2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,this charming plant is a native of ,alpine meadows1 and is known by other names1 as ,paradisia and ,cyackia1 but is more commonly called ,st4 ,bruno's ,lily4 ,it is emphatically one of the most useful and handsome flowers that can be grown in ,english gardens1 where1 as yet1 it is anything but as plentiful as it ought to be4 ,not only is it perfectly hardy in our climate1 but it seems to thrive and flower abundantly4 ,it is fast becoming a favourite1 and it is probable that before long it will be very common1 from the facts1 firstly1 of its own value and beauty1 and1 secondly1 because the ,dutch bulb-growers have taken it in hand4 ,not long ago they were said to be buying stock wherever they could find it4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #ac7 shows it in a small-sized clump4 ,three or four such specimens are very effective when grown near together2 the satin-like or shining pure white flowers show to greater advantage when there is plenty of foliage4 ,a number planted in strong single roots1 but near together1 forming a clump several feet in diameter1 represent also a good style2 but a single massive specimen1 with at least fifty crowns1 and nearly as many spikes of bloom just beginning to unfold1 is one of the most lovely objects in my own garden4 ,the chaste flowers are #b;in4 long1 six sepalled1 lily-shaped1 of a transparent whiteness1 and sweetly perfumed2 filaments white1 and long as the sepals2 anthers large1 and thickly furnished with bright orange-yellow pollen2 the stems are round1 stout1 #ah;in4 high1 and produce from six to twelve flowers1 two or three of which are open at one and the same time4 ,the leaves are long1 thick1 with membranous sheaths1 alternate and stem-clasping1 or semi-cylindrical2 the upper parts are lanceolate1 dilated1 subulate1 and of a pale green colour4 ,the roots are long1 fleshy1 brittle1 and fasciculate4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,anthericum ,,liliastrum4 7,plant1 one-sixth natural size2 blossom1 one-fourth natural size47 ,this plant for three or four weeks is one of the most decorative2 no matter whether in partial shade or full sunshine1 it not only flowers well1 but adorns its situation most richly2 the flowers1 in a cut state1 are amongst the most useful and effective of hardy kinds--indeed1 they vie with the tender exotics4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,a4 l4 major is a new variety in all its parts like the type1 with the exception of size1 the flowers being larger by nearly an inch4 ,the variety is said to grow to the height of #h;ft4 ,anthyllis ,montana4 ,,mountain ,,kidney ,,vetch2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,leguminosae4 ,for rockwork this is one of the most lovely subjects4 ,it is seldom seen1 though easy to grow1 perfectly hardy1 and perennial4 ,it is classed as an herbaceous plant1 but it is shrubby1 and on old specimens there is more wood than on many dwarf shrubs4 ,it is of a procumbent habit1 and only #d;in4 to #f;in4 high in this climate4 ,it comes from the ,south of ,europe1 where it probably grows larger4 ,in early spring the woody tips begin to send out the hoary leaves2 they are #c;in4 to #f;in4 long1 and from their dense habit1 and the way in which they intersect each other1 they present a pleasing and distinct mass of woolly foliage4 ,the leaves are pinnatifid1 leaflets numerous1 oval1 oblong1 and very grey1 nearly white1 with long silky hairs4 ,the flowers are of a purple-pink colour1 very small1 and in close drumstick-like heads4 ,the long and numerous hairs of the involucre and calyx almost cover over the flowers and render them inconspicuous2 still1 they are a pretty feature of the plant2 the bloom stands well above the foliage on very downy1 but otherwise naked stalks4 ,when planted in such a position that it can rest on the edge of or droop over a stone1 strong specimens are very effective4 ,it seems to enjoy soil of a vegetable character1 with its roots near large stones4 ,i have heard that it has been found difficult to grow1 but that ,i cannot understand4 ,i fear the fault has been in having badly-rooted plants to start with1 as cuttings are very slow in making an ample set of roots for safe transplanting4 ,its increase by division is no easy matter1 as the woody stems are all joined in one1 and the roots are of a tap character4 ,seed seldom ripens2 by cuttings appears to be the readier mode of propagation2 if these are taken off in early spring1 put in a shady position1 and in leaf soil1 they will probably root as the seasons get warmer4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,apios ,tuberosa4 ,syn4 ,,glycine ,,apios2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,leguminosae4 ,this is a pretty climber1 or1 more strictly speaking1 a twiner2 it is hardy1 tuberous1 and perennial4 ,the tubers resemble potatoes1 but incline to pear-shape1 as implied by the generic name4 #bdj years ago it was introduced from ,north ,america2 still1 it is seldom met with1 notwithstanding its good habit and colour4 ,it is one of those happy subjects which most conduce to the freshness and wild beauty of our gardens2 the dark and glossy verdure is charmingly disposed in embowerments by means of the delicate twining stems2 and though it grows apace1 there is never an unsightly dense or dark mass1 so commonly seen in many climbers1 but1 instead1 it elegantly adorns its station1 and the outlines of its pretty pinnate leaves may easily be traced against the light4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,apios ,,tuberosa4 7,one-twelfth natural size2 a1 flower1 natural size47 ,as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #ad71 it is in the way of a climbing bean4 ,the flowers are purple and borne in small clusters from the axils of the leaves1 and1 of course1 as indicated by the order to which it belongs1 they are like pea flowers2 they are produced a long time in succession1 providing the frosts do not occur2 they have the scent of violets4 ,the leaves are distantly produced on fine wiry stems1 which grow to the length of #ab;ft42 they are pinnate1 the leaflets being of various sizes1 oval1 smooth1 and of a dark shining green colour4 ,the roots are not only peculiar in the way already mentioned1 but the tubers have the appearance of being strung together by their ends4 ,they are edible1 and where they grow wild they are called ground nuts4 ,from the description given it will be easy to decide how and where it should be planted4 ,there should be provision made for its twining habit1 and it may have the liberty of mixing its foliage with that of less beautiful things during autumn1 such1 for instance1 as the bare ,jasmine nudiflora2 its spare but effective leaves and flowers will do little or no harm to such trees1 and after the frosts come the jasmine will be clear again4 ,it may also be grown with happy results as shown in the illustration1 needing only a well-secured twiggy bush4 ,cut as sprays it is very serviceable for hanging or twining purposes4 ,it most enjoys a light soil1 also a sunny situation4 ,sometimes it has been found slow at starting into growth when newly planted2 this1 however1 can hardly be the case with newly lifted tubers4 ,i may add that it is no uncommon thing for these to be out of the ground for weeks and months together1 when they not only become hard and woody1 but when suddenly brought in contact with the damp earth rot overtakes them4 ,there is no difficulty whatever with fresh tubers1 which may be lifted after the tops have died off4 ,beyond securing fresh roots1 there is nothing special about the culture of this desirable climber4 ,flowering period1 ,august to ,october4 ,arabis ,lucida4 ,,shining ,,rock ,,cress2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,cruciferae4 ,this member of a well-known family of early spring flowers is desirable1 for its neat habit and verdancy4 ,there is not a particle of sere foliage to be seen1 and it has1 moreover1 a glossy appearance1 whence the specific name4 ,the flowers are not of much effect1 though1 from their earliness1 not without value2 they are in the way of the flowers of the more common species1 ,a4 alpina1 but less in size2 they are also more straggling in the raceme2 these two features render it inferior as a flower2 the stalks are #c;in4 to #f;in4 high4 ,the leaves are arranged in lax flattened rosettes1 are #a;in4 to #c;in4 long1 somewhat spathulate1 notched1 fleshy1 of a very dark green colour1 and shining4 ,the habit is dense and spreading1 established tufts having a fresh effect4 ,though an ,hungarian species1 it can hardly have a more happy home in its habitat than in our climate4 ,where verdant dwarf subjects are in request1 either for edgings1 borders1 or rockwork1 this is to be commended as one of the most reliable1 both for effect and vigour4 ,in the last-named situation it proves useful all the year round1 but care should be taken that it does not overgrow less rampant rock plants4 ,a4 l4 variegata is a variety with finely-marked leaves4 ,the bloom resembles that of the type1 but is rather weaker4 ,it is better to remove the flowers of this kind1 as then the rather slow habit of growth is much improved1 as also is the colour of the foliage4 ,the leaves being more serviceable and effective than the bloom1 the uses should be made of it accordingly4 ,they are broadly edged with yellow1 the green being lighter than that of the type1 but equally bright2 the ends of the leaves are curled backwards1 but1 with the exception of being a little smaller1 they are similar in shape to the parent form4 ,this is a gem for rockwork1 and1 if it did not belong to a rather ordinary race of plants1 it would1 perhaps1 be more often seen in choice collections4 ,this1 however1 does not alter its worth4 ,seen in crevices of dark stone on rockwork1 or in bold tufts near the walks1 or planted with judgment near other dwarf foliaged subjects1 it ever proves attractive4 ,it is much less rampant1 and1 perhaps1 less hardy than the type4 ,it has only been during the recent very severe winters1 however1 that it has been killed4 ,the ,arabis is easily propagated by slips or rootlets1 which should be taken after flowering4 ,the variegated form is better for being so propagated every year4 ,if bold patches are desired1 they should be formed by planting a number together1 #c;in4 or #d;in4 apart4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,june4 ,aralia ,sieboldi4 ,,siebold',s ,,aralia2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,araliaceae4 ,the present subject 7see ,fig4 #ae7--;beautiful1 hardy1 and evergreen--is a species of recent introduction2 still1 it has already become well known and distributed1 so much so that it scarcely needs description2 but there are facts in reference to it which would seem to be less known4 ,it is seldom seen in the open garden1 and many amateurs1 who otherwise are well acquainted with it1 when they see it fresh and glossy in the open garden in the earliest months of the year1 ask1 ,is it really hardy8 ,not only is such the case1 but the foliage1 and especially the deep green colour1 are rarely so fine when the specimens have indoor treatment1 and1 on this account1 the shrub is eminently suitable for notice here4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,aralia ,,sieboldi4 7,one-tenth natural size47 ,the order ,araliaceae is nearly related to ,umbelliferae1 from which fact an idea may be had of the kind and arrangement of the flowers4 ,many of the genera of the order ,araliaceae are little known2 perhaps the genus ,hedera 7ivy7 is the only one that is popular1 and it so happens to immediately follow the genus ,aralia4 ,to remember this will further assist in gleaning an idea of the form of blossom1 as that of ivy is well known4 ,aralia ,sieboldi1 however1 seldom flowers in this climate1 either in or out of doors4 ,when it does1 the white flowers are not of much value2 they are small1 like ivy blossom in form1 but more spread in the arrangement4 ,there are five sepals1 five petals1 five styles1 and five cells in the berries4 ,the flowers are produced on specimens #b;ft4 to #e;ft4 high during winter1 when favourable4 ,the leaves1 when well grown1 are the main feature of the shrub1 and are #ab;in4 or more across4 ,this size is not usual1 but a leaf now before me1 and taken from an outside specimen1 measures over a foot1 with a stout round stalk1 #ac;in4 long2 the form of leaf is fan-shaped1 having generally seven lobes1 each supported by a strong mid-rib2 the lobes are formed by divisions rather more than half the diameter of the leaf2 they are slightly distant1 broadly lance-shaped1 waved at the edges1 toothed near the ends1 the teeth being somewhat spiny2 the substance is very stout and leather-like to the touch2 the upper surface is a dark shining bronzy-green1 beautifully netted or veined2 the under surface is a pale green1 and richly ornamented by the risen mid-ribs and nerves of the whole leaf2 the leaf-stalks are thick1 round1 bending downwards1 and #f;in4 to #ah;in4 long1 springing from the half woody stem4 ,the habit of the shrub is bushy1 somewhat spreading1 causing the specimens to have a fine effect from their roundness1 the leaf arrangement also being perfect4 ,without doubt this is one of the most distinct and charming evergreens for the ornamental garden1 sub-tropical in appearance1 and only inferior to palms as regards size2 it is effective anywhere4 ,it need not be stated that as a vase or table decoration it ranks with the best for effect and service1 as it is already well-known as such4 ,in planting this subject outside1 young but well-rooted examples should be selected and gradually hardened off4 ,at the latter end of ,may they should be turned out of the pots into a rich but sandy loam4 ,the position should be sunny1 and sheltered from the north4 ,some have advised that it should be grown under trees1 but ,i have proved that when so treated the less ripened foliage has suffered with frost1 whilst the specimens fully exposed to the sun have not suffered in the least2 they would droop and shrivel as long as the frost remained1 but as soon as the temperature rose they became normal1 without a trace of injury4 ,when planted as above1 young specimens will soon become so established and inured to open-air conditions1 that little concern need be felt as regards winter2 even such as were under trees1 where they continued to grow too long1 and whose tender tops were cut away by frost1 have1 the following summer1 made a number of fresh growths lower down the stems4 ,i should like to say that on rockwork this shrub has a superb effect1 and ,i imagine the better drained condition of such a structure is greatly in favour of its health and hardiness4 ,the propagation is by means of cuttings2 slips of half-ripened wood1 taken during the warmest months1 if put in sandy loam in a cucumber frame1 will root like willow4 ,as soon as roots have formed1 pot them separately and plunge the pots in the same frame for a week or two1 then harden off4 ,for the first winter the young stock ought to be kept either in a greenhouse or a cold frame1 and by the end of the following ,may they will be ready to plant out4 ,a well-drained position is important4 ,flowering period1 ,november to ,march1 in favourable or mild seasons4 ,arisaema ,triphyllum4 ,syns4 ,a4 ,,zebrinum and ,,arum ,,triphyllum2 ,common ,names1 ,,three-,,leaved ,,arum and ,,jack-,,in-,,the-,,pulpit2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,araceae4 ,a hardy tuberous-rooted perennial from ,north ,america4 ,i will at once explain that the above leading name is not the one generally used here1 but in ,america1 where the species is common1 botanists have adopted it2 besides1 it is1 as will be seen from the following description1 very distinct from other ,arums4 ,the ,syn4 ,arisaema zebrinum1 as given1 belongs really to a variety of ,a4 triphyllum1 but the type is marked in its flowers zebra-like1 and there are many shades and colours of it1 therefore both or either of the names may be used for the different forms1 with a fair degree of propriety1 as in fact they are4 ,there is a doubt with some as to the hardiness of this plant2 in my mind there is none whatever4 ,it is no stranger to frosts in its habitats1 but ,i do not found my conviction on anything but my experience of it4 ,it has been grown fully exposed for two winters1 and sometimes the frosts must have gone as far down as the roots4 ,there is nothing showy about this plant1 but there is something which stamps it as a fitting subject for a garden of choice plants2 its bold1 dark green foliage and quaint-looking flowers render it desirable on the score of distinctness4 ,it has1 moreover1 a freshness upon which the eye can always linger4 ,the flowers are in general form like the calla-lily2 the upper part of the spathe1 or sheathing leaf1 which is really the calyx1 is1 however1 more elongated1 pointed1 and hooked2 otherwise the spathe is erect1 slightly reflexed just above the folded part1 giving the appearance of a pair of small lobes2 this--the calyx--is really the most conspicuous part of the flower2 in the belly it is beautifully striped with broad lines of a purplish-brown colour1 which shade off to an inch of green in the middle1 when they form again1 and continue to the tip of the spathe1 which will be #d;in4 to #f;in4 long1 and nearly #b;in4 broad at the widest part2 these lines run between the ribs1 and1 as before hinted1 they are of various colours1 such as brown1 purple1 pink1 and green4 ,the ribs are nearly white1 and the green parts are very pale4 ,the spadix is over #c;in4 long1 club-shaped1 spotted with brown1 very much so near the end4 ,the anthers at the base of the spadix are curious1 and should be examined4 ,they are invisible until the folded part of the spathe is opened2 they are numerous1 arranged in a dense broad ring1 sessile1 and nearly black4 ,this curious flower is produced on a stout1 round scape1 a foot or more in height4 ,the leaves are radical1 having a stalk a foot long4 ,they are1 as the specific name implies1 divided into three parts1 each being of equal length1 entire1 wavy1 and pointed4 ,the whole plant has a somewhat top-heavy appearance 7see ,fig4 #af71 but ,i never saw it broken down by the weather4 ,it makes quick growth in spring1 the scape appearing with the leaves2 in late summer it dies down4 ,it looks well in quiet nooks1 but it also forms a good companion to showy flowers in more open situations2 in a cut state1 for dressing old-fashioned vases1 nothing could be in better character1 a few leaves of yarrow1 day lily1 flag1 or similar foliage being all it will require4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,arisaema ,,triphyllum4 7,one-fourth natural size47 ,it may be transplanted1 any time from ,september to the end of ,january1 into good light loam or leaf soil1 #d;in4 or #f;in4 deep2 if there should be a dry season during the period of growth1 the plant should be well watered4 ,to increase it1 the tubers may be divided every third year1 providing the growth has been of a vigorous tone4 ,i may add1 that1 from its tall and not over-dense habit1 there may with advantage1 both to it and the plants used1 be a carpet grown underneath--ivy1 vincas1 or sweet woodruff for some situations1 and brighter subjects for more conspicuous parts of the garden1 such as the finer kinds of mimulus1 ourisia1 alpine aster1 and dwarf iris4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,arum ,crinitum4 ,,hairy ,,arum1 or ,,dragon',s ,,mouth2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,araceae4 ,as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #ag71 this is a most singular plant4 ,it proves hardy in this climate if its position is selected2 in other words1 it is not hardy in all kinds of soils and situations1 but if planted four or five inches deep1 in sandy or half decayed vegetable mould1 facing the south1 there is little to fear either as regards hardiness or its thriving4 ,i think1 therefore1 it may be called hardy4 ,it is far more interesting than handsome1 but there is at the present time an evident desire amongst amateurs to grow the various ,arums1 and more especially has this one been sought after2 ,i have1 therefore1 introduced it amongst more beautiful flowers1 and given an enlarged drawing of the entire plant1 together with the spathe in its unopened state4 ,the plant is a native of ,minorca1 and was imported in #aggg4 ,in this climate it grows to the height of #ah;in41 developing the flower with the foliage4 ,it is produced on a stout scape nearly #a;ft4 high1 of a pale green colour1 marked with dark short lines and spotted with delicate pink dots4 ,the folded spathe is of leather-like substance1 rough1 almost corky in texture2 also variously marked and tinted4 ,at the base there are a number of green lines arranged evenly and longitudinally on a nearly white ground4 ,a little higher--the belly part--the lines are less frequent1 irregular1 and mixed with pink dots4 ,still higher1 the ground colour becomes pale green1 the lines dark green1 and the pink spots are changed to clouded tints2 the remainder of the folded spathe--to the tip--is a mixture of brown and green dots1 the total length being fully #i;in4 ,when the spathe opens1 it does so quickly1 bending more than half its length outwards1 the division looking upwards4 ,to those who have not before seen the plant at this stage1 it will prove an interesting surprise2 the odour1 however1 is repulsive4 ,the spathe at its widest part is #f;in4 broad1 and tapers off to a blunt point4 ,it is of a dark purple colour and covered with long bent dark hairs1 whence the specific name4 ,they are curiously disposed1 and remind one of some hairy animal that has been lifted out of the water the wrong way as regards the direction of the hair4 ,the spadix is comparatively small1 black1 and also covered with hairs4 ,the flower should be closely watched if its peculiarities are to be fully noted1 as it not only opens quickly but soon begins to wither4 ,during the short period that the flower is open the lower part of the spathe or belly becomes filled with all kinds of flies1 being held by the spear-like hairs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,arum ,,crinitum4 7,one-fourth natural size47 ,the leaves have long stalks1 marked and tinted in a similar manner to that of the scape4 ,they are curiously formed and twisted1 pedate or bird-foot shaped1 the outer segments twice cut1 lance-shaped1 and turned inwards or over the main part of the leaf2 the leaves are of a deep green colour1 and of good substance2 they seldom exceed four in number to each plant or tuber4 ,this curious species should1 as above indicated1 have a warm situation1 where it will also be comparatively dry in winter4 ,its propagation may be effected by division of the roots of strong specimens4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,asters4 ,,michaelmas ,,daisies1 or ,,starworts2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,hardy1 perennial1 and herbaceous4 ,these are a numerous family1 and many of them have an ungainly habit and insignificant flowers--in fact1 are not worth growing1 save as wild flowers in unfrequented places4 ,i will mention a few of the finer sorts1 which are mostly species3 ,a4 diversifolius1 ,a4 ericoides1 ,a4 grandiflorus1 ,a4 pendulus1 and ,a4 ,dumosus1 these are all good1 both in habit and flowers2 ericoides and pendulus make really handsome bushes1 but the very beautiful ,a4 amellus1 and its more dwarf variety 7,a4 ,mdme4 ,soyance71 have tempted me to write of these old-fashioned plants1 which may be said to be wholly distinct1 as their flowers are so very much brighter 7dark purple1 with a clear yellow centre71 and the rays so much more evenly and compactly furnished4 ,their stems are #b;ft4 to #c;ft4 high1 and flowered half their length with clusters of bloom about the size and form of full-grown field daisies4 ,these wand-like spikes in a cut state are bright and appropriate decorations4 ,in vases they are very effective1 even when used alone4 ,the flowers are very lasting1 either cut or otherwise2 the plants will bloom six or eight weeks4 ,these subjects will thrive in almost any kind of soil or position1 opening their flowers during the dullest weather1 and though they like sunshine1 they will not wait for it4 ,it is scarcely needful to further describe these well-known flowers1 but1 as well as the species1 there are some bright and beautiful varieties which merit further notice4 ,all the ,starworts are easily increased by root division any time4 ,flowering period1 ,august to ,november4 ,aster ,alpinus4 ,,alpine ,,starwort1 or ,,blue ,,daisy2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,an exceedingly beautiful and very much admired alpine plant1 which does not die down like most of the ,starworts1 but has woody stems2 it is seldom seen more than a foot high1 and its large bright purple flowers seem disproportionate4 ,this is one of the plants which should have a place in every garden1 and more especially in rock gardens4 ,there cannot well be a more neat and telling subject2 the form and size of its flowers are not often seen on such dwarf plants1 and it also has the merit of being a tidy subject when not in bloom4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #ah7 will give a fair idea of its main features4 ,its purple flowers1 which are fully #b;in4 across1 have for many days an even and well-expanded ray1 when the florets curl or reflex2 the disk is large1 and numerously set with lemon-yellow florets2 the flowers are well lifted up on stout round stems1 covered with short stiff hairs1 and furnished with five or six small leaves2 the main foliage is of compact growth1 lance-shaped1 entire1 spathulate and covered with short hairs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig #ah ,,aster ,,alpinus4 7,one-third natural size47 ,considering that this plant has been in ,english gardens for #bbj years1 and that its merits must be seen by anyone at a glance1 it is hard to say why it is not better known2 even in choice and large collections it always proves attractive when in flower4 ,the blooms in a cut state are very durable2 they not only hold together1 but also keep a good colour4 ,under cultivation it is in no way particular2 it will endure anything but being deprived of light2 from its dwarf1 stout1 and shrubby character1 it would form a useful and a handsome edging to the larger walks2 and by growing it so extensively an enviable supply of flowers for cutting would be at hand4 ,a stock of young plants may soon be got up by division of strong roots after the flowering season2 such pieces as have roots may be planted at once in their permanent quarters2 the rootless parts should be dibbled into light sandy loam and shaded with branches for a week or two4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,a4 a4 albus is a white-flowered variety1 blooming about the same time4 ,there does not appear to be that vigour about it which characterises the type2 this1 however1 is not the only shortcoming2 when compared with the rich purple flower1 the white one1 with its large yellow disk1 appears1 to say the least1 a questionable improvement4 ,aster ,ptarmicoides4 ,,bouquet ,,starwort2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this ,starwort is a very recently-imported species from ,north ,america4 ,like many other things which have proved worthless as decorative flowers1 this was highly praised1 but for a while its weedy-looking foliage caused suspicion2 after becoming well established1 it flowered1 and1 ,i am glad to say1 proves a most distinct and useful ,starwort4 ,its small white flowers much resemble the field daisy1 but they are borne on densely-branched stems in hundreds2 in fact1 the plant1 which grows nearly #b;ft4 high1 seems to be nearly all flowers4 ,each one has a single ray of shining white florets1 narrow and separate4 ,those of the disk are of a canary-yellow colour2 the imbricated calyx is pear-shaped2 pedicels slender1 bent1 wiry1 and furnished with very small leaves2 main stems hispid1 woody1 and brittle4 ,the leaves of the root are #b;in4 to #d;in4 long1 smooth1 entire1 linear1 almost grass-like2 those of the stems much less1 becoming smaller as they near the flowers2 they are somewhat rough1 partaking of the quality of the stems4 ,the habit of the plant is much branched1 the spreading clusters of flowers being six or ten times the size of the plant1 so that it becomes top-heavy2 it blooms for many weeks1 and is not damaged by coarse weather4 ,amongst other ,asters it shows to advantage1 flowering earlier than most of them1 but lasting well into their period of bloom4 ,it is sure to prove a useful white autumnal flower2 small sprays when cut look better than on the plant1 as they are then seen to be well spread and rigidly held by means of their wiry stalks2 they have the scent of ,southernwood4 ,it grows well with me in ordinary garden loam1 the situation being well exposed to the sun4 ,it may be readily propagated by root division4 ,flowering period1 ,august to ,october4 ,bellis ,perennis4 ,,common ,,perennial ,,daisy2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this native plant1 the commonest flower of the field and wayside1 and the weed of our grass-plots1 is the parent form of the handsome and popular double kinds seen in almost every garden4 ,well known as these flowers are1 it may prove interesting to learn a little more about the fine large double crimson and white kinds--their treatment1 for instance--in order to have abundance of flowers during the earliest months of the year2 and the uses to which they may be most advantageously put2 for1 common as are the ,daisies1 they are1 without doubt1 amongst the most useful flowers we possess4 ,first1 ,i will briefly give the names and descriptions of the more distinct varieties4 ,b4 p4 aucubifolia is the ,double ,daisy1 having a beautifully variegated foliage1 mottled with golden-yellow in the way of the aucuba4 ,b4 p4 fistulosa4--,this is the double crimson or pink ,daisy1 having its florets piped or quilled 7see ,fig4 #ai74 ,b4 p4 hortensis embraces all the double forms raised and cultivated in gardens1 no matter what colour1 and so distinguished from the typical form of the fields4 ,b4 p4 prolifera is that curious and favourite kind called ,hen and ,chickens4 ,the flowers are double1 and from the imbricate calyx of the normal flower there issue a number of smaller ,daisies having straggling florets2 the whole on one main stalk presenting a bouquet-like effect4 ,these kinds1 the specific names of which are not only descriptive1 but amply embrace the group1 are much added to by flowers having other names and minor distinctions1 the latter1 for the most part1 being only shades or mixtures of colour--as crimson1 pink1 white1 and bicolours4 ,the florets in many kinds are exceedingly pretty1 from the way in which they are tipped and shaded2 notably1 a new variety that was sent me under the name of ,dresden ,china4 ,these sorts having different tints are usefully named with florists' names--as ,pearl1 ,snowball1 ,rob ,roy1 ,sweep1 ,bride1 c4 ,i may say that ,i have long grown the ,daisy largely1 ,bride and ,sweep being the favourite kinds2 both are robust growers1 very hardy and early4 ,bride is the purest white1 with florets full1 shining1 and well reflexed2 rather larger than a florin1 and when fully developed has a half globular appearance2 another good point is its flower stalks being #d;in4 to #e;in4 long1 which renders it serviceable as cut bloom4 ,sweep is not quite so large1 though a good-sized ,daisy1 it also opens more flat2 its colour1 however1 is first rate1 it is the darkest crimson ,daisy ,i ever saw1 is of a quilled form and very full4 ,its chief point is its constant colour2 if the florets are examined1 they are the same deep crimson underneath as on the face of the flower2 this1 together with its long stalks1 renders it useful1 too1 in a cut state4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,bellis ,,perennis ,,fistulosa4 7,one-third natural size47 ,to grow this useful flower well and render it doubly valuable by having it in bloom in mid-winter1 requires three things3 ,first1 timely transplanting2 secondly1 rich soil2 thirdly1 partial shade2 these conditions will be more briefly and1 perhaps1 clearly explained1 if ,i state my method4 ,at the end of ,may or fore part of ,june1 plenty of good rotten stable manure is wheeled into the bush-fruit quarters2 it is worked in with a fork1 so as to do as little damage as possible to the bush roots4 ,a line is drawn1 and the old ,daisy roots which have just been taken up are trimmed by shortening both tops and roots4 ,they are severely divided1 and the pieces planted #f;in4 apart in rows #h;in4 asunder4 ,in such a cool1 moist situation they soon form good tufts1 and ,i need scarcely say that the dressing of manure has also a marked effect on the fruit crop4 ,a planting so made is not only a cheerful carpet of greenery during winter1 but is well dotted over with bloom4 ,the plants being well established in rich soil1 and having the shelter of the bushes during summer and winter1 are the conditions which have conduced to such early flowers4 ,this is the method ,i have adopted for years1 and both ,daisies and fruit have been invariably good crops4 ,i ought1 however1 to say that beds more exposed1 together with the fact that the ,daisy roots have to be transplanted in ,october or ,november1 never flower so early1 from which it will be seen that the treatment explained hardly applies to such bedding2 but where a breadth of bloom is required1 say1 for cutting purposes1 ,i know no better plan4 ,as cut bloom the daisy is charming in glass trays on a bed of moss1 or even in small bouquets1 mixed with the foliage of pinks1 carnations1 and rosemary4 ,such an arrangement has at least the merit of sweet simplicity1 and somehow has also the effect of carrying our thoughts with a bound to spring-time4 ,the ancient names for this old-fashioned flower were ,little ,daisies and ,bruisewoorte4 ,the latter name1 according to ,gerarde1 was applied for the following reasons3 ,the leaues stamped1 taketh away bruses and swellings proceeding of some stroke1 if they be stamped and laide thereon1 whereupon it was called in olde time ,bruisewoorte4 ,the iuice put into the eies cleereth them1 and taketh away the watering2 and here is a dog note3 ,the same given to little dogs with milke1 keepeth them from growing great4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,july4 ,bocconia ,cordata4 ,syn4 ,,macleaya ,,cordata2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,papaveraceae4 ,a hardy herbaceous perennial from ,china4 ,it is a tall and handsome plant2 its fine features are its stately habit1 finely-cut foliage1 and noble panicles of buds and flowers2 during the whole progress of its growth it is a pleasing object1 but in the autumn1 when at the height of #g;ft4 it has become topped with lax clusters of flowers1 over #b;ft4 long1 it is simply grand4 ,there are other names in trade lists1 as ,b4 japonica and ,b4 alba1 but they are identical with ,b4 cordata2 possibly there may be a little difference in the shades of the flowers1 but nothing to warrant another name4 ,having grown the so-called species or varieties1 ,i have hitherto found no difference whatever2 and of the hardy species of this genus1 ,i believe ,b4 cordata is the only one at present grown in ,english gardens4 ,during spring and early summer this subject makes rapid growth1 pushing forth its thick leafy stems1 which are attractive1 not only by reason of their somewhat unusual form1 but also because of their tender and unseasonable appearance1 especially during spring2 it is rare1 however1 that the late frosts do any damage to its foliage4 ,it continues to grow with remarkable vigour until1 at the height of #e;ft4 or more1 the flower panicles begin to develop2 these usually add #b;ft4 or more to its tallness4 ,the flowers are very small but numerous1 of an ivory-white colour2 they are more beautiful in the unopened state1 when the two-sepalled calyx for many days compresses the tassel-like cluster of stamens4 ,each half of the calyx is boat-shaped1 and before they burst they have the form and colour of clean plump groats2 as already hinted1 the stamens are numerous1 and the anthers large for so small a flower1 being spathulate4 ,as soon as the stamens become exposed1 the calyx falls1 and in a short time--a few hours--the fugacious anthers disappear1 to be followed only a little later by the fall of the filaments2 there is then left a naked but headed capsule1 half the size of the buds1 and of the same colour2 they may be traced on the panicle in the illustration 7,fig4 #bj74 ,from the fading quality of the above-named parts1 the buds and capsules chiefly form the ornamental portion of the compound racemes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,bocconia ,,cordata4 7,about one-twentieth natural size2 blossom1 one-half natural size47 ,the leaves are from #h;in4 to #aj;in4 in diameter1 the largest being at the base of the tall stems2 their outline1 as the specific name implies1 is heart-shaped1 but they are deeply lobed and dentate1 in the way of the fig leaf1 but more profusely so2 they are stalked1 of good substance1 glaucous1 nearly white underneath1 which part is also furnished with short stiff hairs4 ,the glaucous hue or farina which covers the leaf-stalks and main stems has a metallic appearance1 and is one of its pleasing features as a decorative plant4 ,for many weeks the flowers continue to be developed1 and from the deciduous quality of the fading parts1 the panicles have a neat appearance to the last4 ,in a cut state the long side branches of flowers1 more than a foot long1 are very effective1 either alone or when mixed with other kinds1 the little clusters of white drop-like buds being suitable for combination with the choicest flowers4 ,as a decorative specimen for the more ornamental parts of the garden1 and where bold subjects are desired1 there are few herbaceous things that can be named as more suitable2 from the day it appears above the ground1 to and throughout its fading days in the autumn1 when it has pleasing tints1 it is not only a handsome but distinct form of plant2 as an isolated specimen on the lawn1 or by frequented walks1 it may be grown with marked effect2 if too nearly surrounded with other tall things1 its beauty is somewhat marred2 but wherever it is planted it should have a good fat loam of considerable depth4 ,i ought not to omit saying that it forms a capital subject for pot culture2 plants so treated1 when #ab;in4 or #ah;in4 high1 no matter if not then in flower1 are very useful as window or table plants2 but of course1 being herbaceous1 they are serviceable only during their growing season2 they need not1 however1 be a source of care during winter1 for they may with safety be plunged outside in a bed of ashes or sand1 where they will take care of themselves during the severest weather4 ,it may be propagated by cuttings taken from the axils of the larger leaves during early summer2 if this method is followed1 the cuttings should be pushed on1 so that there are plenty of roots before the winter sets in4 ,i have found it by far the better plan to take young suckers from established plants2 in good rich soil these are freely produced from the slightly running roots2 they may be separated and transplanted any time1 but if it is done during summer they will flower the following season4 ,tall as this subject grows1 it needs no supports2 neither have ,i noticed it to be troubled by any of the garden pests4 ,flowering period1 ,september to ,august4 ,bulbocodium ,trigynum4 ,syns4 ,,colchicum ,,caucasicum and ,,merendera ,,caucasicum2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,melanthaceae4 ,this pretty miniature bulbous plant is very hardy1 flowering in winter4 ,it is a scarce flower1 and has recently been represented as a new plant4 ,as a matter of fact1 it is not new1 but has been known under the above synonymous names since #ahbc1 when it was brought from the ,caucasus4 ,in general appearance it is very different from the ,colchicum 7,sprengle71 as may be seen by the drawing 7,fig4 #ba71 and ,merendera 7,bieberstein7 is only another ,spanish name for ,colchicum4 ,the new name1 authorised by ,adams1 may have been the cause1 all or in part1 of its being taken for a new species4 ,the specific name may be presumed to be in reference to either its deeply-channelled1 almost keeled leaves1 which have the appearance of three corners1 or in allusion to the triangular way in which they are disposed4 ,it is a desirable flower for several reasons--its earliness1 durability1 rich perfume1 and intrinsic beauty4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,bulbocodium ,,trigynum4 7,full size47 ,the little plant1 at the height of #b;in41 produces its rather large flowers in ones and twos in ,february1 and they last for many days in perfect form4 ,the scent reminds one of the sweet honey smell of a white clover field during summer4 ,the colour is very pale lilac1 nearly white2 the tube takes on a little greenness2 it is also divided1 though the slits are invisible until the bloom begins to fade4 ,the corolla1 of irregular segments1 is #aa_/b;in4 across when expanded2 the stamens are half the length of the petal-like segments1 and carry anthers of exquisite beauty1 especially when young1 then they are orange colour1 divided like a pair of half-opened shells1 and edged with chocolate2 the styles are a delicate pale green1 and rather longer than the stamens4 ,the leaves1 as already stated1 are channelled1 broadest at the base1 tapering to a point1 which is rather twisted2 they are #b;in4 long during the blooming period1 of a deep green colour1 stiff1 but spreading1 forming a pretty accurate triangle4 ,this description1 together with the cut1 will suggest both the uses and positions in which it should be planted2 if a single blossom1 when brought indoors1 proves strongly fragrant1 it is easy to imagine what a clump must be in the garden4 ,like those of the colchicum1 its flowers are quickly developed2 the leaves grow longer afterwards1 and die off in summer4 ,it thrives in a sandy loam or leaf soil1 in a sunny part1 and increases itself at the roots like the saffrons4 ,flowering period1 ,february and ,march4 ,bulbocodium ,vernum4 ,,spring ,,bulbocodium1 or ,,spring ,,saffron2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,melanthaceae4 ,in mild winters1 sheltered positions1 and light vegetable soil1 this bulbous plant may be seen in blossom from ,january to ,march4 ,the flowers appear before the leaves1 and may1 at the first glance1 be taken for lilac-coloured croci4 ,up to a certain stage1 however1 the colour gradually improves in the direction of purple1 and where there are established patches it is no inconsiderable part of the effect caused by this desirable winter flower to see it a mass of bloom in many shades1 ranging from white 7as in the bud state7 to a lively purple4 ,it is an old plant in ,english gardens1 and is largely found wild in mid-,europe4 ,it came from ,spain as early as #afbi4 ,still1 it is not generally known or grown2 but within the last few years it has come to the fore1 with a host of other hardy and early-flowering subjects4 ,the natural order in which it is classed includes many beautiful genera1 both as regards their floral effect and anatomical structures4 ,veratrum1 ,uvularia1 and ,colchicum are1 perhaps1 the more familiar1 and the last-mentioned genus is a very nearly allied one4 ,a feature of the genus ,bulbocodium is implied by the name itself1 which means a wool-covered bulb4 ,this quality1 however1 will be more observable when the bulb is in a dormant state2 it exists under the envelope4 ,the crocus or saffron-like flowers are aptly named ,spring ,saffron1 though there is a great botanical difference to be seen between this genus and that of ,colchicum when the flower is dissected4 ,the bloom is produced from the midst of an ample sheath1 and overlapping leaves1 which are only just visible in the early season of this year2 the corolla of six petal-like divisions is #b;in4 to #c;in4 across when expanded1 and of various shades and colours1 as already stated2 the segments are completely divided1 being continued from the throat of the corolla to the ovary by long tapering bases1 called nails1 claws1 or ungues4 ,the leaves are stout1 broadly strap-shaped1 channelled1 and of a deep green colour4 ,the bulb is rather small2 its form resembles that of the autumn crocus1 as also does its mode of growth and reproduction4 ,the early blossoms of this bulb soon disappear1 and though the roots are all the better for being well ripened1 a thin patch of some of the finer annuals sown in spring amongst their withering leaves will not do much harm1 and will prove useful as gap-stoppers4 ,another good way is to grow these dwarf bulbous flowers with a carpet of creepers1 of which there are scores in every way suitable2 and where nothing else is available or to be grown with success1 the small-leaved ivy will answer well4 ,the dwarf phloxes1 however1 are more useful2 their browned spreading branches form a neutral but warm-looking ground to the purple blossoms2 besides1 by the time all trace of the ,bulbocodium has shrivelled up1 they begin to produce their sheets of bloom4 ,all such prostrate forms not only preserve dwarf winter flowers from the mud1 but otherwise give effect to the borders4 ,this bulb thrives best in light soil1 well drained2 in sheltered nooks it may be had in flower a month earlier than in exposed parts4 ,under such conditions it increases very fast1 and the bulbs may be transplanted with advantage every other year after the tops have died off4 ,in stiff or clay-like soil it dwindles and dies4 ,flowering period1 ,january to ,march4 ,calthus ,palustris ,flore-pleno4 ,,double ,,marsh ,,marigold2 ,old ,common ,name1 ,,meadow ,,bootes2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,the typical1 or single-flowering variety of this plant is a ,british species1 and a rather common one2 but the pleasing habit and bright1 finely-formed1 orange-yellow flower of this double kind renders it a suitable plant for any garden4 ,it is herbaceous and perennial1 and loves boggy situations4 ,it is1 however1 very accommodating1 and will be found to do well in ordinary garden soil1 especially if it be a stiffish loam2 clayey land is well adapted for it4 ,no matter what kind of weather prevails1 it has always a neat and fresh appearance4 ,by the illustration 7,fig4 #bb7 the reader will doubtless recognise its familiar form4 ,as already stated1 its flowers are orange-yellow1 very full1 with petals evenly arranged2 they are #a;in4 across1 and produced on round1 short1 hollow stems1 seldom more than #i;in4 high4 ,the forked flower stalks are furnished with embracing leaves1 differing very much from the others1 which are stalked1 heart-shaped1 nearly round1 and evenly-toothed4 ,all the foliage is of a rich dark shining green colour4 ,strong specimens produce flowers for a long time1 fully two months1 and frequently they burst into blossom again in the autumn4 ,individual flowers are very lasting1 and1 moreover1 are very effective in a cut state4 ,it is a robust grower1 providing it is not in light dry soil2 it seems with me to do equally well fully exposed to sunshine and in partial shade1 but both positions are of a moist character4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,calthus ,,palustris ,,flore-,,pleno4 7,one-half natural size47 ,it has long fleshy roots1 which allows of its being transplanted at any time1 early spring being the best1 to increase it4 ,the crowns should be divided every three years1 when there will be found to be ample roots to each one4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,calystegia ,pubescens ,flore-pleno4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,convolvulaceae4 ,this double ,convolvulus is a somewhat recent introduction from ,china2 it is hardy and perennial4 ,so distinct are its large flesh-coloured flowers that they are often taken at the first glance1 when cut1 for double pyrethrums or chrysanthemums1 but1 seen in connection with the plant1 the form of foliage and climbing or twining habit of the bindweed soon enable the most casual observer of flowers to recognise its genus4 ,the flowers are #b;in4 to #c;in4 across1 petals long1 narrow1 wavy1 and reflexed2 these are well held together by the five-parted calyx1 further supported by a bract of two small but stout leaves4 ,the flower stalks are round and wiry1 #c;in4 or #d;in4 long2 they are produced all along the twining stems1 which are only of the moderate length of #e;ft4 or #f;ft4 ,the leaves are of the well-known ,convolvulus form4 ,i find it a good plan to grow this subject amongst tall and early flowering plants1 such as lupins1 foxgloves1 and lilies1 the old stems of which form ample supports for the climber2 moreover1 they are rendered less unsightly from being thus furnished anew with leaf and flower1 even though not their own4 ,another method is in early summer to place a short twiggy branch over the pushing growths2 it will soon become covered1 and if not too large1 the ends of the shoots will slightly outgrow the twigs and hang down in a pleasing manner4 ,the plant should be started in light sandy loam and have a warm situation1 otherwise flowers will be scarce and the whole specimen have a weedy appearance4 ,when once it becomes established1 it will be found to spread rapidly by means of its running roots1 which1 unless checked1 will soon become a pest4 ,i simply pull out all growths except such as shoot up in the desired position1 and so continue to treat them as weeds throughout the growing season4 ,stems furnished with flowers a yard or more long1 in a cut state1 make rich festoons2 single blooms 7the smaller ones7 look well as buttonholes1 being neat and effective1 without gaudiness4 ,i ought to state that a succession of flowers is kept up for fully three months2 this fact adds not a little to the value of this handsome flesh-coloured bloomer4 ,roots may be transplanted at any time2 the smallest piece will produce a blooming plant the first season1 if put into a proper soil and situation4 ,flowering period1 ,july to ,september4 ,campanula ,grandis4 ,,great ,,bellflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,campanulaceae4 ,a hardy herbaceous perennial from ,siberia1 growing to a height of #c;ft4 ,its flowers are large1 bright1 and numerous2 well-established clumps will present masses of bloom for more than a month with average weather4 ,as a large showy subject there are few plants more reliable1 or that can in any way excel it1 more especially for town gardens4 ,it is a rampant grower1 quickly covering large spaces by means of its progressive roots2 in gardens or collections where it can only be allowed a limited space1 the running habit of the roots will doubtless prove troublesome1 and often such free growers1 however handsome they may be otherwise1 are esteemed common1 which should not be4 ,the proper thing to do would be to give these vigorous and fine flowering subjects such quarters as will allow them their natural and unrestrained development4 ,the flowers of ,c4 grandis are more than #a;in4 across the corolla1 the five segments being large and bluntly pointed1 of a transparent purple-blue colour1 and very enduring2 they are arranged on short stalks1 which issue from the strong upright stems4 ,they form little tufts of bloom at every joint for a length of nearly #b;ft42 the succession1 too1 is well kept up4 ,buds continue to form long after the earliest have opened4 ,the leaves are #d;in4 to #h;in4 long and #c_/d;in4 wide1 lance-shaped1 stalkless1 and finely toothed4 ,they are arranged in round tufts on the unproductive crowns1 and they remain green throughout the winter4 ,as regards soil1 any kind will do2 neither is the question of position of any moment beyond the precaution which should be taken against its encroachments on smaller subjects4 ,in the partial shade of shrubs it not only flowers well but proves very effective4 ,useful as this plant is in the garden1 it becomes far more so in a cut state4 ,when it is needful to make up a bold vase or basket of flowers for room decoration1 it can be quickly and effectively done by a liberal use of its long1 leafy1 but well-bloomed spikes2 five or six of them1 #b;ft4 to #c;ft4 long1 based with a few large roses1 paeonies1 or sprays of thalictrum1 make a noble ornament for the table1 hall1 or sideboard1 and it is not one of the least useful flowers for trays or dishes when cut short4 ,propagated by division at any time1 the parts may be planted at once in their blooming quarters4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,campanula ,latifolia4 ,,broad-,,leaved ,,bellflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,campanulaceae4 ,a ,british species1 very much resembling ,c4 grandis1 but somewhat taller1 and flowering a little earlier2 the latter quality has induced me to mention it1 as it offers a fine spike for cutting purposes before the above is ready4 ,culture1 uses1 and propagation1 the same as for ,c4 grandis4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,campanula ,persicifolia4 ,,peach-,,leaved ,,bellflower2 ,old ,common ,names1 ,,peach-,,bels and ,,steeple-,,bels2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,campanulaceae4 ,this good old-fashioned perennial has had a place in ,english gardens for several hundred years2 it is still justly and highly esteemed4 ,it is a well-known plant1 and as the specific name is descriptive of the leaves1 ,i will only add a few words of ,gerarde's respecting the flowers3 ,alongst the stalke growe many flowers like bels1 sometime white1 and for the most part1 of a faire blewe colour2 but the bels are nothing so deepe as they of the other kindes1 and these also are more delated and spred abroade then any of the reste4 ,the varieties include single blue 7type7 and white1 double blue1 and different forms of double white4 ,in all cases the corolla is cup or broad bell shaped1 and the flowers are sparingly produced on slightly foliaged stems1 #ah;in4 to #c;ft4 high2 there are1 however1 such marked distinctions belonging to ,c4 p4 alba fl4-pl4 in two forms that they deserve special notice2 they are very desirable flowers1 on the score of both quaintness and beauty4 ,i will first notice the kind with two corollas1 the inner bell of which will be more than an inch deep1 and about the same in diameter4 ,the outer corolla is much shorter1 crumpled1 rolled back1 and somewhat marked with green1 as if intermediate in its nature between the larger corolla and the calyx4 ,the whole flower has a droll but pleasing form1 and ,i have heard it not inaptly called ,grandmother's ,frilled ,cap4 ,the other kind has five or more corollas1 which are neatly arranged1 each growing less as they approach the centre4 ,in all1 the segments are but slightly divided1 though neatly formed2 this flower is of the purest white and very beautiful1 resembling a small double rose4 ,it is one of the best flowers to be found at its season in the borders1 and for cutting purposes ,i know none to surpass it2 it is clean and durable4 ,so much are the flowers esteemed1 that the plant is often grown in pots for forcing and conservatory decoration1 to which treatment it takes kindly4 ,in the open all the above varieties grow freely in any kind of garden soil1 but if transplanted in the autumn into newly-dug quarters they will in every way prove more satisfactory2 this is not necessary1 but if cultivation means anything1 it means we should adopt the best-known methods of treatment towards all the plants we grow1 and certainly some of the above ,bellflowers are deserving of all the care that flowers are worth4 ,flowering period1 ,july to ,september4 ,campanula ,pyramidalis4 ,,pyramidal or ,,chimney ,,campanula2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,campanulaceae4 ,this herbaceous perennial is a very old flower in this country2 it came from ,carniola in the year #aeid4 ,it is very hardy1 and for several months together it continues to produce its large lively blue flowers1 beginning in ,july and lasting until stopped by frosts4 ,at no time is it in finer form than in ,september2 at the height of from #e;ft4 to #g;ft4 it proves richly effective amongst the blooming hollyhocks1 where1 as regards colour1 it supplies the missing link 7see ,fig4 #bc74 ,the flowers are a light bright blue colour1 and #a;in4 to #aa_/b;in4 across4 ,the corolla is bell-shaped1 the five divisions being deeply cut1 which allows the flower to expand well2 the calyx is neat and smooth1 the segments long and awl-shaped2 the flower stalks are short1 causing the numerous erect branches to be closely furnished with bloom during favourable weather4 ,the leaves of the root are very large and stalked1 of irregular shape1 but for the most part broadly oval or lance-shaped4 ,the edges are slightly toothed1 having minute glands2 those of the stems are much smaller1 sessile1 and long egg-shaped2 all the foliage is smooth1 and of a dark green colour2 the main stems are very stout1 and sometimes grow to the height of #g;ft4 ,vigorous plants will send up several of these1 from which a great number of small ones issue1 all assuming an erect habit2 blooming specimens are hardly anything else than a wand-like set of flowered stems1 and though it is advisable to stake them1 ,i have seen them bend and wave during high winds without damage4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,campanula ,,pyramidalis4 7,one-twentieth natural size2 a1 one-half natural size47 ,in the borders and shrubbery this is a very effective subject2 it is amongst herbaceous plants what the ,lombardy poplar is amongst forest trees--tall1 elegant1 and distinct4 ,its use1 however1 is somewhat limited1 owing to the stiffness of the stems and the shortness of the flower stalks2 but when grown in pots--as it often is--for indoor decoration1 it proves useful for standing amongst orange and camellia trees4 ,it has very strong tap roots1 and enjoys a deep rich loam4 ,not only does it look well among trees1 but otherwise the partial shade of such quarters seems conducive to finer bloom4 ,flowering period1 ,july to ,october4 ,c4 p4 alba is a white flowering variety of the above species2 its other points of distinction are its smaller-sized leaves and much paler green colour1 by which alone the plants may be easily recognised from the type4 ,this variety may be grown with good effect in pots or the border2 it scarcely gets so tall as the blue form1 but looks well by the side of it4 ,the readiest way to increase these plants is to take the young and dwarf growths from the woody crown of the roots1 paring off a little of the bark with each4 ,if these are put in sandy loam during the warm growing season and kept shaded for a few days1 they will very soon make plenty of roots2 this method in no way damages the flowers4 ,another way is by seed1 but seedlings are two years before they bloom4 ,campanula ,speciosa4 ,,showy ,,harebell2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,campanulaceae4 ,a comparatively new species1 brought from ,siberia in #ahbe1 and sometimes called ,c4 glomerata dahurica4 ,it is a good hardy plant1 perennial and herbaceous1 and one of the earliest to flower4 ,it has a distinct appearance2 it nearly resembles ,c4 aggregata1 but the latter does not flower until several weeks later4 ,apart from its likeness to other species of the genus1 it is a first-class border flower1 having large bells of a fine deep purple colour1 and1 unlike many of the ,harebells1 is not over tall1 but usually about a foot high1 having a neat habit4 ,the flowers are arranged in dense heads1 whorl fashion1 having very short stalks2 they are nearly #b;in4 long and bell shaped4 ,the leaves 7radical7 are oval heart-shaped and stalked2 those of the stems are sessile2 the whole plant is hairy and robust4 ,this is one of the flowers which can hardly be planted out of place in any garden1 excepting amongst the rare and very dwarf alpines2 it is not only true to its name1 showy1 but handsome4 ,it will grow and flower well in the worst soil and needs no sort of care2 it would be fine in lines by a shrubbery1 and is effective in bold clumps2 and though a new kind1 it belongs to a race of old-fashioned flowers1 amongst which it would mix appropriately4 ,increased by division in autumn4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,campanula ,waldsteiniana4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,campanulaceae4 ,a rare and distinct alpine species from ,carinthia4 ,it proves perfectly hardy in this climate4 ,for the rock garden it is a gem of the first water1 its habit being dwarf1 dense1 and rigid2 floriferous as many of the ,bellflowers are1 ,i know none to excel this one4 ,as may be observed in the following description1 there are not a few distinctive traits about it1 which1 more or less1 go to make it a desirable subject for rare and choice collections4 ,the flowers are a glistening bluish-lilac1 erect1 and #c_/d;in4 across when fully expanded4 ,the corolla can hardly be said to be bell-shaped1 as the five divisions are two-thirds of its depth1 which allows it1 when full blown1 to become nearly flat1 and as the segments are equal1 sharply cut1 and pointed1 the flower has a star-like appearance4 ,the little calyx is cup-shaped1 angular1 and has small1 stout1 horn-like segments1 which are bent downwards4 ,each flower has a pedicel about #a;in4 long1 which springs from the axils of the main stem leaves2 the stems seldom exceed the height of #d;in4 or #e;in41 and they are exceedingly fine1 thready1 as also are the pedicels2 they are1 moreover1 of zigzag form1 from node to node4 ,the leaves are #c_/d;in4 long1 and less than #a_/b;in4 wide1 ovate or nearly cordate1 partially folded1 and sometimes reflexed at the ends1 nearly stalkless1 slightly toothed1 smooth1 of good substance and a peculiar grey-green colour4 ,the foliage for two or three weeks is completely hidden by the large number of flowers1 during which time it is a most attractive subject4 ,i grow it with other dwarf ,campanulas in a collection bed1 where it compares well with the finest1 such as ,c4 pulla1 ,c4 muralis1 and ,c4 ,zoysii1 for effectiveness4 ,having proved it to thrive well in light sandy soil of a vegetable character1 ,i have not tried it otherwise2 it enjoys a sunny situation4 ,the site should be well drained2 it will endure nothing like stagnant moisture--its peculiar roots would indicate this fact1 they are not only tender and fleshy1 but thick and of a pith-like nature1 and1 as ,i have never been able to gather any seed1 and the propagation has to be carried out by root division1 there requires to be a careful manipulation of these parts1 for not only do they split and break with the least strain1 but when so mutilated they are very liable to rot4 ,i have found it by far the better plan to divide this plant after it has begun to grow in ,march or ,april1 when its fine shining black shoots1 which resemble horse hairs in appearance1 are about #a_/b;in4 high4 ,slugs are fond of this plant2 a dressing once a week of sand and soot1 when it begins to grow1 will keep them off4 ,flowering period1 ,july and ,august4 ,centaurea ,montana4 ,,mountain ,,knapweed2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this is an old-fashioned and favourite flower4 ,every one must be familiar with its thistle-like formed flowers2 it is sometimes called the large or perennial ,cornflower and also the ,large ,bluebottle4 ,the blue variety has been grown in ,english gardens since #aeif4 ,there are now white and pink coloured varieties1 all rampant growers1 very hardy and perennial4 ,they are in every way superior to the annual kind1 which is so largely grown1 the flowers being more than twice the size1 and produced two months earlier2 the blooming period is maintained until late autumn4 ,the flowers1 as before hinted1 are thistle-shaped2 the pericline or knob just under the florets is cone-shaped1 covered with evenly set and pointed scales1 green1 edged with a brown margin1 set round with short bristle-like teeth4 ,the florets of the outer ring are #aa_/b;in4 long1 tubular half their length1 the wider portion being five to seven cut2 the centre florets are short and irregular1 richly tinted with pink at their bases2 the whole flower or ray1 when expanded1 is #c;in4 across4 ,they are produced on stems over #b;ft4 long and of a somewhat procumbent habit1 angular and branched near the tops2 the leaves are #c;in4 to #f;in4 long1 lance-shaped1 entire and decurrent1 giving the stems a winged appearance4 ,they are of a greyish colour--nappy--whence the name ,knapweed4 ,this vigorous species1 with its white and pink varieties1 may be grown in any kind of soil4 ,it requires plenty of room2 a two-year-old plant will form a specimen a yard in diameter under favourable conditions4 ,the effect is good when all the three colours are grown near each other in bold pieces4 ,they yield an unfailing supply of flowers1 which are of a very useful type2 in fact1 the more they are cut the more they seem to bloom1 and it is a good plan to cut short half the stems about ,june4 ,they will 7in a week or two7 produce new shoots and large flowers in abundance1 the gain being flowers of extra size during autumn4 ,propagated by division of the roots any time4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,september4 ,centranthus ,ruber4 ,syn4 ,,valeriana ,,ruber--,,red ,,valerian2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,valerianaceae4 ,this is a strong and vigorous garden plant1 with a somewhat shrubby appearance2 it is herbaceous1 perennial1 and sometimes classed as a ,british species1 therefore hardy2 but though its classification among ,british plants is justifiable1 it is only so on the ground of its being a naturalised subject1 its original habitats being in the ,south of ,europe4 ,it is a favourite and old-fashioned flower1 and it fully justifies the estimation in which it is held1 the flowers being produced in large bunches of a fine rich colour1 which are very durable4 ,its shrubby habit is not one of its least recommendations2 seen at a distance--which it easily can be--it might be taken for a ruby-coloured rhododendron1 to which1 of course1 it has no resemblance when closely inspected4 ,it grows #b;ft4 high or more4 ,the flowers are a bright ruby colour1 very small1 but closely massed in great numbers1 borne in corymbs1 terminal and much branched2 the calyx-limb1 at first revolute1 afterwards expanded into a feather-like pappus2 the corolla is tubular1 long1 slender1 and spurred2 the segments or petals are small and uneven1 both in form and arrangement2 the germen is long2 anther prominent and large for so small a flower1 viz41 #c_/d;in4 long and hardly #a_/d;in4 in diameter4 ,the stems are stout1 round1 hollow1 and glaucous2 they are furnished with leaves of various shapes at the nodes1 as lance-shaped1 long oval1 heart-shaped and plain1 elliptical and pointed1 wavy and notched1 and arrow-shaped1 lobed1 and toothed4 ,the root leaves are mostly ovate1 lanceolate1 and entire4 ,the whole plant is smooth and glaucous4 ,from the description given1 it may readily be seen that when in flower it will be effective--massive heads of ruby flowers topping a shrub-like plant of shining foliage and glaucous hue4 ,it is eminently fitted for lines or borders where other strong growers are admitted4 ,in a cut state the flowers are very useful2 they are strongly scented1 something like the lilac1 with just a suspicion of ,valerian in it4 ,i ought not to omit mention of its extra brightness as seen by gaslight--this fact adds much to its value for indoor decoration4 ,it may be grown in any kind of garden soil1 needing nothing at any time in the way of special treatment2 but if it is supplied with a little manure it will pay back with interest1 in the form of extra-sized bunches and brighter flowers4 ,c4 r4 albus is a white-flowering kind of the above2 its main points of difference are its paler green foliage1 smaller sized corymbs1 shorter growth1 and rather later season of bloom4 ,c4 r4 coccinea is another kind2 the specific name is misleading4 ,it is not scarlet1 but nearer a rose colour1 and when compared with the typical colour it appears much inferior2 still1 it is a good variety4 ,all the three colours1 when grown side by side1 are very showy when in bloom4 ,this species1 with its varieties1 may be easily propagated by root divisions at any time from late summer to spring2 the long fleshy roots should not be broken more than can be helped2 every piece with a crown on it will make a flowering plant the first season4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,september4 ,cheiranthus ,cheiri4 ,,common ,,wallflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,cruciferae4 ,this well-known evergreen shrub 7see ,fig4 #bd7 is more or less hardy in our climate1 according to the conditions under which it is grown4 ,although a native of the ,south of ,europe1 it rarely happens1 however severe the winter may be in this country1 that we are totally deprived of the favourite bouquet of ,wallflowers in winter or early spring1 while it is equally true that1 during the hard weather of one or two recent winters1 in numerous gardens every plant was killed4 ,in favourable seasons its blooms are produced throughout winter1 but the full blow comes in ,april4 ,three hundred years ago it was known by its present name2 in this respect it is a rare exception1 as most flowers have many and widely different names1 especially the old-fashioned sorts1 so that often the varied nomenclature hinders the identification of the species4 ,at one time the ,wallflower was called the ,gillyflower1 but the name is now only applied to a biennial and single-flowered variety of the stock--a near relation of the ,wallflower4 ,more than #bjj years ago ,parkinson wrote1 ,those ,wallflowers that1 carrying beautiful flowers1 are the delights and ornaments of a garden of pleasure4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,chieranthus ,,cheiri4 7,one-fourth natural size47 ,of its well-known beauties1 as regards its form1 colour1 varieties1 and delicious perfume1 description is needless1 though ,i may say1 in passing1 that its fragrance renders it of value to those whose olfactory nerve is dead to the scent of most other flowers4 ,two errors are frequently committed in planting the ,wallflower2 first1 at the wrong time1 when it is nearly a full-grown specimen and showing its flowers2 next1 in the wrong way1 as in rows or dotted about4 ,it should be transplanted from the seed beds when small1 in summer or early autumn1 and not in ones and twos1 but in bold and irregular groups of scores together2 anything like lines or designs seems out of harmony with this semi-wildling4 ,there is another and very easy method which ,i should like to mention1 as a suggestion--that of naturalisation2 let those near ruins1 quarries1 and railway embankments and cuttings1 generously scatter some seed thereon during the spring showers1 when the air is still2 in such dry situations this flower proves more hardy than in many gardens4 ,moreover1 they serve to show it to advantage1 either alone or in connection with other shrubs1 as the whin1 which flowers at the same time2 here1 too1 it would be comparatively safe from being grubbed up4 ,flowering period1 ,january to ,june4 ,cheiranthus ,marshallii4 ,,marshall',s ,,wallflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,cruciferae4 ,a distinct and very hardy hybrid1 being shrubby and tree-like in shape1 but withal very dwarf4 ,from the compact habit1 abundance and long duration of its flowers1 it is well suited for showy borders or lines4 ,it is not yet well known1 but its qualities are such that there can be no wonder at its quickly coming to the front where known4 ,it differs from the common ,wallflower in being more dwarf and horizontally branched1 while the leaves are more bent back1 hairy1 and toothed2 immediately below the floriferous part of the stem the leaves are more crowded1 the stems more angular1 the flowers much less1 not so straggling1 and of a dark orange colour4 ,other hybrids in the same way are being produced1 differing mostly in the colour of the flowers1 as lemon1 greenish-yellow1 copper1 and so on4 ,plants a year old are so easily raised from cuttings1 and form such neat specimens1 that a stock cannot be otherwise than very useful in any garden2 besides1 they lift so well that transplanting may be done at any time4 ,my finest specimens have been grown from their cutting state1 on a bed of sifted ashes liberally mixed with well-rotted stable manure2 in such light material they have not only done well1 but1 when a few roots were required1 they lifted large balls without leaving any fibre in the ground4 ,to have good stout stock before winter sets in1 slips should be taken from the old plants as soon as they have done flowering2 dibble them into light but well enriched soil1 and give water in droughty weather only4 ,i ought to mention that this dwarf ,wallflower1 and also its allied kinds1 are capital subjects for very dry situations2 on old walls and the tops of outhouses they not only do well1 but prove decorative throughout the year4 ,in such places plants will live to a great age1 and sow their own seed freely besides4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,chionodoxa ,luciliae4 ,,snow ,,glory2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,a hardy bulbous perennial1 from ,asia ,minor4 ,it has only been cultivated about four years in ,english gardens2 still it has been proved to be as hardy as the squills1 which it very much resembles4 ,mr4 ,maw1 who discovered and introduced it1 found it near the summit of the mountain1 which 7though it is a native of a much warmer climate than ours7 may account for its hardy character4 ,that it is a most beautiful flower is beyond doubt1 but there are those who think it has been overpraised4 ,it should not1 however1 be forgotten that ,mr4 ,maw's description of it was from a sight of it in masses1 a state in which it can hardly have been judged yet in this country1 as until very recently the bulbs were very expensive4 ,it has1 however1 taken kindly to our climate1 and is likely to increase fast1 when it may be seen to greater advantage4 ,it grows to the height of #f;in4 or #h;in42 the flower scapes1 which are rather slender1 are somewhat shorter than the foliage1 the flowers being longer in the petals than the squills1 almost star-shaped1 and nearly #a;in4 across2 later on they reflex4 ,their colour is an intense blue1 shading to white in the centre of the flower4 ,the flowers are produced in numbers1 from three to six on a stem1 having slender pedicels1 which cause the flowers to hang slightly bell fashion4 ,the leaves1 from their flaccidness and narrowness1 compared with the squills1 may be described as grassy4 ,the bulbs are a little larger than the kernel of a cob nut1 nearly round1 having satiny skins or coats4 ,it may be grown in pots1 and forces well if allowed first to make good roots1 by being treated like the hyacinth4 ,it should be kept very near the glass4 ,it has also flowered fairly well in the open border fully exposed1 but in a cold frame1 plunged in sand and near the glass1 it has been perfection4 ,single bulbs so grown in sixties pots have done the best by far4 ,all the bulbs hitherto experimented with have been newly imported2 very different results may possibly be realised from home-grown bulbs4 ,it is also probable that there may be varieties of this species1 as not only have ,i noticed a great difference in the bulbs1 but also in the flowers and the habit of plant4 ,this ,i have mentioned to a keen observer1 and he is of the same opinion2 be that as it may1 we have in this new plant a lovely companion to the later snowdrops1 and though it much resembles the squills1 it is not only sufficiently distinct from them1 but an early bloomer1 which we gladly welcome to our gardens4 ,it seems to do well in equal parts of peat1 loam1 and sand1 also in leaf soil and sand4 ,flowering period1 ,march and ,april4 ,chrysanthemum4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,the flowers to which ,i would now refer the reader are of no particular species1 but1 like several other genera1 this genus has been considerably drawn upon or utilised by the hybridiser1 and the species1 looked upon from a florist's point of view1 have been much improved upon by their offspring4 ,not only are ,japan and ,china the homes of the finer flowering species1 but in these countries the ,chrysanthemum has been esteemed and highly cultivated for centuries2 in fact1 such a favourite is this flower with the ,chinese1 that they have treated it with many forms of their well-known art in matters horticultural1 and when the flower was brought to this country it would doubtless be in a form improved by them4 ,it reached this country nearly #ajj years ago1 and was known by the names ,c4 indicum and ,c4 sinense2 about the same time a species from the ,east ,indies was called ,c4 indicum4 ,this flower1 from the time of its introduction1 has been justly appreciated2 and by the skill of several cultivators we have a largely increased number of forms and colours4 ,still1 there are certain distinctions kept up amongst the varieties1 and they are commonly known by such names as large-flowering1 pompon1 or small-flowered1 early flowering1 anemone-flowered1 and ,japanese4 ,these names1 besides being somewhat descriptive1 are otherwise useful to the amateur who may wish to grow a representative collection1 and where there is convenience it is desirable to do so in order to observe their widely different forms and colours1 as well as to enjoy a long succession of bloom4 ,so well is the ,chrysanthemum known that little could be usefully said of it by way of description2 but well as it is known and easy as its culture is1 there are few things in our gardens that show to greater disadvantage4 ,this should not be with a subject which offers such range of habit1 colour1 and period of blooming2 and when such is the case1 there must be some radical mistake made4 ,the mistake ,i believe to be in the selection1 and that alone4 ,if so1 the remedy is an easy matter4 ,let me ask the reader to remember three facts3 7#a7 ,many sorts grown in pots and flowered under glass are unfitted for the borders or open garden4 7#b7 ,the later flowering varieties are of no use whatever for outside bloom4 7#c7 ,of the early blooming section1 not only may the finest varieties be grown with marked effect1 but they1 as a rule1 are of more dwarf habit1 and will afford abundance of bloom for cutting purposes for nearly two months4 ,selections are too often made from seeing the fine sorts in pots2 let it be understood that all are perfectly hardy1 but owing to their lateness1 their utility can only be realised under artificial conditions4 ,i am not now considering pot1 but garden kinds1 and no matter what other rules may be observed1 if this is overlooked it will be found that though the plant may grow finely and set buds in plenty1 they will be so late as to perish in their greenness by the early frosts2 on the other hand1 of the early section1 some will begin to bloom in ,august1 and others later1 each kind1 after being covered with flowers for several weeks1 seeming to finish naturally with our season of flowers4 ,there is nothing special about the culture of this very hardy and rampant-growing plant1 but ,i may add that1 though it will stand for many years in one place1 and flower well too1 it is vastly improved by division of the roots in autumn or early spring every second year4 ,the earth of its new site should be deeply dug and well enriched with stable manure2 it will not then matter much what sort of soil it is--the more open the situation the better4 ,how grandly these decorate the borders when in masses6 and as a cut flower ,i need hardly say that there are few to excel the ,chrysanthemum1 either as an individual bloom or for bouquet and other work4 ,i do not frequently make mention of many florists' flowers by name1 but in this case ,i think ,i may usefully name a few varieties3 ,andromeda1 cream coloured1 ,sept42 ,captain ,nemo1 rosy purple1 ,aug42 ,cassy1 pink and white1 ,oct42 ,cromatella1 orange and brown1 ,sept42 ,delphine ,caboche1 reddish mauve1 ,aug42 ,golden ,button1 small canary yellow1 ,aug42 ,illustration1 soft pink to white1 ,aug42 ,jardin des ,plantes1 white1 ,sept42 ,la ,petite ,marie1 white1 good1 ,aug42 ,madame ,pecoul1 large1 light rose1 ,aug42 ,mexico1 white1 ,oct42 ,nanum1 large1 creamy blush1 ,aug42 ,precocite1 large1 orange1 ,sept42 ,soeur ,melaine1 ,french white1 ,oct42 ,st4 ,mary1 very beautiful1 white1 ,sept4 ,these1 it will be seen1 are likely to afford a variety and succession of bloom4 ,flowering period1 ,august to ,november4 ,cichorium ,intybus4 ,syns4 ,c4 ,,perenne and ,c4 ,,sylvestre--,,wild ,,succory or ,,chicory2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this herbaceous perennial is a native plant1 in many parts being very common4 ,not only1 however1 do many not know it as a wild flower1 but we have the facts that under cultivation it is a distinct and showy plant1 and that of late it has come into great request4 ,its flowers are a pleasing blue1 and produced on ample branches1 and for mixing with other old-fashioned kinds1 either in the borders or as cut blooms1 they are decidedly telling2 for blending with other ,composites it has its value mainly from the fact that blues are rare in ,september2 the ,china asters are too short in the stalk for cutting purposes1 and many of the tall perennial starworts are neither bright nor well disposed4 ,i may also mention another proof of its decorative quality--it is not common 7i4e41 wild7 in my district1 and a plant being cultivated in my garden for its flowers has been so much admired that it is likely to have other patrons1 and in many instances it is being introduced into gardens where the choicest flowers are cultivated4 ,i am bound1 however1 to say that when not in flower it has the appearance of the commonest weed4 ,its flowers are produced when #b;ft4 to #f;ft4 high4 ,they are of a fine glistening blue colour1 #a;in4 to #aa_/b;in4 across1 and in the way of a dandelion flower1 but stalkless individually1 being disposed in ones1 twos1 and threes1 somewhat distantly in the axils of the leaves1 and all over the numerous and straggling branches4 ,the leaves are rough1 of a dingy green colour1 and variously shaped1 ,gerarde's description being as follows3 ,wilde ,succori hath long leaues1 somewhat snipt about the edges like the leaues of sow thistle1 with a stalke growing to the height of two cubits1 which is deuided towarde the top into many braunches4 ,the flowers grow at the top blewe of colour2 the roote is tough and woodie1 with many strings fastened thereto4 ,i find this plant not only enjoys a half shady place1 but if it is so placed that its quick growing branches can mix with those of other subjects in a trellis or other supports1 its coarser parts will not only be partially hidden1 but the rich coloured flowers will show to advantage4 ,i may mention that mine is mixed with ,virginian creeper on wires1 and the effect may easily be imagined4 ,it will do in any kind of garden soil1 but if deeply dug and well manured the flowers are vastly improved4 ,propagated by seed or division of the stout tap roots4 ,flowering period1 ,august to ,september4 ,clethra ,alnifolia4 ,,alder-,,leaved ,,clethra2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ericaceae4 ,a hardy deciduous shrub1 and mentioned in connection with herbaceous perennials because of its rich flowers and dwarf habit4 ,it is a native of ,north ,america1 having been grown in this country for #aej years2 it is not so often met with as it ought to be1 though much esteemed4 ,it becomes very productive of flowers when only #b;ft4 high1 but grows somewhat taller when well established2 it is more valuable than common from its floriferousness1 during late summer to the end of the season4 ,let me at once state that its winning point is the delicious scent of its pure white flowers2 it is very powerful1 and like that of the lilac and alder combined2 the racemes are #b;in4 or #c;in4 long1 and compactly formed of short-stalked flowers less than #a_/b;in4 across2 they are of good substance1 and in form resemble the lilac flower minus the tube2 the flower stems are somewhat woody1 and foliaged to the base of the spike or raceme4 ,the leaves are of varying sizes1 oval1 lance-shaped1 and short-stalked1 distinctly veined and slightly wrinkled1 sharp but finely toothed1 of a dark shining green colour on the upper and a greyish-green on the under side4 ,the whole shrub is somewhat rough to the touch2 the habit is bushy and branching1 increasing in size from suckers2 the numerous twiggy side shoots of the previous year's growth produce the flowers4 ,it enjoys a light soil and sunny situation1 and it may be planted anywhere in the shrubbery or borders as a first-class flowering subject4 ,its scent loads the air for some distance around1 and pleasantly reminds one of spring flowers4 ,such sweet-smelling flowers are not too plentiful in ,september1 and ,i know not a better one than this amongst hardy flowers for the late season4 ,its odour is fine and full2 a single sprig now by me proves almost too much for the confinement of a room4 ,this quality is invaluable in small flowers that can be freely cut1 which1 moreover1 as in this case1 are otherwise suitable for bouquet work4 ,propagated by cuttings and division of the suckers1 taken when growth has ceased2 if put in sandy loam and a warm situation1 they will become rooted during the following spring4 ,flowering period1 ,august and ,september4 ,colchicum ,autumnale4 ,,meadow ,,saffron2 ,common ,name1 ,,autumnal ,,crocus2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,melanthaceae4 ,a native bulbous perennial 7see ,fig4 #be74 ,the ,colchicums are often confounded with the autumn-flowering species of croci1 which they much resemble when in bloom2 the similarity is the more marked by the absence1 from both1 of their leaves in that season1 otherwise the leaves would prove to be the clearest mark of difference4 ,botanically they are far removed from each other1 being of different orders1 but there is no need to go into such distinctions1 not1 at any rate1 in this case4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,colchicum ,,autumnale 7about one-sixth natural size47 ,the flowers are well known and they need not be described further than by saying they are in form crocus-like1 but much longer in the tubes and of a bright mauve-purple colour4 ,the bulbs have no resemblance to the crocus whatever1 being often four times the size of the crocus corms4 ,moreover1 they are pear-shaped and covered with flaky wrappers of a chestnut brown colour2 if examined1 these coverings will be found1 near the neck of the bulb1 to be very numerous and slack fitting1 extending above the ground1 where they have the form of decayed or blackened foliage2 a singular fact in connection with the roots is1 they are not emitted from the base of the bulb1 but from the side of the thickened or ovate part1 and are short and tufty4 ,in early spring the leaves1 which are somewhat like the daffodil1 but much broader and sheathed1 are quickly grown2 at the same time the fruit appears4 ,in summer the foliage suddenly turns brown1 and in the autumn nothing is seen but blackened foliage1 which is very persistent1 and which1 a little later1 acts as sheaths for the long-tubed flowers4 ,unless the weather be very unfavourable1 these flowers last a long time--fully two weeks4 ,the double variety1 which is somewhat scarce1 is even more lasting1 and ,i may add1 it is a form and colour so softly and richly shaded that it is nothing short of exquisite2 but the single variety1 now more especially under notice1 is also capable of agreeably surprising its friends when used in certain ways1 for instance1 as follows3 ,a tray of the bright green and nearly transparent selaginella1 so common in all greenhouses1 should form the ground for twos or threes of these simple but elegant ,saffron flowers2 no other should be placed near--their simplicity forms their charm4 ,it will be seen that the robust but soft-coloured flower of the meadows harmonises finely with the more delicately grown moss4 ,in other ways this fine autumnal flower may be used with pleasing effect in a cut state1 and it blends well with the more choice exotics4 ,this is more than can be said of many hardy flowers1 and it is fortunate that during dull weather1 when we are driven from our gardens1 there are still some flowers which may be hastily gathered and so arranged indoors as to give us all the pleasure which only such flowers can yield at such a season4 ,i find this subject to do well in any situation1 but ,i think the blooms are a richer colour if grown under partial shade4 ,the bulbs should not be disturbed if abundance of flowers are wanted2 but if it is found desirable to propagate them1 the bulbs may be lifted every two or three years1 when the tops have withered1 and when there will probably be found a goodly crop of young tubers4 ,flowering period1 ,september and ,october4 ,colchicum ,variegatum4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,melanthaceae4 ,this comes from ,greece1 nevertheless it is perfectly hardy2 it is not only peculiarly pretty when closely examined1 but a truly handsome flower1 either as cut bloom or seen in groups in a growing state4 ,compared with ,c4 autumnale1 it is shorter in the tube1 or more dwarf2 still1 it is a larger flower1 and its rosy purple petals1 or divisions of the corolla1 are more spear-shaped1 and each from #b;in4 to #c;in4 long2 they have a stout and almost white mid-rib1 the other parts of the segments being distinctly and beautifully chequered with white and rosy purple2 the tube is stout1 and of transparent whiteness2 the foliage less than that of the ,british species1 and more wavy4 ,the habit of the flowers is erect1 and during sunshine they become flatly expanded1 when they will be #d;in4 to #e;in4 across1 being #c;in4 to #d;in4 high4 ,it is a very durable flower1 lasting at least a fortnight1 and many are produced from one bulb1 appearing in succession1 so that the blooming period is well extended2 it braves the worst weather with little or no damage4 ,unlike the longer-tubed varieties1 it is never seen in a broken state1 and it is this which mainly renders it superior4 ,either as a cut flower1 or a decorative subject for the borders or rockwork1 it is a first-rate plant1 being neat and showy4 ,it enjoys a sandy loam in a moist but warm situation2 at the base of a small rockwork having a southern aspect it flourishes to perfection2 it can hardly be planted wrongly provided there is no stagnant moisture4 ,propagated like ,c4 autumnale1 than which it is of slower increase4 ,flowering period1 ,september and ,october4 ,coreopsis ,auriculata4 ,,ear-,,leaved ,,coreopsis2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,coreopsis ,,auriculata4 7,one-fourth natural size47 ,the oldest species of the genus grown in ,english gardens2 its flowers are yellow1 but dotted at the base of the ray florets4 ,the leaves1 as implied by the name1 are dissimilar to other species1 being lobed and having ear-like appendages2 but this feature is far from constant1 and otherwise the leaves differ1 being sub-sessile and oval-lance-shaped 7see ,fig4 #bf74 ,it came from ,north ,america as long ago as #afii4 ,slugs are very fond of these plants1 and in winter more especially1 when the dormant eyes are not only in a green1 but exposed state2 they should be watched after1 or during one mild night the whole may be grazed off1 to the great injury of the plant4 ,its habit1 uses1 culture1 and propagation are the same as for ,c4 tenuifolia4 ,coreopsis ,grandiflora4 ,,large-,,flowered ,,coreopsis2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,in many parts this resembles ,c4 lanceolata1 its main distinction being implied by its name4 ,the flowers are larger and the ray florets more deeply cut2 it is also bolder in the foliage1 and the stems grow nearly as strong as willows4 ,it is an abundant bloomer1 and a good specimen is a glorious object during the autumn4 ,it comes from ,north ,america1 but my experience of it is that it is not so hardy as ,c4 lanceolata and ,c4 auriculata4 ,habit1 uses1 culture1 and propagation1 as for ,c4 lanceolata4 ,coreopsis ,lanceolata4 ,,spear-,,leaved ,,coreopsis2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this form of bright yellow flower is in great favour during ,august1 but that is not all4 ,the various kinds of this genus are plants of the easiest culture1 and their rich flowers are produced in great quantities from midsummer to the time the frosts begin4 ,this species has been said to be only of a biennial character2 it is1 however1 understood generally to be perennial1 though not quite so hardy as others which come from the colder climates of ,america4 ,it was imported from ,carolina in #agbd1 and in this country proves hardy in selected situations1 where its roots are comparatively dry in winter1 and ,i may add that it proves a true perennial4 ,when the plant has attained the height of a foot it begins to flower2 each bloom has a long pedicel1 nearly naked1 also round and smooth4 ,the flowers are a shining yellow colour1 and nearly #c;in4 across2 the florets of the ray are flatly arranged1 shield-shaped1 pleated1 and four-toothed1 the teeth being sometimes jagged2 the disk is small for so large a flower2 the florets brown and yellow4 ,the double involucrum1 common to the genus1 has its upper set of bracteoles rolled outward2 they are of a brownish colour2 the lower set are green and wheel-shaped during the period of a perfect ray1 and they alternate with the upper ones4 ,the leaves1 as may be inferred from the specific name1 are lance-shaped1 #b;in4 to #f;in4 long1 smooth and entire2 they are attenuated to the stems1 which they more or less clasp4 ,the habit of the plant is much branched1 but only slightly at base2 it becomes top-heavy from the numerous shoots near the top1 which cause it to be procumbent2 otherwise this subject would rank with tall growers4 ,it is one of the most useful flowers1 both1 in the garden and when cut1 the long stalks in both cases adding much to its effectiveness2 its form and brightness are sure to commend it1 no matter whether it happens to be a fashionable flower or otherwise4 ,it is at once a bold and delicate form1 and one that harmonises with any other kinds and colours4 ,it should be grown in deeply-dug and well-enriched earth1 and1 as already hinted1 the drier the situation the more safely will it winter4 ,not only that1 but on raised beds or banks sloping to the full sunshine it will also flower to perfection4 ,all its family1 so far as ,i have proved them1 hate excessive moisture4 ,its propagation may be by division1 as in this damp climate it does not seem to ripen seed1 but ,i have found sometimes not a little difficulty in dividing the woody roots1 as frequently there is only one stem below the surface with roots4 ,when there are more the difficulty is lessened1 but ,i have noticed that the stronger branches which are weighted to the ground form rudimentary roots where in contact with the earth4 ,these may either be pegged and covered with soil1 or cut off and made into cuttings1 removing most of the tops4 ,if the latter is done during ,august they will become well rooted before the frosts appear4 ,flowering period1 ,july to ,october4 ,coreopsis ,tenuifolia4 ,,slender-,,leaved ,,coreopsis2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,hardy1 herbaceous1 and perennial2 a native of ,north ,america1 and a distinct species1 from its finely-cut foliage and small1 dark1 orange-yellow flowers4 ,for several weeks it has a few flowers1 but during ,september it literally covers itself with bloom1 so that it is one of the most pleasing objects in the garden4 ,it grows #b ft4 high2 each flower has a long nearly nude stalk1 slender but wiry2 the flowers are #aa_/b;in4 across1 and of a deep yellow colour2 the florets of the ray are more distant from each other than is the case with many of the genus2 the disk is small1 dark brown1 but changing from the appearance and disappearance of the yellow seed organs4 ,the foliage1 as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #bg71 is deeply and finely cut1 of a dark green colour1 and so arranged that each node has a nearly uniform dressing2 the main stems are slender1 and bend gracefully with the least breeze1 and otherwise this plant proves a lively subject4 ,its habit is bushy and very floriferous1 and it is well worth a place in every garden4 ,it cannot fail to win admiration2 even when growing1 and before the flowers appear1 it is a refreshing plant to look upon4 ,in a cut state1 the bloom1 if taken with long stems1 is well adapted for relieving large and more formal kinds4 ,tastes differ1 and in1 perhaps1 nothing more than floral decorations2 all tastes have a right to a share of indulgence1 and in claiming my privilege in the use of this flower1 ,i should place two or three sprays 7stems7 alone in a glass or bright vase1 but there might be added a spike of the cardinal flower or a pair of single dahlias and a falling spray of the ,flame nasturtium 7,tropaeolum speciosum74 ,this plant should have a rich soil1 sunny aspect1 and a raised or well-drained site1 and this is all it needs2 it is not a subject to increase fast2 not only1 however1 may it be easily divided1 but if properly done after the tops have died down1 the smallest pieces will make good blooming stock the first season4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,coreopsis ,,tenuifolia4 7,one-sixth natural size2 a1 half natural size47 ,flowering period1 ,august and ,september4 ,cornus ,canadensis4 ,,canadian ,,cornell1 or ,,dogwood2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,cornaceae4 ,this pretty herbaceous plant is sometimes said to be a ,british species2 its specific name1 however1 somewhat forbids that opinion4 ,c4 suecica1 which is ,british1 is very similar in all its parts1 and the two may have been confounded4 ,they flower1 however1 at very different dates1 ,c4 ,canadensis beginning in ,june and continuing until well into autumn2 during the month of ,august the flowers are in their finest form and greatest numbers4 ,it grows #f;in4 to #h;in4 high1 and notwithstanding its dwarfness1 it proves a most attractive object1 being not only conspicuous for so small a plant1 but chastely beautiful4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,cornus ,,canadensis4 7,one-half natural size47 ,the flowers are exceedingly small1 strictly speaking1 and are arranged in a minute umbel in the midst of a bract of four white pink-tinted leaves2 these latter are commonly taken for the petals1 and1 as may be seen in the illustration 7,fig #bh71 the real flowers will only appear as so many stamens2 but at their earlier stage these are of a yellowish colour2 later the purplish style becomes prominent and imparts that colour to the umbel1 and1 in due time1 small fruit are formed4 ,all the while the bract of pleasing white leaves remain in unimpaired condition2 they are arranged in two pairs1 one of larger size than the other1 somewhat heart-shaped and bluntly-pointed1 richly tinted at their edges and tips with a bright pink colour1 and forming a flower-like bract #aa_/b;in4 across the broadest part4 ,the bract and pedicels of the umbel all spring from the extremity of a peduncle #aa_/b;in4 long1 square1 but of wiry character2 this grows from the midst of a whorl of six leaves1 and sometimes only four4 ,they are in pairs1 one pair being larger than their fellows1 and are from #aa_/b;in4 to #b;in4 long1 elliptical-oblong1 entire1 smooth1 waved1 distinctly veined1 tinted with pink at the tips and edges1 and of a pale apple-green colour4 ,on the stem1 below the whorl of leaves1 there is one pair more1 varying only in size1 being rather less4 ,the habit of the species is neatness itself4 ,from the slightly creeping roots1 the perennial stems are produced separately1 forming compact colonies of bright foliage1 topped with its lively bracts4 ,it is a suitable plant for the moist parts of rockwork1 where it may be grown with such things as ,cardamine trifolia1 ,galax aphylla1 ,pyrola rotundifolia1 and ,salix reticulata1 and it would form a rich edging to choice dwarf plants1 more especially if the position were gutter-formed1 as it loves moisture in abundance4 ,in such positions as those just mentioned1 together with a light vegetable soil1 this plant will grow to perfection1 and that it is worth a proper place is evidenced by its long-continued blooming4 ,many flowers come and go during its period of attractiveness1 and1 after the summer flush1 it is one to remain1 braving alike the hot sunshine and heavy rain4 ,its propagation is by division of the roots in autumn or very early spring4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,october4 ,corydalis ,lutea4 ,,yellow ,,fumitory2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,fumariaceae4 ,a native herbaceous perennial1 though somewhat rare in a wild state4 ,as grown in gardens1 where it seems to appreciate cultural attentions1 it proves both useful and effective1 especially when placed in partial shade 7when its foliage has an almost maiden-hair-like appearance71 or as an edging it proves both neat and beautiful4 ,it seldom exceeds a foot in height4 ,the flowers are small1 a yellow1 white and green mixture1 the yellow predominating2 they are produced in loose spare racemes1 on well-foliaged diffuse stems1 which are also angular2 the calyx is composed of two leaves2 the petals are four1 forming a snapdragon-like flower4 ,the leaves are bipinnate1 leaflets wedge-shape1 trifoliate1 and glaucous2 the foliage very dense1 having a pretty drooping habit4 ,it flowers all summer1 and is one of the most useful plants in a garden to cut from1 the foliage being more valuable than the flowers4 ,its native habitats are said to be old walls and ruins1 but ,i have proved it for years to do grandly in ordinary garden soil1 both exposed and in the shade of fruit trees4 ,when once established it propagates itself freely by seed4 ,i ought to add that it answers admirably grown in pots for window decoration1 the rich foliage nearly hiding the pot4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,october4 ,corydalis ,nobilis4 ,,noble or ,,great-,,flowered ,,corydalis2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,fumariaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,corydalis ,,nobilis4 7,one-half natural size2 blossom1 natural size47 ,a hardy tuberose perennial1 imported from ,siberia in #aghc4 ,it is one of that section of the ,fumitories called ,hollowe ,roote1 the appropriateness of which name is most amply illustrated in the species now under consideration4 ,if1 in the first or second month of the year1 a strong specimen is examined1 the long and otherwise stout tuberous root will be found1 immediately under the healthy and plump crown1 to be not only hollow1 but so decayed that the lower and heavy fleshy parts of the root1 which are attached to the crown by a narrow and very thin portion of the root bark1 in such a way as to suggest that the lower parts might as well be cut off as useless--but1 let me say1 do not cut it4 ,if it is intended to replant the specimen1 let it go back to ,mother ,earth with all its parts1 deformed as some may seem to us2 otherwise ,corydalis nobilis will be anything but a noble plant at the flowering season2 it may not die1 but it will probably make for itself another hollowe roote before it produces any flowers1 ,the habit and form of this plant are perfect 7see ,fig4 #bi71 and there are other points of excellence about it which cannot be shown by an engraving1 in the way of the arrangements of colours and shades4 ,seldom does the little plant1 so full of character1 exceed a height of #h;in4 ,the specimen from which the drawing was made was #g;in41 and grown fully exposed in a pot plunged in sand4 ,another plant1 grown on rockwork1 high and dry1 is about the same size1 but it looks better fed4 ,probably the long roots are short of depth in pots1 and the amount of decay may soon poison the handful of mould contained therein4 ,be that as it may1 the specimens grown in pots have a hungry appearance compared with those less confined at the roots4 ,the flowers are a pleasing mixture of white1 yellow1 brown1 and green4 ,the four petals are of such a shape and so arranged as to form a small snapdragon-like flower4 ,these are densely produced in a terminal cluster in pyramid form on the stout and richly-foliaged stem2 dense as is the head of flowers1 every floret is alternated with a richly-cut leaf1 both diminishing in size as they near the top4 ,the older flowers become yellow1 with two petals tipped with brown1 the younger ones have more white and green1 and the youngest are a rich blend of white and green2 the head or truss is therefore very beautiful in both form and colour1 and withal exquisitely scented1 like peach blossom and lilac4 ,the leaves are stalked bipinnate2 leaflets three-parted1 cut1 and glaucous2 there are few plants with more handsome foliage1 and its beauty is further enhanced by the gracefully bending habit of the whole compound leaf4 ,the flowers are too stiff for cutting1 and otherwise their fine forms1 colours1 and perfume cannot well be enjoyed unless the plants are grown either in pots or at suitable elevations on rockwork1 the latter being the more preferable way4 ,the long blooming period of this plant adds not a little to its value1 lasting1 as it does1 quite a month1 the weather having little or no effect on the flowers4 ,any kind of sweet garden soil seems to do for it1 and its propagation is carried out by careful root division4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,corydalis ,solida4 ,common ,name1 ,,fumitory2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,fumariaceae4 ,this is said to be a ,british species1 but it is a doubtful1 as well as somewhat scarce one4 ,though but a small plant of the height of #f;in4 or #h;in41 it is very effective1 being compact with finely-cut foliage of a pale glaucous green1 and the stems pleasingly tinted4 ,for some weeks in early spring it forms a graceful object on rockwork1 where it seems to thrive well4 ,the flowers1 which are purple1 are not showy2 still1 they are effective from the way in which they are borne1 as the illustration 7,fig4 #cj7 will show4 ,its specific name is in reference to its root1 which is bulbous and solid4 ,many of the ,fumitories have remarkably hollow roots1 and one of the old names of this genus is written ,hollowe roote4 ,when the flowers fade the whole plant withers1 nothing being left but the bulbous roots to complete their ripening2 still1 this should not hinder its extensive cultivation1 because it not only appears in its best form when flowers are rare1 but also because it is so pleasingly distinct4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,corydalis ,,solida4 7,one-half natural size47 ,i find it to do well on rockwork1 also in well-drained borders of light loam4 ,it should be allowed to increase until it forms good-sized tufts1 which it soon does4 ,to propagate it1 it is only necessary to divide the tubers any time from ,july to ,october4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,may4 ,crocus ,medius4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,iridaceae4 ,this is a charming kind1 seldom seen and1 perhaps1 little known2 the name would imply that it is a variety having equal traits of two other forms4 ,it blooms in ,january and the flowers appear without any foliage4 ,so well is the ,crocus known1 it will only be needful to state the more striking features of the one under notice4 ,the flowers are produced on tubes #c;in4 to #e;in4 long1 and stoutly formed2 the colour is a shaded lilac-purple1 striped with darker lines2 the petals or divisions of the perianth are #aa_/b;in4 long and #a_/b;in4 broad1 shining or satiny1 and become well expanded during the short moments of winter sunshine2 the stamens are half the length of perianth1 of a fine deep orange colour1 and covered with a thick coat of pollen all their visible length4 ,in rich contrast with these is the style1 with its tuft of filaments of a bright orange scarlet colour4 ,from this description it will be seen that the flower is a rather small ,crocus1 but from the soft tints of the perianth1 and more pronounced and bright colours of the seed organs1 it is one of much beauty4 ,these features1 added to the facts of the bloom appearing in winter and having the scent of wild roses1 are sure to render it a favourite kind wherever grown4 ,the leaves are short and narrow1 almost grassy4 ,it enjoys a light but rich loam and sunny aspect1 and increases itself freely by offsets of the matured corms1 clumps of which may be divided after the foliage has withered4 ,flowering period1 ,january4 ,cyananthus ,lobatus4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,polemonaceae4 ,a small plant with a large flower1 a veritable gem2 no collection of choice alpines can be complete without this species4 ,a native of ,chinese ,tartary1 brought to this country in #ahdd1 where it proves perfectly hardy in the most exposed parts of the open garden2 it is herbaceous and perennial2 its large and brilliant flowers are very beautiful1 but all its other parts are small1 as may be seen in the illustration 7,fig4 #ca74 ,it is seldom met with except in collections of rare plants1 but there is no reason why it should not be more commonly grown1 as its requirements are now well understood4 ,it is not a showy subject1 but1 when examined1 it proves of exquisite beauty4 ,the flowers are of a bright purple-blue colour1 over an inch across1 the petals being of good substance1 tongue-shaped1 and falling backwards1 when the china-like whiteness about the top of the tube becomes more exposed2 the calyx is very large1 nearly egg-shaped1 having five finely-pointed and deeply-cut segments2 the bulky-looking part1 which has an inflated appearance1 is neatly set on a slender stem1 and densely furnished with short black hairs of even length2 this dusky coat has a changeable effect1 and adds not only to the character1 but also to the beauty of the flower4 ,the small attenuated leaves are alternate and laxly arranged on the flower stems1 which are #f;in4 to #ab;in4 long1 round1 and nearly red4 ,each leaf is less than #a;in4 long1 distinctly lobed with five or more lobes1 and all the edges are turned back1 causing the foliage to appear thick and well finished2 the foliage of the stems not bearing flowers is more closely set4 ,the habit of the plant is procumbent2 stems contorted1 and producing solitary flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,cyananthus ,,lobatus4 7,natural size47 ,it should be grown on rockwork1 where its stems can nestle between the stones and its roots find plenty of moisture1 as in a dip or hollowed part2 the long and fleshy roots love to run in damp leaf mould and sand4 ,the position should be open and sunny1 in order to have flowers4 ,cuttings may be taken during summer1 and struck in sandy peat kept moist1 or strong roots may be divided4 ,the latter method is the less desirable1 not only because of jeopardising the parent stock but also because strong roots show to greater advantage when not separated4 ,flowering period1 ,september and ,october4 ,cypripedium ,calceolus4 ,,english ,,lady',s ,,slipper2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,orchidaceae4 ,this well-known terrestrial orchid is a rare ,british plant1 very beautiful1 and much admired1 so much so1 indeed1 that many desire to grow it4 ,it happens1 however1 that it seldom thrives under cultural treatment1 and seems to prefer a home of its own selection1 but its habitats are said now to be very few in ,great ,britain1 it having been hunted out and grubbed up everywhere4 ,fortunately1 it can be grown in gardens1 and in good form1 though rarely seen thus4 ,to see well-grown flowers of this orchid either makes us feel more contented with our own climate or strongly reminds us of others where the most gorgeous varieties of flowers and fruit grow wild4 ,it is large and striking1 fragrant1 and very beautiful2 no one can see it1 especially in a growing state1 without being charmed by its freshness and simplicity2 it also forms one of the finest specimens for the student in botany1 and in every way it is a plant and flower of the highest merit 7see ,fig4 #cb74 ,it should be in all collections of choice plants1 and every amateur should persevere until he succeeds in establishing it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,cypripedium ,,calceolus4 7,one-third natural size47 ,under cultivation it flowers in early ,may1 at a height of #i;in4 to #ab;in42 the flowers are composed of a calyx of three brownish-purple sepals1 which have only the appearance of two1 from the fact of the lower two being joined or grown together1 and even so combined they are somewhat less than the upper sepal4 ,the division may be observed at the tips1 though in some specimens it is microscopic--in the one now by me it is hardly the eighth of an inch4 ,two petals2 these are cross-form in relation to the sepals1 of the same colour1 and a little longer--about #b;in4--narrow1 drooping1 pointed1 and slightly twisted when a few days old2 lip1 blown out like a slipper1 shorter than the sepals1 compressed1 richly veined1 and lemon yellow4 ,the seed organs are curious1 the stigma being foot-stalked1 peltate1 and placed between and above the anthers4 ,the leaves are pale green1 very hairy1 many-ribbed1 stem-clasping1 alternate1 ovate1 and slightly wavy2 the lower ones are #e;in4 or #f;in4 long and #b;in4 to #c;in4 wide1 and pointed4 ,the root is creeping1 the fibres stout1 long1 wiry1 and bent4 ,during spring the plant makes rapid growth1 and seldom bears more than one flower2 for the first time a plant produced two with me in #ahhb4 ,they are sweetly scented1 like the primrose4 ,many amateurs1 who have otherwise proved their knowledge of the requirements of plants by growing large and choice collections1 have failed to establish this after many trials2 and were it not for the fact that with me it is growing in various positions and under different modes of treatment1 and that it has so grown for several years1 ,i think ,i should not have ventured to give hints to experienced horticulturists4 ,in my opinion1 four conditions are strictly necessary in order to establish this native orchid in our garden3 7#a7 ,a strong specimen with a goodly portion of the rhizoma attached2 7#b7 ,firm or solid planting during autumn2 7#c7 ,moist situation2 7#d7 ,shade from the mid-day sun4 ,further information may be best given by stating the modus operandi3 ,several years ago a number of good roots were planted in sandy loam of a calcareous nature4 ,they were put in somewhat deeply1 the roots carefully spread out1 and the soil made solid by repeated waterings1 the position being shaded by an apple tree4 ,they are now well established1 and only receive a top dressing of leaves and manure to keep them cool and moist in summer4 ,at the same time a number were potted deeply in loam1 peat1 and broken oyster shells2 when filling in the compost1 it1 too1 was washed to the roots1 so as to make all solid by frequent applications2 the pots have always been kept in cool and shady quarters1 and plunged2 they bloom well every season4 ,i have likewise found another plan to answer well4 ,in a moist corner make up a low-lying bed of sand and peat1 mostly sand1 plant #i;in4 deep1 and make all solid1 as before1 by water4 ,when the growths appear on the surface1 water with weak liquid manure1 and if shade does not exist from the mid-day sun1 some should be provided2 in this way ,i am now growing my finest specimens2 but if once the roots become dry1 the plants will suffer a serious check4 ,i feel equally confident that the roots enjoy a firm bed1 but it should be of such material that they can freely run in it4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,daphne ,cneorum4 ,,trailing ,,daphne2 ,common and ,poetical ,name1 ,,garland ,,flower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,thymelaceae4 ,an alpine shrub from ,austria2 dwarf1 evergreen1 and having a tendency to creep4 ,it is deservedly a great favourite2 it wins admiration by its neat and compact form and its dense and numerous half-globular heads of rosy pink flowers1 which are exceedingly fragrant1 in the way of the old clove carnation1 but more full4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,daphne ,,cneorum4 7,one-fourth natural size2 7#a7 flower1 full size47 ,the flower buds are formed during the previous season of growth1 like those of the rhododendron2 for many days before the flowers open the buds have a very pleasing appearance1 being closely packed and coral-like2 when all the florets are expanded they form a half-globular head #a;in4 to #aa_/b;in4 across1 being of a lively pink colour4 ,the flowers are composed of a tubular calyx1 four-parted2 leaves inversely ovate1 lanceolate1 pointed1 and entire2 about an inch long1 and narrow2 of a dark green colour and much substance1 being arranged in circular form on the round and somewhat wiry1 tough stems1 which in time become very long and bare4 ,in order to grow this shrub well1 three conditions are needful1 viz41 a moderately pure atmosphere1 exposure to full sunshine1 and plenty of moisture2 it also prefers peat or vegetable soil1 but this is not strictly needful if the other conditions are present4 ,i have grown the specimen1 from part of which the illustration 7,fig4 #cc7 was drawn1 for four years in rich loam1 without a particle of peat1 but the roots have been protected against drought by large stones at the base of small rockwork4 ,doubtless1 peat1 where it is plentiful1 used in addition to the above compost1 would prove beneficial4 ,after a few years' growth in one position1 bushes which have become long and bare in the stems may be transplanted with advantage1 laying in the stems to a moderate depth1 from which new roots will issue the first season2 this is also the readiest way of propagation4 ,february or ,september would be suitable months for such operation1 but the latter would probably interfere with its flowering at that time1 when frequently a second but spare crop is produced4 ,flowering periods1 ,april and ,may1 and again in ,september4 ,daphne ,mezereum4 ,,mezereon2 ,old ,names1 ,,spurge-,,flax1 ,,german ,,olive-,,spurge1 and ,,dwarf ,,bay2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,thymelaceae4 ,this is a dwarf deciduous shrub1 which produces its welcome flowers in great abundance whilst bare of leaves2 it is a ,british species1 though not occurring generally1 yet it is pretty well known from its extensive cultivation as a garden shrub4 ,the flowers are very desirable1 from the way in which they are produced in knotted clusters on the long stems2 they appear in winter2 moreover1 they are of a hardy and durable nature and very sweetly scented4 ,as a shrub it is very suitable for any sized garden1 being dwarf--#b;ft4 to #d;ft4 ,in some parts it is a general favourite1 and may be seen in almost every garden2 such patronage is well merited1 as it not only enlivens the garden at a dead season1 but it heralds spring time and furnishes long sprigs of wallflower-scented blossom as cut bloom1 which shows to advantage by gaslight4 ,there are interesting facts in connection with this shrub that add to its charm4 ,it was esteemed of old of great virtue2 all its parts are hot and biting1 more especially the berries1 of which it was said that if a drunkard do eate--he cannot be allured to drinke any drinke at that time3 such will be the heate of his mouth and choking in the throte4 ,its wood is very soft and tough1 and cannot easily be broken2 this1 however is a quality common to the genus4 ,the berries are poisonous to man1 but birds are so fond of them that they are rarely allowed to become ripe1 at least1 such is the case near towns4 ,the seeds of this and allied species are used in the ,south of ,europe as a yellow dye for wool4 ,from its importance1 the shrub has been long and widely known1 and both its botanical and common names are numerous2 for these1 however1 the reader may not care4 ,it is seldom called by any other than its specific name1 ,mezereon1 which ,gerarde describes as ,english-,dutch4 ,its flowers1 which are purple1 come on the otherwise naked stems of last season's growth1 lateral fashion1 in threes mostly1 and sometimes the blossomed stems will be over a foot in length2 the flowers are #a_/b;in4 long1 sessile and funnel-shaped2 the limb four-cut2 sweet smelling and very durable4 ,the berries are the size of a small pea1 bright green at first1 then turning to red1 and ultimately to a nearly black colour4 ,the leaves--lance-shaped1 smooth1 and deciduous--appear after the flowers4 ,the habit is branched and erect1 forming neat bushes4 ,in a wild state it flowers in ,march and ,april1 but under cultivation it is much earlier4 ,in the garden it may be planted under other trees1 where it proves one of a scarce class of shade-loving flowering shrubs2 it also does well in open quarters4 ,in gardens1 where its fruit is unmolested1 it is1 perhaps1 more attractive than when in blossom1 as then the foliage adds to its beauty4 ,the flowers in a cut state are serviceable1 pretty1 and desirable from their sweetness2 long sprigs mixed with lavender or rosemary form a winter bouquet not to be despised2 or1 it may be placed in a vase1 with a few small-leaved ivy trails and a spray of evergreen bamboo 7,metake74 ,gerarde's description of this shrub will1 doubtless1 be read with interest3 ,the braunches be tough1 limber1 and easie to bend1 very soft to be cut2 whereon do grow long leaves like those of priuet1 but thicker and fatter4 ,the flowers come foorth before the leaves1 oftentimes in the moneth of ,januarie1 clustering togither about the stalks at certain distances1 of a whitish colour tending to purple1 and of a most fragrant and pleasant sweet smell4 ,after come the smal berries--of an exceeding hot and burning taste1 inflaming the mouth and throte of those that do taste thereof1 with danger of choking4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,april4 ,there is a variety called ,d4 ,m4 album2 the only difference from the typical form is implied by the name1 the flowers being white4 ,it also is in bloom at the same time as the species4 ,d4 ,m4 autumnale is another variety1 which1 however1 blooms in the autumn2 the flowers are red2 it is a native of ,europe4 ,these shrubs enjoy a light but moist soil of a vegetable nature1 but they also thrive in a sandy loam4 ,they may be increased by seed1 or1 more quickly1 by grafting on stocks of spurge laurel2 cuttings may be rooted1 but are uncertain4 ,dentaria ,digitata4 ,,toothwort2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,cruciferae4 ,a hardy1 tuberous perennial1 native of ,switzerland1 but long cultivated in ,british gardens1 and decidedly old-fashioned4 ,imagine a spray of pale purple wallflower1 and that will give some idea of the form and colour of its flowers1 which are produced on round wiry stems1 nearly a foot high1 in terminal racemes4 ,the leaves1 which are produced mostly in threes on a stem1 have a channelled petiole1 and1 as the specific name denotes1 are spread out like fingers1 mostly of five parts2 a five-cut leaf of a ,christmas rose will give a fair notion of the form1 but the ,toothwort leaves are less1 not so thick1 and more herb-like than the hellebore2 they are also finely1 deeply1 but irregularly toothed4 ,the roots are of singular form1 almost like human teeth1 arranged as scales1 whence the name ,toothwort4 ,its first appearance above ground is in ,february1 when the young growths are bent or folded like those of the anemone1 and in genial seasons it will flower early in ,march4 ,it loves both a little shade and moisture4 ,i grow it at the base of a bit of rockwork1 in black or leaf mould2 the aspect is south-east1 but an old sun-dial screens it from the mid-day sun4 ,the whole plant has a somewhat quaint appearance1 but it has proved a great favourite4 ,when the tops have died down the roots can safely be lifted1 cut in lengths of one or two inches1 and then replanted4 ,it also produces seed freely1 but from the easy method of increase by root division1 ,i have not had occasion to experiment with seed4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,dianthus ,deltoides4 ,,maiden ,,pink2 ,old ,names1 ,,wild ,,gilloflower1 ,,virgin-,,like ,,pinke1 ,,maidenly ,,pinke2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,caryophyllaceae--,,silenaceae4 ,a ,british species of perennial character1 never failing to bloom for a long period when it meets with a suitable home in our gardens--as in positions similar to those described for ,erysimum pumilum4 ,seen either wild or in gardens it is much admired2 it bears but simple flowers1 but therein consists its beauty4 ,as ,gerarde says1 ,virgin-like ,pinke is like unto the rest of the garden pinkes in stalkes1 leaves1 and rootes4 ,the flowers are of a blush colour1 whereof it tooke his name1 which sheweth the difference from the other4 ,it is about the most simple form of the ,pink tribe4 ,the flowers are a little over #a_/b;in4 across1 of a rose colour or pleasing blush4 ,it grows nearly a foot high in some soils1 but in a poor compost it is more dwarf and floriferous4 ,the flower stems are much divided near the tops1 and capable of producing a good effect from their numbers of bright flowers4 ,the leaves are small1 scarcely #a;in4 long1 linear1 lance-shaped1 and of a dark green colour2 they are closely arranged on decumbent stems1 which sometimes are more than #a;ft4 long4 ,the habit is compact1 both as regards leaves1 stems1 and flowers4 ,for all such places as afford dryness at the roots this is a suitable plant as a constant bloomer of effective colour4 ,when once it has become established it seeds freely1 and the young plants may be seen in the walks for yards around the parent stock4 ,it is one of those happy subjects that can take care of themselves1 either braving its enemies or having none4 ,in its wild state it blooms from the sixth to the tenth month1 both inclusive2 but with cultural attention and during favourable winters1 it has been seen in flower to the end of the year4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,october4 ,dianthus ,hybridus4 ,syn4 ,d4 ,,multiflorus2 ,,mule ,,pink2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,caryophyllaceae4 ,hardy and evergreen4 ,the specific name of this variety is not at all descriptive1 and it may be better to at once give its common name of ,mule ,pink1 of which there are various colours1 as bright scarlet1 rose and pure white1 all very double and neat flowers4 ,it is the double rose kind which has induced me to speak of this section of the ,pink and ,sweetwilliam family4 ,i dare say many will be surprised when ,i state that my strongest plant of this has been in flower more than two years4 ,severe as the #ahha winter was1 when the plant was clear of snow it was seen to have both flowers and buds--in fact1 for two years it has flowered unceasingly2 the other varieties are not such persistent bloomers4 ,the genus to which these hybrids belong is very numerous1 and includes ,carnations1 ,picotees1 garden and alpine ,pinks and ,sweetwilliams4 ,they are all remarkable for their fresh green and glaucous foliage and handsome flowers4 ,some species or varieties are amongst the old-fashioned garden plants of ,parkinson's time1 and all are characterised by an exquisite perfume4 ,the ,latin name of this genus is a very happy one1 meaning divine flower1 in reference to its fragrance4 ,nearly every form and colour of ,dianthus are popular favourites1 and hardly any garden is without some of them4 ,the ,mule ,pink is supposed to have been produced from ,d4 barbatus and ,d4 plumarius2 be that as it may1 the features of both are distinctly seen in it3 the colour and partial form of the foliage1 the form of stems1 and clustered arrangement of the buds much resemble ,d4 barbatus or ,sweetwilliam2 whilst the stout reflexed and pointed features of the leaves1 and the general form of the small but double flowers resemble ,d4 plumarius1 or the garden ,pink4 ,to this description of ,d4 hybridus ,i will only add that in both foliage and flowers there is more substance than in either of its reputed parents1 and the habit of the plant is semi-trailing or procumbent1 as seen in specimens three years old4 ,it is rather more difficult to grow than the common ,pink4 ,any position or soil will not answer2 it does well on rockwork1 where it can hardly suffer from damp1 so much disliked by all the genus2 but if thus planted1 it should be where its thickly-foliaged stems cannot be turned over and wrenched by strong winds4 ,it may be grown in borders in sandy loam2 and if such borders are well drained1 as they always should be for choice flowers1 there will be little to fear as to its thriving4 ,such an excellent flower1 which1 moreover1 is perpetually produced1 deserves some extra care1 though1 beyond the requirements already mentioned1 it will give very little trouble4 ,to increase it1 the readiest way is to layer the shoots about midsummer1 half cutting through the stems1 as for ,carnations2 thus treated1 nice plants will be formed by ,october1 when they may be lifted and transplanted to their blooming quarters2 and ,i may here state that a line of it1 when in flower1 is richly effective4 ,a good style also is to make a bold clump by setting ten or twelve plants #i;in4 apart4 ,another mode of propagation is to take cuttings at midsummer and dibble them into boxes of leaf soil and sand4 ,keep them shaded and rather close for a week or more4 ,if the boxes could be placed in a cucumber frame1 the bottom heat and moisture would be a great help to them4 ,the object to aim at should be not only to root the cuttings1 but to grow them on to fair-sized plants for putting out in the autumn4 ,to do this1 when the cuttings are rooted they should be planted #f;in4 apart in a bed made up of well decayed manure and sand1 in which it will be seen that they will make plenty of roots and become sturdy plants4 ,the wireworm and slugs are both very fond of ,pinks and ,carnations4 ,slugs should be trapped1 but the wireworm1 unfortunately1 has often done the mischief before we become aware of its presence1 and even then it is a troublesome pest to get rid of4 ,i find nothing more useful than stirring and digging the soil as soon as there is room to work with a spade or fork2 the worm cannot endure frequent disturbance1 and such operations are otherwise beneficial to the plants4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,september4 ,dodecatheon ,jeffreyanum4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,this is a distinct and noble species4 ,the older leaves are more spoon-shaped1 at least a foot long1 rather narrow1 not toothed1 of a reddish colour at the base1 and the mid-rib pale green1 almost straw-colour2 the flower scape is also reddish1 but the flowers are fewer4 ,as a foliage plant this species is very effective4 ,all the ,dodecatheons make a rapid growth in spring1 their scapes being developed with the leaves2 the genus will continue in flower for two months1 after which time1 however1 their foliage begins to dry up4 ,they should1 therefore1 be planted with other subjects of later growth and blooming1 so as to avoid blank spaces4 ,the overshading foliage of other things will do them no harm1 as it will be only for a season4 ,the position should be moist and somewhat sheltered from high winds1 or the stout and tender flower stems will be snapped off4 ,the soil should be of a vegetable character and retentive of moisture4 ,my specimens are grown in leaf soil and loam1 in a dip of small rockwork4 ,all the kinds were planted that a large flat stone1 which we had ready1 would so fit to1 or over1 them as to secure their roots against drought4 ,this ,i find a good plan with moisture-loving subjects1 where suitable positions are not otherwise readily offered4 ,besides1 the varieties so grown have a pleasing appearance1 and for purposes of comparison are very handy4 ,their propagation is easy4 ,the crowns may be divided either in spring or autumn1 the latter being the best time1 as then probably each piece will flower the following spring4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,dodecatheon ,meadia4 ,,shooting ,,star1 or ,,american ,,cowslip2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,a distinct and pretty herbaceous perennial1 very hardy and floriferous4 ,those who do not readily recognise it by any of the above names1 may do so by the illustration 7,fig4 #cd74 ,it has long been grown in ,english gardens--nearly #aej years--its habitat being ,north ,america4 ,not only does it do well in this climate1 but since its introduction several improved varieties of this species have been produced1 which are both good and distinct4 ,a brief notice of them will not be out of place here1 but first the general description may as well be given4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,dodecatheon ,,meadia4 7,one-sixth natural size47 ,the flowers much resemble the ,cyclamen1 but they are only about one-fourth the size2 the calyx is five-parted2 the corolla has five stout petals inserted in the tube of calyx2 they are well reflexed and rather twisted2 their colour is purplish-lilac1 but at the base of the petals there is a rich blending of maroon and yellow4 ,the seed organs are very long1 compact1 and pointed1 giving the appearance of shooting stars4 ,the flowers are arranged in fine clusters on a scape more than a foot high1 each flower having a rather long1 wiry1 and gracefully bending pedicel2 all of them spring from one centre4 ,the leaves are radical1 oblong1 smooth1 dented1 and wavy1 about #h;in4 long and nearly #c;in4 broad4 ,d4 ,m4 albiflorum ,i do not grow1 but from what ,i remember of it1 it differs from the above only in being less vigorous and in having white flowers4 ,d4 ,m4 elegans4--,shorter and broader in leaf1 and roundly toothed2 flower stems shorter1 umbels more numerously flowered1 bloom deeper in colour4 ,d4 ,m4 giganteum has a very large leaf1 much larger than the typical form of the species1 and of a pale green colour1 and in all other respects it is larger1 being also more than a week earlier in flower4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,dondia ,epipactis4 ,syns4 ,,astrantia ,,epipactis and ,,hacquetia ,,epipactis2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,umbelliferae4 ,this is a little gem1 perhaps rather overdone with too many big names2 still1 this choice1 hardy1 herbaceous perennial is worth knowing by all its titles4 ,never more than #f;in4 high1 its singular flowers are very attractive2 they spring from the ground almost abruptly1 are greenish-yellow and leafy in appearance--in fact1 what at first sight might seem to be the petals are really but whorled bracts1 which embrace the tiny umbels of flowers4 ,soon after the flowers the leaves begin to appear1 unfolding like many of the anemones1 each one springing from the root only2 they also are of a peculiar colour and shape1 being three-lobed and finely notched4 ,it will stand any amount of rough weather1 always having a fresh appearance when above ground4 ,it forms a choice specimen for pot culture in cold frames or amongst select rock plants2 it should be grown in mostly vegetable mould1 as peat or leaf mould1 and have a moist position4 ,not only is it a slow-growing subject1 but it is impatient of being disturbed2 its propagation should therefore only be undertaken in the case of strong and healthy clumps1 which are best divided before growth commences in ,february4 ,flowering period1 ,april and ,may4 ,doronicum ,caucasicum4 ,,leopard',s-,,bane2 ,syn4 ,d4 ,,orientale2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,the specific name denotes sufficiently whence this comes4 ,it is hardy1 herbaceous1 and perennial1 and one of those plants which deserves to be in every garden2 its general appearance is that of a tender plant1 from the pale but fine delicate green of its foliage1 a somewhat uncommon shade for so early a season4 ,it begins to flower in ,march in a warm situation in the garden1 when only a few inches high1 and it goes on growing and flowering until summer1 when it is nearly #b;ft4 high4 ,a glance at ,fig4 #ce will give a fair idea of its habit4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,doronicum ,,caucasicum4 7,one-third natural size47 ,the flowers1 which are bright yellow1 are #ba_/b;in4 across1 produced one at a time1 though the leafy stems are well supplied with buds in various stages of development4 ,the leaves1 besides being so rich in colour1 are of handsome forms1 being variously shaped1 some having long stalks1 others none2 all are finely toothed and heart-shaped2 the radical ones come well out and form a good base1 from which the flower stems rise1 and they in their turn serve to display the richly veined and ample foliage which clasps them to near their tops4 ,although this species is not a very old plant in ,english gardens1 it belongs to a genus1 several species of which are very old-fashioned1 and1 consequently1 it shares the esteem in which such subjects are held at the present time4 ,if left alone1 after being planted in fairly good soil1 it will soon grow to a bold specimen4 ,plants three years old are #b;ft4 across2 rockwork or ordinary borders are alike suitable for it1 but if planted on the former1 it should be of a bold character1 so as to harmonise4 ,i have observed that neither grubs nor slugs seem to meddle with this plant1 which is certainly a rare recommendation4 ,its propagation may be carried out at almost any time4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,july4 ,echinacea ,purpurea4 ,syn4 ,,rudbeckia ,,purpurea2 ,,purple ,,cone-,,flower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,in the autumn season one is almost confined to ,composites1 but in this subject there is1 at any rate1 a change1 as regards colour4 ,yellows are indispensable1 but then predominate too strongly4 ,the flower under notice is a peculiar purple with greenish-white shadings4 ,this will doubtless sound undesirable1 but when the flower is seen it can hardly fail to be appreciated4 ,it is much admired2 in fact it is stately1 sombre1 and richly beautiful--not only an old-fashioned flower1 but an old inhabitant of ,english gardens1 coming1 as it did1 from ,north ,america in the year #afii4 ,in every way the plant is distinct2 it does not produce many flowers1 but they individually last for several weeks1 and their metallic appearance is a fitting symbol of their durability4 ,they begin to expand in the early part of ,september1 and well-established plants will have bloom until cut off by frost4 ,the flowers are borne at the height of #b;ft4 to #c;ft41 and are produced singly on very thick1 rigid stalks1 long1 nearly nude1 grooved1 furnished with numerous short1 bristle-like hairs1 and gradually thickening up to the involucrum of the flower4 ,said involucrum is composed of numerous small leaves1 a distinguishing trait from its nearest relative genus ,rudbeckia4 ,the receptacle or main body of the flower is very bulky2 the ray is fully #d;in4 across1 the florets being short for so large a ray2 they are set somewhat apart1 slightly reflexed1 plaited1 and rolled at the edges1 colour reddish-purple1 paling off at the tips to a greyish-green2 the disk is very large1 rather flat1 and furnished with spine-like scales1 whence the name ,echinacea1 derived from echinus 7a hedgehog74 ,in smelling this flower contact should therefore be avoided2 it is rather forbidding2 the disk has changeable hues of red1 chocolate1 and green4 ,the leaves of the root are oval1 some nearly heart-shaped1 unevenly toothed1 having long channelled stalks2 those of the stems are lance-shaped1 distinctly toothed1 of stouter substance1 short stalked1 and1 like those of the root1 distinctly nerved1 very rough on both sides1 and during ,september quickly changes to a dark1 dull1 purple colour4 ,the habit of the plant is rather dumpy2 being spare of foliage1 thick and straight in the stems1 which are drum-stick like2 it is for all that a pleasing subject when in flower2 ,i consider the blooms too stiff for cutting1 more especially as they face upwards4 ,unlike many species of its order1 it is somewhat fickle4 ,i have lost many plants of it2 it likes neither shade nor too much moisture2 latterly ,i have found it to do well in a sunny situation1 in deep rich loam and vegetable soil mixed4 ,if planted with other ray flowers it forms a fine contrast1 and when once it has found suitable quarters the more seldom it is disturbed the better4 ,it may be propagated by division1 which may be more safely done after growth has fairly started in spring1 or it may be done at the sacrifice of the flowers in late summer or early autumn1 before growth or root action has ceased4 ,flowering period1 ,september to end of ,october4 ,edraianthus ,dalmaticus4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,campanulaceae4 ,a rare and beautiful alpine species1 from ,dalmatia and ,switzerland4 ,at the end of ,july it is one of the most distinct and charming flowers in the rock garden1 where it not only finds a happy home1 but1 by its neat and peculiar habit1 proves a decorative subject of much merit4 ,this desirable plant 7see ,fig4 #cf7 is quite hardy in this climate1 being herbaceous and perennial2 it has1 however1 the reputation of being difficult to manage1 but1 like numerous other things1 when once its requirements and enemies are found out1 the former supplied and protection from the latter afforded1 it proves of easy management4 ,in some instances these conditions may1 though stated in such few words1 prove comprehensive2 but in this case it is not so4 ,the position and soil it most seems to enjoy may be readily afforded in any garden1 as we shall shortly see2 but1 so far as my experience goes1 the slugs are its most persistent enemies4 ,especially when in flower do they make long journeys to reach it2 they go over sand and ashes with impunity1 and often the beautiful tufts of bloom are all grazed off in one night4 ,i had occasion to fetch in from the garden the specimen now before me1 and1 when brought into the gaslight1 a large slug was found in the midst of the grassy foliage1 and a smaller one inside one of the bell flowers4 ,the catch and kill 'em process is doubtless the surest remedy1 and three hours after sunset seems to be the time of their strongest muster4 ,not only does this plant suffer from slugs when in flower1 but perhaps equally as much when in its dormant state1 especially if the winter is mild2 then ,i have noticed the somewhat prominent crowns eaten entirely off1 and it is not unlikely that this plant has come to have the name of a fickle grower1 from being the favourite prey of slugs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,edraianthus ,,dalmaticus4 7,one-half natural size47 ,it is not more than #d;in4 high under any conditions in this climate1 and more often only #c;in4 in height4 ,from the thrift-like tufts of foliage there radiates a set of stout round flower stalks1 which are #c;in4 to #d;in4 long1 and rest on the ground2 the large heads of flowers are erect2 the stalks are red1 and furnished with short stout hairs and short foliage1 the latter becoming sere long before the bloom fades4 ,the crowded heads of bells are of pale purple colour1 in the style of the bell-flower2 they are an inch in length1 the corolla being somewhat deeply divided2 eight to twelve form the terminal cluster1 and they have a fleshy calyx1 with very long and persistent segments2 the lower part can scarcely be seen for the ample and somewhat peculiar bract which closely embraces the whole cluster2 said bract springs from the much thickened stalk and is composed of half leaf and half scale-like forms1 arranged in two or more circles2 the scales feather off with the leaf-like appendage1 the latter being reflexed1 but the whole is furnished with spines4 ,the foliage of a well-grown specimen is arranged in tufts1 the whole having a grass-like appearance4 ,the leaves are #b;in4 to #d;in4 long1 rough and hairy on the upper side1 smooth and shining underneath1 the edges having rather long hairs their whole length2 the main root is long1 thick1 and somewhat woody4 ,to grow this plant well1 it requires a good deep loam for its long roots1 and a surfacing of grit will be of benefit1 as the crowns should be clear of the damp loam4 ,this elevation of the crowns is natural to the plant1 and should be provided for4 ,the position cannot well be too exposed1 provided the deep searching roots can find plenty of moisture4 ,on rockwork this subject may be planted with considerable effect4 ,if put between large stones in upright positions1 the plant will show its pretty form to advantage4 ,the spoke-like flower stalks1 radiating from the rich dark green tufts of foliage1 are very pleasing4 ,it may be propagated by offsets from strong and healthy plants4 ,care should be taken not only to have all the roots possible with each crown1 but the young stock should be carefully established in pots before planting in the open4 ,shade and careful watering will be needful2 too much of the latter will render rot inevitable4 ,soon as the flowering period is past is the best time to divide the roots1 which should not be done too severely4 ,flowering period1 ,july and ,august4 ,epigaea ,repens4 ,,creeping or ,,ground ,,laurel2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ericaceae4 ,a hardy evergreen creeper1 long since imported into this country from ,north ,america 7#agcf71 but only within the last few years has it won much favour4 ,at the present time it is much sought after4 ,it has the reputation of being a ticklish subject to grow4 ,many have had it and lost it1 and those who still retain a specimen are loth to mutilate it for increase4 ,this may to some extent account for the present demand for and difficulty experienced in obtaining it4 ,for the last three years1 hard as the seasons have been within that time1 its flowers have been produced in great abundance on my specimen4 ,usually it flowers in this climate in ,april1 but when winter has continued open and genial1 its blooms are produced as early as the middle of ,march1 and they are in their full beauty in early ,april4 ,they are white1 delicately tinged with pink1 of much substance and wax-like appearance4 ,they are small1 not unlike in form the lilac flower1 but rather more open at the corolla and shorter in the tube4 ,they are arranged in one-sided1 elongated bunches1 which rest on the ground1 the blossoms peeping through the foliage4 ,i must not omit to mention perhaps the most desirable property of this species--viz41 the perfume of its flowers1 which is strong1 aromatic1 and refreshing4 ,the leaves are cordate1 ovate1 and entire1 nearly #b;in4 long1 slightly drawn or wrinkled1 and covered with stiffish hairs4 ,they are arranged on procumbent branches1 all1 like the flowers1 facing upwards4 ,to see the clusters of waxy flowers these branches must be raised1 when it will be seen that the flower stalks issue from the axils of the leaves all along the branches4 ,in a cut state the flowers are more than useful2 they are1 from their delicious1 scent1 a great treat4 ,the plant is a suitable companion to the ledums1 kalmias1 gaultherias1 and other genera of its own order4 ,its culture1 in this climate at least1 has1 from all accounts1 proved rather difficult1 so that it may be said to require special treatment2 such1 at any rate1 has been my experience of it4 ,suitable soil1 aspect1 shelter1 moisture1 and position1 all seem necessary for the well-doing of this plant4 ,it deserves them all1 and1 let me add1 they may all be easily afforded4 ,the list of requirements may seem formidable on paper1 but to put them into practice is but a trifling affair4 ,my specimen is grown in leaf mould1 a little loam mixed in with it1 and fine charcoal instead of sand1 but sand will answer nearly as well2 the aspect is east1 it is sheltered from the west by a wall1 the north by rhododendrons1 and the south by a tall andromeda4 ,moreover1 its position is one that is sunken between small mounds1 where moisture collects1 and is never wanting2 and when the specimen was first planted a large sandstone was placed over its roots to further secure them against drought2 under these conditions it has thriven and flowered well1 and afforded many offshoots4 ,i attribute its well-doing mainly to the sheltered aspect and even state of moisture1 but doubtless all the conditions have helped its growth4 ,its propagation is best carried out by earthing up about the collar1 so as to induce the branches to become rooted1 or they may be pegged near the extremities like carnation layers1 but they will be two years1 probably1 before they can be safely lifted4 ,flowering period1 middle of ,march to end of ,april4 ,eranthis ,hyemalis4 ,syn4 ,,helleborus ,,hyemalis2 ,,winter ,,aconite2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this1 though well known and a general favourite1 is not seen in the broad masses which ought to characterise its culture4 ,it is nearly related to the ,christmas roses1 and1 like them1 flowers in winter1 the bright golden blossoms suddenly appearing during sunshine close to the earth4 ,a little later the involucrum becomes developed1 and is no unimportant feature4 ,it forms a dark green setting for the sessile flower1 and is beautifully cut1 like the ,aconite4 ,there are other and very interesting traits about this little flower that will engage the study of botanists4 ,it enjoys a moist soil1 somewhat light2 also a little shade4 ,in such quarters not only do the tubers increase quickly1 but the seed germinates1 and if such positions are allowed it1 and garden tools kept off1 there will soon be a dense carpet of golden flowers to brighten the wintry aspect of the open garden4 ,many things in the way of deciduous flowering shrubs may be grown with them1 their bareness in winter and shade during summer favouring their enjoyment and growth4 ,early in the summer they die down4 ,from that time the tubers may be lifted and transplanted4 ,such work should be finished in early autumn1 or the roots will not have time to establish themselves for the first winter's bloom4 ,flowering period1 ,december to ,february4 ,erica ,carnea4 ,,winter ,,heath2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ericaceae4 ,a well-known1 hardy1 evergreen shrub1 belonging to a genus comprising many hundreds of species and varieties1 which1 for the most part1 however1 are not hardy in this country1 being natives of the ,cape4 ,the genus is most numerously and beautifully illustrated in ,loddige's ,botanical ,cabinet4 ,this might be thought to have no claim to consideration in this book1 but ,i introduce it because of its great value in the spring garden1 and because in all respects it may be cultivated like an ordinary border plant1 which is saying a deal for one of the ,heath family4 ,erica carnea comes to us from ,germany1 but it has so long been grown in this country that it would appear to have become naturalised in some parts4 ,in the latter part of ,march it is to be seen in its full beauty2 the flowers are reddish-purple1 abundantly produced on short leafy stems1 and arranged in racemes1 drooping2 the foliage is of the well-known ,heath type2 the whole shrub has a procumbent habit1 rarely growing more than a foot high2 its fine deep green foliage1 compact habit1 and bright enduring flowers are its chief recommendations2 the latter often last six weeks in good form and colour1 so that little more needs to be said in its praise4 ,it can hardly be planted in a wrong position--on rockwork1 in borders1 or shrubberies1 fully exposed1 or otherwise1 it proves a cheerful object1 whilst as an edging shrub it is second to none1 excelling box by the additional charm of its flowers4 ,not long since ,i was struck by the way in which the common vinca had interlaced itself with a few bushes of this ,heath1 both being in full bloom at the same time2 the effect was truly fine1 the red of the ,heath and pale blue flowers of the periwinkle being so numerous and set on such a fine bright green carpet1 of two distinct types of foliage1 that to my mind they suggested a most pleasing form of spring bedding1 and also one of semi-wildness1 which1 for quiet beauty1 more laboured planting could certainly not excel4 ,most ,ericas require peaty soil2 in the case of this1 however1 it is not necessary4 ,doubtless it would do well in peat1 but ,i have ever found it to thrive in ordinary loam or garden soil1 so that ,i have never planted it otherwise1 except where peat has been the most handy4 ,it is also easily propagated1 carrying1 as it does1 plenty of root as well as earth with each rooted stem2 these only need to be carefully divided and transplanted in showery weather1 just before the new growths commence being the best time4 ,an annual top dressing of leaf mould is very beneficial4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,april4 ,erigeron ,caucasicus4 ,,caucasion ,,fleabane2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,herbaceous and perennial4 ,this species is a somewhat recent introduction compared with some of the same genus which may be called old varieties1 from having been introduced as early as #afcc1 as in the case of ,e4 graveolens4 ,moreover1 the genus is represented by such ,british species as ,e4 acris1 ,e4 alpinus1 and ,e4 uniflorus4 ,the variety now under notice is1 as its specific name implies1 a native of the ,caucasus1 first brought into this country about sixty years ago4 ,it is a pleasing subject when in flower1 and is certainly worth growing4 ,its daisy-shaped flowers are less than an inch across1 and when fully matured of a rosy purple colour2 but1 perhaps1 the most interesting and attractive features about this plant are the various forms and colours of its flowers at their different stages of development2 just before opening1 the buds are like miniature birds' nests formed of white horsehairs1 all arranged in the same way1 i4e41 round the bud1 but the points are turned into the centre--these are the unexpanded florets2 the next stage of development may be seen in buds1 say1 two days older1 when a few of the florets have sprung from the nest form1 and have the appearance of mauve-coloured spiders' legs laid over the bud2 gradually they 7being dense and numerous7 expand in a similar manner1 outgrowing their angularity1 and at the same time deepening in colour1 until at length we see the rosy-purple1 daisy-shaped1 and feathery flower with a yellowish centre4 ,these pleasing flowers are borne in loose masses on stems nearly #b;ft4 high1 and remain in bloom all the summer through4 ,about the middle of ,august a large plant was divided1 and the flowers were then cut away4 ,the young stock so propagated were in flower in the following ,june4 ,i may here appropriately name an experiment ,i tried on this species two years ago4 ,it was sent to me as the dwarf ,aster dumosus1 which it much resembles in the leaves1 these being spoon-shaped from the roots1 the others tongue-shaped and stem-clasping1 but rougher and lighter green4 ,i also saw it was not woody enough in the stem for the ,michaelmas daisy4 ,it was then near flowering1 and the winter was just upon us1 so1 in order to get the flowers out1 ,i covered it with a bell glass1 slightly tilted4 ,it flowered1 and continued to flower throughout the winter with such shelter1 and doubtless many of our fine late-blooming perennials1 by such simple contrivances1 might have their flowers protected or produced at a much later date than otherwise4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,october4 ,erigeron ,glaucum4 ,syn4 ,,conyza ,,chilensis2 ,,glaucous ,,fleabane1 or ,,spikenard2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this very beautiful species is far from common4 ,there are many facts in connection with it which render it of more than ordinary value and interest4 ,it is sometimes classed as an alpine2 probably that is only an inference1 or it may be so considered by some1 from its dwarf habit and suitable association with alpines4 ,it is not an alpine2 it comes from ,south ,america1 and though that climate differs so widely from ours1 the plant grows and winters to perfection in this country4 ,one of its main distinctions is its somewhat shrubby and evergreen character2 of the whole genus1 so far as it is at present comprehended1 it is the only species with such traits2 its foliage1 too1 is of leathery substance1 and compares oddly with the herb-like leaves of its relatives2 it is1 moreover1 as indicated by its specific name1 of a glaucous hue2 and otherwise1 as may be seen in the following description1 there exist well marked dissimilarities4 ,but1 what is of more importance1 when viewed as a garden subject or an ornamental flower1 it is one of the most useful as well as distinctly beautiful1 as much from the fact that it produces its flowers in two crops1 which extend over six or seven months of the year1 as from their numbers and showiness4 ,the flowers are nearly #b;in4 across the ray1 the florets being of a pleasing lilac-purple1 and rather short1 owing to the large size of the disk1 which is often nearly an inch in diameter2 this part of the flower is more than usually effective1 as the disk florets become well developed in succession1 when they have the appearance of being dusted with gold2 the scales1 which are set on the swollen stem1 are of a substantial character2 the numerous imbricate parts1 which are covered with long downy hairs pointing downwards1 give the body of the flower a somewhat bulky appearance4 ,it will be observed that ,i have made no mention of the ,conyza traits of divided ray florets and reflexed scales1 simply because they do not exist in this species1 and though there are other ,conyza traits about the plant1 notwithstanding its almost isolating distinctions from other ,erigerons1 it would seem to have more properly the latter name1 and which is most often applied to it4 ,the flower stems1 which produce the flowers singly1 seldom exceed a height of #ab;in42 they are stout1 round1 and covered with soft hairs1 somewhat bent downwards4 ,they spring from the parts having new foliage1 and for a portion--about half--of their length are furnished with small leaves1 which differ from those on the non-floriferous parts of the shrub1 inasmuch as they have no stalks4 ,the leaves are produced in compact tufts on the extremities of the old or woody parts of the shrub1 which become procumbent in aged specimens2 the leaves vary in length from #b;in4 to #d;in4 long1 and are roundly spoon-shaped1 also slightly and distantly toothed1 but only on the upper half2 they are stout1 ribbed1 clammy1 and glaucous4 ,the habit of the shrub is much branching1 dense1 and prostrate2 its foliage has a pleasant1 mentha-like odour1 and the flowers have a honey smell4 ,this subject may occupy such positions as rockwork1 borders of the shrubbery1 or beds of old-fashioned flowers4 ,its flowers1 being1 as taste goes at the present time1 of a desirable form1 will prove very serviceable as cut bloom4 ,a good loam suits it to perfection1 and no flower will better repay a good mulching of rotten manure4 ,its propagation1 though easy1 is somewhat special1 inasmuch as its woody parts are stick-like and bare of roots1 until followed down to a considerable depth1 therefore the better plan is either to take advantage of its prostrate habit by pegging and embedding its branches1 or1 as ,i have mostly done1 take cuttings with a part of the previous season's wood to them1 put them well down in deeply-dug light soil1 and make them firm4 ,if this plan is followed1 it should be done during the summer1 so that the cuttings will have time to root before winter sets in4 ,the layering may be done any time1 but if in spring or summer1 rooted plants will be ready for the following season4 ,this subject begins to flower in ,june1 and1 as already hinted1 it produces two crops of flowers2 the first are from the parts which have been green and leafy through the winter1 the second from the more numerous growths of the new season1 and which are grandly in bloom in ,august2 not only are the latter more effective as regards numbers and colour1 but the fuller habit or more luxuriant condition of the shrub render the specimens more effective in late summer4 ,eryngium ,giganteum4 ,,great ,,eryngo2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,umbelliferae4 ,this hardy species was brought from the ,caucasus in #ahbj4 ,the genus1 though not commonly patronised as garden subjects1 are1 nevertheless1 highly ornamental1 and when well grown much admired4 ,specimens are of various heights1 according to position and nature of the soil2 under ordinary conditions they will be #b;ft4 to #c;ft4 high at the blooming period4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,eryngium ,,giganteum4 7,one-tenth natural size47 ,as will be inferred from the order to which the ,eryngium belongs1 the flowers are aggregate1 of a changeable blue1 and arranged in cone-shaped heads #aa_/b;in4 long2 the heads are neatly embraced by an ample bract of prickly leaves2 the main flower stem is well and evenly branched 7see ,fig4 #cg71 each node being furnished with leaves which clasp the stems2 they are1 like those of the flower bract1 deeply cut and prickly2 the radical leaves are very different1 long stalked1 large heart-shaped and toothed1 of good substance and a glossy green colour4 ,the whole plant has a rather stiff appearance1 the flower stems1 together with the stem leaves1 are of a pleasing hue1 nearly the colour of blue note paper2 this is characteristic of several of the genus1 and adds greatly to their effect4 ,specimens look well with a grassy foreground or in borders4 ,their culture is easy1 provided the soil is of a light nature2 a sunny position is needful1 in order to have the tops well coloured4 ,propagate by division of strong and healthy clumps when dormant4 ,wireworm and grub are fond of the roots2 when the plants appear sickly1 these pests should be looked for4 ,flowering period1 ,august and ,september4 ,erysimum ,pumilum4 ,,fairy ,,wallflower1 or ,,dwarf ,,treacle-,,mustard2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,cruciferae4 ,one of the alpine gems of our rock gardens1 not in the sense of its rarity1 because it grows and increases fast4 ,it came from ,switzerland about sixty years ago1 and for a long time was esteemed as a biennial1 but it is more--it is perennial and evergreen2 at any rate its new branches take root1 and so its perennial quality is established4 ,let the reader imagine a shrub1 #c;in4 high1 much branched1 and densely furnished with pale green foliage1 which hides all its woody parts1 forming itself into cushions1 more or less dotted over with minute canary-yellow flowers1 and he will then only have a poor idea of the beauty of this pretty alpine4 ,it flowers in summer1 autumn1 and winter1 and in certain positions both its habit and flowers show to most advantage at the latter season4 ,at no other time during the year have my specimens looked so fresh and beautiful as in ,january4 ,this ,i have proved repeatedly to be the result of position1 shortly to be explained4 ,the flowers are produced in terminal racemes1 are scarcely #a_/b;in4 across1 cruciform in the way of the ,wallflower1 greenish-yellow1 and delicately scented4 ,the leaves vary in shape on the various parts of the branches1 some being lance-shaped and others nearly spoon-shaped2 the lower ones being all but entire1 and the upper ones1 which are arranged in rosettes1 distinctly toothed4 ,they seldom exceed an inch in length1 more often they are only half that size1 but much depends on the position and soil4 ,in summer the foliage is greyish-green2 later it is almost a bright or clear green1 the latter being its present colour4 ,the habit is branching and compact1 by which it adapts itself to crevices and uneven parts in a pleasing manner2 and not only does it best adorn such places1 but from the fact of their dryness1 they are better suited to the requirements of this little shrub4 ,a sandy loam1 such as will not bake1 suits1 and if mixed with a few stones all the better--this will be found ample food for it2 poor soil and a dry situation grow this subject in its finest form4 ,i may perhaps usefully give the method by which my specimen is grown1 after experimenting with it in various parts of the garden1 and also the substance of a few notes ,i made of it4 ,in pots the fine roots soon formed a matted coat next the sides1 when the foliage would turn sickly and yellow1 so that1 useful as the practice is of growing alpines in pots1 it does not answer in this case4 ,on rockwork1 in vegetable soil1 this low shrub grew taller1 being less woody1 and was killed by severe weather4 ,on the flat1 in borders1 in rich soil1 it did well for a season1 then damped off1 a branch or two together4 ,on the flat1 in sand alone1 it does well1 also on the top of a wall1 such being a position especially provided for hardy sempervivums and a few cacti4 ,a bit of the ,fairy ,wallflower was tried there in a thin layer of sandy loam1 and for two years my finest specimen has occupied that position1 flowering more or less throughout the winter4 ,where there are old walls or rockwork it should be introduced4 ,a ready and effective way of planting it is to get a sod of grass #c;in4 thick2 measure with the eye the size of the interstice in the side of a wall1 partly cut through the sod on the earthy side1 open it by bending1 and insert the roots of a small specimen2 close up1 and cram the planted sod tightly into the selected opening4 ,in one season the shrub so planted will have a snug and pretty appearance4 ,it is self-propagating1 from the fact of its lower branches rooting where they touch the soil4 ,these may be taken any time and planted separately4 ,flowering period1 ,april to winter4 ,erythronium ,dens-canis4 ,,dog',s-,,tooth ,,violet2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,a hardy bulbous perennial4 ,there are several varieties of this species1 and all are very handsome4 ,the variety shown at ,fig4 #ch is the large white-flowering kind2 others have yellow1 pale purple1 and lilac-coloured blooms4 ,all are produced singly on stems #d;in4 or #e;in4 long1 and gracefully bending4 ,during bright weather the divisions of the lily-like flowers become reflexed and otherwise show themselves to advantage4 ,their foliage forms a rich setting for the flowers1 being variously coloured with red1 brown1 and different shades of green1 all charmingly blended or marbled4 ,the leaves are broad and oval1 and open out flatly1 so that their beauties can be well seen2 if they are grown amongst the very dwarf sedums or mosses1 they look all the better and are preserved from splashes4 ,two leaves1 one stem1 one flower1 and one bulb constitute a whole plant2 both flowers and foliage remain in beauty for a long time4 ,i have them growing in various positions and soils1 and ,i think they most enjoy a vegetable mould1 with full exposure to the sun1 but they should not lack moisture2 they seem to increase more rapidly in peat than in any other compost4 ,they should not be disturbed more than necessary1 and when they are1 autumn is the best time to transplant4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,erythronium ,,dens-,,canis4 7,large white variety4 ,one-half natural size47 ,flowering period1 ,march and ,april4 ,euonymus ,japonicus ,radicans ,variegata4 ,,variegated ,,rooting ,,spindle ,,tree2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,celastraceae4 ,it is probable that the genus ,euonymus is more generally known than that of ,celastrus1 from which the order takes its name2 besides1 the latter is composed of unfamiliar genera1 so it is more likely that the reader will not care about any reference to them2 it may concern him more to know that the above somewhat long name belongs to a very dwarf hardy evergreen shrub1 having a neat habit and very beautiful foliage4 ,this variety is one of many forms which come under the name ,e4 japonicus1 none of which1 however1 have long been cultivated in this country1 the date of the introduction of the type being #ahjd4 ,the genus is remarkable for the number of its species having ornamental foliage1 and not less so1 perhaps1 for the insignificance of their flowers4 ,the species under notice 7,e4 japonicus7 in cultivation has proved sportive1 which habit has been taken advantage of1 whence the numerous forms1 including the one ,i have selected for these remarks4 ,some of the ,spindle ,trees do not flower in this climate1 and others1 which do1 produce no seed2 these facts are in connection with the more finely leaf-marked sorts1 and it may be inferred that such unfruitfulness arises from their hybrid nature or abnormal tendency1 as seen in sports4 ,the typical form is a tree growing #bj;ft4 high1 producing small white flowers1 but of the variegated kind under notice established specimens have ever failed to show the least sign of flowering1 though otherwise well developed and of good habit4 ,the leaves are nearly oval1 #a_/b;in4 to #aa_/b;in4 long1 sometimes oblong1 sharply serrulated1 of stout leathery substance1 smooth1 and much variegated in colour4 ,the markings are mostly on and near the edges1 and take the form of lines and marblings4 ,the tints are a mixture of white1 yellow1 and pink1 inclining to purple2 these are variously disposed on a dark green ground4 ,the arrangement of the leaves is crowded and panicled on the recent shoots1 which are twice and thrice branched2 from the shortness and twisted shape of the leaf stalks1 the branchlets have a compressed appearance4 ,the old stems are round1 wiry1 #i;in4 to #ah;in4 long1 prostrate1 and emit roots like the ivy when they come in contact with suitable surfaces1 whence the name radicans4 ,the habit of the shrub1 from its dense and flattened foliage1 fine colour1 and persistent nature1 together with its dwarfness and rooting faculty1 all go to render it one of the finest rock shrubs for winter effect4 ,the wetness of our climate only seems to make it all the brighter1 and it is also without that undesirable habit of rooting and spreading immoderately4 ,it enjoys a sunny situation and enriched sandy loam4 ,where such conditions exist it may be planted with good effect as a permanent edging to walks or beds2 as such it may be clipped once or twice a year1 but ,i may add that it is worth the extra time required for pruning with a knife1 as then the leaves are not cut in two and the outline is left less formal4 ,by such treatment the foliage is kept thick to the base of the shrub4 ,the summer prunings may be pricked into sandy loam in a shady part1 where they will root and become useful stock for the following spring1 or strong examples may be pulled to pieces of the desired size4 ,festuca ,glauca4 ,,blue ,,grass2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,gramineae4 ,this comes from the warm climate of ,southern ,europe1 but is a perfectly hardy grass in this country2 it is highly ornamental1 irrespective of its flowers1 and is useful in several ways4 ,with me it is grown somewhat largely1 and both professional and amateur gardeners have quickly appreciated its effectiveness1 but it has been amusing to see their want of faith when told that it stands out all winter4 ,it belongs to a section of grasses of fine quality as fodder for cattle1 all enjoying good soil of a light and rich nature4 ,its main features as a garden subject are its distinct blue colour and dense graceful habit2 these qualities1 however1 are greatly dependent on the quality of soil1 which must be positively rich4 ,its bloom is of no value ornamentally1 being much like that of some of our common meadow grasses1 and it will be as well to remove it in order that the grass may be all the brighter and more luxuriant4 ,the blades1 if they can be so called1 are reed-like1 but very fine1 #f;in4 to #ab;in4 long1 densely produced1 and gracefully bending4 ,the glaucous quality is most pronounced1 and quite justifies the common name ,blue ,grass4 ,more need not be said to show that this must be effective in a garden1 especially where bedding and the formation of bold lines are carried out2 as single tufts1 on rockwork1 or in the borders1 it looks well2 whilst as an edging to taller grasses and bamboos it shows all to advantage4 ,it is also often grown in pots in greenhouses1 where it proves useful for drooping over the edges of the stage2 but if it once obtains a place in the garden and is well grown1 the amateur will see in it a suitable subject for many and varied uses4 ,wherever it is planted the soil should be made sandy and fat with manure2 in this the long roots are not only warmer1 but they amply support a rapid growth and metallic lustre4 ,as the roots can easily be lifted from the light soil without damage1 this grass may be divided any time when increase is needful4 ,flowering period1 summer4 ,fritillaria ,armena4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,a charming little hardy bulbous perennial1 which1 although as yet a comparative stranger in this country1 bids fair to find a place not only in our gardens1 but in the list of the choicest spring favourites1 such as lily of the valley1 snowdrops1 snowflake1 and squills1 being of the same or nearly allied order1 as well as of corresponding stature4 ,its yellow flowers1 too1 highly commend it1 as1 with the exception of the yellow crocus1 we have not a very dwarf spring flower of the kind1 and1 as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #ci71 it differs widely from the crocus in every way4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,fritillaria ,,armena4 7,one-half natural size47 ,this is a really charming species2 its dark yellow flowers are large for so small a plant1 being more than an inch across when expanded by sunshine1 but its more common form is bell-shape2 one1 and sometimes more flowers are produced on the upright1 smooth1 leafy stem1 which is less than #f;in4 high4 ,the leaves are alternate linear1 sharply pointed1 smooth1 and glaucous3 ,such dwarf flowers always show to most advantage1 as well as keep cleaner1 where carpeted with suitable vegetation2 the dark green ,herniaria glabra would be perfection for this glaucous plant4 ,it seems happy where growing fully exposed in ordinary garden soil1 but it is not unlikely that it may require more shade1 in common with other ,fritillaries1 for1 as before hinted1 it is yet in its trial stage4 ,i am1 however1 pretty certain of its hardiness1 but not about the best mode of culture and propagation4 ,flowering period1 ,april and ,may4 ,funkia ,albo-marginata4 ,common ,name1 ,,white-,,edged ,,plantain-,,leaved ,,lily2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,a hardy herbaceous perennial from ,japan1 of but recent introduction1 than which there are few more useful subjects to be found in our gardens4 ,it combines with its wealth of foliage a bold spike of pleasing lilac flowers1 the former1 as implied by the specific name1 being edged with a white line1 which is broad and constant1 this quality being all the more commendable from the fact that many variegations are anything but reliable4 ,speaking of this as a decorative plant for the garden1 it may be said to be one of the best2 however placed1 it has a neatness and beauty which are characteristic1 especially when used in lines1 and has become well established2 from early spring1 when the fresh young leaves appear1 until the autumn is well advanced1 this plant upholds a fine appearance independent of its flowers2 they are1 however1 not wanting in beauty1 produced as they are on stems nearly #b;ft4 high1 and nude with the exception of one or two very small leaves4 ,the floral part of the stem will be #h;in4 or more in length2 the flowers are numerous1 #b;in4 long1 trumpet-shaped1 drooping1 and so arranged that all fall in one direction2 the colour is lilac1 with stripes of purple and white2 each flower is supported by a bract1 which1 like the foliage1 is margined with white4 ,the leaves are #f;in4 to #h;in4 long1 oval-lanceolate1 waved and ribbed1 of a dark green colour1 margined with white2 the leaf stalks are stout1 #f;in4 long1 and broadly channelled4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,funkia ,sieboldii4 ,,siebold',s ,,plantain-,,leaved ,,lily2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,this is a grand plant2 the lily-like flowers alone are sufficient to commend it1 but when we have them springing from such a glorious mass of luxuriant and beautiful foliage1 disposed with a charming neatness rarely equalled1 they are additionally effective4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #dj7 gives a fair idea of the form and dimensions of a specimen three years ago cut from the parent plant1 when it would not have more than two or three crowns1 so it may be described as very vigorous2 and1 as if its beauties were not sufficiently amplified by flowers and form of foliage1 the whole plant is of a rich glaucous hue1 rendering it still more conspicuous and distinct4 ,it is herbaceous and perfectly hardy1 though it comes from the much warmer climate of ,japan1 whence are all the species of ,funkia4 ,it is a comparatively new plant in ,english gardens1 having been introduced into this country only about fifty years2 still1 it is pretty widely distributed1 thanks1 doubtless1 to its exceptionally fine qualities4 ,i know no plant more capable of improvement as regards size than this2 if set in rich deep soil1 it will in a few years grow to an enormous specimen4 ,one so treated in my garden is #d;ft4 to #e;ft4 in diameter1 and about the same height when the flower-stems are fully developed4 ,i should1 however1 add that this is an unusual size1 but it1 nevertheless1 indicates what may be done by high culture4 ,the flowers are produced on nude stems1 #b;ft4 or #d;ft4 high1 being arranged in somewhat short and irregular one-sided spikes2 they spring singly from the axils of rather long bracts 7see ,fig4 #dj7 and have long bending pedicels1 which cause the flowers to hang bell fashion2 their colour is a soft pale lilac1 nearly white4 ,size1 #a;in4 to #b;in4 long1 and bell or trumpet shaped4 ,they are of good substance1 and last a long time in fine form4 ,the leaves have radical stalks1 nearly #b;ft4 long in well-grown specimens1 gracefully bending and deeply channelled2 they are from #h;in4 to #ab;in4 long1 and about half as wide1 long heart-shaped1 somewhat hooded1 waved1 distinctly ribbed1 and evenly wrinkled2 glaucous and leathery4 ,the outer foliage is so disposed that the tips touch the ground2 it is abundantly produced1 forming massive tufts4 ,the long fleshy roots denote its love of a deep soil2 a moist but well-drained situation suits it1 and manure may be used--both dug in and as a top dressing--with marked advantage4 ,the natural beauty of this subject fits it for any position--the lawn1 shrubbery1 borders1 beds1 or rockwork can all be additionally beautified by its noble form2 grown in pots1 it becomes an effective plant for the table or conservatory4 ,the flowers in a cut state are quaint and graceful1 and the leaves are even more useful2 these may be cut with long stalks and stood in vases in twos and threes without any other dressing1 or1 when desired1 a few large flowers may be added for a change1 such as a panicle of ,spiraea aruncus1 a large sunflower1 or a spike or two of gladioli4 ,leaves so cut may be used for weeks2 after they have become dusty they may be sponged1 when they will appear fresh1 like new-cut ones4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,funkia ,,sieboldii4 7,one-eighth natural size47 ,in the propagation of this plant certain rules should be observed1 otherwise the stock of young plants will prove stunted and bad in colour4 ,do not divide any but strong and healthy clumps1 taking care not to damage more roots than can be helped2 do not divide too severely1 but let each part be a strong piece of several crowns1 and after this they should be allowed to make three years' growth in a good1 rich1 deep soil before they are again disturbed1 and thereby the stock will not only be of a vigorous character1 but always fit for use in the most decorative parts of the garden4 ,flowering period1 ,july to ,september4 ,galanthus ,elwesii4 ,,elwes',s ,,galanthus or ,,snowdrop2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,amaryllidaceae4 ,this is a splendid species or variety1 whichever it may be1 said to be the finest of all the ,snowdrops2 it is a new kind and not yet much known4 ,my impressions of it last spring were not in accordance with such reports1 but ,i ought to add that1 though the bulbs were fresh when sent me1 they had only been planted less than a year1 when they flowered somewhat feebly4 ,flowering period1 ,february and ,march4 ,all the ,snowdrops may be propagated by seed or division of crowded clumps--after all the tops have died off is the proper time2 the longer the delay1 the worse for next season's bloom1 as new root action sets in about that period4 ,galanthus ,imperati4 ,,imperial ,,snowdrop2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,amaryllidaceae4 ,i have only recently flowered this kind4 ,it is said by ,mr4 ,w4 ,robinson to be double the size of ,g4 nivalis1 which estimate is probably correct1 judging from the blooms which ,i have obtained4 ,with me the bulbs seem either not to have a happy home1 or they may have suffered from the vicissitudes of transport from the genial climate of ,italy4 ,the publisher of this book informs me that he flowered ,g4 imperati the first year in the open borders1 from some bulbs procured from ,messrs4 ,collins ,bros41 and that the blossoms were highly scented1 as of elder flowers4 ,flowering period1 ,february and ,march4 ,galanthus ,nivalis4 ,,common ,,snowdrop1 ,,early ,,bulbous ,,violet1 and ,,fair ,,maids ,,of ,,february2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,amaryllidaceae4 ,one of the most charming members of the ,british flora2 a native of our fields and orchards1 so beautiful as to be beyond description1 and1 fortunately1 so common as to need none 7see ,fig4 #da74 ,it belongs to a noble order of bulbous plants1 the genera of which are numerous1 as are the species too1 in perhaps an increased proportion4 ,comparatively few are hardy in our climate1 and very few indeed are natives of this country1 so that in this respect the ,snowdrop1 if not a rare flower1 is a rare representative in our flora of the order ,amaryllidaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,galanthus ,,nivalis4 7,one-half natural size47 ,it may be useful to give a few of the better-known genera to which ,galanthus is so nearly related3 ,amaryllis1 ,nerine1 ,crinum1 ,vallota1 ,pancratium1 ,alstroemeria1 and ,narcissus4 ,the last-named genus is more nearly allied than any of the other genera mentioned2 not only does it resemble the ,galanthus in style1 early period of bloom1 and habit of becoming double1 but also for the general hardiness of its species1 a feature not usual in their order4 ,the literal meaning of the generic name is ,milk ,flower4 ,the title with such a pleasing reference was given by ,linnaeus4 ,the specific name--meaning white--may1 for two reasons1 seem unnecessary2 first1 because milk is white1 and again1 because no other than white-flowered species are known4 ,all the three common names are happy ones3 ,snowdrop and ,fair ,maids of ,february are appropriate both to the season and a pretty flower2 ,bulbous ,violet pleasantly alludes to its sweetness2 all are poetical1 as if this lovely flower had the same effect on the different minds of those 7including ,linnaeus7 who first gave them4 ,a dropped name for the ,snowdrop was that of ,gilloflower2 ,theophrastus1 the father of natural history1 gave it the name of ,violet 7,viola alba or ,v4 bulbosa7--that would be #bajj years ago6 ,the bulbs should be planted by thousands2 they will grow anywhere and in any kind of soil2 the demand for their blossom is ever increasing1 and ,snowdrops1 as everybody knows1 are always in place1 on the grass1 border1 or window sill1 or for table2 they may be used as emblems of either grief or joy2 they are sweetly pure and attractive1 without showiness4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,april4 ,galanthus ,plicatus4 ,,folded ,,galanthus2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,amaryllidacaae4 ,a species from the ,crimea2 compared with our native kind1 it is larger in the grass1 having also other1 but very slight1 points of difference4 ,the main one is implied by its name1 plicatus1 or folded2 its leaves are furrowed1 which causes it to have a folded appearance4 ,culture and flowering period1 the same as for the other species4 ,galanthus ,redoutei4 ,,redoute',s ,,galanthus2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,amaryllidaceae4 ,this is by far the most distinct form1 having broad grass-green foliage4 ,it is somewhat late in flowering 7during ,march and ,april71 and not so free as others4 ,galax ,aphylla4 ,syn4 ,,blandfordia ,,cordata2 ,,heart-,,leaved ,,galax2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,pyrolaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,galax ,,aphylla4 7,one-sixth natural size2 #a1 natural size47 ,nearly #ajj years ago this charming little plant was imported from ,north ,america2 still1 it is rarely seen1 notwithstanding that rock-gardens have long been popular4 ,on rockwork it not only thrives well1 but appears to great advantage4 ,no rock-garden should be without it4 ,it is a rare and beautiful subject1 remarkably distinct and pleasing2 it is perfectly hardy1 also perennial and herbaceous2 but its last-named characteristic should be qualified1 inasmuch as the old leaves remain in good form and colour until long after the new ones are fully grown1 so that there are always two sets of foliage4 ,viewed in this light1 it may be called an evergreen plant2 moreover1 it is one of those plants which the artist can scarcely do justice to1 for though the illustration 7,fig4 #db7 depicts faithfully its neat habit and handsome foliage1 the living plant makes a better impression4 ,i said it was rare1 but this is less in the sense of scarcity than because it is little known and seldom seen2 it is also quite distinct from any other plant1 and the only species of the genus4 ,its milk-white flowers1 which1 though very simple1 are richly effective1 are produced on tall1 nude stems1 #ah;in4 high1 round1 wiry1 and nearly amber-coloured4 ,they are arranged in a dense spike1 #f;in4 to #h;in4 long2 the corolla is #a_/d;in4 across1 and composed of five petals2 the calyx has a short tube and five sepals2 the leaves are heart-shaped1 nearly round1 evenly toothed1 and sometimes glandular2 of leathery substance1 and somewhat stiff1 smooth1 shining1 and richly veined or nerved4 ,the leaves of various ages differ in colour2 the old ones are dark green1 conspicuously reticulated2 the new1 but perfectly-developed ones1 are pale green1 with a ray of yellowish-green next the edges2 the growing ones are nearly red1 and all the serrated edges are hemmed with a nearly scarlet line1 always brightest at the points of the teeth4 ,this finely-tinted foliage is elegantly disposed by means of the stalks1 which bend in various ways2 they vary in length from #d;in4 to #h;in41 and are all radical2 they are round1 wiry1 and once grooved4 ,the bloom lasts for several weeks in good form1 and the foliage is always beautiful1 more especially in the autumn1 when it glows like polished mahogany4 ,such a plant can hardly fail to please when well grown1 but it must be so developed4 ,this lovely plant certainly requires a little special treatment1 but that is easy and simple2 in fact1 it scarcely can be called special4 ,it may be put in a few words--damp1 but not sour vegetable soil1 and very slight shade4 ,my specimen1 from which the drawing was taken1 is growing in a little dip at the base of a small rockery1 below the level of the walk1 which acts as a watershed2 the soil is nearly all leaf mould--a small portion of loam1 and ,i ought to add that there is a moderate quantity of small charcoal incorporated with it1 which will doubtless assist in keeping the soil sweet4 ,there cannot1 therefore1 be much difficulty in setting up these conditions2 the charcoal may not be necessary1 but an annual top-dressing with it will meet the case of such plants as grow in low damp situations4 ,the propagation of this species is very easy in the case of well-grown clumps1 which1 when dug up in the autumn and thoroughly shaken1 will come asunder into many small and well-rooted crowns2 these only require to be replanted separately1 under similar conditions to those by which they were produced4 ,no attempt should be made to divide other than perfectly healthy clumps4 ,flowering period1 ,july and ,august4 ,galega ,officinalis4 ,,officinal ,,goat',s-,,rue2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,leguminosae4 ,a grand old-fashioned flower4 ,it is #cad years since this plant was brought from ,spain2 it is perfectly hardy and herbaceous4 ,both it and its varieties are among the most useful subjects of the flower garden2 they grow to shrub-like bushes1 have elegant foliage1 and an abundance of bloom1 which continues until late autumn4 ,specimens have a clean and healthy appearance1 and though they grow to the height of #d;ft41 they give no trouble1 requiring neither tying nor supports4 ,from their large quantities of flowers they are exceedingly gay2 but it is for the handsome stems in a cut state that they should be most prized4 ,these1 cut #ah;in4 long1 and placed singly in pots or vases1 are truly noble1 more especially by gaslight4 ,as will be inferred from the order to which ,galega belongs1 the flowers are pea-flower-shaped1 about #a_/b;in4 or more long1 and the same broad4 ,they are of a pleasing1 but undecided blue colour1 arranged in long conical racemes1 on stout1 round stalks1 as long as the leaves1 which are pinnate1 having a terminal odd one4 ,the leaflets are evenly arranged in pairs1 mostly in six pairs2 they are each about #b;in4 long1 lance-shaped1 mucronate1 entire1 smooth1 and glaucous4 ,the floriferous character of the plant may be inferred from the fact that1 after the raceme fades1 there pushes from the axil a peduncle1 which1 in a short time1 produces many other racemes4 ,g4 o4 alba1 a variety of the above1 grows #d;ft4 high1 and is an abundant bloomer2 flowers superb for cutting purposes4 ,for culture1 see ,g4 ,persica lilacina4 ,flowering period1 ,july to ,september4 ,galega ,persica ,lilacina4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,leguminosae4 ,this is a lovely species of ,galega imported little more than fifty years ago from ,persia4 ,perfectly hardy2 in general form it corresponds with ,g4 officinalis4 ,the following are its distinctions3 ,more dense racemes of lilac flowers1 a foot less tall1 leaflets shorter and broader--in fact1 oval1 oblong1 somewhat twisted or edged up in the arrangement1 and often without the terminal leaflet4 ,the above ,goat's-rues are of the simplest culture2 they will do in any soil1 but if they are liberally treated they will repay it4 ,a fat loam and sunny situation are what they delight in4 ,they may remain year after year in one position1 but ,i find them to do better in every way if they are divided the second year2 it should be done in summer1 so that they can make a little growth in their new quarters before winter sets in4 ,in order to carry out this1 the older plants 7,i divide half my stock one year1 the other half the year following7 should be cut over near the ground1 though they may be in full bloom4 ,divide the roots into several strong pieces1 and replant them in soil deeply dug and where they are intended to flower2 they will bloom finely the following season4 ,flowering period1 ,july to ,september4 ,gentiana ,acaulis4 ,,gentianella2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,gentianaceae4 ,a hardy1 evergreen creeper1 its creeping stems running immediately under the surface4 ,this is a remarkably beautiful plant1 and the wonder is that it is not grown in every garden4 ,the most attractive features1 when in flower1 of this dwarf ,gentian are its immensely large blooms and neat shining green foliage 7see ,fig4 #dc74 ,it is easily identified1 there being not another species like it1 and certainly very few to equal it for beauty and service2 it forms one of the best edgings for beds and borders4 ,many report that it is difficult to grow1 which may be the case in some gardens from one cause or other1 whilst in many places it runs like quick-grass4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,gentiana ,,acaulis4 7,one-fourth natural size47 ,flowers1 dark bright blue1 large1 long bell-shaped1 but not drooping2 tube1 five-angular1 nearly #c;in4 long2 corolla1 five-limbed1 and an inch or more wide2 the stems are seldom more than #c;in4 long1 square1 furnished with small opposite leaves1 and terminated with one flower on each4 ,that part of the foliage which sends up the flower is arranged in rosette form1 the leaves being stout1 flat1 and acutely lance-shaped4 ,anywhere or everywhere may this subject be planted2 it is always bright1 even in winter1 and when there are no flowers upon it it forms a rich covering for the otherwise bare ground2 its blooms will each keep good a week4 ,they are rarely produced in great numbers at one time1 but the plants will continue for a long while to yield them sparingly4 ,i find ,g4 acaulis to thrive well at the base of rockwork1 as an edging to a flat bed1 and in the gutters of the garden walks--it likes moisture4 ,to me this is clearly proved by other plants1 which1 in all respects but one1 are treated the same1 the exceptional condition being that they are planted on the sloping face of rockwork1 where they scarcely grow and never bloom4 ,with reference to soil1 rich or silky loam is best for it1 but any kind1 if sweet and retentive1 will do4 ,its propagation may be effected by division of the rooted creeping stems after they have made four leaves4 ,very early in spring is a good time to do this1 but neither these nor the old plant1 if it has been much disturbed1 will flower the same season after being so mutilated4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,july4 ,gentiana ,asclepiadea4 ,,swallow-,,wort-,,leaved ,,gentian2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,gentianaceae4 ,a tall and beautiful alpine species from ,austria1 very hardy and herbaceous4 ,it has long had a place in ,english gardens--fully #bej years--and is described by ,parkinson in his ,paradise of ,flowers4 ,the tall stems are very showy1 having an abundance of shining dark green foliage1 amongst which nestle the large and bright purple-blue flowers2 it is a subject that looks well at a distance1 and1 as a rule1 flowers with that quality are of the greatest value for borders and cutting purposes4 ,it grows nearly #b;ft4 high2 the stems are round1 erect1 short-jointed1 and very leafy2 the flowers are produced on a third of their length1 they are stalkless1 and spring from the axils of the leaves in pairs2 the calyx is #a_/b;in4 long1 tubular1 angled1 and having fang-shaped segments2 the corolla is also tubular and angled1 somewhat bellied1 the divisions being deeply cut and reflexed2 the whole flower will be fully #aa_/b;in4 long4 ,the inside of the corolla is striped with white and various shades of blue and purple4 ,the leaves are #b;in4 long1 oval1 lance-shaped1 distinctly ribbed1 somewhat lobed at the base1 and stem-clasping1 which gives the pair of leaves a joined or perfoliate appearance2 the nodes are short1 or near together1 the lower ones being the more distant1 where also the leaves are much smaller2 the foliage is a glossy dark green colour1 the whole plant having a sombre but rich effect4 ,from the fact that the long stems are top-heavy and of a brittle character1 a sheltered position should be given to this plant1 or the wind will snap them off4 ,it ought not to have stakes1 as they would mar its good form4 ,a fat loam and a moist situation will suit this ,gentian to perfection1 and it may be planted with other strong herbaceous things in the borders1 where it should be allowed to grow to large specimens4 ,it is one of the quickest growers of its genus1 few species of which can be grown in too large quantities4 ,when it is needful to increase this subject1 it maybe done more readily than the propagation of some ,gentians--the roots are more easily separated4 ,it should1 however1 be carefully done1 and early spring is the best time2 or if the autumn should be a dry season and the tops die off early1 it may be done then4 ,flowering period1 ,july and ,august4 ,gentiana ,burseri4 ,,burser',s ,,gentian2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,gentianaceae4 ,a hardy perennial species1 of a bold but neat habit1 while the flowers and foliage combine in rendering it a first-class decorative subject4 ,it is a recent introduction1 having been brought from the ,pyrenees in #ahbj2 it is seldom seen in flower gardens1 where it certainly deserves to be4 ,its flowers are not brilliant1 but they are effective from their size1 number1 and persistency2 they are produced in whorls on stout round stems #ah;in4 high1 but only on the three or four upper joints4 ,each flower is #aa_/b;in4 long1 lemon-yellow1 tubular1 angular1 having four to six segments1 widely separated1 and furnished with a membrane at each separation4 ,the segments1 and also the tube1 are dotted with dark brown spots2 each flower is tightly folded in a somewhat one-sided membranous calyx and borne erect4 ,they occur in pairs mostly1 but with several pairs in a whorl4 ,they have very short pedicels1 and the whorl is supported by a bract of stem-clasping leaves1 cupped1 and variously shaped1 as ovate and beaked2 there are also supplementary bracteoles4 ,the leaves of the root very much resemble the plantain leaf1 also that of ,g4 lutea1 having longish ribbed and grooved petioles or stalks2 they are #e;in4 to #f;in4 long1 and over #c;in4 broad1 egg-shaped1 entire1 veined longitudinally1 and slightly wrinkled2 they are of a dark green colour1 shining1 and of good substance4 ,the leaves of the stems1 as already stated1 are stem-clasping1 and differ in shape4 ,the flowers keep in good form for two or three weeks1 and otherwise this rigid bright-foliaged ,gentian proves very ornamental4 ,i find it to do well in vegetable soil in a moist quarter4 ,most of the members of this genus enjoy plenty of moisture at their roots1 and this specimen is no exception4 ,a flat stone will form a good substitute for a damp situation if placed over the roots2 besides1 such a method of growing this and others of the tall ,gentians will allow of their being planted on rockwork1 or otherwise1 near the more frequented walks1 where they must always prove pleasing from their bold and shining foliage1 to say nothing of their striking flowers4 ,the propagation of this species should be effected by division of the roots1 which are very strong4 ,each crown should have as much of the more fibrous roots retained as possible1 and the parts to be severed should be cut with a very sharp knife2 it also ripens seed plentifully4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,gentiana ,cruciata4 ,,cross-,,leaved ,,gentian2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,gentianaceae4 ,an interesting species from ,austria1 and one of the old-fashioned plants of ,english gardens1 having been cultivated in this country for nearly #cjj years4 ,gerarde gives a faithful and full description of it1 which ,i will quote3 ,crossewoort ,gentian hath many ribbed leaues spred upon the ground1 like unto the leaues of sopewroot1 but of a blacker green colour2 among which rise vp weak iointed stalks1 trailing or leaning towarde the grounde4 ,the flowers growe at the top in bundels1 thicke thrust togither1 like those of sweete ,williams1 of a light blew colour4 ,the roote is thicke1 and creepeth in the grounde farre abroade1 whereby it greatly increaseth4 ,its height seldom exceeds #aj;in41 and it is to be commended because it is one of the ,gentians that are easily grown1 and is handsome withal4 ,it may be planted in either vegetable or loamy soil--the common border seems to suit it2 it spreads much faster than any of the other ,gentians ,i know1 with the exception of ,g4 acaulis1 and it is in broad masses one sees it to greatest advantage4 ,propagated by division any time4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,gentiana ,gelida4 ,,ice-,,cold ,,gentian2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,gentianaceae4 ,this species comes from ,siberia1 and has been grown in this country for nearly eighty years4 ,it is a very beautiful species1 the whole plant being handsome2 it grows nearly a foot high4 ,the flowers are produced in terminal clusters1 one large flower being surrounded by a whorl of smaller ones2 they are of a rich purplish-blue inside the corolla1 which is rotate2 the segments 7mitre-shaped7 and the spaces between are prettily furnished with a feathery fringe2 the wide tube is also finely striped inside2 the calyx is tubular1 having long awl-shaped segments2 the stems are procumbent1 firm 7almost woody71 short jointed1 and thickest near the top4 ,the leaves are of a dark shining green colour1 from #aa_/b;in4 to #b;in4 long1 smallest at the root end1 and finishing next the flowers with the largest1 which are lance-shaped1 the lower ones being heart-shaped2 they are closely arranged in pairs1 are sessile1 and at right angles with the stem4 ,it seems to enjoy a shady damp corner in rockwork1 where its distinct forms and neat habit appear to advantage4 ,it should be planted in vegetable soil1 such as peat or well-decayed leaves mixed with sand4 ,it cannot endure drought at the roots4 ,it is a slow-growing plant1 but very floriferous2 the flowers last fully a fortnight in good form1 the weather1 however rough or wet1 seeming to have no effect on them4 ,in a cut state it is exquisite1 but those who properly value the ,gentians1 especially the slow growers1 will hardly care to cut away the stems1 as1 by doing so1 not only will the plant be checked1 but next year's growth will prove reduced in both number and vigour4 ,it is propagated by root division when in a dormant state4 ,i have also successfully transplanted this kind after it has made considerable growth1 but the roots have been carefully guarded against dryness4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,gentiana ,verna4 ,,spring ,,alpine ,,felwort2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,gentianaceae4 ,a native evergreen creeper4 ,this plant has many synonymous names in old books4 ,it is now1 however1 well known by the above ,latin name4 ,let me at once say that it is a matchless gem4 ,its flowers are such as to attract the notice of any but a blind person4 ,it is said to be rare now in this country1 still1 ,i think it is far from being extinct in its wild state4 ,be that as it may1 it is fortunate that it can be easily cultivated1 and nothing in a garden can give more pleasure4 ,its flowers are blue--but such a blue6 the most intense1 with a large and sharply defined white eye1 and though only #a_/b;in4 across1 one on each stem1 and #c;in4 high1 they are grandly effective4 ,it has a tubular1 angled calyx2 corolla five-cut4 ,the leaves are oval1 nearly #a;in4 long1 and half as broad2 dark shining green and of leathery substance4 ,the radical leaves are crowded into a nearly rosette form4 ,by many this ,gentian is considered difficult to grow1 but if a proper beginning is made it proves to be of the easiest management4 ,very suitable places may be found for it in1 not on1 rockwork1 where good fat loam forms the staple soil2 little corners1 not above the ground level1 but on1 or better still1 below the ground level1 are sure to meet its requirements2 on the edge of a border1 too1 where moisture collects in the small gutter1 has proved a suitable position for it4 ,but1 perhaps1 the most successful way of growing it is in pots1 for1 as with ,trientalis ,europa and other root creepers1 when so treated more compact specimens are obtained4 ,it is important to begin with properly-rooted plants1 the crowns of which are often #b;in4 to #c;in4 below the surface2 from these spring the numerous1 bare1 yellow1 wiry stems1 too often taken for roots1 whereas the main roots are still deeper1 very long for so small a plant1 and furnished with silky feeders4 ,good crowns potted in rich fibrous loam and plunged in sand1 fully exposed1 with an unstinted supply of water1 is the substance of the simple treatment my plants receive the year round2 they are still in the #c;in4 and #d;in4 pots in which they were placed three years ago1 and during spring they are covered with flowers4 ,when a pot is lifted out of the sand in which it is plunged1 the fine long silky roots are seen to have made their way through the hole4 ,spring is the best time to plant4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,geranium ,argenteum4 ,,silvery ,,crane',s-,,bill3 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,geraniaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,geranium ,,argenteum4 7,one-half natural size47 ,a hardy perennial alpine from the ,south of ,europe1 introduced in #afii4 ,it is1 therefore1 an old plant in this country1 and is one of the gems of the rock garden2 very dwarf1 but effective1 as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #dd74 ,the foliage is of a distinct and somewhat conglomerate character1 besides being of a silvery-grey colour4 ,well-grown specimens of this charming ,crane's-bill look remarkably well against dark stones4 ,its flowers are large for so small a plant1 and wherever it finds a suitable home it cannot fail to win admiration4 ,in borders of rich soil it is grown to the height of about six inches1 but in drier situations1 as on the upper parts of rockwork1 it is more dwarf4 ,the flowers are fully an inch in diameter when open1 cup-shaped1 and striped in two shades of rose colour2 the unopened flowers are bell-shaped and drooping2 they are borne on long naked pedicels1 bent and wiry1 oftentimes two on a stem2 calyx five-cleft1 segments concave2 petals five1 equal and evenly arranged4 ,the leaves are produced on long1 bent1 wiry stalks1 the outline is circular1 but they are divided into five or seven lobes1 which are sub-divided and irregular1 both in size and arrangement2 they have a silky appearance1 from being furnished with numerous fine hairs or down4 ,the plant continues to flower for many weeks1 but1 as may be judged1 it is1 otherwise than when in flower1 highly attractive4 ,to lovers of ornamental bedding this must prove a first-rate plant4 ,as an edging to beds or borders of choice things it would be pleasingly appropriate1 and1 indeed1 anywhere amongst other dwarf flowers it could not be other than decorative4 ,it thrives well in a good depth of loam1 its long tap-roots going a long way down4 ,if1 therefore1 it is planted on rockwork1 suitable provision should be made for this propensity4 ,the propagation of the plant is not so easy1 from the fact that it makes large crowns without a corresponding set of roots1 and its seed is scarce and often taken by birds before ripened4 ,moreover1 the seedlings do not always come true2 still1 it seems the only mode of propagation1 unless the old plants have plenty of time allowed them to spread and make extra roots4 ,latterly ,i have gathered the seeds before the capsules burst--in fact1 whilst green--and1 after carrying them in the waistcoat pocket for a few days1 they have been sown in leaf soil and sand1 and germinated freely4 ,when the seedlings have made a few leaves the deteriorated forms may be picked out readily4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,july4 ,gillenia ,trifoliata4 ,syn4 ,,spiraea ,,trifoliata and ,s4 ,,triloba--,,three-,,leaved ,,gillenia2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,rosaceae4 ,a hardy herbaceous perennial from ,north ,america1 imported in #agac4 ,the main features about this plant are its elegant form and rich tints4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #de7 may give some idea of the former quality1 but to realise the latter the reader should see a living specimen in the form of a bold clump4 ,there is a wild beauty about this subject which it is not easy to describe2 as a flower it is insignificant1 but the way in which the flowers are disposed on the slender stems1 blending with a quaintly pretty foliage1 neither too large nor dense1 renders them effective in their way4 ,it is1 however1 only as a whole that it can be considered decorative1 and it should be well grown4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,gillenia ,,trifoliata4 7,one-sixth natural size2 blossom1 full size47 ,although most nearly related to the spiraeas the distinctions from that genus are very marked1 notably the very slender stems and large flowers1 which are produced singly on rather long-bending pedicels1 almost as fine as thread1 and1 like the stems1 of a bright brown 7nearly ruddy7 colour4 ,the flowers form a lax panicle1 interspersed with a little foliage4 ,the calyx is a bright brown colour1 rather large and bell-shaped4 ,it contrasts finely with the five long1 narrow petals1 which are white1 tinted with red2 they are also irregular in form and arrangement1 somewhat contorted4 ,the leaves1 as implied by the specific name1 are composed of three leaflets2 they have very short stalks1 and the leaflets are all but sessile1 lance-shaped1 finely toothed or fringed1 ribbed1 and somewhat bronzed4 ,perhaps it is most useful in a cut state2 the sprays1 even if they have but one or two flowers on them1 are charming for vase work4 ,i may say the calyx is persistent1 and after the petals have fallen they not only increase in size1 but turn a fine red colour1 and so render the sprays additionally effective4 ,to grow this plant well it should have a deep soil2 it also loves moisture1 and1 as already hinted1 partial shade2 it is a steady grower1 far from rampant1 like the spiraeas4 ,this is a capital subject to grow near or under leggy shrubs and trees1 where1 in semi-shade1 it is not only at home1 but proves very attractive4 ,it may be propagated by division1 the best time being early in the year1 just before growth commences4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,gynerium ,argenteum4 ,,pampas or ,,silvery ,,grass2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,gramineae4 ,this handsome grass is well known1 at least1 its feathery plumes are1 from the fact of their being imported largely in a dry state for decorative purposes4 ,it has not been grown long in this country1 and1 perhaps1 it is not generally known that it endures our climate as an outdoor plant2 in most parts of ,great ,britain1 however1 it proves hardy4 ,as far north as ,yorkshire ,i have seen it in the form of specimens #h;ft4 high2 my own examples are yet young--two and three years old--and are only just beginning to flower1 at the height of #c;ft4 to #d;ft41 diameter about the same4 ,it is a native of ,south ,america1 occurring mostly on the prairies2 it is also found in other parts where there are swamps and high temperatures4 ,this would lead us to have doubts as to its suitableness for ,english gardens1 but facts prove it to have elastic qualities in this respect4 ,it proves at all times to be a noble ornament in gardens of moderate size4 ,in its growing or green state it is a distinct and pleasing object1 but it is at its greatest beauty when it has ripened its tall and silky plumes1 which glisten in the sunshine and are of a silvery-grey colour1 and when also the very long and narrow grass has become browned and falls gracefully1 more or less curling under the tufts4 ,all its parts are persistent1 and1 as a specimen of ripe grass1 it is not only ornamental in itself1 but it gives a warm effect to its surroundings during winter4 ,under favourable conditions it will grow #aj;ft4 or #ab;ft4 high1 but it is seldom that it attains a height of more than #h;ft4 or #i;ft4 ,as an illustration 7,fig4 #df7 is given1 further description is not needed4 ,i may add that if it is not laid by heavy snows1 it keeps in good form until the new grass begins to grow in the following spring4 ,i find it to do well in light earth1 well enriched with stable manure1 the soil having a more than ordinary quantity of sand in it2 the position is such as can have a good supply of moisture1 being near walks that drain to it4 ,in stiffish loam a strong clump was planted three years ago1 but it has never looked healthy4 ,the best positions for it are well-prepared shrubbery borders2 there it contrasts finely with the greenery1 and receives some protection from the high winds4 ,it may be increased by division of healthy roots1 when the grass is ripe1 but it ought not to be cut off4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,gynerium ,,argenteum4 7,one-twentieth natural size47 ,the plumes appear in ,august1 and will keep in good condition till the weather changes to a wintry character4 ,harpalium ,rigidum4 ,syn4 ,,helianthus ,,rigidus--,,rigid ,,sunflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,one of the most effective and beautiful flowers to be seen in autumn2 it would be hard to mention another at any period of the year that gives more satisfaction and pleasure than this does1 either as a decorative plant or a cut flower4 ,a bold specimen1 #d;ft4 through1 is truly fine1 and not only those who seldom visit a garden1 but amateurs well versed in flowers1 are alike charmed with its rich and stately blossoms4 ,most people know what a ,sunflower is2 many of them are coarse and almost ugly2 but though the present subject is of the family1 it is supremely distinct2 it is without the formal character in its ray1 and also the herby leafiness of many of its genus1 its large1 clean1 shining1 golden flowers1 mounted on slender1 ruddy1 long1 and nearly nude stalks1 not only render it distinct1 but impart an elegance to this species1 which is all its own4 ,it grows #d;ft4 high1 is a comparatively new kind in ,english gardens1 and comes from ,north ,america2 still1 it has become widely known and appreciated1 in fact a universal favourite1 so much so that1 although it increases fast1 the demand for it is not yet satisfied2 it is1 doubtless1 a flower for every garden4 ,the flowers are #d;in4 across1 glistening golden yellow1 and formed of a deep ray and small disk2 the florets of the ray are #aa_/b;in4 long and more than #a_/b;in4 broad1 they are incurved at their points1 but reflexed at their edges1 and are handsomely ribbed or pleated2 they are arranged in two or three rays in each flower1 and irregularly disposed2 the florets1 being well apart1 not only seem to give the bloom body1 but also an artistic informality and lightness4 ,the florets of the disk are chocolate colour1 whence issue twirled filamentary forms1 which impart to the centre of flower the appearance of being netted with a golden thread4 ,the scaly involucre is formed of numerous small members of a dark olive-green colour1 neatly arranged and firmly clasping the whole flower4 ,the pedicels are long1 round1 covered with short stiff hairs1 and thickened at the involucre2 the stems are very rough1 rigid1 hard1 and brown or ruddy on the sunny side1 sometimes twisted and nude1 with the exception of a solitary rudimentary leaf4 ,the main stems have many axillary branches4 ,the leaves of the root are few1 #e;in4 or #f;in4 long1 and oval4 ,those of the stems more lance-shaped1 sessile1 and slightly dentate1 or toothed1 lessening in size as they get higher2 all the leaves are very thick1 three-veined1 and remarkably hispid1 being almost as coarse as sandpaper to the touch4 ,i have also observed another peculiarity about the leaves1 when they have been taken from the plant for an hour or more1 i4e41 they have a most elastic property4 ,very often the leaves may be seen in trios1 whence spring three side branches1 surrounding the upright and central one4 ,the habit of the whole specimen is very rigid1 with the exception of the flowers1 which are slightly nodding2 the tallest growths need no stakes1 and the species enjoys a happy immunity from insect pests1 probably by reason of its hispid character4 ,as already stated1 as a garden subject this is one of the most useful2 it shows grandly in front of evergreens1 and associates well with lilies4 ,in borders of tall perennials1 or in conspicuous but distant situations1 such as are visible from the doors or windows of the house1 or as isolated clumps1 on or near the lawn1 this fine ,sunflower may be planted with satisfactory results2 in fact1 it cannot be planted wrong1 provided it is kept away from small subjects4 ,in a cut state it is of such value that it cannot be overpraised--a branch with four fully blown flowers and others nearly out1 requires no assistance as a table decoration4 ,its blooms have the quality of keeping clean1 doubtless from the smoothness of the florets4 ,the cultural requirements are few4 ,any garden soil will do for it1 but if deeply dug and well enriched with stable manure1 so much the better2 it should have a fairly open situation2 it is not only a ,sunflower in name and form1 but it enjoys sunshine4 ,it is self-propagating1 and runs freely at the roots1 immediately under the surface2 the thick stolons form knobby crowns at their extremities1 out of and from under which the roots issue1 going straight and deep down1 and so forming an independent plant4 ,flowering period1 ,august and ,september4 ,hedera ,conglomerata4 ,,conglomerate ,,ivy2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,araliacae4 ,i do not introduce this as a flowering subject1 but as a dwarf ornamental shrub2 it differs so much from all other species and varieties of ,ivy1 and is so beautiful withal1 that ,i trust no further apology is needed for giving it a place amongst decorative plants and shrubs4 ,i have not been able to learn its habitat or origin2 its stunted tree-like shape1 together with other peculiarities1 would indicate that it is a species2 be that as it may1 it has long had a place in ,english gardens1 and yet it is seldom met with--it would be hard to explain why4 ,on a bit of rockwork ,i have grown a specimen for nearly five years1 and it was an old shrub when planted1 yet it is not more than #b;ft4 in diameter and #a;ft4 high4 ,it is much admired1 and many notes have been taken of it4 ,for rockwork1 it is one of the best dwarf evergreen shrubs ,i know4 ,it has very small leaves1 densely arranged in flat or one-sided wreaths4 ,they seldom exceed #a;in4 in diameter1 and are of various forms1 as heart-shaped1 sagittate1 oval1 tri-lobed1 and so on4 ,some are notched1 others slightly toothed1 but many are entire4 ,all are waved or contorted1 wrinkled and thickened at the edges1 where the younger leaves show a brown line2 the under sides are pale green1 and furnished with short stiff brown hairs1 as also are the stout leaf stalks4 ,the upper side of the foliage is a dark glossy green1 with shadings of brown4 ,in substance the leaves are leathery1 inclining to stiffness4 ,the stunted branches have a cork-like appearance as regards the bark1 are diffuse1 curiously bent1 and sometimes twisted loosely together4 ,it is of slow growth1 more especially in the upward direction1 and though provision may be made for it to cling and climb1 and it has also well-formed roots on the branchlets1 still1 it assumes more the tree-shape4 ,i never saw or heard of its flowering1 much less that it ever produced seed2 if it does not seed we are not only deprived of an ornamental feature belonging to the genus from the absence of berries1 but it proves that it is only a variety of some species4 ,it may be grown in any kind of sandy soil1 and nothing special whatever is needed4 ,an open sunny situation will favour its form and colour of foliage2 under trees ,i have found it to produce larger leaves of plainer shape and more even colour4 ,during the winter it becomes a conspicuous object on rockwork1 where it seems most at home4 ,it may be propagated by cuttings1 and spring is a suitable season to lay them in2 in well dug light soil they soon make plenty of roots4 ,helianthus ,multiflorus4 ,,many-,,flowered ,,sunflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this fashionable flower is glaringly showy4 ,still1 it is not wanting in beauty2 moreover1 it belongs to an old-fashioned class1 and is itself a species which has been grown for nearly #cjj years in ,english gardens4 ,it was brought from ,north ,america in the year #aeig1 and during the whole of its history in this country1 it can hardly ever have been more esteemed than it is to-day2 it is very hardy1 and in every way a reliable subject4 ,everybody knows the ,sunflower1 therefore no one will care to read a description of it2 still1 one or two remarks may1 perhaps1 be usefully made in the comparative sense1 as this is a numerous genus4 ,many of the ,sunflowers are annuals1 to which this and others of a perennial character are much superior1 not only in being less trouble and not liable to be out of season from mismanagement in sowing and planting1 as with the annual sorts1 but from the fact that their flowers are of better substance and far more durable2 they are also less in size and more in number--two points of great gain as regards their usefulness as cut bloom4 ,they are1 besides1 better coloured1 and the flowering season more prolonged4 ,well-established specimens1 two or three years old1 will1 in average weather1 last in good form for fully six weeks4 ,the colour 7yellow7 is common to the ,sunflowers4 ,this species has flowers which vary much in size1 from #b;in4 to #f;in4 across1 and they are produced on stems #c;ft4 to #f;ft4 high1 well furnished with large heart-shaped leaves of a herb-like character1 distinctly nerved1 toothed1 and rough4 ,flowering period1 ,august and ,september4 ,h4 m4 fl4-pl4 is1 of course1 the double form of the above1 the disk being represented by a mass of florets considerably shorter than those of the ray proper4 ,the flowers are not produced in such large numbers as with the typical form1 neither does the plant grow so tall1 but the foliage is a little larger2 these constitute all the points of difference which ,i have noticed4 ,these forms of ,sunflower are very effective--nowhere1 perhaps1 so much as amongst shrubs4 ,the plants lift well1 carrying a good ball that facilitates their being placed in pots even when in bloom1 when1 as ,i have lately seen1 they may be used in a most telling manner with potted shrubs in large halls1 corridors1 and public buildings4 ,in such places they get no sun to make them droop1 and a good watering keeps them as fresh as if they had not been disturbed4 ,of the usefulness of this flower in a cut state nothing whatever need be said--who has not tried it8 ,doubtless1 when it becomes unfashionable it will have fewer patrons1 but it will be the same flower1 richly beautiful--aesthetic4 ,no special culture is needed1 any kind of garden soil will suit it2 if well enriched1 all the better4 ,any situation will do but one too densely shaded4 ,propagated by splitting the roots after the plants have done flowering1 or in spring4 ,flowering period1 ,august and ,september4 ,helianthus ,orygalis4 ,,graceful ,,sunflower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,yet another ,sunflower1 and one1 too1 of the common yellow colour1 and not otherwise attractive1 as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #dg7--of course1 ,i am now referring to the flower only4 ,there are1 however1 features about this species which all must admire2 stems #g;ft4 high1 furnished with bright foliage1 in the manner indicated1 are not mean objects1 even if topped with but a common yellow composite4 ,this is a native of ,north ,america1 and of recent introduction2 it is a distinct species1 and for foliage a prince among its fellows4 ,i know not another to nearly approach it1 ,h4 angustifolius being perhaps the nearest1 but that species has never with me proved of more than a biennial character1 and its leaves1 though long and narrow1 are irregular and herby4 ,the flowers need not be further described beyond saying that they are borne on short side shoots1 near the top of the main stems1 but they harmonise with the general arrangement of foliage1 and1 indeed1 from their bract-like leafiness1 somewhat enrich it4 ,this is one of the latest-blooming ,sunflowers4 ,the leaves are #e;in4 to #h;in4 long1 and #a_/b;in4 to #a;in4 wide1 the lower half on the stems droop1 though they are of good substance2 the upper half bend gracefully1 and1 from their close arrangement1 all but hide the stem4 ,at the axils of the larger leaves1 tufts of smaller 7much smaller7 leaves appear1 causing the long stems to be top-heavy4 ,still1 they wave and bend during the strongest winds without supports or damage4 ,it will be seen that the usefulness of this plant consists in its distinct form and tallness1 and that it is effective is without doubt4 ,among low shrubs1 or with other tall things1 will prove suitable quarters for it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,helianthus ,,orygalis4 7,one-eighth natural size2 flower1 one-fourth natural size47 ,any kind of soil will do1 shelter from the wind being the most important1 and perhaps the only point to study when planting4 ,it is propagated by root divisions when the tops have withered4 ,flowering period1 ,september and ,october4 ,helleborus ,abchasicus4 ,,abchasian ,,hellebore2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this is a native of the ,caucasus1 and in this climate1 where it has been cultivated about fifteen years1 it retains its foliage through the winter in a green state4 ,it is a free grower1 and flowers well1 having a somewhat slender habit4 ,it is sometimes described as having green flowers1 but more often as having purple ones4 ,it may be useful to remember that there are varieties1 and it is likely that1 even in the so-called green flowers1 traces of purple will be seen4 ,not only is it a fact that this species1 like ,h4 purpurascens and ,h4 niger1 is far from fixed as regards depth of colour1 but it is said to be one of the parent forms of some of the fine hybrids4 ,these considerations may help to reconcile the apparently conflicting descriptions as regards bloom colour4 ,the flower stems are #ab;in4 to #ah;in4 high1 distantly forked twice1 and of a purplish colour4 ,the flowers are produced in threes and fours on each of the branchlets1 are inclined to purple1 over #b;in4 across1 and nodding2 sepals oval1 waved1 and set well apart at the outer ends2 petals scale-like1 green1 and numerous2 anthers a beautiful delicate yellow2 leaves of the flower stems few1 small1 and of irregular form1 notched1 finely serrate1 and of a purplish-green shade2 in their young state more especially does the purple prevail on the under surface--they are1 in fact1 nearly the colour of the flowers4 ,the radical leaves are many1 nearly a foot in diameter1 of a dark green colour1 and leathery substance2 the leaflets are rather distant from each other1 forming a noble pedate leaf2 they are somewhat one-sided1 slightly waved1 sharply and regularly toothed nearly all their length4 ,from this description it will be inferred that this is one of the most distinct species1 and such is truly the case4 ,moreover1 it has a bold and rich effect4 ,the older radical foliage1 with its long stalks1 is for the most part spread on the ground1 when the new erect flower stems1 furnished with small leaves and nodding buds and blossoms1 all of a shining purplish colour1 form a peculiar but pleasing contrast1 not nearly so marked in any other species with which ,i am acquainted4 ,there is a variety called ,h4 ,a4 purpureus1 in allusion to the colour of the flowers being a little more purple4 ,this ,abchasian species and its varieties are not widely distributed2 they are to be obtained1 and need no longer be found only in rare collections4 ,it is desirable in every way for the garden1 where it forms a most ornamental object during winter4 ,its flowers last for four or five weeks1 and in a cut state they form rich companion bloom to the white ,christmas ,rose4 ,a good fat loam suits them2 the position should be rather shady and moist1 but by all means well drained4 ,a top dressing of good rotten manure1 after all have done blooming1 about the end of ,march1 is a great help to them4 ,all the ,hellebores may be easily increased by root divisions1 but the stock should be strong and healthy4 ,roots affected with the least rot or canker should be discarded1 as from their slowness of growth they will not be worth garden space4 ,seed may also be raised1 but unless sown as soon as it is ripe germination is less certain1 and always slower in proportion to the length of time it has been kept dry4 ,i may add that1 in ,february 7#ahhc71 ,i noticed a pot1 sown with ,hellebore seed in ,february of #ahhj2 a few were just pushing through the mould4 ,the seed was sold to me as the produce of #ahgi4 ,since #ahhj ,i have sown seed ripened on plants that were bloomed for indoor decoration1 it being ready about ,february4 ,from this ,i had nice little plants in less than twelve months4 ,but by seed the process of propagation is slow1 and not advisable unless the object is to obtain new varieties--a very easy matter1 by the way1 with this family1 if the simple rules of cross-hybridising are applied4 ,all the ,christmas ,roses should be so planted that they may be conveniently shaded during their blooming time4 ,they mostly flower during the dullest part of the year1 and the blossom1 more especially the white kinds and those with metallic hues1 unless protected1 become damaged with mud splashes4 ,hand-lights or bell-glasses should be freely used4 ,flowering period1 ,january to ,march4 ,helleborus ,antiquorum4 ,,ancient ,,hellebore2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,in what sense this specific name is applied1 or which meaning of the word is supposed to be exemplified in this plant1 ,i have no means of being certain4 ,it is very probable that the name is in reference to its old-fashioned1 but beautiful1 flowers2 that they are worthy1 dearer1 more acceptable1 and of more esteem and account1 is likely to be the verdict of every amateur who grows this kind successfully1 for a more lovely flower could hardly be desired--large1 white1 softly toned with pink and grey4 ,sepals very large1 incurved1 overlapping each other1 having the appearance of being semi-double1 and being of good substance4 ,the petals are small1 short1 of a lively green1 and numerous4 ,it is a bold and effective flower1 but to see it in its full beauty it should be gathered spotlessly clean1 as grey and pink tints are ugly when soiled4 ,the leaves accompanying the flowers are of the previous season's growth1 and are produced on slender round stalks1 #a;ft4 to #aa_/b;ft4 long1 and much thickened at their junction with the leaves4 ,the latter are nearly a foot across1 pedate1 or palm-shaped2 the segments or leaflets are sub-divided and of irregular form1 but mostly ovate1 lance-shaped1 finely and sharply toothed1 and of a dull green colour4 ,in a rich and free loam this kind proves a good grower1 and when1 in ,january1 it is putting up its flower stalks1 the buds being well developed and coloured from the time they appear above the earth1 furnished with floral leaf1 in which respect it differs from the common ,christmas ,rose1 it causes a pleased surprise that such a pure and delicate looking blossom can develop and mature in the depth of winter4 ,as a cut flower by many it would be preferred to the better-known ,h4 niger1 not only for its antique tints1 but for the fine cup form1 which is constant1 and the overlapping1 incurved edges of the sepals4 ,altogether1 its form is distinct1 and when used in small glasses as single specimens1 or1 at most1 accompanied only by a fern frond or a few blades of grass1 it is a charming object4 ,cultivation1 as for ,h4 ,abchasicus4 ,flowering period1 ,january to ,april4 ,helleborus ,bocconi4 ,,boccon',s ,,hellebore2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this1 by many1 is believed to be a species1 but as such is unauthenticated4 ,it is classed as a variety of ,h4 purpurascens1 compared with which1 however1 there are some well-marked distinctions4 ,it is sometimes called ,h4 multifidus1 a name that suits it well1 as being descriptive of its irregularly slashed foliage4 ,it has but recently been brought under cultivation1 and was found a native of the ,apennines of ,etruria4 ,it proves perfectly hardy in this climate1 and flowers in mid-winter unless the season is very severe4 ,as will be inferred from its near relationship to ,h4 purpurascens1 like that species it has non-persistent foliage1 and the flower stems with their floral leaves appear before the leaves of the root4 ,as a species or variety1 whichever it may be1 its more marked features are to be seen in the form or cut of the leaves4 ,as a garden flower it is not showy1 yet it stands out well in a group2 the nodding cup-shaped bloom is a bright green colour1 and1 for a time1 the outer sides of the sepals only are seen2 but when the flowers are more fully expanded1 the numerous and somewhat long stamens 7which are a creamy-white7 seem to nearly fill the cup2 to my mind1 its greatest charm is in the fragrant odour which it yields1 resembling that of elder flowers4 ,a single blossom1 if plucked dry and when in its prime1 scents a small room2 at such a stage1 the anthers are loaded with pollen1 and the tubular petals are richly charged with nectar4 ,true1 these last-named qualities are common to the genus1 but when they are coupled with that of a sweet perfume1 and produced by an open-air plant in winter1 such a plant1 be its blossoms green or red1 is too valuable to be neglected4 ,the flowers are borne on stems #f;in4 to #ab;in4 high1 which are twice and thrice branched or forked1 having six to twelve blossoms on a stem4 ,the flowers are bright green1 nearly #b;in4 across1 cup-shaped1 and drooping4 ,the sepals are somewhat oval1 concave1 and overlapping2 petals very short1 pale green1 and evenly arranged2 stamens creamy-white2 styles green4 ,the flowers are supported by floral leaves1 which are much divided1 in the way of those of ,h4 purpurascens1 but the segments are more irregular in shape4 ,the radical leaves have long stems1 and are palmate2 divisions lobed4 ,it dies down entirely during the autumn4 ,being a vigorous grower and free bloomer1 and the flowers very durable withal1 it should be largely grown for the sake of its sweet-scented blossoms for cutting purposes4 ,there is an allied variety cultivated under the name of ,h4 ,b4 angustifolia 7narrow-leaved74 ,assuming that ,h4 ,bocconi is a species1 this is a variety but slightly removed from the typical form1 inasmuch as the latter is not only much cut in the floral and radical leaves1 but the shape is uncertain4 ,this form1 then1 which1 at least by its name1 claims a specific feature in the cut of leaf1 may be somewhat difficult to identify1 more especially as there are no other dissimilarities of note4 ,seen1 however1 as a well-grown specimen1 the feature of narrow foliage is not only manifest1 but the plant is very effective4 ,cultivation and flowering period1 the same as with ,h4 ,abchasicus4 ,helleborus ,colchicus4 ,,colchican ,,hellebore2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,a new species from ,asia ,minor4 ,this is a strong grower and blooms well4 ,the flowers vary in size and shade1 but it may be said to be distinct in form and pronounced in colour1 the latter being an uncommon feature with the ,hellebores2 either growing or cut it is indispensable to a group4 ,moreover1 it is one of the best flowers of the genus1 and would stand high even in a selection of the best six2 it is one that should have a place in every collection4 ,it flowers amongst the previous season's foliage on branched stems2 the sepals are somewhat round and flat1 which gives the flower a stiff appearance4 ,still1 from their unusual deep purple colour and the yellow stamens1 together with the manner in which the sepals overlap each other1 the flower is a most effective one2 the petals are a bright green1 and blend harmoniously with the yellow and purple parts4 ,the leaves are very large1 pedate1 dentate1 and distinctly veined4 ,in a young state the foliage is richly coloured or tinted with bloom4 ,it enjoys a rich sandy loam and summer shade4 ,cultivation1 the same as for ,h4 ,abchasicus4 ,flowering period1 ,january to ,march4 ,helleborus ,cupreus4 ,,coppery ,,hellebore2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,notwithstanding its peculiar colour1 as implied by the name1 this is a pleasing border flower2 moreover1 the somewhat large flowers are also numerous2 blossoms #c;in4 across1 arranged in clusters of four and six1 and handsomely furnished with new foliage1 are no mean things in the depth of winter4 ,the specific name of this ,hellebore1 though applicable1 is not so definite as some1 inasmuch as the colour to which it refers is that of several other species and varieties2 there may be rather more of the metallic hue in our subject1 but it is so slight as to be outside the pale of notice to the florist4 ,the ,coppery ,hellebore is a native of mid-,europe1 and is one of recent introduction into this country1 where it proves hardy but annually dies down4 ,it grows and flowers freely in ,january1 the flower stalks appearing before the radical foliage1 and attaining a height of nearly a foot4 ,the flower stems are a palish green1 with purplish markings1 are twice branched and furnished with floral leaves2 the latter have ample stipules and seven longish divisions1 which are well spread out1 distinctly veined underneath1 and coarsely toothed4 ,the flowers are #b;in4 to #c;in4 across1 sepals pointed1 overlapping for about half their length1 and well expanded2 their outsides are of a purplish colour1 which extends along the stalk2 the inner surface of the sepals is a yellowish green1 the whole being suffused with a metallic hue or bloom2 the stamens and anthers are a creamy white1 the petals short and apple-green4 ,the flowers droop gracefully1 and are rendered all the more pleasing by the floral leaves which immediately support them4 ,the leaves of the root are large and pedate1 the divisions wide apart and unevenly toothed2 the under sides are distinctly veined with purplish-brown when in a young state4 ,the habit is robust1 and the bloom is produced well above the radical foliage4 ,there is a peculiar beauty about a strong flowering specimen which would hardly be expected from the above description1 and it is even more difficult for me to do it justice4 ,in a cut state a whole stem1 with its flowers in different stages of development1 is fine4 ,the youngest rosy-purple buds1 about the size of a cob nut2 the more opened bell-shaped forms1 just showing both the inner and outer colours of the sepals2 these surmounted by the longer-stalked1 fully expanded1 but drooping flower1 with its tassel-like bunch of stamens1 and all finely interspersed with young leaves of two distinct colours1 according to the side which meets the eye--all go to make it a charming decoration for indoors1 and if cut clean it deserves a place for the whole week or more during which it remains in good form4 ,cultivation1 as for ,h4 ,abchasicus4 ,flowering period1 ,january to ,march4 ,helleborus ,dumetorum4 ,,bushy ,,hellebore2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,one of the less showy species4 ,it comes from ,hungary1 and has been grown in this country about seventy years4 ,it entirely renews its foliage yearly1 the flower stems appearing before the radical leaves4 ,the flowers are small1 green1 and drooping2 the sepals are roundish4 ,the flower stems are twice branched1 full-flowered1 and furnished with the cut floral leaf1 which is nearly stalkless and palmate4 ,the root leaves are very smooth and pedate4 ,the bright green flowers mix well with others1 but where ,hellebores are grown in limited varieties this may be omitted without loss as regards floral beauty4 ,cultivation1 as for ,h4 ,abchasicus4 ,flowering period1 ,february and ,march4 ,helleborus ,foetidus4 ,,stinking ,,hellebore2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this is a native species1 distinct1 ornamental1 and evergreen4 ,its name may1 with some1 prevent its being planted in the pleasure garden1 but its foetid odour is not perceptible unless sought for4 ,it is mostly found wild in this country in chalky districts1 and it occurs largely in the southern parts of ,europe4 ,though poisonous1 it is a valuable herb4 ,its value as a garden subject consists in its dark evergreen foliage1 good habit1 and handsome panicles of bloom4 ,the latter is produced under cultivation in mid-winter4 ,it never fails to flower then if the position is a sheltered one4 ,in its wild state the flowers appear in ,march4 ,it belongs to that section of the ,hellebores which have leafy stems and many flowers2 its grows #b;ft4 high1 and never seems to rest1 but goes on making new leaves throughout winter4 ,the flowers are produced in clusters larger than a man's hand1 and are of a green colour1 the sepals edged with brown1 which turns to a purplish tint2 they are nearly an inch across1 well cupped1 and mostly hang bell-fashion2 the leaves are much smaller than those of most ,hellebores1 pedate1 smooth1 of stout substance and dark green colour2 the divisions of the leaves are narrow and numerous4 ,the foliage is persistent1 and keeps green until after the new has appeared2 it bends downwards in a pleasing manner1 and the leafy stems have a palm-like appearance4 ,these1 when topped with panicles of flowers1 though they be green ones1 are worthy objects for any garden4 ,it is a suitable plant for mixing with deciduous shrubs2 bold specimens of it enliven such borders by their shining greenery1 and they are of greatest service when most needed1 for in such sheltered quarters they are pretty sure to flower during winter2 and the summer shade1 if not too dense1 will prove more beneficial to them than otherwise4 ,cultivation1 ordinary garden soil4 ,flowering period1 ,december to ,april4 ,helleborus ,guttatus4 ,,spotted ,,hellebore2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this is one of the newer species or varieties2 its main distinction is well implied by the specific name4 ,the flowers are fully #b;in4 across1 and white2 the sepals are spotted with purple2 the petals are more constant than in some species1 and of a rich green colour2 flowers are produced on stems having the floral leaf2 the buds are a greenish white1 but very beautiful4 ,the foliage is smaller than that of most kinds2 the leaves are radical1 rather short-stalked1 pedate1 and divisions narrow2 they are of a leathery substance and a dark green colour4 ,this is a free bloomer1 a fact which1 together with those of its winter-blooming habit and distinct flowers1 renders it a valuable acquisition to the open garden4 ,either cut or growing1 it is very lasting4 ,cultivation1 as for ,h4 ,abchasicus4 ,flowering period1 ,january to ,march4 ,helleborus ,niger4 ,,black ,,hellebore1 or ,,christmas ,,rose2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,a hardy1 herbaceous perennial4 ,it came from ,austria in #aeig4 ,in favoured situations it proves evergreen2 there is nothing black to be seen about a growing plant1 and it has often puzzled its admirers as to the cause of its specific name1 which is in reference to the black roots of a year or more old4 ,it would appear1 moreover1 that this is not the true ,black ,hellebore of the ancients 7see remarks under ,h4 ,orientalis74 ,this old-fashioned flower is becoming more and more valued4 ,that it is a flower of the first quality is not saying much1 compared with what might be said for it2 and1 perhaps1 no plant under cultivation is capable of more improvement by proper treatment 7see ,fig4 #dh74 ,soil1 position1 and tillage may all be made to bear with marked effect on this plant1 as regards size and colour of flowers and season of bloom4 ,we took its most used common name--,christmas ,rose--from the ,dutch1 who called it ,christmas ,herb1 or ,christ's ,herb1 because it flowereth about the birth of our ,lord ,iesus ,christ1 and we can easily imagine that its beautiful form would suggest the other part of its compound name1 rose4 ,in sheltered parts1 where the soil is deep and rich1 specimens will grow a foot high and begin to bloom in ,december1 continuing until ,march4 ,the individual flowers last a long time in perfection1 either on the plant or in a cut state2 they vary somewhat in their colour1 some being more brown on the outer side of the sepals1 and others much suffused with pink2 but under glass1 whether in the shape of a bell glass in the open garden1 or a greenhouse1 they mature to a pure white2 their form is somewhat like that of a single rose1 but may be more properly compared to a flower of its own order--the single paeonia4 ,it is composed of five sepals1 and is #b;in4 to #c;in4 across1 being white or rose-coloured2 these sepals form a corolla-like calyx2 the petals are very short and tubular1 nestling down amongst the tassel-like bunch of stamens2 the flowers are produced on stout leafless scapes1 having one or two bracteae2 for the most part the flowers are in ones or pairs1 but sometimes there may be seen three1 and even four1 on a scape4 ,the leaves are radical1 having stout1 round stalks2 they are large and pedate in shape1 stout1 and of leathery substance4 ,the habit of the plant is neat1 growing into rounded tufts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,helleborus ,,niger4 7,one-quarter natural size47 ,in suitable quarters it proves a quick grower1 whilst in ungenial situations it will hardly increase1 though it is seldom killed4 ,as it happens that its flowers are produced at a most unfavourable time for keeping them clean1 they should be covered with some kind of glass shelters1 or1 where the soil is retentive1 the roots may be lifted with large balls of earth to them1 and be placed in a cool greenhouse well up to the light4 ,it would1 however1 be a mistake to adopt this plan where the soil is loose1 and during the lifting operation will fall from the roots2 and it is also a mistake to expect flowers from newly-planted roots4 ,where its fine bloom is required at ,christmas1 good roots should have been planted fully a year previously4 ,doubtless many an amateur will herein recognise his failing point when expecting ,christmas ,roses from roots planted only a month before1 and sometimes less4 ,true1 the buds are there1 and fine ones1 too1 perhaps1 but the plants1 unless transferred with a good ball1 suffer a check which it will take at least a year to outgrow4 ,it is a good plan to grow this flower in good-sized pots1 which should be plunged in a shady part of the garden all the year1 with the exception of the blooming period2 but even with pots well grown and showing plenty of buds1 the mistake is often made of suddenly placing them in heat1 immediately over hot pipes or flues1 the heat from which shrivels the buds and foliage too4 ,though the ,hellebores are amongst our best flowers for forcing1 it should be done gently in an atmosphere constantly kept humid4 ,as a cut bloom1 the ,christmas ,rose vies with the eucharis and pancratium4 ,for vase work1 or used about the person1 it is a flower that wins the greatest admiration1 and it is no unusual thing for cut flowers to last indoors quite a fortnight4 ,h4 n4 angustifolius 7narrow-leaved ,hellebore7 has smaller flowers than the type4 ,the divisions of the leaves or leaflets are narrower1 whence its name4 ,the foliage is of a pale or apple green1 whereas that of the type is very dark4 ,it was introduced in the same year as its reputed parent4 ,as a foliage plant it is very handsome1 the leaves bending gracefully1 and the whole specimen having a neat appearance4 ,h4 n4 maximus is the largest ,christmas ,rose1 and is a truly grand variety2 the flowers are #d;in4 and #e;in4 across4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #di7 is one-fourth natural size4 ,the scapes are very stout1 and produce several flowers1 which are held well above the foliage2 like those of the type1 they1 too1 are tinted with a pink colour1 which passes away when the flowers are a week or so old4 ,the foliage is remarkably bold1 having thick1 round1 and beautifully marked stalks4 ,well-established specimens have a shrub-like effect1 being nearly #b;ft4 high1 and richly furnished to the ground4 ,the half-blown buds of this variety are exquisitely beautiful1 and vary somewhat in form according to their age2 some resemble a nearly blown tulip1 and others a rosebud4 ,as buttonholes1 backed with a frond of maidenhair1 they are charming4 ,a whole scape1 having one fully-blown flower and several buds1 is the most perfect and beautiful decoration imaginable for a lady's hair4 ,this variety is at its best in the month of ,december1 being a little earlier than the typical form4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,helleborus ,,niger ,,maximus4 7,one-quarter natural size47 ,all these kinds should be grown in moist and rather shady quarters2 under trees not too densely foliaged will suit them2 the soil should be a deep rich loam4 ,i may mention that all my ,hellebores are grown under nurses1 i4e41 suitable small trees4 ,i use walnut4 ,about eighteen species and varieties are planted under six small trees1 #d;ft4 high4 ,the reasons why ,i use walnut are1 that they leaf late in spring and lose their leaves early in autumn1 so affording the greater amount of light during the flowering time of the ,hellebores1 and screening them in summer from the sun with their ample but not over thick foliage2 a cut under the trees once a year with a sharp spade keeps them dwarf and prevents their making too many strong roots4 ,without saying that ,hellebores should be grown in this way1 it will serve to show how they may be conveniently shaded4 ,nothing could well look more happy under such treatment1 and1 once properly planted1 they give no further trouble than a mulching of rotten manure in spring1 when all the kinds have finished flowering4 ,christmas ,roses are easily raised from seed1 provided it is sown as soon as ripe1 but plants so raised are two or three years before they flower4 ,the quicker method of increase is by division of the roots4 ,this can only be done successfully when the old stock is in robust health4 ,pieces of roots taken from old and unhealthy specimens will remain in the ground for twelve months as immovable as stones1 whereas the least bits of clean young growths will form nice blooming plants the first year4 ,flowering period1 ,december to ,march4 ,helleborus ,odorus4 ,,sweet-,,scented ,,hellebore2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,like all the ,hellebores1 excepting the white-flowered ,h4 niger and its varieties1 this has1 until very recently1 been much neglected1 notwithstanding that its name implies the rare and desirable quality of a sweet odour2 moreover1 it is of easy culture1 very hardy1 and a free bloomer4 ,it is a native of ,hungary1 and was introduced to ,english gardens in #ahag4 ,it is like ,h4 purpurascens1 only its flowers are green2 it even more strongly resembles our native ,h4 viridis4 ,all its foliage is renewed annually4 ,it belongs to the section having stems few-flowered1 forked1 and bearing floral leaves4 ,it grows #i;in4 to #ab;in4 high4 ,the flowers are green1 small1 nodding1 and scented4 ,the sepals are nearly round1 and overlap each other4 ,the flowers are produced at long intervals on the twice-branched1 stout1 pale green stems2 they are supported by prettily-cut leaves1 having lance-shaped segments1 finely serrated1 also having large stipules4 ,the radical leaves are palmate1 covered with a fine down on the under surface4 ,the segments are oblong1 undivided1 and at the base quite entire1 but finely toothed near the top4 ,the bloom lasts a long time1 either cut or in the growing state4 ,there is nothing very distinct to the eye about this species1 but it is to be commended for the sweetness of its flowers4 ,like other ,hellebores1 it should be grown in a shady place1 where there is a good depth of rich sandy loam4 ,propagated by division of healthy stock at almost any period4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,march4 ,helleborus ,olympicus4 ,,olympian ,,hellebore2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this comes from a ,grecian habitat1 as the specific name denotes2 still it is perfectly hardy in this climate1 and it deserves a place in every garden4 ,it is not so old in ,english gardens as some kinds1 and may not be much known2 at any rate1 it is seldom met with2 but1 from the fact of its coming into bloom in the first month of the year1 and having finely-formed purple flowers1 it is a desirable companion to the white ,christmas ,rose2 it is variously stated to have white and purple flowers1 both statements being authorised2 they are produced in spare clusters on stems a foot high2 the buds are charming objects1 of a ruddy-brown colour1 and the size of a big filbert2 they are rather close together1 and supported by a cut floral leaf4 ,the leaves are well divided and almost palm-shaped1 the leaflets being ovate and toothed4 ,it is a free grower1 and never fails to bloom well too4 ,cultivation and flowering period1 the same as with ,h4 niger4 ,helleborus ,orientalis4 ,,eastern ,,hellebore2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,sometimes also called the ,lenten ,rose1 as it may often be seen in flower during ,lent1 though it is no uncommon thing for it to bloom in ,january in favoured situations and mild winters4 ,this is a very old species which has long been known to botanists1 but it has only recently been introduced into this country4 ,it is a native of the ,levant1 is plentiful on mountains and near ,thessalonica and ,constantinople4 ,it has gone under the name of ,h4 officinalis1 and as such was1 as it still is1 the shop ,hellebore of the ,east4 ,as a garden flower it is to be recommended as one of the best of the genus2 the colour is often a fine rose variously tinted1 and the blooms are of good size4 ,it is1 however1 a species respecting which there is still considerable misconception4 ,one authority says the leaves die off and again appear with the flowers2 another classes it with the group leaves not annually dying2 then one says1 the greenish-white blossoms are tinted at the margin with purple2 another1 that the flowers are rose-coloured2 whilst botanical descriptions1 usually so taunting to the florist as regards blossom-colour1 are no exceptions in this case4 ,sepals oval1 coloured1 does not point out very clearly the information desired4 ,many of the species of ,hellebore are known to produce flowers varying more or less in colour2 and we also know that an individual blossom1 during the long period in which the sepals keep good1 often changes its tints and colours1 but we are scarcely prepared to hear that a species has greenish-white flowers1 whilst we have always seen a rosy or rosy-purple one produced4 ,still1 the information from another source1 that ,h4 orientalis is a species intermediate between ,h4 niger and ,h4 viridis1 would seem to favour the greenish-white as the typical colour2 be that as it may1 it is most likely that the more desirable rosy-flowered variety will prevail in flower gardens1 that being the general recognised colour of the type1 and moreover1 one which renders it pleasingly distinct in the whole genus4 ,there are hybrid kinds which have been raised from this species crossed with ,h4 viridis and1 perhaps1 others1 and some of them have greenish-white flowers2 but they should not be confounded with the species under notice4 ,these varieties have received such names as ,h4 orientalis elegans1 ,h4 o4 viridescens1 and ,h4 o4 punctatus4 ,if hybrids are to be honoured with specific names1 it will require much care to avoid confusion1 and it is just possible that some such causes have led to the various descriptions above referred to4 ,the type under notice is fairly distinct1 and the amateur having a slight acquaintance with the ,hellebore family will have little difficulty in making it out4 ,the flowers are produced on forked stems1 and are accompanied by finely-cut floral leaves1 nearly sessile and palmate2 the radical leaves are large1 pedate1 downy underneath1 having long stalks1 and remaining green throughout winter4 ,the habit is to push the stout flower stems well up above the foliage1 sometimes as high as #ah;in42 the flowers are very durable1 at least the major parts--as the sepals--are1 the stamens and petals falling somewhat sooner than those of most species2 if different positions are given to a few specimens1 flowers may be had from ,christmas to ,lent1 according to amount of shelter or exposure therein obtained for the plants4 ,there are facts connected with this plant1 as other than a garden subject1 which can hardly fail to be generally interesting4 ,this is the ,black ,hellebore of the ancients1 so that1 though ,h4 niger bears the name and is known to be largely possessed of properties similar to those of the oriental species1 it is proved to be wrongly applied4 ,so much was claimed by ancient doctors for the ,black ,hellebore as a medicine in mania1 epilepsy1 dropsy1 and other ills to which mortals are heirs1 that naturally the true plant was sought with much zeal4 ,dr4 ,woodville laments the want of proper descriptions of plants and the consequences1 and in his ,botany1 p4 #ea1 points out some ridiculous errors made in reference to the ,black ,hellebore previous to #agij2 he gives the names of many plants which had been mistaken for it and actually employed1 and he assumes that at the time of his writing all such errors had not only been discovered1 but corrected1 by what he then described as1 and we now call by the name of1 ,h4 niger1 being the true ,black ,hellebore2 and after all1 the potent herb of the ancients has been identified in a plant 7a near relation1 it is true7 other than the white ,christmas ,rose--it may be some time before we come to think of our present subject as the true ,black ,hellebore1 especially when an otherwise popular species bears the name4 ,cultivation1 as for ,h4 niger4 ,flowering period1 ,december to ,april4 ,helleborus ,purpurascens4 ,,purplish ,,hellebore2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,a native of ,podolia and ,hungary1 introduced sixty to seventy years ago4 ,it belongs to the section whose flowers appear before the root leaves1 having branched flower stalks and the cut floral leaf4 ,it is a dwarf kind1 and varies very much2 ,i have now an established specimen in bloom at the height of #c;in41 and others at #h;in4 or #i;in4 ,it also differs in the depth of bloom-colour2 some of its flowers may be described as purplish-green and others as greenish-purple1 slaty and dove-coloured2 others have a tinge of red more visible4 ,the flowers are few1 on twice-forked stems1 are #b;in4 or more across1 and commonly1 as the name implies1 of a purplish colour2 the inner surface of the sepals is a slaty shade1 the purple prevailing on the outer surface2 the form of the flower is nearly round and slightly cupped1 from the nearly round or kidney shaped sepals1 which neatly overlap each other1 and are also incurved at the edges2 the petals are very short and green2 the stamens and anthers of a creamy white2 the floral leaf is nearly stalkless2 segments unevenly toothed4 ,the radical leaves are pubescent on the under surface1 palmate1 with the segments cuneated at the base1 and from three to five lobed at the apex4 ,the habit is robust and free blooming2 the flowers slightly droop1 and1 though the colours are not showy1 they are attractive from the way in which they are borne on the straight stems and the absence of the larger leaves4 ,it is a desirable species for the garden2 a few specimens grown amongst a mass of the winter aconite are enough to make one forget that it is winter4 ,cultivation1 as for ,h4 niger4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,april4 ,hepatica ,angulosa4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this is a very distinct species4 ,it comes from ,north ,america1 and is twice the size of ,h4 triloba in all its parts2 the leaves are more cut1 and very woolly2 the flowers are bright mauve1 and #aa_/b;in4 across4 ,all the ,hepaticas are slow growers1 but ,h4 angulosa is the more vigorous4 ,some say they should be grown in peat1 but ,i never saw them so fine in peat as in strong loam1 well drained and manured2 they are the better with slight shade4 ,i do not object to peat1 as possibly it may be more suitable than the natural soil of some gardens4 ,still1 if ,i had to make up a compost for ,hepaticas1 ,i should freely use strong loam on a well-drained site4 ,with me they have been in flower nearly three months1 commencing in ,february4 ,it seems desirable to increase these fine spring flowers1 but they are most impatient of being disturbed1 and1 after all1 the increase can exist in no finer form than in big clumps1 though when they are to be propagated the roots should be divided before the new leaves are produced1 which is during the blooming period4 ,a deeply-dug and well-manured plot should be prepared for them1 and their long roots should not be doubled up in the least2 they both need and deserve great care4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,april4 ,hepatica ,triloba4 ,syns4 ,,anemone ,,triloba and ,,anemone ,,hepatica2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,hepatica ,,triloba4 7,one-third natural size47 ,the well-known common ,hepatica1 of which there are so many beautiful varieties4 ,it is a hardy perennial1 one of the old-fashioned flowers of ,english gardens1 and is said by some to be a ,british species2 anyhow1 it was well known and admired in this country #cjj years ago4 ,well-established specimens form neat tufts of three-lobed leaves on long stems1 which are not evergreen in this climate1 though the ,hepaticas are known to be so in ,north ,america1 one of their most extensive habitats4 ,here1 under cultivation1 they produce much finer flowers1 and more of them4 ,the cut 7,fig4 #ej71 however1 shows the foliage in more perfect form than it is commonly seen to be in this climate during the period of bloom1 when the old is usually sered1 and the new scarcely visible4 ,the varieties of ,h4 triloba differ only in the colour and form of their flowers1 there being blue1 purple1 white1 and pink4 ,of the first and last named there are double varieties as well4 ,cultivation1 the same as for ,h4 angulosa4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,april4 ,h4 t4 splendens is a charming ,windflower1 and one which1 from its extra brilliancy1 is sure to become a favourite1 as1 indeed1 the whole genus ,anemone is4 ,it is a new variety of ,h4 triloba1 and is yet somewhat scarce1 differing from the more generally known kinds of the same species in only two points1 so that1 beyond the mention of them1 no other description is needful3 7#a7 ,its flowers are single red1 but so much deeper in colour1 brighter1 and of better substance1 as to be quite distinct1 and merit the name splendens4 7#b7 ,it flowers earlier than the commoner red kind4 ,this handsome seedling of the common ,hepatica is very suggestive of what can be done by raising seed from carefully-selected sorts1 and within the last few years something has been done in that direction1 so that in a little time we may expect to see other good varieties4 ,i may add that seedlings are three years before they bloom1 and even longer before a proper idea can be formed of their qualities4 ,cultivation1 the same as for ,h4 angulosa4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,march4 ,hesperis ,matronalis ,flore-pleno4 ,,double ,,sweet ,,rocket1 or ,,dames' ,,violet2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,cruciferae4 ,there are several double forms of this very popular old flower1 such as purple1 ruby1 and pure white1 the last named being by far the greatest favourite4 ,a few years ago it was said to be very scarce1 and in some parts of the country it certainly was so1 but when the present taste for the good old flowers became general1 it was not only found1 but quickly propagated1 so that now the double white ,sweet ,rocket may be had everywhere1 and certainly no more beautiful flower can occupy the garden borders1 its perfume being strong and deliciously fragrant4 ,the parent plant of these double kinds is widely distributed over ,europe2 all are perfectly hardy4 ,they vary in height from #ab;in4 to #ah;in41 branching candelabra-like1 the flowers being produced in terminal spikes1 arranged in the way of1 and very much resembling1 the double stocks--in fact1 the ,hesperis used to be called ,queene's ,gilloflower4 ,the leaves may be briefly described as oval1 lance-shaped1 toothed1 and veined2 dark green1 and often spotted or blotched4 ,gerarde's description1 too1 may be given1 as it is always pleasant to recognise the old plants of #cjj years ago3 ,dames' ,violets hath great large leaues of a darke greene colour1 somewhat snipt about the edges2 among which spring up stalks of the height of two cubites1 set with such like leaves2 the flowers come foorth at the toppe of the branches--like those of the ,stock ,gilloflower1 of a verie sweete smell4 ,these desirable flowers have a long blooming period1 and their cultivation is simple2 there is1 however1 one special point to be observed1 otherwise these double kinds will die off4 ,it should be remembered that they produce no seed1 and propagation must be carried out by divisions of the roots and cuttings2 old plants1 too1 have a habit of forming their perennial crowns nearly out of the soil1 so that the roots going down from them are often bare and unestablished2 the older parts1 too1 are frequently attacked by ground vermin4 ,no doubt these causes would tend greatly to the former scarcity of the finer kinds1 but all the difficulties1 if they can be called such1 may be overcome by the very simple process of either putting in cuttings like wallflower slips during summer1 or1 as soon as the old plants are past their best bloom1 dividing and replanting the various parts deeper1 whereby all of them1 however small1 will make good plants the following season4 ,this mode of keeping up the stock will be found to make the plants vigorous and free blooming1 and also will prove a remedy for the complaint so often given expression to in such words as ,i lost all my double ,sweet ,rockets2 ,i cannot keep them above two years4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,heuchera4 ,,alum-,,root2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this is a small genus of hardy perennials suitable for the decoration of the ,english garden from their bold and finely-shaped leaves1 which are well marked with various pleasing tints1 also because of their perpetual verdure and neat habit4 ,it takes its name from ,j4 ,h4 de ,heucher1 a botanist4 ,the species1 as many of them as are known1 are from ,american habitats2 nearly all have been introduced within the last sixty years2 the well-known ,h4 ,americana1 however1 is an old plant in ,english gardens1 having been cultivated for #bbc years4 ,the order1 as given above1 together with the illustration figuring one of the species 7see ,fig4 #ea71 will give some idea of the usefulness of the genus1 especially when it is remembered that in the depth of winter the foliage is fresh1 and even in a growing state4 ,the flowers are of little value for ornamental purposes2 they are very small and numerous1 and are arranged in panicles or racemes1 on rather tall and mostly leafless stems1 round1 and somewhat wiry2 calyx1 petals1 and stamens have a mixed appearance1 the whole flower being of a dingy colour1 often resembling some of the panicled bloom of meadow grass1 when seen at a short distance2 the calyces1 however1 are persistent1 they crown the capsules2 these and the naked stems1 from their durable nature1 mar the beauty of the foliage for several weeks1 unless cut off4 ,the plants are more ornamental without the flowers1 as they impart a seedy appearance2 at no time does the foliage show to more advantage than in ,january1 when most herbaceous plants are dormant1 and when their handsome tufts are alike beautiful1 either bedewed with fogs1 crystallised with hoar-frost1 or glittering in the sunshine4 ,as a genus1 ,heuchera is sometimes placed after ,saxifraga and before that of ,tiarella2 the latter it much resembles1 as well as the genera ,mitella and ,tellima4 ,anyone knowing these will at once admit the usefulness of the plants under notice4 ,not only do they make good edgings or lines to borders1 but the leaves in a cut state are of great service for table decoration1 doing duty repeatedly around dishes1 c41 either with or without flowers2 after being so used1 if placed in water1 they may be kept a fortnight in good form4 ,i am told that the leaves are sold in ,covent ,garden ,market for similar purposes4 ,i have seen them used in the autumn with the large white anemone1 and in winter with the ,christmas rose1 one flower arranged and tied on the face of a single leaf4 ,these placed round dishes1 c41 have a pretty effect4 ,they grow freely in any kind of soil1 excepting stiff clay1 and are readily increased by division of the crowns4 ,this may be done any time1 but1 perhaps1 spring is the best4 ,the ,heucheras bloom from ,may to ,august4 ,heuchera ,americana4 ,,american ,,heuchera2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,the flowers of this species are a dull or reddish purple4 ,the foliage is rough and clammy2 the form of leaf resembles that of ,h4 glabra 7see ,fig4 #ea71 but the colour is a lighter green4 ,all the genus are of an astringent nature1 but this species is remarkably so1 and in its native country has earned for the family the name of ,alum-root4 ,for cultivation and flowering period see ,heuchera4 ,heuchera ,cylindrica4 ,,cylindrical-,,spiked ,,heuchera2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this is much in the way of ,h4 ,richardsoni1 with the distinction indicated by the name1 the flowers being arranged evenly round the spike like a cylinder4 ,for cultivation and flowering period see ,heuchera4 ,heuchera ,drummondi4 ,,drummond',s ,,heuchera2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,a tall kind1 with leaves of handsome shape 7heart-shaped and lobed7 and greener than most varieties4 ,cultivation and flowering period are described under ,heuchera4 ,heuchera ,glabra4 ,,smooth ,,heuchera2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,heuchera ,,glabra4 7,one-sixth natural size47 ,this was introduced in #ahbd from ,north ,america4 ,the foliage is bold and abundant2 the illustration 7,fig4 #ea7 not only gives a good idea of the form and habit of foliage1 but fairly represents the whole genus1 as seen during the late 7#ahhb7 season4 ,this species has dull pinkish flowers2 the scapes have a few leaves2 root leaves are #b;in4 to #e;in4 in diameter1 heart-shaped1 lobed1 toothed1 smooth1 and of a dark bronzy-green colour4 ,the leaf stalks are long and slender2 the habit very neat4 ,cultivation and flowering period are described under ,heuchera4 ,heuchera ,lucida4 ,,shining-,,leaved ,,heuchera2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,a very dwarf species1 not more than #c;in4 or #d;in4 high2 the foliage a clear bright green1 nearly kidney-shaped1 lobed1 and roundly toothed4 ,the fresh appearance of its prostrate leaves1 which are #b;in4 across1 forms a pleasing object in mid-winter4 ,cultivation and flowering period1 as given under ,heuchera4 ,heuchera ,metallica4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this was presented to me in #ahha by a lady1 who informed me that it was introduced by the late ,miss ,hope4 ,it is a beautiful plant2 the hues somewhat justify the name1 but to the touch the leaves are more like a soft fabric1 as cloth or velvet4 ,the flowers are of no value1 but the foliage is bloom of no mean order1 so much so1 that everyone stops to admire this handsome plant4 ,cultivation and flowering period1 as given under ,heuchera4 ,heuchera ,micrantha4 ,,small-,,flowered ,,heuchera2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,from ,columbia4 ,flowers a yellowish-green2 leaves nearly round1 bluntly lobed1 crenate or round toothed1 the teeth horned or pointed2 the colour is inclined to auburn during autumn1 but it varies1 and for a botanical description it would be hard to state a particular colour4 ,the gardener1 however1 will find in this a most useful plant1 where different forms and tints of foliage are desirable4 ,into the sub-tropical garden it may be introduced with good effect4 ,i may add that the leaf stalks are #i;in4 to #ab;in4 long1 also of a rich brown colour1 and the leaves are #c;in4 to #e;in4 across4 ,cultivation and flowering period1 as described under ,heuchera4 ,heuchera ,purpurea4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this seems to be a less known or newer variety4 ,if the name has reference to the colour of the foliage1 it is not inappropriate4 ,the bold leaves are a dark green1 shading to a bronze1 then a purple1 the whole having a soft downy effect4 ,it is a charming kind4 ,cultivation and flowering period1 the same as for the ,heuchera4 ,heuchera ,ribifolia4 ,,currant-,,leaved ,,heuchera2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this is another dwarf kind1 producing such leaves as the name denotes4 ,of this species the only useful feature for a garden seems to be its habit of neatly carpeting the ground under deciduous trees4 ,it has also a remarkably fresh appearance during winter4 ,cultivation and flowering period1 as for other ,heucheras4 ,heuchera ,richardsoni4 ,,richardson',s ,,heuchera2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,a taller variety than ,h4 ,drummondi4 ,the most striking distinctions are the pale green colour of the young leaves contrasting with the bronzed appearance of the older ones1 and the larger size of its flowers1 which1 however1 are green4 ,cultivation and flowering period1 as for other species4 ,houstonia ,coerulea4 ,,bluets2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,gentianaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,houstonia ,,coerulea4 7,natural size47 ,hardy and evergreen4 ,this pretty little shining plant never exceeds a height of #c;in4 ,like most species of this order1 both flowers and foliage have much substance and endure for a long time in perfection1 but its neat form and bright parts most commend it--it almost sparkles in both leaf and flower4 ,this species1 as implied by the specific name1 bears a blue flower1 but there is a variety 7,h4 c4 alba or ,h4 albiflora7 which bears white flowers1 from a specimen of which the illustration 7,fig4 #eb7 is drawn1 and1 as the colour of the flower is the only dissimilarity1 a description of the typical form will in all other respects apply to both4 ,the flowers1 which are produced singly on slender stems #b;in4 high1 are composed of a four-toothed calyx2 corolla1 four petals1 or four-toothed and funnel-shaped2 when fully expanded each flower is #a_/b;in4 across1 and shows a distinct yellow eye4 ,the leaves of the root are spathulate1 those of the stems opposite and lanceolate2 all the parts are shown of the natural size in the illustration4 ,all the known ,houstonias are natives of ,north ,america2 still1 our winters seem to kill strong plants4 ,from an impression that the plants were destroyed by insects amongst their roots and foliage1 ,i had several tufts lifted1 well shaken out1 and divided in the autumn2 they were replanted in leaf soil and sand and kept rather moist4 ,when planting them1 all amongst the roots was thickly strewn with dry silver sand1 so as to leave no space for the lodgment of vermin2 the results were fine1 fresh1 green tufts throughout the following winter1 which1 however1 was not severe2 still1 the plants not so treated dwindled and were unhealthy1 whereas the others were finely in bloom1 the subject of the drawing being one of them4 ,these minute plants do well and look well wedged between large stones on rockwork1 where they flower nearly all the year round2 they also form pretty pot specimens under cold frame treatment2 and they may be used with good effect for surfacing the pots in which other hardy but tall and bare stemmed things--such as lilies--are grown4 ,the mode of propagation has been indicated by the above autumnal treatment4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,july4 ,hutchinsia ,alpina4 ,syn4 ,,lepidium ,,alpinum2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,cruciferae4 ,an alpine species1 from ,south ,europe1 which may be said to be evergreen in this climate1 and1 according to my experience of it1 flowering throughout the year4 ,though found in some gardens to be difficult to establish1 when it finds a suitable home it becomes a pretty addition4 ,this alpine seldom exceeds #b;in4 in height4 ,the flowers are a glistening white and very small1 produced in numerous heads1 and they are very enduring2 the calyx is concave and falls off2 the four petals are inversely ovate2 the little leaves are deeply lobed1 of a pale shining green colour1 with plenty of substance2 its habit is spreading or creeping4 ,neither slugs nor any other pests seem to meddle with it4 ,it may be transplanted at any time1 and the mode of propagation may be gathered from the following remarks4 ,probably because its name implies its alpine character1 some may be misled to plant it on rockwork2 whether that be so or not1 ,i so tried it1 and found it would not grow in such a situation4 ,a bed of dwarf and moisture-loving subjects was being planted1 in which a bit of this ,hutchinsia was dibbled1 and it found a home in the moist vegetable soil4 ,for two or three years ,i do not remember to have seen it1 or the seedlings1 without flowers2 its pretty1 dwarf1 rue-like foliage grew so thickly that it threatened to kill the edging of gentianella and such things as ,polemonium variegatum1 the double cuckoo-flower1 and the little ,armeria setacea2 it also filled the walks1 and its long wiry roots have been eradicated with difficulty4 ,from this it will be seen how much depends1 with some plants1 on the position in which they are placed4 ,hydrangea ,paniculata ,grandiflora4 ,,large-,,panicled ,,hydrangea2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this dwarf shrub is perfectly hardy and deciduous2 it comes from ,japan1 and is one of the best hardy things ,i have come across for some time4 ,it is quite a new introduction1 and has many fine qualities2 the fact of its producing immense clusters of white flowers1 #ab;in4 long and #ab;in4 in circumference1 as well-established plants1 is enough to induce its extended cultivation2 but when it is stated that its clusters are numerous and durable1 that the shrub begins to flower in summer and continues in great beauty until damaged by frosts1 it will doubtless be recorded on the lists of desiderata of those who do not possess it4 ,the usefulness of such a subject is notable not only to the gardener who has a keen eye to artistic effect1 but to the lover of showy flowers 7see ,fig4 #ec74 ,the flowers are male and female kinds1 and1 as is usual with the genus1 the fruitful ones are interspersed with unfruitful1 being shorter in the stalks and nearly covered over by the latter1 which are much larger2 in fact1 they are not the true flowers from a botanist's point of view1 but with the florist it is exactly the opposite2 their colour is white1 more or less tinted with pink1 which1 if the autumn season proves fine and dry1 becomes purple4 ,as the name denotes1 the bloom is arranged in massive panicles1 pyramidal form1 #f;in4 to #ab;in4 long1 and #d;in4 to #h;in4 in diameter4 ,they slightly bend with the great weight1 but are otherwise well supported by the woody stems4 ,the latter are somewhat short1 seeing they carry such large clusters4 ,the leaves are oval1 subcordate 7varying71 distinctly ribbed1 and finely toothed1 also varying much in size4 ,the habit of the shrub is much branched1 of strong growth1 and very floriferous4 ,the flowering shoots issue from the hard wood of the previous season's growth4 ,in the shrubbery it is very attractive1 its flowers out-numbering1 out-measuring1 and out-lasting most of its neighbours4 ,kept dwarf1 what a grand bedder it would make6 ,grown in pots it is a first-class indoor subject4 ,it has that rare quality1 even when in small pots1 of being adapted for the company of large ferns1 palms1 c41 from the great size of its panicles1 and ,i need scarcely say that for cutting purposes it is valuable1 more especially in decorations which are not closely viewed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,hydrangea ,,paniculata ,,grandiflora4 7,one-tenth natural size72 blossom1 natural size4 ,the culture of this shrub is very simple2 it does best in rich loam4 ,the situation should be sunny1 that it may well ripen its wood4 ,in order to have clusters of large size1 it should be closely pruned1 like roses1 by which treatment the bush may also be kept in the desired form4 ,its propagation is by cuttings2 they should be of fairly well-ripened wood of the last season's growth4 ,the degree of ripeness1 like that of such things as roses and fuchsias1 may vary according to the method by which the cuttings are to be treated4 ,half-ripened shoots will root well in a little heat2 the harder wood will root equally well1 but more slowly1 in the open in sandy loam4 ,flowering period1 ,july to end of ,september4 ,hypericum ,calycinum4 ,,large-,,calyxed ,,st4 ,,john',s ,,wort1 or ,,rose ,,of ,,sharon2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,hypericaceae4 ,a very ornamental deciduous shrub1 but often green throughout the winter4 ,this ,i claim the privilege of introducing amongst herbaceous perennials2 it is a well-known and favourite old-fashioned flower1 in fact1 a native of ,ireland4 ,the old name for it was ,cup ,st4 ,john's ,wort4 ,in ,july it is in splendid form1 and1 familiar as we are with it1 it never fails to win admiration4 ,how charming are its large1 shining1 golden blossoms1 nestling amongst the bright but glaucous foliage6 the bundled tassels composed of numerous filamentary stamens glistening like threads of gold2 and though often seen one can never tire of it4 ,as a flower1 it is distinct in form1 showy1 and richly effective4 ,it grows to the height of #a;ft4 or #ah;in42 the flowers are #d;in4 across1 of a rich golden-yellow colour1 and produced singly on the very leafy stems which1 at the base or at their more woody parts1 are square1 the upper parts being nearly round4 ,short flower-stalks issue from the side and near the top1 a small new growth being produced in juxtaposition with the blossom1 the said growth being composed of half-a-dozen or so smaller-sized leaves of a pale apple-green1 charmingly suffused with a glaucous hue4 ,the calyx of five sepals is very large1 whence the specific name1 and each sepal is nearly round and cupped1 whence the old common name1 ,cup ,st4 ,john's ,wort2 the five petals are #b;in4 long and widely apart2 stamens very numerous1 long1 thready1 and arranged in tufts4 ,these are very beautiful1 and form the most conspicuous part of the flower2 like the other seed organs1 and also the petals1 they are of a rich1 glistening1 yellow colour4 ,the leaves are closely arranged in pairs1 opposite1 and nearly sessile2 they are #b;in4 to #c;in4 long1 and about #a;in4 broad1 oval-oblong1 blunt1 smooth1 and leathery4 ,when young1 they are as above described1 but when older1 they are of a dark1 shining green colour1 and somewhat reflexed4 ,the under sides are finely reticulated or veined1 and sometimes the foliage is spotted with brown4 ,the habit of the shrub is neat1 the short stems being numerous and semi-prostrate1 forming dense1 even masses of verdant foliage4 ,such a subject as this cannot be too highly esteemed on the score of the merits already set forth2 but there are other good qualities which ,i will briefly refer to presently4 ,there can be little doubt that the fine parts and many uses1 decorative and otherwise1 of most of the old-fashioned flowers have much to do with the high and continued esteem in which they are held4 ,not one of the least recommendations of this ,st4 ,john's ,wort is that it can be grown with great success under the shade of trees4 ,it is one of the very few subjects that will bloom freely in such situations4 ,it is1 therefore1 very valuable2 besides1 as regards its period of flowering1 it comes in nicely after the vincas are over4 ,these two genera are1 perhaps1 the best hardy flowering shrubs we possess for planting in the shade of trees4 ,i scarcely need add that for more open situations1 as rockwork and borders1 it is in every way suitable4 ,to the lover of cut flowers this must prove one of the most satisfactory1 not only because of its beauty1 but also because they are produced for fully three months--into ,september--and they are sweetly scented1 like wallflowers4 ,a flower-topped stem forms a perfect and unique decoration for a lady's hair2 sprays in small vases are exquisite1 whilst a bowlful for the table 7without any other flower7 is very fine indeed--let the reader try these simple styles of decoration4 ,also1 mixed with other flowers1 it is one of the most telling2 none of the yellow exotics can excel it4 ,it is now before me1 with a few sprays of the pink sweet pea and a bold spike of the white variety of goat's-rue2 the blend is both delicate and effective4 ,as a cut flower it can hardly be misused1 provided it is not crowded4 ,its culture is simple4 ,any sort of garden soil suits it1 but it prefers a sandy loam4 ,a winter top dressing of stable litter will help to produce greater luxuriance and a longer succession of flowers4 ,it quickly and broadly propagates itself by means of its creeping roots2 these may be at any time chopped off1 with a sharp spade1 in strong pieces1 which1 if planted in deeply-dug loam1 will make blooming specimens for the following season4 ,flowering period1 ,july to ,september4 ,iberis ,correaefolia4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,cruciferae4 ,this is a hybrid and much improved variety of the well-known evergreen and shrubby ,candytuft1 often called ,everlasting ,candytuft4 ,a more pronounced remove from its parents could hardly be found in any plant or shrub than is this4 ,there are evident improvements in colour1 size1 and habit1 both in foliage and flowers4 ,it is also a robust grower and perfectly hardy1 in these respects being very different from ,i4 ,gibraltarica4 ,none of the shrubby ,candytufts can compare with this for usefulness and beauty2 it comes into flower in ,may1 and is in its greatest beauty in early ,june4 ,it remains in fine form for fully four weeks4 ,at first the flowers seem small1 but later they form broad masses of dazzling whiteness1 the corymbs being the size of a crown piece4 ,not only is this wholly distinct from its relatives1 but it is one of the most useful flowers and evergreen shrubs which can be introduced to a garden4 ,it cannot be planted wrong as regards either soil or situation4 ,it forms a rich surfacing subject1 all the year round1 to other tall plants1 as lilies1 c4 ,it looks well as a front specimen in the shrubbery1 makes an effective and neat appearance at the angles of walks1 or as an edging it may be cut and trimmed as a substitute for a grass verge2 it thrives on sunny or almost sunless outhouse tops1 and on rockwork it is superb2 moreover1 it grows fairly well in reeky towns1 and though its white flowers may be soiled the day they open1 its bright green leaves and dense habit render it a pleasing object4 ,the flowers are arranged in flat heads at first1 but as the stems become elongated and the succession of buds open1 a long round cluster is formed by the old flowers remaining 7as they do for weeks71 such heads or spikes sometimes being #c;in4 long4 ,there is much substance in the petals1 which causes them to glisten in strong light2 the flower stems are produced #e;in4 or #f;in4 above the foliage1 their total height rarely exceeding a foot4 ,the leaves are numerous1 of a dark shining green colour2 in length #aa_/b;in41 and over #a_/d;in4 broad near the ends2 their shape is spathulate1 obtuse1 entire1 and smooth2 the new set of foliage contrasts pleasingly with the old1 and its growth is completed during the flowering period2 the woody and slender branches are numerous and procumbent4 ,besides the positions already mentioned1 in which this shrub may usefully be planted1 there is none more so1 perhaps1 than that of rough or unsightly corners1 where1 if it is provided with a little loam1 it will soon adapt its form to the surroundings4 ,the flowers in a cut state are not only sweet-smelling1 but very useful where white bloom is needed in quantity1 as for church decorations4 ,i4 correaefolia can scarcely be said to need cultural treatment1 but it is useful to bear in mind that it may be much more finely bloomed if generously treated1 which simply consists in nothing more than giving it a sunny place and sandy loam1 well enriched with old manure4 ,specimens so treated1 which were cuttings only two years ago1 are now #b;ft4 in diameter1 and covered densely with large flowers2 and how lovely some of the pretty weeds which have sprung up amongst the bushes1 and mingle their flowers among the masses of white1 appear--such as ,spring ,beauty 7,claytonia71 pink flowers2 the ,maiden ,pink 7,dianthus deltoides71 rose2 ,self-heal 7,prunella pyrenaica71 purple2 and the forget-me-nots6 ,this comparatively new ,candytuft is as easily increased as grown1 by either layers or cuttings2 the latter may be put in almost any time1 early spring being the best2 if put in in ,june1 no better quarters can be given than under the shade of shrubs1 where the soil is sandy loam4 ,flowering period1 middle of ,may to middle of ,june4 ,iris ,foetidissima4 ,,gladdon1 ,,gladwin1 or ,,spurge-,,wort2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,iridaceae4 ,a ,british species1 occurring largely in some parts1 in shady woods and swampy places near the sea4 ,it is evergreen and of a pleasing form throughout the year4 ,its flowers are of a dull colour1 and not likely to be much esteemed1 more especially when in midsummer there are so many beautiful kinds around2 still1 it merits a place in our gardens4 ,its handsome berry-like seeds1 which are so attractively conspicuous in ,december1 are much more desirable than its flowers1 ready as they are for our use at ,christmas time4 ,it grows #b ft4 high1 and is a water-loving plant1 but may be easily grown in the more moist parts of the garden4 ,the large pod is three-cornered2 the husks having turned brown1 become divided1 and expose to view the large1 orange-coloured seeds1 which1 later1 turn to a reddish-brown4 ,they are held in the husks for many weeks and strong winds do not displace them2 they are very effective amongst the dark green foliage1 and may be cut if desired1 as they often are1 for indoor decoration4 ,they may be used in a hundred different ways1 but never do they show to more advantage than when cut with long stems and placed in a vase with some of their own dark green sword-shaped leaves2 these last-named1 by the way1 may be appropriated throughout the winter as a dressing for other flowers4 ,there need be no difficulty in growing this species1 for if the soil is not naturally moist in summer1 a thick dressing of rotten stable manure will meet the case4 ,as a matter of fact1 my specimen is grown in a bed fully exposed to the sun2 the soil is well drained1 and stone-crops are grown in the next bed to it2 no water is ever given to established plants1 and still the ,gladwin is well fruited2 the soil is deeply tilled1 and there is a thick covering of manure4 ,it is easily propagated by division of the roots in autumn or early spring4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,isopyrum ,gracilis4 ,,slender ,,isopyrum2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this is a hardy herbaceous plant1 of great beauty4 ,the flowers are not showy1 but their great numbers and arrangement render them of importance in what may be termed a fine-foliaged subject4 ,the ,isopyrums are very nearly related to the thalictrums or rues1 and this one greatly resembles the maidenhair-like section1 one of which it is often taken for4 ,there is1 however1 an important botanical difference between the two genera3 the thalictrums have no calyx1 and the ,isopyrums have4 ,still1 as the flowers of both are very small1 that feature is not very observable4 ,as a decorative plant it may be classed with the maidenhair-like rues1 and the illustration may be said to give a fair idea of three or four species4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,isopyrum ,,gracilis4 7,one-eighth natural size2 #a1 leaflet1 full size47 ,the ,isopyrum under notice grows #ab;in4 or #ae;in4 high1 and produces its dark brown flowers on slender1 well-branched stems1 forming feathery panicles1 which have a graceful appearance4 ,the flowers are very small1 and composed of a five-cleft calyx1 five equal petals1 and numerous long1 pendent seed-organs2 the stems are elegantly furnished with the fine-cut foliage4 ,the leaves are large1 but the leaflets small1 as may be seen by the one given1 full size1 in the drawing 7,fig4 #ed71 being somewhat cordate1 lobed1 and dentate2 they have hair-like stalks1 which add to their elegance of arrangement1 and their glaucous colour further enhances their effectiveness4 ,this light and diffuse subject may be usefully planted to relieve other kinds2 in beds or lines it looks well1 having a lace-like effect2 as a cut flower or spray it nearly equals maidenhair1 and for mixing with large flowers1 it perhaps excels4 ,either cut or in the growing state it is very durable4 ,it may be grown in average garden soil1 but to have it fine1 it should be given vegetable soil and a moist situation1 not shaded4 ,it is propagated by seeds or division of the roots in autumn4 ,flowering period1 ,july and ,august4 ,jasminum ,nudiflorum4 ,,nude-,,flowered ,,jasmine2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,jasminaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee1 ,,jasminum ,,nudiflorum4 7,one-third natural size47 ,this was brought to this country from ,china a little less than forty years ago1 and1 as proof of its sterling worth1 it is already in extensive use4 ,the whole genus is a favourite one2 but there is a special and most attractive feature about this species that is sure to render it desirable to all--it flowers freely in mid-winter1 and it does so in the open garden4 ,like many of the genus1 this species comes from a very warm climate1 and for a time it was grown in glasshouses as a tender shrub1 where it flowered during the winter months4 ,it is now found to be a perfectly hardy subject1 not only withstanding our most trying seasons without the least injury1 but also proving true to the month of ,december as the period when it begins to produce its numerous golden flowers4 ,it is a climbing deciduous shrub1 though it has neither the habit of clinging nor twining4 ,the shrub produces bloom when only #ah;in4 high1 but it often grows to as many feet1 and even taller4 ,the flowers are borne singly at the joints from which the leaves have fallen1 and as the latter were opposite1 the blossom appears in pairs on the new twigs4 ,in the bud state they are drooping1 and are marked with a bright chestnut tint on the sunny side4 ,the calyx is ample1 almost leafy1 but these parts are hidden when the flower opens and becomes erect4 ,the form of the ,jasmine blossom is well known2 in size this one is rather larger than a full-blown violet1 and quite as sweetly scented1 which is saying very much1 but the colour is yellow2 the petals are of good substance and shining2 the flowers last a long time1 even during the roughest weather1 they open most during sunshine1 but do not wait for it1 and they remain open until they fade4 ,the leaves1 which are produced in early spring1 are very small and ternate2 leaflets of unequal size1 ovate1 downy1 and of dark green colour4 ,the wood is very pithy1 square1 with sharp corners1 and having the appearance almost as if winged2 the younger branchlets are dark bronze green4 ,the habit of the shrub is rampant1 climbing1 much branched1 and very floriferous4 ,the green leafless sprigs of bloom are very serviceable in a cut state for vase decoration1 especially if mixed with dry grasses or well-foliaged flowers2 the sweet odour1 too1 reminds one of spring time4 ,specimens growing against the house or other walls1 either nailed or in a trellis1 have a happy effect in winter1 from the slender whip-like growths hanging down and being well bloomed4 ,from the dark green colour and great number of branchlets1 although leafless1 a well-grown example has quite the effect of an evergreen4 ,it enjoys a sunny position1 but ,i have it doing well in a northwest aspect2 it may be used in bush form in almost any situation4 ,neither is it particular as to soil1 but ,i should not think of planting a winter-blooming subject in stiff or retentive loam--that of a sandy nature is more likely to be productive of flowers4 ,it is easily propagated from cuttings of the young wood2 if they are taken in late summer1 when the leaves are falling1 they will root quickly4 ,before the strong west winds of autumn occur1 it should be pruned1 in order to prevent its being torn from the wall2 if the prunings are laid in sandy loam1 between shrubs1 they will be sufficiently rooted for planting out by the following spring4 ,flowering period1 ,december to ,april4 ,kalmia ,latifolia4 ,,broad-,,leaved ,,kalmia2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ericaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,kalmia ,,latifolia4 7,one-third natural size47 ,an evergreen shrub1 very hardy in our climate4 ,it comes from ,north ,america1 and from its dwarf character and free-blooming habit1 it is not only one of the most useful shrubs1 but may be freely planted in connection with herbaceous subjects1 where it will help to redeem the deadness of beds and borders during winter 7see ,fig4 #ef74 ,like the rhododendron1 it grows to various heights1 according to the soil or situation in which it may be planted1 but #ah;in4 to #b;ft4 is the size at which it may often--perhaps most often--be seen producing its wealth of flowers4 ,there are many fine flowering shrubs1 but they do not gain the esteem in which this is held4 ,its large clusters of delicate flowers1 surmounting dark shining foliage1 and which seem almost too pure and beautiful to withstand the vicissitudes of the open garden1 are its winning points2 moreover1 the flowers last several weeks in perfection4 ,the flowers are arranged in broad panicles2 the pedicels and five-cleft calyx are a bright brown colour1 and furnished with short stiff hairs4 ,the salver-shaped corolla1 which is white1 pleasingly tinted with red1 has a short tube and five divisions1 curiously cornered2 the flower is fully #c_/d;in4 across1 and in its unopened state is hardly less pretty than when blown4 ,the leaves are borne on stout woody branches1 have short stalks1 and a bent or contorted habit2 they are thick1 leathery1 shining1 smooth1 and of a dark green colour on the upper side2 underneath they are a yellowish-green4 ,in form they are elliptical and entire1 being #c;in4 to #d;in4 long4 ,healthy specimens are well furnished with foliage2 otherwise it is spare1 and when that is the case the flowering is rarely satisfactory4 ,as this subject requires to be grown in moist vegetable soil1 such as leaf mould or peat1 it is useless to plant it where these conditions do not exist2 moreover1 the rule with species of the order ,ericaceae is to require a pure1 or approximately pure1 atmosphere4 ,doubtless these conditions will debar many from growing this shrub successfully2 but ,i may add1 where its requirements can be afforded1 not only should it be freely planted1 but it will probably thrive without any further care4 ,as a cut flower it is exquisite1 if taken with a good stem and a few leaves2 to many it may appear odd when ,i say it is too good to cut1 but there are others who will comprehend me4 ,the flowers can nowhere show to more advantage than on the bush1 and it seems a pity to take its strongest branches for the sake of transferring the blossom4 ,it is a slow-growing subject1 but easily propagated by layering the lower branches2 no matter how old or hard the wood has grown1 if pegged well down they will soon become rooted4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,lactuca ,sonchifolia4 ,,sow ,,thistle-,,leafed ,,lettuce2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this is one of the few ornamental species of a somewhat numerous genus2 it is1 moreover1 perennial and hardy in this climate--characteristics not common to the family4 ,it came from ,candia1 in #ahbb1 since which time it has been grown in ,english gardens1 more or less1 as a decorative plant2 it is of unusual form1 especially in the foliage4 ,i think it would scarcely be called handsome2 but the flowers1 which are a fine pale blue1 and of the form usual to the order1 are too good to be overlooked1 and their value is enhanced by the fact of their being produced so late in the year4 ,in speaking of the flower as a subject of the pleasure garden1 it is unnecessary to describe it beyond saying that it is of a rich but pale blue colour1 and over #a;in4 across1 produced on stalks nearly #b;ft4 high1 in lax panicles4 ,the leaves are large--about #a;ft4 long and #i;in4 wide--have a stout mid-rib1 are pinnate1 and most curiously lobed4 ,the leaflets1 moreover1 are fantastically shaped1 being again lobed1 also toothed and bent in various ways4 ,the teeth have spine-like points1 and the only uniform trait about their form seems to be that the edges are turned backwards4 ,the upper surface is a pale green colour1 the under side grey1 almost white4 ,it is of rather neat habit1 and though ,i have not grown it in lines1 it is only needful to see one good specimen in order to be certain of its effectiveness when so planted2 it would be singularly distinct4 ,it enjoys sunny quarters and deep but light or sandy loam4 ,with me it does well on a raised bed of light earth2 its long tap roots will save it from drought during the driest summer1 when its fleshy and fast-growing foliage would lead one to think that it could not endure a dry time4 ,it is readily increased by division of the roots or seed4 ,flowering period1 ,september to strong frosts4 ,lathyrus ,grandiflorus ,,large-,,flowered ,,everlasting ,,pea2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,leguminosae4 ,a hardy1 herbaceous climber1 coming from the ,south of ,europe4 ,it was introduced to this country nearly seventy years ago2 it is an attractive object when in bloom1 growing #f;ft4 high and being very floriferous4 ,the flowers are nearly #b;in4 across4 ,not only in good soil do specimens grow densely and become furnished from the ground to the extremities of the stalks with bloom1 but the roots run under the surface so rapidly that a veritable thicket is formed in three or four years4 ,it is as well to allow this fine pea a good broad space1 in the midst of which several iron standards1 #f;ft4 high1 should be firmly fixed2 to these1 fresh twiggy branches might be secured every spring2 if the old ones are left in1 their rottenness will allow them to snap off during strong winds when the tendrils have laid hold of them2 but fresh branches1 used as suggested1 will bend but not break1 and will withstand the strongest winds4 ,this is very important1 as1 if the mass of foliage heads over1 it is spoilt for the season4 ,the flowers are dark rose colour1 produced in twos and threes on longish stalks1 which spring from the axils4 ,the tendrils are three-cut1 having a pair of oval leaflets2 the stems are square1 or four-angled1 and slightly twisted and winged4 ,this plant may be grown in any soil or situation4 ,a specimen does well with me planted in rubble1 where it covers a short rain-water pipe1 the said pipe being feathered with twigs every spring2 but to have flowers of extra size and luxuriant growth1 plant in good loam1 in a sunny site1 and top dress with stable manure every spring4 ,this large ,pea-flower is most useful for cutting purposes1 being not only handsome but very durable4 ,the running roots may be transplanted in early spring1 just before they make any stem4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,lathyrus ,latifolius4 ,,large-,,leaved ,,lathyrus1 or ,,everlasting ,,pea2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,leguminosae4 ,this deciduous climber is one of the handsomest plants of the ,british flora 7see ,fig4 #eg72 in its wild state it is a charming object1 and under cultivation1 in full exposure to sunshine1 with proper provision for its tendrils1 and kept clear of weeds1 it becomes in every way one of the finest objects in the garden1 whether considered as a decorative climber1 a floral specimen1 or a source of cut flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,lathyrus ,,latifolius4 7,one-sixth natural size47 ,it grows fully #h;ft4 high1 in deep and rich soil1 and is furnished with large1 many-flowered bunches of blossom from the leaf axils nearly all its length1 each flower stalk being #f;in4 to #i;in4 long4 ,the flowers are of a lively rose colour1 about twelve in a cluster2 tendrils five-cut1 long1 and two-leaved4 ,the leaves are in pairs1 elliptical1 many ribbed1 glaucous1 and very large1 whence the specific name2 the internodes of the whole plant are winged1 wings membranaceous2 stipules large1 broader than the stems4 ,the habit is rampant2 it enjoys sunshine1 but will do in partial shade4 ,l4 l4 albus is a variety similar to the above in all its parts1 but scarcely as large in the foliage1 and the flowers are pure white1 and produced a week or a fortnight later2 for cutting purposes these are justly and highly esteemed4 ,tall vases may be pleasingly dressed by the flowered stems1 if cut about #c;ft4 long2 these twined round or hanging down are very graceful1 but they should not be used too freely--one1 or two at most1 on each large vase will be ample4 ,both the above may be grown with good effect amongst other climbers1 on a specially prepared trellis-work1 ordinary pea-rods1 or over defunct trees4 ,propagated by seeds1 or by division of very strong roots only4 ,february is a good time for both methods4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,leucojum ,a,estivum4 ,,summer ,,snowflake2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,amaryllidaceae4 ,as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #eh71 this native bulbous plant is somewhat ungainly2 blooming specimens are sometimes #b;ft4 high1 and each one rarely produces more than three of its small flowers1 but they are worth growing1 because of their lasting properties1 either cut or otherwise2 the pretty snowdrop-shaped flowers are very effective when used in vases1 their long stems rendering them more serviceable than they otherwise would be4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,leucojum ,,aestivum4 7,one-third natural size47 ,the white flower is without calyx1 and has a corolla of six petals1 each one being delicately tipped with pale green2 they are produced on long thick stems1 each flower having a somewhat lengthened pedicel1 by which they are suspended bell-fashion4 ,the foliage is of the common daffodil form1 but longer2 bulb small4 ,there are1 it is said1 two varieties of this species1 which have generally become mixed2 the other variety is said to be more dwarf and later in flowering2 if this is correct1 possibly these mixed varieties may have something to do with the long time which they are known to continue flowering4 ,not only for the sake of preventing the tall growths from heading over should it be grown in broad masses1 but when so planted this flower is more effective4 ,it will grow in any kind of soil1 but it seems most at home amongst dwarf shrubs1 where its flowers are always of a more delicate colour than when exposed4 ,propagated by division of the roots during autumn every third year4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,july4 ,leucojum ,vernum4 ,,spring ,,snowflake2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,amaryllidaceae4 ,a hardy bulbous species from ,germany4 ,it is not necessary either to describe or praise this beautiful flower1 beyond stating that in every way it closely resembles the snowdrop2 it is larger1 however1 whence the appropriateness of its name1 ,snowflake1 in relation to that of the snowdrop4 ,it will thrive anywhere but in wet1 sour situations2 it most enjoys fine light soil and the partial shade of trees1 where it rapidly increases by offsets of the bulbs2 these may1 with advantage1 be divided every three or four years4 ,flowering period1 ,march and ,april4 ,lilium ,auratum4 ,,golden-,,rayed or ,,japanese ,,lily2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,this is a hardy ,lily1 and though this particular species is comparatively new to our ,english gardens1 it belongs to a noble genus which has had a place in our ancestors' gardens for ages4 ,it was long thought that this bulb from ,japan could not endure our winters1 and though it is proved to be perfectly hardy1 there are yet many who only cultivate it indoors1 and seem surprised when they see it in beds and borders1 where it is allowed to remain year after year4 ,the flowers vary very much in size1 from #e;in4 to #h;in4 across2 the divisions are richly tinted 7golden-rayed71 beautifully spotted and reflexed2 the stems1 at the height of #c;ft4 to #f;ft41 are furnished with flowers1 mostly about five to eight in number4 ,though the flowers appear delicate1 it is surprising how well they stand out in the open garden4 ,for beauty and effect this ,lily is incomparable 7see ,fig4 #ei74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,lilium ,,auratum4 7,one-half natural size47 ,much has been said about its culture1 far more than need be put into practice4 ,i have found the observance of three simple rules sufficient in order to have it in fine bloom year after year3 ,first1 begin with good sound bulbs1 not over large4 ,second1 plant them #i;in4 deep in sandy soil1 and a moist situation1 surrounding each bulb with half-a-spadeful of fine charcoal1 which protects them from rot1 canker1 and 7what ,i believe to be the chief cause of failure7 the wireworm4 ,third1 grow them where they will be sheltered from high winds2 otherwise their long and top-heavy stems become wrenched1 and the upper roots1 above the bulbs1 so torn that the current season's bloom is more or less damaged and root development checked4 ,to put my simple method of growing this ,lily in a plainer way1 ,i may state that my garden is naturally well drained1 has light soil1 and a south aspect4 ,under a west wall ,i planted small bulbs in the manner already stated1 and though ,i have often seen this ,lily nearly twice as tall as ever ,i grew it1 ,i have not any cause to complain about the quantity of bloom4 ,i never either water or put down stakes as supports4 ,if the situation is moist no water is needed1 and it is next to impossible to send down stakes without coming in contact with the large bulbs4 ,doubtless a few good waterings with liquid manure would be an advantage1 but where ,l4 auratum is esteemed as satisfactory with short stems1 this need not be given4 ,when once a clump or batch of this ,lily has become established1 it should not be disturbed for several years1 when1 if the stems are becoming too rank to allow them to wave without damaging each other's flowers1 or if there are many young unflowered stems1 they may profitably be dug out in a careful manner when the bulbs have ripened1 which will be the case when the tops have become thoroughly dry2 there will then be found to be numbers of nice clean young bulbs1 which1 with a year's extra patience1 will probably form a more vigorous batch than the parent one4 ,such bulbs are properly called home grown4 ,flowering period1 ,september to ,november4 ,linum ,flavum4 ,,yellow ,,flax2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,linaceae4 ,this handsome shrub-like ,flax comes from ,austria1 and is a comparatively new species in ,english gardens4 ,it is not only a distinct form1 but from the large quantities and more durable quality of its flowers1 it proves itself a very useful subject for flower-beds and borders1 where it should have the most select companions4 ,it is classed as a hardy1 herbaceous perennial2 its woody character1 and a few green leaves which it carries throughout the winter would1 however1 show that it is not strictly herbaceous4 ,its hardiness1 too1 will be questioned by many who have tried to winter it outside1 more especially in the northern parts of ,great ,britain4 ,it is only hardy under certain conditions1 which1 in effect1 is saying that it is not perfectly hardy4 ,it requires a light warm soil and a dry situation1 besides which1 if the winter is severe1 it should be protected with a thick covering of ashes or cocoa fibre4 ,this special treatment has been found needful in ,yorkshire1 but more south it has been proved hardy without such precautions4 ,the neat habit and clusters of rich yellow flowers of this plant render it deserving of the little extra care above indicated2 this1 together with the fact that it is hardy in many parts1 is a sufficient reason for naming it amongst hardy plants4 ,its flowers are produced in branched heads1 dense and numerous1 on stems a foot or more high2 each flower is #a;in4 or #aa_/b;in4 across1 the five petals being of a transparent golden yellow1 distinctly veined with orange2 they are broad1 and overlap each other2 calyx small1 and of a dark olive-green colour2 segments finely pointed4 ,the leaves are #b;in4 or more in length1 lanced1 but inclining to spoon shape2 sessile1 stout1 smooth1 entire1 and glaucous4 ,through the summer new stems are quickly grown1 which1 in their turn1 become topped with clusters of bloom1 and so a succession of flowers is kept up until autumn4 ,on rockwork it is effective1 the situation1 to some extent1 meeting the requirements of its somewhat tender constitution2 it may also be grown well in beds or borders1 but they should be of a sandy character1 and raised1 unless it is intended to take up the plants for the winter2 in such positions four or five specimens form a charming group1 and nothing can be finer than the effect of other ,flaxes1 of a tall and spray-like character1 grown near and amongst this golden yellow1 such1 for instance1 as ,l4 ,narbonnense and ,l4 perenne4 ,it is easily propagated by seeds1 which should be sown in the autumn as soon as ripe2 it may also be divided1 but ,i have found the quickest and best results from cuttings taken in a half-ripened state4 ,they should be put round the side of a rather large pot in sandy peat2 the warmth1 shade1 and moisture of a cucumber-frame will cause them to root quickly1 when they should be potted off singly1 so as to make sturdy plants before the winter sets in1 and such young stock ought to be wintered in a cold frame4 ,flowering period1 ,august and ,september4 ,lithospermum ,prostratum4 ,,prostrate ,,gromwell2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,boraginaceae4 ,sometimes called the ,gentian ,l41 from its bright blue gentian-like flowers4 ,by many this species is considered synonymous with ,l4 fruticosum4 ,they are1 however1 very dissimilar4 ,our subject is an evergreen and stunted trailer2 ,l4 fruticosum is a deciduous trailer and very vigorous2 both1 however1 are perfectly hardy4 ,the most striking characteristics of the ,prostrate ,gromwell are its fine dark blue flowers and procumbent habit4 ,it is a native of ,france1 and only within the last sixty years has it been introduced into this country4 ,its habit is most distinct as compared with the various long-stemmed species4 ,it much resembles the well-known ,veronica prostrata in its general appearance4 ,its flowers are sparingly produced from the axils of the leaves1 but1 being large compared with the size of the foliage1 they are very effective when they first open4 ,the dark but bright blue corolla is tinged with red1 but later on the colour becomes an unmixed blue1 and the blooms increase in size until more than #a_/b;in4 across4 ,the complexion of the foliage is very dark 7holly green71 the leaves are about #a;in4 long1 and are narrow and stalkless2 they have much substance and are rather hard4 ,the whole plant is thickly coated with hairs--a common feature of this order2 but in this species the hairs are remarkably stiff1 those of the edges of the leaves being almost thorny4 ,the form of growth assumed by this plant eminently fits it for rockwork4 ,it should be so planted that its densely-branched stems can fall over the face of a light-coloured stone2 in this respect it forms a good companion to the dwarf phloxes1 but it is otherwise a superior rock plant1 being more characteristic and prolonged in its flowering4 ,it should be allowed to grow to a large size1 which will require several years1 or the object may be sooner gained by planting half-a-dozen specimens in a group2 this should be done when the plants are young1 as it is very impatient of being disturbed when once established4 ,it would make a capital edging plant for small shrubs1 to come next the grass1 backed by a row of ,erica carnea1 which is also dwarf1 a continued bloomer and contemporaneous4 ,its propagation can only be readily effected in this climate by cuttings1 as it does not ripen seed well2 it cannot be divided1 because generally the little shrub has a short bole1 therefore1 cuttings must be struck from the previous year's growth2 they should be dibbled into fine sand and peat1 kept shaded and cool for several weeks2 they root quicker during the warm season1 when they are also less liable to be over-watered1 which is a very common cause of failure in striking cuttings2 they should be well rooted before the winter sets in4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,july4 ,lobelia ,cardinalis4 ,,cardinal ,,flower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,lobeliaceae4 ,this is one of the finest herbaceous perennials that bloom in ,october2 stately1 brilliant and lasting4 ,there are many varieties of it1 and of late years some extra fine sorts have been raised and named1 all of which are good4 ,the varieties differ much in the foliage as well as the flowers1 some being much larger1 and of a dark brown or reddish colour4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #fj7 is drawn from the typical form1 which has smooth foliage2 it is not so large as some of the varieties1 but it seemed desirable to figure the type1 otherwise the varieties might have proved misleading4 ,to a more than ordinary extent this plant is called by its common name1 the ,cardinal ,flower1 and ,i have very frequently found that it has not been recognised by its proper name1 even by amateurs who had long grown it4 ,is that tall plant a ,lobelia8 has often been asked2 therefore1 common as the plant is1 ,i thought it might prove useful to give an illustration4 ,one of its valuable qualities is that it flowers for a very long time1 beginning about the latter end of ,august and continuing until stopped by frosts4 ,in the early part of ,october it is simply grand1 as then not only the main stems1 but the lower ones1 are all furnished with their brilliant colouring4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,lobelia ,,cardinalis4 7,one-twelfth natural size47 ,this old-fashioned plant grows #b;ft4 or #c;ft4 high2 the flowers are produced in terminal spikes on stout1 round1 and well-foliaged stems2 each flower has a slender stalk1 starting from the axil of a rudimentary leaf4 ,the calyx is very finely formed1 broadly cup-shaped and cornered2 the five divisions are narrow1 finely pointed1 #c_/d;in4 long1 and spreading2 the corolla has a divided tube #a;in4 long1 broadly set in the ample calyx1 gradually narrowing to the divisions of the corolla4 ,as may be seen by the engraving1 the flowers much resemble some of our native orchids in form1 the lip being most characteristic4 ,the leaves are broadly lance-shaped1 serrated1 and sessile4 ,the habit of the plant is erect1 and almost rigid4 ,the flowers are of the most attractive kind for borders1 and1 as cut bloom1 can hardly be excelled4 ,the only drawback which attaches to it in this climate is that it is not perfectly hardy2 in other words1 it dies in winter when planted in certain soils and positions4 ,but ,i can1 from an experience extending over three trying winters1 confidently state that1 if it is planted in spring1 in deep rich loam1 fully exposed to the sun1 it will both flower well and live through the winter4 ,only let the reader remember that it is a native of ,north ,america1 and he may then judge that it can be no stranger to a cold climate4 ,the advantages of the above method are1 that the plant becomes well established during summer1 its long cord-like roots get deep down to the moisture it loves so well1 and from full exposure it withers seasonably and the crowns become fully ripened by the time the strongest frosts occur1 so that they do it no harm4 ,the reader may take it for what it is worth1 that by leaving the dried stalks on1 the plants are benefited2 at any rate1 ,i leave them on1 for the following reasons3 ,in a dry state they are very hollow1 and when cut ,i have found them conductors of rain into the midst of the younger roots and dormant crowns1 causing them to rot1 and when the remaining part of the stalk has come away from rottenness too1 it has been seen that a cavity of corruption had formed where it joined4 ,when ,i have left the withered stalks untrimmed until the following growing season1 no such decay has been seen4 ,so that1 after all1 it is perhaps not less hardy than many other plants about which little doubt exists1 but which may have been a little more fortunate as regards other conditions than cold4 ,to those who prefer to dig up their stock of ,l4 cardinalis and winter it away from frost1 ,i may say that it is only needful to pack the roots in sand1 which should be kept moist1 not wet4 ,propagation may be effected by division of the crowns in spring4 ,flowering period1 ,august to first frosts4 ,lychnis ,chalcedonica4 ,,chalcedonian ,,lychnis1 or ,,scarlet ,,lychnis2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,silenaceae4 ,this hardy herbaceous perennial 7see ,fig4 #fa7 came from ,russia so long ago as #aeif4 ,it is a well-known and favourite flower1 and1 of course1 a very old-fashioned one2 it is commonly called the ,scarlet ,lychnis1 but there are other forms of it with white flowers1 both double and single1 and there is also a double scarlet variety4 ,the typical form comes into flower a fortnight earlier than the others1 but all may be seen in bloom during ,july4 ,the very brilliant flowers1 which are produced for several weeks in large showy heads1 must commend this plant1 and its tall habit renders it all the more conspicuous4 ,it ought to be grown in every collection of hardy perennial flowers1 amongst which bright scarlets are not too plentiful4 ,in sandy loam1 enriched with well-rotted manure1 it attains a height of #b;ft4 to #c;ft4 ,the flowers are #c_/d;in4 across1 the five petals open flat1 and each petal is divided into two rounded segments2 the calyx is hairy1 long1 bellied1 ribbed1 five-cleft1 and much narrowed at the divisions2 the numerous flowers are arranged in flat clusters1 interspersed with many small leaves or bracteoles2 the stems are stout1 round1 and having hairs pointing downwards2 the nodes or joints are distant and furnished with a pair of stem-clasping1 lance-shaped leaves1 whence issue short stems that flower later on4 ,the leaves are #b;in4 to #d;in4 long1 lance-shaped1 hairy1 waved at the edges1 and somewhat recurved4 ,the whole plant is of a clammy character1 after the manner of other ,catchflies4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,lychnis ,,chalcedonica4 7,one-third natural size7 ,as already hinted1 this species1 with its varieties1 enjoys a sandy soil2 a mulching of manure proves of great benefit2 not only are the heads of bloom larger for it1 but the side shoots are induced to flower freely4 ,in borders of tall plants the scarlets are very showy2 they cannot1 however1 endure shade2 the position should be sunny and open4 ,the propagation of the single forms may be carried out by seed1 which ripens in large quantities2 in fact1 they sow themselves freely4 ,the double kinds should be divided in early spring4 ,in a cut state the flowers are both useful and effective1 and if kept in a sunny window will continue in good form and open the buds4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,lychnis ,viscaria ,flore-pleno4 ,,german ,,catchfly2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,silenaceae4 ,the double form of the red ,german ,catchfly4 ,the old ,latin name for the type was ,l4 ,angustifolia1 which is still used sometimes1 being a good descriptive name4 ,so much cannot be said of the common name2 at any rate1 it sounds odd that one of our native plants should be called the ,german ,catchfly1 as name is evidently used in the geographical sense4 ,there are several forms of this species having double flowers1 which may be termed florists' or garden varieties2 all are handsome and effective flowering plants1 and last a long time in good form4 ,a very short description will suffice for these1 the flowers of which in many respects resemble pinks2 they are1 however1 borne on stout stems in long heads1 the petals being full1 divided1 and bent1 each flower an inch across4 ,the rose-coloured varieties are bright and attractive2 the leaves are in tufts #c;in4 or #d;in4 long1 narrow and reflexed4 ,these double ,catchflies are very showy in either borders or rockwork2 they rank with our neatest subjects and brightest flowers1 and certainly ought to be widely grown4 ,they enjoy a stiff soil1 but are in no way particular2 they should1 however1 have a sunny situation4 ,they may be increased by root divisions in summer or early spring4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,lysimachia ,clethroides4 ,,clethra-,,like ,,loosestrife2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,this is a tall-growing and distinct species1 newly imported from ,japan2 it is perfectly hardy and herbaceous1 and differs very much indeed from its creeping and evergreen relation1 the moneywort1 or creeping jenny1 being more like a tall speedwell1 having large leaves2 it is so dissimilar1 there can be no likelihood of confounding it with other species4 ,as a decorative garden plant it is both attractive and interesting4 ,it attains a height of #c;ft4 in favourable quarters1 and has both a wealth of rich foliage and showy one-sided spikes of white flowers2 the latter are neatly formed and continue to develop along the spike for the length of a foot2 the flowers are #a_/b;in4 across1 somewhat star-shaped1 having five1 and sometimes six1 divisions of the corolla1 which are oval and cupped2 the short flower stalk is supported by a very narrow bracteole of equal length--this helps not a little to enrich the yet unblossomed part of the spike1 the buds of which are of the purest whiteness and pearl-shape1 mounted in the claw-like setting of the pale green calyx2 these pleasing spikes of flowers and buds have a peculiar habit of bending2 the unbloomed part is at right angles with the erect stem1 with the exception of the tip1 which slightly erects itself2 the angle is ever changing1 being ruled by the change of flower to seed1 the development causing the sharp bend to rise day by day4 ,the leaves of the root are spoon-shaped1 and those of the stems broadly lance-shaped1 varying in length from #c;in4 to #e;in41 entire1 veined1 of good substance1 and having attenuated stalks2 the younger leaves have a changeable satiny hue2 all the leaves at their junction with the stems are marked with a bright redness2 the main stems are furnished with many side branches1 which assist in maintaining floriferousness until late autumn4 ,the habit of the plant is dense1 and from the numerous spikes of flowers and bright green foliage strong specimens have a commendable appearance2 with me1 the growth has been remarkably vigorous1 exceeding by nearly a foot the usual height2 this ,i attribute to the enrichment of the soil4 ,the bent spikes are scarcely suitable for cutting purposes1 but that the plant is deserving of a place in the borders may fairly be inferred from the manner in which it wins admiration when in flower4 ,it enjoys deep loam1 which1 as before hinted1 should be rich2 the situation should be such as will afford it protection from the winds--then1 if its leaves remain untorn1 they will afford a treat from their autumnal tints4 ,propagated by root division during late autumn or early spring4 ,flowering period1 ,july to ,september4 ,margyricarpus ,setosus4 ,,bristly ,,pearl-,,fruit2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,rosaceae4 ,a charming little evergreen shrub1 and most aptly named1 for not only does the name convey some idea of its beauty1 but it is specific to the utmost degree2 a glance at the illustration 7,fig4 #fb7 and the ,english name1 which is a translation of the ,latin one1 will show this4 ,it is the only species of the genus4 ,it was introduced in the year #ahbi from ,peru1 and for a time was considered too tender a subject for other than stove treatment1 and even now it is treated as a shrub needing protection2 but warm as is its native climate1 it proves hardy in ours2 it is not merely a safe subject to winter out under special conditions1 but quite hardy in fully exposed parts4 ,it stood out with me in the winters of #ahgi-hj and #ahhj-a1 and in #ahha-b1 which1 however1 was specially mild1 it held its berries until spring4 ,its evergreen character renders it all the more desirable1 for though the foliage is small and somewhat spare1 it is of a bright and pleasing colour4 ,quite young specimens are prolific1 and only during the severe months are they without berries4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,margyricarpus ,,setosus4 7,one-third natural size2 fruit1 natural size47 ,a full-grown example does not exceed the height of #f;in4 or #h;in4 in this climate4 ,the flowers are green and insignificant--in fact1 hardly visible1 and must be closely looked for2 they are produced singly on the riper parts of the soft wooded branches2 they are chubby forms1 all but stalkless1 and supported by a brown stem-clasping sheath1 which is long-pointed and bent backwards1 resembling a spine2 these sheaths are numerous1 and probably suggested the specific name1 setosus--rough or bristly4 ,the flowers appear for many months1 and there is a corresponding succession of berries2 the latter form the main feature of this singular shrub1 measuring #a_/h;in4 to #a_/f;in4 in diameter1 they are of a clear1 shining white colour1 and are well named pearl fruit4 ,sooner or later in the season every joint of the main branches seems to be furnished with fruit1 which lasts a long time in perfection4 ,the leaves are #a_/b;in4 to #a;in4 long1 pinnate1 leaflets awl-shaped1 reflexed1 and of a deep glistening green colour2 they are arranged in minute tufts on stoutish branchlets1 and1 for the most part1 have a single berry at the parent node4 ,all these young shoots grow in the upward direction1 leaving the procumbent branches to form an even line on the lower side4 ,the habit of this shrub is spreading and prostrate1 and1 from the bright berries and foliage 7the latter all turned upwards71 it becomes a most pleasing object to look down upon1 reminding one of a dwarf erica immediately after a hailstorm4 ,for rockwork1 this is a gem4 ,many amateurs will be glad to learn1 if they do not already know the shrub1 that it is one of those pretty1 uncommon1 and distinct forms ever desirable for choice collections4 ,it should be so planted that its branches can rest on a dark-coloured stone2 this will show up its fruit to advantage4 ,it enjoys a rich1 light soil1 thriving in a mixture of sand1 loam1 and rotten leaves4 ,beyond this there is nothing special about its culture2 moreover1 it is easily increased1 either by cuttings taken in summer and pricked into moist peat under a bell glass1 or by layering the branches4 ,these only need to be pegged down and covered with soil1 or to have a small boulder placed on the part where roots are desired4 ,flowering period1 all summer4 ,mazus ,pumilio4 ,,dwarf ,,mazus2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,scrophulariaceae4 ,this diminutive and pretty plant is a native of ,australia1 and was introduced into this country in #ahbc4 ,it is hardy1 herbaceous1 and perennial2 it is1 however1 sometimes said to be only annual1 which may have been inferred from the fact of its perishing in winter in this climate when grown in cold1 stiff soil1 but that it is perennial is beyond doubt4 ,not only have ,i experienced that it dies every winter in clay soil1 but also that the roots remain fresh and healthy year after year when in more suitable quarters1 such as an open situation in light vegetable soil mixed with sand1 where it quickly spreads by underground runners and asserts its perennial character4 ,its flowers much resemble the small wild violet of the hedgerows1 in size and colour more especially2 the flower-stalks are1 however1 sometimes branched1 carrying four or five flowers2 and if ,i may be allowed to make another comparison in order to convey an idea of its form1 ,i would mention ,pinguicula vulgaris1 the common butterwort4 ,the flowers spring from the midst of flattened tufts of pale green foliage2 the leaves are #a;in4 to #c;in4 long1 spoon-shaped1 slightly waved at the edges and occasionally notched1 distinctly veined1 of a light green colour1 and flesh-tinted in the stalks2 they are arranged in nearly rosette form up to the period of flowering1 when they are not only longer1 but become almost erect2 but the younger tufts which do not produce flowers remain perfectly flat4 ,it is useful for rockwork or as a carpet plant where the soil is of a sandy nature4 ,there should be few bare places in our gardens whilst we have such lovely creepers as this to fall back upon4 ,the rooted stems1 which run immediately under the surface1 may be transplanted any time except during winter4 ,if the roots are mutilated then1 they will probably rot4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,september4 ,melittis ,melissophyllum4 ,syn4 ,m4 ,,grandiflorum2 ,,large-,,flowered ,,bastard ,,balm2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,labiatae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,melittis ,,melissophyllum4 7,one-sixth natural size47 ,this is a somewhat uncommon but handsome native plant4 ,the above names1 together with the illustration 7,fig4 #fc71 will doubtless give the reader a fair idea of its appearance4 ,it forms one of the best possible subjects for a border of old-fashioned plants1 being of a distinct type and colour4 ,the flowers are a mixture of white1 pink1 and purple2 and are nearly #b;in4 long1 in general shape resembling the foxglove1 but wider at the corolla and a little shorter in the broad tube4 ,they are arranged in whorls springing from the axils of the leaves4 ,the whorls are said to be of as many as eight flowers1 but specimens are more commonly seen to have only two to four1 being repeated the whole length of the stems1 which are #ah;in4 high4 ,the leaves are two to three inches long1 and half as broad1 ovate1 serrate1 hairy1 and short stalked4 ,no one can be otherwise than pleased with the ancient style and soft colour of the large flowers1 which last a long time in perfection4 ,there is a trimness1 too1 about the plant which distinguishes it from the more weedy species to which it is related4 ,in a cut state the long stems are not only pretty of themselves when placed in old vases or crackle ware1 but they have a remarkably good effect4 ,they1 however1 should not be crowded or swamped by more showy foliage or flowers--in fact1 they should be used alone4 ,it will grow anywhere and in any quality of soil1 but slight shade and well-enriched loam will be found to make a vast difference in the size of the flowers1 and their colour will be also improved4 ,it may be divided or transplanted any time after it has done flowering4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,monarda ,didyma4 ,syn4 ,m4 ,,kalmiana2 ,,bee ,,balm1 or ,,oswego ,,tea2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,labiatae4 ,all the ,monardas are natives of ,north ,america1 and1 consequently1 quite hardy in this country2 they are also herbaceous and perennial4 ,this species has been grown for #acj years in ,english gardens1 and at the present time it is not only accounted an old flower but it is highly esteemed4 ,the blooms are large and brilliant in colour1 and their shaggy forms give them an effect which is decorative both in the garden and vase4 ,the flowers are not only numerous1 but1 for the most part1 bright2 moreover1 they begin to flower at midsummer and continue until the frosts set in4 ,the species under notice has bright scarlet flowers1 produced when the plant is about #ah;in4 high2 it1 however1 grows to nearly twice that size1 flowering all the while4 ,the whorls of bloom issue from half-globular arrangements of buds and persistent calyces2 each flower is an inch long2 corolla ringent1 or gaping2 helmet1 or upper division1 linear2 the seed organs are longer2 the calyx tubular1 having five minute teeth1 being striped and grooved2 the whole head1 or whorl1 is supported by a leafy bract1 the leaflets being of a pale green colour1 tinted with red4 ,the leaves are ovate-cordate1 or broadly lance-shaped1 taper-pointed1 toothed1 rough1 and slightly wrinkled1 and they have short stalks4 ,the stems are square1 grooved1 and hard4 ,the whole plant exhales a powerful but pleasant odour4 ,the habit is branching1 that of the root progressive1 not only increasing rapidly1 but such parts on the surface may be termed creeping or prostrate branches1 forming a veritable mat of fibre4 ,the whole genus is made up of such species as may be used freely in most gardens1 more especially in those having plenty of space4 ,for culture and flowering period1 see ,m4 ,russelliana4 ,monarda ,fistulosa4 ,,wild ,,bergamot2 ,syns4 ,m4 ,,affinis1 ,m4 ,,altissima1 ,m4 ,,media1 ,m4 ,,oblongata1 ,m4 ,,purpurea1 and ,m4 ,,rugosa2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,labiatae4 ,the ,wild ,bergamot has a pleasant smell2 it has1 however1 the objectionable property of attracting great numbers of bees and wasps4 ,compared with the scarlet ,m4 didyma1 the more striking differences are the purple flowers1 which are less1 and mostly produced in single heads4 ,the bracts are tinted with purple1 and they are more bent down the stems2 the latter1 too1 are only half as thick and of a dark brown colour4 ,for culture and flowering period1 see ,m4 ,russelliana4 ,monarda ,russelliana4 ,,russell',s ,,monarda2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,labiatae4 ,another1 distinct species4 ,its flowers are white1 with pistil tinted purple1 and less in size than either of the above4 ,the bract is remarkably large1 and further amplified by numerous small leaves amongst the flowers2 all are deeply tinted or veined with purple2 the leaves are larger than those of ,m4 didyma1 and those near the tops of the stems are also tinted with purple on their stalks1 mid-ribs1 and edges2 the stems are green1 rounded at the corners1 channelled1 and smooth4 ,there are other species than those ,i have named1 but the above-mentioned are not only the more distinct1 and well represent the genus1 but as flowers they form a richly beautiful trio of colour1 so that1 when grown side by side1 their effectiveness is much enhanced2 as cut bloom they answer well for furnishing old vases4 ,either growing or cut1 their flowers and leaves are pleasant1 but if bruised the odour is too powerful2 they1 however1 when used in moderation1 form a valuable ingredient of pot pourri4 ,they may be grown in ordinary soil1 and in any position but a too shady one4 ,the propagation of these plants may be carried out any time1 by cutting small squares of the matted roots from old specimens1 but it will be found that if allowed to grow to bold examples their effect will be all the more telling4 ,flowering period1 ,july to ,september4 ,morina ,longifolia4 ,syn4 ,m4 ,,elegans2 ,,whorl ,,flower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,dipsaceae4 ,until this plant comes into flower there is little about it for us1 who are trained to dislike and almost despise thistles1 to admire4 ,it is not a thistle certainly1 but the resemblance is very close when not in flower1 and the three or four specimens which ,i grow have often caused a laugh from visitors at my expense1 but ,i pocket the laugh and ask them to come and see my thistles in ,june4 ,when1 too1 weeding is being done1 it is always needful1 for the safety of the plants1 to give some such hint as ,do not pull up those thistles2 but if this plant is no relation to that despised weed1 it belongs to another race1 the species of which are also formidably armed--viz41 the ,teasel4 ,it comes from the ,himalayas1 and is comparatively new in ,english gardens4 ,it is hardy1 herbaceous1 and perennial1 grows to a height of #b;ft41 and the flowers are produced in whorls or tiers interspersed with the thorny foliage near the top of the stems4 ,at this stage of development the plant has a noble appearance1 and the rings of flowers are very beautiful--though when ,i say flowers ,i here mean the combination of buds and blossoms in their different stages and colours4 ,the buds are pure white and waxy1 and when open1 are of a delicate pink2 as they get advanced1 they turn to a lovely crimson2 these are all the more pleasing1 because the flowers last a long time4 ,in form they are tubular and horn-shaped1 having a spreading1 uneven corolla1 five-parted4 ,each flower is #a;in4 long and #c_/d;in4 across1 six to fifteen in a whorl1 the whorls being five to ten in number4 ,the whorl-bracts are formed of three arrow-shaped leaves1 deeply cupped1 and overlapping at their junction with the stem or scape2 they are spiny and downy underneath4 ,calyx1 tubular and brown4 ,segments 7two71 pale green1 notched1 alternated with long spines1 and surrounded with shorter ones4 ,the leaves of the root are #i;in4 to #ab;in4 long1 and #b;in4 wide in the broadest parts2 pinnate1 waved1 and spined1 like the holly or thistle4 ,the leaves of the stem are similar in shape1 but very much smaller4 ,the whole plant1 and especially if there are several together1 has a stately appearance1 and attracts much attention2 it is a good border plant1 but it will be more at home1 and show to equal advantage in openings in the front parts of the shrubbery1 because it enjoys a little shade1 and the shelter from high winds is a necessity1 it being top heavy2 if tied1 it is robbed of its natural and beautiful form4 ,it thrives well in sandy loam4 ,slugs are fond of it1 and eat into the collar or crown1 and therefore they should be looked for1 especially in winter1 during open weather4 ,to propagate it1 the roots should be divided as soon as the plants have done flowering1 they then become established before winter sets in4 ,plant in the permanent quarters1 and shade with leafy branches for a fortnight4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,muhlenbeckia ,complexa4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,polygonaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,muhlenbeckia ,,complexa4 7,one-fourth natural size2 fruit1 natural size47 ,a hardy climber1 of great beauty2 during ,november its nearly black stems are well furnished with its peculiar small dark green leaves1 which1 even when without flowers or fruit1 render it an object of first-class merit as a decorative subject4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #fd7 is fairly representative of all its parts2 still1 it can give no idea of the effect of a specimen climbing #d;ft4 to #f;ft4 high1 diffuse and spreading withal4 ,although ,i have grown this handsome climber several years1 my experience and information respecting it are very limited indeed2 its hardiness and beauty are the inducements which have led me to recommend it for the pleasure garden4 ,as a matter of fact1 ,i have never bloomed it1 and ,i am indebted to a lady for the wax-like and flower-shaped fruits illustrated2 they were produced in a warm vinery1 and ,i have otherwise learned that in this climate the plant only flowers outside during very warm summers4 ,i have also information from one of ,h4 ,m4 ,botanic ,gardens that this species was introduced from ,south ,america1 but when and by whom ,i am unable to say4 ,it requires a warm1 sheltered position4 ,before the severe winters came it used to be covered with star-like whitish flowers1 which were succeeded by fruits4 ,the fruits given in the illustration 7natural size7 are a fine feature1 but1 considering the uncertainty of their production1 they can hardly be claimed for outside decoration4 ,they are of a transparent1 wax-like substance1 and the tooth-like divisions glisten like miniature icicles2 they hang in small clusters on lateral shoots from the more ripened stems1 and have a charming effect1 contrasting finely with the black stems and dark green foliage4 ,the leaves are small 7#a_/d;in4 to #c_/d;in4 across7 somewhat fiddle-shaped1 of good substance1 and having slender stalks2 they are alternate and distantly arranged on the long trailing and climbing stems4 ,the habit is dense and diffuse1 and though it loses many leaves in winter1 ,i have never seen it entirely bare2 it is therefore entitled to be called evergreen with outdoor treatment4 ,the distinct form and colour of its foliage1 together with the graceful shape of the spray-like branches1 render this subject of great value for cutting purposes4 ,seen in company1 and used sparingly with white flowers for epergne work1 the effect is unique2 and ,i ask those who possess it to try it in that or a similar way4 ,it enjoys a sunny position and well drained or sandy soil4 ,with me it grows entangled with a rose tree1 the latter being nailed to the wall4 ,i have also seen it very effective on the upper and drier parts of rockwork1 where it can have nothing to cling to2 there it forms a dense prostrate bush4 ,it may be propagated by cuttings of the hardier shoots1 which should be taken in early summer2 by this method they become nicely rooted before winter4 ,flowering periods1 warm summers4 ,muscari ,botryoides4 ,,grape ,,hyacinth2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,this is a hardy species1 somewhat finer than the more common ,m4 racemosum1 from the fact of its richer1 bright sky blue flowers4 ,the form of the ,grape ,hyacinth is well known 7see ,fig4 #fe71 being a very old garden flower and a great favourite2 when it is once planted1 it keeps its place1 despite all drawbacks common to a crowded border1 with the exception of that wholesale destroyer1 a careless digger2 if left undisturbed for a year or two1 it increases to very showy clumps4 ,the flowers1 which are densely arranged on stout spikes #h;in4 high1 are very small1 globular1 and narrowed at the opening1 where the tiny divisions are tipped with white4 ,the foliage resembles that of the wood hyacinth1 but it is more rigid1 not so broad1 and slightly glaucous4 ,it seems to do best in light earth1 and the flowers are finer in colour when grown in shade1 but not too much4 ,where quantities are available1 they may be used as an edging1 nothing looking better in a spring garden4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,muscari ,,botryoides4 7,one-eighth natural size47 ,m4 b4 alba varies only in the colour of its flowers2 the white is somewhat creamy for a time2 it becomes much clearer after a few days1 and remains in perfection for two weeks in ordinary weather4 ,this is a charming variety2 grown by the side of the different blues its beauty is enhanced4 ,it is very effective as a cut flower1 though rather stiff1 but if sparingly used it is attractive for bouquets1 whilst for a buttonhole one or two spikes answer admirably4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,muscari ,racemosum4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,this is the commonest species1 and although very pleasing1 suffers by a comparison with the above blue kind1 being more dwarf and the flowers less bright4 ,the best time to transplant the bulbs is when the tops have died off1 and the choicer sorts of these1 as well as all other bulbs whose foliage dies off early in summer1 should have something to mark their situation when in their dormant state4 ,cultivation and flowering period1 as for ,m4 botryoides4 ,narcissus ,minor4 ,,smaller ,,daffodil2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,amaryllidaceae4 ,a very beautiful and effective spring flower4 ,though a native of ,spain1 it proves one of the hardiest denizens of our gardens2 it is not often met with1 but it has been cultivated in this country since #afbi4 ,it was well known in ,parkinson's time4 ,not merely is it a species due to bloom early1 but it does so1 no matter how severe the weather may be1 in ,march1 and the flowers are freely produced4 ,we could hardly have more severe weather than we had in ,march1 #ahhc1 when the snow was sometimes several inches deep and the frost as much as #ag;deg4 to #bc;deg4 ,still this little ,daffodil continued to push up its golden blossoms1 so that in the latter half of the month1 it formed one of the most pleasing of the hardy flowers of the spring garden4 ,its blue-green leaves are densely grown1 and being only #d;in4 high and somewhat rigid1 they not only form a rich setting for the bright blossom which scarcely tops them1 but they support the flowers1 which have a drooping habit4 ,later on1 however1 they lift their fair faces and look out sideways1 but whether seen in profile or otherwise1 they are alike charming4 ,i do not remember ever to have seen or heard this flower described as finely scented2 as a matter of fact1 it is deliciously so4 ,the odour is aromatic and mace-like4 ,if the bloom is cut when in its prime and quite dry1 a few heads will scent a fair-sized room4 ,of course1 all the species of the genus 7as implied by the generic name7 exhale an odour1 and some kinds a very fragrant one1 whilst others are said to be injurious2 but the spicy smell of this can scarcely be otherwise than acceptable1 and it must always be a desirable feature in a flower suitable for cutting1 and more especially in a winter and spring flower4 ,from its dwarfness this ,daffodil is very liable to be soiled2 either of three plans may be adopted to prevent this3 ,plant on grass2 top-dress in ,january with longish litter1 which by the blooming time will have a washed and not very objectionable appearance2 or1 lastly1 let the patches grow broad and thick1 when their own foliage will keep down the mud1 excepting at the sides4 ,i find the litter method to answer well for scores of things for a similar purpose4 ,flowers are produced on slender scapes1 #c;in4 to #d;in4 long1 singly1 from the long membranous spatha2 they are #aa_/d;in4 across the expanded perianth1 and about the same length2 the six divisions are rather longer than the tube1 and of a pale yellow or lemon colour2 the crown or nectary is campanulate1 longer than the petal-like divisions1 lobed1 fringed1 and of a deep yellow colour4 ,the leaves are strap-shaped1 stout and glaucous1 and about the same length as the scapes4 ,this plant is in no way particular as to soil1 provided it is well drained4 ,it enjoys1 however1 partial shade and liberal top-dressings of manure4 ,it increases fast by offsets1 and1 if desirable1 the bulbs may be lifted the third year for division1 after the tops have died off in late summer4 ,flowering period1 ,march and ,april4 ,nierembergia ,rivularis4 ,,water ,,nierembergia1 or ,,white ,,cup2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,solanaceae4 ,this alpine plant comes from ,la ,plata2 when well grown 7and it easily may be7 it is a gem--hardy1 herbaceous1 and perennial4 ,it has a most pleasing habit2 from its mass of root-like stems which run very near the surface1 it sends up a dense carpet of short-stalked leaves1 which in ,july become studded over with large and chaste white flowers2 though it rarely exceeds #d;in4 in height1 it is very attractive4 ,the flowers are #aa_/b;in4 across1 of a variously tinted white1 sometimes with pink and sometimes with purplish-grey inside the corolla4 ,the outside is yellowish-green2 the five lobes of the corolla are arranged cup-fashion1 having four distinct ribs or nerves and wavy margins1 the inner bases being richly tinted with lemon-yellow2 what appears at first sight to be the flower-stalk1 #b;in4 to #c;in4 long1 is really a long round tube1 very narrow for so large a flower2 it is of even thickness all its length4 ,the calyx nearly touches the earth2 it is also tubular and five-cleft4 ,the leaves are from less than an inch to #c;in4 long1 somewhat spoon-shaped or sub-spathulate and entire1 smooth1 and very soft to the touch4 ,it thrives in a light soil1 but it should not be dry4 ,moisture and a little shade are the chief conditions required by this lovely creeper1 and where bare places exist1 which are otherwise suitable1 nothing more pleasing could well be planted2 in dips or the more moist parts of rockwork1 it may be grown with capital effect1 but the patches should be broad4 ,it also forms a good surfacing subject for leggy plants or shrubs4 ,lilies not only appear to more advantage when carpeted with the short dense foliage of this creeper1 but their roots are kept more cool and moist by it1 and there are many similar cases in which it will prove equally useful4 ,it is easily propagated by division of the roots after the leaves have died off1 but ,i have found spring much the better time1 just as the new growth is pushing4 ,flowering period1 ,july and ,august4 ,oenothera ,speciosa4 ,,showy ,,evening ,,primrose2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,onagraceae4 ,a hardy and beautiful perennial species from ,north ,america2 it is aptly named1 as the flowers are not only large but numerous 7see ,fig4 #ff74 ,the plant has a gay appearance for many weeks4 ,as a garden flower1 it is one of those happy subjects which may be allowed to grow in any odd corner1 no matter what quality the soil may be1 and full exposure or a little shade is equally suitable4 ,no matter where it grows in the garden1 it is a showy and pleasing flower1 which1 if plucked1 is found to have the delicate smell of the sweet pea4 ,it grows #ah;in4 high1 is herb-like in the foliage1 and very distinct from other species1 more especially as regards its slender stems and somewhat large and irregular foliage4 ,the flowers are a satiny white1 delicately nerved1 and nearly #c;in4 across2 the four petals are a pleasing yellowish-green at the bases2 when fully expanded they form a cross1 being clear of each other2 they become tinted with rose when they begin to fade4 ,the leaves are of various sizes1 sometimes spotted1 lance-shaped1 toothed1 and attenuated at the base4 ,the general habit of the plant is erect1 but it is often procumbent2 it has1 from its slender stems1 a light appearance1 and for one evening's use the sprays are very useful in a cut state4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,oenothera ,,speciosa4 7,one-sixth natural size47 ,it propagates itself freely by its root runners near the surface4 ,these roots may be transplanted in early spring1 and they will flower the same year4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,oenothera ,taraxacifolia4 ,,dandelion-,,leaved ,,evening ,,primrose2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,onagraceae4 ,from the great beauty of the flowers of this plant1 it has not only become widely distributed1 but a great favourite1 considering that it was so recently introduced into this country as #ahbe2 it came from ,peru4 ,fortunately this charming exotic proves perfectly hardy in our climate2 it is also herbaceous and perennial4 ,no garden ought to be without so easily grown a flower1 and though its foliage much resembles that of the common dandelion1 a fine mass of it proves no mean setting for the large white flowers which spring from the midst of it4 ,another pleasing feature in connection with the flowers is that for a day they are pure white1 after which they partly close and turn to a scarcely less beautiful delicate flesh tint4 ,this colour and the half closed form are retained for several days2 it exhales a sweet odour1 about which there is a peculiarity4 ,when newly opened--the first night--while the flowers are white1 they will be found to have a grateful scent like tea roses2 but if the older and coloured blooms are tried1 they will be found to have the refreshing smell of almonds4 ,there is yet another curious trait about this lovely flower--it has a long stalk-like tube1 which may be called the flower stalk1 as1 so to speak1 it has no other1 and the lower part--it being #d;in4 to #f;in4 long--is inclined to squareness1 but near the top it becomes round and widens into the divisions of the calyx1 being1 in fact1 the tube or undivided part of the calyx4 ,let the reader carefully examine this interesting flower4 ,first pluck it with all its length of stem or tube 7it may be #f;in4 long72 with a small knife or needle split it upwards1 and there will be exposed the style of a corresponding length4 ,the tube and segments of the calyx are of a pale green colour1 segments an inch or more long1 finely pointed2 the four petals are large1 nearly round1 and overlapping each other1 forming a corolla more than #c;in4 across2 they are satiny in appearance1 and transparent1 beautifully veined or nerved1 the nerves having delicate green basements1 from which spring stamens of a like colour1 but with anthers #a_/b;in4 long1 evenly balanced1 and furnished with lemon-yellow pollen4 ,the leaves are herb-like1 and1 as the common name implies1 like the leaves of the dandelion1 similar in size1 but more cut or lobed4 ,the plant1 however1 varies materially from the dandelion1 in having stems which push out all round the crown1 growing to a considerable length1 and resting on the ground4 ,this plant cannot well be grown in too large quantities1 where there is plenty of room2 it produces flowers for a long time1 and they are highly serviceable for cutting purposes1 though lasting only a short time4 ,it cannot well be planted wrong as regards position1 as it will thrive anywhere1 providing the soil is enriched1 it being a gross feeder2 it should not1 however1 be planted where it will be likely to overgrow smaller and less rampant subjects4 ,on the whole1 it is one of those plants which afford a maximum of pleasure for a minimum of care1 and needs no special culture--in fact1 takes care of itself4 ,its propagation is simple1 and may be carried out either by division of the old roots or by transplanting the self-sown seedlings into their blooming quarters1 during ,march or ,april4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,omphalodes ,verna4 ,,creeping ,,forget-,,me-,,not2 ,syn4 ,,cynoglossum ,,omphalodes2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,boraginaceae4 ,the common name of this pretty1 hardy1 herbaceous creeper at once gives the keynote to its description2 it is a very old plant in ,english gardens1 and a native of ,south ,europe4 ,parkinson gives a very neat description of it3 ,this small borage shooteth forth many leaves from the roote1 every one upon a long stalke1 of a darke greene colour2 the stalkes are small and slender1 not above halfe a foote high1 with very few leaves thereon1 and at the toppes come forth the flowers1 made of five blew round pointed leaves1 every one upon a long foote stalke4 ,this1 together with the well-known form and habit of the plant1 leaves little more to be said by way of description2 and it maybe added that though the flowers are akin to forget-me-nots1 but more brilliant1 the foliage is very different indeed1 being nearly heart-shaped1 and over #b;in4 long4 ,its habit is such that though its flowers are small1 they are somewhat conspicuous1 from their brightness1 abundance1 and manner in which they are produced1 i4e41 well above a bright green mass of leaves2 only bold clumps1 however1 show to such advantage4 ,when the plant is fairly established1 it makes rapid growth1 increasing itself somewhat strawberry fashion1 by runners4 ,it is worthy of note here that this semi-woody creeper does well under trees not too densely grown4 ,many inquiries are made for such subjects1 and this is one of the number 7which is far from ample7 that can be relied upon for not only covering the bare earth1 but also for bespangling such position with its bright blossoms for two months in spring4 ,i have also tried it in pots1 grown and bloomed under the shade of a trellised peach tree1 in a small house1 without artificial heat1 where it not only did well1 but vied with the violets for effectiveness4 ,this otherwise robust plant ,i have found to die when divided in the autumn 7a period when many--indeed1 ,i may say most--perennials are best transplanted71 but when its propagation is carried out in spring1 it grows like a weed4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,ononis ,rotundifolia4 ,,round-,,leaved ,,restharrow2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,leguminosae4 ,one of the most charming of the old-fashioned border flowers1 having been grown in this country since #aegj4 ,it came from the ,pyrenees1 is hardy1 evergreen1 and shrubby4 ,the common name of the genus1 ,restharrow1 is in reference to the long1 tough1 and woody roots and branches4 ,according to ,gerarde1 these properties maketh the oxen1 whilst they be in plowing1 to rest or stand still4 ,although this species has tough roots and branches1 it seems more likely that the name would be from the trouble caused by the weedy species of the genus of his time4 ,in its growing state there is seen an exquisiteness of form and colour rarely approached by any other subject2 from the manner in which the unopened scarlet buds blend with the thick and handsome-shaped foliage1 the illustration 7,fig4 #fg7 can scarcely do justice to it4 ,it should not be judged by other and better known species of the genus1 some of which are of a weedy character1 and from which this is as distinct as it well can be4 ,besides having the valuable property of flowering all summer1 it is otherwise a suitable subject for the most select collections of hardy flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,ononis ,,rotundifolia4 7,plant1 one-sixth natural size2 blossom1 natural size47 ,it grows #ah;in4 high1 and is erect and branched in habit2 the flowers are produced on short side shoots2 in form they are pea-flower-shaped1 as the reader will infer from the order to which the shrub belongs4 ,the raceme seldom has more than two or three flowers fully open at one time1 when they are of a shaded pink colour1 and nearly an inch in length2 the leaves are #a;in4 to #b;in41 ternate1 sometimes in fives1 ovate1 toothed1 and covered with glandular hairs4 ,the plant should be grown in bold specimens for the best effect4 ,ordinary garden soil suits it2 if deeply dug and enriched1 all the better4 ,it is not so readily increased by division of the roots as many border plants1 though root slips may1 with care1 be formed into nice plants the first season2 the better plan is to sow the seed as soon as well ripened1 from which more vigorous plants may be had1 and they will sometimes flower the following summer1 though far short of their natural size4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,september4 ,onosma ,taurica4 ,,golden ,,drop2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,boraginaceae4 ,a hardy perennial1 somewhat woody1 and retaining much of its foliage in a fresh state throughout the winter1 though by some described as herbaceous4 ,the leaves which wither remain persistent1 and sometimes this proves a source of danger to the specimen1 from holding moisture during our wet winters1 causing rot to set in4 ,it is a comparatively new plant in ,english gardens1 having been introduced from the ,caucasus in #ahja1 and as yet is seldom met with4 ,not only is it distinct in the form of its flowers--as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #fh7--;from other species of its order1 but it has bloom of exceptional beauty1 and the plant as a garden subject is further enhanced in value from the fact of its delicious perfume and perpetual blooming habit--i4e41 it flowers until stopped by frosts2 in short1 it is one of the very finest hardy flowers1 and if ,i could only grow a small collection of fifty1 this should be one of such collection4 ,the flowers are bright yellow1 #aa_/b;in4 long1 somewhat pear-shaped1 and tubular4 ,the calyx is long and deeply divided2 the corolla is narrowed at the mouth2 segments short1 broad1 and rolled back1 forming a sort of rim4 ,the flowers are arranged in branched heads1 which are one-sided4 ,the flower stalks are short1 and the flowers and buds closely grown4 ,the stems are about a foot long1 having short alternate shoots1 which flower later on2 they are weighed to the ground with the numerous flowers and buds2 the leaves are #c;in4 to #f;in4 long1 narrow1 lance-shaped1 reflexed1 and covered with short stiff hairs1 which impart a grey appearance to the foliage4 ,it should be grown fully exposed1 as it loves sunshine2 if planted in the frequented parts of the garden1 its delicious perfume is the more likely to be enjoyed2 on rockwork1 somewhat elevated1 will perhaps prove the best position for it1 as then the pendent flowers can be better seen and studied4 ,the whole habit of the plant renders it a suitable subject for the rock garden2 it may be grown in either loam or vegetable soil if well drained1 and when it once becomes established in genial quarters it makes rapid growth and is very floriferous4 ,what a rich bed could be formed of this1 judiciously mixed with hardy fuchsias and the various linums1 having deep blue flowers and graceful slender stems6 ,these all love a breezy situation and sunshine1 they also all flower at the same time1 and continuously4 ,to increase this choice plant1 cuttings should be taken during summer2 they may be rooted quickly if placed in a cucumber frame and kept shaded for ten or twelve days2 water should be given carefully1 or the hairy leaves will begin to rot4 ,aim at having the young stock well rooted and hardened off before the cold weather sets in4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,onosma ,,taurica4 7,plant1 one-quarter natural size2 blossom1 one-half natural size47 ,flowering period1 ,june to the frosts4 ,orchis ,foliosa4 ,,leafy ,,orchis2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,orchidaceae4 ,this terrestrial ,orchid is not generally known to be hardy1 but that such is the fact is beyond doubt4 ,it is not only hardy1 though it comes from ,madeira1 but it thrives better in this climate when exposed to all the drawbacks belonging to the open garden1 or hardy treatment1 than when kept under glass4 ,it only seems to require two things--a deep rich soil and leaving alone--being very impatient of disturbance at its roots4 ,many of the hardy ,orchids1 though interesting1 are not showy enough as flowers for beds or borders4 ,this1 however1 is an exception1 and is not only1 in common with other ,orchids1 an interesting species1 but a handsome and durable flower4 ,it blooms at different heights1 from #i;in4 to #b;ft42 the spike1 as implied by the name1 is leafy up to and among the flowered portion1 which is from #c;in4 to #i;in4 long2 the flowers are a cheerful purple colour1 each #c_/d;in4 in diameter2 the sepals are erect1 cupped1 and paler in colour than the other parts of the flower2 petals small2 lip large1 three lobed1 the middle one somewhat pointed2 leaves oblong and smooth1 lessening and becoming more subulate near the top of the stem4 ,when well grown1 this plant has a noble appearance1 and when closely viewed is seen to be a flower of a high order1 as1 in fact1 all the ,orchids are4 ,fortunately1 it is not so particular either as regards soil or atmosphere as most of its relations1 and it may frequently be met with in cottage gardens in splendid form4 ,good sandy loam1 in a moist situation1 suits it well1 and ,i have seen it with fine spikes of bloom both in partial shade and fully exposed4 ,its position should be correctly noted1 otherwise1 when the tops have died down1 the roots may suffer damage2 they should be well guarded against disturbance4 ,when increase is desirable the roots may be divided1 but if they can be left alone it will be much to the advantage of the specimens4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,orchis ,fusca4 ,,brown ,,orchis2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,orchidaceae4 ,a rare and noble ,british species1 terrestrial1 and having a tuberous root of moderate size2 the specific name does not always apply1 as this species varies considerably in the colour of its flowers--certainly all are not brown4 ,according to ,gray1 the flowers are large1 greenish-brown1 brownish-purple1 or pale ash grey2 the specimen from which our illustration 7,fig4 #fi7 was drawn may be said to be brownish-purple1 from its great number of brown spots2 it is also slightly tinged with green4 ,according to ,linnaeus1 it is synonymous with ,o4 ,militaris1 the ,soldier1 or ,brown ,man ,orchis4 ,of the native kinds of ,orchis1 many of which are now getting very scarce1 it is desirable to know what's what4 ,but1 as a garden flower1 the one now under consideration has many points of merit4 ,the plant is bold and portly1 and the foliage ample compared with many of the genus4 ,the head of flowers is large1 numerous1 and well lifted up1 while1 far from their least good quality1 is that of their fine aromatic perfume4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,orchis ,,fusca4 7,one-fourth natural size2 #a and #b1 natural size of flower47 ,the full size of a flower is shown in the drawing4 ,the sepals are seen to be broad1 converging1 and pointed2 the lip1 which is rough1 is three-parted2 lobes1 unequal and ragged2 the side ones are long and narrow1 the middle lobe is twice notched in an irregular manner2 the spur is straight with the stem2 bracts1 short2 the flowers are densely produced1 forming a compact bunch #c;in4 to #d;in4 long1 on a spike rather over a foot tall2 they continue in perfection three weeks or a month4 ,the leaves are #i;in4 or more in length1 lance-shaped1 and fully an inch broad in the middle2 they are of a pale1 shining1 green colour1 the root leaves resting on the ground4 ,i find this ,orchid capable of withstanding very rough treatment1 but it requires some time 7two years7 to get fairly established4 ,silky loam and leaf soil are suitable for it2 a moist situation1 but in no way of a stagnant character1 should be given1 and the position should also be carefully selected1 so as to secure the brittle and top-heavy flower spikes from strong winds1 otherwise it will suffer the fate of hundreds of tulips after a gale4 ,it is propagated by root division after the foliage has died off4 ,flowering period1 end of ,may to end of ,june4 ,origanum ,pulchellum4 ,,beautiful ,,marjoram2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,labiatae4 ,this is indeed a well-named species or variety1 whichever it may be2 little seems to be known of its origin1 but that it is distinct and beautiful is beyond doubt4 ,it shines most as a rock plant2 its long and bending stems1 which are somewhat procumbent1 have as much rigidity about them as to prevent their having a weak appearance2 the tips1 moreover1 are erect1 showing off to advantage the handsome imbricate bracts1 bespangled as they are with numerous rosy-purple blossoms4 ,the long and elegant panicles of bracteae1 together with the pleasing arrangement thereof1 are the main features of this subject4 ,the rosy flowers are very small1 and have the appearance of being packed between the bracteoles2 still1 their gaping forms are distinctly traceable1 but the pretty lipped calyxes are quite hidden2 the bract leaves are roundly-oval1 acute1 cupped1 and touched with a nutty-brown tint on the outer sides2 the spikes have many minor ones1 being as fine as a thread1 covered with short soft hairs1 and of a brown colour2 the leaves are #c_/d;in4 long1 oval1 entire1 and downy4 ,the plant or shrub grows #ah;in4 high4 ,as already hinted1 the habit is procumbent1 the older flower stems being woody2 not only is it a bright object for rockwork1 but it is in its finest form when most other flowers are past4 ,the branches are useful in a cut state2 the slender spikelets1 with their pale green and brown tinted bracts1 are very pretty by gas light1 and they keep well for a long time in water4 ,the ,marjorams are fond of a dry situation1 and this is no exception to that rule4 ,rockwork or raised beds of sandy loam suits it to perfection1 provided the aspect is sunny4 ,it will1 therefore1 be seen that there is nothing special about its culture1 neither is there in its propagation2 cuttings may be taken in summer1 or the rooted shoots may be divided at almost any time4 ,it flowers from ,september to the time of severe frosts1 and is in its greatest beauty in ,october4 ,orobus ,vernus4 ,,peaseling1 ,,or ,,spring ,,bitter ,,vetch2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,leguminosae4 ,a hardy herbaceous perennial2 it flowers in very early spring1 and sometimes sooner1 but it is in full beauty in ,april1 its blooming period being very prolonged4 ,not only is this bright and handsome pea flower worth attention being a very old subject of ,english gardens1 but also because of its intrinsic merit as a decorative plant4 ,i say plant designedly1 as its form is both sprightly and elegant1 which1 ,i fear1 the illustration 7,fig4 #gj7 can hardly do justice to--more especially its spring tints and colours4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,,orobus ,,vernus4 7,one-fourth1 natural size47 ,pretty nearly as soon as the growths are out of the earth the flowers begin to appear4 ,the greatest height the plants attain rarely exceeds a foot2 this commends it as a suitable border plant4 ,individually the flowers are not showy1 but collectively they are pleasing and effective4 ,when they first open they are a mixture of green1 red1 blue1 and purple1 the latter predominating4 ,as they become older they merge into blue1 so that a plant shows many flowers in various shades1 none of which are quite an inch long1 and being borne on slender drooping stalks1 which issue from the leafy stems1 somewhat below the leading growths1 the bloom is set off to great advantage4 ,the foliage in form resembles the common vetch1 but is rather larger in the leaflets1 and instead of being downy like the vetch1 the leaves are smooth and bright4 ,in a cut state1 sprays are very useful1 giving lightness to the stiffer spring flowers1 such as tulips1 narcissi1 and hyacinths4 ,rockwork suits it admirably2 it also does well in borders2 but in any position it pays for liberal treatment in the form of heavy manuring4 ,it seeds freely1 and may be propagated by the seed or division of strong roots in the autumn4 ,whether rabbits can scent it a considerable distance off1 ,i cannot say1 but1 certain it is1 they find mine every year1 and in one part of the garden eat it off bare4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,ourisia ,coccinea4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,scrophulariaceae4 ,a hardy herbaceous perennial from ,south ,america1 as yet rarely seen in ,english gardens1 and more seldom in good form4 ,as may be judged by the illustration 7,fig4 #ga71 it is a charming plant1 but it has beauties which cannot be there depicted2 its deep green and shining leaves constitute wavy masses of foliage1 most pleasing to see1 and the short-stemmed1 lax clusters of dazzling scarlet flowers are thereby set off to great advantage4 ,i have no fear of overpraising this plant1 as one cannot well do that4 ,i will1 however1 add that it is a decorative subject of the highest order1 without a single coarse feature about it2 seldom is it seen without a few solitary sprays of flowers1 and it is never met with in a seedy or flabby state of foliage1 but it remains plump throughout the autumn1 when it sometimes shows a disposition to indulge in autumnal tints4 ,though seldom encountered1 this lovely plant is well known1 as it is pretty sure to be1 from notes made of it and published with other garden news2 but it has the reputation of being a fickle plant1 difficult to grow1 and a shy bloomer4 ,i trust this statement will not deter a single reader from introducing it into his garden2 if ,i had found it manageable only with an unreasonable amount of care1 ,i would not have introduced it here4 ,it certainly requires special treatment1 but all the conditions are so simple and practicable1 in even the smallest garden1 that it cannot be fairly termed difficult1 as we shall shortly see4 ,the flowers are #aa_/b;in4 long1 in form intermediate between the pentstemon and snapdragon1 but in size smaller1 and the colour an unmixed deep scarlet3 they are produced on stems #i;in4 high1 round1 hairy1 and furnished with a pair of very small stem-clasping leaves1 and where the panicle of flowers begins there is a small bract1 and less perfectly developed ones are at every joint1 whence spring the wiry flower stalks in fours1 threes1 and twos1 of various lengths and a ruddy colour4 ,the panicles are lax and bending2 the flowers1 too1 are pendent2 calyx1 five-parted and sharply toothed2 stamens1 four1 and long as petals2 anthers1 large and cream coloured1 style long and protruding4 ,the leaves are radical1 and have long1 hairy1 bending stalks2 the main ribs are also hairy2 beneath1 they are of a deep green colour1 bald1 shining1 veined and wrinkled2 their form is somewhat heart-shaped1 sometimes oval1 lobed1 but not deeply1 and unevenly notched2 they grow in dense masses to the height of #f;in4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,ourisia ,,coccinea4 7,plant1 one-fourth natural size2 #a1 blossom1 one-half natural size47 ,it is said to like a peaty soil1 in which ,i have never tried it4 ,in the management of this plant ,i have found position to be the main desideratum2 the soil may be almost anything if it is kept moist and sweet by good drainage1 but ,ourisia coccinea will not endure exposure to hot sunshine2 even if the soil is moist it will suffer4 ,i have large patches of it1 #c;ft4 in diameter1 growing in a mixture of clay and ashes1 formed into a bank #ah;in4 high1 sloping north and screened by a hedge nearly #f;ft4 high from the mid-day sun1 and shaded by overhanging trees2 and ,i may also add that during the three years my specimens have occupied this shady1 moist1 but well drained position they have grown and flowered freely1 always best in the deepest shade4 ,as before hinted1 there is a sort of special treatment required by this plant1 but it is1 after all1 very simple4 ,it is a slow surface creeper1 should be planted freely in frequented parts of the garden1 if the needful conditions exist1 and no more beautiful surfacing can be recommended2 grown in such quantities it will be available for cutting purposes4 ,as a cut flower it is remarkably distinct and fine2 it so outshines most other flowers that it must either have well selected company or be used with only a few ferns or grasses4 ,it is readily increased by division of the creeping roots1 which is best done in early spring4 ,if such divisions are made in the autumn1 according to my experience1 the roots rot2 they should therefore be taken off either in summer1 when there is still time for the young stock to make roots1 or be left in the parent clump until spring1 when they will start into growth at once4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,september4 ,papaver ,orientale4 ,,oriental ,,poppy2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,papaveraceae4 ,the ,oriental ,poppy is a bold and showy plant1 very hardy and perennial4 ,there are several colours1 but the bright scarlet variety is the most effective4 ,specimens of it which have become well established have a brilliant appearance during ,june2 they are #c;ft4 high and attract the eye from a distance4 ,among other large herbaceous plants1 as lupines1 paeonies1 thalictrums1 c41 or even mixed with dwarf shrubs1 they are grandly effective2 indeed1 almost too much so1 as by the size and deep colour of the flowers they dazzle the eye and throw into the shade the surrounding flowers of greater beauty4 ,the kinds with brick-red and other shades are comparatively useless4 ,their flowers are not only smaller1 but wind or a few drops of rain spot the petals4 ,a night's dew has the same effect2 the stems1 too1 are weak and bending1 which makes them much wanting in boldness1 and when the flowers are damaged and the stems down there is little left about the ,oriental ,poppies that is ornamental4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,papaver ,,orientale 7var4 ,,bracteatum74 7,one-fourth natural size47 ,the flowers are #f;in4 to #h;in4 across when expanded1 produced singly on stout round stems covered with stiff hairs flattened down1 and also distantly furnished with small pinnate leaves4 ,only in some varieties is the leafy bract 7,fig4 #gb7 to be found4 ,this variety is sometimes called ,p4 bracteatum4 ,the calyx is three-parted and very rough2 the six petals 7see engraving7 are large1 having well defined dark spots1 about the size of a penny piece4 ,the leaves are a foot or more in length1 stiff but bending2 they are thickly furnished with short hairs1 pinnate and serrated4 ,this large poppy can be grown to an enormous size1 and otherwise vastly improved by generous treatment2 in a newly trenched and well manured plot a specimen has grown #c;ft4 high1 and produced flowers #i;in4 across1 the colour being fine2 it will1 however1 do well in less favoured quarters--in fact1 it may be used to fill up any odd vacancies in the shrubbery or borders4 ,it is readily increased by division of the roots1 and this may be done any time from autumn to ,february2 it also ripens seed freely4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,june4 ,pentstemons4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,scrophulariaceae4 ,the hybrids1 which constitute the numerous and beautiful class commonly grown as florists' flowers1 are the kinds now under notice4 ,the plant1 when a year old1 has a half-shrubby appearance1 and if ,i said that it was but half hardy ,i should probably be nearer the mark than if ,i pronounced it quite hardy4 ,it may1 therefore1 appear odd that ,i should class it with hardy perennials2 there are1 however1 good reasons for doing so1 and as these extra fine border plants are great favourites and deserve all the care that flowers can be worth1 ,i will indicate my mode of growing them2 but first ,i will state why the hybrid ,pentstemons are here classed as hardy4 ,one reason is that some varieties really are so1 but most are not1 and more especially has that proved to be the case during recent severe winters--the old plants1 which ,i never trouble to take in1 are mostly killed4 ,another reason why ,i do not object to their being classed as hardy is that cuttings or shoots from the roots appear to winter outside1 if taken in the summer or autumn and dibbled into sand or a raised bed 7so that it be somewhat drier than beds of the ordinary level71 where they will readily root4 ,such a bed of cuttings ,i have found to keep green all the winter1 without any protection other than a little dry bracken4 ,my plants are so propagated and wintered4 ,the ,pentstemon has of late years been much improved by hybridising1 so that now the flowers1 which resemble foxgloves1 are not only larger than those of the typical forms1 but also brighter1 and few subjects in our gardens can vie with them for effectiveness2 moreover1 they are produced for several months together on the same plants1 and always have a remarkably fresh appearance4 ,the corolla1 which can be well seen both inside and out1 has the pleasing feature of clearly pronounced colour on the outside1 and rich and harmonious shadings inside2 such flowers1 loosely arranged on stems about #b;ft4 high1 more or less branched1 and furnished with lance-shaped foliage of a bright glossy green1 go to make this border plant one that is justly esteemed1 and which certainly deserves the little extra care needful during winter4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,pentstemon4 7,one-fourth natural size47 ,it is grandly effective in rows1 but if in a fully exposed position it flags during hot sunshine2 it is1 therefore1 a suitable plant to put among shrubs1 the cool shelter of which it seems to enjoy4 ,the remarks ,i have already made respecting its hardiness sufficiently indicate the mode of propagation4 ,old plants should not be depended upon1 for though they are thoroughly perennial1 they are not so hardy as the younger and less woody stuff--besides1 young plants are far more vigorous bloomers4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,petasites ,vulgaris4 ,syns4 ,,tussilago ,,petasites and ,t4 ,,fragrans2 ,,winter ,,heliotrope and ,,common ,,butterbur2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,i must explain why this native weed1 of rampant growth and perennial character1 is here mentioned as a fit subject for the garden4 ,it blooms in the depth of winter--in fact1 all winter2 the flowers are not showy at all1 but they are deliciously scented1 whence the specific name fragrans and the common one ,winter ,heliotrope1 as resembling the scent of heliotrope4 ,in its wild state it does not flower so early as when under cultivation2 the latter state is also more favourable to its holding some green foliage throughout the winter4 ,it has been said that there are different forms--male and female1 or minor and major4 ,parkinson recognises two forms1 and as his remarks are interesting and clearly point to the variety under notice1 ,i will quote him from ,the ,theater of ,plants1 page #dai3 ,the ,butter burre is of two sorts1 the one greater and the other lesser1 differing also in the flowers1 as you shall heare2 but because they are so like one another1 one description shall serve for them both4 ,each of them riseth up very early in the yeare1 that is1 in ,february1 with a thicke stalke about a foote high1 whereon are set a few small leaves1 or rather peeces1 and at the toppes a long spiked head of flowers1 in the one which is the lesse and the more rare to finde1 wholly white and of a better sent than the other 7yet some say it hath no sent71 in the greater1 which is more common with us1 of a blush or deepe red colour1 according to the soile wherein it groweth1 the clay ground bringing a paler colour somewhat weake1 and before the stalke with the flowers have abidden a moneth above ground will be withered and gon1 blowen away with the winde1 and the leaves will beginne to spring1 which when they are full growne are very large and broad1 that they may very well serve to cover the whole body1 or at the least the head like an umbello from the sunne and raine4 ,the flowers are produced on bare1 fleshy scapes1 springing from amongst the old foliage2 the new leaves not appearing until much later4 ,the bloom is small1 of a pinky white colour2 they are miniature forms1 resembling the coltsfoot flowers1 being arranged1 however1 in clusters4 ,the leaves are large1 cordate1 downy1 and soft to the touch1 having long stout stems2 they vary much in size1 from #c;in4 to more than a foot across1 according to the nature of the soil4 ,the usefulness of this plant consists entirely in its flowers as cut bloom1 the least bit of which fills a large room with its most agreeable perfume4 ,the plant1 therefore1 need not be grown in the more ornamental parts of the garden1 and it should have a space exclusively allotted to it4 ,it runs widely underground1 and soon fills a large space4 ,it enjoys moisture1 but ,i have proved it to be more productive of bloom with leaves of half their usual size when planted in a rather dry situation with light but good soil4 ,usually a root does not produce flowers until two years after it has been planted4 ,poor as the flowers otherwise are1 they are of great value in winter1 when finely-scented kinds are scarce4 ,they may be mixed with more beautiful forms and colours so as not to be seen1 when1 like violets in the hedgerow1 they will exhale their grateful odour from a position of modest concealment4 ,flowering period1 ,november to ,february4 ,phlox4 ,,hybrid ,,tall ,,varieties2 ,,sub-,,sections1 ,,suffruticosa and ,,decussata 7,,early and ,,late ,,flowering72 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,polemoniaceae4 ,these noble flowers are not only beautiful as individuals1 but the cheerful appearance of our gardens during the autumn is much indebted to them2 the great variety in colour and shade is as remarkable as it is effective4 ,the finer sorts are known as florists' flowers1 being named4 ,whence they came 7from which species7 is not so clear1 but in other respects than form and habit they are much in the way of ,p4 paniculata4 ,the ,phlox family is a numerous one1 and the species are not only numerous but extremely dissimilar1 consisting of the dwarf woody trailers1 or ,p4 procumbens section1 the oval-leafed section 7,p4 ovata71 the creeping or stolon-rooted 7,p4 stolonifera7 section1 and the one now under notice1 which differs so widely that many have seemed puzzled that these bold tall plants are so closely related to the prostrate1 ,whin-like species4 ,the sub-divisions of the section under notice1 viz41 early and late flowering varieties1 in all other respects except flowering period are similar1 and any remarks of a cultural nature are alike applicable4 ,this favourite part of the ,phlox family is honoured with a specific name1 viz41 ,p4 omniflora 7all varieties of flowers71 but notwithstanding that it is a most appropriate name it is seldom applied4 ,as the flowers must be familiar to the reader1 they need hardly be described1 and it is only necessary to mention the general features4 ,they are produced on tall leafy stems in panicles of different forms1 as pyramidal1 rounded1 or flattish2 the clusters of bloom are sometimes #h;in4 in diameter in rich soil2 the corolla of five petals is mostly flat1 the latter are of a velvety substance1 and coloured at their base1 which in most varieties forms the eye2 the tube is fine and bent1 so as to allow the corolla to face upwards2 the calyx1 too1 is tubular1 the segments being deep and sharply cut2 the buds abound in small clusters1 and although the flowers are of a somewhat fugacious character1 their place is quickly supplied with new blossoms 7the succession being long maintained7 which1 moreover1 have always a fresh appearance from the absence of the faded parts4 ,the leaves1 as indicated by the name suffruticosa1 are arranged on half wood stems1 and1 as implied by the name decussata1 are arranged in pairs1 the alternate pairs being at right angles2 these names are more in reference to the habit and form of the plants than the period of flowering1 which1 however1 they are sometimes used to indicate2 the leaves of some early kinds are leathery and shining1 but for the most part they are herb-like and hairy1 acutely lance-shaped1 entire1 and #b;in4 to #e;in long4 ,under ordinary conditions these hybrid forms of ,phlox grow into neat bushy specimens of a willow-like appearance1 #b;ft4 to #d;ft4 high1 but in well-prepared richly-manured quarters they will not only grow a foot taller1 but proportionally stouter1 and also produce much finer panicles of bloom2 no flower better repays liberal culture1 and few there are that more deserve it4 ,in the semi-shade of trees1 the more open parts of the shrubbery1 in borders1 or when special plantings are made1 it is always the same cheerful subject1 sweet1 fresh1 and waving with the breeze2 its scent is spicy1 in the way of cinnamon4 ,the whole genus enjoys loam1 but these strong-growing hybrids have a mass of long hungry roots1 and1 as already hinted1 if they are well fed with manure they pay back with interest4 ,as cut bloom1 if taken in entire panicles1 they are bouquets in themselves4 ,all are effective1 and many of the more delicate colours are exquisite1 vieing with the much more cared-for bouvardias and tender primulas4 ,to grow these flowers well there is nothing special about their management1 but a method of treatment may be mentioned which1 from the improved form it imparts to the specimens1 as well as the more prolonged period in which extra-sized blooms are produced1 is well worthy of being adopted4 ,when the stems are #ab;in4 or #ae;in4 grown1 nip off the tops of all the outer ones1 they will soon break into two or four shoots4 ,these will not only serve to feather down the otherwise leggy specimens and render them more symmetrical1 but they will produce a second crop of flowers1 and1 at the same time1 allow the first to develope more strongly4 ,when the taller stems have done flowering1 or become shabby1 the tops may be cut back to the height of the under part of the then-formed buds of the early pinched shoots1 and the extra light will soon cause them to flower2 they should then be tied to the old stems left in the middle2 this will quite transform the specimen1 not only making it more neat and dwarf1 but otherwise benefiting it--the old worn stems will have gone1 and a new set of beaming flowers will reward the operator4 ,the tops pinched out in the early part of the season make the best possible plants for the following season's bloom4 ,they root like willows in a shady place in sandy loam1 and are ready for planting in the open by midsummer1 so that they have ample time to become strong before winter4 ,another way to propagate these useful flower roots is to divide strong clumps in the autumn after they have ceased to bloom4 ,the very earliest kinds 7some three or four7 begin to flower early in ,august1 and by the middle of the month many are in bloom2 the late-flowering 7decussata7 section is a month later2 all1 however1 are continued bloomers4 ,phlox ,frondosa4 ,,fronded ,p42 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,polemoniaceae4 ,a hardy creeper2 one of the dwarf section1 having half-woody1 wiry stems4 ,for this and many other species of the ,creeping ,phlox we are indebted to ,north ,america4 ,of late years these beautiful flowers have received much attention1 not only from the trade1 but also from amateurs1 some of whom have taken much pains in crossing the species by hybridising1 notably the late ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,nelson4 ,perhaps the most distinct and beautiful of all the dwarf ,phloxes is the one which bears his name--the white-flowered ,p4 ,nelsoni4 ,i have selected the species ,p4 frondosa1 because the specific name is1 perhaps1 beyond that of any of the others1 more generally descriptive of all the following kinds3 ,p4 divaricata1 ,p4 glaberrima1 ,p4 ,nelsoni 7white flowers71 ,p4 reflexa1 ,p4 oculata1 ,p4 setacea1 ,p4 s4 atropurpurea1 ,p4 s4 violacaea1 ,p4 subulata1 ,p4 prostrata4 ,these differ but slightly from one another1 so little1 indeed1 that many discard the distinctions2 still1 they do exist1 and may be clearly seen when grown close together in collections4 ,the flowers differ in depth of colour2 the leaves of some are more recurved1 crossed1 twisted1 shining1 or pointed1 also broader and longer2 the stems likewise differ2 herein the distinctions are seen1 probably1 more than in either flowers or leaves4 ,sometimes they are1 in the different species1 long or short1 leafy1 branched1 dense1 arched1 and divaricate1 but1 although at any time when their fresh foliage is upon them1 and when they are so close together that the eye can take them all in at a glance1 their distinctions are fairly clear1 autumn is the time to see them in their most definite and beautiful form4 ,like many other ,north ,american plants1 they have lovely autumnal tints1 then their forms have rich glistening colours1 and they are seen to not only differ considerably1 but1 perhaps1 to more advantage than when in flower2 but let me add at once that ,i have only proved these plants to take such rich autumnal colours when they have been grown so as to rest on stones1 which not only keep them from excess of moisture1 from worm casts1 c41 but secure for them a healthy circulation of air under their dense foliage4 ,from the above1 then1 it will be seen that a general description of ,p4 frondosa will apply to the other species and varieties mentioned4 ,the flowers are lilac-rose2 calyx1 tubular2 corolla of five petals1 narrow and notched2 leaves1 awl-shaped1 short1 bent1 and opposite2 stems1 branched1 dense and trailing4 ,the dwarf ,phloxes are pre-eminently rock plants1 as which they thrive well2 when raised from the ground level1 so as to be nearly in the line of sight1 they are very effective4 ,they should be so planted that they can fall over the stones1 like the one from which the illustration 7,fig4 #gd7 was drawn4 ,for at least a fortnight the plants are literally covered with flowers1 and at all times they form neat rock plants1 though in winter they have the appearance of short withered grass2 even then the stems are full of health1 and in early spring they become quickly furnished with leaves and flowers4 ,these ,phloxes make good edgings4 ,notwithstanding their dead appearance in winter1 a capital suggestion occurred to me by an accidental mixture of croci with the ,phlox4 ,at the time when the latter is most unseasonable the crocuses1 which should be planted in the same line1 may be seen coming through the browned foliage4 ,when in flower1 the blooms will not only be supported by this means1 but also be preserved from splashes2 when the crocuses are past their prime1 the ,phlox will have begun to grow1 and1 to further its well doing1 its stems should be lifted and the then lengthened foliage of the crocuses should be drawn back to the under side of the ,phlox1 where it might remain to die off4 ,this would allow the ,phlox to have the full light1 and the arrangement would be suitable for the edge of a shrubbery or border of herbaceous plants1 or even along the walks of a kitchen garden4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,phlox ,,frondosa4 7,plant1 one-sixth natural size2 #a1 natural size of flower47 ,the ,phloxes are easily propagated1 either from rooted layers or cuttings4 ,the latter should be put into a good loam and kept shaded for a week or two4 ,early spring is the best time4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,physalis ,alkekengi4 ,,winter ,,cherry2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,solanaceae4 ,this plant begins to flower in summer2 but as a garden subject its blossom is of no value2 the fine large berries1 however1 which are suspended in orange-yellow husks of large size1 are very ornamental indeed1 and form a very pleasing object amongst other autumnal tints4 ,it is not till ,october that the fruit begins to show its richness of colour4 ,the plant is quite hardy1 though a native of southern ,europe2 it is also herbaceous and perennial1 and it has been grown in this country for #ccj years4 ,still1 it is not to be seen in many gardens4 ,an old common name for it was ,red ,nightshade1 and ,gerarde gives a capital illustration of it in his ,herbal1 under the name ,solanum ,halicacabum4 ,p4 ,alkekengi grows to the height of about two feet4 ,the stems of the plant are very curious1 being somewhat zigzag in shape1 swollen at the nodes1 with sharp ridges all along the stems2 otherwise1 they are round and smooth4 ,the leaves are produced in twins1 their long stalks issuing from the same part of the joint2 they are of various forms and sizes1 but mostly heart-shaped1 somewhat acute1 and #b;in4 to #d;in4 long4 ,the little soft creamy white flowers spring from the junction of the twin leaf-stalks2 their anthers are bulky for so small a flower4 ,the calyx continues to grow after the flower has faded1 and forms the ,chinese-lantern-like covering of the scarlet berry2 the latter will be over #a_/b;in4 in diameter1 and the orange-coloured calyx #aa_/b;in41 when fully developed4 ,in autumn the older stems cast their leaves early1 when the finely-coloured fruit shows to advantage2 the younger stems keep green longer1 and continue to flower until stopped by the frost4 ,to this short description ,i may add that of ,gerarde1 which is not only clear but pleasantly novel3 ,the red winter ,cherrie bringeth foorth stalkes a cubite long1 rounde1 slender1 smooth1 and somewhat reddish1 reeling this way and that way by reason of his weakness1 not able to stande vpright without a support3 whereupon do growe leaues not vnlike to those of common nightshade1 but greater2 among which leaues come foorth white flowers1 consisting of five small leaues2 in the middle of which leaues standeth out a berrie1 greene at the first1 and red when it is ripe1 in colour of our common ,cherrie and of the same bignesse1 which is enclosed in a thinne huske or little bladder of a pale reddish colour1 in which berrie is conteined many small flat seedes of a pale colour4 ,the rootes be long1 not vnlike to the rootes of ,couch grasse1 ramping and creeping within the vpper crust of the earth farre abroade1 whereby it encreaseth greatly4 ,the stems1 furnished with fruit of good colour1 but otherwise bare1 make capital decorations for indoors1 when mixed with tall grasses1 either fresh or dried1 and for such purposes this plant is worth growing2 any kind of soil will do1 in an out-of-the-way part1 but if in shade1 the rich colour will be wanting4 ,flowering period1 ,june to frosts4 ,podophyllum ,peltatum4 ,,duck',s-,,foot1 sometimes called ,,may ,,apple2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,podophyllaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,podophyllum ,,peltatum4 7,one-third natural size47 ,a hardy herbaceous perennial from ,north ,america1 more or less grown in ,english gardens since #affd4 ,as may be seen from the illustration 7,fig4 #ge71 it is an ornamental plant1 and though its flowers are interesting1 they are neither showy nor conspicuous1 as1 from the peculiar manner in which they are produced1 they are all but invisible until sought out4 ,its leaves and berries constitute the more ornamental parts of the plant4 ,the flowers are white1 not unlike the small white dog-rose in both size and form2 the calyx is of three leaves1 which fall off2 the corolla1 of six to nine petals2 peduncle nearly an inch long1 which joins the stem at the junction of the two leaf stalks1 only one flower being produced on a stem or plant4 ,the leaves join the rather tall and naked stem by stalks1 #b;in4 to #c;in4 long2 they are handsome in both form and habit4 ,as the specific name implies1 the leaves are peltate or umbrella-shaped1 deeply lobed1 each lobe being deeply cut1 and all unevenly toothed and hairy at the edges1 with a fine down covering the under sides2 the upper surface is of a lively1 shining green colour1 and finely veined4 ,the flower is succeeded by a large one-celled ovate berry1 in size and form something like a damson1 but the colour is yellow when ripe1 at which stage the berry becomes more conspicuous than the flower could be1 from the manner in which the young leaves were held4 ,we want cheerful-looking plants for the bare parts under trees1 and this is a suitable one1 provided the surface soil has a good proportion of vegetable matter amongst it1 and is rather moist4 ,the thick horizontal roots creep near the surface1 so it will be seen how important it is to secure them against drought otherwise than by depth of covering2 a moist and shady position1 then1 is indispensable4 ,in company with trilliums1 hellebores1 anemones1 and ferns1 this graceful plant would beautifully associate4 ,another way to grow it is in pots1 when exactly the required kind of compost can easily be given1 viz41 peat and chopped sphagnum4 ,thus potted1 plunged in wet sand1 and placed in a northern aspect1 it will be found not only to thrive well1 as several specimens have done with me1 but also to be worth all the trouble4 ,to propagate it1 the long creeping roots should be cut in lengths of several inches1 and to a good bud or crown4 ,when so cut in the autumn1 ,i have proved them to rot when planted1 but others buried in sand until ,february1 and then planted1 have done well4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,polyanthus4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,this1 with its numerous varieties1 comes under ,primula veris1 or the common ,cowslip4 ,the improved varieties which have sprung from this native beauty of our meadows and hedgerows are innumerable1 and include the rich gold-laced kinds--which are cared for like children and are annually placed on the exhibition tables--as well as the homely kinds1 which grow in the open borders by the hundred4 ,the ,polyanthus is eminently a flower for ,english gardens2 and this country is noted for the fine sorts here raised1 our humid climate suiting the plant in every way2 its flowers offer a variety of colour1 an odour of the sweetest kind1 full and rich1 reminding us not only of spring time1 but of youthful rambles and holidays4 ,as an old-fashioned flower for garden decoration it is effective and useful1 from the great quantity of bloom it sends forth and the length of its flowering season2 from its love of partial shade it may be planted almost anywhere4 ,its neat habit1 too1 fits it for scores of positions in which we should scarcely think of introducing less modest kinds2 such nooks and corners of our gardens should be made to beam with these and kindred flowers1 of which we never have too many4 ,plant them amongst bulbs1 whose leaves die off early1 and whose flowers will look all the happier for their company in spring2 plant them under all sorts of trees1 amongst the fruit bushes1 and where only weeds have appeared1 perhaps1 for years2 dig and plant the ,polyanthus1 and make the wilderness like ,eden4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,june4 ,polygonum ,brunonis4 ,,knotweed2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,polygonaceae4 ,this is a dwarf species from ,india1 but quite hardy4 ,it is pretty1 interesting1 and useful4 ,the flowers are produced on erect stems a foot high1 and formed in spikes #c;in4 to #e;in4 long1 which are as soft as down and smell like heather4 ,the colour is a soft rose4 ,these flowers spring from a dense mass of rich foliage2 the leaves in summer and early autumn are of a pleasing apple-green colour1 smooth1 oblong1 and nearly spoon-shaped from the narrowing of the lower part2 the mid-rib is prominent and nearly white2 the leaf has rolled edges1 and is somewhat reflexed at the point4 ,let the reader closely examine the leaves of this species while in their green state1 holding them up to a strong light1 and he will then behold the beauty and finish of ,nature to a more than ordinary degree4 ,this subject is one having the finest and most lasting of autumnal tints1 the dense bed of leaves turn to a rich brick-red1 and1 being persistent1 they form a winter ornament in the border or on rockwork4 ,the habit of the plant is creeping1 rooting as it goes4 ,it is a rampant grower1 and sure to kill any dwarf subject that may be in its way4 ,it may be grown in any kind of soil1 and almost in any position1 but it loves sunshine4 ,if its fine lambtail-shaped flowers are desired1 it should be grown on the flat1 but1 for its grand red autumnal leaf tints1 it should be on the upper parts of rockwork4 ,it is self-propagating1 as already hinted4 ,the flowers prove capital for dressing epergnes4 ,i had not seen them so used1 until the other day a lady visitor fancied a few spikes1 and when ,i called at her house a day or two later saw them mixed with white flowers and late flowering forget-me-nots--they were charming4 ,flowering period1 ,august to the time of frosts4 ,polygonum ,cuspidatum4 ,,cuspid ,,knotweed2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,polygonaceae4 ,a recent introduction from ,china1 perfectly hardy1 shrub-like but herbaceous2 a rampant grower1 attaining the height of #f;ft4 or #g;ft41 and spreading fast by means of root suckers4 ,during the early spring it pushes its fleshy shoots1 and the coloured leaves1 which are nearly red1 are very pleasing2 as they unfold they are seen to be richly veined1 and are as handsome as the beautiful ,fittonias1 so much admired as hothouse plants4 ,the long slender stems grow apace1 and when the growth has been completed the flowers issue from the axils of the leaves2 they are in the form of drooping feathery panicles1 #d;in4 to #e;in4 long1 creamy white1 and produced in clusters1 lasting for three weeks or more in good condition4 ,the leaves are #c;in4 to #d;in4 long1 nearly heart-shaped but pointed1 entire1 and stalked1 of good substance1 and a pale green colour2 they are alternately and beautifully arranged along the gracefully-arching stems4 ,the specimens are attractive even when not in bloom4 ,if the roots are allowed to run in their own way for two or three years they form a charming thicket1 which must prove a pleasant feature in any large garden4 ,all through the summer its branches are used as dressings for large vases1 and1 either alone or with bold flowers1 they prove most useful4 ,in the shrubbery1 where it can bend over the grass1 from its distinct colour and graceful habit1 it proves not only an effective but a convenient subject1 as it allows the mowing machine to work without hindrance or damage4 ,it is a capital plant for the small town garden4 ,after sending to a friend several hampers of plants season after season1 all without satisfactory results1 owing to the exceptionally bad atmosphere of the neighbourhood1 ,i sent him some of this1 and it has proved suitable in every way4 ,flowering period1 ,july and ,august4 ,p4 c4 compactum is a variety of the above4 ,it is1 however1 very distinct in the way implied by its name1 being more compact and rigid1 and not more than half as tall4 ,the leaves1 too1 are somewhat crimped1 and of a much darker colour1 the stems are nearly straight and ruddy1 and the flowers are in more erect racemes1 the colour yellowish-white4 ,it forms a handsome bush1 but is without the graceful habit of the type4 ,like the other knotweeds described1 it enjoys a sandy loam1 and requires nothing in the way of special culture4 ,the roots may be transplanted or divided when the tops have withered4 ,polygonum ,filiformis ,variegatum4 ,,knotweed2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,polygonaceae4 ,very hardy and effective4 ,i simply mention this as a foliage plant4 ,the leaves are large1 drooping1 and finely splashed or marbled with pale green and yellow1 in shape oval-oblong1 being crimped between the veins4 ,it is a scarce variety4 ,fine for the sub-tropical garden4 ,culture1 the same as for all the ,knotweeds4 ,flowering period1 late summer4 ,polygonum ,vaccinifolium4 ,,vaccinium-,,leaved ,,knotweed2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,polygonaceae4 ,it may seem odd that we should go into the ,dock family for plants and flowers for our gardens2 still we may1 and find some truly beautiful species4 ,the above-named is a charming alpine1 coming from the ,himalayas1 and proves perfectly hardy in our climate2 it is seldom met with and cannot be generally known1 otherwise it would be more patronised2 it forms a pretty dwarf shrub1 with woody slender stems1 clothed with small shining foliage4 ,the flowers are very small1 resembling those of the smaller ericas1 and of a fine rosy colour2 the unopened ones are even more pretty1 having a coral-like effect2 they are arranged in neat spikes1 about #b;in4 long1 and tapering to a fine point2 they are numerously produced all along the procumbent branches1 becoming erect therefrom4 ,as the specific name denotes1 the leaves are ,vaccinium-like--i4e41 small and oval1 like box1 but not so stout2 they are closely set on the stems1 are of a pale shining green1 and somewhat bent or rolled4 ,the habit is exceedingly neat1 and1 when in flower1 a good specimen is a pleasing object2 it is only a few inches high1 but spreads quickly4 ,on rockwork it seems quite at home4 ,my example has shade from the mid-day sun1 and1 without saying that it should have shade1 ,i may safely say that it does well with it4 ,the plant will thrive in sandy loam and is readily increased by putting small stones on the trailing stems1 which soon root4 ,the leafy stems1 with their coral-like1 miniature spires1 are useful in a cut state1 so pretty1 in fact1 that it does not require any skill to bring them in4 ,flowering period1 ,august to the frosts4 ,potentilla ,fruticosa4 ,,shrubby ,,cinquefoil2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,rosaceae4 ,in mountainous woods this native deciduous shrub is found wild1 and it is much grown in gardens1 where it not only proves very attractive1 but from its dwarf habit and flowering throughout the summer and autumn months1 it helps to keep the borders or rock garden cheerful4 ,the flowers1 which are lemon yellow1 are in form like those of its relative1 the strawberry1 but smaller2 they are produced in terminal small bunches1 but seldom are more than two or three open at the same time1 and more often only one2 but from the numerous branchlets1 all of which produce bloom1 there seems to be no lack of colour4 ,in gardens it grows somewhat taller than in its wild state1 and if well exposed to the sun it is more floriferous1 and the individual flowers larger4 ,it attains the height of #b;ft4 #f;in42 the flowers are #a;in4 across2 the petals apart2 calyx and bracteae united2 ten parted2 each flower has a short and slender stalk4 ,the leaves are #b;in4 or more in length1 pinnate1 five but oftener seven parted1 the leaflets being oblong1 pointed1 entire and downy2 the leaf stalks are very slender1 and hardly an inch long2 they spring from the woody stems or branches1 which are of a ruddy colour1 and also downy4 ,the habit of the shrub is densely bushy1 and the foliage has a greyish green colour from its downiness4 ,this subject may be planted in any part of the garden where a constant blooming and cheerful yellow flower is required2 it is pretty but not showy2 its best quality1 perhaps1 is its neatness4 ,it enjoys a vegetable soil well drained1 and propagates itself by its creeping roots1 which push up shoots or suckers at short spaces from the parent stock4 ,flowering period1 summer to early frosts4 ,pratia ,repens4 ,syn4 ,,lobelia ,,pratiana2 ,,creeping ,,pratia2 sometimes called ,,lobelia ,,repens2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,lobeliaceae4 ,in ,october this small creeper is a very pretty object on rockwork1 when the earlier bloom has become changed into oval fruit-pods4 ,these berry-like capsules are large for so small a plant1 and of a bright and pleasing colour4 ,these1 together with the few flowers that linger1 backed up1 as they are1 with a dense bed of foliage1 interlaced with its numerous filiform stems1 present this subject in its most interesting and1 perhaps1 its prettiest form4 ,the flowers may be called white1 but they have a violet tint1 and are over half-an-inch in length4 ,the calyx is adnate in relation to the ovarium1 limb very short1 but free and five-toothed2 the corolla is funnel-shaped1 but split at the back1 causing it to appear one-sided4 ,the solitary flowers are produced on rather long stems from the axils of the leaves4 ,as they fade the calyces become fleshy and much enlarged1 and resemble the fruit of the hawthorn when ripe4 ,the leaves are distantly arranged on the creeping stems1 #a_/b;in4 long1 oval1 roundly toothed and undulated1 fleshy1 somewhat glaucous and petiolate4 ,the habit of the plant is to root as it creeps1 and the thread-like stems intersect each other in a pleasing way4 ,they are to be seen distinctly1 as the leaves are not only small1 but distant1 and seem to rest on a lattice-work of stems4 ,this species comes from the ,falkland ,islands1 and is of recent introduction4 ,it is herbaceous and perennial1 and proves hardy in this climate if planted on a well-drained soil of a vegetable character4 ,it not only enjoys such a position as the slope of rockwork1 but1 when so placed1 it may be seen to advantage4 ,it should be free from shade1 or the fruit will not colour well4 ,it will therefore be seen that this is a rock plant1 so far as its decorative qualities are concerned4 ,it may1 however1 be grown well on flat beds of peat soil1 where its fruit will mature finely1 but it cannot be so well seen4 ,it is self-propagating4 ,transplantings should be made in spring1 or tufts may be placed in pots1 during the autumn1 and put in cold frames1 as then they would not suffer displacement by frosts4 ,flowering period1 ,june to frosts4 ,primula ,acaulis4 ,syn4 ,p4 ,,vulgaris1 ,,common ,,primrose2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,this common native flower needs no description1 growing everywhere1 yet we all seem to enjoy its company in our gardens1 though it may1 perhaps1 be seen wild close by4 ,it is a flower of more interest than ordinary1 and to the florist of some importance4 ,the great variety of double and single primroses have all sprung from this1 the modest form found in our woods and damp hedgerows1 and the number is being added to year by year4 ,the generic name is in allusion to a quality--that of early or first flowering4 ,the specific name1 acaulis1 is in reference to its stemlessness1 which is its main distinguishing feature from the ,polyanthus and ,oxlip 7,p4 veris74 ,i may add1 that from the great variety of ,p4 acaulis and ,p4 veris1 and their mutual resemblance in many instances1 the casual observer may often find in this feature a ready means by which to identify a specimen4 ,of course1 there are other points by which the different species can be recognised1 even when the scape is out of sight1 but ,i am now speaking of their general likeness to each other in early spring4 ,common ,cowslips or ,paigles 7,p4 veris71 great ,cowslips or ,oxlips 7,p4 elatior71 field primrose or large-flowered primrose 7,p4 acaulis71 were all in olden times called by the general name of primrose1 the literal meaning of which is first-rose4 ,old authorities give us many synonymous names for this plant1 as ,p4 grandiflora1 ,p4 vulgaris1 ,p4 sylvestris1 and ,p4 veris4 ,the last is given by three authorities1 including ,linnaeus4 ,as this seems to clash hard with the name as applied to the ,cowslip species1 ,i may at once state that ,linnaeus has only that one name for the three species1 viz3 ,p4 acaulis1 ,p4 elatior1 ,p4 veris2 the name ,p4 vulgaris1 by another authority1 is explained by the same rule2 ,curtis 7,flora ,londinensis7 is the authority for the name ,p4 acaulis4 ,i need not here go into any of the varieties1 beyond giving a cursory glance at them as a whole4 ,the double kinds are all beautiful1 some superb and rare1 as the ruby and crimson2 the white1 sulphur1 mauve1 magenta1 and other less distinct double forms are more easily grown1 and in some parts are very plentiful4 ,the single kinds have even a more extensive range in colour4 ,we have now fine reds and what are called blue primrose2 the latter variety is not a blue1 but certainly a near approach to it4 ,it is an interesting occupation to raise the coloured primroses from seed1 not only because of the pleasing kinds which may be so obtained1 but under cultivation1 as in a wild state1 seedlings are always seen to be the more vigorous plants2 self-sown seed springs up freely on short grass1 sandy walks1 and in half-shaded borders2 but when it is sought to improve the strain1 not only should seedlings be regularly raised1 but it should be done systematically1 when it will be necessary1 during the blooming season1 to look over the flowers daily and remove inferior kinds as soon as proved1 so that neither their seed nor pollen can escape and be disseminated4 ,this part of the operation alone will1 in a few years1 where strictly carried out1 cause a garden to become famous for its primroses4 ,seasonable sowing1 protection from slugs1 and liberal treatment are also of the utmost importance4 ,briefly stated1 the modus operandi should be as follows3 ,sow the seed at the natural season1 soon as ripe1 on moist vegetable soil2 do not cover it with more than a mere dash of sand2 the aspect should be north1 but with a little shade any other will do2 the seedlings will be pretty strong by the time of the early frosts2 about that time they should1 on dry days1 have three or four slight dressings of soot and quicklime2 it should be dusted over them with a dredge or sieve2 this may be expected to clear them of the slug pest1 after which a dressing of sand and half-rotten leaves may be scattered over them2 this will not only keep them fresh and plump during winter1 but also protect them from the effects of wet succeeded by frost1 which often lifts such things entirely out of the earth4 ,in ,march1 plant out in well enriched loam1 in shady quarters2 many will flower in late spring4 ,another plan would be to leave them in the seed bed if not too rank1 where most would flower2 in either case1 the seed bed might be left furnished with undisturbed seedlings4 ,the main crop of bloom should not be looked for until the second spring after the summer sowing4 ,the double forms are not only less vigorous1 but the means of propagation are limited2 offsets of only healthy stock should be taken in early summer4 ,a rich retentive loam suits them1 or moist vegetable soil would do3 shade1 however1 is the great desideratum2 exposure to full sunshine harms them1 even if well moistened at the roots2 besides1 in such positions red spider is sure to attack them4 ,this mode of propagation is applicable to desirable single varieties1 as they cannot be relied upon to produce stock true to themselves from seed4 ,in planting offsets it is a good practice to put them in rather deeply2 not only are the new roots emitted from above the old ones1 but the heart of the offset seems to be sustained during the warm and1 perhaps1 dry weather1 by being set a trifle below the surface4 ,this ,i have ever proved to be a sure and quick method in the open garden4 ,flowering period1 ,february to ,june4 ,primula ,capitata4 ,,round-,,headed ,,primula2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,hardy1 herbaceous1 and perennial4 ,before referring to this ,primula in particular1 ,i would say a word or two respecting hardy and alpine ,primulae in general4 ,it may appear strange and1 on my part1 somewhat presumptuous1 when ,i state that this section of the ,primula family is little known4 ,gardeners1 both old and young1 who have seen them in collections1 have asked what they were as they stood over them admiring their lovely flowers4 ,they are1 however1 very distinct on the one hand from the primrose 7,primula vulgaris or acaulis7 and polyanthus 7,primula elatior7 sections2 and also from the ,p4 sinensis section--the species with so many fine double and single varieties1 much grown in our greenhouses1 and which1 of course1 are not hardy4 ,the hardy and distinct species to which ,i now allude are mostly from alpine habitats1 of stunted but neat forms1 widely distinct1 and very beautiful4 ,the ,british representatives of this class are ,primula farinosa and ,p4 ,scotica1 but from nearly all parts of the temperate zone these lovely subjects have been imported4 ,it may not be out of place to name some of them3 ,p4 ,allioni1 ,france2 ,p4 amoena1 ,caucasus2 ,p4 auricula1 ,switzerland2 ,p4 ,carniolica1 ,carniola2 ,p4 decora1 ,south ,europe2 ,p4 glaucescens and ,p4 grandis1 ,switzerland2 ,p4 glutinosa1 ,south ,europe2 ,p4 latifolia1 ,pyrenees2 ,p4 longifolia1 ,levant2 ,p4 marginata1 ,switzerland2 ,p4 minima1 ,south ,europe2 ,p4 nivalis1 ,dahuria2 ,p4 villosa1 ,switzerland2 ,p4 viscosa1 ,piedmont2 ,p4 ,wulfeniana1 ,p4 spectabilis1 ,p4 denticulata1 ,p4 luteola1 ,p4 ,tirolensis1 and others1 from the ,himalayas and ,north ,america1 all of which ,i have proved to be of easy culture1 either on rockwork1 or in pots and cold frames1 where1 though they may be frozen as hard as the stones amongst which their roots delight to run1 they are perfectly safe4 ,the treatment they will not endure is a confined atmosphere4 ,p4 capitata1 which is a native of ,sikkim1 is still considered to be new in this country1 though it was flowered at ,kew about thirty years ago1 but it has only become general in its distribution during the past three or four years4 ,the flowers are borne on stems which are very mealy1 and #f;in4 to #i;in4 high2 the head of bloom is round and dense1 #aa_/b;in4 across4 ,the outer pips are first developed1 and as they fade the succeeding rings or tiers extend and hide them4 ,the very smallest in the centre of the head remain covered with the farina-like substance1 and form a beautiful contrast to the deep violet-blue of the opened1 and the lavender-blue of the unopened pips4 ,one head of bloom will last fully four weeks4 ,the denseness and form of the head1 combined with the fine colour of the bloom1 are the chief points which go to make this ,primula very distinct4 ,the leaves1 which are arranged in rosette form1 are otherwise very pretty1 having a mealy covering on the under side1 sometimes of a golden hue2 they are also finely wrinkled and toothed1 giving the appearance1 in small plants1 of a rosette of green feathers4 ,sometimes the leaves are as large as a full-grown polyanthus leaf1 whilst other plants1 which have flowered equally well1 have not produced foliage larger than that of primroses1 when having their earliest flowers4 ,it makes a fine pot subject1 but will not endure a heated greenhouse4 ,it should be kept in a cold frame1 with plenty of air4 ,it may be planted on rockwork where it will not get the mid-day sun4 ,i hear that it grows like grass with a correspondent whose garden soil is stiff loam2 there it seeds and increases rapidly4 ,my first experience with it was troublesome2 when dying down in the winter1 the leaves1 which are persistent1 seemed to collect moisture at the collar and cause it to rot4 ,i tried planting not quite so deeply1 and ,i imagine that it has proved a remedy4 ,so choice a garden subject should not be passed by because it cannot be dibbled in and grown as easily as a cabbage4 ,old plants produce offsets which1 as soon as the ,april showers come1 may be transplanted in loamy soil and a shady situation4 ,propagation may also be carried on by seed when well ripened1 but that has not been my experience of it hitherto4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,primula ,cashmerianum4 ,,cashmere ,,primrose2 ,nat ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,this belongs to the large-leaved and herbaceous section1 and though it comes 7as its name specifies7 from a much warmer climate than ours1 its habitat was found at a great altitude1 and it has been proved to be perfectly hardy in ,north ,britain4 ,this species is comparatively new to ,english gardens1 but it has already obtained great favour and is much grown 7see ,fig4 #gf74 ,no collection of ,primulae can well be without it2 its boldness1 even in its young state1 is the first characteristic to draw attention1 for with the leaf development there goes on that of the scape4 ,for a time the foliage has the form of young cos lettuce1 but the under sides are beautifully covered with a meal resembling gold dust4 ,this feature of the plant is best seen at the early stage of its growth1 as later on the leaves bend or flatten to the ground in rosette form1 the rosettes being often more than #ab;in4 across4 ,the golden farina varies in both quantity and depth of colour on different plants4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,primula ,,cashmerianum4 7,one-fourth natural size47 ,the flower scape is from #i;in4 to #ab;in4 high1 nearly as stout as a clay pipe stem1 and very mealy1 thickening near the top4 ,the flowers1 which are small1 of a light purple colour1 and having a yellow eye1 are densely arranged in globular trusses1 each lasting more than a fortnight in beauty4 ,the leaves when resting on the ground show their finely serrated edges and pleasing pale green1 which contrasts oddly with the under sides of those still erect1 the latter being not only of a golden colour1 as already mentioned1 but their edges are turned1 almost rolled under4 ,this plant loves moisture2 and it will adorn any position where it can be well grown2 it will also endure any amount of sunshine if it has plenty of moisture at the roots1 and almost any kind of soil will do except clay1 but peat and sand are best for it1 according to my experience4 ,during winter the crown is liable to rot1 from the amount of moisture which lodges therein somewhat below the ground level2 latterly ,i have placed a piece of glass over them1 and ,i do not remember to have lost one so treated4 ,offsets are but sparingly produced by this species2 propagation is more easily carried out by seed1 from which plants will sometimes flower the first year4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,primula ,denticulata4 ,,toothed ,,primula2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,this is one of that section of the ,primrose family having stout scapes and compact heads of bloom4 ,it is a comparatively recent introduction from the ,himalayas1 a true alpine1 and perfectly hardy in this climate4 ,as a garden flower1 it has much merit1 blooming early and profusely4 ,it cannot be too highly commended for its fine form as a plant and beauty as a flower1 more especially as seen on rockwork4 ,the flower buds begin in very early spring to rise on their straight round stems1 new foliage being developed at the same time4 ,the flowers are arranged in dense round clusters1 and are often in their finest form when nearly a foot high4 ,they are of a light purple colour1 each flower #a_/b;in4 across1 corolla prettily cupped1 segments two-lobed1 greenish white at bases1 tube long and cylindrical1 calyx about half length of tube1 teeth rather long and of a dark brown colour4 ,the scape is somewhat dark-coloured1 especially near the apex4 ,the leaves are arranged in rosette form1 are lance-shaped1 rolled back at the edges and toothed1 also wrinkled and downy2 they continue to grow long after the flowers have faded4 ,delicate as the flowers seem1 they stand the roughest storms without much hurt4 ,p4 d4 major is a larger form in all its parts4 ,p4 d4 nana is more dwarfed than the type4 ,p4 d4 amabilis is a truly lovely form1 having darker foliage and rosy buds2 its habit1 too1 is even more neat and upright1 and the blooming period earlier by about two weeks4 ,a moist position and vegetable mould suit it best1 according to my experience1 and the dips of rockwork are just the places for it1 not exactly in the bottom1 for the following reason3 ,the large crowns are liable to rot from wet standing in them1 and if the plants are set in a slope it greatly helps to clear the crowns of stagnant moisture4 ,propagation is by means of offsets1 which should be taken during the growing season1 so that they may form good roots and become established before winter4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,primula ,farinosa4 ,,mealy ,,primrose1 or ,,bird',s-,,eye2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,the pretty native species1 very common in a wild state in some parts1 near which1 of course1 it need not be grown in gardens2 but as its beauty is unquestionable1 and as there are many who do not know it1 and evidently have never seen it1 it ought to have a place in the garden4 ,it is herbaceous and perennial4 ,all its names are strictly descriptive4 ,the little centre has a resemblance to a bird's eye1 and the whole plant is thickly covered with a meal-like substance4 ,small as this plant is1 when properly grown it produces a large quantity of bloom for cutting purposes4 ,it is #c;in4 to #h;in4 high1 according to the situation in which it is grown4 ,the flowers are light purple1 only #a_/b;in4 across1 arranged in neat umbels2 the corolla is flat1 having a bright yellow centre2 leaves small1 ovate-oblong1 roundly toothed1 bald1 and powdery beneath2 the flower scapes are round and quite white1 with a meal-like covering4 ,in stiff soil and a damp situation this little gem does well1 or it will be equally at home in a vegetable soil1 such as leaf mould or peat1 but there must be no lack of moisture1 and it is all the better for being screened from the mid-day sun1 as it would be behind a hedge or low wall4 ,so freely does it bloom1 that it is not only worth a place in the garden1 but repays all the trouble required to establish it in proper quarters1 after which it will take care of itself1 by producing offsets and seedlings in abundance4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,primula ,marginata4 ,syn4 ,p4 ,,crenata2 ,,margined ,,primrose2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,a native of ,switzerland1 so rich in alpine flowers2 this is but a small species1 yet very distinct and conspicuous 7see ,fig4 #gg74 ,as its specific name denotes1 its foliage has a bold margin1 as if stitched with white silken thread1 and the whole plant is thickly covered with a mealy substance4 ,so distinct in these respects is this lovely species that1 with1 perhaps1 one exception1 it may easily be identified from all others1 ,p4 auricula marginata being the one that most resembles it1 that species also being edged and densely covered with farina1 but its foliage is larger1 not toothed1 and its flowers yellow4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,primula ,,marginata4 7,two-thirds natural size47 ,p4 marginata has bright but light violet flowers on very short scapes1 seldom more than #c;in4 high2 these and the calyx also are very mealy4 ,the little leaves are of various shapes1 and distinctly toothed1 being about the size of the bowl of a dessert spoon4 ,they are neatly arranged in tufts on a short footstalk1 which becomes surrounded with young growths1 all as clear in their markings as the parent plant1 so that a well grown specimen of three years or even less becomes a beautiful object1 whether it is on rockwork or in a cold frame4 ,the flowers are produced and remain in good form for two or three weeks on strong plants1 and for nearly the whole year the plant is otherwise attractive4 ,i scarcely need mention that such plants with mealy and downy foliage are all the better for being sheltered from wind and rain4 ,in a crevice1 overhung by a big stone1 but where the rockwork is so constructed that plenty of moisture is naturally received1 a specimen has done very well indeed1 besides keeping its foliage dry and perfect4 ,when such positions can either be found or made1 they appear to answer even better than frames1 as alpine species cannot endure a stagnant atmosphere1 which is the too common lot of frame subjects4 ,it is not very particular as to soil or situation4 ,i grow it both in shade and fully exposed to the mid-day sun of summer1 and1 though a healthy specimen is grown in loam1 ,i find others to do better in leaf mould mixed with grit and pebbles4 ,it enjoys a rare immunity--the slugs let it alone1 or at least my slugs do1 for it is said that different tribes or colonies have different tastes4 ,to propagate it1 the little offsets about the footstalk should be cut off with a sharp knife when the parent plant has finished flowering2 they will mostly be found to have nice long roots4 ,plant in leaf soil and grit1 and keep them shaded for a month4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,primula ,purpurea4 ,,purple-,,flowered ,,primula2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,a truly grand primrose of the same section as ,p4 denticulata1 coming also from an alpine habitat1 viz41 the higher elevations of the ,himalayas4 ,it has not long been in cultivation in this country compared with our knowledge of the ,himalayan flora4 ,it is perfectly hardy1 but seems to require rather drier situations than most of the large-leaved kinds4 ,i never saw it so fine as when grown on a hillock of rockwork in sand and leaf mould2 the specimen had there stood two severe winters1 and in the spring of #ahha we were gladdened by its pushing in all directions fifteen scapes1 all well topped by its nearly globular heads of fine purple flowers4 ,it begins to flower in ,march1 and keeps on for quite a month4 ,the flower stems are #i;in4 high1 stout1 and covered with a mealy dust1 thickest near the top and amongst the small bracts4 ,the umbels of blossom are #b;in4 to #c;in4 across1 each flower nearly #c_/d;in4 in diameter1 the corolla being salver shaped and having its lobed segments pretty well apart2 the tube is long and somewhat bellied where touched by the teeth of the calyx2 the latter is more than half the length of tube1 of a pale green colour1 and the teeth1 which are long1 awl shaped1 and clasping1 impart to the tubes of the younger flowers a fluted appearance2 later on they become relaxed and leafy4 ,the leaves have a strong1 broad1 pale green1 shining mid-rib1 are lance-shaped1 nearly smooth1 wavy1 and serrulated2 the upper surface is of a lively green colour1 and the under side has a similar mealy covering to that of the scape4 ,flowers and leaves develope at the same time1 the latter being #h;in4 long and of irregular arrangement4 ,the exceedingly floriferous character of this otherwise handsome primula renders it one of the very best subjects for the spring garden2 it should have a place in the most select collections1 as well as in more general assemblages of plants1 for not only does it take care of itself when once properly planted1 but it increases fast1 forming noble tufts a foot in diameter1 than which few things give a finer effect or an equal quantity of flowers at a time when they are not too plentiful4 ,as already hinted1 it should have a somewhat drier position than ,p4 denticulata1 but by no means should it suffer from drought1 and a little shade will be beneficial4 ,propagated by division during the growing season1 immediately after flowering being the best time4 ,flowering period1 ,march and ,april4 ,primula ,scotica4 ,,scottish ,,primrose2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,this charming little member of the ,british flora very much resembles the native ,bird's-eye ,primrose 7,p4 farinosa71 which is very common in some parts4 ,it is not uniformly conceded to be a distinct species1 but many botanists believe it to be such4 ,as a matter of fact1 it is different from ,p4 farinosa in several important points1 though they are not seen at a mere glance4 ,that it has darker flowers and a more dwarf and sturdy habit may1 indeed1 be readily seen when the two are side by side4 ,size and colour1 however1 would not in this case appear to be the most distinctive features4 ,the seed organs differ considerably4 ,in ,p4 farinosa the germen is broadly obovate and the stigma capitate2 here the germen is globose and the stigma has five points4 ,but there is another dissimilarity which may or may not prove much to the botanist1 but to the lover of flowers who tries to cultivate them it is all-important4 ,whilst ,p4 farinosa can be easily grown in various soils and positions1 in the same garden ,p4 ,scotica refuses to live2 so fickle1 indeed1 is it1 that were it not a very lovely flower that can be grown and its fastidious requirements easily afforded1 it would not have been classed in this list of garden subjects4 ,here it begins to blossom in the middle of ,march at the height of #c;in4 ,in its habitats in ,caithness and the north coast of ,sutherland it is considerably later--,april and ,may4 ,the flowers are arranged in a crowded umbel on a short stoutish scape2 they are of a deep-bluish purple1 with a yellow eye2 the divisions of the corolla are flat and lobed2 calyx nearly as long as tube1 and ventricose or unevenly swollen4 ,the whole flower is much less than ,p4 farinosa4 ,the leaves are also smaller than those of that species2 obovate1 lanceolate1 denticulate1 and very mealy underneath4 ,to grow it requires not only a light but somewhat spongy soil1 as peat and sand1 but it should never be allowed to get dry at the roots2 a top dressing during summer of sand and half decayed leaves is a great help to it1 for the roots are not only then very active1 going deep and issuing from the base of the leaves1 but they require something they can immediately grow into when just forming1 and to be protected from drought4 ,it will be well to remember that its principal habitats are on the sandy shores1 as that gives a proper idea of the bottom moisture1 and1 from the looseness of the sand1 the drier condition of the immediate surface4 ,my specimens have always dwindled during summer and failed to appear the following spring1 excepting where such treatment as the above has been adopted4 ,i am much indebted for these hints to several amateurs1 who grow it well4 ,that many fail with it is evidenced by the facts that it is in great demand every spring and that there are few sources of supply other than its wild home4 ,never was it more sought for1 perhaps1 than at the present time1 not only by amateurs at home1 but by both private and trade growers abroad4 ,the exquisite beauty of this primrose when well grown and the technical care required to have it in that condition are both things of which any plant lover may be proud4 ,if once established1 its propagation is scarcely an affair of the cultivator's2 the self-sown seed appears to germinate with far more certainty when left alone1 and1 as the plants are always very small1 they hardly need to be transplanted4 ,if left alone1 though they are often much less than an inch across1 many will flower the first season4 ,some have taken it as something of a biennial character4 ,the treatment is at fault when it gives cause for such impressions2 its perennial quality is both authorised and proved under cultivation4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,primula ,sikkimensis4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,primula ,,sikkimensis4 7,plant1 one-sixth natural size2 a1 blossom1 two-thirds natural size47 ,the specific name of this noble and lovely plant has reference to its habitat1 ,sikkim1 in the ,himalayas1 where it was found not many years ago4 ,it is not largely cultivated yet--probably not well known4 ,it may1 however1 be frequently met with in choice collections1 where no plant is more worthy of a place4 ,its general character may be said to be very distinct1 especially when in flower4 ,it is herbaceous1 hardy1 and perennial4 ,its hardiness has been questioned for several years1 but the winters of #ahhj and #ahha settled that beyond the region of doubt4 ,i had then many plants of it fully exposed1 without even a top-dressing1 which is sometimes given to plants of unquestionable hardiness1 and they stood the winters as well as their kindred species--our common ,cowslip4 ,it was also said to be not more than biennial1 as if it were a plant too good to be without some fatal fault for our climate4 ,however1 ,i can say emphatically that it is more than biennial1 as the specimens from which the drawing 7,fig4 #gh7 is taken are three years old4 ,several correspondents have written me stating that their plants are dead4 ,that has been during their season of dormancy1 but in every case they have pushed at the proper time4 ,i may as well here explain1 though somewhat out of order1 a peculiarity in reference to the roots of this species3 it dies down in early autumn1 and the crown seems to retire within the ball of its roots1 which are a matted mass of fibres1 and not only does it seem to retire1 but also to dwindle1 so that anyone1 with a suspicion1 who might be seeking for the vital part1 might easily be misled by such appearances1 which are further added to by the fact that the species does not start into growth until a late date compared with others of the genus4 ,so peculiar are the roots and crown of this plant1 that if a root were dug up in mid-winter1 and the soil partly shaken from it1 a two-year-old specimen would be found to be the size and shape of a cricket ball1 and the position of the crown so difficult to find that1 on planting the root again1 considerable discrimination would have to be exercised1 or the crown might be pointed the wrong way4 ,p4 ,sikkimensis is a ,cowslip4 ,the flowers are a pale primrose yellow1 rendered more pale still by a mealiness which covers the whole stem1 being most abundant near the top1 but whether it is produced on the petals1 or1 owing to their bell-shape and pendent form they receive it from the scape and pedicels by the action of the wind1 ,i cannot say4 ,the flowers are considerably over #a;in4 long2 they are numerously produced on long drooping pedicels1 of irregular lengths2 the tallest scape of the specimen illustrated is #ah;in4 high1 but under more favourable conditions this ,cowslip has been said to reach a height of #c;ft4 ,the leaves are #f;in4 to #ab;in4 long1 wrinkled1 unevenly dentate1 oblong and blunt2 during the time of seeding the leaves increase in length1 some becoming spathulate1 or broadly stalked2 it ripens seed plentifully1 from which seedlings come true4 ,although ,i have never grown this noble plant otherwise than in ordinary garden loam well enriched and in shady borders1 it is said to be more at home in peaty soil always in a moist state4 ,however that may be1 ,i have proved it to do well under ordinary treatment2 it should be well watered during hot dry weather2 amongst dwarf trees1 in the more damp parts of rockwork1 or at the foot of a north wall covered with any kind of foliage1 it will be grown and seen to advantage4 ,besides by seed1 which should be sown as soon as ripened1 it may be propagated by root divisions at the time the crowns are pushing in spring4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,primula ,vulgaris ,flore-pleno4 ,,double-,,flowered ,,primrose2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,it is not intended to descant upon1 or even attempt to name1 the many forms of ,double ,primrose2 the object is more to direct the attention of the reader to one which is a truly valuable flower and ought to be in every garden4 ,let me at once state its chief points4 ,colour1 yellow2 flowers1 large1 full1 clear1 and sweetly scented1 produced regularly twice a year2 foliage1 short1 rigid1 evergreen1 handsome1 and supporting the flowers from earth splashes4 ,having grown this variety for five years1 ,i have proved it to be as stated during both mild and severe seasons4 ,it seems as if it wanted to commence its blooming period about ,october1 from which time to the severest part of winter it affords a goodly amount of flowers2 it is then stopped for a while1 though its buds can be seen during the whole winter1 and when the longer days and vernal sunshine return1 it soon becomes thickly covered with blossoms1 which are of the most desirable kind for spring gathering4 ,its flowers need no further description beyond that already given2 but ,i may add that the stalks are somewhat short1 which is an advantage1 as the bloom is kept more amongst the leaves and away from the mud4 ,the foliage is truly handsome1 short1 finely toothed1 rolled back1 pleasingly wrinkled1 and of a pale green colour4 ,it is very hardy1 standing all kinds of weather1 and ,i never saw it rot at the older crowns1 like so many of the fine varieties1 but it goes on growing1 forming itself into large tufts a foot and more across4 ,it has been tried in stiff loam and light vegetable soil2 in shade1 and fully exposed2 it has proved to do equally well in both kinds of soil1 but where it received the full force of the summer sun the plants were weak1 infested with red spider1 and had a poorer crop of flowers4 ,it would1 therefore1 appear that soil is of little or no importance1 but that partial shade is needful4 ,it is not only a variety worth the having1 but one which deserves to have the best possible treatment1 for flowers in winter--and such flowers--are worth all care4 ,flowering periods1 late autumn and early spring to ,june4 ,pulmonarias4 ,,lungworts2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,boraginaceae4 ,in speaking of these hardy herbaceous perennials1 ,i should wish to be understood that the section1 often and more properly called ,mertensia1 is not included because they are so very distinct in habit and colour of both flowers and foliage4 ,most of the ,pulmonarias begin to flower early in ,march1 and continue to do so for a very long time1 quite two months4 ,for the most part1 the flowers 7which are borne on stems about #h;in4 high1 in straggling clusters7 are of changing colours1 as from pink to blue2 they are small but pretty1 and also have a quaint appearance4 ,the foliage during the blooming period is not nearly developed1 the plants being then somewhat small in all their parts1 but later the leaf growth goes on rapidly1 and some kinds are truly handsome from their fine spreading habit and clear markings of large white spots on the leaves1 which are often #i;in4 or #aj;in4 long and #c;in4 broad1 oblong1 lanceolate1 taper-pointed1 and rough1 with stiff hairs4 ,at this stage they would seem to be in their most decorative form1 though their flowers1 in a cut state1 formed into posies1 are very beautiful and really charming when massed for table decoration2 on the plant they have a faded appearance4 ,many of the species or varieties have but slight distinctions1 though all are beautiful4 ,a few may be briefly noticed otherwise than as above3 ,p4 officinalis is ,british1 and typical of several others4 ,flowers pink1 turning to blue2 leaves blotted4 ,p4 off4 alba differs only in the flowers being an unchanging white4 ,p4 angustifolia1 also ,british1 having1 as its specific name implies1 narrow leaves2 flowers bright blue or violet4 ,p4 mollis1 in several varieties1 comes from ,north ,america2 is distinct from its leaves being smaller1 the markings or spots less distinct1 and more thickly covered with soft hairs1 whence its name4 ,p4 azurea has not only a well-marked leaf1 but also a very bright and beautiful azure flower2 it comes from ,poland4 ,p4 maculata has the most clearly and richly marked leaf1 and perhaps the largest1 that being the chief distinction4 ,p4 saccharata is later2 its flowers are pink1 and not otherwise very distinct from some of the above kinds4 ,it is not necessary to enumerate others1 as the main points of difference are to be found in the above-mentioned kinds4 ,all are very easily cultivated2 any kind of soil will do for them1 but they repay liberal treatment by the extra quality of their foliage4 ,their long and thick fleshy roots allow of their being transplanted at any time of the year4 ,large clumps1 however1 are better divided in early spring1 even though they are then in flower4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,puschkinia ,scilloides4 ,,scilla-,,like ,,puschkinia1 or ,,striped ,,squill2 ,syns4 ,p4 ,,libanotica1 ,,adamsia ,,scilloides2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,as all its names1 common and botanical1 denote1 this charming bulbous plant is like the scillas2 it may1 therefore1 be useful to point out the distinctions which divide them4 ,they are 7in the flowers7 to be seen at a glance2 within the spreading perianth there is a tubular crown or corona1 having six lobes and a membranous fringe4 ,this crown is connected at the base of the divisions of the perianth1 which divisions do not go to the base of the flower1 but form what may be called an outer tube4 ,in the scilla there is no corona1 neither a tube1 but the petal-like sepals or divisions of the perianth are entire1 going to the base of the flower4 ,there are other but less visible differences which need not be further gone into4 ,although there are but two or three known species of the genus1 we have not only a confusion of names1 but plants of another genus have been mistaken as belonging to this4 ,mr4 ,baker1 of ,kew1 however1 has put both the plants and names to their proper belongings1 and we are no longer puzzled with a chionodoxa under the name of ,puschkinia4 ,this ,lilywort came from ,siberia in #ahai1 and was long considered a tender bulb in this climate1 and even yet by many it is treated as such4 ,with ordinary care--judicious planting--it not only proves hardy1 but increases fast4 ,still1 it is a rare plant1 and very seldom seen1 notwithstanding its great beauty4 ,it was named by ,adams1 in honour of the ,russian botanist1 ,count ,puschkin1 whence the two synonymous names ,puschkinia and ,adamsia2 there is also another name1 specific1 which1 though still used1 has become discarded by authorities1 viz41 ,p4 ,libanotica--this was supposed to be in reference to one of its habitats being on ,mount ,lebanon4 ,during mild winters it flowers in ,march1 and so delicately marked are its blossoms that one must always feel that its beauties are mainly lost from the proverbial harshness of the season4 ,at the height of #d;in4 to #h;in4 the flowers are produced on slender bending scapes1 the spikes of blossom are arranged one-sided2 each flower is #a_/b;in4 to nearly #a;in4 across1 white1 richly striped with pale blue down the centre1 and on both sides of the petal-like divisions4 ,the latter are of equal length1 lance-shaped1 and finely reflexed2 there is a short tube1 on the mouth of which is joined the smaller one of the corona4 ,the latter is conspicuous from the reflexed condition of the limb of the perianth1 and also from its lobes and membranous fringe being a soft lemon-yellow colour4 ,the pedicels are slender and distant1 causing the flower spikes1 which are composed of four to eight flowers1 to have a lax appearance4 ,the leaves are few1 #d;in4 to #f;in4 long1 lance-shaped1 concave1 but flatter near the apex1 of good substance and a dark green colour2 bulb small4 ,as already stated1 a little care is needed in planting this choice bulbous subject4 ,it enjoys a rich1 but light soil4 ,it does not so much matter whether it is loamy or of a vegetable nature if it is light and well drained2 and1 provided it is planted under such conditions and in full sunshine1 it will both bloom well and increase4 ,it may be propagated by division of the roots during late summer1 when the tops have died off2 but only tufts having a crowded appearance should be disturbed for an increase of stock4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,p4 s4 compacta is a variety of the above1 having a stronger habit and bolder flowers4 ,the latter are more numerous1 have shorter pedicels1 and are compactly arranged in the spike--whence the name4 ,culture1 propagation1 and flowering time1 same as last4 ,pyrethrum ,uliginosum4 ,,marsh ,,feverfew2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,a very bold and strong growing species1 belonging to a numerous genus2 it comes to us from ,hungary1 and has been grown more or less in ,english gardens a little over sixty years4 ,it is a distinct species1 its large flowers1 the height to which it grows1 and the strength of its willow-like stalks being its chief characteristics4 ,still1 to anyone with but a slight knowledge of hardy plants1 it asserts itself at once as a ,pyrethrum4 ,it is hardy1 herbaceous1 and perennial1 and worth growing in every garden where there is room for large growing subjects4 ,there is something about this plant when in flower which a bare description fails to explain2 to do it justice it should be seen when in full bloom4 ,its flowers are large and ox-eye-daisy-like1 having a white ray1 with yellow centre1 but the florets are larger in proportion to the disk2 plain and quiet as the individual flowers appear1 when seen in numbers 7as they always may be seen on well-established specimens71 they are strikingly beautiful1 the blooms are more than #b;in4 across1 and the mass comes level with the eye1 for the stems are over #e;ft4 high1 and though very stout1 the branched stems which carry the flowers are slender and gracefully bending4 ,the leaves are smooth1 lance-shaped1 and sharply toothed1 fully #d;in4 long1 and stalkless2 they are irregularly but numerously disposed on the stout round stems1 and of nearly uniform size and shape until the corymbose branches are reached1 i4e41 for #d;ft4 or #e;ft4 of their length2 when the leaves are fully grown they reflex or hang down1 and totally hide the stems4 ,this habit1 coupled with the graceful and nodding appearance of the large white flowers1 renders this a pleasing subject1 especially for situations where tall plants are required1 such as near and in shrubberies4 ,i grow but one strong specimen1 and it looks well between two apple trees1 but not over-shaded4 ,the idea in planting it there was to obtain some protection from strong winds1 and to avoid the labour and eyesore which staking would create4 ,it likes a stiff loam1 but is not particular as to soil if only it is somewhat damp4 ,the flowers last three weeks2 and in a cut state are also very effective2 and1 whether so appropriated or left on the plant1 they will be found to be very enduring4 ,when cutting these flowers1 the whole corymb should be taken1 as in this particular case we could not wish for a finer arrangement1 and being contemporaneous with the ,michaelmas daisy1 the bloom branches of the two subjects form elegant and fashionable decorations for table or vase use4 ,to propagate this plant1 it is only needed to divide the roots in ,november1 and plant in deeply-dug but damp soil4 ,flowering period1 ,august to ,september4 ,ramondia ,pyrenaica4 ,syns4 ,,chaixia ,,myconi and ,,verbascum ,,myconi2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,solanaceae4 ,this is a very dwarf and beautiful alpine plant1 from the ,pyrenees1 the one and only species of the genus4 ,although it is sometimes called a ,verbascum or ,mullien1 it is widely distinct from all the plants of that family4 ,to lovers of dwarf subjects this must be one of the most desirable2 small as it is1 it is full of character4 ,the flowers1 when held up to a good light1 are seen to be downy and of ice-like transparency2 they are of a delicate1 pale1 violet colour1 and a little more than an inch in diameter1 produced on stems #c;in4 to #d;in4 high1 which are nearly red1 and furnished with numerous hairs2 otherwise the flower stems are nude1 seldom more than two flowers1 and oftener only one bloom is seen on a stem4 ,the pedicels1 which are about half-an-inch long1 bend downwards1 but the flowers1 when fully expanded1 rise a little2 the calyx is green1 downy1 five-parted1 the divisions being short and reflexed at their points2 the corolla is rotate1 flat1 and1 in the case of flowers several days old1 thrown back2 the petals are nearly round1 slightly uneven1 and waved at the edges1 having minute protuberances at their base tipped with bright orange1 shading to white2 the seed organs are very prominent2 stamens arrow-shaped2 pistil more than twice the length of filaments and anthers combined1 white1 tipped with green4 ,the leaves are arranged in very flat rosettes1 the latter being from four to eight inches across4 ,the foliage is entirely stemless1 the nude flower stalks issuing from between the leaves1 which are roundly toothed1 evenly and deeply wrinkled1 and elliptical in outline4 ,underneath1 the ribs are very prominent1 and the covering of hairs rather long1 as are also those of the edges4 ,on the upper surface the hairs are short and stiff4 ,in the more moist interstices of rockwork1 where1 against and between large stones1 its roots will be safe from drought1 it will not only be a pleasing ornament1 but will be likely to thrive and flower well4 ,it is perfectly hardy1 but there is one condition of our climate which tries it very much--the wet1 and alternate frosts and thaws of winter4 ,from its hairy character and flat form1 the plant is scarcely ever dry1 and rot sets in4 ,this is more especially the case with specimens planted flat2 it is therefore a great help against such climatic conditions to place the plants in rockwork1 so that the rosettes are as nearly as possible at right angles with the ground level4 ,another interesting way to grow this lovely and valuable species is in pans or large pots1 but this system requires some shelter in winter1 as the plants will be flat4 ,the advantages of this mode are that five or six specimens so grown are very effective4 ,they can1 from higher cultivation 7by giving them richer soil1 liquid manure1 and by judicious confinement of their roots71 be brought into a more floriferous condition1 and when the flowers appear1 they can be removed into some cool light situation1 under cover1 so that their beauties can be more enjoyed1 and not be liable to damage by splashing1 c4 ,plants so grown should be potted in sandy peat1 and a few pieces of sandstone placed over the roots1 slightly cropping out of the surface2 these will not only help to keep the roots from being droughted1 but also bear up the rosetted leaves1 and so allow a better circulation of air about the collars1 that being the place where rot usually sets in4 ,in the case of specimens which do not get proper treatment1 or which have undergone a transplanting to their disadvantage1 they will often remain perfectly dormant to all appearance for a year or more4 ,such plants should be moved into a moist fissure in rockwork1 east aspect1 and the soil should be of a peaty character4 ,this may seem like coddling1 and a slur on hardy plants4 ,here1 however1 we have a valuable subject1 which does not find a home in this climate exactly so happy as its native habitat1 but which1 with a little care1 can have things so adapted to its requirements as to be grown year after year in its finest form2 such care is not likely to be withheld by the true lover of choice alpines4 ,this somewhat slow-growing species may be propagated by division1 but only perfectly healthy specimens should be selected for the purpose1 early spring being the best time2 by seed also it may be increased2 the process1 however1 is slow1 and the seedlings will be two years at least before they flower4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,july4 ,ranunculus ,aconitifolius4 ,,aconite-,,leaved ,,crowfoot1 or ,,bachelors' ,,buttons2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,an herbaceous perennial1 of the alpine parts of ,europe1 and for a long time cultivated in this country4 ,it grows #a;ft4 high1 is much branched in zigzag form1 and produces numerous flowers1 resembling those of the strawberry1 but only about half the size2 the leaves are finely cut and of a dark green colour2 it is not a plant worth growing for its flowers1 but the reason why ,i briefly speak of it here is that ,i may more properly introduce that grand old flower of which it is the parent1 ,r4 a4 fl4-pl4 7see ,fig4 #gi71 the true ,english double white ,crowfoote1 or ,bachelor's ,buttons2 these are the common names which ,gerarde gives as borne by this plant nearly #cjj years ago1 and there can be no mistaking the plant1 as he figures it in his ,historie of ,plantes1 p4 #hab2 true1 he gives it a different ,latin name to the one it bears at the present time2 still1 it is the same plant1 and his name for it 7,r4 albus multiflorus7 is strictly and correctly specific4 ,numerous flowers are called ,bachelor's ,buttons1 including daisies1 globe flowers1 pyrethrums1 and different kinds of ranunculi1 but here we have the original and true2 probably it originated in some ancient ,english garden1 as ,gerarde says1 ,it groweth in the gardens of herbarists louers of strange plants1 whereof we have good plentie1 but it groweth not wild anywhere4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,ranunculus ,,aconit ,,folius ,,flore-,,pleno4 7,one-fourth natural size2 a1 natural size of flower47 ,its round smooth stems are stout1 zigzag1 and much branched1 forming the plant into a neat compact bush1 in size 7of plants two or more years old7 #b;ft4 high and #b;ft4 through4 ,the flowers are white1 and very double or full of petals1 evenly and beautifully arranged1 salver shape1 forming a flower sometimes nearly an inch across2 the purity of their whiteness is not marred by even an eye1 and they are abundantly produced and for a long time in succession4 ,the leaves are of a dark shining green colour1 richly cut--as the specific name implies--after the style of the ,aconites2 the roots are fasciculate1 long1 and fleshy4 ,this old-fashioned plant is now in great favour and much sought after2 and no wonder1 for its flowers are perfection1 and the plant one of the most decorative and suitable for any position in the garden4 ,in a cut state the flowers do excellent service4 ,this subject is easily cultivated1 but to have large specimens1 with plenty of flowers1 a deep1 well enriched soil is indispensable2 stagnant moisture should be avoided4 ,autumn is the best time to divide the roots4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,july4 ,ranunculus ,acris ,flore-pleno4 ,,double ,,acrid ,,crowfoot1 ,,yellow ,,bachelor',s ,,buttons2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,the type of this is a common ,british plant1 most nearly related to the field buttercup4 ,i am not going to describe it1 but mention it as ,i wish to introduce ,r4 acris fl4-pl41 sometimes called yellow ,bachelor's ,buttons--indeed1 that is the correct common name for it1 as used fully #cjj years ago4 ,in every way1 with the exception of its fine double flowers1 it resembles very much the tall meadow buttercup1 so that it needs no further description2 but1 common as is its parentage1 it is both a showy and useful border flower1 and forms a capital companion to the double white ,bachelor's ,buttons 7,r4 aconitifolius fl4-pl474 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,ranunculus ,amplexicaulis4 ,,stem-,,clasping ,,ranunculus2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,a very hardy subject2 effective and beautiful4 ,the form of this plant is exceedingly neat1 and its attractiveness is further added to by its smooth and pale glaucous foliage4 ,it was introduced into this country more than #bjj years ago1 from the ,pyrenees4 ,still it is not generally grown1 though at a first glance it asserts itself a plant of first-class merit 7see ,fig4 #hj74 ,the shortest and1 perhaps1 best description of its flowers will be given when ,i say they are white ,buttercups1 produced on stout stems nearly a foot high1 which are also furnished by entire stem-clasping leaves1 whence its name2 other leaves are of varying forms1 mostly broadly lance-shaped1 and some once-notched2 those of the root are nearly spoon-shaped4 ,the whole plant is very smooth and glaucous1 also covered with a fine meal4 ,as a plant1 it is effective2 but grown by the side of ,r4 montanus and the geums1 which have flowers of similar shape1 it is seen to more advantage4 ,on rockwork1 in leaf soil1 it does remarkably well2 in loam it seems somewhat stunted4 ,its flowers are very serviceable in a cut state1 and they are produced in succession for three or four weeks on the same plant4 ,it has large1 fleshy1 semi-tuberous roots1 and many of them2 so that at any time it may be transplanted4 ,i have pulled even flowering plants to pieces1 and the different parts1 which1 of course1 had plenty of roots to them1 still continued to bloom4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,ranunculus ,,amplexicaulis4 7,one-fourth natural size47 ,flowering period1 ,april and ,may4 ,ranunculus ,speciosum4 ,,showy ,,crowfoot2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,this is another double yellow form of the ,buttercup4 ,it has only recently come into my possession4 ,the blooms are very large and beautiful1 double the size of ,r4 acris fl4-pl41 and a deeper yellow2 the habit1 too1 is much more dwarf1 the leaves larger1 but similar in shape4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,all the foregoing ,crowfoots are of the easiest culture1 needing no particular treatment2 but they like rich and deep soil4 ,they may be increased by division at almost any time1 the exceptions being when flowering or at a droughty season4 ,rudbeckia ,californica4 ,,californian ,,cone-,,flower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this1 in all its parts1 is a very large and showy subject2 the flowers are #c;in4 to #f;in4 across1 in the style of the sunflower4 ,it has not long been grown in ,english gardens1 and came1 as its name implies1 from ,california3 it is very suitable for association with old-fashioned flowers1 being nearly related to the genus ,helianthus1 or sunflower4 ,it is not only perfectly hardy in this climate1 which is more than can be said of very many of the ,californian species1 but it grows rampantly and flowers well4 ,it is all the more valuable as a flower from the fact that it comes into bloom several weeks earlier than most of the large yellow ,composites4 ,having stated already the size of its flower1 ,i need scarcely add that it is one of the showiest subjects in the garden2 it is1 however1 as well to keep it in the background1 not only on account of its tallness1 but also because of its coarse abundant foliage4 ,it grows #d;ft4 to #f;ft4 high1 the stems being many-branched4 ,the flowers have erect stout stalks1 and vary in size from #c;in4 to #f;in4 across1 being of a light but glistening yellow colour2 the ray is somewhat unevenly formed1 owing to the florets being of various sizes1 sometimes slit at the points1 lobed1 notched1 and bent2 the disk is very bold1 being nearly #b;in4 high1 in the form of a cone1 whence the name cone flower4 ,the fertile florets of the disk or cone are green1 and produce an abundance of yellow pollen1 but it is gradually developed1 and forms a yellow ring round the dark green cone1 which rises slowly to the top when the florets of the ray fall2 from this it will be seen that the flowers last a long time4 ,the leaves of the root are sometimes a foot in length and half as broad1 being oval1 pointed1 and sometimes notched or lobed2 also rough1 from a covering of short stiff hairs1 and having once-grooved stout stalks #i;in4 or more long2 the leaves of the stems are much smaller1 generally oval1 but of very uneven form1 bluntly pointed1 distinctly toothed1 and some of the teeth so large as to be more appropriately described as segments2 the base abruptly narrows into a very short stalk4 ,the flowers of this plant are sure to meet with much favour1 especially while the present fashion continues2 but apart from fashion1 merely considered as a decorative subject for the garden1 it is well worth a place4 ,there are larger yellow ,composites1 but either they are much later1 or they are not perennial species1 and otherwise this one differs materially from them4 ,i need not say anything respecting this form of flower in a cut state--its effectiveness is well known4 ,if planted in ordinary garden loam it will hold its place and bloom freely year after year without further care4 ,smaller subjects should not be set too near it2 it may be unadvisable to plant too many clumps in the same garden1 but it can be allowed to spread into one bold patch4 ,the best time to divide or transplant is in early spring1 when growth is just pushing1 for vigorous as this and many other perennials are1 ,i have often found them to rot1 when the dormant roots1 after being cut into pieces1 have had to face the winter4 ,flowering period1 ,july to ,september4 ,rudbeckia ,serotina4 ,late ,,cone-,,flower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this hardy ,american species1 though not an old plant in ,english gardens1 is nevertheless classed with old-fashioned plants and flowers2 and certainly its sombre but pleasing dark golden ray flowers1 together with its likeness to many of the old sunflowers1 favours such classification4 ,it is the latest of a late-flowering genus4 ,it attains the height of #b;ft42 the root leaves are of irregular shape1 some oval and pointed1 others1 on the same plant1 being lance-shaped1 with two or three large teeth or acute lobes2 in size the leaves also vary from #c;in4 to #h;in4 long1 and being covered with short bristly hairs1 they are very rough1 also of a dull green colour2 the flower stems have but few leaves1 so it will be judged that the plant has but a weedy appearance1 but this is compensated for by the rich and numerous large dark orange flowers1 #c;in4 across2 the ray is single1 and the centre1 which is large and prominent1 is a rich chocolate brown4 ,this subject1 to be effective1 should be grown in large specimens2 mine is about #c;ft4 in diameter1 and the level mass of flowers1 as ,i have often noticed them in twilight1 were grandly beautiful4 ,i can well understand that many have not cared for this cone flower when they have judged it from a small plant which has sent up its first1 and perhaps abnormal1 bloom4 ,it is especially a subject that should be seen in bold clumps1 and in moderately rich soil it will soon become such4 ,moreover1 the flowers are very effective in a cut state1 when loosely arranged in vases1 only needing something in the way of tall grasses to blend with in order to form an antique posy4 ,autumn is the best time to plant it2 its long roots denote that it enjoys deep soil1 and1 when planted1 the roots of this1 as well as all others then being transplanted1 should be made firm1 otherwise the frost will lift them out and the droughts will finish them off4 ,many plants are lost in this manner1 and1 indeed1 many short-rooted kinds are scarcely saved by the greatest care4 ,the stem-rooting character of this plant affords ready means of propagation by root divisions4 ,flowering period1 from ,september till strong frosts4 ,salix ,reticulata4 ,,wrinkled or ,,netted ,,willow2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,salicaceae4 ,a native deciduous shrub1 of creeping or prostrate habit1 not growing higher than #b;in4 ,as the flowers are inconspicuous and only interesting to the botanist or when under the microscope1 let me at once say ,i mention this subject because of its beautiful habit and distinct quality of foliage4 ,when grown on rockwork1 no other plant can compare with it1 and where choice spring bulbs are planted1 this handsome creeper may be allowed1 without injury to such roots1 to broadly establish itself2 so grown1 its little stout leaves1 thickly produced1 flatly on the surface1 are much admired4 ,the flowers or catkins stand well above the foliage1 but are unattractive1 being of a dusky brown colour2 the leaves are dark green1 downy1 of much substance1 #aa_/b;in4 long1 and nearly #a;in4 broad1 but the size of foliage varies according to the conditions under which the specimens are grown2 the sizes now referred to are of plants grown on rather dry rockwork and fully exposed2 the form of the leaves is orbicular1 obtuse1 not in the least notched1 bald1 reticulately veined1 and glaucous beneath2 the stems are short and diffuse1 and tinged with red on the younger parts4 ,during winter1 when bare of foliage1 its thick creeping stems1 covered with fat buds and interlaced in a pleasing manner1 render it interesting in almost any situation not shaded4 ,it forms a capital carpet plant from early spring to the end of summer4 ,it is in no way particular as regards soil1 and though it loves moisture1 like most other willows1 it proves thriving in dry places4 ,it is1 moreover1 a good grower in large towns4 ,its propagation may be carried out before the leaves unfold in spring4 ,little branches with roots to them may be cut from the parent plant1 and should be set in sandy loam and watered well to settle it about the roots4 ,flowering period1 ,september to strong frosts4 ,sanguinaria ,canadensis4 ,,bloodroot2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,papaveraceae4 ,this is a native of ,north ,america1 and is1 therefore1 hardy in this climate2 tuberous rooted4 ,it is a curious plant1 not only from its great fulness of sap or juice1 which is red 7that of the root being darker1 whence its name ,bloodroot71 but also because of the shape of its leaves1 their colour1 and method of development 7see ,fig4 #ha74 ,though very dwarf1 it is handsome and distinct4 ,the flowers are pure white and nearly #b;in4 across2 the petals have good substance1 but they fall in five or six sunny days2 the stamens are numerous and bright yellow4 ,though belonging to the order of the ,poppy1 it is in many respects unlike it2 each flower stem1 which is #f;in4 high1 springs directly from the root1 and only one flower is produced on a stem2 the leaves are also radical1 so that the plant is branchless and stemless2 the leaf stalks are rather shorter than those of the flowers4 ,the foliage is of a slate-grey colour1 prominently veined on the under side1 the upper surface being somewhat wrinkled2 the leaves are #c;in4 across when fully developed1 vine-leaf shaped1 deeply and beautifully lobed2 their development is slow1 not being completed until the bloom is past4 ,both leaves and flowers are produced in a curious fashion2 for a time the flower-bud is compactly enfolded by a leaf1 and so both grow up to the height of #b;in4 or #c;in41 when the former pushes through1 and soon swells its olive-shaped buds4 ,at this stage a good specimen clump is very attractive1 and is only more so when the fine blooms first open4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,,sanguinaria ,,canadensis4 7,one-half natural size47 ,it should be grown amongst some such carpeting plants as ,sibthorpia ,europaea or ,linaria pilosa1 so as to protect it2 moreover1 these creepers are suited for a similar soil and position4 ,the soil should be light1 either of sandy or vegetable character1 but one that cannot bake2 shade from the mid-day sun is essential1 as also is plenty of moisture4 ,when the growths have become crowded1 as they do in about three years1 it is as well to lift1 divide1 and replant at a distance of #c;in42 this is best done after the tops have died off in summer2 plant #d;in4 or #e;in4 deep4 ,flowering period1 ,april and ,may4 ,saponaria ,ocymoides4 ,,rock ,,soapwort1 or ,,basil-,,leaved ,,soapwort3 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,silenaceae4 ,a very hardy alpine from ,france1 and one of the most floriferous subjects that can be placed on rockwork1 where should be its position4 ,during a single season it is no uncommon thing to see a small plant grow into a large cushion #b;ft4 in diameter1 and only #f;in4 or #i;in4 high4 ,in planting it this fact should not be overlooked1 not only for the sake of giving it plenty of room1 but also in order that less vigorous subjects near it may not become overgrown2 it blooms all summer1 and though the flowers are small and not at all bright1 their numbers render it attractive4 ,the flowers1 which are about #a_/b;in4 across1 are of a pink colour1 and produced on many-branched prostrate stems2 the calyx is five-toothed2 the corolla is formed of five flat petals2 the leaves are small1 basil-like1 oval-lance shaped1 entire and smooth2 the general appearance of the plant when in bloom is that of a compact mass of small leaves and flowers1 the latter predominating4 ,it will grow in any kind of soil1 but prefers that of a vegetable character1 with its roots amongst large stones2 but1 strictly speaking1 it needs nothing but an open situation and plenty of room to spread4 ,it ripens an abundance of seed1 and there is not a better mode of propagation than its own2 hundreds of stout seedlings appear the following spring around the parent plant1 and these may then be transplanted1 and they will flower the same season4 ,s4 o4 splendens is a variety of the above very much improved indeed2 and though one cannot discard the good old plant for its very recent offspring1 the former is certainly very much eclipsed4 ,splendens has foliage slightly different1 but its flowers are much larger and brighter2 and though it may not be quite so vigorous1 in this case that may be considered an improvement4 ,it is said to come true from seed4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,august4 ,saxifraga ,burseriana4 ,,burser',s ,,saxifrage2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,a hardy evergreen alpine4 ,a native of ,carniola1 not long discovered1 and quite new to ,english gardens4 ,though it belongs to a very extensive genus1 it is a distinct species2 many of the ,saxifrages are not so1 neither are they sufficiently decorative to merit a place in any but large or scientific gardens4 ,this one1 however1 is a truly handsome kind1 and its flowers are produced amid the snow and during the bleak and dull weather of mid-winter4 ,the plant in form is a dense cushion of little spiked rosettes1 of a dark green colour1 slightly silvered4 ,the flowers are produced on bright ruddy stems #c;in4 high1 and are creamy white1 nearly the size of a sixpence4 ,small as the plant is1 a moderate sized specimen is very attractive1 especially before the flowers open1 when they are in their prettiest form4 ,they open slowly and endure nearly two months4 ,it enjoys light soil and a well drained situation1 such as the edge of a border1 where strong growing kinds cannot damage it1 or on rockwork1 where it will be fully exposed to the sun4 ,to be effective1 it should be grown into strong clumps1 which may easily be done by annually giving a top-dressing of leaf-mould2 the older parts of the plant will remain perfectly sound and healthy for years4 ,when it is desirable to propagate it1 it may best be done in ,april1 when the tufts should be carefully divided1 and its short roots made firm in the soil by one or two stones being placed near4 ,flowering period1 ,january to ,april4 ,saxifraga ,caesia4 ,,silver ,,moss1 or ,,grey ,,saxifrage2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,one of the alpine gems4 ,this has been grown in ,english gardens since #ageb1 yet good specimens are rarely met with1 though its culture is simple and easy4 ,it is found wild on the ,alps of ,switzerland1 ,austria1 and the ,pyrenees4 ,to the lover of the minute forms of genuine alpine plants1 this will be a treasure2 it is very distinct in form1 habit1 and colour4 ,its tiny rosettes of encrusted leaves can scarcely be said to rise from the ground1 and the common name1 silver moss1 which it is often called by1 most fittingly applies2 but perhaps its colour is the main feature of notice4 ,the meaning of its specific name is grey1 to which it certainly answers2 but so peculiar is the greyness that a more definite description may be useful1 in giving which ,i will quote that of ,decandolle and ,sprengle3 ,the lavender-blue is a pale blue 7caesius72 it is mixed with a little grey4 ,this exactly answers to the colour of the pretty ,saxifrage under notice1 and it is far from a common one in foliage4 ,the flowers differ but slightly from those of other encrusted forms of the genus1 but they are a creamy white1 arranged in small panicles on short and slender stems4 ,they are sparingly produced in ,may and ,june4 ,the leaves are #a_/d;in4 long1 aggregate or in miniature rosettes2 in shape1 linear-oblong1 recurved1 and keeled4 ,the upper surface is concave1 having marginal dots1 evenly disposed2 the dots are bright and excavated1 and some of the leaves 7those of the stems7 are scale formed4 ,the glaucous or lavender-blue colour is beautifully enlivened with the crystal dots4 ,its habit reminds one of the more distinct forms of lichens1 and1 when it is grown with suitable companions on rockwork1 it has a happy way of showing and adapting itself in such situation2 besides1 its colour then shows with more effect4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,saxifraga ,,caesia ,,major4 7#a1 single rosette1 natural size47 ,there is a variety of this species not yet in general cultivation1 and it cannot be too strongly recommended to lovers of the finest forms of rock or alpine plants4 ,it is called ,s4 c4 major 7see ,fig4 #hb74 ,the name at once suggests the main difference from the type1 but there are other features quite as marked as that of its extra size in all its parts2 the foliage is more crowded1 which seems to cause the largest leaves to become more erect1 and the habit1 too1 perhaps from the same cause1 is ball shaped2 the small rosettes of thick encrusted leaves1 from the manner in which they are packed together1 form a rigid mass1 which differs widely both in detail and effect from any other ,saxifrage ,i know4 ,these dwarf subjects are best suited for rockwork2 but another plan1 now much practised1 is to grow them in pots4 ,this in no way implies that protection is given or needed--these sturdy subjects are far better fully exposed--but the pot system has advantages2 when so planted1 the roots are more likely to be placed in a better selected compost1 and the specimens can be raised in order to examine their miniature beauties4 ,the above kinds enjoy a gritty vegetable soil2 perfect drainage is indispensable4 ,these are not among the ,saxifrages that are readily propagated2 a few crowns or rosettes with short pieces of stem are not sure to root1 and if more careful division is not carried out1 perhaps but two or three growing bits from a large specimen may be the result1 so lessening instead of increasing the stock4 ,before cutting let the roots be washed clear of soil1 trace the long roots1 and so cut up the plant that each division will have a share of them4 ,sometimes a rather large specimen will have but few of such roots1 in which case it will prove the better and safer plan to make only a corresponding number of divisions1 so making sure of each4 ,a further help to such newly planted stock is gained by placing small stones about the collars2 this keeps the plants moist and cool during the dry season1 when 7after flowering7 the divisions should be made4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,saxifraga ,ceratophylla4 ,,horn-,,leaved ,,saxifrage2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,for the most part1 this numerous genus flowers in spring and early summer1 the species now under notice being one of the late bloomers2 its flowers however1 like most of the ,saxifrages1 are small and insignificant2 on the other hand1 its foliage1 as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #hc7 is highly ornamental4 ,in ,november1 the grand half-globular tufts of rigid dark green foliage are delicately furnished with a whitish exudation1 which1 seen through a magnifying glass1 resembles scales1 but seen by the naked eye--and it can be clearly seen without stooping--it gives the idea of hoar frost4 ,we have here1 then1 an interesting and ornamental subject1 which1 when grown in collections of considerable variety1 proves attractive2 and as even after many degrees of frost1 it retains its beauty1 and1 ,i may add1 its finest form1 it may be confidently recommended as a suitable winter garden subject4 ,this species proves evergreen in our climate1 though a native of ,spain1 from which country it was imported about eighty years ago4 ,it is sometimes called ,s4 cornutum1 a name quite applicable1 and it is frequently confounded with ,s4 pentadactylis 7the ,five-fingered-leaved ,saxifrage71 which it much resembles1 from which1 however1 it is distinct in several respects4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,saxifraga ,,ceratophylla4 7,leaf1 one-half natural size47 ,its flowers are small1 white1 and numerous1 produced on slender stalks in summer2 they are of the general type of the flowers of the mossy section1 and need not be further described4 ,the foliage forms rigid cushions1 dense1 rounded1 and of a dark green colour in the early season2 later it becomes grey1 with an exudation2 the leaves are arranged in rosette form1 having stout stalks1 channelled or folded on the upper surface2 there are three deep divisions1 and others less cut2 the segments are subulate1 bent back and tipped with horny mucrones1 whence its specific name2 these horn-like points are bent under1 which1 together with their transparency1 renders them all but invisible2 they can1 however1 be clearly seen if brought near the eye and looked for on the under side of the foliage4 ,the leaves are of good substance1 #a;in4 to #b;in4 long1 having broad stipules2 the stems are exceedingly slender in the older parts1 and somewhat woody1 having the appearance of being dried up and dead4 ,on rockwork it is seen in its best form1 as the slope not only shows it off better1 but is conducive to a finer growth4 ,in flat places1 the dense cushions1 which are #f;in4 or #h;in4 high1 often rot from too much moisture4 ,i have never seen this occur in the drier positions afforded by the slopes of a rockery4 ,if planted between large stones it has a happy way of adapting itself to them1 and few plants are more effective4 ,it thrives equally well in soil of a loamy or vegetable character1 but it seems to enjoy a little limestone1 small pieces of which ,i place round the specimens2 they also serve to hold up the lower foliage and favour the admission of air4 ,where alpines are grown in pots this should form one1 as it makes a charming specimen2 the drainage should be perfect4 ,it also makes a capital edging plant1 especially for raised beds1 as then it is accommodated in the same way as on rockwork4 ,it may be propagated by taking the slips nearest the earth1 which will often be found to have a few rootlets1 but if not they will still prove the more suitable2 if taken in summer and dibbled into sand1 they will make good roots in a week or two1 when they may be transplanted to their permanent quarters1 so as to become established before winter4 ,saxifraga ,ciliata4 ,,hairy-,,margined ,,saxifrage2 ,syn4 ,,megasea ,,ciliata2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this is a peculiar1 distinct1 and beautiful form of ,saxifrage2 there seems1 however1 to be some confusion in reference to its nomenclature4 ,that it belongs to the ,megasea section there can be little doubt1 so that its synonym 7,m4 ciliata7 is fairly descriptive2 but when it is said to be identical with ,s4 ligulata1 also of the ,megasea section1 the difficulty of recognising the form illustrated as such is very great indeed4 ,it is also supposed to be a variety of ,s4 ligulata1 and though it has many important dissimilarities1 it has also many affinities4 ,so much does it differ from ,s4 ligulata that it seems to be fully entitled to the specific honours which some authorities have given to it4 ,it differs from ,s4 ligulata1 described by ,don1 in being rough and hairy on both sides of the leaves2 in other respects it agrees1 more especially in the colour of the flowers1 which is uncommon4 ,it may be the ,megasea ciliata of ,haworth1 which ,don refers to under ,s4 ligulata1 or it may be a distinct form of the latter1 as1 on the authority of ,dr4 ,wallich1 of the ,botanical ,gardens of ,calcutta1 the species has varieties4 ,wherever its proper place may be in its numerous genus1 the name at the head hereof is a good descriptive one4 ,it is an ,indian contribution1 hailing from the mountains east of ,bengal4 ,in this climate it endures our winters1 though it is not one of the hardiest of its tribe4 ,it has not long been cultivated in this country1 and is rarely met with4 ,its distinct habit and fine flowers render it desirable1 and it will with many be more so on the score of its peculiarities4 ,a few of the latter may be mentioned here4 ,anthers very large1 and brick-red before becoming pollenized2 scapes and scape-sheaths nearly smooth1 though all other foliar parts are hairy2 stipules very large and fully developed whilst the leaves are in their rudimentary stage4 ,when not in flower the plant has a strong resemblance to ,s4 sarmentosa1 which belongs to another section1 but ,s4 ciliata has features belonging to both sections4 ,the habit1 however1 is more flat1 and leaves more oval1 and if1 as has been hinted1 this is a hybrid1 it may not be without some relationship to that species1 which is also of ,asian origin4 ,further1 on the authority of ,murray1 ,sax4 sarmentosa is identical with ,s4 ligulata2 so that1 if we may suppose ,s4 ciliata to be a distinct variety of ,s4 ligulata1 and the latter to have such affinity to ,s4 sarmentosa that ,murray puts it as identical1 the chief difference between our subject and the form generally accepted as ,s4 ligulata is accounted for1 viz41 the hairy and rougher surfaces of the leaves1 which are traits of the well-known ,s4 sarmentosa4 ,if these remarks prove nothing1 they may serve to show the difficulty of recognising the various forms and species of so popular a genus from reading alone1 it having been so extensively treated of1 and the classifications being so varied4 ,its study1 when the species are being cultivated1 is simply delightful1 compared with the confusion of book study alone2 and yet it is no uncommon thing1 when forming a collection of ,saxifrages1 to receive three or four different forms from different sources under the same name1 and each perhaps more or less authorised4 ,the student by growing this genus of plants will reap other pleasures than that of identification1 and in a few years time will find in his own garden 7as the outcome of growing allied species7 new forms springing from seed1 and scattered about the beds and walks in a pleasing and suggestive manner4 7,see ,fig4 #hd47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,,saxifraga ,,ciliata4 7,one-fourth natural size2 7#a7 two-thirds natural size47 ,the present subject has bell-shaped flowers1 arranged in short-branched panicles1 each flower #c_/d;in4 across1 and sometimes1 when well expanded1 quite an inch2 the colour is a delicate pink-tinted white2 petals obovate and concave1 inserted in the calyx1 clawed1 sometimes notched and even lobed2 stamens long as petals1 inserted in throat of calyx1 stout1 green changing to pink2 anthers large and brick red when young2 styles massive1 joining close together1 turgid1 nearly long as stamens1 and pale green2 stigmas1 simple1 beardless1 turning to a red colour2 calyx bell-shaped1 five-parted1 wrinkled2 segments slightly reflexed and conniving or joining2 scapes #d;in4 to #f;in4 high1 stout and smooth1 excepting solitary hairs2 bracts1 leaf-like2 leaves oval or cordate1 #b;in4 to #d;in4 long1 wrinkled1 slightly waved1 and toothed1 conspicuously ciliated or haired on the margin1 whence the specific name ciliata4 ,both surfaces are also furnished with short stiff hairs1 the whole leaf being stout and flatly arranged2 leaf stalks short1 thick1 and furnished with numerous long hairs1 and ample stipules1 which are glabrous1 but beautifully ciliated4 ,roots1 woody1 and slightly creeping on the surface4 ,habit of foliage reflexing1 forming flat masses2 smaller or supplementary scapes are sent up later than the main scape1 from the midst of the stipules1 bearing flowers in ones and twos4 ,the blossom1 which is effective and very beautiful1 is also sweetly scented1 like the hawthorn4 ,as already hinted1 this is not one of the most hardy ,saxifrages1 but ,i have twice wintered it out on gritty beds1 well raised1 also on rockwork1 under a warm south wall2 and1 as such positions can be found or made in most gardens1 it would be advisable to try and establish this distinct and lovely spring bloomer4 ,lime and sandstone grit mixed with loam and leaf soil ,i find to be the best compost ,i have yet tried for it2 in fact1 until a dry situation and a little lime were given1 it proved a shy bloomer4 ,it is now quite the reverse1 notwithstanding that the roots were divided during the previous autumn4 ,fogs and rain are its greatest plagues1 owing to its hairy nature2 the glass and wire shelters should be used for this most deserving subject4 ,propagated by division of the woody semi-creeping roots during early autumn2 each division should have a crown and some roots1 when they may be planted in their permanent quarters4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,saxifraga 7,megasea7 ,cordifolia4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,a first-class herbaceous perennial1 grown for over a hundred years in ,english gardens2 it comes from ,siberia1 and consequently1 it is very hardy in this climate4 ,the ,megasea section of the ,saxifraga is a very distinct genus2 there are several forms with but slight distinctions in the section1 but the species now under notice may be readily distinguished from its nearest known relatives1 first by its extra size in all its parts1 next by its wrinkled heart-shaped leaves4 ,the flowers are produced on stout stems nearly a foot high1 a section of which will cut the size of a sixpenny piece2 the rose-coloured flowers are perfectly developed before they push through the many-times over-lapped foliage2 they are neatly arranged1 the branching stems sometimes giving the panicle of blossom the form and also the size of a moderate bunch of grapes4 ,just at this stage the flowers1 to be most enjoyed1 should be cut before the weather spoils their delicate colour4 ,the fine pale green calyx1 which is also conspicuous by its handsome form and extra length1 is far from the least important feature of this flower1 especially at the above-mentioned stage4 ,the leaves are #f;in4 to #aj;in4 across4 ,of the use of its flowers in a cut state1 a few words may be said4 ,the weather soon destroys their beauty1 but when cut they may be preserved for fully a fortnight4 ,on one occasion ,i took a blossom and placed it in a flower stand for single specimen blooms2 in this instance all the other glasses held such fine roses as ,baroness ,rothschild1 ,madame ,lacharme1 and ,edouard ,morren1 but so richly did it compare with these roses that it was given the place of honour--the top centre glass2 this flower ,i should say had never seen the full light in the open4 ,after that others pushed out of the leaves and were speedily damaged1 and not fit to cut4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,saxifraga ,coriophylla4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this is a rather recently discovered alpine species1 very dwarf1 but beautiful4 ,the specific name would appear to be in allusion to its flowers as pink-shaped2 they are very small1 but the reader1 by referring to the cut 7,fig4 #he71 may form his own opinion of such likeness2 however well founded or otherwise the name may be1 we have in this subject a gem for the rock garden4 ,it is a native of ,albania1 and belongs to that section of its extensive genus having triquetrous and obtuse leaves1 or blunt three-sided foliage1 as formed by a well developed keel4 ,it is in flower in the middle of ,march1 at the height of #b;in4 ,all its parts are of miniature dimensions1 and yet when grown in a suitable position it is effective4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,saxifraga ,,coriophylla4 7,one-half natural size47 ,the flowers are pure white1 produced on leafy stems an inch or more high2 they are few1 and open in succession2 petals round and overlapping2 calyx large for the size of flower1 and covered with down2 sepals obtuse and tipped with a brown1 almost red-tint2 stamens short1 having rather large yellow anthers1 which fill the throat of the corolla4 ,the leaves are evergreen or silvery grey1 arranged in small rosettes1 and #a_/d;in4 long1 of good substance1 rigid and smooth2 their shape is obtuse1 concave1 and keeled2 they are furnished with marginal excavations1 which present themselves as dots2 the habit is compact1 the rosettes being crowded and forming cushioned-shaped specimens2 the flowers last for a fortnight in average weather4 ,between large stones in vegetable mould and grit1 it both thrives and shows to advantage2 it is also a charming subject for the pot culture of alpines4 ,in company with the red-stalked and white-flowered ,s4 ,burseriana1 the purple ,s4 oppositifolia1 and the many other forms of the mossy section1 all1 or nearly all in bloom about the same time1 it offers a pleasing variety1 as being distinct in every way from its contemporaries1 more especially in the foliage4 ,it is rather a slow grower1 and not so readily increased as most ,saxifrages2 it is greatly benefited by having pebbles or small stones about the collar4 ,these keep it moist at the roots during the growing season4 ,if a little dry cow manure or guano is dusted amongst the stones during early summer1 the results will soon be seen2 such growth1 however1 should not be stimulated during the latter half of the year1 or from its want of ripeness it will be liable to damage during winter4 ,this practice of top dressing greatly assists the parts touching the earth to root1 and so either an increased stock or larger specimens may sooner be obtained4 ,flowering period1 ,march4 ,saxifraga ,fortunei4 ,,fortune',s ,,saxifrage2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this1 as may at once be seen by a glance at ,fig4 #hf1 belongs to the lobed-leafed section4 ,it is as yet new in ,english gardens1 and is often grown in pots in warm glasshouses4 ,it is1 however1 perfectly hardy1 having stood out with me in the open for the past three years4 ,it is nearly related to ,s4 japonica and its varieties1 but is without the stolons or runners4 ,in this climate1 with outdoor treatment1 it flowers in ,october until cut down by frost1 which sometimes happens before the flowers get well out4 ,it has been stated not only that it is not hardy1 but that its flowering period is ,may4 ,with me it has proved otherwise1 and others have proved it to flower naturally in ,october4 ,i also observed it in bloom in the ,hull ,botanic ,gardens on the open rockwork in ,november1 #ahhb4 ,i have no doubt that autumn is the natural season for well-established plants to flower2 weaker specimens may fail to push forth ere the frost cuts down their leaves1 when the dormant buds must remain sealed for the winter1 but ready to develope with the return of longer and warmer days4 ,the flowers are arranged in panicles on scapes nearly a foot high1 the panicles being #f;in4 long and #c;in4 in diameter4 ,the petals are long and narrow1 of uneven length1 and notched2 colour pure white4 ,the calyx is well developed2 segments oval1 notched at the ends2 colour1 pale apple green4 ,stamens1 long and tipped with beautifully orange-coloured anthers4 ,the ovary is prominent1 and of a pale yellow4 ,besides the above features1 the flowers1 which mostly look sideways and are quite an inch across their broadest parts1 have one very long petal at the low side1 and the two next are at right angles with it1 less than half its size1 the two upper ones being still less2 the effect is both unusual and pleasing4 ,the leaf stalks are long1 stout1 and of a succulent nature1 semi-transparent1 and slightly furnished with longish hairs2 the stipules are ample1 and of a bright red1 which colour extends for a short length up the stalk4 ,the leaves are kidney-shaped1 #b;in4 to #e;in4 across1 eight or ten lobed1 toothed and reflexed2 they are furnished with solitary stiff hairs1 are of good substance1 and a very dark green colour1 but herbaceous4 ,the habit of this species is neat and very floriferous2 therefore it is a valuable plant for in or outdoor gardening2 but owing to its late season of flowering outside1 the blossom is liable to injury4 ,a bell glass1 however1 will meet the case2 it should be placed over the plant1 but tilted slightly1 when there are signs of frost--the flowers will amply reward such care4 ,if the bloom can be cut clean1 a good cluster will vie with many orchids for delicacy and effect4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,,saxifraga ,,fortunei4 7,one-fifth natural size2 #a and #b1 full size47 ,i find it to do well in fat loam1 and with the same kind of soil in pots1 which comes in for placing in cold frames when frost threatens4 ,i find it one of the easiest plants possible to manage--in fact1 it needs no care to grow it2 still1 many amateurs fail to keep it1 ,i suppose from taking it into a warm greenhouse1 where it is sure to dwindle4 ,it is readily propagated by division of the crowns1 which should be done in spring4 ,flowering period1 ,october until strong frosts4 ,saxifraga 7,megasea7 ,ligulata4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,one of the large-leaved species 7see ,fig4 #hg7 compared with others of the ,megasea section1 its leaves are strap-like1 as implied by the specific name4 ,it is sometimes called ,megasea ciliata1 but there is a large-leaved species1 commonly called ,s4 ciliata1 which is very distinct from this one1 and it is all the more important that they should not be confounded with each other1 as ,s4 ciliata is not very hardy1 whilst this is perfectly so1 being also one of our finest herbaceous perennials4 ,it comes to us from ,nepaul1 and has not long been cultivated in this country4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,,saxifraga 7,,megasea7 ,,ligulata4 ,its flowers are produced numerously on bold stout stems #aj;in4 high4 ,sometimes the flower-stem is branched4 ,the pale but clear rosy flowers are not only showy1 but very enduring1 lasting several weeks4 ,the leaves are six to ten inches long1 of irregular form1 but handsomely ribbed and wavy2 the new growths are bright yellowish-green1 and tinted from the edges with a reddish bronze1 so that1 during spring1 besides being finely in flower1 it is otherwise a pleasing plant to look upon4 ,moreover1 it is one of the few bold kinds of plants which flower so early and therefore a most valuable subject for the spring flower-beds4 ,it looks well in any position1 either near or back from the walks1 in shrubs1 or as a centre specimen for beds2 it is also a plant that may be moved easily1 as it carries plenty of root and earth1 consequently it may be used in such designs as necessitate frequent transplantings4 ,it is not particular as to soil or position1 but in light earth1 well enriched with stable manure1 ,i have found it to thrive1 so as to be equal to many of the so-called fine foliage plants during summer2 therefore1 ,i should say1 give it rich food4 ,to propagate it1 a strong specimen with branched crowns should be selected4 ,these branches or stems are #a_/b;in4 to #a;in4 thick4 ,they should be cut off with as much length as possible2 if they have a bit of root1 all the better2 if not1 it does not much matter4 ,let the cut end dry for a little time1 take off half1 or even the whole1 of the largest leaves1 or the action of the wind will prevent their remaining firm4 ,when so prepared1 the cuttings may be deeply planted in sandy loam1 which has previously been deeply stirred4 ,this may be done as soon as the flowers are past1 and by the end of the year the cuttings should be well rooted and suitable for moving into the ornamental part of the garden4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,saxifraga ,longifolia4 ,,long-,,leaved ,,saxifrage2 ,,queen ,,of ,,saxifrages2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,numerous and beautiful as are the species and varieties of this genus1 this is the most admired of them all1 from which fact it derives its proud name of ,queen4 ,it is of recent introduction2 habitat1 the ,pyrenees2 but though of alpine origin1 it thrives in lower1 ,i may say the lowest1 situations even in our wet climate4 ,as will be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #hh71 it belongs to the rosette section1 and may indeed be said1 for size and symmetry1 to head the list4 ,there are many forms of it1 differing more or less in shape of leaves1 colour1 habit1 and size of rosette4 ,the original or reputed type is but an indifferent form compared with the one now generally accepted as the representative of the species4 ,so readily do the various ,saxifrages become crossed1 that it is hard to distinguish them2 and when a distinct form is evolved the question occurs1 ,what constitutes or entitles it to specific honours8 ,surely the form of which we are speaking must be fully entitled to a name all its own1 as it is not possible to find another ,saxifrage that can so widely contrast with the whole genus4 ,it may be as well1 in a few words1 to refer to one or two varieties2 and it shall only be from an amateur's point of view1 whose estimate of their worth or importance is based entirely on their ornamental qualities under cultivation4 ,such varieties1 as far as ,i know1 have not had any name given them1 descriptive or otherwise1 and ,i for one have no desire to see any1 as the genus is already overloaded with names4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,,saxifraga ,,longifolia4 7,one-fourth natural size47 ,there is1 first1 a form whose main distinction is its dark olive-green leaves2 the ends are rather inclined to be spathulate1 they are long1 narrow1 and arch well1 rather nearer the centre of the rosette2 this causes the end of the outer circle of leaves to come flat on the ground4 ,the whole specimen has a sombre appearance compared with the more silvery kinds4 ,the second form has broader leaves1 is more distinctly toothed and spotted2 as a consequence of their width1 the leaves are fewer1 and though all the varieties are very formal1 this is the most so4 ,when by the side of what we may term the true form1 which has sometimes vera added to its name1 this one has a plain and somewhat dumpy appearance1 and frequently the tips of the leaves curl back1 which further detracts from its ornamental quality4 ,a third form has small rosettes1 pale green foliage1 indistinct silvery dots1 and1 worse than all1 the habit of throwing out a progeny of young growths all round the collar1 furnishing itself as with a ruff1 when the parent rosette turns to a yellowish-green4 ,of all the forms this is the most constant bloomer4 ,the favourite variety1 to which an engraving can do but scant justice1 is superior to the above kinds in all its parts4 ,its blooming period is in early summer1 but specimens often grow in size and beauty for three or five years without producing flowers4 ,the foliage is the more admired feature1 and is at its greatest beauty in ,december4 ,the flowers are borne in handsome panicles1 in the style of those of ,s4 pyramidalis1 which are about #ah;in4 high4 ,the blossom is of the kind common to this section4 ,the leaves are long1 narrow1 toothed bluntly1 and spotted with silvery dots2 the whole leaf is greyish2 the habit is rigid and of even arrangement2 the rosettes are of all sizes1 from #b;in4 to #aj;in4 in diameter4 ,at #c;in4 to #f;in4 they are attractive1 and as they grow larger1 they become conspicuous in their beauty4 ,it is not desirable to have them flower1 inasmuch as the rosettes are then destroyed1 though the plants do not die4 ,of course1 if a specimen shows bloom it cannot be helped1 but rather than lose a season's produce of young stock ,i would nip out the lead1 and so cause offsets to be produced instead of flowers4 ,in the rock garden this is one of the most telling subjects that can be introduced2 not only does it love to have its roots amongst the stones1 but it is a form which harmonises and yet contrasts finely with such shapeless material1 and1 further1 relieves the sameness of verdure of other plants in a more than ordinary degree4 ,it will grow in borders or beds1 but looks nowhere so well as on rockwork4 ,true1 its uses are limited1 but then they are exceedingly effective4 ,i have grown this subject in almost every kind of soil and compost1 and it has done well in most2 stiff clay-like loam appears too cold or wet for it2 on the other hand1 a sandy loam1 mixed with leaf soil1 grows it finely2 perfect drainage is the desideratum1 in no matter what position it is planted4 ,it may be increased in various ways--#ast1 ,by seeds1 which may be bought1 as it is carefully harvested abroad2 #bnd1 from offsets1 as already stated2 and1 #crd1 from offsets produced by cutting out the leaves in two or more parts1 so as to let the light in at the collar4 ,this method may seem heartless1 and it certainly spoils the specimen2 it is a mode to be followed only where there are spare old plants and young stock is needed4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,saxifraga ,macnabiana4 ,,macnab',s ,,saxifraga2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this is a new and very beautiful variety1 called after ,mr4 ,mac,nab1 who raised it in #ahgg4 ,of the several hundreds of species and varieties of this genus1 it is doubtless one of the best and most distinct as regards its habit and rich flowers4 ,so pronounced are its merit that1 although ,i have not grown it for more than four years or so1 ,i can have no hesitation in sounding its praise4 ,it is possible that when it has become better established in the collections of amateurs and others1 and when it has regained what may be termed its natural vigour1 lost by the too rapid propagation common to new plants1 it may prove to be even better than ,i have yet proved it4 ,however that may be1 there can at present be only one opinion respecting it4 ,the rosette foliage is in the style of ,s4 longifolia and ,s4 pyramidalis1 intermediate2 the flowers are quite distinct1 but they remind one of the charming ,s4 mutata1 which is also a rosette form1 having a fine panicle of blossom4 ,it is said to be a seedling from ,s4 ,nepalensis crossed by ,s4 cotyledon or ,s4 pyramidalis1 but1 as the cross was accidental1 there must be some uncertainty2 both parents are evidently incrusted forms4 ,the flowers are #a_/b;in4 across1 corolla flat1 petals richly spotted with numerous bright red spots2 they are much shorter than the petals of most of the other incrusted varieties2 they are also slightly reflexed in the more matured flowers2 the calyx1 too1 is less hairy and the segments shorter than those of its reputed parents4 ,the stem of my tallest specimen is not more than #ae;in4 high2 the panicle is large1 beginning about four inches above the rosette4 ,it is well branched1 the flowers being clustered at the ends of the branchlets4 ,the whole panicle will be about #aj;in4 long and #f;in4 or #h;in4 through4 ,as regards the foliage1 ,i only need add to what has already been stated1 that the leaves are arranged in somewhat lax rosettes1 are strap1 or tongue-shaped1 evenly serrated1 and1 in the winter bright at the edges1 with frosted or silvery markings2 the flowers are so very attractive that casual observers readily recognise their beauties amongst hundreds of other ,saxifrages1 and they have not inaptly been compared with fine old china4 ,i ought not to omit mention of that rare quality possessed by this ,saxifrage1 viz41 a rich perfume4 ,though it is perfectly hardy1 it may be grown in pots with great advantage1 as then it can be the more closely examined2 but if it is not convenient to grow it in that manner1 it may be planted either on rockwork or in borders amongst choice things1 where its flowers will not fail to command admiring notice4 ,as to the kind of soil1 it seems in no way particular4 ,sandy loam1 mixed with peat1 however1 suits it well4 ,it is propagated by offsets1 but these are rarely produced in numbers1 as is common with most of the incrusted ,saxifrages4 ,i may say that ,i have only met with one specimen which has thus proved useful in any degree worth notice1 and it produced nearly a score of offsets during one season2 it ripens much seed1 which may1 or may not come true4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,saxifraga ,mutata4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,a somewhat rare alpine species1 evergreen1 hardy1 very distinct and beautiful4 ,it is one of the rosette forms1 after the style of ,s4 pyramidalis1 but there are several important variations about the plant1 other than in the flowers1 which are totally different4 ,there are many peculiarities about this species1 but they would hardly require to be noticed here were not the plant otherwise of great merit4 ,when in bloom it is highly decorative1 and the flowers in a cut state are unique4 ,the flower stem is #ab;in4 to #ah;in4 high1 furnished with supplementary ones all its length2 the lower ones are #h;in4 long1 and spreading2 they become shorter as they near the top1 the whole forming a fine symmetrical panicle4 ,the flowers are over #a_/b;in4 across1 petals awl-shaped1 and1 when first open1 are nearly red2 they change to dark orange and again to pale yellow2 the calyx is very large1 the sepals four times as broad as the petals and bluntly pointed2 the stamens and anthers are coloured1 and change like the petals2 the ovary1 which is very conspicuous1 is a fine purple1 but later1 it1 too1 changes to a pink colour2 the outer parts of the calyx and all the shorter flower-stalks1 which are clustered at the ends of the supplementary stems1 are greenish-yellow1 and this feature of the plant adds much to its beauty4 ,calyx1 stems1 and stem-leaves are densely furnished with stiff gland-tipped hairs1 rendering them clammy to the touch4 ,the leaves of the rosettes are tongue-shaped1 rough at the edges1 fleshy1 covered with glandular hairs1 of a shining green colour1 and slightly reflexed4 ,the changeable nature of the flowers doubtless gives rise to the specific name4 ,a well-flowered specimen is very effective on rockwork1 but the panicles have a fault of heading over1 from their weight1 and also because1 unlike ,s4 longifolia and ,s4 cotyledon1 which have large and firm rosettes close to the ground to stay them1 this species has a somewhat leggy rosette or a foot stalk1 which is more or less furnished with browned and very persistent foliage4 ,the flowers last a long time in good form1 and1 if grown clean1 their yellow--nearly golden--stalks render them very useful in a cut state4 ,the propagation of this ,saxifraga is more difficult than any other according to my experience1 and ,i have heard of many who have found it the same4 ,the offsets are not produced close to the ground1 consequently have no rootlets2 neither1 from their hairy character1 can they resist rot from moisture so well when planted as if they were bald1 like the stolons of other species4 ,i have found the best plan to be as follows3 ,take offsets before the plants flower2 if there are none1 which will often be the case1 the bloom must be sacrificed by pinching out the stem4 ,as soon as there are nice sized shoots ready1 cut them off with all possible length of stalk2 prepare a sandy patch of soil in a warm situation1 lay them in a row on the surface1 heads to the north1 and then place a brick on them so as to hold all the cuttings in position2 gently press on the brick1 to cause the cuttings to assume a more natural position1 and they will need no other attention until they become rooted2 the brick will act as a screen from the hot sunshine1 absorbing the heat to the benefit of the cuttings1 as it will also absorb superfluous moisture4 ,during the summer ,i have rooted many offsets in this way4 ,that contact with the brick is favourable to the roots is evidenced by their clinging to it2 no water should be given1 however droughty the season may be--excessive moisture is the main thing to guard against4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,saxifraga ,oppositifolia 7,lin47 ,,purple ,,mountain ,,saxifrage1 ,,purple ,,saxifrage1 ,,blue ,,saxifrage1 ,,opposite-,,leaved ,,saxifrage2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,during the month of ,march this is one of the most effective flowers in our gardens4 ,the mossy appearance of its foliage1 when dotted with its large blossoms1 is hardly less beautiful than when the whole broad spreading tufts are literally packed with them4 ,this must be a dear flower to all lovers of our native flora1 for it not only comes very early1 and in its wild homes on the ,ingleborough1 ,welsh1 and ,scottish hills1 greets and gladdens the rambler1 who is1 perhaps1 making his first excursion of the year1 but it is one of our most striking and beautiful flowers1 even though they are produced on a plant of such humble size and habit4 ,the pleasing and descriptive names of this gem of our hills would form a chapter in themselves4 ,even the old ,latin names by which it was known1 before the time when ,linnaeus arranged and re-named most of our native plants1 bespeak a desire to do justice to a flower of more than ordinary beauty2 and1 as they were so strictly descriptive1 at least one1 ,i think1 may be given without trying the reader's patience3 ,saxifraga alpina ericoides flore caeruleo1 or the ,blue-flowered ,erica-like ,mountain ,saxifrage4 ,doubtless1 shorter names are more convenient1 but such specific names as the one just given are not entirely useless4 ,its present botanical name is in reference to the foliage only1 but otherwise so distinct is this plant either in or out of bloom that no one could well mistake it4 ,the flowers are #a_/b;in4 to #c_/d;in4 across1 produced terminally and singly on short procumbent stems4 ,they are of a bright purple colour2 petals ovate2 the longish stamens carry bold anthers furnished with dark orange-coloured pollen1 which forms a pretty feature4 ,the leaves are small1 crowded1 opposite1 ovate1 entire1 leathery1 fringed or ciliated1 and retuse4 ,a peculiar feature about this species is the pore at the blunt apex of each leaf4 ,the habit is prostrate2 the stems being long1 tufted1 or pendulous1 according to the situation2 the flower shoots are upright1 on which the leaves are more remote4 ,under cultivation newly planted roots will be found not only to flower sparingly1 but the blooms will be rather small until the plant grows large and strong4 ,on rockwork1 with its roots near or between large stones1 is in every way the best place for it2 it however1 thrives in the borders4 ,the soil is not of much importance1 but without doubt it does best in a compost of the nature of that of its wild homes4 ,the humus and grit may be represented by sand and small stones1 and peat or leaf soil1 all mixed with loam4 ,this1 let me here state1 will be found generally the right stuff for alpines and rockery plants4 ,this plant is useful as a spring bedder1 or for carpeting bare places2 and any conspicuous part of the garden needing bright objects during ,march and ,april should give room largely for this cheerful subject4 ,the bloom is very lasting2 no storm seems to do it any hurt1 and in every way it is reliable4 ,it may be readily propagated by divisions4 ,the procumbent stems will1 in strong patches1 be found to supply rootlets in abundance4 ,these may be transplanted at almost any time of the year4 ,flowering period1 ,march and ,april4 ,s4 opp4 alba is a white flowered variety of the above4 ,it is not found wild4 ,other dissimilarities are the smaller parts throughout the whole plant1 and the less straggling habit4 ,the white petals show up the dark orange anthers finely4 ,there are other varieties of the above type1 but their points of difference are so slight as not to need description for garden uses4 ,it may1 however1 be useful to give their names3 ,s4 opp4 major1 ,s4 opp4 pyrenaica1 ,s4 opp4 retusa1 ,s4 opp4 pallida4 ,all the above varieties may be grown like the common form2 their uses1 propagation1 and blooming period are the same1 with the exception of pyrenaica1 which not only flowers a little later1 but is less rampant1 and not nearly so easy to propagate4 ,i have imagined that a little limestone has helped it1 bits of which are placed over its roots4 ,saxifraga ,paradoxa4 ,,paradoxical ,,saxifrage2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,saxifraga ,,paradoxa4 7,two-thirds natural size47 ,one of the less known and1 perhaps1 somewhat rare saxifrages2 it is a curious1 distinct1 and beautiful form1 being of that class which the lover of the ornamental kinds most admires1 for not only is it attractive all the year round1 but additionally so when there cannot be seen any part of a growing or decaying flower stem upon it1 and when its silvery1 but lax rosettes1 with their encrustments and glistening leaf dots1 are perfectly matured1 which is the case during mid-winter4 ,i fear the illustration 7,fig4 #hi71 can give but a poor idea of the pleasing silvery-grey colour1 which1 when the specimen is dry1 overlays foliage of a dark and glossy green1 to say nothing of the numerous and regular spots which so charmingly enliven the specimens4 ,i am unable to learn to what species it is most nearly related2 its name1 which doubtless has reference to its peculiar form and habit1 would seem to isolate it even from its parents1 if such are known2 it1 however1 belongs to that section having thick leathery leaves1 ligulate1 encrusted1 arranged in rosette form1 and having excavated dots4 ,saxifraga lingulata1 ,s4 crustata1 ,s4 ,australis1 ,s4 longifolia1 and ,s4 carinthiaca belong to the same section2 but ,s4 paradoxa differs much in general appearance from them all1 and remarkably so in one or two respects1 as1 indeed1 it does from the whole genus1 thus justifying its name4 ,the uneven length and arrangement of leaves1 the casting off of the encrustments as a skin or in flakes1 exposing to view a finely-polished surface1 and the general web-like appearance of the tufts1 are all peculiar to it4 ,of all the varieties of its section it most resembles ,s4 carinthiaca and ,s4 ,australis2 these forms1 however1 grow in compact rosette form1 having leaves of more even size and shape4 ,our subject is irregular in every way1 many of the leaves pushing out to double the length of others1 and becoming attenuated at their junction1 or club-shaped4 ,its flowers are insignificant and similar to those of ,s4 ,aizoon1 but more dwarf in the stem4 ,the leaves are #a_/b;in4 to #c;in4 long1 very narrow and tongue-shaped1 sometimes obtuse and club-shaped2 stout1 dark green1 with a greyish crust-like covering1 and deeply dotted with bright spots4 ,the leaves are arranged in lax rosettes and are reflexed or pressed flat to the earth nearly all their length4 ,the habit is very pretty in established and fair-sized specimens1 which accommodate themselves to the form of surface1 and the longer or erratic leaves become so interlaced with the other parts as to appear woven2 this habit and the bright bead-like dots go to make the plant more than ordinarily attractive4 ,it should be in every collection of choice ,saxifrages2 it is charming as a pot specimen1 plunged and grown out of doors the year round4 ,on rockwork it should have a place1 too1 among the gems1 being a neat and slow grower2 its position should be near dark-coloured stones1 where it will prove most telling4 ,in damp weather its silvery parts are obliterated1 but a breeze of half-an-hour or a beam of sunshine soon brings it into full beauty again4 ,gritty peat and a little loam suits it well2 ,i have it doing nicely in ordinary garden soil2 but if the more carefully prepared composts are employed1 the results well repay the pains so taken4 ,its propagation is easily carried out by root divisions2 early spring is a good time for the operation4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,saxifraga ,pectinata4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this belongs to the encrusted section1 being most distinctly toothed2 from this it takes its name2 the teeth are large for such small leaves4 ,specimens of this ,saxifrage1 though small1 are exceedingly pretty4 ,excepting when there is fog or rain1 it is nearly white2 and the rosettes1 of various sizes1 from #a_/d;in4 to #a;in4 across1 are not only neat in themselves1 but are densely and pleasingly arranged in a hard flat mass4 ,it is never more beautiful1 not even in ,may and ,june1 when it flowers1 than in ,november1 when the growth is both complete and ripened1 and the scaly substance which is spread over the leaves and the silvery teeth combine to render it attractive4 ,the flowers are of the usual form1 and are produced on stems #d;in4 to #f;in4 high2 they are white4 ,the leaves seldom exceed #a_/b;in4 in length and #a_/h;in4 in width2 they are spathulate in form1 stout1 and rigid4 ,the rosettes are somewhat flattened and numerous1 and give the idea of greenish-white flowers4 ,s4 p4 hybrida is a variety of the foregoing species1 and without pretending to say what the type has been crossed with to produce this handsome form1 ,i may1 for the purpose of conveying an idea of what it is like1 say that it approaches ,s4 aizoon1 which also flowers in ,may and ,june4 ,in all its parts it is larger than the type2 the leaves are greener and more strap-shaped1 and are more erect1 but not so rigid2 the habit1 too1 differs--it forms more rounded tufts4 ,in all these respects it will be seen to resemble ,s4 aizoon4 ,it is a lovely form2 the sparkling teeth are relieved by the fine dark green ground of the foliage4 ,these comb-leaved ,saxifrages belong to the more neat and effective rock plants2 the type1 at least1 is of alpine origin1 and under cultivation it seems most happy amongst the stones4 ,i have grown these kinds as pot specimens1 on nearly flat beds1 and as edging plants2 and in every position they prove attractive4 ,it is very strange that such pretty forms are not more generally seen in gardens2 they will grow well on walls and the tops of outhouses1 and are good subjects for town gardens4 ,any kind of sandy soil will do for them2 that of a vegetable character is1 however1 the best2 they may be planted with choicer things1 for1 unlike many of the genus1 they are not rampant growers4 ,practically1 they need no propagating2 for as the specimens spread they make new roots1 and at any time one or half a dozen rosettes may be slipped off for planting elsewhere4 ,it is better1 though1 to avoid this with small plants1 as their full beauty is not realised until they become of considerable size4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,saxifraga ,peltata4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,a new species to ,english gardens1 hardy1 herbaceous1 and perennial1 imported from ,north ,america2 it is a truly noble plant4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #ij7 will convey some idea of its fine form1 but the reader must rely on the description for its size when fully developed4 ,when the flowers of this ,saxifrage are in their best form1 the noble foliage is scarcely half developed2 a drawing1 therefore 7though it could hardly be made at a stage when the plant is more interesting71 must necessarily fail1 in this case1 to give any more than an approximate idea of the parts undeveloped4 ,not only is this the largest species of the extensive genus at present grown in this country1 but its form is both distinct and noble4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,saxifraga ,,peltata4 7#a1 ,single blossom1 natural size47 ,the flowers are produced on stems #ah;in4 high and #c_/d;in4 thick at the base1 being covered with long stiff white hairs1 which are very conspicuous on the reddish stems4 ,the flowers are similar to those of most of the genus1 as may be seen by the one given in the drawing2 they are arranged in massive heads1 #c;in4 to #f;in4 in diameter1 and rose-coloured4 ,the leaves at the flowering time are #f;in4 or #i;in4 across1 having stout1 round1 ruddy stems1 #h;in4 long1 covered with stiff hairs2 they form a junction with the leaves in an unusual way1 viz41 near the centre1 whence the specific name peltata1 or umbrella shape2 but the form of the leaves at the flowering period1 which is funnel-shape1 is1 a little later on1 reversed1 the edges bending downwards4 ,the younger leaves are folded and hooked downward1 having the appearance of stout fern fronds just out of the ground1 and their stalks are much contorted4 ,the more advanced leaves are seen to be seven-cut1 each lobe divided and sub-divided by cuts less deep1 the whole leaf being richly toothed and veined4 ,the under side is covered with hairs1 the upper surface being smooth1 shining1 and of a pleasing bronze-green colour4 ,later1 the foliage in every way increases very much in size1 reaching a height of #b;ft41 and each leaf measuring nearly a foot across4 ,the root or rhizoma is horizontal1 progressive1 jointed1 and fibrous at the joints1 and nearly #b;in4 in diameter2 it may be clearly traced on the surface1 but the fibrous parts go very deep4 ,it is said to be a bog subject2 fortunately1 however1 this fine plant may be grown otherwise than in a bog1 but it should not want for depth of rich soil4 ,this ,i believe to be a more important condition than a boggy situation1 inasmuch as ,i have grown my specimen for three years on the top of a dry mound2 but the soil is good rich loam1 and fully #e;ft4 deep2 and to show that this strong-growing subject needs a good depth of soil1 ,i may mention that ,i had occasion to dig up a piece1 when it was found1 for the operation1 to require both the strength and tools that trees demand1 the fibrous parts being deep and tough4 ,when fairly established it makes rapid growth1 and when in full leaf it proves very effective4 ,its propagation is easy with healthy plants2 a length of the creeping root1 with a crown to it1 should be cut from the parent stock just before growth commences in early ,march4 ,if planted as indicated in the foregoing remarks1 and kept shaded with a leafy branch for a month or two1 there need not be any fear about young plants becoming established the first season4 ,flowering period1 ,june4 ,saxifraga ,purpurascens4 ,,large-,,leaved ,,purple ,,saxifraga1 ,,megasea section2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,a rare plant of great beauty4 ,it is figured here without flowers1 as ,i consider it in finer form then than when in bloom4 ,fine as its flowers are1 much resembling those of ,s4 cordifolia and ,s4 crassifolia 7also of the ,megasea section72 the brightness and colouring of its leaves in autumn are such as to render it distinct from all the other species4 ,i need only ask the reader to note the fine foliage indicated in the cut 7,fig4 #ia71 and inform him that in the autumn it turns to a glossy vermilion colour1 and ,i think he will admit that it will not come far short in beauty of any flower4 ,the species is a recent introduction from the ,himalayas1 and in this climate proves all but evergreen 7if tinted foliage can be so called7 and hardy4 ,the latter quality has been doubted by some1 but by others re-asserted4 ,my present specimen was planted in the open garden in the spring of #ahhj1 since which time it has withstood #bb;deg4 of frost4 ,the flowers are produced on stout stems1 #h;in4 high1 arranged in branched heads1 of a rose or rosy-purple colour1 and bell-shaped4 ,they are1 however1 soon damaged by unfavourable weather1 and there is little about the plant at that period to render it more attractive than its fellows2 its finer qualities are developed as more genial weather prevails4 ,when the stout foliage grows glossy1 waved1 and of a deep clear green colour1 the edges of the leaves become lined with red as if hemmed with red silk2 the leaves also have the edges irregular in form1 the outline broadly oval1 #d;in4 to #f;in4 long1 and they are veined and slightly wrinkled2 during the autumn a yellow tint starts from the edge1 and in time becomes a vermilion1 which is all the more effective from the leaf being of leather-like substance4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,,saxifraga ,,purpurascens4 7,one-third natural size47 ,it enjoys a deep rich loam2 and1 evidently1 to place its roots in contact with pieces of limestone is beneficial4 ,rare as the plant is1 this is all that ,i do for it1 and not only does it remain healthy1 but it has increased greatly in size during the last year4 ,i have not as yet tried to propagate it1 but so far as ,i can judge there will be no difficulty in forming young stock by root division4 ,it has hitherto enjoyed a happy immunity from all garden pests1 not excepting slugs4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,saxifraga ,pyramidalis4 ,,pyramidal ,,saxifraga2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this is a very handsome form or variety of ,s4 ,cotyledon1 and belongs to the alpine regions of ,europe4 ,as a decorative subject for our gardens1 it is highly and deservedly esteemed2 its attractiveness consists more in the numbers and arrangement of the flowers than in any beauty which belongs to them individually1 though they are not devoid of that quality4 ,of the many hundreds of species and varieties of ,saxifrages which bloom during the month of ,june1 this is one of the most distinct and useful as a decorative flower1 and where the ,saxifrages are grown in large collections1 as they often are1 giving more than an ordinary amount of pleasure compared with collections of other genera1 the kind now under consideration always asserts itself as one of the first order of merit4 ,not only in its blooming state1 but all the year round1 it is very effective and striking2 it is a free grower1 having handsome1 large rosetted foliage4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,,saxifraga ,,pyramidalis4 7,one-eighth natural size2 #a1 single blossom1 natural size2 #b1 leaf1 one-eighth natural size47 ,the flowers1 as will be seen by the one given1 natural size1 in the illustration 7,fig4 #ib71 are of the common ,saxifrage form1 but rather more highly coloured in the central markings than the general run4 ,they are produced on stout stems1 #b;ft4 high1 well and evenly branched in the form of a pyramid1 whence the specific name4 ,each flower will be #a_/b;in4 or more across2 they are very numerous1 and1 partly from the fact that they remain perfect for a very long while1 and partly because of the habit of the plant being to open all its flowers about or near the same time1 the large panicle of bloom is very fine4 ,the leaves1 as already hinted1 are formed into lax rosettes1 which are #e;in4 to #g;in4 across2 they are strap-shaped1 narrowing slightly at the connection1 half an inch wide1 the outer ones being reflexed2 the edges are finely serrated1 and irregularly lined with a silver colouring4 ,this is a capital plant for rockwork1 where it shows itself to much advantage2 but specimens are much finer grown in beds or borders1 where the moisture and temperature at the roots are likely to be more equable2 besides1 ,i find that1 owing to its small quantity of roots1 all of which are very near the surface1 when grown on rockwork they may often be seen bare on inclined surfaces1 and the weight of the flowers drags them entirely out of the soil on one side4 ,they may be planted as an edging to a shrubbery1 in bold groups1 or as ordinary border flowers4 ,so useful has this variety been found by professional gardeners that it is now largely grown in pots in single rosettes1 which1 after becoming well established1 send up their rich plumes of blossom1 all the finer for having been kept clean under glass4 ,so grown1 nothing can better repay the small amount of trouble which they give in order to place them in the conservatory as showy specimens2 all they require being a #d;in4 pot1 well drained1 a compost of half-rotted leaves1 and fat loam and sand4 ,put in one rooted offset any time from ,june to the end of ,july1 the earlier the better2 plunge the pot to its rim in sand or ashes until next spring1 when it may be taken under glass if desired4 ,to have fine flowers1 the offsets should be pinched off as they appear4 ,i may also mention that a somewhat shady situation has proved conducive to large and better coloured flowers2 between irises #d;ft4 high and shrubs #f;ft4 high1 the opening being not more than #c;ft41 running north and south4 ,the specimen from which the drawing is taken was grown along with many others4 ,a baking or dry treatment is often not only given to plants of this genus1 but believed to be of advantage to them2 it may be to some1 but there are exceptions1 and this is one without doubt4 ,all the sections of ,saxifraga to which it belongs are fond of good loam1 well enriched4 ,it is propagated from offsets taken as soon as they are from an inch to two inches across2 they may either be put into nursery beds or be planted in their blooming quarters4 ,flowering period1 ,june and ,july4 ,saxifraga ,rocheliana4 ,,rochel',s ,,saxifrage2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,another hardy evergreen species1 distinct in form1 foliage and flowers1 and a native of the alpine regions of central ,europe2 it nevertheless thrives well in our climate with ordinary care4 ,its foliage takes the form of miniature rosettes1 which are closely packed2 the tiny leaves are distinctly and regularly dotted2 and present a frosted appearance4 ,the flowers are unimportant1 though they form an interesting feature of such a choice and somewhat rare plant2 they are small1 white1 and produced on stems #c;in4 to #d;in4 high1 which are thick and curiously furnished with leaves4 ,during summer this species has a very bright silvery appearance1 as if laid on in patches4 ,similar treatment is required for this as for ,s4 ,burseriana1 but it will be found much more difficult to propagate1 as its roots are of the tap kind1 and are more sparingly produced1 while its seed seldom ripens1 ,i believe1 in this climate4 ,to increase it1 the better plan is to prepare the old plant by keeping it well earthed up1 and so encouraging new roots2 after a year's patience it may be divided in ,april4 ,the small pieces should be secured by stones or verbena pins1 and a supply of pebbles placed around them will keep them cool and moist during summer4 ,flowering period1 ,march and ,april4 ,saxifraga ,umbrosa4 ,,london ,,pride2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,this common flower is well known1 and is only mentioned here as the typical form1 and by way of introducing a beautiful variety called ,s4 u4 variegata1 broad cushions of which1 from their verdant condition1 good habit1 and pleasing variations of leaf colour1 are amongst the more attractive objects of the garden in ,january4 ,it hardly need be said that the plant is not valued for its flowers1 which are similar to those of the parent form and borne at a corresponding date4 ,the leaves1 however1 are much less in size and more flatly arranged in rosette form1 they are also recurved at the edges4 ,the markings are of two colours1 creamy-white and pink1 and there are many shades of green4 ,the forms of the markings are most irregular1 as striped1 flecked1 marbled1 dotted1 and edged2 the various shades of green blended with pink and white1 although figured on one of the commonest plants we know1 render such plant worthy of a place in every garden1 and more especially on rockwork4 ,it has this drawback--it is not constant4 ,in some gardens the markings die out4 ,this1 however1 need not be1 for a rather dry situation and rich soil will produce rosettes of large size and good figuring4 ,still1 there will be fully half of the rosettes entirely green in a large patch2 this is more desirable than otherwise4 ,the marked ones have a more starry effect in such a green setting2 it is only when all become green that disappointment is felt4 ,sometimes ,i have noticed rosettes1 about the size of a penny-piece1 all one colour--creamy-white--which1 when cut from the plant1 very much resembled a carnation4 ,such abnormal forms are of no moment to the botanist1 but if nine out of every ten persons who see this plant are interested1 not to say pleased with it1 it ought not to be entirely neglected4 ,it is most effective in patches #a;ft4 to #b;ft4 broad4 ,in propagating it the more finely marked pieces only should be taken4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,july4 ,saxifraga ,wallacei4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,a hardy perennial hybrid variety1 of first-class merit4 ,its loose and spreading panicles of large pure white flowers are something better than the ordinary run of bloom belonging to this extensive genus2 it is said to be the offspring of species of the mossy section2 but there is certainly a great likeness about its foliage to some of the horny section1 such as ,s4 cornutum or ,s4 pentadactylis1 or even the handsome ,s4 geranioides4 ,it would1 however1 be hard to say what it is from2 but in it we have not only a showy but most useful variety 7see ,fig4 #ic74 ,it has deservedly grown into great favour1 though known to amateurs but for three years4 ,it begins to flower in ,april1 but in ,may it is in its best form1 being covered with a rich mass of bloom from the foliage to the height of a foot4 ,the flowers1 as before stated1 are of a pure white--an unusual colour amongst the genus2 they are bell-shaped but erect1 the ovate petals reverse4 ,well-grown specimens with me have flowers quite an inch across4 ,the individual blooms last more than a week1 and the succession is well maintained during summer4 ,the panicles are leafy1 having small entire leaves1 and others once and twice-cut4 ,the stems of the present season's growth are stout1 semi-transparent1 and ruddy2 the leaves are palmate1 slender at the bottom1 mostly five-fingered1 fleshy1 and covered with long silky hairs which stand well off2 the fine apple-green foliage is shown to great advantage by the ruddy stems4 ,this plant may be grown in pots or borders1 as edging1 or on rockwork1 and in any kind of soil2 but to have fine specimens and large flowers it should be planted in calcareous loam1 and be top dressed in early spring with well rotted manure4 ,i have it as an edging to a small bed of roses2 the position is bleak1 but the soil is good2 it furnishes large quantities of cut bloom1 and otherwise1 from its rich hawthorn-like scent1 it proves a great treat4 ,so freely is its handsome foliage produced that it1 too1 may be cut in quantities for table decoration4 ,if the flowers1 or some of them1 be left on1 the tufts will form a pretty setting for a few other small flowers of decided colours4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,,saxifraga ,,wallacei4 7,one-half natural size47 ,to increase this ,saxifrage is a simple matter during the warm season3 ,the twiggy tufts should be pulled asunder1 no matter whether they have roots or no roots2 if dibbled into fine soil1 deeply dug1 and shaded for a week or two1 they will form strong plants before the winter sets in4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,august4 ,scilla ,campanulata4 ,,bell-,,flowered ,,scilla or ,,bluebell2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,a hardy bulbous perennial1 introduced from ,spain #bjj years ago4 ,it very much resembles the ,english hyacinth--,h4 nutans1 or ,scilla non-scripta--better known as the wood hyacinth4 ,handsome as this simple flower is1 it might have been omitted from these notes as a plant too well known1 but for the fact that there are several varieties of the species which are less known1 very beautiful1 and deliciously fragrant1 entitling them to a place amongst other choice flowers1 both in books and gardens4 ,of the typical form little need be said by way of description4 ,the flowers are bell-shaped1 pendent1 blue1 and produced in racemes of many flowers4 ,the leaves are lance-shaped1 prostrate1 and of a dark shining green colour4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,,scilla ,,campanulata ,,alba4 7,one-fourth natural size2 single flower1 one-half natural size47 ,s4 c4 alba differs from the type in having its white flowers arranged more evenly round the scape1 being shorter in the divisions of petals and wider at the corolla2 the habit of the plant1 too1 as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #id71 is more rigid and neat4 ,in a cut state the flowers are not only very lasting1 but if gathered clean1 they are suitable for the most delicate wreath or bouquet4 ,s4 c4 carnea has pink flowers4 ,all the forms of ,s4 campanulata are cheerful and effective spring flowers4 ,they should be grown in bold clumps1 and if under slight shade1 where many other things cannot be well grown1 all the better2 still1 they are in no way particular--any aspect1 position1 or soil will answer for these robust flowers4 ,such being the case1 few gardens should be without at least the finer forms of the large ,bluebell4 ,so fast do these varieties increase by seed and otherwise1 that any remarks on their propagation are unnecessary4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,sedum ,sieboldi4 ,,siebold',s ,,stonecrop2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,crassulaceae4 ,this is a capital species4 ,it is perfectly hardy1 though not generally known to be so4 ,it is more often seen under glass1 and is certainly a pretty pot plant4 ,its stems are #ab;in4 or less in length1 slender and procumbent4 ,the leaves1 which are rather larger than a shilling1 fleshy1 cupped1 and glaucous1 are curiously arranged on the stems1 somewhat reflexed1 and otherwise twisted at their axils1 presenting a flattened but pleasing appearance4 ,the small flowers1 which are bright rose1 are borne in clusters1 and remain two or three weeks in perfection4 ,it is a fine subject for rockwork1 and1 moreover1 likes such dry situations as only rockwork affords4 ,it should be so planted that its graceful stems can fall over the stones4 ,there is a variety of this species1 with creamy foliage1 but it is less vigorous2 neither are the flowers so fine in colour4 ,slugs are fond of these1 and sometimes they will eat off nearly every leaf4 ,a sprinkling of sharp sand once a week keeps them off1 but trapping them with hollowed turnips is a more effective remedy4 ,propagated by cuttings pricked into sand in summer1 or division of roots when the tops have died down4 ,flowering period1 ,august and ,september4 ,sedum ,spectabile4 ,,showy ,,stonecrop2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,crassulaceae4 ,hardy and herbaceous4 ,this is one of our finest autumn bloomers4 ,during ,september1 the broad massive heads of small rosy flowers1 which are arranged in cymes #f;in4 across1 are very attractive1 and will1 with average weather1 keep in good form for a month4 ,this species is somewhat mixed up with another called ,s4 ,fabarium2 by many they are said to be identical1 but such is not the case4 ,i grow them side by side1 and ,i may say that they are as like as two peas up to midsummer1 when they begin to diverge4 ,s4 ,fabarium continues to grow to the height1 or rather length1 of #b;ft41 and tumbles over2 the foliage has a lax appearance1 and the flowers are very pale4 ,concurrently ,s4 spectabile has grown its stems and glaucous leaves to stouter proportions1 and crowned them with more massive heads of bright rose-coloured flowers1 at the height of #ae;in4 ,it is larger in all its parts1 with the exception of length of stem1 and by ,september it is nearly twice the size of ,s4 ,fabarium2 it also stands erect1 so that then the two species suggest a contrast rather than a comparison1 ,s4 spectabile being by far the more desirable4 ,i find1 however1 that it is much slower in increasing itself2 the best way to propagate it is by cuttings dibbled into sand in early summer4 ,the commoner one increases rapidly and often bears the wrong name2 care should therefore be taken to obtain the true species1 after which it will not give much further trouble1 thriving in any kind of soil1 but it should be planted in the full sunshine1 when its habit and flowers will be greatly improved4 ,it will bear any amount of drought--indeed1 it seems to enjoy it4 ,my finest clump is on a very dry part of rockwork1 where it has always flowered well4 ,these two ,stonecrops and a variegated variety are some of the very few hardy plants which slugs do not graze2 at any rate1 it is so with me2 neither do other pests attack them1 but the humble bees literally cover their flowers the whole day long at times4 ,flowering period1 ,august to ,october4 ,sempervivum ,laggeri4 ,,lagger',s ,,houseleek2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,crassulaceae4 ,of the numerous species and varieties of ,houseleek1 this is at once the most curious1 interesting1 and beautiful4 ,it is by far the finest of the webbed forms4 ,it has1 however1 the reputation of not being quite hardy1 but that it will endure our severest winters is without doubt1 and if we recall its habitats1 which are in alpine regions1 its hardiness in a low temperature need not be further questioned4 ,still1 partly from its downy nature1 and partly from the dampness of our winters1 this climate causes it to rot4 ,there are1 however1 simple and most efficient remedies1 which shall be mentioned shortly4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #ie7 gives some idea of its form and habit4 ,the flowering rosettes send up stems #f;in4 high2 they are well furnished with leaves--in fact1 they are the rosettes elongated2 they terminate with a cluster of buds and flowers1 which remain several weeks in perfection1 however unfavourable the weather may be4 ,the flowers are more than an inch across1 of a bright rose colour1 and very beautiful2 the central flower is invariably the largest1 and the number of petals varies from six to twelve4 ,the leaves are in rosette form1 the rosettes being sometimes #b;in4 across1 nearly flat1 and slightly dipped in the centre2 a downy web1 as fine as a cobweb1 covers the rosette1 it being attached to the tips of the leaves1 and in the middle it is so dense that it has a matted appearance4 ,the leaves are very fleshy1 glandular1 and of a pale green colour4 ,slow in growth1 habit very compact2 it has a tender appearance1 but ,i never saw its web damaged by rain or hail4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,,sempervivum ,,laggeri4 7,two-thirds natural size47 ,many grow it in pots for indoor use2 it finds a happy home on rockwork or old walls2 it should have a dry and sunny situation1 and1 with these conditions1 it will prove attractive all the year round4 ,it thrives well in gritty loam2 a little peat rubbed in with the grit will be an improvement and also more resemble its native soil4 ,to preserve it from the bad effects of our damp winters1 it need not be taken indoors1 but sheets of glass should be tilted over the specimens during the short days1 when they are dormant2 the glass should not touch the plant4 ,this seems to be the nearest condition we can afford it as a substitute for the snows of its mountain home1 and ,i may add1 for years it has proved effective2 in fact1 for several years ,i have left specimens in the open without any shelter whatever1 and the percentage of loss has been very low1 though the seasons were trying4 ,it propagates itself freely by offsets2 if it is intended to remove them from the parent plant1 it should be done early in summer1 so that they may become established before winter1 otherwise the frosts will lift them out of position4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,senecio ,pulcher4 ,,noble ,,groundsel2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,,senecio ,,pulcher4 7,one-tenth natural size47 ,autumn is the heyday of ,composite flowers4 ,the one now under notice has the merit of being of an unusual and beautiful colour1 viz41 purplish crimson4 ,it is1 in fact1 a new plant in ,english gardens1 and has been justly described as one of the finest imports of recent years2 it has only to be seen in order to commend itself to all lovers of hardy flowers 7see ,fig4 #if74 ,it is a robust grower1 ranking with the more noble subjects suitable for the borders4 ,its hardiness is doubted by many1 and a few have suspected its perennial quality2 but notwithstanding the warm climate of ,south ,america 7whence it hails71 it has proved both hardy and perennial in this country4 ,excessive moisture is its greatest enemy4 ,its bright purplish-crimson flowers are daisy-shaped and large1 the centre being a fine golden yellow--on strong young plants the flowers will be #c;in4 across4 ,moreover1 they are numerously produced on stems #c;ft4 high1 in branching cymes1 and last a long time in perfection2 with favourable weather an individual bloom will stand above a week1 and the plant provides itself with abundance of buds for succession4 ,i never yet saw a specimen that developed half its buds1 but this brings me to notice one of its faults 7for it has more than one71 viz41 it is too late in blooming2 at any rate1 in ,yorkshire we rarely get more than three weeks' enjoyment of its flowers1 when1 but for severe frosts1 it appears capable of blooming for two months4 ,to some extent this may be remedied1 as will be shown when ,i refer to its culture4 ,the radical leaves are over a foot long1 stem leaves much smaller1 very dark holly green of leather-like substance1 the edges very unevenly shaped1 the general form of the leaf being something like the cos lettuce4 ,the cut blooms are indeed fine and cannot well be inappropriately used4 ,this brings me to fault ,no4 #b4 ,the flower stems are very hollow and dry1 nearly as much so as the hemlock or kex1 and ,i have found that when flowers have been cut1 either from the moisture collecting in the stem1 or some such cause1 rot sets in lower down1 and soon the branches of bloom head over4 ,i tried cutting to a joint where the cavity was stopped1 but the pith when so exposed soon gave way1 so that latterly ,i have ceased to cut the flowers1 unless the occasion was worth the risk4 ,a specimen not cut from did not suffer from stem rot4 ,i1 therefore1 blamed the cutting4 ,there may1 however1 be other causes2 at any rate1 there is the fact of fine flowers in their prime falling over1 and it is worth one's while to try to find out from what cause it happens1 and if my theory is not the true one1 it may prove useful as a hint4 ,it likes a deep and rich soil1 and well deserves to have it2 if left out all the winter1 a piece of glass should be put over the crown1 because it has the fault 7,no4 #c7 of rotting in the centre1 as ,i believe from water being conducted down its spout-like stems2 but even under the most neglected conditions it stands our winters1 and the rootlets send up a number of small growths in spring4 ,these may make plants1 but will not be reliable for bloom the following autumn2 the damage should be prevented if possible4 ,another plan1 by which two points are gained1 is to grow young plants in good-sized pots and winter them1 plunged in cold frames1 not failing to give plenty of air4 ,in ,april these1 if compared with others in the open garden1 will be found to be much more forward1 and the first gain will be that1 if planted out then1 they will flower much more vigorously1 and1 secondly1 they will start earlier by two weeks at least4 ,to propagate this fine border plant1 the very long and fleshy roots may be cut into pieces #f;in4 long and dibbled into fine soil2 they are somewhat slow1 but pretty sure to go2 they should be protected from slugs1 which are very fond of the young leaves4 ,on young stuff1 grown apart from the flower beds and borders1 quicklime may be used1 which would otherwise be unsightly4 ,flowering period1 ,august to ,october4 ,sisyrinchium ,grandiflorum4 ,,satin-,,flower1 or ,,rush ,,lily2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,iridaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,,sisyrinchium ,,grandiflorum4 7,one-third natural size47 ,the generic name of this flower is in reference to the grubbing of swine for its roots1 and means pig-snout4 ,the common names may be seen1 by a glance at the cut 7,fig4 #ig71 to be most appropriate2 that of ,satin-flower is of ,american origin the plant being a native of ,oregon1 and is in reference to its rich satiny blossom2 that of ,rush-lily1 which is1 perhaps1 an even more suitable name1 has been recently applied to it1 ,i believe1 in this country4 ,it is applicable alike to the rush-like form and habit of foliage1 and the lily-like purity and style of flowers4 ,it was sent to this country in #ahbf1 and yet it is rarely met with in ,english gardens4 ,some think it scarcely hardy in our climate in certain soils4 ,i happen to have grown it for six years1 which period includes the recent severe winters1 and it has not only survived but increased in a moderate degree4 ,this took place on rockwork facing south2 in the autumn of #ahha ,i divided the specimen1 and planted a part of it in the coldest part of my garden1 which is not without clay1 though far from all clay2 that division is now a strong plant1 and has made an extra crown2 it forms the subject of the present illustration4 ,let me state1 in passing1 that it is naturally a slow grower4 ,the very severe weather of the week previous to my writing this note1 in ,march1 #ahhc1 when #bc;deg4 of frost was registered1 which cut down the bloom stems of ,hellebores and many other well-known hardy things1 did not hurt this subject very much2 ,i am1 therefore1 confident of its hardiness from six years of such experience4 ,the flowers are #a;in4 to #aa_/b;in4 long1 and about as much across when open1 of a fine purple colour1 with a shining satiny appearance2 the six transparent petal-like divisions are of uneven form1 having short bluntish points2 from the openness of the corolla the stamens and style are well exposed1 and they are very beautiful4 ,the flowers are produced when the plant is about #f;in4 or #i;in4 high1 the buds being developed on a rush-like stem1 and enfolded in an almost invisible sheath #b;in4 or #c;in4 from the apex4 ,gradually the sheath1 from becoming swollen1 attracts notice1 and during sunshine it will suddenly burst and let fall its precious contents--a pair of beautiful flowers--which dangle on slender arching pedicels1 springing from the sheath-socket4 ,they seem to enjoy their new-born freedom1 and flutter in the ,march wind like tethered butterflies4 ,their happy day1 however1 is soon over2 their fugacious petals shrivel in three or four days4 ,the leaves are rush-like1 ribbed1 and sheathed4 ,i have found it to thrive in loam1 both light and moderately stiff1 also in vegetable soil and sand2 it likes moisture1 but not of a stagnant character2 between large stones1 at the base of rockwork1 suits it in every way2 it may also be grown by the side of the larger kinds of snowdrops for contrast and effect4 ,impatient of being disturbed1 it is not wisdom to lift it for any purpose1 provided it is making progress1 or until it has formed strong tufts2 when1 if it is desirable to increase it1 and during early autumn1 the long roots should be got well under1 and taken out of the ground as entire as possible2 from their wiry nature they are then both easily cleared of earth and divided into single crowns2 these should be replanted in positions deeply dug1 and where they are intended to remain1 being carefully arranged without any doubling up4 ,after such pains have been taken with so well-deserving a plant1 there will be little to fear for its future1 no matter how severe the winter may prove4 ,s4 g4 album is a white-flowered variety1 of which1 however1 ,i have had no experience4 ,since these lines appeared in serial form1 a lady1 cultivating a good collection of choice hardy flowers1 has informed me that this variety is very fine1 and in every way commendable4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may1 according to positions or climatic conditions4 ,soldanellas4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,diminutive herbaceous alpine perennials4 ,this genus is small in number of known species as in size of specimens4 ,they are found in very high altitudes in the ,tyrol1 ,switzerland1 and ,germany2 but they are easily managed even in our foggy climate1 as is shown by the fact of the various species being grown in all collections of alpines2 and1 indeed1 no collection can be said to be complete without such gems--they are great favourites1 as they well deserve to be4 ,they flower in early spring1 some with one1 and others more than one flower on a stem4 ,the flowers are very small1 broadly bell-shaped1 and of a feathery appearance1 from the fact of their petals being finely divided4 ,the foliage is also small1 nearly round1 of good substance1 and in all the following species very bright green2 the leaf stalks are long and wiry1 and form neat and handsome little tufts1 independent of the flowers1 which1 ,i may add1 do not last more than five or six days4 ,s4 alpina1 smaller in all its parts1 but otherwise much resembling ,s4 montana--has leaves the size of a shilling piece1 flowers bright blue1 mostly two on a stem4 ,s4 ,clusii1 from ,germany1 is smaller than ,s4 alpina2 in other respects similar1 with the exception of flowers1 which are purple4 ,s4 minima 7smallest74 ,very tiny in all its parts1 many of its little thick leaves being only #a_/d;in4 across2 flowers purple1 single on the stem1 which is only #a_/b;in4 to #a;in4 long4 ,s4 montana 7,fig4 #ih7 is the largest species of all--leaves the size of a half-crown piece1 flowers bright blue1 four or five on a stem1 #e;in4 high4 ,it has other distinctions1 of a minute character1 from the smaller species1 but by difference of size alone it may be readily identified4 ,all the ,soldanellas love a vegetable soil1 as peat or leaf mould1 to which1 when under cultivation1 a liberal quantity of sand should be added4 ,if grown in pots1 they make lovely specimens1 and should be plunged in sand and kept moist2 but ,i find my specimens to grow much more vigorously when planted out1 as they are at the base of a small rockery1 rather below the level of the neighbouring walk1 which forms a miniature watershed for the supply of moisture4 ,i also fancy the liverwort1 which surrounds them1 rather helps them than otherwise4 ,certain ,i am1 however1 that moisture is the great desideratum in the culture of this genus4 ,my difficulty with the planted-out specimens is to keep them from being grazed off by the slugs2 a dash of silver sand every day or two has sometimes proved of use4 ,when the ,soldanellas once get into proper quarters they make rapid growth2 ,i have divided them most successfully in ,april and ,may4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,,soldanella ,,montana4 7,one-half natural size47 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,spiraea ,palmata4 ,,palm-,,like ,,spiraea2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,rosaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,,spiraea ,,palmata4 7,one-eighth natural size47 ,a bold and handsome species from ,china1 imported about sixty years ago4 ,it is perfectly hardy1 though1 generally grown in pots and under glass4 ,it belongs to the herbaceous section1 and ,i may as well state at once that the ,spiraeas--more especially the herbaceous kinds--are only decorative when in flower1 by which ,i wish to convey the idea that after they have done flowering1 from their abundant foliage1 which then begins to turn sere and ragged1 they become unsightly if planted in conspicuous parts4 ,still1 their flowers and general habit are both rich and handsome when in their prime1 and they are certainly worth growing1 especially by those who have large gardens1 where they can be planted in large patches in some of the less frequented parts4 ,s4 palmata 7,fig4 #ii7 has remarkably bright rosy-crimson flowers2 they are of indistinct form unless closely examined4 ,it is1 however1 a well-known form of flower1 or arrangement of flowers1 and need not be further described1 beyond saying they are in panicles and have a feathery appearance4 ,the leaves1 which are #f;in4 or more across1 have long smooth stems1 are mostly seven-lobed1 the lobes being long1 pointed1 and unevenly serrated4 ,the size of foliage and height of plants vary very much2 if grown in a bog or by the side of a stream1 it attains the height of #c;ft4 to #d;ft42 in drier situations ,i have seen it flower when only #aj;in4 high4 ,the specimen illustrated is about #ae;in4 high4 ,a light spongy vegetable soil1 with plenty of moisture1 is the main requirement of most of the ,spiraeas1 and to grow them to perfection little less will do2 but a creditable display of bloom may be enjoyed from plants grown in ordinary garden loam1 provided the situation is moist4 ,by way of experiment1 ,i planted a dozen roots of this species in an exposed border1 drained1 and in all respects the same as for the ordinary run of border flowers4 ,they none of them flowered1 and scarcely grew2 at no time would they be higher than #f;in4 ,i wish to make it clear that the ,spiraeas1 and especially ,s4 palmata1 cannot be grown and bloomed well without an abundance of moisture at the roots1 as ,i am aware that many have tried and failed with this desirable kind4 ,it should be treated as a bog plant1 then it can scarcely fail to do well4 ,in sunk parts of rockwork1 by the walk gutters1 by the side of a pond or stream1 or 7if there is one7 in the hedge dyke1 are all suitable places for this bright flower1 and if only for the fine spikes which it produces for cutting purposes1 it should be grown largely2 and as most of the positions indicated are somewhat out of the way1 they may perhaps be the more readily thus appropriated4 ,propagated by division of strong roots during autumn4 ,flowering period1 ,july and ,august4 ,spiraea ,ulmaria ,variegata4 ,syn4 ,s4 ,,odorata ,,fol4 ,,var42 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,rosaceae4 ,the beautiful variegated form of the well-known ,meadowsweet1 other old names being ,mead-sweet1 and ,queen of the ,meadows4 ,the typical form1 at least1 needs no description1 it being one of the commonest and most appreciated plants of the ,british flora4 ,this variety1 however1 is less known2 it differs only as regards the markings of the foliage4 ,when the crimped leaves are young1 the broad golden patches are very effective1 and when the plants are fully grown1 the markings of the older foliage become lighter coloured1 but not less rich4 ,of the value of this as a fine foliage plant there can be no doubt2 it is very telling1 and always admired4 ,as regards its flowers1 they ought not to be allowed to develope4 ,i only mention this subject for the sake of its beautifully coloured leaves4 ,requirements3 ,ordinary garden loam1 in a moist situation2 propagated by root divisions during autumn4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,august4 ,spiraea ,venusta4 ,,queen ,,of ,,the ,,prairie2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,rosaceae4 ,a comparatively new species of the herbaceous section1 from ,north ,america4 ,in good deep loam it grows to the height of #c;ft4 or more4 ,the flowers are of a soft red1 after the manner of those of ,s4 palmata1 but rather differently arranged1 viz41 in clustered sprays or cymes1 which bend outwards2 they are durable and very effective1 even when seen at some distance in the garden1 whilst for cutting they are flowers of first-class merit2 the leaves are large1 somewhat coarse1 pinnate1 segments sharply lobed and irregularly serrated4 ,i find this plant to flower indifferently under the shade of trees1 but in a fully exposed situation1 planted in a deep retentive loam1 it thrives and flowers well4 ,it is perfectly hardy1 and easily propagated by division during autumn4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,august4 ,statice ,latifolia4 ,,broad-,,leaved ,,sea-,,lavender2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,plumbaginaceae4 ,this hardy perennial is all but evergreen in this climate4 ,probably there are two varieties of it1 as although the plants in growth and form correspond1 there is a notable difference in the habit of some specimens1 as regards the greenness of the foliage in winter2 whilst one shrivels and blackens the other will remain more or less green4 ,it is possible that the native countries from which they come may have something to do with this fact4 ,the species was introduced from ,portugal in #agdj1 and again from ,siberia in #agia4 ,it need not be wondered at if the variety from the northern habitat proved the more verdant1 notwithstanding its becoming acclimatised4 ,its lofty and diffuse panicles are ornamental and lasting2 it is a subject which may be grown in almost any part of the garden1 and hardly seem misplaced1 notwithstanding its height of #c;ft41 because only the slender stems1 furnished with their minute flowers1 rise above the ground1 and from the cloud-like effects more dwarf flowers can be easily seen1 even when behind them4 ,in many such cases1 therefore1 this gauzy-flowered ,sea-lavender proves of advantage4 ,the bloom is lilac-coloured1 each flower being very small4 ,the stout scape at a short distance above the ground becomes much branched2 the branchlets1 as already indicated1 are slender1 and furnished with the soft blue bloom4 ,the leaves are radical1 and arranged in somewhat rosette form1 and for the most part prostrate2 many of them are quite a foot long and #e;in4 broad1 or long egg-shaped2 they are wavy1 of leathery substance1 and a dark shining green colour4 ,of all the genus1 this is1 perhaps1 the most useful of the hardy species4 ,either in a growing or cut state1 the flowers are much admired2 cut1 they need not be placed in water2 and for a year1 until the plant yields fresh supplies1 they will remain presentable and even bright4 ,its culture is simple1 though there are positions where ,i have found it to simply exist1 viz41 on rockwork1 unless it was given a part where moisture would be abundant about the roots1 in search of which its long woody roots go deeply2 if planted in deep loam of a light nature1 there will be little fear as to its thriving1 but if well manured and mulched1 specimens would grow to nearly double size4 ,propagated by root division4 ,but often the crowns are all on one stout root1 and then it is not a safe or ready operation2 still1 with a sharp knife1 the woody root may be split its whole length--this should be done in spring1 when the divisions can begin to grow at once4 ,another and safer plan would be to divide the root for an inch or more from the crowns downwards1 insert a few pebbles to keep the parts open1 and put back the specimen in freshly dug earth1 where1 during a season of growth1 the cut parts would produce vigorous roots4 ,flowering period1 ,august to ,october4 ,statice ,profusa4 ,,profuse ,,sea-,,lavender2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,plumbaginaceae4 ,a hybrid hardy form1 not to be confounded with the hairy-leaved and tender kind commonly grown under glass1 which has the same name4 ,all the ,sea-lavenders are profuse blooming1 but the one now under notice is more especially so1 as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #ajj74 ,the seed of this genus is prolific in varieties1 and1 although the name of this variety1 or even the plant1 may not be generally known1 and the parentage1 perhaps1 untraceable1 it appeared to such advantage1 when grown by the side of such species as ,s4 bellidifolia1 ,s4 echioides1 ,s4 gmelina1 ,s4 incana1 ,s4 latifolia1 ,s4 sereptana1 ,s4 speciosa1 ,s4 tatarica1 ,s4 tormentilla1 ,s4 virgata1 and ,s4 ,wildenovi1 that ,i considered it worth a short description1 more especially as the object of this book is to speak of subjects with telling flowers or attractive forms4 ,it is well known that the ,statices have insignificant blossoms1 taken individually1 though1 from their great profusion1 they have a singular beauty4 ,the variety now under notice1 at the height of #b;ft41 developed a well branched panicle about the latter end of ,august2 gradually the minute flowers expanded1 when1 in the middle of ,september1 they became extremely fine1 the smaller stems being as fine as horsehair1 evenly disposed1 and rigid2 the head being globular1 and supported by a single stem4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,,statice ,,profusa4 7,one-tenth natural size47 ,the flowers are of a lively lilac1 having a brownish or snuff-coloured spiked calyx1 the effect being far prettier than the description would lead one to imagine4 ,the leaves are radical1 #f;in4 to #h;in4 long1 oval1 or somewhat spathulate1 waved1 leathery1 shining and dark green1 the outer ones prostrate1 the whole being arranged in lax rosette form4 ,the flowers are very durable1 either cut or in the growing state2 they may be used to advantage with dried grasses1 ferns1 and everlastings2 or the whole head1 when cut1 is a good substitute for gold-paper clippings in an unused fire grate2 our people have so used one for two years1 and it has still a fresh appearance4 ,it needs no words of mine to explain that such a plant as is represented by the illustration will prove highly decorative in any part of the flower garden4 ,there is nothing special about the culture of the genus4 ,all the ,sea-lavenders do well in sandy loam1 enriched with stable manure4 ,some sorts1 the present one included1 are not very readily propagated1 as the crowns are not on separate pieces of root1 but often crowded on a woody caudex4 ,i have1 however1 sometimes split the long root with a sharp knife1 and made good plants2 this should only be done in spring1 when growth can start at once4 ,flowering period1 ,august to frosts4 ,stenactis ,speciosus4 ,syn4 ,,erigeron ,,speciosus2 ,,showy ,,fleabane2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this has not long been cultivated in this country2 but though a native of the warm climate of ,california1 it proves to be one of the most hardy of herbaceous perennials2 it begins to flower in early summer1 but ,august is the heyday of its showiness1 and it continues at least a month longer4 ,its more recent name1 ,stenactis1 is1 according to ,paxton1 a happy and appropriate derivation1 and tends much to explain the form of flower1 ,stene1 narrow1 and aktin1 a sunbeam1 from the narrow and sunlike rays of the expanded flower4 ,it belongs to a genus of old-fashioned flowers1 which1 moreover1 is that of the most modern fashion in flowers4 ,as a garden plant it is not only effective1 but one of that class which will put up with the most offhand treatment2 tenacious of life1 neither particular as to soil nor position1 constant in fair and foul weather1 and doing duty alike in town or suburban garden1 these qualities go to make it a worthy subject4 ,whilst it is nearly related to1 and much resembles1 the starworts or ,michaelmas daises1 it far exceeds in beauty the best of them1 with only a third of their ungainly length of stem4 ,the flowers are fully two inches across1 of a light purple colour2 the disk is somewhat large and of a greenish yellow2 the florets of the ray are numerous1 full1 narrow1 and slightly uneven at their points1 giving the otherwise dense ray a feathery appearance4 ,these large flowers are produced in bunches of six or ten on each branch1 at the height of about eighteen inches2 there are many stems1 and each one is well branched1 the species being very floriferous2 the leaves are herb-like1 lance-shaped1 pointed1 amplexicaul1 and smooth2 root-leaves spathulate4 ,this plant needs no cultural care2 its only requirements are a place in the garden and some one to appropriate its beaming crop of flowers1 which cannot fail to be serviceable4 ,as a border plant1 among suitable companions1 bold clumps are fine1 especially when seen by twilight2 in lines1 too1 it may be profitably used4 ,propagated by division of the roots at any time4 ,flowering period1 ,june to ,september4 ,stokesia ,cyanea4 ,,jasper-,,blue ,,stokesia1 or ,,stokes' ,,aster2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,compositae4 ,this handsome1 hardy1 herbaceous perennial was brought from ,carolina in the year #agff4 ,it is the only species known of the genus1 and was named after ,jonathan ,stokes1 ,m4,d41 who assisted ,withering1 the botanist1 in his arrangement of ,british plants4 ,the order which includes it is a very extensive one1 and it may be useful to add that it belongs to the sub-order ,carduaceae1 or the ,thistle family4 ,the mention of this relationship may not help our subject much in the estimation of the reader1 but it must be borne in mind that in plant families as well as others1 there are individual members that often contrast rather than compare with their relatives1 and so it is in the ,thistle family1 for it embraces the gay ,doronicums1 silky ,gnaphaliums1 shining ,arnica1 and noble ,stobaea and ,echinops4 ,but the relationship will1 perhaps1 be better understood when it is stated that as a sub-order the ,carduaceae stand side by side with that of the ,asteraceae1 which includes so many well-known and favourite flowers4 ,let me now ask the reader to glance at the illustration 7,fig4 #aja71 and he will1 ,i think1 see marks of affinity with both the thistle and the aster2 the few thorny teeth at the base of the larger leaves1 and the spines on the smaller divisions of the imbricate calyx1 are clearly features of the former1 whilst the general form of the plant and flowers are not unlike the aster4 ,of all herbaceous plants1 this is one of the latest to bloom2 in favourable situations it will begin in ,october1 but often not until ,november and ,december in northern parts of the country2 and1 ,i hardly need add1 unless severe frosts hold off1 it will be cut down before its buds expand4 ,there is much uncertainty about its flowering1 when planted in the ordinary way1 so that1 fine as its flowers are1 the plant would scarcely be worth a place in our gardens1 if there were no means by which such uncertainty could be at least minimised2 and were it not a fact that this plant may be bloomed by a little special treatment1 which it justly merits1 it would not have been introduced in this book1 much less illustrated4 ,the plant itself is very hardy1 enduring keen frosts without apparent damage1 and the bloom is also durable1 either cut or on the plant4 ,i scarcely need further describe the flowers1 as the form is a very common one4 ,it has1 however1 a very ample bract1 which supports a large imbricate calyx1 the members of which have stiff bristle-like hairs4 ,each flower will be #b;in4 to #c;in4 across1 and of a fine blue colour4 ,the leaves are arranged on stout round stems1 #ah;in4 high1 being from #b;in4 to #f;in4 long1 somewhat lobed and toothed at the base1 the teeth rather spiny2 their shape varies very much1 but generally they are lance-shaped1 concave1 often waved at the edges1 and otherwise contorted4 ,the foliage is more thickly furnished at the upper part of the plant1 it has a glaucous hue1 is of good substance1 smooth and shining1 like many of the gentians4 ,it will1 therefore1 be seen that this is far from a weedy-looking subject1 and throughout the season has a tidy and shrub-like appearance1 but it grows top-heavy1 and1 unless supported1 is liable to be snapped off at the ground line by high winds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,stokesia ,,cyanea4 7,one-sixth natural size47 ,in order to get it to bloom before the frosts cut it1 the soil and situation should be carefully selected2 the former cannot be too sandy if enriched with manure1 whilst cold1 stiff soil is quite unsuited to it4 ,the position should not only have the sunniest possible aspect1 but be at the base of a wall that will ward off the more cutting winds4 ,in such snug quarters many things may be had in bloom earlier1 and others kept in flower through the winter1 as violets2 whilst fuchsias1 crinums1 ,african and ,belladonna lilies1 and similar roots1 that would perish in more exposed parts1 will live from year to year in such situations4 ,unless the subject now under consideration can have these conditions1 it is useless to plant it--not that its hardiness is doubtful1 but because its blooming period should be hastened4 ,its propagation may be by division of the roots after it has flowered1 or in spring4 ,flowering period1 ,october to ,december4 ,symphytum ,caucasicum4 ,,caucasian ,,comfrey2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,boraginaceae4 ,a comparatively modern species in ,english gardens1 belonging to a genus well represented by native species1 from which this differs mainly in being less tall and hairy1 and otherwise less coarse4 ,the erect habit1 and abundant azure flowers produced in pendent form1 which1 moreover1 last for several weeks1 go to make this a capital border plant4 ,if not an old species1 from its resemblance to some which are so1 it is rendered a suitable companion to old-fashioned subjects4 ,the plant grows to a height of nearly #b;ft41 is of dark greyish-green colour1 from being thickly covered with short1 stiff hairs1 on every part1 including the calyx4 ,the flowers are more than #a_/b;in4 long1 produced in elongated clusters1 opening three or four at a time1 and just before expansion they are of a bright rose colour1 but afterwards turn a fine blue2 calyx five-parted1 as also is the corolla1 the segments being drawn in at the mouth4 ,the entire flower is long and bell-shaped2 the pendent clusters of bloom are well held out from the main stem by leafy branches1 each being terminated by two racemes4 ,the leaves of the root are large and stalked1 oval1 lance-shaped1 and wrinkled2 those of the stems are stalkless1 and so attached as to give the stems a winged appearance near their junction4 ,the plant will thrive in any kind of soil1 but it likes shade and moisture1 and a specimen grown under such conditions will be found to be much superior in every way4 ,a position under fruit trees suits it admirably1 and for such thoughtful planting it will well repay the lover of flowers for vase decoration4 ,it also makes a good subject for large or rough rockwork1 on which1 however1 it should be sheltered from the mid-day sun4 ,its propagation may be carried out at any time by dividing the roots1 but autumn is the preferable period4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,tiarella ,cordifolia4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,saxifragaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,,tiarella ,,cordifolia4 7,one-fifth natural size2 a1 flower1 natural size47 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #ajb71 together with the order given to which it belongs1 will convey a fair idea of the style and habit of the plant1 but its exquisite flowers must be seen to be appreciated1 and hardly could they appear to more advantage than in a growing state1 the rich foliage forming their most natural and effective ground4 ,this hardy herbaceous perennial has been known to ,english gardens for #aej years1 and was introduced from ,north ,america1 where it grows in glorious masses1 but common as it is in its native country1 and long as it has been grown in this1 ,i scarcely know a flower respecting which so many have been in error as regards the true species4 ,i have had all sorts of things sent to me under the name1 and1 after all1 it is easy to be wrong with it unless the amateur has either closely noted its distinctions or grown it for a year at least4 ,heucheras are similar in habit and shape of foliage1 and are often confounded with it1 though otherwise very distinct4 ,tellima grandiflora1 when in its young state1 is very like it1 but the strong crowns should be noted--they are twice the strength of ,t4 cordifolia1 and develop foliage more than double its size1 whilst the flowers are on stems #c;ft4 high1 nearly green1 and might easily be taken for seed pods4 ,the ,mitellas1 however1 are much more puzzling1 the distinctions being finer and mostly of a botanical character4 ,still1 in ,may and ,june1 when all are in flower1 the identification of our subject is not difficult1 more especially if the other species of the same order are near for comparison4 ,t4 cordifolia grows to the height of #i;in4 to #ab;in42 the flowers are composed of a calyx 7five-parted7 and five petals1 which are entire1 evenly set in the calyx4 ,the ten stamens are prominent2 each flower has a stout pedicel1 which holds out the pretty white blossom in a nearly horizontal way4 ,there is nothing of a bell-shape character about the flower1 as in its nearest relative the ,mitella4 ,the flower stem is erect and round1 being evenly furnished with flowers1 for a length of #d;in4 to #f;in42 the flowers are very lasting4 ,the leaves are heart-shaped1 acutely lobed1 denticulate1 slightly wrinkled1 hairy on both sides1 and more or less spotted or splashed with brown spots on the main ribs2 the leaf stalks are long1 and carry the foliage gracefully4 ,the whole plant has a neat habit1 and1 when in vigorous health1 sends out surface creepers4 ,it enjoys moist quarters and slight shade1 though it is grown as seen in the drawing in an exposed part4 ,the soil is good1 but otherwise there is nothing special about its culture4 ,if this little spring flower can be made more known1 it will be sure to be more widely cultivated2 for covering the bare parts of lawn shrubberies it would form a pleasing subject1 and might be mixed with the scarlet ourisia and the finer sorts of myosotis2 these would make an excellent blend1 all flowering together1 and lasting for a long time1 besides being suitable otherwise for such shady positions4 ,when increase is desired strong plants may be divided at any time1 soon after flowering being the best2 if the season be dry1 the young stock should be shaded by a leafy branch and kept well watered4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,trientalis ,europaea4 ,,european ,,wintergreen1 or ,,star-,,flower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,primulaceae4 ,some may say1 ,why1 this is a common ,british plant2 and so it is in some parts1 but for all that there are many who have never seen it4 ,in no way does the mention here of this lovely little flower need an apology3 the best possible reasons for growing and recommending it are in the facts that it is very beautiful and greatly admired 7see ,fig4 #ajc74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,,trientalis ,,europaea4 7,plant1 one-third natural size2 blossom1 full size47 ,the flowers1 which are #c_/d;in4 across1 are salver-shaped1 pure white1 excepting for a day or two when newly opened1 then they are stained with a soft pink2 the calyx has eight handsome light green1 shining1 awl-shaped sepals2 the corolla has five to nine petals1 equal in size1 flatly and evenly arranged1 their pointed tips forming the star-like appearance from which the flower takes one of its common names2 the flower stalks are exceedingly fine--thready--but firm1 from #a;in4 to #c;in4 long1 and each carries but one flower2 they issue from the axils of the leaves1 which are arranged in whorls of five or seven1 and nearly as many blossoms will be produced from the whorl1 but seldom more than one1 and hardly ever more than two1 flowers will be open together1 when they occupy the central position of the foliage1 which gives the plant an elegant appearance4 ,the leaves are of a pale green colour1 sometimes a little bronzed at the tips1 veined1 entire1 bald1 lance-shaped1 and1 as before hinted1 verticillate2 they vary much in size1 being from #a;in4 to #c;in4 long and #a_/b;in4 to #a;in4 broad4 ,the stems are round1 reddish1 slender1 and naked1 with the exception of two or three minute round leaves1 borne distantly apart2 the stems1 too1 like the leaves1 vary in length2 sometimes they grow #h;in41 while others equally floriferous are not above #c;in4 high2 the root is creeping1 and somewhat tuberous4 ,a colony of this plant has the appearance of a miniature group of palms1 bedecked with glistening stars at the flowering time1 and it is one of the most durable flowers ,i know2 so persistent1 indeed1 are they1 that botanical descriptions make mention of it4 ,in a cut state they equal either violets or snowdrops1 from the beautiful combination of flowers and foliage1 and it is a pity that it is not grown in sufficient quantities for cutting purposes4 ,its culture is very easy1 but to do it well it may be said to require special treatment2 in its wild state it runs freely1 and the specimens are not nearly so fine as they may be had under cultivation with proper treatment4 ,it should have moist quarters1 a little shade1 light vegetable soil1 and confinement at the roots4 ,i ought1 perhaps1 to explain the last-mentioned condition4 ,it would appear that if the quick-spreading roots are allowed to ramble1 the top growths are not only straggling1 but weak and unfruitful4 ,to confine its roots1 therefore1 not only causes it to grow in compact groups1 but in every way improves its appearance2 it may be done by planting it in a large seed pan1 #ae;in4 across1 and #d;in4 or #f;in4 deep4 ,let it be well drained2 over the drainage place a layer of lumpy peat1 on which arrange another of roots1 and fill up with leaf soil and peat mixed with sand2 this may be done any time from ,september to ,february2 the pan may then be plunged in a suitable position1 so as to just cover the rim from sight1 and so do away with artificial appearances2 but if it is sunk too deep1 the roots will go over the rim and all the labour will be lost4 ,so charming is this plant when so grown1 that it is worth all the care4 ,a well-known botanist saw such a pan last spring1 and he could hardly believe it to be our native species4 ,pans at two years old are lovely masses1 and very suitable for taking as grown for table decoration4 ,the outer sides of the pans should be banked down to the tray with damp moss1 which could be pricked in with any soft-coloured flowers1 as dog roses1 pinks or forget-me-nots4 ,i will only add that1 unless the root confinement is effected either in the above or some other way1 according to my experience1 the plant will never present a creditable appearance as a cultivated specimen2 at the same time1 this somewhat troublesome mode of planting it is not in proportion to the pleasure it will afford and certainly ought not to prevent its introduction into every garden4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,trillium ,erectum4 ,,erect ,,wood-,,lily2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,melanthaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,,trillium ,,erectum4 7,one-half natural size47 ,a hardy1 tuberous perennial1 from ,north ,america1 whence most1 perhaps all1 the species of this genus are imported4 ,the peculiar form of the plants gives rise to the generic name4 ,a flowering specimen has on one stem three leaves1 three sepals1 and three petals2 the specific name is in reference to the more erect habit of this species compared with others4 ,of ,t4 erectum there are several varieties1 having different-coloured flowers2 the specimens from which the drawing 7,fig4 #ajd7 was taken have rich brown or dark maroon flowers4 ,little groups have a rather quaint look1 they being very formal1 the flowers curiously placed1 and of unusual colour4 ,the flowers are fully #b;in4 across1 or much more1 if the petals did not reflex almost their whole length4 ,the sepals of the calyx are exactly alternate with the petals1 and remain erect1 giving the flower a characteristic quality2 and1 let me add1 they are far more pleasing to the eye than to the sense of smell4 ,the leaves are arranged in threes on the main stem1 and that number constitutes the entire foliage of the plant2 they are stalkless1 oval1 but pointed1 entire1 smooth1 and of a shining dark green colour4 ,the specimens from which the illustration was made are #e;in4 to #f;in4 high1 but their height differs very much with the positions in which they are grown1 shade and moisture inducing taller growths4 ,the roots1 which are tuberous1 are of unusual form--soft swollen root-stocks may be more descriptive of them4 ,trilliums are now in much favour1 and their quiet beauty is likely to create a genuine love for them4 ,moreover1 the different species are distinct1 and if grown in cool1 shady quarters1 their flowers remain in good form and colour for a long time4 ,they are seen to most advantage in a subdued light1 as under the shade of rather tall but not too thickly grown trees4 ,they require vegetable soil1 no matter how light it may be1 provided it can be maintained in a moist state1 the latter condition being indispensable4 ,trilliums are capable of taking a good share towards supplying shade-loving subjects4 ,how finely they would mix with anemones1 violets1 ,paris quadrifolia1 hellebores1 and such like flowers6 ,colonies of these1 planted so as to carpet small openings in shrubberies1 would be a clear gain in several ways to our gardens2 to many they would be a new feature2 more showy flowers would not have to be given up for such an arrangement1 but1 on the other hand1 both would be more enjoyed by the contrast4 ,trilliums increase slowly2 propagation may be carried out by the division of the roots of healthy plants4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,triteleia ,uniflora4 ,sometimes called ,,milla ,,uniflora2 ,,one-,,flowered ,,triteleia1 or ,,spring ,,star ,,flower2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,this is a favourite flower1 and in some soils increases very fast2 it is the commonest species of the very limited genus to which it belongs2 was brought from ,south ,america only so recently as #ahcf1 and it is already extensively grown in this country1 and as a trade article is very cheap indeed1 thanks to its intrinsic worth4 ,though small1 its star-like form gives it a lively and effective appearance in the borders4 ,it is much used by the ,americans as a window and greenhouse plant1 notwithstanding that it is a wild flower with them1 and its pretty shape and lovely hues render it eligible for such uses1 but on account of the esteem in which is held the odour of garlic1 ,i should not like to recommend it for such close associations4 ,the flower in shape is1 as the generic name implies1 like the ,trillium1 formed of three1 or rather threes2 the divisions are arranged in threes1 or triangularly2 the two triangles1 being crossed1 give the flower a geometrical and star-like effect4 ,the flowers1 which are #a;in4 to #b;in4 across1 are borne on slender stems1 #d;in4 to #f;in4 long4 ,they are nearly white1 but have various tints1 bluish reflections1 with a line of blue in each petal4 ,the leaves resemble those of the snowdrop when overgrown and turning flabby1 and have a somewhat untidy and sprawling habit2 they are abundantly produced from the rather small cocoon-shaped bulbs4 ,on the whole1 the plant is very ornamental when in flower1 and the bloom is produced more or less for many weeks2 at any rate1 it is an early flower1 and if it cannot be used indoors it should be extensively planted amongst border subjects1 than which there are few more hardy or reliable4 ,propagated by divisions of the crowded bulbs every other year1 during late summer4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,,triteleia ,,uniflora4 7,one-fourth natural size47 ,t4 u4 lilacina 7the ,lilac-coloured ,star ,flower7 is a most handsome variety1 having1 as implied by the name1 a richly coloured flower4 ,i am indebted to a lady for roots and flowers recently sent me2 so far as ,i know1 it is not yet generally distributed4 ,it is very distinct from the type in having smaller parts throughout1 and a more highly coloured bloom1 with the outer surface of the shining tube of a darker or brownish-green colour4 ,i have seen a mauve coloured form1 but this is much more pronounced and effective4 ,the chief recommendation of this otherwise desirable flower1 to my thinking1 is its rich1 new-mown hay scent2 in this it differs much from the parent form4 ,flowering period1 ,march to ,may4 ,tritoma ,uvaria4 ,,great ,,tritoma2 ,common ,names1 ,,flame-,,flower1 ,,red-,,hot ,,poker2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae-,,hemero-,,callideae4 ,this is one of our finest late-flowering plants2 it has1 moreover1 a tropical appearance1 which renders it very attractive4 ,it is fast becoming popular1 though as yet it is not very often seen in private gardens2 it comes from the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 its year of introduction being #agjg4 ,in this climate1 when planted in well-exposed situations and in sandy loam1 it proves hardy but herbaceous2 if protected it is evergreen2 and ,i ought to add that if it is planted in clay soil1 or where the drainage is defective1 it will be killed by a severe winter2 but when such simple precautions as are here indicated will conduce to the salvation of a somewhat doubtful plant1 it may be fairly termed hardy4 ,according to my experience during severe winters1 plants in wet stiff loam were all killed1 but others of the same stock1 in light sandy earth1 did not suffer in the least4 ,i have also made similar observations outside my own garden4 ,the stout scapes or stems sometimes reach a height of #d;ft41 and are topped with long or cocoon-shaped spikes of orange and red flowers2 the flowers are tubular and small1 closely arranged1 and drooping2 each will be about an inch long1 and the spikes #f;in4 to #h;in4 long4 ,the leaves are narrow1 #b;ft4 to #c;ft4 long1 keeled1 channelled1 and rough on the edges1 of a dark green colour and prostrate habit4 ,either amongst trees or in more conspicuous positions this flower proves very effective1 whilst in lines it is simply dazzling2 when grown in quantity it may be cut for indoor decoration1 than which few large flowers are more telling4 ,cultural hints have already been given in speaking of its hardiness1 but ,i may add that where the soil is naturally light and dry a liberal dressing of well-rotted manure may be dug in with great benefit to the flowers4 ,it is readily propagated by division of the roots every third year2 the young stock should be put in rows1 the earth having been deeply stirred and well broken2 this may be done in late autumn or spring--if the former1 a top dressing of leaves will assist root action4 ,this bold and brilliant flower appears in ,september1 and is produced in numbers more or less to the end of the year1 provided the season does not set in very severe4 ,tropaeolum ,tuberosum4 ,,tuberous ,,tropaeolum2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,tropaeolaceae4 ,all the species of this genus are highly decorative garden subjects1 including the annual varieties1 and otherwise they are interesting4 ,they are known by various names1 as ,trophy-plant1 ,indian ,cress1 and ,nasturtium1 though the latter is only applicable strictly to plants of another order4 ,the plant under notice is a climber1 herbaceous and perennial1 having tuberous roots1 whence its specific name2 they much resemble small potatoes1 and are eaten in ,peru1 the native country of the plant4 ,it has not long been grown in this country1 the date of its introduction being #ahcf2 it is not often seen1 which may be in part owing to the fact of its being considered tender in this climate4 ,but let me at once state that under favourable conditions1 and such as may easily be afforded in any garden1 it proves hardy4 ,as a matter of fact1 ,i wintered it in #ahhj-a1 and also in #ahha-b1 which latter does not signify much1 as it proved so mild2 but it must be admitted that the first-mentioned winter would be a fair test season4 ,the position was very dry1 viz41 on the top of a small bank of earth1 against a south wall2 the soil was sandy loam1 and it was overgrown with ivy1 the leaves of which would doubtless keep out many degrees of cold1 as also would the dryness of the soil2 another point in favour of my specimen proving hardy1 would be the fact of its exposure to the sun1 by which the tubers would be well and duly ripened4 ,it is one of the handsomest trailers or climbers ,i know for the herbaceous garden2 a free grower1 very floriferous1 bright1 distinct1 and having a charming habit4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #ajf7 can give no idea of the fine colours of its flowers1 or richly glaucous foliage4 ,one specimen in my garden has been much admired1 thanks to nothing but its own habit and form2 under a west wall1 sheltered from the strong winds1 it grows near some ,lilium auratum2 after outgrowing the lengths of the stems1 and having set off to advantage the lily bloom1 it caught by its tendril-like shoots an apricot tree on the wall1 and then reached the top1 being furnished with bloom its whole length4 ,the flowers are orange and scarlet1 inclining to crimson2 they are produced singly on long red stalks1 which spring from the axils of the leaves2 the orange petals are small and overlapping1 being compactly enclosed in the scarlet calyx2 the spur1 which is also of the same colour1 is thick and long1 imparting a pear-like form to the whole flower1 which1 however1 is not more than #aa_/b;in4 long4 ,the leaves are nearly round in outline1 sub-peltate1 five1 but sometimes only three-lobed2 lobes entire1 sometimes notched1 smooth and glaucous2 the leaf-stalks are long and bent1 and act as tendrils4 ,the plant makes rapid growth1 the stems going out in all directions1 some trailing on the ground4 ,it is a good subject for the drier parts of rockwork1 where a twiggy branch should be secured1 which it will soon cover4 ,it is also fine for lattice work1 or it may be grown where it can appropriate the dried stems of lupine and larkspurs4 ,for all such situations it is not only showy1 but beautiful4 ,the flowered sprays are effective in a cut state1 especially by gaslight2 they come in for drooping or twining purposes1 and last a long time in water4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,,tropaeolum ,,tuberosum4 7,one-fifth natural size47 ,if grown as a tender plant its treatment is as simple as can be2 the tubers may be planted in early spring in any desired situation1 and when the frosts at the end of the season have cut down the foliage1 the tubers may be taken up and stored in sand2 but if it is intended to winter it out the situation should be chosen for its dryness1 and the soil should be of a sandy nature1 in which the tubers ought to be placed #e;in4 or #f;in4 deep4 ,it is self-propagating1 the tubers being numerously produced2 and like potato sets1 the larger ones may be cut in pieces2 if1 however1 numbers are not the object they are better left uncut4 ,caterpillars are fond of this plant2 at the first sight of an eaten leaf1 they should be looked for and destroyed4 ,it begins to flower in the latter part of summer1 continuing until stopped by frosts4 ,umbilicus ,chrysanthus4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,crassulaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,,umbilicus ,,chrysanthus4 7,one-half natural size47 ,this is a very pretty and distinct subject1 and never fails to flower very late in the year4 ,it is a plant having the appearance of being tender1 and is not often seen growing fully exposed in the garden2 it is1 however1 perfectly hardy1 enduring any amount of cold2 it suffers more from wet4 ,it is also evergreen4 ,its soft dull or greyish-green rosettes are in marked contrast with the rigid and shining sempervivums1 in the company of which it is frequently placed4 ,it is an alpine subject1 and comes from the mountains of ,asiatic ,turkey1 being also found more west4 ,not only is it interesting1 but its pretty form and habit are qualities which render it very useful in a garden1 more especially for dry parts1 such as old walls and rockwork4 ,it grows #f;in4 high1 the older rosettes elongate and form leafy flower stalks1 which are topped by drooping panicles of flowers1 somewhat bell shaped2 each flower is #c_/d;in4 long1 of a yellowish white colour2 the petals are finely pointed1 and well supported by a fleshy calyx2 the bloom is slowly developed and very enduring1 even when the worst weather prevails4 ,the leaves are arranged in flat rosette form 7the rosettes from #a;in4 to #b;in4 across71 lower leaves spathulate1 those near the centre more oval4 ,all are fleshy1 covered with short hairs1 and somewhat clammy to the touch4 ,its habit is neat1 and it adorns such situations as otherwise suit it1 viz41 banks or risen beds1 and such other positions as have already been named4 ,its culture is easy1 but it ought to have the compost it most enjoys--peat and grit--and it should be sheltered from the strong winds1 otherwise its top-heavy flower stalks will be laid prostrate4 ,when it once finds a happy home it increases fast2 the thick stalks are procumbent and emit roots4 ,these may either be left to form large specimens or be taken off during the growing season for stock4 ,excessive wet is its greatest enemy4 ,for such subjects1 the wire and glass shelters are not only a remedy1 but very handy4 ,flowering period1 summer1 until stopped by frosts4 ,vaccinium ,vitis-,idaea4 ,,red ,,whortle-,,berry2 sometimes called ,,cow-,,berry2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,vaccinaceae4 ,although a native evergreen1 and in some parts occurring extensively1 it proves to be both decorative and useful as a garden subject2 as a neat evergreen it is worthy of a place1 especially when it is not to be found near in a wild state4 ,it is seldom seen without either its waxy and pink-tinted white flowers or its bright clusters of red berries1 but in ,october it carries both1 which1 together with the fine condition of the foliage1 renders the shrub most attractive4 ,it grows #f;in4 to #i;in4 high under cultivation4 ,in form the flowers somewhat resemble the lily of the valley1 but they are closely set in the stems and partly hidden1 owing to the shortness and drooping character of the racemes2 not only are the flowers pleasingly tinted1 but they exhale a full and spicy odour2 the buds1 too1 are tinted with a lively pink colour on their sunny sides4 ,the berries are quickly developed1 being nearly the size of the holly berry1 but a more bright red4 ,the leaves are stout1 shining1 and leathery1 and ofttimes pleasingly bronzed4 ,they are over #a_/b;in4 long and egg-shaped1 being bent backwards4 ,the stems are furnished with short hairs1 are much branched1 and densely foliaged4 ,this compact-growing shrub would make a capital edging1 provided it was well grown in vegetable soil4 ,it would go well with ,erica carnea to form a double line1 either to a shrubbery or permanent beds of dwarf flowering trees4 ,now that berries are so much used for wearing about the person and for indoor decoration1 those of this shrub may become useful4 ,a dishful of sprigs in ,october proves pleasant both to the sight and smell1 the flowers and fruit being charmingly blended4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,,vaccinium ,,vitis-,,idaea4 7,natural size47 ,v4 v4-i4 major is a variety which is simply larger in all its parts2 it is1 however1 rather more bronzed in the foliage4 ,i daresay by many it would be preferred to the typical form1 both for its robust and decorative qualities4 ,it is nearly twice the size of the type4 ,as may be inferred1 both from the order to which this shrub belongs and the localities where it occurs in its wild state1 a peaty or vegetable soil will be required4 ,i find the species grow most freely in a mixture of leaf soil and sand1 the position being moist but exposed4 ,it does not object to a little shade1 but then its useful berries are neither so numerously produced nor so well coloured4 ,it is easily propagated by division at almost any time4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,october4 ,veronica ,gentianoides4 ,syn4 ,v4 ,,gentianifolia2 ,,gentian-,,leaved ,,speedwell2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,scrophulariaceae4 ,this is a distinct and pleasing species1 viewed as a garden plant4 ,it is very hardy1 and one of the herbaceous kinds2 it has been grown in ,english gardens nearly #aej years1 and came originally from the ,levant4 ,it is pretty widely used1 but it deserves a place in every garden2 not only are its tall spikes of flowers effective during their season1 but the foliage1 compared with other ,veronicas1 is of a bright and plump character4 ,the newly-formed tufts1 which are somewhat rosette-shaped1 have a fresh appearance throughout the winter1 it being one of the few herbaceous subjects in which the signs of life are so visible in this climate4 ,the flowers are small-#a_/b;in4 in diameter--numerously produced on spikes #ah;in4 high4 ,they are blue1 striped with light and dark shades2 both calyx and corolla1 as common to the genus1 are four-parted1 petals of uneven size4 ,the flower spikes are finely developed1 the flowers and buds occupying #ab;in4 of their length1 and tapering off to a point which bends gracefully4 ,the buds are not less pretty than the flowers1 resembling as they do turquoise in a deep setting of the calyx4 ,the leaves are smooth1 shining1 and of much substance1 #c;in4 to #f;in4 long1 and #a;in4 to #b;in4 broad1 lance-shaped1 serrated1 and sheathing4 ,they are of a somewhat clustered arrangement close to the ground4 ,good pieces of this plant1 #a;ft4 to #b;ft4 across1 are very effective1 and flower for a good while4 ,the rich and graceful spikes are of great value for vase decoration1 one or two sufficing in connection with other suitable flowers4 ,there is a lovely variety of this species called ,v4 g4 variegata2 in shape and habit it resembles the type though scarcely as vigorous1 but not at all miffy4 ,the leaves are richly coloured pale green1 white1 and pink2 and the flowers1 as seldom occurs in variegated forms1 are larger and more handsome than in the parent2 in all respects1 it is as useful1 and1 for forming an edging1 perhaps more suitable than the common form4 ,both kinds like a good fat loam and a moist situation2 they may be grown either in borders or on rockwork1 but specimens on the latter compare poorly with those grown otherwise2 either they are too dry1 or the soil gets washed from them1 so that the new roots1 which strike down from the surface-creeping stems1 do not find the needful nourishment4 ,their increase is easily effected by division of the rooted stems any time after they have done flowering4 ,if the season is droughty1 they should be well watered4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,july4 ,veronica ,pinguifolia4 ,,fat-,,leaved ,,speedwell2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,scrophulariaceae4 ,this is a rather uncommon species1 being of the shrubby section1 but unlike many of its relative kinds1 it is perfectly hardy1 also evergreen and very dwarf2 a specimen three or four years old is but a diminutive bush1 #ah;in4 through and #h;in4 high4 ,the habit is dense1 the main or old branches are prostrate1 the younger wood being erect and full of very short side shoots4 ,the flowers are produced on the new wood2 the chubby flower-spikes issue from the axils of the leaves near the leading shoot2 in some cases there are three1 in others four1 but more often two4 ,each flower spike has a short1 stout1 round stem1 nearly an inch long1 and the part furnished with buds is nearly as long again4 ,at this stage 7just before they begin to open7 the buds are rice-shaped1 snow white1 waxy1 and arranged cone form4 ,they are1 moreover1 charmingly intersected with the pale green sepals in their undeveloped stage4 ,the little bunches of buds are simply exquisite4 ,the flowers are small1 pure white1 waxy1 and twisted in the petals4 ,the two filaments are longer than the petals1 having rather large anthers1 which are bright purple4 ,this pleasing feature1 together with the young shoots in the midst of the blossoms1 which have small stout glaucous leaves tipped with yellow--nearly golden--give the clusters a bouquet-like appearance4 ,the leaves are small--little more than half an inch long--and ovate1 slightly cupped1 stem-clasping1 and opposite4 ,they are a pale glaucous hue1 and closely grown on the stems2 they greatly add to the rich effect of the flowers4 ,this shrub is a most fitting subject for rockwork1 and it would also make an edging of rare beauty1 which1 if well grown1 no one could but admire4 ,it seems to enjoy loam and leaf soil in a moist but sunny situation4 ,it may be propagated by cuttings1 taken with a part of the previous year's wood4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,july4 ,veronica ,prostrata4 ,,prostrate ,,speedwell2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,scrophulariaceae4 ,this is sometimes confounded with ,v4 repens1 ,i presume from the slight distinction in the specific names1 but so different are the two species that no one who has seen them can possibly take one for the other4 ,v4 repens is herb-like2 it creeps and roots1 and has nearly white flowers in ,april2 but ,v4 prostrata is a deciduous trailer1 and the more common and best form has fine gentian-blue flowers2 it is a capital rock plant1 being most effective when hanging over the face of large stones4 ,the flowers are small1 and produced in rather long sprays1 which are numerous1 so that little else than flowers can be seen for two or three weeks4 ,it will grow and flower freely in any soil1 but the aspect should be sunny2 it is easily increased by division or rootlets4 ,i may add that the very long stems of this prostrate plant 7when in bloom7 are well adapted for indoor decoration4 ,where pendent1 deep blue flowers are needed1 there are very few good blues so suitable4 ,flowering period1 ,may to ,july4 ,vesicaria ,graeca4 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,cruciferae4 ,this beautiful1 diminutive1 hardy evergreen shrub comes to us from ,switzerland1 being an alpine species 7see ,fig4 #aji74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,,vesicaria ,,graeca4 7,one-third natural size2 #a1 full size47 ,when in flower it does not exceed the height of #f;in4 or #h;in41 at which time it is very showy1 covered1 as it is1 with flowers of the brightest golden yellow1 surpassing the golden alyssum1 which in some respects it resembles1 being half woody1 possessing greyish leaves1 and dense heads of flowers1 which1 however1 are arranged in small corymbs1 and being also much larger4 ,the leaves of the flower stalks resemble lavender leaves in general appearance2 those of the unproductive stems are larger1 and arranged sparingly in rigid rosette form1 such unproductive stems being few4 ,the neat and erect habit of the plant renders it most suitable for rockwork or edgings1 and otherwise1 from its long continued flowering1 which will exceed a month in moderate weather1 it is one of the most useful spring flowers2 whilst1 for cutting purposes1 it cannot but rank with the more choice1 as1 combined with extra brightness of colour1 it exhales a rich hawthorn perfume4 ,to all who have a garden1 big or little1 ,i would say1 grow this sweet little shrub4 ,it has never failed to do well with me in any situation that was fully exposed2 it flowers freely in a light dry bed1 but on rockwork it is most at home4 ,the quickest way to prepare plants of flowering strength is to divide strong pieces2 but this interferes with the larger specimens1 which are by far the best forms in which to grow and retain it4 ,another mode is to cut off all the flowers nearly down to the old wood2 side shoots will thus be induced to grow earlier than otherwise1 so that in late summer they may be taken off as slips1 and there will still be plenty of time to strike them like wallflower slips1 and get plenty of roots to them before the cold weather sets in4 ,the plant also produces seed freely in its inflated pods1 which affords another1 but more tedious1 way of increasing it4 ,flowering period1 ,april to ,june4 ,viola ,pedata4 ,,pedate-,,leaved or ,,bird',s-,,foot ,,violet2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,violaceae4 ,over a hundred years ago this hardy herbaceous violet was introduced from ,north ,america2 still1 it is not largely grown1 though it is now becoming quite a favourite4 ,as may be seen by the illustration 7,fig4 #aaj71 it is distinct in general appearance1 more especially in the foliage1 which in its young state is bird-foot-shaped1 whence the appropriateness of its specific name2 it should perhaps be explained that the leaves are very small compared with the flowers when the plant first begins to bloom1 but later they increase very much in size4 ,there are several characteristics about this species which render it desirable1 and no choice collection should be without either this 7the typical form7 or some of its varieties4 ,deep cut1 shining1 dark green foliage1 very bright blue flowers1 and pleasing habit are its most prominent features2 its blooming period is prolonged1 and it has a robust constitution1 which further commends it to lovers of choice flowers1 and if once planted in proper quarters it gives no further trouble in the way of treatment4 ,the flowers are nearly an inch across1 bright purple-blue1 produced on stalks of varying lengths1 but mostly long2 the leaves are many parted1 segments long1 narrow and lance-shaped1 some being cut or toothed near the tips2 the crown of the root is rather bulky2 the roots are long and fleshy4 ,the following are varieties2 all are handsome and worth growing3 ,v4 p4 alba1 new2 flowers white1 not so robust as the type4 ,v4 p4 bicolor1 new2 flowers two colours4 ,v4 p4 flabellata 7syn4 ,v4 digitata72 flowers light purple4 ,v4 p4 ranunculifolia 7syn4 ,v4 ranunculifolia72 flowers nearly white4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,,viola ,,pedata4 7,two-thirds natural size47 ,as this plant requires a moist and partially shaded situation1 it is not eligible for doing duty indiscriminately in any part of the garden2 still1 it will thrive under any conditions such as the well-known violets are seen to encounter4 ,on the north or west side of rockwork1 in dips or moist parts1 it will be found to do well and prove attractive4 ,the propagation of all the kinds may be carried out by allowing the seed to scatter itself1 and1 before the winter sets in1 a light top-dressing of half rotted leaves and sand will not only be a natural way of protecting it until germination takes place1 but will also be of much benefit to the parent plants4 ,another mode of increase is to divide the roots of strong and healthy specimens2 in this way only can true kinds be obtained2 seedlings are almost certain to be crossed4 ,flowering period1 ,may and ,june4 ,viola ,tricolor4 ,,three-,,coloured ,,violet1 ,,pansy1 or ,,heartsease2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,violaceae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,,viola ,,tricolor4 7,one-third natural size47 ,this well known herbaceous perennial is a ,british species4 ,it has long been grown in gardens1 where1 by selection and crossing1 innumerable and beautiful kinds have been produced1 so that at the present time it is not only a florist's flower1 but a general favourite4 ,besides the above-mentioned common names1 it has many others1 and it may not be uninteresting to repeat them--,love in ,idleness1 ,call me to you1 ,kiss me ere ,i rise1 ,herb ,trinity1 and ,three ,faces under one ,hood4 ,although this plant is herbaceous1 the old stems remain green until the new growths come into flower1 and1 in many varieties1 by a little management in plucking out the buds during summer1 flowers may be had in the autumn and well into winter4 ,if1 also1 from other plants early cuttings have been taken1 and become well rooted1 they will produce large flowers very early in spring1 and so the ,pansy may be had in flower nearly the year round4 ,any description of this well-known plant would be superfluous to an ,english reader4 ,the wild ,v4 tricolor is1 however1 a very different plant and flower to its numerous offspring1 such as the illustration 7,fig4 #aaa7 depicts1 and in which there is ever a tendency to go back4 ,it is only by constant care and high cultivation that the ,pansy is kept at such a high standard of excellence1 and one may add that such labour is well repaid by the results4 ,with no flower more than the ,pansy does all depend on the propagation and culture4 ,not the least reliance can be placed on seeds for producing flowers like those of the parent4 ,cuttings or root divisions should be made in summer1 so as to have them strong1 to withstand the winter4 ,they enjoy a stiffish loam1 well enriched4 ,and in spring they may be lifted with a ball and transplanted into beds1 borders1 lines1 or irregular masses1 where they are equally effective1 and no flower is more reliable for a profusion of bloom4 ,yucca ,filamentosa4 ,,thready-,,leaved ,,yucca2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,this is of a more deciduous nature than ,y4 gloriosa1 reclothing itself each spring more amply with foliage4 ,in ,december1 however1 it is in fine form1 and though it is a better flowering species than most of its genus1 and to a fair extent valuable for its flowers1 it will be more esteemed1 perhaps1 as a shrub of ornamental foliage4 ,it came from ,virginia in the year #afge4 ,the flowers are pretty1 greenish-white1 bell-shaped1 and drooping3 they are arranged in panicles1 which1 when sent up from strong plants1 are1 from their size1 very attractive2 but otherwise they are hardly up to the mark as flowers4 ,the leaves in form are lance-shaped1 concave1 reflexed near the ends1 and sharp-pointed4 ,the colour is a yellowish-green1 the edges are brown1 and their substance is split up into curled filaments1 which are sometimes #i;in4 or more long1 and are blown about by every breeze4 ,from these thready parts the species takes its name4 ,it is seldom that this kind grows more than #d;ft4 high1 but a greater number of offsets are produced from this than from any other of our cultivated ,yuccas4 ,i know no better use for this kind than planting it on the knolly parts of rockwork1 positions which in every way suit it1 for it enjoys a warm1 dry soil4 ,y4 f4 variegata1 as its name implies1 is a form with coloured foliage4 ,in the north it proves to be far from hardy1 and therefore cannot be recommended for culture in the open garden4 ,my reasons for mentioning it are that it is convenient to do so when the typical form is under notice1 and that it is frequently spoken of as hardy4 ,subjects needing well selected positions1 protection1 and a mild winter in order to keep them alive from autumn to spring1 can in no sense be considered hardy1 even though they may be planted out of doors4 ,flowering period1 ,august to ,october4 ,yucca ,gloriosa4 ,,glorious ,,yucca1 ,,adam',s ,,needle2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,a hardy evergreen shrub which has long been grown in ,england1 but for all that is not often met with in private gardens4 ,it is a native of ,south ,america1 and was brought to our shores in #aeif4 ,the genus is remarkable for not flowering constantly in our climate1 and also for slow growth2 fortunately1 both these drawbacks1 if one may term them such1 are counter-balanced by the handsome foliage of the various species1 mostly of an evergreen and very durable nature1 and also by the bold and symmetrical arrangement of the same4 ,this ,yucca flowers in the autumn1 but it may be considered more especially a foliage subject1 as the bloom is insignificant compared with the leaves and is not produced more than once in four years as a rule4 ,the leaves assume their richest hues and become thoroughly matured about the end of the year2 and when the ground is covered with a thick coat of snow1 their rigid forms are amongst the very few of any note that can be seen4 ,in any garden1 no matter how large or how small1 a ,yucca imparts a style or character to it which scarcely any other subject can give4 ,it may not be so easy to explain this1 but the fact is recognised by the most casual observer at first sight4 ,if ,i say the effect is tropical1 noble1 rich1 and sometimes graceful1 a partial idea of its ornamental qualities may be conveyed2 but to know its value and enjoy it1 it should be grown4 ,the species under consideration has many forms1 some differing rather widely from the type1 so much so that these varieties are honoured with specific names4 ,first may be given a brief description of the parent form4 ,it grows from #c;ft4 to #f;ft4 high1 according to the more or less favourable conditions4 ,these dimensions apply to blooming specimens2 but shrubs1 three to six years old1 if they have never bloomed1 may not exceed #a;ft4 to #b;ft4 in height1 and about the same in diameter4 ,the flowers1 as may be gathered from the order to which the genus belongs1 are lily-like1 or bell-shaped2 they are of a greenish white colour1 arranged in lax clusters on stoutish stalks4 ,the leaves are #ab;in4 to #b;ft4 long1 #c;in4 or more broad in their widest parts1 concave or boat-shaped1 sharp pointed1 glaucous1 sometimes slightly plicate1 rigid1 and leathery4 ,the habit1 after flowering1 is generally to form offsets1 when the plant loses much of its former boldness and effect4 ,from the lateness of its blooming period1 and a lack of suitable conditions1 it does not ripen seed in our climate1 and it must of necessity be raised from seed ripened in more favourable climes4 ,the following are said to be some of its varieties1 bearing useful descriptive names3 ,y4 g4 pendula1 having a pendulous habit or reflexed leaves2 ,y4 g4 plicata1 having plaited leaves2 ,y4 g4 minor1 a lesser form in its various parts4 ,there are other reputed varieties of more doubtful descent4 ,for cultivation see ,y4 recurva4 ,yucca ,recurva4 ,,recurve-,,leaved ,,yucca2 ,common ,name1 ,,weeping ,,yucca2 ,nat4 ,ord4 ,,liliaceae4 ,this is a charming species1 perfectly hardy and evergreen2 it was brought from ,georgia about ninety years ago4 ,the flowers are a greenish-white1 and undesirable where the shrub is grown for the sake of its ornamental qualities2 fortunately they are far from being constant in their appearance4 ,september is its blooming period in our climate4 ,the leaves are its main feature2 with age it becomes rather tall1 #f;ft4 to #i;ft4 high1 having a woody hole or caudex1 which is largely concealed by the handsome drooping foliage2 a few of the youngest leaves from the middle of the tuft remain erect4 ,the whole specimen is characterised by its deep green and glossy foliage1 combined with a most graceful habit4 ,few things can be planted with such desirable effect as this shrub2 it puts a stamp on the landscape1 parterre and shrubland1 and when well grown forms a landmark in the most extensive garden4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,,yucca ,,recurva 7one-eighteenth natural size47 ,for all the species and varieties of ,yucca the mode of culture is not only similar but simple4 ,they have long roots of a wiry texture4 ,these denote that they require deep soil1 light1 and rather dry4 ,sandy loam1 light vegetable soil1 or marl and peat grow them well4 ,raised beds or borders1 the higher parts of rockwork1 or any open position1 thoroughly drained1 will not only be conducive to their health1 but also prove fitting points of vantage4 ,in planting ,yuccas it must never be forgotten that perfect drainage is the all important requisite1 and if it is not afforded the stock will never thrive1 but ultimately die from rot or canker4 ,another matter1 when referred to1 will perhaps complete all that is special about the culture1 or rather planting1 of ,yuccas4 ,begin with young stuff2 ,i know nothing that transplants worse than this class of shrubs after they have become considerably grown4 ,their spare1 wiry roots1 when taken out of a sandy soil1 do not carry a ball1 and from the great depth to which they run they are seldom taken up without more than ordinary damage4 ,young specimens1 #f;in41 #i;in41 or not more than #ab;in4 high1 should be preferred1 and of these sizes the least will prove the safest4 ,yuccas are readily propagated at the proper season2 and in specifying the season it is needful to point out that of offsets1 from which young stock is soonest obtained1 there are two kinds4 ,some spring from immediately below the earth1 and may more properly be termed suckers2 the others grow on the visible part of the stem or caudex1 often close to the oldest leaves2 these should be cut off with a sharp knife1 in early summer1 and if they have a little of the parent bark attached to them all the better4 ,if they are planted in a shady place1 in sweet sandy loam1 they will make good roots before winter1 and may be allowed to make the following summer's growth in the same position4 ,in the succeeding autumn it will be a good plan to put them in their permanent places4 ,the suckers will be found to have more or less root2 they should be taken in spring from the parent specimen1 the roots should be carefully preserved1 and the pushing parts planted just level with the surface4 ,,flowering ,,periods4 ,as an aid to readers desirous of making a selection of plants which will secure a succession of bloom the year through1 we here give a list of those described in the preceding pages1 arranged according to their average periods of flowering4 ,january4 ,anemone fulgens1 ,aralia ,sieboldi1 ,bulbocodium vernum1 ,cheiranthus ,cheiri1 ,crocus medius1 ,eranthis hyemalis1 ,helleborus abchasicus1 ,h4 antiquorum1 ,h4 ,bocconi1 ,h4 colchicus1 ,h4 cupreus1 ,h4 foetidus1 ,h4 guttatus1 ,h4 niger1 ,h4 orientalis1 ,h4 olympicus1 ,jasminum nudiflorum1 ,petasites vulgaris1 ,saxifraga ,burseriana4 ,february4 ,anemone blanda1 ,a4 fulgens1 ,a4 stellata1 ,arabis lucida1 ,a4 ,sieboldi1 ,bellis perennis1 ,bulbocodium trigynum1 ,b4 vernum1 ,cheiranthus ,cheiri1 ,corydalis solida1 ,daphne ,mezereum1 ,eranthis hyemalis1 ,erica carnea1 ,galanthus ,elwesii1 ,g4 ,imperati1 ,g4 nivalis1 ,g4 plicatus1 ,helleborus abchasicus1 ,h4 antiquorum1 ,h1 ,bocconi1 ,h4 colchicus1 ,h4 cupreus1 ,h4 dumetorum1 ,h4 foetidus1 ,h4 guttatus1 ,h4 niger1 ,h4 odorus1 ,h4 orientalis1 ,h4 olympicus1 ,h4 purpurascens1 ,hepatica angulosa1 ,h4 triloba1 ,jasminum nudiflorum1 ,petasites vulgaris1 ,polyanthus1 ,primula acaulis1 ,saxifraga ,burseriana4 ,march4 ,anemone blanda1 ,a4 fulgens1 ,a4 ,pulsatilla1 ,a4 stellata1 ,arabis lucida1 ,aralia ,sieboldi1 ,bellis perennis1 ,bulbocodium trigynum1 ,b4 vernum1 ,cheiranthus ,cheiri1 ,chionodoxa ,luciliae1 ,corydalis solida1 ,daphne ,mezereum1 ,dentaria digitata1 ,doronicum caucasicum1 ,epigaea repens1 ,erica carnea1 ,erythronium dens-canis1 ,galanthus ,elwesii1 ,g4 ,imperati1 ,g4 nivalis1 ,g4 plicatus1 ,g4 ,redoutei1 ,helleborus abchasicus1 ,h4 antiquorum1 ,h4 ,bocconi1 ,h4 colchicus1 ,h4 cupreus1 ,h4 dumetorum1 ,h4 foetidus1 ,h4 guttatus1 ,h4 niger1 ,h4 odorus1 ,h4 orientalis1 ,h4 olympicus1 ,h4 purpurascens1 ,hepatica angulosa1 ,h4 triloba1 ,jasminum nudiflorum1 ,leucojum vernum1 ,muscari botryoides1 ,m4 racemosum1 ,narcissus minor1 ,omphalodes verna1 ,orobus vernus1 ,phlox frondosa1 ,polyanthus1 ,primula acaulis1 ,p4 ,cashmeriana1 ,p4 denticulata1 ,p4 marginata1 ,p4 purpurea1 ,p4 ,scotica1 ,pulmonarias1 ,puschkinia scilloides1 ,saxifraga ,burseriana1 ,s4 ciliata1 ,s4 cordifolia1 ,s4 coriophylla1 ,s4 ligulata1 ,s4 oppositifolia1 ,s4 ,rocheliana1 ,sisyrinchium grandiflorum1 ,soldanellas1 ,triteleia uniflora4 ,april4 ,alyssum saxatile1 ,andromeda tetragona1 ,anemone ,apennina1 ,a4 fulgens1 ,a4 ,pulsatilla1 ,a4 stellata1 ,arabis lucida1 ,bellis perennis1 ,calthus palustris flore-pleno1 ,cheiranthus ,cheiri1 ,chionodoxa ,luciliae1 ,corydalis nobilis1 ,c4 solida1 ,daphne cneorum1 ,d4 ,mezereum1 ,dentaria digitata1 ,d4 ,jeffreyanum1 ,d4 ,meadia1 ,dondia ,epipactis1 ,doronicum caucasicum1 ,epigaea repens1 ,erica carnea1 ,erysimum pumilum1 ,erythronium dens-canis1 ,fritillaria armena1 ,galanthus nivalis1 ,g4 plicatus1 ,g4 ,redoutei1 ,gentiana verna1 ,helleborus antiquorum1 ,h4 colchicus1 ,h4 orientalis1 ,h4 purpurascens1 ,hepatica angulosa1 ,h4 triloba1 ,houstonia coerulea1 ,jasminum nudiflorum1 ,leucojum vernum1 ,muscari botryoides1 ,m4 racemosum1 ,narcissus minor1 ,omphalodes verna1 ,orobus vernus1 ,phlox frondosa1 ,polyanthus1 ,primula acaulis1 ,p4 capitata1 ,p4 ,cashmeriana1 ,p4 denticulata1 ,p4 farinosa1 ,p4 marginata1 ,p4 purpurea1 ,p4 ,scotica1 ,p4 vulgaris flore-pleno1 ,pulmonarias1 ,puschkinia scilloides1 ,ranunculus acris flore-pleno1 ,r4 amplexicaulis1 ,r4 speciosum1 ,sanguinaria canadensis1 ,saxifraga ,burseriana1 ,s4 ciliata1 ,s4 cordifolia1 ,s4 ligulata1 ,s4 oppositifolia1 ,s4 purpurascens1 ,s4 ,rocheliana1 ,s4 ,wallacei1 ,scilla campanulata1 ,sisyrinchium grandiflorum1 ,soldanellas1 ,symphytum caucasicum1 ,tritelia uniflora1 ,vesicaria graeca4 ,may4 ,alyssum saxatile1 ,anchusa ,italica1 ,a4 sempervirens1 ,andromeda tetragona1 ,anemone ,apennina1 ,a4 coronaria1 ,a4 decapitate1 ,a4 fulgens1 ,a4 nemorosa flore-pleno1 ,a4 ,pulsatilla1 ,a4 stellata1 ,a4 sulphurea1 ,a4 sylvestris1 ,a4 vernalis1 ,arabis lucida1 ,bellis perennis1 ,calthus palustris flore-pleno1 ,cheiranthus ,cheiri1 ,c4 ,marshallii1 ,corydalis lutea1 ,c4 nobilis1 ,c4 solida1 ,cypripedium calceolus1 ,daphne cneorum1 ,dentaria digitata1 ,dianthus hybridus1 ,dodecatheon ,jeffreyanum1 ,d4 ,meadia1 ,dondia ,epipactis1 ,doronicum caucasicum1 ,erysimum pumilum1 ,fritillaria armena1 ,gentiana acaulis1 ,g4 verna1 ,geranium argenteum1 ,heuchera1 ,h4 ,americana1 ,h4 cylindrica1 ,h4 ,drummondi1 ,h4 glabra1 ,h4 lucida1 ,h4 metallica1 ,h4 micrantha1 ,h4 purpurea1 ,h4 ribifolia1 ,h4 ,richardsoni1 ,houstonia coerulea1 ,iberis correaefolia1 ,leucojum aestivum1 ,lithospermum prostratum1 ,muscari botryoides1 ,m4 racemosum1 ,omphalodes verna1 ,orchis fusca1 ,orobus vernus1 ,ourisia coccinea1 ,papaver orientale1 ,phlox frondosa1 ,podophyllum peltatum1 ,polyanthus1 ,primula acaulis1 ,p4 capitata1 ,p4 ,cashmeriana1 ,p4 denticulata1 ,p4 farinosa1 ,p4 marginata1 ,p4 ,scotica1 ,p4 vulgaris flore-pleno1 ,pulmonarias1 ,puschkinia scilloides1 ,ramondia pyrenaica1 ,ranunculus aconitifolius1 ,r4 acris flore-pleno1 ,r4 amplexicaulis1 ,r4 speciosum1 ,sanguinaria canadensis1 ,saponaria ocymoides1 ,saxifraga caesia1 ,s4 ciliata1 ,s4 cordifolia1 ,s4 ligulata1 ,s4 paradoxa1 ,s4 pectinata1 ,s4 purpurascens1 ,s4 tuberosa1 ,s4 ,wallacei1 ,scilla campanulata1 ,sisyrinchium grandiflorum1 ,soldanellas1 ,spiraea ulmaria variegata1 ,symphytum caucascium1 ,tiarella cordifolia1 ,trientalis europaea1 ,trillium erectum1 ,triteleia uniflora1 ,vaccinium ,vitis ,idaea1 ,veronica gentianoides1 ,v4 pinguifolia1 ,v4 prostrata1 ,vesicaria graeca4 ,june4 ,acaena ,novae ,zealandiae1 ,achillea aegyptiaca1 ,a4 filipendula1 ,a4 millefolium1 ,a4 ,ptarmica1 ,allium ,moly1 ,a4 neapolitanum1 ,anchusa italica1 ,a4 sempervirens1 ,anemone alpina1 ,a4 coronaria1 ,a4 decapitata1 ,a4 fulgens1 ,a4 stellata1 ,a4 sulphurea1 ,a4 sylvestris1 ,a4 vernalis1 ,anthericum ,liliago1 ,a4 ,liliastrum1 ,anthyllis montana1 ,arabis lucida1 ,arisaema triphyllum1 ,arum crinitum1 ,aster alpinus1 ,bellis perennis1 ,calthus palustris flore-pleno1 ,campanula grandis1 ,c4 latifolia1 ,c4 speciosa1 ,centaurea montana1 ,centranthus ruber1 ,cheiranthus ,cheiri1 ,c4 ,marshallii1 ,cornus canadensis1 ,corydalis lutea1 ,c4 nobilis1 ,cypripedium calceolus1 ,dianthus deltoides1 ,d4 hybridus1 ,dodecatheon ,jeffreyanum1 ,d4 ,meadia1 ,doronicum caucasicum1 ,erigeron caucasicus1 ,e4 glaucum1 ,erysimum pumilum1 ,festuca glauca1 ,funkia albo-marginata1 ,gentiana acaulis1 ,g4 ,burseri1 ,g4 cruciata1 ,g4 gelida1 ,g4 verna1 ,geranium argenteum1 ,gillenia trifoliata1 ,hesperis matronalis flore-pleno1 ,heuchera1 ,h4 ,americana1 ,h4 cylindrica1 ,h4 ,drummondi1 ,h4 glabra1 ,h4 lucida1 ,h4 metallica1 ,h4 micrantha1 ,h4 purpurea1 ,h4 ribifolia1 ,h4 ,richardsoni1 ,houstonia coerulea1 ,iberis correaefolia1 ,iris foetidissima1 ,kalmia latifolia1 ,lathyrus grandiflorus1 ,l4 latifolius1 ,leucojum aestivum1 ,lithospermum prostratum1 ,lychnis chalcedonica1 ,l4 ,viscaria flore-pleno1 ,margyricarpus setosus1 ,mazus pumilio1 ,melittis melissophyllum1 ,morina longifolia1 ,oenothera speciosa1 ,oe4 taraxacifolia1 ,ononis rotundifolia1 ,onosma taurica1 ,orchis foliosa1 ,o4 fusca1 ,ourisia coccinea1 ,papaver orientale1 ,pentstemons1 ,physalis ,alkekengi1 ,podophyllum peltatum1 ,polyanthus1 ,pratia repens1 ,primula acaulis1 ,p4 capitata1 ,p4 farinosa1 ,p4 sikkimensis1 ,p4 vulgaris flore-pleno1 ,ramondia pyrenaica1 ,ranunculus aconitifolius flore-pleno1 ,r4 acris flore-pleno1 ,r4 speciosum1 ,saponaria ocymoides1 ,saxifraga caesia1 ,s4 longifolia1 ,s4 ,macnabiana1 ,s4 mutata1 ,s4 paradoxa1 ,s4 pectinata1 ,s4 peltata1 ,s4 purpurascens1 ,s4 pyramidalis1 ,s4 umbrosa1 ,s4 ,wallacei1 ,scilla campanulata1 ,sempervivum ,laggeri1 ,spiraea ulmaria variegata1 ,s4 venusta1 ,stenactis speciosus1 ,symphytum caucasicum1 ,tiarella cordifolia1 ,trientalis europaea1 ,trillium erectum1 ,vaccinum ,vitis-,idaea1 ,veronica gentianoides1 ,v4 pinguifolia1 ,v4 prostrata1 ,vesicaria graeca4 ,july4 ,acaena ,novae ,zealandiae1 ,achillea aegyptiaca1 ,a4 filipendula1 ,a4 millefolium1 ,a4 ,ptarmica1 ,allium ,moly1 ,a4 neapolitanum1 ,anchusa ,italica1 ,a4 sempervirens1 ,anthericum ,liliago1 ,a4 liliastrum1 ,anthyllis montana1 ,arisaema triphyllum1 ,arum crinitum1 ,aster alpinus1 ,bellis perennis1 ,calystegia pubescens flore-pleno1 ,campanula grandis1 ,c4 latifolia1 ,c4 persicifolia1 ,c4 pyramidalis1 ,c4 speciosa1 ,c4 ,waldsteiniana1 ,centaurea montana1 ,centranthus ruber1 ,coreopsis lanceolata1 ,cornus canadensis1 ,corydalis lutea1 ,dianthus deltoides1 ,d4 hybridus1 ,doronicum caucasicum1 ,edraianthus dalmaticus1 ,erigeron caucasicus1 ,e4 glaucum1 ,erysimum pumilum1 ,festuca glauca1 ,funkia albo-marginata1 ,f4 ,sieboldi1 ,galax aphylla1 ,galega officinalis1 ,g4 persica lilacina1 ,gentiana acaulis1 ,g4 asclepiadea1 ,g4 ,burseri1 ,g4 cruciata1 ,g4 gelida1 ,geranium argenteum1 ,gillenia trifoliata1 ,hesperis matronalis flore-pleno1 ,heuchera1 ,h4 americana1 ,h4 cylindrica1 ,h4 ,drummondi1 ,h4 glabra1 ,h4 lucida1 ,h4 metallica1 ,h4 micrantha1 ,h4 purpurea1 ,h4 ribifolia1 ,h4 ,richardsoni1 ,houstonia coerulea1 ,hydrangea paniculata grandiflora1 ,hypericum calycinum1 ,iris foetidissima1 ,isopyrum gracilis1 ,kalmia latifolia1 ,lathyrus grandiflorus1 ,l4 latifolius1 ,leucojum aestivum1 ,lithospermum prostratum1 ,lychnis chalcedonica1 ,l4 ,viscaria flore-pleno1 ,lysimachia clethroides1 ,margyricarpus setosus1 ,mazus pumilio1 ,melittis melissophyllum1 ,monarda didyma1 ,m4 fistulosa1 ,m4 ,russelliana1 ,morina longifolia1 ,muhlenbeckia complexa1 ,nierembergia rivularis1 ,oenothera speciosa1 ,oe4 taraxacifolia1 ,ononis rotundifolia1 ,onosma taurica1 ,orchis foliosa1 ,ourisia coccinea1 ,pentstemons1 ,physalis ,alkekengi1 ,polygonum cuspidatum1 ,potentilla fructicosa1 ,pratia repens1 ,primula sikkimensis1 ,ramondia pyrenaica1 ,ranunculus aconitifolius flore-pleno1 ,rudbeckia californica1 ,saponaria ocymoides1 ,saxifraga longifolia1 ,s4 ,macnabiana1 ,s4 mutata1 ,s4 pyramidalis1 ,s4 umbrosa1 ,s4 ,wallacei1 ,sempervivum ,laggeri1 ,spiraea palmata1 ,s4 ulmaria variegata1 ,s4 venusta1 ,stenactis speciosus1 ,umbillicus chrysanthus1 ,vaccinium ,vitis-,idaea1 ,veronica gentianoides1 ,v4 pinguifolia1 ,v4 prostrata4 ,august4 ,acaena ,novae ,zealandiae1 ,achillea aegyptiaca1 ,a4 filipendula1 ,a4 millefolium1 ,a4 ,ptarmica1 ,aconitum autumnale1 ,allium ,moly1 ,a4 neapolitanum1 ,anchusa italica1 ,a4 sempervirens1 ,anemone japonica1 ,apios tuberosa1 ,asters1 ,a4 ptarmicoides1 ,bocconia cordata1 ,calystegia pubescens flore-pleno1 ,campanula persicifolia1 ,c4 pyramidalis1 ,c4 ,waldsteiniana1 ,centaurea montana1 ,centranthus ruber1 ,chrysanthemum1 ,cichorium ,intybus1 ,clethra alnifolia1 ,coreopsis auriculata1 ,c4 grandiflora1 ,c4 lanceolata1 ,c4 tenuifolia1 ,cornus canadensis1 ,corydalis lutea1 ,dianthus deltoides ,d4 hybridus1 ,edraianthus dalmaticus1 ,erigeron caucasicus1 ,e4 glaucum1 ,eryngium giganteum1 ,erysimum pumilum1 ,festuca glauca1 ,funkia albo-marginata1 ,f4 ,sieboldi1 ,galax aphylla1 ,galega officinalis1 ,g4 persica liliacina1 ,gentiana asclepiadea1 ,g4 ,burseri1 ,g4 gelida1 ,gillenia trifoliata1 ,gynerium argenteum1 ,harpalium rigidum1 ,helianthus multiflorus1 ,hesperis matronalis flore-pleno1 ,heuchera1 ,h4 americana1 ,h4 cylindrica1 ,h4 ,drummondi1 ,h4 glabra1 ,h4 lucida1 ,h4 metallica1 ,h4 micrantha1 ,h4 purpurea1 ,h4 ribifolia1 ,h4 ,richardsoni1 ,hydrangea paniculata grandiflora1 ,hypericum calycinum1 ,iris foetidissima1 ,isopyrum gracilis1 ,kalmia latifolia1 ,lathyrus grandiflorus1 ,l4 latifolius1 ,linum flavum1 ,lobelia cardinalis1 ,lychnis chalcedonica1 ,l4 ,viscaria flore-pleno1 ,lysimachia clethroides1 ,margyricarpus setosus1 ,mazus pumilio1 ,melittis melissophyllum1 ,monarda didyma1 ,m4 fistulosa1 ,m4 ,russelliana1 ,muhlenbeckia complexa1 ,nierembergia rivularis1 ,oenothera speciosa1 ,oe4 taraxacifolia1 ,ononis rotundifolia1 ,onosma taurica1 ,ourisia coccinea1 ,pentstemons1 ,phlox1 ,physalis ,alkekengi1 ,polygonum ,brunonis1 ,p4 cuspidatum1 ,p4 filiformis variegatum1 ,p4 vaccinifolium1 ,potentilla fruticosa1 ,pratia repens1 ,pyrethrum uliginosum1 ,rudbeckia californica1 ,saponaria ocymoides1 ,saxifraga mutata1 ,s4 ,wallacei1 ,sedum ,sieboldi1 ,s4 spectabile1 ,sempervivum ,laggeri1 ,senecio pulcher1 ,spiraea palmata1 ,s4 ulmaria variegata1 ,s4 venusta1 ,statice latifolia1 ,s4 profusa1 ,stenactis speciosus1 ,tropaeolum tuberosum1 ,umbilicus chrysanthus1 ,vaccinium ,vitis-,idaea4 ,september4 ,acaena ,novae ,zealandiae1 ,achillea aegyptiaca1 ,a4 filipendula1 ,a4 millefolium1 ,aconitum autumnale1 ,anchusa italica1 ,a4 sempervirens1 ,anemone japonica1 ,apios tuberosa1 ,asters1 ,a4 ptarmicoides1 ,bocconia cordata1 ,calystegia pubescens flore-pleno1 ,campanula persicifolia1 ,c4 pyramidalis1 ,centaurea montana1 ,centranthus ruber1 ,chrysanthemum1 ,cichorium ,intybus1 ,clethra alnifolia1 ,colchicum autumnale1 ,c4 variegatum1 ,coreopsis auriculata1 ,c4 grandiflora1 c4 lanceolata1 ,c4 tenuifolia1 ,cornus canadensis1 ,corydalis lutea1 ,cyananthus lobatus1 ,daphne cneorum1 ,dianthus deltoides1 ,dianthus hybridus1 ,echinacea purpurea1 ,erigeron caucasicus1 ,e4 glaucum1 ,eryngium giganteum1 ,erysimum pumilum1 ,festuca glauca1 ,funkia ,sieboldii1 ,galega officinalis1 ,g4 persica liliacina1 ,gynerium argenteum1 ,harpalium rigidum1 ,helianthus multiflorus1 ,h4 orygalis1 ,hydrangea paniculata grandiflora1 ,hypericum calycinum1 ,lactuca sonchifolia1 ,lilium auratum1 ,linum flavum1 ,lobelia cardinalis1 ,lysimachia clethroides1 ,margyricarpus setosus1 ,mazus pumilio1 ,monarda didyma1 ,m4 fistulosa1 ,m4 ,russelliana1 ,ononis rotundifolia1 ,onosma taurica1 ,origanum pulchellum1 ,ourisia coccinea1 ,phlox1 ,physalis ,alkekengi1 ,polygonum ,brunonis1 ,p4 filiformis variegatum1 ,p4 vaccinifolium1 ,potentilla fruticosa1 ,pratia repens1 ,pyrethrum uliginosum1 ,rudbeckia californica1 ,r4 serotina1 ,salix reticulata1 ,sedum ,sieboldi1 ,s4 spectabile1 ,senecio pulcher1 ,statice latifolia1 ,s4 profusa1 ,stenactis speciosus1 ,tritoma uvaria1 ,tropaeolum tuberosum1 ,umbilicus chrysanthus1 ,vaccinium ,vitis-,idaea4 ,october4 ,achillea millefolium1 ,aconitum autumnale1 ,anemone japonica1 ,apios tuberosa1 ,asters1 ,a4 ptarmicoides1 ,campanula pyramidalis1 ,chrysanthemum1 ,colchicum autumnale1 ,c4 variegatum1 ,coreopsis lanceolata1 ,cornus canadensis1 ,corydalis lutea1 ,cyananthus lobatus1 ,dianthus deltoides1 ,echinacea purpurea1 ,erigeron caucasicus1 ,e4 glaucum1 ,erysimum pumilum1 ,gynerium argenteum1 ,helianthus orygalis1 ,lactuca sonchifolia1 ,lilium auratum1 ,lobelia cardinalis1 ,onosma taurica1 ,origanum pulchellum1 ,phlox1 ,physalis ,alkekengi1 ,polygonum ,brunonis1 ,p4 filiformis variegatum1 ,p4 vaccinifolium1 ,potentilla fruticosa1 ,pratia repens1 ,primula vulgaris flore-pleno1 ,rudbeckia serotina1 ,salix reticulata1 ,saxifraga ,fortunei1 ,sedum spectabile1 ,senecio pulcher1 ,statice latifolia1 ,s4 profusa1 ,stokesia cyanea1 ,tritoma uvaria1 ,tropaeolum tuberosum1 ,umbilicus chrysanthus1 ,vaccinium ,vitis-,idaea4 ,november4 ,achillea millefolium1 ,anemone japonica1 ,aralia ,sieboldi1 ,asters1 ,chrysanthemum1 ,lilium auratum1 ,origanum pulchellum1 ,petasites vulgaris1 ,physalis ,alkekengi1 ,primula vulgaris flore-pleno1 ,saxifraga ,fortunei1 ,stokesia cyanea4 ,december4 ,aralia ,sieboldi1 ,eranthis hyemalis1 ,helleborus foetidus1 ,h4 niger1 ,h4 orientalis1 ,h4 olympicus1 ,jasminum nudiflorum1 ,petasites vulgaris1 ,physalis ,alkekengi1 ,stokesia cyanea4 ,,colours ,,of ,,flowers4 ,the following list will be found useful to those who wish to select flowers of any particular colour3-- ,blue 7including some of the shades inclining to ,purple74 ,aconitum autumnale1 #e4 ,anemone ,apennina1 #ab2 ,a4 blanda1 #ab2 ,a4 coronaria1 #ac2 ,a4 japonica vitifolia1 #af4 ,anchusa italica1 #h2 ,a4 sempervirens1 #i4 ,campanula grandis1 #di2 ,c4 latifolia1 #ej2 ,c4 persicifolia1 #ej2 ,c4 pyramidalis1 #ea4 ,centaurea montana1 #ed4 ,chionodoxa ,luciliae1 #eh4 ,cichorium ,intybus1 #fa4 ,cyananthus lobatus1 #gd4 ,eryngium giganteum1 #if4 ,galega officinalis1 #aaj4 ,gentiana acaulis1 #aaa2 ,g4 cruciata1 #aad2 ,g4 verna1 #aae4 ,hepatica triloba1 #adj4 ,houstonia coerulea1 #adf4 ,lactuca sonchifolia1 #aeh4 ,lithospermum prostratum1 #afe4 ,muscari botryoides1 #agi2 ,m4 racemosum1 #ahj4 ,omphalodes verna1 #ahe4 ,orobus vernus1 #aib4 ,primula1 #bab2 ,p4 capitata1 #bac4 ,pulmonarias1 #bbd2 ,p4 azurea1 #bbe4 ,scilla campanulata1 #bfg ,soldanella alpina1 #bgf2 ,s4 montana1 #bgf4 ,stokesia cyanea1 #bhd4 ,symphytum caucasicum1 #bhf4 ,veronica gentianoides1 #cjj2 ,v4 prostrata1 #cja4 ,viola pedata1#cjc2 ,v4 tricolor1 #cje4 ,brown4 ,cheiranthus ,cheiri1 #ef4 ,corydalis nobilis1 #ga4 ,chrysanthemum1 #ei4 ,gillenia trifoliata1 #aag4 ,orchis fusca1 #ahi4 ,trillium erectum1 #bia4 ,green4 ,helleborus abchasicus1 #abf2 ,h4 ,bocconi1 #abh2 ,h4 dumetorum1 #aca2 ,h4 foetidus1 #aca2 ,h4 odorus1 #acf2 ,h4 orientalis elegans1 #ach4 ,heuchera ,richardsoni1 #adf4 ,margyricarpus setosus1 #aga4 ,lilac4 ,asters or ,michaelmas daisies1 #cg4 ,bulbocodium trigynum1 #de2 ,b4 vernum1 #df4 ,campanula ,waldsteiniana4 #ec4 ,crocus medius1 #gd4 ,erigeron glaucum1 #id4 ,erythronium dens canis1 #ih4 ,funkia albo-marginata1 #ajb2 ,f4 ,sieboldii1 #ajc4 ,galega persica liliacina1 #aaj4 ,phlox1 #bjb4 ,statice latifolia1 #bhj2 ,s4 profusa1 #bha4 ,triteleia uniflora liliacina1 #bic4 ,helleborus cupreus1 #acj4 ,pink 7including shades of ,blush and ,rose74 ,achillea millefolium1 #d4 ,anemone japonica1 #af4 ,calystegia pubescens flore-pleno1 #dh4 ,centaurea montana1 #ed4 ,centranthus ruber coccinea1 #ef4 ,chrysanthemum1 #fi4 ,daphne cneorum1 #gh4 ,dianthus deltoides1 #ha1 #aeb2 ,d4 hybridus1 #hb4 ,geranium argenteum1 #aaf4 ,helleborus orientalis1 #acg4 ,hepatica triloba1 #adj4 ,heuchera glabra1 #add4 ,lathyrus grandiflorus1 #aei2 ,l4 latifolius1 #afj4 ,lychnis ,viscaria flore-pleno1 #agj4 ,melittis ,melissophyllum1 #agd4 ,morina longifolia1 #agf4 ,origanum pulchellum1 #aia4 ,phlox1 #bjb ,polygonum ,brunonis1 #bjg2 ,p4 vaccinifolium1 #bji4 ,primula denticulata amabilis1 #bag4 ,pulmonarias1 #bbd2 ,p4 saccharata1 #bbe4 ,saponaria ocymoides1 #bcg4 ,saxifraga cordifolia1 #bde2 ,s4 ligulata1 #bdi2 ,s4 peltata1 #bei2 ,s4 purpurascens1 #bfa4 ,scilla campanulata carnea1 #bfh4 ,sedum ,sieboldi1 #bfi2 ,s4 spectabile1 #bfi4 ,sempervivum ,laggeri1 #bgj4 ,spring ,beauty1 #aeb4 ,purple 7including shades ,lilac ,purple1 ,rosy and ,reddish ,purple1 ,purple ,blue1 c74 ,anemone coronaria1 #ac2 ,a4 pulsatilla1 #ah2 ,a4 stellata1 #bj2 ,a4 vernalis1 #bd4 ,anthyllis montana1 #bg4 ,apios tuberosa1 #bg4 ,arum crinitum1 #ce4 ,aster alpinus1 #cg2 ,a4 ,amellus1 #cg2 ,a4 ,madame ,soyance1 #cg4 ,bulbocodium vernum1 #df4 ,campanula speciosa1 #ec4 ,colchicum autumnale1 #fc2 ,c4 variegatum1 #fd4 ,corydalis solida1 #gc4 ,crocus medius1 #gd4 ,chrysanthemum1 #ei4 ,cyananthus lobatus1 #gd4 ,daphne ,mezereum1 #gi4 ,dentaria digitata1 #ha4 ,dodecatheon ,meadia1 #hd2 ,d4 ,meadia elegans1 #he4 ,echinacea purpurea1 #hg4 ,edraianthus dalmaticus1 #hh4 ,erica carnea1 #ib4 ,erigeron caucasicus1 #ic4 ,erythronium dens-canis1 #ih4 ,gentiana gelida1 #aad4 ,helleborus abchasicus1 #abf2 ,h4 ,a4 purpureus1 #abf2 ,h4 colchicus1 #abi2 ,h4 olympicus1 #acf2 ,h4 purpurascens1 #aci4 ,hepatica triloba1 #adj4 ,hesperis matronalis flore-pleno1 #ada4 ,heuchera americana1 #adc4 ,melittis ,melissophyllum1 #agd4 ,monarda fistulosa1 #agf4 ,orchis foliosa1 #ahi2 ,o4 fusca1 #ahi4 ,primula cashmeriana1 #bad2 ,p4 denticulata1 #baf2 ,p4 farinosa1 #bag2 ,p4 purpurea1 #bai2 ,p4 ,scotica1 #bbj4 ,prunella pyrenaica1 #aeb4 ,saxifraga oppositifolia1 #bee2 ,s4 purpurascens1 #bfa4 ,sisyrinchium grandiflorum1 #bgd4 ,soldanella ,clusii1 #bgf2 ,s4 minima1 #bgf4 ,stenactis speciosus1 #bhc4 ,viola pedata digitata1 #cjd2 ,v4 p4 flabellata1 #cjd2 ,v4 tricolor1 #cje4 ,red 7including ,ruby and shades of ,crimson74 ,bellis perennis fistulosa1 #dj4 ,centranthus ruber1 #ee4 ,daisy1 ,sweep1 #dj4 ,daphne ,mezereum autumnale1 #hj4 ,hepatica triloba splendens1 #ada4 ,hesperis matronalis flore-pleno1 #ada4 ,lobelia cardinalis1 #aff4 ,lychnis ,viscaria flore-pleno1 #agj4 ,primula acaulis1 #baa4 ,saxifraga mutata1 #bed4 ,senecio pulcher1 #bgb4 ,spiraea palmata1 #bgh2 ,s4 venusta1 #bhj4 ,tropaeolum tuberosum1 #bie4 ,scarlet4 ,anemone coronaria1 #ac2 ,a4 fulgens1 #ae4 ,dianthus hybridus1 #hb4 ,lychnis chalcedonica1 #afh4 ,monarda didyma1 #age4 ,ononis rotundifolia1 #ahe4 ,ourisia coccinea1 #aic4 ,papaver orientale1 #aie4 ,striped4 ,anemone coronaria1 #ac2 ,a4 stellata1 #bj4 ,arisaema triphyllum1 #cc4 ,gentiana asclepiadea1 #aab4 ,violet 7including shades of ,mauve74 ,colchicum autumnale1 #fc4 ,chrysanthemum1 #ei4 ,hepatica angulosa1 #aci4 ,mazus pumilis1 #agc4 ,pratia repens1 #baj4 ,primula1 #baa2 ,p4 capitata1 #bac2 ,p4 marginata1 #bah4 ,pulmonaria angustifolia1 #bbe4 ,ramondia pyrenaica1 #bbh4 ,white 7sometimes with delicate edgings of colour1 or with pale tints74 ,achillea ,ptarmica1 #e4 ,allium neapolitanum1 #f4 ,anemone coronaria1 #ac2 ,a4 decapetala1 #ae2 ,a4 japonica alba1 #af2 ,a4 nemorosa flore-pleno1 #ag2 ,a4 stellata1 #bj2 ,a4 sylvestris1 #bb4 ,anthericum liliago1 #be2 ,a4 liliastrum1 #be2 ,a4 l4 major1 #bg4 ,aralia ,sieboldi1 #cj4 ,aster alpinus albus1 #ci2 ,a4 ptarmicoides1 #ci4 ,bellis perennis hortensis1 #dd4 ,bocconia cordata1 #db4 ,campanula persicifolia1 #ej2 ,c4 pyramidalis alba1 #ec4 ,centaurea montana1 #ed4 ,centranthus ruber albus1 #ef4 ,clethra alnifolia1 #fb4 ,cornus canadensis1 #fh4 ,daisy1 ,bride1 #dj4 ,daphne ,mezereum alba1 #hj4 ,dianthus hybridus1 #hb4 ,dodecatheon ,meadia albiflorum1 #he4 ,epigaea repens1 #ij4 ,erythronium dens canis1 #ih4 ,galax aphylla1 #ajh4 ,galega officinalis alba1 #aaj4 ,helleborus antiquorum1 #abg2 ,h4 guttatus1 #acb2 ,h4 niger1 #acb2 ,h4 n4 maximus1 #acd4 ,hepatica triloba1 #adj4 ,hesperis matronalis flore-pleno1 #ada4 ,houstonia albiflora1 #adf4 ,hutchinsia alpina1 #adg4 ,hydrangea paniculata grandiflora1 #adh4 ,iberia correaefolia1 #aea4 ,kalmia latifolia1 #aeg4 ,lathyrus latifolia albus1 #afa4 ,leucojum aestivum1 #afa2 ,l4 vernum1 #afb4 ,lilium auratum1 #afb4 ,lychnis1 #afh4 ,lysimachia clethroides1 #agj4 ,monarda ,russelliana1 #agf4 ,muhlenbeckia complexa1 #agh4 ,muscari botryoides alba1 #ahj4 ,nierembergia rivularis1 #aha4 ,oenothera speciosa1 #ahb2 ,oe4 taraxacifolia1 #ahc4 ,petasites vulgaris1 #aih4 ,phlox divaricata1 #bjb2 ,p4 glaberrima1 #bjb2 ,p4 ,nelsoni1 #bjb4 ,physalis ,alkekengi1 #bjc4 ,podophyllum peltatum1 #bje4 ,polygonum cuspidatum1 #bjh4 ,pratia repens1 #baj4 ,primula1 #baa4 ,pulmonaria officinalis alba1 #bbe4 ,puschkinia scilloides1 #bbe4 ,pyrethrum uliginosum1 #bbg4 ,ranunculus aconitifolius1 #bbi2 ,r4 amplexicaulis1 #bca4 ,sanguinaria canadensis1 #bce4 ,saxifraga ,burseriana1 #bch2 ,s4 caesia1 #bch2 ,s4 ceratophylla1 #bdj2 ,s4 ciliata1 #bdb2 ,s4 coriophylla1 #bde2 ,s4 ,fortunei1 #bdg2 ,s4 ,macnabiana1 #bec2 ,s4 oppositifolia alba1 #bef2 ,s4 pectinata1 #beh2 ,s4 ,rocheliana1 #bfe2 ,s4 ,wallacei1 #bff4 ,scilla campanulata alba1 #bfh4 ,sisyrinchium grandiflorum album1 #bgf4 ,tiarella cordifolia1 #bhh4 ,trientalis europaea1 #bhh4 ,tritelia uniflora1 #bib4 ,umbilicus chrysanthus1 #big4 ,vaccinium ,vitis-,idaea1 #bih4 ,veronica pinguifolia1 #cja2 ,v4 repens1 #cja4 ,viola pedata alba1 #cjd2 ,v4 p4 ranunculifolia1 #cjd4 ,yucca filamentosa1 #cjf2 ,y4 gloriosa1 #cjg2 ,y4 recurva1 #cjh4 ,yellow 7all shades1 from ,cream to ,deep ,orange2 also shades of ,greenish ,yellow74 ,achillea aegyptiaca1 #c2 ,a4 filipendula1 #d4 ,allium ,moly1 #f4 ,alyssum saxatile1 #g4 ,anemone sulphurea1 #ba4 ,calthus palustris flore-pleno1 #dg4 ,cheiranthus ,marshallii1 #eh4 ,coreopsis auriculata1 #fe1 #fh4 ,corydalis lutea1 #gj2 ,c4 nobilis1 #ga4 ,chrysanthemum1 #ei4 ,cypripedium calceolus1 #gf4 ,dondia ,epipactus1 #he4 ,doronicum caucasicum1 #hf4 ,eranthis hyemalis1 #ia4 ,erysimum pumilum1 #ig4 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