,,! ,,w> ,,& ,,unity   ,,cambridge      
,,univ]sity ,,press  ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1    
,,manag]  ,,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1     
,e4,c4 #d  ,,new ,,york3 ,g4 ,p4        
,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,bombay             
,,calcutta  ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41      
,,ltd4 ,,madras    ,,toronto3 ,j4 ,m4   
,,d5t ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,,tokyo3       
,,m>uz5-,,kabu%iki-,,kai%a  ,,all       
,,rights ,,res]v$   ,,! ,,w> ,,& ,,unity
  ,,be+ ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,!   
,,local ,,lectures ,,summ] ,,meet+ ,,(  
,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge1 #aiah  
,,edit$ ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,d4 ,h4 ,s4     
,,cranage1 ,,litt4,d4 ,,k+',s ,,college 
,,cambridge ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press
 #aiai     ,,preface   ,= "s "t pa/ !   
,local ,exam9ations & ,lectures         
,syndicate h arrang$ a ,summ] ,meet+ 9  
,cambridge e o!r ye> 9 connexion ) !    
,local ,lectures4 ,! s*eme ( /udy has   
always includ$ a numb] ( !ological      
lectures1 & at ! la/ two meet+s an      
attempt has be5 made to deal ) "s ( !   
religi\s & moral problems sugge/$ by !  

,w>4 ,9 #aiaf a c\rse ( lectures 0      
deliv]$1 & aft]w>ds publi%$ by !        
,univ]sity ,press1 on ,! ,elem5ts ( ,pa9
 & ,conflict 9 ,human ,life4 ,9 #aiah ! 
,syndicate decid$ to arrange a c\rse on 
,unity4 ,x 0 at fir/ sugge/$ t !        
lectures %\ld be conf9$ to ! subject (  
,*ri/ian ,reunion1 b x 0 f9ally arrang$ 
to deal n only ) ,unity betwe5 ,*ri/ian 
,d5om9ations1 b ) ,unity betwe5         
,classes1 ,unity 9 ! ,empire1 & ,unity  
betwe5 ,nations4  ,_m ( ^? :o att5d$    
express$ a /rong wi% t ! lectures %\ld  
be publi%$1 & ! ,lectur]s & ! ,syndicate
 h cordially agre$ to _! reque/4 ,!     
c5tral idea ( ! c\rse is und5iably vital
 at ! pres5t "t1 & ! book is n[ issu$ 9 
! hope t x may be ( "s help 9 ! p]iod ( 
recon/ruction4                          
,d4 ,h4 ,s4 ,,cranage1                  
,secret>y ( ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity     
,local ,lectures4 ,novemb] #aiah4       
,,cont5ts   ,,unity ,,betwe5 ,,*ri/ian  
,,d5om9ations  ,i4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,view    
,,page #a  ,by ! ,rev]5d ,v4 ,h4        

,/anton1 ,d4,d41 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity       
,college1 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity4 
,,ii4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,! ,,furnace      
#be  ,by ! ,rev]5d ,eric ,miln]-,:ite1  
,m4,a41 ,d4,s4,o41 ,fell[ & ,dean (     
,k+'s ,college1 late ,*apla9 to ! ,=ces4
  ,,iii4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,engli% 
,,free ,,*ur*es         #ea  ,by !      
,rev]5d ,w4 ,b4 ,selbie1 ,m4,a4 7,ox=d &
 ,cambridge71 ,hon4 ,d4,d4 7,glasg[71   
,pr9cipal ( ,mansfield ,college1 ,ox=d4 
,,iv4 ,,! ,,scotti% ,,problem           
#gb  ,by ! ,v ,rev]5d ,james ,coop]1    
,d4,d4 7,ab]de571 ,hon4 ,litt4,d4       
7,dubl971 ,hon4 ,d4,c4,l4 7,durham71    
,v4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,ecclesia/ical      
,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1       
ex-,mod]ator ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4       
,,unity ,,betwe5 ,,classes  ,i4 ,by !   
,"r ,rev]5d ,f4 ,t4 ,woods1 ,d4,d41     
,tr9ity ,college1 ,"l ,bi%op (          
,pet]bor\gh          #hi  ,,ii4 ,by !   
,"r ,hon\rable ,j4 ,r4 ,clynes1 ,m4,p41 
,m9i/] ( ,food                          
#aae   ,,unity ,,9 ,,! ,,empire  ,by ,f4

 ,j4 ,*amb]la91 ,c4,b4,e41 ,assi/ant    
,g5]al ,secret>y ( ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian 
,association                            
#acg   ,,unity ,,betwe5 ,,nations  ,by !
 ,rev]5d ,j4 ,h4 ,b4 ,ma/]man1 ,m4,a41  
,/ ,john's ,college1 ,rector ( ,/       
,m>y-le-,b[ ,*ur*1 ,canon ( ,cov5try1   
late ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity 
( ,birm+ham              #aea           
,,unity ,,betwe5 ,,*ri/ian ,,d5om9ations
     ,i4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,view  ,by ! ,rev4 
,v4 ,h4 ,,/anton1 ,d4,d4   ,! gov]n+    
idea ( ?is e>ly morn+ c\rse1 :i* at !   
pres5t z at =m] ,summ] ,meet+s is devot$
 to a subject connect$ ) religi\s       
belief1 is ?is ye> ! p[] t ,*ri/ianity  
has1 or is fitt$ to h1 to unite ,*ri/ian
 d5om9ations ) "o ano!r1 & also to unite
 races & nations1 & diff]5t portions ( t
 commonweal? ( nations :i* we call !    
,briti% ,empire1 & diff]5t classes )9   
our own nation4 ,a mom5t's reflection w 
%ew t ! "q ( unity betwe5 d5om9ations ( 
,*ri/ians d]ives special significance f 
be+ plac$ 9 connexion ) all ^? o!r cases

 9 reg>d to :i* ! promotion ( unity is  
to be consid]$4 ,if x belongs to ! g5ius
 ( ,*ri/ianity to be a unit+ p[]1 x is  
above all 9 ! sph]e ( pr(ess$ & organis$
 ,*ri/ianity1 :]e ,*ri/ians are gr\p$   
toge!r z ,*ri/ians1 t its influ5ce 9    
produc+ union %\ld be %ewn4 ,if x fails 
9 ?is "h1 :at hope1 x may well be ask$1 
c !re be t x %\ld be effective1 :5 its  
pr9ciples & motives _c be appli$ ) !    
same directness & =ce8 ,9 ! v           
assumption1 !n1 :i* und]lies ?is :ole   
c\rse ( lectures1 t ,*ri/ianity c unite 
m51 we h a special reason = consid]+ our
 relations to "o ano!r z memb]s (       
,*ri/ian bodies1 ) reg>d to ?is matt] ( 
unity4  ,b we are also all ( u aw>e t ! 
divisions among ,*ri/ians are (t5       
sev]ely comm5t$ on by ^? :o refuse to   
make any def9ite pr(ession ( ! ,*ri/ian 
,religion1 & are giv5 by !m sometimes z 
a gr\nd ( _! own position ( alo(ness4 ,x
 is true t /rictures pass$ on ! ,*ri/ian
 ,religion & its pr(essors = failures 9 
?is1 z well z 9 o!r respects1 frequ5tly 

%ew little disc]nm5t1 & are m or less   
unju/4 ,s f> z !y are made to reflect on
 ,*ri/ianity itself1 all[ance is n made 
= ! nature ( ! human mat]ial ^u :i* & ) 
:i* ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? & ,div9e ,grace h  
to "w4 ,& :5 ,*ri/ians ( ! pres5t day   
are treat$ z if !y 7 to blame = !m1     
suffici5t acc\nt is n tak5 ( ! long &   
complex hi/ory1 & ! work+ ( motives1    
p>tly good z well z bad1 ?r\gh :i*      
,*ri/5dom has be5 br\ght to its pres5t  
divid$ condition4 ,/ill we _c af=d to   
disreg>d ! h9drance to ! progress ( !   
,*ri/ian ,fai? & ,*ri/ian ,life among m5
 creat$ by ! exi/+ divisions among      
,*ri/ians4 ,h>m is caus$ by !m 9 ano!r  
way ( :i* we may be1 p]haps1 less       
consci\s4 ,!y br+ loss to ourselves     
individually )9 ! d5om9ations to :i* we 
sev]ally belong4 ,we %\ld ga9           
incalculably f ! /r5g!n+ ( our fai?     
?r\gh a wid] fell[%ip ) ^? :o %>e x1 !  
great] volume ( evid5ce = ! reality (   
spiritual ?+s :i* w\ld ?us be br\ght    
be=e u2 & f ! enri*m5t ( our spiritual k

 & life ?r\gh clos] acqua9tance ) a     
v>iety ( types ( ,*ri/ian "* & exp]i5ce2
 & n lea/ f t moral tra9+ :i* is to be  
obta9$ ?r\gh common action1 9 proportion
 to ! ef=t t has to be made 9 ord] to   
und]/& ! po9t ( view ( o!rs1 & !        
suppression ( m]e egoism t is involv$4  
,^! are /rong reasons = aim+ at ,*ri/ian
 unity4 ,b fur!r !re comes to all ( u at
 ?is "t a p[]ful inc5tive to reflection 
on ! subject1 & to su* endeav\rs to     
fur!r x z we c make1 9 ! signs ( a      
movem5t t[>ds x1 ! great] prom95ce :i* !
 subject has assum$ 9 ! ?\ght (         
,*ri/ians1 ! evid5ce ( m f]v5t          
aspirations aft] x1 ! cle>] recognition 
( ! injury caus$ by divisions4 ,i       
rememb] t "s #dj or m ye>s ago1 "o ( !  
mo/ em95t & ju/ly e/eem$ prea*]s ( ! day
 def5d$ ! exi/5ce ( _m d5om9ations among
 ,*ri/ians on ! gr\nd t ?r\gh _!        
competition a l>g] am\nt ( "w = !       
advance ( ! k+dom ( ,god is accompli%$4 
,we are n s mu* 9 love ) competition &  
its effects 9 any sph]e n[4 ,& x %\ld   

always h be5 p]ceiv$ t1 :atev] its      
rightful place 9 ! economic sph]e might 
be1 x _h none 9 ! promotion ( purely    
moral & spiritual ends4 ,! prea*] to :om
 ,i h allud$ did n /& alone 9 8 view1   
?\gh p]haps x 0 n (t5 s frankly         
express$4 ,b at lea/ acquiesc5ce 9 !    
exi/5ce ( sep>at$ bodies ( ,*ri/ians1 z 
a ?+ inevitable1 0 common] ?an x is n[4 
,9 ! new attitude to ?is "q ( ! duty (  
unity t has appe>$ among/ u !re lies an 
opportunity :i* we mu/ bew>e ( neglect+4
 ,x is a movem5t ( ! ,_s to :i* x       
behoves u to respond en]getically1 or x 
w subside4 ,%akespe>e _h no d\bt a      
diff]5t k9d ( human ent]prises ma9ly 9  
view :5 he wrote3        ,!re is a tide 
9 ! affairs ( m51      ,:i* tak5 at !   
flood1 leads on to =tune2      ,omitt$1 
all ! voyage ( _! life      ,is b\nd 9  
%all[s & 9 mis]ies4   ,b ?is obs]vation 
is broadly true ( all human progress4   
,an advance ( "s k9d 9 ! relations ( m5 
to "o ano!r1 or ! rem$y+ ( "s abuse1    
beg9s to be urg$ "h & !re1 & = a "t ^?  

:o urge x are b little li/5$ to4 ,!n    
almo/ sudd5ly 7z x seems7 ! m9ds ( _m1  
"o h>dly kn[s :y1 become occupi$ ) x4   
,if 9 ! g5]ation :5 t happ5s desire     
leads to conc5trat$ ef=t1 ! good ( :i*  
m5 h be5 grant$ ! vision 9 _! m9ds &    
s\ls w be atta9$4 ,o!rwise int]e/ 9 x w 
pass away1 & ! hope ( secur+ x1 at lea/ 
= a long "t1 w be lo/4  ,be=e we attempt
 to consid] any ( ! problems pres5t$ by 
! actual /ate ( ,*ri/5dom 9 connexion ) 
! subject n[ be=e u1 let u g back 9     
?\ght to ! position ( believ]s 9 ,jesus 
,*ri/ ( ! fir/ g5]ation1 :5 ,8 own brief
 e>?ly life _h end$4 ,!y =m a fell[%ip  
b\nd toge!r by fai? 9 _! common ,"l1 by 
! confid5t hopes ) :i* t fai? has       
inspir$ !m1 & ! new view ( life & its   
duties :i* !y h acquir$4 ,soon inde$    
in/ances occur 9 :i* ! bonds betwe5     
diff]5t memb]s ( ! body become /ra9$1   
ow+ especially to diff]5ces ( orig9 & "*
 9 ! elem5ts ( :i* x 0 compos$4 ,we h an
 example at a v e>ly po9t 9 ! n>rative (
 ! book ( ,acts 9 ! dissatisfaction felt

 by believ]s f among ,hell5i/ic ,jews1  
:o 7 visit+1 or _h aga9 tak5 up _! abode
 at1 ,j]usalem1 because a fair %>e ( !  
alms 0 n assign$ to _! poor by !        
,pale/9ian believ]s1 :o _h ! advantage (
 be+ m p]man5tly e/abli%$ 9 ! city1 & 7 
probably ! majority4 ,b ! *iefs among ! 
bre?r51 ! ,apo/les1 take wise measures  
to remove ! grievance & prev5t a brea*4 
,a few ye>s lat] a f> m s]i\s diff]5ce  
arises4 ,jewi% believ]s 9 ,jesus _h     
cont9u$ to obs]ve ! ,mosaic ,law4 ,:5   
conv]ts f among ! ,g5tiles began to come
 9 ! "q pres5t$ itself1 ,is obs]vance ( 
t ,law to be requir$ ( !m8 ,only on     
condition t x 0 w\ld _m among ! ,jewi%  
believ]s associate ) !m4 ,9 _! eyes /ill
 all m5 :o did n con=m to ! *ief        
precepts ( ?is ,law 7 unclean4 ,x is    
possible t !re 7 ,jews ( lib]al         
t5d5cies1 m5 :o _h long liv$ among      
,g5tiles1 to :om ?is difficulty may h   
seem$ capable ( settlem5t by "s         
compromise4 ,b 9 ! case ( mo/ ,jews1 n  
m]ely 9 ,pale/9e1 b probably also 9 !   

,jewi% settlem5ts scatt]$ ?r\gh !       
,grco-,roman _w1 religi\s scruples1     
+ra9$ ?r\gh ! in/ruction !y _h receiv$ &
 ! habits !y _h =m$ f *ild-hood1 7      
deeply (f5d$ by ! v notion ( jo9+ 9     
common meals ) ,g5tiles1 unless !y _h   
fulfill$ ! same conditions z full       
proselytes to ,judaism1 ! s-call$       
proselytes ( righte\sness4 ,on behalf1  
h[ev]1 ( ,g5tiles :o _h adopt$ ! ,fai? (
 ,*ri/1 x 0 felt t ! dem& = ! fulfilm5t 
( ?is condition ( fell[%ip mu/ be resi/$
 at once & to ! utt]mo/4 ,s ,/ ,paul    
held4 ,to conc$e x w\ld h caus$         
intol]able int]f]5ce ) ,g5tile lib]ty1 &
 h9drance to ! progress ( ! prea*+ ( !  
,gospel & its acceptance 9 ! _w4 ,&     
fur!r--^u ?is consid]ation ,/ ,paul     
insi/$ above all--! requirem5t t        
,g5tiles %\ld keep ! ,jewi% ,law might  
be tak5 to imply1 & w\ld c]ta9ly        
enc\rage1 an entirely mi/ak5 view ( :at 
0 morally & spiritually ( *ief          
importance2 x w\ld put ! emphasis       
wrongly 9 reg>d to t :i* 0 ess5tial 9   

ord] t man might be 9 a "r relation to  
,god & 9 ! way ( salvation4  ,b ! po9t 9
 ! hi/ory ( ?is e>ly controv]sy to :i*  
,i desire 9 connexion ) our pres5t      
subject to draw att5tion is ! fact t x  
is n sugge/$ f any side t ,jewi%        
,*ri/ians & ,g5tile ,*ri/ians %\ld =m   
two sep>ate bodies t w\ld exi/ side by  
side 9 ! _m cities :]e bo? classes 7 to 
be f\nd1 keep+ to _! respective sph]es1 
endeav\r+ to behave amicably to "o      
ano!r1 agree+ to diff] z ! say+ is4 ,?is
 w\ld h be5 ! plan1 we may 7,i ?9k7     
suppose1 :i* w\ld h seem$ ! be/ to t    
worldly wisdom1 :i* is s (t5 se5 to be  
folly :5 long & broad views ( hi/ory are
 tak54 ,& we c imag9e t n a few ( !     
ecclesia/ical lead]s ( rec5t c5turies   
might h propos$ x1 if !y _h be5 !re to d
 s4 ,= nev]1 p]haps1 h !re be5 m natural
 reasons = sep>ation ?an might h be5    
f\nd 9 ^? national & racial diff]5ces1 &
 9 ^? incompatibilities due to previ\s  
tra9+ & associations betwe5 ,*ri/ians ( 
,jewi% & ,g5tile orig94 ,yet x is assum$

 all ?r\gh t !y mu/ comb9e4 ,& ,/ ,paul 
is n only sure himself t to ?is end     
,jewi% prejudices mu/ be ov]come1 b he  
is able to p]suade ! eld] ,apo/les (    
?is1 z also ,james :o presid$ ov] !     
believ]s at ,j]usalem1 ?\gh !y _h be5   
sl[] ?an he to p]ceive :at vital        
pr9ciples 7 at /ake4 ,believ]s ( bo?    
classes mu/ jo9 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,agap1 or  
love-fea/s1 & mu/ p>take ( ! same       
,eu*>i/1 because ! _m are "o loaf#a1 "o 
body4 ,!y mu/ grasp1 & give practical   
effect to1 ! pr9ciple t !re is nei!r    
,jew nor ,greek1 nei!r bond nor free1   
nei!r male nor female1 = all are "o 9   
,*ri/ ,jesus#b4  ,= t society1 or       
organism1 into :i* ,jewi% & ,g5tile     
believ]s 7 alike br\ght1 a "n 0 f\nd2 x 
0 t ( ,ecclesia1 translat$ ,*ur*4 ,x w  
be wor? our :ile to sp5d a few mom5ts on
 ! use ( ?is "n & its significance4 ,we 
f9d m5tion 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ! ,*ur* &
 ( ,*ur*es4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! 
s+ul> t]m & ! plural hi/orically1 & :at 
did ! di/9ction import8 ,! sublime      

passages conc]n+ ! ,*ur* z ! ,body (    
,*ri/ & ! ,bride ( ,*ri/ occur 9 ! ,epp4
 to ! ,colossians & ,ephesians#c1 :i*   
are n among ! e>ly ,paul9e ,epi/les4    
,nev]!less 9 comp>atively e>ly ,epi/les1
 ! au?or%ip ( :i* by ,/ ,paul himself is
 r>ely disput$1 !re are expressions :i* 
seem pla9ly to %ew t he ?\ght ( ! ,*ur* 
z a s+le body to :i* all :o _h be5      
baptiz$ 9 ! ,"n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ belong$4 
,9 ! ,epp4 to ! ,galatians & #a         
,cor9?ians#d he ref]s to ! fact t he    
p]secut$ ! ,*ur* ( ,god1 & 8 p]secution 
0 n conf9$ to believ]s 9 ,j]usalem or   
ev5 9 ,juda1 b ext5d$ to adjac5t        
regions4 ,he might h spok5 ( ! ,*ur*es (
 ,syria1 z he does else:]e 7us+ !       
plural7 ( ^? ( ,juda1 ,galatia1 ,asia1  
,mac$onia#e4 ,b he pref]s to speak ( !  
,*ur*1 & he describes x z ! ,*ur* (     
,god4 ,! impiety ( 8 action ?us appe>$ 9
 its true light4 ,he _h n m]ely attack$ 
c]ta9 local associations1 b t sacr$     
body--! ,*ur* ( ,god4 ,aga91 x is evid5t
 t he is ?9k+ ( a society embrac+       

believ]s ev]y:]e :5 he writes to !      
,cor9?ians conc]n+ diff]5t =ms ( m9i/ry1
 ,god plac$ "s 9 ! ,*ur*1 fir/ ,apo/les1
 second>ily prophets & s =?#f4 ,aga91 :5
 he bids ! ,cor9?ians1 ,give no occasion
 ( /umbl+1 ei!r to ,jews or to ,greeks1 
or to ! ,*ur* ( ,god#g1 or asks !m :e!r 
!y despise ! ,*ur* ( ,god#h1 al?\gh x 0 
_! conduct to bre?r5 among :om !y liv$ t
 0 especially 9 "q1 x is evid5t t1 z 9 !
 case ( 8 own action z a p]secutor1 !   
gravity ( ! fault c 9 8 view only be    
truly measur$ :5 x is realis$ t ea*     
individual ,*ur* is a repres5tative ( ! 
,*ur* ,univ]sal4 ,?is repres5tative "* (
 local ,*ur*es also appe>s 9 !          
expression common 9 8 ,epi/les1 ! ,*ur* 
9 su* & su* a place4  ,! usage ( ,/     
,paul's ,epi/les does n1 !re=e1 enc\rage
 ! idea t ! application ( ! t]m ecclesia
 to p>ticul> associations prec$$ its    
application to ! :ole body1 b ! contr>y1
 & pla9ly x express$ = him f ! fir/ a   
mo/ sublime conception4 ,i may add t !re
 is no reason to suppose t ! use ( ! t]m

 orig9at$ ) him4 ,we f9d x 9 ! ,gospel  
accord+ to ,/ ,mat!w1 ! ,epi/le ( ,/    
,james & ! ,apocalypse ( ,/ ,john1      
writ+s :i* %ew no trace ( 8 influ5ce4   
,!re is no passage ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f  
:i* x is possible to inf] cle>ly ! idea 
:i* und]lay its application to believ]s 
9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,b :5 x is consid]$ h[  
full ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ! m9ds ( ! fir/  
g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians 71 x mu/ appe> to  
be 9 e way mo/ probable t ! ^w ecclesia 
sugge/$ itself because x is ! "o mo/    
frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! ,greek translation
 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7! ,septuag9t7 to    
r5d] ! ,hebrew ^w kmacron ahmacron al1 !
 *ief t]m us$ = ! assembly ( ,israel 9 !
 pres5ce ( ,god1 ga!r$ toge!r 9 su* a   
mann] & = su* purposes z =c$ !m to      
realise _! di/9ctive exi/5ce z a p1 & _!
 peculi> relation to ,god4 ,! believ]s 9
 ,jesus n[ =m$ ! ecclesia ( ,god1 ! true
 ,israel1 :i* 9 "o s5se 0 a cont9uation 
( ! old & yet _h tak5 its place4 ,?is 0 
! view put =w>d by ,dr ,hort 9 8        
lectures on ! ,*ri/ian ,ecclesia#i1 & x 

is at ! pres5t "t widely1 ,i believe ,i 
may say g5]ally1 held4 ,i may m5tion t !
 em95t ,g]man ,*ur* hi/orians1 ,a4      
,h>nack#aj & ,sohm#aa1 give x )\t       
hesitation z ! true "o4  ,among ! ,jews 
! ?\ght ( ! p 9 its relation to ,god 0  
associat$ ) great assemblies 9 ! c\rts &
 prec9cts ( ! temple at ,j]usalem1 :i*  
altoge!r ov]%ad[$ any expression ( _!   
cov5ant relation to ,god z a p :i* !y   
c\ld f9d 9 _! synagogue-wor%ip1 h[ev]   
greatly !y valu$ ! bonds ) "o ano!r :i* 
7 /r5g!n$1 & ! spiritual help :i* !y    
obta9$1 ?r\gh _! synagogues4 ,b         
,*ri/ians _h no s+le1 c5tral meet+-place
 = _! common wor%ip at :i* _! ideal     
unity 0 embodi$4 ,x 01 !re=e1 all ! m   
natural t ! exalt$ "n :i* describ$ t    
unity %\ld be transf]r$ to ! communities
 9 diff]5t places :i* %>$ ! life1 !     
privileges1 & ! responsibilities ( !    
:ole1 & 9 _m ways /ood to ^? :o compos$ 
!m sev]ally = ! :ole4 ,! divisions      
betwe5 ^! communities 7 local only4 ,!y 
arose f ! limitations to int]c\rse &    

common action :i* di/ance impos$4 ,or1 9
 cases :]e ! ,*ur* 9 "s ,*ri/ian's h\se 
is ref]r$ to1 !y 7 due to ! necessity1  
or ! great conv5i5ce1 ( meet+ 9 small   
numb]s1 ow+ to ! want ( build+s =       
,*ri/ian wor%ip1 or ! ho/ility ( !      
surr\nd+ population4 ,moreov] ^! local  
bodies 7 n suff]$ to =get ! ties :i*    
b\nd !m all toge!r4 ,^? 9 !             
,greek-speak+ _w 7 requir$ to s5d alms  
to ! ,*ur*es 9 ,juda4 ,aga9 an          
individual ,*ur* 0 n free to disreg>d ! 
judgm5t ( ! re/4 ,aft] ,/ ,paul has     
reason$ ) ! ,cor9?ians on ! subject ( a 
practice :i* he deem$ inexp$i5t1 he     
cl9*es ! matt] by decl>+1 we h no su*   
cu/om nei!r ! ,*ur*es ( ,god#ab4 ,la/ly1
 ! ,apo/les1 & preem95tly ,/ ,paul1     
?r\gh _! mission :i*1 if n _w-wide1 at  
lea/ ext5d$ ov] l>ge di/ricts1 & ! c>e (
 ! ,*ur*es :i* !y ex]cis$1 & ! au?ority 
:i* !y claim$ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1 & :i* 0   
conc$$ to !m1 7 a unify+ p[]4  ,?us !   
plural ! ,*ur*es has 9 important        
respects a diff]5t connotation 9 ! ,new 

,te/am5t f t :i* x has 9 mod]n times4 ,9
 ! ,apo/olic ,age ! di/9ction betwe5 !  
,*ur* & ! ,*ur*es is connect$ only ) !  
diff]5t degrees to :i* a common life    
c\ld be realis$ accord+ to geographical 
proximity4 ,by a division ( ?is nature !
 idea ( ,"o ,univ]sal ,*ur* 0 n         
compromis$4 ,! local body ( ,*ri/ians 9 
po9t ( fact rightly reg>d$ itself z     
repres5tative ( ! :ole body4 ,!         
,*ri/ians 9 t place 7 ! ,*ur* s f> z x  
ext5d$ !re4  ,! pres]vation ( unity )9 !
 ,*ur* ( ea* place :]e x 0 imp]ill$ by  
rivalries & jeal\sies & misund]/&+s1 su*
 z are too apt to %ew !mselves :5 m5 are
 9 close contact ) "o ano!r1 & ( unity  
betwe5 ! ,*ur*es ( regions remote f "o  
ano!r1 9 :i* case ! s5se ( x is likely  
to be weak ?r\gh want ( k & consequ5tly 
( sympa?y--^! appe> z tw9-aims sev]ally 
pursu$ 9 ! mann] t ea* requir$4 ,n inde$
 t x is impli$ t ev]y?+ is to be        
sacrific$ to unity4 ,b x is dem&$ t !   
mo/ /r5u\s endeav\rs %all be made to    
ma9ta9 x1 & x appe>s to be assum$ t )\t 

any brea* ( x1 loyalty to e o!r great   
pr9ciple1 room = ! rightful ex]cise ( e 
individual gift1 recognition ( e aspect 
( ,div9e tru? ! p]ception ( :i* may be  
grant$ to "o or o!r memb] ( ! body1 c be
 secur$1 if ,*ri/ians cultivate "r      
dispositions ( mutual affection &       
respect4  ,!re is "o m po9t 9 reg>d to !
 idea ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z to  
:i* we mu/ n suff] ourselves to be      
misl$1 or confus$1 by lat] conceptions &
 our mod]n habits ( ?\ght4 ,we h become 
accu/om$ to a di/9ction betwe5 ! ,*ur*  
,visible & ! ,*ur* ,invisible :i* makes 
( !m two diff]5t entities4 ,accord+ to  
?is1 "o man :o is a memb] ( ! ,*ur*     
,visible may at ! same "t1 if he is a   
truly spiritual p]son1 ev5 :ile "h on   
e>? belong to ! ,*ur* ,invisible2 b     
ano!r :o has a place 9 ! ,*ur* ,visible 
has none & x may be nev] w h "o 9 !     
,*ur* ,invisible4 ,?is conception1 ?\gh 
x _h appe>$ "h & !re be=e ! #af? c5tury1
 fir/ obta9$ wide vogue !n "u ! influ5ce
 ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation4  ,x arose   

?r\gh a v natural reaction f ! me*anical
 view ( memb]%ip 9 ! ,*ur*1 its         
conditions & privileges1 :i* _h gr[n up 
9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b x does n          
correspond to ! ideas ( ! ,apo/olic     
,age4 ,accord+ to ^! !re is b "o ,*ur*1 
! same z to its true be+ on e>? z x is 9
 heav51 "o ,body ( ,*ri/1 compos$ (     
believ]s 9 ,him :o _h be5 tak5 to _! re/
 & ( ^? /ill 9 ?is _w4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( !
 ,apo/olic ,age ! great majority 7 9    
fact /ill 9 ?is _w4 ,! ,body 0 *iefly a 
,visible ,body4 ,x _h _m imp]fections4  
,"s ( its memb]s might ev5 h no true "p 
9 x at all & require removal4 ,b ,*ri/  
,himself sanctifies & cleanses x t ,he  
may pres5t x--t v same ,*ur*--to        
,himself a glori\s ,*ur*1 )\t spot or   
wr9kle or any su* ?+1 b holy & )\t      
blemi%#ac4  ,n[ :ile "o c und]/& ! po9t 
( view f :i* 9 lat] times s deep a l9e (
 dem>cation has be5 drawn betwe5 !      
,visible & ! ,invisible ,*ur* z to make 
( !m two entirely sep>ate ?+s1 & al?\gh 
to _m x may /ill seem h>d to d )\t ?is  

di/9ction1 or 9 ! exi/+ condition ( !   
nom9ally ,*ri/ian _w to employ t        
primitive conception ( ! ,*ur* ev5 z1 s 
to speak1 a work+ hypo!sis1 ,i w\ld ask 
:e!r ! primitive conception is n a nobl]
 & s\nd] "o4 ,surely x places ! ideal 9 
its "r relation to ! actual4 ,! full    
realisation ( ! ideal no d\bt belongs   
only to ano!r _w2 yet if we believe 9 x 
z an ideal we mu/ seek to actualise x   
"h4 ,!re is some?+ un:olesome 9         
ackn[l$g+ any ideal :i* we d n /rive s  
f> z we c to actualise4 ,& pla9ly       
p>ticipation 9 ! same grace1 & !        
spiritual ties aris+ !refrom1 ought to  
f9d expression 9 an out] life (         
fell[%ip1 ( int]c\rse & common action1 &
 su* common organisation z = human be+s 
9 ?is _w ^! require4 ,no d\bt x is      
always too possible t ! outw>d may h9d] 
! p]ception ( ! inw>d4 ,b if we c gu>d  
successfully aga9/ ?is dang]1 ! inw>d & 
spiritual w become all ! m pot5t by hav+
 ! ext]nal =m ?r\gh :i* to "w2 :ile !   
outw>d1 if x is too %>ply dissev]$ 9    

?\ght f ! inw>d1 loses its value & ev5  
becomes injuri\s4  ,aga91 a view ( !    
,*ur* is m :olesome :i* does n enc\rage 
u to classify its memb]s 9 a mann] only 
possible to ! ,allsee+ ,god2 to draw a  
l9e betwe5 true believ]s & o!rs1 & to   
det]m9e 7x may be7 on :i* side ( ! l9e  
diff]5t ones are by _! hav+ _h spiritual
 exp]i5ces simil> to our own1 & hav+    
le>n$ to use ! same religi\s language t 
we d2 b :i* on ! contr>y leads u to ?9k 
( all z "u ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r's c>e1 &    
subject to ! influ5ces ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & 
plac$ 9 t ,body ( ,*ri/ :]e1 al?\gh !   
spiritual life 9 !m is z yet ( v v>i\s  
degrees ( /r5g?1 & _! k ( ?+s ,div9e 9  
_m cases small1 all may & are int5d$ to 
advance to maturity 9 ,*ri/4  ,x is     
necess>y t ! relation ( ! idea ( ! ,*ur*
 ^u :i* ,i h be5 dwell+ to h] subsequ5t 
hi/ory = c5turies %\ld be cle>ly        
appreh5d$4 ,its hold on ! m9ds (        
,*ri/ians prec$$ ! v beg9n+s (          
organisation 9 ! ,*ri/ian communities1 &
 x w\ld probably be no exagg]ation to   

say t x gov]n$ ! :ole evolution ( t     
organisation = _m c5turies4 ,p>ticul>   
(fices 7 d\btless in/itut$ & m5 appo9t$ 
to !m ) specific ref]5ce to ne$s :i* 7  
mak+ !mselves felt4 ,b all ! :ile t idea
 ( ! ,*ur*'s unity & ( h] hol9ess 0     
pres5t 9 _! ?\ghts4 ,& c]ta9ly z soon z 
x becomes necess>y to insi/ ^u ! duty ( 
loyalty to ^? :o _h be5 duly appo9t$ to 
(fice1 & directly or indirectly to def5d
 ! in/itutions !mselves1 appeal is made 
to ! idea1 z notably by ! two *ief      
,*ri/ians 9 ! ,sub-,apo/olic ,age1      
,clem5t ( ,rome & ,ignatius4  ,x is 9   
itself evid5ce ( a common _s & common   
t5d5cies t broadly speak+ ! same =m (   
con/itution 9 ! local ,*ri/ian          
communities1 ?\gh n introduc$ ev]y:]e ) 
q equal rapidity1 0 s ne>ly ev]y:]e     
almo/ on ! conf9es ( ! ,apo/olic ,age1 &
 t soon x 0 ev]y:]e4 ,ere long1 ) ?is =m
 ( gov]nm5t z a basis1 plans 7 adopt$   
expressly = ! purpose ( unit+ ! local   
,*ur*es on t]ms ( equality among        
!mselves1 especially 9 combat+ error4 ,&

 at l5g? 9 ! "n /ill ( ! ,*ur*'s unity  
!re came1 h[ev] mu* we may regret x1 !  
c5tralisation ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom 9 !    
,see ( ,rome4  ,all ^! measures (       
organisation1 f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ (   
!m1 7 means to an end2 & we %all reg>d  
!m diff]5tly4 ,b we ought n any ( u to  
reg>d means1 h[ev] !y may comm5d        
!mselves to u1 & h[ev] sacr$ & de> _!   
associations may be1 9 ! same way z we d
 ! end4 ,!re mu/ always be ! "q1 :i* w  
pres5t itself 9 a diff]5t light to      
diff]5t m9ds1 :e!r p>ticul> means1 ev5  
?\gh m5 may h be5 l$ by ! ,holy ,_s to  
employ !m1 7 int5d$ = all "t4 ,moreov]  
!re are po9ts 9 reg>d to ! e>lie/ hi/ory
 ( ,*ur* organisation :i* rema9 obscure1
 9 spite ( all ! lab\r t has be5 exp5d$ 
9 inve/igat+ !m3 = in/ance ! exact      
relation ( diff]5t m9i/ries1 ( !        
functions ( diff]5t (fic]s1 to "o ano!r1
 ! exact mom5t :5 ! ord]s ( m9i/]s :i*  
prov$ to be p]man5t appe>$ 9 ?is or t   
important ,*ur*1 ! "p :i* any ( !       
imm$iate disciples ( ,*ri/ _h 9 _!      

e/abli%m5t1 ! ideas :i* at fir/ 7 held z
 to ! dep5d5ce ( ! rites ( ! ,*ur* = _! 
validity ^u be+ p]=m$ by a lawful       
m9i/ry4 ,^u ^! matt]s1 or "s ( !m1 x is 
possible = hone/ & compet5t inquir]s to 
hold diff]5t op9ions4 ,b no su* d\bt    
hangs ov] t ,end :i* 0 also ! ,beg9n+1 (
 ! ,*ur*'s life1 t conception ( :at %e  
is1 or ought to be1 z ! society ( ^? :o 
confess ! ,"n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & :o are  
,8 ,body4 ,i insi/ ^u ?is because ,i ?9k
 t amid discussions on ! orig9 ( !      
,*ri/ian ,m9i/ry1 ! significance ( t m  
fundam5tal "q1 namely1 ! "r conception (
 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 is apt to be too mu* 
lo/ sight (4 ,ab\t ?is1 ?\gh m5 /ill d  
n1 !y ought to be able to agree1 & x    
%\ld be our common inspiration1 bo?     
impell+ u & guid+ u 9 seek+ our goal4   
,we ne$ x to impel u4 ,! ob/acles to !  
reunion ( ,*ri/5dom at ! pres5t day are 
su* t a motive :i* c be f\nd is requir$ 
to induce & su/a9 action 9 seek+ x1     
:5ev] & :]ev] ! opportunity = do+ s     
pres5ts itself2 su* a motive is to be   

f\nd 9 a deep conviction ( ! sacr$ness (
 ?is object1 s t our eyes maybe kept    
fix$ ^u x ev5 :5 !re appe>s to be no    
op5+ ?r\gh :i* an advance t[>d x c be   
made1 & !re is no?+ to be done save to  
wait & wat* & pray4 ,b 9 ord] also t !  
result ( any ef=ts t are made may be    
satisfactory1 x is necess>y t our m9ds  
%\ld be "u ! guidance ( a great & true  
idea1 & t we %\ld n simply be animat$ ) 
! desire ( meet+ imm$iate ne$s4 ,^! are 
! reasons :i* ,i ?9k ju/ify me = hav+   
deta9$ y s long ov] ! consid]ation ( !  
fundam5tal conception ( ! ,*ur* :i* is  
root$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? itself z x fir/
 appe>$ & spread 9 ! _w4  ,i w n[1      
h[ev]1 be=e conclud+ make a few rem>ks  
on "o "p ( ! complicat$ problem (       
reunion fac+ u to-day4 ,! "p ( x on :i* 
,i desire to speak is ! relations betwe5
 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & ! ,*ur*es 9        
communion ) h] 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,briti% 
,empire & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! "o h&1
 & on ! o!r ,engli% ,noncon=mi/s1 !     
,presbyt]ians ( ,scotl&1 & all          

,engli%-speak+ ,*ri/ians alli$ to or    
resembl+ ^!4 ,x w1 ,i ?9k1 be g5]ally   
felt t ?is is a "p ( ! subject :i* = m  
?an "o reason specially invites our     
att5tion4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "s1 bo? cl]gy
 & laity1 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ?\gh !y   
are b a v small numb] 9 comp>ison ) its 
memb]s z a :ole1 ^: int]e/ 9 ! subject (
 ! reunion ( ,*ri/5dom is ma9ly %ewn 9 !
 desire to obta9 recognition = ! ,*ur* (
 ,engl&1 z a portion ( ! ,*ur* ,ca?olic1
 f ! great ,*ur* ( ! ,we/4 ,b 9 view ( !
 attitude ma9ta9$ by t ,*ur* !re appe>s 
to be no prospect ( ?is & no?+ to be    
ga9$ by attempts at negotiation4        
,endeav\rs to e/abli% int]communion ) ! 
,*ur*es ( ,ea/]n ,*ri/5dom may be made )
 m hope ( success4 ,inde$ !re is reason 
to ?9k t 9 ! ye>s to come ! ,*ur* (     
,engl& may be 9 a specially fav\rable   
position = gett+ into t\* ) ^! ,*ur*es &
 assi/+ !m to recov] f ! effects ( !    
,w>1 & to make progress2 & ,engli%m5    
g5]ally w\ld1 ,i am sure1 rejoice t %e  
%\ld und]take su* "w4 ,b ! "q ( ! duty  

to "o ano!r ( all ^? bodies ( ,engli%   
,*ri/ians :i* ,i h specifi$ comes ne>]  
home & %\ld press ^u our m9ds & he>ts m 
/rongly4 ,x is a practical "o 9 e       
,engli% t[n & e c\ntry p>i%1 & almo/    
ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! _w :]e ! ,engli%      
language is spok54 ,moreov]1 ev5 ! mo/  
loyal memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 9 spite
 ( ! po9ts ( pr9ciple on :i* !y are     
divid$ f ^? o!r ,engli% ,*ri/ians1      
resemble !m m closely 9 _m respects 9 _!
 modes ( ?\ght1 ev5 on religion1 ?an !y 
d ! memb]s ( o!r portions ( ! anci5t    
,ca?olic ,*ur* f :i* !y h become        
sep>at$4 ,& 9 addition to ! di/9ctly    
religi\s reasons = consid]+ !           
possibility ( draw+ m closely toge!r &  
ev5 ultimately unit+ 9 "o communion ^!  
diff]5t d5om9ations ( ,briti% ,*ri/ians1
 !re is a patriotic motive = do+ s4     
,full] religi\s sympa?y1 m coop]ation1  
betwe5 ! memb]s ( ^! diff]5t d5om9ations
 c\ld n fail to /r5g!n greatly ! bonds  
betwe5 diff]5t classes among/ u1 & to   
increase ! coh]5cy ( ! :ole nation &    

empire4  ,x w\ld be unwise1 if 9 propos+
 /eps t[>ds reunion1 difficulties &     
dang]s connect$ ) !m 7 ignor$2 & ,i     
believe x to be my duty frankly to ref] 
to "s :i* sugge/ !mselves to "o look+ f 
a ,*ur*man's po9t ( view4 ,!re are two  
*ief b>ri]s to ! union ( memb]s ( !     
,*ur* ( ,engl& & ,engli% ,noncon=mi/s t 
mu/ be m5tion$4  7#a7 ,t :i* ,i w ref]  
to fir/ is ! connexion ( ! ,*ur* (      
,engl& ) ! ,/ate4  ,?is connexion is n1 
,i ?9k1 su* a h9drance to religi\s      
sympa?y z x 01 b x w\ld be untrue to say
 t x is none4 ,& !re is ( c\rse ! dang] 
t if dise/abli%m5t became a political   
"q1 & especially if x involv$ !         
deflection ( end[m5ts :i* h long be5    
us$1 & on ! :ole well-us$1 = ! ma9t5ance
 & fur!rance ( religion to secul>       
objects1 feel+ betwe5 ! majority (      
,*ur*m5 & ^? :o 9 consequ5ce ( _! views 
9 ! matt] became oppos$ to !m might be  
s]i\sly embitt]$4 ,yet !re is good gr\nd
 = hop+ t ! "q ( ! relations ( ,*ur* &  
,/ate & all matt]s connect$ !re) w 9 !  

ye>s t are com+ be fac$ 9 a calm] _s1 & 
) tru] insight into important pr9ciples1
 ?an too (t5 !y h be5 9 ! pa/4 ,x %\ld  
c]ta9ly be easi] = ^? :o approa* !m f   
diff]5t sides to und]/& "o ano!r4       
,p>ticul> grievances connect$ )         
inequality ( treatm5t by ! ,/ate h be5  
remov$2 :ile a broad pr9ciple = :i*     
,noncon=mi/s /& 9 common has come to be 
m cle>ly ass]t$1 ?r\gh _! atta*+        
increas+ly less significance to ! gr\nds
 on :i* diff]5t bodies among/ !m 7 =m$1 
z indicat$ 9 ! names by :i* !y h be5    
sev]ally kn[n1 & b&+ !mselves toge!r z !
 ,free ,*ur*es4 ,b 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&   
also 9 rec5t ye>s !re has be5 a gr[+    
s5se ( ! ne$ ( fre$om4 ,x is bett]      
realis$ ?an at "o "t t 9 no circum/ances
 c\ld ! ,*ur* rightly be reg>d$ z a m]e 
dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate1 or ev5 z ! mo/      
important aspect ( ! life ( ! ,/ate4    
,h[ev] complete ! h>mony betwe5 ,*ur* & 
,/ate might be1 ! ,*ur* ought to h a    
corporate life ( h] own4 ,%e requires   
su* indep5d5ce z may enable h] to be    

h]self1 to d h] own "w1 to act accord+  
to ! laws ( h] own be+4 ,?is is necess>y
 ev5 t %e may dis*>ge adequately h] own 
function 9 ! nation4  ,x is n "p ( my   
duty n[ to inquire 9 :at respects !     
,*ur* ( ,engl& lacks ?is fre$om1 or :e!r
 su* readju/m5ts 9 h] connexion ) !     
,/ate c be expect$ z w\ld secure x to   
h]1 imply+ z ! mak+ ( !m w\ld t1 al?\gh 
%e does n n[ include among h] memb]s m  
?an half ! nation1 %e is /ill = an      
indef9itely long "t to cont9ue to be !  
(ficial repres5tative ( religion 9 !    
nation4 ,b ,i w\ld urge t :5 ^! po9ts   
are discuss$ ! "q %\ld also be consid]$ 
:e!r1 9 a nation ! great majority 9 :i* 
pr(ess to be ,*ri/ian1 ! ,/ate ought n  
to make pr(ession ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1
 :i* involves its e/abli%m5t 9 "s =m1 & 
:e!r !re are n sub/antial b5efits       
especially ( an educative k9d to be     
d]iv$ !refrom = ! nation at l>ge2 & if s
 h[ ?is c 9 exi/+ circum/ances be       
suitably done4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t 9  
_m cases ! =efa!rs ( ^? :o are n[       

sep>at$ f ! ,national ,*ur* did n hold t
 a connexion betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate "u any
 =m 0 wrong2 b on ! contr>y _! idea ( a 
true & complete national life includ$   
"o4 ,i ?9k x is well to recall ! view 9 
?is matt] ( m5 ( ano!r "t4 ,x is        
desirable t we %\ld make our            
consid]ation ( ! :ole subject ( ,*ur* & 
,/ate z broad z we c1 & t we %\ld /rive 
n to be c>ri$ away into accept+ "s      
solution :i* at ! mom5t seems ! easie/1 
:5 ) a little pati5ce "s bett] & tru] "o
 might be f\nd possible4  7#b7 ,! o!r   
b>ri] to :i* ,i h ref]r$ is ! claim ( ! 
,*ur* ( ,engl& to a cont9uity ( fai? &  
life ) ! fai? & life ( ! ,*ur* ,univ]sal
 f ! beg9n+1 ma9ta9$ 9 ! fir/ place     
?r\gh a ,m9i/ry ! memb]s ( :i* h 9 due  
succession receiv$ _! commission by     
means ( ! ,hi/oric ,episcopate1 &1      
secondly1 ?r\gh ! ackn[l$gm5t ( c]ta9   
e>ly & widely accept$ cre$s4 ,?is       
cont9uity 0 reass]t$ :5 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&
 />t$ on h] new c>e] at ! ,re=mation1   
?\gh at ! same "t ! necessity 0 !n      

/rongly insi/$ on ( te/+ ! purity &     
s\ndness ( ! ,*ur*'s fai? & =ms ( wor%ip
 by ,holy ,scripture4 ,^! gu>antees &   
means ( cont9uity are valu$ 9 v diff]5t 
degrees by diff]5t sections ( op9ion 9 !
 ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & "s :o atta*          
comp>atively little importance to matt]s
 ( organisation w\ld atta* great        
importance to ! =mul>ies ( belief4 ,b   
!re c be no d\bt t any /eps :i* appe>$  
s]i\sly to compromise ! pres]vation ( ! 
great features ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 ei!r
 ( ^! respects w\ld cause deep          
di/urbance among h] memb]s4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 x w be readily und]/ood by all :o c 
appreciate ! *anges t 9 our own & rec5t 
g5]ations h come 9 m5's view ( ,nature &
 ( ,m9d1 & 9 ! int]pretation ( hi/orical
 evid5ce1 t def9itions ( belief fram$ 9 
! pa/ may n 9 e po9t express accurately 
! beliefs ( all :o nev]!less ) full     
conviction own ,jesus ,*ri/ z ,"l4 ,x is
 obvi\s1 ,i ?9k1 t1 if ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 
is to endure1 !re mu/ be on ! "p ( h]   
memb]s ess5tial loyalty to ! fai? out ( 

:i* %e sprang1 & :i* has inspir$ h]     
?r\gh\t ! ages to ?is day4 ,b x is an   
anxi\s problem = ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& at !  
pres5t "t--& x is likely to become s    
likewise1 if x is n yet1 = all portions 
( ! ,*ur* 9 :i* anci5t /&>ds ( belief1  
or ^? fram$ 9 ! #af? c5tury1 or lat]1   
hold an au?oritative place--to decide   
:]e9 ess5tial loyalty to ! fai? once    
deliv]$ consi/s4  ,x may seem at fir/   
sight t :5 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& has s]i\s   
que/ions to grapple ) affect+ h] int]nal
 unity1 & especially affect+ t unity 9  
v>iety :i* to "s consid]able degree %e  
repres5ts & :i* is ! mo/ valuable k9d ( 
unity1 attempts to jo9 ) o!r ,*ri/ians  
outside h] bord]s 9 consid]+ a basis (  
union ) !m are unwise at lea/ at !      
mom5t1 z t5d+ to increase ! complexity &
 ! difficulties ( ! position )91 & z    
!re=e to be deprecat$ 9 ! int]e/s (     
unity itself4 ,i d n ?9k s1 b believe t 
assi/ance may ?us be obta9$ 9 rea*+ a   
satisfactory settlem5t ev5 ( int]nal    
difficulties4  ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re  

has ( late be5 among memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( 
,engl& a *ange ( temp] :i* %\ld be a    
prep>ation = consid]+ h] relations ) ^? 
sep>at$ f h] 9 a wis] & m lib]al _s ?an 
has be=e be5 possible4 ,^? ,*ur*m5 :o   
w\ld insi/ mo/ /rongly on ! necessity ( 
pres]v+ ! ,*ur*'s anci5t ord] d n       
usually ma9ta9 ! attitude to diss5t ( ! 
,anglican ,high & ,dry ,s*ool1 :i* 0    
/ill common 9 ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury4 
,! "w :i* ,noncon=mi/ bodies h done = ! 
spiritual & moral life ( ,engl&1 & !    
imm5se debt :i* we all owe to !m on t   
acc\nt1 are ?ankfully admitt$4 ,no "o   
inde$ c d o!rwise ?an admit x ?ankfully 
:o has eyes to see1 & ! s5se ( ju/ice & 
g5]osity ( m9d to ackn[l$ge :at he sees4
 ,& ! inf]5ce mu/ be t1 al?\gh ! belief 
may be held z firmly z ev] t ! ,_s (    
,god inspir$ t ,ord] :i* s e>ly took    
%ape 9 ! ,*ur*1 & t ,he work$ ?r\gh x & 
cont9ues to d s1 yet t also1 :5 m5 h    
fail$ rightly to use ! appo9t$ means1   
,he has f\nd o!r ways ( work+4 ,?is     
view1 :5 x has _h its due influ5ce ^u   

?\ght1 c h>dly fail to affect pr(\ndly !
 measures propos$ = heal+ ! divisions   
:i* h aris54  ,!n1 aga91 on ! o!r       
side--! side ( ^? sep>at$ f ! ,*ur* (   
,engl&--!re is m appreciation ( ! po9t (
 view ( ,*ur*m5 9 respect to _! l9ks ) !
 pa/ & _! idea ( ,ca?olicity4 ,?is is   
due p>tly to a broad] int]e/ 9 ! life ( 
! ,*ur* 9 =m] ages & ! h]oic & sa9tly   
*>act]s :i* !y produc$ ?an s9ce !       
,re=mation has be5 common among ^?      
,engli% ,*ri/ians1 :o are1 9 a special  
s5se1 *ildr5 ( ! ,re=mation2 p>tly1     
p]haps1 to a gr[+ d\bt1 z views (       
,*ri/ian tru? h become l>g]1 :e!r aft]  
all a s+le doctr9e or op9ion1 or rev]5ce
 = ! tea*+ ( "o man1 c make a           
satisfactory basis = ! p]man5t gr\p+ (  
,*ri/ians4 ,at ! same "t 9 reg>d to     
fundam5tal ,*ri/ian belief1 ! mean+ :i* 
! revelation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ has = !m1 !y
 are & are consci\s ( be+ at "o ) !     
,*ur*4  ,/rik+ evid5ce ( ^! new t5d5cies
 ( ?\ght on bo? sides is to be se5 9 !  
movem5t orig9at$ by ! ,prote/ant        

,episcopal ,*ur* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = a  
,_w-,conf]5ce on ,fai? & ,ord]1 & 9 !   
mann] 9 :i* ! proposal = su* a ,conf]5ce
 has be5 receiv$ 9 ,engl&1 & ! /eps     
already tak5 9 prep>ation = x4 ,a body (
 repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & ( !
 ,free ,*ur*es has be5 appo9t$1 & a     
,committee ( ?is body has already       
publi%$ sugge/ions = a basis ( union4   
,^! h /ill1 ,i und]/&1 to come be=e !   
g5]al body ( ,engli% repres5tatives1 & x
 is int5d$ 7,i believe7 t ! proposals ( 
! ,committee1 aft] be+ exam9$ & possibly
 am5d$ & supplem5t$ by ! l>g] body1     
%\ld1 ) any proposals t may be made f   
simil> jo9t-bodies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9
 ! ,briti% ,dom9ions1 be consid]$ by a  
body ( repres5tatives f ! :ole ( ?is va/
 area4 ,any conclusions :i* are ?us     
rea*$ mu/ !n lie1 s to speak1 be=e all !
 d5om9ations conc]n$4 ,opportunity mu/  
be giv5 = _! be+ widely /udi$ & expla9$ 
& reflect$ ^u1 & if ne$ be criticiz$4 ,=
 ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ is1 or ought to be1 9 a
 true s5se a democratic society1 a      

society 9 :i*1 subject to its gov]n+    
pr9ciples1 ! spiritual consci\sness (   
all ! fai?ful %\ld make itself felt4  ,=
 ! end ( su* a process z ?is we mu/ wait
 a consid]able "t4 ,mean:ile !re are    
obvi\s ways 9 :i* ! cause ( unity may be
 promot$2 viz4 ?r\gh seek+ = a l>g]     
am\nt ( int]c\rse ) ! memb]s ( o!r      
d5om9ations ?an our own2 = m jo9t /udy (
 religi\s que/ions & frank int]*ange (  
views1 & m coop]ation 9 v>i\s =ms (     
moral & social endeav\r4 ,! way w\ld ?us
 be1 we may hope1 prep>$ = full]        
int]communion1 & x may be = corporate   
reunion4  ,,footnotes3  #a #a ,cor4 x4  
#ag1 ,r4,v4 mg4  #b ,gal4 iii4 #bh  #c  
,col4 i4 #ah1 #bd2 ,eph4 i4 #bb1 v4 #bc 
ff4  #d ,gal4 i4 #ac2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #i4  
#e #a ,cor4 xvi4 #a1 #ai2 #b ,cor4 viii4
 #a2 ,gal4 i4 #b1 #bb4  #f #a ,cor4 xii4
 #bh4  #g #a ,cor4 x4 #cb4  #h #a ,cor4 
xi4 #bb4  #i ,! ,*ri/ian ,ecclesia1 pp4 
#c ff4  #aj ,die ,mission u4            
,ausbreitung d4 ,*ri/5tums1 p4 #bib4    
#aa ,kir*5re*t1 #a4 pp4 #af ff4  #ab #a 

,cor4 xi4 #af4  #ac ,ephes4 v4 #bf1 #bg4
     ,,unity ,,betwe5 ,,*ri/ian         
,,d5om9ations     ,,ii4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,9  
,,! ,,furnace  ,by ! ,rev4 ,e4          
,,miln]-,,:ite1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,s4,o4   ,at 
la/ we h begun to see ! absolute        
necessity ( ,unity 9 ,*ri/1 ( religi\s  
reunion1 = ! sake ( bo? ,*ri/ianity & ! 
_w4  ,= sev]al ye>s dev\t ,*ri/ians 9   
,engl& h be5 gr[+ m & m uneasy ab\t _!  
acquiesc5ce 9 religi\s division4 ,!     
read+ ( ! ,gospels1 & especially !      
eighte5? *apt] ( ,/ ,john1 :]e ,he prays
 on ! ?re%old ( ,8 agony t ,8 disciples 
may be "o1 ev5 z ,he & ! ,fa!r are "o1  
has become no?+ less ?an a torm5t to ^? 
:o h any real passion = ! do+ ( ,god's  
w1 or :o are humbl$ by ! trem5d\s love (
 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 = ea* & = all4   
,?us f> h we gone f ! cle> m9d ( ,*ri/2 
?us f> h we ru9$ ,8 plans = ! heal? &   
happ9ess ( ! _w2 ?us f> h we fail$ to   
imitate or display ! love1 ! humility1 !
 self-sacrifice1 t walk$ to ,calv>y3 ,he
 bade u be "o1 & to love2 we1 !         

disciples1 h *os5 to hate & be _m4      
,engli% ,*ri/ianity alone is split into 
hundr$s ( d5om9ations4 ,! fact is its   
own grim condemnation4 ,we _h lo/ ev5 ! 
s5se t division matt]$4 ,x is q         
ridicul\s to pret5d t no?+ is wrong ) ! 
religi\s ideas or /ate ( a race1 :i*    
produces hundr$s ( bodies1 big & small1 
to wor%ip ,him :o only ask$ t ,8        
wor%ipp]s %\ld be ,,"o4 ,d5om9ation     
itself has become a ^w ( %ame :i* we    
%all n be able to use mu* long]4 ,x br+s
 up at once ! ?\ght ( some?+ p>tial1    
little1 f> less ?an ! ,body = :i* ,*ri/ 
di$2 & a ho/ ( yet m horrid pictures (  
old squabbles & pres5t rivalries1 (     
contempt & bitt]ness & controv]sy4 ,x   
does n sugge/ "o ,*ri/ian idea at all4  
,^! uneasy ?\ghts ev5 be=e ! w> 7 br\ght
 home by ! practical results ( disunion 
z work$ out inevitably 9 ! colonies &   
mission field4 ,! language is n too     
/rong t labels !m mon/r\s4 ,"h 0 ! fl[] 
( our ,*ri/ian devotion go+ =? to hea!n 
wilds1 meet+ by ,god's grace ) wide     

success2 & e/abli%+ our little local    
d5om9ations firmly 9 ! nations1 tribes1 
& isl&s ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralasia2
 r5d]+ x h>d = a native ,*ri/ian :o     
moves f 8 home to get else:]e ! accu/om$
 m9i/ries & means ( grace vital to 8 "y 
fai?2 plant+ se$s ( future qu>rel at ! v
 bir? ( new tribes into ! ,pr9ce (      
,peace4 ,9 ! ,dom9ions1 ) _! ?9 & widely
 scatt]$ populations1 o!r ph5om5a1      
equally deplorable1 are manife/--five   
*ur*es 9 places :]e "o suffices1 appall+
 wa/e ( ef=t & money1 & ev5 ugly        
competition = adh]5ts4  ,9 ,engl& we    
h>dly saw ^! ?+s4 ,! population 0 l>ge  
en\gh & indiff]5t en\gh to ,god to      
provide room = ! activities ( all4 ,!   
indiff]5ce inde$ seem$ to be gr[+4 ,we  
did n /op to ?9k :e!r disgu/ at cont9u\s
 controv]sy _h n done mu* to cause t    
indiff]5ce--h[ f> our divisions simply  
manufactur$ scepticism z to !re be+ any 
religi\s tru?--:e!r ! obvi\s            
lovelessness ( su* conditions 0 likely  
to recomm5d ! religion ( ,love--:e!r ?is

 disp>ate *aos 0 likely to be a field 9 
:i* ! ,"l1 :o design$ & f\nd$ "o        
bro!rhood ( believ]s1 c\ld "w or give ,8
 grace to ! utt]mo/4 ,no1 ! ,*ri/ianity 
( our ,*ri/ians has t5d$ to be a ?9     
individual ?+1 ) int]e/s sc>cely ext5d$ 
beyond its own local congregation1 :i*  
is bad en\gh2 or /ill worse1 9 our t[ns1
 cont5t to w&] f congregation to        
congregation1 own+ no discipl9e or      
loyalty at all4  ,& yet 9 ! same brea? z
 we say1 ,i believe 9 ,god1 we also say1
 mo/ ( u1 ,i believe "o ,ca?olick &     
,apo/olick ,*ur*4 ,x is a cr[n+ m]cy t  
we d say x2 t we d be> witness s        
outright to ! /ate ( s9 9 :i* we dwell2 
! clause does keep ! m9d ( ,*ri/ & our  
own duty be=e u1 ( e/abli%+ z ! fir/1   
p]haps ! only hope ( ?is s9-/a9$1       
w>-/a9$ e>?1 ! bro!rhood ( believ]s :i* 
%all be "o4  ,!n came ! w>1 & 9 _m ways 
! w>1 :i* has 9 e direction cle>$       
vision1 & bo? deep5$ & simplifi$ ?\ght1 
has br\ght home to e ,*ri/ian bo? !     
disa/] ( disunion1 & ! imp]ative ne$ (  

attempt+ unity4  ,y w expect me to give 
"s acc\nt ( ! reaction ( ! *apla9s & !  
,*ur* 9 ,france to ?is conviction4      
,p]haps ,i %\ld make cle> my own        
position4 ,folk probably t]m me an      
advanc$ ,high ,*ur*man4 ,i %\ld call    
myself a ,ca?olic--an ,engli% ,ca?olic1 
if y l--1 at any rate1 "o :o _c fairly  
be accus$ ( ignorance ( ! details &     
dep?s ( our divisions2 nor ( und]e/imat+
 _! real importance4  ,! prie/s :o w5t  
out z ,*apla9s to ! ,=ces _h an exp]i5ce
 some:at simil> to t ( colonial or      
mission>y prie/s--!y ex]cis$ _! m9i/ry  
"u totally new conditions1 & 9 a new    
atmosph]e4 ,s did ! ,roman ,ca?olics1   
,noncon=mi/s1 & ,presbyt]ians1 b ( c\rse
 ,i d n speak = !m 9 :at foll[s4 ,b all 
! ,*ur* ( ,engl& padres--high1 l[1      
broad--tell exactly ! same tale ( _!    
exp]i5ce2 betwe5 !m !re has be5 no      
division2 !y h work$ toge!r 9 p]fect    
h>mony & ke5ness1 l>gely appropriat+ ea*
 o!r's me?ods4 ,9 a ^w1 !y h discov]$ h[
 false & artificial is ! p>tisan        

atmosph]e ( home religion2 & :5 !y      
return1 w f9d x h>d to tol]ate any      
cont9uance ( x4  ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is z 
a matt] ( fact divid$ r\ghly into ?ree  
sections1 by no means correspond+ to !  
high1 l[1 & broad1 ( ! *ur* j\rnals4    
,mo/ ,*ur* ( ,engl& m5 sc>cely "k :at ^!
 t]ms mean4 ,no1 x consi/s ( a devot$   
inmo/ section1 regul> *ur*go]s &        
communicants--& y w p>don me = ?9k+ !m !
 be/ in/ruct$1 ! free/1 & ! /urdie/     
,*ri/ians 9 ! _w4 ,!y are ( c\rse 9 a   
m9ority1 b !y are actually num]\s en\gh 
to occupy ! "t & c>e ( our :ole m9i/ry1 
:i* is f> bel[ reasonable /r5g?4 ,!n    
comes a l>ge fr+e1 :o come to ,*ur*     
occasionally1 or ev5 regul>ly1 9 ! ev5+2
 :o make little or no use ( !           
,sacram5ts1 or ( ! m intimate devotions 
& in/ructions provid$3 !y are well      
dispos$2 b are n consci\sly prep>$ to   
make sacrifices = _! fai?2 & inde$ are  
some:at ignorant ( its cont5ts & dem&s4 
,!n ?irdly1 !re is a yet va/] multitude1
 baptis$1 m>ri$1 & buri$1 p]haps by !   

,*ur*1 & !re=e c\nt+ !mselves ,*ur* (   
,engl&1 b :o come b r>ely )9 ! orbit (  
,*ur* life & tea*+2 & :o1 n to m9ce     
words1 are semi-pagan4 ,only semi-pagan 
because ! e?ics1 morals & traditions (  
,engl& are ,*ri/ian2 & ^! p1 kn[+ little
 ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & und]/&+ less1 & n    
consci\sly mov$ by ,him1 yet n          
infrequ5tly rise to heights ( love &    
sacrifice :i* w\ld adorn ! life ( a     
sa9t4  ,! mass ( our p>i%ion]s 9        
,france1 !n1 0 n made up ( ! inn]       
circle--we 7 lucky if we f\nd ?ree or   
f\r 9 a unit--b ( ! ill-in/ruct$ fr+e1 &
 ! totally ignorant multitudes4 ,!      
horror & bor$om ( w>1 ! p]sonal         
insecurity1 ! difficulty ( und]/&+ !    
ways ( ,god1 made all fri5dly to ! p>son
 ) :om hi!rto !y _h nev] come into      
contact2 & caus$ l>ge numb]s to ?9k ?+s 
out1 & to hung] = an und]/&+ ( ,god4    
,religion became a common topic (       
discussion4 ,! padres f\nd !mselves 9 a 
l>g] _w1 :]e old labels & divisions     
simply _h no mean+2 & :]e ! fir/        

necessity & "w 0 to prea* ,*ri/ & tea* !
 mean+ ( ! ,fai?4 ,!y felt also1 v      
quickly1 t ?is int]e/ 9 ultimate ?+s did
 n mean t m5 became fri5dly to organis$ 
religion 9 any =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 _!    
ho/ility & di/ru/ t[>d all religi\s     
bodies 7 m>k$4 ,! *apla9s _h t common & 
dreadful exp]i5ce ( =eign mission>ies1 (
 feel+ !mselves alone1 clos$ r\nd by    
?ick d>k walls ( unsympa?y & worse4 ,!y 
long$ = ! help & support ( any g5u9e    
fri5d ( ,*ri/1 :atev] body he belong$   
to4 ,i 0 call$ ^u to prea* ! ,national  
,mission 9 a peculi>ly ho/ile &         
irresponsive camp ( motor lorry driv]s1 
:o mu* res5t$ ! use ( _! ,y4,m4,c4,a4   
hut = su* religi\s purposes4 ,a         
,wesleyan m9i/] _h *>ge ( x1 & got f> m 
( _! blunt language ?an ,i ! visitor    
did2 b he work$ undismay$ & unres]v$ly =
 all he 0 wor?1 = ! ,national ,mission &
 = me4 ,! alliance 0 natural1 real1     
inevitable4 ,he & ,i1 & "s five or six  
m5 ( t camp1 7 cle>ly on "o side1 & !   
re/ ( x on ! o!r1 ( an exce$+ broad     

gulf4 ,) ?is z a daily exp]i5ce1 a man's
 values *ang$ rapidly2 & x became q     
obvi\s t1 ev5 to beg9 to fight ! battle 
( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! mod]n _w1 ,*ri/ians   
mu/ be unit$4  ,?is assurance 0 re9=c$  
by ! q extraord9>y sc&al t ! m]e fact ( 
religi\s disunion caus$ bo? to (fic]s & 
m54 ,x 0 ! big1 obvi\s damp] on ! v     
?re%old ( ,*ri/ianity--see h[ ^!        
,*ri/ians hate "o ano!r4 ,(fic]s w\ld   
?r[ ! taunt up aga9 & aga9 9 ! ,mess1 & 
! m5 ly+ d[n to talk !mselves to sleep 9
 _! com=tless b>ns w\ld beg9 to talk    
ab\t religion ) at he>t a wi/ful long+  
to und]/& x & "k its help & p[]4 ,at    
once1 someone w\ld br+ up ! picture (   
squabbl+ d5om9ations1 & ! wi/fulness &  
hope w\ld be sla9 by scorn4 ,next day & 
e day1 ! gl>+ sc&al w\ld be laid be=e ! 
*apla92 :o _h little en\gh to answ]4 ,( 
c\rse1 x is q false to suppose t !      
exi/5ce & cont9uance ( division are due 
to ! cl]gy4 ,our ,engli% s*isms h be5   
caus$ at lea/ z mu* by ov]-eag] laym5 z 
by ov]-eag] cl]gy2 & ,i ?9k if x 7 left 

to ! cl]gy alone ! process ( reunit+    
w\ld be v rapid4 ,9 our ,division1 =    
in/ance1 ! ?ree ,noncon=mi/ ,*apla9s to 
! ,=ces & ,i us$ to talk ov] ! :ole "q2 
"o 0 an or?odox ,wesleyan1 ano!r a      
,primitive1 & ! o!r a ,unit$ ,me?odi/2 &
 !y did n hesitate to say t ,me?odi/    
reunion _h tak5 place m ?an t5 ye>s ago 
if x _h be5 left to ! m9i/]s alone4 ,b !
 av]age ,engli%man naturally blames !   
(ficial repres5tatives ( religion1 _!   
m9i/ries1 = ! obvi\s & op5 disgrace (   
division 9 ! religion ( love2 he is     
ignorant ( ! excuses t hi/ory1 & ! real 
importance ( ! matt]s 9 dispute1 af=d2  
he only sees ! evil fact2 & x is q en\gh
 by itself to excuse 8 clos] association
 ) s h>% a contradiction ( ! fir/       
pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ & ,*ri/ianity4  ,!n    
aga9 9 ,france1 "o came up viol5tly     
aga9/ ! %e] nuisance & wa/e ( division4 
,imag9e ^u a ,friday e ,c4,o4 & adjutant
 7& adjutants are always ov]-work$7 ( e 
unit approa*$ by ?ree ,*apla9s--,*ur* ( 
,engl&1 ,roman ,ca?olic1 & ,noncon=mi/2 

& reque/$ to make diff]5t arrangem5ts at
 diff]5t times = diff]5t fractions ( 8  
comm& to att5d div9e s]vice on !        
,sunday4 ,?is 9 ! mid/ ( mod]n w>1 :]e  
organisation = w> purposes is complex & 
labori\s en\gh4 ,! m]e typ+ & circulat+ 
( ^! arrangem5ts at ,brigade &          
,divisional ,h4,q4 mean 9 sum total a   
va/ exp5diture ( pap] & lab\r4 ,!       
*apla9s1 :o1 ,i hope1 are at lea/       
g5tlem51 feel consid]able %ame at be+ ! 
guiltless au?ors ( ^! confusions4 ,& !  
effect is s deplorable4 ,j :5 ! nation  
is "o1 j :5 ea* milit>y unit seeks to   
promote1 = m]e milit>y effici5cy1 !     
esprit de corps ( its on5ess1 ! religion
 ( ! "o ,*ri/ ent]s z a ?+ :i* almo/    
flaunts fissure4 ,or aga91 ?9k ( ! m]e  
wa/e ( pa/oral effici5cy involv$ 9 ?is  
fact4 ,ea* infantry brigade consi/s     
r\ghly ( f\r battalions1 & ?ree or f\r  
some:at small] units 7,r4,a4,m4,c1      
,m4,g4,c41 etc474 ,= ^! !re are f\r     
*apla9s1 normally two ,*ur* ( ,engl& 7:o
 h #hj p] c5t4 ( ! m5 "u _! c>e71 "o    

,roman ,ca?olic & "o ,presbyt]ian or    
,noncon=mi/4 ,! two latt] h to d ! be/  
!y c ea* to get r\nd all ^! scatt]$     
units to provide = small h&fuls ( m5 9  
ea*4 ,ea* ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& *apla9s has
 to arrange = a :ole half brigade4 ,h[  
mu* m effici5tly & ?or\ghly1 ) h[ mu*   
less ne$less lab\r1 _h ! "w be5 done1 if
 an "o ,*ur* c\ld h set "o *apla9 to    
live ea* ) "o battalion1 & be           
responsible z well = "o small] unit4 ,t 
_h made x easy = a *apla9 to "k 8 flock 
intimately2 n[ x is next to impossible4 
,b above & beyond ^! mis=tunes1 :i* aft]
 all are details1 mu/ be rank$ ! big    
?\ghts & tru?s :i* h swum into ! sight &
 exp]i5ce ( ev]ybody4 ,! fir/ is ?is4   
,grant$ t ! ,*ur* l ! _w 0 surpris$ by !
 sudd5 outbreak ( w>1 & !re=e c\ld n /op
 x2 yet t %e %\ld h no voice at all ev5 
to d5\nce ! unrighte\sness & b>b>ities  
into :i* ! _w plunges deep] e day does  
/rike m5 z wrong4 ,! ,*ur* _c speak     
because %e is n "o2 ev5 suppose all     
,engl& be actually "o national ,*ur*1 if

 x is only national1 x w g ! way ( !    
nation1 & c]ta9ly _c speak to o!r       
nations4 ,= ! ,*ur* ev] to acquire a    
_w-voice 9 ! cause ( love & "r means t  
reunion & our desires = x mu/ n /op %ort
 at home reunion4 ,"h ! witness ( ,roman
 ,ca?olicism to ! necessity (           
int]national ,*ri/ianity is vital to !  
ideal ( a reunit$ ,*ri/5dom4 ,m51 f>    
remov$ f 8 ob$i5ce1 did look wi/fully to
 ! ,pope1 conc$+ t he alone c\ld speak  
su* a ^w to ! _w 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/2 wide & 
deep has be5 ! disappo9tm5t t x 0 n     
spok54 ,"h aga9 x is n ! ,pope1 nor     
,roman ,ca?olicism1 t is to blame1 b !  
:ole divid$ /ate ( ,*ri/5dom :i*        
p>alyses ! action ( ea* communion1 ev5 !
 /ronge/ & mo/ widespread4  ,i w m5tion 
only "o o!r ( ^! big tru?s--!re are _m (
 !m--t h come home to e man2 :]e aga9   
,*ri/ian division is ! fir/ & fatal     
ob/acle 9 ! way4 ,?is "t x affects all !
 look+ =w>d to ! end ( ! w>1 & ! new _w 
( peace4 ,x is un?9kable b t ! new _w   
mu/ be "o ( bro!rhood1 n ( enmity2 (    

love1 n ( hatr$4 ,o!rwise e drop ( blood
 t has be5 %$1 e te> t has fall51 e dea?
 t has be5 di$1 w be s mu* utt] wa/e4 ,t
 is ! "o mo/ intol]ably d>k ?\ght 9 !   
days ( d>kness4 ,!re is a new policy op5
 to ! _w :i* x has nev] yet tri$1 to "w 
t[>d ! ,dom9ance ( ,love4 ,e conceivable
 =m ( selfi%ness has 9 turn dom9at$ !   
affairs ( nations & m52 nev] yet has    
love be5 s]i\sly tri$4 ,b !re w be no   
*ance ( ,int]national ,fri5d%ip1        
,bro!rhood1 ,love1 if ! ,*ur*1 !        
fell[%ip ( ,*ri/ians1 :o are aft] all   
set 9 ! _w by _! own confession1 to live
 by love1 to be ! exempl>s & hot c5tre (
 love1 _c conspicu\sly %ew =? love4 ,h[ 
c ! nations be fri5ds be=e ,*ri/ians be 
bro!rs8 ,we h only to act accord+ to our
 cre$2 & our cre$ does n only believe 9 
bro!rhood1 b 9 ! cont9ual help ( ,god   
,himself 9 our ef=ts to realise x4 ,!   
influ5ce ^u ! _w ev5 ( a p]sev]+ attempt
 to a*ieve a unit$ ,*ri/5dom w\ld surely
 be decisive4 ,!re=e ! reunion (        
,*ri/5dom becomes n[ ! imp]i\s vocation 

( e ,*ri/ian1 ! "o prev5tive ( our agony
 & loss go+ to wa/e1 ! "o hope ( a      
loveless _w1 ! cle> next objective ( !  
,*ur* ( ! liv+ ,god4  ,be=e return+ to !
 idea ( ! ,dom9ance ( ,love1 & a        
consid]ation ( fir/ /eps t[>ds x1 let u 
g back to ,france1 & wat* ! relations ( 
! v>i\s communions !re "o to ano!r aft] 
f\r ye>s ( w>4  ,x is new & r h>d to    
describe4 ,! fir/ few mon?s1 :5 !       
,*apla9s to ! ,=ces ( ! v>i\s           
d5om9ations arriv$ ) _! inh]it$ home    
suspicions "o ( ano!r1 pres5t$ _m       
difficulties t might h increas$         
ill-feel+4 ,an army regulation :i* all[s
 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& *apla9 only to m9i/]  
to ,*ur* ( ,engl& m51 & ! ,roman        
,ca?olic to ,roman ,ca?olic m51 etc41   
r$uc$ ! *ances ( su* conflict2 & at !   
same "t1 ! va/ness & urg5cy ( ! "w !    
*apla9s _h to d swall[$ up all o!r      
?\ghts4 ,z a writ] 9 ,! ,*ur* 9 !       
,furnace said1 ,we h he>d ) m+l$        
irritation & amusem5t t good folk at    
home h be5 ex]cis$ because an undue     

proportion ( m5 ( ?is p>ty or t h be5   
s5t out2 ! "q out "h is n ',to :at p>ty 
does he belong8' b ',is he capable by "*
 & life ( influ5c+ m5 = good1 & w9n+ !m 
= ,god & ,8 ,*ur*8' ,aga91 ! extremely  
free use ( ! ,pray] ,book & ( any & e   
sort ( devotion1 at any & e h\r ( day & 
night1 has brok5 up all prejudic$       
rigidity ( use4 ,me?ods t did n help 7  
dropp$2 me?ods t help$ m5 7 welcome1 f  
:atev] s\rce !y came4  ,s arose a great 
h>mony1 a h>mony ( en]gy & exp]im5t2 &  
al?\gh 9 religi\s matt]s ! ,roman       
,ca?olics reta9$ _! alo(ness1 ! draw+   
toge!r ( o!r d5om9ations1 z repres5t$ by
 _! cl]gy1 has be5 con/ant & p]fectly   
natural & unsuspici\s4 ,unit$ s]vices h 
n be5 common2 ea* d5om9ation has conf9$ 
itself loyally to its own m52 :at !     
/atem5ts 9 ! ,l[] ,h\se ( ,convocation  
meant to ! effect t ! am\nt (           
int]communion go+ on at ! ,front w\ld   
%ock memb]s ( t h\se1 no *apla9 has any 
idea4 ,b ! new1 fre%1 & delightful ?+   
is1 ! absolute lack ( feel+ betwe51 say1

 ! ,ca?olic ,anglican & !               
,congregationali/4 ,!re are num]\s      
occasions on :i* !y mu/ or c "w toge!r2 
on :i* !y mu/ or c d jobs = "o ano!r2 & 
x has be5 decisively prov$ t ! exi/+    
dem>cation & rivalry 9 ,engl& is a false
 & ne$less ?+2 & t work+ toge!r c be a  
real1 unselfconsci\s & :olly pr(itable  
matt]4 ,our ,engli% airs are poison$ by 
pa/ hi/ory & old social cleavage3 9     
,france1 ! pa/ is =gott51 & social      
b>ri]s d n exi/4 ,x is a matt] (        
atmosph]e1 & !re x is cle> & brac+4     
,nobody sacrifices conviction or        
pr9ciple1 b !y love "o ano!r4  ,i d n   
say !re may n be individual misund]/&+s 
& frictions n[ & !n1 b !y are           
miracul\sly few4 ,! normal temp] is %ewn
 by ! num]\s meet+s = conf]5ce &        
devotion by ! v>i\s *apla9s4 ,^! are m  
easy to effect at ! bases ?an 9 ! l9e2 b
 !y take place ev]y:]e4 ,typical is !   
conduct ( a small base on ! sea1 :]e !  
eight *apla9s or s meet regul>ly =      
devotion1 & ea* is entru/$ ) a section (

 ! proce$+s ea* "t4 ,= in/ance1 !       
,am]ican ,episcopalian takes !          
,?anksgiv+1 ! ,presbyt]ian !            
,confession1 ! ,wesleyan ! ,int]cession1
 ea* ( ! o!rs has f\nd f ! same *apt] (1
 say1 ,/ ,m>k's ,gospel1 "s se$-?\ght ^u
 :i* he is all[$ to dilate = f\r m9utes4
 ,!re is no con/ra9t or                 
self-consci\sness 9 ?is ga!r+4 ,ea* is  
p]fectly happy1 & s is ! :ole4  ,x is n 
surpris+ t out ( su* an atmosph]e &     
among su* practices a p[]ful passion =  
unity has aris51 bas$ on some?+ f>      
/rong] ?an s5tim5t1 & hav+ 9 x "s ( !   
fire ( revelation4 ,x has n be5 s\ght2 x
 has come2 x has gr[n3 nobody expect$ x4
 ,x came1 naturally & delightfully4 ,!  
fif? ye> ( w> w assur$ly see "s def9ite 
policy or action t[>ds great] unity     
proce$+ f ,france4 ,! quiet1 unha/y1    
resolv$ mann] 9 :i* ! ,*apla9s to !     
,=ces 9 ,france are mov+ is 9 /rik+     
contra/ to ! ha/y proposals & ha/y      
actions ?reat5+ on ! less prep>$ soil at
 home4 ,inde$ 9 ?is la/ s5t5ce ,i h t\*$

 ^u ! two actual t]rors :i* ! ,*ur* 9   
,france feels4 ,,fir/1 t ha/y & purely  
sectional action on unimag9ative &      
traditional l9es by ! home-cl]gy w give 
! old p>ty-feel+ a new bitt] lease (    
life1 & by ru9+ unnecess>ily ! unity ( !
 ,*ur* ( ,engl& w de/roy ! hopes t are s
 fair ( yet wid] reunion4 ,& ,,second1 t
 ! local outlook ( ! lay-folk--9 our    
villages especially p]haps--& local l9es
 ( cleavage1 n hav+ be5 subject$ to !   
exp]i5ce & discipl9e ( ,france1 w h !   
opposite effect1 prev5t ?+s mov+ z fa/ z
 !y ought1 & ?r[ away ! faire/ *ance (  
buy+ up opportunity t ev] 0 giv5 to !   
,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,to ^! opposite dang]s1  
,i %all recur4  ,! ,dom9ance ( ,love 9 !
 _w6 ,let u see & absorb t big vision   
fir/1 & its pa!tic urg5cy3 its summons  
to ea* body ( ,*ri/ians1 & to e         
individual memb] ( ,*ri/4 ,ackn[l$ge its
 ,,necessity = ! _w1 & !re=e its        
imm$iate necessity = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,god ( 
,love4  ,& next1 be=e consid]+ practical
 /eps1 let u recall c]ta9 po/ulates &   

axioms1 :i* 9 any attempt to realise s  
magnific5t a vision mu/ always be borne 
9 m9d1 le/1 9 our human frailty &       
selfwill1 we head /raight = new         
misund]/&+s & disa/]s#ad4  #a4 ,!       
importance ( unity is s great1 &        
division has be5 f\nd s calamit\s1 & !  
words ( ,*ri/ are s def9ite on !        
subject1 t ,i ?9k all w\ld admit n[ t   
,division is only to be prolong$ =      
causes t are back$ by div9e comm&4 ,!   
l>g] ,*ri/ian bodies are sep>at$ by     
convictions ( great importance2 b a     
sev]e & hone/ self-exam9ation w probably
 less5 ! numb] ( diff]5ces :i* c ju/ify 
! responsibility ( s disa/r\s a ?+ z    
sep>ation1 & !n we c set afoot conf]5ces
 to deal ) :at rema94 ,human temp]am5t1 
upbr++1 tradition1 human ha/e & pride h 
mu* to d ) ! bir?1 /abilis+ & cont9uance
 ( division4 ,a r>e self-abnegation 9   
our ecclesia/ical hi/ory 0 ! p>tial     
suicide ( ! ,non-jur+ s*ism1 & x has    
nev] be5 repeat$2 !re 7 _m great sa9ts  
among ! ,nonjurors4 ,if !y c\ld n take !

 oa? ( allegiance to ,william ,,iii1 &  
!re=e c\ld n rema9 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 !
 be/ ( !m recognis$ t _! individual     
difficulty w\ld n excuse !m if !y       
p]petuat$ !mselves z a ,*ur*4 ,9 any    
junction ( exi/+ divisions1 diff]+      
cu/oms & me?ods ( wor%ip & organisation 
c be & %\ld be safegu>d$4 ,t w\ld only  
make ! m = ! heal? ( ! "o ,body4 ,b1    
division itself is only to be prolong$ =
 causes t are1 or seem to be by         
consci5ce1 back$ by div9e comm&1 & !    
fir/ /ep 9 all "w = reunion w be !      
isolat+ ( ^! causes f less] ?+s1 & _!   
c>eful & pray]ful reconsid]ation4  ,a   
gr& example ( su* process1 ( c\rse1 has 
be5 ! ,conf]5ce ( ! lead]s ( our ,engli%
 d5om9ations1 at ! inspiration ( !      
,am]ican ,committee ( ,fai? & ,ord]1 :i*
 dur+ #aiag fac$ ! "q ( ,episcopacy4 ,! 
f9d+s ( its second int]im report are    
no?+ less ?an a l&m>k 9 ,*ur* ,hi/ory4  
,y rememb] t r\ghly x 0 ?is3 t any      
corporate reunion c only come 9 !       
acceptance ( ! hi/orical ,episcopate2 b 

t ! conception & use ( ,episcopacy 9 !  
,*ur* has be5 a limit$ "o3 !re are _m   
ways ( reg>d+ & us+ bi%ops besides !    
mon>*ical or prelatical way exemplifi$  
by ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,?is is a fir/ pro(
 t :5 tru?s1 ke5ly felt & seem+ly rival1
 are discuss$ 9 ,conf]5ce _s1 !         
angul>ities t (f5d disappe>2 & wid]1    
bigg] tru? comes into ! possession (    
all4 ,x w be s m & m4 ,by fai? we c     
already see t ! lab\r ( und]/&+ unto    
reunion is b\nd to be an imm5se creative
 p]iod 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,god4  #b4 ,our      
second axiom s\nds disc\rag+4 ,j ?is--t 
unity is1 humanly speak+1 impossible4   
,reunion means great *anges ( he>t 9    
great communions ( m51 & we all "k h[   
h>d x is to effect *ange ( he>t ev5 9 ! 
individual4 ,we mu/ n ?9k t no price w h
 to be paid = s good a result1 bo? by   
:ole communions1 & by ! memb]s compos+  
!m2 & t ! :ole =ce ( inh]it$ prejudice1 
pa/ hi/ory1 & pres5t wilfulness1        
ignorance1 & s9c]e conviction w n arise 
9 opposition4 ,! difficulty ev5 (       

approa*+ ,rome illu/rates vividly our   
task4 ,! ,unity ( ,*ri/5dom is a        
mean+less expression )\t t va/          
int]national ,*ur*1 )\t h] ri* /ores (  
devotion & exp]i5ce1 )\t h] unb5d+      
witness to ! fir/ ?+s ( fai?1 wor%ip &  
self-sacrifice4 ,"h ! impossibility is  
op5 & hone/1 b ,i d n "k t !            
difficulties w be great] ?an ^?1 less   
obvi\s z yet1 betwe5 o!r d5om9ations4   
,yet ) ,god all ?+s are possible4 ,?is  
is only ! ,,miracle :i* ,he has set !   
fai? ( mod]n ,*ri/ians to p]=m4  #c4    
,?irdly !n1 our rule mu/ be1 to ha/5    
sl[ly4 ,we are n deal+ ) matt]s         
susceptible ( m]e arrangem5t1 b )       
convictions1 :i* h deep roots 9 hi/ory1 
& cl+ passionately r\nd ! individual4   
,convictions c only be modifi$ or *ang$ 
gradually1 by love & deep] spiritual    
le>n+4 ,bully or outrage a conviction1 &
 y d\ble its /r5g?4 ,t is :y argum5t    
seldom does aught b h>m4 ,argum5t is an 
attack ^u ano!r man's convictions1 or   
semi-convictions1 & inevitably fails to 

d any?+ b /iff5 !m4 ,inevitably !re=e w 
ha/y action by individuals or sections1 
= in/ance 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 = :i* o!r 
sections are n ready1 ?r[ ^! into       
suspicion & opposition4 ,i speak ( my   
own ,communion & say delib]ately1 t if  
at ! mom5t1 ei!r an individual1 or a    
section--any section--( x goes gallop+  
(f1 be its zeal & hope nev] s pure &    
spl5did1 on private roads1 ! :ole desire
 = unity1 & !re=e ! cause ( unity1 w be 
gravely damag$4  ,= ! :ole ,*ur* (      
,engl&--,i ?9k t c be truly said--has n[
 an unutt]able desire = ! joy ( ,unity2 
x is1 fur!r1 conv9c$ t action mu/ be    
tak52 b x is by no means conv9c$ t c]ta9
 actions--to take a concrete example1   
free int]*ange ( pulpits )              
,noncon=mi/s--are z yet ei!r helpful or 
"r4 ,if "o "p adopt su* a policy1       
ho/ilely & sectionally1 x w simply ?r[  
o!rs into conv9c$ opposition & ret>d !  
:ole desire = decades4 ,que/ions (      
deepe/ implication _c be settl$ 9 ha/e4 
,be=e approa*+ at all1 we mu/ f9d ! "r  

me?ods ( approa*4 ,q rightly1 ! ,am]ican
 ,_w ,conf]5ce = ! consid]ation (       
que/ions t\*+ ,fai? & ,ord]1 paid1 f !  
/>t1 ! utmo/1 an uniquely sci5tific1    
att5tion to "r me?od2 _! pati5ce has be5
 lightn+-swift 9 result4 ,x did n ev5 g 
s f> z to say1 ,we w conf]1 t is ! "r   
me?od2 x said1 ,we w le>n h[ to conf]4  
,x 0 a new & by no means easy ex]cise1 b
 x has be5 le>n$1 & ! ,engli% ,conf]5ce 
m5tion$ above1 ! l&m>k1 arose by its    
inspiration & work$ by its me?ods4  ,a  
wrong me?od ( approa* is equally well   
illu/rat$ by ! ga!r+ ( ,evangelical     
cl]gy at ,*elt5ham#ae e>ly 9 ! ,spr+4   
,!y discuss$ to "s purpose1 & at ! end (
 a few days _h drawn out a s]ies ( "s   
doz5 articles ( pr9ciple & action4 ,"s 7
 unexceptionable1 o!rs w5t beyond :at   
ei!r ! ,bi%ops or o!r sections ( ! ,*ur*
 are yet ready to d4 ,su* sectional     
action simply heads = disa/] & vexation4
 ,& x is s fooli%1 s great & difficult  
an end be+ 9 view4 ,:y %\ld any sections
 ( ! ,*ur* meet or deal at all on ?is   

matt]1 except to put _! views humbly at 
! disposal ( _! bre?r5 9 ! ,*ur*8 ,?is  
matt] conc]ns ! :ole ,*ur*2 any action  
is futile :i* does n c>ry ! :ole ,*ur* )
 x1 & ! :ole ,*ur* is ke5 & anxi\s en\gh
 ov] ! problem to be able to agree ^u   
me?ods & policies :i* comb9e dep?1      
wisdom1 pati5ce1 & ord]4 ,we h se5 h[   
titanic ! lab\r is2 impati5ce w help    
no?+2 "h if any:]e is ne$$ ! love t is  
pati5t1 & ready = ! travail ( wait+ &   
pray+4  ,! cry ( g5]\s s\ls ( c\rse is  
,some?+ mu/ be done4 ,( c\rse x mu/2 b  
let anybody consid] :at %e] miracles (  
*ang$ convictions on ,unity h be5 done  
)9 t51 & ev5 five ye>s4 ,bett] ?an any  
su* imm$iate action :i* w\ld c]ta9ly    
cause division1 is ! enl>g+ ( ! scope & 
sph]e ( ?is miracle1 s t ! fri5dly      
conditions ( ,france are naturally      
reproduc$ 9 ,engl&4  ,) ^! precautions1 
!n1 let u see :at c be done ) univ]sal  
cons5t4  7a7 ,! fir/ ?+ is to turn !    
intellectual op9ion t ,*ri/ian division 
is wrong1 & unity necess>y1 into a g5]al

 passion4 ,t is to say1 we want to      
develop among u ! motive ( love4 ,we all
 talk ab\t love glibly1 & ab\t bro!rhood
 & a new _w1 ) v little s5se ( :at ^!   
t]ms involve 9 ! individual life4 ,i am 
sure t we h>dly "k yet :at love means   
nor :at x exacts1 nor guess into h[ _m  
prov9ces ( ord9>y life x c & ought to   
op]ate2 h[ _m h]itages ( pa/ hi/ory x   
mu/ be all[$ to wipe out1 h[ _m         
preconceiv$ notions x mu/ dissipate2    
into h[ _m social1 comm]cial1 municipal1
 political relations x mu/ beg9 to      
p]meate4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t an article 
:i* ,i wrote :5 9 billets ne> ,arras = !
 ,*ur* ,qu>t]ly ,review sugge/$ a new   
,national ,mission ( ,love 9 ! ,*ur* (  
,engl&4 ,= ! space ( a mon? or m ! "o   
subject dealt ) by prea*]s & tea*]s     
?r\gh\t ! ,communion w\ld be ,love1 9   
all its be>+s1 & ) special ref]5ce to   
religi\s diff]5ces & _! heal+4 ,i       
believe t ?is w\ld be a spl5did way (   
mak+ ! passion = new love & wid]        
bro!rhood g5]al1 an act ( pure religion 

( highe/ importance bo? to our          
,*ri/ianity & national life1 & sure (   
bless+ by ,god4 ,x w\ld assure our      
,noncon=mi/ bro!rs t we mean bus9ess1 & 
mean x deeply4 ,p]haps !y w\ld foll[    
suit 9 _! own congregations4  ,x is ! m 
important1 because !re is a dang] ( !   
lead]s & cl]gy ( communions ru%+ ahead (
 ! rank & file4 ,naturally !y see ! va/ 
issues mo/ cle>ly2 ! congregation sees m
 easily its own ne$s & habits ( wor%ip1 
& incl9es to %ut out ( m9d ! ne$s &     
int]e/s ( ! ,*ur* z a :ole4 ,a ,national
 ,mission ( ,love1 deal+ ) all hi/ory1 !
 l>g] duties ( ! pres5t1 & future hopes1
 w\ld help to correct ?is1 & give a s+le
 m9d to ! :ole body4  7b7 ,!n1 9 ord] t 
! ,*ur* ( ,engl& may g =w>d z "o :ole1  
)\t ! risk ( sectional exasp]ation1 x   
does seem to me an urg5t necessity t--,i
 d hope x is n a presumptu\s            
sugge/ion--! ,ar*bi%ops appo9t a ,c\ncil
 ( ,unity2 to ?ra% out ! :ole subject1 &
 decide on def9ite /eps ( action1 bo? )9
 & )\t ! ,*ur*4  ,my vision sees x ?us4 

,a small ,c\ncil (1 say1 five ,bi%ops1 &
 a doz5 o!r memb]s4 ,^! doz5 to be      
nom9at$1 n elect$1 & to consi/ ( ! lead+
 & tru/$ m5 ( ea* p>ty ) at lea/ two (  
our greate/ s*ol>s4 ,x mu/ be small1 s t
 x may truly conf]--n drop into         
controv]sy--& meet regul>ly4 ,x %\ld    
issue def9ite advice & sugge/ion1 all ( 
:i* w\ld be unanim\s1 ^u :i* ! :ole     
,*ur* c\ld act1 & act imm$iately4 ,i am 
sure t ! am\nt ( unanimity w\ld be      
surpris+1 & ! advice bold4 ,p]haps !    
,ar*bi%ops & ,bi%ops 9 accept+ & issu+  
su* reports w\ld require !m to be read 9
 e pulpit 9 ! l&1 s t ! :ole ,communion 
und]/& :at is go+ on1 & ea* congregation
 be spurr$ to d its "p 9 its own        
locality4  ,! m]e appo9tm5t ( su* a     
,c\ncil w\ld be a notable /ep t[>ds     
unity & place ! :ole matt] on1 s to     
speak1 a sci5tific foot+4 ,! ,*ur* (    
,engl& w\ld !n be wisely & consi/5tly   
ord]$ to ! "o end1 & be ?9k+ & act+ z   
itself an unity2 ! dang] ( sectional    
action w\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & !   

mutual confid5ce ( ! sections be assur$4
 ,inde$ x w\ld be a h>d bl[ to ! bad    
p>ty lic5ce too common hi!rto among/ u4 
,fur!r1 ! ,noncon=mi/ communions w\ld h 
a def9ite organ to approa* on all       
subjects mak+ = fri5dl9ess1 coop]ation1 
& conf]5ce1 & suffici5t c]ta9ty t !     
,*ur* ( ,engl& desir$ ! peace (         
,j]usalem v e>ne/ly inde$4  7c7 ,!re are
 a numb] ( issues on :i* all communions 
c\ld beg9 at once to "w toge!r4 ,!re is 
a real *ance ( aboli%+ w>1 & e/abli%+ a 
m or less univ]sal peace4 ,! idea ( !   
,league ( ,nations ga9s gr\nd4 ,bi%op   
,gore is already summon+ ! support &    
lab\r ( ! ,*ur* to x4 ,"h s]i\s unit$   
ef=t ( all ,*ri/ian bodies1 ( ,europe & 
,am]ica1 is obvi\sly fitt+ & might be   
decisive4  ,!re are ! hundr$ social     
problems confront+ u4 ,! v work+ toge!r 
^u ^! w\ld be z valuable z ! l>ge am\nt 
( "w t s easily might be done4          
,education6 ,^w ( lam5table memories4 ,!
 pres5t ,bill1 :i* all ,*ri/ian bodies h
 urg$ on1 left 9 despair ! vital "q (   

religi\s tea*+ until ! ,*ur*es c agree  
^u x among !mselves4 ,) all ! lessons ( 
! w>1 bo? to ! appall+ ne$ ( su* tea*+1 
& ( ! necessity ( bigg] ?9k+1 c !y n d x
 n[8 ,"h is a critical field =          
coop]ation & self-suppression4 ,only let
 ! y\ng] m5 be put to ! task4 ,! eld] w 
be ! fir/ to admit t long controv]sy &  
deep5+ opposition h unfitt$ !m = s9c]e  
agreem5t4 ,! y\ng] m5 are fre%1 & />t ) 
an eag]ness to f9d ! way out4  7d7      
,coop]ation 9 ^! great matt]s w n only  
promote unity1 b display already ! m5 ( 
,*ri/ z "o be=e ! _w4 ,b x is n en\gh4  
,h[ ab\t coop]ation 9 directly religi\s 
"w & wor%ip8 ,! visible unity ( ! ,body 
( ,*ri/ is n adequately express$ 9 !    
coop]ation = moral influ5ce & social    
s]vice1 ?\gh su* coop]ation might )     
advantage be c>ri$ mu* fur!r ?an x is at
 pres5t2 x c\ld only be fully realis$   
?r\gh community ( wor%ip1 fai? & ord]1  
includ+ common p>ticipation 9 ! ,"l's   
,supp]#af4  ,"h let u once m & f9ally   
insi/ t ! all-important ?+ is !         

developm5t ( ! desire = ,unity ev5 9 !  
mo/ local1 or un$ucat$1 or out-(-!-way  
congregations4 ,mo/ ( ! cl]gy n[ are    
revolution>ies = bett]1 bigg] ?+s2 b1   
frankly1 we fe> ! lay p :o hate *ange1 &
 desire ?+s to rema9 z !y are--9 *ur* & 
out ( x4 ,t is :y ,i %\ld s l my imag9$ 
,c\ncil to set go+ my imag9$ ,national  
,mission ( ,love4 ,b mu* c be done      
besides4 ,^? :o seek unity w be lab\r+  
fruitfully = x1 if !y simply devote     
!mselves to develop+ social & ,*ri/ian  
fri5d%ip betwe5 ,*ur*m5 & ,noncon=mi/s 9
 t[n & village4 ,!re might well be an   
enorm\s gr[? ( meet+s1 bo? ( cl]gy &    
laity ( diff]5t d5om9ations1 = conf]5ce1
 devotion1 ev5 retreat4 ,we want m ?an  
"o ,swanwick4 ,c we n g fur!r1 & draw   
toge!r by exp]im5t+ ) ea* o!r's         
devotions or organisations ( prov$      
value8 ,= in/ance1 ,i wond] if x is     
sugge/+ too mu*1 to sugge/ t if         
,noncon=mi/s appropriat$ ) vig\r our    
,*ri/ian ye>1 !y w\ld be %>]s ) u ( a   
devotional joy & help1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly 

promote spiritual sympa?y4 ,9 ! same    
way1 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& has be5 cry+ out =
 "s me?od ( us+ ! spiritual gifts ( h]  
laym5 9 *ur*4 ,:y n borr[ notions f ^?  
:o "k h[ to d x8  ,^! are b scrappy     
examples ( ways by :i* "r _s c be       
develop$ )9 ! s+le communion1 or betwe5 
sep>at$ bodies4 ,! "r _s won1 ! :ole    
battle is won4  ,naturally !re are _m :o
 desire already to g mu* fur!r & fa/]4  
,int]communion1 our goal1 is ( c\rse    
impossible at ?is /age ow+ to s]i\sly   
diff]+ convictions on fai? & ord]2 & !  
pla9 fact t x w\ld cause m cleavage ?an 
x heal$4 ,b h[ ab\t int]*ange ( pulpits8
 ,! ,evangelicals at ,*elt5ham dem&$ ?is
 z a regul> practice4 ,! re/ ( ! ,*ur*  
feels /rongly t ! "t = ?is has n arriv$ 
yet2 t haphaz>d invitations by          
individual vic>s to m9i/]s ( convictions
 widely diff]5t are undesirable4 ,! "t  
has come = conf]5ce1 b n yet = any      
facile ov]pass+ ( ! facts & reasons =   
hi/orical sep>ations4 ,nor d we want to 
run ! risks ( indiscipl9e & disord]l9ess

 result+ f su* individual action4 ,!    
,*ur* ( ,engl& c only be ( help to !    
cause ( unity :]e %e acts z a :ole4     
,matt]s su* z int]*ange ( pulpits %\ld  
be tackl$ by our sugge/$ ,c\ncil (      
,unity4 ,a sugge/ion 9 ! ,*all5ge (     
,july #ai might well be fav\rably       
consid]$ by x4 ,!re are ,noncon=mi/s (  
ackn[l$g$ em95ce1 le>n+1 & inspiration1 
f ^: books ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& already has 
receiv$ mu*4 ,we %\ld all be glad to    
receive likewise f _! lips4 ,if a       
select$ numb] 7 (ficially invit$ by !   
,*ur* to prophesy 9 our mid/1 an imm5se 
& religi\sly fruitful /ep w\ld h be5    
tak51 9 p]fect ord]4 ,! plan might well 
be reciprocal4  ,! same lead+ article   
propos$ t m9i/]s ( o!r d5om9ations %\ld 
be ask$ by su* congregations z wi%$1 to 
come & expla9 to !m frankly _! /&po9ts (
 doctr9e & ord]4 ,i am sure t all       
communions might be1 & n[ %\ld be1 m    
brave 9 expla9+ !mselves to ea* o!r4 ,! 
ga9 9 prev5t+ misund]/&+ & de/roy+      
suspicion & unfri5dl9ess w\ld be great1 

& ,i c see no loss any:]e ab\t su* a    
proce$+4  ,h y read ! /ory ( ! ,woolwi* 
,crusade1 publi%$ by ! ,s4,p4,c4,k4     
7#as4 #c;d478 ,! ,crusade movem5t &     
me?od is a new ?+4 ,its idea is n t ( a 
mission--to increase or improve !       
memb]%ip ( a p>ticul> d5om9ation1 b to  
br+ ,god & ! mean+ ( ,*ri/ into ! life &
 problems ( to-day4 ,x is do+ ! same    
sort ( "w :i* *apla9s 9 ,france d1 among
 ! munition]s1 artisans1 & lab\r _w at  
home4 ,p]haps our ,noncon=mi/ bre?r5    
c\ld jo9 u "h4 ,! difficulties w\ld1 ,i 
?9k1 m]ely be ^? ( organisation4  ,?anks
 to ! ,college sy/em1 & to ! ,/ud5t     
,*ri/ian movem5t1 ,*ur*m5 & ,noncon=mi/s
 are z fri5dly 9 ?is ,univ]sity z !y are
 9 ,france2 & jo9t devotion is usual4   
,we h a great responsibility "h amid !  
"y & ! en?usia/ic1 & good feel+ is bo?  
easi] to a*ieve1 & m widespread 9       
result1 at a ,univ]sity ?an any:]e else4
 ,well1 we are awake to our *ances1 & w 
d our be/4  7e7 ,?is leaves b "o m      
subject to t\* on3 ! old1 h>d1 "q (     

,*ur* ord]1 & ! ord]s ( m9i/ry4 ,b all  
looks 9 ! be/ s5se hopeful "h1 v        
hopeful1 s9ce ! /rik+ report sign$ by ! 
?irte5 memb]s ( ! sub-committee appo9t$ 
by ! ,ar*bi%ops' ,committee1 & by       
repres5tatives ( ! ,engli% ,free        
,*ur*es' ,commissions4 ,let me quote x4 
,look+ z frankly & z widely z possible  
at ! :ole      situation1 we desire ) a 
due s5se ( responsibility to submit     
= ! s]i\s consid]ation ( all ! p>ts ( a 
divid$      ,*ri/5dom :at seem to u !   
necess>y conditions ( any               
possibility ( reunion3 ,t cont9uity ) ! 
hi/oric      ,episcopate %\ld be        
effectively pres]v$4 ,t1 9 ord] t !     
rights & responsibilities ( ! :ole      
,*ri/ian community 9 !      gov]nm5t ( !
 ,*ur* may be adequately recognis$1 !   
,episcopate %\ld reassume a             
con/itutional =m bo? z reg>ds      !    
me?od ( ! election ( ! ,bi%op z by cl]gy
 & p1      & ! me?od ( gov]nm5t aft]    
election4444 ,! acceptance (      ! fact
 ( ,episcopacy & n any !ory z to its "* 

%\ld be all t is ask$ =4444 ,x w\ld no  
d\bt be necess>y      be=e any          
arrangem5t = corporate reunion c\ld be  
made to      discuss ! exact functions  
:i* x may be agre$ to recognise z       
belong+ to ! ,episcopate1 b we ?9k ?is c
 be left to !      future4       ,!     
acceptance ( ,episcopacy on ^! t]ms %\ld
 n involve any      ,*ri/ian community 9
 ! necessity ( dis[n+ its pa/1 b        
%\ld enable all to ma9ta9 ! cont9uity ( 
_! witness &      influ5ce z heirs &    
tru/ees ( types ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght1       
life1 & ord]1 n only ( value to         
!mselves1 b ( value to      ! ,*ur* z a 
:ole4444   ,x w\ld be difficult to      
imag9e a wis]1 brav]1 or happi] /atem5t 
?an ?is 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a   
l&m>k inde$6 ,! ,*apla9s to ! ,=ces 9   
,france almo/ %\t$ = joy4 ,at "o /roke1 
! fir/ & greate/ incompatibility (      
conviction has be5 cle>$ out ( ! way4   
,p]haps t is too /rong--or prophetic--a 
way ( putt+ x4 ,let u say r1 t at lea/ !
 "q ( ,episcopacy & ,*ur* ord] has be5  

rais$ to a new plane1 :]e all c discuss 
x1 & ?9k x out1 n only peaceably1 b )   
good hope ( new weal? ( conception &    
polity p\r+ into ! old1 rigid1 bitt]1   
rival views ( *ur* gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,france 
,i correspond$ ) a ,wesleyan *apla9 on !
 subject ( ord]s & ord9ation4 ,he wrote 
a c>eful lett] affirm+ ! hi/oric        
,noncon=mi/ position ab\t m9i/ry4 ,b1 he
 end$1 x w\ld all be *ang$1 if          
re-ord9ation c\ld be pres5t$ & accept$ z
 a great outw>d ,sacram5t ( ,love :i*   
reunit$ u4 ,t is m ?an ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 
has ev] ask$1 = %e reg>ds ord9ation z a 
,sacram5t ( ,ord] m]ely1 n ( ,spiritual 
,love4 ,b let u gladly put ! high] value
 ^u x4 ,& ! day w surely come1 unless   
goodhe>t$ ,*ri/ians settle d[n to accept
 ! intol]able burd5 ( p]man5t sep>ation 
9 communion & wor%ip1 :5 ?is ,sacram5t (
 ,love be celebrat$1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 
orda9s ! ,free ,*ur* m9i/ry1 & ! ,free  
,*ur*es commission u1 to "w ea* & all 9 
! flocks t h be5 made "o ,fold4         
,,footnotes3  #ad ,9 ! p>agraphs :i*    

foll[1 ,i owe mu* to ! ,bi%op (         
,zanzib>'s ,! ,fulness ( ,*ri/1 p]haps !
 deepe/ & able/ ( all ! num]\s ,anglican
 books on ,reunion4  #ae ,x is fair to  
/ate t aft] ?is lecture 0 deliv]$1 ,i   
receiv$ a note f "o :o _h be5 at        
,*elt5ham1 say+ t my ref]5ces to x gave 
an inaccurate impression2 & t ! f9d+s 7 
only an expression ( op9ion4 ,to ^?1    
h[ev]1 :o read ! publi%$ acc\nt ( !     
meet+1 :e!r 9 ! ,record or ,gu>dian1 mu*
 m seem$ to be int5d$4  #af ,quot$ f !  
,second ,int]im ,report ( ! ,ar*bi%ops' 
,committee & ! repres5tatives ( ! ,free 
,*ur* ,commissions4     ,,unity ,,betwe5
 ,,*ri/ian ,,d5om9ations     ,,iii4 ,,! 
,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,free       
,,*ur*es  ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,selbie1 
,m4,a41 ,d4,d4   ,:ile ,i ?9k t :at ,i  
say may be fairly tak5 to repres5t !    
g5]al m9d ( ^! *ur*es x mu/ be und]/ood 
t ,i d n 9 any way commit !m b speak    
only = myself4 ,i propose fir/ to recall
 ! circum/ances :i* gave rise to ^!     
*ur*es & ! conditions :i* /ill op]ate 9 

ma9ta9+ !m z sep>ate ,*ri/ian bodies1 & 
!n to give "s acc\nt ( ! v>i\s movem5ts 
t[>ds reunion 9 :i* !y h tak5 "p4 ,!    
,bapti/s & ,congregationali/s y w       
rememb] arose at a "t :5 memb]%ip 9 !   
,anglican ,*ur* 0 a =mal & p]functory   
?+4 ,x 0 op5 to e p>i%ion] & meant v    
little 9 ! way ( ,*ri/ian life or       
witness4 ,! fir/ ,noncon=mi/s /ood = !  
pr9ciple t memb]%ip 9 ,*ri/ian *ur*es   
%\ld be conf9$ to g5u9ely ,*ri/ian p1 & 
9 ord] to secure ?is !y =m$ sep>at$     
*ur*es1 on ! ,new ,te/am5t model1 ( ^?  
:o 7 able to give effective witness ( _!
 ,*ri/ian call+4 ,t su* *ur*es %\ld be  
self-gov]n$ foll[$ almo/ z a matt] (    
c\rse4 ,_! meet+ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ secur$  
,8 pres5ce among !m & ! guidance ( ,8 _s
 9 _! do+s4 ,b x is always important to 
rememb] t _! ess5tial *>act]i/ic is n   
ei!r democracy 9 *ur* gov]nm5t or diss5t
 f ! ,e/abli%m5t1 b ! positive witness  
to purity ( memb]%ip & to ! sole head%ip
 ( ,jesus ,*ri/ j describ$4 ,! ,wesleyan
 ,*ur*1 ! p>5t ( ! :ole great ,me?odi/  

movem5t1 arose at ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury 
f some:at simil> reasons4 ,!re 0 nev]   
any?+ s*ismatic 9 ! _s ( ,john ,wesley1 
b :5 he f\nd t ! rig\r & /iffness (     
,anglicanism made a free spiritual      
witness almo/ impossible1 he 0 driv51 l 
! ,noncon=mi/s ( ! ,elizabe?an times1 to
 set up sep>ate *ur*es4 ,:ile x is q    
true t ! great pr9ciple = :i* ,engli%   
,noncon=mity has /ood is n[ almo/       
univ]sally accept$1 & t :at may be call$
 ! negative witness ( ! ,free ,*ur*es is
 mu* less necess>y ?an x us$ to be1 !re 
is /ill room = _! positive contribution 
to ! religi\s life ( ! c\ntry1 = _!     
witness to fre$om1 spirituality1 & !    
rights ( ! p 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,= a long "t1 no
 d\bt1 !y did rejoice 9 ! dissid5ce ( _!
 diss5t1 & !y suff]$1 & /ill suff]1 to  
"s degree1 f a ,ph>isaic feel+ (        
sup]iority to ^? :om !y reg>d z b\nd by 
tradition & ,/ate rule4 ,! great        
majority among !m1 h[ev]1 h long s9ce   
come to feel t !y h m 9 common ) "o     
ano!r & ) _m 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur* ?an !y 

h be5 hi!rto prep>$ to admit1 & t       
exi/5ce 9 isolation f ! re/ ( ,*ri/5dom 
is nei!r good = !m nor helpful to !     
cause ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,k+dom4 ,?is feel+   
fir/ took def9ite %ape ab\t ! ye> #ahij 
9 connexion ) :at are n[ kn[n z !       
,gr9delwald ,conf]5ces4 ,= ?ree         
successive ye>s in=mal p>ties ( cl]gy & 
m9i/]s 7 arrang$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,lunn1 at
 ,gr9delwald & ,luc]ne1 ) ! object (    
gett+ repres5tatives ( ! diff]5t *ur*es 
toge!r 9 ord] to ex*ange views on !     
subject ( union1 & to create an         
atmosph]e ( mutual k1 sympa?y1 &        
fri5dl9ess4 ,al?\gh no practical /eps   
directly foll[$ !m1 ^! conf]5ces        
und\bt$ly did good by remov+ misund]/&+s
 & pav+ a way = fur!r int]c\rse4 ,to _m 
( ! ,free ,*ur*m5 :o att5d$ !m !y seem  
to h sugge/$ = ! fir/ "t ! evils ( our  
unhappy divisions1 & !y c]ta9ly creat$ a
 desire = bett] relations4 ,x became    
obvi\s t "o ( ! necess>y fir/ /eps 9 ?is
 direction w\ld be ! sett+ up ( a clos] 
coop]ation among ! ,free ,*ur*es        

!mselves1 & ( break+ d[n ! d5om9ational 
isolation 9 :i* !y too (t5 liv$4 ,fur!r 
conf]5ces 7 held 9 ,engl& at ,man*e/]1  
,brad=d1 ,london & o!r c5tres1 !        
ultimate issue ( :i* 0 ! f\ndation ( !  
,national ,f$]ation ( ! ,evangelical    
,free ,*ur*es "u ! guidance ( ! ,rev4   
,hugh ,price ,hughes1 ,dr ,b]ry (       
,wolv]hampton1 ,dr ,mack5nal ( ,b[don1 &
 ,dr ,munro ,gibson ( ,london1 along )  
laym5 l ,sir ,p]cy ,bunt+ & ,mr ,george 
,cadbury4 ,! aim ( ! ,f$]ation 0 to br+ 
all ! evangelical ,noncon=mi/ *ur*es    
into clos] association 9 ord] t !y might
 9 v>i\s localities take conc]t$ action 
on que/ions affect+ _! common fai? &    
int]e/s & ! social1 moral1 & religi\s   
welf>e ( ! community4 ,s9ce t "t ! "w ( 
! ,f$]ation has gradually cov]$ ! :ole  
c\ntry ?r\gh local c\ncils work+ on a   
,free ,*ur* p>i% sy/em1 & engag+ 9 v>i\s
 =ms ( social & evangeli/ic ef=t4 ,!    
repres5tative c5tral c\ncil has become a
 p[]ful in/rum5t = fur!r+ ! cause ( !   
,free ,*ur*es & = br++ _! influ5ce to   

be> on social & political matt]s4 ,x mu/
 be freely admitt$ t ?is c\ncil has     
sometimes gone fur!r 9 political action 
?an "s ( ! *ur*es h be5 altoge!r prep>$ 
=4 ,f ! fir/1 s repres5tative a         
,noncon=mi/ z ! late ,dr ,dale (        
,birm+ham /ood alo( f x1 on ! gr\nd t x 
t5d$ to div]t ! en]gy ( ! *ur*es f !    
prop] *annels & to involve !m too deeply
 9 political controv]sy4 ,9 ?is action  
he 0 support$ by _m ( ! m cons]vative   
elem5ts 9 ! *ur*es !mselves1 p>ticul>ly 
z ! circum/ances ( ! "t compell$ !      
c\ncil to engage 9 a good deal (        
political agitation4 ,9 spite ( ?is1    
h[ev]1 !re is no d\bt t ! ,free ,*ur*   
,c\ncil movem5t z a :ole has _h ! effect
 its fir/ promot]s int5d$ & desir$1 &   
has br\ght all ! ,free ,*ur*es into mu* 
clos] relations ) "o ano!r1 & has       
e/abli%$ !m 9 a position ( mutual       
und]/&+ & sympa?y4 ,its *ief weakness   
has be5 t x has dep5d$ = support on     
individual *ur*es r ?an on ! d5om9ations
 !y repres5t$4 ,x is ! consci\sness (   

?is :i* has l$ ! way to a lat] movem5t 9
 ! direction ( /ill clos] f$]ation4 ,!  
lead has be5 tak5 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4    
,%akespe>e1 :o1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,free   
,*ur* ,c\ncil 9 #aiaf1 prop\nd$ an      
elaborate s*eme = ! f$]ation ( ! ,free  
,*ur* d5om9ations4 ,9 8 fir/ presid5tial
 address "u ! title ,! ,free ,*ur*es at 
! ,cross-roads he put =w>d an           
unansw]able case = ! union ( ! :ole ( ! 
,free ,*ur*es ( ,engl&4 ,he po9t$ to !  
fact t = _m ye>s pa/ ^! *ur*es h suff]$ 
a s]i\s decl9e 9 ! numb] ( _! memb]s & (
 _! ,sunday s*ool s*ol>s & tea*]s2 & he 
f\nd "o ( ! *ief causes ( ?is 9 _!      
excessive d5om9ationalism1 :i* l$ to    
ov]-lapp+ & rivalry4 ,he plead$ t ! old 
sect>ian di/9ctions _h n[ ceas$ to      
repres5t vital issues1 & to appeal to ! 
be/ elem5ts bo? 9 ! *ur*es & 9 ! nation 
outside2 & he urg$ t ! ma9t5ance ( ^!   
di/9ctions n[ t5d$ to de/roy !          
collective witness ( ! ,free ,*ur*es &  
involv$ an imm5se wa/e ( m51 money &    
en]gy4 ,= ! sake ( effici5cy1 z well z 9

 ord] to ma9ta9 a prop] ,*ri/ian comity1
 he argu$ t x 0 absolutely necess>y to  
put an end to ?is condition ( ?+s4 ,z   
long z ! ,free ,*ur*es 7 ?us divid$1 !y 
c\ld n expect ei!r to d _! own "w well  
or to ex]cise _! prop] influ5ce 9 ! life
 ( ! nation4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is      
e/imate ( ! situation repres5t$ a gr[+  
feel+ among ^? :o 7 be/ acqua9t$ ) !    
facts4 ,b x is probable t ,mr ,%akespe>e
 "u-e/imat$ ! /r5g? ( ! cons]vative _s 9
 _m ( ! ,free ,*ur*es4 ,& !re is no d\bt
 t a consid]able educational process w h
 to be gone ?r\gh be=e 8 proposals take 
practical %ape4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 has
 already begun & has made consid]able   
way4 ,mr ,%akespe>e's *all5ge l$ almo/  
imm$iately to ! =mation ( a l>ge        
conf]5ce ( repres5tatives appo9t$ by !  
,free ,*ur* ,c\ncil along ) ! ,bapti/1  
,congregational1 ,presbyt]ian1          
,primitive ,me?odi/1 ,indep5d5t         
,me?odi/1 ,wesleyan ,me?odi/1 ,wesleyan 
,re=m1 ,unit$ ,me?odi/1 ,moravian1      
,c\ntess ( ,hunt+don1 & ,disciples (    

,*ri/ ,*ur*es4 ,?is ,conf]5ce fir/ met  
at ,mansfield ,college1 ,ox=d1 9        
,septemb]1 #aiaf1 & lat] at ! ,leys     
,s*ool1 ,cambridge1 9 #aiag1 & aga9 9   
,london 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is ye>4 ,x       
appo9t$ ,committees on ,fai?1           
,con/itution1 ,evangelization & !       
,m9i/ry1 all ( :i* h held _m meet+s 9   
addition to ^? ( ! :ole ,conf]5ce4 ,!   
,committee on ,fai? 0 able to frame a   
decl>atory /atem5t on doctr9e :i* 0     
aft]w>ds unanim\sly adopt$ z foll[s3    
,i       ,!re is ,"o ,liv+ & ,true ,god1
 ,:o is reveal$ to u z ,fa!r1      ,son 
& ,holy ,_s2 ,him alone we wor%ip &     
adore4                                  
,,ii       ,we believe t ,god s lov$ !  
_w z to give ,8 ,son to be !            
,reveal] ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,r$eem] ( mank9d2
 t ! ,son (      ,god1 = u m5 & = our   
salvation1 became man 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1   
,:o1 hav+ liv$ on e>? ! p]fect human    
life1 di$ = our      s9s1 rose aga9 f ! 
dead1 & n[ is exalt$ ,"l ov] all2      &
 t ! ,holy ,_s1 ,:o witnesses to u (    

,*ri/1 makes !      salvation :i* is 9  
,him to be effective 9 our he>ts &      
lives4                                  
,,iii       ,we ackn[l$ge t all m5 are  
s9ful1 & unable to deliv]      !mselves 
f ei!r ! guilt or p[] ( _! s92 b we h   
receiv$ & rejoice 9 ! ,gospel ( ! grace 
( ! ,holy ,god1      :]e9 all :o truly  
turn f s9 are freely =giv5 ?r\gh        
fai? 9 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & are call$
 & enabl$1 ?r\gh      ! ,_s dwell+ &    
work+ )9 !m1 to live 9 fell[%ip      )  
,god & = ,8 s]vice2 & 9 ?is new life1   
:i* is to be      nurtur$ by ! "r use ( 
! means ( grace1 we are to gr[1         
daily dy+ unto s9 & liv+ unto ,him ,:o 9
 ,8 m]cy has      r$eem$ u4             
,,iv       ,we believe t ! ,ca?olic or  
,univ]sal ,*ur* is ! :ole      company (
 ! r$eem$ 9 heav5 & on e>?1 & we        
recognise z      belong+ to ?is holy    
fell[%ip all :o are unit$ to ,god ?r\gh 
fai? 9 ,*ri/4       ,! ,*ur* on e>?--:i*
 is ,"o ?r\gh ! ,apo/olic ,gospel &     
?r\gh ! liv+ union ( all its true memb]s

 ) its "o ,head1      ev5 ,*ri/1 & :i*  
is ,holy ?r\gh ! indwell+ ,holy ,_s     
,:o sanctifies ! ,body & its memb]s--is 
orda9$ to be !      visible ,body (     
,*ri/1 to wor%ip ,god ?r\gh ,him1 to    
promote !      fell[%ip ( ,8 p & ! ends 
( ,8 ,k+dom1 & to g      into all ! _w &
 proclaim ,8 ,gospel = ! salvation ( m5 
& ! bro!rhood ( all mank9d4 ,( ?is      
visible ,*ur*1 &      e bran* !re(1 !   
only ,head is ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/2 &     
9 its fai?1 ord]1 discipl9e & duty1 x   
mu/ be free to obey      ,him alone z x 
int]prets ,8 holy w4                    
,v       ,we receive1 z giv5 by ! ,"l to
 ,8 ,*ur* on e>?1 ! ,holy               
,scriptures1 ! ,sacram5ts ( ! ,gospel1 &
 ! ,*ri/ian      ,m9i/ry4       ,!      
,scriptures1 deliv]$ ?r\gh m5 mov$ by ! 
,holy ,gho/1      record & int]pret !   
revelation ( r$emption1 & conta9 !      
sure ,^w ( ,god conc]n+ our salvation & 
all ?+s necess>y      !reto4 ,( ?is we  
are conv9c$ by ! witness ( ! ,holy ,_s  
9 ! he>ts ( m5 to & ) ! ,^w2 & ?is ,_s1 

?us      speak+ f ! ,scriptures to      
believ]s & to ! ,*ur*1 is !      supreme
 ,au?ority by :i* all op9ions 9 religion
 are f9ally to      be judg$4       ,!  
,sacram5ts--,baptism & ! ,"l's          
,supp]--are in/itut$ by      ,*ri/1 ,:o 
is ,himself c]ta9ly & really pres5t 9 ,8
 own      ord9ances 7?\gh n bodily 9 !  
elem5ts !re(71 & are      signs & seals 
( ,8 ,gospel n to be sep>at$ !refrom4   
,!y      confirm ! promises & gifts (   
salvation1 &1 :5 rightly us$      by    
believ]s ) fai? & pray]1 are1 ?r\gh !   
op]ation (      ! ,holy ,_s1 true means 
( grace4       ,! ,m9i/ry is an (fice )9
 ! ,*ur*--n a sac]dotal                 
ord]--in/itut$ = ! prea*+ ( ! ,^w1 !    
m9i/ration      ( ! ,sacram5ts & ! c>e (
 s\ls4 ,x is a vocation f ,god1      ^u 
:i* !re=e no "o is qualifi$ to ent] save
 ?r\gh !      call ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 !    
he>t2 & ?is inw>d call is to be         
au!nticat$ by ! call ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* is  
foll[$ by      ord9ation to ! "w ( !    
,m9i/ry 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur*4      ,:ile ?us

 ma9ta9+ ! ,m9i/ry z an (fice1 we d n   
limit      ! m9i/ries ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 
to ^? :o are ?us orda9$1      b affirm !
 prie/hood ( all believ]s & ! obligation
      re/+ ^u !m to fulfil _! vocation  
accord+ to ! gift      be/[$ ^u !m by ! 
,holy ,_s4                              
,,vi       ,we affirm ! sov]eign        
au?ority ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ ov]     
e dep>tm5t ( human life1 & we hold t    
individuals &      peoples are          
responsible to ,him 9 _! sev]al sph]es &
 are      b\nd to r5d] ,him ob$i5ce & to
 seek always ! fur!rance (      ,8      
,k+dom ^u e>?1 n1 h[ev]1 9 any way      
con/ra9+      belief1 impos+ religi\s   
disabilities1 or d5y+ ! rights (        
consci5ce4                              
,,vii       ,9 ! assurance1 giv5 u 9 !  
,gospel1 ( ! love ( ,god our      ,fa!r 
to ea* ( u & to all m51 & 9 ! fai? t    
,jesus      ,*ri/1 ,:o di$1 ov]came dea?
 & has pass$ into ! heav5s1      !      
fir/-fruits ( !m t sleep1 we are made   
confid5t ( !      hope ( ,immortality1 &

 tru/ to ,god our s\ls & ! s\ls (      !
 dep>t$4 ,we believe t ! :ole _w mu/ /& 
be=e !      f9al ,judgm5t ( ! ,"l ,jesus
 ,*ri/4 ,&1 ) glad & solemn      he>ts1 
we look = ! consummation & bliss ( !    
life      ev]la/+1 :]e9 ! p ( ,god1 fre$
 = ev] f sorr[      & f s91 %all s]ve   
,him & see ,8 face 9 ! p]fect$          
communion ( all sa9ts 9 ! ,*ur*         
triumphant4   ,! ,committee on          
,con/itution recomm5d$ a def9ite union (
 ! ,free ,*ur* d5om9ations on ! basis ( 
a f$]ation :i* %\ld express _! ess5tial 
unity1 promote evangelization1 ma9ta9 _!
 lib]ties & take action :]e au?oris$ 9  
all matt]s affect+ ! int]e/s1 duties1   
rights1 & privileges ( ! f$]at+ *ur*es1 
& to ent] into communion & unit$ action 
:]e possible ) o!r bran*es ( ! *ur* (   
,*ri/ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x is propos$ t !   
f$]ation %all "w ?r\gh a c\ncil consi/+ 
( ab\t #bjj repres5tatives ( !          
d5om9ations 9 ord] to c>ry out _! w4 ,! 
,committee on ,evangelization & !       
,m9i/ry also sugge/$ c]ta9 practical    

measures necess>y = coop]ation 9 ^!     
important bran*es ( s]vice4 ,! s*eme has
 be5 c>efully ?\ght out & elaborat$1 b  
at ! same "t is n too cumbr\s = action1 
& if x c be c>ri$ out !re is no d\bt t x
 w\ld secure ! ends aim$ at4 ,9 _m ways 
! doctr9al decl>ation is ! mo/ important
 "p ( x1 & %ews a suffici5t g5]al       
agreem5t on ess5tials to ensure h>moni\s
 work+4 ,! fate ( x lies ( c\rse ) !    
diff]5t d5om9ations conc]n$4 ,by ?is "t 
mo/ ( !m h _h an opportunity ( consid]+ 
x &1 g5]ally speak+1 x has met ) a      
fav\rable reception4 ,! ,bapti/s1       
,congregationali/s1 & ,unit$ ,me?odi/s h
 decl>$ _! will+ness to proce$ to clos] 
union on ?is basis4 ,b ! ,presbyt]ians &
 ,wesleyan ,me?odi/s h ref]r$ x back =  
fur!r consid]ation4 ,rightly & naturally
 bo? ( ^! d5om9ations are m conc]n$ = ! 
mom5t ) measures = union )9 _! own      
bord]s4 ,! ,presbyt]ians are look+ to a 
reunion ( ! ,e/abli%$ & ,free ,*ur*es 9 
,scotl&1 :ile a great s*eme = ! reunion 
( all ! ,me?odi/ bodies is be=e !       

,wesleyan ,conf]5ce4 ,if ?is c be c>ri$ 
out x %\ld n prejudice b r be 9 fav\r ( 
any s*eme = wid] ,free ,*ur* ,union4    
,no?+ t has be5 done s f> among ! ,free 
,*ur*es is likely 9 any way to h9d] !   
fulfilm5t ( ! desire :i* is n[ widely   
felt on all sides = bett] relations ) ! 
,anglican ,*ur*4 ,x c easily be und]/ood
 f ! difficulties t h already em]g$ 9 ! 
way ( clos] union among ! ,free ,*ur*es 
h[ mu* m difficult is ! prospect ( union
 ) ,anglicanism4 ,!re is no d\bt t      
d5om9ational feel+ is /ill v /rong among
 ! rank & file ( ! *ur*es4 ,9 spite ( ! 
*anges :i* h tak5 place 9 emphasis &    
conditions 9 mod]n *ur* ?\ght1 ea*      
d5om9ation realises t x /&s = some?+    
positive & is anxi\s to give its        
positive witness 9 ! be/ possible way4  
,x has !re=e be5 an ess5tial ( reunion t
 any s*eme propos$ %all n int]f]e ) !   
autonomy ( any individual d5om9ation &  
%all all[ full scope = its g5ius4 ,x is 
equally necess>y t ?is %\ld be pres]v$ 9
 any s*eme contemplat$ = reunion )      

,anglicanism4 ,! ,free ,*ur*es are n    
dispos$ to bate any?+ ( _! fre$om or to 
s9k _! id5tity 9 any national *ur*4 ,if1
 h[ev]1 any s*eme c be devis$ :i* w     
pres]ve _! individuality & give !m scope
 = _! special witness & at ! same "t    
avoid ! diss5sions & divisions :i* h s  
m>r$ _! relations ) ,anglicanism 9 ! pa/
 x is likely to meet ) a v w>m welcome4 
,! w> has br\ght home to all ?9k+ m5 9 !
 *ur*es ! imp]ative ne$ t !re is = clos]
 union & = a m unit$ te/imony4 ,& !y are
 consci\s t if !y are to face ! increas+
 difficulties ( ! future all ! *ur*es   
mu/ be able to /& toge!r1 to coop]ate 9 
,*ri/ian s]vice1 & to speak ) "o voice4 
,x is !re=e reg>d$ by !m z a welcome    
sign ( ! times t !re %\ld be a _w-wide  
desire = ,*ri/ian reunion1 & t ?is %\ld 
h begun to take practical %ape j be=e ! 
outbreak ( ! w>4 ,! movem5t 0 initiat$  
by ! ,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur* (      
,am]ica support$ by practically all !   
*ur*es 9 t c\ntry4 ,x fir/ took %ape 9  
proposals = a _w-wide conf]5ce on ,fai? 

& ,ord] ) a view ( promot+ ! visible    
unity ( ! body ( ,*ri/4 ,b = ! w> ?is   
conf]5ce w\ld h be5 held already1 b "u  
exi/+ circum/ances ! "w has _h to be    
conf9$ to prep>ations = x on bo? sides (
 ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! "w has be5
 ma9ly done by a jo9t ,conf]5ce1 consi/+
 ( repres5tatives ( ! ,committee appo9t$
 by ! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,cant]bury & ,york1 &
 ( commissions appo9t$ by ! v>i\s ,free 
,*ur*es1 9 ord] to promote ! ,fai? &    
,ord] movem5t4 ,?is ,conf]5ce has held  
repeat$ meet+s 9 ! hi/oric ,j]usalem    
,*amb] at ,we/m9/] & else:]e1 & has     
publi%$ two int]im reports ,t[>ds       
,*ri/ian ,unity :i* are ( ! utmo/       
importance4 ,^! reports repres5t ! "w ( 
a sub-committee b h receiv$ ! g5]al     
sanction ( ! :ole ,conf]5ce4 ,! fir/    
report conta9s ! foll[+ /atem5t (       
agreem5t on matt]s ( fai?1 :i* is (f]$ n
 z a cre$ = subscription1 or z committ+ 
9 any way ! *ur*es ?us repres5t$1 b z   
indicat+ a l>ge measure ( sub/antial    
agreem5t & also z af=d+ mat]ial = fur!r 

inve/igation & consid]ation3            
,a ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,agreem5t ,,on        
,,matt]s ,,( ,,fai?        ,we1 :o      
belong to diff]5t ,*ri/ian ,communions &
 are engag$ 9      ! discussion (       
que/ions ( ,fai? & ,ord]1 desire to     
affirm      our agreem5t ^u c]ta9       
f\ndation tru?s z ! basis ( a           
spiritual & rational cre$ & life = all  
mank9d4 ,we express      !m z foll[s3   
7#a7 ,z ,*ri/ians we believe t1 :ile !re
 is "s k (      ,god to be f\nd among   
all races ( m5 & "s measure ( div9e     
grace & help is pres5t to all1 a unique1
 progressive &      r$emptive revelation
 ( ,himself 0 giv5 by ,god to ! ,hebrew 
p ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( inspir$ prophets1 9 _m
 p>ts &      9 _m mann]s1 & t ?is       
revelation rea*es its culm9ation      & 
complet5ess 9 ,"o ,:o is m ?an a        
prophet1 ,:o is !      ,inc>nate ,son ( 
,god1 our ,savi\r & our ,"l1 ,jesus     
,*ri/4       7#b7 ,?is di/9ctive        
revelation1 accept$ z ! ^w ( ,god1 is   
! basis ( ! life ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & is

 int5d$ to be      ! =mative influ5ce ^u
 ! m9d & "* ( !      individual believ]4
       7#c7 ,?is ^w ( ,god is conta9$ 9 
! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts &               
con/itutes ! p]man5t spiritual value ( !
 ,bible4       7#d7 ,! root & c5tre (   
?is revelation1 z intellectually        
int]pret$1 consi/s 9 a positive & highly
 di/9ctive doctr9e      ( ,god--,8      
nature1 "* & w4 ,f ?is doctr9e ( ,god   
foll[s a c]ta9 sequ5ce ( doctr9es       
conc]n+ creation1 human      nature &   
de/9y1 s91 individual & racial1         
r$emption ?r\gh      ! inc>nation ( !   
,son ( ,god & ,8 aton+ dea? &           
resurrection1 ! mission & op]ation ( !  
,holy ,_s1 !      ,holy ,tr9ity1 !      
,*ur*1 ! la/ ?+s1 & ,*ri/ian life &     
duty1 individual & social3 all ^! coh]e 
) & foll[ f      ?is doctr9e ( ,god4    
7#e7 ,s9ce ,*ri/ianity (f]s an hi/orical
 revelation ( ,god1 !      coh]5ce &    
sequ5ce ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e involve a    
necess>y      syn!sis ( idea & fact su* 
z is pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,new      ,te/am5t

 & 9 ! ,apo/les' & ,nic5e ,cre$s3 & ^!  
,cre$s      bo? 9 _! /atem5ts (         
hi/orical fact & 9 _! /atem5ts      (   
doctr9e affirm ess5tial elem5ts ( !     
,*ri/ian fai? z      conta9$ 9          
,scripture1 :i* ! ,*ur* c\ld nev] ab&on 
)\t ab&on+ its basis 9 ! ^w ( ,god4     
7#f7 ,we hold t !re is no contradiction 
betwe5 ! acceptance      ( ! miracles   
recit$ 9 ! ,cre$s & ! acceptance ( !    
pr9ciple ( ord] 9 nature z assum$ 9     
sci5tific enquiry1 &      we hold       
equally t ! acceptance ( miracles is n  
=bidd5 by      ! hi/orical evid5ce      
c&idly & imp>tially inve/igat$ by       
critical me?ods4   ,?is 0 foll[$ by a   
/atem5t ( agreem5t on matt]s relat+ to  
ord] z foll[s3        ,) ?ankfulness to 
! ,head ( ! ,*ur* = ! _s ( unity        
,he has %$ abroad 9 our he>ts we g on to
 express our common      conviction on !
 foll[+ matt]s3       7#a7 ,t x is !    
purpose ( our ,"l t believ]s 9 ,him %\ld
      be1 z 9 ! beg9n+ !y 71 "o visible 
society--,8 body      ) _m memb]s--:i* 9

 e age & place %\ld ma9ta9 !            
communion ( sa9ts 9 ! unity ( ! ,_s &   
%\ld be      capable ( a common witness 
& a common activity4       7#b7 ,t our  
,"l orda9$1 9 addition to ! prea*+ ( ,8 
,gospel1 ! ,sacram5ts ( ,baptism & ( !  
,"l's ,supp]1 z n      only decl>atory  
symbols1 b also effective *annels ( ,8  
grace      & gifts = ! salvation &      
sanctification ( m51 & t      ^!        
,sacram5ts be+ ess5tially social        
ord9ances 7 int5d$      to affirm !     
obligation ( corporate fell[%ip z well z
      individual confession ( ,him4     
7#c7 ,t our ,"l1 9 addition to ! be/[al 
( ! ,holy ,_s      9 a v>iety ( gifts & 
graces ^u ! :ole ,*ur*1 also            
conf]r$ ^u x by ! self-same ,_s a       
,m9i/ry ( manifold      gifts &         
functions1 to ma9ta9 ! unity & cont9uity
 ( its      witness & "w4   ,9 subsequ5t
 discussions a v consid]able advance 0  
made on ! positions "h laid d[n4 ,x 0   
felt t if ev] reunion 0 to become a     
reality ! "q ( ord] mu/ be frankly fac$1

 & ! foll[+ /atem5ts 7 put =? = !       
consid]ation ( ! *ur*es conc]n$1 n z a  
f9al solution1 b z ! necess>y basis =   
discussion 9 fram+ a practical s*eme3   
#a4 ,t cont9uity ) ! hi/oric ,episcopate
 %\ld be      effectively pres]v$4      
#b4 ,t 9 ord] t ! rights &              
responsibilities ( ! :ole      ,*ri/ian 
community 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* may be 
adequately recognis$1 ! ,episcopate %\ld
 re-assume a      con/itutional =m1 bo? 
z reg>ds ! me?od ( ! election (      !  
bi%op z by cl]gy & p1 & ! me?od (       
gov]nm5t      aft] election4 ,x is      
p]haps necess>y t we %\ld call to m9d   
t su* 0 ! primitive ideal & practice (  
,episcopacy & x      s rema9s 9 _m      
,episcopal communions to-day4       #c4 
,t acceptance ( ! fact ( ,episcopacy & n
 any !ory z      to its "* %\ld be all t
 is ask$ =4 ,we ?9k t      ?is may be ! 
m easily tak5 = grant$ z ! acceptance ( 
any su* !ory is n n[ requir$ ( m9i/]s ( 
! ,*ur* (      ,engl&4 ,x w\ld no d\bt  
be necess>y be=e any arrangem5t =       

corporate reunion c\ld be made to       
discuss ! exact functions      :i* x may
 be agre$ to recognise z belong+ to !   
,episcopate1      b we ?9k ?is c be left
 to ! future4   ,! fir/ po9t to note 9  
reg>d to ! "w ( ?is ,conf]5ce is !      
rem>kable unanimity a*iev$ 9 reg>d to   
,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,:ile !re is no       
int5tion ( b9d+ any ( ! p>ties to !     
ipsissima v]ba ( any doctr9al           
decl>ation1 b r e desire to all[ =      
v>ieties ( expression1 x is n[ p]fectly 
cle> t !re is among all ! *ur*es conc]n$
 a sub/antial agreem5t on ! ma9 &       
ess5tial matt]s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,?is 
supplies ! mo/ real & hopeful basis = ! 
vital union ( *ur*es ?us m9d$1 & makes  
_! cont9u$ sep>ation & antagonism       
intol]able4 ,! m closely ?is aspect ( ! 
situation is explor$ ! m cle>ly does x  
lead to ! conclusion t ^? :o are s      
l>gely "o 9 aim1 int5tion1 & desire %\ld
 f9d "s g5u9e & practical expression (  
_! unity4 ,! "q ( *ur* ord] is m        
difficult2 b "h aga9 mu* has happ5$ (   

late to ju/ify a reconsid]ation ( !     
position on bo? sides4 ,on ! "o h& rec5t
 inve/igations into e>ly *ur* hi/ory h  
%ewn t no "o =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t c claim 
exclusive scriptural or ,apo/olic       
au?ority4 ,"u ! guidance ( ! ,_s ( ,god 
! ,*ur* has 9 ! pa/ adapt$ h]self & h]  
organization to ! ne$s ( ! times 9 ord] 
! bett] to d ! "w ( ! ,k+dom4 ,m5 are   
com+ n[ to see t ! te/ ( a true ,*ur* is
 n con=mity to type b effectiv5ess 9    
fulfill+ ! w ( h] ,"l1 & t !re=e        
organization ne$ n be ( a s+le uni=m    
type4 ,s we f9d d5om9ations l ! ,bapti/s
 & ,congregationali/s sett+ up          
sup]9t5d5ts 7ov]se]s1 ,bi%ops7 ov] _!   
*ur*es because ! ne$s ( ! "t dem& su*   
sup]vision4 ,& on ! o!r h& we f9d       
,anglicans incl9+ to ex*ange prelacy = a
 m mode/ & elective =m ( episcopacy4 ,9 
?is respect ! two extremes are draw+    
toge!r to an ext5t :i* w\ld h be5       
incr$ible tw5ty ye>s ago1 &1 giv5 good  
w1 x %\ld be possible to f9d ev5 "h a   
real modus viv5di4  ,! same may be said 

) reg>d to o!r movem5ts :i* h be5       
rec5tly set on foot 9 ! direction ( a   
bett] common und]/&+ betwe5 ,anglicans &
 ,free ,*ur*m54 ,x is recognis$ t "o ( !
 greate/ ob/acles is /ill ! s-call$     
religi\s education controv]sy4 ,bo?     
sides are becom+ a little a%am$ ( _!    
attitude to ?is "q 9 ! pa/4 ,!y realise 
t ! true int]e/s ( education h be5      
gravely imp]ill$ by mak+ x a bone (     
cont5tion among ! *ur*es1 & !y are      
beg9n+ to look at ! :ole matt] afre% f !
 po9t ( view ( ! good ( ! *ild r ?an f t
 ( _! d5om9ational int]e/s4 ,"s         
important conf]5ces h be5 held at       
,lambe? 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! ,bi%op ( ,ox=d
 has put =? a s*eme = relegat+ ! conduct
 ( religi\s tea*+ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools to
 int]d5om9ational committees elect$ ad  
hoc4 ,?is s*eme is /ill "u discussion & 
at ! mom5t is n reg>d$ v fav\rably by   
extremi/s on ei!r side1 b x is all to ! 
good t ! matt] %\ld h be5 rais$ 9 s     
fri5dly & conciliatory a _s &1 :5ev] !  
"t is ripe1 x may be hop$ t ! way to    

agreem5t w be m op5 ?an x has ev] be5   
yet4  ,fur!r ! rise & rapid gr[? ( !    
,life & ,lib]ty movem5t )9 ! ,e/abli%$  
,*ur* is some?+ l a port5t & "o t       
,noncon=mi/s _c b reg>d ) ! deepe/      
int]e/ & sympa?y4 ,!y may p]haps be     
=giv5 if !y see 9 x an attempt to w9 f  
)9 ! ,*ur* j ^? privileges & lib]ties = 
! sake ( :i* _! ance/ors came out _m    
ye>s ago4 ,) a great price !y b\ght ?is 
fre$om & !y rejoice 9 ?is new movem5t z 
a real v9dication ( ! cause = :i* !y h s
 long cont5d$ & z repres5t+ a body (    
op9ion )9 ! e/abli%m5t ! exi/5ce ( :i*1 
:atev] may be its imm$iate result1 is   
sure to make a common und]/&+ 9 ! future
 m atta9able4 ,!y may h s]i\s d\bts :e!r
 ! aims ( ! movem5t are ev] to be obta9$
 )\t ! ,dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur*1 b = all
 t !y wi% x well & rejoice 9 ! _s to :i*
 x po9ts4  ,"o m sign ( ! times may be  
m5tion$4 ,dur+ ! la/ #ah mon?s yet ano!r
 ,conf]5ce has be5 set on foot1 ?is "t  
betwe5 ,noncon=mi/s & ,evangelical      
,anglicans1 & has come v ne> to a common

 und]/&+ on su* vital matt]s z          
int]communion & int]*ange ( pulpits4 ,x 
is recognis$ t !re c be no real ,*ri/ian
 unity )\t su* int]*ange1 & ! fact t a  
gr[+ numb] ( ,anglican cl]gy are prep>$ 
to discuss ! "q & t !re is no real      
difficulty on ! ,noncon=mi/ side is aga9
 a gr\nd ( hope4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood    
h[ev] t on ! ,noncon=mi/ side !re is no 
desire = univ]sal & indiscrim9ate       
facilities 9 ! directions indicat$4 ,!y 
d n want a k9d ( g5]al po/ among !      
pulpits ( ! l&1 nor d !y ask t _! p %\ld
 des]t _! own ord9ances = ^? ( !        
,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,_! p inde$ h no su*   
desire4 ,!y love ! simplicity &         
homel9ess ( _! own communion s]vices &  
w\ld n ex*ange !m if !y c\ld4 ,b !y d   
feel t to be deb>r$ f communicat+ :5 !re
 is no *ur* ( _! own ord] available is a
 real h>d%ip1 & !y "k t no?+ w\ld make =
 comity among ! *ur*es s surely z an    
occasional int]*ange ( pulpits4 ,!y     
recognise t x w\ld all h to be c>ri$ out
 9 due ord] & "u conditions1 & z long z 

! conditions ca/ no reflexion on _!     
ord]s1 or on ! ,*ri/ian /&+ ( _! memb]s1
 !y w\ld loyally accept !m4 ,"u         
exceptional circum/ances & giv5 due     
au?orization on bo? sides1 x might be   
possible to d op5ly :at is (t5 n[ done 9
 a m or less cl&e/9e way4 ,!re is a gr[+
 body ( op9ion on bo? sides :i* w\ld be 
fav\rable to su* a c\rse & x is c]ta9 t 
m w be he>d ( x aft] ! w>4  ,?is leads  
up to ano!r consid]ation :i* our        
ecclesia/ical au?orities w\ld d well to 
be> 9 m9d4 ,= a long "t pa/ y\ng] m5 &  
wom5 9 all ! *ur*es h be5 accu/om$ to   
meet toge!r 9 ! v>i\s ,fell[%ips & !    
,/ud5t movem5t4 ,!y h le>nt to "w & pray
 toge!r1 to "k "o ano!r's m9d & to      
realise _! fundam5tal on5ess ( _s & aim4
 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! are ! m5 & wom5
 9 ^: h&s ! future ( ! *ur*es1 humanly  
speak+1 lies1 & !y w n tol]ate an       
indef9ite prospect ( sect>ian division &
 /rife4 ,:ile loyal to _! own           
d5om9ations !y h se5 a wid] & m glori\s 
vision1 & !y are already prep>$ = v     

def9ite /eps 9 ! direction ( clos]      
relations4 ,! new & bett] _s :i* !y     
repres5t is spread+ rapidly among ! rank
 & file 9 ! *ur*es1 & has be5 /rongly   
re9=c$ by exp]i5ces at ! front4 ,!re1 "u
 ! rude /ress ( w>1 d5om9ational        
exclusiv5ess has frankly brok5 d[n &    
attempts to ma9ta9 x h excit$ univ]sal  
res5tm5t & disgu/4 ,!re is no d\bt t    
aft] ! w> !re w be a /rong public op9ion
 9 fav\r ( bett] relations among !      
*ur*es1 & no *ur* or section ( a *ur* t 
cl+s to ! old exclusiv5ess w be able to 
reta9 any hold ^u ! p4 ,9 ?is case at   
lea/ x may be assum$ t = once vox populi
 is vox dei4  ,!re is inde$ e reason to 
believe t op9ion outside ! *ur*es is m  
ripe = action ?an )9 !m4 ,on bo? sides  
!re is ne$ = some?+ l an educational    
campaign on ! subject ( reunion & ( !   
duty ( ,*ri/ians 9 reg>d to x4          
,difficulties h to be fac$ ( a v s]i\s  
k9d4 ,on ! ,noncon=mi/ side !re are /ill
 _m :o feel v ke5ly ! burd5 ( !         
disabilities f :i* !y h suff]$1 & to "s 

ext5t /ill suff]4 ,!y "k t 9 "s c\ntry  
di/ricts ,noncon=mi/s are subject$ to   
petty social p]secutions1 & t _! boys or
 girls :o wi% to become elem5t>y s*ool  
tea*]s are h&icapp$ f ! outset4 ,_m ( !m
 h be5 br\ght up on bitt] memories1 & _!
 inh]it$ ho/ility to ! ,/ate e/abli%m5t 
( religion does n incl9e !m to any      
rappro*em5t ) its repres5tatives4 ,x is 
well t ^! facts %\ld be fac$1 = !y %ew !
 ne$ !re is = ! ,free ,*ur*es to educate
 _! own p4  ,to all ?is we h to add !   
vis in]tiae :i* op]ates 9 all ! *ur*es  
alike4 ,_m ( !m are entirely satisfi$ ) 
?+s z !y are1 & are only anxi\s t we    
%\ld let well alone4 ,!re is too among  
c]ta9 ( ! d5om9ations a                 
self-satisfaction am\nt+ almo/ to       
,ph>isaism4 ,!y are v busy ) _! own "w &
 devot$ to _! d5om9ational int]e/s1 &1 s
 long z ^! c be ma9ta9$1 !y d n see !   
use ( agitations = reunion4 ,!y d n     
believe t !y h any?+ to ga9 f x & !re=e 
!y let x alone4  ,! same _s %ews itself 
too on ! ,anglican side & !re becomes a 

s]i\s ob/acle to any advance4 ,!re are  
^? :o reg>d ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 z by law  
e/abli%$1 z ! only possible ,*ur* =     
,engl&1 & !y _c imag9e :y any p %\ld    
want to *ange its pres5t position4      
,diss5t]s !y say are outsid]s &         
s*ismatics1 & mu/ be left to g _! own   
way4 ,!y %\ld be ?ankful = ! tol]ation  
:i* has be5 ext5d$ to !m & n abuse x by 
ask+ = m4 ,= all ?is k9d ( ?+ !re is    
only "o rem$y1 & t is a wid] vision1 & =
 ?is all ,*ri/ians ( good w %\ld        
/r5u\sly "w & pray4 ,x %\ld surely be   
obvi\s t we c no long] treat any *ur* or
 d5om9ation z an end 9 itself4 ,all     
alike exi/ = ! great end ( ! ,k+dom (   
,god & are to be judg$ by _! effici5cy 9
 promot+ t end among m54 ,s no sy/em (  
*ur* ord] c be reg>d$ z ( div9e "r 9    
itself b only s f> z x becomes a *annel 
( ! ,_s ( ,god & m$iates ,8 gifts to m54
 ,all ! *ur*es z we "k !m to-day h gr[n 
up 9 controv]sy & repres5t a long       
process ( developm5t & adaptation4 ,if  
we are to te/ !m x %\ld n be by ! m or  

less artificial /&>ds ( any "o age 9 _! 
hi/ory1 b r by ! _s1 & temp]1 &         
int5tions ( _! ,"l & ,ma/] ,jesus ,*ri/4
 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m 
fall into _! prop] proportions 9 view ( 
! failure :i* is common to !m all4 ,on  
^! t]ms too w ! old antagonisms become a
 g5]\s rivalry 9 good works & ea* *ur*  
be ready to seek ! welf>e ( o!rs 9 !    
common int]e/s ( ! ,k+dom :i* !y all    
s]ve4  ,s f> we h dealt l>gely ) ! pa/ &
 ) ! v>i\s movem5ts 9 ! direction (     
unity :i* h be5 set on foot4 ,x n[      
rema9s to say some?+ ( ! motives :i*    
inspire & ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie !m4   
,fir/ & =emo/ is ! fact t x is ! w ( our
 ,"l t ,8 p %\ld be "o4 ,?is does n mean
 surely any m]e uni=mity ( organization 
b unity ( _s1 he>t1 & w4 ,we seek ?is   
*iefly because x is a "r ?+4 ,any?+ %ort
 ( x is evil4 ,! ,*ri/ian fai? re/s     
ultimately on ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god & !    
bro!rhood ( man1 & ^! c only be made    
real :5 all ,*ri/ians accept !m & make  
!m ! gr\nd & basis ( _! relations ) "o  

ano!r4 ,"h we ne$ to appeal to !        
consci5ce ( ! *ur*es & *all5ge !m to put
 ! fir/ ?+s fir/ & le>n 9 ! love ( !    
bre?r5 ! love & s]vice ( ,god & ,8      
,*ur*4 ,!n we are b\nd to recognise 9 ! 
next place t ?is unity is ! prime       
condition ( successful "w & witness4 ,! 
tasks await+ ! *ur*es 9 ! imm$iate      
future are gigantic & only z !y /&      
toge!r & le>n to speak & act z "o h !y  
any *ance ( accompli%+ !m4 ,!y h to     
evangelize ! _w1 & = ?is !y w ne$ above 
all ?+s a common fai?1 a common witness1
 & a common sacrifice4 ,!y h to leav5   
society ) ! aims & pr9ciples ( ,jesus   
,*ri/1 to br+ ,8 _s to be> on all       
social1 political1 comm]cial1 &         
indu/rial und]tak+s1 & = ?is too !y w   
ne$ ! unit$ weight ( all _! influ5ce & !
 passion ( a great common crusade4 ,!   
devil is a great ma/] ( /rategy & kn[s t
 if he c keep our =ces divid$ !re is    
no?+ 9 !m t ne$ be fe>$4 ,we mu/ !re=e  
close up our ranks & pres5t a unit$     
front1 n m]ely z a measure (            

self-pres]vation b 9 ord] to d well ! "w
 t has be5 committ$ to u4 ,?is w involve
 "s real self-sacrifice on ! "p ( u all1
 b x is ! way ! ,ma/] w5t & ,8 foll[]s  
mu/ n %r9k f x4 ,if we b keep our eyes  
fix$ on ! great vision ( ! ,k+dom :i*   
,he op5$ be=e u1 we %all n fa9t b g =w>d
 /eadfa/ly & toge!r until ! k+doms ( ?is
 _w h become ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ( ,8     
,*ri/4     ,,unity ,,betwe5 ,,*ri/ian   
,,d5om9ations     ,,iv4 ,,! ,,scotti%   
,,problem  ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,,james       
,,coop]1 ,d4,d41 ,litt4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41  
,v4,d4   ,! v appe>ance ( ?is subject on
 ! programme ( ! ,,cambridge ,,summ]    
,,meet+1 & /ill m ! fact t x has be5    
entru/$ to m9i/]s ( diff]5t ,*ri/ian    
d5om9ations--"o ( !m1 too1 f across !   
,bord]--are signs ( a rem>kable *ange t 
has come ov]--we may say--! :ole        
,*ri/ian p ( ,great ,brita94  ,our isl& 
01 till n s long ago1 emphatically a l& 
( diff]5t1 & div]g+ *ur*es &            
d5om9ations1 una%am$ ( _! sep>ation2    
nay1 boa/+ _! exclusiv5ess1 or _!       

dissid5ce1 commemorat+ ) pride _!       
secessions & disruptions4 ,& ev5 :5 !y  
began to see some?+ ( ! evils su* temp]s
 & su* acts _h br\ght 9 _! tra9--!      
wa/efulness ( !m1 9 reg>d alike to      
money1 to m5's toil1 & gifts giv5 by    
,god = ! use ( ! :ole ,*ur* b conf9$ 9  
_! ex]cise to "s small section2--!      
injury to "*1 ! multi=m                 
self-righte\sness eng5d]$ by our s*isms1
 ! brea*es ( ,*ri/ian ju/ice & *>ity2--!
 treatm5t ( t :ole ,m$iaeval ,p]iod to  
:i* we owe s mu*1 z if x _h be5 "o d>k  
age ( hea!n bl9dness2--&1 aga91 !       
h9drances to ,*ri/ian "w at home &      
especially abroad1--:5 uneas9ess ov] ^! 
results began to %ew itself1 !          
recognition ( ! evil express$ itself at 
fir/ 9 ways h>dly indicative ( any dep? 
( p5it5ce1 or conducive to any practical
 measures = ! heal+ ( ! wrong4 ,we _h 9 
"o qu>t] ,evangelical ,alliances1 :i*   
put a new /igma on huge portions ( !    
,*ur* ( ,god1 yet left ^? :o took "p 9  
_! meet+s cont5t$ 9 _! own divisions4 ,9

 o!r qu>t]s--probably 9 bo? ! e/abli%$  
,*ur*es ( our isl&--!re 0 a t5d5cy 7& m7
 to look d[n on ,diss5t]s z su*1 to     
ignore ev5 _! reasonable grievances1 to 
ask m f !m ?an ei!r ,holy ,scripture or 
e>ly tradition c\ld w>rant1 & to        
disp>age unions t 7 possible & urg5t z  
likely to put new difficulties 9 ! way (
 t fur!r & p]fect union ( all :o believe
 9 ,*ri/ :i* alone ,he has promis$1 & = 
:i* alone ,he tells u t ,he prays4  ,i  
%\ld be ! v la/ to deprecate ei!r pray] 
or ef=t to advance ?is p]fect end4 ,x   
ought to be ! ultimate aim ( all ( u1   
s9ce x is ,*ri/'s4 ,we mu/ d no?+ to    
h9d] x3 we mu/ d all t may be lawful = u
 to promote x4 ,b x %\ld be po9t$ out to
 su* z look exclusively t[>ds ! ,ea/ &  
,rome1 fir/1 t a ju/] view ( ^? great   
,*ur*es--great ga9 z x is--af=ds little 
excuse = ignor+ ! ,*ur*es ( !           
,re=mation1 & = leav+ ! l>ge numb]s (   
dev\t ,*ri/ians 9 ! less] sects )\t ei!r
 ! hope or ! means ( supply+ defects :i*
 are n[1 = ! mo/ "p1 r inh]it$ ?an *os52

 second1 t ! divisions & v>iations among
 all :o 9 ,ea/ or ,we/1 9 ,engl& or 9   
,scotl&1 9 ! #aa? or ! #af? c5tury1 felt
 !mselves b\nd to repudiate ! ,papal    
,supremacy1 h suppli$1 & /ill supply1 ! 
,papacy ) a *ief weapon aga9/ all ( u   
alike1 & 9 fav\r ( ^? extreme pret5sions
 :i* h be5 a *ief cause (1 & rema9 a    
*ief ob/acle to reunion2 & ?ird1 t no?+ 
is m likely to br+ ab\t t k9d] attitude 
t[>d ! ,ea/ & u :i* we desid]ate on ! "p
 ( ,rome ?an a l>ge & g5]\s measure "h &
 9 ,am]ica ( ,home ,reunion--effect$1 ( 
c\rse 7z x c only be effect$71 on !     
basis ( ! ,ca?olic ,cre$s1 a wor%ip 9 ! 
beauty ( hol9ess1 & ! ,apo/olic ,m9i/ry4
  ,anyh[1 ?is is :at we are f9d+ 9      
,scotl&4 ,scotl&1 ,i "k1 is b a little  
bit ( ! _w3 its l>ge/ *ur*es small 9    
comp>ison ) ^? ( ,engl& & ! ,unit$      
,/ates1 n to speak ( ! va/ communions ( 
,rome & ( ! ,ea/4 ,b ! exp]i5ce ev5 ( a 
small "p may intimate :at may be look$ =
 9 mu* l>g] sections ( :at aft] all is  
ess5tially ! same body4 ,= ! ,*ur*1 !   

,body ( ,*ri/1 9 all l&s & 9 all ages is
 "o 9 spite ( its divisions4 ,*ri/ is n 
divid$4 ,x is subjective unity n        
objective :i* 9 ! ,*ur* on e>? is at    
pres5t1 ?r\gh our s9s1 susp5d$4 ,well1 9
 ,scotl&2 :]e1 let me rem9d y1 !        
confession ( ,*ri/ alike z ,k+ ( !      
,nations & ,k+ 9 ,zion1 & ( ! visible   
,*ur* z ,8 ,k+dom on e>?1 0 nev] laid   
aside1 ei!r 9 ! ,national ,*ur* or 9 !  
*ur*es :i* sep>at$ f x 7we laid aside   
mu* t we %\ld h done well to keep1 b we 
/uck manfully to ?is72 we h _h )9 rec5t 
times q a numb] ( incorporat+ unions2   
includ+ two ( consid]able note--! union 
9 #ahdg :i* br\ght toge!r 9 ! ,unit$    
,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ! two ma9 sections ( 
our #ah? c5tury ,sec$]s1 & ! union (    
#aijj ( ! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ians ) ! great
 mass ( ! ,free ,*ur* ( #ahdc--! union t
 has giv5 u ! ,unit$ ,free ,*ur*4 ,i    
d\bt if to ei!r ( ^! unions ! hope ( a  
future ,ca?olic ,reunion contribut$1 at 
! "t1 mu* or any?+4 ,i "k !re 7 "s 9 !  
,*ur* ( ,scotl& :o fanci$1 & alleg$1 t !

 union ( #aijj 0 eng9e]$ ) no fri5dly   
purpose t[>ds u4 ,b :at has be5 !       
outcome8 ,bo? ( ^! unions3--p>tial 9    
!mselves--h t5d$1 9 ! result1 v         
mat]ially to de-,calv9ize 7if ,i may co9
 ! ^w7 ! g5]al ,presbyt]ianism (        
,scotl&1 & break d[n n>r[ prejudices1 to
 wid5 ! outlook & enl>ge ! sympa?ies (  
^? :o took "p 9 !m4 ,! second1 & great] 
( ^! unions1 t ( #aijj 7suspect$ !n1 z  
,i h said71 prov$1 )9 eight %ort ye>s1  
to be ! v ?+ to pave ! way = ! op5+1    
betwe5 ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& & ! ,unit$     
,free ,*ur*1 ( ^? (ficial negotiations =
 an incorporat+ union :i* promise n[ to 
give u ere long a ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 n    
complete1 inde$--n embrac+ ev5 all !    
,presbyt]ians ( ,scotl&1 & greatly ne$+ 
! ,scotti% ,episcopalians--b /ill a     
,*ur* :i* w include an imm5se           
prepond]ance ( ! ,scotti% p2 :i* w be   
able to cov] ! :ole c\ntry ) n          
inadequate organizations2 :i* w be fre] 
also ?an x is at pres5t to ent] into    
fur!r unions2 :i* w rema9--:at x has ev]

 be5--bo? national & or?odox2 & w       
cont9ue1 ,i believe1 to g on rapidly    
resum+ _m ( ^? t\*+1 rev]5t1 & *ur*ly   
usages :i* 9 ! heats ( ! #af? & #ag?    
c5turies x unwisely ?rew away or1 less  
excusably1 gave up 9 ! coldness ( !     
#ah?4 ,we h /ill "s beautiful old       
usages1 z well z enviable lib]ties &    
p[]s4 ,& ev5 9 ! #ah? c5tury we kept !  
,fai? aga9/ ,arian & ,soc9ian h]esy3 ev5
 !n1 our sacram5tal tea*+ c\ld be high3 
ev5 !n1 ! doctr9e & ! practice alike ( !
 ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* & ! ,sec$]s 7 cle> &   
/rong on ! d]ivation ( ! ,m9i/ry f      
,*ri/1 & ! ,apo/olical succession ( our 
m9i/]s1 & y\rs1 ?r\gh presbyt]s4  ,=    
myself1 ,i sugge/$ 9 #aijg1 :5 x 0      
propos$ 9 our ,g5]al ,assembly to op5 ^!
 negotiations1 t we %\ld attempt a l>g] 
duty1 & approa* all ! re=m$ ,*ur*es 9   
,scotl&4 ,i 0 ov]-rul$4 ,x 0 held wis] 9
 ! meantime 7!y gave me ?is mu*7 to     
conf9e our invitation to ! ,unit$ ,free 
,*ur*4  ,! ,scotti% ,episcopal ,*ur*    
appe>$ to be ( ?is m9d also2 & ^? 9 h] &

 among u :o h long look$ wi/fully t[>ds 
our union ) h] & ) ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& are 
already f9d+ t our pres5t ef=t 7limit$ z
 x is7 is prov+ n an ob/acle1 z "s ( u  
fe>$1 b a p[]ful impetus t[>ds ! l>g]   
ef=t4 ,! union seems likely to cle> away
 h9drances to an ext5t we nev] dream$ (4
 ,x is op5+ up ! wid] prospect among an 
increas+ numb] n 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&    
only1 b emphatically also 9 ! ,unit$    
,free ,*ur*4 ,on all h&s x is recognis$ 
9 ,scotl& t ! (ficial limitation ( !    
,union horizon is only tempor>y3--,i    
quote f ! ,annual ,report = ?is ye> ( ! 
,scotti% ,*ur* ,society3        ,no "o  
is cont5t to accept ! contemplat$ union1
 %\ld x be      accompli%$1 z exhau/ive4
 ,we all wait = a full] manife/ation    
( ! ,grace ( ,god4 ,at ?is season (     
,p5teco/ we dream our      dreams & see 
our visions ( t great & notable day :5  
all      :o "n ! ,"o ,"n %all be "o4    
,! witness ( ! ,scotti% ,*ur* ,society  
may seem to "s "o-sid$3 "h is a witness 
f ! o!r side1 ( a date m rec5t ?an la/  

,may2 f a pamphlet j issu$ by ! v5]able 
,dr ,william ,mair1 ! fir/ & mo/ p]sev]+
 ( ! advocates ( our pres5t ent]prise4  
,8 words impress me z v t\*+ 9 _!       
transp>5t hone/y3        ,x is ?irte5   
ye>s 7he writes7 s9ce ,i fir/ spoke out 
9 !      =m ( a pamphlet4 ,no man /ood )
 me4 ,h>d ?+s 7 said (      me4 ,i      
believ$ x to be ! w ( ! ,,head ( !      
,*ur*1 !      ,,"l ,,jesus ,,*ri/1 t !re
 %\ld be union ( ,8 ,*ur* 9             
,scotl&1 & prim>ily t its two great     
,*ur*es %\ld be "o4      ,i h nev] = a  
s+le mom5t d\bt$ t ,8 w w\ld be         
fulfill$1 or t x 0 ! duty ( ^! ,*ur*es  
to set      !mselves1 "u ,8 guidance1 ) 
resolute purpose to "w out      its     
fulfilm5t4   ,obs]ve 8 prim>ily3 he q   
recognises 7,i h 8 au?ority = say+ s7 ! 
fur!r obligation4 ,& no wond]3 he is    
cle> z to ! "o great & supreme motive t 
%\ld inspire all ef=ts = ,*ur*          
,reunion--fai? 9 ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & !
 ob$i5ce ( fai? :i* ! true confession ( 
,8 ,deity involves4  ,! w ( ! ,"l 9     

reg>d to ! visible unity ( ,8 :ole ,*ur*
 is pla93 ,o!r %eep ,i h :i* are n ( ?is
 fold3 !m also ,i mu/ lead2 & !y %all   
he> ,my voice1 & !re %all be "o flock1  
"o ,%eph]d4 ,no d\bt !re is a diff]5ce  
betwe5 a fold 7,greek3 anl7 & a flock   
7,greek3 poimn71 betwe5 ! racial unity (
 ! ,jewi% ,disp5sation & ! ,ca?olic &   
int]national "* impress$ f ! beg9n+ on !
 ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,b a flock is z visible
 z a fold is4 ,we c see ! "o mov+ along 
! road "u ! %eph]d's guidance j z       
di/9ctly z we see ! o!r gleam+ :ite on !
 hillside1 or rais+ its turf-capp$ walls
 above ! level ( ! moor4 ,we c see1 (   
c\rse1 if ! walls ( a fold are brok5    
d[n2 b we c see also :e!r a flock is    
unit$1 :e!r x is mov+ =w>d z "o mass1 or
 is brok5 up & scatt]$4 ,su* sep>ations 
might be well en\gh if ! diff]5t little 
companies 7 all go+ quietly on 9 "o way2
 ?\gh ev5 !n _! break+ up w\ld argue on 
! "o h& a port5t\s failure 9 t          
recognition ( ! %eph]d's voice & !      
ob$i5ce to him :i* is due to 8 lov+ c>e1

 & on ! o!r h& a /range lack ( t        
greg>i\sness :i* is an in/9ct 9 ! heal?y
 %eep4 ,b :at if ! %eep are se5 runn+   
hi!r & ?i!r 9 diff]5t directions3 if !y 
are f\nd lab\r+ to expla9 !             
inadvisability--nay1 ! impossibility--( 
_! ev] com+ into l9e2 if we see !m      
in/ead cross+ ea* o!r's pa?1 />t+ f ea* 
o!r1 jo/l+ & butt+ "o ano!r1 cont9ually 
gett+ into situations provocative (     
fights & injuries8  ,is ?is ! k9d (     
picture :i* ! ,"l ,jesus has drawn ( ,8 
,flock1 ,8 ,*ur* z ,he wi%es1 & int5ds1 
t x %\ld be3 is ?is :at ,he promises t x
 %all be8  ,*ri/ made ,8 ,*ur* "o at !  
beg9n+3 ! rul]s ,he set ov] x 7 all ) "o
 accord 9 "o place2 ! multitude ( !m t  
believ$ 7 ( "o he>t & ( "o s\l4 ,& :5 ! 
,g5tiles _h be5 br\ght 91 :at c>e did ! 
,apo/les take le/ ! new dep>ture %\ld   
cause a sep>ation along a l9e made      
obsolete by ! ,cross ( ,*ri/2 & ) :at   
ador+ admiration does ,/ ,paul gaze at !
 delightful spectacle ( ,jew & ,g5tile  
made "o new man 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus--:]e1 he 

cries1 !re _c be ,greek & ,jew1         
circumcision & uncircumcision1 b>b>ian1 
,scy?ian1 bondman1 freeman1 b ,*ri/ is  
all1 & 9 all4  ,9 matt]s ( rank & race &
 col\r all our d5om9ations reta9 ?is    
,apo/olic ,ca?olicity4 ,h[ inconsi/5t to
 ma9ta9 x !re1 & repudiate x :5 we come 
to su* diff]5ces z mo/ly sep>ate u6 ,^! 
are diff]5ces f> m ( temp] ?an ( cre$1  
or ev5 ( wor%ip or gov]nm5t4 ,we say1   
sometimes1 t we are "o 9 _s3 n s2 x is j
 9 _s t we h be5 divid$4 ,9 cre$ &      
organisation bo?1 & 9 temp] z well1 !   
,*ur* ( ,apo/olic times 0 visibly "o4   
,see h[ ^! ,*ri/ians love "o ano!r 0 !  
comm5t ( ! hea!n onlook]4 ,?is /ate (   
?+s cont9u$ = a long "t4 ,gibbon        
enum]ates ! ,*ur*'s unity & discipl9e1  
:i* g toge!r1 z among ! second>y causes 
( t wond]ful spread ( ! ,gospel 9 ! fir/
 ?ree c5turies4  ,! reviv$1 broad5$1 & m
 c&id /udy1 alike ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ( 
,*ur* ,hi/ory ?r\gh\t its entire c\rse1 
is "o ( ! ways 9 :i* ! ,good ,%eph]d has
 be5 lead+ u to see alike ! disob$i5ce (

 our divisions1 & ! small f\ndation !re 
is = _m ( ! po9ts ov] :i* we h be5      
fight+4  ,happily too1 we d n n[ ne$ to 
argue 9 fav\r ( visible & organic unity4
 ,! once popul> apologies = sep>ation   
:i* ass]t$ ! suffici5cy ( 'spiritual'   
union1 & ! /imulat+ virtues ( rivalry & 
competition1 h become obsolete4  ,m     
happily /ill1 we h le>n$ practically to 
appreciate ! diff]5ce betwe5 our        
,savi\r's g5tle ,i mu/ lead 7,greek3 dei
 me agage97 & our =efa!rs' v>i\s        
attempts to produce uni=mity by driv+4  
,! reproa* ( t s9ful blund] is "o t none
 ( our great] ,*ur*es--,roman1          
,anglican1 ,presbyt]ian1 or ,puritan--c 
ca/ 9 ano!r's tee?4 ,ea* ( u committ$ x 
9 our day ( triumph4 ,:at fruit _h we !n
 9 ^? ?+s :]e( we are n[ a%am$8 ,!      
memory--"o-sid$1 & c>efully cultivat$--(
 :at ea* suff]$ 9 its turn ( adv]sity   
has hi!rto be5 a pot5t ag5cy = keep+ u  
ap>t4 ,to-day ^? memories are fad+4 ,i 0
 mu* /ruck by a rem>k ,i he>d la/ spr+ f
 ! ,bi%op ( ,s\?w>k1 t "o reason :y we  

are m ready n[adays to contemplate      
reunion is j t we belong to a g5]ation  
to :om ^? mis]able do+s are f>-(f ?+s   
outside alike our exp]i5ce & our        
expectation4  ,9 o!r ways also we disc]n
 lead+s ( ,our ,savi\r to ! same end4   
,?r\gh ,:itefield & ! ,wesleys1 & !     
,evangelical ,revival1 ,he re-awak5$ !  
peoples ( ,engl& & ,am]ica to a ke5 s5se
 ( ! ne$ = p]sonal religion4 ,:]e ^!    
p[]ful ag5cies _h ! defects ( _!        
qualities1 9 _! failure to appreciate   
aright ,8 graci\s ord9ances ( ,*ur* &   
,m9i/ry & ,sacram5t1 ,he rectifi$ !     
balance by giv+ u 9 due c\rse ! ,ox=d   
,movem5t1 ^: =ce is n sp5t1 b diffus$   
?r\gh all our d5om9ations4 ,let u be j  
to ! ,ox=d ,movem5t3 )\t x1 humanly     
speak+1 we %\ld n h be5 "h to-day4 ,if x
 _h its own n>r[nesses1 x reviv$ ! v    
/udies :i*1 :ile !y h reveal$ !         
inadequacy ( c]ta9 ( its po/ulates1 h   
also br\ght cle> into ! view ( all ( u !
 ,div9e goal :i* n[ gleams glori\s 9    
front ( u--! goal ( ! great ,apo/le--!  

build+ up ( ! ,body ( ,*ri/3 till we all
 atta9 unto ! unity ( ! ,fai?1 & ( ! k (
 ! ,son ( ,god1 unto a full-gr[n man1   
unto ! measure ( ! /ature ( ! fulness ( 
,*ri/4  ,a ,scotsman may be excus$ =    
ref]r+ to ! debt :i* ! lead]s ( ! ,ox=d 
,movem5t--,dr ,pusey 9 p>ticul> 0 always
 ready to admit x--ow$ to ,sir ,walt]   
,scott1 p>ticul>ly 9 re-awak5+ a m      
sympa!tic int]e/ 9 ! ,m$iaeval ,*ur*4   
,if ,sir ,walt]'s c\ntrym5 7 sl[] to    
foll[ him 9 ?is matt]1 !y are do+ s n[ 9
 unexpect$ qu>t]s4 ,we are full to-day (
 ! ,am]ican alliance3 may ,i rem9d y t  
,sir ,walt] ,scott 0 ! fir/ ,briti% man 
( lett]s to hail ! e>ly promise (       
,am]ican lit]ature by 8 cordial welcome 
to its repres5tative1 ,wa%+ton ,irv+8   
,scott 0 a devot$ subject ( ! ,briti%   
,mon>*y2 b he saw1 & he insi/$ on1 !    
duty ( ,great ,brita9 to cultivate a w>m
 fri5d%ip ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,9 ! same 
direction we h be5 l$ 9 days m rec5t by 
! l>ge developm5t1 9 all our            
d5om9ations1 ( two ma9 bran*es (        

,*ri/ian "w4 ,i ref] to ,mission>y      
ent]prise abroad & ,social s]vice at    
home4 ,our ecclesia/ical divisions are a
 s]i\s h&icap to bo?4 ,9 a matt] m vital
 /ill1 t ( ! ,religi\s--!               
,*ri/ian--,education 9 our ,s*ools &    
,colleges1 our divisions h sometimes    
prov$ well-nigh fatal4 ,! "o rem$y is t 
we make up our diff]5ces & come toge!r4 
,& n[ ?is ,w>1 s dreadful 9 itself1 is  
help+ p[]fully1 & 9 _m ways1 to ! same  
end4 ,x is br++ u toge!r at home1 & mak+
 u acqua9t$ )1 & appreciative (1 ea* o!r
 9 a ?\s& =ms ( unit$ s]vice4 ,x has    
spread be=e our eyes ! magnific5t &     
inspir+ spectacles ( ,colonial loyalty1 
( "o milit>y comm& ov] ! ,alli$ ,=ces1 (
 ! cordial & en?usia/ic support ( a     
fully-reconcil$ ,am]ica4 ,%all ! *ildr5 
( ?is _w be wis] ?an ! *ildr5 ( light8  
,%all ! ,*ur* neglect ! lesson read to  
h] by ! /atesm5 & ! w>riors8 ,!n1 aga91 
! cause = :i* we are 9 arms is--mo/     
happily--n d5om9ational4 ,! pres5t ,w>  
is n 9 ! lea/ l ^? hateful1 if necess>y1

 /ruggles :i* hi/orians h entitl$ ,!    
,w>s ( ,religion3 b x is1 on ! "p ( !   
,ent5te1 ess5tially & fundam5tally      
,*ri/ian--m pr(\ndly s ?an ! ,crusades  
!mselves4 ,t is :y x is br++ u s m>k$ly 
toge!r4 ,&1 if ?is is its effect at home
 & 9 ,am]ica1 mu* m is x produc+ ! same 
result among our *apla9s & our ,*ri/ian 
work]s at ! ,front4 ,!y are f9d+1 on !  
"o h&1 ! limitations1 or faults1 ( e "o 
( our /]eotyp$ me?ods ( "w & =ms (      
wor%ip2 !y are see+ on ! o!r h& among   
ea* o!r excell5cies :]e !y only saw     
defects4 ,!y are br\ght toge!r 9 admir+ 
comrade%ip1 :i* res5ts ! %ackles        
re/rictive ( its play4 ,let me read to y
 a passage f a lett] ,i receiv$ a       
=tnight s9ce f an em95t ,anglican *apla9
 n[ s]v+ ) our troops 9 ,france3        
,i see 7he says7 9 ?is great w> all !   
excresc5ces--!      non-ess5tials :i* up
 till n[ h masqu]ad$ & misl$ s      _m  
religi\s & non-religi\s m5--drop (f 9 ! 
light (      great realities2 & ,i h se5
 9 ! eyes ( all true lov]s (      our   

,,"l1 *apla9s & laity1 a wi/ful long+ to
 unite1 &      mobilize our spiritual   
=ces n[ dissipat$ & ineffective         
?r\gh disunion4 ,:at we look = m & m is 
a man1 s      fill$ ) ! ,,_s ( ,,god--s 
free f ambition1 covet\sness1           
d5om9ationalism1 ) a big he>t & deep    
love1 to make a plunge      & />t4 ,we  
may be able to />t out "h1 if we h !    
good-w ( our lead]s at home4   ,i ?9k ,i
 may safely assure my correspond5t t he 
has ! good-w ( all ! liv+ lead]s ( all  
our d5om9ations8 ,may ,i write & tell   
him s f ?is pres5t meet+8 ,yes4444 ,i   
?9k ,i %all rem9d him fur!r ( ^? words (
 ! ,angel ( ! ,"l to ,gideon :5 he ?re%$
 8 :eat 9 ! w9e-press ) a vig\r         
sugge/ive ( 8 wi% to h ! ,midianites    
b5ea? 8 flail--,g 9 ?is ?y might1 & ?\  
%alt save ,israel f _! m>aud+ h&s4  ,at 
home1 !n1 z well z at ! ,front1 ! w is  
pres5t ) u2 & :]e !re is ! w !re is     
pretty sure to be ! way4  ,! way 7,i    
believe = my "p7 is sub/antially t laid 
d[n by ! ,pan-,anglican ,conf]5ce (     

#ahff1 9 ! ,lambe? ,quadrilat]al4 ,its  
f\r po9ts 73  ,i4 ,! ,holy ,scriptures4 
,,ii4 ,! ,nic5e ,cre$4  ,,iii4 ,!       
,sacram5ts ( ,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]  
m9i/]$ ) ! unfail+ use ( ! ,words (     
,in/itution4  ,,iv4 ,! ,hi/oric         
,episcopate4  ,x is fifty-two ye>s s9ce 
^! t]ms 7 put =?4 ,h !y ev] be5 =mally  
br\ght be=e ! d5om9ations = :om         
presumably !y 7 int5d$8 ,7 !y ev5 once  
comm5d$ to ! ne>e/ ( ^! ,*ur*es by a    
deputation urg+ _! consid]ation8 ,i d\bt
 x4  ,yet ! fir/ ?ree ( ^! f\r          
conditions are already accept$ by ne>ly 
all ! ,engli% ,noncon=mi/s2 & c]ta9ly by
 all ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*es1 z fully z  
!y are 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,!           
,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ,engl& has set !   
,nic5e ,cre$ on ! =e-front ( its new    
,confession4 ,e ^w ( ! ,nic5e ,cre$ 7z !
 late ,pr9cipal ,d5ney po9t$ out7 is 9 !
 ,confession ( ,fai? ( all ! ,scotti%   
,presbyt]ians4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&       
repeats x at its solemn ,assembly       
,communion 9 ,/ ,giles'4 ,its crucial   

t]m1 ! ,homo\sion1 is 9 ! ,articles n[  
s5t d[n to ,presbyt]ies ) ! view ( _!   
transmission next ,may to ! ,unit$ ,free
 ,*ur*4  ,9 reg>d to ! ,sacram5tal      
s]vices our ,directory is q express 9   
ord]+ ! use 9 ,baptism & ! ,eu*>i/ ( !  
,words ( ,in/itution4 ,i nev] he>d ( a  
case 9 ,scotl& :]e !y 7 n us$3 we %\ld  
condemn _! omission %\ld x any:]e occur4
  ,und\bt$ly ! ,f\r? ,article w\ld h1   
till lately1 pres5t$ difficulties2 b1   
!n1 ^? difficulties 7 9 great measure   
cle>$ away by ! admission ( ! ,lambe?   
,conf]5ce ( #aijh t 9 ! case ( proposals
 = union1 say ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& ) !   
,anglican ,*ur*1 rea*+ ! /age ( (ficial 
action1 an approa* might be made along !
 l9e ( ! ,prec$5ts ( #afaj4 ,i _h a     
rec5t opportunity ( /at+1 9 an          
,address#ag ,i gave at ,k+'s ,college1  
,london1 :at ^! ,prec$5ts ( #afaj 72 h[ 
!y includ$ ! unanim\s vote ( ! ,g5]al   
,assembly ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 9 fav\r ( 
! re/oration ( diocesan bi%ops act+ 9   
conjunction ) h] graduat$ s]ies ( ,*ur* 

,c\rts2 h[ we !reupon receiv$ f ! ,*ur* 
( ,engl& an ,episcopate :i* !n1 & ev]   
s9ce1 %e has acc\nt$ valid1 ?\gh nei!r !
 ,scots bi%ops %e !n consecrat$1 nor !  
cl]gy ( ,scotl& z a body1 7 requir$ to  
be re-orda9$2 & h[ ! comb9$ sy/em ?us   
introduc$ among u gave u by f> ! mo/    
brilliant & fruitful p]iod 9 our        
ecclesia/ical annals2 & h[ ,le>n+1      
,piety1 ,art & ,*ur* ext5sion fl\ri%$   
among u1 z !y h nev] done s9ce4 ,! sy/em
 w\ld 9 all probability h endur$ to !   
pres5t day b = ! arbitr>y               
int]f]5ces--(t5 ) v good int5tions1 & = 
ends 9 !mselves desirable--( our ,/u>t  
k+s4 ,a lat] re/oration ( ,episcopal    
,*ur* gov]nm5t "u ,*>les ,,ii lack$ !   
ecclesia/ical au?ority :i* t ( #afaj    
possess$1 & 0 /ill m hopelessly         
discr$it$ by its association ) !        
p]secution ( ! ,cov5ant+ remnant2 b ev5 
"u ^! disadvantages x 0 yield+ n        
inconsid]able b5efits to ! religi\s life
 ( ,scotl&4 ,"u x our ,gaelic-speak+    
highl&]s fir/ receiv$ ! entire ,bible 9 

_! native tongue2 ! ,episcopate 0 adorn$
 by ! piety ( ,leighton & ! wisdom (    
,patrick ,sc\gal2 :ile ,h5ry ,sc\gal 9 8
 ,life ( ,god 9 ! ,s\l ( ,man produc$ a 
religi\s classic ( endur+ value4  ,!    
ref]5ce by ! ,lambe? ,conf]5ce ( #aijh 0
 meant z ! op5+ ( a door1 & ,i und]/&   
!re 0 "s sor5ess among its support]s t m
 notice ( x 0 n tak5 9 ,scotl&4 ,b x 0  
nev] s5t to ,scotl&3 x 0 nev]           
communicat$ to ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,our 
,scotti% newspap]s tell u v little ( :at
 goes on 9 ,engl&2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t 
too (t51 on bo? sides ( ! ,twe$1 ?+s h  
appe>$ 9 ! press n calculat$ to heal    
diff]5ces or make = peace4 ,s>casm may  
be v clev]3 x is sometimes useful3 x is 
r>ely helpful to good feel+1 or to !    
am5dm5t ei!r ( him :o utt]s x or ( him  
aga9/ :om x is direct$4 ,! putt+ =? ( ! 
f+] & speak+ vanity are among ! ?+s :i* 
,isaiah decl>es !y mu/ put away :o      
desire to be call$ ! re/or]s ( ! brea*1 
! repair]s ( pa?s to dwell 94  ,n[ y h  
tak5 9 ,engl& a fur!r /ep4 ,! ,second   

,int]im ,report ( ! ,ar*bi%ops'         
,sub-,committee 9 ,connexion ) ! propos$
 ,_w ,conf]5ce on ,fai? & ,ord] is n1 ,i
 presume1 a docum5t ( ! (ficial "* ( a  
,resolution ( a ,lambe? ,conf]5ce4 ,x is
 nev]!less a pap] ( enorm\s significance
 & hopefulness1 n alone z atte/$ by !   
signatures x be>s1 b also on acc\nt ( ! 
exposition :i* x gives ( ! f\r? po9t 9 !
 ,lambe? ,quadrilat]al--its own         
condition t cont9uity ) ! ,hi/oric      
,episcopate %\ld be effectively pres]v$4
  ,?is ,report is1 h[ev]1 exclusively = 
,engl&2 :ile my conc]n to-day is ) !    
k9dr$ "q ( union betwe5 ! ,anglican     
,*ur* & ! ,scotti% ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*es4
 ,! day ,i tru/ is n f> di/ant :5 we    
%all see a simil> docum5t issu$ ov]     
signatures f bo? sides ( ! ,twe$4 ,ne$  
,i say t :5 ?is comes to be drawn up1 we
 ( ! ,nor? 7l ,bailie ,nicol ,j>vie ) 8 
bus9ess correspond5ts 9 ,london7 w hold 
no communications ) y b on a foot+ (    
absolute equality4 ,9 none ( ! bran*es  
into :i* x is n[ divid$--,presbyt]ian or

 ,episcopalian--does ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&  
=get t x is an anci5t national ,*ur* :i*
 nev] admitt$ subjection to its great]  
si/] ( ! ,s\?4 ,we may h too good a     
conceit ( ourselves1 b we %all at lea/1 
l ! wor?y bailie1 be true & fri5dly4 ,& 
inde$ we--or "s ( u--7 already mov+     
t[>ds some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! ,second ,int]im
 ,report--x be>s ! title ,t[>ds ,*ri/ian
 ,unity--is dat$1 ,i obs]ve1 ,m>* #aiah4
 ,9 ,scotl&1 s e>ly z ! #bi? ( ,janu>y1 
!re 0 held at ,ab]de5 7hi/orically ! mo/
 natural place = su* a purpose1 = x 0 ! 
city ( ! ,ab]de5 ,doctors & _! eir5ic   
ef=ts7 a conf]5ce--mode/1 un(ficial1    
t5tative--yet truly repres5tative ( !   
,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 ( ! ,unit$ ,free ,*ur*1
 & ( ! ,scotti% ,episcopal ,*ur*1 :i*   
drew up1 & has issu$1 a ,memor&um#ah    
sugge/+ a basis = reunion 9 ,scotl&1 v  
mu* on ! l9es ( ! ,prec$5ts ( #afaj1 b  
sugge/+ su* arrangem5ts dur+ a p]iod (  
transition z %all secure t respect is   
paid to ! consci5ti\s convictions to be 
f\nd on bo? sides4 ,we %all n repeat !  

blund]s ( #afcg :i* ru9$ ! happy        
settlem5t ( #afaj4  ,we h 9 view a me?od
 :i* %all nei!r deprive ,scotti%        
,episcopal congregations ( ! s]vices !y 
love1 nor attempt to =ce a ,pray]-,book 
on ,presbyt]ian congregations till !y   
wi% x = !mselves4 ,we %all d no?+ ei!r  
to discr$it or disp>age our exi/+       
,presbyt]ian ord]s2 we %all be no less  
c>eful n to obtrude on ! ,episcopal     
m9ority ! s]vices ( a m9i/ry !y deem    
defective2 :i* %all arrange t 9 ! c\rse 
( a g5]ation ! m9i/ry ( bo? communions  
%all be acceptable to all1 :ile 9 !     
mean:ile x w be possible = bo? to "w    
toge!r4 ,alike 9 ,engl& & 9 ,irel& ?is  
,memor&um1 :]e x has be5 se51 has be5   
fav\rably receiv$4 ,9 ,scotl& x--&      
d\btless o!r plans--w probably be       
discuss$ 9 ! com+ w9t] by _m a ga!r+    
simil> to t :i* drew x up2 & ?us we %all
 be ready1 by ! "t our union ) ! ,unit$ 
,free ,*ur* is complet$1 to g on toge!r 
to ?is fur!r task4  ,by t "t y 9 ,engl& 
w h made "s progress t[>ds ! heal+ ( y\r

 divisions4 ,! wid] settlem5t ( ours    
w\ld be greatly facilitat$ by an ov]t   
enc\ragem5t f y4 ,engl& is ! pr$om9ant  
p>tn] 9 our happily unit$ ,empire3 x is 
! ,*ur* ( ,engl& t %\ld take !          
initiative 9 a s*eme = a ,unit$ ,*ur* = 
! ,unit$ ,empire4 ,%e %\ld take t       
initiative 9 ,scotl&4  ,c\ld !re be a m 
appropriate occasion = propos+ conf]5ce 
) a view to x at ,ed9burgh1 ?an ! day   
:i* sees ! happy accompli%m5t ( our     
pres5t ,scotti% ef=t8 ,might n ! ,*ur* (
 ,engl&1 ! ,*ur* ( ,irel&1 & ! ,scotti% 
,episcopal ,*ur* 7all ( :i* h giv5 tok5s
 ( a sympa!tic int]e/ 9 our union       
negotiations7 unite to s5d deputations =
 ! purpose to our fir/ reunit$ ,g5]al   
,assembly8 ,su* deputations w\ld n g    
away empty4 ,& !y w\ld c>ry ) !m :at    
w\ld help n only ! ,cause ( ,*ri/       
?r\gh\t ! ev]-wid5+ ,empire ,he has giv5
 to our h&s1 b ! fulfilm5t ( ,8 bless$ w
 t all ,8 p %\ld be "o4 ,auspice        
,spiritu ,sancto4 ,am54  ,,footnotes3   
#ag ,?is ,address1 along ) ano!r deliv]$

 9 ,/ ,paul's1 has be5 publi%$ by ,mr   
,rob]t ,scott1 ( ,pat]no/] ,r[1 "u !    
title ,reunion1 a ,voice f ,scotl&4  #ah
 ,pr9t$ 9 ,reunion1 a ,voice f ,scotl&1 
pp4 #aja-ajg4     ,,unity ,,betwe5      
,,classes     ,i  ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,f4   
,t4 ,,woods1 ,d4,d4   ,,introduction    
,he w\ld be a dull man :o did n respond 
to su* a !me z ! "o ) :i* ,i h be5      
entru/$4  ,be=e ! w>1 9 spite ( mu*     
enlight5m5t ( ! social consci5ce1 unity 
betwe5 classes 0 /ill f> to seek4       
,inde$1 ! contemplation ( ! /ate (      
,engli% society 9 ^? e>ly mon?s ( #aiad 
0 p]haps m calculat$ to drive ! social  
re=m] into pessimism ?an any?+ :i* has  
happ5$ s9ce4 ,! ri* 7 hunt+ = fre%      
pleasures1 ! poor 7 hunt+ = bett]       
conditions4 ,! t5d5cies :i* 7 dragg+ ^! 
classes ap>t seem$ /rong] ?an ^? :i* 7  
br++ !m toge!r4 ,!n came ! w>1 & x has  
done mu* to conv]t a =lorn hope into a  
bright prospect4 ,?is has happ5$ n      
m]ely1 or ev5 ma9ly1 ow+ to ! fact t m5 
( all classes are fight+ side by side 9 

! tr5*es1 b r ow+ to ! fact t ! w> has  
cle>$ our m9ds1 has expos$ ! real dang]s
 ( civilisation1 & has plac>d$ be=e !   
_w1 9 t]ms :i* _c be mi/ak51 ! ?+s :i*  
are mo/ wor? liv+ =4  ,i propose to ask 
y\r att5tion to my subject "u ?ree      
heads4 ,fir/ ,i %all say some?+ ( !     
basis ( class di/9ction1 !n ,i %all put 
be=e y "s attempts :i* h be5 made at    
social unity1 & 9 clos+ ,i %all try to  
e/imate ! hope ( ! pres5t situation4    
,i  ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,class ,,di/9ction 
,bir? & ,prop]ty h be5 dur+ mo/ ( human 
hi/ory ! *ief po9ts on :i* class        
di/9ction has turn$4 ,beh9d !m bo?1 ,i  
fe> x mu/ be confess$1 !re is t :i* lies
 at ! root ( all civilisation1 namely   
=ce4 ,i presume t ! fir/ class di/9ction
 0 betwe5 ! gr\p ( p :o c\ld comm& & !  
gr\p :o _h to obey4 ,! second gr\p no   
d\bt consi/$ 9 mo/ cases ( conqu]$      
enemies :o 7 turn$ into slaves4 ,!y 7   
outsid]s1 ! m5 ( a l[] level4  ,b ! ma/]
 gr\p1 if ,i may s call x1 w\ld h its   
desc5dants1 :o by virtue ( family       

relation%ips w\ld seek to keep _!       
position4 ,?is1 ,i conclude1 is ! f\nta9
 head ( t /ream ( blue blood :i* has    
play$ s l>ge a "p 9 class di/9ction4 ,x 
is n difficult to make out a /rong case 
= x f ! po9t ( view ( human evolution4  
,! processes ( primitive w>f>e may h l$ 
to ! survival ( ! fitte/ or ! selection 
( ! be/4 ,at a "t :5 ! s5se ( social    
responsibility 0 limit$ 9 ! extreme1 x  
may h be5 a good ?+ t ! managem5t ( m5  
%\ld h re/$ ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o by    
natural end[m5ts & =ce ( "* came to !   
top4 ,x is unnecess>y to dwell at l5g?  
on ! imm5se influ5ce bo? 9 our own      
c\ntry & else:]e :i* ?is blood di/9ction
 ( class has ex]cis$4 ,x is writ l>ge 9 
! hi/ory ( ! ^w g5tleman1 bo? 9 !       
,engli% ^w & its ,lat9 ance/or4 ,! ,lat9
 ^w g5]osus1 always ! equival5t (       
g5tleman 9 ,engli%-,lat9 docum5ts1      
signifies a p]son ( good family4 ,x 0   
us$ no d\bt 9 ?is s5se by ! ,rev4 ,john 
,ball1 ! /rike lead]1 z we %\ld call him
 9 mod]n t]ms1 ( ! #ad? c5tury1 9 ! l9es

 :i* =m$ a k9d ( battlecry ( ! rebels3  
,:5 ,adam delv$ & ,eve span1      ,:o 0 
!n ! g5tleman8   ,a writ] ( a c5tury    
lat]1 ,william ,h>rison1 says3 ,g5tlem5 
be ^? :om _! race & blood or at lea/ _! 
virtues d make noble & kn[n4  ,b !      
di/9ction is old] ?an ?is4 ,accord+ to  
,pr(essor ,freeman x goes back well nigh
 to ! ,conque/4 ,n inde$ ! di/9ction (  
blood1 = t is mu* old]1 b ! =mation ( a 
sep>ate class ( g5tlem54 ,x has be5     
ma9ta9$ h[ev] by "s writ]s t ?is is r   
ant$at+ ! process1 & t ! real di/9ction 
9 ,engli% life up to ! #ad? c5tury 0    
betwe5 ! nobiles1 ! t5ants 9 *ivalry1 a 
v l>ge class :i* includ$ all betwe5     
,e>ls & ,frankl9s2 & ! ignobiles1 i4e4 !
 ville9s1 ! ord9>y citiz5s & burgesses4 
,! widely preval5t notion t a g5tleman 0
 a p]son :o _h a "r to we> coat arm\r is
 app>5tly ( rec5t gr[?1 & is possibly n 
unconnect$ ) ! n unnatural desire ( !   
h]ald's (fice to magnify its "w4  ,x is 
evid5t t noble blood 9 ^? days 0 no m a 
gu>antee ( good "* ?an x is 9 ?is1 =1   

accord+ to "o ( ! writ]s on ! subject1 !
 premi] g5tleman ( ,engl& 9 ! e>ly days 
( ! #ae? c5tury 0 "o :o _h s]v$ at      
,ag9c\rt1 b ^: subsequ5t exploits 7 n   
p]haps ! be/ adv]tisem5t = g5tle bir?4  
,accord+ to ! public records he 0 *>g$  
at ! ,/af=d%ire ,assizes ) h\se-break+1 
w\nd+ ) int5t to kill1 & procur+ ! murd]
 ( "o ,?omas ,page1 :o 0 cut to pieces  
:ile on 8 knees begg+ = 8 life#ai4  ,!  
fir/ g5tleman1 commemorat$ by t "n on an
 exi/+ monum5t1 is ,john ,daundelion :o 
di$ 9 #adde4  ,9 ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies 
! *ief occupation ( g5tlem5 0 fight+2 b 
lat] on1 :5 law & ord] 7 m firmly       
e/abli%$1 ! y\ng] sons ( good families  
began to ent] indu/rial life z          
appr5tices 9 ! t[ns1 & !re began to gr[ 
up a new ari/ocracy ( trade4 ,to        
,william ,h>rison1 ! writ] to :om ,i h  
already ref]r$1 m]*ants are /ill        
citiz5s1 b he adds3 ,!y (t5 *ange e/ate 
) g5tlem5 z g5tlem5 d ) !m by mutual    
conv]sion ( ! "o into ! o!r4  ,s9ce ^?  
days ! "n has v prop]ly come to be      

connect$ less ) blue blood ?an--if ,i   
may co9 ! phrase--) blue behavi\r4 ,9   
#agad1 ,/eele lays x d[n 9 ! ,tatl] t ! 
appellation ( g5tleman is nev] to be    
fix$ to a man's circum/ances b to 8     
behavi\r 9 !m4 ,& 9 ?is connexion we may
 recall ! old /ory ( ! ,mon>*1 said by  
"s to be ,james ,,ii1 :o repli$ to a    
lady petition+ him to make h] son a     
g5tleman3 ,i c\ld make him a noble1 b   
,god ,almighty c\ld n make him a        
g5tleman4  ,be=e we leave ! class       
di/9ctions bas$ ma9ly on bir? & blood1 x
 is well to rem>k t 9 ,engl& !y h nev]  
c\nt$ = s mu* z else:]e4 ,x is true (   
c\rse t ! nobility & g5try h be5 a      
sep>ate class1 b !y h be5 con/antly     
recruit$ f bel[4 ,di/9ction 9 w> or     
capability 9 peace 0 ! qualification (  
scores ( m5 ^u :om ! highe/ social rank 
0 be/[$ 9 reign aft] reign 9 our ,engli%
 hi/ory4 ,moreov]1 bir? di/9ction has   
nev] be5 recognis$ 9 law1 9 spite ( !   
fact t ! manipulation ( laws has n      
always be5 free f bias4 ,! well kn[n    

words ( ,macaulay are wor? quot+ 9 ?is  
connexion3        ,!re 0 a /rong h]$it>y
 ari/ocracy3 b x 0 ( all      h]$it>y   
ari/ocracies ! lea/ insol5t & exclusive4
 ,x _h      none ( ! invidi\s "* ( a    
ca/e4 ,x 0 con/antly      receiv+ memb]s
 f ! p1 & con/antly s5d+ d[n      memb]s
 to m+le ) ! p4 ,any g5tleman might     
become a      pe]1 ! y\ng] son ( a pe] 0
 b a g5tleman4 ,gr&sons (      pe]s     
yield$ prec$5ce to newly made knights4  
,! dignity ( knigh?ood 0 n beyond ! rea*
 ( any man :o c\ld by dilig5ce & ?rift  
realise a good e/ate1 or :o c\ld attract
 notice by 8 val\r 9 battle4        444 
,good blood 0 inde$ held 9 high respect3
 b betwe5 good      blood & ! privileges
 ( pe]age !re 01 mo/ =tunately =        
our c\ntry1 no necess>y connection4444  
,!re 0 !re=e "h      no l9e l t :i* 9 "s
 o!r c\ntries divides !      patrician f
 ! plebeian4 ,! yeoman 0 n incl9$ to    
murmur      at dignities to :i* 8 own   
*ildr5 might rise4 ,! gr&ee 0      n    
incl9$ to insult a class into :i* 8 own 

*ildr5 mu/      desc5d4444 ,?us our     
democracy 01 f an e>ly p]iod1 ! mo/     
ari/ocratic1 & our ari/ocracy ! mo/     
democratic 9 ! _w2      a peculi>ity :i*
 has la/$ d[n to ! pres5t day1 & :i*    
has produc$ _m important moral &        
political effects#bj4   ,if blood c\nt$ 
= mu* 9 di/9ctions ( class1 prop]ty     
c\nt$ = m4 ,! orig9al di/9ction betwe5 !
 haves & ! h nots has p]si/$ ?r\gh\t    
hi/ory & is ) u to-day4  ,9 ! anci5t    
village1 no d\bt1 ! di/9ction 0 ( !     
simple/4 ,on ! "o h& 0 ! man :o by =ce  
or by 8 own en]gy became possess$ ( m   
cattle & m %eep ?an 8 fell[s2 on ! o!r  
h& 0 ! man :o1 9 default ( su* prop]ty1 
0 ready & will+ to give 8 s]vices to !  
bigg] man1 :e!r = wages1 or z a         
condition ( liv+ 9 ! village & %>+ 9 !  
rights ( ! village fields & pa/ures4 ,"h
 presumably we h ! orig9 ( t in/itution 
( ,l&lordism :i* /ill looms s l>ge 9 our
 social life4 ,9 ! e>ly days x 0        
probably m a matt] ( cattle ?an ( l&4 ,!
 possessor ( cattle 9 ! village w\ld    

hire out a c]ta9 numb] ( !m to a poor]  
neighb\r1 :o w\ld h ! "r to fe$ !m on ! 
common l&4 ,?us1 ev5 9 primitive times1 
a class di/9ction bas$ on prop]ty began 
to gr[ up4  ,e>ly 9 hi/ory !re 0 f\nd 9 
mo/ villages a *ief man :o _h ! l>ge/   
%>e ( ! l&4 ,bel[ him !re w\ld be ?ree  
or f\r l&[n]s ( mod]ate importance &    
prop]ty4 ,at ! end ( ! scale 7 ! ord9>y 
lab\r]s & villag]s1 among :om ! re/ ( ! 
village l&s 7 divid$ z a rule on fairly 
equal t]ms4  ,closely alli$ to ?is (    
c\rse 0 ! organisation ( ! village f !  
po9t ( view ( milit>y s]vice4 ,p>allel  
to ?is m peaceful organisation ( society
 0 ! elaborate ,feudal ,sy/em1 by :i*1 f
 ! ,k+ d[nw>ds1 l&s 7 held 9 virtue ( an
 obligation on ! "p ( ea* class to ! "o 
above x to produce m5 = ! w>s 9 due     
proportion ( numb]s & equipm5t4  ,f ?is 
po9t ( view prop]ty 9 l& meant also     
prop]ty 9 m51 lab\r]s 9 peace & soldi]s 
9 w>4  ,z "t w5t on ! class di/9ctions (
 bir? & prop]ty began m & m to co9cide4 
,x 0 ,dr ,johnson :o made ! rem>k t !   

,engli% m]*ant is a new species (       
g5tleman4  ,! =m ( prop]ty :i* 0 always 
held to be 9 close/ connexion ) g5tle   
blood 0 l&4 ,?is has be5 s 9 a pre-em95t
 degree s9ce our ,engli% ,revolution at 
! end ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,f t "t onw>ds ! 
small] l&[n]s1 yeom5 & squires ) small  
hold+s1 beg9 to disappe> & ! l&$ g5try  
become practically supreme4 ,political  
p[] 9 a l>ge measure re/$ ) !m1 & !     
result 0 t numb]s ( m5 :o _h made money 
9 trade 7 eag] to use x 9 ! pur*ase (   
l&1 = ?is meant ! pur*ase ( social &    
political influ5ce4  ,x 0 no d\bt ?is   
craze = ! possession ( l& :i* l$ to !   
process ( enclos+ ! common l&s ( !      
village1 a process on :i* no true       
,engli%man c look back 9 ^! days )\t    
%ame & sorr[4 ,x is no d\bt arguable t f
 an economic po9t ( view ! productive   
p[] ( ! l& 0 increas$1 t agriculture 0 m
 effici5tly & sci5tifically manag$ by ! 
comp>atively few big m5 ?an x w\ld h be5
 by ! _m small m5 :o 7 displac$4 ,none !
 less ! price 0 too high1 = x meant a   

/ill fur!r acc5tuation ( class          
di/9ction4 ,x meant ! fur!r enri*m5t ( !
 big man1 & ! fur!r impov]i%m5t ( !     
small man4 ,& betwe5 ! two !re grew up a
 class ( f>m]s1 sep>ate f ! lab\r]s1 ^: 
outlook on ! :ole did n make = ^?       
relations ( neighb\rl9ess & ev5 k9%ip   
:i* _h be5 among ! f9e *>act]i/ics ( !  
anci5t village4  ,nor is ?is ! end ( !  
/ory1 = ! di/9ction betwe5 ! haves & ! h
 nots 0 /ill fur!r acc5tuat$1 & ! two   
classes driv5 /ill fur!r ap>t1 by !     
f>-rea*+ ,indu/rial ,revolution ( ! late
 #ah? & e>ly #ai? c5tury4  ,! ali5ation 
betwe5 ! f>m] & ! lab\r] 0 exactly      
p>allel$ by ! ali5ation :i* gradually   
crept 9 betwe5 ! manufactur] & ! work]s4
 ,! gr[? ( ! factory sy/em 0 inde$ s    
rapid t only ! ke5e/ =esight c\ld h     
provid$ aga9/ ^! evils4 ,! same may be  
said ( ! amaz+ developm5t ( ! t[ns1     
p>ticul>ly 9 ,lanca%ire & ! ,we/ ,rid+ (
 ,york%ire1 :i* quickly ga!r$ r\nd ! new
 hives ( indu/ry4 ,un=tunately t =esight
 0 lack+4 ,on ! "o h& ! sci5ce (        

t[n-plann+ _h h>dly be5 born1 on ! o!r  
h& a lightn+ accumulation ( l>ge =tunes 
turn$ ! heads ( ! comm]cial magnates1   
dehumanis$ indu/ry1 & broke up !        
fell[%ip :i* 9 old] & simpl] days _h    
obta9$ betwe5 ! employ] & 8 m54  ,x is a
 *>ge :i* we frequ5tly br+ aga9/ ! enemy
 9 ^! days1 a *>ge only too well f\nd$1 
t !y are exp]t 9 ev]y?+ except und]/&+  
human nature4 ,! same may be said ( ^?  
:o 7 conc]n$ 9 ! ,indu/rial ,revolution 
( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,! gr[+ weal? ( !      
c\ntry :i* %\ld h unit$ ma/]s & m5 9 a  
tru] comrade%ip1 & a ri*] life1 a*iev$  
results :i* 7 precisely ! opposite4 ,x  
develop$ a gre$ ( ca% :i* we h n yet    
%ak5 (f1 & money 0 accumulat$ 9 !       
pockets ( m5 :o _h _h nei!r aptitude nor
 tra9+ 9 ! art ( sp5d+ x4 ,! work]s 7   
r$uc$ to a /ate n f> remov$ f a sal>i$  
slav]y1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! haves & ! 
h nots 0 p]haps m acute ?an at any o!r  
"t 9 our hi/ory4 ,! causes ( ?is 7 _m & 
complex4 ,n ! lea/ ( !m 0 ! fact t !    
ma/]s ( indu/ry 7 captur$ by a false    

!ory ( economics accord+ to :i* ! fund  
:i* 0 available = ! remun]ation ( lab\r 
c\ld n at any giv5 "t be great] or less 
?an x 04 ,human ag5cy c\ld n increase   
its volume1 x c\ld only v>y its         
di/ribution4 ,& fur!r1 z e man has ! "r 
to sell 8 lab\r = :at he c obta9 = x1   
any int]f]5ce betwe5 ! recipi5ts 0 held 
to be unju/4  ,t !ory1 z ,mr ,hammond   
has told u1 became supreme 9 economics1 
& ! :ole movem5t = trade-union          
organisation _h to fight its way aga9/  
?is solid sup]/ition#ba4  ,! doctr9e (  
free lab\r a*iev$ a wond]ful popul>ity2 
b !n1 z ! writ] ,i h j quot$ rem9ds u3  
,free lab\r _h n ,adam ,smi?'s mean+3 x 
meant ! fre$om ( ! employ] to take :at  
lab\r he want$1 at ! price he *ose & "u 
! conditions he ?\ght prop]#bb4  ,m & m 
!re=e ! employ]s & ! work]s drift$ ap>t1
 & ! supreme mis=tune 0 t ! "o p[] :i*  
might h drawn !m toge!r 0 itself 9 a    
/ate ( semi-p>alysis 9 reg>d to !       
corporate responsibility ( ! community4 
,t p[] 0 religion4 ,!re 7 times1 z ,i   

%all endeav\r to po9t out lat]1 :5      
,*ri/ianity 0 able to produce an        
atmosph]e ( comrade%ip /rong] ?an !     
diff]5ces ( class4 ,b to ! v great loss 
( bo? c\ntry & ,*ur* ?is 0 n "o ( !m4   
,at ! mom5t :5 ! corporate message ( !  
,*ur* 0 ne$$1 x 0 look+ ! o!r way1 &    
conc5trat+ its ?\ght on ! individual4 ,!
 ,re=mation 0 9 l>ge measure a revolt f 
! imp]ial to ! p]sonal conception (     
religion4 ,i d n d5y t ?is revolt 0     
necess>y & b5eficial4 ,b ! reaction f ! 
corporate aspect ( ,*ri/ianity w5t too  
f>4 ,:5 ?is reaction 0 fur!r re9=c$ by !
 ,puritan movem5t1 :i* ) all its /r5g? &
 its f9e au/]ity fa/5$ its att5tion on !
 m9utiae ( p]sonal conduct1 & left !    
community z su* almo/ out ( sight1 x is 
n surpris+ to f9d t religion at ! end ( 
! #ah?1 & ?r\gh a l>ge "p ( ! #ai?      
c5tury1 fail$ to produce j t s5se (     
bro!rhood :i* w\ld h mitigat$ ! :ole    
situation & prev5t$ mu* ( ! practical   
paganism :i* ,i h describ$4  ,ev5 !     
great revival connect$ ) ! "n ( ,john   

,wesley br\ght all its fire to be> on ! 
conv]sion ( ! man1 :5 ! social unit :i* 
0 mo/ 9 ne$ ( t conv]sion 0 ! community4
 ,! result ( all ?is 0 t1 p>tly ow+ to  
ignorance1 p>tly ow+ to prejudice1 p>tly
 ow+ to ! misread+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! 
mess5g]s ( religion _h no message (     
corporate responsibility = nation or    
class4 ,!re 0 no "o to lift al(t ! tor* 
( human bro!rhood ov] ! d>k & gloomy    
l&scape ( ,engli% life4 ,s f> f t1 ! p  
:o figur$ l>ge 9 religion 7 conv9c$ q   
hone/ly t ! division ( classes 0 a heav5
 s5t ord]1 ) :i* x w\ld be impi\s to    
int]f]e1 & fur!r t ! ma9 message (      
religion to ! p at l>ge 0 an            
au?oritative injunction to good         
behavi\r1 & pati5t resignation to !     
circum/ances 9 :i* ,provid5ce _h plac$  
!m4 ,! notion t ! organisation (        
,society1 p>ticul>ly on its indu/rial   
side1 0 :olly inconsi/5t ) ! ideals ( ! 
,new ,te/am5t nev] s mu* z ent]$ _!     
heads1 & any sugge/ion to ?is effect    
w\ld h be5 reg>d$ n m]ely z revolution>y

 b sacrilegi\s4  ,i h v5tur$ on ?is v   
r\gh description ( class di/9ctions1    
be=e our mod]n days1 because x is ?r\gh 
! /udy ( our =efa!rs' mi/akes & a tru]  
und]/&+ ( our =efa!rs' inspirations t we
 may hope to create a bett] _w 9 ! days 
t are com+4   ,,ii  ,,attempts ,,at     
,,social ,,unity  ,let me ask y\r       
att5tion n[ to a few ( ! attempts :i* h 
be5 made to create a deep] social unity4
  ,"s ( ^! 7 naturally & inevitably     
develop$ 9 primitive days by ! simple   
fact t birds ( a fea!r flock toge!r4    
,m5 engag$ 9 pa/oral pursuits ga!r$     
!mselves into ! tribe ) its /rong blood 
bond4 ,! tillage ( ! fields l$ to !     
exi/5ce ( ! clan1 ) its family sy/em &  
its elaborate organisation ( ! l&4 ,9 ! 
same way indu/rial activity produc$ !   
,guild1 t is ! gr\p+ ( m5 by crafts1 a  
gr\p+ :i* might well be reviv$ &        
enc\rag$ on a l>g] scale 9 !            
re>rangem5ts ( ! future4  ,i ne$ n rem9d
 y h[ l>ge a place 0 occupi$ by !       
,guilds 9 ,engli% life4 ,!y 7 n ,trade  

,unions 9 ! mod]n s5se1 = !y includ$ bo?
 ma/]s & m5 9 "o organisation4 ,nor mu/ 
we attribute a mod]n mean+ to ^? two    
phrases1 ma/]s & m51 :5 we speak ( !    
anci5t ,guild4 ,= 9 a l>ge measure e man
 0 8 own employ]4 ,he 0 a memb] ( !     
league2 he kept ! rules2 b he 0 8 own   
ma/]4 ,! ma/] did n mean ! manag] ( !   
workm51 b ! exp]t 9 ! "w4 ,he 0 ! ma/] (
 ! art 9 "q1 & ?\gh 8 fell[s might be   
j\rneym5 or appr5tices1 !y all belong$  
to ! same social class1 & ?r\gh\t !     
,guild !re 0 a _s ( comrade%ip :i* 0    
consecrat$ by ! sanctions ( religion4   
,= x 0 ! ,guilds :i* 7 ! prime mov]s 9  
organis+ ^? ,miracle ,plays :i* 7 !     
delight ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & :i* =m$ !  
ma9 outlet = t dramatic in/9ct :i* us$  
to be s /rong 9 ,engl&1 & :i* pav$ ! way
 = ,%akespe>e & ! mod]n /age4  ,! ,guild
 0 n conc]n$ ma9ly ) money b ) "w1 &    
/ill m ) ! skill & happ9ess ( ! work]1 &
 its aim 0 to resi/ inequality4 ,x 01 9 
! po9t$ words ( ,mr ,*e/]ton1        to 
ensure1 n only t bricklay+ %\ld survive 

& succe$1      b t e bricklay] %\ld     
survive & succe$4 ,x s\ght to           
rebuild ! ru9s ( any bricklay]1 & to    
give any fad$      :itewa%] a new :ite  
coat4 ,x 0 ! :ole aim ( ! ,guilds to    
cobble _! cobbl]s l _! %oes & cl\t _!   
clo?i]s      ) _! clo!s2 to /r5g!n !    
weake/ l9k1 or g aft] !      hundr$?    
%eep2 9 %ort to keep ! r[ ( little %ops 
unbrok5      l a l9e ( battle#bc4   ,!  
,guild 9 fact aim$ at keep+ ea* man free
 & happy 9 ! possession ( 8 little      
prop]ty1 :]eas ! ,trade ,union aims at  
assembl+ into "o company a l>ge numb] ( 
m5 :o h little or no prop]ty at all1 &  
:o seek to r$ress ! balance by          
collective action4 ,! m$iaeval ,guild   
!re=e w c]ta9ly g d[n to hi/ory z "o ( !
 mo/ gallant attempts1 & = ! "t be+ "o (
 ! mo/ successful1 to create a true     
comrade%ip among all :o "w1 & to keep at
 a di/ance ^? m]e class di/9ctions :i*1 
?\gh _! f\ndations are (t5 s flimsy1 t5d
 to grip m5 z 9 an iron vice4  ,b ,i mu/
 n pass by ano!r social organisation :i*

 looms v l>ge 9 ! old days1 & :i*       
approa*$ social unity f a side :olly    
diff]5t f ^? ,i h m5tion$1 namely f !   
milit>y side3 ,i mean ! ,feudal ,sy/em4 
,"h !re has be5 mu* misund]/&+4 ,its v  
"n seems to brea! class di/9ction4 ,we h
 come casually & r c>elessly to id5tify 
x ) ! tyranny & oppression :i* exalt$ ! 
few at ! exp5se ( ! _m4 ,?is po9t ( view
 is h[ev] a good deal less ?an j4 ,x is 
q true t z work$ by ,william ! ,norman &
 sev]al ( 8 successors ! sy/em became   
only too (t5 an in/rum5t ( gross        
inju/ice & crass despotism2 b at its    
be/1 & 9 its orig91 x 0 bas$ on ! tw9   
f\ndations ( protection on ! "o h& &    
duty on ! o!r4 ,i w v5ture to quote a   
high au?ority 9 ?is connexion1 namely   
,bi%op ,/ubbs4        ,! ,feudal ,sy/em1
 ) all its tyranny & all its faults &   
%ortcom+s1 0 bas$ on ! requirem5ts (    
mutual help &      s]vice1 & 0 ma9ta9$  
by ! obligations ( hon\r &      fealty4 
,regul> subord9ation1 mutual obligation1
 social unity1      7 ! pill>s ( !      

fabric4 ,! :ole /ate 0 "o3 ! k+         
repres5t$ ! unity ( ! nation4 ,! great  
b>ons held _!      e/ates f him1 ! m9or 
nobles ( ! great b>ons1 ! g5try      (  
^! vassals1 ! poor] freem5 ( ! g5try1 ! 
s]fs      !mselves 7 n )\t rights &     
protectors z well z duties      &       
s]vice4 ,ea* gradation1 & e man 9 ea*1  
ow$ s]vice1      fix$ def9ite s]vice1 to
 ! next above him1 & expect$ &          
receiv$ protection & security 9 return4 
,ea* 0 b\nd by      fealty to 8 imm$iate
 sup]ior1 & ! oa? ( ! "o implies      ! 
pl$g$ hon\r & tro? ( ! o!r#bd4   ,?is   
sy/em inde$ 0 v f> f p]fect1 b x c]ta9ly
 0 an attempt to b9d ! nation toge!r 9  
"o social unit1 to provide a measure (  
protection = all1 & to dem& duties f    
all4 ,x s\ght to lay equal /ress on     
rights & duties4 ,9 ?is respect--& ,i am
 /ill ?9k+ ( ! sy/em at its be/--x 0 f> 
ahead ( mod]n #ai? c5tury ,indu/rialism1
 a sy/em :i* might be describ$ ) b      
little exagg]ation z lay+ sole emphasis 
on rights = "o class & duties = ! o!r4  

,b ! supreme attempt :i* s f> has be5   
made to promote unity betwe5 classes has
 approa*$ ! problem f a f> l(ti] /&po9t2
 n indu/rial1 nor milit>y1 b religi\s4  
,& ?is attempt has be5 on a l>g] scale &
 on firm] f\ndations ?an any ( ! o!rs1 =
 x has s\ght to unite m5 9 spite ( _!   
diff]5ces4 ,x has tri$1 t is1 to get    
bel[ ! v>ieties ( race or family or     
occupation1 & create a unity :i*1       
because x transc5ds !m all1 may hope to 
la/4 ,z a fact ?is attempt has s f>     
surpass$ all o!rs1 & has met ) ! greate/
 measure ( success4 ,& le/ ,i %\ld be   
suspect$ ( prejudice ,i w quote an      
outside witness3        ,a v pregnant   
say+ ( ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5 0 t dur+ ! :ole    
developm5t ( man ! comm&1 ,?\ %alt love 
?y neighb\r z      ?yself has nev] v>i$1
 :at has v>i$ is ! answ] to !           
"q--,:o is my neighb\r8444 ,! influ5ce  
^u !      developm5t ( civilisation ( ! 
wid] conception ( duty &                
responsibility to "o's fell[-m5 :i* 0   
introduc$ into !      _w ) ! spread (   

,*ri/ianity c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4      
,! ext5d$ conception ( ! answ] to ! "q  
,:o is my      neighb\r8 :i* has result$
 f ! *>act]i/ic doctr9es (      !       
,*ri/ian religion--a conception         
transc5d+ all ! claims (      family1   
gr\p1 /ate1 nation1 p or race & ev5 all 
!      int]e/s compris$ 9 any exi/+ ord]
 ( society--has be5 !      mo/ p[]ful   
evolution>y =ce :i* has ev] act$ on     
society4      ,x has t5d$ gradually to  
break up ! absolutisms inh]it$ f      an
 old] civilization & to br+ into be+ an 
entirely new type      ( social         
effici5cy#be4   ,or to take ano!r       
witness equally unprejudic$1 :o puts !  
same tru? m t]sely /ill1 ! late         
,pr(essor ,lecky4 ,! brief record ( ^?  
?ree %ort ye>s1 ref]r+ to ,*ri/'s life1 
has done m to s(t5 & reg5]ate mank9d ?an
 all ! disquisitions ( philosoph]s &    
exhortations ( morali/s4 ,= a ?ird      
witness we w call ,mazz9i4 ,we owe to ! 
,*ur*1 he decl>$1 ! idea ( ! unity ( !  
human family & ( ! equality &           

emancipation ( s\ls4 ,t ?is is amply    
borne out by ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* 9 e>ly  
days is n difficult to prove4 ,!        
unexceptionable evid5ce ( a ,pagan writ]
 is "h v mu* to ! po9t4 ,says ,lucian ( 
! ,*ri/ians3  ,_! orig9al lawgiv] _h    
taught !m t !y 7 all bre?r51 "o (       
ano!r4444 ,!y become incr$ibly al]t :5  
any?+ 444 affects _! common int]e/s#bf4 
,9 ! same way ! anci5t ,*ri/ian writ]   
,t]tullian obs]ves ) *>act]i/ic irony3  
,x is our c>e = ! helpless1 our practice
 ( lov+k9dness1 t br&s u 9 ! eyes ( _m (
 our oppon5ts4 ,only look1 !y say1 'look
 h[ !y love "o ano!r#bg6' ,x is n       
surpris+ t ?is 0 s :5 y look into !     
writ+s :i* =m ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,ap>t f !
 words & example ( ! ,f\nd] (           
,*ri/ianity1 few m5 h ev] liv$ :o 7 m   
alive to exi/+ social di/9ctions1 & also
 to ! spl5d\r ( t s*eme :i* transc5ds !m
 all1 ?an ,/ ,paul4 ,9 pro( ( ?is x is  
suffici5t to po9t to t immortal treatise
 on social unity :i* is commonly call$ !
 ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,9 ?is !      

fundam5tal secret is se5 to consi/1 n 9 
a rigid sy/em b 9 a trans=m+ _s work+   
?r\gh a div9e ,society 9 :i* all worldly
 di/9ctions are ( no acc\nt4 ,slav]y1 = 
in/ance1 01 9 8 view1 & 0 actually 9    
process ( "t1 to be aboli%$ n by a /roke
 ( ! p5 b by a *ange ( ideal4 ,nor is ! 
witness lack+ 9 writ+s subsequ5t to !   
,new ,te/am5t4 ,to in/ance "o ( !       
e>lie/4 ,9 an (ficial lett] s5t by !    
,roman ,*ur* to ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,cor9?    
t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 9 a passage
 eulogis+ ! latt] community ?is         
sugge/ive s5t5ce occurs3 ,y did ev]y?+  
)\t respect ( p]sons4  ,ne$less to say  
h[ev]1 ?is po9t ( view1 ?is new _s1 only
 gradually p]meat$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*     
itself1 let alone ! great _w outside4   
,we are n surpris$ to le>n t x 0 a po9t 
( criticism among ! oppon5ts ( !        
religion t among its adh]5ts 7 /ill f\nd
 ma/]s & slaves4 ,an anci5t writ] 9     
reply to critics :o cry out ,y too h    
ma/]s & slaves4 ,:]e !n is y\r s-call$  
equality8 ?us makes answ]3        ,our  

sole reason = giv+ "o ano!r ! "n ( bro!r
 is      because we believe we are      
equals4 ,= s9ce all human objects are   
measur$ by u aft] ! _s & n aft] ! body1 
al?\gh      !re is a div]sity (         
condition among human bodies1 yet slaves
      are n slaves to u2 we deem & t]m  
!m bro!rs aft] !      _s1 &             
fell[-s]vants 9 religion#bh4   ,po9t+ 9 
! same direction is ! fact t ! title    
slave nev] occurs on a ,*ri/ian         
tomb/one4  ,x is pla9 f ?is1 & f simil> 
quotations :i* might be multipli$1 t !  
policy ( ,*ri/ianity 9 face ( ! fir/    
social problem ( ! day1 namely slav]y1 0
 n viol5tly to undo ! exi/+ bonds by :i*
 ,society 0 held toge!r1 9 ! hope t "s  
new ma*9]y w\ld at once be =?com+--a    
plan :i* has s9ce be5 adopt$ ) dire     
consequ5ces 9 ,russia--b to evacuate !  
old sy/em ( ! _s :i* su/a9$ x2 & to     
replace x ) a new _s1 a new outlook on  
life1 :i* w\ld sl[ly b inevitably lead  
to an entire recon/ruction ( ! social   
framework4  ,already too1 )9 ! ,*ur* ?is

 s5se ( bro!rhood 0 mak+ itself felt on 
! indu/rial side z well z :]e m directly
 spiritual duties 7 conc]n$4 ,x seems to
 h be5 recognis$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,society t
 e bro!r c\ld claim ! "r ( be+ ma9ta9$  
if he 7 unable to "w4 ,equally x 0      
emphasis$ t ! duty ( "w 0 p>am\nt on all
 :o 7 capable ( x4 ,= ^? able to "w1    
provide "w2 to ^? incapable ( "w be     
*>itable4 ,?is aspect ( ! matt] f9ds a  
s+ul> emphasis 9 a second c5tury docum5t
 kn[n z ,! ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 
9 :i* ?is s5se ( indu/rial bro!rhood    
f9ds v significant expression4 ,speak+ (
 visitors f o!r ,*ur*es x is direct$ t  
if any bro!r has a trade let him foll[ t
 trade & e>n ! bread he eats4 ,if he has
 no trade1 ex]cise y\r discretion 9     
arrang+ = him to live among y z a       
,*ri/ian1 b n 9 idl5ess4 ,if he w n d   
?is1 t is to say1 to und]take ! "w :i* y
 provide = him1 he is traffick+ ) ,*ri/4
 ,bew>e ( m5 l t4  ,on ?is side ( its   
life !re=e1 ! ,*ur* came v ne> to be+ a 
va/ ,guild :]e ) ! highe/ sanction      

rights & duties 7 int]m+l$ 9 due        
proportion1 & t true social unity       
e/abli%$1 :i* :ile x refuses privileges 
be/[s protection4 ,on ^! f\ndations !   
organisation 0 re>$1 :i* l "s great     
,ca!dral dom9at$ t /ret* ( c5turies     
usually kn[n z ! ,middle ,ages4 ,we c\ld
 all ( u hold =? on its drawbacks &     
evils1 yet its b5efits 7 trem5d\s4 ,= "o
 ?+ x creat$ an ari/ocracy :olly        
indep5d5t ( any di/9ction ( blood or    
prop]ty4 ,anyone might become an        
,ar*bi%op if only he _h ! necess>y      
gifts4 ,/ill m anyone might become a    
,sa9t4 ,! *>m$ circle ( ! ,*ur*'s       
nobility 0 con/antly recruit$ f e class1
 & 0 !re=e a /&+ & effectual prote/     
aga9/ ! flimsi] measurem5ts ( ,society &
 ! m ephem]al gradations ( rank4        
,obvi\sly ?is process f\nd z great a    
scope 9 ,engl& z else:]e4 ,x 0 ! ,*ur*  
:i* 0 ! mo/ pot5t in/rum5t 9 br++ toge!r
 ,norman & ,saxon z well z ma/] & slave4
 ,=1 z ,macaulay has said ) p]fect tru?1
 x        creates an ari/ocracy altoge!r

 indep5d5t ( race1 inv]ts !             
relation betwe5 ! oppressor & !         
oppress$1 & compels !      h]$it>y ma/] 
to kneel be=e ! spiritual tribunal ( !  
h]$it>y bondman4444 ,s successfully _h !
 ,*ur* us$ h]      =midable ma*9]y t1   
be=e ! ,re=mation came1 %e _h           
enfran*is$ almo/ all ! bondm5 9 ! k+dom 
except h] own1      :o1 to d h] ju/ice1 
seem to h be5 v t5d]ly      treat$#bi4  
,?is makes x p>ticul>ly deplorable t 9  
consequ5ce ( ! great reaction 9 religion
 f ! corporate to ! p]sonal1 to :i* ,i h
 allud$1 ! ,*ur*'s p[]1 z f> z ,brita9 0
 conc]n$1 ?\gh s spl5didly ex]cis$ 9 !  
prec$+ c5turies1 %\ld h be5 almo/       
non-exi/5t j at ! mom5t :5 x 0 mo/      
requir$1 9 ! ,agricultural & ,indu/rial 
,revolution ( comp>atively mod]n times4 
,,iii  ,,! ,,hope ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t      
,,situation  ,i fe> t a l>ge portion (  
?is lecture has be5 tak5 up ) ! pa/4 ,b 
ev5 s r\gh & brief a review z ,i h      
attempt$ is a necess>y prelude to a j   
e/imate1 bo? ( our pres5t position & (  

our future prospects4 ,x is (t5 suppos$1
 inde$1 t ! /udy ( hi/ory pr$isposes a  
man's m9d to a cons]vative view4 ,he    
/udies ! sl[ developm5t ( in/itutions1  
or ! gradual influ5ce ( movem5ts1 & !   
tr5d ( 8 ?\ght works r\nd to ! v        
antipodes ( any?+ t is revolution>y or  
cata/rophic4 ,b !re is ano!r side to !  
matt]4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory may s expose !  
inju/ices ( ! pa/ & _! intr5*m5ts t !   
/ud5t rea*es ! conclusion t no?+ b an   
e>?quake--an e>?quake 9 m5's ideas at ! 
v lea/--c avail to set ?+s "r2 t ! be/  
?+ t c\ld happ5 w\ld be an explosion s  
t]rible z to make x possible to break   
completely ) ! pa/1 & />t anew on firm] 
pr9ciples & bett] ways4 ,aft] all1 z a  
great ,cambridge s*ol> once said1       
,hi/ory is ! be/ cordial = droop+       
spirits4 ,= if on ! "o h& x exposes !   
selfi%nesses ( m51 on ! o!r x displays  
an exhibition ( ^? ,div9e-human =ces (  
ju/ice & sacrifice & good w :i* 9 ! long
 run _c be d5i$1 & :i* enc\rage !       
brighte/ hopes = ! age :i* is ^u u4  ,! 

fact is1 we are 9 ! mid/ ( precisely su*
 an explosion z ,i h indicat$4 ,!       
immeasurable privilege has be5 giv5 to u
 ( be+ alive at a "t :51 mo/ lit]ally1  
an epo* is be+ made4 ,contempor>y       
obs]v]s ( ev5ts are n always ! be/      
judges ( _! significance1 yet we %all   
h>dly be mi/ak5 if we ass]t t )\t d\bt  
we /& at "o ( ! turn+ po9ts ( ! _w's    
long /ory1 t ! phrase us$ ( ano!r       
epo*-mak+ mom5t is true ( ?is "o1 ,old  
?+s are pass+ away1 all ?+s are becom+  
new4 ,= hi/ory is pres5t+ u 9 ^! days ) 
a clean slate1 & to ! m5 ( ?is g5]ation 
is giv5 ! opportunity = mak+ a fre% />t 
su* z 9 ! c5turies gone by has (t5 be5  
s\ght1 b seldom f\nd4 ,we are call$ to !
 s]i\s & /r5u\s task ( free+ our m9ds f 
old preconceptions--& ! hold !y h ov] u1
 ev5 at a mom5t l ?is :5 ! _w is be+    
%ak51 is amaz+--! task ( rea*+ a new    
po9t ( view f :i* to see our social     
problems1 & ( n be+ disob$i5t to !      
heav5ly vision :]esoev] x may lead u4   
,t vision is ,fell[%ip1 & x is n new4   

,?\gh ! w> is1 9 ! s5se :i* ,i h        
sugge/$1 a t]rific explosion :i* 9 !    
mid/ ( ru9 & *aos br+s ) x supreme      
opportunities1 x is equally true to say 
t x =ms no m ?an a gha/ly p>5!sis 9 !   
process ( fell[%ip bo? betwe5 nations & 
classes :i* _h already begun to make    
great /rides4  ,! s5se ( social         
responsibility has be5 s deep5$ 9 our   
civilisation t x is almo/ impossible t  
"o nation %\ld attempt to conqu] &      
subdue ano!r aft] ! mann] ( ! anci5t _w4
  ,^! words s\nd r ironical4 ,!y come f 
! la/ edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia         
,britannica4 ,!y 7 writt5 ab\t sev5 ye>s
 ago 9 p]fect good fai?1 z a sob]       
e/imate ( ! =ces ( fell[%ip :i* c\ld be 
!n disc]n$4 ,save = ! ideals & ambitions
 ( ! c5tral ,empires ( ,europe !y 7     
p]fectly true4 ,:at ! w> has done 9     
reg>d to ?is fell[%ip is to expose 9 _! 
hide\s nak$ness ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 x1 &
 to :i* 9 pre-w> days we 7 f> too bl9d1 
b also to unveil t /rong passion =      
neighb\rl9ess :i* lies deep 9 ! he>ts ( 

m51 & an almo/ fi]ce det]m9ation to give
 x tru] expression 9 ! age :i* is ahead4
  ,y w naturally ask :at effect ! w> is 
likely to h on ?is problem ( class      
di/9ction4 ,h[ f> w x h9d] or enhance ! 
social unity = :i* we seek8  ,we mu/ (  
c\rse bew>e ( be+ unduly optimi/ic4 ,!  
fact t millions ( our m5 are see+ ) _!  
own eyes ! results :i* c be a*iev$ by   
nak$ =ce w n be )\t its effect on _!    
attitude :5 !y return to _! homes4 ,if  
=ce is s necess>y & s successful on !   
field ( battle :y n equally s 9 !       
indu/rial field8 ,if nations f9d x      
necess>y to face ea* o!r ) dagg]s drawn1
 x may be t classes w h to d ! same4    
,p]sonally ,i d\bt :e!r ?is argum5t is  
likely to c>ry mu* weight4 ,x is mu* m  
likely 9 my view t our m5 w be fill$ ) s
 deep a hatr$ ( ev]y?+ t ev5 remotely   
sav\rs ( battle1 t a great tide (       
reaction aga9/ m]e =ce w set 91 & a     
great impetus be giv5 to ^? high] & m   
spiritual motor-p[]s :i* dur+ ! w> we h 
put out ( c\rt4  ,on ! o!r h& x is easy 

to *]i% a r %all[ hope z to !           
cont9uation 9 ! future ( t unity (      
classes :i* obta9s 9 ! tr5*es4 ,surely1 
x is argu$1 m5 :o h /ood toge!r at !    
dang] po9t & gone ov] ! top toge!r at ! 
mom5t ( assault w nev] be o!r ?an bro!rs
 9 ! m peaceful pursuits :i* w foll[4   
,yet x is n easy to =etell :at w happ5  
:5 ! trem5d\s re/ra9t ( milit>y s]vice  
is )drawn1 :5 ,brita9 no long] has h]   
back to ! wall1 & :5 ! ov]:elm+ loyalty 
:i* leaps =? at ! h\r ( crisis falls    
back into its normal quiesc5ce1 l ! ,new
 ,zeal& geys] :5 its mom5t>y eruption is
 ov]4 ,any hopefulness :i* we may *]i% =
 ! future mu/ re/ on firm] f\ndations   
?an ^!4  ,su* a f\ndation1 ,i believe1  
has come to light1 & ,i mu/ say a few   
words ab\t x z ,i close4  ,broadly      
speak+ x is ?is4 ,! w> has taught u t x 
is possible to live a national family   
life1 9 :i* private int]e/s are         
subord9at$ 9 ! ma9 to ! s]vice ( !      
,/ate2 & fur!r t ?is new social         
organisation ( ! nation has call$ =? an 

unprec$5t$ capacity 9 t5s ( ?\s&s bo? ( 
m5 & wom51 n m]ely = self-d5y+ s]vice1 b
 = ! utmo/ heights ( h]oism ev5 unto    
dea?4  ,m5 h vaguely *]i%$ ?is ideal (  
national life be=e ! w>1 b n[ x has be5 
translat$ into concrete fact1 & ! nation
 c nev] =get ! deep s5se ( corporate    
effici5cy1 ev5 ( corporate joy1 :i* has 
ensu$ f ?is oblit]ation ( ! old class   
di/9ctions1 ?is amalgamation ( all &    
sundry 9 a common s]vice4 ,! fact is t a
 new class di/9ction has 9 a measure    
tak5 ! place ( ! old1 a di/9ction :i*   
has no?+ to d ) blood or ) money1 b     
solely ) s]vice4 ,! nation is grad$1 n 9
 degrees ( social importance b 9 degrees
 ( capacity = s]vice4 ,! only sup]iority
 is "o ( sacrifice4 ,& ea* grade takes  
its hat (f to ! o!r on ! equal /&+ gr\nd
 ( an all p]vad+ patriotism4 ,! only    
social competition is n 9 gett+ b 9     
giv+4 ,national advantage takes ! place 
( p]sonal pr(it1 & !re is a s5se (      
neighb\rl9ess su* z ,brita9 has n       
exp]i5c$ = _m a long day1 possibly = _m 

a long c5tury4  ,! supreme problem be=e 
u1 ,i take x1 is h[ to cons]ve ?is      
relation%ip & c>ry x ov] f ! day ( w> to
 ! day ( peace4 ,to d x w call = j t    
same _s ( sacrifice & s]vice :i* is its 
own mo/ pr$om9ant *>act]i/ic4  ,= "o ?+ 
we mu/ be q def9itely prep>$ 9 e section
 ( society = a new way ( life4 ,f !     
economic po9t ( view ?is w mean t ! ri* 
w be less ri*1 & ! poor w be enabl$ to  
lead a l>g] life4 ,already ! weal?y     
classes h be5 le>n+ to live a simple    
life1 & to sub/itute ! s]vice ( ! c\ntry
 = _! own p]sonal enjoym5t4 ,a s]i\s    
call w come to !m to cont9ue 9 t /ate ( 
life :5 ! w> is ov]4 ,9 "s degree at    
lea/ ! pressure ( ! f9ancial burd5 :i* !
 nation w h to be> w compel !m to d s4  
,to ! work]s too 9 ! same way ! call w  
come to a new & m wor?y way ( life4 ,i  
am ?9k+ n[ ( ! work]s at home :o h be5  
e>n+ unprec$5t$ wages1 & !reby 9 _m     
cases are already assay+ a l>g] life4   
,!y w be reluctant to give ?is up1 b    
only a gradual r$i/ribution ( weal? c   

make x p]man5t4 ,x is n ( c\rse m]ely or
 ma9ly a matt] ( wages4 ,! only real    
enl>gem5t ( life is spiritual4 ,x is an 
affair ( ! m9d & ! s\l4  ,! m we br+ a  
true education )9 rea* ( ! work]s ! m w 
!re arise t s5se ( real k9%ip :i* only  
equality ( education c adequately       
gu>antee4  ,& speak+ at ,cambridge "o _c
 refra9 f rem>k+ t ! ,univ]sity itself w
 h to submit to a consid]able           
re-adju/m5t ( its life if x is to be a  
pione] 9 ?is intellectual comrade%ip (  
:i* ,i speak4 ,a ,univ]sity may be a    
nurs]y ( class di/9ction4 ,9 "s measure 
x c]ta9ly has be5 s 9 ! pa/4 ,!         
opportunity is n[ be=e x to lead ! way 9
 e/abli%+ ! only k9d ( equality :i* is  
really wor? hav+4  ,!n too !re are      
obvi\s /eps :i* c be tak5 )\t delay 9 a 
new organisation ( indu/ry4  ,i am n "o 
( ^? :o ?9k t ! indu/rial problem c be  
solv$ 9 five m9utes or ev5 9 five ye>s4 
,none ! less x %\ld n be impossible 9   
wise ways to give ! work]s a true %>e ( 
responsibility1 p>ticul>ly 9 matt]s :i* 

conc]n ! conditions ( _! "w & !         
remun]ation ( _! lab\r4  ,if ! s5se (   
be+ driv5 by a taskma/]1 :e!r x be !    
=eman ( ! %op1 or ! manag] ( ! works1   
c\ld give place to a tru] co-op]ation 9 
! managem5t1 & a l>g] measure (         
responsibility = ! work]1 we %\ld be    
well on ! road to elim9at+ "o ( ! mo/   
p]si/5t causes ( j t k9d ( class        
di/9ction :i* we want to aboli%4 ,! m m5
 "w toge!r 9 a real comrade%ip1 ! m m]e 
social di/9ctions fade into ! backgr\nd4
 ,is ?is n writt5 on e page ( !         
*ronicles ( ?is w>8  ,b ! supreme factor
 9 ! situation1 )\t :i* no m]e adju/m5t 
( organisation w prevail1 is t new      
outlook on life :i* c only be describ$ z
 a subord9ation ( private advantage to !
 s]vice ( ! c\ntry4  ,x is ?is alone :i*
 c really aboli% ! almo/ et]nal class   
di/9ctions :i* we h trac$ ?r\gh\t our   
survey1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! haves & ! h
 nots4 ,=1 z ?is _s gr[s1 ! h nots t5d  
to disappe>1 & ! haves look ^u :at !y h 
n z a selfi% possession = _! own        

enjoym5t1 b z a means ( s]vice = !      
common weal4 ,prop]ty1 t :i* is mo/     
prop] to a man1 is se5 to be precisely t
 contribution :i* he is capable ( mak+  
to ! welf>e ( 8 fell[s4  ,! crux1 ! v   
core ( ! :ole problem1 is to f9d "s     
means by :i* ?is new outlook c be       
produc$1 & a new motive by :i* m5 c be  
con/ra9$ to turn ! vision into fact4    
,"h w come 9 t p[] :i*1 z ,i po9t$ out1 
has sometimes be5 s pot5t & sometimes s 
impot5t1 b :i*1 if x is all[$ its prop] 
scope1 c nev] fail4 ,i mean ( c\rse     
religion4  ,if m5 c be br\ght to see t  
?is new outlook ) its correspond+       
re-adju/m5t ( social life is n m]ely a  
project ( re=m]s b ! plan ( ! ,mo/ ,high
 ,god1 ! delib]ate int5tion ( ! supreme 
,_s-=ce ( ! univ]se1 ! ,s*eme t 0 taught
 by ! ,pr9ce ( m51 !n inde$ we may hope 
t ! class di/9ction ( :i* ,he spoke w at
 la/ be adopt$3 ,:osoev] w be great     
among y1 %all be y\r m9i/]3 & :osoev] ( 
y w be ! *iefe/1 %all be s]vant ( all4  
,= ev5 ! ,son ( ,man came n to be m9i/]$

 unto1 b to m9i/]1 & to give 8 life a   
ransom = _m#cj4  ,,footnotes3  #ai      
,encycl4 ,brit4 xi4 #fjd4  #bj          
,macaulay's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&            
7,longman's1 #ahhe71 pp4 #ch1 #ci1 #dj4 
#ba ,! ,t[n ,lab\r]1 p4 #bje4  #bb      
,ibid41 p4 #bab4  #bc ,g4 ,k4 ,*e/]ton1 
,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 p4 #ih4  #bd    
,/ubbs' ,lectures on ,e>ly ,engli%      
,hi/ory1 pp4 #ah1 #ai4  #be ,b5jam9     
,kidd1 ,encycl4 ,brit4 vol4 xxv4 p4     
#cbi4  #bf ,lucian quot$ by ,h>nack1    
,mission & expansion ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4
 ,i4 p4 #adi4  #bg ,ibid4  #bh          
,lactantius quot$ by ,h>nack1 ,ibid4 p4 
#afh4  #bi ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7,longman's1
 #ahhe71 vol4 ,i4 p4 #be4  #cj ,/ ,m>k  
x4 #dc-de4     ,,unity ,,betwe5         
,,classes     ,,ii  ,by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,j4 
,r4 ,,clynes1 ,m4,p4   ,i h n !         
advantage ( kn[+ any?+ ( ! treatm5t (   
any "p ( ?is subject by any prec$+      
speak]4 ,i myself int5d to deal ) x f ! 
indu/rial & social /&po9t1 = ,i ?9k if  
we are to seek unity among/ classes x is

 mo/ important 9 ! national int]e/ t    
unity %\ld fir/ be s\ght & secur$ 9 !   
indu/ries ( ! c\ntry4 ,t !re is disunity
 is sugge/$ & admitt$ 9 ! t]ms ( !      
subject4 ,?is disunity has gr[n out (   
conditions :i* range ov] a few          
g5]ations4 ,i believe t ^! conditions   
grew l>gely out ( our ignor+ ! human    
side ( indu/ry & ! g5]al life conditions
 ( ! masses ( our work]s4 ,our economic 
doctr9e ignor$ ! human factor1 & measur$
 :at 0 t]m$ national progress 9 t]ms    
m]ely ( mat]ial weal? )\t due reg>d to  
:o own$ ! weal?1 made ma9ly by ! en]gy (
 ! indu/rial population4 ,religi\s      
doctr9es & religi\s in/itutions 7 n !   
cause ( t unhappy situation1 b !y _h    
suff]$ f x1 until n[ we f9d a v         
consid]able numb] ( ! population engag$ 
9 a /ruggle = life1 9 a /ruggle = !     
mat]ial means ( exi/5ce1 h&icapp$ by    
belief t _! own unaid$ ef=t alone c     
assi/ !m1 t !y mu/ n look = help to any 
o!r class1 or to any o!r qu>t]4 ,moral  
precepts h n ! influ5ce :i* !y ought to 

h ^u our indu/rial relations4 ,work]s   
are ?r[n back ^u _! own res\rces2 & 9 ! 
use ( ^? res\rces1 dur+ ! pa/ fifte5    
ye>s p>ticul>ly1 mu* has be5 reveal$ to 
u ( :at is n[ 9 ! work+ class m9d4 ,i am
 n sugge/+ t to seek a settlem5t (      
conditions ( disunity1 or ! tr\ble aris+
 f ^? conditions1 y mu/ coddle ! work+  
classes1 praise !m & pay !m highly1 &   
try to keep !m cont5t$ ) conditions :i* 
9 !mselves _c be def5d$4 ,i d n mean t  
at all4 ,:at ,i mean is t if unity      
betwe5 classes 9 indu/rial & economic   
life is to be s\ght & secur$1 x c be got
 only at a price1 paid 9 a two-fold =m2 
t ( giv+ a l>g] yield ( ! weal? ( !     
nation to ^? :o ma9ly by _! en]gies make
 t weal?1 & ( plac+ ! produc+ classes ^u
 a level :]e !y w receive a high]       
measure ( respect1 ( ?anks1 & reg>d ?an 
!y previ\sly h receiv$ f ! nation z a   
:ole4 ,i 0 ask$ among o!rs "s twelve    
mon?s ago to %>e 9 ! inve/igations !n   
made by repres5tatives ( ! ,gov]nm5t to 
discov] ! imm$iate cause ( ! v s]i\s    

unre/ !n display$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & we w5t =
 a p]iod ( _m weeks into ! ma9 c5tres ( 
! k+dom & br\ght a v>i$ collection (    
witnesses be=e u 9 ord] t ! mo/ reliable
 evid5ce %\ld be obta9$1 & "o :o fav\r$ 
u ) 8 views 0 ! ,rev4 ,canon ,gre51 :om 
,i am go+ to quote because ( 8 great    
exp]i5ce among ! work+ class populations
 9 v>i\s circum/ances & ov] _m ye>s 9   
,man*e/] & else:]e4 ,?is is :at ,canon  
,gre5 writes3        ,!y 7! work+       
classes7 d n see :y _! h\rs %\ld be s   
long1 & _! wages s small1 _! lives s    
dull & col\rless1      & _!             
opportunities ( reasonable re/ &        
recreation s few4      ,c we wond] t )  
gr[+ education & intellig5ce !          
work]s ( ,engl& are beg9n+ to contra/ _!
 lot ) t (      ! ri* & to ask :e!r s   
great inequalities are necess>y8   ,!re 
,i believe y h put 9 ! pla9e/ & g5tle/  
t]ms ! work+ ( ! work+ class m9d z x is 
to-day4 ,! c\ntry has giv5 !m m         
opportunities ( education4 ,:5 !y 7 less
 educat$1 or1 if ,i may say s1 m        

ignorant ?an !y are n[1 !y 7 naturally m
 submissive & cont5t ) conditions !     
cause ( :i* !y s little und]/ood4 ,y _c 
s5d ! *ildr5 ( ! poor to s*ool1 &       
improve y\r ,/ate ag5cies = education1 &
 increase ! millions annually :i* !     
c\ntry is ready to sp5d 9 tea*+ ! masses
 ( ! p m ?an !y knew be=e1 & expect ^?  
masses to rema9 cont5t ) ! economic &   
social conditions :i* ev5 di/urb$ _! m  
ignorant fa!rs4 ,9 %ort1 ! m y educate &
 tra9 ! work+ classes1 ! m naturally y  
br+ !m to ! po9t ( revolt aga9/         
conditions :i* are inhuman or unfair1 or
 :i* _c be br\ght to squ>e ) ! high]    
/&>d ( education :i* !y may receive4 ,i 
am sure :5 ! community come to und]/& t 
x is a natural & ev5 a prop] s5se (     
revolt on ! "p ( ! masses ( ! p !y w n  
regret _! education4 ,out ( all ?is     
feel+ ( discont5t 9 ! m9ds ( ! indu/rial
 population !re has 9 ! la/ ?irty odd   
ye>s gr[n v /rong organisation4 ,!      
,trade ,union movem5t1 :i* ,i m5tion    
fir/ z a v great factor 9 all ^! matt]s1

 is a mo/ p[]ful & important factor1 & !
 c\ntry w h to pay great] reg>d to !    
/eps :i* ,trade ,unionism may take ?an !
 c\ntry has be5 dispos$ previ\sly to d4 
,! ,trade ,union movem5t 0 /imulat$ &   
develop$ by ! conditions :i* x 0 br\ght 
into be+ to rem$y4 ,! ,trade ,union 0 n 
! gr[? ( m]e agitation4 ,! av]age       
,briton mu/ be conv9c$ t !re is some?+  
really wrong be=e he w try to rem$y x at
 all1 & y _c by lectures1 & by tell+ ! p
 t !y h be5 & are be+ oppress$1 /ir ! p 
( ?is c\ntry to any resi/ance4          
,p>ticul>ly y _c get !m to pay a        
contribution = x4 ,x 0 because ( !      
exp]i5ce ( ! mass ( ! work]s1 _! l[     
wages & long h\rs & ! bad conditions (  
employm5t1 t !y organis$ & us$ ! might t
 comes f numb]s1 & paid contributions   
:i* 9 ! sum total n[ am\nt to _m        
millions ( p\nds 9 ! way ( res]ve funds4
 ,no apology 0 ne$$ = ! work+ classes & 
no def5ce is requir$ = ?is /ep tak5 by !
 work]s to unite !mselves 9 ,trade      
,unions1 & !reby secure by ! unity (    

numb]s ! p[] :i*1 act+ s+ly1 x 0        
impossible = !m to ex]cise4 ,?is ,trade 
,union movem5t is q alive to ! division 
:i* exi/s among our classes1 & ,i am go+
 to sugge/ t ! movem5t might be us$1    
might be prop]ly employ$1 9 obta9+ t    
unity ( classes :i* we are "h to        
consid]4  ,well1 !n1 we may1 :il/ n     
ov]look+ o!r helpful activities ( a l>ge
 numb] ( p 9 ?is c\ntry1 seek ?is unity 
among ?ree ma9 divisions ( our p1 viz4  
7a7 9 indu/ries1 7b7 9 agriculture1 &   
7c7 9 bus9esses4 ,giv5 unity ( int]e/ & 
on5ess ( purpose & aim 9 ^? ?ree broad  
divisions ( ! nation1 ! re/ mu/ be      
attract$ & br\ght into h>mony by m]e =ce
 ( example1 if no?+ else1 ) ! unity :i* 
might be secur$ 9 ! ?ree broad divisions
 to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,"o ( ! hopeful    
?+s1 ! significant ?+s1 rec5tly utt]$ 9 
o!r qu>t]s f :i* ,i am go+ to quote1 is 
cle>ly seek+ ?is t5d5cy to unity in/ead 
( ! diff]5t int]e/s & classes be+ driv5 
by ! wa/e & folly ( ! disunit+ l9es ^u  
:i* s f> we h p]si/$4 ,i obs]ve t only a

 few days ago ,"l ,selborne1 :o is "o ( 
our pr9cipal m\?pieces on agricultural  
matt]s1 presid$ at a new body call$ into
 exi/5ce )9 ! pa/ few weeks & to be kn[n
 z ! ,national ,agricultural ,c\ncil4   
,n[1 t is n a body :i* w consi/ (       
l&[n]s1 or ( f>m]s1 or ( f>m work]s2 x  
is a body to consi/ ( all ?ree4 ,!      
l&[n]s1 ! f>m]s1 & ! agricultural work]s
 h come to recognise t !y all h some?+ 9
 common t\*+ agriculture1 t\*+ ! trade  
or indu/ry 9 :i* !y are br\ght into     
close t\* day by day4 ,i "k z a matt] ( 
fact t only a v few ye>s ago ! ,f>m]s'  
,union w\ld n tol]ate ! idea ( ! f>m    
work]s hav+ a union1 & ! l& work]s look$
 ) real dread ^u ! f>m]s hav+ a union1 &
 n[ all ?ree h come to ! /age :5 !y     
agree to jo9 9 "o ,c\ncil1 &1 ?\gh x 0  
admitt$ t ! int]e/s ( ^? ?ree classes 7 
prim>ily 9 conflict1 x 0 recognis$ t by 
hold+ meet+s1 by ! repres5tatives ( all 
^! q di/9ct int]e/s frequ5tly com+      
toge!r1 mu* good might be done4 ,= :at8 
,z !y say1 = agriculture4 ,s1 ?\gh none 

( !m w =feit any rightful int]e/ anyone 
( !m may h 9 ! pursuit ( a special      
claim1 !y w all recognise a high] s5se (
 duty1 & feel !re is an obligation ^u !m
 to make agriculture 9 ?is c\ntry a     
great] ?+ n only = !mselves z ! ?ree    
p>tn]s1 b = ! mass ( ! community at     
l>ge4 ,& if x is necess>y to d t 9 !    
f>m]s' int]e/ or ! l&[n]s' int]e/1 x 0  
at lea/ z necess>y to d x 9 ! int]e/ ( !
 agricultural work]1 & ,i put 8 claim   
fir/1 n because he is ! sole contributor
 to any yield t may come f ! l&1 b      
because he is ! mo/ num]\s body1 &      
numb]s 9 ?is z 9 o!r respects may well  
be ! det]m9+ factor2 & because if he    
)holds 8 lab\r !re w be none ( ! fruit (
 ! soil = :i* we look ye> aft] ye>4 ,i  
foll[ up ?is /atem5t by an au?oritative 
"o f ano!r qu>t]4 ,"l ,lee1 :o z we "k 0
 ! ,director ( ! ,food ,production      
,dep>tm5t at ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1    
spoke "s "t ago on ?is aspect ( ! case1 
& said3 ,take ! agricultural lab\r] =   
example4 ,does anyone suppose1 or       

sugge/1 t he %\ld return f ! tr5*es--:]e
 he has di/+ui%$ himself 9 a way        
unsurpass$ by any o!r class 9 !         
community--to ! old mis]able conditions 
"u :i*1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 he 0     
"u-paid1 wret*$ly h\s$1 & d5i$ almo/ any
 pleasure 9 life1 except su* z ! public 
h\se c\ld (f] him8 ,^? conditions 7 a   
disgrace to ! c\ntry1 & ,i %all nev] be 
cont5t until !y are swept away = ev]4 ,i
 d n say ?is only 9 ! int]e/ ( ! man    
himself2 x is necess>y ^! conditions    
%\ld g1 9 ! be/ int]e/s n m]ely ( !     
lab\r] b ( ! f>m] & ( agriculture4 ,s x 
may be t unity & on5ess ( purpose & (   
action w be driv5 ^u u z "o ( !         
bye-products ( w> conditions4 ,= y\r    
simple pla9 agricultural work] w come   
back feel+ t z he has f\ght = ! lib]ties
 ( 8 c\ntry he w be entitl$ to enjoy a  
little m ( x ?an ev] be=e1 t if ! l& is 
to be fre$ f designs ( ! tyrant abroad x
 mu/ be fre$ also f any wrong at home1 &
 t he mu/ h a l>g] %>e 9 ! fruits ( 8   
lab\r ?an he has enjoy$ be=e4 ,my own   

view is t y w n on t acc\nt make ! f>m  
work] a less effici5t h>ve/man1 b y w   
make him a happi] fa!r1 y w be mak+ him 
a m cont5t$ citiz51 & may make him a m  
pr(itable work] ?an he has ev] be54     
,v>i\s rem$ies h be5 tri$ or ?\ght ( to 
give effect to :at are our common       
aspirations4 ,"o ,i h se5 ref]r$ to     
frequ5tly is "o ,i w\ld l to see always 
avoid$4 ,x is ! rem$y ( plac+ be=e      
workm5 z a necessity a greatly increas$ 
output f _! manual lab\r 9 ! future2 n t
 ,i am oppos$ to an increas$ output1 b  
,i am n go+ to dem& x z "p ( ! b>ga9 :i*
 %\ld itself be arrang$ & c>ri$ out1 ev5
 if x did n necess>ily secure = u any   
great] sum total ( weal? ?an we n[      
enjoy2 = poor z we may h acc\nt$        
ourselves we h se5 9 ! pa/ few ye>s h[  
va/ly we c sp5d & l5d 9 support ( any   
high purpose to :i* ! c\ntry may devote 
itself4 ,pov]ty c nev] aga9 be claim$ by
 ! nation z a :ole :5ev] !re is a prop] 
& reasonable dem& = any social *ange or 
re=m :i* may be necess>y & prop]4 ,m5   

are ask+ = a great] yield1 = a great]   
output1 = build+ up our weal? high] ?an 
ev] be=e1 s z to repair ! ravages ( !   
w>1 if = no o!r purpose4 ,) all ^?      
objects ,i agree1 b we mu/ n make !m z  
t]ms to ! work] 9 ex*ange = ^?          
conditions ( unity :i* we are ask+ our  
work]s to arrange ) u4 ,great] output1  
increas$ effici5cy1 a bigg] & bett]     
return ( weal? f indu/rial &            
agricultural en]gy1 c well come out ( a 
bett] work+ sy/em1 a bett] re>rangem5t (
 comb9$ ef=t1 a m ext5sive use ( ma*9]y1
 a m satisfactory sub-division ( lab\r1 
a wid] employm5t ( ! p]sonal exp]i5ce & 
te*nical skill ( our indu/rial classes1 
a high] /ate ( adm9i/rative effici5cy & 
managem5t 9 ! work%ops1 ! creation ( a  
bett] & m humane atmosph]e 9 ! work%ops4
 ,out ( all ( ^! ?+s a great] yield (   
weal? c\ld be produc$1 & x is along ^?  
l9es we mu/ g 9 ord] n m]ely to conv]t b
 to conv9ce ! workman t he is n be+ us$ 
z a m]e tool = "s ult]ior end = ! b5efit
 ( "s small] class 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x has   

be5 said by "s t ,trade ,union          
re/rictions & limitations mu/ g4 ,i     
c&idly admit !re h be5 ,trade ,union    
regulations & conditions :i* p]haps h   
/ood 9 ! way ( "s increas$ output1 b ,i 
am n "h to apologise = ,trade ,union    
rules4 ,e class has its regulations &   
rules4 ,! m p[]ful & ! m weal?y ! class 
! m rigid & /r+5t ^? rules h be54       
,h[ev]1 ! class :i* 0 mo/ 9 ne$ (       
regulations & rules1 ! work+ class1 0 ! 
fir/ to set ! example ( sett+ !m aside z
 a g5]al w> measure :5 ! c\ntry call$ ^u
 ! work]s to take action ( t k9d dur+   
#aiae4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 keep 9 m9d ! fact
 t workm5 are naturally suspici\s4 ,t   
suspicion is ! gr[? ( ! work%op sy/em1  
into :i* ,i h n n[ ! "t to g1 & we mu/  
avoid caus+ ! workman to suspect t our  
unity1 ! unity we are seek+ among       
classes1 is a m]e device = gett+ him to 
"w h>d] & produce great] weal? & p]haps 
lab\r ev5 long] h\rs ?an ev]4  ,! fir/  
great /ep t[>ds ?is unity is to secure !
 good w ( ! ,trade ,unions4 ,hav+ secur$

 t1 ! next ?+ is to proce$ ^u l9es :i* w
 br+ at once home to ! individual       
workman 9 ! work%op "s s5se (           
responsibility ) reg>d to ! response :i*
 he mu/ make to ! appeal :i* we put be=e
 him4 ,9 %ort1 bett] relations mu/      
prec$e any fir/ /ep t c\ld effectively  
be tak5 to secure ?is great] unity1 &   
bett] relations are impossible 9 indu/ry
 until we h giv5 ! individual workman a 
great] s5se ( responsibility ( :at he is
 9 ! work%op =4 ,let me briefly outl9e  
h[ t might be secur$4 ,x 0 put1 ,i ?9k1 
q eloqu5tly if simply 9 an address to ! 
,trade ,union ,congress a %ort "t ago by
 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,congress1 :o said t ! 
workman want$ a voice 9 ! daily         
managem5t ( ! employm5t 9 :i* he sp5ds 8
 work+ life1 9 ! atmosph]e & 9 !        
conditions "u :i* he has to "w1 9 ! h\rs
 ( beg9n+ & end+ "w1 9 ! conditions (   
remun]ation1 & ev5 9 ! mann]s &         
practices ( ! =em5 ) :om he _h to be 9  
contact4 ,9 all ^! matt]s1 said !       
,presid5t1 workm5 h a "r to a voice--ev5

 to an equal voice--) ! managem5t       
itself4 ,i "k t is a big1 & to "s an    
extravagant claim to make1 b to set x   
aside or ignore x is to provoke & invite
 fur!r tr\ble4 ,indu/ry c no long] be   
run = ! pr(it :i* x produces1 or ev5    
because ( ! weal? :i* collective en]gy c
 make4 ,t1 inde$1 0 ! mi/ake out ( :i*1 
z ,i said at ! beg9n+1 ?is disunion1 &  
?is suspicion1 & ?is selfi%ness1 h gr[n4
 ,we h _h greatly to modify our doctr9es
 ( political economy dur+ ! c\rse ( !   
w>1 & all ! ?+s :i* _m tea*]s told u    
nev] c\ld be done h come z natural to u 
"u w> conditions :i* we c\ld n resi/1 & 
( :i* we 7 ! creatures4 ,:]e n[ is ! law
 ( supply & dem&8 ,inde$1 if ! law (    
supply & dem& 7 op]at+ at ?is mom5t1 !re
 are few workm5 9 ! c\ntry :o w\ld n be 
receiv+ _m1 _m p\nds m a week ?an !y    
are4 ,! workman is n paid to-day accord+
 to ! dem& = 8 lab\r4 ,a v mu* high]    
obligation decides = him :at 8          
remun]ation is to be4 ,i h 9 m9d1 (     
c\rse1 ! fact t a consid]able numb] (   

work]s1 :o are employ$ ^u munition      
s]vices & s on1 are enjoy+ v high wages1
 b t is n at all true ( ! masses ( !    
indu/rial population1 & we ought n to be
 deceiv$ by ^! r>e in/ances :i* are     
quot$ ( m5 com+ out ( ! work%op ) #bj or
 #cj4 ,speak+ ( ! indu/rial population 9
 ! ma91 :at 0 ! out/&+ economic         
doctr9e8--! doctr9e t ! dem& = lab\r & !
 volume = supply+ t dem& det]m9$ !      
remun]ation4 ,t doctr9e has _h to g by !
 bo>d l s _m o!r ?+s t c\ld n exi/ "u w>
 pressure4  ,!n1 h[ are we to give      
effect to ?is g5]al work%op aspiration =
 br++ ! workman into clos] unity ) !    
conditions :i* det]m9e t "p ( 8 life :i*
 is ! bread-w9n+ "p1 = :i* he has to    
turn out 9 ! morn+ e>ly & (t5 return    
home late 9 ! ev5+8 ,!re 0 e/abli%$ "s  
"t ago :at c be describ$ z a q          
responsible committee to report ^u h[   
bett] relations n only betwe5 employ]s &
 employ$ ?r\gh _! associations1 b 9     
reg>d to employ]s & employ$ 9 !         
work%ops1 might be e/abli%$4 ,t         

committee issu$ ! report commonly kn[n  
to u n[ z ! ,:itley ,report1 ( :i* ,i am
 q sure m w be he>d 9 a few ye>s4 ,! m5 
:o _h to frame t report 7 drawn f ! two 
extremes ( ! employ]s & trade unions4   
,we _h m5 ) v advanc$ views1 l ,mr      
,smillie1 on ! "o h&1 & we _h q p[]ful  
employ]s ( lab\r1 l ,sir ,gilb]t        
,claughton & ,sir ,william ,c>t]1 on !  
o!r4 ,i _h ! privilege ( sitt+ on t     
committee1 & = "s mon?s we lab\r$ to    
frame "s def9ite t]ms :i* might be      
accept$ by ^? :o 7 conc]n$ 9 our        
recomm5dations4 ,i v (t5 he> ! sugge/ion
 t p w h little ( x because x is n      
ideal1 n gr& or great en\gh1 b we h to  
come d[n to ! e>? ^u ^! matt]s1 & we h  
to recomm5d only :at we feel is likely  
to be accept$ le/ our lab\r %\ld be     
wa/$4 ,we mu/ avoid1 !re=e1 ?r[+ our    
aims too high1 & we mu/ sugge/ only :at 
practical bus9ess m5 & workm5 are likely
 s]i\sly to consid]4 ,hav+ decid$ to    
rea* t conclusion1 & feel+ ! s5se (     
responsibility :i*1 oppos$ z s _m ( u 7 

to ea* o!r1 drove u to rea* a           
conclusion1 we express$ ourselves 9 ^!  
t]ms3 ,we are conv9c$ t a p]man5t       
improvem5t 9 ! relations betwe5 employ]s
 & employ$ mu/ be f\nd$ ^u some?+ o!r   
?an a ca% basis4 ,:at is want$ is t !   
workpeople %\ld h a great] opportunity (
 p>ticipat+ 9 ! discussion ^u an        
adju/m5t ( ^? p>ts ( indu/ry by :i* !y  
are mo/ affect$4 ,= secur+ improvem5t 9 
! relations betwe5 employ]s & employ$1 x
 is ess5tial t any proposals put =w>d   
%\ld (f] to workpeople ! means ( atta9+ 
improv$ conditions ( employm5t & a high]
 /&>d ( com=t g5]ally1 & involve !      
enli/m5t ( _! active & cont9u\s         
co-op]ation 9 ! promotion ( indu/ry4    
,previ\sly1 ! view 0 t ! workman _h no?+
 :atev] to d ) ?is phase ( ! managem5t (
 bus9ess1 & t is a phrase /ill v mu*    
us$4 ,we make no claim 9 ?is report t   
workm5 %\ld h ! "r to int]f]e 9 ! high] 
realms ( bus9ess managem5t1 91 say1     
f9ance1 9 ! g5]al high] details (       
organisation1 9 ! ext5sion ( works1 9   

all ^? m important & urg5t matt]s :i*   
mu/ come be=e ! bo>d ( manag]s or !     
manag] himself4 ,^! are ?+s :i* belong  
prop]ly & exclusively to ^? :o h !      
responsibility ( manag+ our great       
indu/ries1 b 9 all ! o!r ?+s affect+ !  
conditions ( ! workman1 ! mann] 9 :i* he
 is to be treat$1 h\rs1 wages1          
conditions ( employm5t1 relations betwe5
 section & section1 & work+ division &  
work+ division1 all ^? ?+s :i* 7 reg>d$ 
previ\sly z ! private monopoly ( ! =eman
 or manag] mu/ 9 future become ! common 
conc]n ( ! workm5 collectively1 & !y mu/
 h "s voice 9 h[ ^! ?+s are to be       
settl$4 ,! c\ntry & its indu/ries1 (    
c\rse1 may refuse to he> t voice1 b     
really we h to *oose betwe5 reconcil+   
workm5 to a giv5 sy/em ( indu/ry or f9d+
 workm5 9 p]petual revolt aga9/ _!      
conditions4 ,& x w pay ! c\ntry to      
conc$e a great deal1 n only = peace 9 ! 
work%op b = a high] /&>d ( peace g5]ally
 9 ! :ole community4 ,! appeal t mu/ be 
made to ! workman mu/ be foll[$ up by   

ask+ him to receive x 9 a v diff]5t _s f
 ! _s sometimes %ewn 9 c]ta9 work%ops4  
,i am n "h by any means to p\r praise   
altoge!r ^u ! work+ classes1 & ,i am    
consci\s ( ! mi/akes & wrongs :i* h     
sometimes be5 done 9 _! names1 & ,i am  
!re=e anxi\s t ! _s ( ! work%op %\ld be 
s temp]$ & alt]$ z to be fit to receive 
& make ! be/ use ( ! approa*es :i* are  
to be made to x to p>ticipate 9 work%op 
managem5t ^u ! l9es :i* ,i h indicat$4  
,s ?is appeal :i* has be5 made by !     
,:itley committee1 & :i* has be5 foll[$ 
up by "s o!r dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t1 is   
put z an appeal to ! common-s5se &      
reason ( ! m5 9 ! work%op1 & does n re/ 
^u any ( ! _m ag5cies :i* h be5 employ$ 
previ\sly 9 ! pursuit ( def9ite trade   
union ends4 ,?is _s c be fo/]$ only :5 !
 masses ( workm5 are rea*$ by !         
consci\sness t !y !mselves are be+ call$
 ^u to %>e 9 ! und]tak+s ( :i* !y are s 
important a "p4 ,! importance ( workm5  
has be5 reveal$ 9 a mo/ />tl+ way dur+ !
 p]iod ( ! w>1 & ! w> has %ewn 9 _m     

trades t recurr+ diff]5ces betwe5       
capital & lab\r c be adju/$ )\t /rikes &
 )\t lock-outs if me?ods are provid$ 9 !
 work%op :i* are acceptable to bo?      
sides1 & are made to op]ate fairly &    
satisfactorily betwe5 ! diff]5t int]e/s4
 ,?9k h[ important ! workman has become 
because ( ! w>4 ,consid] h[ mu* !       
workman is n[ press$ & drawn into all   
mann] ( s]vices :i* previ\sly he c\ld   
ei!r rema9 9 or leave at 8 w4 ,! w> has 
made su* a dem& ^u national indu/rial   
en]gy t !re is no s]vice n[ = :i* !re is
 n a dem&4 ,inde$1 y h se5 ! effect 9 t 
s]vices 9 ! work%op include m5 :o       
previ\sly w\ld h be5 a%am$ to h _h x    
kn[n t !y _h ev] soil$ _! h&s at any    
toil at all1 b :o h be5 glad to get a   
place 9 ! work%op because x 0 "w (      
national importance4 ,w> exp]i5ce has   
%ewn u h[ high manual s]vice /&s 9 !    
grades ( s]vice :i* c be r5d]$ =        
community int]e/4 ,?is new _s does n    
appeal to =ce z a means ( settl+        
diff]5ces1 nor to compulsory            

arbitration1 nor to ! au?ority ( !      
,/ate1 nor to ! p[] ( organisation on   
ei!r side4 ,x is an appeal to reason1 an
 approa* to bo? sides to act 9          
association on l9es :i* w give fre$om1  
self-respect1 & security to bo? sides1  
:il/ enabl+ ea* ( !m to submit to ! o!r 
:at x feels is be/ = ! jo9t advancem5t (
 ! trade & ^? engag$ 9 x4 ,9 %ort1 ,i   
w\ld l to see inside ! gates ( e work%op
 ! cultivation ( ! same _s 9 ,briti%    
indu/ry z has be5 h9t$ at already z !   
fir/ ess5tial = ! future developm5t (   
agriculture 9 ,engl&4 ,^? processes (   
call+ 9 ! individual workman ?r\gh      
committees1 to :i* ,i w ref] briefly 9 a
 mom5t1 are n int5d$ to take ! place ( !
 great organisations4 ,!y are to be     
supplem5t>y to ! ,trade ,unions1 & are n
 int5d$ to supplant !m4  ,trades ,union 
lead]%ip has *ang$ h&s to a great ext5t 
dur+ ! pa/ ye> or two1 & ! virtual      
lead]s ( ! m5 are n[ m5 !mselves employ$
 at ! b5* & 9 ! m9e4 ,!y are ex]cis+ v  
great au?ority & influ5ce ov] masses (  

_! fell[ workm51 & (t5 ! au?ority1 &    
decisions1 & advice ( executives &      
lead]s are set aside & ! advice ( ! m5  
employ$ 9 ! work%op1 giv5 to _! fell[   
workm5 z mates1 is foll[$4 ,s ) ?is     
*ange1 due to conditions into :i* we h n
 "t to g1 !re mu/ be recognis$ ! ne$ =  
apply+ new rem$ies 9 consid]+ ?is "q (  
improv+ ! relations betwe5 employ] &    
employ$4 ,x w n d n[ m]ely to h         
discussions betwe5 association &        
association4 ,we might improve ^u t &   
supplem5t x z ,i h said by hav+         
discussions direct 9 ! work%op ) !      
workm5 !mselves1 :o w\ld be br\ght into 
t\* at once ) p]sons :o 7 responsible = 
:at action mu/ be tak54 ,s lead]%ip hav+
 be5 to "s ext5t transf]r$ f ! ,trade   
,union to ! work%op1 ! workman mu/ be   
foll[$ !re & mu/ be %ewn h[ ess5tial x  
is to recruit 8 good w & 8 aid 9 improv+
 work%op conditions1 n = ! bett]m5t ( ! 
managem5t1 b z mu*1 if n m1 = 8 own     
bett]m5t z a workman 9 ! %op4 ,?is may n
 t\* c]ta9 indu/ries 9 ! c\ntry t are   

non-organis$4 ,"s ( ^? trades1 mu* to   
our %ame1 9 =m] ye>s 7 kn[n z sweat$    
indu/ries1 b ev5 !re x is f\nd t !      
work]s1 m5 & wom5 alike1 are com+       
gradually into ! trades unions1 & %\ld  
!y n be 9 ! trades unions to any great  
ext5t !y are to be rea*$ by o!r ways &  
means :i* ?is committee has develop$4 ,x
 is int5d$ to apply to !m1 s z to       
e/abli% ! necess>y ma*9]y = bett]       
relations1 ! p]sonnel ( ! ,trades ,bo>ds
 ,acts1 ^? bo>ds :i*1 9 ! abs5ce (      
trades unions1 deal ) ! sweat$          
conditions ( ?\s&s ( work]s employ$ 9 ^?
 sweat$ trades4 ,s ,i h no fe> myself ( 
! non-organis$ trades be+ left altoge!r 
out ( ! range ( ! _s to :i* ,i h ref]r$4
 ,9 addition to ! committees !re is to  
be 9 e di/rict1 x is propos$1 a         
repres5tative c\ncil1 drawn f ! employ]s
 & employ$ ( ! p>ticul> indu/ry1 & "s   
scores ( ^! c\ncils are n[ be+ set up4  
,9 addition1 !re is to be 9 relation to 
e pr9cipal indu/ry a national c\ncil1 & 
_m ( u are n[ engag$ 9 ! creation ( ^?  

sev]al bodies4 ,! public may n he> mu*  
ab\t !m1 b !y are ! f\ndation ^u :i* ?is
 /ructure ( bett] relations is to re/1  
&1 s f> z we c sp>e "s small m>g9 ( our 
"t = ^? duties1 consid]able headway has 
be5 made 9 e/abli%+ ^! diff]5t          
organisations4  ,b ,i atta* mo/         
importance to ! work%op committees1 & s 
,i want to pursue ?is idea a little     
fur!r4 ,:at are ^? committees to be8 ,!y
 w\ld h to be free repres5tative bodies1
 *os5 by ! m5 !mselves4 ,!y c\ld be     
emp[]$ to meet ! managem5t1 possess$ ( a
 s5se ( responsibility1 to discuss 9 _! 
own homely way matt]s :i* w\ld h to be  
settl$ betwe5 !m4 ,inde$1 we "k f       
exp]i5ce t _m ( ! big trade disputes 9  
?is c\ntry h gr[n out ( trifles1 out (  
small no?+s comp>atively1 :i* c\ld well 
h be5 settl$ inside ! work%op gates by  
br++ ma/] & man toge!r1 emp[]$ to       
discuss matt]s :i* bo? und]/& z matt]s (
 p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,! committees :5     
creat$1 9 ?is atmosph]e & _s to :i* ,i  
ref]1 w\ld exi/ n 9 rebellion aga9/ !   

trade unions or aga9/ ! trade union     
sy/em1 or exi/ z be+ 9 revolt aga9/ !   
managem5t ( ! works1 or ! employ] (     
lab\r4 ,! committees w\ld be ve/$ )     
responsibility = negotiations4 ,!y w\ld 
be able to use ! p]sonal k d]iv$ f      
contact ) ! que/ions aris+ day by day4  
,!y w\ld develop a s5se ( indep5d5ce & a
 s5se ( j deal+1 s t ! doctr9e ( a fair 
day's wage = a fair day's "w %\ld apply 
n only to ! wages b to ! "w to be done1 
a ?+ :i* sometimes does n occur4 ,^!    
committees c\ld *eck ! driv+ me?ods ( "s
 p]sons 9 au?ority1 &1 :il/ gett+ ! be/ 
f ^? :o are above !m1 !y c\ld give !    
be/1 z ,i am sure !y w\ld provid$ ! _s  
is creat$1 f ! workm5 9 return = ! fair]
 treatm5t !y w\ld enjoy4 ,^! committees 
c\ld deal n only ) manual s]vice &      
ord9>y "w & wage que/ions2 !y c\ld      
develop a bett] use ( indu/rial capacity
 & te*nical k 9 matt]s ( work%op life4  
,b ! _s is ev]y?+1 & ! be/ desires (    
equitable work%op managem5t c\ld f9d    
expression ?r\gh ^? committees if !y 7  

creat$4 ,! committees w\ld give a *ance 
to ! _m workm5 :o n[ talk a great deal  
ab\t democracy to express t democracy   
?r\gh ! p]sons ( ! workm5 !mselves4 ,i  
fe> !re are _m ( our fri5ds 9 ! lab\r   
movem5t1 z we t]m x1 :o are giv5 freely 
to talk+ ( democracy )\t cle>ly und]/&+ 
all t is cov]$ 9 t t]m4 ,x is a t]m :i*1
 x is a pleasure to see1 has rec5tly    
f\nd its way n m]ely into ! phrases (   
/atesm51 b into ! ,k+'s spee* itself4   
,we are n[ speak+ commonly ( all !      
sacrifices t are be+ made1 ( all ! blood
 & treasure t is be+ spilt1 9 ord] to h 
a :olesome democratic sy/em ( _w        
gov]nm5t4 ,well1 we mu/ beg9 9 !        
work%ops1 = y _c h peace on a l>ge scale
 ! c\ntry ov]1 or betwe5 nation &       
nation1 unless y h peace 9 our places ( 
employm5t4 ,!y are ! />t+ po9ts & !re x 
is t y\r cont5t$ millions mu/ fir/ be   
f\nd4 ,if !y are n happy & if !y are n  
at ease 9 connexion ) _! national       
s]vice1 y _c expect any ( ^? l>g]       
results = :i* highm9d$ /atesm5 are seek+

 ! _w ov]4  ,^u two ma9 l9es1 9 my      
judgm5t1 democracy w require ! mo/ sane 
guidance & mo/ sagaci\s advice :i* its  
lead]s are capable ( giv+ to x4 ,x w n d
 = lead]s m]ely to say t ! future ( ! _w
 mu/ be decid$1 n by diplomats or ?rones
 or ,kais]s1 b by ! w ( peoples4 ,! w ( 
peoples c f9d endur+ & b5eficial        
expression only :5 t w seeks social     
*ange by reasonable & calculat$         
in/alm5ts1 & n by any viol5t act (      
revolution4 ,peaceful vot]s on _! way to
 ! ballot boxes & prop]ly =mulat$       
pr9ciples w 9 ! end g fur!r ?an fire &  
sword 9 ! int]nal affairs ( a nation4 ,i
 say ?is because ( ! loose talk we h    
he>d f _m lab\r plat=ms rec5tly (       
revolution & its b5efits4 ,revolution   
may well be 9 any c\ntry ! beg9n+ & n ! 
end ( int]nal tr\bles1 (t5 express$ 9 a 
m pa9ful & m viol5t =m ?an ev]4 ,we ne$ 
only look at our =m] great p>tn]1       
,russia1 to f9d full confirmation ( all 
,i h n[ impli$4 ,! r$ flag m>*es ) !    
ma*9e gun & ! black cap :5 a c]ta9 /age 

( physical revolt is rea*$4 ,! !ory (   
new me?ods ( life c only f9d rational   
application :5 democracy is wisely guid$
 9 tak+ sl[ b sure /eps peacefully to   
turn its !ories into an appli$ sy/em1   
:]e9 ! p ( a nation & n m]ely a section 
or a class %all f9d _! prop] place &    
security = s]vice1 & f9d an assur$      
exi/5ce "u conditions ( com=t = !mselves
 & advantage to ! ,/ate4 ,democratic    
lead]s mu/ tell ^! ?+s to ! p "t aft] "t
 if ne$ be4 ,!y mu/ repeat !m s t !     
masses may und]/& !m1 because ! t5d5cy 9
 lab\r has be5 to n>r[ ! mean+ (        
democracy4 ,democracy is n1 & ought n to
 be1 limit$ to ^? :o n[ con/itute !     
indu/rial population4 ,democracy is n a 
sect or a trade union club4 ,democracy  
is wid] ?an ! conf9es ( ! manual work]4 
,democracy %\ld /rive to rea* ! highe/  
level ( morality 9 doctr9e & aspiration4
 ,x is n a class =mula4 ,x is a great & 
elevat+ fai? :i* may be %>$ by all :o   
believe 9 x4 ,democracy /&s = ! g5]al   
progress ( mank9d & means ! uplift+ (   

m51 & ! lib]ation & unify+ ( nations4 ,x
 does n mean ! dom9ion ( "o class ov]   
ano!r1 nor ! viol5t wre/+ ( position or 
au?ority by "s dramatic act ( physical  
=ce1 :i* if us$ w\ld /ill leave a nation
 9 a /ate ( unreconcil$ & cont5d+       
factions4 ,democracy1 aga91 is a _s     
:]eby va/ social & economic *ange may be
 effect$ ?r\gh a m$ium approa*+ common  
cons5t or at lea/ by ! application ( !  
political p[] ( ! p act+ ?r\gh          
repres5tative in/itutions & re/+ ^u     
ideas :i* majorities accept & und]/&4 ,!
 _s :i* has already accept$ va/         
political *anges c be made to apply to  
va/ economic & indu/rial *anges4 ,?is _s
 mu/ be cultivat$ by ! lead]s (         
democracy4 ,!y h n[ opportunities z     
great z _! responsibilities4 ,! success 
( p>ties1 9 ! old s5se ( ! t]m1 is a    
trivial ?+ to ! success ( ! great ends  
to be secur$4 ,^! ends w ju/ify ! use ( 
any con/itutional means = de?ron+ t =m (
 p[] ^u :i* privilege & ! m]e possession
 ( weal? h re/$4 ,b democracy mu/ n be  

dup$ by phrases1 nor be sway$ by any    
influ5ce :i* does n lead to a la/+      
advance = ! nation z a :ole4 ,nor %\ld  
its lead]s ?9k t fundam5tal & endur+    
*anges 9 our social sy/em c be rea*$ by 
any %ort cut to :i* ! great mass ( ! p h
 n be5 conv]t$4 ,progress w be fa/] 9 ! 
future if impati5ce & folly d n ret>d x4
  ,hav+ said a little ) reg>d to !      
position ( ! poor] p1 let me be=e ,i    
close respectfully address a few words  
to ! ri*] & m fav\r$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,%\ld  
all ri* folk 9 ! c\ntry "w8 ,t is a v   
pla9 & ,i d>e say x w be reg>d$ 9 "s    
places z q an impud5t "q4 ,b really1 ri*
 p :o h nev] _h cause 9 any way to e>n  
_! liv+ h always be5 a dang] to ! ,/ate1
 j z !y h be5 ! greate/ in/ance ( wick$ 
wa/e to be f\nd 9 any c\ntry4 ,!re is   
no?+ m melan*oly1 & ev5 degrad+1 to a   
c\ntry ?an ! sight ( educat$ p :o h no?+
 to d4 ,weal? is ! fruit ( s]vice &     
endeav\r4 ,"w is ! only m$ium by :i* !  
ravages ( ! w> c be made good4          
,ignorance & idl5ess pres5t a mo/       

pitiable spectacle1 b ! mo/ crim9al (   
all sights is education & idl5ess       
comb9$4 ,f9ally1 let me say t :il/ ,i h 
address$ myself ma9ly 9 t]ms ( appeal to
 ! work]s1 ,i am n unm9dful at all ( !  
difficulties ( ! great employ]s ( lab\r 
& ^? cov]$ by ! phrase our ,capta9s (   
,indu/ry4 ,i "k t _m ( !m "w v h>d "u ! 
greate/ & mo/ try+ m5tal pressure1 & h  
duties & trials unkn[n ev5 to ! workm51 
b ) ^? duties & trials come reliefs aga9
 unkn[n to ! workm5--holidays1 *ange1 & 
re/1 & ! meet+ ( m5 ( _! own class ^: v 
company is an intellectual joy1 s t !   
wor/ (f y\r employ] ( lab\r z a human   
be+ may be he is f> bett] (f ?an !      
av]age workman4 ,?9k ( ! h\s+ conditions
 ( s _m ?\s&s1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 (       
workm51 & h[ intol]able x w\ld be = y to
 live "u ^? conditions1 h[ discont5t$ y 
w\ld be1 h[ discont5t$ ! ri* w\ld be 7 x
 _! fate to drag on an exi/5ce 9 "s ( ^?
 places :i* are commonly describ$ by !  
t]m h\ses4 ,:y1 ! v wait+ room ( !      
employ]'s ord9>y (fice is a mu* m cosy &

 pleasant place ?an ! homes ( _m ( ! mo/
 indu/ri\s work]s ( ,engl&4 ,i plead t !
 elem5ts ( ! human ord] %\ld beg9 to    
p]vade ! relations ( ! work%op1 t !     
workman %\ld be less ( a drudge & m ( a 
human asset ?an he has be51 t he %\ld be
 br\ght into p>tn]%ip 9 ! und]tak+ & 9 !
 managem5t2 t incid5tally he %\ld h a m 
secure remun]ation & n h to be> !       
p5alties & ordeals ( employm5t z he has 
_h alone to be> !m dur+ times ( trade   
depression & unemploym5t 9 previ\s ye>s4
 ,! human side ( ! work%op has1 !re=e1  
to be built up1 & y _c hope to build x  
up ^u any f\ndation ( drudg]y su* z !   
workm5 9 ! ma9 h _h to live "u1 &1 z ,i 
h said1 x w pay ! c\ntry to conciliate !
 m5 on ^! t]ms4 ,x is a high ideal1 b x 
is atta9able4 ,i believe x is atta9able 
because we h se5 x 9 ano!r sph]e (      
sacrifice :]e x has already be5 secur$4 
,! w> has br\ght all classes toge!r4 ,9 
! tr5*es1 at sea1 & 9 all !atres (      
dang]1 m5 ( all classes are n[ lab\r+   
%\ld] to %\ld]4 ,!re y h _h a s9k+ (    

individual int]e/s4 ,!re y h _h a common
 sacrifice1 a common endeav\r = a common
 cause4 ,surely1 z all classes h be5    
able to unite 9 _! sacrifice & 9 _!     
resi/ance ( ! aggression ( a =eign foe1 
x is1 ,i hope1 n ask+ too mu* t :5 !y   
come back & take _! places 9 peaceful   
pursuits aga91 & become ma/]s1 workm51  
manag]s1 & =em5 9 our ent]prises &      
bus9esses1 :5 !y return f dang] & come  
back to take _! places among/ u1--surely
 x is n too mu* to hope t ^? :o are able
 to unite abroad w be able to unite = ! 
ends ( peace & joy "h at home4          
,,unity ,,9 ,,! ,,empire  ,by ,f4 ,j4   
,,*amb]la91 ,c4,b4,e4   ,! ^w unity 9   
relation to ! ,empire has a deep] mean+ 
to-day ?an x _h five ye>s ago4 ,!n x 0 a
 wat*word1 a !me = ,imp]ial conf]5ces & 
= speak]s at demon/rations4 ,! sangu9e 7
 sure1 ! pessimi/s & t great body (     
,briti%]s ( mod]ate views & mod]ate fai?
 reg>d$ x z "o ( ! ?+s hop$ =4  ,)      
dramatic sudd5ness ! ev5t cl>ifi$ !     
situation1 ,engl& awoke at w>4 ,!re 0 no

 "t = prelim9>y c\ncils4 ,! supreme te/ 
( ! ,empire _h be5 rea*$4 ,x is no      
exagg]ation to say t ! :ole _w wat*$ )  
eag]ness = ! result4 ,x 0 9 t mom5t t ! 
great discov]y 0 made4 ,! ,briti%       
,empire /ood fa/4 ,f t day until n[1 f  
end to end ( ! _w has be5 se5 an object 
lesson ( unity t has ju/ifi$ ! sangu9e1 
& be5 an inspiration to ! ,allies4 ,t   
revelation has be5 m inspir+ because !  
_w is aw>e t x is 9 spite ( ! mo/ s9i/] 
& subtle campaign aga9/ x1 plann$ &     
brilliantly execut$ by an enemy "u !    
cloak ( fri5d%ip4 ,i d n =get ! tragic  
circum/ances ( "o small nation )9 !     
,empire4 ,b ,irel& has giv5 m evid5ce ( 
h] fai?fulness to ,empire on ! fields ( 
,france & ,fl&]s ?an ( h] trea*]y at    
home1 & to-day we h m reason to c\nt h] 
ours ?an has ! enemy4 ,exam9e ! position
 9 cold blood1 if y c1 & y are /ill aw>e
 ( a sub/antial1 solid1 & effective     
unity runn+ r\nd ! ,empire1 b9d+ x 9 "o 
z ) a girdle ( sc>let & gold4  ,! w> is 
n responsible = ! unity2 x has only     

discov]$ or uncov]$ x4 ,! /orm does n   
e/abli% f\ndations2 x may reveal !m4 ,a 
c5tury ( build+ has creat$ ! /ructure t 
! /orm has fail$ to de/roy4  ,! ,briti% 
,empire is a successful exp]im5t on !   
l9es ( ! long$-= ,league ( ,nations4 ,! 
race conta9s no m div]se elem5ts ?an are
 f\nd )9 its bord]s2 "o-?ird ( ! l&     
surface ( ! _w1 & "o-fif? ( !           
inhabitants1 h be5 held toge!r 9 a liv+ 
f$]ation & h be5 kept until ?is day4 ,^u
 our g5]ation re/s ! awful & spl5did    
responsibility ( prov+ to a que/ion+ _w 
t ?is unity c be made p]man5t1 & (      
illu/rat+ h[ a /ill l>g] unity may be   
a*iev$4  ,y w =give "o or two homely    
pictures ( our unity t _c fail to /rike 
! imag9ation4 ,x has be5 our privilege  
to meet ?\s&s ( m5 f ! ,ov]seas         
,dom9ions4 ,h[ _m times h boys1 ^:      
=efa!rs emigrat$ f ,engl& or ,scotl&1 :o
 7 !mselves born 9 ,au/ralia1 or on !   
,we/]n pla9s ( ,canada1 said1 ,i h be5  
want+ to come home all my life8 ,^!     
isl&s are ! home ( ! ,empire1 & !re is  

no m wond]ful ^w 9 ! language4  ,or ?9k 
( ,bo?a & ,smuts1 )9 ! memory almo/ ( ! 
y\nge/ ( u1 fight+ ) all _! he>t & m9d  
aga9/ ! ,empire1 &1 to-day1 dom9ant     
p]sonalities proclaim+ _! loyalty1 &    
prov+ x 9 unrivall$ s]vice4  ,or        
picture1 if y c1 "y ,india1 p\r+ out h] 
life-blood ) pride & ready sacrifice1 9 
,france1 9 ,egypt1 & 9 ,mesopotamia1 = !
 ,briti% ,raj4 ,! mo/ mov+ sc5e 9 !     
hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,commons 0 on t ev5+ 
9 #aiae1 :5 ! pr9ces ( ,india /ood amid/
 ! repres5tatives ( ! p ( ! homel&s &   
paid _! homage4  ,h[ mu* su* ?+s mean w 
dep5d on ! vision ( ^? :o he> !m2 b !y h
 9 !m ! /uff t holds ! future4  ,?is    
gha/ly w>1 n ( our *oos+1 has transf]r$ 
! seats ( le>n+ = "y ,brita9 f _!       
peaceful sites to ! battlefield4 ,if !  
object ( education is ! cultivation ( ! 
p[] ( ?\ght & obs]vation1 ! k9dl+ (     
imag9ation1 & ! ext5sion ( k2 !n ov] !re
 is a ,univ]sity set 9 full array1 )    
gho/ly z well z human tutors1 a         
curriculum )\t prec$5t1 & su* a body (  

und]graduates z ,cambridge or ,ox=d     
might covet4  ,x is n = no?+1 z reg>ds !
 ,empire1 t y\r sons1 ! *ildr5 ( ! ,ea/ 
,end1 & ! boys ( ,canada1 ,au/ralasia1 &
 ,s\? ,africa1 are meet+ & m+l+ )       
,gurkha & ,sikh1 & ) ea* o!r4 ,!y are   
%>+ a common discipl9e1 a common        
adv5ture1 mak+ sacrifice toge!r4 ,!y are
 see+ ea* o!r ) eyes f :i* ! scales are 
fall+1 & k & und]/&+ are gr[+ out ( _!  
contact4 ,! f>!/ rea*es ( ,empire h be5 
br\ght ne>] to ! ,empire's he>t by ?is  
bro!rhood 9 arms1 & ! b>ri]s betwe5     
classes h be5 l[]$ until a man c /ep    
across !m )\t climb+4 ,! di/ance betwe5 
,ea/ & ,we/ has be5 immeasurably %ort5$1
 :e!r we are ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( ,london1 or (
 ! ,empire4  ,9 our consid]ation ( ?is  
:ole subject we are to take ! ,*ri/ian  
/&po9t4 ,to u1 ! words ,?y ,k+dom come  
on e>? z x is 9 ,heav51 on ,div9e lips 7
 m ?an a pi\s wi%4 ,!y 7 a great        
int5tion1 ! expression ( age-long       
purpose4 ,we believe t ! ga9s ( !       
c5turies--! h>ve/ ( ! pa/ :i* is wor?   

cons]v+--h be5 secur$ by moral &        
spiritual conque/1 r ?an by milit>y or  
political a*ievem5t4 ,!re may be elem5ts
 9 our pres5t =ms ( unity :i* we may    
well all[ to g by ! bo>d4 ,! ?+s t make 
= p]man5ce w abide n only ) an enlight5$
 /atesman%ip1 b ) a gr[+ und]/&+1 an ev]
 broad5+ int]pretation ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ 
ab\t        ,! ,k+dom ( ,god on e>?1    
,! ,univ]sal ,fa!rhood ( ,god1 &      ,!
 bro!rhood ( man1   lead+ ! nation to   
see t ! k ( ,god & ( ,8 ,*ri/ is !      
rightful inh]itance ( e son ( ! ,empire4
  ,z ^! great ideals ( social life h be5
 int]pret$ 9 ! life ( ei!r sov]eign     
peoples or subject peoples1 s1 we       
believe1 & only s1 h bonds be5 =g$ t c  
be tru/$ to /& ! /ra9 :i* "t & *ang+    
condition & circum/ances impose4        
,unity1 ev5 ! ,empire itself ultimately1
 dep5ds1 z we believe1 on a broad-bas$  
/atesman%ip1 c>ry+ up ! ma9 pr9ciples ( 
our ,gov]nm5t to _! highe/ p[] 9 action1
 &1 con/antly ?r\gh\t ! ,empire1 m$iat+ 
^? doctr9es to ! peoples conc]n$ z !y   

are able to be> !m1 ) ev]-ext5d+        
inspiration & enc\ragem5t to gr[? &     
developm5t4  ,our ,imp]ial aims are     
nei!r antagoni/ic to nor inconsi/5t )   
our ,*ri/ian programme4 ,t %\ld         
con/itute a *all5ge to ! ,*ri/ian       
,*ur*es1 & is 9 itself a matt] = high & 
solemn pride4 ,! w> has cle>$ ! air4 ,z 
/at$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! ideal ( a        
f$]ation ( nations1 free1 indep5d5t1 &  
at ! same "t int]dep5d5t1 ea* work+ out 
its national de/9y1 ea* contribut+1 9   
t]ms ( opportunity1 to ! well-be+ ( !   
:ole1 br++ to be> on ,imp]ial matt]s !  
he>t1 bra91 w ( ! :ole1 gives u a       
picture ( a ,commonweal? 9 advance ( any
 contempor>y political programme1 ) ! "o
 conspicu\s exception ( t ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates ( ,am]ica1 betwe5 :om & ourselves
 is be+ e/abli%$ a ,unity :i* may well  
be m valuable to ! _w at l>ge & to      
ourselves ?an any =mal ,union4  ,"h1 z  
we see x1 is our opportunity4 ,!        
,*ri/ian =ces ( ! ,empire h ! onus (    
ma9ta9+ ! national outlook at ?is high  

level4 ,our fai?1 our audacity1 our     
lead]%ip w be ne$$ if less] c\nsels are 
to h no *ance ( prevail+4 ,!re mu/ be no
 sw+ ( ! p5dulum back to small] views4  
,) ! com+ ( ,peace1 ! temptation to !   
,nation to take (f its arm\r1 to come   
d[n f ! p$e/al1 to rev]t to pre-w>      
conditions1 to re-act 9 self-indulg5ce f
 ! /ra9 ( w>1 or to let mat]ialism      
defeat idealism1 w be well-nigh         
ov]:elm+4 ,to give way to t temptation w
 be to rob victory ( any p]man5t values4
 ,x w be a poor ?+ to h taught ,g]many  
h] lesson1 if we fail to le>n our own4  
,we see no hope ( successful resi/ance (
 t temptation ap>t f ! mobilisation ( ! 
,*ri/ian =ces )9 ! ,empire into an army 
committ$ to ! sacr$ task ( mak+ !       
consci5ce ( ! ,nation effectively       
,*ri/ian1 lead+ ! way 9 br++ ab\t a     
clos] approximation betwe5 ! politics ( 
! ,/ate & ! programme ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1
 & proclaim+ t ,k+dom at h&4  ,if we are
 agre$ s f> x behoves u to look = !     
practical implications ( ! position4 ,^!

 isl&s are /ill ! he>t & home ( !       
,empire4 ,?is 0 ! rock :5ce its y\ng]   
peoples 7 hewn4 ,our nation has produc$ 
! m5 & ! ma*9]y t gov]n our commonweal?4
 ,! lonely places1 f>!/ remov$ f u1 w be
 peopl$ l>gely by & ?r\gh ! "w ( *ildr5 
( ! ,old ,c\ntry4 ,!re1 :]ev] h] *ildr5 
g1 is ,engl&4  ,engl& is a treasure     
h\se1 :]e ! v /ones are eloqu5t4 ,h]    
hi/ory1 h] build+s1 h] national & civic 
life1 h] d5om9ations & movem5ts are all 
( !m ( vital int]e/ to h] *ildr54 ,x is 
a place ( pilgrimage & remembrance4 ,x  
is m4 ,!y f9d "h ! mature gr[?s f :i* _!
 in/itutions h sprung4 ,!y love our     
hi/oric places1 !y love our cr[d$       
cities1 !y love our sea%ores & our quiet
 c\ntry-side1 = ev]y:]e !y g !y f9d n   
only ! /ory ( our pa/1 b t ( _! own4    
,?is is _! spiritual home4 ,our art1 our
 lit]ature1 our movem5ts are p>ts ( a   
common inh]itance1 & x is ! pride ( !   
,mo!rl& t h] *ildr5 h nev] outgr[n _!   
love ( ! old home1 _! v5]ation = its    
sanctions & re/ra9ts1 & t on _! own     

home/eads !y h reproduc$ 9 new sett+s & 
(t5 9 fre% =ms s mu* t is native "h4    
,"o w\ld l to see a l>g] %>e 9 ?is      
priceless inh]itance (f]$ to our peoples
 ov]sea4 ,?9k = "o mom5t ( our great    
,ca!drals1 unique & wond]ful4 ,!y c nev]
 be reproduc$4 ,!y might be copi$2 b    
,cant]bury & ,we/m9/]1 ,l9coln &        
,durham1 ,york & ! re/ w\ld /ill rema9  
all t !y are to u & to !m4 ,y _c        
transplant hi/ory4 ,9 ! homel& we are b 
tru/ees ( ^! treasures1 & we ought to   
make !m ! home & c5tre ( our ,imp]ial   
,*ri/ianity4 ,9 e "o ( !m ! prie/s ( !  
,*ur* 9 ! ,ov]seas l&s %\ld n only be   
se5 b he>d4 ,is !re no room 9 ,ca!dral  
,*apt]s = ,ov]seas repres5tatives1 s t 9
 our daily s]vices 9 a new & liv+ way we
 may be l9k$ toge!r 9 sacram5t1 praise &
 pray]1 & 9 ! proclamation ( ,*ri/ian   
tru?8 ,"o ,canonry = ea* hi/oric build+ 
w\ld mean m to ,unity ?an _m resolutions
 at ,congress4 ,p]haps t is z f> z "o   
ought to g 9 sugge/ion1 b !re are o!r   
spl5did possibilities t "o w\ld love to 

discuss4 ,no "o ?9k+ ( ,unity 9 !       
,empire c fail to rejoice 9 ! gr[+      
desire manife/ among ,*ri/ian           
,d5om9ations = ,unity4 ,i w n tr5* on   
ano!r's subject beyond say+ t ! way to  
,union is ,unity1 & t x w\ld be tragic  
if 9 ^! mom5t\s days any /one 0 left    
unturn$ t w\ld lead to bett] k1 deep]   
und]/&+ & sympa?y betwe5 ^? :o "n ! ,"n 
t is above e "n4 ,& our p ov]seas h mu* 
to tea* u 9 ?is matt]4 ,ov] great areas 
( social opportunity & s]vice ! ,ca?olic
 ,*ur* may act unit$ly & mu/ d s1 if %e 
is to ent] on (f5sive w>f>e & n /& =    
ano!r g5]ation on ! def5sive4 ,! w> has 
made a diff]5ce "h4 ,m51 :o 9 !         
conv5tional days ( peace r>ely met1 h   
jo9$ h&s 9 s]vice4 ,ca?olic &           
,prote/ant1 ,*ur*man & ,free ,*ur*man1 h
 f\nd joy 9 fell[%ip4 ,t does n mean t  
diff]5ces h disappe>$1 x means t1       
recognis+ & e/imat+ _! diff]5ces1 x has 
be5 possible to e/abli% a basis (       
co-op]ation1 9 k1 und]/&+1 & sympa?y1 & 
to recognise 9 "o ano!r ! hall-m>k (    

,*ri/ian fai? & "*4 ,is ?is to be a w>  
measure only8 or is x to be "o ( ! great
 ga9s to be c>ri$ ov] into ! days ahead8
  ,"o o!r "q clam\rs = treatm5t3 !      
problem ( ! evangelisation ( ! ,empire4 
,*ri/ianity mu/ be giv5 its *ance 9 e   
corn] ( ! ,empire4 ,!re may be div]g5t  
op9ions z to ! me?ods to be us$1 b if   
,*ri/ianity conta9s 9 its gospel ! pe>l 
( great price1 !re c be no two op9ions z
 to ! obligation t re/s on u to br+ to !
 nations f$]at$ ) u ?is supreme gift4   
,no?+ c release u f t responsibility4   
,to po/pone ! pres5tation ( ! ,*ri/ian  
gospel = any ( ! "t-hon\r$ excuses3     
7#a7 our pre-occupation 9 matt]s ( m    
urg5t importance else:]e1  7#b7 any fe> 
( ! effects ( ,*ri/ianity on our        
political or comm]cial int]e/s1  7#c7 ! 
desire to live d[n prejudice & e/abli%  
confid5ce1  7#d7 ! prep>ation ( a p's   
m9d by education be=e introduc+ a new   
religion1  --any "o ( ^! is trea*]y to !
 ,all-,fa!r & to ! family ( man1 & a    
vital praep>atio evangelica is be+ made4

 ,let me illu/rate4  ,x happ5$ 9 a great
 m>quee 9 ,france4 ,on a summ] ev5+ 9   
#aiaf ! place 0 cr[d$ ) ,indians4 ,!re 0
 a gr\p play+ ,indian c>d games1 !re 0 a
 cr[d r\nd a gramophone ) ,indian       
records1 at ! writ+ tables ) great      
torm5t ( _s m5 7 writ+ to _! homes4 ,at 
! c\nt] foods !y lov$ 7 be+ provid$4    
,aga9/ "o ( ! poles ( ! m>quee /ood a   
/ately ,indian ( "s rank4 ,he _h be5 se5
 !re (t5 be=e4 ,he r>ely spoke b seem$  
int5sely int]e/$4 ,on ?is p>ticul> night
 ! "t arriv$ = ! clos+ ( ! t5t4 ,!      
little gr\ps gradually disappe>$ & ! t5t
 curta9s 7 be+ replac$ :5 ! lead] ( ! "w
 f\nd himself address$ by ! ,indian3    
,:y d y s]ve u 9 ?is way8 ,y are n "h by
 ,gov]nm5t      ord]s4 ,y come :5 y l & 
y g :5 y l4 ,!re is      only "o        
religion on e>? t w\ld lead its s]vants 
to s]ve 9      ?is way1 ,*ri/ianity4 ,i 
h be5 wat*+ y m51 & ,i h      come to ! 
conclusion t ,*ri/ianity w fit ! ,ea/ z 
x      c nev] fit ! ,we/4 ,:5 ! w> is   
ov] ,i want y to s5d "o      ( y\r m5 to

 my village4 ,we are all ,h9dus1 b my p 
w d      :at ,i tell !m4   ,"o ( !      
gha/ly trag$ies ( ! w> is t two great   
nations nom9ally ,*ri/ian are at ea*    
o!r's ?roats4 ,9 ! _w's eyes ,*ri/ian   
civilisation has brok5 d[n4 ,we "k      
bett]1 b our explanations w n c>ry f>   
en\gh to correct ! impression4 ,our     
def5ce mu/ be an (f5sive4  ,x is c]ta9ly
 )9 ! tru? to say t we h n yet se5 :at  
,*ri/ianity c d = a community or a      
nation :]e1 z ,i put x be=e1 x is giv5 a
 *ance4 ,may x n be t 9 ! ,provid5ce (  
,god ! fir/ great revelation ( :at      
,*ri/ianity c d = a nation w be se5 9 "o
 ( ! l&s t h come "u ! ,flag1 & among a 
p liv+ "u less complex conditions ?an   
ourselves8 ,if t is a possibility we    
ought to see t :]ev] ! ,flag flies1 !re 
comes1 ) ! unfurl+ ( ! ,flag1 ! ,gospel 
( ,*ri/4  ,?is is directly 9 ! int]e/ ( 
unity1 & _m problems t h s f> rema9$    
insoluble to our /atesm5 might discov] !
 solution 9 ,*ri/ian lead]%ip4  ,i %all 
be p>don$ ,i "k = sugge/+ t ! highe/    

purposes ( unity may be s]v$ by !       
ext5sion & developm5t ?r\gh\t ! ,empire 
( su* int]national organisations z !    
,/ud5t ,*ri/ian ,movem5t1 !             
,y4,m4,c4,a41 ! ,y4,w4,c4,a41 &1 us$ at 
its highe/ values1 ! ,boy ,sc\t         
,movem5t4 ,!re are o!rs1 b ^! are       
typical4 ,!y are e/abli%$ movem5ts built
 up on def9ite pr9ciples capable (      
univ]sal application1 & yet ea* ( !m    
able to develop its organisation on l9es
 t recognise national psy*ology & "*4   
,ea* ( !m may become & aims at becom+   
indig5\s ev]y:]e1 giv+ fre$om ( me?od & 
action & free play to ! moral &         
intellectual activities ( ! p conc]n$1  
:ile !y h c]ta9 ess5tial elem5ts t are  
univ]sally *>act]i/ic ( !m4 ,9 addition1
 !y give l>ge numb]s ( ,*ri/ian p an    
opportunity ( express+ _! unity 9 s]vice
 ( ! "r k9d4  ,:at 0 said ab\t !        
,ca!drals is equally true ( our two     
anci5t ,univ]sities4 ,mr ,fi%]'s        
,education ,bill may well mean m =      
,imp]ial unity ?an almo/ any o!r s+le   

factor4 ,x w mean an ev] increas+ numb] 
( m5 to :om ,cambridge & ,ox=d w be     
magic words4 ,if our view ( culture is  
broad en\gh we %all see to x t ^! two   
,univ]sities become increas+ly places   
:]e ! *ildr5 ( ! ,empire :o are fit to  
graduate 9 !m %all n lack ! opportunity 
( do+ s4 ,because ^! anci5t f\ndations  
l9k ) ! pa/1 because ( all !y may mean  
to ! pres5t & to ! future1 ! way to !m  
%\ld be made broad en\gh to admit ! liv+
 /ream ( ,great] ,brita9's *ildr51 :o by
 d9t ( gifts & indu/ry h prov$ _!       
fitness to meet _! pe]s 9 ^! delectable 
cities1 :]e ! v air brea!s ! romance (  
,briti% culture4 ,_! "r ( entry ought n 
to be won by ! b5efactions ( private    
citiz5s1 ?\gh all :o love k are grateful
 en\gh = ^!1 b %\ld be !irs by _!       
citiz5%ip 9 ! ,empire & _! own te/$     
fitness4  ,no?+ aga9 is m hopeful 9 !   
pres5t situation ?an ! manife/ desire1  
widely felt & express$1 t ! old         
class-antagonisms %\ld nev] be reviv$4  
,surely ?is is ! /rategic mom5t 9 :i* we

 may make ! ,w> once m contribute to a  
bett] /ate ( ?+s4 ,our politicians are  
awake to ! ne$ & are inv5t+ e k9d (     
ma*9]y = br++ ,capital & ,lab\r toge!r 9
 ,c\ncil ,*amb]s z co-p>tn]s 9 !        
,comm]ce ( ! ,empire4 ,b !re are s9i/]  
=ces also at "w1 & ?is ma*9]y c only run
 if x is controll$ by m5 ( resolute good
 w4  ,! ,w> has be5 a great             
bridge-build] l9k+ up 9 ! fell[%ip (    
discipl9e & sacrifice p betwe5 :om *asms
 yawn$ be=e4 ,!re are k & und]/&+ &     
sympa?y to-day among/ u4 ,yet _m ( u are
 conv9c$ t no purely political ma*9]y c 
be made effective 9 a*iev+ s great a    
task z ! mak+ p]man5t ( ?is new & bett] 
condition4 ,we ne$ a new & abid+ _s (   
conciliation1 a deep] det]m9ation ?an   
political action c produce1 t ?+s %all n
 relapse1 t ! =ces ( re-action %all n   
triumph4 ,! "o hope ( c>ry+ ov] into    
p]man5ce ?is new und]/&+ & appreciation 
lies 9 ! nation becom+ impregnat$ ) ^?  
spaci\s spiritual ideals t ! ,*ur*es    
toge!r repres5t4 ,no?+ is impossible to 

fai?1 & fai? 9 ,god & man w be kept     
a/ret* 9 ! discipl9e t w be dem&$ ( u   
all1 9 ! break+ d[n ( false b>ri]s t h  
gr[n up ?r\gh ! ye>s & ! de/ruction (   
long-liv$ prejudices t w die h>d4  ,!   
,empire itself is a unity4 ,x is n easy 
= ,engli% p to realise all t is impli$  
"h4 ,my great "n-sake urg$ u 9 ?is      
c\ntry to ?9k ,imp]ially4 ,ano!r voice  
asks u ,:at d !y "k ( ,engl& :o only    
,engl& "k8 b x is h>d = u to ?9k except 
9 t]ms ( ,engl&4 ,= example1 ,i h ref]r$
 to ?is c\ntry z ! great treasure h\se (
 ! ,empire's hi/ory1 & to ! c>e &       
devotion %ewn by our k9sm5 f ,ov]seas 9 
_! /udy ( our c\ntry & its in/itutions4 
,all ( u realise h[ "r t is1 b ought we 
n to reciprocate _! devotion & reg>d1 by
 mu* m int5se int]e/ & /udy ( _! life & 
! developm5ts ( _! in/itutions8  ,our   
unity dem&s ?is wid] culture1 ?is       
reciprocity4 ,! ,mo!rl& mu/ n only tea*1
 %e mu/ be prep>$ to le>n4 ,%e may lead1
 b %e mu/ be prep>$ to foll[4 ,we h mu* 
to contribute1 b 9 ,religion1 9         

political & social ideals1 & 9 comm]ce  
!re is mu* we ne$ to receive4  ,if our  
l& is ! great treasure h\se1 are n ^!   
o!r l&s great laboratories :]e we might 
see1 if we w\ld only look1 h[ "s ( our  
accept$ ideas1 & notions1 & wat*words   
are te/$ 9 a l>g] ar5a8  ,are we s sure 
( ourselves t we are prep>$ to hold on  
to our own exp]i5ce z ! f9al te/ ( !    
tru? & value ( our !ories8 ,or are we   
big en\gh 9 ! light ( ,imp]ial exp]i5ce 
to revise our judgm5t1 to sift our      
!ories1 & to g =w>d c>ry+ ^? :i* /& !   
te/ ( ! wid] ar5a1 & be+ prep>$ to      
surr5d] ^? :i* only seem$ "r & prop] 9 !
 conv5tional sett+ ( ^! small isl&s8  ,9
 conclusion1 ! ,empire has come to p[] &
 unity on c]ta9 great pr9ciples4 ,our   
,imp]ial ideals h be5 evolv$ out (      
exp]i5ce all ov] ! _w1 & ) all k9ds ( p1
 "u ! guidance ( di/+ui%$ lead]s (      
_m-sid$ gifts4 ,9 an ,empire s div]se 9 
its con/itu5t p>ts1 includ+ peoples at  
v>i$ /ages ( developm5t1 x is impossible
 t ^? ideals %\ld be ev]y:]e express$ at

 _! highe/ p[]4 ,9 _m places our me?ods 
( gov]nm5t mu/ be t5tative1 b ev]y:]e !y
 mu/ be progressive1 plac+ ^u subject   
peoples ! burd5 ( gov]nm5t z rapidly z  
!y are able to be> x1 provid+ e         
inspiration t c call !m upw>ds & onw>ds4
 ,our t5tative me?ods mu/ nev] be all[$ 
to become p]man5t4 ,we may be tutors1 we
 mu/ nev] become tyrants4 ,we may lead1 
direct1 ev5 control1 b we may nev] be   
cont5t until our p are free1            
self-gov]n+1 rejoic+ 9 ! lib]ty t       
enables !m to *oose :ole-he>t$ly to     
rema9 9 t ,commonweal? ( free peoples we
 call ! ,empire4 ,along ?is pa? lie     
p]man5ce & clos] unity4 ,9 our ,imp]ial 
de/9y x is ! "p ( ^? :o w\ld be !       
greate/ to become ! s]vants ( all4      
,?ank ,god = all :o h lab\r$ 9 ?is _s to
 build our goodly h]itage4     ,,unity  
,,betwe5 ,,nations  ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 
,b4 ,,ma/]man1 ,m4,a4   ,9 ! previ\s    
lectures ( ?is c\rse y h be5 consid]+ ! 
problem ( home reunion4 ,my task to-day 
is to rem9d y ( ! fact t beyond !       

reunion ( ! ,*ur*es at home !re lies !  
l>g] problem ( ! realisation ( !        
,*ri/ian ideal ( a univ]sal bro!rhood4  
,h[ c ?is ideal be realis$ 9 a _w divid$
 into nations8 ,i am go+ to treat !     
subject hi/orically2 fir/ly because ,i  
f9d myself incapable ( treat+ x 9 any   
o!r way1 & secondly because y c only    
build securely if y build on ! f\ndation
 ( ! hi/oric pa/4 ,! ,/ate may ignore ! 
lessons ( ! pa/1 ! ,*ur* c nev] d s4    
,h[ c we deal ) ! app>5t antagonism     
betwe5 ! c5trifugal =ce ( nationality & 
! c5tripetal =ce ( ! ,ca?olic ideal8    
,!re are two possible answ]s t we _c    
accept4 ,x is possible = religion to set
 itself aga9/ ! developm5t ( national   
life1 & claim t a _w-religion mu/ f9d   
expression 9 a _w-/ate4 ,t is ! m$iaeval
 answ]4  ,or x is possible = religion to
 become subord9ate to nationality at !  
co/ ( los+ ! note ( ,ca?olicity1 s t !  
consecration ( national life may seem a 
nobl] task ?an ! ga!r+ ( humanity into  
consci\s fell[%ip 9 "o great society4   

,?is is ! mod]n answ]4  ,) nei!r ( ^!   
solutions c we be satisfi$4 ,! exi/5ce (
 nations z units ( political            
self-consci\sness )9 ! l>g] life (      
humanity does1 we believe1 m9i/] to !   
fulfilm5t ( ! purpose ( ,god4 ,:atev]   
may be ! case h]eaft]1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a 
_w-/ate1 at ! pres5t /age 9 ! evolution 
( human in/itutions1 w\ld mean !        
impov]i%m5t ( ! life ( humanity4 ,yet a 
,*ur* t is m]ely national or imp]ial has
 miss$ ! true significance ( its        
mission4  ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1
 ! greate/ attempt ev] made to ga!r all 
peoples into a univ]sal society 0       
actually 9 progress4 ,! ,roman ,empire 0
 f\nd$ on ! basis ( a common            
adm9i/rative sy/em1 & a common law--!   
jus g5tium4 ,x ne$$ a common religion4  
,! ef=t to supply ?is passes ?r\gh ?ree 
/ages4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! is ! /age (       
univ]sal tol]ation :i* 0 made possible  
by poly!ism4 ,a second /age soon foll[s4
 ,! v>i\s religions ( ! ,empire ov]fl[  
"o ano!r's fronti]-l9es & a syn!sis     

beg9s1 lead+ to ! ,/oic idea ( !        
univ]sal tru? express$ 9 _m =ms4 ,b !   
popul> m9d 0 unable to rise to ?is high 
conception1 & ! ?ird /age beg9s t[>ds ! 
end ( ! fir/ c5tury 9 ! =mal adoption ( 
! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]or z ! religi\s       
expression ( ! unity ( ! ,empire4 ,x 0 !
 opposition ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* t did mo/
 to br+ to naught ?is ef=t to give a    
religi\s f\ndation to ! unity ( !       
,empire1 & ! attempt ( ,con/ant9e &     
,!odosius to make ,*ri/ianity an        
,imp]ial religion came too late to save 
! ,empire f dis9tegration4  ,= ! unity (
 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h be5 und]m9$4 ,:5   
,*ri/ianity %ook itself free f ! %ackles
 ( ,jewi% nationalism1 x came "u !      
influ5ce ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,! !ology &    
language ( ! e>ly ,*ur* 7 ,greek4 ,ev5 9
 ,rome ! ,*ur* 0 = at lea/ two c5turies 
a ,greek colony4 ,h5ce ! gr[? (         
,*ri/ianity 0 sl[ 9 ^? we/]n p>ts ( !   
,empire t _h n come "u ! influ5ce (     
,greek culture--,gaul1 ,brita91 ,spa91  
,nor? ,africa4 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity f\nd   

its c5tre 9 ,nor? ,africa1 :]e ,roman   
culture _h impos$ itself on ! h>d1 cruel
 ,c>?ag9ian _w4 ,x is ,c>?age1 n ,a!ns1 
t gives to ,t]tullian 8 h>% intol]ance &
 to ,/ ,augu/9e 8 /]n det]m9ism4 ,s !   
way 0 prep>$ = :at ,i reg>d z ! supreme 
trag$y ( hi/ory--! fall+ ap>t ( ,ea/]n &
 ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity4 ,!n1 9 ! ,we/1 !   
unity ( ! ,*ur* is brok5 by ! conv]sion 
( ! ,teutonic peoples to ,arianism1 s t 
! conte/ betwe5 ! dy+ ,empire 9 ! ,we/ &
 ! tribes press+ on its fronti]s is     
embitt]$ by religi\s antagonism4 ,!     
sword ( ,clovis secur$ ! victory (      
or?odoxy1 b at :at a co/6  ,:5 ! /orm   
subsides1 !re em]ges ! augu/ conception 
( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,= ! noble/   
expression ( ! ideal ( a univ]sal       
,*ri/ian ,empire1 read ,dante's ,de     
,mon>*ia4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,holy ,roman    
,empire is too l>ge a subject to ent]   
^u4 ,x is important to rememb] t !      
/ruggles betwe5 ! ,popes & ! ,emp]ors t 
fill s l>ge a space ( m$iaeval hi/ory 7 
n /ruggles betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,we/]n 

,europe 0 conceiv$ ( z "o ,*ri/ian      
,society--an attempt to realise ! ,city 
( ,god ( ,/ ,augu/9e's great treatise--&
 ! "q at issue 0 :e!r ! ,pope or !      
,emp]or 0 to be reg>d$ z ! supreme head 
( ?is great society4  ,! unity ( ,we/]n 
,*ri/5dom f\nd a crude1 b real1         
expression 9 ! ,crusades1 & x is        
significant t ! decl9e ( ! crusad+      
impulse co9cides 9 "t ) ! rise (        
national feel+ 9 ! two we/]n /ates1     
,engl& & ,france4 ,:at 0 to be !        
attitude ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* t[>ds ?is   
new national in/9ct8 ,9 ! #ad? & #ae?   
c5turies ! "q becomes increas+ly urg5t1 
& ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance may be reg>d$ z 
! la/ s9c]e ef=t to f9d an answ]4 ,!    
answ] sugge/$ !re1 to :i* ! ,engli%     
,*ur* /ill adh]es1 0 ! recognition ( a  
,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ! ,*ur* z ! supreme    
spiritual au?ority4 ,su* a ,g5]al       
,c\ncil might ga!r ! glory & hon\r ( !  
nations into ! ,city ( ,god1 & might    
ev51 x 0 hop$1 re/ore ! brok5 unity     
betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,h[ ! ,c\ncil fail$1

 h[ ,con/ant9ople 0 left to its fate1 h[
 a ,papacy gr[+ m & m ,italian 9 its    
int]e/s br\ght to a head ! long-simm]+  
revolt ( ! nations--all ?is y "k4 ,!    
,re=mation 01 9 "p1 a /ruggle ( !       
nations to give religi\s expression to  
_! national life4 ,! ?reefold bond t _h 
held toge!r ! ,*ur* ( ! ,we/--! bond (  
common language1 law & c]emonial--0     
brok54  ,at ! ?re%old ( ! new ord] /& ! 
figures ( ,lu!r & ,ma*iavelli1 z        
*ampions ( ! supremacy ( ! ,/ate4 ,true1
 ,lu!r ?9ks ( ! ,/ate z a ,*ri/ian      
society1 :ile ,ma*iavelli is ! fa!r ( ! 
mod]n ,g]man doctr9e ( ! non-moral "* ( 
/ate action4 ,b ! ,augsburg compromise1 
cujus regio1 ejus religio1 0 a frank    
subord9ation ( ! ,*ur* to secul>        
au?ority4 ,! ,tudor sov]eigns adopt$ !  
doctr9e ) alacrity1 & impos$ on ! ,*ur* 
( ,engl& a subjection to secul> au?ority
 f :i* x has n yet be5 able to          
dis5tangle itself4  ,:ile ,lu!ranism    
t5d$ to treat religion z a dep>tm5t ( ! 
,/ate1 ,calv9ism claim$ = ! ,*ur* an    

au?ority t ?reat5$ ! v exi/5ce ( !      
,/ate4 ,calv9ism repres5ts ! second     
attempt to give practical expression to 
,/ ,augu/9e's ,civitas ,dei1 z ! ,holy  
,roman ,empire 0 ! fir/4 ,x fail$1 9 "p1
 because x lo/ its ca?olic "*1 & became 
7z1 = example1 9 ,scotl&7 int5sely      
national4 ,! dis9tegration ( ! ,ca?olic 
,*ur* 9 ! ,we/ 0 help$ by two influ5ces4
 ,! fir/ 0 ! return to ! /&>ds & ideals 
( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! appeal ( ! re=m]s 
to ,holy ,scripture involv$ ! elevation 
( ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! same level (     
au?ority z ! ,new4 ,! crude nationalism 
( ,judaism obscur$ ! ,*ri/ian idea ( a  
univ]sal bro!rhood--,/ ,paul's secret   
hidd5 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 to be       
reveal$ 9 ! fulness ( "t 9 ! ,*ri/ian   
gospel4 ,ev5 n[ we h>dly realise h[     
l>gely our ideas ( religion are d]iv$ f 
! imp]fect moral /&>ds ( ! ,old         
,te/am5t4 ,! o!r influ5ce 0 !           
id5tification ( ! ,papacy ) ! ,anti*ri/ 
( ! ,book ( ,revelation--! ,prote/ant   
answ] to ! ,roman excommunication (     

h]etics4 ,! idea ( a common ,*ri/ianity 
deep] ?an all national antagonisms h>dly
 exi/$ 9 ! ,europe ( ! lat] half ( !    
#af? c5tury4  ,ne>ly a c5tury ( w>s (   
religion 0 foll[$ by sev5ty ye>s ( w> 9 
:i* ! national idea play$ ! lead+ "p4 ,!
 int]nationalism ( ! #ah? c5tury 0 a    
reaction aga9/ bo? religion &           
nationality4 ,! ,napoleonic /ruggle1 & !
 ,romantic revival1 ) its appeal to !   
pa/1 re-awak5$ ! national in/9ct4 ,9    
,france1 ,spa91 ,russia1 ,prussia1 &    
,ea/]n ,europe1 national                
self-consci\sness 0 /irr$ into life4 ,9 
,russia & ,spa91 & among ! ,balkan      
peoples1 ?is national awak5+ took a     
def9itely religi\s "*4 ,b x 0 ,italy t  
produc$ ! "o ?9k] to :om ! real         
significance ( nationality 0 reveal$4   
,mazz9i recognis$1 m cle>ly ?an any o!r 
political tea*] ( ! "t1 h[ ,nationalism 
f\nd$ on religion might lead to !       
bro!rhood ( nations 9 a _w made safe =  
democracy4 ,! la/ c5tury has be5 an epo*
 ( exagg]at$ national self-consci\sness4

 ,aga9/ ! aggressive t5d5cies ( ! great]
 nations1 ! small] nations /rove to     
protect !mselves4 ,italy1 ,pol&1        
,bohemia1 ,s]bia1 ,greece1 /rove ) v>y+ 
degrees ( success to a*ieve national    
self-expression4 ,nation /rove ) nation 
9 a s]ies ( conte/s1 ( :i* ! pres5t w>  
is ! culm9ation4  ,! influ5ce (         
,*ri/ianity 0 impot5t to prev5t w>2 ?\gh
 x 0 able to d some?+ to re/ra9 its wor/
 excesses4 ,:]e ! c5trifugal =ce (      
nationality comes into opposition to !  
c5tripetal =ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 x is 
g5]ally ! =m] t w9s4 ,h[ is ?is impot5ce
 to be acc\nt$ =8 ,f\r reasons at lea/  
maybe not$4 7#a7 ,! inw>dness (         
,lu!ranism1 comb9$ ) ! cynicism ( !     
,ma*iavellian doctr9e ( ! non-moral "* (
 public policy l$1 especially 9 ,g]many1
 to an entire disreg>d ( ! pr9ciples (  
,*ri/ianity 9 ! public policy ( ! ,/ate4
 ,nations did n ev5 pr(ess to be guid$  
by ,*ri/ian pr9ciples 9 _! deal+s ) ea* 
o!r4 ,! noble decl>ation ( ,alex&] ,i   
rema9$ a piece ( sublime nons5se to     

/atesm5 l ,mett]ni* & ,ca/l]eagh1 & _!  
successors4 7#b7 ,! int]nal life ( !    
nations 01 & is1 only p>tially          
,*ri/ianis$4 ,nations _c regulate _!    
ext]nal policy on ,*ri/ian pr9ciples    
unless ^? pr9ciples are accept$ z       
au?oritative 9 _! int]nal affairs4 7#c7 
,! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 h9d]$1
 to a degree difficult to exagg]ate1 by 
! unhappy divisions t1 especially 9     
,engl& & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h made x    
impossible = ! ,*ur* to speak ) a unit$ 
voice4 7#d7 ,! idea ( ! ,sov]eignty ( ! 
,/ate & its supreme claim on ! life ( ! 
individual1 ) :i* ,dr ,figgis has dealt 
) illum9at+ insight 9 8 ,*ur*es 9 !     
,mod]n ,/ate1 has prev5t$ ! idea ( !    
,*ur*es z local expressions ( a univ]sal
 society f ex]cis+ ! corrective influ5ce
 t x ought to ex]cise on ! ov]-emphasis 
( ,/ate indep5d5ce4  ,! ,/ate is only "o
 ( ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* national life      
expresses itself4 ,x is ! nation        
organis$ = self-protection4 ,& :]ev]    
self-protection becomes ! supreme ne$1 !

 ,/ate1 l ,a>on's rod1 swall[s all !    
re/4 ,b 9 _m directions1 ! _w has       
become1 or is becom+1 int]national4     
,sci5ce & philosophy1 &1 to a less]     
degree1 !ology & art1 h become ! common 
possession ( all civilis$ nations4 ,!   
ef=t to make comm]ce ! expression (     
int]national fell[%ip1 ) :i* ! "n (     
,cobd5 is associat$1 fail$1 l>gely z !  
result ( ! ,g]man policy ( high t>iffs1 
b its defeat is only tempor>y1 & !      
comm]cial int]dep5d5ce ( nations w      
reass]t its influ5ce :5 ! pres5t phase (
 int]national /rife is ov]4 ,! function 
( ! ,*ur* is to express ! common life & 
int]e/s ( nations1 z ! ,/ate expresses !
 di/9ctive "* ( ea*4 ,s ! ,*ur* holds to
 ! f\r univ]sal ?+s--! au?ority ( ,holy 
,scripture2 ! ,cre$s2 ! two ,sacram5ts1 
& ! hi/oric episcopate4 ,we believe t ! 
ret5tion ( ! hi/oric ,episcopate is     
ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,ca?olic    
ideal ( ! ,*ur*4 ,= ! bi%op is ! l9k    
betwe5 ! local & ! univ]sal ,*ur*2 !    
repres5tative & gu>dian ( ! ,ca?olic    

ideal 9 ! life ( ! local community2 & ! 
repres5tative ( ! local community 9 !   
c\nsels ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,i h (t5    
wi%$ t at lea/ "o bi%op f "s o!r ,*ur*  
?an our own c\ld be associat$ ) !       
consecration ( all bi%ops ( ! ,anglican 
,*ur*4 ,= by su* association we %\ld br+
 into cle>] prom95ce ! fact t ! hi/oric 
episcopate is m ?an a national          
in/itution4  ,s we rea* ! f9al "q3 ,:at 
c ! ,*ur*es d to promote ! unity ( !    
nations8  ,an invitation 0 rec5tly issu$
 by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,upsala = a conf]5ce (
 repres5tatives ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 to
 reass]t1 ev5 9 ?is day ( disunion1 !   
ess5tial unity ( ! ,body ( ,*ri/4 ,=    
v>i\s reasons1 su* a conf]5ce at !      
pres5t juncture seems impracticable1 b !
 "t may come :51 side by side ) a       
,congress ( ! nations1 a ga!r+ (        
repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur*es may be call$ 
toge!r to re9=ce1 by its witness1 ! idea
 ( int]national fell[%ip4  ,= a ,league 
( ,*ur*es might well prep>e ! way = a   
,league ( ,nations4 ,su* a ,league (    

,*ur*es w\ld naturally f9d expression 9 
a p]man5t ,advisory ,c\ncil--a k9d (    
ecclesia/ical ,hague tribunal4          
,hi/orical antagonisms seem to preclude 
! selection ( ,rome or ,con/ant9ople z !
 place ( meet+ ( ?is ,c\ncil4 ,surely   
!re is no o!r place s suit$ = ! purpose 
z ,j]usalem4 ,"h ! appo9t$              
repres5tatives ( all ! ,*ur*es1 liv+ 9  
con/ant int]c\rse ) "o ano!r1 might draw
 toge!r ! sev]$ p>ts ( ! ,"o ,body1 till
 ! glory & hon\r ( ! nations f9d1 ev5 9 
! e>?ly ,j]usalem1 _! natural c5tre &   
home4 ,?us1 & ?us only1 c ! spiritual   
f\ndation = a ,league ( ,nations be well
 & truly laid4  ,two ?+s are involv$ 9  
any su* s*eme = a ,league ( ,*ur*es4 ,no
 "o ,*ur* mu/ claim a p>am\nt position  
or dem& submission z ! price ( fell[%ip2
 & all excommunications ( "o ,*ur* by   
ano!r mu/ be swept away4  ,*ri/ did n   
come to de/roy ! local loyalties t lift 
human life out ( selfi% isolation4 ,^!  
loyalties only become anti-,*ri/ian :5  
!y become exclusive4 ,! e>ly loyalty (  

primitive man to 8 family or clan 0     
deem$ to involve a normal condition (   
antagonism to neighb\r+ families or     
clans4 ,turn a page ( hi/ory1 & tribal  
loyalty has become civic loyalty4 ,b    
civic loyalty1 z 9 ! cities ( ,greece or
 ,italy or ,fl&]s1 involves int]mitt5t  
ho/ility ) neighb\r+ cities4 ,!n civic  
loyalty passes into national loyalty1 & 
aga9 patriotism expresses itself 9      
di/ru/ & antipa?y to o!r nations4 ,& ?is
 w also be s till we see t all ^! local 
loyalties re/ on ! f\ndation ( a deep]  
loyalty to ! ,div9e ideal ( univ]sal    
fell[%ip t f\nd its supreme expression 9
 ! ,inc>nation & its ju/ification 9 !   
tru? t ,god s lov$ ! _w4  ,to ! ,*ri/ian
 man national life c nev] be an end 9   
itself b always a means to an end beyond
 itself4 ,a nation exi/s to s]ve ! cause
 ( humanity2 by :at x gives1 n by :at x 
gets1 w its wor? be e/imat$ at !        
judgm5t-b> ( ,god4  ,:oso love? fa!r or 
"m m ?an me is n wor?y ( me mu/ h seem$ 
a h>d say+ to ^? to :om x 0 fir/ spok52 

& :oso love? city or fa!rl& m ?an me is 
n wor?y ( me may seem a h>d say+ to u   
to-day2 yet no?+ less ?an ?is is involv$
 9 our pl$ge ( loyalty to ,*ri/4        
,*ri/ian patriotism nev] f\nd m         
passionate expression ?an 9 ,/ ,paul's  
wi% t he might be ana!ma = ! sake ( 8   
nation2 yet passionately z he lov$ 8 own
 p1 he lov$ ) a deep] passion ! ,ca?olic
 ,*ur* )9 :i* !re 0 nei!r ,jew nor      
,greek1 ,b>b>ian1 ,scy?ian1 bond nor    
free4 ,x is because ! idea ( ! ,ca?olic 
,*ur* has become to ! majority (        
,*ri/ian p a matt] ( intellectual ass5t 
r ?an ( passionate conviction t ! ,*ur* 
seems impot5t 9 int]national affairs4   
,! la/ f\r c5turies ( ,european hi/ory h
 _h z _! special *>act]i/ic ! developm5t
 ( nations4 ,x may be t aft] ?is w> we  
%all pass into a new era4 ,! special    
feature ( ! p]iod n[ clos+ has be5 !    
insecurity ( national life4 ,m5ac$ )    
con/ant dang]1 e nation has t5d$ to     
develop an exagg]at$ self-consci\sness t
 0 liable to become inflam$ &           

ov]-s5sitive4 ,if adequate security c be
 provid$1 by a ,league ( ,nations1 or 9 
"s o!r way1 = ! free developm5t ( !     
national life ( e nation1 ! s5seless    
ov]-emphasis ( nationality f :i* ! pa/  
has suff]$ w no long] h9d] ! gr[? ( a   
true ,int]nationalism4 ,i believe t !   
real alt]native lies n betwe5           
,nationality & ,int]nationalism b betwe5
 an ,int]nationalism f\nd$1 l t ( ! #ah?
 c5tury1 on non-,*ri/ian culture &      
mat]ialism1 & an ,int]nationalism f\nd$ 
on ! consecration ( all ! local         
loyalties t b9d a man to family1 city & 
nation1 lift+ him ?r\gh local sph]es (  
s]vice to ! s]vice ( ! :ole human race =
 :om ,*ri/ di$4 ,! tree ^: leaves are = 
! heal+ ( ! nations gr[s only 9 ! ,city 
( ,god4 ,! ,*ri/ian =ces 9 ! _w are     
impot5t to guide ! future1 because !y   
are entangl$ 9 ! pres5t4 ,yet x is 9 !  
,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur* t ! "o hope =      
humanity lies4 ,x may be t t hope w nev]
 be realis$2 t ! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur* is
 de/9$ to rema9 to ! end an una*iev$    

ideal4 ,b x is by una*iev$ ideals t m5 &
 nations live2 & :at matt]s mo/ = e     
,*ri/ian man is t he %\ld keep !        
,ca?olic m9d & he>t t rea* out ?r\gh    
home & city & c\ntry to all mank9d1 &   
rejoice t e man has an equal place 9 !  
imp>tial love ( ,god4   ,,cambridge3    
,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,peace1 ,m4,a41   
,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press