,illu/ration3 ,,velasquez4 ,,head ,,( ,,aesop1 ,,madrid4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,,by ,,john ,c4 ,,van ,,dyke1 ,l4,h4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,art ,,9 ,,rutg]s ,,college ,,& ,,au?or ,,( ,,art ,,= ,,art',s ,,sake1 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,pictures1 ,,etc4 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ia ,,& #ic ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,london1 ,,bombay1 ,,& ,,calcutta #aiji ,,copyright1 #ahid1 ,,by ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface4 ,! object ( ?is s]ies ( text-books is to provide concise tea*able hi/ories ( art = class-room use 9 s*ools & colleges4 ,! limit$ "t giv5 to ! /udy ( art 9 ! av]age educational in/itution has n only dictat$ ! cond5s$ /yle ( ! volumes1 b has limit$ _! scope ( matt] to ! g5]al features ( art hi/ory4 ,ar*aeological discussions on special subjects & ae/hetic !ories h be5 avoid$4 ,! ma9 facts ( hi/ory z settl$ by ! be/ au?orities are giv54 ,if ! read] *oose to ent] into p>ticul>s ! bibliography cit$ at ! head ( ea* *apt] w be f\nd helpful4 ,illu/rations h be5 introduc$ z sight-help to ! text1 &1 to avoid repetition1 abbreviations h be5 us$ :]ev] practicable4 ,! enum]ation ( ! pr9cipal extant works ( an arti/1 s*ool1 or p]iod1 & :]e !y may be f\nd1 :i* foll[s ea* *apt]1 may be s]viceable n only z a summ>y ( individual or s*ool a*ievem5t1 b = ref]5ce by travell+ /ud5ts 9 ,europe4 ,?is volume on pa9t+1 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies1 omits m5tion ( su* "w 9 ,arabic1 ,indian1 ,*9ese1 & ,p]sian art z may come prop]ly "u ! head ( ,ornam5t--a subject propos$ = sep>ate treatm5t h]eaft]4 ,9 treat+ ( individual pa9t]s x has be5 ?\ght be/ to give a %ort critical e/imate ( ! man & 8 rank among ! pa9t]s ( 8 "t r ?an ! detail$ facts ( 8 life4 ,/ud5ts :o wi% acc\nts ( ! lives ( ! pa9t]s %\ld use ,vas>i1 ,l>\sse1 & ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica 9 connection ) ?is text-book4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts are made to ! respective publi%]s ( ,woltmann & ,wo]mann's ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+1 & ! f9e s]ies ( art hi/ories by ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 = p]mission to reproduce "s few illu/rations f ^! publications4 ,,john ,c4 ,,van ,,dyke4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,g5]al ,,bibliography ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,egyptian ,,pa9t+ ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,*aldaeo-,,assyrian1 ,,p]sian1 ,,pho5ician1 ,,cypriote1 ,,& ,,asia ,,m9or ,,pa9t+ ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,greek1 ,,etruscan1 ,,& ,,roman ,,pa9t+ ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+--,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,& ,,m$iaeval ,,p]iod1 #bjj-abej ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+--,,go?ic ,,p]iod1 #abej-adjj ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+--,,e>ly ,,r5aissance1 #adjj-aejj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+--,,e>ly ,,r5aissance1 #adjj-aejj1 ,cont9u$ ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+--,,high ,,r5aissance1 #aejj-afjj ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+--,,high ,,r5aissance1 #aejj-afjj1 ,cont9u$ ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+--,,high ,,r5aissance1 #aejj-afjj1 ,cont9u$ ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+--,,! ,,decad5ce ,,& ,,mod]n ,,"w1 #afjj-ahid ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,fr5* ,,pa9t+--,,sixte5?1 ,,sev5te5?1 ,,& ,,eighte5? ,,c5turies ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,fr5* ,,pa9t+--,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,fr5* ,,pa9t+--,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury1 ,cont9u$ ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,spani% ,,pa9t+ ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,flemi% ,,pa9t+ ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,dut* ,,pa9t+ ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,g]man ,,pa9t+ ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,briti% ,,pa9t+ ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,am]ican ,,pa9t+ ,,po/script ,,index 99 99 99 99 99 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,velasquez1 ,head ( ,a,esop1 ,madrid ,frontispiece #a ,hunt+ 9 ! ,m>%es1 ,tomb ( ,ti1 ,sacc>ah #b ,portrait ( ,que5 ,taia #c ,(f]+s to ! ,dead4 ,wall pa9t+ #d ,vignette on ,papyrus #e ,enamell$ ,brick1 ,nimr\d #f ,khorsabad #g ,wild ,ass4 ,bas-relief #h ,lions ,frieze1 ,susa #i ,pa9t$ ,head f ,edessa #aj ,cypriote ,vase ,decoration #aa ,attic ,grave ,pa9t+ #ab ,muse ( ,cortona #ac ,odyssey ,l&scape #ad ,amphore1 ,l[] ,italy #ae ,ritual ,sc5e1 ,palat9e ,wall pa9t+ #af ,portrait1 ,fay\m1 ,graf ,collection #ag ,*amb] 9 ,catacombs1 ) wall decorations #ah ,catacomb ,fresco1 ,s4 ,cecilia #ai ,*ri/ z ,good ,%eph]d1 ,rav5na mosaic #bj ,*ri/ & ,sa9ts1 fresco1 ,s4 ,g5]osa #ba ,ezekiel be=e ! ,"l4 ,,ms4 illum9ation #bb ,giotto1 ,flight into ,egypt1 ,ar5a ,*ap4 #bc ,orcagna1 ,p>adise 7detail71 ,s4 ,m4 ,novella #bd ,lor5zetti1 ,peace 7detail71 ,si5na #be ,fra ,angelico1 ,angel1 ,uffizi #bf ,fra ,filippo1 ,madonna1 ,uffizi #bg ,botticelli1 ,coronation ( ,madonna1 ,uffizi #bh ,ghirl&ajo1 ,visitation1 ,l\vre #bi ,francesca1 ,duke ( ,urb9o1 ,uffizi #cj ,signorelli1 ,! ,curse 7detail71 ,orvieto #ca ,p]ug9o1 ,madonna1 ,sa9ts1 & ,angels1 ,l\vre #cb ,s*ool ( ,francia1 ,madonna1 ,l\vre #cc ,mantegna1 ,gonzaga ,family ,gr\p1 ,mantua #cd ,b4 ,viv>9i1 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ,tur9 #ce ,giovanni ,bell9i1 ,madonna1 ,v5ice ,acad4 #cf ,c>paccio1 ,pres5tation 7detail71 ,v5ice ,acad4 #cg ,antonello da ,mess9a1 ,unkn[n ,man1 ,l\vre #ch ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 ,desc5t f ,cross1 ,pitti #ci ,&rea del ,s>to1 ,madonna ( ,/4 ,francis1 ,uffizi #dj ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,a?lete1 ,si/9e ,*ap41 ,rome #da ,raphael1 ,la ,belle ,j>d9i]e1 ,l\vre #db ,giulio ,romano1 ,apollo & ,muses1 ,pitti #dc ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mona ,lisa1 ,l\vre #dd ,lu9i1 ,daught] ( ,h]odias1 ,uffizi #de ,sodoma1 ,ec/asy ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ,si5na #df ,correggio1 ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ,l\vre #dg ,giorgione1 ,ordeal ( ,moses1 ,uffizi #dh ,titian1 ,v5us ,equipp+ ,cupid1 ,borghese1 ,rome #di ,t9toretto1 ,m]cury & ,graces1 ,ducal ,pal41 ,v5ice #ej ,v]onese1 ,v5ice ,en?ron$1 ,ducal ,pal41 ,v5ice #ea ,lotto1 ,?ree ,ages1 ,pitti #eb ,bronz9o1 ,*ri/ 9 ,limbo1 ,uffizi #ec ,b>occio1 ,annunciation #ed ,annibale ,c>acci1 ,entombm5t ( ,*ri/1 ,l\vre #ee ,c>avaggio1 ,! ,c>d ,play]s1 ,dresd5 #ef ,p\ss91 ,et 9 ,arcadia ,ego1 ,l\vre #eg ,claude ,lorra91 ,flight into ,egypt1 ,dresd5 #eh ,watteau1 ,gilles1 ,l\vre #ei ,b\*]1 ,pa/oral1 ,l\vre #fj ,david1 ,! ,sab9es1 ,l\vre #fa ,+res1 ,o$ipus & ,sph9x1 ,l\vre #fb ,delacroix1 ,massacre ( ,scio1 ,l\vre #fc ,g]ome1 ,pollice ,v]so #fd ,corot1 ,l&scape #fe ,r\sseau1 ,*>coal ,burn]'s ,hut1 ,full] ,collection #ff ,millet1 ,! ,glean]s1 ,l\vre #fg ,cabanel1 ,pha$ra #fh ,meissoni]1 ,napoleon 9 #ahad #fi ,san*ez-,coello1 ,daught] ( ,philip ,,ii41 ,madrid #gj ,murillo1 ,/4 ,an?ony ( ,padua1 ,dresd5 #ga ,rib]a1 ,/4 ,agnes1 ,dresd5 #gb ,=tuny1 ,spani% ,m>riage #gc ,madrazo1 ,unmask$ #gd ,van ,eycks1 ,/4 ,bavon ,alt>-piece1 ,b]l9 #ge ,meml+ 7871 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,nat4 ,gal41 ,lon4 #gf ,massys1 ,head ( ,virg91 ,antw]p #gg ,rub5s1 ,portrait ( ,"y ,woman #gh ,van ,dyck1 ,portrait ( ,cornelius van d] ,gee/ #gi ,t5i]s ! ,y\ng]1 ,prodigal ,son1 ,l\vre #hj ,alfr$ ,/ev5s1 ,on ! ,bea* #ha ,hals1 ,portrait ( a ,lady #hb ,rembr&t1 ,head ( a ,woman1 ,nat4 ,gal41 ,lon4 #hc ,ruisdael1 ,l&scape #hd ,hobbema1 ,! ,wat] ,:eel1 ,am/]dam ,mus4 #he ,israels1 ,alone 9 ! ,_w #hf ,mauve1 ,%eep #hg ,lo*n]1 ,/s4 ,john1 ,ca?>9e1 ,mat!w1 ,london #hh ,wolgemut1 ,crucifixion1 ,muni* #hi ,du]]1 ,pray+ ,virg91 ,augsburg #ij ,holbe91 ,portrait1 ,hague ,mus4 #ia ,piloty1 ,wise & ,fooli% ,virg9s #ib ,leibl1 ,9 ,*ur* #ic ,m5zel1 ,a ,read] #id ,hog>?1 ,%ortly aft] ,m>riage1 ,nat4 ,gal41 ,lon4 #ie ,reynolds1 ,c\ntess ,sp5c] & ,"l ,al?orp #if ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,blue ,boy #ig ,con/able1 ,corn ,field1 ,nat4 ,gal41 ,lon4 #ih ,turn]1 ,fight+ ,tem]aire1 ,nat4 ,gal41 ,lon4 #ii ,burne-,jones1 ,flamma ,ve/alis #ajj ,leighton1 ,hel5 ( ,troy #aja ,watts1 ,love & ,dea? #ajb ,we/1 ,pet] ,d5y+ ,*ri/1 ,hampton ,c\rt #ajc ,gilb]t ,/u>t1 ,wa%+ton1 ,bo/on ,mus4 #ajd ,hunt1 ,lute ,play] #aje ,ea/man ,johnson1 ,*urn+ #ajf ,inness1 ,l&scape #ajg ,w9sl[ ,hom]1 ,und]t[ #ajh ,:i/l]1 ,! ,:ite ,girl #aji ,s>g5t1 ,c>nation ,lily1 ,lily ,rose #aaj ,*ase1 ,alice1 ,art ,in/itute1 ,*icago 99 99 99 99 99 ,,g5]al ,,bibliography4 7,?is includes ! lead+ accessible works t treat ( pa9t+ 9 g5]al4 ,= works on special p]iods or s*ools1 see ! bibliographical ref]5ces at ! head ( ea* *apt]4 ,= bibliography ( individual pa9t]s consult1 "u prop] names1 ,*ampl9 & ,p]k9s's ,cyclop$ia1 z giv5 bel[47 ,*ampl9 & ,p]k9s1 ,cyclop$ia ( ,pa9t]s & ,pa9t+s1 ,new ,york4 ,adel9e1 ,lexique des ,t]mes d',art4 ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 ,p>is4 ,l>\sse1 ,gr& ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel1 ,p>is4 ,l',art1 ,revue hebdomadaire illu/ree1 ,p>is4 ,bryan1 ,diction>y ( ,pa9t]s4 ,new edition4 ,brockhaus1 ,conv]sations-,lexikon4 ,mey]1 ,allgeme9es ,ku5/l]-,lexikon1 ,b]l94 ,mu!r1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,pa9t+4 ,ag9c\rt1 ,hi/ory ( ,art by its ,monum5ts4 ,bayet1 ,precis d',hi/oire de l',art4 ,blanc1 ,hi/oire des ,pe9tres de t\tes les ,ecoles4 ,ea/lake1 ,mat]ials = a ,hi/ory ( ,oil ,pa9t+4 ,luebke1 ,hi/ory ( ,art1 trans4 by ,cl>5ce ,cook4 ,reb]1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,art4 ,reb]1 ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,art4 ,s*nasse1 ,ges*i*te d] ,bild5d5 ,ku5/e4 ,gir>d1 ,la ,pe9ture ,antique4 ,vi>dot1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,pa9t]s ( all ,s*ools4 ,williamson 7,ed471 ,h&books ( ,great ,ma/]s4 ,woltmann & ,wo]mann1 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,,introduction4 ,! orig9 ( pa9t+ is unkn[n4 ,! fir/ important records ( ?is art are met ) 9 ,egypt2 b be=e ! ,egyptian civilization ! m5 ( ! e>ly ages probably us$ color 9 ornam5tation & decoration1 & !y c]ta9ly scrat*$ ! outl9es ( m5 & animals ^u bone & slate4 ,traces ( ?is rude primitive "w /ill rema9 to u on ! pott]y1 weapons1 & /one implem5ts ( ! cave-dwell]s4 ,b :ile indicat+ ! awak5+ ( intellig5ce 9 e>ly man1 !y c be reckon$ ) z art only 9 a slight ar*aeological way4 ,!y %[ incl9ation r ?an accompli%m5t--a wi% to ornam5t or to repres5t1 ) only a crude k ( h[ to g ab\t x4 ,! fir/ aim ( ?is primitive pa9t+ 0 und\bt$ly decoration--! us+ ( color$ =ms = color & =m only1 z %[n 9 ! pott]y designs or cross-hat*+s on /one knives or spe>-heads4 ,! second1 & p]haps lat] aim1 0 by imitat+ ! %apes & colors ( m51 animals1 & ! l1 to convey an idea ( ! proportions & *>act]s ( su* ?+s4 ,an outl9e ( a cave-be> or a mammo? 0 p]haps ! cave-dwell]'s way ( tell+ 8 fell[s :at mon/]s he _h sla94 ,we may assume t x 0 pictorial record1 primitive picture-writt5 hi/ory4 ,?is e>ly me?od ( convey+ an idea is1 9 int5t1 sub/antially ! same z ! lat] hi]oglyphic writ+ & hi/orical pa9t+ ( ! ,egyptians4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is m]ely "o ( developm5t4 ,?us !re is an indication 9 ! art ( ,primitive ,man ( ! two great dep>tm5ts ( pa9t+ exi/5t to-day4 #a4 ,,decorative ,,pa9t+4 #b4 ,,expressive ,,pa9t+4 ,pure ,decorative ,pa9t+ is n usually expressive ( ideas o!r ?an ^? ( rhy?mical l9e & h>moni\s color4 ,x is n our subject4 ,?is volume treats ( ,expressive ,pa9t+2 b 9 deal+ ) t x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ,expressive ,pa9t+ has always a m or less decorative effect accompany+ x1 & t mu/ be spok5 ( incid5tally4 ,we %all pres5tly see ! int]m+l+ ( bo? k9ds ( pa9t+ 9 ! art ( anci5t ,egypt--our fir/ inquiry4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,egyptian ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,brugs*1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs2 ,budge1 ,dwell]s on ! ,nile2 ,dunck]1 ,hi/ory ( ,antiquity2 ,egypt ,exploration ,fund ,memoirs2 ,ely1 ,manual ( ,ar*aeology2 ,lepsius1 ,d5kmal] aus ,aegypt5 und ,ae?iop52 ,masp]o1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt & ,assyria2 ,masp]o1 ,guide du ,visiteur au ,musee de ,b\laq2 ,masp]o1 ,egyptian ,ar*aeology2 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,anci5t ,egypt2 ,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians4 ,,l& ,,& ,,p3 ,egypt1 z ,h]odotus has said1 is ! gift ( ! ,nile1 "o ( ! late/ ( ! e>?'s geological =mations1 & yet "o ( ! e>lie/ c\ntries to be settl$ & dom9at$ by man4 ,x consi/s n[1 z 9 ! anci5t days1 ( ! valley ( ! ,nile1 b\nd$ on ! ea/ by ! ,arabian m\nta9s & on ! we/ by ! ,libyan des]t4 ,well-wat]$ & f]tile1 x 0 d\btless at fir/ a pa/oral & agricultural c\ntry2 !n1 by its riv]9e traffic1 a comm]cial c\ntry1 & f9ally1 by conque/1 a l& enri*$ ) ! spoils ( w>f>e4 ,its e>lie/ records %[ a /rongly e/abli%$ mon>*y4 ,dyna/ies ( k+s call$ ,ph>aohs succe$$ "o ano!r by bir? or conque/4 ,! k+ made ! laws1 judg$ ! p1 decl>$ w>1 & 0 mon>* supreme4 ,next to him 9 rank came ! prie/s1 :o 7 n only 9 ! s]vice ( religion b 9 t ( ! /ate1 z c\nsellors1 secret>ies1 & ! l4 ,! common p1 ) true ,ori5tal lack ( individuality1 dep5d+ bl9dly on lead]s1 7 little m ?an ! s]vants ( ! upp] classes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,hunt+ ,,9 ,,! ,,m>%es4 ,,tomb ,,( ,,ti1 ,,sacc>ah4 7,,f ,,p]rot ,,& ,,*ipiez47 ,! ,egyptian religion exi/+ 9 ! e>lie/ days 0 a wor%ip ( ! p]sonifi$ elem5ts ( nature4 ,ea* elem5t _h its p>ticul> controll+ god1 wor%ipp$ z su*4 ,lat] on 9 ,egyptian hi/ory ! numb] ( gods 0 increas$1 & ea* city _h its tr9ity ( godlike protectors symboliz$ by ! propylaea ( ! temples4 ,future life 0 a c]ta9ty1 provid$ t ! ,ka1 or _s1 did n fall a prey to ,typhon1 ! ,god ( ,evil1 dur+ ! long wait 9 ! tomb = ! judgm5t-day4 ,! belief t ! _s re/$ 9 ! body until f9ally transport$ to ! aaln fields 7! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 aft]w>d adopt$ by ! ,greeks7 0 "o reason = ! c>eful pres]vation ( ! body by mummify+ processes4 ,life itself 0 n m important ?an dea?4 ,h5ce ! impos+ c]emonies ( ! fun]al & burial1 ! elaborate ri*ness ( ! tomb & its wall pa9t+s4 ,p]haps ! fir/ ,egyptian art arose ?r\gh religi\s obs]vance1 & c]ta9ly ! fir/ kn[n to u 0 sepul*ral4 ,,art ,,motives3 ,! c5tre ( ! ,egyptian sy/em 0 ! mon>* & 8 suppos$ relatives1 ! gods4 ,!y arrogat$ to !mselves ! *ief ?\ght ( life1 & ! aim ( ! great bulk ( ! art 0 to glorify mon>*y or deity4 ,! massive build+s1 /ill /&+ to-day 9 ru9s1 7 built z ! dwell+-places ( k+s or ! sanctu>ies ( gods4 ,! t[]s symboliz$ deity1 ! sculptures & pa9t+s recit$ ! functional duties ( presid+ spirits1 or ! ,ph>aoh's looks & acts4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ ab\t ! public build+s 9 pa9t+ & sculpture 0 symbolic illu/ration1 picture-writt5 hi/ory--writt5 ) a *isel & bru%1 writt5 l>ge t all might read4 ,!re 0 no o!r safe way ( pres]v+ record4 ,!re 7 no books2 ! papyrus %eet1 us$ ext5sively1 0 frail1 & ! ,egyptians evid5tly wi%$ _! build+s1 c>v+s1 & pa9t+s to la/ into et]nity4 ,s !y wr\ght 9 & ^u /one4 ,! same hi]oglyphic "* ( _! papyrus writ+s appe>$ cut & color$ on ! palace walls1 & above !m & beside !m ! pictures ran z vignettes explanatory ( ! text4 ,9 a less o/5tati\s way ! tombs p]petuat$ hi/ory 9 a simil> mann]1 recit+ ! dome/ic sc5es f ! life ( ! individual1 z ! temples & palaces ! religi\s & mon>*ical sc5es4 ,9 "o =m or ano!r x 0 all record ( ,egyptian life1 b ?is 0 n ! only motive ( _! pa9t+4 ,! temples & palaces1 design$ to %ut out light & heat1 7 long squ>es ( heavy /one1 gloomy z ! cave f :i* _! plan may h orig9at$4 ,c>v+ & color 7 us$ to bright5 & enliv5 ! int]ior4 ,! battles1 ! judgm5t sc5es1 ! ,ph>aoh play+ at draughts ) 8 wives1 ! religi\s rites & c]emonies1 7 all giv5 ) brilliant arbitr>y color1 surr\nd$ (t5times by bord]+ b&s ( gre51 yell[1 & blue4 ,color %[$ ev]y:]e f floor to ceil+4 ,ev5 ! explanatory hi]oglyphic texts ran 9 colors1 l9+ ! walls & w9d+ ar\nd ! cyl9d]s ( /one4 ,! lotus capitals1 ! frieze & ar*itrave1 all gl[$ ) bright hues1 & (t5 ! ro( ceil+ 0 pa9t$ 9 blue & /udd$ ) gold5 />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,portrait ,,( ,,que5 ,,taia4 7,,f ,,p]rot ,,& ,,*ipiez47 ,all ?is %[s a decorative motive 9 ,egyptian pa9t+1 & h[ con/antly ?is 0 kept 9 view may be se5 at times 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t sc5es1 ! l>ge ones be+ plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! wall & ! small] ones go+ at ! top & bottom1 to act z a frieze & dado4 ,!re 71 !n1 two lead+ motives = ,egyptian pa9t+2 7#a7 ,hi/ory1 mon>*ical1 religi\s1 or dome/ic2 & 7#b7 ,decoration4 ,,te*nical ,,me?ods3 ,man 9 ! e>ly /ages ( civilization compreh5ds objects m by l9e ?an by color or light4 ,! figure is n /udi$ 9 itself1 b 9 its sun-%ad[ or silh\ette4 ,! ,egyptian hi]oglyph repres5t$ objects by outl9es or arbitr>y m>ks & convey$ a simple mean+ )\t circumlocution4 ,! ,egyptian pa9t+ 0 sub/antially an enl>gem5t ( ! hi]oglyph4 ,!re 0 no attempt to place objects 9 ! sett+ :i* !y hold 9 nature4 ,p]spective & light-&-%ade 7 disreg>d$4 ,objects1 ( :atev] nature1 7 %[n 9 flat pr(ile4 ,9 ! human figure ! %\ld]s 7 squ>e1 ! hips slight1 ! legs & arms long1 ! feet & h&s flat4 ,! head1 legs1 & arms 7 %[n 9 pr(ile1 :ile ! *e/ & eye 7 twi/$ to %[ ! flat front view4 ,!re are only "o or two full-fac$ figures among ! rema9s ( ,egyptian pa9t+4 ,aft] ! outl9e 0 drawn ! enclos$ space 0 fill$ 9 ) pla9 color4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( high light1 or compos$ gr\ps1 prom95ce 0 giv5 to an important figure1 l t ( ! k+1 by mak+ x mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r figures4 ,?is may be se5 9 any ( ! battle-pieces ( ,rameses ,,ii41 9 :i* ! mon>* 9 8 *>iot is a giant :]e 8 foll[]s are m]e pygmies4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( p]spective1 rec$+ figures ( m5 or ( horses 7 giv5 by multipli$ outl9es ( legs1 or heads1 plac$ be=e1 or aft]1 or rais$ above "o ano!r4 ,flat wat] 0 repres5t$ by zigzag l9es1 plac$ z x 7 ^u a map1 "o tree symboliz$ a =e/1 & "o =tification a t[n4 ,^! outl9e draw+s 7 n reali/ic 9 any exact s5se4 ,! face 0 g5]ally expressionless1 ! figure1 evid5tly done f memory or patt]n1 did n reveal anatomical /ructure1 b 0 nev]!less graceful1 & 9 ! repres5tation ( animals ! s5se ( motion 0 (t5 giv5 ) mu* tru?4 ,! color 0 usually an attempt at nature1 ?\gh at times arbitr>y or symbolic1 z 9 ! case ( c]ta9 gods r5d]$ ) blue1 yell[1 or gre5 sk9s4 ,! backgr\nds 7 always ( flat color1 arbitr>y 9 hue1 & decorative only4 ,! only composition 0 a balance by numb]s1 & ! processional sc5es rose ti] ^u ti] above "o ano!r 9 long panels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,(f]+s ,,to ,,! ,,dead1 ,,wall ,,pa9t+1 ,,eighte5? ,,dyna/y4 7,,f ,,p]rot ,,& ,,*ipiez47 ,su* "w w\ld seem almo/ ludicr\s did we n keep 9 m9d its reason = exi/5ce4 ,x 01 fir/1 symbolic /ory-tell+ art1 & secondly1 ar*itectural decoration4 ,z a /ory-tell] x 0 effective because ( its simplicity & directness4 ,z decoration1 ! repeat$ expressionless face & figure1 ! arbitr>y color1 ! abs5ce ( p]spective 7 n inappropriate !n nor are !y n[4 ,egyptian pa9t+ nev] 0 free f ! decorative motive4 ,wall pa9t+ 0 little m ?an an adjunct ( ar*itecture1 & probably grew out ( sculpture4 ,! e>ly /atues 7 color$1 & on ! wall ! *isel1 l ! fl9t ( ,primitive ,man1 cut ! outl9e ( ! figure4 ,at fir/ only ?is cut 0 fill$ ) color1 produc+ :at has be5 call$ ! koil-anaglyphic4 ,9 ! f9al /age ! l9e 0 made by draw+ ) *alk or coal on prep>$ /ucco1 & ! color1 mix$ ) gum-wat] 7a k9d ( di/emp]71 0 appli$ to ! :ole enclos$ space4 ,sub/antially ! same me?od ( pa9t+ 0 us$ ^u o!r mat]ials1 su* z wood1 mummy c>tonnage1 papyrus2 & 9 all its ?\s&s ( ye>s ( exi/5ce ,egyptian pa9t+ nev] advanc$ ^u or v>i$ to any ext5t ?is "o me?od ( "w4 ,,hi/oric ,,p]iods3 ,egyptian art may be trac$ back z f> z ! ,?ird or ,f\r? ,memphitic dyna/y ( k+s4 ,! date is unc]ta91 b x is some:]e ne> #c1ejj ,b4,c4 ,! seat ( empire1 at t "t1 0 locat$ at ,memphis 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 & x is among ! rema9s ( ?is ,memphitic ,p]iod t ! e>lie/ & be/ pa9t+ is f\nd4 ,9 fact1 all ,egyptian art1 lit]ature1 language1 civilization1 seem at _! highe/ po9t ( p]fection 9 ! p]iod f>!/ remov$ f u4 ,9 t e>lie/ age ! f9e/ portrait bu/s 7 cut1 & ! pa9t+1 f\nd *iefly 9 ! tombs & on ! mummy-cases1 0 ! attempt$ reali/ic ) n a little ( spirit$ individuality4 ,! figure 0 r %ort & squat1 ! face a little squ>] ?an ! conv5tional type aft]w>d adopt$1 ! action bett]1 & ! positions1 attitudes1 & ge/ures m tru?ful to local *>act]i/ics4 ,! dome/ic sc5es--hunt+1 fi%+1 till+1 graz+--7 all %[n 9 ! "o flat1 planeless1 %ad[less me?od ( repres5tation1 b ) bett] draw+ & color & m v>iety ?an appe>$ lat] on4 ,/ill1 m or less conv5tional types 7 us$1 ev5 9 ?is e>ly "t1 & cont9u$ to be us$ all ?r\gh ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,vignette ,,on ,,papyrus1 ,,l\vre4 7,,f ,,p]rot ,,& ,,*ipiez47 ,! ,memphitic ,p]iod comes d[n to ! elev5? dyna/y4 ,9 ! fifte5? dyna/y comes ! invasion ( ! s-call$ ,hyksos1 or ,%eph]d ,k+s4 ,little is kn[n ( ! ,hyksos1 &1 9 pa9t+1 ! next /age is ! ,!ban ,p]iod1 :i*1 culm9at$ 9 ,!bes1 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 ) ,rameses ,,ii41 ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y4 ,pa9t+ _h !n *ang$ some:at bo? 9 subject & "*4 ,! "t 0 "o ( great temple & palace build+1 &1 ?\gh ! pa9t+ ( g5re subjects 9 tombs & sepul*res cont9u$1 ! g5]al body ( art became m monum5tal & subs]vi5t to ar*itecture4 ,pa9t+ 0 put to "w on temple & palace-walls1 depict+ processional sc5es1 ei!r religi\s or mon>*ical1 & va/ 9 ext5t4 ,! figure1 too1 *ang$ slightly4 ,x became long]1 slight]1 ) a pron\nc$ nose1 ?ick lips1 & long eye4 ,f con/ant repetition1 r ?an any set rule or canon1 ?is figure grew conv5tional1 & 0 reproduc$ z a type 9 a me*anical & unv>y+ mann] = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,x 01 9 fact1 only a v>iation f ! orig9al ,egyptian type se5 9 ! tombs ( ! e>lie/ dyna/ies4 ,!re 0 a great quantity ( art produc$ dur+ ! ,!ban ,p]iod1 & ( a graceful1 decorative "*1 b x 0 r monoton\s by repetition & fill$ ) e/abli%$ mann]isms4 ,! ,egyptian really nev] 0 a free work]1 nev] an arti/ express+ himself2 b1 = 8 day1 a skill$ me*anic foll[+ "t-honor$ example4 ,9 ! ,saitic ,p]iod ! seat ( empire 0 once m 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 & art _h visibly decl9$ ) ! wan+ p[] ( ! c\ntry4 ,all spontaneity seem$ to h pass$ out ( x1 x 0 repetition ( repetition by poor workm51 & ! simplicity & purity ( ! te*nic 7 corrupt$ by =eign influ5ces4 ,) ! ,alex&rian epo* ,egyptian art came 9 contact ) ,greek me?ods1 & grew imitative ( ! new art1 to ! detrim5t ( its own native "*4 ,ev5tually x 0 entirely lo/ 9 ! art ( ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,x 0 nev] o!r ?an conv5tional1 produc$ by a me?od almo/ z unv>y+ z t ( ! hi]oglyphic writ+1 & 9 ?is v respect *>act]i/ic & reflective ( ! un*ang+ ,ori5tals4 ,te*nically x _h its %ortcom+s1 b x convey$ ! prop] in=mation to its behold]s & 0 s]viceable & graceful decoration = ,egyptian days4 ,,extant ,,pa9t+s3 ,! temples1 palaces1 & tombs ( ,egypt /ill reveal ,egyptian pa9t+ 9 almo/ z p]fect a /ate z :5 orig9ally execut$2 ! ,ghizeh ,museum has _m f9e examples2 & !re are num]\s examples 9 ! museums at ,tur91 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 ,london1 ,new ,york1 & ,bo/on4 ,an int]e/+ collection belongs to ! ,new ,york ,hi/orical ,society1 & "s ( ! late/ f9ds ( ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund are 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,*aldaeo-,,assyrian ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,babelon1 ,manual ( ,ori5tal ,antiquities2 ,botta1 ,monum5t de ,n9ive2 ,budge1 ,babylonian ,life & ,hi/ory2 ,dunck]1 ,hi/ory ( ,antiquity2 ,lay>d1 ,n9eveh & its ,rema9s2 ,lay>d1 ,discov]ies ,among ,ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon2 ,l5ormant1 ,manual ( ! ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/2 ,l(tus1 ,travels 9 ,*aldaea & ,susiana2 ,masp]o1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt & ,assyria2 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*aldaea & ,assyria2 ,place1 ,n9ive et l',assyrie2 ,sayce1 ,assyria3 ,its ,palaces1 ,prie/s1 & ,p4 ,,tigris-,,euphrates ,,civilization3 ,9 _m respects ! civilization along ! ,tigris-,euphrates 0 l t along ! ,nile4 ,bo? valleys 7 settl$ by primitive peoples1 :o grew rapidly by virtue ( favorable climate & soil1 & ev5tually develop$ into great nations head$ by k+s absolute 9 p[]4 ,! k+ 0 ! /ate 9 ,egypt1 & 9 ,assyria ! mon>* 0 ev5 m dom9ant & absolute4 ,= ! ,ph>aohs %>$ ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 & sculpture ) ! gods2 b ! ,s>gonids seem to h arrogat$ ! mo/ ( ^! ?+s to !mselves alone4 ,religion 0 p]haps z real 9 ,assyria z 9 ,egypt1 b x 0 less app>5t 9 art4 ,c]ta9 g5ii1 call$ gods or demons1 appe> 9 ! bas-reliefs1 b x is n yet settl$ :e!r !y repres5t gods or m]ely leg5d>y h]oes or mon/]s ( fable4 ,!re 0 no great demon/ration ( religion by =m & color1 z 9 ,egypt4 ,! ,assyrians 7 ,semites1 & religion ) !m 0 m a matt] ( ! _s ?an ! s5ses--an image 9 ! m9d r ?an an image 9 metal or /one4 ,! temple 0 n eloqu5t ) ! actions & de$s ( ! gods1 & ev5 ! tomb1 t fruitful s\rce ( art 9 ,egypt1 0 9 ,*aldaea undecorat$ & 9 ,assyria unkn[n4 ,no "o kn[s :at ! ,assyrians did ) _! dead1 unless !y c>ri$ !m back to ! fa!rl& ( ! race1 ! ,p]sian ,gulf region1 z ! native tribes ( ,mesopotamia d to ?is day4 ,,art ,,motives3 ,z 9 ,egypt1 !re 7 two motives = art--illu/ration & decoration4 ,religion1 z we h se51 h>dly obta9$ at all4 ,! k+ attract$ ! greate/ att5tion4 ,! c\ntless bas-reliefs1 cut on s(t /one slabs1 7 pages f ! hi/ory ( ! mon>* 9 peace & w>1 9 c\ncil1 9 ! *ase1 or 9 processional rites4 ,beside him & ar\nd him 8 (fic]s came 9 = a %>e ( ! backgr\nd glory4 ,occasionally ! common p _h repres5tations ( _! lives & _! pursuits1 b ! ma9 subject ( all ! valley art 0 ! k+ & 8 do+s4 ,sculpture & pa9t+ 7 l>gely illu/rations accompany+ a hi/ory writt5 9 ! ev]-pres5t cunei=m *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,enamell$ ,,brick4 ,,nimr\d4 7,,f ,,p]rot ,,& ,,*ipiez47 ,b1 :ile s]v+ z hi/ory1 l ! picture-writ+s ( ! ,egyptians1 ?is illu/ration 0 likewise decoration1 & 0 design$ ) t end 9 view4 ,r[s ^u r[s ( p>tly color$ bas-reliefs 7 arrang$ l a dado along ! palace-wall1 & above !m wall-pa9t+s1 or glaz$ tiles 9 patt]ns1 c>ri$ out ! color s*eme4 ,almo/ all ( ! color has n[ disappe>$1 b x mu/ h be5 brilliant at "o "t1 & 0 d\btless 9 h>mony ) ! ar*itecture4 ,bo? pa9t+ & sculpture 7 subord9ate to & dep5d5t ^u ar*itecture4 ,palace-build+ 0 ! *ief pursuit1 & ! o!r arts 7 call$ 9 ma9ly z adjuncts--ornam5tal records ( ! k+ :o built4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,enamell$ ,,brick4 ,,khorsabad4 7,,f ,,p]rot ,,& ,,*ipiez47 ,,! ,,type1 ,,=m1 ,,color3 ,!re 7 only two di/9ct faces 9 ,assyrian art--"o ) & "o )\t a be>d4 ,nei!r ( !m 0 a portrait except z attributes or inscriptions designat$4 ,! type 0 un5d+ly repeat$4 ,wom5 appe>$ 9 only "o or two isolat$ cases1 & ev5 ^! are d\btful4 ,! w>rior1 a /rong1 co>se-memb]$1 heavily muscl$ creation1 ) a heavy1 expressionless1 ,semitic face1 appe>$ ev]y:]e4 ,! figure 0 plac$ 9 pr(ile1 ) eye & bu/ twi/$ to %[ ! front view1 & ! long feet project$ "o beyond ! o!r1 z 9 ! ,nile pictures4 ,?is 0 ! ,assyrian ideal ( /r5g?1 dignity1 & maje/y1 e/abli%$ probably 9 ! e>ly ages1 & repeat$ = c5turies ) few *>act]i/ic v>iations4 ,! figure 0 usually giv5 9 motion1 walk+1 or rid+1 & _h little ( t grace se5 9 ,egyptian pa9t+1 b 9 its place a great deal ( rude /r5g?4 ,9 modell+1 ! human =m 0 n s kn[+ly r5d]$ z ! animal4 ,! long ,ea/]n clo?+ probably prev5t$ ! close /udy ( ! figure4 ,?is failure 9 anatomical exactness 0 balanc$ 9 "p by m9ute details 9 ! dress & accessories1 productive ( a ri* ornam5tal effect4 ,h>d /one 0 n f\nd 9 ! ,mesopotamian regions4 ,temples 7 built ( burnt brick1 bas-reliefs 7 made ^u alaba/] slabs & height5$ by color+1 & pa9t+ 0 l>gely ^u tiles1 ) m9]al pa9ts1 aft]w>d glaz$ by fire4 ,^! glaz$ brick or tiles1 ) figur$ designs1 7 fix$ ^u ! walls1 ar*es1 & ar*ivolts by bitum5 mort>1 & made up ! fir/ mosaics ( :i* we h record4 ,!re 0 a fur!r pa9t+ ^u pla/] 9 di/emp]1 ( :i* "s few traces rema94 ,x did n diff] 9 design f ! bas-reliefs or ! tile mosaics4 ,! subjects us$ 7 ! ,assyrian type1 %[n some:at slight] 9 pa9t+ ?an 9 sculpture1 animals1 birds1 & o!r objects2 b !y 7 obvi\sly n attempts at nature4 ,! color 0 arbitr>y1 n natural1 & !re 0 little p]spective1 light-&-%ade1 or relief4 ,heavy outl9e b&s ( color appe>$ ab\t ! object1 & ! prevail+ hues 7 yell[ & blue4 ,!re 0 p]haps less symbolism & m direct repres5tation 9 ,assyria ?an 9 ,egypt4 ,!re 0 also m feel+ = p]spective & space1 z %[n 9 su* objects z wat] & 9 ! m\nta9 l&scapes ( ! late bas-reliefs2 b1 9 ! ma91 !re 0 no advance ^u ,egypt4 ,!re 0 a diff]5ce :i* 0 n necess>ily a developm5t4 ,pa9t+1 z we "k ! art to-day1 0 n practis$ 9 ,*aldaea-,assyria4 ,x 0 nev] free f a s]vitude to ar*itecture & sculpture2 x 0 hamp]$ by conv5tionalities2 & ! pa9t] 0 m artisan ?an arti/1 hav+ little fre$om or individuality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,wild ,,ass4 ,,bas-,,relief1 ,,briti% ,,museum4 7,,f ,,p]rot ,,& ,,*ipiez47 ,,hi/oric ,,p]iods3 ,*aldaea1 ( unkn[n antiquity1 ) ,babylon its capital1 is acc\nt$ ! olde/ nation 9 ! ,tigris-,euphrates valley1 &1 s f> z is kn[n1 x 0 an orig9al nation produc+ an orig9al art4 ,its sculpture 7especially 9 ! ,tello heads71 & presumably its pa9t+1 7 m reali/ic & individual ?an any o!r 9 ! valley4 ,assyria com+ lat]1 & ! heir ( ,*aldaea1 0 ! ,second ,empire3 ,!re are two di/9ct p]iods ( ?is ,second ,empire1 ! fir/ la/+ f #a1djj ,b4,c41 d[n to ab\t #ijj ,b4,c41 & 9 art %[+ a great pr(usion ( bas-reliefs4 ,! second clos$ ab\t #fbe ,b4,c41 & 9 art produc$ mu* glaz$-tile "w & a m elaborate sculpture & pa9t+4 ,aft] ?is ! ,*aldaean prov9ces ga9$ ! asc5d5cy aga91 & ,babylon1 "u ,nebu*adnezz>1 became ! fir/ city ( ,asia4 ,b ! new ,babylon did n la/ long4 ,x fell be=e ,cyrus & ! ,p]sians #ecf ,b4,c4 ,aga91 z 9 ,egypt1 ! e>lie/ art appe>s ! pure/ & ! simple/1 & ! ye>s ( ,*aldaeo-,assyrian hi/ory kn[n to u c>ry a record ( *ange r ?an ( progress 9 art4 ,,art ,,rema9s3 ,! mo/ valuable collections ( ,*aldaeo-,assyrian art are to be f\nd 9 ! ,l\vre & ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! o!r l>ge museums ( ,europe h collections 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 b all ( !m comb9$ are little comp>$ ) ! treasures t /ill lie buri$ 9 ! m\nds ( ! ,tigris-,euphrates valley4 ,excavations h be5 made at ,mugheir1 ,w>ka1 ,khorsabad1 ,k\yunjik1 & else:]e1 b _m difficulties h ?us f> r5d]$ sy/ematic "w impossible4 ,! complete hi/ory ( ,*aldaeo-,assyria & its art has yet to be writt54 ,,p]sian ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,z be=e cit$1 ,babelon1 ,dunck]1 ,l5ormant1 ,ely2 ,dieulafoy1 ,l',art ,antique de la ,p]se2 ,fl&9 et ,co/e1 ,voyage en ,p]se2 ,ju/i1 ,ges*i*te des alt5 ,p]si5s2 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,p]sia4 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,art ,,motives3 ,! ,m$es & ,p]sians 7 ! natural inh]itors ( ,assyrian civilization1 b !y did n improve _! bir?right4 ,! ,m$es soon lo/ _! p[]4 ,cyrus conqu]$ !m1 & e/abli%$ ! p[]ful ,p]sian mon>*y upheld = two hundr$ ye>s by ,cambyses1 ,d>ius1 & ,x]xes4 ,sub/antially ! same conditions surr\nd$ ! ,p]sians z ! ,assyrians--t is1 s f> z art production 0 conc]n$4 ,_! conceptions ( life 7 simil>1 & _! use ( art 0 = hi/oric illu/ration ( k+ly do+s & ornam5tal embelli%m5t ( k+ly palaces4 ,bo? sculpture & pa9t+ 7 accessories ( ar*itecture4 ,( ,m$ian art no?+ rema9s4 ,! ,p]sians left ! record1 b x 0 n :olly ( _! own inv5tion1 nor 0 x v ext5sive or brilliant4 ,x _h little orig9ality ab\t x1 & 0 really only an e*o ( ,assyria4 ,! sculptors & pa9t]s copi$ _! ,assyrian pr$ecessors1 repeat+ at ,p]sepolis :at _h be5 bett] told at ,n9eveh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,lions' ,,frieze1 ,,susa4 7,,f ,,p]rot ,,& ,,*ipiez47 ,,types ,,& ,,te*nic3 ,! same subjects1 types1 & te*nical me?ods 9 bas-relief1 tile1 & pa9t+ on pla/] 7 foll[$ "u ,d>ius z "u ,%almanez]4 ,b ! imitation 0 n s good z ! orig9al4 ,! w>rior1 ! w+$ mon/]s1 ! animals all lo/ some?+ ( _! air ( brutal defiance & _! /r5g? ( modell+4 ,h]oes /ill walk$ 9 procession along ! bas-reliefs & glaz$ tiles1 b ! figure 0 small]1 m effem9ate1 ! hair & be>d 7 n s long1 ! drap]y fell 9 slightly indicat$ folds at times1 & !re 0 a pr(usion ( ornam5tal detail4 ,"s ( ?is detail & "s modifications 9 ! figure %[$ ! influ5ce ( =eign nations o!r ?an ! ,greek2 b1 9 ! ma91 ,p]sian art foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,assyrian art4 ,x 0 ! la/ reflection ( ,mesopotamian spl5dor4 ,= ) ! conque/ ( ,p]sia by ,alex&] ! book ( expressive art 9 t valley 0 clos$1 &1 "u ,islam1 x rema9s clos$ to ?is day4 ,,art ,,rema9s3 ,p]sian pa9t+ is some?+ ab\t :i* little is kn[n because little rema9s4 ,! ,l\vre conta9s "s recon/ruct$ friezes made 9 mosaics ( /amp$ brick & squ>e tile1 %[+ figures ( lions & a numb] ( ar*]s4 ,! color+ is p>ticul>ly ri*1 & may give "s idea ( ,p]sian pigm5ts4 ,aside f ! *ief museums ( ,europe ! bulk ( ,p]sian art is /ill se5 half-buri$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,p]sepolis & else:]e4 ,,pho5ician1 ,,cypriote1 ,,& ,,asia ,,m9or ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,z be=e cit$1 ,babelon1 ,dunck]1 ,ely1 ,gir>d1 ,l5ormant2 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus2 ,cesnola1 ,cypriote ,antiquities 9 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art2 ,k5rick1 ,pho5icia2 ,mov]s1 ,die ,phonizi]2 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,pho5icia & ,cyprus2 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,s>d9ia1 ,judea1 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or2 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,phrygia1 ,lydia1 etc42 ,r5an1 ,mission de ,ph5icie4 ,,! ,,trad+ ,,nations3 ,! coa/-ly+ nations ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean 7 h>dly orig9al or creative nations 9 a l>ge s5se4 ,!y 7 at diff]5t times ! conqu]$ dep5d5cies ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,p]sia1 ,greece1 & _! l&s 7 b bridges ov] :i* armies pass$ f ea/ to we/ or f we/ to ea/4 ,locat$ on ! ,m$it]ranean betwe5 ! great civilizations ( antiquity !y naturally adapt$ !mselves to circum/ances1 & became ! middlem51 ! brok]s1 trad]s1 & c>ri]s ( ! anci5t _w4 ,_! l&s 7 n favorable to agriculture1 b _! sea-coa/s r5d]$ comm]ce easy & lucrative4 ,!y made a k+dom ( ! sea1 & _! means ( livelihood 7 ga!r$ f x4 ,!re is no record t ! ,egyptians ev] trav]s$ ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,assyrians 7 n sailors1 ! ,greeks _h n yet aris51 & s probably ,pho5icia & h] neighbors _h matt]s _! own way4 ,colonies & trad+ /ations 7 e/abli%$ at ,cyprus1 ,c>?age1 ,s>d9ia1 ! ,greek isl&s1 & ! ,greek ma9l&1 & n only ,ea/]n goods b ,ea/]n ideas 7 ?us c>ri$ to ! ,we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,pa9t$ ,,head ,,f ,,edessa4 7,,f ,,p]rot ,,& ,,*ipiez47 ,politically1 socially1 & religi\sly ^! small middle nations 7 inconsequ5tial4 ,!y simply adapt$ _! politics or fai? to ! nation t = ! "t _h !m "u its heel4 ,:at semi-orig9al religion !y possess$ 0 an amalgamation ( ! religions ( o!r nations1 & _! gods ( bronze1 t]ra-cotta1 & enamel 7 irrev]5tly sold 9 ! m>ket l any o!r produce4 ,,art ,,motives ,,& ,,me?ods3 ,build+1 c>v+1 & pa9t+ 7 practis$ among ! coa/wise nations1 b ^u no su* ext5sive scale z 9 ei!r ,egypt or ,assyria4 ,! m]e fact t !y 7 p ( ! sea r ?an ( ! l& preclud$ ext5sive or conc5trat$ developm5t4 ,politically ,pho5icia 0 divid$ among five cities1 & h] arti/ic /r5g? 0 di/ribut$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,su* art z 0 produc$ %[$ ! religi\s & decorative motives1 & 9 its spiritless mat]iali/ic make-up1 ! comm]cial motive4 ,x 0 at ! be/ a hybrid1 mongrel art1 borr[$ f _m s\rces & di/ribut$ to _m po9ts ( ! compass4 ,at "o "t x _h a /rong ,assyrian ca/1 at ano!r an ,egyptian ca/1 & aft] ,greece arose x accept$ a retroactive influ5ce f !re4 ,x is impossible to *>act]ize ! ,pho5ician type1 & ev5 ! ,cypriote type1 ?\gh m pron\nc$1 v>ies s ) ! diff]5t influ5ces t x has no v /rik+ individuality4 ,te*nically bo? ! ,pho5ician & ,cypriote 7 fair workm5 9 bronze & /one1 & d\btless taught _m te*nical me?ods to ! e>ly ,greeks1 besides mak+ kn[n to !m ^? deities aft]w>d adopt$ "u ! names ( ,aphrodite1 ,adonis1 & ,h]acles1 & famili>iz+ !m ) ! art =ms ( ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,cypriote ,,vase ,,decoration4 7,,f ,,p]rot ,,& ,,*ipiez47 ,z = pa9t+1 !re 0 und\bt$ly figur$ decoration ^u walls ( /one & pla/]1 b !re is n en\gh left to u f all ! small nations l ,pho5icia1 ,judea1 ,cyprus1 & ! k+doms ( ,asia ,m9or1 put toge!r1 to pat* up a disjo9t$ hi/ory4 ,! fir/ l&s to meet ! spoil]1 _! v ru9s h p]i%$4 ,all t !re is ( pa9t+ comes to u 9 brok5 pott]ies & color traces on /atu>y4 ,! rema9s ( sculpture & ar*itecture are ( c\rse bett] pres]v$4 ,none ( ?is int]m$iate art holds mu* rank by virtue ( its inh]5t wor?4 ,x is its influ5ce ^u ! ,we/--! ideas1 subjects1 & me?ods x imp>t$ to ! ,greeks--t gives x importance 9 art hi/ory4 ,,art ,,rema9s3 ,9 pa9t+ *iefly ! vases 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york1 ! ,l\vre1 ,briti% & ,b]l9 ,museums4 ,^! give a poor & incomplete idea ( ! pa9t+ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pho5icia & h] colonies4 ,! t]ra-cottas1 figur9es 9 bronze1 & sculptures c be /udi$ to m advantage4 ,! be/ collection ( ,cypriote antiquities is 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york4 ,a new collection ( ,judaic art has be5 rec5tly op5$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,greek ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,baumei/]1 ,d5kmael] des klassis*5 ,alt]tums--article ,mal]ei2 ,bir*1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y2 ,brunn1 ,ges*i*te d] grie*is*5 ,ku5/l]2 ,collignon1 ,my?ologie figuree de la ,grece2 ,collignon1 ,manuel d',ar*aeologie ,grecque2 ,cros et ,h5ry1 ,l',encau/ique et les autres proc$es de ,pe9ture *ez les ,anci5s2 ,gir>d1 ,la ,pe9ture ,antique2 ,murray1 ,h&book ( ,greek ,ar*aeology2 ,ov]beck1 ,antik5 ,s*riftquell5 zur ges*i*te d] bild55 ,kun/e bie d5 ,grie*52 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,greece2 ,wo]man1 ,die ,l&s*aft 9 d] ,kun/ d] antik5 ,volk]2 see also books on ,etruscan & ,roman pa9t+4 ,,greece ,,& ,,! ,,greeks3 ,! orig9 ( ! ,greek race is n positively kn[n4 ,x is reasonably suppos$ t ! e>ly settl]s 9 ,greece came f ! region ( ,asia ,m9or1 ei!r across ! ,hellespont or ! sea1 & populat$ ! ,greek isl&s & ! ma9l&4 ,:5 ?is 0 done has be5 matt] ( mu* conjecture4 ,! e>ly hi/ory is lo/1 b art rema9s %[ t 9 ! p]iod be=e ,hom] ! ,greeks 7 an e/abli%$ race ) habits & cu/oms di/9ctly individual4 ,egyptian & ,asiatic influ5ces are app>5t 9 _! art at ?is e>ly "t1 b !re is1 nev]!less1 ! m>k ( a race peculi>ly ap>t f all ! races ( ! old] _w4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,greek p 0 probably help$ by favorable climate & soil1 by comm]ce & conque/1 by republican in/itutions & political fai?1 by fre$om ( m9d & ( body2 b all ^! toge!r are n suffici5t to acc\nt = ! ke5ness ( intellect1 ! purity ( ta/e1 & ! skill 9 accompli%m5t :i* %[$ 9 e bran* ( ,greek life4 ,! cause lies deep] 9 ! fundam5tal make-up ( ! ,greek m9d1 & its et]nal aspiration t[>d m5tal1 moral1 & physical ideals4 ,p]fect m9d1 p]fect body1 p]fect conduct 9 ?is _w 7 s\ght-= ideals4 ,! ,greeks aspir$ to complet5ess4 ,! c\rse ( education & race developm5t tra9$ !m physically z a?letes & w>riors1 m5tally z philosoph]s1 law-mak]s1 poets1 arti/s1 morally z h]oes ^: lives & actions emulat$ ^? ( ! gods1 & 7 almo/ p]fect = ?is _w4 ,,art ,,motives3 ,nei!r ! mon>*y nor ! prie/hood comm&$ ! s]vices ( ! arti/ 9 ,greece1 z 9 ,assyria & ,egypt4 ,!re 0 no mon>* 9 an ori5tal s5se1 & ! *os5 lead]s ( ! ,greeks nev]1 until ! late days1 arrogat$ art to !mselves4 ,x 0 some?+ = all ! p4 ,9 religion !re 0 a pan!on ( gods e/abli%$ & wor%ipp$ f ! e>lie/ ages1 b ^! gods 7 m l epitomes ( ,greek ideals ?an spiritual be+s4 ,!y 7 ! p]sonifi$ virtues ( ! ,greeks1 exempl>s ( p]fect liv+2 & 9 wor%ipp+ !m ! ,greek 0 really wor%ipp+ ord]1 conduct1 repose1 dignity1 p]fect life4 ,! gods & h]oes1 z types ( moral & physical qualities1 7 cont9ually repres5t$ 9 an allegorical or leg5d>y mann]4 ,a!ne repres5t$ noble w>f>e1 ,zeus 0 maje/ic dignity & p[]1 ,aphrodite love1 ,phoebus song1 ,nike triumph1 & all ! less] gods1 nymphs1 & fauns /ood = beauties ( nature or ( life4 ,! great bulk ( ,greek ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+ 0 put =? to honor ^! gods or h]oes1 & by s do+ ! arti/ repeat$ ! national ideals & honor$ himself4 ,! fir/ motive ( ,greek art1 !n1 0 to praise ,hellas & ! ,hell5ic view ( life4 ,9 "p x 0 a religi\s motive1 b ) little ( t spiritual significance & belief :i* rul$ 9 ,egypt1 & lat] on 9 ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,attic ,,grave ,,pa9t+4 7,,f ,,baumei/]47 ,a second & ev]-pres5t motive 9 ,greek pa9t+ 0 decoration4 ,?is appe>s 9 ! tomb pott]y ( ! e>lie/ ages1 & 0 c>ri$ on d[n to ! late/ times4 ,vase pa9t+1 wall pa9t+1 tablet & sculpture pa9t+ 7 all done ) a decorative motive 9 view4 ,ev5 ! easel or panel pictures _h "s decorative effect ab\t !m1 ?\gh !y 7 prim>ily int5d$ to convey ideas o!r ?an ^? ( =m & color4 ,,subjects ,,& ,,me?ods3 ,! gods & h]oes1 _! lives & adv5tures1 =m$ ! e>ly subjects ( ,greek pa9t+4 ,c]ta9 !mes tak5 f ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey 7 z frequ5tly %[n z1 aft]w>d1 ! ,annunciations 9 ,italian pa9t+4 ,! traditional subjects1 ! ,c5taurs & ,lapi?s1 ! ,amazon w>1 ,!seus & ,ariadne1 ,p]seus & ,&rom$a1 7 frequ5tly depict$4 ,humanity & actual ,greek life came 9 = its %>e4 ,s+le figures1 /ill-life1 g5re1 c>icature1 all 7 %[n1 & z pa9t+ ne>$ ! ,alex&rian age a semi-reali/ic portraiture came into vogue4 ,! mat]ials employ$ by ! ,greeks & _! me?ods ( "w are some:at difficult to asc]ta91 because !re are few ,greek pictures1 except ^? on ! vases1 left to u4 ,f ! confus+ acc\nts ( ! anci5t writ]s1 ! vases1 "s ,greek slabs 9 ,italy1 & ! ,roman pa9t+s imitative ( ! ,greek1 we may ga9 a g5]al idea4 ,! e>ly ,greek "w 0 l>gely devot$ to pott]y & tomb decoration1 9 :i* mu* 9 mann] & me?od 0 borr[$ f ,asia1 ,pho5icia1 & ,egypt4 ,lat] on1 pa9t+ appe>$ 9 flat outl9e on /one or t]ra-cotta slabs1 sometimes repres5t+ processional sc5es1 z 9 ,egypt1 & d\btless done 9 a hybrid fresco-"w simil> to ! ,egyptian me?od4 ,wall pa9t+s 7 done 9 fresco & di/emp]1 probably ^u ! walls !mselves1 & also ^u panels aft]w>d let into ! wall4 ,encau/ic pa9t+ 7color mix$ ) wax ^u ! panel & fus$ ) a hot spatula7 came 9 ) ! ,sikyonian s*ool4 ,x is possible t ! oil m$ium & canvas 7 kn[n1 b n probable t ei!r 0 ev] us$ ext5sively4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! ,greeks be+ exp]t draughtsm51 ?\gh ?is does n appe> until late 9 hi/ory4 ,!y knew ! outl9es well1 & drew !m ) =ce & grace4 ,t !y modell$ 9 /rong relief is m que/ionable4 ,light-&-%ade 0 c]ta9ly employ$ 9 ! figure1 b n 9 any mod]n way4 ,p]spective 9 bo? figures & l&scape 0 us$2 b ! l&scape 0 at fir/ symbolic & r>ely got beyond a decorative backgr\nd = ! figure4 ,greek composition we "k little ab\t1 b may inf] t x 0 l>gely a s]ies ( balances1 a symmetrical adju/m5t ( objects to fill a giv5 space ) n v mu* fre$om all[$ to ! arti/4 ,9 atmosph]e1 sunlight1 color1 & ^? peculi>ly s5su\s *>ms t belong to pa9t+1 !re is no reason to believe t ! ,greeks approa*$ ! mod]ns4 ,_! int]e/ 0 *iefly c5tr$ 9 ! human figure4 ,l&scape1 ) its _m beauties1 0 res]v$ = mod]n h&s to disclose4 ,color 0 us$ 9 abundance1 )\t d\bt1 b x 0 probably limit$ to ! lead+ hues1 ) little ( t ref9em5t or delicacy kn[n 9 pa9t+ to-day4 ,,art ,,hi/ory3 ,= ! hi/ory ( ,greek pa9t+ we h to rely ^u ! words ( ,ari/otle1 ,plut>*1 ,pl9y1 ,qu9tilian1 ,lucian1 ,cic]o1 ,pausanias4 ,_! acc\nts appe> to be p>tly sub/antiat$ by ! vase pa9t+s1 & su* few slabs & ,roman frescos z rema9 to u4 ,!re is no consecutive n>rative4 ,! /ory ( pa9t+ orig9at+ f a girl see+ ! wall-silh\ette ( h] lov] & fill+ x 9 ) color1 & ! conjecture ( pa9t+ hav+ develop$ f embroid]y "w1 h nei!r ( !m a f\ndation 9 fact4 ,! e>lie/ settl]s ( ,greece probably le>n$ pa9t+ f ! ,pho5icians1 & employ$ x1 aft] ! ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 & ,pho5ician mann]1 on pott]y1 t]ra-cotta slabs1 & rude sculpture4 ,x develop$ sl[] ?an sculpture p]haps2 b 7 !re any?+ ( importance left to judge f1 we %\ld probably f9d t x develop$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z sculpture4 ,d[n to #ejj ,b4,c4 !re 0 little m ?an outl9e fill$ 9 ) flat mono*romatic pa9t & ) a decorative effect simil>1 p]haps1 to t ( ! vase pa9t+s4 ,aft] t date come ! m important names ( arti/s m5tion$ by ! anci5t writ]s4 ,x is difficult to assign ^! arti/s to c]ta9 p]iods or s*ools1 ow+ to ! insuffici5t k we h ab\t !m4 ,! foll[+ classifications & assignm5ts may1 !re=e1 9 "s in/ances1 be que/ion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,muse ,,( ,,cortona1 ,,cortona ,,museum4 ,,old] ,,attic ,,s*ool3 ,! fir/ pa9t] ( rank 0 ,polygnotus 7fl4 #dge-dee ,b4,c471 sometimes call$ ! f\nd] ( ,greek pa9t+1 because p]haps he 0 "o ( ! fir/ important pa9t]s 9 ,greece prop]4 ,he seems to h be5 a good outl9e draughtsman1 produc+ figures 9 pr(ile1 ) little attempt at relief1 p]spective1 or light-&-%ade4 ,8 colors 7 local tones1 b probably m l nature & m v>i$ ?an any?+ 9 ,egyptian pa9t+4 ,l&scapes1 build+s1 & ! l1 7 giv5 9 a symbolic mann]4 ,portraiture 0 a g5]alization1 & 9 figure compositions ! names ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s 7 writt5 ne> !m = purposes ( id5tification4 ,! mo/ important works ( ,polygnotus 7 ! wall pa9t+s = ! ,assembly ,room ( ! ,knidians at ,delphi4 ,! subjects relat$ to ! ,trojan ,w> & ! adv5tures ( ,ulysses4 ,oppos$ to ?is flat1 unreliev$ /yle 0 ! "w ( a foll[]1 ,aga?>*os ( ,samos 7fl4 end ( fif? c5tury ,b4,c474 ,he 0 a sc5e-pa9t]1 & by ! necessities ( 8 craft 0 l$ t[>d nature4 ,/age effect requir$ a /udy ( p]spective1 v>iation ( light1 & a k ( ! laws ( optics4 ,! slight outl9e draw+ ( 8 pr$ecessor 0 probably sup]s$$ by effective masses to create illusion4 ,?is 0 a di/9ct advance t[>d nature4 ,apollodorus 7fl4 end ( fif? c5tury ,b4,c47 appli$ ! pr9ciples ( ,aga?>*os to figures4 ,accord+ to ,plut>*1 he 0 ! fir/ to discov] v>iation 9 ! %ade ( colors1 &1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! fir/ ma/] to pa9t objects z !y appe>$ 9 nature4 ,he _h ! title ( skiagraphos 7%ad[-pa9t]71 & possibly gave a semi-natural backgr\nd ) p]spective4 ,?is 0 an improvem5t1 b n a p]fection4 ,x is n likely t ! backgr\nds 7 o!r ?an conv5tional sett+s = ! figure4 ,ev5 ^! 7 n at once accept$ by ! pa9t]s ( ! p]iod1 b 7 turn$ to pr(it 9 ! h&s ( ! foll[]s4 ,aft] ! ,peloponnesian ,w>s ! art ( pa9t+ seems to h fl\ri%$ else:]e ?an 9 ,a!ns1 ow+ to ! ,a!nian loss ( supremacy4 ,o!r s*ools sprang up 9 v>i\s di/ricts1 & "o to call = consid]able m5tion by ! anci5t writ]s 0 ! ,,ionian ,,s*ool1 :i* 9 reality _h exi/$ f ! six? c5tury4 ,! pa9t]s ( ?is s*ool advanc$ ^u ! "w ( ,apollodorus z reg>ds reali/ic effect4 ,zeuxis1 ^: fame 0 at its height dur+ ! ,peloponnesian ,w>s1 seems to h reg>d$ art z a matt] ( illusion1 if "o may judge by ! /ories told ( 8 "w4 ,! tale ( 8 pa9t+ a bun* ( grapes s l reality t ! birds came to peck at !m proves ei!r t ! pa9t]'s motive 0 deception1 or t ! n>rator ( ! tale pick$ out ! deceptive "p ( 8 picture = admiration4 ,he pa9t$ _m subjects1 l ,hel51 ,p5elope1 & _m g5re pieces on panel4 ,qu9tilian says he orig9at$ light-&-%ade1 an a*ievem5t cr$it$ by ,plut>* to ,apollodorus4 ,x is probable t he advanc$ light-&-%ade4 ,9 illusion he seems to h be5 outdone by a rival1 ,p>rhasios ( ,ephesus4 ,zeuxis deceiv$ ! birds ) pa9t$ grapes1 b ,p>rhasios deceiv$ ,zeuxis ) a pa9t$ curta94 ,!re mu/ h be5 k ( color1 modell+1 & relief to h produc$ su* an illusion1 b ! aim 0 petty & unwor?y ( ! skill4 ,!re 0 evid5tly an advance te*nically1 b "s decl9e 9 ! true _s ( art4 ,p>rhasios f9ally suff]$ defeat at ! h&s ( ,timan!s ( ,ky?nos1 by a ,conte/ betwe5 ,ajax & ,ulysses = ! ,arms ( ,a*illes4 ,timan!s's fam\s "w 0 ! ,sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia1 ( :i* !re is a suppos$ ,pompeian copy4 ,,sikyonian ,,s*ool3 ,?is s*ool seems to h sprung up aft] ! ,peloponnesian ,w>s1 & 0 p]haps f\nd$ by ,eupompos1 a contempor>y ( ,p>rhasios4 ,8 pupil ,pamphilos br\ght ! s*ool to maturity4 ,he app>5tly react$ f ! deception motive ( ,zeuxis & ,p>rhasios1 & taught academic me?ods ( draw+1 compos+1 & pa9t+4 ,he 0 also cr$it$ ) br++ into use ! encau/ic me?od ( pa9t+1 ?\gh x 0 probably kn[n be=e 8 "t4 ,8 pupil1 ,pausias1 possess$ "s fre$om ( creation 9 g5re & /ill-life subjects4 ,pl9y says he _h great te*nical skill1 z %[n 9 ! =e%ort5+ ( a black ox by v>iations ( ! black tones1 & he obta9$ "s fame by a figure ( ,me! 7,intoxication7 dr9k+ f a glass1 ! face be+ se5 ?r\gh ! glass4 ,aga9 ! motives seem trifl+1 b aga9 advanc+ te*nical p[] is %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,odyssey ,,l&scape1 ,,vatican4 7,,f ,,woltmann ,,& ,,wo]mann47 ,,!ban-,,attic ,,s*ool3 ,?is 0 ! f\r? s*ool ( ,greek pa9t+4 ,nikoma*us 7fl4 ab\t #cfj ,b4,c471 a facile pa9t]1 0 at its head4 ,8 pupil1 ,ari/ides1 pa9t$ pa!tic sc5es1 & 0 p]haps z rem>kable = tea*+ art to ! celebrat$ ,euphranor 7fl4 #cfj ,b4,c47 z = 8 own productions4 ,euphranor _h great v]satility 9 ! arts1 & 9 pa9t+ 0 r5[n$ = 8 pictures ( ! ,olympian gods at ,a!ns4 ,8 successor1 ,nikias 7fl4 #cdj-cjj ,b4,c471 0 a contempor>y ( ,praxiteles1 ! sculptor1 & 0 possibly influ5c$ by him 9 ! pa9t+ ( female figures4 ,he 0 a te*nician ( ability 9 composition1 light-&-%ade1 & relief1 & 0 prais$ = ! r\ndness ( 8 figures4 ,he also did "s t9t+ ( sculpture1 & is said to h t9t$ "s ( ! works ( ,praxiteles4 ,,late ,,pa9t]s3 ,contempor>y ) & foll[+ ^! la/-nam$ arti/s 7 "s celebrat$ pa9t]s :o really belong to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,p]iod 7#cbc ,b4,c474 ,at _! head 0 ,apelles1 ! pa9t] ( ,philip & ,alex&]1 & ! climax ( ,greek pa9t+4 ,he pa9t$ _m gods1 h]oes1 & allegories1 ) mu* gracefulness1 z ,pl9y puts x4 ,! ,italian ,botticelli1 sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s aft] him1 tri$ to reproduce 8 celebrat$ ,calumny1 f ,lucian's description ( x4 ,8 *ief works 7 8 ,aphrodite ,anadyom5e1 c>ri$ to ,rome by ,augu/us1 & ! portrait ( ,alex&] ) ! ,?und]-bolt4 ,he 0 und\bt$ly a sup]ior man te*nically4 ,protog5es rivall$ him1 if we are to believe ,petronius1 by ! foam on a dog's m\? & ! wond] 9 ! eye ( a />tl$ pheasant4 ,aetion1 ! pa9t] ( ,alex&]'s ,m>riage to ,roxana1 0 n able to turn ! aim ( pa9t+ f ?is deceptive illusion4 ,aft] ,alex&]1 pa9t+ pass$ /ill fur!r into ! imitative & ! !atrical1 & :5 n gr&iloqu5t 0 inf9itely little ov] cobbl]-%ops & huck/]-/alls4 ,l&scape = purposes ( decorative composition1 & floor pa9t+1 done 9 mosaic1 came 9 dur+ ! "t ( ! ,diado*i4 ,!re 7 no great names 9 ! latt] days1 & su* pa9t]s z /ill fl\ri%$ pass$ on to ,rome1 !re to produce copies ( ! works ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,x is h>d to reconcile ! unwor?y motive attribut$ to ,greek pa9t+ by ! anci5t writ]s ) ! high aim ( ,greek sculpture4 ,x is easi] to ?9k 7& x is m probable7 t ! writ]s knew v little ab\t art1 & t !y miss$ ! _s ( ,greek pa9t+ 9 admir+ its insignificant details4 ,t pa9t+ te*nically 0 at a high po9t ( p]fection z reg>ds ! figure1 ev5 ! imitative ,roman works indicate1 & x c h>dly be d\bt$ t 9 _s x 0 at "o "t equally /rong4 ,,extant ,,rema9s3 ,!re are few wall or panel pictures ( ,greek times 9 exi/5ce4 ,f\r slabs ( /one 9 ! ,naples ,museum1 ) r$ outl9e draw+s ( ,!seus1 ,sil5os1 & "s figures ) masks1 are probably ,greek "w f :i* ! color has scal$4 ,a numb] ( ,roman copies ( ,greek frescos & mosaics are 9 ! ,vatican1 ,capitol9e1 & ,naples ,museums4 ,all ^! pieces %[ an imitation ( late ,hell5i/ic art--n ! be/ p]iod ( ,greek developm5t4 ,,! ,,vases3 ,! hi/ory ( ,greek pa9t+ 9 its rema9s is trac$ ) "s accuracy 9 ! decorative figures ^u ! vases4 ,! fir/ w>e--dat+ be=e ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4--seems free f ori5tal influ5ces 9 its designs4 ,! vase is r$di%1 ! decoration is 9 ti]s1 b&s1 or zig-zags1 usually 9 black or br[n1 )\t ! human figure4 ,! second k9d ( w>e dates f ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,x %[s me&]1 wave1 & o!r designs1 & is call$ ! geometrical /yle4 ,lat] on animals1 rosettes1 & vegetation appe> t %[ ,assyrian influ5ce4 ,! decoration is pr(use & ! rude human figure subord9ate to x4 ,! design is 9 black or d>k-br[n1 on a cream-color$ slip4 ,! ?ird k9d ( w>e is ! ar*aic or /rong /yle4 ,x dates f #ejj ,b4,c4 to ! ,peloponnesian ,w>s1 & is m>k$ by black figures ^u a yell[ or r$ gr\nd4 ,:ite & purple are also us$ to def9e fle%1 hair1 & :ite objects4 ,! figure is /iff1 ! action awkw>d1 ! composition is fre] ?an be=e1 b /ill conv5tional4 ,! subjects are ! gods1 demi-gods1 & h]oes 9 sc5es f _! lives & adv5tures4 ,! f\r? k9d ( w>e dates d[n into ! ,hell5i/ic age & %[s r$ figures surr\nd$ by a black gr\nd4 ,! figure1 ! draw+1 ! composition are bett] ?an at any o!r p]iod & sugge/ a high excell5ce 9 o!r =ms ( ,greek pa9t+4 ,aft] ,alex&]1 vase pa9t+ seems to h %>$ ! fate ( wall & panel pa9t+4 ,!re 0 a /riv+ = effect1 ) ornat5ess & extravagance1 & f9ally ! art pass$ out entirely4 ,!re 0 an e/abli%m5t f\nd$ 9 ,s\!rn ,italy :i* imitat$ ! ,greek & produc$ ! ,apulian w>e1 b ! ,romans gave little enc\ragem5t to vase pa9t+1 & ab\t #fe ,b4,c4 x disappe>$4 ,almo/ all ! museums ( ! _w h collections ( ,greek vases4 ,! ,briti%1 ,b]l91 & ,p>is collections are p]haps z complete z any4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,amphore1 ,,l[] ,,italy4 ,,etruscan ,,& ,,roman ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,see ,bibliography ( ,greek ,pa9t+ & also ,d5nis1 ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria2 ,graul1 ,die ,portratgemalde aus d5 ,grab/att5 des ,faiyum2 ,helbig1 ,die ,w&gemalde ,campani5s2 ,helbig1 ,unt]su*ung5 ub] die ,campanis*e ,w&mal]ei2 ,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] ,decorativ5 ,w&mal]ei 9 ,pompeii2 ,m>?a1 ,l',ar*eologie ,etrusque et ,roma9e4 ,,etruscan ,,pa9t+3 ,pa9t+ 9 ,etruria has n a great deal ( int]e/ = u j "h4 ,x 0 l>gely decorative & sepul*ral 9 motive1 & 0 employ$ 9 ! pa9t+ ( tombs1 & ^u vases & o!r objects plac$ 9 ! tombs4 ,x _h a native way ( express+ itself1 :i* at fir/ 0 nei!r ,greek nor ,ori5tal1 & yet a rem9d] ( bo?4 ,te*nically x 0 n well done4 ,be=e #ejj ,b4,c4 x 0 almo/ *ildi% 9 ! draw+4 ,aft] t date ! figures 7 bett]1 ?\gh %ort & squat4 ,^? on ! vases usually %[ outl9e draw+ fill$ 9 ) dull br[ns & yell[s4 ,f9ally !re 0 a m+l+ ( ,etruscan ) ,greek elem5ts1 & an imitation ( ,greek me?ods4 ,x 0 at be/ a hybrid art1 b ( "s importance f an ar*aeological po9t ( view4 ,,roman ,,pa9t+3 ,roman art is an app5dix to ! art hi/ory ( ,greece4 ,x orig9at$ little 9 pa9t+1 & 0 cont5t to p]petuate ! traditions ( ,greece 9 an imitative way4 ,:at 0 worse1 x copi$ ! deg5]acy ( ,greece by foll[+ ! deg5]ate ,hell5i/ic pa9t+s4 ,9 motive & me?od x 0 sub/antially ! same "w z t ( ! ,greeks "u ! ,diado*i4 ,! subjects1 aga91 7 (t5 tak5 f ,greek /ory1 ?\gh !re 7 ,roman hi/orical sc5es1 g5re pieces1 & _m portraits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,ritual ,,sc5e1 ,,palat9e ,,wall ,,pa9t+4 7,,f ,,woltmann ,,& ,,wo]mann47 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,empire tablet or panel pa9t+ 0 r ab&on$ 9 favor ( mural decoration4 ,t is to say1 figures or gr\ps 7 pa9t$ 9 fresco on ! wall & !n surr\nd$ by geometrical1 floral1 or ar*itectural designs to give ! effect ( a panel let into ! wall4 ,?us pa9t+ assum$ a m decorative nature4 ,vitruvius says 9 effect t 9 ! e>ly days nature 0 foll[$ 9 ^! wall pa9t+s1 b lat] on !y became ornate & ov]done1 %[+ _m unsupport$ ar*itectural facades & impossible decorative fram+s4 ,?is c be trac$ 9 ! ,roman & ,pompeian frescos4 ,!re 7 f\r k9ds ( ^! wall pa9t+s4 7#a47 ,^? t cov]$ all ! walls ( a room & did away ) dado1 frieze1 & ! l1 su* z figures ) l>ge l&scape backgr\nds %[+ villas & trees4 7#b47 ,small pa9t+s sep>at$ or fram$ by pila/]s4 7#c47 ,panel pictures let into ! wall or pa9t$ ) t effect4 7#d47 ,s+le figures ) ar*itectural backgr\nds4 ,! s+le figures 7 usually ! be/4 ,!y _h grace ( l9e & motion & all ! tru? to nature t decoration requir$4 ,"s ( ! backgr\nds 7 flat t9ts ( r$ or black aga9/ :i* ! figure 0 plac$4 ,9 ! l>g] pieces ! composition 0 r rambl+ & disjo9t$1 & ! color h>%4 ,9 light-&-%ade & relief !y probably foll[$ ! ,greek example4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,portrait-,,head4 7,,f ,,fay\m1 ,,graf ,,col47 ,,roman ,,pa9t]s3 ,dur+ ! fir/ five c5turies ,rome 0 betwe5 ! influ5ces ( ,etruria & ,greece4 ,! fir/ pa9t+s 9 ,rome ( :i* !re is record 7 done 9 ! ,temple ( ,c]es by ! ,greek arti/s ( ,l[] ,italy1 ,gorgasos & ,damophilos 7fl4 #dic ,b4,c474 ,!y 7 d\btless some:at l ! vase pa9t+s--pr(ile "w1 )\t light1 %ade1 or p]spective4 ,at ! "t & aft] ,alex&] ,greek influ5ce held sway4 ,fabius ,pictor 7fl4 ab\t #cjj ,b4,c47 is "o ( ! celebrat$ names 9 hi/orical pa9t+1 & lat] on ,pacuvius1 ,metrodorus1 & ,s]apion are m5tion$4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,republic1 ,sopolis1 ,dionysius1 & ,antio*us ,gab9ius excell$ 9 portraiture4 ,anci5t pa9t+ really ends = u ) ! de/ruction ( ,pompeii 7#gi ,a4,d471 ?\gh aft] t !re 7 int]e/+ portraits produc$1 especially ^? f\nd 9 ! ,fay\m 7,egypt74#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 vol4 v41 p4 #bai1 ,new ,s]ies4 ,,extant ,,rema9s3 ,! frescos t are left to u to-day are l>gely ! "w ( me*anical decorators r ?an creative arti/s4 ,!y are to be se5 9 ,rome1 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,titus1 ! ,vatican1 ,livia's ,villa1 ,f>nes9a1 ,rospigliosi1 & ,b>b]9i ,palaces1 ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 ,capitol9e & ,lat]an ,museums1 9 ! h\ses ( excavat$ ,pompeii1 & ! ,naples ,museum4 ,besides ^! !re are examples ( ,roman fresco & di/emp] 9 ! ,l\vre & o!r ,european ,museums4 ,examples ( ,etruscan pa9t+ are to be se5 9 ! ,vatican1 ,cortona1 ! ,l\vre1 ! ,briti% ,museum & else:]e4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+4 ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,& ,,m$iaeval ,,p]iod4 #bjj-abej4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,bayet1 ,l',art ,byzant92 ,b5nett1 ,*ri/ian ,ar*aeology2 ,bosio1 ,la ,roma ,sott]ranea2 ,burckh>dt1 ,! ,cic]one1 an ,art ,guide to ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 ed4 by ,cr[e2 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,new ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy2 ,de ,rossi1 ,la ,roma ,sott]ranea ,cri/iana2 ,de ,rossi1 ,bullett9o di ,ar*eologia ,cri/iana2 ,didron1 ,*ri/ian ,iconography2 ,ea/lake 7,kuegl]'s71 ,h&book ( ,pa9t+--,! ,italian ,s*ools2 ,g>rucci1 ,/oria dell' ,arte ,cri/iana2 ,g]spa*1 ,la ,mosaique2 ,laf5e/re1 ,la ,pe9ture ,itali5ne2 ,lanzi1 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy2 ,lecoy de la ,m>*e1 ,les ,manuscrits et la ,m9iature2 ,l9dsay1 ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,art2 ,m>tigny1 ,dictionnaire des ,antiques ,*reti5nes2 ,p]ate1 ,l',ar*eologie ,*reti5ne2 ,reb]1 ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,art2 ,rio1 ,poetry ( ,*ri/ian ,art2 ,le?aby1 ,m$ieval ,art2 ,smi? & ,*ee?am1 ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,antiquities4 ,,rise ,,( ,,*ri/ianity3 ,out ( ! decay+ civilization ( ,rome sprang into life t rem>kable gr[? kn[n z ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 n welcom$ by ! ,romans4 ,x 0 sc(f$ at1 sc\rg$1 p]secut$1 &1 at "o "t1 ne>ly ext]m9at$4 ,b its vitality 0 /rong] ?an t ( its p]secutor1 & :5 ,rome decl9$1 ,*ri/ianity utiliz$ ! ?+s t 7 ,roman1 :ile /riv+ to live = ideas t 7 ,*ri/ian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,*amb] ,,9 ,,catacombs1 ,,%[+ ,,wall ,,decoration4 ,!re 0 no revolt1 no sudd5 *ange4 ,! ,*ri/ian idea made ha/e sl[ly1 & at ! />t x 0 weigh$ d[n ) _m paganisms4 ,! ,*ri/ians !mselves 9 all save religi\s fai?1 7 ,romans1 & inh]it$ ,roman ta/es1 mann]s1 & me?ods4 ,b ! ,roman _w1 ) all its classicism & le>n+1 0 dy+4 ,! decl9e socially & intellectually 0 ) ! ,*ri/ians z well z ! ,romans4 ,!re 0 good reason = x4 ,! times 7 out ( jo9t1 & almo/ ev]y?+ 0 disorganiz$1 worn out1 decad5t4 ,! milit>y life ( ! ,empire _h begun to give way to ! mona/ic & feudal life ( ! ,*ur*4 ,qu>rels & w>s betwe5 ! p[]s kept life at fev] heat4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury came ! inp\r+ ( ! ,go?s & ,huns1 & ) !m ! sack+ & plund] ( ! l&4 ,mis]y & squalor1 ) intellectual blackness1 succe$$4 ,art1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & le>n+ deg5]at$ to m]e %ad[s ( _! =m] selves1 & a semi-b>b>ism reign$ = five c5turies4 ,dur+ all ?is d>k p]iod ,*ri/ian pa9t+ /ruggl$ on 9 a feeble way1 seek+ to express itself4 ,x />t$ ,roman 9 =m1 me?od1 & ev51 at times1 9 subject2 x end$ ,*ri/ian1 b n )\t a long p]iod ( gradual transition1 dur+ :i* x 0 influ5c$ f _m s\rces & und]w5t _m *anges4 ,,art ,,motives3 ,z 9 ! anci5t _w1 !re 7 two pr9cipal motives = pa9t+ 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian times--religion & decoration4 ,religion 0 ! *ief motive1 b ,*ri/ianity 0 a v diff]5t religion f t ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! ,hell5i/ic fai? 0 a wor%ip ( nature1 a glorification ( humanity1 an exaltation ( physical & moral p]fections4 ,x dealt ) ! mat]ial & ! tangible1 & ,greek art appeal$ directly to ! s5su\s & e>?ly nature ( mank9d4 ,! ,hebraic fai? or ,*ri/ianity 0 j ! opposite ( ?is4 ,x decri$ ! human1 ! fle%1 & ! worldly4 ,x w\ld h no?+ to d ) ! beauty ( ?is e>?4 ,its hopes 7 c5tr$ ^u ! life h]eaft]4 ,! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ 0 ! humility & ! abasem5t ( ! human 9 favor ( ! spiritual & ! div9e4 ,:]e ,hell5ism appeal$ to ! s5ses1 ,hebraism appeal$ to ! _s4 ,9 art ! f9e a?letic figure1 or1 = t matt]1 any figure1 0 an abom9ation4 ,! e>ly ,*ur* fa!rs oppos$ x4 ,x 0 =bidd5 by ! ,mosaic decalogue & savor$ ( idolatry4 ,b :at %\ld take its place 9 art8 ,h[ c\ld ! new ,*ri/ian ideas be express$ )\t =m8 ,symbolism came 91 b x 0 insuffici5t4 ,a p>ty 9 ! ,*ur* rose up 9 favor ( m direct repres5tation4 ,art %\ld be us$ z an eng9e ( ! ,*ur* to tea* ! ,bible to ^? :o c\ld n read4 ,?is argum5t held good1 & not)/&+ ! opposition ( ! ,iconocla/ic p>ty pa9t+ grew 9 favor4 ,x l5t itself to tea*+ & came "u ecclesia/ical dom9ation4 ,z x left ! nature ( ! classic _w & loos5$ its grasp on ?+s tangible x became feeble & decrepit 9 its =m4 ,:ile x grew 9 s5tim5t & religi\s f]vor x lo/ 9 bodily vigor & te*nical ability4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,catacomb ,,fresco4 ,,crypt ,,( ,s4 ,,cecilia4 ,,?ird ,,c5tury4 ,= _m c5turies ! religi\s motive held /rong1 & art 0 ! s]vant ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x taught ! ,bible tru?s1 b x also embelli%$ & adorn$ ! int]iors ( ! *ur*es4 ,all ! frescos1 mosaics1 & alt>-pieces _h a decorative motive 9 _! color+ & sett+4 ,! *ur* build+ 0 a h\se ( refuge = ! oppress$1 & x 0 made attractive n only 9 its l9es & proportions b 9 its ornam5tation4 ,h5ce ! two motives ( ! e>ly "w--religi\s tea*+ & decoration4 ,,subjects ,,& ,,te*nical ,,me?ods3 ,!re 0 no di/9ct ,judaic or ,*ri/ian type us$ 9 ! v e>ly art4 ,! pa9t]s took _! models directly f ! ,roman frescos & m>bles4 ,x 0 ! classic figure & ! classic co/ume1 & ^? :o produc$ ! pa9t+ ( ! e>ly p]iod 7 ! deg5]ate pa9t]s ( ! classic _w4 ,! figure 0 r %ort & squat1 co>se 9 ! jo9ts1 h&s1 & feet1 & almo/ expressionless 9 ! face4 ,*ri/ian life at t "t 0 passion-/rung1 b ! faces 9 art d n %[ x1 = ! reason t ! ,roman frescos 7 ! pa9t]'s model1 n ! p ( ! ,*ri/ian community ab\t him4 ,!re 0 no?+ l a reali/ic pres5tation at ?is "t4 ,! type alone 0 giv54 ,9 ! draw+ x 0 n s good z t %[n 9 ! ,roman & ,pompeian frescos4 ,!re 0 a me*anism ab\t its production1 a copy+ by unskill$ h&s1 a neglig5ce or an ignorance ( =m t %[$ ev]y:]e4 ,! color+1 aga91 0 a conv5tional s*eme ( flat t9ts 9 r$di%-br[ns & blui%-gre5s1 ) heavy outl9e b&s ( br[n4 ,!re 0 little p]spective or backgr\nd1 & ! figures 9 panels 7 sep>at$ by v9es1 leaves1 or o!r ornam5tal division l9es4 ,"s relief 0 giv5 to ! figure by ! br[n outl9es4 ,light-&-%ade 0 n well r5d]$1 & composition 0 =mal4 ,! great "p ( ?is e>ly "w 0 done 9 fresco aft] ! ,roman =mula1 & 0 execut$ on ! walls ( ! ,catacombs4 ,o!r =ms ( art %[$ 9 ! gild$ glasses1 9 manuscript illum9ation1 &1 lat]1 9 ! mosaics4 ,te*nically ! "w beg9s to decl9e f ! beg9n+ 9 proportion z pa9t+ 0 remov$ f ! k ( ! anci5t _w4 ,ab\t ! fif? c5tury ! figure grew heavy & /iff4 ,a new type began to %[ itself4 ,! ,roman toga 0 ex*ang$ = ! long liturgical g>m5t :i* hid ! proportions ( ! body1 ! l9es grew h>d & d>k1 a gold5 nimbus appe>$ ab\t ! head1 & ! patri>*al 9 appe>ance came into art4 ,! y\?ful ,orphic face ( ,*ri/ *ang$ to a solemn visage1 ) l>ge1 r\nd eyes1 sa9t-l be>d1 & melan*oly air4 ,! classic qualities 7 fa/ disappe>+4 ,ea/]n types & elem5ts 7 be+ introduc$ ?r\gh ,byzantium4 ,ori5tal ornam5tation1 gold emboss+1 ri* color 7 do+ away ) =m1 p]spective1 light-&-%ade1 & backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,*ri/ ,,z ,,good ,,%eph]d4 ,,mosaic1 ,,rav5na1 ,,fif? ,,c5tury4 ,! color 0 ri* & ! me*anical workman%ip fair = ! "t1 b ! figure _h become p>alytic4 ,x %r\d$ itself 9 a sack-l brocad$ g[n1 _h no feet at times1 & in/ead ( /&+ on ! gr\nd hung 9 ! air4 ,facial expression ran to contort$ features1 hol9ess became moros5ess1 & sadness sulk9ess4 ,! fle% 0 br[n1 ! %ad[s gre5-t9t$1 giv+ an unheal?y look to ! faces4 ,add to ?is ! gold gr\nd 7a ,p]sian inh]itance71 ! gild$ high lights1 ! abs5ce ( p]spective1 & ! compos+ ( gr\ps s t ! figures look$ pil$ "o ^u ano!r in/ead ( rec$+1 & we h ! /yle ( pa9t+ t prevail$ 9 ,byzantium & ,italy f ab\t ! n9? to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,no?+ ( a te*nical nature 0 9 its favor except ! ri* color+ & ! me*anical adroitness ( ! fitt+4 ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,pa9t+3 ,! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian pa9t+ appe>$ on ! walls ( ! ,catacombs 9 ,rome4 ,^! 7 decorat$ ) panels & )9 ! panels 7 repres5tations ( trail+ v9es1 leaves1 fruits1 fl[]s1 ) birds & little g5ii or cupids4 ,x 0 pa9t+ simil> to ! ,roman "w1 & _h no ,*ri/ian significance ?\gh 9 a ,*ri/ian place4 ,n long aft]1 h[ev]1 ! desire to express some?+ ( ! fai? began to %[ itself 9 a symbolic way4 ,! cups & ! vases became m>k$ ) ! fi%1 because ! ,greek spell+ ( ! ^w ic?us gave ! initials ( ! ,*ri/ian confession ( fai?4 ,! pa9t+s ( ! %eph]d be>+ a %eep symboliz$ ,*ri/ & 8 flock2 ! an*or meant ! ,*ri/ian hope2 ! pho5ix immortality2 ! %ip ! ,*ur*2 ! cock wat*fulness1 & s on4 ,& at ?is "t ! decorations began to h a d\ble mean+4 ,! v9e came to repres5t ! ,i am ! v9e & ! birds grew long] w+s & became doves1 symboliz+ pure ,*ri/ian s\ls4 ,x has be5 said ?is =m ( art came ab\t ?r\gh fe> ( p]secution1 t ! ,*ri/ians hid _! ideas 9 symbols because op5 repres5tation w\ld be foll[$ by viol5ce & desecration4 ,su* 0 h>dly ! case4 ,! emp]ors p]secut$ ! liv+1 b ! dead & _! sepul*res 7 exempt f sacrilege by ,roman law4 ,!y probably us$ ! symbol because !y fe>$ ! ,roman figure & knew no o!r =m to take its place4 ,b symbolism did n supply ! popul> ne$2 x 0 impossible to orig9ate an entirely new figure2 s ! pa9t]s w5t back & borr[$ ! old ,roman =m4 ,*ri/ appe>$ z a be>dless y\? 9 ,phrygian co/ume1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y 0 a ,roman matron1 & ! ,apo/les look$ l ,roman s5ators we>+ ! toga4 ,classic /ory 0 also borr[$ to illu/rate ,bible tru?4 ,h]mes c>ry+ ! %eep 0 ! ,good ,%eph]d1 ,psy*e discov]+ ,cupid 0 ! curiosity ( ,eve1 ,ulysses clos+ 8 e>s to ! ,sir5s 0 ! ,*ri/ian resi/+ ! tempt]4 ,! pagan ,orpheus *>m+ ! animals ( ! wood 0 f9ally adopt$ z a symbol1 or p]haps an ideal lik5ess ( ,*ri/4 ,!n foll[$ m direct repres5tation 9 classic =m & mann]1 ! ,old ,te/am5t prefigur+ & emphasiz+ ! ,new4 ,jonah appe>$ ca/ into ! sea & ca/ by ! :ale on dry l& aga9 z a symbol ( ! ,new ,te/am5t resurrection1 & also z a repres5tation ( ! actual occurr5ce4 ,moses /rik+ ! rock symboliz$ life et]nal1 & ,david slay+ ,golia? 0 ,*ri/ victori\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,,*ri/ ,,& ,,sa9ts4 ,,fresco4 ,s4 ,,g5]osa1 ,,sev5? ,,c5tury 7874 ,! *ronology ( ! ,catacombs pa9t+ is v mu* mix$1 b x is q c]ta9 !re 0 deg5]acy f ! />t4 ,! cause 0 neglect ( =m1 neglect ( art z art1 me*anical copy+ in/ead ( nature /udy1 & f9ally1 ! pr$om9ance ( ! religi\s idea ov] ! =ms ( nature4 ,) ,con/ant9e ,*ri/ianity 0 recogniz$ z ! national religion4 ,*ri/ian art came out ( ! ,catacombs & began to %[ itself 9 illum9ations1 mosaics1 & *ur* decorations4 ,not)/&+ x 0 n[ free f re/ra9t x did n improve4 ,*ur* traditions prevail$1 s5tim5t bord]$ ^u s5tim5tality1 & ! te*nic ( pa9t+ pass$ f bad to worse4 ,! decl9e cont9u$ dur+ ! six? & sev5? c5turies1 ow+ some:at p]haps to ! influ5ce ( ,byzantium & ! introduction into ,italy ( ,ea/]n types & elem5ts4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury ! ,iconocla/ic controv]sy broke out aga9 9 fury ) ! edict ( ,leo ! ,isaurian4 ,?is controv]sy 0 a r5ewal ( ! old qu>rel 9 ! ,*ur* ab\t ! use ( pictures & images4 ,"s wi%$ !m = in/ruction 9 ! ,^w2 o!rs decri$ !m z lead+ to idolatry4 ,x 0 a long qu>rel ( ov] a hundr$ ye>s' duration1 & a deadly "o = art4 ,:5 x end$1 ! arti/s 7 ord]$ to foll[ ! traditions1 n to make any new creations1 & n to model any figure 9 ! r\nd4 ,! nature elem5t 9 art 0 q dead at t "t1 & ! ord] result$ only 9 div]t+ ! c\rse ( pa9t+ t[>d ! unre/rict$ m9iatures & manuscripts4 ,! native ,italian art 0 cru%$ = a "t by ?is new ecclesia/ical burd54 ,x did n entirely disappe>1 b x gave way to ! /rong]1 ?\gh equally re/rict$ art t _h be5 encroa*+ ^u x = a long "t--! art ( ,byzantium4 ,,byzant9e ,,pa9t+3 ,con/ant9ople 0 rebuilt & re*ri/5$ by ,con/ant9e1 a ,*ri/ian emp]or1 9 ! ye> #cbh ,a4,d4 ,x became a /ronghold ( ,*ri/ian traditions1 mann]s1 cu/oms1 art4 ,b x 0 n q ! same civilization z t ( ,rome & ! ,we/4 ,x 0 bord]$ on ! s\? & ea/ by ori5tal influ5ces1 & mu* ( ,ea/]n ?\ght1 me?od1 & glam\r f\nd its way into ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,! arti/s f\ght ?is influ5ce1 /ickl+ a long "t = ! sev]] classicism ( anci5t ,greece4 ,= :5 ,rome fell ! traditions ( ! ,old ,_w c5tr$ ar\nd ,con/ant9ople4 ,b classic =m 0 ev] be+ encroa*$ ^u by ori5tal ri*ness ( mat]ial & color4 ,! /ruggle 0 a long b hopeless "o4 ,z 9 ,italy1 =m fail$ c5tury by c5tury4 ,:51 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ! ,iconocla/ic controv]sy cut away ! little ,greek exi/+ 9 x1 ! ori5tal ornam5t 0 ab\t all t rema9$4 ,!re 0 no *ance = pa9t+ to rise "u ! prevail+ conditions4 ,free arti/ic creation 0 d5i$ ! arti/4 ,an advocate ( pa9t+ at ! ,second ,nic5e ,c\ncil decl>$ t3 ,x is n ! inv5tion ( ! pa9t] t creates ! picture1 b an inviolable law ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x is n ! pa9t] b ! holy fa!rs :o h to inv5t & dictate4 ,to !m manife/ly belongs ! composition1 to ! pa9t] only ! execution4 ,pa9t+ 0 9 a /rait-jacket4 ,x _h to foll[ prec$5t & copy :at _h gone be=e 9 old ,byzant9e patt]ns4 ,bo? 9 ,italy & 9 ,byzantium ! creative arti/ _h pass$ away 9 favor ( ! skill$ artisan--! repeat] ( "t-honor$ =ms or colors4 ,! workman%ip 0 good = ! "t1 & ! color+ & ornam5tal bord]s made a ri* sett+1 b ! real life ( art _h gone4 ,a long p]iod ( heavy1 morose1 almo/ =mless art1 eloqu5t ( m$iaeval d>kness & ignorance1 foll[$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,,ezekiel ,,be=e ,,! ,,"l4 ,,ms4 ,,illum9ation4 ,,p>is1 ,,n9? ,,c5tury4 ,x is /range t su* an art %\ld be adopt$ by =eign nations1 & yet x 04 ,its bloody crucifixions & morbid madonnas 7 well fitt$ to ! d>k view ( life held dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & its influ5ce 0 wide-spread & ( long duration4 ,x affect$ ,fr5* & ,g]man art1 x rul$ at ! ,nor?1 & 9 ! ,ea/ x lives ev5 to ?is day4 ,t x /rongly affect$ ,italy is a v app>5t fact4 ,j :5 x fir/ began to %[ its influ5ce !re is matt] ( dispute4 ,x probably ga9$ a foo?old at ,rav5na 9 ! six? c5tury1 :5 t prov9ce became a "p ( ! empire ( ,ju/9ian4 ,lat] x p]meat$ ,rome1 ,sicily1 & ,naples at ! s\?1 & ,v5ice at ! nor?4 ,) ! decl9e ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian art ( ,italy ?is ri*]1 & 9 _m ways m acceptable1 ,byzant9e art came 91 &1 ) ,italian modifications1 usurp$ ! field4 ,x did n lit]ally cru% out ! native ,italian art1 b practically x sup]s$$ x1 or held x 9 *eck1 f ! n9? to ! twelf? c5tury4 ,aft] t ! corrupt$ ,italian art once m came to ! front4 ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,& ,,byzant9e ,,rema9s3 ,! be/ examples ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian pa9t+ are /ill to be se5 9 ! ,catacombs at ,rome4 ,mosaics 9 ! e>ly *ur*es ( ,rome1 ,rav5na1 ,naples1 ,v5ice1 ,con/ant9ople4 ,sculptures1 ivories1 & glasses 9 ! ,lat]an1 ,rav5na1 & ,vatican museums4 ,illum9ations 9 ,vatican & ,p>is libr>ies4 ,almo/ all ! museums ( ,europe1 ^? ( ! ,vatican & ,naples p>ticul>ly1 h "s examples ( ,byzant9e "w4 ,! old] alt>-pieces ( ! e>ly ,italian *ur*es date back to ! m$iaeval p]iod & %[ ,byzant9e influ5ce4 ,! alt>-pieces ( ! ,greek & ,russian *ur*es %[ ! same influ5ce ev5 9 mod]n "w4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+4 ,,go?ic ,,p]iod4 #abej-adjj4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,z be=e1 ,burckh>dt1 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,ea/lake1 ,laf5e/re1 ,lanzi1 ,l9dsay1 ,reb]2 also ,burton1 ,catalogue ( ,pictures 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london 7unabridg$ edition72 ,c>ti]1 ,vie de ,fra ,angelico2 ,fo]/]1 ,leb5 und ,w]ke des ,fra ,angelico2 ,habi*1 ,vade ,mecum p\r la ,pe9ture ,itali5ne des ,anci5s ,maitres2 ,lacroix1 ,les ,arts au ,moy5-,age et a la ,epoque de la ,r5aissance2 ,mantz1 ,les ,*efs-d'oeuvre de la ,pe9ture ,itali5ne2 ,morelli1 ,italian ,ma/]s 9 ,g]man ,gall]ies2 ,morelli1 ,italian ,ma/]s1 ,critical ,/udies 9 _! ,works2 ,rumohr1 ,itali5is*e ,=s*ung52 ,sel9c\rt1 ,giotto2 ,/illman1 ,old ,italian ,ma/]s2 ,vas>i1 ,lives ( ! ,mo/ ,em95t ,pa9t]s2 consult also ,g5]al ,bibliography 7p4 xv74 ,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,awak5+3 ,x w\ld seem at fir/ z ?\gh no?+ b self-de/ruction c\ld come to t /ruggl+1 pray+1 ?roat-cutt+ population t t]roriz$ ,italy dur+ ! ,m$iaeval ,p]iod4 ,! p 7 ignorant1 ! rul]s trea*]\s1 ! passions /rong1 & yet out ( ! ,d>k ,ages came light4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! light grew bright]1 b ! int]nal diss5sions did n cease4 ,! ,hoh5/auf5 p[] 0 brok51 ! imp]ial rule 9 ,italy 0 cru%$4 ,pope & emp]or no long] w>r$ ea* o!r1 b ! cries ( ,guelf & ,ghibell9e _h n di$ out4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire ,romanesque & ,go?ic p]iods 7#ajjj-adjj7 ,italy 0 torn by political w>s1 ?\gh ! free cities1 ?r\gh _! leagues ( protection & _! comm]ce1 7 prosp]\s4 ,a comm]cial rivalry sprang up among ! cities4 ,trade ) ! ,ea/1 manufactures1 bank+1 all fl\ri%$2 & ev5 ! philosophies1 ) law1 sci5ce1 & lit]ature1 began to be /udi$4 ,! _s ( le>n+ %[$ itself 9 ! f\nd+ ( s*ools & univ]sities4 ,dante1 ,petr>*1 & ,boccaccio1 reflect+ respectively religion1 classic le>n+1 & ! incl9ation t[>d nature1 liv$ & gave indication ( ! tr5d ( ?\ght4 ,f9ally ! arts1 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 began to /ir & take ^u !mselves new appe>ances4 ,,subjects ,,& ,,me?ods3 ,9 pa9t+1 ?\gh !re 7 "s portraits & allegorical sc5es produc$ dur+ ! ,go?ic p]iod1 ! *ief !me 0 ,bible /ory4 ,! ,*ur* 0 ! patron1 & art 0 only ! s]vant1 z x _h be5 f ! beg9n+4 ,x 0 ! in/ructor & consol] ( ! fai?ful1 a means :]eby ! ,*ur* made conv]ts1 & an adornm5t ( wall & alt>4 ,x _h n entirely escap$ f symbolism4 ,x 0 /ill ! portrayal ( ?+s = :at !y meant1 r ?an = :at !y look$4 ,!re 0 no su* ?+ !n z art = art's sake4 ,x 0 art = religion's sake4 ,! dem& = pa9t+ increas$1 & its subjects multipli$ ) ! e/abli%m5t at ?is "t ( ! two p[]ful ord]s ( ,dom9ican & ,franciscan monks4 ,! fir/ exact$ f ! pa9t]s m le>n$ & in/ructive "w2 ! second wi%$ = ! crucifixions1 ! m>tyrdoms1 ! dramatic dea?s1 :]e) to move p by emotional appeal4 ,to (fset ?is ! ultra-religi\s "* ( pa9t+ 0 encroa*$ ^u some:at by ! gr[? ( ! pa9t]s' guilds1 & art production l>gely pass+ into ! h&s ( laym54 ,9 consequ5ce pa9t+ produc$ _m !mes1 b1 z yet1 only aft] ! ,byzant9e /yle4 ,! pa9t] 0 m ( a workman ?an an arti/4 ,! ,*ur* _h m use = 8 f+]s ?an = 8 creative ability4 ,x 0 8 bus9ess to transcribe :at _h gone be=e4 ,?is he did1 b n )\t signs "h & !re ( uneas9ess & discont5t ) ! patt]n4 ,!re 0 an incl9ation t[>d some?+ tru] to nature1 b1 z yet1 no great realization ( x4 ,! /udy ( nature came 9 v sl[ly1 & pa9t+ 0 n positive 9 /atem5t until ! "t ( ,giotto & ,lor5zetti4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,,giotto1 ,,flight ,,into ,,egypt4 ,,ar5a ,,*ap4 ,,padua4 ,! be/ pa9t+s dur+ ! ,go?ic p]iod 7 execut$ ^u ! walls ( ! *ur*es 9 fresco4 ,! prep>$ color 0 laid on wet pla/]1 & all[$ to soak 94 ,! small alt> & panel pictures 7 pa9t$ 9 di/emp]1 ! gold gr\nd & _m ,byzant9e features be+ reta9$ by mo/ ( ! pa9t]s1 ?\gh disc>d$ by "s few4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,type1 ,,etc43 ,! advance ( ,italian art 9 ! ,go?ic age 0 an advance ?r\gh ! developm5t ( ! impos$ ,byzant9e patt]n4 ,x 0 n a revolt or a />t+ out anew on a :olly orig9al pa?4 ,:5 p began to /ir intellectually ! arti/s f\nd t ! old ,byzant9e model did n look l nature4 ,!y began1 n by reject+ x1 b by improv+ x1 giv+ x slight movem5ts "h & !re1 turn+ ! head1 ?r[+ out a h&1 or %ift+ ! folds ( drap]y4 ,! ,ea/]n type 0 /ill se5 9 ! long pa!tic face1 oblique eyes1 gre5 fle% t9ts1 /iff robes1 ?9 f+]s1 & abs5ce ( feet2 b ! pa9t]s n[ began to modify & enliv5 x4 ,m reali/ic ,italian faces 7 introduc$1 ar*itectural & l&scape backgr\nds encroa*$ ^u ! ,byzant9e gold gr\nds1 ev5 portraiture 0 tak5 up4 ,?is looks v mu* l realism1 b we mu/ n lay too mu* /ress ^u x4 ,! pa9t]s 7 tak+ notes ( natural appe>ances4 ,x %[$ 9 features l ! h&s1 feet1 & drap]y2 b ! anatomy ( ! body _h n yet be5 /udi$1 & !re is no reason to believe _! /udy ( ! face 0 m ?an casual1 nor _! portraits m ?an records f memory4 ,no "o pa9t] began ?is movem5t4 ,! :ole arti/ic region ( ,italy 0 at t "t ready = ! advance4 ,t all ! pa9t]s mov$ at ab\t ! same pace1 & cont9u$ to move at t pace d[n to ! fifte5? c5tury1 t !y all bas$ !mselves ^u ,byzant9e tea*+1 & t !y all _h a simil> /yle ( work+ is prov$ by ! great difficulty 9 attribut+ _! exi/+ pictures to c]ta9 ma/]s1 or ev5 c]ta9 s*ools4 ,!re are pl5ty ( pictures 9 ,italy to-day t might be attribut$ to ei!r ,flor5ce or ,si5na1 ,giotto or ,lor5zetti1 or "s o!r ma/]2 because ?\gh ea* ma/] & ea* s*ool _h slight peculi>ities1 yet !y all _h a common orig9 9 ! art traditions ( ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,orcagna1 ,,p>adise 7,,detail74 ,s4 ,m4 ,,novella1 ,,flor5ce4 ,,flor5t9e ,,s*ool3 ,cimabue 7#abdj8-acjb87 seems ! mo/ notable in/ance 9 e>ly times ( a ,byzant9e-educat$ pa9t] :o improv$ ^u ! traditions4 ,he has be5 call$ ! fa!r ( ,italian pa9t+1 b ,italian pa9t+ _h no fa!r4 ,cimabue 0 simply a man ( m orig9ality & ability ?an 8 contempor>ies1 & dep>t$ fur!r f ! art tea*+s ( ! "t )\t decid$ly oppos+ !m4 ,he reta9$ ! ,byzant9e patt]n1 b loos5$ ! l9es ( drap]y some:at1 turn$ ! head to "o side1 infus$ ! figure ) a little appe>ance ( life4 ,8 contempor>ies else:]e 9 ,italy 7 do+ ! same ?+1 & none ( !m 0 any m ?an a l9k 9 ! progressive *a94 ,cimabue's pupil1 ,giotto 7#abff8-accg71 0 a great improv] on all 8 pr$ecessors because he 0 a man ( extraord9>y g5ius4 ,he w\ld h be5 great 9 any "t1 & yet he 0 n great en\gh to ?r[ (f :olly ! ,byzant9e traditions4 ,he tri$ to d x4 ,he /udi$ nature 9 a g5]al way1 *ang$ ! type ( face some:at by mak+ ! jaw squ>]1 & gave x expression & nobility4 ,to ! figure he gave m motion1 dramatic ge/ure1 life4 ,! drap]y 0 ca/ 9 broad]1 simpl] masses1 ) "s reg>d = l9e1 & ! =m & movem5t ( ! body 7 some:at emphasiz$ ?r\gh x4 ,9 me?ods ,giotto 0 m kn[+1 b n ess5tially diff]5t f 8 contempor>ies2 8 subjects 7 f ! common /ock ( religi\s /ory2 b 8 imag9ative =ce & inv5tion 7 8 own4 ,b\nd by ! conv5tionalities ( 8 "t he c\ld /ill create a "w ( nobility & p[]4 ,he came too e>ly = ! highe/ a*ievem5t4 ,he _h g5ius1 feel+1 fancy1 almo/ ev]y?+ except accurate k ( ! laws ( nature & art4 ,8 art 0 ! be/ ( its "t1 b x /ill lack$1 nor did t ( 8 imm$iate foll[]s g mu* beyond x te*nically4 ,taddeo ,gaddi 7#acjj8-acff87 0 ,giotto's *ief pupil1 a pa9t] ( mu* feel+1 b lack+ 9 ! l>ge elem5ts ( con/ruction & 9 ! dramatic =ce ( 8 ma/]4 ,agnolo ,gaddi 7#accc8-acif871 ,antonio ,v5eziano 7#acab8-achh871 ,giovanni da ,milano 7fl4 #acff71 ,&rea da ,fir5ze 7fl4 #acgg71 7 all foll[]s ( ! ,giotto me?ods1 & 7 s simil> 9 _! /yles t _! works are (t5 confus$ & errone\sly attribut$4 ,giott9o 7#acbd8-aceg87 0 a suppos$ imitator ( ,giotto1 ( :om little is kn[n4 ,orcagna 7#acbi8-acgf87 /ill fur!r advanc$ ! ,giottesque type & me?od4 ,he ga!r$ up & unit$ 9 himself all ! art tea*+s ( 8 "t4 ,9 work+ out problems ( =m & 9 delicacy & *>m ( expression he w5t beyond 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he 0 a _m-sid$ g5ius1 kn[+ n only 9 a matt] ( natural appe>ance1 b 9 color problems1 9 p]spective1 %ad[s1 & light4 ,8 art 0 fur!r along t[>d ! ,r5aissance ?an t ( any o!r ,giottesque4 ,he almo/ *ang$ ! "* ( pa9t+1 & yet did n live ne> en\gh to ! fifte5? c5tury to accompli% x completely4 ,sp9ello ,aret9o 7#accb8-adaj87 0 ! la/ ( ! great ,giotto foll[]s4 ,he c>ri$ out ! tea*+s ( ! s*ool 9 te*nical features1 su* z composition1 draw+1 & relief by color r ?an by light1 b he lack$ ! creative p[] ( ,giotto4 ,9 fact1 none ( ! ,giottesque c be said to h improv$ ^u ! ma/]1 tak+ him z a :ole4 ,t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! s*ool r decl9$4 ,,si5nese ,,s*ool3 ,! art tea*+s & traditions ( ! pa/ seem$ deep] root$ at ,si5na ?an at ,flor5ce4 ,nor 0 !re s mu* attempt to %ake !m (f z at ,flor5ce4 ,giotto broke ! immobility ( ! ,byzant9e model by %[+ ! drap$ figure 9 action4 ,s also did ! ,si5nese to "s ext5t1 b !y c>$ m = ! expression ( ! spiritual ?an ! beauty ( ! natural4 ,! ,flor5t9es 7 robu/1 resolute1 ev5 a little co>se at times2 ! ,si5nese 7 m ref9$ & s5tim5tal4 ,_! fancy ran to sweetness ( face r ?an to bodily vigor4 ,aga91 _! art 0 m ornate1 ri*] 9 co/ume1 color1 & detail ?an ,flor5t9e art2 b x 0 also m f9ical & n>r[ 9 scope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,a4 ,,lor5zetti4 ,,peace 7,,detail74 ,,t[n-,,hall1 ,,si5na4 ,!re 0 little advance ^u ,byzant9ism 9 ! "w ( ,guido da ,si5na 7fl4 #abge74 ,ev5 ,duccio 7#abfj8----871 ! real f\nd] ( ! ,si5nese s*ool1 reta9$ ,byzant9e me?ods & adopt$ ! s*ool subjects1 b he p]fect$ details ( =m1 su* z ! h&s & feet1 & :ile reta9+ ! long ,byzant9e face1 gave x a melan*oly t5d]ness ( expression4 ,he possess$ no dramatic =ce1 b _h a ref9$ workman%ip = 8 "t--a workman%ip p]haps bett]1 all told1 ?an t ( 8 ,flor5t9e contempor>y1 ,cimabue4 ,simone di ,m>t9o 7#abhc8-acdd87 *ang$ ! type some:at by r\nd+ ! =m4 ,8 draw+ 0 n always correct1 b 9 color he 0 good & 9 detail exact & m9ute4 ,he probably pr(it$ some:at by ! example ( ,giotto4 ,! ,si5nese :o came ! ne>e/ to ,giotto's excell5ce 7 ! bro!rs ,ambrogio 7fl4 #acdb7 & ,pietro 7fl4 #acej7 ,lor5zetti4 ,!re is little kn[n ab\t !m except t !y work$ toge!r 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! mo/ ( _! "w has p]i%$1 b :at rema9s %[s an intellectual grasp equal to any ( ! age4 ,! ,si5na frescos by ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti are /rong 9 facial "*1 & "s ( ! figures1 l t ( ! :ite-rob$ ,peace1 are beautiful 9 _! fl[ ( l9e4 ,lippo ,memmi 78-#acef71 ,b>tolo di ,fr$i 7#accj-adaj71 & ,taddeo di ,b>tolo 7#acfb-adbb71 7 o!r pa9t]s ( ! s*ool4 ,! late m5 r c>ri$ detail to excess1 & ! s*ool grew conv5tional in/ead ( advanc+4 ,,transition ,,pa9t]s3 ,sev]al pa9t]s1 ,/>n9a 7#aced-adac71 ,g5tile da ,fabriano 7#acfj8-addj871 ,fra ,angelico 7#achg-adee71 h be5 put d[n 9 art hi/ory z ! mak]s ( ! transition f ,go?ic to ,r5aissance pa9t+4 ,!y h>dly des]ve ! title4 ,!re 0 no transition4 ,! developm5t w5t on1 & ^! pa9t]s1 com+ late 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury & liv+ into ! fifte5?1 simply %[$ ! *ang+ /yle1 ! advance 9 ! /udy ( nature & ! te*nic ( art4 ,/>n9a's "w gave /rong evid5ce ( ! /udy ( =m1 b x 0 no su* "w z ,masaccio's4 ,!re is always a little ( ! pa/ 9 ! pres5t1 & ^! pa9t]s %[$ traces ( ,byzant9ism 9 details ( ! face & figure1 9 color+1 & 9 gold emboss+4 ,g5tile _h all t nicety ( f9i% & ri*ness ( detail & color *>act]i/ic ( ! ,si5nese4 ,be+ clos] to ! ,r5aissance ?an 8 pr$ecessors he 0 m ( a nature /ud5t4 ,he 0 ! fir/ man to %[ ! effect ( sunlight 9 l&scape1 ! fir/ "o to put a gold sun 9 ! sky4 ,he nev]1 h[ev]1 outgrew ,go?ic me?ods & really belongs 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,?is is true ( ,fra ,angelico4 ,?\gh he liv$ f> into ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance he did n *ange 8 /yle & mann] ( "w 9 con=mity ) ! "w ( o!rs ab\t him4 ,he 0 ! la/ inh]itor ( ! ,giottesque traditions4 ,religi\s s5tim5t 0 ! /rong feature ( 8 art4 ,he 0 beh9d ,giotto & ,lor5zetti 9 p[] & 9 imag9ation1 & beh9d ,orcagna z a pa9t]4 ,he knew little ( light1 %ade1 p]spective1 & color1 & 9 *>act]ization 0 feeble1 except 9 "s late "w4 ,"o face or type answ]$ him = all classes ( p--a sweet1 fair face1 full ( div9e t5d]ness4 ,8 art _h en\gh nature 9 x to express 8 mean+s1 b little m4 ,he 0 pre-em95tly a dev\t pa9t]1 & really ! la/ ( ! great religioni/s 9 pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,,fra ,,angelico4 ,,angel 7,,detail74 ,,uffizi4 ,! o!r regions ( ,italy _h n at ?is "t develop$ s*ools ( pa9t+ ( suffici5t consequ5ce to m5tion4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,,flor5t9es--,cimabue1 ,madonnas ,s4 ,m4 ,novella & ,acad4 ,flor5ce1 frescos ,upp] ,*ur* ( ,assisi 7872 ,giotto1 frescos ,upp] & ,l[] *ur*es ,assisi1 be/ "w ,ar5a *apel ,padua1 ,b>di & ,p]uzzi *apels ,s4 ,croce1 injur$ frescos ,b>gello ,flor5ce2 ,taddeo ,gaddi1 frescos entrance wall ,b>oncelli *apel ,s4 ,croce1 ,spani% *apel ,s4 ,m4 ,novella 7design$ by ,gaddi 78772 ,agnolo ,gaddi frescos 9 *oir ,s4 ,croce1 ,s4 ,jacopo tra ,fossi ,flor5ce1 panel pictures ,flor5ce ,acad42 ,giovanni da ,milano1 ,bewail+ ( ,*ri/ ,flor5ce ,acad41 ,virg9 en?ron$ ,prato ,gal41 alt>-piece ,uffizi ,gal41 frescos ,s4 ,croce ,flor5ce2 ,antonio ,v5eziano1 frescos 9 ceil+ ( ,spani% *apel1 ,s4 ,m4 ,novella1 ,campo ,santo ,pisa2 ,orcagna1 alt>-piece ,la/ ,judgm5t & ,p>adise ,/rozzi *apel ,s4 ,m4 ,novella1 ,s4 ,z5obio ,duomo1 ,sa9ts ,m$ici *apel ,s4 ,croce1 ,desc5t ( ,holy ,_s ,badia ,flor5ce1 alt>-piece ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,sp9ello ,aret9o1 ,life ( ,/4 ,b5$ict ,s4 ,m9iato al ,monte ne> ,flor5ce1 ,annunciation ,conv5t degl' ,innoc5ti ,arezzo1 frescos ,campo ,santo ,pisa1 ,coronation ,flor5ce ,acad41 ,b>b>ossa frescos ,palazzo ,publico ,si5na2 ,&rea da ,fir5ze1 ,*ur* ,militant1 ,calv>y1 ,crucifixion ,spani% *apel1 ,upp] s]ies ( ,life ( ,s4 ,rani]a ,campo ,santo ,pisa4 ,,si5nese--,guido da ,si5na1 ,madonna ,s4 ,dom5ico ,si5na2 ,duccio1 panels ,duomo & ,acad4 ,si5na1 ,madonna ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,simone di ,m>t9o1 frescos ,palazzo ,pubblico1 ,si5na1 alt>-piece & panels ,sem9>io ,vescovile1 ,pisa ,gal41 alt>-piece & ,madonna ,op]a del ,duomo ,orvieto2 ,lippo ,memmi1 frescos ,palazzo del ,pode/a ,s4 ,gemignano1 ,annunciation ,uffizi ,flor5ce2 ,b>tolo di ,fr$i1 alt>-pieces ,acad4 ,si5na1 ,s4 ,francesco ,montalc9o2 ,taddeo di ,b>tolo1 ,palazzo ,pubblico ,si5na1 ,duomo1 ,s4 ,gemignano1 ,s4 ,francesco ,pisa2 ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti1 frescos ,palazzo ,pubblico ,si5na1 ,triumph ( ,dea? 7) ,pietro ,lor5zetti7 ,campo ,santo ,pisa1 ,/4 ,francis frescos ,l[] ,*ur* ,assisi1 ,s4 ,francesco & ,s4 ,ago/9o ,si5na1 ,annunciation ,si5na ,acad41 ,pres5tation ,flor5ce ,acad42 ,pietro ,lor5zetti1 ,virg9 ,s4 ,ansano1 alt>-pieces ,duomo ,si5na1 ,p>i% ,*ur* ( ,arezzo 7work$ ) 8 bro!r ,ambrogio74 ,,transition ,,pa9t]s3 ,/>n9a1 frescos ,duomo ,prato 7complet$ by pupil72 ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 ,adoration ,flor5ce ,acad41 ,coronation ,br]a ,milan1 ,madonna ,duomo ,orvieto2 ,fra ,angelico1 ,coronation & _m small panels ,uffizi1 _m pieces ,life ( ,*ri/ ,flor5ce ,acad41 o!r pieces ,s4 ,m>co ,flor5ce1 ,la/ ,judgm5t ,duomo1 ,orvieto4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+4 ,,e>ly ,,r5aissance4 #adjj-aejj4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,z be=e1 ,burckh>dt1 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,ea/lake1 ,laf5e/re1 ,lanzi1 ,habi*1 ,lacroix1 ,mantz1 ,morelli1 ,burton1 ,rumohr1 ,/illman1 ,vas>i2 also ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,nor? ,italy2 ,b]5son1 ,flor5t9e ,pa9t]s ( ,r5aissance2 ,b]5son1 ,v5etian ,pa9t]s ( ,r5aissance2 ,b]5son1 ,c5tral ,italian ,pa9t]s ( ,r5aissance2 ,/udy & ,criticism ( ,italian ,art2 ,bos*9i1 ,la ,c>ta del ,naveg>2 ,calvi1 ,memorie della ,vita ed op]e di ,francesco ,raibol9i2 ,cibo1 ,niccolo ,alunno e la scuola ,umbra2 ,citadella1 ,notizie relative a ,f]r>a2 ,cruttwell1 ,v]roc*io2 ,cruttwell1 ,pollaiuolo2 ,morelli1 ,anonimo1 ,notizie2 ,mezzanotte1 ,comm5t>io della ,vita di ,pietro ,vanucci2 ,mundl]1 ,essai d'une ,analyse critique de la ,notice des tableaux ,itali5s au ,l\vre2 ,muntz1 ,les ,precurseurs de la ,r5aissance2 ,muntz1 ,la ,r5aissance en ,italie et en ,france2 ,pat*1 ,life ( ,masaccio2 ,hill1 ,pisanello1 ,publications ( ! ,arundel ,society2 ,ri*t]1 ,italian ,art 9 ,national ,gall]y1 ,london2 ,ridolfi1 ,le ,m]aviglie dell' ,arte2 ,ros9i1 ,/oria della ,pittura ,italiana2 ,s*naase1 ,ges*i*te d] bild5d5 ,kun/e2 ,symonds1 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy--! ,f9e ,arts2 ,vis*]1 ,lucas ,signorelli und die ,itali5is*e ,r5aissance2 ,waag51 ,art ,treasures2 ,waag51 ,&rea ,mantegna und ,luca ,signorelli 79 ,raum]'s ,tas*5bu*1 7#ahej772 ,zanetti1 ,della ,pittura ,v5eziana4 ,,! ,,italian ,,m9d3 ,!re is no way ( expla9+ ! ,italian fondness = =m & color o!r ?an by consid]+ ! necessities ( ! p & ! arti/ic "* ( ! ,italian m9d4 ,art 9 all its phases 0 n only an adornm5t b a necessity ( ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,! ,*ur* taught p by sculpture1 mosaic1 m9iature1 & fresco4 ,x 0 an object-tea*+1 a grasp+ ( ideas by =ms se5 9 ! m9d1 n a pres5t+ ( ab/ract ideas z 9 lit]ature4 ,pr9t+ 0 n kn[n4 ,!re 7 few manuscripts1 & ! majority ( p c\ld n read4 ,ideas came to !m = c5turies ?r\gh =m & color1 until at la/ ! ,italian m9d took on a pla/ic & pictorial "*4 ,x saw ?+s 9 symbolic figures1 & :5 ! ,r5aissance came & art took ! lead z "o ( its /ronge/ expressions1 pa9t+ 0 b ! color-?\ght & =m-language ( ! p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,,fra ,,filippo4 ,,madonna4 ,,uffizi4 ,& ^! p1 by reason ( _! peculi> education1 7 an exact+ p1 kn[+ :at 0 good & dem&+ x f ! arti/s4 ,e ,italian 01 9 a way1 an art critic1 because e *ur* 9 ,italy 0 an art s*ool4 ,! arti/s may h l$ ! p1 b ! p spurr$ on ! arti/s1 & s ! ,italian m9d w5t on develop+ & unfold+ until at la/ x produc$ ! great art ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,,! ,,awak5+3 ,! ,italian civilization ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 made up ( _m impulses & incl9ations1 none ( !m v /rongly def9$4 ,!re 0 a feel+ ab\t 9 ! d>k1 a grop+ t[>d ! light1 b ! lead]s /umbl$ (t5 on ! road4 ,!re 0 good reason = x4 ,! k ( ! anci5t _w lay buri$ "u ! ru9s ( ,rome4 ,! ,italians _h to le>n x all ov] aga91 almo/ )\t a prec$5t1 almo/ )\t a preceptor4 ,) ! fifte5? c5tury ! horizon began to bright54 ,! ,e>ly ,r5aissance 0 begun4 ,x 0 n a revolt1 a reaction1 or a />t+ out on a new pa?4 ,x 0 a developm5t ( ! ,go?ic p]iod2 & ! ?ree incl9ations ( ! ,go?ic p]iod--religion1 ! desire = classic k1 & ! /udy ( nature--7 c>ri$ into ! art ( ! "t ) great] realization4 ,! inf]5ce mu/ n be made t because nature & ! antique came to be /udi$ 9 ,e>ly ,r5aissance times t !re=e religion 0 neglect$4 ,x 0 n4 ,x /ill held /rong1 & ?\gh ) ! ,r5aissance !re came ab\t a /range m+l+ ( crime & corruption1 ae/heticism & immorality1 yet ! ,*ur* 0 nev] ab&on$ = an h\r4 ,:5 enlight5m5t came1 p began to d\bt ! spiritual p[] ( ! ,papacy4 ,!y did n cr+e to x s s]vilely z be=e4 ,religion 0 n viol5tly embrac$ z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 b !re 0 no revolt4 ,! ,*ur* held ! p[] & 0 /ill ! patron ( art4 ,! pa9t]'s subjects ext5d$ ov] nature1 ! antique1 ! fable1 allegory1 hi/ory1 portraiture2 b ! religi\s subject 0 n neglect$4 ,fully ?ree-qu>t]s ( all ! fifte5?-c5tury pa9t+ 0 done = ! ,*ur*1 at h] comm&1 & = h] purposes4 ,b art 0 n s :olly pieti/ic z 9 ! ,go?ic age4 ,! /udy ( nature & ! antique mat]ializ$ pa9t+ some:at4 ,! outside _w drew ! pa9t]'s eyes1 & ! beauty ( ! religi\s subject & its s5tim5t 7 some:at slurr$ = ! beauty ( natural appe>ances4 ,!re 0 "s loss ( religi\s p[]1 b religion _h mu* to lose4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury x 0 /ill dom9ant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,,botticelli4 ,,coronation ,,( ,,madonna4 ,,uffizi4 ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,antique ,,& ,,nature3 ,! revival ( antique le>n+ came ab\t 9 real e>ne/ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! s*ol>s set !mselves ! task ( re/or+ ! polite le>n+ ( anci5t ,greece1 /udy+ co9s & m>bles1 collect+ manuscripts1 f\nd+ libr>ies & s*ools ( philosophy4 ,! weal?y nobles1 ,palla ,/rozzi1 ! ,albizzi1 ! ,m$ici1 & ! ,dukes ( ,urb9o1 enc\rag$ x4 ,9 #addj ! ,greek 0 taught 9 five cities4 ,imm$iately aft]w>d1 ) ,con/ant9ople fall+ into ! h&s ( ! ,turks1 came an influx ( ,greek s*ol>s into ,italy4 ,!n foll[$ ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! age ( discov]y on l& & sea4 ,n ! antique alone b ! natural 7 be+ pri$ into by ! _s ( inquiry4 ,botany1 geology1 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 m$ic9e1 anatomy1 law1 lit]ature--no?+ seem$ to escape ! ke5 eye ( ! "t4 ,k 0 be+ accumulat$ f e s\rce1 & ! arts 7 all reflect+ x4 ,! influ5ce ( ! newly discov]$ classic m>bles ^u pa9t+ 0 n s great z is usually suppos$4 ,! pa9t]s /udi$ !m1 b did n imitate !m4 ,occasionally 9 su* m5 z ,botticelli & ,mantegna we see a foll[+ ( sculpturesque example--a tak+ ( details & ev5 ( :ole figures--b ! g5]al effect ( ! antique m>bles 0 to impress ! pa9t]s ) ! idea t nature 0 at ! bottom ( x all4 ,!y turn$ to ! e>? n only to /udy =m & feature1 b to le>n p]spective1 light1 %ad[1 color--9 %ort1 ! te*nical features ( art4 ,true1 religion 0 ! *ief subject1 b nature & ! antique 7 us$ to give x sett+4 ,all ! fifte5?-c5tury pa9t+ %[s nature /udy1 =ce1 "*1 s9c]ity2 b x does n %[ elegance1 grace1 or ! full complem5t ( color4 ,! ,e>ly ,r5aissance 0 ! promise ( great ?+s2 ! ,high ,r5aissance 0 ! fulfilm5t4 ,,flor5t9e ,,s*ool3 ,! ,flor5t9es 7 draughtsm5 m ?an colori/s4 ,! *ief m$ium 0 fresco on ! walls ( build+s1 & ar*itectural necessities (t5 dictat$ ! =m ( compositions4 ,di/emp] 9 easel pictures 0 likewise us$1 & oil-pa9t+1 ?\gh kn[n1 0 n ext5sively employ$ until ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury4 ,9 te*nical k & intellectual grasp ,flor5ce 0 at ?is "t ! lead] & drew to h] _m arti/s f neighbor+ s*ools4 ,masaccio 7#adja8-adbh87 0 ! fir/ great nature /ud5t ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance1 ?\gh 8 ma/]1 ,masol9o 7#achc-addg71 _h giv5 pro( positive ( sev]e nature /udy 9 bits ( modell+1 9 drap]y1 & 9 portrait heads4 ,masaccio1 h[ev]1 seems ! fir/ to h gone into x ?or\ghly & to h grasp$ nature z a :ole4 ,8 ma/]y ( =m1 8 pla/ic composition1 8 free1 broad folds ( drap]y1 & 8 k ( light & p]spective1 all plac$ him 9 ! front rank ( fifte5?-c5tury pa9t]s4 ,?\gh an exact /ud5t he 0 n a lit]ali/4 ,he _h a l>ge arti/ic s5se1 a bread? ( view1 & a compreh5sion ( nature z a mass t ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael did n disda9 to foll[4 ,he 0 n a pieti/1 & !re 0 no great religi\s feel+ 9 8 "w4 ,dignifi$ tru?ful appe>ance 0 8 cre$1 & 9 ?is he 0 possibly influ5c$ by ,donatello ! sculptor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,,ghirl&ajo4 ,,! ,,visitation4 ,,l\vre4 ,he came e>ly 9 ! c5tury & di$ e>ly1 b 8 contempor>ies did n cont9ue ! advance f :]e he c>ri$ x4 ,!re 0 wav]+ all along ! l9e4 ,"s f lack ( g5ius c\ld n equal him1 o!rs took up nature ) indecision1 & o!rs clung fondly to ! gold-emboss$ ornam5ts & gild$ halos ( ! pa/4 ,paolo ,uccello 7#acig8-adge71 ,&rea ,ca/agno 7#acij-adeg71 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli 7#adbj8-adig871 ,baldov9etti 7#adbg-adii71 ,antonio del ,pollajuolo 7#adbf-adih71 ,cosimo ,rosselli 7#adci-aejg71 c h>dly be look$ ^u z improvem5ts ^u ! "y lead]4 ,! fir/ real successor ( ,masaccio 0 8 contempor>y1 & possibly 8 pupil1 ! monk ,fra ,filippo ,lippi 7#adjf-adfi74 ,he 0 a ma/] ( color & light-&-%ade = 8 "t1 ?\gh 9 composition & comm& ( l9e he did n rea* up to ,masaccio4 ,he 0 among ! fir/ ( ! pa9t]s to take ! individual faces ( ^? ab\t him z models = 8 sacr$ *>act]s1 & clo! !m 9 contempor>y co/ume4 ,piety is n v pron\nc$ 9 any ( 8 works1 ?\gh he is n )\t imag9ation & feel+1 & !re is 9 8 wom5 a *>m ( sweetness4 ,8 t5d5cy 0 to mat]ialize ! sacr$ *>act]s4 ,) ,filipp9o 7#adeg8-aejd71 ,botticelli 7#addf-aeaj71 & ,ghirl&ajo 7#addi-adid7 we f9d a degree ( imag9ation1 culture1 & indep5d5ce n surpass$ by any ( ! ,e>ly ,flor5t9es4 ,filipp9o modell$ 8 art ^u t ( 8 fa!r1 ,fra ,filippo1 & 0 influ5c$ by ,botticelli4 ,he 0 ! weake/ ( ! trio1 )\t be+ by any means a weak man4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 an arti/ ( f9e ability1 mu* *>m & t5d]ness1 & consid]able /yle1 b n a great deal ( orig9al =ce1 ?\gh occasionally do+ =ceful ?+s4 ,purity 9 8 type & graceful s5tim5t 9 pose & feature seem m *>act]i/ic ( 8 "w4 ,botticelli1 ev51 0 n s rem>kable = 8 /r5g? z = 8 culture1 & an individual way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,fra ,filippo1 a man imbu$ ) ! religi\s feel+ ( ,dante & ,savon>ola1 a le>n$ /ud5t ( ! antique & "o ( ! fir/ to take subjects f x1 a sev]e nature /ud5t1 & a pa9t] ( mu* te*nical skill4 ,religion1 classicism1 & nature all met 9 8 "w1 b ! m+l+ 0 n p]fect4 ,religi\s feel+ & melan*oly w>p$ x4 ,8 will[y figures1 delicate & ref9$ 9 draw+1 are m passionate ?an p[]ful1 m individual ?an compreh5sive1 b !y are nev]!less v attractive 9 _! t5d]ness & grace4 ,)\t be+ s orig9al or s attractive an arti/ z ,botticelli1 8 contempor>y1 ,ghirl&ajo1 0 a /rong] "o4 ,8 /r5g? came m f assimilation ?an f inv5tion4 ,he comb9$ 9 8 "w all ! art le>n+ ( 8 "t4 ,he drew well1 h&l$ drap]y simply & beautifully1 0 a good compos]1 &1 = ,flor5ce1 a good colori/4 ,9 addition1 8 temp]am5t 0 robu/1 8 /yle dignifi$1 ev5 gr&1 & 8 execution wond]fully free4 ,he 0 ! mo/ important ( ! fifte5?-c5tury te*nicians1 )\t hav+ any peculi> di/9ction or orig9ality1 & 9 spite ( be+ r prosaic at times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,,francesca4 ,,duke ,,( ,,urb9o4 ,,uffizi4 ,v]roc*io 7#adce-adhh7 0 m ( a sculptor ?an a pa9t]1 b 9 8 /udio 7 ?ree celebrat$ pupils--,p]ug9o1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & ,lor5zo di ,cr$i--:o 7 half-way betwe5 ! ,e>ly & ! ,high ,r5aissance4 ,only "o ( !m1 ,leon>do1 c be class$ among ! ,high ,r5aissance m54 ,p]ug9o belongs to ! ,umbrian s*ool1 & ,lor5zo di ,cr$i 7#adej-aecg71 ?\gh ,flor5t9e1 nev] outgrew ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 a pure pa9t]1 ) mu* feel+1 b weak at times4 ,8 draw+ 0 good1 b 8 pa9t+ lack$ =ce1 & he 0 too pallid 9 fle% color4 ,!re is mu* detail1 /udy1 & consid]able grace ab\t 8 "w1 b little ( /r5g?4 ,pi]o di ,cosimo 7#adfb-aeba7 0 fond ( my?ological & classical /udies1 0 some:at fanta/ic 9 composition1 pleasant 9 color1 & r di/+ui%$ 9 l&scape backgr\nds4 ,8 "w /rikes "o z ecc5tric1 & ecc5tricity 0 ! /rong *>act]i/ic ( ! man4 ,,umbrian ,,& ,,p]ugian ,,s*ools3 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! old ,si5nese s*ool f\nd$ by ,duccio & ! ,lor5zetti 0 9 a /ate ( decl9e4 ,x _h be5 rem>kable = int5se s5tim5t1 & j :at effect ?is s5tim5t ( ! old ,si5nese s*ool _h ^u ! pa9t]s ( ! neighbor+ ,umbrian s*ool ( ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury is a matt] ( speculation ) hi/orians4 ,x mu/ h _h "s1 ?\gh ! e>ly pa9t]s1 l ,ottaviano ,nelli1 d n %[ x4 ,t :i* aft]w>d became kn[n z ! ,umbrian s5tim5t probably fir/ appe>$ 9 ! "w ( ,niccolo da ,foligno 7#adcj8-aejb71 :o 0 probably a pupil ( ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 :o 01 9 turn1 a pupil ( ,fra ,angelico4 ,t w\ld indicate ,flor5t9e influ5ce1 b !re 7 _m influ5ces at "w 9 ?is upp]-valley c\ntry4 ,s5tim5t _h be5 preval5t en\gh all ?r\gh ,c5tral ,italian pa9t+ dur+ ! ,go?ic age--m s at ,si5na ?an else:]e4 ,) ! ,r5aissance ,flor5ce r =sook s5tim5t = precision ( =ms & equilibrium ( gr\ps2 b ! ,umbrian t[ns be+ m prov9cial1 held fa/ to _! s5tim5t1 _! detail1 & _! gold ornam5tation4 ,_! influ5ce ^u ,flor5ce 0 slight1 b ! influ5ce ( ,flor5ce ^u !m 0 consid]able4 ,! l>g] city drew ! prov9cials its way to le>n ! new me?ods4 ,! result 0 a gr\p ( ,umbro-,flor5t9e pa9t]s1 comb9+ "s up-c\ntry s5tim5t ) ,flor5t9e te*nic4 ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 ,niccolo da ,foligno1 ,bonfiglio 7#adbe8-adif871 & ,fior5zo di ,lor5zo 7#addd8-aebj7 7 ( ?is mix$ "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,signorelli4 ,,! ,,curse 7,,detail74 ,,orvieto4 ,! mo/ positive 9 me?ods among ! e>ly m5 0 ,pi]o della ,francesca 7#adbj8-adib74 ,umbrian born1 b ,flor5t9e tra9$1 he became m sci5tific ?an s5tim5tal1 & excell$ z a craftsman4 ,he knew draw+1 p]spective1 atmosph]e1 light-&-%ade 9 a way t r =e%ad[$ ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,f work+ 9 ! ,umbrian c\ntry 8 influ5ce ^u 8 fell[-,umbrians 0 l>ge4 ,x %[$ directly 9 ,signorelli 7#adda8-aebc71 ^: ma/] he 01 & ^: /yle he probably =m$4 ,signorelli 0 ,umbrian born1 l ,pi]o1 b !re 0 n mu* ( ! ,umbrian s5tim5t ab\t him4 ,he 0 a draughtsman & ?rew 8 /r5g? 9 l9e1 produc+ a?letic1 squ>e-%\ld]$ figures 9 viol5t action1 ) complicat$ =e%ort5+s q a/oni%+4 ,! mo/ d>+ man ( 8 "t1 he 0 a ma/] 9 anatomy1 composition1 motion4 ,!re 0 no?+ select ab\t 8 type1 & no?+ *>m+ ab\t 8 pa9t+4 ,8 color 0 hot & co>se1 8 lights lurid1 8 %ad[s brick r$4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 a ma/]-draughtsman1 & a man ( l>ge conceptions & great /r5g?4 ,melozzo da ,=li 7#adch-adid71 ( :om little is kn[n1 0 ano!r pupil ( ,pi]o1 & ,giovanni ,santi 7#adce8-adid71 ! fa!r ( ,raphael1 0 probably influ5c$ by bo? ( ^! la/ nam$4 ,! true desc5t ( ! ,umbrian s5tim5t 0 ?r\gh ,foligno & ,bonfiglio to ,p]ug9o 7#addf-aebd74 ,signorelli & ,p]ug9o seem oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 _! art4 ,! fir/ 0 ! =]unn] ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! second 0 ! ma/] ( ,raphael2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael 01 9 a less v>i$ degree1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,signorelli & ,p]ug9o4 ,! "o %[$ ,flor5t9e l9e1 ! o!r ,umbrian s5tim5t & color4 ,x is 9 ,p]ug9o t we f9d ! old religi\s feel+4 ,f]vor1 t5d]ness1 & devotion1 ) s(t eyes1 delicate features1 & pa!tic looks *>act]iz$ 8 art4 ,! figure 0 slight1 graceful1 & 9 pose s5tim5tally incl9$ to "o side4 ,! head 0 almo/ affect$ly plac$ on ! %\ld]s1 & ! r\nd olive face 0 full ( wi/ful t5d]ness4 ,?is ,p]ug9o type1 us$ 9 all 8 pa9t+s1 is well describ$ by ,ta9e z a body belong+ to ! ,r5aissance conta9+ a s\l t belong$ to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! s5tim5t 0 m purely human1 h[ev]1 ?an 9 su* a pa9t]1 = in/ance1 z ,fra ,angelico4 ,religion /ill held ) ,p]ug9o & ! ,umbrians1 b ev5 ) !m x 0 becom+ mat]ializ$ by ! beauty ( ! _w ab\t !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,p]ug9o4 ,,madonna1 ,,sa9ts1 ,,& ,,angels4 ,,l\vre4 ,z a te*nician ,p]ug9o 0 excell5t4 ,!re 0 no dramatic fire & fury ab\t him4 ,! composition 0 simple1 ) graceful figures 9 repose4 ,! color+ 0 ri*1 & !re 7 _m brilliant effects obta9$ by ! use ( oils4 ,he 0 among ! fir/ ( 8 s*ool to use t m$ium4 ,8 fri5d & fell[-work]1 ,p9turric*io 7#aded-aeac71 did n use oils1 b 0 a sup]ior man 9 fresco4 ,9 type & s5tim5t he 0 r l ,p]ug9o1 9 composition a little extravagant & huddl$1 9 l&scape backgr\nds q orig9al & inv5tive4 ,he nev] 0 a s]i\s rival ( ,p]ug9o1 ?\gh a m v>i$ & int]e/+ pa9t]4 ,p]ug9o's be/ pupil1 aft] ,raphael1 0 ,lo ,spagna 78-#aecj871 :o foll[$ 8 ma/]'s /yle until ! ,high ,r5aissance1 :5 he became a foll[] ( ,raphael4 ,,s*ools ,,( ,,f]r>a ,,& ,,bologna3 ,! pa9t]s ( ,f]r>a1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 seem$ to h reli$ ^u ,padua = _! tea*+4 ,! be/ ( ! e>ly m5 0 ,cosimo ,tura 7#adcj-adie71 :o %[$ ! ,paduan influ5ce ( ,squ>cione 9 anatomical insi/5ces1 co>se jo9ts1 inf9ite detail1 & fanta/ic ornam5tation4 ,he 0 probably ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool 9 :i* ,francesco ,cossa 7fl4 #adce-adhj71 a naif & /rong1 if some:at morbid pa9t]1 ,ercole di ,giulio ,gr&i 7fl4 #adfe-aece71 & ,lor5zo ,co/a 7#adfj8-aece7 7 ! pr9cipal ma/]s4 ,cossa & ,gr&i1 x seems1 aft]w>d remov$ to ,bologna1 & x 0 probably _! move t induc$ ,lor5zo ,co/a to foll[ !m4 ,9 t way ! ,f]r>ese s*ool became some:at complicat$ ) ! ,bolognese s*ool1 & is confus$ 9 its hi/ory to ?is day4 ,co/a 0 n unlikely ! real f\nd]1 or1 at ! lea/1 ! /ronge/ influ5c] ( ! ,bolognese s*ool4 ,he 0 a pa9t] ( a rugg$1 manly type1 aft]w>d temp]$ by ,s\!rn influ5ces to s(tness & s5tim5t4 ,?is 0 ! result ( ,paduan me?ods meet+ at ,bologna ) ,umbrian s5tim5t4 ,! ,p]ug9o type & influ5ce _h f\nd its way to ,bologna1 & %[$ 9 ! "w ( ,francia 7#adej-aeah71 a contempor>y & fell[-work] ) ,co/a4 ,?\gh tra9$ z a goldsmi?1 & le>n+ pa9t+ 9 a diff]5t s*ool1 ,francia1 z reg>ds 8 s5tim5t1 belongs 9 ! same category ) ,p]ug9o4 ,ev5 8 subjects1 types1 & treatm5t 71 at times1 m ,umbrian ?an ,bolognese4 ,he 0 n s pr(\nd 9 feel+ z ,p]ug9o1 b at times he appe>$ l(ti] 9 conception4 ,8 color 0 usually ri*1 8 draw+ a little %>p at fir/1 z %[+ ! goldsmi?'s h&1 ! surfaces smoo?1 ! detail elaborate4 ,lat] on1 8 "w _h a ,raphaelesque t+e1 %[+ p]haps ! influ5ce ( t ris+ ma/]4 ,x is probable t ,francia at fir/ 0 influ5c$ by ,co/a's me?ods1 & x is q c]ta9 t he 9 turn influ5c$ ,co/a 9 ! matt] ( ref9$ draw+ & s5tim5t1 ?\gh ,co/a always adh]$ to a c]ta9 detail & ornam5t com+ f ! nor?1 & a l&scape backgr\nd t is peculi> to himself1 & yet rem9ds "o ( ,p9turric*io's l&scapes4 ,^! two m51 ,francia & ,co/a1 7 ! ,p]ug9o & ,p9turric*io ( ! ,f]r>a-,bolognese s*ool1 & ! mo/ important pa9t]s 9 t s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,s*ool ,,( ,,francia4 ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild4 ,,l\vre4 ,,! ,,lomb>d ,,s*ool3 ,! designation ( ! ,lomb>d s*ool is r a vague "o 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+1 & is us$ by hi/orians to cov] a numb] ( isolat$ s*ools or m5 9 ! ,lomb>dy region4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ^! s*ools c\nt$ = little ei!r 9 m5 or 9 works4 ,! pr9cipal activity 0 ab\t ,milan1 :i* drew pa9t]s f ,brescia1 ,v9c5za1 & else:]e to =m :at is kn[n z ! ,milanese s*ool4 ,v9c5zo ,foppa 7fl4 #adee-adib71 ( ,brescia1 & aft]w>d at ,milan1 0 probably ! f\nd] ( ?is ,milanese s*ool4 ,8 pa9t+ is ( r a h>%1 exact+ nature1 & po9ts to ! influ5ce ( ,padua1 at :i* place he p]haps got 8 e>ly art tra9+4 ,borgognone 7#adej-aebc7 is set d[n z 8 pupil1 a pa9t] ( mu* s5tim5t & spiritual feel+4 ,! s*ool 0 aft]w>d greatly influ5c$ by ! example ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 z w be %[n fur!r on4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,,flor5t9es--,masaccio1 frescos 9 ,brancacci ,*apel ,c>m9e ,flor5ce 7! s]ies complet$ by ,filipp9o72 ,masol9o1 frescos ,*ur* & ,bapti/]y ,ca/iglione d' ,olona2 ,paolo ,uccello1 frescos ,s4 ,m4 ,novella1 eque/rian portrait ,duomo ,flor5ce1 battle-pieces 9 ,l\vre & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,&rea ,ca/agno1 h]oes & sibyls ,uffizi1 alt>-piece ,acad4 ,flor5ce1 eque/rian portrait ,duomo ,flor5ce2 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 ,francesco ,montefalco1 ,magi ,ric>di palace ,flor5ce1 frescos ,campo ,santo ,pisa2 ,baldov9etti1 ,portico ( ! ,annunziata ,flor5ce1 alt>-pieces ,uffizi2 ,antonio ,pollajuolo1 ,h]cules ,uffizi1 ,/4 ,seba/ian ,pitti & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,cosimo ,rosselli1 frescos ,s4 ,ambrogio ,flor5ce1 ,si/9e ,*apel ,rome1 ,madonna ,uffizi2 ,fra ,filippo1 frescos ,ca!dral ,prato1 alt>-pieces ,flor5ce ,acad41 ,uffizi1 ,pitti & ,b]l9 ,gals41 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,filipp9o1 frescos ,c>m9e ,flor5ce1 ,c>affa ,*apel ,m9]va ,rome1 ,s4 ,m4 ,novella & ,acad4 ,flor5ce1 ,s4 ,dom5ico ,bologna1 easel pictures 9 ,pitti1 ,uffizi1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,b]l9 ,mus41 ,old ,p9aco!k ,muni*2 ,botticelli1 frescos ,si/9e ,*apel ,rome1 ,spr+ & ,coronation ,flor5ce ,acad41 ,v5us1 ,calumny1 ,madonnas ,uffizi1 ,pitti1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,l\vre1 etc42 ,ghirl&ajo1 frescos ,si/9e ,*apel ,rome1 ,s4 ,tr9ita ,flor5ce1 ,s4 ,m4 ,novella1 ,palazzo ,vec*io1 alt>-pieces ,uffizi & ,acad4 ,flor5ce1 ,visitation ,l\vre2 ,v]roc*io1 ,baptism ( ,*ri/ ,acad4 ,flor5ce2 ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 ,nativity ,acad4 ,flor5ce1 ,madonnas ,l\vre & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,holy ,family ,borghese ,gal4 ,rome2 ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 ,p]seus & ,&rom$a ,uffizi1 ,procris ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,v5us & ,m>s ,b]l9 ,gal4 ,,umbrians--,ottaviano ,nelli1 alt>-piece ,s4 ,m4 ,nuovo ,gubbio1 ,/4 ,augu/9e leg5ds ,s4 ,ago/9o ,gubbio2 ,niccolo da ,foligno1 alt>-piece ,s4 ,niccolo ,foligno2 ,bonfigli1 frescos ,palazzo ,communale1 alt>-pieces ,acad4 ,p]ugia2 ,fior5zo di ,lor5zo1 _m pictures ,acad4 ,p]ugia1 ,madonna ,b]l9 ,gal42 ,pi]o della ,francesca1 frescos ,communita & ,hospital ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro1 ,san ,francesco ,arezzo1 ,*apel ( ! ,relicts ,rim9i1 portraits ,uffizi1 pictures ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,signorelli1 frescos ,ca!dral ,orvieto1 ,si/9e ,rome1 ,palazzo ,petrucci ,si5na1 alt>-pieces ,arezzo1 ,cortona1 ,p]ugia1 pictures ,pitti1 ,uffizi1 ,b]l91 ,l\vre1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,melozzo da ,=li1 angels ,/4 ,pet]'s ,rome1 frescos ,vatican1 pictures ,b]l9 & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,giovanni ,santi1 ,annunciation ,milan1 ,pieta ,urb9o1 ,madonnas ,b]l91 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,s4 ,croce ,fano2 ,p]ug9o1 frescos ,si/9e ,rome1 ,crucifixion ,s4 ,m4 ,maddal5a ,flor5ce1 ,sala del ,cambio ,p]ugia1 alt>-pieces ,pitti1 ,fano1 ,cremona1 _m pictures 9 ,european gall]ies2 ,p9turric*io1 frescos ,s4 ,m4 del ,popolo1 ,app>tam5to ,borgo ,vatican1 ,bufol9i ,*apel ,aracoeli ,rome1 ,duomo ,libr>y ,si5na1 alt>-pieces ,p]ugia & ,si5na ,acads41 ,pitti1 ,l\vre2 ,lo ,spagna1 ,madonna ,l[] ,*ur* ,assisi1 frescos at ,spoleto1 ,tur91 ,p]ugia1 ,assisi4 ,,f]r>ese ,,& ,,bolognese--,cosimo ,tura1 alt>-pieces ,b]l9 ,mus41 ,b]gamo1 ,museo ,corr] ,v5ice1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,francesco ,cossa1 alt>-pieces ,s4 ,petronio & ,acad4 ,bologna1 ,dresd5 ,gal42 ,gr&i1 ,/4 ,george ,cors9i ,pal4 ,rome1 sev]al canvases ,con/abili ,collection ,f]r>a2 ,lor5zo ,co/a1 frescos ,s4 ,giacomo ,maggiore1 alt>-pieces ,s4 ,petronio1 ,s4 ,giovanni 9 ,monte & ,acad4 ,bologna1 also ,l\vre1 ,b]l91 & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,francia1 alt>-pieces ,s4 ,giacomo ,maggiore1 ,s4 ,m>t9o ,maggiore1 & _m alt>-pieces 9 ,acad4 ,bologna1 ,annunciation ,br]a ,milan1 ,rose ,g>d5 ,muni*1 ,pieta ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,scappi ,portrait ,uffizi1 ,baptism ,dresd54 ,,lomb>ds--,foppa1 alt>-pieces ,s4 ,m>ia di ,ca/ello ,savona1 ,borromeo ,col4 ,milan1 ,c>m9e ,brescia1 panels ,br]a ,milan2 ,borgognone1 alt>-pieces ,c]tosa ( ,pavia1 ,*ur* ( ,melegnano1 ,s4 ,ambrogio1 ,ambrosian ,lib41 ,br]a ,milan1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+4 ,,e>ly ,,r5aissance--#adjj-aejj--;,,cont9u$4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,^? on ,italian art be=e m5tion$2 also consult ! ,g5]al ,bibliography 7page xv47 ,,paduan ,,s*ool3 ,x 0 at ,padua 9 ! nor? t ! influ5ce ( ! classic m>bles made itself /rongly app>5t4 ,umbria rema9$ true to ! religi\s s5tim5t1 ,flor5ce engag$ itself l>gely ) nature /udy & te*nical problems1 introduc+ "h & !re drap]ies & poses t %[$ k ( anci5t sculpture1 b at ,padua mu* ( ! classic 9 drap]y1 figures1 & ar*itecture seems to h be5 tak5 directly f ! r$iscov]$ antique or ! mod]n bronze4 ,! e>ly m5 ( ! s*ool 7 h>dly great en\gh to call = m5tion4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury !re 0 "s ,giotto influ5ce felt--t pa9t] hav+ be5 at ,padua work+ 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel4 ,lat] on !re 0 a slight influ5ce f ,g5tile da ,fabriano & 8 fell[-work] ,vittore ,pisano1 ( ,v]ona4 ,b ^! influ5ces seem to h di$ out & ! real direction ( ! s*ool 9 ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury 0 giv5 by ,francesco ,squ>cione 7#acid-adgd74 ,he 0 an enlight5$ man1 a /ud5t1 a collector & an admir] ( anci5t sculpture1 & ?\gh no great pa9t] himself he taught an anatomical /atuesque art1 bas$ on anci5t m>bles & nature1 to _m pupils4 ,squ>cione's "w has p]i%$1 b 8 tea*+ 0 reflect$ 9 ! "w ( 8 great pupil ,&rea ,mantegna 7#adca-aejf74 ,yet ,mantegna nev] receiv$ ! full complem5t ( 8 k f ,squ>cione4 ,he 0 ( an obs]v+ nature & probably /udi$ ,paolo ,uccello & ,fra ,filippo1 "s ( ^: works 7 !n 9 ,paduan edifices4 ,he ga9$ color k f ! ,v5etian ,bell9is1 :o liv$ at ,padua at "o "t & :o 7 connect$ ) ,mantegna by m>riage4 ,b ! sculpturesque side ( 8 art came f ,squ>cione1 f a /udy ( ! antique1 & f a deep] /udy ( ,donatello1 ^: bronzes to ?is day are to be se5 )9 & )\t ! ,paduan ,duomo ( ,s4 ,antonio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,mantegna4 ,,gonzaga ,,family ,,gr\p 7,,detail74 ,,mantua4 ,! sculpturesque is *>act]i/ic ( ,mantegna's "w4 ,8 p are h>d1 rigid at times1 immovable human be+s1 n s mu* turn$ to /one z turn$ to bronze--! bronze ( ,donatello4 ,!re is little s5se ( motion ab\t !m4 ,! figure is %>p & h>%1 ! drap]y1 evid5tly /udi$ f sculpture1 is l9ey1 & ! ar*aeology is (t5 m sci5tific ?an arti/ic4 ,mantegna 0 n1 h[ev]1 entirely devot$ to ! sculpturesque4 ,he 0 "o ( ! sev]e/ nature /ud5ts ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance1 knew ab\t nature1 & c>ri$ x out 9 m exact+ detail ?an 0 p]haps well = 8 art4 ,9 addition he 0 a ma/] ( light-&-%ade1 und]/ood composition1 space1 color1 atmosph]e1 & 0 z sci5tific 9 p]spective z ,pi]o della ,francesca4 ,!re is /iffness 9 8 figures b nev]!less great tru? & "*4 ,! =ms are noble1 ev5 gr&1 & = inv5tion & imag9ation !y 7 nev]1 9 8 "t1 c>ri$ fur!r or high]4 ,he 0 little ( a s5tim5tali/ or an emotionali/1 n mu* ( a bru% man or a colori/1 b z a draughtsman1 a creator ( noble =ms1 a man ( p[]1 he /ood second to none 9 ! c5tury4 ,( ,squ>cione's o!r pupils ,pizzolo 7fl4 #adgj7 0 ! mo/ promis+1 b di$ e>ly4 ,m>co ,zoppo 7#addj-adih7 seems to h foll[$ ! ,paduan =mula ( h>dness1 dryness1 & exact+ detail4 ,he 0 possibly influ5c$ by ,cosimo ,tura1 & 9 turn influ5c$ some:at ! ,f]r>a-,bolognese s*ool4 ,mantegna1 h[ev]1 0 ! greate/ ( ! s*ool1 & 8 influ5ce 0 f>-rea*+4 ,x affect$ ! s*ool ( ,v5ice 9 matt]s ( draw+1 beside influ5c+ ! ,lomb>d & ,v]onese s*ools 9 _! beg9n+s4 ,,s*ools ,,( ,,v]ona ,,& ,,vic5za3 ,arti/ically ,v]ona belong$ ) ! ,v5etian prov9ces1 because x 0 l>gely an e*o ( ,v5ice except at ! v />t4 ,vittore ,pisano 7#achj-adef71 call$ ,pisanello1 0 ! e>lie/ pa9t] ( note1 b he 0 n di/9ctly ,v]onese 9 8 art4 ,he 0 m$alli/ & pa9t] bo?1 work$ ) ,g5tile da ,fabriano 9 ! ,ducal ,palace at ,v5ice & else:]e1 & 8 art seems to h an aff9ity ) t ( 8 companion4 ,lib]ale da ,v]ona 7#adea-aecf87 0 at fir/ a m9iaturi/1 b aft]w>d develop$ a l>g] /yle bas$ on a foll[+ ( ,mantegna's "w1 ) "s ,v5etian influ5ces %[+ 9 ! color+ & backgr\nds4 ,francesco ,bonsignori 7#adee-aeai7 0 ( ! ,v]ona s*ool1 b e/abli%$ himself lat] at ,mantua & 0 "u ! ,mantegna influ5ce4 ,8 /yle at fir/ 0 r sev]e1 b he aft]w>d develop$ mu* ability 9 portraiture1 hi/orical "w1 animals1 & ar*itectural features4 ,francesco ,c>oto 7#adgj-aedf71 a pupil ( ,lib]ale1 really belongs to ! next c5tury--! ,high ,r5aissance--b 8 e>ly works %[ 8 education 9 ,v]onese & ,paduan me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,b4 ,,viv>9i4 ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild4 ,,tur94 ,9 ! s*ool ( ,vic5za ! only ma/] ( mu* note 9 ?is ,e>ly ,r5aissance "t 0 ,b>tolommeo ,montagna 7#adej8-aebc71 a pa9t] 9 bo? oil & fresco ( mu* sev]ity & at times gr&eur ( /yle4 ,9 draw+ he 0 influ5c$ by ,mantegna1 9 composition & color+ he %[$ a /udy ( ,giovanni ,bell9i & ,c>paccio4 ,,v5etian ,,life ,,& ,,art3 ,! conditions ( art production 9 ,v5ice dur+ ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance 7 q diff]5t f ^? 9 ,flor5ce or ,umbria4 ,by ! disposition ( h] p ,v5ice 0 n a le>n$ or dev\t city4 ,religion1 ?\gh ! *ief subject1 0 n ! *ief _s ( ,v5etian art4 ,*ri/ianity 0 accept$ by ! ,v5etians1 b ) no fev]$ en?usiasm4 ,! ,*ur* 0 /rong en\gh !re to defy ! ,papacy at "o "t1 & yet religion ) ! p 0 p]haps m ( a civic function or a duty ?an a spiritual wor%ip4 ,x 0 s9c]e 9 its way1 & ! e>ly pa9t]s pa9t$ its subjects ) hone/y1 b ! ,v5etians 7 mu* too pr\d & worldly m9d$ to take any?+ v s]i\sly except _! own spl5dor & _! own p[]4 ,aga91 ! ,v5etians 7 n humani/s or /ud5ts ( ! reviv$ classic4 ,!y h\s$ manuscripts1 h>bor$ exil$ humani/s1 receiv$ ! influx ( ,greek s*ol>s aft] ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople1 & lat] ! celebrat$ ,ald9e press 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,v5ice2 b1 = all t1 classic le>n+ 0 n ! fancy ( ! ,v5etians4 ,!y made no qu>rel ov] ! relative m]its ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 dug up no classic m>bles1 _h no revival ( le>n+ 9 a ,flor5t9e s5se4 ,!y 7 m]*ant pr9ces1 w9n+ weal? by comm]ce & exp5d+ x lavi%ly 9 beautify+ _! isl& home4 ,n to atta9 great le>n+1 b to revel 9 great spl5dor1 seems to h be5 _! aim4 ,life 9 ! sov]eign city ( ! sea 0 a wor?y exi/5ce 9 itself4 ,& h] geographical & political position aid$ h] prosp]ity4 ,unlike ,flor5ce %e 0 n torn by cont5d+ pr9ces )9 & =eign foes )\t--at lea/ n to h] h>m4 ,%e _h h] w>s1 b !y 7 g5]ally on di/ant seas4 ,pop]y1 ,paganism1 ,despotism1 all ! convulsions ( ,r5aissance life ?reat5$ b h>m$ h] n4 ,free & indep5d5t1 h] k+dom 0 ! sea1 & h] livelihood comm]ce1 n agriculture4 ,! worldly _s ( ! ,v5etian p br\ght ab\t a worldly & luxuri\s art4 ,no?+ 9 ! disposition or education ( ! ,v5etians call$ = ! sev]e or ! intellectual4 ,! dem& 0 = ri* decoration t w\ld please ! s5ses )\t /imulat+ ! intellect or fir+ ! imag9ation to any great ext5t4 ,l9e & =m 7 n s well suit$ to !m z color--! mo/ s5su\s ( all m$iums4 ,color prevail$ ?r\gh ,v5etian art f ! v beg9n+1 & 0 its di/9ctive *>act]i/ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,,giovanni ,,bell9i4 ,,madonna ,,( ,,ss4 ,,george ,,& ,,paul4 ,,v5ice ,,acad4 ,:]e ?is love ( color came f is matt] ( speculation4 ,"s say out ( ,v5etian skies & wat]s1 &1 d\btless1 ^! _h some?+ to d ) ! ,v5etian color-s5se2 b ,v5ice 9 its color 0 also an example ( ! effect ( comm]ce on art4 ,%e 0 a trad] ) ! ,ea/ f h] infancy--n ,con/ant9ople & ! ,byzant9e ,ea/ alone1 b back ( ^! ! old ,mohamm$an ,ea/1 :i* = a ?\s& ye>s has ca/ its art 9 colors r ?an 9 =ms4 ,x 0 ,ea/]n ornam5t 9 mosaics1 /uffs1 porcela9s1 v>iegat$ m>bles1 br\ght by %ip to ,v5ice & locat$ 9 ,s4 ,m>co1 9 ,murano1 & 9 ,torcello1 t fir/ gave ! color-impulse to ! ,v5etians4 ,if ,flor5ce 0 ! heir ( ,rome & its au/]e classicism1 ,v5ice 0 ! heir ( ,con/ant9ople & its color-*>m4 ,! two great color spots 9 ,italy at ?is day are ,v5ice & ,rav5na1 comm]cial foo?olds ( ! ,byzant9es 9 ,m$iaeval & ,r5aissance days4 ,x may be conclud$ )\t error t ,v5ice d]iv$ h] color-s5se & mu* ( h] luxuri\s & mat]ial view ( life f ! ,ea/4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,v5etian ,,pa9t]s3 ,pa9t+ began at ,v5ice ) ! fabrication ( mosaics & ornam5tal alt>-pieces ( ri* gold /ucco-"w4 ,! ,greek mann]--t is1 ! ,byzant9e--0 practis$ e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury by ,jacobello del ,fiore & ,semitecolo1 b x did n la/ long4 ,in/ead ( l+]+ = a hundr$ ye>s1 z at ,flor5ce1 x di$ a natural dea? 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 :o 0 at ,v5ice ab\t #adbj1 pa9t+ 9 ! ,ducal ,palace ) ,pisano z 8 assi/ant1 may h br\ght ?is ab\t4 ,he taught !re 9 ,v5ice1 0 ! ma/] ( ,jacopo ,bell9i1 & if n ! tea*] !n ! influ5c] ( ! ,viv>9is ( ,murano4 ,!re 7 two ( ! ,viv>9is 9 ! e>ly times1 s f> z c be made out1 ,antonio ,viv>9i 78-#adgj7 & ,b>tolommeo ,viv>9i 7fl4 #adej-adii71 :o work$ ) ,johannes ,alemannus1 a pa9t] ( suppos$ ,g]man bir? & tra9+4 ,!y all sign$ !mselves f ,murano 7an outly+ ,v5etian isl&71 :]e !y 7 produc+ *ur* alt>s & ornam5ts ) "s ,paduan influ5ce %[+ 9 _! "w4 ,!y made up ! ,muranese s*ool1 ?\gh ?is s*ool 0 n /rongly m>k$ ap>t ei!r 9 *>act]i/ics or subjects f ! ,v5etian s*ool1 ( :i* x 01 9 fact1 a "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,c>paccio4 ,,pres5tation 7,,detail74 ,,v5ice ,,acad4 ,b>tolommeo 0 ! be/ ( ! gr\p1 & cont5d$ long "t 9 rivalry ) ! ,bell9is at ,v5ice1 b t[>d #adgj he fell away & di$ comp>atively =gott54 ,luigi ,viv>9i 7fl4 #adfa-aejc7 0 ! late/ ( ?is family1 & ) 8 dea? ! hi/ory ( ! ,muranese m]ges into ! ,v5etian s*ool prop]1 except z x cont9ues to appe> 9 "s pupils & foll[]s4 ,( ^! latt] ,c>lo ,crivelli 7#adcj8adic87 0 ! only "o ( mu* m>k4 ,he app>5tly ga!r$ 8 art f _m s\rces--ornam5t & color f ! ,viv>9i1 a lean & )]$ type f ! e>ly ,paduans "u ,squ>cione1 ar*itecture f ,mantegna1 & a r repulsive s5tim5t f ! same s*ool4 ,8 faces 7 contort$ & sulky1 8 h&s & feet /r+y1 8 draw+ r bad2 b he _h a transp>5t color1 beautiful ornam5tation & n a little tragic p[]4 ,v5etian art practically dates f ! ,bell9is4 ,!y did n beg9 :]e ! ,viv>9i left (f4 ,! two families ( pa9t]s seem to h />t$ ab\t ! same "t1 work$ along toge!r f l inspirations1 & 9 some:at ( a simil> mann] z reg>ds ! e>ly m54 ,jacopo ,bell9i 7#adjj8-adfd87 0 ! pupil ( ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 & a pa9t] ( consid]able rank4 ,8 son1 ,g5tile ,bell9i 7#adbf8-aejg71 0 likewise a pa9t] ( ability1 & an extremely int]e/+ "o on acc\nt ( 8 ,v5etian subjects pa9t$ ) mu* op5-air effect & k ( light & atmosph]e4 ,! y\ng] son1 ,giovanni ,bell9i 7#adbh8-aeaf71 0 ! greate/ ( ! family & ! true f\nd] ( ! ,v5etian s*ool4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,bell9i family liv$ at ,padua & came 9 contact ) ! classic-reali/ic art ( ,mantegna4 ,9 fact1 ,mantegna m>ri$ ,giovanni ,bell9i's si/]1 & !re 0 a m+l+ ( family z well z ( art4 ,!re 0 an influ5ce ^u ,mantegna ( ,v5etian color1 & ^u ! ,bell9is ( ,paduan l9e4 ,! latt] %[$ 9 ,giovanni ,bell9i's e>ly "w1 :i* 0 r h>d1 angul> 9 drap]y1 & anatomical 9 ! jo9ts1 h&s1 & feet2 b z ! c5tury drew to a close ?is melt$ away into ! gr[+ spl5dor ( ,v5etian color4 ,giovanni ,bell9i liv$ into ! sixte5? c5tury1 b nev] q atta9$ ! rank ( a ,high ,r5aissance pa9t]4 ,he _h religi\s feel+1 e>ne/ness1 hone/y1 simplicity1 "*1 =ce1 k2 b n ! full complem5t ( brilliancy & pa9t]'s p[]4 ,he w5t beyond all 8 contempor>ies 9 te*nical /r5g? & color-h>mony1 & 0 9 fact ! epo*-mak+ man ( e>ly ,v5ice4 ,"s ( 8 pictures1 l ! ,s4 ,zacc>ia ,madonna1 w comp>e favorably ) any "w ( any age1 & 8 l&scape backgr\nds 7see ! ,/4 ,pet] ,m>tyr 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london7 7 r wond]ful = ! p]iod 9 :i* !y 7 produc$4 ,( ,bell9i's contempor>ies & foll[]s !re 7 _m1 & z a s*ool !re 0 a simil>ity ( /yle1 subject1 & color-treatm5t c>ry+ ?r\gh !m all1 ) individual peculi>ities 9 ea* pa9t]4 ,aft] ,giovanni ,bell9i comes ,c>paccio 78-#aebb871 a y\ng] contempor>y1 ab\t ^: hi/ory little is kn[n4 ,he work$ ) ,g5tile ,bell9i1 & 0 und\bt$ly influ5c$ by ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,9 subject he 0 m romantic & *ivalric ?an religi\s1 ?\gh pa9t+ a numb] ( alt>-pieces4 ,! leg5d 0 8 delight1 & 8 great success1 z ! ,/4 ,ursula & ,/4 ,george pictures 9 ,v5ice /ill indicate4 ,he 0 rem>kable = 8 k ( ar*itecture1 co/umes1 & ,ori5tal sett+s1 put =? 9 a reali/ic way1 ) mu* inv5tion & te*nical ability 9 ! h&l+ ( l&scape1 p]spective1 light1 & color4 ,!re is a tru?fulness ( appe>ance--an out-(-doors feel+--ab\t 8 "w t is q captivat+4 ,9 addition1 ! _s ( 8 art 0 e>ne/ness1 hone/y1 & s9c]ity1 & ev5 ! awkw>d bits ( draw+ :i* occasionally appe>$ 9 8 "w s]v$ to add to ! g5]al naive effect ( ! :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,,antonello ,,da ,,mess9a4 ,,unkn[n ,,man4 ,,l\vre4 ,cima da ,conegliano 7#adfj8-aeag87 0 probably a pupil ( ,giovanni ,bell9i1 ) "s ,c>paccio influ5ce ab\t him4 ,he 0 ! be/ ( ! imm$iate foll[]s1 none ( :om came up to ! ma/]4 ,!y 7 trammell$ some:at by be+ educat$ 9 di/emp] "w1 & !n midway 9 _! c>e]s *ang+ to ! oil m$ium1 t m$ium hav+ be5 introduc$ into ,v5ice by ,antonello da ,mess9a 9 #adgc4 ,cima's subjects 7 l>gely half-l5g? madonnas1 giv5 ) /rong qualities ( light-&-%ade & color4 ,he 0 n a great orig9ator1 ?\gh a man ( ability4 ,cat5a 78-#aeca7 _h a wide reputation 9 8 day1 b x came m f a smoo? f9i% & pretty accessories ?an f creative p[]4 ,he imitat$ ,bell9i's /yle s well t a numb] ( 8 pictures pass = works by ! ma/] ev5 to ?is day4 ,lat] he foll[$ ,giorgione & ,c>paccio4 ,a man possess$ ( k1 he seem$ to h no orig9al propell+ purpose beh9d him4 ,t 0 l>gely ! make-up ( ! o!r m5 ( ! s*ool1 ,basaiti 7#adij-aeba871 ,previtali 7#adgj8-aebe871 ,bissolo 7#adfdaebh71 ,rond9elli 7#addj8-aejj871 ,diana 78-#aejj871 ,mansueti 7fl4 #aejj74 ,antonello da ,mess9a 7#addd8-adic71 ?\gh ,sicilian born1 is prop]ly class$ ) ! ,v5etian s*ool4 ,he obta9$ a k ( ,flemi% me?ods probably f ,flemi% pa9t]s or pictures 9 ,italy 7he nev] 0 a pupil ( ,jan van ,eyck1 z ,vas>i relates1 & probably nev] saw ,fl&]s71 & introduc$ ! use ( oil z a m$ium 9 ! ,v5etian s*ool4 ,8 e>ly "w 0 ,flemi% 9 "*1 & 0 v accurate & m9ute4 ,8 late "w %[$ ! influ5ce ( ! ,bell9is4 ,8 c\nt]-influ5ce ^u ,v5etian portraiture has nev] be5 q ju/ly e/imat$4 ,t f9e1 exact1 yet p[]ful "w1 ( :i* ! ,doge ,lor$ano by ,bell9i1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 is a type1 0 p]haps br\ght ab\t by an amalgamation ( ,flemi% & ,v5etian me?ods1 & ,antonello 0 p]haps ! means ( br++ x ab\t4 ,he 0 an excell5t1 if precise1 portrait-pa9t]4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,,paduans--,&rea ,mantegna1 ,eremitani ,padua1 ,madonna ( ,s4 ,x5o ,v]ona1 ,/4 ,seba/ian ,vi5na ,mus41 ,/4 ,george ,v5ice ,acad41 ,cam]a di ,sposi ,ca/ello di ,corte ,mantua1 ,madonna & ,allegories ,l\vre1 ,scipio ,summ] ,autumn ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,pizzoli 7) ,mantegna71 ,eremitani ,padua2 ,m>co ,zoppo frescos ,casa ,colonna ,bologna1 ,madonna ,b]l9 ,gal4 ,,v]onese ,,& ,,vic5t9e ,,pa9t]s--,vittore ,pisano1 ,/4 ,an?ony & ,george ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,/4 ,george ,s4 ,ana/asia ,v]ona2 ,lib]ale da ,v]ona1 m9iatures ,duomo ,si5na1 ,/4 ,seba/ian ,br]a ,milan1 ,madonna ,b]l9 ,mus41 o!r works ,duomo & ,gal4 ,v]ona2 ,bonsignori1 ,s4 ,b]n>d9o & ,gal4 ,v]ona1 ,mantua1 & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,c>oto1 ,9 ,s4 ,tommaso1 ,s4 ,giorgio1 ,s4 ,cat]9a & ,gal4 ,v]ona1 ,dresd5 & ,frank=t ,gals42 ,montagna1 ,madonnas ,br]a1 ,v5ice ,acad41 ,b]gamo1 ,b]l91 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,l\vre4 ,,v5etians--,jacobello del ,fiore & ,semitecolo1 all attributions d\btful2 ,antonio ,viv>9i & ,johannes ,alemannus1 toge!r alt>-pieces ,v5ice ,acad41 ,s4 ,zacc>ia ,v5ice2 ,antonio alone1 ,adoration ( ,k+s ,b]l9 ,gal42 ,b>tolommeo ,viv>9i1 ,madonna ,bologna ,gal4 7) ,antonio71 alt>-pieces ,,ss4 ,giovanni e ,paolo1 ,fr>i1 ,v5ice2 ,luigi ,viv>9i1 ,madonna ,b]l9 ,gal41 ,fr>i & ,acad4 ,v5ice2 ,c>lo ,crivelli1 ,madonnas & alt>-pieces ,br]a1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,lat]an1 ,b]l9 ,gals42 ,jacopo ,bell9i1 ,crucifixion ,v]ona ,gal41 ,sket*-book ,brit4 ,mus42 ,g5tile ,bell9i1 ,organ ,doors ,s4 ,m>co1 ,procession & ,miracle ( ,cross ,acad4 ,v5ice1 ,/4 ,m>k ,br]a2 ,giovanni ,bell9i1 _m pictures 9 ,european gall]ies1 ,acad41 ,fr>i1 ,s4 ,zacc>ia ,,ss4 ,giovanni e ,paolo ,v5ice2 ,c>paccio1 ,pres5tation & ,ursula pictures ,acad41 ,/4 ,george & ,/4 ,j]ome ,s4 ,giorgio da ,s*iavone ,v5ice1 ,/4 ,/eph5 ,b]l9 ,gal42 ,cima1 alt>-pieces ,s4 ,m>ia dell ,orte1 ,s4 ,giovanni 9 ,bragora1 ,acad4 ,v5ice1 ,l\vre1 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,muni*1 ,vi5na1 & o!r gall]ies2 ,cat5a1 ,alt>-pieces ,s4 ,simeone1 ,s4 ,m4 ,mat] ,dom9i1 ,,ss4 ,giovanni e ,paolo1 ,acad4 ,v5ice1 ,dresd51 & 9 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon4 7! ,w>rior & ,horse attribut$ to ,s*ool ( ,bell9i72 ,basaiti1 ,v5ice ,acad4 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,vi5na1 & ,b]l9 ,gals42 ,previtali1 alt>-pieces ,s4 ,spirito ,b]gamo1 ,br]a1 ,b]l91 & ,dresd5 ,gals41 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,v5ice ,acad42 ,bissolo1 ,resurrection ,b]l9 ,gal41 ,s4 ,cat]9a ,v5ice ,acad42 ,rond9elli1 two pictures ,palazzo ,doria ,rome1 ,holy ,family 7,no4 #f7 ,l\vre 7attribut$ to ,giovanni ,bell9i72 ,diana1 ,alt>-pieces ,v5ice ,acad42 ,mansueti1 l>ge pictures ,v5ice ,acad42 ,antonella da ,mess9a1 ,portraits ,l\vre1 ,b]l9 & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,crucifixion ,antw]p ,mus4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+4 ,,! ,,high ,,r5aissance--#aejj-afjj4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,^? on ,italian art be=e m5tion$1 & also1 ,b]5son1 ,lor5zo ,lotto2 ,clem5t1 ,mi*el ,ange1 ,l4 da ,v9ci1 ,raphael2 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,titian2 same au?ors1 ,raphael2 ,grimm1 ,mi*ael ,angelo2 ,gronau1 ,titian2 ,holroyd1 ,mi*ael ,angelo2 ,mey]1 ,correggio2 ,moore1 ,correggio2 ,muntz1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci2 ,passavant1 ,raphael2 ,pat]1 ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory ( ,r5aissance2 ,phillips1 ,titian2 ,reumont1 ,&rea del ,s>to2 ,ricci1 ,correggio2 ,ri*t]1 ,leon>do di ,v9ci2 ,ridolfi1 ,vita di ,paolo ,cagli>i ,v]onese2 ,spr+]1 ,rafael und ,mi*el ,angelo2 ,symonds1 ,mi*ael ,angelo2 ,ta9e1 ,italy--,flor5ce & ,v5ice4 ,,! ,,highe/ ,,developm5t3 ,! ^w ,r5aissance has a broad] mean+ ?an its /rict etymology w\ld imply4 ,x 0 a new bir?1 b some?+ m ?an ! revival ( ,greek le>n+ & ! /udy ( nature ent]$ into x4 ,x 0 ! gr& consummation ( ,italian intellig5ce 9 _m dep>tm5ts--! arrival at maturity ( ! ,*ri/ian tra9$ m9d temp]$ by ! philosophy ( ,greece1 & ! k ( ! actual _w4 ,fully ar\s$ at la/1 ! ,italian intellect became inquisitive1 inv5tive1 sci5tific1 skeptical--yes1 trea*]\s1 immoral1 pollut$4 ,x que/ion$ all ?+s1 d\bt$ :]e x pleas$1 saturat$ itself ) crime1 corruption1 & s5suality1 yet b[$ at ! %r9e ( ! beautiful & knelt at ! alt> ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is an illu/ration ( ! contradictions t may exi/ :5 ! intellectual1 ! religi\s1 & ! moral are br\ght toge!r1 ) ! intellectual 9 pr$om9ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,,fra ,,b>tolommeo4 ,,desc5t ,,f ,,cross4 ,,pitti4 ,& t ke5 ,r5aissance intellect made swift progress4 ,x remodell$ ! philosophy ( ,greece1 & us$ its lit]ature z a m\ld = its own4 ,x develop$ ,roman law & introduc$ mod]n sci5ce4 ,! _w )\t & ! _w )9 7 r$iscov]$4 ,l& & sea1 />ry sky & planet>y sy/em1 7 fix$ ^u ! *>t4 ,man himself1 ! animals1 ! planets1 organic & inorganic life1 ! small ?+s ( ! e>? gave up _! secrets4 ,inv5tions utiliz$ all classes ( products1 comm]ce fl\ri%$1 free cities 7 build$1 univ]sities arose1 le>n+ spread itself on ! pages ( newly inv5t$ books ( pr9t1 &1 p]haps1 greate/ ( all1 ! arts arose on /rong w+s ( life to ! v highe/ altitude4 ,= ! moral side ( ! ,r5aissance intellect x _h its ta/es & ref9em5ts1 z %[n 9 its high quality ( art2 b x also _h its pollut+ & degrad+ features1 z %[n 9 its political & social life4 ,religion 0 visibly weak5+ ?\gh ! ecclesia/ical /ill held /rong4 ,p 7 =gett+ ! fai? ( ! e>ly days1 & tak+ up ) ! mat]ial ?+s ab\t !m4 ,!y 7 glorify+ ! human & exalt+ ! natural4 ,! /ory ( ,greece 0 be+ repeat$ 9 ,italy4 ,& out ( ?is new wor%ip came jewels ( r>ity & beauty1 b out ( x also came fai?lessness1 corruption1 vice4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! ,r5aissance _h be5 accompli%$ be=e ! ye> #aejj1 b s great 0 its impetus t1 9 ! arts at lea/1 x ext5d$ half-way ?r\gh ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!n x began to fail ?r\gh exhau/ion4 ,,motives ,,& ,,me?ods3 ,! religi\s subject /ill held ) ! pa9t]s1 b ?is subject 9 ,high-,r5aissance days did n c>ry ) x ! religi\s feel+ z 9 ,go?ic days4 ,art _h gr[n to be some?+ else ?an a tea*] ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ! pa9t]'s h&s x _h come to mean beauty = its own sake--a picture beautiful = its =m & color1 reg>dless ( its !me4 ,?is 0 ! tea*+ ( antique art1 & ! /udy ( nature b increas$ ! belief4 ,a new love _h aris5 9 ! out] & visible _w1 & :5 ! ,*ur* call$ = alt>-pieces ! pa9t]s pa9t$ _! new love1 *ri/5$ x ) a religi\s title1 & h&$ x =? 9 ! "n ( ! old4 ,?us art began to free itself f ,*ur* dom9ation & to live z an indep5d5t beauty4 ,! g5]al motive1 !n1 ( pa9t+ dur+ ! ,high ,r5aissance1 ?\gh app>5tly religi\s f ! subject1 & 9 _m cases /ill religi\s 9 feel+1 0 l>gely to %[ ! beauty ( =m or color1 9 :i* religion1 ! antique1 & ! natural came 9 z modify+ elem5ts4 ,9 te*nical me?ods1 ?\gh ext5sive "w 0 /ill done 9 fresco1 especially at ,flor5ce & ,rome1 yet ! bulk ( ,high-,r5aissance pa9t+ 0 9 oils ^u panel & canvas4 ,at ,v5ice ev5 ! decorative wall pa9t+s 7 ^u canvas1 aft]w>d ins]t$ 9 wall or ceil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,,&rea ,,del ,,s>to4 ,,madonna ,,( ,,/4 ,,francis4 ,,uffizi4 ,,! ,,flor5t9es ,,& ,,romans3 ,!re 0 a sev]ity & au/]ity ab\t ! ,flor5t9e art1 ev5 at its climax4 ,x 0 nev] too s5su\s & luxuri\s1 b r exact & intellectual4 ,! ,flor5t9es 7 fond ( lu/reless fresco1 ar*itectural composition1 t[]+ or sweep+ l9es1 r %>p color z comp>$ ) ! ,v5etians1 & !ological1 classical1 ev5 lit]>y & allegorical subjects4 ,probably ?is 0 l>gely due to ! classic bias ( ! pa9t]s & ! intellectual & social influ5ces ( ,flor5ce & ,rome4 ,l9e & composition 7 means ( express+ ab/ract ?\ght bett] ?an color1 ?\gh "s ( ! ,flor5t9es employ$ bo? l9e & color kn[+ly4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,fra ,b>tolommeo 7#adge-aeag71 a monk ( ,san ,m>co1 :o 0 a transition pa9t] f ! fifte5? to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 a religioni/1 a foll[] ( ,savon>ola1 & a man ( s\l :o ?\ght to d "w ( a religi\s "* & feel+2 b he 0 also a f9e pa9t]1 excell+ 9 composition1 draw+1 drap]y1 color4 ,! pa9t]'s elem5t 9 8 "w1 its mat]ial & e>?ly beauty1 r detract$ f its spiritual significance4 ,he oppos$ ! s5su\s & ! nude1 & yet ab\t ! only nude he ev] pa9t$--a ,/4 ,seba/ian = ,san ,m>co--_h s mu* ( ! e>?ly ab\t x t p =got ! suff]+ sa9t 9 admir+ ! f9e body1 & ! picture _h to be remov$ f ! conv5t4 ,9 su* ways religion 9 art 0 gradually und]m9$1 n alone by naturalism & classicism b by art itself4 ,pa9t+ br\ght into life by religion no soon] rea*$ maturity ?an x l$ p away f religion by po9t+ out s5su\s beauties 9 ! type r ?an religi\s beauties 9 ! symbol4 ,fra ,b>tolommeo 0 among ! la/ ( ! pieti/s 9 art4 ,he _h no great imag9ation1 b "s feel+ & a f9e color-s5se = ,flor5ce4 ,naturally he 0 influ5c$ some:at by ! great ones ab\t him1 le>n+ p]spective f ,raphael1 gr&eur f ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & cont\rs f ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,he work$ 9 collaboration ) ,alb]t9elli 7#adgd-aeae71 a skill$ arti/ & a fell[-pupil ) ,b>tolommeo 9 ! work%op ( ,cosimo ,rosselli4 ,_! "w is s mu* alike t x is (t5 difficult to di/+ui% ! pa9t]s ap>t4 ,alb]t9elli 0 n s dev\t z 8 companion1 b he pa9t$ ! religi\s subject ) feel+1 z 8 ,visitation 9 ! ,uffizi indicates4 ,among ! foll[]s ( ,b>tolommeo & ,alb]t9elli 7 ,fra ,paol9o 7#adijaedg71 ,bugi>d9i 7#adge-aeed71 ,granacci 7#adgg-aedc71 :o %[$ _m influ5ces1 & ,ridolfo ,ghirl&ajo 7#adhc-aefa74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,mi*ael ,,angelo4 ,,a?lete4 ,,si/9e1 ,,rome4 ,&rea del ,s>to 7#adhf-aeca7 0 a ,flor5t9e pure & simple--a pa9t] = ! ,*ur* produc+ _m madonnas & alt>-pieces1 & yet possess$ ( little religi\s feel+ or dep?4 ,he 0 a pa9t] m ?an a pieti/1 & 0 call$ by 8 t[nsm5 ! faultless pa9t]4 ,s he 0 z reg>ds ! te*nical features ( 8 art4 ,he 0 ! be/ bru%man & colori/ ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool4 ,deal+ l>gely ) ! mat]ial side 8 craftsman%ip 0 excell5t & 8 pictures exub]ant ) life & color1 b 8 madonnas & sa9ts 7 decid$ly ( ! e>?--h&some ,flor5t9e models g>b$ z sacr$ *>act]s--well-drawn & easily pa9t$1 ) little devotional feel+ ab\t !m4 ,he 0 influ5c$ by o!r pa9t]s to "s ext5t4 ,masaccio1 ,ghirl&ajo1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo 7 8 models 9 draw+2 ,leon>do & ,b>tolommeo 9 cont\rs2 :ile 9 w>m? ( color1 bru%-"w1 atmosph]ic & l&scape effects he 0 q by himself4 ,he _h a l>ge numb] ( pupils & foll[]s1 b mo/ ( !m des]t$ him lat] on to foll[ ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,pontormo 7#adic-aeeh7 & ,franciabigio 7#adhb-aebe7 7 among ! be/ ( !m4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 7#adgd-aefd7 has be5 call$ ! ,prophet ( ! ,r5aissance1 & p]haps des]ves ! title1 s9ce he 0 m ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ?an ! ,new--m ( ! au/]e & imp]i\s ?an ! lov+ or ! =giv+4 ,!re 0 no s5tim5tal feature ab\t 8 art4 ,8 conception 0 intellectual1 highly imag9ative1 my/]i\s1 at times disord]$ & turbul5t 9 its /r5g?4 ,he came ! ne>e/ to ! sublime ( any pa9t] 9 hi/ory ?r\gh ! sole attribute ( p[]4 ,he _h no t5d]ness nor any w9n+ *>m4 ,he did n w91 b r comm&$4 ,ev]y?+ he saw or felt 0 /udi$ = ! /r5g? t 0 9 x4 ,religion1 ,old-,te/am5t hi/ory1 ! antique1 humanity1 all turn$ 9 8 h&s into symbolic =ms ( p[]1 put =? app>5tly 9 ! :ite heat ( passion1 & at times 9 defiance ( e rule & tradition ( art4 ,p]sonal feel+ 0 v app>5t 9 8 "w1 & 9 ?is he 0 z f> remov$ z possible f ! ,greeks1 & ne>] to :at "o w\ld call to-day a romantici/4 ,!re 0 little ( ! objective ab\t him4 ,he 0 n an imitator ( facts b a creator ( =ms & ideas4 ,8 art 0 a reflection ( himself--a self-suffici5t man1 positive1 creative1 /&+ alone1 a law unto himself4 ,te*nically he 0 m ( a sculptor ?an a pa9t]4 ,he said s himself :5 ,julius comm&$ him to pa9t ! ,si/9e ceil+1 & he told ! tru?4 ,he 0 a magnific5t draughtsman1 & drew magnific5t sculpturesque figures on ! ,si/9e vault4 ,t 0 ab\t all 8 a*ievem5t ) ! bru%4 ,9 color1 light1 air1 p]spective--9 all ^? features peculi> to ! pa9t]--he 0 beh9d 8 contempor>ies4 ,composition he knew a great deal ab\t1 & 9 draw+ he _h ! mo/ positive1 f>-rea*+ comm& ( l9e ( any pa9t] ( any "t4 ,x 0 9 draw+ t he %[$ 8 p[]4 ,ev5 ?is is sev]e & h>% at times1 & !n aga9 fill$ ) a grace t is maje/ic & 9 scope univ]sal1 z witness ! ,creation ( ,adam 9 ! ,si/9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,raphael4 ,,la ,,belle ,,j>d9i]e4 ,,l\vre4 ,he came out ( ,flor5ce1 a pupil ( ,ghirl&ajo1 ) a s*ool feel+ = l9e1 /imulat$ by ! frescos ( ,masaccio & ,signorelli4 ,at an e>ly age he decl>$ himself1 & hew$ a pa? ( 8 own ?r\gh art1 sweep+ along ) him _m ( ! slight] pa9t]s ( 8 age4 ,long-liv$ he saw 8 contempor>ies die ab\t him & ,humanism end 9 blood%$ ) ! com+ ( ! ,jesuits2 b alone1 gloomy1 resolute1 /eadfa/ to 8 belief1 he held 8 way1 ! la/ great repres5tative ( ,flor5t9e art1 ! fir/ great repres5tative ( individualism 9 art4 ,) him & aft] him came _m foll[]s :o /rove to imitate 8 t]rible /yle1 b !y did n succe$ any too well4 ,! mo/ ( ^! foll[]s f9d classification "u ! ,mann]i/s ( ! ,decad5ce4 ,( ^? :o 7 imm$iate pupils ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 or c>ri$ out 8 designs1 ,daniele da ,volt]ra 7#aeji-aeff7 0 "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,8 *ief "w1 ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 0 consid]$ by ,p\ss9 z "o ( ! ?ree great pictures ( ! _w4 ,x is sometimes said to h be5 design$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 b t is only a conjecture4 ,x has mu* action & life 9 x1 b is some:at affect$ 9 pose & ge/ure1 & ,volt]ra's "w g5]ally 0 defici5t 9 real en]gy ( conception & execution4 ,m>cello ,v5u/i 7#aeae-aehe87 pa9t$ directly f ,mi*ael ,angelo's designs 9 a delicate & precise way1 probably imbib$ f 8 ma/]1 ,p]9o del ,vaga1 & f association ) ,v5etians l ,seba/iano del ,piombo 7#adhe-aedg74 ,?is la/-nam$ pa9t] 0 born 9 ,v5ice & tra9$ "u ,bell9i & ,giorgione1 inh]it+ ! color & light-&-%ade qualities ( ! ,v5etians2 b lat] on he w5t to ,rome & came "u ! influ5ce ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael4 ,he tri$1 "u ,mi*ael ,angelo's inspiration x is said1 to unite ! ,flor5t9e gr&eur ( l9e ) ! ,v5etian color+1 & ?us outdo ,raphael4 ,x 0 n :olly successful1 ?\gh result+ 9 an excell5t quality ( art4 ,z a portrait-pa9t] he 0 above reproa*4 ,8 e>ly works 7 r free 9 impa/o1 ! late ones smoo? & %9y1 9 imitation ( ,raphael4 ,raphael ,sanzio 7#adhc-aebj7 0 m ,greek 9 me?od ?an any ( ! great ,r5aissance pa9t]s4 ,9 subject he 0 n m classic ?an o!rs ( 8 "t2 he pa9t$ all subjects4 ,9 ?\ght he 0 n p>ticul>ly classic2 he 0 *iefly intellectual1 ) a lean+ t[>d ! s5su\s t 0 half-pagan4 ,x 0 9 me?od & expression m ?an else:]e t he %[$ ! ,greek _s4 ,he aim$ at ! ideal & ! univ]sal1 indep5d5t1 s f> z possible1 ( ! individual1 & s\ght by a union ( all elem5ts to produce p]fect h>mony4 ,! ,h>moni/ ( ! ,r5aissance is 8 title4 ,& ?is h>mony ext5d$ to a bl5d+ ( ?\ght1 =m1 & expression1 height5+ or modify+ e elem5t until !y ran toge!r ) su* rhy?m t x c\ld n be se5 :]e "o left (f & ano!r began4 ,he 0 ! v opposite ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,! art ( ! latt] 0 an expression ( individual p[] & 0 purely subjective4 ,raphael's art 0 l>gely a unity ( objective beauties1 ) ! p]sonal elem5t z mu* 9 abeyance z 0 possible = 8 "t4 ,8 education 0 a cultivation ( e grace ( m9d & h&4 ,he assimilat$ freely :atev] he f\nd to be good 9 ! art ab\t him4 ,a pupil ( ,p]ug9o orig9ally1 he levi$ ^u features ( excell5ce 9 ,masaccio1 ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 ,leon>do1 ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,f ! fir/ he got t5d]ness1 f ! second draw+1 f ! ?ird color & composition1 f ! f\r? *>m1 f ! fif? =ce4 ,l an eclectic ,greek he drew f all s\rces1 & !n bl5d$ & unit$ ^! features 9 a peculi> /yle ( 8 own & /amp$ !m ) 8 peculi> ,raphaelesque /amp4 ,9 subject ,raphael 0 religi\s & my?ological1 b he 0 imbu$ ) nei!r ( ^! s f> z ! initial _s 0 conc]n$4 ,he look$ at all subjects 9 a calm1 intellectual1 arti/ic way4 ,ev5 ! celebrat$ ,si/9e ,madonna is m intellectual ?an pieti/ic1 a ,*ri/ian ,m9]va rul+ r ?an help+ to save ! _w4 ,! same _s rul$ him 9 classic & !ological !mes4 ,he did n feel !m ke5ly or execute !m passionately--at lea/ !re is no indication ( x 9 8 "w4 ,! do+ s w\ld h de/roy$ unity1 symmetry1 repose4 ,! !me 0 ev] held 9 *eck by a reg>d = proportion & rhy?m4 ,to keep all arti/ic elem5ts 9 p]fect equilibrium1 all[+ no "o to pr$om9ate1 seem$ ! ma9spr+ ( 8 action1 & 9 do+ ?is he creat$ t h>mony :i* 8 admir]s sometimes ref] to z pure beauty4 ,= 8 p]iod & s*ool he 0 r rem>kable te*nically4 ,he excell$ 9 ev]y?+ except bru%-"w1 :i* 0 nev] br\ght to maturity 9 ei!r ,flor5ce or ,rome4 ,ev5 9 color he 0 f9e = ,flor5ce1 ?\gh n equal to ! ,v5etians4 ,9 composition1 modell+1 l9e1 ev5 9 texture pa9t+ 7see 8 portraits7 he 0 a man ( accompli%m5t2 :ile 9 grace1 purity1 s]5ity1 l(t9ess he 0 ! ,flor5t9e lead] easily fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,,giulio ,,romano4 ,,apollo ,,& ,,muses4 ,,pitti4 ,! influ5ce ( ,raphael's example 0 l>gely felt ?r\gh\t ,c5tral ,italy1 & ev5 at ! nor?1 result+ 9 _m imitators & foll[]s1 :o tri$ to produce ,raphaelesque effects4 ,_! ef=ts 7 usually successful 9 precipitat+ *>m into sweetness & s5tim5t into s5tim5tality4 ,francesco ,p5ni 7#adhh8-aebh7 seems to h be5 cont5t to "w "u ,raphael ) "s ability4 ,giulio ,romano 7#adib-aedf7 0 ! /ronge/ ( ! pupils1 & became ! f\nd] & lead] ( ! ,roman s*ool1 :i* _h consid]able influ5ce ^u ! pa9t]s ( ! ,decad5ce4 ,he adopt$ ! classic subject & tri$ to adopt ,raphael's /yle1 b he 0 n completely successful4 ,raphael's ref9em5t 9 ,giulio's h&s became exagg]at$ co>s5ess4 ,he 0 a good draughtsman1 b r hot z a colori/1 & a compos] ( viol5t1 re/less1 &1 at times1 contort$ gr\ps4 ,he 0 a prolific pa9t]1 b 8 "w t5d$ t[>d ! b>oque /yle1 & _h a bad influ5ce on ! succe$+ s*ools4 ,primaticcio 7#aejd-aegj7 0 "o ( 8 foll[]s1 & _h mu* to d ) ! f\nd+ ( ! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau 9 ,france4 ,giovanni da ,ud9e 7#adhg-aefd71 a ,v5etian tra9$ pa9t]1 became a foll[] ( ,raphael1 8 only orig9ality %[+ 9 decorative designs4 ,p]9o del ,vaga 7#aejj-aedg7 0 ( ! same ca/ ( m9d4 ,&rea ,sabbat9i 7#adhj8-aede7 c>ri$ ,raphael's types & me?ods to ! s\? ( ,italy1 & "s arti/s at ,bologna1 & 9 ,umbria1 l ,innoc5za da ,imola 7#adid-aeej871 & ,timoteo di ,viti 7#adfg-aebc71 adopt$ ! ,raphael type & me?od to ! detrim5t ( :at native tal5t !y may h possess$1 ?\gh ab\t ,timoteo !re is "s d\bt :e!r he adopt$ ,raphael's type1 or ,raphael 8 type4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,,flor5t9es--,fra ,b>tolommeo1 ,desc5t f ! ,cross ,salvator ,mundi ,/4 ,m>k ,pitti1 ,madonnas & ,prophets ,uffizi1 o!r pictures ,flor5ce ,acad41 ,l\vre1 ,vi5na ,gal42 ,alb]t9elli1 ,visitation ,uffizi1 ,*ri/ ,magdal5e ,madonna ,l\vre1 ,tr9ity ,madonna ,flor5ce ,acad41 ,annunciation ,muni* ,gal42 ,fra ,paol9o1 works at ,san ,spirito ,si5na1 ,s4 ,dom5ico & ,s4 ,paolo ,pi/oia1 ,madonna ,flor5ce ,acad42 ,bugi>d9i1 ,madonna ,uffizi1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e ,s4 ,m4 ,novella ,flor5ce1 ,nativity ,b]l91 ,/4 ,ca!r9e ,bologna ,gal42 ,granacci1 alt>-pieces ,uffizi1 ,pitti1 ,acad4 ,flor5ce1 ,b]l9 & ,muni* ,gals42 ,ridolfo ,ghirl&ajo1 ,s4 ,z5obio pictures ,uffizi1 also ,l\vre & ,b]l9 ,gal42 ,&rea del ,s>to1 _m pictures 9 ,uffizi & ,pitti1 ,l\vre1 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,madrid1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 frescos ,s4 ,annunziata & ! ,scalzo ,flor5ce2 ,pontormo1 frescos ,annunziata ,flor5ce1 ,visitation & ,madonna ,l\vre1 portrait ,b]l9 ,gal41 ,supp] at ,emmaus ,flor5ce ,acad41 o!r works ,uffizi2 ,franciabigio1 frescos c\rts ( ! ,s]vi & ,scalzo ,flor5ce1 ,ba?%eba ,dresd5 ,gal41 _m portraits 9 ,l\vre1 ,pitti1 ,b]l9 ,gal42 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 frescos ,si/9e ,rome1 ,holy ,family ,uffizi2 ,daniele da ,volt]ra1 frescos ,hi/4 ( ,cross ,tr9ita de' ,monti ,rome1 ,innoc5ts ,uffizi2 ,v5u/i1 frescos ,ca/el ,san ,angelo1 ,s4 ,spirito ,rome1 ,annunciation ,/4 ,john ,lat]an ,rome2 ,seba/iano del ,piombo1 ,laz>us ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,pieta ,vit]bo1 ,=n>9a ,uffizi 7ascrib$ to ,raphael7 ,=n>9a & ,*ri/ ,be>+ ,cross ,b]l9 & ,dresd5 ,gals41 ,aga?a ,pitti1 ,visitation ,l\vre1 portrait ,doria ,gal4 ,rome2 ,raphael1 ,m>riage ( ,virg9 ,br]a1 ,madonna & ,vision ( ,knight ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,madonnas ,/4 ,mi*ael & ,/4 ,george ,l\vre1 _m ,madonnas & portraits 9 ,uffizi1 ,pitti1 ,muni*1 ,vi5na1 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 ,madrid ,gals41 ,si/9e ,madonna ,dresd51 *ief frescos ,vatican ,rome4 ,,romans3 ,giulio ,romano1 frescos ,sala di ,con/ant9o ,vatican ,rome 7) ,francesco ,p5ni aft] ,raphael71 ,palazzo del ,te ,mantua1 ,/4 ,/eph51 ,s4 ,/efano ,g5oa1 ,holy ,family ,dresd5 ,gal41 o!r works 9 ,l\vre1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,pitti1 ,uffizi2 ,primaticcio1 works attribut$ to him d\btful--,scipio ,l\vre1 ,lady at ,toilet & ,v5us ,musee de ,cluny2 ,giovanni da ,ud9e1 decorations1 arabesques & grotesques 9 ,vatican ,loggia2 ,p]9o del ,vaga1 ,hi/4 ( ,jo%ua & ,david ,vatican 7) ,raphael71 frescos ,tr9ita de' ,monti & ,ca/el ,s4 ,angelo ,rome1 ,creation ( ,eve ,s4 ,m>cello ,rome2 ,sabbat9i1 ,adoration ,naples ,mus41 alt>-pieces 9 ,naples & ,sal]no *ur*es2 ,innoc5za da ,imola1 works 9 ,bologna1 ,b]l9 & ,muni* ,gals42 ,timoteo di ,viti1 ,*ur* ( ! ,pace ,rome 7aft] ,raphael71 madonnas & ,magdal5e ,br]a1 ,acad4 ( ,/4 ,luke ,rome1 ,bologna ,gal41 ,s4 ,dom5ico ,urb9o1 ,gubbio ,ca!dral4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+4 ,,! ,,high ,,r5aissance1 #aejj-afjj4--;,,cont9u$4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,! works on ,italian art be=e m5tion$ & consult also ! ,g5]al ,bibliography 7p4 xv47 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci ,,& ,,! ,,milanese3 ,! ?ird p]son 9 ! great ,flor5t9e tr9ity ( pa9t]s 0 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai71 ! o!r two be+ ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael4 ,he greatly influ5c$ ! s*ool ( ,milan1 & has usually be5 class$ ) ! ,milanese1 yet he 0 educat$ 9 ,flor5ce1 9 ! work%op ( ,v]roc*io1 & 0 s univ]sal 9 ?\ght & me?ods t he h>dly belongs to any s*ool4 ,he has be5 nam$ a reali/1 an ideali/1 a magician1 a wiz>d1 a dream]1 & f9ally a sci5ti/1 by diff]5t writ]s1 yet he 0 none ( ^! ?+s :ile be+ all ( !m--a full-r\nd$1 univ]sal man1 le>n$ 9 _m dep>tm5ts & excell+ 9 :atev] he und]took4 ,he _h ! sci5tific & exp]im5tal way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,t is p]haps to be regrett$1 s9ce x result$ 9 8 exp]im5t+ ) ev]y?+ & complet+ little ( any?+4 ,8 diff]5t ta/es & pursuits pull$ him diff]5t ways1 & 8 k made him sceptical ( 8 own p[]s4 ,he pond]$ & ?\ght h[ to rea* up high]1 h[ to p5etrate deep]1 h[ to realize m compreh5sively1 & 9 ! end he gave up 9 despair4 ,he c\ld n fulfil 8 ideal ( ! head ( ,*ri/ nor ! head ( ,mona ,lisa1 & aft] ye>s ( labor he left !m unf9i%$4 ,! problem ( human life1 ! _s1 ! _w engross$ him1 & all 8 creations seem impregnat$ ) ! psy*ological1 ! my/ical1 ! unatta9able1 ! hidd54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,,mona ,,lisa4 ,,l\vre4 ,he 0 no religioni/1 ?\gh pa9t+ ! religi\s subject ) feel+2 he 0 n 9 any s5se a classici/1 nor _h he any c>e = ! antique m>bles1 :i* he consid]$ a /udy ( nature at second-h&4 ,he 0 m 9 love ) physical life )\t be+ an en?usia/ ov] x4 ,8 reg>d = cont\rs1 rhy?m ( l9e1 bl5d ( light ) %ade1 /udy ( atmosph]e1 p]spective1 trees1 animals1 humanity1 %[ t ?\gh he exam9$ nature sci5tifically1 he pictur$ x ae/hetically4 ,9 8 types !re is mu* sweetness ( s\l1 *>m ( disposition1 dignity ( mi51 ev5 gr&eur & maje/y ( pres5ce4 ,8 p we w\ld l to "k bett]4 ,!y are full ( life1 intellig5ce1 sympa?y2 !y h fasc9ation ( mann]1 w9som5ess ( mood1 grace ( be>+4 ,we see ?is 9 8 be/-kn[n "w--! ,mona ,lisa ( ! ,l\vre4 ,x has mu* allurem5t ( p]sonal pres5ce1 ) a dep? & abundance ( s\l altoge!r *>m+4 ,te*nically1 ,leon>do 0 n a h&l] ( ! bru% sup]ior 9 any way to 8 ,flor5t9e contempor>ies4 ,he knew all ! me?ods & m$iums ( ! "t1 & did mu* to e/abli% oil-pa9t+ among ! ,flor5t9es1 b he 0 nev] a pa9t] l ,titian1 or ev5 ,correggio or ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,a spl5did draughtsman1 a man ( inv5tion1 imag9ation1 grace1 elegance1 & p[]1 he nev]!less c>ri$ m by m5tal p5etration & ae/hetic s5se ?an by 8 te*nical skill4 ,he 0 "o ( ! great m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 & des]v$ly holds a place 9 ! front rank4 ,?\gh ,leon>do's accompli%m5t seems slight because ( ! little t is left to u1 yet he _h a great foll[+ n only among ! ,flor5t9es b at ,milan1 :]e ,v9c5za ,foppa _h />t$ a s*ool 9 ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance "t4 ,leon>do 0 !re = f\rte5 ye>s1 & 8 arti/ic p]sonality influ5c$ _m pa9t]s to adopt 8 type & me?ods4 ,b]n>d9o ,lu9i 7#adge8-aecb87 0 ! mo/ prom95t ( ! disciples4 ,he cultivat$ ,leon>do's s5tim5t1 /yle1 subjects1 & composition 9 8 middle p]iod1 b lat] on develop$ indep5d5ce & orig9ality4 ,he came at a p]iod ( art :5 t e>ne/ness ( *>act]ization :i* m>k$ ! e>ly m5 0 giv+ way to gracefulness ( recitation1 & t 0 ! *ief feature ( 8 art4 ,= t matt] gracefulness & pa!tic sweetness ( mood1 ) purity ( l9e & w>m? ( color *>act]iz$ all ! ,milanese pa9t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,,lu9i4 ,,daught] ,,( ,,h]odias ,,) ,,head ,,( ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/4 ,,uffizi4 ,! m prom95t lights ( ! s*ool 7 ,sala9o 7fl4 #adie-aeah71 ( ^: "w no?+ au!ntic exi/s1 ,boltraffio 7#adfg-aeaf71 a pa9t] ( limitations b ( mu* ref9em5t & purity1 & ,m>co da ,oggiono 7#adgj8-aecj7 a close foll[] ( ,leon>do4 ,sol>io 7#adeh8-aeae87 probably became acqua9t$ e>ly ) ! ,flemi% mode ( work+ practis$ by ,antonello da ,mess9a1 b he aft]w>d came "u ,leon>do's spell at ,milan4 ,he 0 a c>eful1 ref9$ pa9t]1 possess$ ( feel+ & t5d]ness1 produc+ pictures ) enamell$ surfaces & mu* detail4 ,gianpietr9o 7fl4 #aebj-aedj7 & ,ces>e da ,se/o 7#adgg-aebc87 7 also ( ! ,milanese s*ool1 ! latt] aft]w>d fall+ "u ! ,raphael influ5ce4 ,gaud5zio ,f]r>a 7#adha8-aedg871 an exceptionally brilliant colori/ & a pa9t] ( mu* di/9ction1 0 "u ,leon>do's influ5ce at "o "t1 & ) ! tea*+s ( t ma/] he m+l$ a little ( ,raphael 9 ! type ( face4 ,he 0 an unev5 pa9t]1 (t5 excessive 9 s5tim5t1 b at 8 be/ "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ ( ! nor!rn pa9t]s4 ,,sodoma ,,& ,,! ,,si5nese3 ,si5na1 alive 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury to all t 0 /irr+ 9 art1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 9 complete eclipse1 no pa9t]s ( consequ5ce emanat+ f !re or be+ e/abli%$ !re4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury !re 0 a revival ( art because ( a nor!rn pa9t] settl+ !re & build+ up a new s*ool4 ,?is pa9t] 0 ,sodoma 7#adgg8-aedi74 ,he 0 "o ( ! be/ pupils ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 a ma/] ( ! human figure1 h&l+ x ) mu* grace & *>m ( expression1 b n s successful ) gr\ps or /udi$ compositions1 :]e9 he 0 incl9$ to huddle & ov]-cr[d space4 ,he 0 aft]w>d l$ (f by ! brilliant success ( ,raphael1 & adopt$ some?+ ( t ma/]'s /yle4 ,8 be/ "w 0 done 9 fresco1 ?\gh he did "s easel pictures t h d>k5$ v mu* ?r\gh "t4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,raphael1 & 8 portrait appe>s beside ,raphael's 9 ! latt] pa9t]'s celebrat$ ,s*ool ( ,a!ns4 ,! pupils & foll[]s ( ! ,si5nese ,s*ool 7 n m5 ( great /r5g?4 ,pac*i>otta 7#adgd-aedj871 ,girolamo della ,pac*ia 7#adgg-aece71 ,p]uzzi 7#adha-aecf71 a half-,lomb>d half-,umbrian pa9t] ( ability1 & ,beccafumi 7#adhf-aeea7 7 ! pr9cipal lights4 ,! influ5ce ( ! s*ool 0 slight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,,sodoma4 ,,ec/asy ,,( ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e4 ,,si5na4 ,,f]r>a ,,& ,,bolognese ,,s*ools3 ,! pa9t]s ( ^! s*ools dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury h usually be5 class$ among ! foll[]s & imitators ( ,raphael1 b n )\t "s inju/ice4 ,! influ5ce ( ,raphael 0 great ?r\gh\t ,c5tral ,italy1 & ! ,f]r>ese & ,bolognese felt x1 b n to ! ext9ction ( _! native ?\ght & me?ods4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 "s influ5ce 9 color com+ f ! ,v5etian s*ool1 b aga9 n to ! entire ext9ction ( ,f]r>ese individuality4 ,dosso ,dossi 7#adgi8-aeda71 at ,f]r>a1 a pupil ( ,lor5zo ,co/a1 0 ! *ief pa9t] ( ! "t1 & he %[$ m ( ,giorgione 9 color & light-&-%ade ?an anyone else1 yet he nev] ab&on$ ! yell[s1 gre5s1 & r$s peculi> to ,f]r>a1 & bo? he & ,g>(olo 7 /rik+ly orig9al 9 _! backgr\nd l&scapes4 ,g>(olo 7#adha-aeei7 0 a pupil ( ,panetti & ,co/a1 :o made sev]al visits to ,rome & !re fell 9 love ) ,raphael's "w1 :i* %[$ 9 a fondness = ! sweep & fl[ ( l9e1 9 ! type ( face adopt$1 & 9 ! calmness ( 8 _m easel pictures4 ,he 0 n s dramatic a pa9t] z ,dosso1 & 9 addition he _h c]ta9 mann]isms or e>m>ks1 su* z soot9ess 9 8 fle% t9ts & brightness 9 8 yell[s & gre5s1 ) dulness 9 8 r$s4 ,he 0 always ,f]r>ese 9 8 l&scapes & 9 ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( 8 te*nic4 ,mazzol9o 7#adgh8-aebh87 0 ano!r ( ! s*ool1 probably a pupil ( ,panetti4 ,he 0 an elaborate pa9t]1 fond ( ar*itectural backgr\nds & gl[+ colors enliv5$ ) gold 9 ! high lights4 ,bagnacavallo 7#adhd-aedb7 0 a pupil ( ,francia at ,bologna1 b ) mu* ( ,dosso & ,f]r>a ab\t him4 ,he1 9 common ) ,imola1 already m5tion$1 0 indebt$ to ! art ( ,raphael4 ,,correggio ,,at ,,p>ma3 ,9 ,correggio 7#adid8-aecd7 all ! ,boccaccio nature ( ! ,r5aissance came to ! surface4 ,x 0 indicat$ 9 ,&rea del ,s>to--?is nature-wor%ip--b ,correggio 0 ! consummation4 ,he 0 ! ,faun ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! pa9t] ) :om ! beauty ( ! human z di/+ui%$ f ! religi\s & ! classic %[$ at its v /ronge/4 ,free animal spirits1 laugh+ madonnas1 rav+ nymphs1 excit$ *ildr5 ( ! wood1 & angels ( ! sky pass & repass ?r\gh 8 pictures 9 an atmosph]e ( pure s5su\sness4 ,!y appeal to u n religi\sly1 n hi/orically1 n intellectually1 b s5su\sly & arti/ically ?r\gh _! rhy?mic l9es1 _! palpitat+ fle%1 _! beauty ( color1 & 9 ! light & atmosph]e t surr\nd !m4 ,he 0 less ( a religioni/ ?an ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,religion 9 art 0 los+ gr\nd 9 8 day1 & ! lib]ality & worldl9ess ( its tea*]s appe>$ cle>ly en\gh 9 ! decorations ( ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,paul at ,p>ma1 :]e ,correggio 0 all[$ to pa9t my?ological ,dianas & ,cupids 9 ! place ( sa9ts & madonnas4 ,true en\gh1 he pa9t$ ! religi\s subject v (t51 b ) ! same _s ( life & joy\sness z pr(ane subjects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df--;,,correggio4 ,,m>riage ,,( ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e ,,& ,,*ri/4 ,,l\vre4 ,! classic subject seem$ m appropriate to 8 _s1 & yet he knew & probably c>$ less ab\t x ?an ! religi\s subject4 ,8 ,dianas & ,l$as are only s 9 "n4 ,!y h little ( ! ,hell5ic _s ab\t !m1 & = ! /]n]1 h]oic phases ( classicism--! l(ty1 ! gr&--,correggio nev] essay$ !m4 ,! ?+s ( ?is e>? & ! sweetness !re( seem$ ev] 8 aim4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 7 beautiful to him 9 ! same way t fl[]s & trees & skies & sunsets 7 beautiful4 ,!y 7 revelations ( grace1 *>m1 t5d]ness1 light1 %ade1 color4 ,simply to exi/ & be glad 9 ! sunlight 0 sweetness to ,correggio4 ,he w\ld h no ,sibylesque my/]y1 no prophetic au/]ity1 no solemnity1 no great intellectuality4 ,he 0 no lead] ( a tragic *orus4 ,! dramatic1 ! =ceful1 ! p[]ful1 7 =eign to 8 mood4 ,he 0 a s+] ( lyrics & pa/orals1 a lov] ( ! mat]ial beauty ab\t him1 & x is because he pass$ by ! pieti/ic1 ! classic1 ! lit]>y1 & %[$ ! beauty ( physical life z an art motive t he is call$ ! ,faun ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! appellation is n inappropriate4 ,h[ or :y he came to take ?is c\rse w\ld be h>d to det]m9e4 ,x 0 reflective ( ! times2 b ,correggio1 s f> z hi/ory tells u1 _h little to d ) ! movem5ts & p ( 8 age4 ,he 0 born & liv$ & di$ ne> ,p>ma1 & is sometimes class$ among ! ,bologna-,f]r>a pa9t]s1 b ! reasons = ! classification are n too /rong4 ,8 education1 ma/]s1 & influ5ces are all %ad[y & indef9ite4 ,he seems1 f 8 draw+ & composition1 to h kn[n some?+ ( ,mantegna at ,mantua2 f 8 color+ some?+ ( ,dosso & ,g>(olo1 especially 9 8 /raw-yell[s2 f 8 e>ly types & faces some?+ ( ,co/a & ,francia1 & 8 cont\rs & light-&-%ade indicate a k ( ,leon>do's "w4 ,b !re is no positive c]ta9ty t he saw ! "w ( any ( ^! m54 ,8 draw+ 0 faulty at times1 b n obtrusively s2 8 color & bru%-"w ri*1 vivaci\s1 spirit$2 8 light brilliant1 w>m1 p5etrat+2 8 cont\rs melt+1 graceful2 8 atmosph]e omnipres5t1 envelop+4 ,9 composition he r pu%$ aside l9e 9 favor ( light & color4 ,x 0 8 te*nical peculi>ity t he c5traliz$ 8 light & surr\nd$ x by d>ks z a foil4 ,& 9 ?is v feature he 0 "o ( ! fir/ m5 9 ,r5aissance ,italy to pa9t a picture = ! purpose ( weav+ a s*eme ( lights & d>ks ?r\gh a tape/ry ( ri* colors4 ,t is art = art's sake1 & t1 z w be se5 fur!r on1 0 ! picture motive ( ! great ,v5etians4 ,correggio's imm$iate pupils & foll[]s1 l ^? ( ,raphael & ,&rea del ,s>to1 did him small honor4 ,z 0 usually ! case 9 ,r5aissance art-hi/ory !y caught at ! me?od & lo/ ! _s ( ! ma/]4 ,8 son1 ,pomponio ,allegri 7#aeba-aeic871 0 a pa9t] ( "s m>k )\t be+ 9 ! front rank4 ,mi*elangelo ,anselmi 7#adia-aeed871 ?\gh n a pupil1 0 an indiff]5t imitator ( ,correggio4 ,p>migian9o 7#aejd-aedj71 a mann]$ pa9t] ( "s brilliancy1 & ( excell5ce 9 portraits1 0 p]haps ! be/ ( ! imm$iate foll[]s4 ,x 0 n until aft] ,correggio's dea?1 & ) ! pa9t]s ( ! ,decad5ce1 t 8 "w 0 s]i\sly tak5 up & foll[$4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,,milanese--,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,la/ ,supp] ,s4 ,m4 delle ,grazie ,milan 79 ru9s71 ,mona ,lisa1 ,madonna ) ,/4 ,anne 7badly damag$7 ,l\vre1 ,adoration 7unf9i%$7 ,uffizi1 ,angel at left 9 ,v]roc*io's ,baptism ,flor5ce ,acad42 ,lu9i1 frescos ,mona/]o ,maggiore1 #ga fragm5ts 9 ,br]a ,milan1 ,*ur* ( ! ,pilgrims ,s>rona1 ,s4 ,m4 degli ,angeli ,lugano1 alt>-pieces ,duomo ,como1 ,ambrosian ,libr>y ,milan1 ,br]a1 ,uffizi1 ,l\vre1 ,madrid1 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 & o!r gall]ies2 ,beltraffio1 ,madonna ,l\vre1 ,b>b>a ,b]l9 ,gal41 ,madonna ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 fresco ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,on(rio ,rome 7ascrib$ to ,da ,v9ci72 ,m>co da ,oggiono1 ,ar*angels & o!r works ,br]a1 ,holy ,family ,madonna ,l\vre2 ,sol>io1 ,ecce ,homo ,repose ,poldi-,pezzoli ,gal4 ,milan1 ,holy ,family ,br]a1 ,madonna ,portrait ,l\vre1 ,portraits ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,assumption ,c]tosa ( ,pavia2 ,giampietr9o1 ,magdal5e ,br]a1 ,madonna ,s4 ,sepolcro ,milan1 ,magdal5e & ,ca!r9e ,b]l9 ,gal42 ,ces>e da ,se/o1 ,madonna ,br]a1 ,magi ,naples ,mus42 ,gaud5zio ,f]r>a1 frescos ,*ur* ( ,pilgrims ,s>onna1 o!r pictures 9 ,br]a1 ,tur9 ,gal41 ,s4 ,gaud5zio ,nov>a1 ,s4 ,celso ,milan4 ,,si5nese--,sodoma1 frescos ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,anne ne> ,pi5za1 ,b5$ict9e ,conv5t ( ,mont' ,oliveto ,maggiore1 ,alex&] & ,roxana ,villa ,f>nes9a ,rome1 ,s4 ,b]n>d9o ,palazzo ,pubblico1 ,s4 ,dom5ico ,si5na1 pictures ,uffizi1 ,br]a1 ,muni*1 ,vi5na ,gals42 ,pac*i>otto1 ,asc5sion ,visitation ,si5na ,gal42 ,girolamo del ,pac*ia1 frescos 7#c7 ,s4 ,b]n>d9o1 alt>-pieces ,s4 ,spirito & ,si5na ,acad41 ,muni* & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,p]uzzi1 fresco ,fontegiu/e ,si5na1 ,s4 ,on(rio1 ,s4 ,m4 della ,pace ,rome2 ,beccafumi1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e ,sa9ts ,si5na ,acad41 frescos ,s4 ,b]n>d9o ,hospital & ,s4 ,m>t9o ,si5na1 ,palazzo ,doria ,rome1 ,pitti1 ,b]l91 ,muni* ,gals4 ,,f]r>ese ,,& ,,bolognese--,dosso ,dossi1 _m works ,f]r>a ,mod5a ,gals41 ,duomo ,s4 ,pietro ,mod5a1 ,br]a1 ,borghese1 ,doria1 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,vi5na1 ,gals42 ,g>(olo1 _m works ,f]r>a *ur*es & ,gal41 ,borghese1 ,campigdoglio1 ,l\vre1 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,muni*1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,mazzol9o1 ,f]r>a1 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,l\vre1 ,doria1 ,borghese1 ,pitti1 ,uffizi1 & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,bagnacavallo1 ,mis]icordia & ,gal4 ,bologna1 ,l\vre1 ,b]l91 ,dresd5 ,gals4 ,,p>mese--,correggio1 frescos ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,paolo1 ,s4 ,giovanni ,evangeli/a1 ,duomo ,p>ma1 alt>-pieces ,dresd5 7#d71 ,p>ma ,gals41 ,l\vre1 my?ological pictures ,antiope ,l\vre1 ,danae ,borghese1 ,l$a ,jupit] & ,io ,b]l91 ,v5us ,m]cury & ,cupid ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,ganym$e ,vi5na ,gal42 ,pomponio ,allegri1 frescos ,capella del ,popolo ,p>ma2 ,anselmi1 frescos ,s4 ,giovanni ,evangeli/a1 alt>-pieces ,madonna della ,/eccata1 ,duomo1 ,gal4 ,p>ma1 ,l\vre2 ,p>migian9o1 frescos ,moses ,/eccata1 ,s4 ,giovanni ,p>ma1 alt>-pieces ,santa ,m>gh]ita1 ,bologna ,gal41 ,madonna ,pitti1 portraits ,uffizi1 ,vi5na1 ,naples ,mus41 o!r works ,dresd51 ,vi5na1 & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+4 ,,! ,,high ,,r5aissance4 #aejj-afjj4 7,cont9u$47 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,! works on ,italian art be=e m5tion$ & also consult ,g5]al ,bibliography1 7page xv474 ,,! ,,v5etian ,,s*ool3 ,x 0 at ,v5ice & ) ! ,v5etian pa9t]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury t a new art-motive 0 f9ally & fully adopt$4 ,?is art-motive 0 n religion4 ,= ?\gh ! religi\s subject 0 /ill l>gely us$1 ! religi\s or pieti/ic belief 0 n ) ! ,v5etians any m ?an ) ,correggio4 ,x 0 n a classic1 antique1 reali/ic1 or naturali/ic motive4 ,! ,v5etians 7 int]e/$ 9 all phases ( nature1 & !y 7 /ud5ts ( nature1 b n /ud5ts ( tru? = tru?'s sake4 ,:at !y s\ght1 prim>ily1 0 ! light & %ade on a nude %\ld]1 ! delicate cont\rs ( a =m1 ! fl[ & fall ( silk or brocade1 ! ri*ness ( a robe1 a s*eme ( color or ( light1 ! "* ( a face1 ! maje/y ( a figure4 ,!y 7 seek+ effects ( l9e1 light1 color--m]e s5su\s & pictorial effects1 9 :i* religion & classicism play$ second>y p>ts4 ,!y believ$ 9 art = art's sake2 t pa9t+ 0 a creation1 n an illu/ration2 t x %\ld exi/ by its pictorial beauties1 n by its subject or /ory4 ,no matt] :at _! subjects1 !y inv>iably pa9t$ !m s z to %[ ! beauties !y priz$ ! highe/4 ,! ,v5etian conception 0 less au/]e1 gr&1 intellectual1 ?an pictorial1 s5su\s1 conc]n+ ! beautiful z x appeal$ to ! eye4 ,& ?is 0 n a slight or unwor?y conception4 ,true x dealt ) ! fulness ( mat]ial life1 b reg>d$ z x 0 by ! ,v5etians--a ?+ full-r\nd$1 complete1 h>moni\s1 spl5did--x became a great ideal ( exi/5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,,giorgione7874 ,,ordeal ,,( ,,moses4 ,,uffizi4 ,9 te*nical expression color 0 ! note ( all ! s*ool1 ) h>dly an exception4 ,?is 9 itself w\ld seem to imply a lightness ( _s1 = color is someh[ associat$ 9 ! popul> m9d ) decorative gayety2 b no?+ c\ld be fur!r remov$ f ! ,v5etian s*ool ?an triviality4 ,color 0 tak5 up ) ! greate/ s]i\sness1 & h&l$ 9 su* masses & ) su* dignifi$ p[] t :ile x pleas$ x also aw$ ! spectator4 ,)\t hav+ q ! sev]ity ( l9e1 "s ( ! ,v5etian *romatic s*emes rise 9 sublimity almo/ to ! ,si/9e modell+s ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,we d n feel ?is s mu* 9 ,giovanni ,bell9i1 f9e 9 color z he 04 ,he came too e>ly = ! full spl5dor1 b he left _m pupils :o complet$ :at he _h inaugurat$4 ,,! ,,great ,,v5etians3 ,! mo/ positive 9 influ5ce ^u 8 contempor>ies ( all ! great ,v5etians 0 ,giorgione 7#adgg8-aeaa74 ,he di$ "y1 & :at few pictures by him are left to u h be5 s torn to pieces by hi/orical criticism t at times "o beg9s to d\bt if !re ev] 0 su* a pa9t]4 ,8 diff]5t /yles h be5 confus$1 & 8 pictures 9 consequ5ce !re( attribut$ to foll[]s in/ead ( to ! ma/]4 ,pa9t]s *ange _! /yles1 b seldom _! orig9al b5t ( m9d4 ,) ,giorgione !re 0 a lyric feel+ z %[n 9 music4 ,! voluptu\s swell ( l9e1 ! melt+ tone ( color1 ! %>p da% ( light1 ! und]curr5t ( atmosph]e1 all m+l$ = him into radiant melody4 ,he s\ght pure pictorial beauty & f\nd x 9 ev]y?+ ( nature4 ,he _h little grasp ( ! purely intellectual1 & ! religi\s 0 some?+ he dealt ) 9 no /rong devotional way4 ,! fete1 ! conc]t1 ! fable1 ! leg5d1 ) a l&scape sett+1 made a /rong] appeal to him4 ,m ( a record] ?an a ?9k] he 0 n ! less a lead] %[+ ! way into t new ,arcadian grove ( pleasure ^: inhabitants ?\ght n ( cre$s & fai?s & hi/ories & lit]atures1 b 7 cont5t to lead ! life t 0 sweet 9 its gl[ & w>m? ( color1 its light1 its %ad[s1 its b5d+ trees1 & ar*+ skies4 ,a /rong full-blood$ race1 sob]-m9d$1 dignifi$1 rationally happy ) _! lot1 ,giorgione portray$ !m ) an art inf9ite 9 v>iety & consummate 9 skill4 ,_! lea/ features "u 8 bru% seem$ to gl[ l jewels4 ,! %e5 ( armor & ri* robe1 a b>e =e>m1 a nude back1 or loos5$ hair--m]e morsels ( color & light--all took on a new beauty4 ,ev5 l&scape ) him became m significant4 ,8 ma/]1 ,bell9i1 _h be5 reali/ic en\gh 9 ! details ( trees & hills1 b ,giorgione grasp$ ! mean+ ( l&scape z an entirety1 & r5d]$ x ) poetic bread?4 ,te*nically he adopt$ ! oil m$ium br\ght to ,v5ice by ,antonello da ,mess9a1 introduc+ scumbl+ & glaz+ to obta9 brilliancy & dep? ( color4 ,( light-&-%ade he 0 a ma/]1 & 9 atmosph]e excell5t4 ,he1 9 common ) all ! ,v5etians1 is sometimes said to be lack+ 9 draw+1 b t is ! result ( a misund]/&+4 ,! ,v5etians nev] c>$ to acc5t l9e1 *oos+ r to model 9 masses ( light & %ad[ & color4 ,giorgione 0 a sup]ior man ) ! bru%1 b n q up to 8 contempor>y ,titian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,titian4 ,,v5us ,,equipp+ ,,cupid4 ,,borghese ,,pal41 ,,rome4 ,t is n surpris+1 = ,titian 7#adgg-aegf7 0 ! pa9t] easily fir/ 9 ! :ole range ( ,italian art4 ,he 0 ! fir/ man 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ to h&le a bru% ) fre$om1 vigor1 & gu/o4 ,& ,titian's bru%-"w 0 probably ! lea/ "p ( 8 g5ius4 ,calm 9 mood1 dignifi$1 & (t5 maje/ic 9 conception1 le>n$ beyond all o!rs 9 8 craft1 he m+l$ ?\ght1 feel+1 color1 bru%-"w into "o gr& & gl[+ :ole4 ,he emphasiz$ no?+1 yet elevat$ ev]y?+4 ,9 pure intellectual ?\ght he 0 n s /rong z ,raphael4 ,he nev] s\ght to make pa9t+ a vehicle = !ological1 lit]>y1 or classical ideas4 ,8 tale 0 l>gely ( humanity "u a religi\s or classical "n1 b a noble1 maje/ic humanity4 ,9 8 art dignifi$ s5ators1 /]n doges1 & solemn ecclesia/ics m+le ) op5-ey$ madonnas1 w9n+ ,ariadnes1 & y\?ful ,bac*uses4 ,m5 & wom5 !y are truly1 b ! v noble/ ( ! ,italian race1 ! m\nta9 race ( ! ,cadore c\ntry--pr\d1 active1 gl[+ ) life2 ! sea race ( ,v5ice--worldly wise1 full ( "*1 luxuri\s 9 p[]4 ,9 himself he 0 an epitome ( all ! excell5ces ( pa9t+4 ,he 0 ev]y?+1 ! sum ( ,v5etian skill1 ! cr[n+ g5ius ( ,r5aissance art4 ,he _h =ce1 p[]1 inv5tion1 imag9ation1 po9t ( view2 he _h ! inf9ite k ( nature & ! inf9ite ma/]y ( art4 ,9 addition1 ,=tune smil$ ^u him z ^u a favorite *ild4 ,tra9$ 9 m9d & h& he liv$ = n9ety-n9e ye>s & work$ unceas+ly up to a few mon?s ( 8 dea?4 ,8 g5ius 0 great & 8 accompli%m5t equally s4 ,he 0 celebrat$ & indep5d5t at ?irty-five1 ?\gh be=e t he %[$ some?+ ( ! influ5ce ( ,giorgione4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,giorgione & 8 ma/]1 ,bell9i1 ,titian 0 ! lead] 9 ,v5ice to ! end ( 8 long life1 & ?\gh hav+ few s*ol>s ( importance 8 influ5ce 0 spread ?r\gh all ,nor? ,italian pa9t+4 ,tak+ him = all 9 all1 p]haps x is n too mu* to say t he 0 ! greate/ pa9t] kn[n to hi/ory4 ,if x 7 possible to describe t greatness 9 "o ^w1 t ^w w\ld be univ]sality4 ,he saw & pa9t$ t :i* 0 univ]sal 9 its tru?4 ,! local & p>ticul>1 ! small & ! accid5tal1 7 pass$ ov] = ^? great tru?s :i* belong to all ! _w ( life4 ,9 ?is respect he 0 a v]itable ,%akespe>e1 ) all ! calmness & repose ( "o :o ov]look$ ! _w f a l(ty height4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,,t9toretto4 ,,m]cury ,,& ,,graces4 ,,ducal ,,pal41 ,,v5ice4 ,! re/fulness & easy /r5g? ( ,titian 7 n *>act]i/ics ( 8 foll[] ,t9toretto 7#aeah-aeib74 ,he 0 viol5t1 headlong1 impulsive1 m impetu\s ?an ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & 9 "s respects a /rong rem9d] ( him4 ,he _h n ,mi*ael ,angelo's au/]ity1 & !re 0 m cla% & tumult & fire ab\t him1 b he _h a comm& ( l9e l ! ,flor5t9e1 & a way ( hurl+ ?+s1 z se5 9 ! ,fall ( ! ,damn$1 t rem9ds "o ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t ( ! ,si/9e4 ,x 0 8 aim to comb9e ! l9e ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ! color ( ,titian2 b )\t rea*+ up to ei!r ( 8 models he produc$ a p[]ful amalgam ( 8 own4 ,he 0 "o ( ! v great arti/s ( ! _w1 & ! mo/ rapid workman 9 ! :ole ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,!re are to-day1 aft] c5turies ( decay1 fire1 !ft1 & repa9t+1 y>ds ^u y>ds ( ,t9toretto's canvases rott+ ^u ! walls ( ! ,v5etian *ur*es4 ,he produc$ an enorm\s am\nt ( "w1 &1 :at is to be regrett$1 mu* ( x 0 contract "w or exp]im5tal sket*+4 ,?is has giv5 8 art a r bad "n1 b judg$ by 8 be/ works 9 ! ,ducal ,palace & ! ,academy at ,v5ice1 he w n be f\nd lack+4 ,ev5 9 8 ma/]piece 7,! ,miracle ( ! ,slave7 he is ,il ,furioso1 z !y us$ to call him2 b 8 ?und]bolt /yle is held 9 *eck by wond]ful grace1 /r5g? ( modell+1 sup]b contra/s ( light ) %ade1 & a color+ ( fle% & robes n unwor?y ( ! v greate/4 ,he 0 a man :o work$ 9 ! :ite heat ( passion1 ) mu* imag9ation & inv5tion4 ,z a te*nician he s\ght difficulties r ?an avoid$ !m4 ,!re is "s antagonism betwe5 =m & color1 b ,t9toretto tri$ to reconcile !m4 ,! result 0 sometimes cla%+1 b no "o c\ld h done bett] ) !m ?an he did4 ,he 0 a f9e draughtsman1 a good colori/1 & a ma/] ( light4 ,z a bru%man he 0 a sup]ior man1 b n equal to ,titian4 ,paolo ,v]onese 7#aebh-aehh71 ! f\r? great ,v5etian1 did n foll[ ! l9e direction set by ,t9toretto1 b c>ri$ out ! orig9al color-lean+ ( ! s*ool4 ,he came a little lat] ?an ,t9toretto1 & 8 art 0 a reflection ( ! advanc+ ,r5aissance1 :]e9 simplicity 0 de/9$ to lose itself 9 complexity1 gr&eur1 & display4 ,paolo came on ! v cre/ ( ! ,r5aissance wave1 :5 art1 ris5 to its greate/ height1 0 gleam+ 9 t transp>5t spl5dor t prec$es ! fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,p4 ,,v]onese4 ,,v5ice ,,en?ron$4 ,,ducal ,,pal41 ,,v5ice4 ,! great bulk ( 8 "w _h a l>ge decorative motive beh9d x4 ,almo/ all ( ! late ,v5etian "w 0 ( t "*4 ,h5ce x 0 brilliant 9 color1 elaborate 9 subject1 & gr& 9 scale4 ,spl5did robes1 hang+s1 furniture1 ar*itecture1 jewels1 armor1 appe>$ ev]y:]e1 & n 9 flat1 lu/reless hues1 b ) t brilliancy :i* !y possess 9 nature4 ,drap]y gave way to clo?+1 & texture-pa9t+ 0 introduc$ ev5 9 ! l>ge/ canvases4 ,sc5es f ,scripture & leg5d turn$ into gr& pageants ( ,v5etian glory1 & ! facial expression ( ! *>act]s r pass$ out 9 favor ( tell+ masses ( color to be se5 at a di/ance ^u wall or ceil+4 ,x 0 pomp & glory c>ri$ to ! highe/ pit*1 b ) all s]i\sness ( mood & tru?fulness 9 art4 ,x 0 beyond ,titian 9 v>iety1 ri*ness1 ornam5t1 facility2 b x 0 p]haps bel[ ,titian 9 s5tim5t1 sobriety1 & dep? ( insight4 ,titian1 ) all 8 s5su\s beauty1 did appeal to ! high] intellig5ce1 :ile ,paolo & 8 companions appeal$ m positively to ! eye by luxuri\s color-sett+ & magnific5ce ( inv5tion4 ,! decad5ce came aft] ,paolo1 b n ) him4 ,8 art 0 ! mo/ gorge\s ( ! ,v5etian s*ool1 & by _m is rank$ ! highe/ ( all1 b p]haps x is bett] to say x 0 ! height4 ,^? :o came aft] br\ght ab\t ! decl9e by /riv+ to imitate 8 spl5dor1 & !reby fall+ into extravagance4 ,^! are ! f\r great ,v5etians--! m5 ( fir/ rank4 ,beside !m & ar\nd !m 7 _m o!r pa9t]s1 plac$ 9 ! second rank1 :o 9 any o!r "t or city w\ld h held fir/ place4 ,palma il ,vec*io 7#adhj8-aebh7 0 s excell5t 9 _m ways t x seems unju/ to speak ( him z a second>y pa9t]4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 a great orig9al m9d1 ?\gh 9 _m respects a p]fect pa9t]4 ,he 0 influ5c$ by ,bell9i at fir/1 & !n by ,giorgione4 ,9 subject !re 0 no?+ dramatic ab\t him1 & he c>ries *iefly by 8 portrayal ( quiet1 dignifi$1 & beautiful ,v5etians "u ! names ( sa9ts & holy families4 ,! ,/4 ,b>b>a is an example ( ?is1 & "o ( ! mo/ maje/ic figures 9 all pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,lotto4 ,,?ree ,,ages4 ,,pitti4 ,palma's fri5d & fell[-work]1 ,lor5zo ,lotto 7#adhj8-aeef87 came f ! s*ool ( ! ,bell9i1 & at diff]5t times 0 "u ! influ5ce ( sev]al ,v5etian pa9t]s--,palma1 ,giorgione1 ,titian--)\t oblit]at+ a s5sitive individuality ( 8 own4 ,he 0 a some:at mann]$ b v *>m+ pa9t]1 & 9 portraits c h>dly be class$ bel[ ,titian4 ,rocco ,m>coni 7fl4 #aeje-aebj7 0 ano!r ,bell9i-educat$ pa9t]1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( ,palma & ev5 ( ,p>is ,bordone4 ,9 color & l&scape he 0 excell5t4 ,pord5one 7#adhc-aedj7 r foll[$ aft] ,giorgione1 & unsuccessfully compet$ ) ,titian4 ,he 0 incl9$ to exagg]ation 9 dramatic composition1 b 0 a pa9t] ( und5iable p[]4 ,c>iani 7#adhj-aeda7 0 ano!r ,giorgione foll[]4 ,bonifazio ,pitati probably came f a ,v]onese family4 ,he %[$ ! influ5ce ( ,palma1 & 0 r defici5t 9 draw+1 ?\gh exce$+ly brilliant & ri* 9 color+4 ,?is latt] may be said = ,p>is ,bordone 7#adie-aegj71 a pa9t] ( ,titian's s*ool1 gorge\s 9 color1 b (t5 lack+ 9 tru? ( =m4 ,8 portraits are v f9e4 ,ano!r pa9t] family1 ! ,bassani--!re 7 six ( !m1 ( :om ,jacopo ,bassano 7#aeaj-aeib7 & 8 son ,francesco ,bassano 7#aeej-aeia71 7 ! mo/ not$--=m$ !mselves aft] ,v5etian ma/]s1 & 7 r rem>kable = viol5t contra/s ( light & d>k1 g5re treatm5t ( sacr$ subjects1 & /ill-life & animal pa9t+4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,v5etian ,,t]ritories3 ,v5etian pa9t+ 0 n conf9$ to ,v5ice1 b ext5d$ ?r\gh all ! ,v5etian t]ritories 9 ,r5aissance times1 & ^? :o liv$ away f ! city 71 9 _! art1 decid$ly ,v5etian1 ?\gh possess+ local *>act]i/ics4 ,at ,brescia ,savoldo 7#adhj8-aedh71 a r sup]ficial pa9t]1 fond ( weird lights & %e5y drap]ies1 & ,roman9o 7#adhe8-aeff71 a foll[] ( ,giorgione1 good 9 composition b unequal & c>eless 9 execution1 7 ! e>lie/ ( ! ,high ,r5aissance m54 ,moretto 7#adih8-aeee7 0 ! /ronge/ & mo/ orig9al1 a man ( individuality & p[]1 rem>kable te*nically = 8 delicacy & unity ( color "u a veil ( silv]y tone4 ,9 composition he 0 dignifi$ & noble1 & 9 bru%-"w simple & direct4 ,"o ( ! great pa9t]s ( ! "t1 he seem$ to /& m ap>t f ,v5etian influ5ce ?an any o!r on ,v5etian t]ritory4 ,he left "o rem>kable pupil1 ,moroni 7fl4 #aedi-aegh7 ^: portraits are to-day ! gems ( sev]al gall]ies1 & greatly admir$ = _! mod]n _s & treatm5t4 ,at ,v]ona ,c>oto & ,girolamo dai ,libri 7#adgd-aeee71 ?\gh liv+ into ! sixte5? c5tury 7 m alli$ to ! art ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,torbido 7#adhf8-aedf87 0 a vacillat+ pa9t]1 influ5c$ by ,lib]ale da ,v]ona1 ,giorgione1 ,bonifazio ,v]onese1 & lat]1 ev5 by ,giulio ,romano4 ,cavazzola 7#adhf-aebb7 0 m orig9al1 & a man ( tal5t4 ,!re 7 numb]s ( o!r pa9t]s scatt]$ all ?r\gh ! ,v5etian prov9ces at ?is "t1 b !y 7 n ( ! fir/1 or ev5 ! second rank1 & h5ce call = no m5tion "h4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,giorgione1 ,fete ,ru/ique ,l\vre1 ,sleep+ ,v5us ,dresd51 alt>-piece ,ca/elfranco1 ,ordeal ( ,moses ,judgm5t ( ,solomon ,knight ( ,malta ,uffizi2 ,titian1 ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,love ,borghese1 ,tribute ,money ,dresd51 ,annunciation ,s4 ,rocco1 ,pes>o ,madonna ,fr>i ,v5ice1 ,entombm5t ,man ) ,glove ,l\vre1 ,bac*us ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,*>les ,v4 ,madrid1 ,danae ,naples1 _m o!r works 9 almo/ e ,european gall]y2 ,t9toretto1 _m works 9 ,v5etian *ur*es1 ,salute ,,ss4 ,giovanni e ,paolo ,s4 ,m>ia dell' ,orto ,scuola & ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,rocco ,ducal ,palace ,v5ice ,acad4 7be/ "w ,miracle ( ,slave72 ,paolo ,v]onese1 _m ,pictures 9 ,s4 ,seba/iano ,ducal ,palace ,academy ,v5ice1 ,pitti1 ,uffizi1 ,br]a1 ,capitol9e & ,borghese ,gall]ies ,rome1 ,tur91 ,dresd51 ,vi5na1 ,l\vre1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,palma il ,vec*io1 ,jacob & ,ra*el ,?ree ,si/]s ,dresd51 ,b>b>a ,s4 ,m4 ,=mosa ,v5ice1 o!r alt>-pieces ,v5ice ,acad41 ,colonna ,palace ,rome1 ,br]a1 ,naples ,mus41 ,vi5na1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,lotto1 ,?ree ,ages ,pitti1 ,portraits ,br]a1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 alt>-pieces ,,ss4 ,giovanni e ,paolo ,v5ice & *ur*es at ,b]gamo1 ,treviso1 ,recanti1 also ,uffizi1 ,vi5na1 ,madrid ,gals42 ,m>coni1 ,desc5t ,v5ice ,acad41 alt>-pieces ,s4 ,giorgio ,maggiore ,,ss4 ,giovanni e ,paolo ,v5ice2 ,pord5one1 ,s4 ,lor5zo ,madonna ,v5ice ,acad41 ,salome ,doria ,/4 ,george ,quir9ale ,rome1 o!r works ,madrid1 ,dresd51 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,bonifazio1 ,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,joseph1 etc4 ,ambrosian ,libr>y ,milan 7attribut$ to ,giorgione71 ,holy ,family ,colonna ,pal4 ,rome1 ,ducal ,pal41 ,pitti1 ,dresd5 ,gals42 ,supp] at ,emmaus ,br]a1 o!r works ,v5ice ,acad42 ,p>is ,bordone1 ,fi%]man & ,doge1 ,v5ice ,acad41 ,madonna ,casa ,tad9i ,lov]e1 portraits 9 ,uffizi1 ,pitti1 ,l\vre1 ,muni*1 ,vi5na1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,brignola ,pal4 ,g5oa2 ,jacopo ,bassano1 alt>-pieces 9 ,bassano *ur*es1 also ,ducal ,pal4 ,v5ice1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,uffizi1 ,naples ,mus42 ,francesco ,bassano1 l>ge pictures ,ducal ,pal41 ,/4 ,ca!r9e ,pitti1 ,sab9es ,tur91 ,adoration & ,*ri/ 9 ,temple ,dresd51 ,adoration & ,la/ ,supp] ,madrid2 ,savoldo1 alt>-pieces ,br]a1 ,s4 ,niccolo ,treviso1 ,uffizi1 ,tur9 ,gal41 ,s4 ,giobbe ,v5ice1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,roman9o1 alt>-pieces ,s4 ,francesco ,brescia1 ,b]l9 ,gal41 ,s4 ,giovanni ,evangeli/a ,brescia1 ,duomo ,cremona1 ,padua1 & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,moretto1 alt>-pieces ,br]a1 ,/a$el ,mus41 ,s4 ,m4 della ,pieta ,v5ice1 ,vi5na1 ,b]l91 ,l\vre1 ,pitti1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,moroni1 portraits ,b]gamo ,gal41 ,uffizi1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,madrid2 ,girolamo dai ,libri1 ,madonna ,b]l91 ,conception ,s4 ,paolo ,v]ona1 ,virg9 ,v]ona ,gal41 ,s4 ,giorgio ,maggiore ,v]ona1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,torbido1 frescos ,duomo1 alt>-pieces ,s4 ,z5o & ,s4 ,eufemia ,v]ona2 ,cavazzola1 alt>-pieces1 ,v]ona ,gal4 & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,italian ,,pa9t+4 ,,! ,,decad5ce ,,& ,,mod]n ,,"w4 #afjj-ahid4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,z be=e1 also ,g5]al ,bibliography1 7page xv472 ,calvi1 ,notizie della vita e delle op]e di ,gio4 ,francesco ,b>bi]a2 ,malvasia1 ,fels9a ,pittrice2 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 ,disc\rses2 ,symonds1 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy--,! ,ca?olic ,reaction2 ,will>d1 ,mod]n ,italian ,art4 ,,! ,,decl9e3 ,an art movem5t 9 hi/ory seems l a wave t rises to a height1 !n breaks1 falls1 & p>ts ( x are caught up f b5ea? to help =m ! /r5g? ( a new advance4 ,9 ,italy ,*ri/ianity 0 ! propell+ =ce ( ! wave4 ,9 ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance1 ! antique1 & ! /udy ( nature came 9 z additions4 ,at ,v5ice 9 ! ,high ,r5aissance ! art-=-art's-sake motive made ! cre/ ( light & color4 ,! highe/ po9t 0 rea*$ !n1 & !re 0 no?+ t c\ld foll[ b ! break+ & ! scatt]+ ( ! wave4 ,?is took place 9 ,c5tral ,italy aft] #aedj1 9 ,v5ice aft] #aeij4 ,art _h typifi$ 9 =m1 ?\ght1 & expression ev]y?+ ( :i* ! ,italian race 0 capable4 ,x _h p]fect$ all ! graces & elegancies ( l9e & color1 & adorn$ !m ) a sup]lative spl5dor4 ,!re 0 no?+ m to d4 ,! idea 0 complet$1 ! motive p[] _h s]v$ its purpose1 & t /ore ( race-impulse :i* seems necess>y to ! mak+ ( e great art 0 exhau/$4 ,= ! m5 t came aft] ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,t9toretto !re 0 no?+4 ,all t !y c\ld d 0 to repeat :at o!rs _h said1 or to recomb9e ! old ?\ghts & =ms4 ,?is l$ inevitably to imitation1 ov]-ref9em5t ( /yle1 & consci\s /udy ( beauty1 result+ 9 mann]ism & affectation4 ,su* qualities m>k$ ! art ( ^? pa9t]s :o came 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury & ! fir/ ( ! sev5te5?4 ,!y 7 un=tunate m5 9 ! "t ( _! bir?4 ,no pa9t] c\ld h be5 great 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ( ,italy4 ,art lay prone ^u its face "u ,jesuit rule1 & ! late m5 7 left ^u ! b>r5 s&s by ! rec$+ wave ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,,bronz9o4 ,,*ri/ ,,9 ,,limbo4 ,,uffizi4 ,,art ,,motives ,,& ,,subjects3 ,z be=e1 ! *ief subject ( ! art ( ! ,decad5ce 0 religion1 ) _m heads & bu/s ( ! ,madonna1 ?\gh nature & ! classic /ill play$ _! p>ts4 ,aft] ! ,re=mation at ! ,nor? ! ,*ur* 9 ,italy />t$ ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation4 ,"o ( ! *ief means employ$ by ?is ,ca?olic reaction 0 ! embelli%m5t ( *ur* wor%ip1 & pa9t+ on a l>ge scale1 on panel r ?an 9 fresco1 0 dem&$ = decorative purposes4 ,b ! religi\s motive _h pass$ out1 ?\gh its subject 0 reta9$1 & ! pictorial motive _h rea*$ its climax at ,v5ice4 ,! fai? ( ! "o & ! ta/e & skill ( ! o!r 7 n atta9able by ! late m51 &1 :ile consci\sly /riv+ to a*ieve !m1 !y fell into exagg]at$ s5tim5t & te*nical weakness4 ,x seems p]fectly app>5t 9 _! works t !y _h no?+ ( _! own to say1 & t !y 7 try+ to say ov] aga9 :at ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,correggio1 & ,titian _h said be=e !m mu* bett]4 ,!re 7 e>ne/ m5 & good pa9t]s among !m1 b !y c\ld produce only ! empty =m ( art4 ,! _s _h fl$4 ,,! ,,mann]i/s3 ,imm$iately aft] ! ,high ,r5aissance lead]s ( ,flor5ce & ,rome came ! imitators & exagg]ators ( _! /yles4 ,!y produc$ l>ge1 cr[d$ compositions1 ) a ha/y facility ( ! bru% & /rik+ effects ( light4 ,seek+ ! gr& !y ov]%ot ! temp]ate4 ,_! elegance 0 affect$1 _! s5tim5t =c$1 _! brilliancy sup]ficial glitt]4 ,:5 !y ?\ght to be ideal !y lo/ !mselves 9 incompreh5sible allegories2 :5 !y ?\ght to be real !y grew prosaic 9 detail4 ,^! m5 are kn[n 9 art hi/ory z ! ,mann]i/s1 & ! m5 ^: works !y imitat$ 7 *iefly ,raphael1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & ,correggio4 ,!re 7 _m ( !m1 & "s ( !m h already be5 spok5 ( z ! foll[]s ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,agnolo ,bronz9o 7#aejb8-aegb7 0 a pupil ( ,pontormo1 & an imitator ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 pa9t+ 9 r heavy colors ) a ?9 bru%4 ,8 *>act]s 7 l>ge1 b nev] q free f weakness1 except 9 portraiture1 :]e he appe>$ at 8 be/4 ,vas>i 7#aeaa-aegd7--! same ,vas>i :o wrote ! lives ( ! pa9t]s--_h v]satility & facility1 b 8 sup]ficial imitations ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 7 too gr&iose 9 conception & too palpably false 9 modell+4 ,salviati 7#aeaj-aefc7 0 a fri5d ( ,vas>i1 a pa9t] ( ab\t ! same ca/ ( m9d & h& z ,vas>i1 & ,f$]igo ,zuc*]o 7#aedc-afji7 belongs ) him 9 produc+ ?+s muscul>ly big b intellectually small4 ,b>occio 7#aebh-afab71 ?\gh class$ among ! ,mann]i/s z an imitator ( ,correggio & ,raphael1 0 really "o ( ! /rong m5 ( ! late times4 ,!re 0 affectation & s5tim5tality ab\t 8 "w1 a prett9ess ( face1 rosy fle% t9ts1 & a g5]al lightness ( color1 b he 0 a sup]ior bru%man1 a good colori/1 &1 at times1 a man ( e>ne/ness & p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,,b>occio4 ,,annunciation4 ,,! ,,eclectics3 ,aft] ! ,mann]i/s came ! ,eclectics ( ,bologna1 l$ by ! ,c>acci1 :o1 ab\t #aehe1 s\ght to revive art4 ,!y />t$ out to correct ! faults ( ! ,mann]i/s1 & yet _! own art 0 bas$ m on ! art ( _! great pr$ecessors ?an on nature4 ,!y ?\ght to make a union ( ,r5aissance excell5ces by comb9+ ,mi*ael ,angelo's l9e1 ,titian's color1 ,correggio's light-&-%ade & ,raphael's symmetry & grace4 ,! attempt 0 praisewor?y = ! "t1 b h>dly successful4 ,!y caught ! l9es & lights & colors ( ! great m51 b !y ov]look$ ! fact t ! excell5ce ( ! imitat$ lay l>gely 9 _! inimitable individualities1 :i* c\ld n be comb9$4 ,! ,eclectic "w 0 done ) intellig5ce1 b _! sy/em 0 aga9/ !m & _! b>oque age 0 aga9/ !m4 ,midway 9 _! c>e] ! ,c>acci !mselves modifi$ _! eclecticism & plac$ m reliance ^u nature4 ,b _! pupils paid little he$ to ! modification4 ,!re 7 five ( ! ,c>acci1 b ?ree ( !m--,ludovico 7#aeee-afai71 ,ago/9o 7#aeeg-afjb71 & ,annibale 7#aefj-afji7--l$ ! s*ool1 & ( ^! ,annibale 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,!y _h _m pupils1 & _! influ5ce 0 widely spread ov] ,italy4 ,9 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds's day !y 7 rank$ ) ,raphael1 b at ! pres5t "t criticism places !m :]e !y belong--pa9t]s ( ! ,decad5ce ) little orig9ality or spontaneity 9 _! art1 ?\gh mu* te*nical skill4 ,dom5i*9o 7#aeha-afda7 0 ! /ronge/ ( ! pupils4 ,8 ,/4 ,j]ome 0 rat$ by ,p\ss9 z "o ( ! ?ree great pa9t+s ( ! _w1 b x nev] des]v$ su* rank4 ,x is p[]fully compos$1 b poor 9 color+ & h&l+4 ,! pa9t] _h great repute 9 8 "t1 & 0 "o ( ! be/ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury m54 ,guido ,r5i 7#aege-afdb7 0 a pa9t] ( _m gifts & accompli%m5ts1 comb9$ ) _m weaknesses4 ,8 works are well compos$ & pa9t$1 b excessive 9 s5tim5t & ov]done 9 pa?os4 ,albani 7#aegh-affj7 ran to elegance & a porcela9-l prett9ess4 ,gu]c9o 7#aeia-afff7 0 orig9ally ( ! ,eclectic ,s*ool at ,bologna1 b lat] took up ) ! me?ods ( ! ,naturali/s at ,naples4 ,he 0 a pa9t] ( f> m ?an ! av]age ability4 ,sass(]rato 7#afje-afhe7 & ,c>lo ,dolci 7#afaf-afhf7 7 s sup]-saturat$ ) s5tim5tality t (t5 _! skill z pa9t]s is ov]look$ or =gott54 ,9 _s !y 7 ab\t ! weake/ ( ! c5tury4 ,!re 7 o!r eclectic s*ools />t$ ?r\gh\t ,italy--at ,milan1 ,cremona1 ,f]r>a--b !y produc$ little wor? record+4 ,at ,rome c]ta9 pa9t]s l ,cri/(ano ,allori 7#aegg-afba71 an exceptionally /rong man = ! "t1 ,b]rett9i 7#aeif-affi71 & ,m>atta 7#afbe-agac71 manufactur$ a facile k9d ( pa9t+ f :at 0 attractive 9 ! v>i\s s*ools1 b x 0 nev] o!r ?an m]etrici\s "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,,annibale ,,c>acci4 ,,entombm5t ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,,l\vre4 ,,! ,,naturali/s3 ,contempor>y ) ! ,eclectics sprang up ! ,neapolitan s*ool ( ! ,naturali/s1 l$ by ,c>avaggio 7#aefi-afji7 & 8 pupils4 ,^! s*ools oppos$ ea* o!r1 & yet influ5c$ ea* o!r4 ,especially 0 ?is true ) ! lat] m51 :o took :at 0 be/ 9 bo? s*ools4 ,! ,naturali/s 71 p]haps1 m firmly bas$ ^u nature ?an ! ,bolognese ,eclectics4 ,_! aim 0 to take nature z !y f\nd x1 & yet1 9 con=mity ) ! extravagance ( ! age1 !y depict$ extravagant nature4 ,c>avaggio ?\ght to repres5t sacr$ sc5es m tru?fully by tak+ 8 models f ! h>% /reet life ab\t him & giv+ types ( sa9ts & apo/les f ,neapolitan brawl]s & b&its4 ,x 0 a brutal1 co>se repres5tation1 r fi]ce 9 mood & impetu\s 9 action1 yet n )\t a good deal ( tragic p[]4 ,8 subjects 7 r dismal or morose1 b !re 0 k 9 ! draw+ ( !m1 "s good color & bru%-"w & a peculi> d>kness ( %ad[ masses 7orig9ally ga9$ f ,giorgione71 t /ood z an e>-m>k ( 8 :ole s*ool4 ,f ! cont9u\s use ( black %ad[s ! s*ool got ! "n ( ! ,d>kl+s1 by :i* !y are /ill kn[n4 ,giordano 7#afcb-agje71 a pa9t] ( prodigi\s facility & inv5tion1 ,salvator ,rosa 7#afae-afgc71 be/ kn[n z "o ( ! e>ly pa9t]s ( l&scape1 & ,rib]a1 a ,spani% pa9t]1 7 ! pr9cipal pupils4 ,,! ,,late ,,v5etians3 ,! ,decad5ce at ,v5ice1 l ! ,r5aissance1 came lat] ?an at ,flor5ce1 b aft] ! dea? ( ,t9toretto mann]isms & ! imitation ( ! great m5 did away ) orig9ality4 ,!re 0 /ill mu* color left1 & f9e ceil+ decorations 7 done1 b ! nobility & calm spl5dor ( ,titian's days _h pass$4 ,palma il ,giov9e 7#aedd-afbh7 ) a ha/y bru% produc$ imitations ( ,t9toretto ) "s grace & =ce1 & 9 rem>kable quantity4 ,he & ,t9toretto 7 ! mo/ rapid & productive pa9t]s ( ! c5tury2 b ,palma's 0 n good 9 _s1 ?\gh q da%+ 9 te*nic4 ,padovan9o 7#aeij-afej7 0 m ( a ,titian foll[]1 b1 l all ! o!r pa9t]s ( ! "t1 he 0 pr(ici5t ) ! bru% & lack+ 9 ! /rong] m5tal elem5ts4 ,! la/ great ,italian pa9t] 0 ,tiepolo 7#afif-aggj71 & he 0 really great beyond 8 age4 ,) an art f\nd$ on ,paolo ,v]onese1 he produc$ decorative ceil+s & panels ( high quality1 ) wond]ful inv5tion1 a limpid bru%1 & a light flaky color peculi>ly appropriate to ! walls ( *ur*es & palaces4 ,he 01 especially 9 easel pictures1 a brilliant1 vivaci\s bru%man1 full ( da% & _s1 temp]$ by a l>ge k ( :at 0 true & pictorial4 ,"s ( 8 be/ pictures are /ill 9 ,v5ice1 & mod]n pa9t]s are un/9t$ 9 _! praise ( !m4 ,he left a son1 ,dom5ico ,tiepolo 7#agbf-agie71 :o foll[$ 8 me?ods4 ,9 ! late days ( ,v5etian pa9t+1 ,canaletto 7#afig-agfh7 & ,gu>di 7#agab-agic7 a*iev$ reputation by pa9t+ ,v5etian canals & ar*itecture ) mu* color effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,,c>avaggio4 ,,! ,,c>d ,,play]s4 ,,dresd54 ,,n9ete5?-,,c5tury ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,italy3 ,!re is little 9 ! art ( ,italy dur+ ! pres5t c5tury t %[s a positive national _s4 ,x has be5 lean+ on ! re/ ( ,europe = _m ye>s1 & ! be/ t ! liv+ pa9t]s %[ is l>gely an e*o ( ,dusseldorf1 ,muni*1 or ,p>is4 ,! reviv$ classicism ( ,david 9 ,france affect$ n9ete5?-c5tury pa9t+ 9 ,italy some:at4 ,!n x 0 sway$ by ,cornelius & ,ov]beck f ,g]many4 ,morelli 7#ahbf-b7 %[s ?is latt] influ5ce1 ?\gh "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! liv+ m54#c ,9 ! #ahfj's ,m>iano ,=tuny1 a ,spani>d at ,rome1 l$ ! y\ng] elem5t 9 ! glitt]+ & ! sp>kl+1 & ?is /yle m+l$ ) mu* t is m /rik+ly ,p>isian ?an ,italian1 may be f\nd 9 ! works ( pa9t]s l ,mi*etti1 ,de ,nittis 7#ahdf-ahhd71 ,favretto1 ,tito1 ,nono1 ,simonetti1 & o!rs4 ,footnote #b3 ,di$1 #aija4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 ,neapolitan ,art1 ,dec41 #ahij1 ,feb41 #ahia4 ,( rec5t days ! impressioni/ic view ( light & color has _h its influ5ce2 b ! ,italian "w at its be/ is bel[ t ( ,france4 ,segant9i#d 0 "o ( ! mo/ promis+ ( ! y\ng] m5 9 subjects t h an ar*aic air ab\t !m4 ,bold9i1 ?\gh ,italian born & orig9ally foll[+ ,=tuny's example1 is really m ,p>isian ?an any?+ else4 ,he is an arti/ ( mu* p[] & te*nical /r5g? 9 g5re subjects & portraits4 ,! new] m5 are ,fragiocomo1 ,fattori1 ,manc9i1 ,m>*etti4 ,footnote #d3 ,di$1 #ahii4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,,mann]i/s--,agnolo ,bronz9o1 ,*ri/ 9 ,limbo & _m portraits 9 ,uffizi & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,vas>i1 _m pictures 9 gall]ies at ,arezzo1 ,bologna1 ,b]l91 ,muni*1 ,l\vre1 ,madrid2 ,salviati1 ,*>ity ,*ri/ ,uffizi1 ,pati5ce ,pitti1 ,/4 ,?omas ,l\vre1 ,love & ,psy*e ,b]l92 ,f$]igo ,zuc*]o1 ,duomo ,flor5ce1 ,ducal ,palace ,v5ice1 ,allegories ,uffizi1 ,calumny ,hampton ,c\rt2 ,b>occio1 ,p>don ( ,/4 ,francis ,urb9o1 ,annunciation ,loreto1 sev]al pictures 9 ,uffizi1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,l\vre1 ,dresd5 ,gal4 ,,eclectics--,ludovico ,c>acci1 ,ca!dral frescos ,bologna1 ?irte5 pictures ,bologna ,gal42 ,ago/9o ,c>acci1 frescos 7) ,annibale7 ,f>nese ,pal4 ,rome1 alt>-pieces ,bologna ,gal42 ,annibale ,c>racci1 frescos 7) ,ago/9o7 ,f>nese ,pal4 ,rome1 o!r pictures ,bologna ,gal41 ,uffizi1 ,naples ,mus41 ,dresd51 ,b]l91 ,l\vre1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,dom5i*9o1 ,/4 ,j]ome ,vatican1 ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9coli1 ,diana ,borghese1 ,bologna1 ,pitti1 ,l\vre1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,guido ,r5i1 frescos ,aurora ,rospigliosi ,pal4 ,rome1 _m pictures ,bologna1 ,borghese ,gal41 ,pitti1 ,uffizi1 ,br]a1 ,naples1 ,l\vre1 & o!r gall]ies ( ,europe2 ,albani1 ,gu]c9o1 ,sass(]rato1 & ,c>lo ,dolci1 works 9 almo/ e ,european gall]y1 especially ,bologna2 ,cri/(ano ,allori1 ,judi? ,pitti1 also pictures 9 ,uffizi2 ,b]rett9i & ,m>atta1 _m examples 9 ,italian gall]ies1 also ,l\vre4 ,,naturali/s--,c>avaggio1 ,entombm5t ,vatican1 _m o!r works 9 ,pitti1 ,uffizi1 ,naples1 ,l\vre1 ,dresd51 ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 ,giordano1 ,judgm5t ( ,p>is ,b]l91 _m pictures 9 ,dresd5 & ,italian gall]ies2 ,salvator ,rosa1 be/ m>9e 9 ,pitti1 o!r works ,uffizi1 ,br]a1 ,naples1 ,madrid gall]ies & ,colonna1 ,cors9i1 ,doria1 ,*igi ,palaces ,rome4 ,,late ,,v5etians--,palma il ,giov9e1 ,ducal ,palace ,v5ice1 ,cassel1 ,dresd51 ,muni*1 ,madrid1 ,naples1 ,vi5na gall]ies2 ,padovan9o1 ,m>riage 9 ,cana ,kneel+ ,angel & o!r works ,v5ice ,acad41 ,c>m9a ,v5ice1 also gall]ies ( ,l\vre1 ,uffizi1 ,borghese1 ,dresd51 ,london2 ,tiepolo1 l>ge fresco ,villa ,pisani ,/ra1 ,palazzo ,labia ,scuola ,c>m9a1 ,v5ice1 ,villa ,valm>ana1 & at ,wurtzburg1 easel pictures ,v5ice ,acad41 ,l\vre1 ,b]l91 ,madrid2 ,canaletto & ,gu>di1 _m pictures 9 ,european gall]ies4 ,,mod]n ,,italians#e--,morelli1 ,madonna ,royal *ap4 ,ca/iglione1 ,assumption ,royal *ap4 ,naples2 ,mi*etti1 ,! ,v[ ,nat4 ,gal4 ,rome2 ,de ,nittis1 ,place du ,c>r\sel ,luxemb\rg ,p>is2 ,bold9i1 ,gossips ,met4 ,mus4 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #e3 ,only works 9 public places are giv54 ,^? 9 private h&s *ange too (t5 = record "h4 ,= detail$ li/ ( works see ,*ampl9 & ,p]k9s1 ,cyclop$ia ( ,pa9t]s & ,pa9t+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,fr5* ,,pa9t+4 ,,sixte5?1 ,,sev5te5?1 ,,& ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,amor9i1 ,vita del celebre pittore ,francesco ,primaticcio2 ,b]g]1 ,hi/oire de l',ecole ,francaise de ,pe9ture au ,,xviime ,siecle2 ,bl&1 ,les ,pe9tres des fetes galantes1 ,watteau1 ,b\*]1 et al42 ,curm]1 ,l',o,euvre de ,jean ,f\quet2 ,delaborde1 ,etudes sur les ,beaux ,arts en ,france et en ,italie2 ,didot1 ,etudes sur ,jean ,c\s92 ,dimi]1 ,fr5* ,pa9t+ 9 ,,xvi ,c5tury2 ,dumont1 ,anto9e ,watteau2 ,dussieux1 ,n\velles ,re*]*es sur la ,vie de ,e4 ,lesueur2 ,g5evay1 ,le ,/yle ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,*>les ,le ,brun2 ,gonc\rt1 ,l',art du ,,xviiime ,siecle2 ,guibel1 ,eloge de ,nicolas ,p\ss92 ,guiffrey1 ,la ,famille de ,jean ,c\s92 ,laborde1 ,la ,r5aissance des ,arts a la ,c\r de ,france2 ,lagrange1 ,j4 ,v]net et la ,pe9ture au ,,xviiime ,siecle2 ,lecoy de la ,m>*e1 ,le ,roi ,r5e2 ,mantz1 ,francois ,b\*]2 ,mi*iels1 ,etudes sur l',art ,flam& dans l'e/ et le midi de la ,france2 ,muntz1 ,la ,r5aissance en ,italie et en ,france2 ,palu/re1 ,la ,r5aissance en ,france2 ,pattison1 ,r5aissance ( ,art 9 ,france2 ,pattison1 ,claude ,lorra92 ,poillon1 ,nicolas ,p\ss92 ,/ranahan1 ,hi/ory ( ,fr5* ,pa9t+4 ,,e>ly ,,fr5* ,,art3 ,pa9t+ 9 ,france did n1 z 9 ,italy1 spr+ directly f ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh x dealt ) ! religi\s subject4 ,f ! beg9n+ a decorative motive--! /rong feature ( ,fr5* art--appe>s z ! *ief motive ( pa9t+4 ,?is %[$ itself l>gely 9 *ur* ornam5t1 g>m5ts1 tape/ries1 m9iatures1 & illum9ations4 ,mural pa9t+s 7 produc$ dur+ ! fif? c5tury1 probably 9 imitation ( ,italian or ,roman example4 ,"u ,*>lemagne1 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ,byzant9e influ5ces 7 at "w4 ,9 ! elev5?1 twelf?1 & ?irte5? c5turies mu* /a9$-glass "w appe>$1 & also _m missal pa9t+s & furniture decorations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,,p\ss94 ,,et ,,9 ,,arcadia ,,ego4 ,,l\vre4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,r5e ( ,anj\ 7#adjh-adhj71 k+ & pa9t]1 gave an impetus to art :i* he p]haps orig9ally receiv$ f ,italy4 ,8 "w %[$ "s ,italian influ5ce m+l$ ) a great deal ( ,flemi% precision1 & correspond$ = ,france to ! e>ly ,r5aissance "w ( ,italy1 ?\gh by no means s advanc$4 ,contempor>y ) ,r5e 0 ,jean ,f\quet 7#adae8-adhj87 an illum9ator & portrait-pa9t]1 "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 ,fr5* hi/ory4 ,he 0 an arti/ ( "s orig9al *>act]i/ics & produc$ an art detail$ & exact 9 its realism4 ,jean ,p]eal 78-#aebh87 & ,jean ,b\rdi*on 7#adeg8-aeba87 ) ,f\quet's pupils & sons1 =m$ a s*ool at ,t\rs :i* aft]w>d came to %[ "s ,italian influ5ce4 ,! native workm5 at ,p>is--!y sprang up f illum9ators to pa9t]s 9 all probability--%[$ m ( ! ,flemi% influ5ce4 ,nei!r ( ! s*ools ( ! fifte5? c5tury reflect$ mu* life or ?\ght1 b :at !re 0 ( x 0 native to ! soil1 ?\gh _! me?ods 7 influ5c$ f )\t4 ,,sixte5?-,,c5tury ,,pa9t+3 ,dur+ ?is c5tury ,francis ,i41 at ,fonta9ebleau1 seems to h enc\rag$ two s*ools ( pa9t+1 "o ! native ,fr5* & ! o!r an import$ ,italian1 :i* aft]w>d took to itself ! "n ( ! ,s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,( ! native arti/s ! ,cl\ets 7 ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,!y 7 ( ,flemi% orig91 & foll[$ ,flemi% me?ods bo? 9 te*nic & m$iums4 ,!re 7 f\r ( !m1 ( :om ,jean 7#adhe8-aeda87 & ,francois 7#aejj8-aegb87 7 ! mo/ notewor?y4 ,!y pa9t$ _m portraits1 & ,francois' "w1 be>+ "s resemblance to t ( ,holbe91 x has be5 d\btfully said t he 0 a pupil ( t pa9t]4 ,all ( _! "w 0 rem>kable = detail & closely foll[$ facts4 ,! ,italian importation came ab\t l>gely ?r\gh ! travels ( ,francis ,i4 9 ,italy4 ,he invit$ to ,fonta9ebleau ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,&rea del ,s>to1 ,il ,rosso1 ,primaticcio1 & ,niccolo dell' ,abbate4 ,^! pa9t]s r sup]s$$ & greatly influ5c$ ! ,fr5* pa9t]s4 ,! result 0 an ,italianiz$ s*ool ( ,fr5* art :i* rul$ 9 ,france = _m ye>s4 ,primaticcio 0 probably ! greate/ ( ! influ5c]s1 rema9+ z he did = ?irty ye>s 9 ,france4 ,! native pa9t]s1 ,jean ,c\s9 7#aejj8-aehi7 & ,t\ssa9t du ,breuil 7#aefa-afjb7 foll[$ 8 /yle1 & 9 ! next c5tury ! pa9t]s 7 ev5 m s]vile imitators ( ,italy--imitat+ n ! be/ models ei!r1 b ! ,mann]i/s1 ! ,eclectics1 & ! ,roman pa9t]s ( ! ,decad5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,,claude ,,lorra94 ,,flight ,,into ,,egypt4 ,,dresd54 ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,pa9t+3 ,?is 0 a c5tury ( great developm5t & production 9 ,france1 ! "t ( ! f\nd+ ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture1 & ! =mation ( _m picture collections4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! c5tury ! ,flemi% & native t5d5cies exi/$1 b !y 7 ov]aw$1 outnumb]$ by ! ,italian4 ,n ev5 ,rub5s's pa9t+ = ,m>ie de' ,m$ici1 9 ! palace ( ! ,luxemb\rg1 c\ld /em ! tide ( ,italy4 ,! ,fr5* pa9t]s flock$ to ,rome to /udy ! art ( _! great pr$ecessors & 7 l$ a/ray by ! fla%y elegance ( ! late ,italians4 ,among ! e>lie/ ( ?is c5tury 0 ,frem9et 7#aefg-afai74 ,he 0 fir/ taught by 8 fa!r & ,jean ,c\s91 b aft]w>d sp5t fifte5 ye>s 9 ,italy /udy+ ,p>migian9o & ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,8 "w _h some?+ ( ! ,mann]i/ /yle ab\t x & 0 ov]wr\ght & exagg]at$4 ,9 %ad[s he seem$ to h borr[$ f ,c>avaggio4 ,v\et 7#aeij-afdi7 0 a /ud5t 9 ,italy ( ,v]onese's pa9t+ & aft]w>d ( ,guido ,r5i & ,c>avaggio4 ,he 0 a m$iocre arti/1 b _h a great vogue 9 ,france & left _m celebrat$ pupils4 ,by all odds ! be/ pa9t] ( ?is "t 0 ,nicolas ,p\ss9 7#aeic-affe74 ,he liv$ almo/ all ( 8 life 9 ,italy1 & might be put d[n z an ,italian ( ! ,decad5ce4 ,he 0 well v]s$ 9 classical ar*aeology1 & _h mu* ( ! classic ta/e & feel+ preval5t at t "t 9 ! ,roman s*ool ( ,giulio ,romano4 ,8 "w %[$ great intellig5ce & _h an elevat$ gr&iloqu5t /yle ab\t x t 0 impressive4 ,x reflect$ no?+ ,fr5*1 & _h little m root 9 pres5t human sympa?y ?an any ( ! o!r pa9t+ ( ! "t1 b x 0 bett] done4 ,! draw+ 0 correct if sev]e1 ! composition agreeable if =mal1 ! color+ v>iegat$ if viol5t4 ,_m ( 8 pictures h n[ *ang$ = ! worse 9 color+ ow+ to ! dissipation ( surface pigm5ts4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( ! classic & academic 9 ,fr5* art1 & 9 influ5ce 0 ! mo/ important man ( ! c5tury4 ,he 0 especially /rong 9 ! h]oic l&scape1 & 9 ?is bran* help$ =m ! /yle ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,gasp>d 7,dughet7 ,p\ss9 7#afac-afge74 ,! l&scape pa9t] ( ! p]iod1 h[ev]1 0 ,claude ,lorra9 7#afjj-afhb74 ,he diff]$ f ,p\ss9 9 mak+ 8 pictures dep5d m /rictly ^u l&scape ?an ^u figures4 ,) bo? pa9t]s1 ! trees1 m\nta9s1 valleys1 build+s1 figures1 7 ( ! gr& classic v>iety4 ,hills & pla9s1 sylvan groves1 fl[+ /reams1 peopl$ h>bors1 ,ionic & ,cor9?ian temples1 ,roman aqu$ucts1 my?ological gr\ps1 7 ! mat]ials us$1 & ! object ( _! use 0 to %[ ! ideal dwell+-place ( man--! =m] ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods4 ,panoramic & slightly !atrical at times1 ,claude's "w 0 n )\t its poetic side1 %rewd k1 & skilful execution4 ,he 0 a lead] 9 l&scape1 ! man :o fir/ pa9t$ real gold5 sunlight & %$ its light ^u e>?4 ,!re is a s(t summ]'s-day dr[s9ess1 a gold5 haze ( atmosph]e1 a feel+ ( composure & re/fulness ab\t 8 pictures t are attractive4 ,l ,p\ss9 he dep5d$ mu* ^u long sweep+ l9es 9 composition1 & ^u effects ( l9e> p]spective4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh--,,watteau4 ,,gilles4 ,,l\vre4 ,,c\rt ,,pa9t+3 ,:5 ,l\is ,,xiv4 came to ! ?rone pa9t+ took on a decid$ "*1 b x 0 h>dly national or race "*4 ,! popul> idea1 if ! p _h an idea1 did n obta94 ,!re 0 no motive spr++ f ! ,fr5* except an incl9ation to foll[ ,italy2 & 9 ,italy all ! great art-motives 7 dead4 ,9 me?od ! ,fr5* pa9t]s foll[$ ! late ,italians1 & imitat$ an imitation2 9 matt] !y b[$ to ! dictates ( ! c\rt & reflect$ ! k+'s mock-h]oic _s4 ,e*o+ ! fa%ion ( ! day1 pa9t+ became pomp\s1 !atrical1 gr&iloqu5t--a mass ( vapid vanity utt]ly lack+ 9 s9c]ity & tru?4 ,lebrun 7#afai-afij71 pa9t] 9 ord9>y to ! k+1 direct$ sub/antially all ! pa9t+ ( ! reign4 ,he aim$ at pleas+ royalty ) flatt]+ allusions to ,caes>ism & extravagant p]sonifications ( ! k+ z a classic conqu]or4 ,8 art _h nei!r tru?1 nor g5ius1 nor great skill1 & s s\ght to />tle by subject or size4 ,enorm\s canvases ( ,alex&]'s triumphs1 9 allusion to ^? ( ! great ,l\is1 7 turn$ out to ord]1 & ,v]sailles to ?is day is tape/ri$ ) battle-pieces 9 :i* ,l\is is always victor4 ,consid]+ ! am\nt ( "w done1 ,lebrun %[$ great fecundity & indu/ry1 b none ( x has mu* m ?an a me*anical +5uity ab\t x4 ,x 0 r orig9al 9 composition1 b poor 9 draw+1 light+1 & color+2 & its example ^u ! pa9t]s ( ! "t 0 p]nici\s4 ,8 contempor>y1 ,le ,sueur 7#afaf-afee71 0 a m sympa!tic & s9c]e pa9t]1 if n a mu* bett] te*nician4 ,bo? 7 pupils ( ,v\et1 b ,le ,sueur's art 0 religi\s 9 subject1 :ile ,lebrun's 0 milit>y & mon>*ical4 ,le ,sueur _h a feel+ = 8 !me1 b 0 a weak pa9t]1 incl9$ to ! s5tim5tal1 ?9 9 color+1 & n at all c]ta9 9 8 draw+4 ,fr5* allusions to him z ! ,fr5* ,raphael %[ m national complac5cy ?an correctness4 ,seba/ian ,b\rdon 7#afaf-afga7 0 ano!r pa9t] ( hi/ory1 b a little out ( ! ,lebrun circle4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 free f ! influ5ce ( ,italy1 :]e he sp5t ?ree ye>s /udy+ color m ?an draw+4 ,?is %[s 9 8 works1 mo/ ( :i* are lack+ 9 =m4 ,contempor>y ) ^! m5 0 a gr\p ( portrait-pa9t]s :o ga9$ celebrity p]haps z mu* by _! subjects z by _! own p[]s4 ,!y 7 facile flatt]]s giv5 ov] to ! pomps ( ! reign & mirror+ all its absurdities ( fa%ion4 ,_! "w has a graceful1 smoo? appe>ance1 &1 = its "t1 x 0 und\bt$ly excell5t portraiture4 ,ev5 to ?is day x has qualities ( draw+ & color+ to comm5d x1 & at times "o meets ) exceptionally good "w4 ,! lead]s among ^! portrait-pa9t]s 7 ,philip de ,*ampaigne 7#afjb-afgd71 ! be/ ( 8 "t2 ,pi]re ,mign>d 7#afaj8-afie71 a pupil ( ,v\et1 :o /udi$ 9 ,rome & aft]w>d return$ to ,france to become ! successful rival ( ,lebrun2 ,l>gilli]e 7#afef-agdf7 & ,rigaud 7#afei-agdc74 ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,pa9t+3 ,! pa9t+ ( ,l\is ,,xiv4's "t 0 cont9u$ into ! eighte5? c5tury = "s fifte5 ye>s or m ) little *ange4 ,) ! adv5t ( ,l\is ,,xv4 art took ^u itself ano!r "*1 & "o t reflect$ p]fectly ! moral1 social1 & political ,france ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ ,l\is clamor$ = glory1 ! second ,l\is revell$ 9 gayety1 frivolity1 & s5suality4 ,?is 0 ! diff]5ce betwe5 bo? mon>*s & bo? arts4 ,! gay & ! coquetti% 9 pa9t+ _h already be5 introduc$ by ! ,reg5t1 himself a dilettante 9 art1 & :5 ,l\is ,,xv4 came to ! ?rone x pass$ f ! gay to ! insipid1 ! flippant1 ev5 ! erotic4 ,%eph]ds & %eph]desses dress$ 9 c\rt silks & sat9s ) cottony %eep beside !m pos$ 9 /age-set ,arcadias1 pretty gods & goddesses recl9$ indol5tly ^u gossam] cl\ds1 & c\rt gallants l\ng$ "u artificial trees by artificial ponds mak+ love to pretty s\brettes f ! !atre4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! lack ( moral & intellectual elevation1 9 spite ( frivolity & make-believe1 ?is art 0 inf9itely bett] ?an ! pomp\s imitation ( =eign example set up by ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,x 0 m spontane\s1 m orig9al1 m ,fr5*4 ,! influ5ce ( ,italy began to fail1 & ! pa9t]s began to mirror ,fr5* life4 ,x 0 l>gely c\rt life1 lively1 vivaci\s1 lic5ti\s1 b 9 t v respect *>act]i/ic ( ! "t4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 ano!r quality ab\t x t %[$ ,fr5* ta/e at its be/--! decorative quality4 ,x c h>dly be suppos$ t ! fairy creations ( ! age 7 int5d$ to repres5t actual nature4 ,!y 7 design$ to ornam5t hall & b\doir1 & 9 pure decorative delicacy ( design1 lightness ( t\*1 color *>m1 !y h nev] be5 excell$4 ,! s]i\s _s 0 lack+1 b ! gayety ( l9e & color 0 well giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,,b\*]4 ,,pa/oral4 ,,l\vre4 ,watteau 7#afhd-agba7 0 ! "o *iefly responsible = ! coquette & s\brette ( ,fr5* art1 & ,watteau 01 practically speak+1 ! fir/ ,fr5* pa9t]4 ,8 subjects 7 trifl+ bits ( fa%ionable love-mak+1 sc5es f ! op]a1 fetes1 balls1 & ! l4 ,all 8 *>act]s play$ at life 9 p>ks & groves t nev] grew1 & mo/ ( 8 color 0 beautifully unreal2 b = all t ! "w 0 orig9al1 decorative1 & *>m+4 ,moreov]1 ,watteau 0 a bru%man1 & introduc$ n only a new _s & new subject into art1 b a new me?od4 ,! epic treatm5t ( ! ,italians 0 laid aside 9 favor ( a g5re treatm5t1 & in/ead ( l9e & flat surface ,watteau introduc$ color & clev]ly laid pigm5t4 ,he 0 a brilliant pa9t]2 n a great man 9 ?\ght or imag9ation1 b "o ( fancy1 delicacy1 & skill4 ,un=tunately he set a bad example by 8 gay subjects1 & ^? :o came aft] him c>ri$ 8 gayety & lightness ( _s into exagg]ation4 ,watteau's be/ pupils 7 ,lancret 7#afij-agdc7 & ,pat] 7#afie-agcf71 :o pa9t$ 9 8 /yle ) fair results4 ,aft] ^! m5 came ,van ,loo 7#agje-agfe7 & ,b\*] 7#agjc-aggj71 :o turn$ ,watteau's *>m+ fetes1 %[+ ! co/umes & mann]s ( ! ,reg5cy1 into flippant extravagance4 ,n only 0 ! moral tone & intellectual /am9a ( _! art f> bel[ t ( ,watteau1 b _! workman%ip grew defective4 ,bo? m5 possess$ a rem>kable facility ( ! h& & a ke5 decorative color-s5se2 b aft] a "t bo? became /]eotyp$ & mann]$4 ,draw+ & modell+ 7 neglect$1 light 0 :olly conv5tional1 & l&scape turn$ into a piece ( embroid]$ backgr\nd ) a ,dresd5 *9a-tape/ry effect ab\t x4 ,z decoration ! g5]al effect 0 (t5 excell5t1 z a s]i\s expression ( life x 0 v weak1 z an intellectual or moral =ce x 0 worse ?an wor?less4 ,fragon>d 7#agcb-ahjf7 foll[$ 9 a simil> /yle1 b 0 a m kn[+ man1 clev] 9 color1 & a mu* fre] & bett] bru%man4 ,a few pa9t]s 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xv4 rema9$ app>5tly unaffect$ by ! c\rt influ5ce1 & /& 9 conspicu\s isolation4 ,claude ,joseph ,v]net 7#agab-aghi7 0 a l&scape & m>9e pa9t] ( "s repute 9 8 "t4 ,he _h a s5se ( ! pictorial1 b n a rem>kable s5se ( ! tru?ful 9 nature4 ,*>d9 7#afii-aggi7 & ,greuze 7#agbe-ahje71 clung to portrayals ( humble life & s\ght to popul>ize ! g5re subject4 ,*>d9 0 n appreciat$ by ! masses4 ,8 frank realism1 8 absolute s9c]ity ( purpose1 8 play ( light & its effect ^u color1 & 8 *>m+ h&l+ ( textures 7 comp>atively unnotic$4 ,yet z a colori/ he may be rank$ second to none 9 ,fr5* art1 & 9 fre%ness ( h&l+ 8 "w is a model = pres5t-day pa9t]s4 ,did]ot e>ly recogniz$ ,*>d9's excell5ce1 & _m arti/s s9ce 8 day h admir$ 8 pictures2 b he is n n[ a well-kn[n or popul> pa9t]4 ,! populace fancies ,greuze & 8 s5tim5tal heads ( "y girls4 ,!y h a prett9ess ab\t !m t is attractive1 b z art !y lack 9 =ce1 & 9 workman%ip !y are too smoo?1 f9ical1 & ?9 9 h&l+4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,all ( ^! ,fr5* pa9t]s are be/ repres5t$ 9 ! collections ( ! ,l\vre4 ,"s ( ! o!r gall]ies1 l ! ,dresd51 ,b]l91 & ,national at ,london1 h examples ( _! "w2 b ! ma/]pieces are ) ! ,fr5* p 9 ! ,l\vre & 9 ! o!r municipal gall]ies ( ,france4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,fr5* ,,pa9t+4 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,z be=e1 ,/ranahan1 et al42 also ,balli]e1 ,h5ri ,regnault2 ,blanc1 ,les ,arti/es de mon ,temps2 ,blanc1 ,hi/oire des ,pe9tres francais au ,,xixme ,siecle2 ,blanc1 ,+res et son ,o,euvre2 ,bigot1 ,pe9tres francais contempora9s2 ,breton1 ,la ,vie d'un ,arti/e 7,engli% ,translation72 ,br[nell1 ,fr5* ,art2 ,burty1 ,maitres et ,petit-,maitres2 ,*esneau1 ,pe9ture francaise au ,,xixme ,siecle2 ,clem5t1 ,etudes sur les ,beaux ,arts en ,france2 ,clem5t1 ,prudhon2 ,delaborde1 ,o,euvre de ,paul ,del>o*e2 ,delecluze1 ,jacques ,l\is ,david1 son ,ecole1 et son ,temps2 ,duret1 ,les ,pe9tres francais en #ahfg2 ,gauti]1 ,l',art ,mod]ne2 ,gauti]1 ,romanticisme2 ,gonse1 ,eug5e ,from5t92 ,ham]ton1 ,contempor>y ,fr5* ,pa9t+2 ,ham]ton1 ,pa9t+ 9 ,france aft] ! ,decl9e ( ,classicism2 ,h5ley1 ,memorial ,catalogue ( ,fr5* & ,dut* ,loan ,collection 7#ahhf72 ,h5riet1 ,*>les ,daubigny et son ,o,euvre2 ,l5ormant1 ,les ,arti/es ,contempora9s2 ,l5ormant1 ,ary ,s*eff]2 ,m]son1 ,+res1 sa ,vie et son ,o,euvre2 ,moreau1 ,decamps et son ,o,euvre2 ,plan*e1 ,etudes sur l',ecole francaise2 ,robaut et ,*esneau1 ,l' ,o,euvre complet d',eug5e ,delacroix2 ,s5si]1 ,!odore ,r\sseau2 ,s5si]1 ,life & ,works ( ,j4 ,f4 ,millet2 ,silve/re1 ,hi/oire des ,arti/es vivants et etrang]s2 ,/rahan1 ,mod]n ,fr5* ,art2 ,?ore1 ,l',art ,contempora92 ,!uriet1 ,jules ,ba/i5-,lepage2 ,van ,dyke1 ,mod]n ,fr5* ,ma/]s4 ,,! ,,revolution>y ,,"t3 ,9 consid]+ ?is c5tury's art 9 ,europe1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t a great social & intellectual *ange has tak5 place s9ce ! days ( ! ,m$ici4 ,! p[] s long p5t up 9 ,italy dur+ ! ,r5aissance f9ally broke & scatt]$ itself ^u ! we/]n nations2 societies & /ates 7 torn d[n & rebuild$1 political1 social1 & religi\s ideas %ift$ into new g>bs2 ! old ord] pass$ away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,,david4 ,,! ,,sab9es4 ,,l\vre4 ,religion z an art-motive1 or ev5 z an art-subject1 ceas$ to obta9 any:]e4 ,! ,*ur* fail$ z an art-patron1 & ! walls ( cloi/] & ca!dral furni%$ no new ,bible read+s to ! unlett]$4 ,pa9t+1 f be+ a necessity ( life1 pass$ into a luxury1 & ! k+1 ! /ate1 or ! private collector became ! patron4 ,nature & actual life 7 ab\t ! only s\rces left f :i* orig9al art c\ld draw its mat]ials4 ,^! h be5 freely us$1 b n s mu* 9 a national z 9 an individual mann]4 ,! t5d5cy to-day is n to put =? a univ]sal conception b an individual belief4 ,individualism--! same quality t appe>$ s /rongly 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo's art--has become a keynote 9 mod]n "w4 ,x is n ! only k9d ( art t has be5 %[n 9 ?is c5tury1 nor is nature ! only !me f :i* art has be5 d]iv$4 ,we mu/ rememb] & consid] ! influ5ce ( ! pa/ ^u mod]n m51 & ! attempts to re/ore ! classic beauty ( ! ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,italian1 :i* practically rul$ ,fr5* pa9t+ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is c5tury4 ,,fr5* ,,classicism ,,( ,,david3 ,?is 0 a revival ( ,greek =m 9 art1 f\nd$ on ! belief express$ by ,w9ckelmann1 t beauty lay 9 =m1 & 0 be/ %[n by ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,x 0 ! objective view ( art :i* saw beauty 9 ! ext]nal & tol]at$ no individuality 9 ! arti/ except t :i* 0 %[n 9 te*nical skill4 ,x 0 little m ?an an imitation ( ! ,greek & ,roman m>bles z types1 ) insi/5ce ^u p]fect =m1 correct draw+1 & balanc$ composition4 ,9 !me & _s x 0 pseudo-h]oic1 ! incid5ts ( ,greek & ,roman hi/ory =m+ ! *ief subjects1 & 9 me?od x r despis$ color1 light-&-%ade1 & natural surr\nd+s4 ,x 0 elevat$1 l(ty1 ideal 9 aspiration1 b coldly unsympa!tic because lack+ 9 contempor>y int]e/2 &1 ?\gh correct en\gh 9 classic =m1 0 lack+ 9 ! classic _s4 ,l all reanimat$ art1 x 0 d]ivative z reg>ds its =ms & lack+ 9 spontaneity4 ,! reason = ! exi/5ce ( ,greek art di$ ) its civilization1 & ^?1 l ! ,fr5* classici/s1 :o s\ght to revive x1 br\ght a copy ( ! pa/ into ! pres5t1 expect+ ! _w to accept x4 ,!re 0 "s social1 & p]haps arti/ic1 reason1 h[ev]1 = ! revival ( ! classic 9 ! ,fr5* art ( ! late eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 a revolt1 & at t "t revolts 7 popul>4 ,! art ( ,b\*] & ,van ,loo _h become q unbe>able4 ,x 0 flippant1 c>eless1 lic5ti\s4 ,x _h no s]i\sness or dignity ab\t x4 ,moreov]1 x smack$ ( ! ,b\rbon mon>*y1 :i* p _h come to hate4 ,classicism 0 sev]e1 elevat$1 respectable at lea/1 & _h ! air ( ! h]oic republic ab\t x4 ,x 0 a return to a /]n] view ( life1 ) ! m>tial _s beh9d x z an impetus1 & x _h a great vogue4 ,= _m ye>s dur+ ! ,revolution1 ! ,consulate1 & ! ,empire1 classicism 0 accept$ by ! sov]eigns & ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 & to ?is day x lives 9 a modifi$ =m 9 t semi-classic "w kn[n z academic art4 ,,! ,,classic ,,s*ool3 ,vi5 7#agaf-ahji7 0 ! fir/ pa9t] to prote/ aga9/ ! art ( ,b\*] & ,van ,loo by advocat+ m nobility ( =m & a clos] /udy ( nature4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 m devot$ to ! antique =ms he _h /udi$ 9 ,rome ?an to nature4 ,9 subject & l9e 8 t5d5cy 0 classic1 ) a lean+ t[>d ! ,italians ( ! ,decad5ce4 ,he lack$ ! =ce to c>ry out a complete re=m 9 pa9t+1 b 8 pupil ,david 7#agdh-ahbe7 accompli%$ :at he _h begun4 ,x 0 ,david :o e/abli%$ ! reign ( classicism1 & by native p[] became ! lead]4 ,! "t 0 appropriate1 ! ,revolution call$ = pictures ( ,romulus1 ,brutus & ,a*illes1 & ,napoleon enc\rag$ ! milit>y !me4 ,david _h /udi$ ! m>bles at ,rome1 & he us$ !m l>gely = models1 reproduc+ sc5es f ,greek & ,roman life 9 an elevat$ & sculpturesque /yle1 ) mu* ar*aeological k & a great deal ( skill4 ,9 color1 relief1 s5tim5t1 individuality1 8 pa9t+ 0 lack+4 ,he despis$ all t4 ,! rhy?m ( l9e1 ! sweep ( compos$ gr\ps1 ! h]oic subject & ! h]oic treatm5t1 made up 8 art4 ,x 0 ?or\ghly objective1 & :at contempor>y int]e/ x possess$ lay l>gely 9 ! m>tial _s !n preval5t4 ,( c\rse x 0 upheld by ! ,in/itute1 & x really set ! pace = ,fr5* pa9t+ = ne>ly half a c5tury4 ,:5 ,david 0 call$ ^u to pa9t ,napoleonic pictures he pa9t$ !m "u prote/1 & yet ^!1 ) 8 portraits1 con/itute 8 be/ "w4 ,9 portraiture he 0 uncommonly /rong at times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,,+res4 ,,o$ipus ,,& ,,sph9x4 ,,l\vre4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration ,david1 :o _h be5 a revolutioni/1 & !n an adh]5t ( ,napoleon1 0 s5t into exile2 b ! influ5ce he _h left & ! s*ool he _h e/abli%$ 7 c>ri$ on by 8 contempor>ies & pupils4 ,( ! =m] ,regnault 7#aged-ahbi71 ,v9c5t 7#agdf-ahaf71 & ,prudhon 7#ageh-ahbc7 7 ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,! la/ "o 0 consid]$ z out ( ! classic circle1 b s f> z mak+ 8 art dep5d ^u draw+ & composition1 he 0 a g5u9e classici/4 ,8 subjects1 in/ead ( be+ h]oic1 incl9$ to ! my?ological & ! allegorical4 ,9 ,italy he _h be5 a /ud5t ( ! ,r5aissance pa9t]s1 & f !m borr[$ a me?od ( %ad[ gradation t r5d]$ 8 figures mi/y & phantom-l4 ,!y possess$ an ease ( movem5t sometimes call$ ,prudhonesque grace1 & 9 composition 7 well plac$ & effective4 ,( ,david's pupils !re 7 _m4 ,only a few ( !m1 h[ev]1 _h pron\nc$ ability1 & ev5 ^! c>ri$ ,david's me?ods into ! !atrical4 ,girodet 7#agff-ahbd7 0 a draughtsman ( consid]able p[]1 b ) poor ta/e 9 color & little repose 9 composition4 ,mo/ ( 8 "w 0 exagg]ation & /ra9$ effect4 ,le?i]e 7#agfj-ahcb7 & ,gu]9 7#aggd-ahcc71 pupils ( ,regnault1 7 pa9t]s ak9 to ,girodet1 b inf]ior to him4 ,g]>d 7#aggj-ahcg7 0 a weak ,david foll[]1 :o ga9$ "s celebrity by pa9t+ portraits ( celebrat$ m5 & wom54 ,! two pupils ( ,david :o br\ght him ! mo/ cr$it 7 ,+res 7#aghj-ahfg7 & ,gros 7#agga-ahce74 ,+res 0 a cold1 p]sev]+ man1 ^: pr9ciples _h be5 well settl$ by ,david e>ly 9 life1 & 7 adh]$ to ) conviction by ! pupil to ! la/4 ,he modifi$ ! classic subject some:at1 /udi$ ,raphael & ! ,italians1 & re9troduc$ ! s+le figure into art 7! ,s\rce1 & ! ,odalisque1 = example74 ,= color he _h no fancy4 ,9 nature all is =m1 he us$ to say4 ,pa9t+ he ?\ght n an indep5d5t art1 b a developm5t ( sculpture4 ,to consid] emotion1 color1 or light z ! equal ( =m 0 mon/r\s1 & to comp>e ,rembr&t ) ,raphael 0 blasphemy4 ,to ?is belief he clung to ! end1 fai?fully reproduc+ ! human figure1 & x is n to be wond]$ at t ev5tually he became a le>n$ draughtsman4 ,8 s+le figures & 8 portraits %[ him to ! be/ advantage4 ,he _h a /rong grasp ( modell+ & an arti/ic s5se ( ! beauty & dignity ( l9e n excell$ by any arti/ ( ?is c5tury4 ,& to him m ?an any o!r pa9t] is due ! cultur$ draughtsman%ip :i* is to-day ! j pride ( ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,gros 0 a m vacillat+ man1 & by reason ( =sak+ ! classic subject = ,napoleonic battle-pieces1 he unconsci\sly l$ ! way t[>d romanticism4 ,he excell$ z a draughtsman1 b :5 he came to pa9t ! ,field ( ,eylau & ! ,pe/ ( ,jaffa he m+l$ color1 light1 air1 movem5t1 action1 sacrific+ classic composition & repose to reality4 ,?is 0 h]esy f ! ,davidian po9t ( view1 & ,david ev5tually conv9c$ him ( x4 ,gros return$ to ! classic !me & treatm5t1 b soon aft] 0 s revil$ by ! *ang+ criticism ( ! "t t he committ$ suicide 9 ! ,se9e4 ,8 art1 h[ev]1 0 ! beg9n+ ( romanticism4 ,! l&scape pa9t+ ( ?is "t 0 r academic & unsympa!tic4 ,x 0 a cont9uation ( ! ,claude-,p\ss9 tradition1 & 9 its insi/5ce ^u l9e1 gr&eur ( space1 & impos+ trees & m\nta9s1 0 a fit companion to ! classic figure-piece4 ,x _h little basis 9 nature1 & little 9 color or feel+ to comm5d x4 ,watelet 7#aghj-ahff71 ,b]t9 7#agge-ahdb71 ,mi*allon 7#agif-ahbb71 & ,aligny 7#agih-ahga71 7 its expon5ts4 ,a few pa9t]s seem$ to /& ap>t f ! contempor>y influ5ces4 ,madame ,vigee-,lebrun 7#agee-ahdb71 a successful portrait-pa9t] ( nobility1 & ,horace ,v]net 7#aghi-ahfc71 a popul> battle-pa9t]1 _m ( ^: works are to be se5 at ,v]sailles1 7 ( ?is class4 ,,romanticism3 ,! movem5t 9 ,fr5* pa9t+ :i* began ab\t #ahbb & took ! "n ( ,romanticism 0 b a "p ( ! /orm-&-/ress feel+ t swept ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ,france at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 appe>+ fir/ 9 lit]ature & aft]w>d 9 art4 ,x _h its orig9 9 a discont5t ) ! pres5t1 a passionate ye>n+ = ! unatta9able1 an int5sity ( s5tim5t1 gloomy melan*oly imag9+s1 & a desire to express ! inexpressible4 ,x 0 emphatically subjective1 self-consci\s1 a mood ( m9d or feel+4 ,9 ?is respect x 0 diametrically oppos$ to ! academic & ! classic4 ,9 ,fr5* pa9t+ x came =w>d 9 opposition to ! classicism ( ,david4 ,p _h begun to we>y ( ,greek & ,roman h]oes & _! de$s1 ( imp]sonal l9e-b\nd$ /atuesque art4 ,!re 0 a dem& = some?+ m repres5tative1 spontane\s1 expressive ( ! int5se feel+ ( ! "t4 ,! v gi/ ( romanticism 0 passion4 ,fre$om to express itself 9 :at =m x w\ld 0 a condition ( its exi/5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,,delacroix4 ,,massacre ,,( ,,scio4 ,,l\vre4 ,! classic subject 0 ab&on$ by ! romantici/s = dramatic sc5es ( m$iaeval & mod]n times4 ,! romantic h]o & h]o9e 9 sc5es ( horror1 p]ils by l& & sea1 flame & fury1 love & angui%1 came ^u ! bo>ds4 ,mu* ( ?is 0 illu/ration ( hi/ory1 ! novel1 & poetry1 especially ! poetry ( ,goe!1 ,byron1 & ,scott4 ,l9e 0 slurr$ 9 favor ( color1 symmetrical composition gave way to wild disord]$ gr\ps 9 headlong action1 & atmosph]es1 skies1 & lights 7 twi/$ & di/ort$ to convey ! s5tim5t ( ! /ory4 ,x 0 ?us1 m by sugge/ion ?an realization1 t romanticism s\ght to give ! poetic s5tim5t ( life4 ,its position t[>d classicism 0 antagoni/ic1 a reb\nd1 a fly+ to ! o!r extreme4 ,"o virtually said t beauty 0 9 ! ,greek =m1 ! o!r t x 0 9 ! pa9t]'s emotional nature4 ,! disagreem5t 0 viol5t1 & out ( x grew ! s-call$ romantic qu>rel ( ! #ahbj's4 ,,lead]s ,,( ,,romanticism3 ,symptoms ( ! com+ movem5t 7 app>5t long be=e any op5 revolt4 ,gros _h made innovations on ! classic 9 8 battle-pieces1 b ! fir/ positive diss5t f classic tea*+s 0 made 9 ! ,salon ( #ahai by ,g]icault 7#agia-ahbd7 ) 8 ,raft ( ! ,m$usa4 ,x repres5t$ ! />v+1 ! dead1 & ! dy+ ( ! ,m$usa's crew on a raft 9 mid-ocean4 ,! subject 0 n classic4 ,x 0 lit]>y1 romantic1 dramatic1 almo/ !atric 9 its seiz+ ( ! critical mom5t4 ,its !me 0 re/less1 h>r[+1 horrible4 ,x met ) in/ant opposition f ! old m5 & applause f ! "y m54 ,x 0 ! trumpet-note ( ! revolt1 b ,g]icault did n live long en\gh to become ! lead] ( romanticism4 ,t position fell to 8 contempor>y & fell[-pupil1 ,delacroix 7#agii-ahfc74 ,x 0 9 #ahbb t ,delacroix's fir/ ,salon picture 7! ,dante & ,virgil7 appe>$4 ,a /range1 gho/-l sc5e f ,dante's ,inf]no1 ! black atmosph]e ( ! ne!r _w1 weird faces1 weird colors1 weird flames1 & a modell+ ( ! figures by pat*es ( color almo/ savage z comp>$ to ! t9t$ draw+ ( classicism4 ,delacroix's y\? sav$ ! picture f condemnation1 b x 0 diff]5t ) 8 ,massacre ( ,scio two ye>s lat]4 ,?is 0 decri$ by ! classici/s1 & ev5 ,gros call$ x ! massacre ( art4 ,! pa9t] 0 accus$ ( e/abli%+ ! wor%ip ( ! ugly1 he 0 no draughtsman1 _h no selection1 no sev]ity1 no?+ b brutality4 ,b ,delacroix 0 z ob/9ate z ,+res1 & decl>$ t ! :ole _w c\ld n prev5t him f see+ & pa9t+ ?+s 9 8 own way4 ,x 0 ?us ! qu>rel />t$1 ! "y m5 sid+ ) ,delacroix1 ! old] m5 foll[+ ,david & ,+res4 ,9 himself ,delacroix embodi$ all t 0 be/ & /ronge/ 9 ! romantic movem5t4 ,8 pa9t+ 0 int5d$ to convey a romantic mood ( m9d by comb9ations ( color1 light1 air1 & ! l4 ,9 subject x 0 tragic & passionate1 l ! poetry ( ,hugo1 ,byron1 & ,scott4 ,! figures 7 usually giv5 ) angui%-wrung br[s1 wild eyes1 di%evell$ hair1 & impetu\s1 contort$ action4 ,! pa9t] nev] c>$ = te*nical details1 seek+ always to ga9 ! effect ( ! :ole r ?an ! exactness ( ! "p4 ,he purposely slurr$ draw+ at times1 & 0 oppos$ to =mal composition4 ,9 color he 0 sup]ior1 ?\gh some:at viol5t at times1 & 9 bru%-"w he 0 (t5 labor$ & pat*y4 ,8 /r5g? lay 9 imag9ation display$ 9 color & 9 action4 ,! qu>rel betwe5 classicism & romanticism la/$ "s ye>s1 ) nei!r side victori\s4 ,delacroix won recognition = 8 view ( art1 b did n cru% ! belief 9 =m :i* 0 to come to ! surface aga94 ,he f\ght almo/ alone4 ,_m pa9t]s ralli$ ar\nd him1 b !y add$ little /r5g? to ! new movem5t4 ,dev]ia 7#ahje-ahfe7 & ,*ampm>t9 7#agig-ahhc7 7 highly ?\ght ( at fir/1 b !y rapidly deg5]at$4 ,sigalon 7#aghh-ahcg71 ,cogniet 7#agid-ahhj71 ,rob]t-,fleury 7#agig-71 & ,b\lang] 7#ahjf-ahfg71 7 romantici/s1 b a*iev$ m z tea*]s ?an z pa9t]s4 ,del>o*e 7#agig-ahef7 0 an eclectic--9 fact1 f\nd$ a s*ool ( t "n--?9k+ to take :at 0 be/ f bo? p>ties4 ,inv5t+ no?+1 he pr(it$ by all inv5t$4 ,he employ$ ! romantic subject & color1 b adh]$ to classic draw+4 ,8 composition 0 good1 8 co/ume c>eful 9 detail1 8 bru%-"w smoo?1 & 8 /ory-tell+ capacity excell5t4 ,all ^! qualities made him a popul> pa9t]1 b n an orig9al or p[]ful "o4 ,ary ,s*eff] 7#agig-aheh7 0 an illu/rator ( ,goe! & ,byron1 frail 9 bo? s5tim5t & color1 a pa9t] :o />t$ z a romantici/1 b aft]w>d develop$ l9e "u ,+res4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--;,,g]ome4 ,,pollice ,,v]so4 ,,! ,,ori5tali/s3 ,9 bo? lit]ature & pa9t+ "o phase ( romanticism %[$ itself 9 a love = ! life1 ! light1 ! color ( ! ,ori5t4 ,f ,p>is ,decamps 7#ahjc-ahfj7 0 ! fir/ pa9t] to visit ! ,ea/ & pa9t ,ea/]n life4 ,he 0 a g5re pa9t] m ?an a figure pa9t]1 giv+ naturali/ic /reet sc5es 9 ,turkey & ,asia ,m9or1 c\rts1 & int]iors1 ) great feel+ = air1 w>m? ( color1 & light4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ,m>ilhat 7#ahaa-ahdg7 0 9 ,egypt pictur+ ! life ( t c\ntry 9 a simil> mann]2 & lat]1 ,from5t9 7#ahbj-ahgf71 pa9t] & writ]1 foll[+ ,delacroix1 w5t to ,algi]s & portray$ !re ,arab life ) fa/-fly+ horses1 ! des]t air1 sky1 light1 & color4 ,!odore ,fr]e & ,ziem belong fur!r on 9 ! c5tury1 b 7 no less expon5ts ( romanticism 9 ! ,ea/4 ,fifte5 ye>s aft] ! />t+ ( romanticism ! movem5t _h mat]ially subsid$4 ,x _h nev] be5 a s*ool 9 ! s5se ( hav+ rules & laws ( art4 ,lib]ty ( ?\ght & p]fect fre$om = individual expression 7 all x advocat$4 ,z a result !re 0 no unity1 = !re 0 no?+ to unite ^u2 & ) e pa9t] pa9t+ z he pleas$1 reg>dless ( law1 extravagance 0 inevitable4 ,?is 0 ! case1 & :5 ! next g5]ation came 9 romanticism began to be ridicul$ = its excesses4 ,a reaction />t$ 9 favor ( m l9e & academic tra9+4 ,?is 0 fir/ %[n by ! /ud5ts ( ,del>o*e1 ?\gh !re 7 a numb] ( movem5ts at ! "t1 all ( !m lead+ away f romanticism4 ,a recoil f too mu* color 9 favor ( m =m 0 inevitable1 b romanticism 0 n to p]i% entirely4 ,its influ5ce 0 to g on1 & to appe> 9 ! "w ( lat] m54 ,,eclectics ,,& ,,transitional ,,pa9t]s3 ,aft] ,+res 8 foll[] ,fl&r9 7#ahji-ahfd7 0 ! mo/ consid]able draughtsman ( ! "t4 ,he 0 n classic b religi\s 9 subject1 & is sometimes call$ ! religi\s pa9t] ( ,france4 ,he _h a delicate beauty ( l9e & a f9e feel+ = =m1 b nev] 0 /rong 9 color1 bru%-"w1 or s5tim5t4 ,8 be/ "w appe>s 9 8 v f9e portraits4 ,gleyre 7#ahjf-ahgd7 0 a man ( classic me?ods1 b romantic ta/es1 :o modifi$ ! h]oic into ! idyllic & my?ologic4 ,he 0 a s5tim5tal day-dream]1 ) a t\* ( melan*oly ab\t ! vani%$ pa/1 appe>+ 9 ,arcadian fancies1 pretty nymphs1 & idealiz$ memories ( y\?4 ,9 execution he 0 n at all romantic4 ,8 color 0 pale1 8 draw+ delicate1 & 8 light+ mi/y & unc]ta94 ,x 0 ! e!realiz$ classic me?od1 & ?is me?od he transmitt$ to a little b& ( pa9t]s call$ ! ,,new-,,greeks1 :o1 9 po9t ( "t1 belong mu* fur!r along 9 ! c5tury1 b 9 _! art are ) ,gleyre4 ,_! "w nev] rose above ! idyllic & ! graceful1 & calls = no special m5tion4 ,hamon 7#ahba-ahgd7 & ,aub]t 7#ahbd-7 belong$ to ! b&1 & ,g]ome 7#ahbd-f7 0 at "o "t its lead]1 b he aft]w>d em]g$ f x to a high] place 9 ,fr5* art1 :]e he w f9d m5tion h]eaft]4 ,footnote #f3 ,di$1 #aijd4 ,c\ture 7#ahae-ahgi7 /ood q by himself1 a m+l+ ( sev]al influ5ces4 ,8 *ief picture1 ,! ,romans ( ! ,decad5ce1 is classic 9 subject1 romantic 9 s5tim5t 7& ?is v l>gely express$ by w>m? ( color71 & r reali/ic 9 natural appe>ance4 ,he 0 an eclectic 9 a way1 & yet seems to /& z ! =]unn] ( a l>ge body ( arti/s :o f9d classification h]eaft] "u ! title ( ! ,semi-,classici/s4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,all ! pa9t]s m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt] are be/ repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre at ,p>is1 at ,v]sailles1 & 9 ! museums ( ! *ief ,fr5* cities4 ,"s works ( ! late or liv+ m5 may be f\nd 9 ! ,luxemb\rg1 :]e pictures b\ght by ! /ate are kept = t5 ye>s aft] ! pa9t]'s dea?1 & !n are ei!r s5t to ! ,l\vre or to ! o!r municipal gall]ies ( ,france4 ,"s pictures by ^! m5 are also to be se5 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york1 ! ,bo/on ,museum1 & ! ,*icago ,art ,in/itute4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,fr5* ,,pa9t+4 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury 7,cont9u$74 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,! books be=e m5tion$1 consult also ,g5]al ,bibliography1 7page xv47 ,,! ,,l&scape ,,pa9t]s3 ,! influ5ce ( ei!r ! classic or romantic example may be trac$ 9 almo/ all ( ! ,fr5* pa9t+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,! oppos$ tea*+s f9d repres5tatives 9 new m51 & "u diff]5t names ! modifi$ dispute goes on--! dispute ( ! academic v]sus ! individual1 ! art ( =m & l9e v]sus ! art ( s5tim5t & color4 ,) ! classicism ( ,david n only ! figure b ! l&scape sett+ ( x1 took on an ideal h]oic "*4 ,trees & hills & riv]s became sup]naturally gr& & impressive4 ,ev]y?+ 0 elevat$ by me?od to produce an imag9>y ,arcadia fit = ! deities ( ! classic _w4 ,! result 0 t nature & ! humanity ( ! pa9t] pass$ out 9 favor ( s*ool =mula & academic traditions4 ,:5 romanticism came 9 ?is 0 *ang$1 b nature falsifi$ 9 ano!r direction4 ,l&scape 0 giv5 an int]e/ 9 human affairs1 & made to look gay or sad1 peaceful or turbul5t1 z ! day w5t well or ill ) ! h]o ( ! /ory portray$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 tru] to ! actual ?an ! classic1 m /udi$ 9 ! p>ts1 m unit$ 9 ! :ole4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahcj ! influ5ce ( romanticism began to %[ 9 a new l&scape art4 ,t is to say1 ! emotional impulse spr++ f romanticism comb9$ ) ! /udy ( ! old ,dut* l&scapi/s1 & ! ,engli% contempor>y pa9t]s1 ,con/able & ,bon+ton1 set a l>ge numb] ( pa9t]s to ! close /udy ( nature & ultimately develop$ :at has be5 vaguely call$ ! ,,fonta9ebleau-,,b>bizon ,,s*ool3 ,?is :ole s*ool 0 prim>ily devot$ to %[+ ! s5tim5t ( color & light4 ,x took nature j z x f\nd x 9 ! =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau1 on ! pla9 ( ,b>bizon1 & else:]e1 & treat$ x ) a poetic feel+ = light1 %ad[1 atmosph]e1 color1 t result$ 9 ! be/ l&scape pa9t+ yet kn[n to u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--;,,corot4 ,,l&scape4 ,corot 7#agif-ahge7 ?\gh classically tra9$ "u ,b]t91 & ?\gh some:at ap>t f ! o!r m5 9 8 life1 belongs ) ?is gr\p4 ,he 0 a man ^: arti/ic life 0 fill$ ) ! beauty ( light & air4 ,^! he pa9t$ ) great s+l5ess ( aim & great poetic *>m4 ,mo/ ( 8 "w is 9 a light silv]y key ( color1 usually slight 9 composition1 simple 9 masses ( light & d>k1 & v broadly b kn[+ly h&l$ ) ! bru%4 ,he began pa9t+ by us+ ! m9ute bru%1 b *ang$ x lat] on = a fre] /yle :i* record$ only ! great omnipres5t tru?s & suppress$ ! small ones4 ,he has nev] _h a sup]ior 9 produc+ ! p]meat+ light ( morn+ & ev5+4 ,= ?is alone1 if = no o!r excell5ce1 he des]v$ly holds high rank4 ,r\sseau 7#ahab-ahfg7 0 "o ( ! =emo/ ( ! recogniz$ lead]s1 & probably ! mo/ le>n$ l&scapi/ ( ?is c5tury4 ,a man ( _m moods & me?ods he produc$ 9 v>iety ) r>e v]satility4 ,mu* ( 8 "w 0 exp]im5tal1 b at 8 be/ he _h a maje/ic conception ( nature1 a s5se ( its p[] & p]man5ce1 its volume & mass1 t (t5 result$ 9 ! highe/ quality ( pictorial poetry4 ,9 color he 0 ri* & usually w>m1 9 te*nic firm & individual1 9 s5tim5t at times q sublime4 ,at fir/ he pa9t$ broadly & won fri5ds among ! arti/s & sne]s f ! public2 !n 9 8 middle /yle he pa9t$ 9 detail1 & _h a p]iod ( popul> success2 9 8 late /yle he w5t back to ! broad mann]1 & di$ amid qu>rels & vexations ( spirits4 ,8 long-"t fri5d & companion1 ,jules ,dupre 7#ahab-ahhi71 h>dly rea*$ up to him1 ?\gh a /rong pa9t] 9 l&scape & m>9e4 ,he 0 a good b n great colori/1 &1 te*nically1 8 bru% 0 broad en\gh b sometimes heavy4 ,8 late "w is inf]ior 9 s5tim5t & labor$ 9 h&l+4 ,diaz 7#ahjh-ahgf7 0 alli$ to ,r\sseau 9 aim & me?od1 ?\gh n s sure nor s p[]ful a pa9t]4 ,he _h fancy & v>iety 9 creation t sometimes ran to lic5se1 & 9 color he 0 cle> & brilliant4 ,nev] v well tra9$1 8 draw+ is (t5 indiff]5t & 8 light di/ort$1 b ^! are m ?an aton$ = by delicacy & poetic *>m4 ,at times he pa9t$ ) mu* p[]4 ,daubigny 7#ahag-ahgh7 seem$ m l ,corot 9 8 *>m ( /yle & love ( atmosph]e & light ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,he 0 fond ( ! banks ( ! ,se9e & ! ,m>ne at twilight1 ) ev5+ atmosph]es & d>k trees /&+ 9 sil5t ranks aga9/ ! w>m sky4 ,he 0 also fond ( ! gray day along ! coa/1 & ev5 ! sea attract$ him n a little4 ,he 0 a pa9t] ( high abilities1 & 9 treatm5t /rongly individual1 ev5 di/+ui%$1 by 8 simplicity & directness4 ,unity ( ! :ole1 grasp ( ! mass entire1 0 8 te*nical aim1 & ?is he s\ght to get n s mu* by l9e z by color-tones ( v>y+ value4 ,9 ?is respect he seem$ a connect+ l9k betwe5 ,corot & ! pres5t-day impressioni/s4 ,mi*el 7#agfc-ahdb71 ,huet 7#ahjd-ahfi71 ,*9treuil 7#ahad-ahgc71 & ,francais 7#ahad-7 7 all alli$ 9 po9t ( view ) ?is gr\p ( l&scape pa9t]s1 & among ! late m5 :o h c>ri$ out _! beliefs are ,caz91#g ,yon1#h ,damoye1 ,po9tel91 ,h>pignies & ,pel\se#i seem a little m incl9$ to ! reali/ic ?an ! poetic view1 ?\gh produc+ "w ( mu* virility & intellig5ce4 ,footnote #g3 ,di$1 #aija4 ,footnote #h3 ,di$1 #ahig4 ,footnote #i3 ,di$1 #ahij4 ,contempor>y & associat$ ) ! ,fonta9ebleau pa9t]s 7 a numb] ( m5 :o won high di/9ction z ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,animals3 ,troyon 7#ahaj-ahfe7 0 ! mo/ prom95t among !m4 ,8 "w %[s ! same s5tim5t ( light & color z ! ,fonta9ebleau l&scapi/s1 & ) x !re is mu* ke5 insight into animal life4 ,z a te*nician he 0 r h>d at fir/1 & he nev] 0 a correct draughtsman1 b he _h a way ( giv+ ! "* ( ! objects he portray$ :i* is ! v ess5ce ( tru?4 ,he did _m l&scapes ) & )\t cattle4 ,8 be/ pupil 0 ,van ,m>cke 7#ahbg-ahij71 :o foll[$ 8 me?ods b nev] possess$ ! feel+ ( 8 ma/]4 ,jacque 7#ahac-aj7 is also ( ! ,fonta9ebleau-,b>bizon gr\p1 & is ju/ly celebrat$ = 8 pa9t+s & et*+s ( %eep4 ,! poetry ( ! s*ool is 81 & te*nically he is f9e 9 color at times1 if (t5 r d>k 9 illum9ation4 ,l ,troyon he kn[s 8 subject well1 & c %[ ! nature ( %eep ) true feel+4 ,rosa ,bonheur 7#ahbb-aa7 & h] bro!r1 ,augu/e ,bonheur 7#ahbd-ahhd71 h bo? dealt ) animal life1 b nev] ) t f9e arti/ic feel+ :i* w\ld w>rant _! popul>ity4 ,_! "w is correct en\gh1 b prosaic & commonplace 9 _s4 ,!y d n belong 9 ! same gr\p ) ,troyon & ,r\sseau4 ,footnote #aj3 ,di$1 #ahid4 ,footnote #aa3 ,di$1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,,r\sseau1 ,,*>coal ,,burn]s' ,,hut4 ,,full] ,,collection4 ,,! ,,peasant ,,pa9t]s3 ,alli$ aga9 9 feel+ & s5tim5t ) ! ,fonta9ebleau l&scapi/s 7 "s celebrat$ pa9t]s ( peasant life1 *ief among :om /ood ,millet 7#ahad-ahge71 ( ,b>bizon4 ,! pictorial incl9ation ( ,millet 0 e>ly gr\nd$ by a /udy ( ,delacroix1 ! ma/] romantici/1 & 8 "w is an expression ( romanticism modifi$ by an individual /udy ( nature & appli$ to peasant life4 ,he 0 peasant born1 liv+ & dy+ at ,b>bizon1 sympa?iz+ ) 8 class1 & pa9t+ !m ) great poetic =ce & simplicity4 ,8 s5tim5t sometimes has a lit]>y bias1 z 9 8 f>-fam$ b indiff]5t ,angelus1 b usually x is /rictly pictorial & has to d ) ! beauty ( light1 air1 color1 motion1 life1 z %[n 9 ,! ,s[] or ,! ,glean]s4 ,te*nically he 0 n /rong z a draughtsman or a bru%man1 b he _h a l>ge feel+ = =m1 great simplicity 9 l9e1 ke5 p]ception ( ! relations ( light & d>k1 & at times an excell5t color-s5se4 ,he 0 virtually ! discov]] ( ! peasant z an art subject1 & = ?is1 z = 8 orig9al po9t ( view & arti/ic feel+1 he is rank$ z "o ( ! =emo/ arti/s ( ! c5tury4 ,jules ,breton 7#ahbg-71 ?\gh pa9t+ little besides ! peasantry1 is no ,millet foll[]1 = he />t$ pa9t+ peasant sc5es at ab\t ! same "t z ,millet4 ,8 aff9ities 7 ) ! ,new-,greeks e>ly 9 life1 & ev] s9ce he has incl9$ t[>d ! academic 9 /yle1 ?\gh h&l+ ! ru/ic subject4 ,he is a good te*nician1 except 9 8 late "w2 b z an orig9al ?9k]1 z a pictorial poet1 he does n %[ ! int5sity or pr(undity ( ,millet4 ,! foll[]s ( ! ,millet-,breton tradition are _m4 ,! blue-frock$ & sabot-%od peasantry h appe>$ 9 salon & gall]y = tw5ty ye>s & m1 b ) n v good results4 ,! imitators1 z usual1 h caught at ! subject & miss$ ! _s4 ,billet & ,legros1 contempor>ies ( ,millet1 /ill liv+1 & ,l]olle1 a man ( pres5t-day note1 are p]haps ! mo/ consid]able ( ! pa9t]s ( rural subjects to-day4 ,,! ,,semi-,,classici/s3 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ t ! classic influ5ce ( ,david & ,+res disappe>$ f view ) ! com+ ( ! romantici/s1 ! ,fonta9ebleau l&scapi/s1 & ! ,b>bizon pa9t]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 side by side ) ^! m51 & oppos$ to !m1 7 ! believ]s 9 l9e & academic =mulas ( ! beautiful4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( academic art 9 ,france 0 aga9/ ,delacroix1 ,r\sseau1 & ,millet4 ,dur+ _! lives !y 7 reg>d$ z h]etics 9 art & )\t ! pale ( ! ,academy4 ,_! art1 h[ev]1 comb9$ ) nature /udy & ! realism ( ,c\rbet1 succe$$ 9 modify+ ! sev]e classicism ( ,+res into :at has be5 call$ semi-classicism4 ,x consi/s 9 ! elevat$1 h]oic1 or hi/orical !me1 academic =m well drawn1 "s %[ ( bright colors1 smoo?ness ( bru%-"w1 & precision & nicety ( detail4 ,9 treatm5t x attempts ! reali/ic1 b 9 _s x is usually /ilt$1 cold1 unsympa!tic4 ,cabanel 7#ahbc-ahhi7 & ,b\gu]eau 7#ahbe-aije7 h bo? repres5t$ semi-classic art well4 ,!y are ju/ly rank$ z fam\s draughtsm5 & good portrait-pa9t]s1 b _! "w always has ab\t x ! /amp ( ! academy ma*9e1 a some?+ done to ord]1 kn[+ & exact1 b lack+ 9 ! p]sonal elem5t4 ,x is a weakness ( ! academic me?od t x virtually bani%es ! individuality ( eye & h& 9 favor ( s*ool =mulas4 ,cabanel & ,b\gu]eau h pa9t$ _m incid5ts ( classic & hi/oric /ory1 b ) nev] a da% ( en?usiasm or a sugge/ion ( ! great qualities ( pa9t+4 ,_! draw+ has be5 z ?or\gh z c\ld be ask$ =1 b _! color+s h be5 h>% & _! bru%es cold & ?94 ,g]ome 7#ahbd-ab7 is a man ( classic tra9+ & incl9ation1 b 8 v]satility h>dly all[s him to be classifi$ any:]e4 ,he 0 fir/ a lead] ( ! ,new-,greeks1 pa9t+ delicate my?ological subjects2 !n a hi/orical pa9t]1 %[+ dea?s ( ,caes> & ! l2 !n an ,ori5tali/1 giv+ sc5es f ,cairo & ,con/ant9ople2 !n a g5re pa9t]1 depict+ contempor>y subjects 9 ! _m l&s ?r\gh :i* he has travell$4 ,:atev] he has done %[s semi-classic draw+1 e?nological & ar*aeological k1 ,p>isian te*nic1 & exact detail4 ,8 travels h n *ang$ 8 precise sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,he is a true academician at bottom1 b a m v]satile & cultur$ pa9t] ?an ei!r ,cabanel or ,b\gu]eau4 ,he draws well1 sometimes uses color well1 & is an excell5t pa9t] ( textures4 ,a man ( great le>n+ 9 _m dep>tm5ts he is no pa9t] to be sne]$ at1 & yet n a pa9t] to make ! pulse beat fa/] or to ar\se ! ae/hetic emotions4 ,8 "w is imp]sonal1 objective fact1 %[+ a brilliant ext]ior b inw>dly devoid ( feel+4 ,footnote #ab3 ,di$1 #aijd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,,millet4 ,,! ,,glean]s4 ,,l\vre4 ,paul ,baudry 7#ahbh-ahhf71 ?\gh a disciple ( l9e1 0 n precisely a semi-classici/1 & p]haps = t reason 0 sup]ior to any ( ! academic pa9t]s ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 a foll[] ( ! old ma/]s 9 ,rome m ?an ! ,ecole des ,beaux ,arts4 ,8 subjects1 aside f _m spl5did portraits1 7 almo/ all classical1 allegorical1 or my?ological4 ,he 0 a f9e draughtsman1 &1 :at is m rem>kable 9 conjunction !re)1 a f9e colori/4 ,he 0 h>dly a great orig9ator1 & _h n passion1 dramatic =ce1 or mu* s5tim5t1 except su* z may be f\nd 9 8 delicate color+ & rhy?m ( l9e4 ,nev]!less he 0 an arti/ to be admir$ = 8 purity ( purpose & bread? ( accompli%m5t4 ,8 *ief "w is to be se5 9 ! ,op]a at ,p>is4 ,puvis de ,*avannes 7#ahbd-ac7 is q a diff]5t /yle ( pa9t]1 & is rem>kable = f9e delicate tones ( color :i* hold _! place well on wall or ceil+1 & = a c]ta9 gr&eur ( composition4 ,9 8 desire to revive ! monum5tal pa9t+ ( ! ,r5aissance he has met ) mu* praise & mu* blame4 ,he is an arti/ ( s9c]ity & le>n+1 & z a wall-pa9t] has no sup]ior 9 contempor>y ,france4 ,footnote #ac3 ,di$1 #ahih4 ,heb]t 7#ahag-aijh71 an e>ly pa9t] ( academic t5d5cies1 & ,h5n] 7#ahbi-71 fond ( =m & yet a bru%man ) an idyllic feel+ = light & color 9 d>k surr\nd+s1 are pa9t]s :o may come "u ! semi-classic gr\p+4 ,lefebvre 7#ahcd-7 is probably ! mo/ pron\nc$ 9 academic me?ods among ! pres5t m51 a draughtsman ( ability4 ,,portrait ,,& ,,figure ,,pa9t]s3 ,"u ?is head+ may be includ$ ^? pa9t]s :o /& by !mselves1 %[+ no positive pref]5ce = ei!r ! classic or romantic foll[+s4 ,bonnat 7#ahcc-7 has pa9t$ all k9ds ( subjects--g5re1 figure1 & hi/orical pieces--b is p]haps be/ kn[n z a portrait-pa9t]4 ,he has done =cible "w4 ,"s ( x inde$ is a/oni%+ 9 its reali/ic modell+--! acc5tuation ( light & %ad[ (t5 caus+ ! figures to advance unnaturally4 ,f ?is feature & f 8 detail he has be5 kn[n = ye>s z a reali/4 ,8 anatomical ,*ri/ on ! ,cross & mural pa9t+s 9 ! ,pan!on are examples4 ,z a portrait-pa9t] he is acceptable1 if at times a little raw 9 color4 ,ano!r portrait-pa9t] ( celebrity is ,c>olus-,duran 7#ahcg-74 ,he is r />tl+ at times 9 8 portrayal ( robes & drap]ies1 has a facility ( ! bru% t is frequ5tly deceptive1 & 9 color is sometimes vivid4 ,he has _h great success z a tea*]1 & is1 all told1 a pa9t] ( high rank4 ,delaunay 7#ahbh-ahib7 9 late ye>s pa9t$ little besides portraits1 & 0 "o ( ! cons]vatives ( ,fr5* art4 ,laur5s 7#ahch-7 has be5 m ( a hi/orical pa9t] ?an ! o!rs1 & has dealt l>gely ) dea? sc5es4 ,he is (t5 spok5 ( z ! pa9t] ( ! dead1 a man ( s\nd tra9+ & excell5t te*nical p[]4 ,regnault 7#ahdc-ahga7 0 a figure & g5re pa9t] ) mu* feel+ = ori5tal light & color1 :o un=tunately 0 kill$ 9 battle at tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,he 0 an arti/ ( promise1 & has left sev]al notable canvases4 ,among ! y\ng] m5 :o portray ! hi/orical subject 9 an elevat$ /yle m5tion %\ld be made ( ,cormon 7#ahde-71 ,b5jam9-,con/ant 7#ahde-ad71 & ,ro*egrosse4 ,z pa9t]s ( portraits ,aman-,jean & ,c>ri]e#ae h long held rank1 & ea* succe$+ ,salon br+s new portraiti/s to ! front4 ,footnote #ad3 ,di$1 #aijb4 ,footnote #ae3 ,di$1 #aijf4 ,,! ,,reali/s3 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ,millet1 say #ahdh1 !re also came to ! front a man :o scorn$ bo? classicism & romanticism1 & ma9ta9$ t ! only model & subject ( art %\ld be nature4 ,?is man1 ,c\rbet 7#ahai-ahgh71 really gave a ?ird t5d5cy to ! art ( ?is c5tury 9 ,france1 & 8 influ5ce und\bt$ly _h mu* to d ) modify+ bo? ! classic & romantic t5d5cies4 ,c\rbet 0 a man ( arrogant1 dogmatic disposition1 & 0 q he>tily dete/$ dur+ 8 life1 b t he 0 a pa9t] ( great ability few w d5y4 ,8 !ory 0 ! abolition ( bo? s5tim5t & academic law1 & ! tak+ ( nature j z x 01 ) all its beauties & all its de=mities4 ,?is1 too1 0 8 practice to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,8 art is mat]ial1 & yet at times l(ty 9 conception ev5 to ! sublime4 ,& :ile he believ$ 9 realism he did n believe 9 petty detail1 b r 9 ! great tru?s ( nature4 ,^! he saw ) a disc]n+ eye & portray$ ) a ma/]ful bru%4 ,he believ$ 9 :at he saw only1 & _h m ! obs]v+ ?an ! reflective or emotional disposition4 ,z a te*nician he 0 co>se b sup]bly /rong1 h&l+ sky1 e>?1 air1 ) ! ease & p[] ( "o well tra9$ 9 8 craft4 ,8 subjects 7 _m--! peasantry ( ,france1 l&scape1 & ! sea hold+ prom95t places--& 8 influ5ce1 ?\gh n direct because he _h no pupils ( consequ5ce1 has be5 mo/ pot5t ) ! late m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,,cabanel4 ,,pha$ra4 ,! "y pa9t] ( to-day :o does ?+s 9 a reali/ic way is frequ5tly met ) 9 ,fr5* art4 ,l'h]mitte 7#ahdd-71 ,juli5 ,dupre 7#ahea-71 & o!rs h h&l$ ! peasant subject ) skill1 aft] ! ,millet-,c\rbet initiative2 & ,ba/i5-,lepage 7#ahdh-ahhd7 excit$ a good deal ( admiration 9 8 lifetime = ! tru? & evid5t s9c]ity ( 8 art4 ,ba/i5's po9t ( view 0 reali/ic en\gh1 b some:at mat]ial4 ,he nev] h&l$ ! l>ge composition ) success1 b 9 small pieces & 9 portraits he 0 q above criticism4 ,8 foll[+ among ! "y m5 0 consid]able1 & ! s-call$ impressioni/s h rank$ him among _! disciples or lead]s4 ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,milit>y ,,sc5es1 ,,g5re1 ,,etc43 ,! art ( ,meissoni] 7#ahae-ahia71 :ile extremely reali/ic 9 mod]n detail1 probably orig9at$ f a /udy ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury ,dut*m5 l ,t]burg & ,metsu4 ,x does n portray l[ life1 b r ! half-ari/ocratic--! s*ol>1 ! cavali]1 ! g5tleman ( leisure4 ,?is is done on a small scale ) microscopic nicety1 & really m 9 ! hi/orical ?an ! g5re _s4 ,s+le figures & int]iors 7 8 pref]5ce1 b he also pa9t$ a cycle ( ,napoleonic battle-pictures ) mu* =ce4 ,!re is little or no s5tim5t ab\t 8 "w--little m ?an 9 t ( ,g]ome4 ,8 success lay 9 exact te*nical accompli%m5t4 ,he drew well1 pa9t$ well1 & at times 0 a sup]ior colori/4 ,8 art is m admir$ by ! public ?an by ! pa9t]s2 b ev5 ! latt] d n fail to praise 8 skill ( h&4 ,he 0 a great craftsman 9 ! inf9itely little4 ,z a great arti/ 8 rank is /ill op5 to "q4 ,! g5re pa9t+ ( fa%ionable life has be5 c>ri$ out by _m foll[]s ( ,meissoni]1 ^: names ne$ n be m5tion$ s9ce !y h n improv$ ^u _! =]unn]4 ,t\lm\*e 7#ahbi-71 ,leloir 7#ahdc-ahhd71 ,vib]t 7#ahdj-71 ,b>gue 78-#ahhc71 & o!rs1 ?\gh some:at diff]5t f ,meissoni]1 belong among ^? pa9t]s ( g5re :o love detail1 co/umes1 /ories1 & pretty faces4 ,among ! pa9t]s ( milit>y g5re m5tion %\ld be made ( ,de ,neuville 7#ahcf-ahhe71 ,b]ne-,bellec\r 7#ahch-71 ,detaille 7#ahdh-71 & ,aime-,morot 7#ahej-71 all ( !m pa9t]s ( m]it4 ,q a diff]5t /yle ( pa9t+--half figure-piece half g5re--is to be f\nd 9 ! "w ( ,ribot 7#ahbc-71 a /rong pa9t]1 rem>kable = 8 apposition ( high fle% lights ) deep %ad[s1 aft] ! mann] ( ,rib]a1 ! ,spani% pa9t]4 ,roybet 7#ahdj-7 is fond ( ri* /uffs & tape/ries ) velvet-clad *>act]s 9 int]iors1 out ( :i* he makes good color effects4 ,bonv9 7#ahag-ahhg7 & ,mettl+ h pa9t$ ! int]ior ) small figures1 copp]-kettles1 & o!r /ill-life t h giv5 brilliancy to _! pictures4 ,z a /ill-life pa9t] ,vollon 7#ahcc-7 has nev] _h a sup]ior4 ,8 fruits1 fl[]s1 armors1 ev5 8 small m>9es & h>bor pieces1 are pa9t$ ) "o ( ! sure/ bru%es ( ?is c5tury4 ,he is call$ ! pa9t]'s pa9t]1 & is a man ( great =ce 9 h&l+ color1 & 9 l>ge reali/ic effect4 ,dantan & ,friant h bo? produc$ canvases %[+ figures 9 int]iors4 ,a numb] ( excell5t g5re pa9t]s h be5 claim$ by ! impressioni/s z belong+ to _! bro!rhood4 ,!re is little to w>rant ! claim1 except ! adoption to "s ext5t ( ! mod]n ideas ( illum9ation & flat pa9t+4 ,dagnan-,b\v]et 7#aheb-7 is "o ( ^! m51 a good draughtsman1 & a f9i%$ clean pa9t] :o by 8 rec5t use ( high color f9ds himself occasionally look$ ^u z an impressioni/4 ,z a matt] ( fact he is "o ( ! mo/ cons]vative ( ! mod]ns--a man ( feel+ & imag9ation1 & a f9e te*nician4 ,fant9-,lat\r 7#ahcf-aijd7 is half romantic1 half allegorical 9 subject1 & 9 treatm5t (t5times design$ly vague & %ad[y1 m sugge/ive ?an reali/ic4 ,duez 7#ahdc-7 & ,g]vex 7#ahdh-7 are p]haps ne>] to impressionism 9 _! works ?an ! o!rs1 b !y are n at all advance advocates ( ?is late/ phase ( art4 ,9 addition !re are ,cottet & ,h5ri ,m>t94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,,meissoni]4 ,,napoleon ,,9 #ahad4 ,,! ,,impressioni/s3 ,! "n is a misnom]4 ,e pa9t] is an impressioni/ 9 s f> z he records 8 impressions1 & all art is impressioni/ic4 ,:at ,manet 7#ahcc-ahhc71 ! lead] ( ! orig9al movem5t1 meant to say 0 t nature %\ld n be pa9t$ z x actually is1 b z x impresses ! pa9t]4 ,he & 8 few foll[]s tri$ to *ange ! "n to ,indep5d5ts1 b ! orig9al "n has clung to !m & be5 mi/ak5ly fa/5$ to a pres5t b& ( l&scape pa9t]s :o are seek+ effects ( light & air & %\ld be call$ lum9i/s if x is necess>y = !m to be nam$ at all4 ,manet 0 extravagant 9 me?od & dispos$ t[>d l[ life = a subject1 :i* has always militat$ aga9/ 8 popul>ity2 b he 0 a v important man = 8 te*nical discov]ies reg>d+ ! relations ( light & %ad[1 ! flat appe>ance ( nature1 ! exact value ( color tones4 ,"s ( 8 works1 l ,! ,boy ) a ,sword & ,! ,toreador ,dead1 are excell5t pieces ( pa9t+4 ,! high] imag9ative qualities ( art ,manet made no great ef=t at atta9+4 ,degas /&s q by himself1 /rong 9 effects ( motion1 especially ) race-horses1 f9e 9 color1 & a delightful bru%man 9 su* subjects z ballet-girls & sc5es f ! !atre4 ,besn>d is "o ( ! be/ ( ! pres5t m54 ,he deals ) ! figure1 & is usually conc]n$ ) ! problem ( h>moniz+ color "u conflict+ lights1 su* z twilight & lamplight4 ,b]aud & ,raffaelli are exce$+ly clev] 9 /reet sc5es & "* pieces2 ,piss>ro#af h&les ! peasantry 9 high color2 ,br[n 7#ahbi-ahij71 ! race-horse1 & ,r5oir1 ! middle class ( social life4 ,caillebotte1 ,roll1 ,=a91 & ,miss ,cassatt1 an ,am]ican1 are also class$ ) ! impressioni/s4 ,footnote #af3 ,di$1 #aijc4 ,,impressioni/ ,,l&scape ,,pa9t]s3 ,( rec5t ye>s !re has be5 a disposition to *ange ! key ( light 9 l&scape pa9t+1 to get ne>] ! tru? ( nature 9 ! height ( light & 9 ! height ( %ad[s4 ,9 do+ ?is ,claude ,monet1 ! pres5t lead] ( ! movem5t1 has done away ) ! d>k br[n or black %ad[ & sub/itut$ ! light-color$ %ad[1 :i* is ne>] ! actual tru? ( nature4 ,9 try+ to raise ! pit* ( light he has n be5 q s successful1 ?\gh accompli%+ some?+4 ,8 me?od is to use pure prismatic colors on ! pr9ciple t color is light 9 a decompos$ =m1 & t its prop] juxtaposition on canvas w recompose into pure light aga94 ,h5ce ! use ( light %ad[s & bright colors4 ,! aim ( ^! mod]n m5 is *iefly to ga9 ! effect ( light & air4 ,!y d n app>5tly c>e = subject1 detail1 or composition4 ,at pres5t _! "w is 9 ! exp]im5tal /age1 b f ! way 9 :i* x is be+ accept$ & foll[$ by ! pa9t]s ( to-day we may be sure ! movem5t is ( consid]able importance4 ,!re w probably be a reaction 9 favor ( m =m & solidity ?an ! pres5t m5 give1 b ! high key ( light w be reta9$4 ,!re are s _m pa9t]s foll[+ ^! mod]n me?ods1 n only 9 ,france b all ov] ! _w1 t a li/ ( _! names w\ld be impossible4 ,9 ,france ,sisley ) ,monet are ! two important l&scapi/s4 ,9 m>9es ,b\d9 & ,mont5>d %\ld be m5tion$4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,! mod]n ,fr5* pa9t]s are se5 to advantage 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,luxemb\rg1 ,pan!on1 ,sorbonne1 & ! municipal gall]ies ( ,france4 ,also ,metropolitan ,museum ,new ,york1 ,*icago ,art ,in/itute1 ,bo/on ,museum1 & _m private collections 9 ,france & ,am]ica4 ,consult = works 9 public or private h&s1 ,*ampl9 & ,p]k9s1 ,cyclop$ia ( ,pa9t]s & ,pa9t+s1 "u names ( arti/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,spani% ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,b]mudez1 ,diccion>io de las ,bellas ,artes en ,espana2 ,davilli]1 ,memoire de ,velasquez2 ,davilli]1 ,=tuny2 ,eusebi1 ,los ,diff]5tes ,escuelas de ,p9tura2 ,=d1 ,h&book ( ,spa92 ,head1 ,hi/ory ( ,spani% & ,fr5* ,s*ools ( ,pa9t+2 ,ju/i1 ,velasquez & 8 ,times2 ,le=t1 ,velasquez2 ,le=t1 ,francisco ,goya2 ,le=t1 ,murillo et son ,ecole2 ,le=t1 ,la ,pe9ture ,espagnole2 ,palom9o de ,ca/ro y ,velasco1 ,vidas de los ,p9tores y ,e/atu>ios ,em95tes ,espanoles2 ,passavant1 ,die ,*ri/li*e ,kun/ 9 ,spani52 ,plon1 ,les ,maitres ,itali5s au ,s]vice de la ,maison d',autri*e2 ,/ev5son1 ,velasquez2 ,/irl+1 ,annals ( ! ,arti/s ( ,spa92 ,/irl+1 ,velasquez & 8 ,works2 ,tub9o1 ,el ,arte y los ,arti/as contemporaneos en la ,p59sula2 ,tub9o1 ,murillo2 ,vi>dot1 ,notices sur les ,pr9cipaux ,pe9tres de l',espagne2 ,yri>te1 ,goya1 sa ,biographie1 etc4 ,,spani% ,,art ,,motives3 ,:at may h be5 ! e>ly art ( ,spa9 we are at a loss to conjecture4 ,! reigns ( ! ,moor1 ! ,iconocla/1 &1 f9ally1 ! ,inquisitor1 h left little t dates be=e ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! m9iatures & sacr$ relics treasur$ 9 ! *ur*es & said to be ( ! apo/olic p]iod1 %[ ! traces ( a mu* lat] date & a =eign orig94 ,ev5 :5 we come d[n to ! fifte5? c5tury & meet ) art produc$ 9 ,spa91 we h a foll[+ ( ,italy or ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 me?ods & te*nic x 0 d]ivative m ?an orig9al1 ?\gh almo/ f ! beg9n+ peculi>ly ,spani% 9 _s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,,san*ez ,,coello4 ,,cl>a ,,eug5ia1 ,,daught] ,,( ,,philip ,,ii4 ,,madrid4 ,t _s 0 a d>k & savage "o1 a some?+ t cr+$ "u ! la% ( ! ,*ur*1 b[$ be=e ! ,inquisition1 & play$ ! execution] ) ! pa9t-bru%4 ,! bulk ( ,spani% art 0 ,*ur* art1 done "u ecclesia/ical dom9ation1 & done 9 =m )\t "q or prote/4 ,! religi\s subject rul$4 ,true en\gh1 !re 0 portraiture ( nobility1 & "u ,philip & ,velasquez a half-mon>*ical art ( milit>y sc5es & g5re2 b ?is 0 n ! b5t ( ,spani% pa9t+ z a :ole4 ,ev5 9 late days1 :5 ,velasquez 0 reflect+ ! haughty c\rt1 ,murillo 0 m widely & nationally reflect+ ! believ+ prov9ces & ! ,*ur* fai? ( ! p4 ,x is safe to say1 9 a g5]al way1 t ! ,*ur* 0 responsible = ,spani% art1 & t religion 0 its *ief motive4 ,!re 0 no reviv$ antique1 little ( ! nude or ! pagan1 little ( consequ5ce 9 l&scape1 little1 until ,velasquez's "t1 ( ! real & ! actual4 ,an ascetic view ( life1 fai?1 & ! h]eaft] prevail$4 ,! pieti/ic1 ! f]v5t1 & ! dev\t 7 n s conspicu\s z ! morose1 ! gha/ly1 & ! horrible4 ,! sa9ts & m>tyrs1 ! crucifixions & viol5t dea?s1 7 eloqu5t ( ! torture-*amb]4 ,x 0 m ecclesia/icism by blood & viol5ce ?an ,*ri/ianity by peace & love4 ,& ,spa9 welcom$ ?is4 ,= ( all ! *ildr5 ( ! ,*ur* %e 0 ! mo/ fai?ful to rule1 cru%+ out h]esy ) an iron h&1 ga9+ /r5g? f ! ,ca?olic reaction1 & uphold+ ! ,jesuits & ! ,inquisition4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,pa9t+3 ,spani% art wor?y ( m5tion did n appe> until ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,at t "t ,spa9 0 9 close relations ) ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ,flemi% pa9t+ 0 some:at foll[$4 ,h[ mu* ! me?ods ( ! ,van ,eycks influ5c$ ,spa9 w\ld be h>d to det]m9e1 especially z ^! ,nor!rn me?ods 7 mix$ ) influ5ces com+ f ,italy4 ,f9ally1 ! ,italian example prevail$ by reason ( ,spani% /ud5ts 9 ,italy & ,italian pa9t]s 9 ,spa94 ,flor5t9e l9e1 ,v5etian color1 & ,neapolitan light-&-%ade rul$ almo/ ev]y:]e1 & x 0 n until ! "t ( ,velasquez--! p]iod j be=e ! eighte5?-c5tury decl9e--t di/9ctly ,spani% me?ods1 f\nd$ on nature1 really came =cibly to ! front4 ,,spani% ,,s*ools ,,( ,,pa9t+3 ,!re is difficulty 9 classify+ ^! s*ools ( pa9t+ because our pres5t k ( !m is limit$4 ,isolat$ some:at f ! re/ ( ,europe1 ! ,spani% pa9t]s h nev] be5 critically /udi$ z ! ,italians h be51 & :at is at pres5t kn[n ab\t ! s*ools mu/ be accept$ subject to critical revision h]eaft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,,murillo4 ,,/4 ,,an?ony ,,( ,,padua4 ,,b]l94 ,! e>lie/ s*ool seems to h be5 made up f a ga!r+ ( arti/s at ,tol$o1 :o limn$1 c>v$1 & gild$ 9 ! ca!dral2 b ?is s*ool 0 n ( long duration4 ,x 0 m]g$ into ! ,ca/ilian s*ool1 :i*1 aft] ! build+ ( ,madrid1 made its home 9 t capital & drew its =ces f ! t[ns ( ,tol$o1 ,valladolid1 & ,badajoz4 ,! ,&alusian s*ool1 :i* rose ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 made up f ! local s*ools ( ,seville1 ,cordova1 & ,granada4 ,! ,val5cian s*ool1 to ! s\!a/1 rose ab\t ! same "t1 & 0 f9ally m]g$ into ! ,&alusian4 ,! ,aragonese s*ool1 to ! ea/1 0 small & ( no great consequ5ce1 ?\gh exi/+ 9 a feeble way to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! pa9t]s ( ^! s*ools are n v /rongly m>k$ ap>t by me?ods or s*ool traditions1 & p]haps ! divisions w\ld bett] be look$ ^u z m geographical ?an o!rwise4 ,none ( ! s*ools really began be=e ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?\gh !re are names ( arti/s & "s extant pictures be=e t date1 & ) ! sev5te5? c5tury all art 9 ,spa9 seems to h c5tr$ ab\t ,madrid4 ,spani% pa9t+ />t$ into life concurr5tly ) ! rise to prom95ce ( ,spa9 z a political k+dom4 ,:at1 if any1 direct effect ! m>itime discov]ies1 ! conque/s ( ,granada & ,naples1 ! gr[? ( lit]ature1 & ! decl9e ( ,italy1 may h _h ^u ,spani% pa9t+ c only be conjectur$2 b c]ta9ly ! sudd5 advance ( ! nation politically & socially 0 p>allel$ by ! advance ( its art4 ,,! ,,ca/ilian ,,s*ool3 ,?is s*ool probably _h no s-call$ f\nd]4 ,x 0 a gr[? f e>ly art traditions at ,tol$o1 & aft]w>d became ! *ief s*ool ( ! k+dom ow+ to ! patronage ( ,philip ,,ii4 & ,philip ,,iv4 at ,madrid4 ,! fir/ pa9t] ( importance 9 ! s*ool seems to h be5 ,antonio ,r9con 7#addf8-aejj874 ,he is sometimes spok5 ( z ! fa!r ( ,spani% pa9t+1 & z hav+ /udi$ 9 ,italy ) ,ca/agno & ,ghirl&ajo1 b !re is little f\ndation = ei!r /atem5t4 ,he pa9t$ *iefly at ,tol$o1 pa9t$ portraits ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 & _h "s skill 9 h>d draw+4 ,b]ruguete 7#adhj8-aefa7 /udi$ ) ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & is suppos$ to h help$ him 9 ! ,vatican4 ,he aft]w>d return$ to ,spa91 pa9t$ _m alt>-pieces1 & 0 patroniz$ z pa9t]1 sculptor1 & ar*itect by ,*>les ,v4 & ,philip ,,ii4 ,he 0 probably ! fir/ to introduce pure ,italian me?ods into ,spa91 ) "s coldness & dryness ( color+ & h&l+4 ,bec]ra 7#aebj8-aegj7 0 born 9 ,&alusia1 b work$ 9 ,ca/ile1 & 0 a man ( ,italian tra9+ simil> to ,b]ruguete4 ,he 0 an exceptional man1 p]haps1 9 8 use ( my?ological !mes & nude figures4 ,!re is n a great deal kn[n ab\t ,morales 7#aeji8-aehf71 call$ ! ,div9e1 except t he 0 alli$ to ! ,ca/ilian s*ool1 & pa9t$ devotional heads ( ,*ri/ ) ! cr[n ( ?orns1 & _m afflict$ & weep+ madonnas4 ,!re 0 ,flor5t9e draw+ 9 8 "w1 great reg>d = f9i%1 & some?+ ( ,correggio's s(tness 9 %ad[s pit*$ 9 a br[n] key4 ,8 s5tim5t 0 r exagg]at$4 ,san*ez-,coello 7#aeac8-aeij7 0 pa9t] & c\rti] to ,philip ,,ii41 & a*iev$ reputation z a portrait-pa9t]1 ?\gh also do+ "s alt>-pieces4 ,x is d\btful :e!r he ev] /udi$ 9 ,italy1 b 9 ,spa9 he 0 = a "t ) ,antonio ,moro1 & probably le>n$ f him some?+ ( ri* co/umes1 erm9es1 embroid]ies1 & jewels1 = :i* 8 portraits 7 rem>kable4 ,nav>ette 7#aebf8-aegi71 call$ ,el ,mudo 7! dumb "o71 c]ta9ly 0 9 ,italy = some?+ l tw5ty ye>s1 & 0 !re a disciple ( ,titian1 f :om he d\btless le>n$ mu* ( color & ! free fl[ ( drap]ies4 ,he 0 "o ( ! be/ ( ! middle-p]iod pa9t]s4 ,!otocopuli 7#aedh8-afbe71 call$ ,el ,greco 7! ,greek71 0 ano!r ,v5etian-influ5c$ pa9t]1 ) en\gh ,spani% orig9ality ab\t him to make mo/ ( 8 pictures /rik+ 9 color & draw+4 ,tri/an 7#aehf-afdj7 0 8 be/ foll[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,,rib]a4 ,,/4 ,,agnes4 ,,dresd54 ,velasquez 7#aeii-affj7 is ! greate/ "n 9 ! hi/ory ( ,spani% pa9t+4 ,) him ,spani% art took ^u itself a decid$ly naturali/ic & national /amp4 ,be=e 8 "t ,italy _h be5 freely imitat$2 b ?\gh ,velasquez himself 0 9 ,italy = q a long "t1 & intimately acqua9t$ ) great ,italian art1 he nev] seem$ to h be5 l$ away f 8 own individual way ( see+ & do+4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,h]r]a1 aft]w>d ) ,pa*eco1 & le>n$ mu* f ,rib]a & ,tri/an1 b m f a direct /udy ( nature ?an f all ! o!rs4 ,he 0 9 a broad s5se a reali/--a man :o record$ ! mat]ial & ! actual )\t em5dation or transposition4 ,he has nev] be5 surpass$ 9 giv+ ! solidity & sub/ance ( =m & ! plac+ ( objects 9 atmosph]e4 ,& ?is1 n 9 a small1 f9ical way1 b ) a bread? ( view & ( treatm5t :i* are to-day ! despair ( pa9t]s4 ,!re 0 no?+ ( ! e!real1 ! spiritual1 ! pieti/ic1 or ! pa!tic ab\t him4 ,he nev] = a mom5t left ! firm basis ( reality4 ,/&+ ^u e>? he record$ ! tru?s ( ! e>?1 b 9 _! l>ge/1 fulle/1 mo/ univ]sal =ms4 ,te*nically 8 0 a ma/]-h&1 do+ all ?+s ) ease1 giv+ exact relations ( colors & lights1 & plac+ ev]y?+ s p]fectly t no addition or alt]ation is ?\ght (4 ,) ! bru% he 0 light1 easy1 sure4 ,! surface looks z ?\gh t\*$ once1 no m4 ,x is ! p]fection ( h&l+ ?r\gh its simplicity & c]ta9ty1 & has n ! slighte/ trace ( affectation or mann]ism4 ,he 0 "o ( ! few ,spani% pa9t]s :o 7 enabl$ to %ake (f ! yoke ( ! ,*ur*4 ,few ( 8 canvases are religi\s 9 subject4 ,"u royal patronage he pass$ almo/ all ( 8 life 9 pa9t+ portraits ( ! royal family1 m9i/]s ( /ate1 & great dignit>ies4 ,z a portrait-pa9t] he is m widely kn[n ?an z a figure-pa9t]4 ,nev]!less he did _m canvases l ,! ,tape/ry ,weav]s & ,! ,surr5d] at ,br$a1 :i* atte/ 8 rem>kable g5ius 9 t field2 & ev5 9 l&scape1 9 g5re1 9 animal pa9t+1 he 0 a v sup]ior man4 ,9 fact ,velasquez is "o ( ! few great pa9t]s 9 ,european hi/ory = :om !re is no?+ b praise4 ,he 0 ! full-r\nd$ complete pa9t]1 int5sely individual & self-ass]tive1 & yet 9 8 art record+ 9 a broad way ! ,spani% type & life4 ,he 0 ! climax ( ,spani% pa9t+1 & aft] him !re 0 a r swift decl9e1 z _h be5 ! case 9 ! ,italian s*ools4 ,mazo 7#afaj8-affg71 pupil & son-9-law ( ,velasquez1 0 "o ( 8 mo/ facile imitators1 & ,c>r5o de ,mir&a 7#afad-afhe7 0 influ5c$ by ,velasquez1 & = a "t 8 assi/ant4 ,! ,ca/ilian s*ool may be said to h clos$ ) ^! late m5 & ) ,claudio ,coello 7#afce8-afic71 a pa9t] ) a /yle f\nd$ on ,titian & ,rub5s1 ^: be/ "w 0 ( extraord9>y p[]4 ,spani% pa9t+ w5t out ) ,spani% p[]1 & only isolat$ m5 ( small rank rema9$4 ,,&alusian ,,s*ool3 ,?is s*ool came into exi/5ce ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,its *ief c5tre 0 at ,seville1 & its *ief patron ! ,*ur* r ?an ! k+4 ,v>gas 7#aejb-aefh7 0 probably ! real f\nd] ( ! s*ool1 ?\gh ,de ,ca/ro 7fl4 #aded7 & o!rs prec$$ him4 ,v>gas 0 a man ( mu* reputation & ability 9 8 "t1 & introduc$ ,italian me?ods & elegance into ! ,&alusian s*ool aft] tw5ty odd ye>s ( resid5ce 9 ,italy4 ,he is said to h /udi$ "u ,p]9o del ,vaga1 & !re is "s sweetness ( face & grace ( =m ab\t 8 "w t po9t t way1 ?\gh 8 composition sugge/s ,correggio4 ,mo/ ( 8 frescos h p]i%$2 "s ( 8 canvases are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,cesp$es 7#aech8-afjh7 is little kn[n ?r\gh extant works1 b he a*iev$ fame 9 _m dep>tm5ts dur+ 8 life1 & is said to h be5 9 ,italy "u ,flor5t9e influ5ce4 ,8 color+ 0 r cold1 & 8 draw+ l>ge & flat4 ,! be/ e>ly pa9t] ( ! s*ool 0 ,roelas 7#aeeh8-afbe71 ! inspir] ( ,murillo & ! ma/] ( ,zurb>an4 ,he is suppos$ to h /udi$ at ,v5ice1 because ( 8 ri*1 gl[+ color4 ,mo/ ( 8 works are religi\s & are f\nd *iefly at ,seville4 ,he 0 greatly patroniz$ by ! ,jesuits4 ,pa*eco 7#aega-afed7 0 m ( a p$ant ?an a pa9t]1 a man ( rule1 :o to-day might be writt5 d[n an academician4 ,8 draw+ 0 h>d1 & p]haps ! be/ reason = 8 be+ rememb]$ is t he 0 "o ( ! ma/]s & ! fa!r-9-law ( ,velasquez4 ,8 rival1 ,h]r]a ! ,eld] 7#aegf8-afef7 0 a /rong] man--9 fact1 ! mo/ orig9al arti/ ( 8 s*ool4 ,he /ruck (f by himself & creat$ a bold realism ) a broad bru% t anticipat$ ,velasquez--9 fact1 ,velasquez 0 "u him = a "t4 ,! pure ,spani% s*ool 9 ,&alusia1 z di/9ct f ,italian imitation1 may be said to h />t$ ) ,h]r]a4 ,x 0 fur!r advanc$ by ano!r indep5d5t pa9t]1 ,zurb>an 7#aeih-affb71 a pupil ( ,roelas4 ,he 0 a pa9t] ( ! emaciat$ monk 9 ec/asy1 & _m o!r r dismal religi\s subjects expressive ( tortur$ rapture4 ,f us+ a r d>k %ad[ he acquir$ ! "n ( ! ,spani% ,c>avaggio4 ,he _h a good deal ( ,c>avaggio's /r5g?1 toge!r ) a dep? & bread? ( color sugge/ive ( ! ,v5etians4 ,cano 7#afja-affg71 ?\gh he nev] 0 9 ,italy1 _h ! "n ( ! ,spani% ,mi*ael ,angelo1 probably because he 0 sculptor1 pa9t]1 & ar*itect4 ,8 pa9t+ 0 r %>p 9 l9e & /atuesque 9 pose1 ) a color+ some:at l t ( ,van ,dyck4 ,x 0 eclectic r ?an orig9al "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,,=tuny4 ,,spani% ,,m>riage4 ,murillo 7#afah-afhb7 is g5]ally plac$ at ! head ( ! ,&alusian s*ool1 z ,velasquez at ! head ( ! ,ca/ilian4 ,!re is good reason = x1 = ?\gh ,murillo 0 n ! great pa9t] he 0 sometime suppos$1 yet he 0 n ! weak man 8 mod]n critics w\ld make him out4 ,a religi\s pa9t] l>gely1 ?\gh do+ "s g5re subjects l 8 begg>-boy gr\ps1 he s\ght = religi\s f]vor & f\nd1 only too (t51 s5tim5tality4 ,8 madonnas are usually aft] ! ,c>lo ,dolci patt]n1 ?\gh nev] s excessive 9 s5tim5t4 ,?is 0 n ! case ) 8 e>li] works1 mo/ly ( humble life1 :i* 7 pa9t$ 9 r a h>d1 positive mann]4 ,lat] on he became mi/y1 veil$ 9 light & effem9ate 9 outl9e1 ?\gh /ill hold+ grace4 ,8 color v>i$ ) 8 e>ly & lat] /yles4 ,x 0 usually gay & a little ?94 ,:ile bas+ 8 "w on nature l ,velasquez1 he nev] _h ! supreme poise ( t ma/]1 ei!r m5tally or te*nically2 h[beit he 0 an excell5t pa9t]1 :o p]haps ju/ly holds second place 9 ,spani% art4 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,val5cia3 ,?is s*ool rose contempor>y ) ! ,&alusian s*ool1 into :i* x 0 f9ally m]g$ aft] ! importance ( ,madrid _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,x 0 l>gely modell$ ^u ,italian pa9t+1 z inde$ 7 all ! s*ools ( ,spa9 at ! />t4 ,juan de ,joanes 7#aejg8-aegi7 app>5tly 0 its f\nd]1 a man :o pa9t$ a good portrait1 b 9 o!r respects 0 only a fair imitator ( ,raphael1 :om he _h /udi$ at ,rome4 ,a /rong] man 0 ,francisco de ,ribalta 7#aeej8-afbh71 :o 0 = a "t 9 ,italy "u ! ,c>acci1 & le>n$ f !m free draughtsman%ip & elaborate composition4 ,he 0 also fond ( ,seba/iano del ,piombo1 & 9 8 be/ works 7at ,val5cia7 reflect$ him4 ,ribalta gave an e>ly tra9+ to ,rib]a 7#aehh-afef71 :o 0 ! mo/ important man ( ?is s*ool4 ,9 reality ,rib]a 0 m ,italian ?an ,val5cian1 = he sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life 9 ,italy1 :]e he 0 call$ ,lo ,spagnoletto1 & 0 greatly influ5c$ by ,c>avaggio4 ,he 0 a ,spani>d 9 ! horrible subjects t he *ose1 b 9 co>se /r5g? ( l9e1 heav9ess ( %ad[s1 h>% h&l+ ( ! bru%1 he 0 a true ,neapolitan ,d>kl+4 ,a pron\nc$ mann]i/ he 0 no less a man ( /r5g?1 & ev5 9 8 %ad[-saturat$ colors a pa9t] ) ! color in/9ct4 ,9 ,italy 8 influ5ce 9 ! "t ( ! ,decad5ce 0 wide-spread1 & 9 ,spa9 8 ,italian pupil1 ,giordano1 introduc$ 8 me?ods = late imitation4 ,!re 7 no o!r m5 ( mu* rank 9 ! ,val5cian s*ool1 &1 z has be5 said1 ! s*ool 0 ev5tually m]g$ 9 ,&alusian pa9t+4 ,,eighte5? ,,& ,,n9ete5?-,,c5tury ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,spa93 ,almo/ directly aft] ! pass+ ( ,velasquez & ,murillo ,spani% art fail$4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury1 z 9 ,italy1 0 q b>r5 ( any consid]able art until ne> its close4 ,!n ,goya 7#agdf-ahbh7 seems to h made a p>tial re/oration ( pa9t+4 ,he 0 a man ( peculi>ly ,spani% turn ( m9d1 fond ( ! brutal & ! bloody1 pictur+ inquisition sc5es1 bull-fights1 battle pieces1 & revell+ 9 c>icature1 s>casm1 & ridicule4 ,8 imag9ation 0 grotesque & horrible1 b z a pa9t] 8 art 0 bas$ on ! natural1 & 0 exce$+ly /rong4 ,9 bru%-"w he foll[$ ,velasquez2 9 a peculi> =c+ ( contra/s 9 light & d>k he 0 app>5tly q himself1 ?\gh possibly influ5c$ by ,rib]a's "w4 ,8 be/ "w %[s 9 8 portraits & et*+s4 ,aft] ,goya's dea? ,spani% art1 su* z x 01 r foll[$ ,france1 ) ! extravagant classicism ( ,david z a model4 ,:at 0 produc$ may be se5 to ?is day 9 ! ,madrid ,museum4 ,x does n call = m5tion "h4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #ahfj's ,spani% pa9t+ made a new advance ) ,m>iano ,=tuny 7#ahch-ahgd74 ,9 8 e>ly ye>s he work$ at hi/orical pa9t+1 b lat] on he w5t to ,algi]s & ,rome1 f9d+ 8 true v5t 9 a bright sp>kl+ pa9t+ ( g5re subjects1 ori5tal sc5es1 /reets1 int]iors1 s+le figures1 & ! l4 ,he excell$ 9 color1 sunlight effects1 & p>ticul>ly 9 a vivaci\s facile h&l+ ( ! bru%4 ,8 "w is brilliant1 & 9 8 late productions (t5 spotty f excessive use ( po9ts ( light 9 high color4 ,he 0 a te*nician ( mu* brilliancy & orig9ality1 8 "w excit+ great admiration 9 8 day1 & lead+ ! y\ng] pa9t]s ( ,spa9 into t ornate h&l+ visible 9 _! works at ! pres5t "t4 ,_m ( ^! latt]1 f association ) art & arti/s 9 ,p>is1 h adopt$ ,fr5* me?ods1 & h>dly %[ su* a ?+ z ,spani% nationality4 ,=tuny's bro!r-9-law1 ,madrazo 7#ahda-71 is an example ( a ,spani% pa9t] turn$ ,fr5* 9 8 me?ods--a facile & brilliant portrait-pa9t]4 ,zamacois 7#ahdb-ahga7 di$ e>ly1 b ) a reputation z a successful portray] ( sev5te5?-c5tury subjects a little aft] ! /yle ( ,meissoni] & n unlike ,g]ome4 ,he 0 a good colori/ & an excell5t pa9t] ( textures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,,madrazo1 ,,unmask$4 ,! hi/orical sc5e ( ,m$iaeval or ,r5aissance times1 pageants & fetes ) ri* co/ume1 f9e ar*itecture & vivid effects ( color1 are *>act]i/ic ( a numb] ( ! mod]n ,spani>ds--,villegas1 ,pradilla1 ,alv>ez4 ,z a g5]al ?+ _! canvases are a little fla%y1 likely to please at fir/ sight b gr[ we>isome aft] a "t4 ,palm>oli has a /yle t resembles a mixture ( ,=tuny & ,meissoni]2 & "s o!r pa9t]s1 l ,luis ,jim9ez ,ar&a1 ,sorolla1 ,zuloaga1 ,anglada1 ,g>cia y ,remos1 ,vi]ge1 ,roman ,rib]a1 & ,dom+o1 h done excell5t "w4 ,9 l&scape & ,v5etian sc5es ,rico leads among ! ,spani>ds ) a vivacity & brightness n always se5 to good advantage 9 8 late canvases4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,g5]ally speak+1 ,spani% art _c be se5 to advantage outside ( ,spa94 ,bo? its anci5t & mod]n ma/]pieces are at ,madrid1 ,seville1 ,tol$o1 & else:]e4 ,! ,royal ,gall]y at ,madrid has ! mo/ & ! be/ examples4 ,,ca/ilian ,,s*ool--,r9con1 alt>-piece *ur* ( ,robl$a de ,*avilla2 ,b]ruguete1 alt>-pieces ,s>agossa1 ,valladolid1 ,madrid1 ,tol$o2 ,morales1 ,madrid & ,l\vre2 ,san*ez-,coello1 ,madrid & ,brussels ,mus42 ,nav>ette1 ,escorial1 ,madrid1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 ,!otocopuli1 ,ca!dral & ,s4 ,tome ,tol$o1 ,madrid ,mus42 ,velasquez1 be/ works 9 ,madrid ,mus41 ,escorial1 ,salamanca1 ,montp5si] ,gals41 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,infanta ,m>gu]ita ,l\vre1 ,borro portrait 787 ,b]l91 ,innoc5t ,x4 ,doria ,rome2 ,mazo1 l&scapes ,madrid ,mus42 ,c>r5o de ,mir&a1 ,madrid ,mus42 ,claudio ,coello1 ,escorial1 ,madrid1 ,brussels1 ,b]l91 & ,muni* ,mus4 ,,&alusian ,,s*ool--,v>gas1 ,seville ,ca!dral2 ,cesp$es1 ,cordova ,ca!dral2 ,roelas1 ,s4 ,isidore ,ca!dral1 ,museum ,seville2 ,pa*eco1 ,madrid ,mus42 ,h]r]a1 ,seville ,ca!dral & ,mus4 & ,ar*bi%op's ,palace1 ,dresd5 ,mus42 ,zurb>an1 ,seville ,ca!dral & ,mus4 ,madrid1 ,dresd51 ,l\vre1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,cano1 ,madrid1 ,seville ,mus4 & ,ca!dral1 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,muni*2 ,murillo1 be/ pictures 9 ,madrid ,mus4 & ,acad4 ( ,s4 ,f]n&o ,madrid1 ,seville ,mus4 ,hospital & ,capu*9 ,*ur*1 ,l\vre1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,dresd51 ,muni*1 ,h]mitage4 ,,val5cian ,,s*ool--,juan de ,joanes1 ,madrid ,mus41 ,ca!dral ,val5cia1 ,h]mitage2 ,ribalta1 ,madrid & ,val5cian ,mus41 ,h]mitage2 ,rib]a1 ,l\vre1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,dresd51 ,naples1 ,h]mitage1 & o!r ,european museums1 *ief works at ,madrid4 ,,mod]n ,,m5 ,,& ,,_! ,,works--,goya1 ,madrid ,mus41 ,acad4 ( ,s4 ,f]n&o1 ,val5cian ,ca!dral & ,mus41 two portraits 9 ,l\vre4 ,! works ( ! contempor>y pa9t]s are l>gely 9 private h&s :]e ref]5ce to !m is ( little use to ! av]age /ud5t4 ,?irty ,=tunys are 9 ! collection ( ,william ,h4 ,/ew>t 9 ,p>is4 ,8 be/ "w1 ,! ,spani% ,m>riage1 belongs to ,madame de ,cass91 9 ,p>is4 ,examples ( ,villegas1 ,madrazo1 ,rico1 ,dom+o1 & o!rs1 9 ! ,v&]bilt ,gall]y1 ,metropolitan ,mus41 ,new ,york2 ,bo/on1 ,*icago1 & ,philadelphia ,mus4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,flemi% ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,buss*]1 ,re*]*es sur les ,pe9tres ,gantois2 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,e>ly ,flemi% ,pa9t]s2 ,cu/1 ,van ,dyck2 ,dehaisnes1 ,l',art dans la ,fl&re2 ,du ,j>d91 ,l'art ,flam&2 ,eis5mann1 ,! ,bro!rs ,van ,eyck2 ,fetis1 ,les ,arti/es ,belges a l',etrang]2 ,from5t91 ,old ,ma/]s ( ,belgium & ,holl&2 ,g]rits1 ,rub5s zyn ,tyd1 etc42 ,guiffrey1 ,van ,dyck2 ,hasselt1 ,hi/oire de ,rub5s2 7,waag5's7 ,kuegl]1 ,h&book ( ,pa9t+--,g]man1 ,flemi%1 & ,dut* ,s*ools2 ,lemonni]1 ,hi/oire des ,arts en ,belgique2 ,mantz1 ,adri5 ,br\w]2 ,mi*el1 ,rub5s2 ,mi*iels1 ,rub5s en l',ecole d',anv]s2 ,mi*iels1 ,hi/oire de la ,pe9ture ,flam&e2 ,/ev5son1 ,rub5s2 ,van d5 ,br&51 ,ges*i$5is d] ,antw]ps*e ,s*ild]s*ool2 ,van ,m&]1 ,le ,livre des ,pe9tres2 ,waag51 ,ub] ,hub]t und ,jan ,van ,eyck2 ,waag51 ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s2 ,waut]s1 ,rogi] van d] ,weyd52 ,waut]s1 ,la ,pe9ture ,flam&e2 ,weale1 ,hans ,meml+ 7,arundel ,soc472 ,weale1 ,notes sur ,jean ,van ,eyck4 ,,! ,,flemi% ,,p3 ,individually & nationally ! ,flem+s 7 /ruggl]s aga9/ adv]se circum/ances f ! beg9n+4 ,a reali/ic race ) practical ideas1 a p r w>m ( impulse & free 9 habits1 !y comb9$ "s ,g]man s5tim5t ) ,fr5* livel9ess & gayety4 ,! solid>ity ( ! nation 0 n accompli%$ until aft] #ache1 :5 ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy began to ext5d _! p[] ov] ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,!n ! ,flemi% p became /rong en\gh to defy bo? ,g]many & ,france1 & weal?y en\gh1 ?r\gh _! comm]ce ) ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,france to enc\rage art n only at ! ,ducal c\rt b 9 ! *ur*es1 & among ! citiz5s ( ! v>i\s t[ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,,van ,,eycks4 ,,/4 ,,bavon ,,alt>-,,piece 7,,w+74 ,,b]l94 ,,flemi% ,,subjects ,,& ,,me?ods3 ,z 9 all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 ! e>ly ,flemi% pa9t+ pictur$ ,*ri/ian subjects prim>ily4 ,! great bulk ( x 0 *ur* alt>-pieces1 ?\gh side by side ) ?is 0 an admirable portraiture1 "s k ( l&scape1 & "s exposition ( allegorical subjects4 ,9 means & me?ods x 0 q orig9al4 ,! e>ly hi/ory is lo/1 b if ,flemi% pa9t+ 0 behold5 to ! pa9t+ ( any o!r nation1 x 0 to ! m9iature pa9t+ ( ,france4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no positive record ( ?is4 ,! ,flem+s seem to h begun by !mselves1 & pictur$ ! life ab\t !m 9 _! own way4 ,!y 7 app>5tly n influ5c$ at fir/ by ,italy4 ,!re 7 no antique influ5ces1 no excavat$ m>bles to copy1 no ,byzant9e traditions left to foll[4 ,at fir/ _! art 0 exact & m9ute 9 detail1 b n well grasp$ 9 ! mass4 ,! compositions 7 huddl$1 ! l&scapes pure b f9ical1 ! figures incl9$ to slimness1 awkw>dness1 & angul>ity 9 ! l9es ( =m or drap]y1 & unc]ta9 9 action4 ,to (fset ?is !re 0 a positive realism 9 textures1 p]spective1 color1 tone1 light1 & atmosph]e4 ,! effect ( ! :ole 0 odd & /ra9$1 b ! effect ( ! "p 0 to conv9ce "o t ! ,flemi% pa9t]s 7 excell5t craftsm5 9 detail1 skill$ ) ! bru%1 & %rewd obs]v]s ( nature 9 a purely picturesque way4 ,to ! ,flemi% pa9t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury belongs1 n ! inv5tion ( oil-pa9t+1 = x 0 kn[n be=e _! "t1 b its acceptable application 9 picture-mak+4 ,!y appli$ oil ) color to produce brilliancy & w>m? ( effect1 to insure firmness & body 9 ! "w1 & to c>ry out textural effects 9 /uffs1 m>bles1 metals1 & ! l4 ,s f> z we "k !re nev] 0 mu* use ( di/emp]1 or fresco-"w ^u ! walls ( build+s4 ,! oil m$ium came into vogue :5 ! m9iatures & illum9ations ( ! e>ly days _h exp&$ into panel pictures4 ,! size ( ! m9iature 0 increas$1 b ! m9ute me?od ( f9i%+ 0 n laid aside4 ,"s "t aft]w>d pa9t+ ) oil ^u canvas 0 adopt$4 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,bruges3 ,pa9t+ 9 ,fl&]s />ts abruptly ) ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,:at !re 0 be=e t "t m ?an m9iatures & illum9ations is n kn[n4 ,"t & ! ,iconocla/s h left no rema9s ( consequ5ce4 ,flemi% art = u beg9s ) ,hub]t van ,eyck 78-#adbf7 & 8 y\ng] bro!r ,jan van ,eyck 78-#addj74 ,! eld] bro!r is suppos$ to h be5 ! bett] pa9t]1 because ! mo/ celebrat$ "w ( ! bro!rs--! ,/4 ,bavon alt>-piece1 p>ts ( :i* are 9 ,gh5t1 ,brussels1 & ,b]l9--be>s ! inscription t ,hub]t began x & ,jan f9i%$ x4 ,hub]t 0 no d\bt an excell5t pa9t]1 b 8 pictures are few & !re is mu* discussion :e!r he or ,jan pa9t$ !m4 ,= hi/orical purposes ,flemi% art 0 begun1 & almo/ complet$1 by ,jan van ,eyck4 ,he _h all ! attributes ( ! e>ly m51 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( ,flemi% pa9t]s4 ,he pa9t$ real =ms & real life1 gave !m a sett+ 9 true p]spective & light1 & put 9 backgr\nd l&scapes ) a tru?ful if m9ute reg>d = ! facts4 ,8 figures 9 action _h "s awkw>dness1 !y 7 small ( head1 slim ( body1 & sometimes /umbl$2 b 8 modell+ ( faces1 8 r5d]+ ( textures 9 clo?1 metal1 /one1 & ! l1 8 delicate yet firm facture 7 all r rem>kable = 8 "t4 ,none ( ?is e>ly ,flemi% art has ! gr&eur ( ,italian composition1 b 9 reali/ic detail1 9 l&scape1 ar*itecture1 figure1 & dress1 9 pa?os1 s9c]ity1 & s5tim5t x is unsurpass$ by any fifte5?-c5tury art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,,meml+ 7874 ,,/4 ,,lawr5ce 7,,detail74 ,,nat4 ,,gal41 ,,london4 ,little is kn[n ( ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ei!r ( ! ,van ,eycks4 ,!y left an influ5ce & _h _m foll[]s1 b :e!r ^! 7 direct pupils or n is an op5 "q4 ,pet] ,cri/us 7#adjj8-adgb7 0 p]haps a pupil ( ,jan1 ?\gh m likely a foll[] ( 8 me?ods 9 color & g5]al te*nic4 ,rog] van d] ,weyd5 7#adjj8-adfd71 :e!r a pupil ( ! ,van ,eycks or a rival1 produc$ a simil> /yle ( art4 ,8 fir/ ma/] 0 an obscure ,rob]t ,camp94 ,he 0 aft]w>d at ,bruges1 & f !re w5t to ,brussels & f\nd$ a s*ool ( 8 own call$ ! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,brabant3 ,he 0 m emotional & dramatic ?an ,jan van ,eyck1 giv+ mu* excit$ action & pa!tic expression to 8 figures 9 sc5es f ! passion ( ,*ri/4 ,he _h n ,van ,eyck's skill1 nor 8 detail1 nor 8 color4 ,m ( a draughtsman ?an a colori/1 he 0 angul> 9 figure & drap]y1 b _h hone/y1 pa?os1 & s9c]ity1 & 0 v *>m+ 9 bright backgr\nd l&scapes4 ,?\gh sp5d+ "s "t 9 ,italy1 he 0 nev] influ5c$ by ,italian art4 ,he 0 always ,flemi% 9 type1 subject1 & me?od1 a trifle repulsive at fir/ ?r\gh angul>ity & emotional exagg]ation1 b a man to be /udi$4 ,by ,van d] ,goes 7#adcj8-adhb7 !re are b few good examples1 ! *ief "o be+ an alt>-piece 9 ! ,uffizi at ,flor5ce4 ,x is angul> 9 draw+ b full ( "*1 & 9 beauty ( detail & ornam5tation is a rem>kable picture4 ,he probably foll[$ ,van d] ,weyd51 z did also ,ju/us van ,gh5t 7la/ half ( fifte5? c5tury74 ,contempor>y ) ^! m5 ,di]ick ,b\ts 7#adaj-adge7 e/abli%$ a s*ool at ,ha>lem4 ,he 0 ,dut* by bir?1 b aft] #adej settl$ 9 ,l\va91 & 9 8 art belongs to ! ,flemi% s*ool4 ,he 0 influ5c$ by ,van d] ,weyd51 & %[s x 9 8 detail ( h&s & melan*oly face1 ?\gh he diff]$ f him 9 dramatic action & 9 type4 ,8 figure 0 awkw>d1 8 color w>m & ri*1 & 9 l&scape backgr\nds he greatly advanc$ ! pa9t+ ( ! "t4 ,meml+ 7#adbe8-adie871 "o ( ! greate/ ( ! s*ool1 is ano!r man ab\t ^: life little is kn[n4 ,he 0 probably associat$ ) ,van d] ,weyd5 9 "s way4 ,8 art is f\nd$ on ! ,van ,eyck s*ool1 & is rem>kable = s9c]ity1 purity1 & frankness ( attitude4 ,z a religi\s pa9t]1 he 0 p]haps beyond all 8 contempor>ies 9 t5d]ness & pa?os4 ,9 portraiture he 0 exce$+ly /rong 9 *>act]ization1 & 9 8 figures v graceful4 ,8 fle% pa9t+ 0 excell5t1 b 9 textures or l&scape "w he 0 n rem>kable4 ,8 be/ foll[]s 7 ,van d] ,meire 7#adbg8-adgd87 & ,ghe]a]t ,david 7#adej8-aebc74 ,! latt] 0 fam\s = ! f9e1 broad l&scapes 9 ! backgr\nds ( 8 pictures1 said1 h[ev]1 by critics to h be5 pa9t$ by ,joa*im ,pat9ir4 ,he 0 reali/ically horrible 9 _m subjects1 & ?\gh a close record] ( detail he 0 mu* broad] ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,,flemi% ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury3 ,9 ?is c5tury ,flemi% pa9t+ became r widely diffus$4 ,! s*ools ( ,bruges & ,gh5t gave place to ! s*ools 9 ! l>ge comm]cial cities l ,antw]p & ,brussels1 & ! comm]cial relations betwe5 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & ,italy f9ally l$ to ! dissipation ( national *>act]i/ics 9 art & ! imitation ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance pa9t]s4 ,!re is no %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ^? pa9t]s :o clung to ,flemi% me?ods & ^? :o adopt$ ,italian me?ods4 ,! *ange 0 gradual4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,,massys4 ,,head ,,( ,,virg94 ,,antw]p4 ,qu5t9 ,massys 7#adfj8-aecj7 & ,mo/]t 7#adgd-aeef871 a ,dut*man by bir?1 b1 l ,b\ts1 ,flemi% by influ5ce1 7 among ! la/ ( ! ,go?ic pa9t]s 9 ,fl&]s1 & yet !y began ! introduction ( ,italian features 9 _! pa9t+4 ,massys l$ 9 ar*itectural backgr\nds1 & f t ! ,italian example spread to subjects1 figures1 me?ods1 until ! indig5\s ,flemi% art became a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,massys 01 at ,antw]p1 ! mo/ important pa9t] ( 8 day1 foll[+ ! old ,flemi% me?ods ) _m improvem5ts4 ,8 "w 0 detail$1 & yet execut$ ) a broad]1 fre] bru% ?an =m]ly1 & ) m v>iety 9 color1 modell+1 expression ( "*4 ,he increas$ figures to almo/ life-size1 giv+ !m great] importance ?an l&scape or ar*itecture4 ,! type 0 /ill lean & angul>1 & (t5 contort$ ) emotion4 ,8 ,money-,*ang]s & ,mis]s 7_m ( !m pa9t$ by 8 son7 7 a g5re ( 8 own4 ,) him clos$ ! ,go?ic s*ool1 & ) him began ! ,,antw]p ,,s*ool1 ! pupils ( :i* w5t to ,italy1 & ev5tually became ,italianiz$4 ,mabuse 7#adgj8-aeda7 0 ! fir/ to g4 ,8 e>ly "w %[s ! influ5ce ( ,massys & ,david4 ,he 0 good 9 composition1 color1 & bru%-"w1 b lack$ 9 orig9ality1 z did all ! imitators ( ,italy4 ,franz ,floris 7#aeah8-aegj7 0 a man ( tal5t1 mu* admir$ 9 8 "t1 because he br\ght back rem9isc5ces ( ,mi*ael ,angelo to ,antw]p4 ,8 influ5ce 0 fatal ^u 8 foll[]s1 ( :om !re 7 _m1 l ! ,franck5s & ,de ,vos4 ,italy & ,roman me?ods1 models1 ar*itecture1 subjects1 began to rule ev]y:]e4 ,f ,brussels ,b>5t van ,orley 7#adia8-aedb7 left e>ly = ,italy1 & became ess5tially ,italian1 ?\gh reta9+ "s ,flemi% color4 ,he pa9t$ 9 oil1 temp]a1 & = glass1 & is suppos$ to h ga9$ 8 brilliant colors by us+ a gilt gr\nd4 ,8 e>ly works rem9d "o ( ,david4 ,cocxie 7#adii-aeib71 ! ,flemi% ,raphael1 0 b an indiff]5t imitator ( ! ,italian ,raphael4 ,at ,liege ! ,romani/s1 s call$1 began ) ,lamb]t ,lomb>d 7#aeje-aeff71 ( ^: "w no?+ au!ntic rema9s except draw+s4 ,at ,bruges ,peet] ,p\rbus 7#aeaj8-aehd7 0 ab\t ! la/ "o ( ! good portrait-pa9t]s ( ! "t4 ,ano!r excell5t portrait-pa9t]1 a pupil ( ,scorel1 0 ,antonio ,moro 7#aeab8-aegh874 ,he _h mu* dignity1 =ce1 & elaborat5ess ( co/ume1 & /ood q by himself4 ,!re 7 o!r pa9t]s ( ! "t :o 7 born or tra9$ 9 ,fl&]s1 & yet became s naturaliz$ 9 o!r c\ntries t 9 _! "w !y d n belong to ,fl&]s4 ,neu*atel 7#aebg8-aeij871 ,geldorp 7#aeec-afaf871 ,calva]t 7#aedj8-afai71 ,sprang] 7#aedf-afbg871 & o!rs1 7 ( ?is gr\p4 ,among all ! /ruggl]s 9 ,italian imitation only a few l&scapi/s held out = ! ,flemi% view4 ,paul ,bril 7#aeed-afbf7 0 ! fir/ ( !m4 ,he w5t to ,italy1 b in/ead ( foll[+ ! me?ods taught !re1 he taught ,italians 8 own view ( l&scape4 ,8 "w 0 a little dry & =mal1 b graceful 9 composition1 & good 9 light & color4 ,! ,brueghels--!re 7 ?ree ( !m--also /ood out = ,flemi% l&scape1 introduc+ x nom9ally z a backgr\nd = small figures1 b 9 reality = ! beauty ( ! l&scape itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,,rub5s4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,"y ,,woman4 ,,h]mitage1 ,,/4 ,,pet]sburgh4 ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,pa9t+3 ,?is 0 ! great c5tury ( ,flemi% pa9t+1 ?\gh ! pa9t+ 0 n entirely ,flemi% 9 me?od or ?\ght4 ,! influ5ce ( ,italy _h done away ) ! e>ly simplicity1 purity1 & religi\s pa?os ( ! ,van ,eycks4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury ev]y?+ _h run to bald imitation ( ,r5aissance me?ods4 ,!n came a new ma/]-g5ius1 ,rub5s 7#aegg-afdj71 :o =m$ a new art f\nd$ 9 me?od ^u ,italy1 yet di/9ctly nor!rn 9 "*4 ,rub5s *ose all subjects = 8 bru%1 b ! religi\s alt>-piece probably occupi$ him z mu* z any4 ,to ?is he gave little ( ,go?ic s5tim5t1 b ev]y?+ ( ,r5aissance spl5dor4 ,8 art 0 m mat]ial ?an spiritual1 m brilliant & />tl+ 9 s5su\s qualities1 su* z l9e & color1 ?an *>m+ by facial expression or t5d] feel+4 ,some?+ ( ! ,paolo ,v]onese ca/ ( m9d1 he conceiv$ ?+s l>gely1 & pa9t$ !m proportionately--l>ge ,titanic types1 broad s*emes & masses ( color1 great sweep+ l9es ( beauty4 ,"o value ( ?is l>g5ess 0 its ability to hold at a di/ance ^u wall or alt>4 ,h5ce1 :5 se5 to-day1 close at h&1 9 museums1 p are apt to ?9k ,rub5s's art co>se & gross4 ,!re is no prett9ess ab\t 8 type4 ,x is n effem9ate or s5tim5tal1 b r robu/1 full ( life & animal spirits1 full ( blood1 bone1 & muscle--( maje/ic dignity1 grace1 & p[]1 & gl[+ ) spl5dor ( color4 ,9 imag9ation1 9 conception ( art purely z art1 & n z a m]e vehicle to convey religi\s or my?ological ideas1 9 m5tal grasp ( ! pictorial _w1 ,rub5s /&s ) ,titian & ,velasquez 9 ! v front rank ( pa9t]s4 ,z a te*nician1 he 0 unexcell$4 ,a ma/] ( composition1 modell+1 & draw+1 a ma/] ( light1 & a color-h>moni/ ( ! r>e/ ability1 he1 9 addition1 possess$ ! mo/ c]ta91 adroit1 & facile h& t ev] h&l$ a pa9t-bru%4 ,no?+ c\ld be m sure ?an ! t\* ( ,rub5s1 no?+ m easy & ma/]ful4 ,he 0 tra9$ 9 bo? m9d & eye1 a g5ius by bir? & by education1 a pa9t] :o saw ke5ly1 & 0 able to realize :at he saw ) c]ta9ty4 ,well-born1 ennobl$ by royalty1 successful 9 bo? c\rt & /udio1 ,rub5s liv$ brilliantly & 8 life 0 a s]ies ( triumphs4 ,he pa9t$ enorm\s canvases1 & ! numb] ( pictures1 alt>-pieces1 my?ological decorations1 l&scapes1 portraits scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! gall]ies ( ,europe1 & attribut$ to him1 is simply amaz+4 ,he 0 und\bt$ly help$ 9 _m ( 8 canvases by 8 pupils1 b ! works pa9t$ by 8 own h& make a _w ( art 9 !mselves4 ,he 0 ! greate/ pa9t] ( ! ,nor?1 a full-r\nd$1 complete g5ius1 comp>able to ,titian 9 8 univ]sality4 ,8 precursors & ma/]s1 ,van ,noort 7#aefb-afda7 & ,va5ius 7#aeeh-afbi71 gave no /rong indication ( ! greatness ( ,rub5's art1 & 8 _m pupils1 ?\gh e*o+ 8 me?ods1 nev] rose to 8 height 9 m5tal or arti/ic grasp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,,van ,,dyck4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,cornelius ,,van ,,d] ,,gee/4 ,,nat4 ,,gal4 ,,london4 ,van ,dyck 7#aeii-afda7 0 8 pr9cipal pupil4 ,he foll[$ ,rub5s closely at fir/1 ?\gh 9 a slight] mann] te*nically1 & ) a cool] color+4 ,aft] visit+ ,italy he took up ) ! w>m? ( ,titian4 ,lat]1 9 ,engl&1 he became c>eless & less c]ta94 ,8 rank is giv5 him n = 8 figure-pieces4 ,!y 7 n always successful1 lack+ z !y did 9 imag9ation & orig9ality1 ?\gh done ) =ce4 ,8 be/ "w 0 8 portraiture1 = :i* he became fam\s1 pa9t+ nobility 9 e c\ntry ( ,europe 9 :i* he visit$4 ,at 8 be/ he 0 a portrait-pa9t] ( great p[]1 b n to be plac$ 9 ! same rank ) ,titian1 ,rub5s1 ,rembr&t1 & ,velasquez4 ,8 *>act]s are gracefully pos$1 & appe> to be ari/ocratic4 ,!re is a noble di/9ction ab\t !m1 & yet ev5 ?is has ! feel+ ( be+ some:at affect$4 ,! s]5e complac5cy ( 8 lords & ladies f9ally became almo/ a mann]ism ) him1 ?\gh nev] a disagreeable "o4 ,he di$ e>ly1 a pa9t] ( m>k1 b n ! greate/ portrait-pa9t] ( ! _w1 z is sometimes said ( him4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( ,rub5s's pupils1 l ,diep5beeck 7#aeif-afge71 :o le>n$ f _! ma/] a c]ta9 bru% facility1 b 7 n suffici5tly orig9al to make deep impressions4 ,:5 ,rub5s di$ ! be/ pa9t] left 9 ,belgium 0 ,jorda5s 7#aeic-afgh74 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,van ,noort1 b submitt$ to ! ,rub5s influ5ce & foll[$ 9 ,rub5s's /yle1 ?\gh m florid 9 color+ & gross] 9 types4 ,he pa9t$ all sorts ( subjects1 b 0 se5 at 8 be/ 9 my?ological sc5es ) gr\ps ( drunk5 satyrs & bac*ants1 surr\nd$ by a close-plac$ l&scape4 ,he 0 ! mo/ indep5d5t & orig9al ( ! foll[]s1 ( :om !re 0 a ho/4 ,cray] 7#aehb-affi71 ,janss5s 7#aege-afcb71 ,zeg]s 7#aeia-afea71 ,romb\ts 7#aeig-afcg71 7 ! prom95t ones4 ,!y all took an influ5ce m or less pron\nc$ f ,rub5s4 ,cornelius de ,vos 7#aehe-afea7 0 a m indep5d5t man--a reali/ic portrait-pa9t] ( mu* ability4 ,snyd]s 7#aegi-afeg71 & ,fyt 7#afji8-affa71 devot$ _! bru%es to ! pa9t+ ( /ill-life1 game1 fruits1 fl[]s1 l&scape--,snyd]s (t5 9 collaboration ) ,rub5s himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,,t5i]s ,,! ,,y\ng]4 ,,prodigal ,,son4 ,,l\vre4 ,liv+ at ! same "t ) ^! half-,italianiz$ pa9t]s1 & cont9u+ lat] 9 ! c5tury1 !re 0 ano!r gr\p ( pa9t]s 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries :o 7 emphatically ( ! soil1 believ+ 9 !mselves & _! own c\ntry & pictur+ sc5es f commonplace life 9 a mann] q _! own4 ,^! 7 ! ,little ,ma/]s1 ! g5re pa9t]s1 ( :om !re 0 ev5 a /rong] repres5tation appe>+ contemporane\sly 9 ,holl&4 ,9 ,belgium !re 7 n s _m nor su* tal5t$ m51 b "s ( !m 7 v int]e/+ 9 _! "w z 9 _! subjects4 ,t5i]s ! ,y\ng] 7#afaj-afij7 0 among ! fir/ ( !m to picture peasant1 burgh]1 alewife1 & nobleman 9 all sc5es & places4 ,no?+ escap$ him z a subject1 & yet 8 be/ "w 0 %[n 9 ! h&l+ ( l[ life 9 tav]ns4 ,!re is co>se wit 9 8 "w1 b x is aton$ = by good color & easy h&l+4 ,he 0 influ5c$ by ,rub5s1 ?\gh decid$ly diff]5t f him 9 _m respects4 ,br\w] 7#afjf8-afch7 has (t5 be5 catalogu$ ) ! ,holl& s*ool1 b he really belongs ) ,t5i]s1 9 ,belgium4 ,he di$ e>ly1 b left a numb] ( pictures rem>kable = _! f9e fat quality & _! beautiful color4 ,he 0 n a man ( ,italian imag9ation1 b a pa9t] ( l[ life1 ) co>se humor & n too mu* good ta/e1 yet a sup]b te*nician & va/ly beyond _m ( 8 little ,dut* contempor>ies at ! ,nor?4 ,t5i]s & ,br\w] l$ a s*ool & _h _m foll[]s4 ,9 a slightly diff]5t ve9 0 ,gonzales ,coques 7#afah-afhd71 :o is g5]ally se5 to advantage 9 pictures ( int]iors ) family gr\ps4 ,9 subject he 0 m ref9$ ?an ! o!r g5re pa9t]s1 & 0 influ5c$ to "s ext5t by ,van ,dyck4 ,z a colori/ he held rank1 & 8 portraiture 7r>ely se57 0 excell5t4 ,at ?is "t !re 7 also _m pa9t]s ( l&scape1 m>9e1 battles1 /ill-life--9 fact ,belgium 0 alive ) pa9t]s--b none ( !m 0 suffici5tly great to call = individual m5tion4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 foll[]s ( ei!r ,holl& or ,italy1 & ! gi/ ( _! "w w be spok5 ( h]eaft] "u ,dut* pa9t+4 ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,belgium3 ,decl9e _h set 9 be=e ! sev5te5? c5tury end$4 ,belgium 0 torn by w>s1 h] comm]ce flagg$1 h] art-_s seem$ burn$ out4 ,a long l9e ( petty pa9t]s foll[$ ^: works call = sil5ce4 ,"o man alone seem$ to /& out l a /> by comp>ison ) 8 contempor>ies1 ,v]hag5 7#agbh-ahaa71 a portrait-pa9t] ( tal5t4 ,,n9ete5?-,,c5tury ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,belgium3 ,dur+ ?is c5tury ,belgium has be5 s closely relat$ to ,france t ! influ5ce ( ! l>g] c\ntry has be5 q app>5t ^u ! art ( ! small]4 ,9 #ahaf ,david1 ! lead] ( ! ,fr5* classic s*ool1 s5t into exile by ! ,re/oration1 settl$ at ,brussels1 & imm$iately drew ar\nd him _m pupils4 ,8 influ5ce 0 felt at once1 & ,francois ,navez 7#aghg-ahfi7 0 ! *ief "o among 8 pupils to e/abli% ! reviv$ classic art 9 ,belgium4 ,9 #ahcj1 ) ,belgian indep5d5ce & almo/ concurr5tly ) ! romantic movem5t 9 ,france1 !re began a romantic movem5t 9 ,belgium ) ,wapp]s 7#ahjc-ahgd74 ,8 art 0 f\nd$ sub/antially on ,rub5s2 b1 l ! ,p>is romantici/s1 he *ose ! dramatic subject ( ! times & treat$ x m = color ?an = l9e4 ,he drew a numb] ( foll[]s to himself1 b ! movem5t 0 n m la/+ ?an 9 ,france4 ,wi]tz 7#ahjf-ahfe71 ^: collection ( works is to be se5 9 ,brussels1 0 a p>tial exposition ( romanticism mix$ ) a :at-n ( ecc5tricity entirely 8 own4 ,lat] on came a comp>atively new man1 ,l\is ,gallait 7#ahaj-871 :o held 9 ,brussels sub/antially ! same position t ,del>o*e did 9 ,p>is4 ,8 art 0 eclectic & nev] /rong1 ?\gh he _h _m pupils at ,brussels1 & />t$ !re a rivalry to ,wapp]s at ,antw]p4 ,leys 7#ahae-ahfi7 holds a r unique position 9 ,belgian art by reason ( 8 affectation4 ,he at fir/ foll[$ ,piet] de ,hooghe & o!r e>ly pa9t]s4 ,!n1 aft] a /udy ( ! old ,g]man pa9t]s l ,crana*1 he develop$ an ar*aic /yle1 produc+ a ,go?ic qua9tness ( l9e & composition1 m+l$ ) old ,flemi% color+4 ,! result 0 some?+ popul>1 b n orig9al or f>-rea*+1 ?\gh te*nically well done4 ,8 *ief pupil 0 ,alma ,tadema 7#ahcf-71 alive to-day 9 ,london1 & belong+ to no s*ool 9 p>ticul>4 ,he is a te*nician ( ability1 mann]$ 9 composition & subject1 & some:at p]functory 9 execution4 ,8 "w is v popul> ) ^? :o enjoy m9ute detail & smoo? texture-pa9t+4 ,9 #ahea ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* realism ( ,c\rbet began to be felt at ,brussels1 & s9ce !n ,belgian art has foll[$ closely ! art movem5ts at ,p>is4 ,m5 l ,alfr$ ,/ev5s 7#ahbh-71 a pupil ( ,navez1 are really m ,fr5* ?an ,belgian4 ,/ev5s is "o ( ! be/ ( ! mod]ns1 a pa9t] ( p[] 9 fa%ionable or high-life g5re1 & a colori/ ( ! fir/ rank 9 mod]n art4 ,among ! rec5t pa9t]s b a few c be m5tion$4 ,willems 7#ahbc-71 a weak pa9t] ( fa%ionable g5re2 ,v]boeckhov5 7#agii-ahha71 a va/ly ov]-e/imat$ animal pa9t]2 ,clays 7#ahai-71 an excell5t m>9e pa9t]2 ,b\lang]1 a l&scapi/2 ,waut]s 7#ahdf-71 a hi/ory1 & portrait-pa9t]2 ,jan van ,be]s & ,robie4 ,! new m5 are ,claus1 ,buysse1 ,fr$]ic1 ,khnopff1 ,lempoels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,,alfr$ ,,/ev5s4 ,,on ,,! ,,bea*4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3--,hub]t van ,eyck1 ,adoration ( ! ,lamb 7) ,jan van ,eyck7 ,/4 ,bavon ,gh5t 7w+s at ,brussels & ,b]l9 suppos$ to be by ,jan1 ! re/ by ,hub]t72 ,jan van ,eyck1 z above1 also ,arnolf9i portraits ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,virg9 & ,donor ,l\vre1 ,madonna ,/a$el ,mus41 ,man ) ,p9ks ,b]l91 ,triumph ( ,*ur* ,madrid2 ,van d] ,weyd51 a numb] ( pictures 9 ,brussels & ,antw]p ,mus41 also at ,/a$el ,mus41 ,b]l91 ,muni*1 ,vi5na2 ,cri/us1 ,b]l91 ,/a$el ,mus41 ,h]mitage1 ,madrid2 ,ju/us van ,gh5t1 ,la/ ,supp] ,urb9o ,gal42 ,b\ts1 ,/4 ,pet] ,l\va91 ,muni*1 ,b]l91 ,brussels1 ,vi5na2 ,meml+1 ,brussels ,mus4 & ,bruges ,acad41 & ,hospital ,antw]p1 ,tur91 ,uffizi1 ,muni*1 ,vi5na2 ,van d] ,meire1 tripty* ,/4 ,bavon ,gh5t2 ,gha]a]t ,david1 ,bruges1 ,b]l91 ,r\51 ,muni*4 ,massys1 ,brussels1 ,antw]p1 ,b]l91 ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 be/ works ,deposition 9 ,antw]p ,gal4 & ,m]*ant & ,wife ,l\vre2 ,mo/]t1 alt>-piece ,notre ,dame ,bruges2 ,mabuse1 ,madonnas ,pal]mo1 ,milan ,ca!dral1 ,prague1 o!r works ,vi5na1 ,b]l91 ,muni*1 ,antw]p2 ,floris1 ,antw]p1 ,am/]dam1 ,brussels1 ,b]l91 ,muni*1 ,vi5na2 ,b>5t van ,orley1 alt>-pieces ,*ur* ( ! ,savi\r ,antw]p1 & ,brussels ,mus42 ,cocxie1 ,antw]p1 ,brussels1 & ,madrid ,mus42 ,p\rbus1 ,bruges1 ,brussels1 ,vi5na ,mus42 ,moro1 portraits ,madrid1 ,vi5na1 ,hague1 ,brussels1 ,cassel1 ,l\vre1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,mus42 ,bril1 l&scapes ,madrid1 ,l\vre1 ,dresd51 ,b]l9 ,mus42 ! l&scapes ( ! ?ree ,breughels are to be se5 9 mo/ ( ! museums ( ,europe1 especially at ,muni*1 ,dresd51 & ,madrid4 ,rub5s1 _m works1 #ic 9 ,muni*1 #ce 9 ,dresd51 #ae at ,cassel1 #af at ,b]l91 #ad 9 ,london1 #ij 9 ,vi5na1 #ff 9 ,madrid1 #ed 9 ,p>is1 #fc at ,/4 ,pet]sburg 7z giv5 by ,waut]s71 be/ works at ,antw]p1 ,vi5na1 ,muni*1 & ,madrid2 ,van ,noort1 ,antw]p1 ,brussels ,mus41 ,gh5t & ,antw]p ,ca!drals2 ,van ,dyck1 ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 #da 9 ,muni*1 #ai 9 ,dresd51 #ae 9 ,cassel1 #ac 9 ,b]l91 #fg 9 ,vi5na1 #ba 9 ,madrid1 #bd 9 ,p>is1 & #ch 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg 7,waut]s71 be/ examples 9 ,vi5na1 ,l\vre1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 & ,madrid1 good example 9 ,met4 ,mus4 ,n4 ,y42 ,diep5beeck1 ,antw]p ,*ur*es & ,mus41 ,b]l91 ,vi5na1 ,muni*1 ,frank=t2 ,jorda5s1 ,brussels1 ,antw]p1 ,muni*1 ,vi5na1 ,cassel1 ,madrid1 ,p>is2 ,cray]1 ,brussels1 ,muni*1 ,vi5na2 ,janss5s1 ,antw]p ,mus41 ,/4 ,bavon ,gh5t1 ,brussels & ,cologne ,mus42 ,zeg]s1 ,ca!dral ,gh5t1 ,notre ,dame ,bruges1 ,antw]p ,mus42 ,romb\ts1 ,mus4 & ,ca!dral ,gh5t1 ,antw]p ,mus41 ,begu9 ,conv5t ,me*l91 ,hospital ( ,/4 ,john ,bruges2 ,de ,vos1 ,ca!dral & ,mus4 ,antw]p1 ,muni*1 ,old5burg1 ,b]l9 ,mus42 ,snyd]s1 ,muni*1 ,dresd51 ,vi5na1 ,madrid1 ,p>is1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 ,fyt1 ,muni*1 ,dresd51 ,cassel1 ,b]l91 ,vi5na1 ,madrid1 ,p>is2 ,t5i]s ! ,y\ng]1 #bi pictures 9 ,muni*1 #bd 9 ,dresd51 #h 9 ,b]l91 #ai 9 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 #cc 9 ,vi5na1 #eb 9 ,madrid1 #cd 9 ,l\vre1 #dj 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg 7,waut]s72 ,brauw]1 #ai 9 ,muni*1 #f 9 ,dresd51 #d 9 ,b]l91 #e 9 ,p>is1 #e 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh 7,waut]s72 ,coques1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,am/]dam1 ,b]l91 ,muni* ,mus4 ,v]hag51 ,antw]p1 ,brussels1 ,gh5t1 & ,vi5na ,mus42 ,navez1 ,gh5t1 ,antw]p1 & ,am/]dam ,mus41 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,b]l92 ,wapp]s1 ,am/]dam1 ,brussels1 ,v]sailles ,mus42 ,wi]tz1 9 ,wi]tz ,gal4 ,brussels2 ,gallait1 ,liege1 ,v]sailles1 ,t\rnay1 ,brussels1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,b]l92 ,leys1 ,am/]dam ,mus41 ,new ,p9aco!k1 ,muni*1 ,brussels1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,b]l91 ,antw]p ,mus4 & ,city ,hall2 ,alfr$ ,/ev5s1 ,m>seilles1 ,brussels1 frescos ,royal ,pal4 ,brussels2 ,willems1 ,brussels ,mus4 & ,fod] ,mus4 ,am/]dam1 ,met4 ,mus4 ,n4 ,y42 ,v]boeckhov51 ,am/]dam1 ,fod]1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,b]l91 ,new ,p9aco!k1 ,brussels1 ,gh5t1 ,met4 ,mus4 ,n4 ,y42 ,clays1 ,gh5t ,mus42 ,waut]s1 ,brussels1 ,liege ,mus42 ,van ,be]s1 ,burial ( ,*>les ! ,good ,am/]dam ,mus4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,dut* ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,z be=e ,from5t91 7,waag5's7 ,kuegl]2 ,am&-,dur&1 ,o,euvre de ,rembr&t2 ,ar*ief voor ,n$]l&s*e ,kun/-ges*i$5is2 ,blanc1 ,o,euvre de ,rembr&t2 ,bode1 ,franz ,hals und se9e ,s*ule2 ,bode1 ,/udi5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,holl&is*5 ,mal]ei2 ,bode1 ,adriaan van ,o/ade2 ,br[n1 ,rembr&t2 ,burg] 7,?4 ,?ore71 ,les ,musees de la ,holl&e2 ,hav>d1 ,la ,pe9ture ,holl&aise2 ,mi*el1 ,rembr&t2 ,mi*el1 ,g]>d ,t]burg et sa ,famille2 ,mantz1 ,adri5 ,br\w]2 ,rooses1 ,dut* ,pa9t]s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury2 ,rooses1 ,rub5s2 ,s*midt1 ,das ,leb5 des ,mal]s ,adria5 ,br\w]2 ,van d] ,willig51 ,les ,arti/es de ,h>lem2 ,van ,m&]1 ,lev5 d] ,n$]l&s*e en ,hoogduits*e ,s*ild]s2 ,vosma]1 ,rembr&t1 sa ,vie et ses ,o,euvres2 ,we/rhe5e1 ,jan ,/e51 ,etude sur l',art en ,holl&e2 ,van ,dyke1 ,old ,dut* & ,flemi% ,ma/]s4 ,,! ,,dut* ,,p ,,& ,,_! ,,art3 ,?\gh ,holl& produc$ a some:at diff]5t quality ( art f ,fl&]s & ,belgium1 yet 9 _m respects ! p at ! nor? 7 n v diff]5t f ^? at ! s\? ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,!y 7 p]haps less v]satile1 less volatile1 less l ! ,fr5* & m l ! ,g]mans4 ,fond ( homely joys & ! quiet peace ( t[n & dome/ic life1 ! ,dut* 7 matt]-(-fact 9 all ?+s1 /urdy1 hone/1 co>se at times1 suffici5t unto !mselves1 & c>+ little = :at o!r p did4 ,j s ) _! pa9t]s4 ,!y 7 reali/ic at times to grotesqu5ess4 ,little tr\bl$ ) f9e poetic fr5zies !y pa9t$ _! own lives 9 /reet1 t[n-hall1 tav]n1 & kit*51 consci\s t x 0 good because true to !mselves4 ,at fir/ ,dut* art 0 influ5c$1 ev5 conf\nd$1 ) t ( ,fl&]s4 ,! ,van ,eycks l$ ! way1 & pa9t]s l ,b\ts & o!rs1 ?\gh ,dut* by bir?1 became ,flemi% by adoption 9 _! art at lea/4 ,:5 ! ,flemi% pa9t]s fell to copy+ ,italy "s ( ! ,dut* foll[$ !m1 b ) no great en?usiasm4 ,sudd5ly1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ,holl& _h ga9$ political indep5d5ce1 ,dut* art /ruck (f by itself1 became orig9al1 became fam\s4 ,x pictur$ native life ) v]ve1 skill1 ke5ness ( insight1 & f9e pictorial view4 ,limit$ x 02 x nev] so>$ l ,italian art1 nev] became univ]sal or _w-embrac+4 ,x 0 di/9ct1 individual1 national1 some?+ t spoke = ,holl&1 b little beyond x4 ,9 subject !re 7 few hi/orical canvases su* z ! ,italians & ,fr5* produc$4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to !m 7 ! pa9t+s ( %oot+ companies1 or gr\ps ( burgh]s & syndics1 & ^! 7 m]ely elaborations & enl>gem5ts ( ! portrait :i* ! ,dut* lov$ be/ ( all4 ,z a :ole _! subjects 7 s+le figures or small gr\ps 9 int]iors1 quiet sc5es1 family conf]5ces1 smok]s1 c>d-play]s1 dr9k]s1 l&scapes1 /ill-life1 ar*itectural pieces4 ,:5 !y und]took ! l>ge canvas ) _m figures1 !y 7 (t5 unsatisfactory4 ,ev5 ,rembr&t 0 s4 ,! *ief m$ium 0 oil1 us$ ^u panel or canvas4 ,fresco 0 probably us$ 9 ! e>ly days1 b ! climate 0 too damp = x & x 0 ab&on$4 ,x 0 p]haps ! dampness ( ! nor!rn climate t l$ to ! adaptation ( ! oil m$ium1 some?+ ! ,van ,eycks are cr$it$ ) inaugurat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,,hals4 ,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,lady4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,pa9t+3 ,! e>ly "w has1 = ! great "p1 p]i%$ ?r\gh "t & ! fi]c5ess ) :i* ! ,iconocla/ic w>f>e 0 wag$4 ,t :i* rema9s to-day is closely alli$ 9 me?od & /yle to ,flemi% pa9t+ "u ! ,van ,eycks4 ,ouwat] is "o ( ! e>lie/ names t appe>s1 & p]haps = t reason he has be5 call$ ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool4 ,he 0 rem>k$ 9 8 "t = ! excell5t pa9t+ ( backgr\nd l&scapes2 b !re is little au!ntic by him left to u f :i* we may =m an op9ion4#ag ,ge]tj5 van ,/4 ,jan 7ab\t #adge7 0 evid5tly a pupil ( 81 & f him !re are two w+s ( an alt> 9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y1 suppos$ to be g5u9e4 ,b\ts & ,mo/]t h be5 spok5 ( "u ! ,flemi% s*ool4 ,bos* 7#adfj8-aeaf7 0 a man ( "s individuality :o produc$ fanta/ic purgatories t 7 popul> 9 _! "t & are kn[n to-day ?r\gh engrav+s4 ,engelbre*/5 7#adfh-aecc7 0 ,dut* by bir? & 9 8 art1 & yet probably got 8 inspiration f ! ,van ,eyck s*ool4 ,! works attribut$ to him are d\btful1 ?\gh two 9 ! ,leyd5 ,gall]y seem to be au!ntic4 ,he 0 ! ma/] ( ,lucas van ,leyd5 7#adid-aecc71 ! lead+ arti/ ( ! e>ly p]iod4 ,lucas van ,leyd5 0 a p]sonal fri5d ( ,albre*t ,du]]1 ! ,g]man pa9t]1 & 9 8 art he 0 n unlike him4 ,a man ) a s+ul>ly lean type1 a little awkw>d 9 composition1 brilliant 9 color1 & w>m 9 tone1 he 01 despite 8 ar*aic-look+ "w1 an arti/ ( mu* ability & orig9ality4 ,at fir/ he 0 incl9$ t[>d ,flemi% me?ods1 ) an exagg]at$ realism 9 facial expression4 ,9 8 middle p]iod he 0 di/9ctly ,dut*1 b 9 8 lat] days he came "u ,italian influ5ce1 & ) a weak5+ effect ^u 8 art4 ,tak+ 8 "w z a :ole1 x 0 ! /ronge/ ( all ! e>ly ,dut* pa9t]s4 ,footnote #ag3 ,a ,rais+ ( ,laz>us is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y4 ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury3 ,?is c5tury 0 a p]iod ( ,italian imitation1 probably sup]9duc$ by ! action ( ! ,flem+s at ,antw]p4 ,! movem5t 0 some:at l ! ,flemi% "o1 b n s ext5sive or s productive4 ,!re 0 h>dly a pa9t] ( rank 9 ,holl& dur+ ! :ole c5tury4 ,scorel 7#adie-aefb7 0 ! lead]1 & he probably got 8 fir/ lik+ = ,italian art ?r\gh ,mabuse at ,antw]p4 ,he aft]w>d w5t to ,italy1 /udi$ ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & return$ to ,utre*t to op5 a s*ool & introduce ,italian art into ,holl&4 ,a l>ge numb] ( pupils foll[$ him1 b _! "w 0 lack+ 9 true orig9ality4 ,heemsk]ck 7#adih-aegd7 & ,cornelis van ,ha>lem 7#aefb-afch71 ) ,/e5wyck 7#aeej8-afjd71 7 "s ( ! m important m5 ( ! c5tury1 b none ( !m 0 above a common av]age4 ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury3 ,beg9n+ ) ! fir/ qu>t] ( ?is c5tury came ! great art ( ! ,dut* p1 f\nd$ on !mselves & root$ 9 _! native "*4 ,italian me?ods 7 ab&on$1 & ! ,dut* told ! /ory ( _! own lives 9 _! own mann]1 ) tru?1 vigor1 & skill4 ,!re 7 s _m pa9t]s 9 ,holl& dur+ ?is p]iod t x w be necess>y to divide !m into gr\ps & m5tion only ! prom95t names4 ,,portrait ,,& ,,figure ,,pa9t]s3 ,! real inaugurators ( ,dut* portraiture 7 ,mi]evelt1 ,hals1 ,rave/eyn1 & ,de ,keys]4 ,mi]evelt 7#aefg-afda7 0 "o ( ! e>lie/1 a prolific pa9t]1 fond ( ! ari/ocratic sitt]1 & indulg+ 9 a great deal ( elegance 9 8 accessories ( dress & ! l4 ,he _h a slight1 smoo? bru%1 mu* detail1 & a pr(usion ( color4 ,q ! rev]se ( him 0 ,franz ,hals 7#aehd8-afff71 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable pa9t]s ( portraits ) :i* hi/ory acqua9ts u4 ,9 giv+ ! s5se ( life & p]sonal physical pres5ce1 he 0 unexcell$ by any "o4 ,:at he saw he c\ld portray ) ! mo/ tell+ reality4 ,9 draw+ & modell+ he 0 usually good2 9 color+ he 0 excell5t1 ?\gh 9 8 late "w sombre2 9 bru%-h&l+ he 0 "o ( ! great ma/]s4 ,/rong1 virile1 yet easy & facile1 he seem$ to produce )\t ef=t4 ,8 bru% 0 v broad 9 its sweep1 v sure1 v true4 ,occasionally 9 8 late pa9t+ facility ran to ! ineffectual1 b usually he 0 c]ta9ty itself4 ,8 be/ "w 0 9 portraiture1 & ! mo/ important ( ?is is to be se5 at ,ha>lem1 :]e he di$ aft] a r c>eless life4 ,z a pa9t]1 pure & simple1 he is almo/ to be rank$ beside ,velasquez2 z a poet1 a ?9k]1 a man ( l(ty imag9ation1 8 "w gives u little enlight5m5t except 9 s f> z x %[s a f9e feel+ = masses ( color & problems ( light4 ,?\gh excell5t portrait-pa9t]s1 ,rave/eyn 7#aegb8-afeg7 & ,de ,keys] 7#aeif8-afgi7 d n provoke en?usiasm4 ,!y 7 quiet1 cons]vative1 dignifi$1 pa9t+ civic gu>ds & societies ) a kn[+ bru% & lively color1 giv+ ! tru? ( physiognomy1 b n ) t v]ve ( ! arti/ s conspicu\s 9 ,hals1 nor ) t unity ( ! gr\p s ess5tial 9 ! mak+ ( a picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,,rembr&t4 ,,head ,,( ,,woman4 ,,nat4 ,,gal4 ,,london4 ,! next man 9 *ronological ord] is ,rembr&t 7#afjg8-affi71 ! greate/ pa9t] 9 ,dut* art4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,swan5bur* & ,la/man1 b 8 great k ( nature & 8 craft came l>gely f ! direct /udy ( ! model4 ,settl$ at ,am/]dam1 he quickly rose to fame1 _h a l>ge foll[+ ( pupils1 & 8 influ5ce 0 felt ?r\gh all ,dut* pa9t+4 ,! portrait 0 emphatically 8 /ronge/ "w4 ,! _m-figur$ gr\p he 0 n always successful 9 compos+ or light+4 ,8 me?od ( "w r fitt$ him = ! portrait & unfitt$ him = ! l>ge hi/orical piece4 ,he built up ! importance ( c]ta9 features by dragg+ d[n all o!r features4 ,?is 0 l>gely %[n 9 8 h&l+ ( illum9ation4 ,/rong 9 a few high lights on *eek1 *91 or :ite l951 ! re/ ( ! picture 0 subm]g$ 9 %ad[1 "u :i* color 0 unm]cifully sacrific$4 ,?is 0 n ! be/ me?od = a l>ge1 _m-figur$ piece1 b 0 s+ul>ly well suit$ to ! portrait4 ,x produc$ /r5g? by contra/4 ,=c$ x 0 und\bt$ly1 & n always true to nature1 yet nev]!less mo/ pot5t 9 ,rembr&t's h&s4 ,he 0 an arbitr>y ?\gh p]fect ma/] ( light-&-%ade1 & unusually effective 9 lum9\s & transp>5t %ad[s4 ,9 color he 0 aga9 arbitr>y b =cible & h>moni\s4 ,9 bru%-"w he 0 at times labor$1 b almo/ always effective4 ,m5tally he 0 a man ke5 to obs]ve1 assimilate1 & express 8 impressions 9 a few simple tru?s4 ,8 conception 0 localiz$ ) 8 own p & "t 7he nev] built up ! imag9>y or foll[$ ,italy71 & yet into types tak5 f ! /reets & %ops ( ,am/]dam he infus$ ! v l>ge/ humanity ?r\gh 8 inh]5t sympa?y ) man4 ,dramatic1 ev5 tragic1 he 02 yet ?is 0 n s app>5t 9 vehem5t action z 9 passionate expression4 ,he _h a p[]ful way ( /rik+ univ]sal tru?s ?r\gh ! human face1 ! turn$ head1 b5t body1 or out/ret*$ h&4 ,8 p h "*1 dignity1 & a p]vad+ feel+ t !y are ! great types ( ! ,dut* race--p ( sub/antial physique1 sl[ 9 ?\ght & impulse1 yet capable ( feel+1 compreh5d+1 enjoy+1 suff]+4 ,8 l&scapes1 aga91 7 a syn!sis ( all l&scapes1 a gr\p+ ( ! great tru?s ( light1 air1 %ad[1 space4 ,:atev] he turn$ 8 h& to 0 treat$ ) t bread? ( view t ov]look$ ! little & grasp$ ! great4 ,he pa9t$ _m subjects4 ,8 e>lie/ "w dates f #afbg1 & is a little h>d & %>p 9 detail & cold 9 color+4 ,aft] #afed he grew broad] 9 h&l+ & w>m] 9 tone1 runn+ to gold5 br[ns1 &1 t[>d ! end ( 8 c>e]1 to r hot tones4 ,8 life 0 embitt]$ by _m mis=tunes1 b ^! nev] seem to h affect$ 8 art except to deep5 x4 ,he pa9t$ on to ! la/1 conv9c$ t 8 own view 0 ! true "o1 & produc+ works t rank second to none 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+4 ,rembr&t's influ5ce ^u ,dut* art 0 f>-rea*+1 & appe>$ imm$iately 9 ! works ( 8 _m pupils4 ,!y all foll[$ 8 me?ods ( h&l+ light-&-%ade1 b no "o ( !m ev] equall$ him1 ?\gh !y produc$ "w ( mu* m]it4 ,bol 7#afaa-afhj7 0 *iefly a portrait-pa9t]1 ) a p]vad+ yell[ tone & "s pallor ( fle%-color+--a man ( ability :o mi/ak5ly foll[$ ,rub5s 9 ! latt] "p ( 8 life4 ,fl9ck 7#afae-affj7 at "o "t foll[$ ,rembr&t s closely t 8 "w has pass$ = t ( ! ma/]2 b latt]ly he1 too1 came "u ,flemi% influ5ce4 ,next to ,eeckh\t he 0 probably ! ne>e/ to ,rembr&t 9 me?ods ( all ! pupils4 ,eeckh\t 7#afba-afgd7 0 really a ,rembr&t imitator1 b 8 h& 0 weak & 8 color hot4 ,maes 7#afcb-afic7 0 ! mo/ successful manag] ( light aft] ! s*ool =mula1 & succe$$ v well ) w>m? & ri*ness ( color1 especially ) 8 r$s4 ,! o!r ,rembr&t pupils & foll[]s 7 ,poort] 7fl4 #afce-afdc71 ,victoors 7#afbj8-afgb871 ,kon9ck 7#afai-afhh71 ,fabritius 7#afbd-afed71 & ,back] 7#afjh8-afea74 ,van d] ,hel/ 7#afab8-afgj7 /&s ap>t f ?is s*ool1 & seems to h foll[$ m ! portrait /yle ( ,de ,keys]4 ,he 0 a reali/ic1 precise pa9t]1 ) mu* excell5ce ( modell+ 9 head & h&s1 & ) f9e c>riage & dignity 9 ! figure4 ,9 composition he h>dly held 8 *>act]s 9 gr\p ow+ to a sacrifice ( values1 & 9 color he 0 (t5 spotty1 & lack+ 9 ! unity ( mass4 ,,! ,,g5re ,,pa9t]s3 ,?is head+ embraces ^? :o may be call$ ! ,little ,dut*m51 because ( ! small scale ( _! pictures & _! g5re subjects4 ,g]>d ,d\ 7#afac-afge7 is indicative ( ! class )\t fully repres5t+ x4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,rembr&t1 b 8 "w gave little report ( ?is4 ,x 0 small]1 m delicate 9 detail1 m petty 9 conception4 ,he 0 a man great 9 little ?+s1 "o :o wa/$ /r5g? on ! m9utiae ( dress1 or table-clo?1 or ! texture ( furniture )\t grasp+ ! mass or color significance ( ! :ole sc5e4 ,!re 0 inf9ite detail ab\t 8 "w1 & t gave x popul>ity2 b z art x held1 & holds to-day1 little high] place ?an ! "w ( ,metsu 7#afcj-affg71 ,van ,mi]is 7#afce-afha71 ,nets*] 7#afci-afhd71 or ,s*alck5 7#afdc-agjf71 all ( :om produc$ ! int]ior piece ) figures elaborate 9 accid5tal effects4 ,van ,o/ade 7#afaj-afhe71 ?\gh deal+ ) ! small canvas1 & portray+ peasant life ) p]haps unnecess>y co>s5ess1 0 a mu* /rong] pa9t] ?an ! m5 j m5tion$4 ,he 0 ! favorite pupil ( ,hals & ! ma/] ( ,jan ,/e54 ,) little delicacy 9 *oice ( subject he _h mu* delicacy 9 color1 ta/e 9 arrangem5t1 & skill 9 h&l+4 ,8 bru% 0 precise b n f9ical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,j4 ,,van ,,ruisdael4 ,,l&scape4 ,by f> ! be/ pa9t] among all ! ,little ,dut*m5 0 ,t]burg 7#afag8-afha71 a pa9t] ( int]iors1 small portraits1 conv]sation pictures1 & ! l4 ,?\gh ( dim9utive scale 8 "w has ! l>g5ess ( view *>act]i/ic ( g5ius1 & ! skill$ te*nic ( a ?or\gh craftsman4 ,t]burg 0 a travell$ man1 visit+ ,italy1 :]e he /udi$ ,titian1 return+ to ,holl& to /udy ,rembr&t1 f9ally at ,madrid /udy+ ,velasquez4 ,he 0 a pa9t] ( mu* culture1 & ! keynote ( 8 art is ref9em5t4 ,quiet & dignifi$ he c>ri$ ta/e ?r\gh all bran*es ( 8 art4 ,9 subject he 0 r elevat$1 9 color subdu$ ) brok5 tones1 9 composition simple1 9 bru%-"w sure1 vivaci\s1 & yet unobtrusive4 ,selection 9 8 *>act]s 0 foll[$ by res]ve 9 us+ !m4 ,detail 0 n v app>5t4 ,a few p ) "s accessory objects 7 all t he requir$ to make a picture4 ,p]haps 8 be/ qualities appe> 9 a numb] ( small portraits rem>kable = _! di/9ction & ari/ocratic grace4 ,/e5 7#afbf8-afgi7 0 almo/ ! opposite ( ,t]burg1 a man ( s>ca/ic fl+s & co>se humor :o satiriz$ 8 own "t ) little res]ve4 ,he develop$ "u ,hals & ,van ,o/ade1 favor+ ! latt] 9 8 int]iors1 family sc5es1 & drunk5 debau*es4 ,he 0 a ma/] ( physiognomy1 & depict$ x ) r>e if r unpleasant tru?4 ,if he _h little ref9em5t 9 8 !mes he c]ta9ly h&l$ !m z a pa9t] ) delicacy4 ,at 8 be/ 8 _m figur$ gr\ps 7 exce$+ly well compos$1 8 color 0 ( good quality 7) a fondness = yell[s71 & 8 bru% 0 z limpid & graceful z ?\gh pa9t+ angels in/ead ( ,dut* boors4 ,he 0 really "o ( ! f9e bru%m5 ( ,holl&1 a man greatly admir$ by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 & _m an arti/ s9ce2 b n a man ( high intellectual pit* z comp>$ ) ,t]burg1 = in/ance4 ,piet] de ,hooghe 7#afcb8-afha7 0 a pa9t] ( purely pictorial effects1 beg9n+ & end+ a picture 9 a s*eme ( color1 atmosph]e1 clev] composition1 & above all ! play ( light-&-%ade4 ,he 0 "o ( ! e>ly ma/]s ( full sunlight1 pa9t+ x fall+ across a c\rt-y>d or /ream+ ?r\gh a w9d[ ) m>vell\s tru? & poetry4 ,8 subjects 7 commonplace en\gh4 ,an int]ior ) a figure or two 9 ! middle di/ance1 & a passage-way lead+ into a light$ backgr\nd 7 suffici5t = him4 ,^! =m$ a skeleton :i* he clo!d 9 a half-tone %ad[1 pi]c$ ) w>m yell[ light1 enri*$ ) r>e colors1 usually g>net r$s & deep yell[s repeat$ 9 ! diff]5t planes1 & surr\nd$ ) a subtle p]vad+ atmosph]e4 ,z a bru%man he 0 easy b n di/+ui%$1 & (t5 8 draw+ 0 n correct2 b 9 ! plac+ ( color masses & 9 compos+ by color & light he 0 a ma/] ( ! fir/ rank4 ,little is kn[n ab\t 8 life4 ,he probably =m$ himself on ,fabritius or ,rembr&t at second-h&1 b little trace ( ! latt] is app>5t 9 8 "w4 ,he seems n to h a*iev$ mu* fame until late ye>s1 & !n r 9 ,engl& ?an 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,jan van d] ,me] ( ,delft 7#afcb-afge71 "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ ( all ! g5re pa9t]s1 0 alli$ to ,de ,hooghe 9 8 pictorial po9t ( view & int]ior subjects4 ,un=tunately !re is little left to u ( ?is ma/]1 b ! few extant examples s]ve to %[ him a pa9t] ( r>e qualities 9 light1 9 color1 & 9 atmosph]e4 ,he 0 a rem>kable man = 8 h&l+ ( blues1 r$s1 & yell[s2 & 9 ! tonic relations ( a picture he 0 a ma/] second to no "o4 ,fabritius is suppos$ to h influ5c$ him4 ,,! ,,l&scape ,,pa9t]s3 ,! pa9t]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7 probably ! fir/1 beg9n+ ) ,bril1 to pa9t l&scape = its own sake1 & z a picture motive 9 itself4 ,be=e !m x _h be5 us$ z a backgr\nd = ! figure1 & 0 s us$ by _m ( ! ,dut*m5 !mselves4 ,x has be5 said t ^! l&scape-pa9t]s 7 also ! fir/ ones to pa9t l&scape reali/ically1 b t is true only 9 "p4 ,!y /udi$ natural =ms1 z did1 inde$1 ,bell9i 9 ! ,v5etian s*ool2 !y le>n$ some?+ ( p]spective1 air1 tree anatomy1 & ! appe>ance ( wat]2 b no ,dut* pa9t] ( l&scape 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury grasp$ ! full color ( ,holl& or pa9t$ its _m v>i$ lights4 ,!y indulg$ 9 a meagre conv5tional palette ( grays1 gre5s1 & br[ns1 :]eas ,holl& is full ( brilliant hues4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,,hobbema4 ,,! ,,wat]-,,:eel4 ,,am/]dam ,,mus4 ,van ,goy5 7#aeif-afef7 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury l&scapi/s4 ,9 subject he 0 fond ( ! ,dut* bays1 h>bors1 riv]s1 & canals ) %ipp+1 w9dmills1 & h\ses4 ,8 sky l9e 0 g5]ally giv5 l[1 8 wat] silv]y1 & 8 sky mi/y & lum9\s ) bur/s ( :ite light4 ,9 color he 0 subdu$1 & 9 p]spective q cunn+ at times4 ,salomon van ,ruisdael 7#afjj8-afgj7 0 8 foll[]1 if n 8 pupil4 ,he _h ! same sobriety ( color z 8 ma/]1 & 0 a mann]$ & prosaic pa9t] 9 details1 su* z leaves & tree-bran*es4 ,9 composition he 0 good1 b 8 art _h only a slight basis ^u reality1 ?\gh x looks to be reali/ic at fir/ sight4 ,he _h a =mula = do+ l&scape :i* he v>i$ only 9 a slight way1 & ?is conv5tionality ran ?r\gh all 8 "w4 ,molyn 7#afjj8-affa7 0 a pa9t] :o %[$ limit$ tru? to nature 9 flat & hilly l&scapes1 transp>5t skies1 & w>m color+4 ,8 extant works are few 9 numb]4 ,wynants 7#afae8-afgi87 0 m ( a reali/ 9 natural appe>ance ?an any ( ! o!rs1 a man :o evid5tly /udi$ directly f nature 9 details ( vegetation1 plants1 trees1 roads1 grasses1 & ! l4 ,mo/ ( ! figures & animals 9 8 l&scapes 7 pa9t$ by o!r h&s4 ,he himself 0 a pure l&scape-pa9t]1 excell+ 9 light & a]ial p]spective1 b n rem>kable 9 color4 ,van d] ,ne] 7#afjc-afgg7 & ,ev]d+5 7#afba8-afge7 7 two o!r contempor>y pa9t]s ( m]it4 ,! be/ l&scapi/ foll[+ ! fir/ m5 ( ! c5tury 0 ,jacob van ,ruisdael 7#afbe8-afhb71 ! nephew ( ,salomon van ,ruisdael4 ,he is put d[n1 ) p]haps unnecess>y emphasis1 z ! greate/ l&scape-pa9t] ( ! ,dut* s*ool4 ,he 0 und\bt$ly ! equal ( any ( 8 "t1 ?\gh n s ne> to nature1 p]haps1 z ,hobbema4 ,he 0 a man ( imag9ation1 :o at fir/ pictur$ ! ,dut* c\ntry ab\t ,ha>lem1 & aft]w>d took up ) ! romantic l&scape ( ,van ,ev]d+54 ,?is l&scape be>s a resemblance to ! ,norwegian c\ntry1 ab\nd+1 z x does1 9 m\nta9s1 heavy d>k woods1 & ru%+ torr5ts4 ,!re is consid]able poetry 9 its composition1 its gloomy skies1 & d>k5$ lights4 ,x is m\rnful1 sugge/ive1 wild1 usually unpeopl$4 ,!re 0 mu* ( ! me?odical 9 its putt+ toge!r1 & 9 color x 0 cold1 & limit$ to a few tones4 ,_m ( ,ruisdael's works h d>k5$ ?r\gh "t4 ,little is kn[n ab\t ! pa9t]'s life except t he 0 n appreciat$ 9 8 own "t & di$ 9 ! alm%\se4 ,hobbema 7#afch8-agji7 0 probably ! pupil ( ,jacob van ,ruisdael1 & ranks ) him1 if n above him1 9 sev5te5?-c5tury l&scape pa9t+4 ,ruisdael h>dly ev] pa9t$ sunlight1 :]eas ,hobbema r affect$ x 9 quiet wood-sc5es or roadways ) little pools ( wat] & a mill4 ,he 0 a fre] man ) ! bru% ?an ,ruisdael1 & knew m ab\t ! natural appe>ance ( trees1 skies1 & lights2 b1 l 8 ma/]1 8 view ( nature f\nd no favor 9 8 own l&4 ,mo/ ( 8 "w is 9 ,engl&1 :]e x _h n a little to d ) influ5c+ su* pa9t]s z ,con/able & o!rs at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,,israels4 ,,alone ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,,l&scape ,,) ,,cattle3 ,"h we meet ) ,w\v]man 7#afai-affh71 a pa9t] ( horses1 cavalry1 battles1 & rid+ p>ties plac$ 9 l&scape4 ,8 l&scape is bright & 8 horses are spirit$ 9 action4 ,!re is "s mann]ism app>5t 9 8 reit]at$ conc5tration ( light on a :ite horse1 & "s repetition 9 8 canvases1 ( :i* !re are _m2 b on ! :ole he 0 an int]e/+1 if smoo? & neat pa9t]4 ,paul ,pott] 7#afbe-afed7 h>dly m]it$ 8 great repute4 ,he 0 a h>%1 exact record] ( facts1 (t5 t9-l or wood5y 9 8 cattle1 & n 9 any way rem>kable 9 8 l&scapes1 lea/ ( all 9 _! composition4 ,! ,"y ,bull at ! ,hague is an ambiti\s piece ( draw+1 b is n successful 9 color1 light1 or ensemble4 ,x is a brittle "w all ?r\gh1 & n ne>ly s good z "s small] ?+s 9 ! ,national ,gall]y ,london1 & 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,adri5 van de ,velde 7#afce8-afgb7 0 %ort-liv$1 l ,pott]1 b manag$ to d a prodigi\s am\nt ( "w1 %[+ cattle & figures 9 l&scape ) mu* te*nical ability & good feel+4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly good 9 composition & ! subtle gradation ( neutral t9ts4 ,a little ( ! ,italian influ5ce appe>$ 9 8 "w1 & ) ! m5 :o came ) him & aft] him ! ,italian imitation became v pron\nc$4 ,aelb]t ,cuyp 7#afbj-afia7 0 a _m-sid$ pa9t]1 adopt+ at v>i\s times diff]5t /yles1 b 0 en\gh ( a g5ius to be himself always4 ,he is be/ kn[n to u1 p]haps1 by 8 yell[ sunlight effects along riv]s1 ) cattle 9 ! =egr\nd1 ?\gh he pa9t$ /ill-life1 & ev5 portraits & m>9es4 ,9 compos+ a gr\p he 0 kn[+1 record+ natural effects ) p[]2 9 light & atmosph]e he 0 "o ( ! be/ ( 8 "t1 & 9 texture & color ref9$1 & frequ5tly brilliant4 ,bo? 7#afaj-afej871 ,b]*em 7#afbj-afhc71 ,du ,j>d9 7#afbb8-afgh71 foll[$ ! ,italian tradition ( ,claude ,lorra91 produc+ semi-classic l&scapes1 nev] v conv9c+ 9 _! orig9ality4 ,van d] ,heyd5 7#afcg-agab71 %\ld be m5tion$ z an excell5t1 if m9ute1 pa9t] ( ar*itecture ) rem>kable atmosph]ic effects4 ,,m>9e ,,& ,,/ill-,,life ,,pa9t]s3 ,!re 7 two pre-em95t m>9e pa9t]s 9 ?is sev5te5? c5tury1 ,willem van de ,velde 7#afcc-agjg7 & ,backhuis5 7#afca-agjh74 ,! sea 0 n an unusual subject ) ! ,dut* l&scapi/s4 ,van ,goy51 ,simon de ,vlieg] 7#afja8-affj871 ,cuyp1 ,willem van de ,velde ! ,eld] 7#afaa8-afic71 all employ$ x2 b x 0 ,van de ,velde ! ,y\ng] :o really /ood at ! head ( ! m>9e pa9t]s4 ,he knew 8 subject ?or\ghly1 hav+ be5 well gr\nd$ 9 x by 8 fa!r & ,de ,vlieg]1 s t ! pa9t+ ( ! ,dut* fleets & h>bors 0 a "p ( 8 nature4 ,he pref]r$ ! quiet hav5 to ! op5 sea4 ,smoo? wat]1 calm skies1 silv]y light1 & boats ly+ li/lessly at an*or ) droop+ sails1 made up 8 usual subject4 ,! color 0 almo/ always 9 a key ( silv] & gray1 v *>m+ 9 its h>mony & s]5ity1 b a little ?94 ,bo? he & 8 fa!r w5t to ,engl& & ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,engli% k+1 & !reaft] did ,engli% fleets r ?an ,dut* ones4 ,backhuis5 0 q ! rev]se ( ,van de ,velde 9 pref]r+ ! tempe/ to ! calm ( ! sea4 ,he also us$ m brilliant & v>i$ colors1 b he 0 n s happy 9 h>mony z ,van de ,velde4 ,!re 0 (t5 dryness 9 8 h&l+1 & some?+ too mu* ( ! !atrical 9 8 wrecks on rocky %ores4 ,! /ill-life pa9t]s ( ,holl& 7 all ( !m r petty 9 _! emphasis ( details su* z figures on table-cov]s1 wat]-drops on fl[]s1 & fur on rabbits4 ,x 0 labor$ "w ) little ( ! art _s ab\t x1 except z ! composition %[$ good masses4 ,a numb] ( ^! pa9t]s ga9$ celebrity 9 _! day by _! microscopic labor ov] fruits1 fl[]s1 & ! l1 b !y h no great rank at ! pres5t "t4 ,jan van ,heem 7#afjj8afhd87 0 p]haps ! be/ pa9t] ( fl[]s among !m4 ,van ,huysum 7#afhb-agdi7 succe$$ ) ! same subject beyond 8 des]ts4 ,hondecoet] 7#afcf-afie7 0 a unique pa9t] ( p\ltry2 ,we5ix 7#afdj-agai7 & ,van ,ael/ 7#afbj-afgi71 ( dead game2 ,kalf 7#afcj8-afic71 ( pots1 pans1 di%es1 & vegetables4 ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury3 ,?is 0 a p]iod ( decad5ce dur+ :i* !re 0 no orig9ality wor? speak+ ab\t among ! ,dut* pa9t]s4 ,realism 9 m9ute features 0 c>ri$ to ! extreme1 & imitation ( ! e>ly m5 took ! place ( inv5tion4 ,ev]y?+ 0 prettifi$ & elaborat$ until !re 0 a porcela9 smoo?ness & a photographic exactness inconsi/5t ) true art4 ,adriaan van d] ,w]ff 7#afei-agbb71 & ,philip van ,dyck 7#afhc-agec7 ) _! ideal inanities are typical ( ! c5tury's art4 ,!re 0 no?+ to comm5d x4 ,! l[e/ po9t ( affectation _h be5 rea*$4 ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury3 ,! ,dut* pa9t]s1 unlike ! ,belgians1 h almo/ always be5 true to _! own traditions & _! own c\ntry4 ,ev5 9 decad5ce ! mo/ ( !m feebly foll[$ _! own pa9t]s r ?an ^? ( ,italy & ,france1 & 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury !y 7 n affect$ by ! ,fr5* classicism ( ,david4 ,lat] on !re came into vogue an art t _h "s aff9ity ) t ( ,millet & ,c\rbet 9 ,france4 ,x 0 ! ,dut* v]sion ( mod]n s5tim5t ab\t ! labor+ classes1 f\nd$ on ! mod]n life ( ,holl&1 yet 9 reality a cont9uation ( ! /yle or g5re practis$ by ! e>ly ,dut*m54 ,israels 7#ahbd-7 is a revival or a survival ( ,rembr&tesque me?ods ) a s5tim5t & feel+ ak9 to ! ,fr5* ,millet4 ,he deals almo/ exclusively ) peasant life1 %[+ fi%]-folk & ! l 9 _! cottage int]iors1 at ! table1 or be=e ! fire1 ) good effects ( light1 atmosph]e1 & mu* pa?os4 ,te*nically he is r labor$ & heavy 9 h&l+1 b usually effective ) sombre color 9 giv+ ! unity ( a sc5e4 ,artz 7#ahcg-ahij7 consid]$ himself 9 measure a foll[] ( ,israels1 ?\gh he nev] /udi$ "u him4 ,8 pictures 9 subject are l ^? ( ,israels1 b )\t ! dep? ( ! latt]4 ,blomm]s 7#ahde-7 is ano!r peasant pa9t] :o foll[s ,israels at a di/ance1 & ,neuhuys 7#ahdd-7 %[s a simil> /yle ( "w4 ,bosboom 7#ahag-ahia7 excell$ 9 repres5t+ int]iors1 %[+1 ) mu* pictorial effect1 ! light1 color1 %ad[1 & feel+ ( space & air 9 l>ge ca!drals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,,mauve4 ,,%eep4 ,! bro!rs ,m>is h made a di/9ct impression on mod]n ,dut* art1 &1 /range en\gh1 ea* 9 a diff]5t way f ! o!rs4 ,james ,m>is 7#ahcg-7 /udi$ at ,p>is1 & is rem>kable = f9e1 vigor\s views ( canals1 t[ns1 & l&scapes4 ,he is broad 9 h&l+1 r bleak 9 color+1 & excels 9 f9e lum9\s skies & voyag+ cl\ds4 ,mat!w ,m>is 7#ahce-71 ,p>isian tra9$ l 8 bro!r1 lives 9 ,london1 :]e little is se5 ( 8 "w4 ,he pa9ts = himself & 8 fri5ds1 & is r melan*oly & my/ical 9 8 art4 ,he is a record] ( visions & dreams r ?an ! sub/antial ?+s ( ! e>?1 b always ) ri*ness ( color & a f9e decorative feel+4 ,willem ,m>is 7#ahci-71 sometimes call$ ! ,silv]y ,m>is1 is a portray] ( cattle & l&scape 9 w>m sunlight & haze ) a *>m ( color & tone (t5 sugge/ive ( ,corot4 ,jongk9d 7#ahai-ahia7 /&s by himself1 ,mesdag 7#ahca-7 is a f9e pa9t] ( m>9es & sea-%ores1 & ,mauve 7#ahch-ahhh71 a cattle & %eep pa9t]1 ) nice s5tim5t & tonality1 ^: r5[n is j n[ some:at disproportionate to 8 arti/ic ability4 ,9 addition !re are ,kev]1 ,pogg5beek1 ,ba/]t1 ,baur1 ,breitn]1 ,wits51 ,hav]man1 ,weiss5bru*4 ,,extant ,,works3 ,g5]ally speak+ ! be/ examples ( ! ,dut* s*ools are /ill to be se5 9 ! local museums ( ,holl&1 especially ! ,am/]dam & ,hague ,mus42 ,bos*1 ,madrid1 ,antw]p1 ,brussels ,mus42 ,lucas van ,leyd51 ,antw]p1 ,leyd51 ,muni* ,mus42 ,scorel1 ,am/]dam1 ,rott]dam1 ,ha>lem ,mus42 ,heemsk]ck1 ,ha>lem1 ,hague1 ,b]l91 ,cassel1 ,dresd52 ,/e5wyck1 ,am/]dam1 ,hague1 ,brussels2 ,cornelis van ,ha>lem1 ,am/]dam1 ,ha>lem1 ,brunswick4 ,,portrait ,,& ,,figure ,,pa9t]s--,mi]evelt1 ,hague1 ,am/]dam1 ,rott]dam1 ,brunswick1 ,dresd51 ,cop5hag52 ,hals1 be/ works to be se5 at ,ha>lem1 o!rs at ,am/]dam1 ,brussels1 ,hague1 ,b]l91 ,cassel1 ,l\vre1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,met4 ,mus4 ,new ,york1 ,art ,in/itute ,*icago2 ,rembr&t1 ,am/]dam1 ,h]mitage1 ,l\vre1 ,muni*1 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,madrid1 ,london2 ,bol1 ,am/]dam1 ,hague1 ,dresd51 ,l\vre2 ,fl9ck1 ,am/]dam1 ,hague1 ,b]l92 ,eeckh\t1 ,am/]dam1 ,brunswick1 ,b]l91 ,muni*2 ,maes1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,rott]dam1 ,am/]dam1 ,hague1 ,brussels2 ,poort]1 ,am/]dam1 ,brussels1 ,dresd52 ,victoors1 ,am/]dam1 ,cop5hag51 ,brunswick1 ,dresd52 ,fabritius1 ,rott]dam1 ,am/]dam1 ,b]l92 ,van d] ,hel/1 be/ works at ,am/]dam ,mus4 ,,g5re ,,pa9t]s--,examples ( ,d\1 ,metsu1 ,van ,mi]is1 ,nets*]1 ,s*alck51 ,van ,o/ade1 are to be se5 9 almo/ all ! gall]ies ( ,europe1 especially ! ,dut*1 ,belgian1 ,g]man1 & ,fr5* gall]ies2 ,t]burg1 ,am/]dam1 ,l\vre1 ,dresd51 ,b]l9 7f9e portraits72 ,/e51 ,am/]dam1 ,l\vre1 ,rott]dam1 ,hague1 ,b]l91 ,cassel1 ,dresd51 ,vi5na2 ,de ,hooghe1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,l\vre1 ,am/]dam1 ,h]mitage2 ,van d] ,me] ( ,delft1 ,l\vre1 ,hague1 ,am/]dam1 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,met4 ,mus4 ,new ,york4 ,,l&scape ,,pa9t]s--,van ,goy51 ,am/]dam1 ,fitz-,william ,mus4 ,cambridge1 ,l\vre1 ,brussels1 ,cassel1 ,dresd51 ,b]l92 ,salomon van ,ruisdael1 ,am/]dam1 ,brussels1 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,muni*2 ,van d] ,ne]1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,l\vre1 ,brussels1 ,am/]dam1 ,b]l91 ,dresd52 ,ev]d+51 ,am/]dam1 ,b]l91 ,l\vre1 ,brunswick1 ,dresd51 ,muni*1 ,frank=t2 ,jacob van ,ruisdael1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,l\vre1 ,am/]dam1 ,b]l91 ,dresd52 ,hobbema1 be/ works 9 ,engl&1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,am/]dam1 ,rott]dam1 ,dresd52 ,w\v]mans1 _m works1 be/ at ,am/]dam1 ,cassel1 ,l\vre2 ,pott]1 ,am/]dam1 ,hague1 ,l\vre1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon42 ,van de ,velde1 ,am/]dam1 ,hague1 ,cassel1 ,dresd51 ,frank=t1 ,muni*1 ,l\vre2 ,cuyp1 ,am/]dam1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,l\vre1 ,muni*1 ,dresd52 examples ( ,bo?1 ,b]*em1 ,du ,j>d91 & ,van d] ,heyd51 9 almo/ all ( ! ,dut* & ,g]man gall]ies1 besides ! ,l\vre & ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon4 ,,m>9e ,,pa9t]s--,willem van de ,velde ,eld] & ,y\ng]1 ,backhuis51 ,vlieg]1 toge!r ) ! fl[] & fruit pa9t]s l ,huysum1 ,hondecoet]1 ,we5ix1 h all be5 prolific work]s1 & almo/ e ,european gall]y1 especially ^? at ,london1 ,am/]dam1 & 9 ,g]many1 h examples ( _! works2 ,van d] ,w]ff & ,philip van ,dyck are se5 at _! be/ at ,dresd54 ,! be/ works ( ! mod]n m5 are 9 private collections1 _m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "s examples ( !m 9 ! ,am/]dam & ,hague ,museums4 ,also "s examples ( ! old ,dut* ma/]s 9 ,new ,york ,hi/4 ,society ,libr>y1 ,yale ,s*ool ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,met4 ,mus4 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on ,mus41 & ,*icago ,in/itute4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,g]man ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,colv91 ,a4 ,dur]1 8 ,tea*]s1 8 ,rivals1 & 8 ,s*ol>s2 ,eye1 ,leb5 und ,w]ke ,albre*t ,dur]s2 ,fo]/]1 ,pet] von ,cornelius2 ,fo]/]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,deuts*5 ,kun/2 ,keane1 ,e>ly ,teutonic1 ,italian1 & ,fr5* ,pa9t]s2 ,kuegl]1 ,h&book to ,g]man & ,ne!rl& ,s*ools1 trans4 by ,cr[e2 ,m]lo1 ,die ,mei/] d] altkolnis*] ,mal]s*ule2 ,moore1 ,alb]t ,dur]2 ,pe*t1 ,deuts*e ,kun/l] des ,neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]ts2 ,reb]1 ,ges*i*te d] neu]5 ,deuts*5 ,kun/2 ,riegel1 ,deuts*e ,kun//udi52 ,ros5b]g1 ,die ,b]l9] ,mal]s*ule2 ,ros5b]g1 ,sebald und ,b>!l ,beham2 ,rumohr1 ,hans ,holbe9 d] ,jung]e2 ,s&r>t1 ,teuts*e ,akademie d] ,edl5 ,bau1 ,bild-und ,mal]ey-,kun/e2 ,s*u*>dt1 ,lucas ,crana*'s ,leb52 ,?ausig1 ,alb]t ,dur]1 ,8 ,life & ,works2 ,waag51 ,kun/w]ke und ,kun/l] 9 ,deuts*l&2 ,e4 aus'm ,we]?1 ,w&mal]ei5 des ,mittelalt]s 9 d5 ,rhe9l&52 ,wessely1 ,adolph ,m5zel2 ,woltmann1 ,holbe9 & 8 ,"t2 ,woltmann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,deuts*5 ,kun/ im ,elsass2 ,wurtzba*1 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]4 ,,e>ly ,,g]man ,,pa9t+3 ,! ,teutonic l&s1 l almo/ all ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 receiv$ _! fir/ art impulse f ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh ,italy4 ,! c5tre ( ! fai? 0 at ,rome1 & f !re ! influ5ce 9 art spread we/ & nor?1 & 9 ea* l& x 0 modifi$ by local peculi>ities ( type & temp]am5t4 ,9 ,g]many1 ev5 9 ! e>ly days1 ?\gh ,*ri/ianity 0 ! !me ( e>ly illum9ations1 m9iatures1 & ! l1 & ?\gh !re 0 a traditional =m rea*+ back to ,italy & ,byzantium1 yet "u x 0 ! ,teutonic type--! mat]ial1 awkw>d1 r co>se ,g]manic po9t ( view4 ,! wi% to realize native surr\nd+s 0 app>5t f ! beg9n+4 ,x is probable t ! e>lie/ pa9t+ 9 ,g]many took ! =m ( illum9ations4 ,at :at date x fir/ appe>$ is unkn[n4 ,9 wall-pa9t+ a poor quality ( "w 0 execut$ 9 ! *ur*es z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury1 & probably e>li]4 ,! olde/ n[ extant are ^? at ,ob]zell1 dat+ back to ! la/ "p ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,bett] examples are se5 9 ! ,l[] ,*ur* ( ,s*w>zrhe9dorf1 ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & /ill bett] 9 ! *oir & transept ( ! ,brunswick ca!dral1 ascrib$ to ! e>ly ?irte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,,lo*n]4 ,,/s4 ,,john1 ,,ca!r9e1 ,,& ,,mat!w4 ,,nat4 ,,gal4 ,,london4 ,all ( ^! works h an ar*aic appe>ance ab\t !m1 b !y are bett] 9 composition & draw+ ?an ! productions ( ,italy & ,byzantium at t "t4 ,x is likely t all ! ,g]man *ur*es at ?is "t 7 decorat$1 b mo/ ( ! pa9t+s h be5 de/roy$4 ,! usual me?od 0 to cov] ! walls & wood5 ceil+s ) blue gr\nds1 & ^u ^! to place figures surr\nd$ by ar*itectural ornam5ts4 ,/a9$ glass 0 also us$ ext5sively4 ,panel pa9t+ seems to h come into exi/5ce be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury 7:e!r develop$ f m9iature or wall-pa9t+ is unkn[n71 & 0 us$ = alt> decorations4 ,! panels 7 done 9 temp]a ) figures 9 light colors ^u gold gr\nds4 ,! spirituality ( ! age ) a m+l+ ( nor!rn s5tim5t appe>$ 9 ! figure4 ,?is figure 0 at times graceful1 & aga9 awkw>d & ar*aic1 accord+ to ! place ( production & ! influ5ce ( ei!r ,france or ,italy4 ,! olde/ panels extant are f ! ,wies5kir*e at ,soe/1 n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,!y d n date be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,,f\rte5? ,,& ,,fifte5? ,,c5turies3 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! influ5ce ( ,france began to %[ /rongly 9 will[y figures1 long fl[+ drap]ies1 & s5tim5tal poses4 ,! arti/s along ! ,rh9e %[$ ?is m ?an ^? 9 ! prov9ces to ! ea/1 :]e a rud] if fre] art appe>$4 ,! be/ panel-pa9t+ ( ! "t 0 done at ,cologne1 :]e we meet ) ! "n ( ! fir/ pa9t]1 ,mei/] ,wilhelm1 & :]e a s*ool 0 e/abli%$ usually kn[n z ! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,cologne3 ,?is s*ool probably got its s5tim5tal incl9ation1 %[n 9 slight =ms & t5d] expression1 f ,france1 b d]iv$ mu* ( its te*nic f ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,/eph5 ,lo*n]1 or ,mei/] ,/eph51 7fl4 #adej7 lean$ t[>d ! ,flemi% me?ods1 & 9 8 celebrat$ picture1 ! ,madonna ( ! ,rose ,g>d51 9 ! ,cologne ,museum1 !re is an indication ( ?is2 b !re is also an individuality %[+ ! gr[? ( ,g]man indep5d5ce 9 pa9t+4 ,! figures ( 8 ,dombild h little manl9ess or p[]1 b consid]able grace1 pa?os1 & religi\s feel+4 ,!y are n ab/ract types b ! spiritualiz$ p ( ! c\ntry 9 native co/umes1 ) mu* gold1 jewelry1 & armor4 ,gold 0 us$ in/ead ( a l&scape backgr\nd1 & ! =egr\nd 0 spatt]$ ) fl[]s & leaves4 ,! outl9es are r h>d1 & none ( ! a]ial p]spective ( ! ,flem+s is giv54 ,aft] a "t ,fr5* s5tim5t 0 /ill fur!r encroa*$ ^u by ,flemi% realism1 z %[n 9 ! works ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,lyv]sb]g ,passion 7fl4 ab\t #adfc-adhj71 to be se5 9 ! ,cologne ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,,wolgemut4 ,,crucifixion4 ,,muni*4 ,,bohemian ,,s*ool3 ,x 0 n on ! ,l[] ,rh9e alone t ,g]man pa9t+ 0 practis$4 ,! ,bohemian s*ool1 locat$ ne> ,prague1 fl\ri%$ = a %ort "t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 "u ,*>les ,,iv41 ) ,!odori* ( ,prague 7fl4 #acdh-acgh71 ,wurms]1 & ,kunz1 z ! *ief ma/]s4 ,_! art 0 q ! rev]se ( ! ,cologne pa9t]s4 ,x 0 heavy1 clumsy1 bony1 awkw>d4 ,if m orig9al x 0 less graceful1 n s pa!tic1 n s religi\s4 ,s5tim5t 0 slurr$ ?r\gh a h>% attempt at realism1 & ! religi\s subject met ) some?+ ( a *eck 9 ! romantic m$iaeval *ivalric !me1 pa9t$ q z (t5 on ! ca/le wall z ! scriptural !me on ! *ur* wall4 ,aft] ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury wall-pa9t+ began to die out 9 favor ( panel pictures4 ,,nuremb]g ,,s*ool3 ,half-way betwe5 ! s5tim5t ( ,cologne & ! realism ( ,prague /ood ! e>ly s*ool ( ,nuremb]g1 ) no kn[n pa9t] at its head4 ,its *ief "w1 ! ,imh( alt>-piece1 %[s1 h[ev]1 t ! ,nuremb]g ma/]s ( ! e>ly & middle fifte5? c5tury 7 betwe5 ea/]n & we/]n influ5ces4 ,!y incl9$ to ! graceful sway+ figure1 foll[+ m ! sculpture ( ! "t ?an ! ,cologne type4 ,,fifte5? ,,& ,,sixte5? ,,c5turies3 ,g]man art1 if begun 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 h>dly %[$ any dep? or bread? until ! fifte5? c5tury1 & no real individual /r5g? until ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x lagg$ beh9d ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe & produc$ ! cramp$ ar*aic alt>-piece4 ,!n :5 pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ ! pa9t]-engrav] came into exi/5ce4 ,he 0 a man :o pa9t$ panels1 b f\nd 8 l>ge/ audi5ce ?r\gh ! circulation ( engrav+s4 ,! two k9ds ( arts be+ produc$ by ! "o man l$ to mu* detail$ l9e "w ) ! bru%4 ,engrav+ is an influ5ce to be borne 9 m9d 9 exam9+ ! pa9t+ ( ?is p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,d,ue,r,e,r4 ,,pray+ ,,virg94 ,,augsburg4 ,,franconian ,,s*ool3 ,nuremb]g 0 ! c5tre ( ?is s*ool1 & its mo/ fam\s e>ly ma/] 0 ,wolgemut 7#adcd-aeai71 ?\gh ,plyd5wurff is ! fir/-nam$ pa9t]4 ,aft] ! latt]'s dea? ,wolgemut m>ri$ 8 wid[ & became ! head ( ! s*ool4 ,8 pa9t+s 7 *iefly alt>-pieces1 9 :i* ! figures 7 r lank & n>r[-%\ld]$1 ) %>p outl9es1 indicative p]haps ( ! influ5ce ( wood-engrav+1 9 :i* he 0 mu* int]e/$4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 9 8 "w an advance 9 *>act]ization1 nobility ( expression1 & quiet dignity1 & x 0 8 good =tune to be ! ma/] ( "o ( ! mo/ ?or\ghly orig9al pa9t]s ( all ! ,g]man s*ools--,albre*t ,du]] 7#adga-aebh74 ,) ,du]] & ,holbe9 ,g]man art rea*$ its apogee 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 yet _! "w 0 n diff]5t 9 _s f t ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,pa9t+ simply develop$ & became =ceful & expressive te*nically )\t ab&on+ its e>ly "*4 ,!re is 9 ,du]] a naive awkw>dness ( figure1 "s angul>ity ( l9e1 /ra9 ( pose1 & 9 composition (t5times huddl+ & ov]load+ ( ! sc5e ) details4 ,!re is n t l>g5ess :i* seem$ native to 8 ,italian contempor>ies4 ,he 0 hamp]$ by t ,g]man exactness1 :i* f\nd its be/ expression 9 engrav+1 & :i*1 ?\gh unsuit$ to pa9t+1 nev]!less crept into x4 ,)9 ^! limitations ,du]] produc$ ! typical art ( ,g]many 9 ! ,r5aissance "t--an art m attractive = ! *>m & beauty ( its p>ts ?an = its unity1 or its g5]al impression4 ,du]] 0 a travell$ man1 visit$ ,italy & ! ,ne!rl&s1 &1 ?\gh he always rema9$ a ,g]man 9 art1 yet he pick$ up "s ,italian me?ods f ,bell9i & ,mantegna t are fa9tly app>5t 9 "s ( 8 works4 ,9 subject he 0 almo/ exclusively religi\s1 pa9t+ ! alt>-piece ) inf9ite c>e ^u wood5 panel1 canvas1 or p>*m5t4 ,he nev] work$ 9 fresco1 pref]r+ oil & temp]a4 ,9 draw+ he 0 (t5 h>% & faulty1 9 drap]ies cramp$ at times1 & !n1 aga91 z 9 ! ,apo/le panels at ,muni*1 v broad1 & effective4 ,_m ( 8 pictures %[ a h>d1 dry bru%1 & a few1 aga91 are s free & mell[ t !y look z ?\gh done by ano!r h&4 ,he 0 usually m9ute 9 detail1 especially 9 su* features z hair1 clo?1 fle%4 ,8 portraits 7 unev5 & n 8 be/ productions4 ,he 0 too close a scrut9iz] ( ! "p & n en\gh ( an obs]v] ( ! :ole = good portraiture4 ,inde$1 t is ! criticism to be made ^u all 8 "w4 ,he 0 an exquisite reali/ ( c]ta9 features1 b n always ( ! ensemble4 ,nev]!less he holds fir/ rank 9 ! ,g]man art ( ! ,r5aissance1 n only on acc\nt ( 8 te*nical ability1 b also because ( 8 imag9ation1 s9c]ity1 & /rik+ orig9ality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,,holbe9 ,,! ,,y\ng]4 ,,portrait4 ,,hague ,,mus4 ,du]]'s influ5ce 0 wide-spread ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 especially 9 engrav+1 ( :i* he 0 a ma/]4 ,9 pa9t+ ,s*aeufel9 7#adij8-aedj87 0 probably 8 appr5tice1 & 9 8 "w foll[$ ! ma/] s closely t _m ( 8 works h be5 attribut$ to ,du]]4 ,?is is true 9 measure ( ,hans ,baldung 7#adgf8-aeeb874 ,hans von ,kulmba* 78-#aebb7 0 a pa9t] ( m ?an ord9>y importance1 brilliant 9 color+1 a foll[] ( ,du]]1 :o 0 incl9$ t[>d ,italian me?ods1 an incl9ation t aft]w>d develop$ all ?r\gh ,g]man art4 ,foll[+ ,du]]'s =mulas came a l>ge numb] ( s-call$ ,little ,ma/]s 7f ! size ( _! engrav$ plates71 :o 7 m engrav]s ?an pa9t]s4 ,among ! m important ( ^? :o 7 pa9t]s z well z engrav]s 7 ,altdorf] 7#adhj8-aech71 a rival r ?an an imitator ( ,du]]2 ,b>!l ,beham 7#aejb-aedj71 ,sebald ,beham 7#aejj-aeej71 ,p5cz 7#aejj8-aeej71 ,aldegrev] 7#aejb-aeeh71 & ,b9k 7#adij8-aefi874 ,,swabian ,,s*ool3 ,?is s*ool includes a numb] ( pa9t]s :o 7 locat$ at diff]5t places1 l ,colm> & ,ulm1 & lat] on x includ$ ! ,holbe9s at ,augsburg1 :o 7 really ! consummation ( ! s*ool4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury "o ( ! e>ly lead]s 0 ,m>t9 ,s*o5gau] 7#addf8-adhh71 at ,colm>4 ,he is suppos$ to h be5 a pupil ( ,rog] ,van d] ,weyd51 ( ! ,flemi% s*ool1 & is bett] kn[n by 8 engrav+s ?an 8 pa9t+s1 none ( ! latt] be+ positively au!nticat$4 ,he 0 ?or\ghly ,g]man 9 8 type & treatm5t1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 indebt$ to ! ,flem+s = 8 color+4 ,!re 0 "s angul>ity 9 8 figures & drap]ies1 & a t5d5cy to get ne>] nature & fur!r away f ! ecclesia/ical & ascetic conception 9 all t he did4 ,at ,ulm a local s*ool came into exi/5ce ) ,zeitblom 7fl4 #adhd-aeag71 :o 0 probably a pupil ( ,s*ue*l94 ,he _h nei!r ,s*o5gau]'s =ce nor 8 fancy1 b 0 a simple1 /raight=w>d pa9t] ( "o r /rong type4 ,8 draw+ 0 n good1 except 9 ! drap]ies1 b he 0 q rem>kable = ! solidity & sub/ance ( 8 pa9t+1 consid]+ ! age he liv$ 9 0 giv5 to h>d1 ?9 bru%-"w4 ,s*affn] 7fl4 #aejj-aece7 0 ano!r ,ulm pa9t]1 a junior to ,zeitblom1 ( :om little is kn[n1 save f a few pictures graceful & free 9 composition4 ,a rec5tly discov]$ man1 ,b]n>d ,/rigel 7#adfa8-aebh87 seems to h be5 excell5t 9 portraiture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,,piloty4 ,,wise ,,& ,,fooli% ,,virg9s4 ,at ,augsburg !re 0 /ill ano!r s*ool1 :i* came into prom95ce 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ) ,burkmair & ! ,holbe9s4 ,x 0 only a "p ( ! ,swabian s*ool1 a conc5tration ( arti/ic =ce ab\t ,augsburg1 :i*1 t[>d ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 _h come into competition ) ,nuremb]g1 & r outrank$ x 9 spl5dor4 ,x 0 at ,augsburg t ! ,r5aissance art 9 ,g]many %[$ 9 m re/ful composition1 less angul>ity1 bett] modell+ & pa9t+1 & m s5se ( ! ensemble ( a picture4 ,hans ,burkmair 7#adgc-aeca7 0 ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool1 a pupil ( ,s*o5gau]1 lat] influ5c$ by ,du]]1 & f9ally %[+ ! influ5ce ( ,italian art4 ,he 0 n1 l ,du]]1 a religi\s pa9t]1 ?\gh do+ religi\s subjects4 ,he 0 m conc]n$ ) worldly appe>ance1 ( :i* he _h a l>ge k1 z may be se5 f 8 illu/rations = engrav+4 ,z a pa9t] he 0 a r f9e colori/1 indulg+ 9 ! fanta/ic ( ar*itecture b ) good ta/e1 crude 9 draw+ b =ceful1 & at times giv+ excell5t effects ( motion4 ,he 0 r\nd]1 full]1 calm] 9 composition ?an ,du]]1 b nev] s /rong an arti/4 ,next to ,burkmair comes ! celebrat$ ,holbe9 family4 ,!re 7 f\r ( !m all told1 b only two ( !m1 ,hans ! ,eld] & ,hans ! ,y\ng]1 ne$ be m5tion$4 ,holbe9 ! ,eld] 7#adfj8-aebd71 aft] ,burkmair1 0 ! be/ pa9t] ( 8 "t & s*ool )\t be+ 9 himself a great arti/4 ,s*o5gau] 0 at fir/ 8 guide1 ?\gh he soon submitt$ to "s ,flemi% & ,cologne influ5ce1 & lat] on foll[$ ,italian =m & me?od 9 composition to "s ext5t4 ,he 0 a good draughtsman1 & v clev] at cat*+ reali/ic po9ts ( physiognomy--a gift he left 8 son ,hans4 ,9 addition he _h "s feel+ = ar*itecture & ornam5t1 & 9 h&l+ 0 a bit h>d1 & (t5times c>eless4 ,! be/ half ( 8 life fell 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & he nev] a*iev$ ! free pa9t]'s quality ( 8 son4 ,hans ,holbe9 ! ,y\ng] 7#adig-aedc7 holds1 ) ,du]]1 ! high place 9 ,g]man art4 ,he 0 a m mature pa9t] ?an ,du]]1 com+ z he did a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]4 ,he 0 ! ,r5aissance arti/ ( ,g]many1 :]eas ,du]] always _h a little ( ! ,go?ic cl++ to him4 ,! two m5 7 widely diff]5t 9 _! po9ts ( view & 9 _! "w4 ,du]] 0 an ideali/ seek+ aft] a type1 a religi\s pa9t]1 a pa9t] ( panels ) ! _s ( an engrav]4 ,holbe9 0 emphatically a reali/ f9d+ mat]ial 9 ! actual life ab\t him1 a design] ( c>toons & l>ge wall pa9t+s 9 some?+ ( ! ,italian _s1 a man :o pa9t$ religi\s !mes b ) little spiritual significance4 ,x is probable t he got 8 fir/ in/ruction f 8 fa!r & f ,burkmair4 ,he 0 an infant prodigy1 develop$ e>ly1 saw mu* =eign art1 & %[$ a numb] ( t5d5cies 9 8 "w4 ,9 composition & draw+ he appe>$ at times to be foll[+ ,mantegna & ! nor!rn ,italians2 9 bru%-"w he resembl$ ! ,flem+s1 especially ,massys2 yet he 0 nev] an imitator ( ei!r ,italian or ,flemi% pa9t+4 ,decid$ly a self-suffici5t & an obs]v+ man1 he travell$ 9 ,italy & ! ,ne!rl&s1 & sp5t mu* ( 8 life 9 ,engl&1 :]e he met ) great success at c\rt z a portrait-pa9t]4 ,f see+ mu* he assimilat$ mu*1 yet always rema9$ ,g]man1 *ang+ 8 /yle b little z he grew old]4 ,8 wall pa9t+s h p]i%$1 b ! draw+s f !m are pres]v$ & %[ him z an arti/ ( mu* inv5tion4 ,he is n[ kn[n *iefly by 8 portraits1 ( :i* !re are _m ( great excell5ce4 ,8 facility 9 grasp+ physiognomy & realiz+ "*1 ! quiet dignity ( 8 composition1 8 firm modell+1 cle> outl9e1 h>moni\s color+1 excell5t detail1 & easy solid pa9t+1 all place him 9 ! front rank ( great pa9t]s4 ,t he 0 n always b\nd d[n to lit]al facts may be se5 9 8 _m designs = wood-engrav+s4 ,8 portrait ( ,hub]t ,morett1 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 %[s 8 art to advantage1 & !re are _m portraits by him ( great _s 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,l\vre1 & else:]e4 ,,saxon ,,s*ool3 ,lucas ,crana* 7#adgb-aeec7 0 a ,franconian ma/]1 :o settl$ 9 ,saxony & 0 successively c\rt-pa9t] to ?ree ,electors & ! lead] ( a small local s*ool !re4 ,he1 p]haps1 /udi$ "u ,gru5ewald1 b 0 s positive a "* t he %[$ no /rong s*ool influ5ce4 ,8 "w 0 fanta/ic1 odd 9 conception & execution1 sometimes ludicr\s1 & always ar*aic-look+4 ,8 type 0 r /ra9$ 9 proportions1 n always well drawn1 b graceful ev5 :5 n tru?ful4 ,?is type 0 c>ri$ into all 8 works1 & f9ally became a mann]ism ) him4 ,9 subject he 0 religi\s1 my?ological1 romantic1 pa/oral1 ) a pref]5ce = ! nude figure4 ,9 color+ he 0 at fir/ gold51 !n br[n1 & f9ally cold & sombre4 ,! lack ( a]ial p]spective & %ad[ masses gave 8 "w a que] look1 & he 0 nev] mu* ( a bru%man4 ,8 pictures 7 typical ( ! "t & c\ntry1 & = t & = _! /rong individuality !y are rank$ among ! mo/ int]e/+ pa9t+s ( ! ,g]man s*ool4 ,p]haps 8 mo/ satisfactory works are 8 portraits4 ,lucas ,crana* ! ,y\ng] 7#aeae-aehf7 0 ! be/ ( ! eld] ,crana*'s pupils4 ,_m ( 8 pictures are attribut$ to 8 fa!r4 ,he foll[$ ! eld] closely1 b 0 a weak] man1 ) a smoo!r bru% & a m rosy color4 ,?\gh !re 7 _m pupils ! s*ool did n g beyond ! ,crana* family4 ,x began ) ! fa!r & di$ ) ! son4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,,leibl4 ,,9 ,,*ur*4 ,,sev5te5? ,,& ,,eighte5? ,,c5turies3 ,^! 7 unreliev$ c5turies ( decl9e 9 ,g]man pa9t+4 ,aft] ,du]]1 ,holbe91 & ,crana* _h pass$ !re came ab\t a s5seless imitation ( ,italy1 comb9$ ) an equally s5seless imitation ( detail 9 nature t produc$ no?+ wor?y ( ! "n ( orig9al or g5u9e art4 ,x is n probable t ! ,re=mation _h any m to d ) ?is ?an ) ! decl9e 9 ,italy4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( b>r5ness 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,! ,italian imitators 9 ,g]many 7 *iefly ,rott5hamm] 7#aefd-afbc71 & ,elzheim] 7#aegd8-afbj74 ,aft] !m came ! repres5tative ( ! o!r extreme 9 ,d5n] 7#afhe-agdi71 :o ?\ght to be great 9 portraiture by ! m9ute imitation ( hair1 freckles1 & ?ree-days'-old be>d--a petty & unwor?y realism :i* excit$ "s curiosity b nev] held rank z art4 ,m5gs 7#agbh-aggi7 s\ght = ! sublime ?r\gh eclecticism1 b nev] rea*$ x4 ,8 "w1 ?\gh academic & correct1 is lack+ 9 _s & orig9ality4 ,angelica ,kauffman 7#agda-ahjg7 succe$$ 9 pleas+ h] in>ti/ic age ) ! simply pretty1 :ile ,c>/5s 7#aged-agih7 0 a consci5ti\s if mi/ak5 /ud5t ( ! great ,italians--a man ( "s sev]ity 9 =m & ( academic incl9ations4 ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury3 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is c5tury !re />t$ 9 ,g]many a s-call$ revival ( art l$ by ,ov]beck 7#aghi-ahfi71 ,cornelius 7#aghc-ahfg71 ,veit 7#agic-ahgg71 & ,s*ad[ 7#aghi-ahfb71 b l _m ano!r revival ( art x did n am\nt to mu*4 ,! attempt to revive ! pa/ is usually a failure4 ,! =ms are caught1 b ! _s is lo/4 ,! n9ete5?-c5tury attempt 9 ,g]many 0 br\ght ab\t by ! /udy ( monum5tal pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 & ! tak+ up ( ! religi\s _s 9 a pre-,raphaelite mann]4 ,some?+ also ( ,g]man romanticism 0 its inspiration4 ,ov]beck rema9$ 9 ,rome1 b ! o!rs1 aft] "s "t 9 ,italy1 return$ to ,g]many1 diffus$ _! tea*+1 & really =m$ a new epo* 9 ,g]man pa9t+4 ,a mod]n art began ) ambitions & subjects entirely disproportionate to its skill4 ,! monum5tal1 ! ideal1 ! classic1 ! exalt$1 7 spread ov] enorm\s spaces1 b !re 0 no reason = su* "w 9 ! contempor>y ,g]man life1 & no?+ to w>rant its appe>ance save t its bett] _h appe>$ 9 ,italy dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,cornelius aft] 8 return became ! head ( ! ,,muni* ,,s*ool & pa9t$ pictures ( ! h]oes ( ! classic & ! ,*ri/ian _w ^u a l>ge scale4 ,no?+ b _! size & good int5tion ev] br\ght !m into notice1 = _! =m & color+ 7 bo? commonplace4 ,s*norr 7#agid-ahgb7 foll[$ 9 ! same /yle ) ! ,niebelung5 ,li$1 ,*>lemagne1 & ,b>b>ossa = subjects4 ,kaulba* 7#ahje-ahgd7 0 a pupil ( ,cornelius1 & _h "s ability b little ta/e1 & n en\gh orig9ality to produce great art4 ,piloty 7#ahbf-ahhf7 0 m reali/ic1 m ( a pa9t] & ranks z "o ( ! be/ ( ! e>ly ,muni* ma/]s4 ,aft] him ,muni* art became g5re-l 9 subject1 ) great] att5tion giv5 to tru?ful repres5tation 9 light1 color1 texture4 ,to-day !re are a l>ge numb] ( pa9t]s 9 ! s*ool :o are rem>kable = reali/ic detail4 ,,dusseldorf ,,s*ool3 ,aft] #ahbf ?is s*ool came into prom95ce "u ! guidance ( ,s*ad[4 ,x did n fancy monum5tal pa9t+ s mu* z ! common easel picture1 ) ! s5tim5tal1 ! dramatic1 or ! romantic subject4 ,x 0 no bett] 9 ei!r =m or color ?an ! ,muni* s*ool1 9 fact n s good1 ?\gh !re 7 pa9t]s :o emanat$ f x :o _h ability4 ,at ,b]l9 ! incl9ation 0 to foll[ ! me?ods & ideas held at ,dusseldorf4 ,! :ole academic t5d5cy ( mod]n pa9t+ 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria = ! pa/ fifty ye>s has n be5 favorable to ! be/ k9d ( pictorial art4 ,!re is a disposition on ! "p ( arti/s to tell /ories1 to encroa* ^u ! s5tim5t ( lit]ature1 to pa9t ) a dry bru% 9 h>% unsympa!tic colors1 to ignore relations ( light-&-%ade1 & to slur beauties ( =m4 ,! subject seems to c\nt = m ?an ! tru? ( repres5tation1 or ! individuality ( view4 ,f "t to "t arti/s ( mu* ability h appe>$1 b ^! =m an exception r ?an a rule4 ,! m5 to-day :o are ! great arti/s ( ,g]many are less foll[]s ( ! ,g]man tradition ?an individuals ea* work+ 9 a /yle peculi> to himself4 ,a few only ( !m call = m5tion4 ,m5zel 7#ahae-aije7 is easily fir/1 a pa9t] ( gr\p pictures1 a good colori/1 & a p[]ful p5-&-ink draughtsman2 ,l5ba* 7#ahcf-aijd71 a =ceful portraiti/2 ,uhde 7#ahdh-71 a portray] ( scriptural sc5es 9 mod]n co/umes ) mu* s9c]ity1 good color1 & light2 ,leibl 7#ahdd-aijj71 an arti/ ) some?+ ( ! ,holbe9 t\* & realism2 ,?oma1 a ,frank=t pa9t] ( decorative friezes & panels2 ,lieb]mann1 ,got?>dt ,kuehl1 ,franz ,/uck1 ,max ,kl+]1 ,gre9]1 ,truebn]1 ,b>tels1 ,kell]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,,m5zel4 ,a ,,read]4 ,aside f ^! m5 !re are sev]al notable pa9t]s ) ,g]man aff9ities1 l ,mak>t 7#ahdj-ahhd71 an ,au/rian1 :o possess$ good te*nical qualities & indulg$ 9 a pr(usion ( color2 ,munkacsy 7#ahdf-aijj71 a ,hung>ian1 :o is p]haps m ,p>isian ?an ,g]man 9 te*nic1 & ,boeckl9 7#ahbg-aija71 a ,swiss1 :o is q by himself 9 fanta/ic & grotesque subjects1 a weird & uncanny imag9ation1 & a brilliant prismatic color+4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,,bohemian ,,s*ool--,!od]i* ( ,prague1 ,k>l/e9 *ap4 & ,univ]sity ,libr>y ,prague1 ,vi5na ,mus42 ,wurms]1 same places4 ,,franconian ,,s*ool--,wolgemut1 ,as*aff5burg1 ,muni*1 ,nuremb]g1 ,cassel ,mus42 ,du]]1 ,crucifixion ,dresd51 ,tr9ity ,vi5na ,mus41 o!r works ,muni*1 ,nuremb]g1 ,madrid ,mus42 ,s*aeufel91 ,basle1 ,bamb]g1 ,cassel1 ,muni*1 ,nuremb]g1 ,nordl+5 ,mus41 & ,ulm ,ca!dral2 ,baldung1 ,as*aff5burg1 ,basle1 ,b]l91 ,kun/halle ,c>lsruhe1 ,freiburg ,ca!dral2 ,kulmba*1 ,muni*1 ,nuremb]g1 ,old5burg2 ,altdorf] & ! ,little ,ma/]s are se5 9 ! ,augsburg1 ,nuremb]g1 ,b]l91 ,muni* & ,fu]/5b]g ,mus4 ,,swabian ,,s*ool--,s*o5gau]1 attribut$ pictures ,colm> ,mus42 ,zeitblom1 ,augsburg1 ,b]l91 ,c>lsruhe1 ,muni*1 ,nuremb]g1 ,sim>+5 ,mus42 ,s*affn]1 ,muni*1 ,s*lies%eim1 ,nuremb]g1 ,ulm ,ca!dral2 ,/rigel1 ,b]l91 ,c>lsruhe1 ,muni*1 ,nuremb]g2 ,burkmair1 ,augsburg1 ,b]l91 ,muni*1 ,maurice *ap4 ,nuremb]g2 ,holbe9 ! ,eld]1 ,augsburg1 ,nuremb]g1 ,basle1 ,/a$el ,mus41 ,frank=t2 ,holbe9 ! ,y\ng]1 ,basle1 ,c>lsruhe1 ,d>m/adt1 ,dresd51 ,b]l91 ,l\vre1 ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 ,vi5na ,mus4 ,,saxon ,,s*ool--,crana*1 ,bamb]g ,ca!dral & ,gall]y1 ,muni*1 ,vi5na1 ,dresd51 ,b]l91 ,/uttg>t1 ,cassel2 ,crana* ! ,y\ng]1 ,/adtkir*e ,witt5b]g1 ,leipsic1 ,vi5na1 ,nuremb]g ,mus4 ,,sev5te5? ,,& ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,pa9t]s3 ,rott5hamm]1 ,l\vre1 ,b]l91 ,muni*1 ,s*lies%eim1 ,vi5na1 ,kun/halle ,hamburg2 ,elzheim]1 ,/adel1 ,brunswick1 ,l\vre1 ,muni*1 ,b]l91 ,dresd52 ,d5n]1 ,kun/halle ,hamburg1 ,b]l91 ,brunswick1 ,dresd51 ,vi5na1 ,muni*2 ,m5gs1 ,madrid1 ,vi5na1 ,dresd51 ,muni*1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 ,angelica ,kauffman1 ,vi5na1 ,h]mitage1 ,tur91 ,dresd51 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,lon41 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,,n9ete5?-,,c5tury ,,pa9t]s3 ,ov]beck1 frescos 9 ,s4 ,m>ia degli ,angeli ,assisi1 ,villa ,massimo ,rome1 ,c>lsruhe1 ,new ,p9aco!k1 ,muni*1 ,/a$el ,mus41 ,dusseldorf2 ,cornelius1 frescos ,glypto!k & ,ludwigkir*e ,muni*1 ,casa ,zucc>o ,rome1 ,royal ,cemet]y ,b]l92 ,veit1 frescos ,villa ,b>?oldi ,rome1 ,/a$el1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,b]l92 ,s*ad[1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,b]l91 ,antw]p1 ,/a$el1 ,muni* ,mus41 frescos ,villa ,b>?oldi ,rome2 ,s*norr1 ,dresd51 ,cologne1 ,c>lsruhe1 ,new ,p9aco!k ,muni*1 ,/a$el ,mus42 ,kaulba*1 wall pa9t+s ,b]l9 ,mus41 ,raczynski ,gal4 ,b]l91 ,new ,p9aco!k ,muni*1 ,/uttg>t1 ,phila4 ,acad42 ,piloty1 be/ pictures 9 ! ,new ,p9aco!k & ,maximilianeum ,muni*1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,b]l92 ,m5zel1 ,nat4 ,gal41 ,raczynski ,mus4 ,b]l91 ,breslau ,mus42 ,l5ba*1 ,nat4 ,gal4 ,b]l91 ,new ,p9aco!k ,muni*1 ,kun/halle ,hamburg1 ,zu]i* ,gal42 ,uhde1 ,leipsic ,mus42 ,leibl1 ,dresd5 ,mus4 ,! contempor>y pa9t+s h n z yet f\nd _! way1 to any ext5t1 into public museums1 b may be se5 9 ! expositions at ,b]l9 & ,muni* f ye> to ye>4 ,mak>t has "o "w 9 ! ,metropolitan ,mus41 ,n4 ,y41 z has also ,munkacsy2 o!r works by !m & by ,boeckl9 may be se5 9 ! ,nat4 ,gal4 ,b]l94 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,briti% ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,arm/rong1 ,sir ,h5ry ,raeburn2 ,arm/rong1 ,ga9sbor\gh2 ,arm/rong1 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds2 ,burton1 ,catalogue ( ,pictures 9 ,national ,gall]y2 ,*esneau1 ,la ,pe9ture ,anglaise2 ,cook1 ,art 9 ,engl&2 ,cunn+ham1 ,lives ( ! mo/ ,em95t ,briti% ,arti/s2 ,dobson1 ,life ( ,hog>?2 ,gil*ri/1 ,life ( ,etty2 ,gil*ri/1 ,life ( ,blake2 ,ham]ton1 ,life ( ,turn]2 ,h5d]son1 ,con/able2 ,hunt1 ,! ,pre-,raphaelite ,bro!rhood 7,contempor>y ,review1 ,vol4 #di72 ,leslie1 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds2 ,leslie1 ,life ( ,con/able2 ,m>t9 & ,newb]y1 ,glasg[ ,s*ool ( ,pa9t+2 ,mc,kay1 ,scotti% ,s*ool ( ,pa9t+2 ,monkh\se1 ,briti% ,contempor>y ,arti/s2 ,r$grave1 ,diction>y ( ,arti/s ( ! ,engli% ,s*ool2 ,romney1 ,life ( ,george ,romney2 ,rossetti1 ,f9e ,art1 *iefly ,contempor>y2 ,rusk91 ,pre-,raphaelitism2 ,rusk91 ,art ( ,engl&2 ,s&by1 ,hi/ory ( ,royal ,academy ( ,arts2 ,william ,bell ,scott1 ,autobiography2 ,scott1 ,briti% ,l&scape ,pa9t]s2 ,/eph5s1 ,catalogue ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ,sw9burne1 ,william ,blake2 ,temple1 ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,que5's ,reign2 ,van ,dyke1 ,old ,engli% ,ma/]s2 ,w$more1 ,/udies 9 ,engli% ,art2 ,wilmot-,buxton1 ,engli% ,pa9t]s2 ,wright1 ,life ( ,ri*>d ,wilson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--;,,hog>?4 ,,%ortly ,,aft] ,,m>riage4 ,,nat4 ,,gal4 ,,london4 ,,briti% ,,pa9t+3 ,x may be premis$ 9 a g5]al way1 t ! ,briti% pa9t]s h nev] possess$ ! pictorial ca/ ( m9d 9 ! s5se t ! ,italians1 ! ,fr5*1 or ! ,dut* h possess$ x4 ,pa9t+1 z a purely pictorial arrangem5t ( l9e & color1 has be5 some:at =eign to _! conception4 ,:e!r ?is failure to appreciate pa9t+ z pa9t+ is ! result ( geographical position1 isolation1 race temp]am5t1 or m5tal disposition1 w\ld be h>d to det]m9e4 ,x is q c]ta9 t f "t immemorable ! ,engli% p h n be5 lack+ 9 ! appreciation ( beauty2 b beauty has appeal$ to !m1 n s mu* ?r\gh ! eye 9 pa9t+ & sculpture1 z ?r\gh ! e> 9 poetry & lit]ature4 ,!y h be5 ?9k]s1 reason]s1 morali/s1 r ?an obs]v]s & arti/s 9 color4 ,images h be5 br\ght to _! m9ds by words r ?an by =ms4 ,engli% poetry has exi/$ s9ce ! days ( ,ar?ur & ! ,r\nd ,table1 b ,engli% pa9t+ is ( comp>atively mod]n orig91 & x is n wond]ful t ! orig9al lean+ ( ! p t[>d lit]ature & its s5tim5t %\ld f9d its way into pictorial repres5tation4 ,z a result "o may say 9 a v g5]al way t ,engli% pa9t+ is m illu/rative ?an creative4 ,x endeavors to record ?+s t might be m p]t95tly & completely told 9 poetry1 romance1 or hi/ory4 ,! conception ( l>ge art--creative "w ( ! ,rub5s-,titian type--has n be5 giv5 to ! ,engli% pa9t]s1 save 9 exceptional cases4 ,_! success has be5 9 portraiture & l&scape1 & ?is l>gely by reason ( foll[+ ! model4 ,,e>ly ,,pa9t+3 ,! e>lie/ decorative art appe>$ 9 ,irel&4 ,x 0 probably fir/ plant$ !re by mission>ies f ,italy1 & x rea*$ its height 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,9 ! n9? & t5? c5turies missal illum9ation ( a ,byzant9e ca/1 ) local modifications1 began to %[4 ,?is la/$1 9 a feeble way1 until ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 "w ( a ,flemi% & ,fr5* nature took its place4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages !re 7 wall pa9t+s & *ur* decorations 9 ,engl&1 z else:]e 9 ,europe1 b ^! h n[ p]i%$1 except "s fragm5ts 9 ,kempley ,*ur*1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & ,*aldon ,*ur*1 ,surrey4 ,^! are suppos$ to date back to ! twelf? c5tury1 & !re are "s rema9s ( pa9t+ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey t are said to be ( ?irte5? & f\rte5?-c5tury orig94 ,f ! fifte5? to ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,engli% p dep5d$ l>gely ^u =eign pa9t]s :o came & liv$ 9 ,engl&4 ,mabuse1 ,moro1 ,holbe91 ,rub5s1 ,van ,dyck1 ,lely1 ,knell]--all 7 !re at diff]5t times1 9 ! s]vice ( royalty1 & influ5c+ su* local ,engli% pa9t]s z !n liv$4 ,! outcome ( missal illum9ation & ,holbe9's example produc$ 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies a local s*ool ( m9iature-pa9t]s ( mu* int]e/1 b pa9t+ prop] did n beg9 to rise 9 ,engl& until ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury--t c5tury s dead 9 art ov] all ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,,figure ,,& ,,portrait ,,pa9t]s3 ,aside f a few inconsequ5tial precursors ! fir/ ,engli% arti/ ( note 0 ,hog>? 7#afig-agfd74 ,he 0 an illu/rator1 a morali/1 & a satiri/ z well z a pa9t]4 ,to po9t a moral ^u canvas by depict+ ! vices ( 8 "t 0 8 av[$ aim1 b 9 do+ s he did n lose sight ( pictorial beauty4 ,*>m ( color1 ! pa9t]'s ta/e 9 arrangem5t1 light1 air1 sett+1 7 8 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,he 0 n successful 9 l>ge compositions1 b 9 small pictures l ^? ( ! ,rake's ,progress he 0 excell5t4 ,an e>ly man1 a rigid /ickl] = ! repres5tation1 a ke5 obs]v] ( physiognomy1 a satiri/ ) a s5se ( ! absurd1 he 0 (t5 w>p$ 9 8 art by ! necessities ( 8 subject & 0 sometimes h>d & dry 9 me?od1 b 9 8 be/ "w he 0 q a p]fect pa9t]4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,engli% s*ool1 & p]haps ! mo/ orig9al ( t s*ool4 ,?is is q z true ( 8 te*nic z ( 8 po9t ( view4 ,bo? 7 ( 8 own creation4 ,8 subjects h be5 talk$ ab\t a great deal 9 ! pa/2 b 8 pa9t+ is n to ?is day valu$ z x %\ld be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--,,reynolds4 ,,c\ntess ,,sp5c] ,,& ,,"l ,,al?orp4 ,! next man to be m5tion$1 "o ( ! mo/ consid]able ( all ! ,engli% s*ool1 is ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds 7#agbc-agib74 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,hudson1 b ow$ 8 art to _m s\rces4 ,besides ! influ5ce ( ,van ,dyck he 0 = "s ye>s 9 ,italy1 a dilig5t /ud5t ( ! great ,italians1 especially ! ,v5etians1 ,correggio1 & ! ,bolognese ,eclectics4 ,sir ,jo%ua 0 incl9$ to be eclectic himself1 & f ,italy he br\ght back a =mula ( art :i*1 modifi$ by 8 own individuality1 answ]$ him = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,he 0 n a man ( v l(ty imag9ation or great inv5tion4 ,a few figure-pieces1 aft] ! ,titian initiative1 came f 8 /udio1 b 8 reputation re/s ^u 8 _m portraits4 ,9 portraiture he 0 (t5 beyond criticism1 giv+ ! reali/ic repres5tation ) dignity1 an elevat$ _s1 & a suave bru%4 ,ev5 "h he 0 m impressive by 8 broad tru? ( facts ?an by 8 arti/ic feel+4 ,he 0 n a pa9t] :o c\ld d ?+s en?usia/ically or excite en?usiasm 9 ! spectator4 ,!re 0 too mu* ( rule & prec$5t1 too mu* reg>d = ! traditions1 = him to d any?+ /rik+ly orig9al4 ,8 bru%-"w & composition 7 m le>n$ ?an individual1 & 8 color1 ?\gh usually good1 0 (t5times conv5tional 9 contra/s4 ,tak+ him = all 9 all he 0 a v cultivat$ pa9t]1 a man to be respect$ & admir$1 b he _h n q ! orig9al _s t we meet ) 9 ,ga9sbor\gh4 ,reynolds 0 well-gr\nd$ 9 ,v5etian color1 ,bolognese composition1 ,p>mese light-&-%ade1 & paid !m ! homage ( assimilation2 b if ,ga9sbor\gh 7#agbg-aghh7 _h su* s*ool k he positively disreg>d$ x4 ,he dislik$ all conv5tionalities & =mulas4 ,) a natural ta/e = =m & color1 & ) a l>ge decorative s5se1 he w5t directly to nature1 & took f h] ! mat]ials :i* he fa%ion$ into art aft] 8 own peculi> mann]4 ,8 celebrat$ ,blue ,boy 0 8 prote/ aga9/ ! conv5tional rule ( ,reynolds t a composition %\ld be w>m 9 color & light4 ,all ?r\gh 8 "w we meet ) dep>tures f academic ways4 ,by d9t ( native =ce & grace he made rules unto himself4 ,"s ( !m 7 n entirely successful1 & 9 draw+ he might h pr(it$ by s*ool tra9+2 b he 0 ( a peculi> poetic temp]am5t1 ) a da% ( melan*oly ab\t him1 & pref]r$ to "w 9 8 own way4 ,9 portraiture 8 color 0 r cold2 9 l&scape mu* w>m]4 ,8 bru%-"w 0 z odd z himself1 b usually effective1 & 8 accessories 9 figure-pa9t+ 7 little m ?an decorative aft]-?\ghts4 ,bo? 9 portraiture & l&scape he 0 "o ( ! mo/ orig9al & mo/ ,engli% ( all ! ,engli% pa9t]s--a man n yet entirely appreciat$1 ?\gh f ! fir/ rank$ among ! =emo/ 9 ,engli% art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--;,,ga9sbor\gh4 ,,blue ,,boy4 ,romney 7#agcd-ahjb71 a pupil ( ,/eele1 0 (t5 q z ma/]ful a portrait-pa9t] z ei!r ,reynolds or ,ga9sbor\gh4 ,he 0 nev] an arti/ elaborate 9 composition1 & 8 be/ works are bu/-portraits ) a pla9 backgr\nd4 ,^! he did ) mu* da% & vivacity ( mann]4 ,8 wom51 p>ticul>ly1 are f9e 9 life-l pose & w9som5ess ( mood4 ,he 0 a v cunn+ obs]v]1 & knew h[ to arrange = grace ( l9e & *>m ( color4 ,aft] ,romney came ,bee*ey 7#agec-ahci71 ,raeburn 7#agef-ahbc71 ,opie 7#agfa-ahjg71 & ,john ,hoppn] 7#agei-ahaj74 ,!n foll[$ ,lawr5ce 7#agfi-ahcj71 a mixture ( vivaci\s /yle & r m]etrici\s me?od4 ,he 0 ! mo/ celebrat$ pa9t] ( 8 "t1 l>gely because he pa9t$ nobility to look m noble & grace to look m graci\s4 ,fond ( f9e types1 g>m5ts1 drap]ies1 colors1 he 0 always seek+ ! sp>kl+ r ?an ! true1 & =c+ artificial effects = ! sake ( />tl+ "o r ?an /at+ facts simply & frankly4 ,he 0 facile ) ! bru%1 clev] 9 l9e & color1 brilliant to ! la/ degree1 b lack+ 9 t simplicity ( view & me?od :i* m>ks ! great m9d4 ,8 composition 0 r f9e 9 its decorative effect1 &1 ?\gh 8 lights 7 (t5 faulty :5 comp>$ ) nature1 !y 7 no less tell+ f ! /&-po9t ( picture-mak+4 ,he is mu* admir$ by arti/s to-day1 &1 z a te*nician1 he c]ta9ly _h m ?an av]age ability4 ,he 0 h>dly an arti/ l ,reynolds or ,ga9sbor\gh1 b among ! m$iocre pa9t]s ( 8 day he %one l a />4 ,x is n wor? :ile to say mu* ab\t 8 contempor>ies4 ,etty 7#aghg-ahdi7 0 "o ( ! be/ ( ! figure m51 b 8 ,greek types & classic aspirations gr[ we>isome on acqua9tance2 & ,sir ,*>les ,ea/lake 7#agic-ahfe71 ?\gh a le>n$ man 9 art & do+ great s]vice to pa9t+ z a writ]1 nev] 0 a pa9t] ( importance4 ,william ,blake 7#ageg-ahbg7 0 h>dly a pa9t] at all1 ?\gh he drew & color$ ! /range figures ( 8 fancy & _c be pass$ ov] 9 any hi/ory ( ,engli% art4 ,he 0 p]haps ! mo/ imag9ative arti/ ( ,engli% bir?1 ?\gh t imag9ation 0 (t5 disord]$ & almo/ incoh]5t4 ,he 0 n a correct draughtsman1 a man ) no great color-s5se1 & a workman )\t te*nical tra9+2 & yet1 9 spite ( all ?is1 he drew "s figures t are almo/ sublime 9 _! sweep ( p[]4 ,8 decorative s5se 9 fill+ space ) l9es is well %[n 9 8 illu/rations to ! ,book ( ,job4 ,9 grace ( =m & feel+ ( motion he 0 excell5t4 ,weird & uncanny 9 ?\ght1 delv+ into ! unkn[n1 he op5$ a _w ( my/]y1 peopl$ ) a /range ,apocalyptic race1 ^: wri?+1 fl[+ bodies are ! epitome ( graceful gr&eur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--;,,con/able4 ,,corn ,,field4 ,,nat4 ,,gal4 ,,london4 ,,g5re-,,pa9t]s3 ,f ,blake to ,morl& 7#agfc-ahjd7 is a /ep across space f heav5 to e>?4 ,morl& 0 a reali/ ( ,engli% c\ntry life1 horses at tav]n-doors1 cattle1 pigs4 ,8 life 0 n ! mo/ correct1 b 8 art 9 tru?fulness ( repres5tation1 simplicity ( pa9t+1 ri*ness ( color & light1 0 (t5 ( a f9e quality4 ,z a skilful te*nician he /ood q alone 9 8 "t1 & seem$ to %[ m aff9ity ) ! ,dut* g5re-pa9t]s ?an 8 own c\ntrym54 ,8 works are mu* priz$ to-day1 & 7 s dur+ ! pa9t]'s life4 ,sir ,david ,wilkie 7#aghe-ahda7 0 also some:at l ! ,dut* 9 subject1 a g5re-pa9t]1 fond ( ! village fete & depict+ x ) c>eful detail1 a limpid bru%1 & good textural effects4 ,9 #ahbe he travell$ abroad1 0 gone "s ye>s1 0 impress$ by ,velasquez1 ,correggio1 & ,rembr&t1 & completely *ang$ 8 /yle4 ,he !n became a portrait & hi/orical pa9t]4 ,he nev] outliv$ ! n]v\s con/ra9t t %[s 9 all 8 pictures1 & 8 bru%1 ?\gh facile )9 limits1 0 nev] free or bold z comp>$ ) a ,dut*man l ,/e54 ,9 te*nical me?ods ,l&se] 7#ahjb-ahgc71 ! pa9t] ( animals1 0 some:at l him4 ,t is to say1 !y bo? _h a me?od ( pa9t+ surfaces & r5d]+ textures t 0 m sm>t ?an p[]ful4 ,!re is little solidity or dep? to ! bru%-"w ( ei!r1 ?\gh bo? are impressive to ! spectator at fir/ sight4 ,l&se] knew ! habits & ! anatomy ( animals v well1 b he nev] _h an appreciation ( ! brute 9 ! animal1 su* z we see 9 ! pictures ( ,velasquez or ! bronzes ( ,b>ye4 ,! ,l&se] animal has too mu* s5tim5t ab\t x4 ,! dogs1 = in/ance1 are g5]ally giv5 ^? emotions p]t95t to humanity1 & :i* are only exceptionally true ( ! can9e race4 ,?is v feature--! t5d5cy to humanize ! brute & make x tell a /ory--acc\nts 9 l>ge measure = ! popul>ity ( ,l&se]'s art4 ,! "w is p]haps correct en\gh1 b ! aim ( x is some:at afield f pure pa9t+4 ,x illu/rates ! lit]>y r ?an ! pictorial4 ,foll[+ ,wilkie ! mo/ di/+ui%$ pa9t] 0 ,mulready 7#aghf-ahfc71 ^: pictures ( village boys are well kn[n ?r\gh engrav+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--,,turn]4 ,,fight+ ,,tem]aire4 ,,nat4 ,,gal4 ,,london4 ,,! ,,l&scape ,,pa9t]s3 ,9 l&scape ! ,engli% h _h some?+ to say peculi>ly _! own4 ,x has n always be5 well said1 ! color+ is (t5 hot1 ! bru%-"w brittle1 ! att5tion to detail inconsi/5t ) ! l>ge view ( nature1 yet su* z x is x %[s ! ,engli% po9t ( view & is valuable on t acc\nt4 ,ri*>d ,wilson 7#agac-aghb7 0 ! fir/ l&scapi/ ( importance1 ?\gh he 0 n s ,engli% 9 view z "s o!rs to foll[4 ,9 fact1 ,wilson 0 nurtur$ on ,claude ,lorra9 & ,joseph ,v]net & in/ead ( pa9t+ ! reali/ic ,engli% l&scape he pa9t$ ! pseudo-,italian l&scape4 ,he began work+ 9 portraiture "u ! tutor%ip ( ,wright1 & a*iev$ "s success 9 ?is dep>tm5t2 b 9 #agdi he w5t to ,italy & devot$ himself :olly to l&scapes4 ,^! 7 ( ! classic type & some:at conv5tional4 ,! composition 0 usually a d>k =egr\nd ) trees or build+s to "r & left1 an op5+ 9 ! middle di/ance lead+ into ! backgr\nd1 & a broad expanse ( sunset sky4 ,9 ! =egr\nd he usually introduc$ a few figures = romantic or classic association4 ,consid]able elevation ( !me & _s m>ks mo/ ( 8 pictures4 ,!re 0 good workman%ip ab\t ! skies & ! light1 & an att5tive /udy ( nature 0 %[n ?r\gh\t4 ,8 canvases did n meet ) mu* success at ! "t !y 7 pa9t$4 ,9 m mod]n days ,wilson has be5 rank$ z ! true f\nd] ( l&scape 9 ,engl&1 & "o ( ! mo/ s9c]e ( ,engli% pa9t]s4 ,,! ,,norwi* ,,s*ool3 ,old ,crome 7#agfi-ahba71 ?\gh influ5c$ to "s ext5t by ,wilson & ! ,dut* pa9t]s1 0 an orig9al tal5t1 pa9t+ ,engli% sc5]y ) mu* simplicity & consid]able p[]4 ,he 0 sometimes rasp+ ) 8 bru%1 & _h a small me?od ( record+ details comb9$ ) mann]isms ( draw+ & composition1 & yet gave an out-(-doors feel+ 9 light & air t 0 a/oni%+4 ,8 l>ge trees h tru? ( mass & accuracy ( draw+1 & 8 =egr\nds are pa9t$ ) solidity4 ,he 0 a ke5 /ud5t ( nature1 & drew ab\t him a numb] ( l&scape pa9t]s at ,norwi*1 :o =m$ ! ,norwi* ,s*ool4 ,crome 0 its lead]1 & ! s*ool made its influ5ce felt ^u ,engli% l&scape pa9t+4 ,cotman 7#aghb-ahdb7 0 ! be/ pa9t] ( ! gr\p aft] ,crome1 a man :o depict$ l&scape & h>bor sc5es 9 a /yle t recalls ,girt9 & ,turn]4 ,! mo/ complete1 full-r\nd$ l&scapi/ 9 ,engl& 0 ,john ,con/able 7#aggf-ahcg74 ,8 =eign bias1 su* z x 01 came f a /udy ( ! ,dut* ma/]s4 ,!re 7 two s\rces f :i* ! ,engli% l&scapi/s drew4 ,^? :o 7 incl9$ to ! ideal1 m5 l ,wilson1 ,calcott 7#aggi-ahdd71 & ,turn]1 drew f ! ,italian ( ,p\ss9 & ,claude2 ^? :o 7 cont5t to d nature 9 h] real dress1 m5 l ,ga9sbor\gh & ,con/able1 drew f ! ,dut* ( ,hobbema & 8 contempor>ies4 ,a c]ta9 sombr5ess ( color & mann] ( composition %[ 9 ,con/able t may be attribut$ to ,holl&2 b ^! 7 slight features z comp>$ ) ! orig9ality ( ! man4 ,he 0 a close /ud5t ( nature :o pa9t$ :at he saw 9 ,engli% c\ntry life1 especially ab\t ,hamp/ead1 & pa9t$ x ) a k & an arti/ic s5sitiv5ess nev] surpass$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! rural feel+ 0 /rong ) him1 & 8 evid5t pleasure 9 simple sc5es is readily communicat$ to ! spectator4 ,!re is no attempt at ! gr& or ! h]oic4 ,he nev] c>$ mu* = m\nta9s or wat]1 b 0 fond ( cultivat$ upl&s1 trees1 b[l+ cl\ds1 & torn skies4 ,bur/s ( sunlight1 /orms1 atmosph]es1 all pleas$ him4 ,) detail he 0 little conc]n$4 ,he saw l&scape 9 l>ge pat*es ( =m & color1 & s pa9t$ x4 ,8 h&l+ 0 broad & solid1 & at times a little heavy4 ,8 light 0 (t5 =c$ by %>p contra/ ) %ad[s1 & (t5 8 pictures appe> spotty f isolat$ glitt]s ( light /rewn "h & !re4 ,9 color he help$ elim9ate ! br[n l&scape & sub/itut$ 9 its place ! gre5 & blue ( nature4 ,9 atmosph]e he 0 excell5t4 ,8 influ5ce ^u ,engli% art 0 impressive1 & 9 #ahbd ! exhibition at ,p>is ( 8 ,hay ,wa91 toge!r ) "s "w by ,bon+ton & ,field+ _h a decid$ effect ^u ! !n ris+ l&scape s*ool ( ,france4 ,! ,fr5* realiz$ t nature lay at ! bottom ( ,con/able's art1 & !y pr(it$1 n by imitat+ ,con/able1 b by /udy+ 8 nature model4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--;,,burne ,,jones4 ,,flamma ,,ve/alis4 ,bon+ton 7#ahja-ahbh7 di$ "y1 & ?\gh ( ,engli% p>5ts 8 tra9+ 0 ess5tially ,fr5*1 & he really belong$ to ! ,fr5* s*ool1 an associate ( ,delacroix4 ,8 /udy ( ! ,v5etians turn$ 8 tal5t t[>d w>m color+1 9 :i* he excell$4 ,9 l&scape 8 broad h&l+ 0 some:at relat$ to t ( ,con/able1 & f ! fact ( _! works appe>+ toge!r 9 ! ,salon ( #ahbd !y are (t5 spok5 ( z influ5c]s ( ! mod]n ,fr5* l&scape pa9t]s4 ,turn] 7#agge-ahea7 is ! be/ kn[n "n 9 ,engli% art4 ,8 celebrity is some:at disproportionate to 8 real m]its1 ?\gh x is impossible to d5y 8 great ability4 ,he 0 a man le>n$ 9 all ! =ms ( nature & s*ool$ 9 all ! =mulas ( art2 yet he 0 n a pr(\nd lov] ( nature nor a fai?ful record] ( :at ?+s he saw 9 nature1 except 9 8 e>ly days4 ,9 ! bulk ( 8 "w he %[s ! traditions ( ,claude1 ) additions ( 8 own4 ,8 ta/e 0 classic 7he possess$ all ! k & ! belong+s ( ! hi/orical l&scape71 & he delight$ 9 great /ret*es ( c\ntry brok5 by sea-%ores1 riv]s1 high m\nta9s1 f9e build+s1 & illum9$ by blaz+ sunlight & gorge\s skies4 ,8 composition 0 at times grotesque 9 imag9ation2 8 light 0 usually bewild]+ 9 int5sity & (t5 unreliev$ by %ad[s ( suffici5t dep?2 8 tone 0 sometimes faulty2 & 9 color he 0 n always h>moni\s1 b incl9$ to be caprici\s1 unev51 %[+ fondness = arbitr>y s*emes ( color4 ,! object ( 8 "w seems to h be5 to dazzle1 to impress ) a wild]ness ( l9es & hues1 to ov]awe by impos+ scale & gr&eur4 ,8 pa9t+s are impressive1 decoratively spl5did1 b !y (t5 smack ( ! /age1 & are m frequ5tly gr&iloqu5t ?an gr&4 ,8 e>ly works1 especially 9 wat]-colors1 :]e he %[s himself a foll[] ( ,girt91 are mu* bett] ?an 8 lat] canvases 9 oil1 _m ( :i* h *ang$ color4 ,! wat]-colors are c>efully done1 subdu$ 9 color1 & true 9 light4 ,f #ahjb1 or !reab\ts1 to #ahcj 0 8 second p]iod1 9 :i* ,italian composition & mu* color 7 us$4 ,! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life he incl9$ to ! biz>re1 & turn$ 8 canvases into almo/ incoh]5t color masses4 ,he _h an arti/ic feel+ = composition1 l9e> p]spective1 & ! sweep ( horizon l9es2 skies & hills he knew & drew ) p[]2 color he compreh5d$ only z decoration2 & light he di/ort$ = effect4 ,yet ) all 8 %ortcom+s ,turn] 0 an arti/ to be respect$ & admir$4 ,he knew 8 craft1 9 fact1 knew x s well t he reli$ too mu* on artificial effects1 drew away f ! model ( nature1 & f9ally pass$ into ! extravagant4 ,,! ,,wat]-,,colori/s3 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury a s*ool ( wat]-colori/s1 f\nd$ orig9ally by ,coz5s 7#ageb-agii7 & ,girt9 7#agge-ahjb71 came into prom95ce & develop$ ,engli% art 9 a new direction4 ,x began to %[ ) a new =ce ! transp>5cy ( skies1 ! lum9osity ( %ad[s1 ! delicacy & grace ( cl\ds1 ! brilliancy ( light & color4 ,coz5s & ,blake 7 primitives 9 ! use ( ! m$ium1 b ,/o?>d 7#agee-ahcd7 employ$ x ) mu* s5tim5t1 *>m1 & ple9-air effect4 ,turn] 0 q a ma/] ( x1 & 8 mo/ p]man5t "w 0 done ) x4 ,lat] on1 :5 he r ab&on$ =m to foll[ color1 he also ab&on$ wat]-color = oils4 ,field+ 7#aghg-ahdi7 us$ wat]-color effectively 9 giv+ l>ge feel+ = space & air1 & also = fogs & mi/s2 ,pr\t 7#aghc-aheb7 employ$ x 9 ar*itectural draw+s ( ! pr9cipal ca!drals ( ,europe2 & ,cox 7#aghc-ahei71 ,dew9t 7#aghd-ahdi71 ,hunt 7#agij-ahfd71 ,catt]mole 7#ahjj-ahfh71 ,lewis 7#ahje-ahgf71 m5 ^: names only c be m5tion$1 all won recognition ) ?is m$ium4 ,wat]-color draw+ is to-day said to be a dep>tm5t ( art t expresses ! ,engli% pictorial feel+ bett] ?an any o!r1 ?\gh ?is is n an undisput$ /atem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,,leighton4 ,,hel5 ,,( ,,troy4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important movem5t 9 ,engli% pa9t+ ( rec5t times 0 t :i* took ! "n ( ,,pre-,,raphaelitism3 ,x 0 />t$ ab\t #ahdg1 prim>ily by ,rossetti 7#ahbh-ahhb71 ,holman ,hunt 7#ahbg-71 & ,sir ,john ,millais 7#ahbi-ahif71 associat$ ) sev]al sculptors & poets1 sev5 9 all4 ,x 0 an emulation ( ! s9c]ity1 ! lov+ c>e1 & ! scrupul\s exactness 9 tru? t *>act]iz$ ! ,italian pa9t]s be=e ,raphael4 ,its advocates1 includ+ ,mr4 ,rusk9 ! critic1 ma9ta9$ t aft] ,raphael came t fatal facility 9 art :i* seek+ grace ( composition lo/ tru? ( fact1 & t ! prop] c\rse = mod]n pa9t]s 0 to return to ! s9c]ity & v]acity ( ! e>ly ma/]s4 ,h5ce ! "n pre-,raphaelitism1 & ! signatures on _! e>ly pictures1 ,p4 ,r4 ,b41 pre-,raphaelite ,bro!r4 ,to ?is attempt to ga9 ! true reg>dless ( ! s5su\s1 0 add$ a morbidity ( ?\ght m+l$ ) my/icism1 a moral & religi\s pose1 & a /udi$ simplicity4 ,"s ( ! pa9t]s ( ! ,bro!rhood w5t ev5 s f> z foll[+ ! habits ( ! e>ly ,italians1 seek+ retirem5t f ! _w & c>ry+ ) !m a ,go?ic e>ne/ness ( air4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! s9c]ity t ent]$ into ?is movem5t4 ,x 0 an hone/ ef=t to ga9 ! true1 ! good1 & z a result1 ! beautiful2 b x 0 no less a /riv5-aft] hone/y & an imitat$ e>ne/ness4 ,! ,bro!rhood did n la/ = long1 ! memb]s drift$ f ea* o!r & began to pa9t ea* aft] 8 own /yle1 & pre-,raphaelitism pass$ away z x _h aris51 ?\gh n )\t leav+ a p[]ful /amp on ,engli% art1 especially 9 decoration4 ,rossetti1 an ,italian by bir? ?\gh ,engli% by adoption1 0 ! type ( ! ,bro!rhood4 ,he 0 m ( a poet ?an a pa9t]1 took mo/ ( 8 subjects f ,dante1 & pa9t$ z he wrote1 9 a my/ical romantic _s4 ,he 0 always ( a retir+ disposition & nev] exhibit$ publicly aft] he 0 tw5ty-eight ye>s ( age4 ,z a draughtsman he 0 awkw>d 9 l9e & n always true 9 modell+4 ,9 color he 0 sup]ior to 8 associates & _h consid]able decorative feel+4 ,! %ortcom+ ( 8 art1 z ) t ( ! o!rs ( ! ,bro!rhood1 0 t 9 seek+ tru? ( detail he lo/ tru? ( ensemble4 ,?is is p]haps bett] exemplifi$ 9 ! works ( ,holman ,hunt4 ,he has sp5t inf9ite pa9s 9 gett+ ! tru? ( detail 9 8 pictures1 has travell$ 9 ! ,ea/ & pa9t$ types1 co/umes1 & sc5]y 9 ,pale/9e to ga9 ! hi/oric tru?s ( 8 ,scriptural sc5es2 b all t he has produc$ has be5 little m ?an a survey1 a report1 a record ( ! facts4 ,he has n made a picture4 ,! insi/5ce ^u e detail has isolat$ all ! facts & left !m isolat$ 9 ! picture4 ,9 seek+ ! m9ute tru?s he has ov]look$ ! great tru?s ( light1 air1 & sett+4 ,8 color has always be5 crude1 8 values or relations n well pres]v$1 & 8 bru%-"w h>d & tortur$4 ,millais %[$ "s ( ?is disjo9t$ effect 9 8 e>ly "w :5 he 0 a memb] ( ! ,bro!rhood4 ,he did n hold to 8 e>ly convictions h[ev]1 & soon ab&on$ ! pre-,raphaelite me?ods = a m conv5tional /yle4 ,he has pa9t$ "s rem>kable portraits & "s excell5t figure pieces1 & to-day holds high rank 9 ,engli% art2 b he is an unev5 pa9t]1 (t5 do+ weak1 h>%ly-color$ "w4 ,moreov]1 ! ,engli% t5d5cy to tell /ories ) ! pa9t-bru% f9ds 9 ,millais a fai?ful uphold]4 ,at 8 be/ he is a /rong pa9t]4 ,madox ,br[n 7#ahba-ahic7 nev] jo9$ ! ,bro!rhood1 ?\gh 8 lean+ 0 t[>d its pr9ciples4 ,he _h consid]able dramatic p[]1 ) :i* he illu/rat$ hi/oric sc5es1 & among contempor>y arti/s /ood well4 ,! mo/ decid$ influ5ce ( pre-,raphaelitism %[s 9 ,burne-,jones 7#ahcc-71 a pupil ( ,rossetti1 & p]haps ! mo/ orig9al pa9t] n[ liv+#ah ( ! ,engli% s*ool4 ,f ,rossetti he got my/icism1 s5tim5t1 poetry1 & f association ) ,sw9burne & ,william ,morris1 ! poets1 some?+ ( ! lit]>y 9 art1 :i* he has put =? ) arti/ic effect4 ,he has n foll[$ ! ,bro!rhood 9 its pursuit ( absolute tru? ( fact1 b has us$ facts = decorative effect 9 l9e & color4 ,8 ability to fill a giv5 space gracefully1 %[s ) f9e results 9 8 pictures1 z 9 8 /a9$-glass designs4 ,he is a good draughtsman & a r ri* colori/1 b 9 bru%-"w some:at labor$1 /ippl$1 & unique 9 dryness4 ,he is a man ( mu* imag9ation1 & 8 conceptions1 ?\gh illu/rative ( lit]ature1 d n suff] !reby1 because 8 treatm5t does n sacrifice ! arti/ic4 ,he has be5 ! butt ( consid]able %all[ laught] f "t to "t1 l _m ano!r man ( p[]4 ,alb]t ,moore 7#ahdj-ahic71 a graceful pa9t] ( a decorative ideal type1 r foll[s ! ,rossetti-,burne-,jones example1 & is an illu/ration ( ! influ5ce ( pre-,raphaelitism4 ,footnote #ah3 ,di$ #ahih4 ,,o!r ,,figure ,,& ,,portrait ,,pa9t]s3 ,among ! contempor>y pa9t]s ,sir ,fr$]ick ,leighton 7#ahcj-ahif71 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy1 is rank$ z a f9e academic draughtsman1 b n a man ) ! color-s5se or ! bru%man's quality 9 8 "w4 ,watts 7#ahah-aijd7 is p]haps an inf]ior te*nician1 & 9 color is (t5 sombre & dirty2 b he is a man ( mu* imag9ation1 occasionally rises to gr&eur 9 conception1 & has pa9t$ "s sup]b portraits1 notably ! "o ( ,walt] ,crane4 ,or*>dson 7#ahce-7 is m ( a pa9t]1 pure & simple1 ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies1 & is a kn[+ if some:at mann]$ colori/4 ,ersk9e ,nicol 7#ahbe-71 ,fa$#ai 7#ahbf-71 ,cald]on 7#ahcc-71 ,b\ghton 7#ahcd-aije71 ,fr$]ick ,walk] 7#ahdj-ahge71 ,/anhope ,=bes1 ,/ott ( ,oldham & 9 portraiture ,holl 7#ahde-ahij7 & ,h]kom] may be m5tion$4 ,footnote #ai3 ,di$ #aijj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--,,watts4 ,,love ,,& ,,dea?4 ,,l&scape ,,& ,,m>9e ,,pa9t]s3 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( l&scape !re are _m pa9t]s 9 ,engl& ( contempor>y importance4 ,vicat ,cole 7#ahcc-ahic7 _h consid]able exagg]at$ reputation z a depict] ( sunsets & twilights2 ,cecil ,lawson 7#ahea-ahhb7 gave promise ( great accompli%m5t1 & liv$ long en\gh to d "s excell5t "w 9 ! /yle ( ! ,fr5* ,r\sseau1 m+l$ ) an influ5ce f ,ga9sbor\gh2 ,alfr$ ,p>sons is a little h>d & precise 9 8 "w1 b "o ( ! be/ ( ! liv+ m52 & ,w4 ,l4 ,wyllie is a pa9t] ( m ?an av]age m]it4 ,9 m>9es ,hook 7#ahai-7 belongs to ! old] s*ool1 & is n entirely satisfactory4 ,! mo/ mod]n & ! be/ sea-pa9t] 9 ,engl& is ,h5ry ,moore 7#ahca-ahie71 a man :o pa9ts well & gives ! l>ge feel+ ( ! ocean ) f9e color qualities4 ,"s o!r m5 ( m>k are ,claus51 ,brangwyn1 ,ouless1 ,/e]1 ,bell1 ,swan1 ,mc,taggart1 ,sir ,george ,reid4 ,,mod]n ,,scot* ,,s*ool3 ,!re is at ! pres5t "t a s*ool ( art 9 ,scotl& t seems to h little or no aff9ity ) ! contempor>y s*ool ( ,engl&4 ,its pa9t]s are m ak9 to ! ,dut* & ! ,fr5*1 & 9 _! color+ resemble1 9 dep? & quality1 ! "w ( ,delacroix4 ,mu* ( _! art is f> en\gh remov$ f ! actual appe>ance ( nature1 b x is /rong 9 ! s5tim5t ( color & 9 decorative effect4 ,! s*ool is repres5t$ by su* m5 z ,james ,gu?rie1 ,e4 ,a4 ,walton1 ,james ,hamilton1 ,george ,h5ry1 ,e4 ,a4 ,hornel1 ,lav]y1 ,melville1 ,cra:all1 ,ro*e1 ,lawson1 ,mc,bride1 ,morton1 ,reid ,murray1 ,sp5ce1 ,pat]son4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,engli% art _c be se5 to advantage1 outside ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,n4 ,y41 & 9 private collections l t ( ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,full] 9 ,new ,york1#bj !re are "s good examples ( ! old] m5--,reynolds1 ,con/able1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 & _! contempor>ies4 ,9 ! ,l\vre !re are "s indiff]5t ,con/ables & "s good ,bon+tons4 ,9 ,engl& ! be/ collection is 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,next to ?is ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum = ,con/able sket*es4 ,else:]e ! ,glasg[1 ,ed9burgh1 ,liv]pool1 ,w9dsor gall]ies1 & ! private collections ( ! late ,sir ,ri*>d ,wallace1 ! ,duke ( ,we/m9/]1 & o!rs4 ,turn] is well repres5t$ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ?\gh 8 oils h suff]$ ?r\gh "t & ! use ( fugitive pigm5ts4 ,= ! liv+ m51 _! "w may be se5 9 ! ye>ly exhibitions at ! ,royal ,academy & else:]e4 ,!re are comp>atively few ,engli% pictures 9 ,am]ica4 ,footnote #bj3 ,disp]s$1 #ahih4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,am]ican ,,pa9t+4 ,,books ,,recomm5d$3 ,am]ican ,art ,review2 ,amory1 ,life ( ,copley2 ,! ,art ,review2 ,b5jam91 ,contempor>y ,art 9 ,am]ica2 ,c5tury ,magaz9e2 ,caff91 ,am]ican ,pa9t]s2 ,clem5t & ,hutton1 ,arti/s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury2 ,cumm+s1 ,hi/oric ,annals ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,design2 ,d[nes1 ,bo/on ,pa9t]s 79 ,atlantic ,mon?ly ,vol4 #fb72 ,dunlap1 ,arts ( ,design 9 ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,flagg1 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,wa%+ton ,all/on2 ,galt1 ,life ( ,we/2 ,i%am1 ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,pa9t+2 ,kn[lton1 ,w4 ,m4 ,hunt2 ,le/]1 ,! ,arti/s ( ,am]ica2 ,mason1 ,life & ,works ( ,gilb]t ,/u>t2 ,p]k9s1 ,copley2 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e2 ,%eldon1 ,am]ican ,pa9t]s2 ,tuck]man1 ,book ( ! ,arti/s2 ,van ,dyke1 ,art = ,art's ,sake2 ,van ,r5ssela]1 ,six ,portraits2 ,w>e1 ,lectures on ,all/on2 ,:ite1 ,a ,sket* ( ,*e/] ,a4 ,h>d+4 ,,am]ican ,,art3 ,x is h>dly possible to pr$icate mu* ab\t ! environm5t z x affects art 9 ,am]ica4 ,! result ( ! climate1 ! temp]am5t1 & ! mixture ( nations 9 ! production or non-production ( pa9t+ 9 ,am]ica _c be accurately comput$ at ?is e>ly /age ( hi/ory4 ,"o ?+ only is c]ta91 & t is1 t ! build+ ( a new commonweal? out ( primeval nature does n call = ! production ( art 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( developm5t4 ,! fir/ c5turies 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ica 7 devot$ to secur+ ! necessities ( life1 ! en]gies ( ! "t 7 ( a practical nature1 & art z an indig5\s product 0 h>dly kn[n4 ,aft] ! ,revolution1 & inde$ be=e x1 a hybrid portraiture1 l>gely borr[$ f ,engl&1 began to appe>1 & aft] #ahbe !re 0 an attempt at l&scape pa9t+2 b pa9t+ z an art wor?y ( v s]i\s consid]ation1 came 9 only ) ! sudd5 gr[? 9 weal? & ta/e foll[+ ! ,w> ( ! ,rebellion & ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition ( #ahgf4 ,! be/ ( ,am]ican art dates f ab\t #ahgh1 ?\gh dur+ ! e>li] ye>s !re 7 pa9t]s ( note :o _c be pass$ ov] unm5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--,,we/4 ,,pet] ,,d5y+ ,,*ri/4 ,,hampton ,,ct4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,pa9t]s3 ,! limn]1 or ! man :o c\ld draw & color a portrait1 seems to h exi/$ v e>ly 9 ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,smib]t 7#afhd-agea71 a ,scot* pa9t]1 :o settl$ 9 ,bo/on1 & ,watson 7#afhe8-agfh71 ano!r ,scot*man1 :o settl$ 9 ,new ,j]sey1 7 ( ?is class--m5 capable ( giv+ a lik5ess1 b little m4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by ,engli% pa9t]s ( ev5 less consequ5ce4 ,!n came ,copley 7#agcg-ahae7 & ,we/ 7#agch-ahbj71 ) :om pa9t+ 9 ,am]ica really began4 ,!y 7 good m5 = _! "t1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! times = art 7 n at all favorable4 ,we/ 0 a man ab\t :om all ! infant prodigy tales h be5 told1 b he nev] grew to be a great arti/4 ,he 0 ambiti\s beyond 8 p[]1 indulg$ 9 !atrical composition1 0 hot 9 color1 & nev] 0 at ease 9 h&l+ ! bru%4 ,mo/ ( 8 life 0 pass$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e he _h a vogue1 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy1 & became practically a ,briti% pa9t]4 ,copley 0 m ( an ,am]ican ?an ,we/1 & m ( a pa9t]4 ,"s ( 8 portraits are exceptionally f9e1 & 8 figure pieces1 l ,*>les ,i4 dem&+ ! ,five ,memb]s ( ,h\se ( ,commons are excell5t 9 color & composition4 ,c4 ,w4 ,peale 7#agda-ahbg71 a pupil ( bo? ,copley & ,we/1 0 p]haps m =tunate 9 hav+ celebrat$ *>act]s l ,wa%+ton = sitt]s ?an 9 8 art4 ,trumbull 7#agef-ahdc7 pres]v$ on canvas ! ,revolution>y hi/ory ( ,am]ica &1 all told1 did x v well4 ,"s ( 8 compositions1 portraits1 & m9iature heads 9 ! ,yale ,art ,s*ool at ,new ,hav5 are drawn & pa9t$ 9 a ma/]ful mann] & are z valuable = _! art z = ! incid5ts :i* !y portray4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--;,,gilb]t ,,/u>t4 ,,wa%+ton 7,,unf9i%$74 ,,bo/on ,,mus4 ,gilb]t ,/u>t 7#agee-ahbh7 0 ! be/ portrait-pa9t] ( all ! e>ly m51 & 8 "w holds v high rank ev5 9 ! s*ools ( to-day4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ 9 ,am]ican art-hi/ory to %[ skilful accuracy ( ! bru%1 a good k ( color1 & "s arti/ic s5se ( dignity & c>riage 9 ! sitt]4 ,he 0 n always a good draughtsman1 & he _h a mann] ( lay+ on pure colors )\t bl5d+ !m t sometimes produc$ %>pness 9 modell+2 b z a g5]al rule he pa9t$ a portrait ) =ce & ) tru?4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,alex&]1 a ,scot*man1 & aft]w>d an assi/ant to ,we/4 ,he settl$ 9 ,bo/on1 & dur+ 8 life pa9t$ mo/ ( ! great m5 ( 8 "t1 includ+ ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,w4 ,m4 ,,hunt4 ,,lute ,,play]4 ,v&]lyn 7#aggf-aheb7 met ) adv]sity all 8 life long1 & p]haps nev] express$ himself fully4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,/u>t1 /udi$ 9 ,p>is & ,italy1 & 8 associations ) ,a>on ,burr made him q z fam\s z 8 pictures4 ,wa%+ton ,all/on 7#aggi-ahdc7 0 a pa9t] :om ! ,bo/onians h rank$ high 9 _! art-hi/ory1 b he h>dly des]v$ su* position4 ,intellectually he 0 a man ( l(ty & poetic aspirations1 b z an arti/ he nev] _h ! pa9t]'s s5se or ! pa9t]'s skill4 ,he 0 an aspiration r ?an a consummation4 ,he *]i%$ notions ab\t ideals1 dealt 9 imag9ative allegories1 & fail$ to obs]ve ! pictorial "* ( ! _w ab\t him4 ,z a result ( ?is1 & poor arti/ic tra9+1 8 art _h too little basis on nature1 ?\gh x 0 v (t5 satisfactory z decoration4 ,rembr&t ,peale 7#aghg-ahfj71 l 8 fa!r1 0 a pa9t] ( ,wa%+ton portraits ( m$iocre quality4 ,j>vis 7#aghj-ahcd7 & ,sully 7#aghc-ahgb7 7 bo? ,briti% born1 b _! "w belongs "h 9 ,am]ica1 :]e mo/ ( _! days 7 sp5t4 ,sully c\ld pa9t a v good portrait occasionally1 ?\gh he always incl9$ t[>d ! weak & ! s5tim5tal1 especially 9 8 portraits ( wom54 ,leslie 7#agid-ahei7 & ,newton 7#agie-ahce7 7 ,am]icans1 b1 l ,we/ & ,copley1 !y belong 9 _! art m to ,engl& ?an to ,am]ica4 ,9 all ! e>ly ,am]ican pa9t+ ! ,briti% influ5ce may be trac$1 ) sometimes an incl9ation to foll[ ,italy 9 l>ge compositions4 ,,! ,,middle ,,p]iod 9 ,am]ican art dates f #ahbe to ab\t #ahgh4 ,dur+ t "t1 some?+ di/9ctly ,am]ican began to appe> 9 ! l&scape "w ( ,d\ghty 7#agic-ahef7 & ,?omas ,cole 7#ahja-ahdh74 ,bo? m5 7 sub/antially self-taught1 ?\gh ,cole receiv$ "s in/ruction f a portrait-pa9t] nam$ ,/e94 ,cole dur+ 8 life 0 fam\s = 8 ,hudson ,riv] l&scapes1 & = two s]ies ( pictures call$ ,! ,voyage ( ,life & ,! ,c\rse ( ,empire4 ,! latt] 7 really epic poems ^u canvas1 done ) mu* bl>e ( color & lit]>y explanation 9 ! title4 ,8 be/ "w 0 9 pure l&scape1 :i* he pictur$ ) consid]able accuracy 9 draw+1 ?\gh x 0 faulty 9 light+ & gaudy 9 color+4 ,brilliant autumn sc5es 7 8 favorite subjects4 ,8 "w _h ! m]it ( orig9ality &1 moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,cole 0 "o ( ! beg9n]s 9 ,am]ican l&scape art4 ,dur& 7#agif-ahhf7 0 an engrav] until #ahce1 :5 he began pa9t+ portraits1 & aft]w>d develop$ l&scape ) consid]able p[]4 ,he 0 usually simple 9 subject & reali/ic 9 treatm5t1 ) n s mu* insi/5ce ^u brilliant color z "s ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,k5sett 7#ahah-ahgb7 0 a foll[] 9 l&scape ( ! s-call$ ,hudson ,riv] ,s*ool ( ,cole & o!rs1 ?\gh he /udi$ sev5 ye>s 9 ,europe4 ,8 color 0 r w>m1 8 air hazy1 & ! g5]al effect ( 8 l&scape t ( a dreamy autumn day ) poetic sugge/ions4 ,f4 ,e4 ,*ur* 7#ahbf-;,a7 0 a pupil ( ,cole1 & has foll[$ him 9 seek+ ! gr& & ! />tl+ 9 m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,) ,*ur* %\ld be m5tion$ a numb] ( arti/s--,hubb>d 7#ahag-ahhh71 ,hill 7#ahbi-17 ,bi]/adt 7#ahcj-71ba ,?omas ,moran 7#ahcg-7--:o h a*iev$ reputation by canvases ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & o!r expansive sc5es4 ,"s o!r pa9t]s ( small] canvases belong 9 po9t ( "t1 & also 9 _s1 ) ! ,hudson ,riv] l&scapi/s--pa9t]s1 too1 ( consid]able m]it1 z ,david ,johnson 7#ahbg-71 ,bri/ol 7#ahbf-71 ,s&=d ,gif=d 7#ahbc-ahhj71 ,mc,entee 7#ahbh-ahia71 & ,:ittr$ge 7#ahbj-71 ! la/ two v good portray]s ( autumn sc5es2 ,a4 ,h4 ,wyant 7#ahcf-ahib71 "o ( ! be/ & /ronge/ ( ! ,am]ican l&scapi/s2 ,brad=d 7#ahcj-ahib7 & ,w4 ,t4 ,ri*>ds 7#ahcc-71 ! m>9e-pa9t]s4 ,footnote #ba3 ,di$1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--;,,ea/man ,,johnson4 ,,*urn+4 ,,portrait1 ,,hi/ory1 ,,& ,,g5re-,,pa9t]s3 ,contempor>y ) ! e>ly l&scapi/s 7 a numb] ( figure-pa9t]s1 mo/ ( !m self-taught1 or taught badly by =eign or native arti/s1 & yet m5 :o produc$ cr$itable "w4 ,*e/] ,h>d+ 7#agib-ahff7 0 "o ( ! e>ly portrait-pa9t]s ( ?is c5tury :o a*iev$ en\gh celebrity 9 ,bo/on to be ! subject ( :at 0 call$ ! ,h>d+ craze4 ,elliott 7#ahab-ahfh7 0 a pupil ( ,trumbull1 & a man ( consid]able reputation1 z 0 also ,inman 7#ahja-ahdf71 a portrait & g5re-pa9t] ) a smoo?1 detail$ bru%4 ,page 7#ahaa-ahhe71 ,bak] 7#ahba-ahhj71 ,hunt+ton 7#ahaf-71 ! ?ird ,presid5t ( ! ,academy ( ,design2 ,healy 7#ahjh-bb71 a portrait-pa9t] ( m ?an av]age excell5ce2 ,m\nt 7#ahjg-ahfh71 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ,am]ican g5re-pa9t]s1 7 all m5 ( note 9 ?is middle p]iod4 ,footnote #bb3 ,di$ #ahid4 ,leutze 7#ahaf-ahfh7 0 a ,g]man by bir? b an ,am]ican by adoption1 :o pa9t$ _m l>ge hi/orical sc5es ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 su* z ,wa%+ton ,cross+ ! ,delaw>e1 besides _m sc5es tak5 f ,european hi/ory4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,less+ at ,dusseldorf1 & _h some?+ to d ) introduc+ ,dusseldorf me?ods into ,am]ica4 ,he 0 a pa9t] ( ability1 if at times hot 9 color & dry 9 h&l+4 ,occasionally he did a f9e portrait1 l ! ,sew>d 9 ! ,union ,league ,club1 ,new ,york4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 9 addition to ! influ5ce ( ,dusseldorf & ,rome ^u ,am]ican art1 !re came ! influ5ce ( ,fr5* art ) ,hicks 7#ahbc-ahij7 & ,hunt 7#ahbd-ahgi71 bo? ( !m pupils ( ,c\ture at ,p>is1 & ,hunt also ( ,millet at ,b>bizon4 ,hunt 0 ! real introduc] ( ,millet & ! ,b>bizon-,fonta9ebleau arti/s to ! ,am]ican p4 ,9 #ahee he e/abli%$ himself at ,bo/on1 _h a l>ge numb] ( pupils1 & met ) great success z a tea*]4 ,he 0 a pa9t] ( ability1 b p]haps 8 greate/ influ5ce 0 z a tea*] & an in/ructor 9 :at 0 good art z di/+ui%$ f :at 0 false & m]etrici\s4 ,he c]ta9ly 0 ! fir/ pa9t] 9 ,am]ica :o taught ca?olicity ( ta/e1 tru? & s9c]ity 9 art1 & art 9 ! arti/ r ?an 9 ! subject4 ,contempor>y ) ,hunt liv$ ,george ,full] 7#ahbb-ahhd71 a unique man 9 ,am]ican art = ! s5tim5t he convey$ 9 8 pictures by means ( color & atmosph]e4 ,?\gh nev] pr(ici5t 9 ! gramm> ( art he manag$ by bl5d+s ( color to sugge/ c]ta9 s5tim5ts reg>d+ light & air t h be5 rightly e/eem$ poetic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--;,,inness4 ,,l&scape4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,p]iod 9 ,am]ican art began imm$iately aft] ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf4 ,und\bt$ly ! display ( art1 bo? =eign & dome/ic1 at t "t1 toge!r ) ! national prosp]ity & great gr[? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h mu* to d ) /imulat+ activity 9 pa9t+4 ,_m "y m5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod w5t to ,europe to /udy 9 ! /udios at ,muni*1 & lat] on at ,p>is4 ,be=e #ahhj "s ( !m _h return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 br++ ) !m k ( ! te*nical side ( art1 :i* !y imm$iately began to give out to _m pupils4 ,gradually ! influ5ce ( ! "y m5 f ,muni* & ,p>is spread4 ,! ,art ,/ud5ts' ,league1 f\nd$ 9 #ahge1 0 incorporat$ 9 #ahgh1 & ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,arti/s 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,societies & pa9t]s began to spr+ up all ov] ! c\ntry1 & z a result !re is 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day an arti/ body te*nically z well tra9$ & 9 _s z progressive z 9 almo/ any c\ntry ( ,europe4 ,! late influ5ce %[n 9 pa9t+ has be5 l>gely a ,fr5* influ5ce1 & ! ,am]ican arti/s h be5 accus$ f "t to "t ( e*o+ ,fr5* me?ods4 ,! accusation is true 9 "p4 ,p>is is ! c5tre ( all art-tea*+ to-day1 & ! ,am]icans1 9 common ) ! ,european nations1 accept ,fr5* me?ods1 n because !y are ,fr5*1 b because !y are ! be/ extant4 ,9 subjects & motives1 h[ev]1 ! ,am]ican s*ool is z orig9al z any s*ool c be 9 ?is cosmopolitan age4 ,,portrait1 ,,figure1 ,,& ,,g5re ,,pa9t]s 7#ahgh-ahid73 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ t ! pa9t]s n[ prom95t 9 ,am]ican art are all "y m5 s*ool$ s9ce #ahgf4 ,on ! contr>y1 "s ( ! be/ ( !m are m5 pa/ middle life :o began pa9t+ long be=e #ahgf1 & h by d9t ( obs]vation & prolong$ /udy cont9u$ ) ! mod]n _s4 ,= example1 ,w9sl[ ,hom] 7#ahcf-7 is "o ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ orig9al ( all ! ,am]ican arti/s1 a man :o nev] _h ! advantage ( ! highe/ te*nical tra9+1 yet possesses a feel+ = color1 a da% & v]ve 9 execution1 an orig9ality 9 subject1 & an individuality ( conception t are unsurpass$4 ,ea/man ,johnson 7#ahbd-7 is "o ( ! old] portrait & figure-pa9t]s :o /&s among ! y\ng] g5]ations )\t jo/l+1 because he has 9 measure kept himself in=m$ ) mod]n ?\ght & me?od4 ,he is a good1 cons]vative pa9t]1 possess$ ( ta/e1 judgm5t1 & te*nical ability4 ,elihu ,v$d] 7#ahcf-7 is m ( a draughtsman ?an a bru%man4 ,8 color-s5se is n acute nor 8 h&l+ free1 b he has an imag9ation :i*1 if some:at m lit]>y ?an pictorial1 is nev]!less v effective4 ,john ,la ,f>ge 7#ahce-7 & ,alb]t ,ryd] 7#ahdg-7 are bo? colori/s1 & ,la ,f>ge 9 arti/ic feel+ is a man ( mu* p[]4 ,almo/ all ( 8 pictures h f9e decorative quality 9 l9e & color & are ?or\ghly pictorial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--,,w9sl[ ,,hom]4 ,,und]t[4 ,! "y m51 s-call$1 ?\gh "s ( !m are n[ on t[>d middle life1 are p]haps m facile 9 bru%-"w & bett] tra9$ draughtsm5 ?an ^? we h j m5tion$4 ,!y h cultivat$ vivacity ( /yle & clev]ness 9 /atem5t1 frequ5tly at ! exp5se ( ! l>g] qualities ( art4 ,s>g5t 7#ahef-7 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ consid]able portrait-pa9t] n[ liv+1 a man ( unb\nd$ res\rces te*nically & f9e natural abilities4 ,he is draughtsman1 colori/1 bru%man--9 fact1 almo/ ev]y?+ 9 art t c be cultivat$4 ,8 ta/e is n yet mature1 & he is j n[ giv5 to da%+ effects t are m clev] ?an p]man5t2 b t he is a ma/] 9 portraiture has already be5 abundantly demon/rat$4 ,*ase 7#ahdi-7 is also an exceptionally good portrait pa9t]1 & he h&les ! g5re subject ) brilliant color & a swift1 sure bru%4 ,9 bru%-"w he is exce$+ly clev]1 & is an excell5t te*nician 9 almo/ e respect4 ,n always pr(\nd 9 matt] he g5]ally manages to be ent]ta9+ 9 me?od4 ,blum 7#aheg-7 is well kn[n to magaz9e read]s ?r\gh _m black-&-:ite illu/rations4 ,he is also a pa9t] ( g5re subjects tak5 f _m l&s1 & h&les 8 bru% ) brilliancy & =ce4 ,dew+ 7#ahea-7 is a pa9t] ) a ref9$ s5se n only 9 =m b 9 color4 ,8 pictures are usually small1 b exquisite 9 delicacy & decorative *>m4 ,?ay] 7#ahdi-7 is fond ( l>ge canvases1 a man ( e>ne/ness1 s9c]ity1 & imag9ation1 b n a good draughtsman1 n a good colori/1 & a r clumsy bru%man4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 some?+ to say1 & 9 a l>ge s5se is an arti/ ( uncommon ability4 ,k5yon ,cox 7#ahef-7 is a draughtsman1 ) a /rong comm& ( l9e & ta/e 9 its arrangem5t4 ,he is n a /rong colori/1 ?\gh 9 rec5t "w he has %[n a new dep>ture 9 ?is feature t promises well4 ,he r5d]s ! nude ) p[]1 & is fond ( ! allegorical subject4 ,! numb] ( good portrait-pa9t]s at pres5t work+ 9 ,am]ica is q l>ge1 & m5tion c be made ( b a few 9 addition to ^? already spok5 (--,lockwood1 ,mc,lure ,hamilton1 ,t>bell1 ,beck)1 ,b5son1 ,v9ton4 ,9 figure & g5re-pa9t+ ! li/ ( really good pa9t]s c\ld be drawn out indef9itely1 & aga9 m5tion mu/ be conf9$ to a few only1 l ,simmons1 ,%irlaw1 ,sm$ley1 ,bru%1 ,millet1 ,hassam1 ,reid1 ,wiles1 ,m[bray1 ,re9h>t1 ,bla%field1 ,metcalf1 ,l[1 ,c4 ,y4 ,turn]1 ,h5ri4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--,,:i/l]4 ,,:ite ,,girl4 ,mo/ ( ! m5 ^: names are giv5 above are resid5t 9 ,am]ica2 b1 9 addition1 !re is a l>ge cont+5t ( "y m51 ,am]ican born b resid5t abroad1 :o c h>dly be claim$ by ! ,am]ican s*ool1 & yet belong to x z mu* z to any s*ool4 ,!y are cosmopolitan 9 _! art1 & reside 9 ,p>is1 ,muni*1 ,london1 or else:]e1 z ! _s moves !m4 ,s>g5t1 ! portrait-pa9t]1 really belongs to ?is gr\p1 z does also ,:i/l] 7#ahcd-bc71 "o ( ! mo/ arti/ic ( all ! mod]ns4 ,:i/l] 0 long resid5t 9 ,london1 b has n[ remov$ to ,p>is4 ,he belongs to no s*ool1 & su* art z he produces is peculi>ly 8 own1 save a leav5 ( influ5ces f ,velasquez & ! ,japanese4 ,8 art is ! p]fection ( delicacy1 bo? 9 color & 9 l9e4 ,app>5tly v sket*y1 x is 9 reality ! maximum ( effect ) ! m9imum ( display4 ,x has ! pictorial *>m ( my/]y & sugge/iv5ess1 & ! te*nical effect ( light1 air1 & space4 ,!re is no?+ bett] produc$ 9 mod]n pa9t+ ?an 8 pres5t "w1 & 9 e>li] ye>s he pa9t$ portraits l t ( 8 "m1 :i* are ju/ly rank$ z great art4 ,e4 ,a4 ,abbey 7#aheb-7 is bett] kn[n by 8 p5-&-ink "w ?an by 8 pa9t+s1 h[beit he has done good "w 9 color4 ,he is resid5t 9 ,engl&4 ,footnote #bc3 ,di$1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--,,s>g5t4 ,,c>nation ,,lily1 ,,lily ,,rose4 ,9 ,p>is !re are _m ,am]ican-born pa9t]s1 :o really belong m ) ! ,fr5* s*ool ?an ! ,am]ican4 ,bridgman is an example1 & ,dannat1 ,alex&] ,h>rison1 ,hit*cock1 ,mc,ewen1 ,mel*]s1 ,pe>ce1 ,julius ,/ew>t1 ,weeks 7#ahdi-aijc71 ,j4 ,w4 ,alex&]1 ,walt] ,gay1 ,s]geant ,k5dall h no?+ di/9ctly ,am]ican ab\t _! art4 ,x is semi-cosmopolitan ) a lean+ t[>d ,fr5* me?ods4 ,!re are also "s ,am]ican-born pa9t]s at ,muni*1 l ,c4 ,f4 ,ulri*2 ,%annon is 9 ,london & ,coleman 9 ,italy4 ,,l&scape ,,& ,,m>9e ,,pa9t]s1 #ahgh-ahid3 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( l&scape ,am]ica has _h s9ce #ahbe some?+ di/9ctly national1 & has at ?is day4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! impressioni/ ple9-air s*ool ( ,france has influ5c$ _m pa9t]s1 & ! prismatic l&scape is q z frequ5tly se5 9 ,am]ican exhibitions z 9 ! ,p>is salons2 b ,am]ican l&scape art r dates ahead ( ,fr5* impressionism4 ,! /ronge/ l&scapi/ ( our times1 ,george ,inness 7#ahbe-bd71 is n a "y man except 9 8 arti/ic aspirations4 ,8 /yle has und]gone _m *anges1 yet /ill rema9s di/9ctly individual4 ,he has always be5 an exp]im5t] & an unev5 pa9t]1 at times do+ "w ( wond]ful =ce1 & !n aga9 fall+ into weakness4 ,! solidity ( nature1 ! mass & bulk ( l&scape1 he has %[n ) a p[] second to none4 ,he is fond ( ! s5tim5t ( nature's light1 air1 & color1 & has put x =? m 9 8 lat] ?an 9 8 e>li] canvases4 ,at 8 be/1 he is "o ( ! fir/ ( ! ,am]ican l&scapi/s4 ,among 8 contempor>ies ,wyant 7already m5tion$71 ,swa9 ,gif=d1#be ,colman1 ,gay1 ,%urtleff1 h all done excell5t "w un9flu5c$ by =eign s*ools ( to-day4 ,hom] ,m>t9's#bf l&scapes1 f _! bread? ( treatm5t1 are popul>ly consid]$ r indiff]5t "w1 b 9 reality !y are excell5t 9 color & poetic feel+4 ,footnote #bd3 ,di$ #ahid4 ,footnote #be3 ,di$ #aije4 ,footnote #bf3 ,di$ #ahig4 ,! "y m5 aga91 9 l&scape z 9 ! figure1 are work+ 9 ! mod]n _s1 ?\gh 9 sub/ance !y are bas$ on ! traditions ( ! old] ,am]ican l&scape s*ool4 ,!re has be5 mu* a*ievem5t1 & !re is /ill great] promise 9 su* l&scapi/s z ,tryon1 ,platt1 ,murphy1 ,de>?1 ,crane1 ,dewey1 ,c(f91 ,horatio ,walk]1 ,jonas ,lie4 ,among ^? :o favor ! s-call$ impressioni/ic view are ,weir1 ,twa*tman1 & ,rob9son1#bg ?ree l&scape-pa9t]s ( und5iable p[]4 ,9 m>9es ,g$ney ,bunce has portray$ _m ,v5etian sc5es ( *>m+ color-tone1 & ,de ,haas#bh has long be5 kn[n z a sea-pa9t] ( "s p[]4 ,qu>tley1 :o di$ "y1 0 brilliant 9 color & broadly reali/ic4 ,! pres5t m>9e-pa9t]s are ,mayn>d1 ,snell1 ,rehn1 ,butl]1 ,*apman4 ,footnote #bg3 ,di$ #ahif4 ,footnote #bh3 ,di$ #ahie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--;,,*ase4 ,,alice4 ,,pr9cipal ,,works3 ,! works ( ! e>ly ,am]ican pa9t]s are to be se5 pr9cipally 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 ! ,a!naeum1 ,bo/on ,mus41 ,mass4 ,hi/4 ,soc41 ,h>v>d ,college1 ,r$wood ,libr>y1 ,newport1 ,metropolitan ,mus41 ,l5ox & ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,libr>ies1 ! ,city ,hall1 ,c5tury ,club1 ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 ,national ,acad4 ( ,design1 ,n4 ,y4 ,9 ,new ,hav51 at ,yale ,s*ool ( ,f9e ,arts1 9 ,philadelphia at ,p5na4 ,acad4 ( ,f9e ,arts1 9 ,ro*e/] ,p[]s's ,art ,gal41 9 ,wa%+ton ,corcoran ,gal4 & ! ,capitol4 ,! works ( ! y\ng] m5 are se5 9 ! exhibitions held f ye> to ye> at ! ,academy ( ,design1 ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,arti/s1 ,n4 ,y41 9 ,philadelphia1 ,*icago1 ,bo/on1 & else:]e ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,"s ( _! works belong to p]man5t in/itutions l ! ,metropolitan ,mus41 ! ,p5nsylvania ,acad41 ! ,art ,in/itute ( ,*icago1 b !re is no public collection ( pictures t repres5ts ,am]ican art z a :ole4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,b4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,new ,york1 _h p]haps z complete a collection ( pa9t+s by contempor>y ,am]ican arti/s z anyone4 ,,po/script4 ,,scatt]+ ,,s*ools ,,& ,,influ5ces ,,9 ,,art4 ,9 ?is brief hi/ory ( pa9t+ x has be5 necess>y to omit "s c\ntries & "s pa9t]s t h n seem$ to be directly connect$ ) ! progress or developm5t ( pa9t+ 9 ! we/]n _w4 ,! arts ( ,*9a & ,japan1 :ile well wor?y ( c>eful *ronicl+1 are some:at remov$ f ! arts ( ! o!r nations & f our /udy4 ,moreov]1 !y are s positively decorative t !y %\ld be treat$ "u ! head ( ,decoration1 ?\gh x is n to be d5i$ t !y are also reali/ically expressive4 ,portugal has _h "s hi/ory 9 ! art ( pa9t+1 b x is slight & s b\nd up ) ,spani% & ,flemi% influ5ces t its m5 d n /& out z a di/9ct s*ool4 ,?is is true 9 measure ( ,russian pa9t+4 ,! e>ly influ5ces ) x 7 ,byzant9e ?r\gh ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,9 late ye>s :at has be5 produc$ favors ! ,p>isian or ,g]man s*ools4 ,9 ,d5m>k & ,sc&9avia !re has rec5tly come to ! front a rem>kable s*ool ( high-light pa9t]s1 bas$ on ,p>isian me?ods1 t ?reat5s to outrival ,p>is itself4 ,! "w ( su* m5 z ,kroey]1 ,zorn1 ,pet]s51 ,lilje=s1 ,?aul[1 ,bjo]ck1 ,!g]/roem1 is z />tl+ 9 its realism z x is brilliant 9 its color4 ,! pictures 9 ! ,sc&9avian section ( ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi 7 a revelation ( new /r5g? f ! ,nor?1 & ?is has be5 some:at increas$ by ! ,sc&9avian pictures at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 #ahic4 ,x is impossible to pr$ict :at w be ! outcome ( ?is nor!rn art1 nor :at w be ! result ( ! rec5t movem5t "h 9 ,am]ica4 ,all t c be said is t ! tide seems to be sett+ we/w>d & nor?w>d1 ?\gh ,p>is has be5 ! c5tre ( art = _m ye>s1 & w d\btless cont9ue to be ! c5tre = _m ye>s to come4 ,,index4 7,= additions to ,index see page #bhi47 ,abbate1 ,niccolo dell'1 #acd4 ,abbey1 ,edw9 ,a41 #bga4 ,ael/1 ,willem ,van1 #bai4 ,aetion1 #cj4 ,aga?>*os1 #bg4 ,aime-,morot1 ,nicolas1 #afg4 ,albani1 ,francesco1 #abf1 #aca4 ,alb]t9elli1 ,m>iotto1 #ij1 #ig4 ,alemannus1 ,johannes 7da ,murano71 #gi1 #hd4 ,aldegrev]1 ,he9ri*1 #bca4 ,alex&]1 ,john1 #bfb4 ,alex&]1 ,j4 ,w41 #bgb4 ,aligny1 ,claude ,francois1 #adi4 ,allegri1 ,pomponio1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,allori1 ,cri/(ano1 #abg1 #aca4 ,all/on1 ,wa%+ton1 #bfc4 ,alma-,tadema1 ,laur5z1 #aii1 #bjb4 ,altdorf]1 ,albre*t1 #bca1 #bci4 ,alv>ez1 ,don ,luis1 #ahd4 ,aman-,jean1 ,e41 #afe4 ,&rea da ,fir5ze1 #eb1 #ef4 ,angelico1 ,fra ,giovanni1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #fe1 #fg4 ,anselmi1 ,mi*elangelo1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,antio*us ,gab9ius1 #ce4 ,antonio ,v5eziano1 #eb1 #ef4 ,apelles1 #cj4 ,apollodorus1 #bg1 #bh4 ,ar&a1 ,luis ,jim9ez1 #ahe4 ,aret9o1 ,sp9ello1 #ec1 #ef4 ,ari/ides1 #bi4 ,artz1 ,d4 ,a4 ,c41 #bbj4 ,aub]t1 ,erne/ ,jean1 #aee4 ,back]1 ,jacob1 #baj4 ,backhuis51 ,ludolf1 #bah1 #bbb4 ,bagnacavallo1 ,b>tolommeo ,ram5ghi1 #aje1 #aji4 ,bak]1 ,george ,a41 #bff4 ,baldov9etti1 ,alessio1 #fc1 #ga4 ,baldung1 ,hans1 #bcj1 #bci4 ,b>gue1 ,*>les1 #afg4 ,b>occio1 ,f$]igo1 #abe1 #acj4 ,b>tolo1 ,taddeo di1 #ed1 #ef4 ,b>tolommeo1 ,fra 7,baccio della ,porta71 #ij1 #ib1 #ie1 #ig4 ,basaiti1 ,m>co1 #hc1 #he4 ,bassano1 ,francesco1 #aai-aba4 ,bassano1 ,jacopo1 #aai-aba4 ,ba/]t1 ,n41 #bba4 ,ba/i5-,lepage1 ,jules1 #aff4 ,baudry1 ,paul1 #afc4 ,beccafumi1 ,dom5ico1 #ajc1 #ajh4 ,bec]ra1 ,gasp>1 #agg1 #ahe4 ,beck)1 ,j4 ,c>roll1 #bgj4 ,bee*ey1 ,sir ,william1 #bdf4 ,beham1 ,b>!l1 #bca4 ,beham1 ,sebald1 #bca4 ,bell9i1 ,g5tile1 #ha1 #he1 #id4 ,bell9i1 ,giovanni1 #gd1 #gg1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #he1 #aab-aae1 #bad1 #bbi4 ,bell9i1 ,jacopo1 #gi1 #ha1 #he4 ,boltraffio1 ,giovanni ,antonio1 #ajb4 ,b5jam9-,con/ant1 ,jean ,joseph1 #afe4 ,b5son1 ,frank ,w41 #bgj4 ,b]aud1 ,jean1 #agj4 ,b]*em1 ,claas ,piet]sz1 #bag1 #bbb4 ,b]ne-,bellec\r1 ,eti5ne ,prosp]1 #afg4 ,b]rett9i1 ,pietro 7il ,cortona71 #abg1 #aca4 ,b]ruguete1 ,alonzo1 #agf1 #ahe4 ,b]t91 ,jean ,victor1 #adi1 #aeg4 ,besn>d1 ,paul ,alb]t1 #agj4 ,bi]/adt1 ,alb]t1 #bfe4 ,billet1 ,pi]re1 #afa4 ,b9k1 ,jakob1 #bca4 ,bissolo1 ,pi] ,francesco1 #hc1 #he4 ,bjo]ck1 ,o41 #bgf4 ,blake1 ,william1 #bdg1 #bed4 ,bla%field1 ,edw9 ,h41 #bgj4 ,blomm]s1 ,b4 ,j41 #bbj4 ,blum1 ,rob]t1 #bgj4 ,boeckl91 ,arnold1 #bch1 #bdj4 ,bol1 ,f]d9&1 #baj1 #bba4 ,bold9i1 ,giuseppe1 #acj1 #aca4 ,bonfiglio1 ,b5$etto1 #ff1 #fg1 #gb4 ,bonheur1 ,augu/e1 #afj4 ,bonheur1 ,rosa1 #afj4 ,bonifazio ,pitati1 #aai-aba4 ,bon+ton1 ,ri*>d ,p>kes1 #aeg1 #beb4 ,bonnat1 ,leon1 #afd4 ,bonsignori1 ,francesco1 #gf1 #hd4 ,bonv91 ,francois1 #afh4 ,bordone1 ,p>is1 #aai1 #aba4 ,borgognone1 ,ambrogio1 #ga1 #gb4 ,bosboom1 ,j41 #bbj4 ,bos*1 ,hi]onymus1 #bje1 #bba4 ,bo?1 ,jan1 #bag1 #bbb4 ,botticelli1 ,s&ro1 #fa1 #fc1 #ga4 ,b\*]1 ,francois1 #ada1 #ade1 #adf4 ,b\d91 ,eug5e1 #aga4 ,b\ghton1 ,george ,h41 #beh4 ,b\gu]eau1 ,w4 ,adolphe1 #afb1 #afc4 ,b\lang]1 ,hippolyte1 #bjj4 ,b\lang]1 ,l\is1 #aec4 ,b\rdi*on1 ,jean1 #acc4 ,b\rdon1 ,seba/i51 #ach4 ,b\ts1 ,di]i*1 #aij1 #aia1 #bja1 #bje4 ,brad=d1 ,william1 #bfe4 ,breton1 ,jules ,adolphe1 #afa4 ,breughel1 #aic1 #bja4 ,bridgman1 ,fr$]ick ,a41 #bgb4 ,bril1 ,paul1 #aic1 #bja1 #bad1 #bbb4 ,bri/ol1 ,john ,b41 #bfe4 ,bronz9o 7,agnolo di ,cosimo71 il1 #abd1 #aca4 ,br\w]1 ,adriaan1 #aih1 #bjb4 ,br[n1 ,=d ,madox1 #beg4 ,br[n1 ,john ,lewis1 #agj1 ,bru%1 ,george ,d4 ,f41 #bgj4 ,bugi>d9i1 ,giuliano di ,pi]o1 #ia1 #ig4 ,bunce1 ,w4 ,g$ney1 #bgc4 ,burkmair1 ,hans1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bci4 ,burne-,jones1 ,sir ,edw>d1 #beg4 ,butl]1 ,h[>d ,russell1 #bgd4 ,cabanel1 ,alex&re1 #afb1 #afc4 ,caillebotte1 #agj4 ,cald]on1 ,philip ,h]mog5es1 #beh4 ,callcott1 ,sir ,augu/us ,wall1 #bea4 ,calva]t1 ,d5is1 #aib4 ,camp91 ,rob]t1 #ahi4 ,canaletto 7,antonio ,canale71 il1 #abi1 #aca4 ,cano1 ,alonzo1 #aha1 #ahe4 ,c>acci1 ,ago/9o1 #abe-abg1 #acj4 ,c>acci1 ,annibale1 #abe-abg1 #acj1 #ahb4 ,c>acci1 ,ludovico1 #abe-abg1 #acj4 ,c>avaggio1 ,mi*elangelo ,am]ighi da1 #abg1 #abh1 #aca1 #acf1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,c>olus-,duran1 ,*>les ,augu/e ,emil1 #afd4 ,c>oto1 ,giovanni ,francisco1 #gf1 #hd1 #abj1 #aba4 ,c>paccio1 ,vittore1 #gg1 #hb1 #hc1 #he4 ,c>ri]e1 ,e41 #afe4 ,c>/5s1 ,asmus ,jacob1 #bcf4 ,cassatt1 ,m>y1 #agj4 ,ca/agno1 ,&rea del1 #fc1 #ga1 #agf4 ,ca/ro1 ,juan ,san*ez de1 #ahj1 #ahe4 ,cat5a1 ,v9c5zo di ,biagio1 #hc1 #he4 ,catt]mole1 ,george1 #bed4 ,cavazzola1 ,paolo 7,mor&a71 #abj1 #aba4 ,caz91 ,jean ,*>les1 #aei4 ,cesp$es1 ,pablo de1 #ahj1 #ahe4 ,*ampaigne1 ,philip de1 #aci4 ,*ampm>t91 ,call&e de1 #aec4 ,*apman1 ,c>lton ,t41 #bgd4 ,*>d91 ,jean ,bapti/e ,simeon1 #adb4 ,*ase1 ,william ,m41 #bfi4 ,*9treuil1 ,anto9e1 #aei4 ,*ur*1 ,fr$]ick ,e41 #bfd4 ,cima da ,conegliano1 ,giov4 ,batti/a1 #hb1 #he4 ,cimabue1 ,giovanni1 #ea1 #ed1 #ef4 ,clays1 ,paul ,jean1 #bjj1 #bjb4 ,cl\et1 ,francois1 #acd4 ,cl\et1 ,jean1 #acd4 ,cocxie1 ,mi*iel van1 #aib1 #bja4 ,coello1 ,claudio1 #agi1 #ahe4 ,c(f91 ,william ,a41 #bgc4 ,cogniet1 ,leon1 #aec4 ,cole1 ,vicat1 #beh4 ,cole1 ,?omas1 #bfd4 ,coleman1 ,c4 ,c41 #bgb4 ,colman1 ,samuel1 #bgc4 ,con/able1 ,john1 #aeg1 #baf1 #bea-bec1 #bei4 ,copley1 ,john ,s+leton1 #bfa1 #bfd4 ,coques1 ,gonzales1 #aih1 #bjb4 ,cormon1 ,f]n&1 #afe4 ,cornelis van ,ha>lem1 #bjf1 #bba4 ,cornelius1 ,pet] von1 #acj1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bci4 ,corot1 ,jean ,bapti/e ,camille1 #aeg1 #aei1 #bba4 ,correggio 7,antonio ,allegri71 il1 #aja1 #aje-aji1 #aaj1 #abd1 #abe1 #agg1 #ahj1 #bde1 #bdi4 ,cossa1 ,francesco1 #fi1 #gb4 ,co/a1 ,lor5zo1 #fi1 #gb1 #ajd1 #ajg4 ,cotman1 ,john ,sell1 #bea4 ,cottet1 #afh4 ,c\rbet1 ,g41 #afb1 #afe1 #aff1 #aii1 #bai4 ,c\s91 ,jean1 #acd1 #ace4 ,c\ture1 ,?omas1 #aee1 #bff4 ,coz5s1 ,john ,rob]t1 #bed4 ,cox1 ,david1 #bed4 ,cox1 ,k5yon1 #bgj4 ,crana* 7! ,eld]71 ,lucas1 #aii1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bci4 ,crana* 7! ,y\ng]71 ,lucas1 #bce1 #bci4 ,crane1 ,r4 ,bruce1 #bgc4 ,cra:all1 ,joseph1 #bei4 ,cray]1 ,kasp] de1 #aif1 #bja4 ,cr$i1 ,lor5zo di1 #fd1 #fe1 #ga4 ,cri/us1 ,pet]1 #ahi1 #bja4 ,crivelli1 ,c>lo1 #hj1 #ha1 #hd4 ,crome1 ,john 7,old ,crome71 #bea4 ,cuyp1 ,aelb]t1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbb4 ,dagnan-,b\v]et1 ,pascal ,a4 ,j41 #afh4 ,damoye1 ,pi]re ,emmanuel1 #aei4 ,damophilos1 #ce4 ,dannat1 ,william ,t41 #bgb4 ,dantan1 ,joseph ,ed\>d1 #afh4 ,daubigny1 ,*>les ,francois1 #aeh4 ,david1 ,ghe]a]t1 #aia1 #aib1 #bja4 ,david1 ,jacques ,l\is1 #acj1 #adg-aeb1 #aec1 #aef1 #afb1 #ahc1 #aih1 #bai4 ,de>?1 ,h5ry ,j41 #bgc4 ,decamps1 ,a4 ,g41 #aec4 ,degas1 #agj4 ,de ,haas1 ,m4 ,f4 ,h41 #bgc4 ,delacroix1 ,f]d9& ,victor ,e41 #aea1 #aeb1 #afj1 #afb1 #bec1 #bei4 ,del>o*e1 ,hippolyte 7,paul71 #aec1 #aed1 #aii4 ,delaunay1 ,jules ,elie1 #afe4 ,de ,neuville1 ,alphonse ,m>ia1 #afg4 ,de ,nittis4 ,see ,nittis4 ,d5n]1 ,bal?as>1 #bcf1 #bci4 ,detaille1 ,jean ,bapti/e ,ed\>d1 #afg4 ,dev]ia1 ,eug5e1 #aec4 ,dewey1 ,*>les ,melville1 #bgc4 ,dew+1 ,?omas ,w41 #bgj4 ,dew9t1 ,pet]1 #bed4 ,diana1 ,b5$etto1 #hd1 #he4 ,diaz de la ,p5a1 ,n>ciso ,virgilio1 #aeh4 ,diep5beeck1 ,abraham van1 #aif1 #bja4 ,dionysius1 #ce4 ,dolci1 ,c>lo1 #abf1 #aca1 #ahb4 ,dom5i*9o 7,dom5ico ,zampi]i71 #abf1 #acj4 ,dom+o1 ,j41 #ahe4 ,dossi1 ,dosso 7,giovanni di ,lut]o71 #ajd1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,d\1 ,g]>d1 #baj1 #bba4 ,d\ghty1 ,?omas1 #bfd4 ,du ,breuil1 ,t\ssa9t1 #acd4 ,duccio di ,buon9segna1 #ec1 #ef1 #fe4 ,duez1 ,erne/ ,ange1 #afh4 ,du ,j>d91 ,k>el1 #bag1 #bbb4 ,dupre1 ,juli51 #aff4 ,dupre1 ,jules1 #aeh4 ,dur&1 ,a%] ,br[n1 #bfd4 ,du]]1 ,albre*t1 #bje1 #bbi-bce1 #bci4 ,ea/lake1 ,sir ,*>les1 #bdg4 ,eeckh\t1 ,g]br& van d51 #baj1 #bba4 ,elliott1 ,*>les ,lor+1 #bfe4 ,elzheim]1 ,adam1 #bce1 #bci4 ,engelbre*/51 ,cornelis1 #bje4 ,etty1 ,william1 #bdg4 ,euphranor1 #bi4 ,eupompos1 #bh4 ,ev]d+51 ,all>t van1 #bae1 #bbb4 ,eyck1 ,hub]t van1 #ahh1 #bja4 ,eyck1 ,jan van1 #hd1 #agd1 #ahh-aij1 #aic1 #bja1 #bjd1 #bje4 ,fabius ,pictor1 #ce4 ,fabriano1 ,g5tile da1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #ff1 #gd1 #ge1 #gi1 #ha4 ,fabritius1 ,k>el1 #baj1 #bac1 #bba4 ,fa$1 ,?omas1 #beh4 ,fant9-,lat\r1 ,h5ri1 #afh4 ,favretto1 ,giacomo1 #acj1 #aca4 ,f]r>a1 ,gaud5zio1 #ajb1 #ajh4 ,field+1 ,an?ony ,v4 ,d4 ,copley1 #bed4 ,filipp9o4 ,see ,lippi4 ,fiore1 ,jacobello del1 #gi1 #hd4 ,fior5zo di ,lor5zo1 #ff1 #gb4 ,fl&r91 ,jean ,hippolyte1 #aed4 ,fl9ck1 ,gova]t1 #baj1 #bba4 ,floris1 ,franz1 #aib1 #bja4 ,foppa1 ,v9c5zo1 #ga1 #gb1 #aja4 ,=a91 ,j4 ,l41 #agj4 ,=bes1 ,/anhope1 #beh4 ,=tuny1 ,m>iano1 #acj1 #ahc-ahe4 ,f\quet1 ,jean1 #acc4 ,fragon>d1 ,jean ,honore1 #ada4 ,francais1 ,francois ,l\is1 #aei4 ,francesca1 ,pi]o della1 #ff1 #gb1 #ge4 ,francia1 ,francesco 7,raibol9i71 #fi1 #gb1 #aje1 #ajg4 ,franciabigio 7,francesco di ,cri/(ano ,bigi71 #ib1 #ig4 ,franck51 #aib4 ,fr$i1 ,b>tolo di1 #ed1 #ef4 ,frem9et1 ,m>t91 #ace4 ,fr]e1 ,t41 #aed4 ,friant1 ,emile1 #afh4 ,from5t91 ,e41 #aed4 ,full]1 ,george1 #bff4 ,fyt1 ,jan1 #aif1 #bja4 ,gaddi1 ,agnolo1 #eb1 #ef4 ,gaddi1 ,taddeo1 #eb1 #ef4 ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,t41 #bde-bdg1 #bei4 ,gallait1 ,l\is1 #aii4 ,g>(olo 7,b5v5uto ,tisi71 il1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aji4 ,gay1 ,edw>d1 #bgc4 ,gay1 ,walt]1 #bgb4 ,geldorp1 ,gortzius1 #aib4 ,g]>d1 ,b>on ,francois ,pascal1 #adh4 ,g]icault1 ,jean ,l\is1 ,a4 ,t41 #aea4 ,g]ome1 ,jean ,leon1 #aee1 #afb1 #afc1 #afg1 #ahd4 ,g]vex1 ,h5ri1 #afh4 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,dom5ico1 #fc1 #fd1 #ga1 #ib1 #agf4 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,ridolfo1 #ia1 #ig4 ,giampietr9o 7,giovanni ,p$r9i71 #ajb1 #ajh4 ,gif=d1 ,s&=d1 #bfe4 ,gif=d1 ,r4 ,swa91 #bgc4 ,giorgione 7,giorgio ,b>b>elli71 il1 #hc1 #id1 #aab-aba1 #abh4 ,giordano1 ,luca1 #abh1 #aca1 #ahc4 ,giotto di ,bondone1 #di1 #ej1 #eb1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #gc4 ,giott9o 7,tommaso di ,/efano71 #eb1 #ef4 ,giovanni da ,milano1 #eb1 #ef4 ,giovanni da ,ud9e1 #ig1 #ih ,girodet de ,r\ssy1 ,anne ,l\is1 #adh4 ,girt91 ,?omas1 #bed4 ,giulio 7,pippi71 ,romano1 #if1 #ih1 #abj1 #acf4 ,gleyre1 ,m>c ,*>les ,gabriel1 #aed4 ,goes1 ,hugo van d]1 #aij1 #bja4 ,gorgasos1 #ce4 ,goya y ,luci5tes1 ,francisco1 #ahc1 #ahe4 ,goy51 ,jan van1 #bad1 #bah1 #bbb4 ,gozzoli1 ,b5ozzo1 #fc1 #fe1 #ga4 ,granacci1 ,francesco1 #ia1 #ig4 ,gr&i1 ,ercole di ,giulio1 #fi1 #gb4 ,greuze1 ,jean ,bapti/e1 #adb4 ,gros1 ,b>on ,anto9e ,jean1 #adi1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,gru5ewald1 ,mat?ias1 #bcd ,gu>di1 ,francesco1 #abi1 #aca4 ,gu]c9o 7,giov4 ,fran4 ,b>bi]a71 il1 #abf1 #aca4 ,gu]91 ,pi]re ,n>cisse1 #adh4 ,guido ,r5i1 #abf1 #acj1 #acf4 ,guido da ,si5na1 #ec1 #ef4 ,gu?rie1 ,james1 #bei4 ,hals1 ,franz 7! ,y\ng]71 #bjg1 #baa1 #bab1 #bba4 ,hamilton1 ,james1 #bei4 ,hamilton1 ,mc,lure1 #bgj4 ,hamon1 ,jean ,l\is1 #aee4 ,h>d+1 ,*e/]1 #bfe4 ,h>pignies1 ,h5ri1 #aei4 ,hassam1 ,*ilde1 #bgj4 ,h>rison1 ,t4 ,alex&]1 #bgb4 ,healy1 ,george ,p4 ,a41 #bff4 ,heb]t1 ,anto9e ,augu/e ,erne/1 #afd4 ,heem1 ,jan van1 #bah4 ,heemsk]ck1 ,m>t5 van1 #bjf1 #bba4 ,hel/1 ,b>?olomeus van d]1 #baj1 #bba4 ,h5n]1 ,jean ,jacques1 #afd4 ,h5ry1 ,george1 #bei4 ,h]kom]1 ,hub]t1 #beh4 ,h]r]a1 ,francisco de1 #agg1 #ahj1 #ahe4 ,heyd51 ,jan van d]1 #bah1 #bbb4 ,hicks1 ,?omas1 #bff4 ,hill1 ,?omas1 #bfe4 ,hit*cock1 ,george1 #bgb4 ,hobbema1 ,me9d]t1 #bae1 #baf1 #bbb1 #bea4 ,hog>?1 ,william1 #bdc1 #bdd4 ,holbe9 7! ,eld]71 ,hans1 #bcc1 #bci4 ,holbe9 7! ,y\ng]71 ,hans1 #acd4 #bbi-bcd1 #bci1 #bdc4 ,holl1 ,frank1 #beh4 ,hom]1 ,w9sl[1 #bfh4 ,hondecoet]1 ,mel*ior d'1 #bai1 #bbb4 ,hooghe1 ,piet] de1 #aii1 #bac1 #bba4 ,hook1 ,james ,cl>ke1 #bei4 ,hoppn]1 ,john1 #bdf4 ,hornell1 ,e4 ,a41 #bei4 ,hubb>d1 ,ri*>d ,w41 #bfe4 ,huet1 ,paul1 #aei4 ,hunt1 ,holman1 #bee1 #bef4 ,hunt1 ,william ,h5ry1 #bed4 ,hunt1 ,william ,morris1 #bff4 ,hunt+ton1 ,daniel1 #bff4 ,huysum1 ,jan van1 #bai-bbb4 ,imola1 ,innoc5za da 7,francucci71 #ig1 #ih1 #aje4 ,+res1 ,jean ,augu/e ,dom9ique1 #adh1 #aeb-aed1 #afa1 #afb4 ,inman1 ,h5ry1 #bfe4 ,inness1 ,george1 #bgc4 ,israels1 ,jozef1 #bai1 #bbj4 ,jacque1 ,*>les1 #aei4 ,janss5s van ,nuyss51 ,abraham1 #aif1 #bja4 ,j>vis1 ,john ,wesley1 #bfc4 ,joannes1 ,juan de1 #ahb1 #ahe4 ,johnson1 ,david1 #bfe4 ,johnson1 ,ea/man1 #bfh4 ,jongk9d1 #bba4 ,jorda5s1 ,jacob1 #aif4 ,ju/us van ,gh5t1 #aij1 #bja4 ,kalf1 ,willem1 #bai4 ,kauffman1 ,angelica1 #bcf1 #bci4 ,kaulba*1 ,wilhelm von1 #bcg1 #bci4 ,k5dall1 ,s]geant1 #bgb4 ,k5sett1 ,john ,f41 #bfd4 ,kev]1 ,j4 ,s4 ,h41 #bba4 ,keys]1 ,?omas de1 #bjg1 #bba4 ,kl+]1 ,max1 #bch4 ,knell]1 ,sir ,godfrey1 #bdc4 ,kon9ck1 ,philip de1 #baj1 #bba4 ,kroey]1 ,pet] ,s41 #bgf4 ,kuehl1 ,g41 #bch4 ,kulmba*1 ,hans von1 #bcj1 #bci4 ,kunz1 #bbg1 #bci4 ,la ,f>ge1 ,john1 #bfh4 ,lancret1 ,nicolas1 #ada4 ,l&se]1 ,sir ,edw9 ,h5ry1 #bdi4 ,l>gilli]e1 ,nicolas1 #aci4 ,la/man1 ,piet]1 #bjg4 ,laur5s1 ,jean ,paul1 #afe4 ,lav]y1 ,john1 #bei4 ,lawr5ce1 ,sir ,?omas1 #bdg4 ,lawson1 ,cecil ,gordon1 #beh4 ,lawson1 ,john1 #bei4 ,lebrun1 ,*>les1 #ach1 #aci4 ,lebrun1 ,m>ie ,elizabe? ,l\ise ,vigee1 #adi4 ,lefebvre1 ,jules ,joseph1 #afd4 ,legros1 ,alphonse1 #afa4 ,leibl1 ,wilhelm1 #bch1 #bdj4 ,leighton1 ,sir ,fr$]ick1 #beh4 ,leloir1 ,alex&re ,l\is1 #afg4 ,lely1 ,sir ,pet]1 #bdc4 ,l5ba*1 ,franz1 #bch1 #bci4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #fd1 #ff1 #ga1 #ij1 #ib1 #ie1 #ii-ajc1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #acd4 ,l]olle1 ,h5ri1 #afa4 ,leslie1 ,rob]t ,*>les1 #bfd4 ,less+1 ,k>l ,fri$ri*1 #bff4 ,le ,sueur1 ,eu/a*e1 #ach4 ,le?i]e1 ,guillaume ,guillon1 #adh4 ,leutze1 ,emanuel1 #bff4 ,lewis1 ,john ,fr$]ick1 #bed4 ,leyd51 ,lucas van1 #bje1 #bba4 ,leys1 ,b>on ,jean ,augu/e ,h5ri1 #aii1 #bjb4 ,l'h]mitte1 ,leon ,augu/91 #aff4 ,lib]ale da ,v]ona1 #gf1 #hd1 #abj4 ,libri1 ,girolamo dai1 #abj1 #aba4 ,lieb]mann1 ,max1 #bch4 ,lilje=s1 ,bruno1 #bgf4 ,lippi1 ,fra ,filippo1 #fc1 #ga1 #gd4 ,lippi1 ,filipp9o1 #fc1 #ga4 ,lockwood1 ,wilton1 #bgj4 ,lomb>d1 ,lamb]t1 #aib4 ,lor5zetti1 ,ambrogio1 #di1 #ej1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef4 ,lor5zetti1 ,pietro1 #ed1 #ef1 #fe4 ,lorra91 ,claude 7,gellee71 #acf1 #aej1 #bag1 #bej1 #bea1 #bec4 ,lotto1 ,lor5zo1 #aah1 #aba4 ,l[1 ,w ,h41 #bgj4 ,lu9i1 ,b]n>d9o1 #aja1 #ajh4 ,mabuse1 ,jan 7,goss>t7 van1 #aib1 #bja1 #bjf1 #bdc4 ,mc,bride1 ,a41 #bei4 ,mc,entee1 ,j]vis1 #bfe4 ,mc,ewen1 ,walt]1 #bgb4 ,madrazo1 ,raimundo de1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ,maes1 ,nicolaas1 #baj1 #bba4 ,mak>t1 ,hans1 #bch1 #bdj4 ,manet1 ,ed\>d1 #afh1 #afi1 #agj4 ,mansueti1 ,giovanni1 #hd1 #he4 ,mantegna1 ,&rea1 #fa1 #gd1 #gf1 #gg1 #ha1 #hd1 #ajg1 #bbi1 #bcd4 ,m>atta1 ,c>lo1 #abg1 #aca4 ,m>coni1 ,rocco1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba4 ,m>ilhat1 ,p41 #aed4 ,m>is1 ,james1 #bbj4 ,m>is1 ,mat!w1 #bbj4 ,m>is1 ,willem1 #bba4 ,m>t91 ,h5ri1 #afh4 ,m>t91 ,hom]1 #bgc4 ,m>t9o1 ,simone di1 #ed1 #ef4 ,masaccio1 ,tommaso1 #ed1 #fa1 #ga1 #ib1 #ic1 #ie4 ,masol9o1 ,tommaso ,f9i1 #fa1 #ga4 ,massys1 ,qu5t91 #aia1 #aib1 #bja1 #bcd4 ,ma/] ( ! ,lyv]sb]g ,passion1 #bbg4 ,mauve1 ,anton1 #bba4 ,mazo1 ,juan ,bauti/a ,m>t9ez del1 #agi1 #ahe4 ,mazzol9o1 ,ludovico1 #aje1 #aji4 ,mayn>d1 ,george ,w41 #bgd4 ,me] ( ,delft1 ,jan van d]1 #bac1 #bba4 ,meire1 ,g]>d van d]1 #aij1 #bja4 ,meissoni]1 ,jean ,l\is ,erne/1 #afg1 #ahd4 ,mei/]1 ,/eph5 7,lo*n]71 #bbe4 ,mei/]1 ,wilhelm1 #bbb4 ,mel*]s1 ,g>i1 #bgb4 ,melozzo da ,=li1 #fg1 #gb4 ,melville1 ,ar?ur1 #bei4 ,meml+1 ,hans1 #aij1 #bja4 ,memmi1 ,lippo1 #ed1 #ef4 ,m5gs1 ,raphael1 #bcf1 #bci4 ,m5zel1 ,adolf1 #bch1 #bci4 ,mesdag1 ,h5drik ,willem1 #bba4 ,mess9a1 ,antonello da1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #ajb1 #aac4 ,metcalf1 ,will>d ,l41 #bgj4 ,metrodorus1 #ce4 ,metsu1 ,gabriel1 #afg1 #baa1 #bba4 ,mettl+1 ,v4 ,l\is1 #afh4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 7,buon>roti71 #fb1 #ij1 #ib1 #ig1 #ii1 #aab1 #aaf1 #abb1 #abc-abf1 #add1 #agf1 #aha1 #aib1 #bjf4 ,mi*allon1 ,a*ille ,etna1 #adi4 ,mi*el1 ,georges1 #aei4 ,mi*etti1 ,francesco ,paolo1 #acj1 #aca4 ,mi]evelt1 ,mi*iel ,jansz1 #bjf1 #bba4 ,mi]is1 ,franz van1 #baa1 #bba4 ,mign>d1 ,pi]re1 #aci4 ,millais1 ,sir ,john1 #bee1 #bef1 #beg4 ,millet1 ,francis ,d41 #bgj4 ,millet1 ,jean ,francois1 #afj-afb1 #afe1 #aff1 #bai1 #bff4 ,mir&a1 ,juan ,c>r5o de1 #agi1 #ahe4 ,molyn 7! ,eld]71 ,piet] de1 #bae1 #bbb4 ,monet1 ,claude1 #agj1 #aga4 ,montagna1 ,b>tolommeo1 #gg1 #hd4 ,mont5>d1 ,fr$]ic1 #aga4 ,moore1 ,alb]t1 #beh4 ,moore1 ,h5ry1 #bei4 ,morales1 ,luis de1 #agg1 #ahe4 ,moran1 ,?omas1 #bfe4 ,morelli1 ,dom5ico1 #acj1 #aca4 ,moretto 7,aless&ro ,buonvic9o7 il1 #abj1 #aba4 ,morl&1 ,george1 #bdh4 ,moro1 ,antonio1 #agg1 #aib1 #bja1 #bdc4 ,moroni1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 #abj1 #aba4 ,morton1 ,?omas1 #bei4 ,mo/]t1 ,jan1 #aia1 #bja1 #bje4 ,m\nt1 ,william ,s41 #bff4 ,m[bray1 ,h4 ,siddons1 #bgj4 ,mulready1 ,william1 #bdi4 ,munkacsy1 ,mihaly1 #bch1 #bdj4 ,murillo1 ,b>tolome ,e/eban1 #agc1 #ahj-ahb1 #ahe4 ,murphy1 ,j4 ,francis1 #bgc4 ,nav>ette1 ,juan ,f]n&ez1 #agg1 #ahe4 ,navez1 ,francois1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjb4 ,ne]1 ,a>t van d]1 #bae1 #bbb4 ,nelli1 ,ottaviano1 #fe1 #ga4 ,nets*]1 ,kasp]1 #baa1 #bba4 ,neu*atel1 ,nicolaus1 #aib4 ,neuhuys1 ,alb]t1 #bbj4 ,newton1 ,gilb]t ,/u>t1 #bfd4 ,niccolo 7,alunno7 da ,foligno1 #fe1 #ff1 #gb4 ,nicol1 ,ersk9e1 #beh4 ,nikias1 #bi4 ,nikoma*us1 #bi4 ,nittis1 ,giuseppe de1 #acj1 #aca4 ,nono1 ,luigi1 #acj4 ,noort1 ,adam van1 #aie1 #aif1 #bja4 ,oggiono1 ,m>co da1 #ajb1 #ajh4 ,opie1 ,john1 #bdf4 ,orcagna 7,&rea di ,cione71 #eb1 #ef4 ,or*>dson1 ,william ,quill]1 #beh4 ,orley1 ,b>5t van1 #aib4 ,o/ade1 ,adriaan van1 #baa1 #bab1 #bba4 ,ouwat]1 ,aalb]t van1 #bjd4 ,ov]beck1 ,johann ,fri$ri*1 #acj1 #bcf1 #bci4 ,pac*ia1 ,girolamo della1 #ajc1 #ajh4 ,pac*i>otta1 ,giacomo1 #ajc1 #ajh4 ,pa*eco1 ,francisco1 #agh1 #ahj1 #ahe4 ,pacuvius1 #ce4 ,padovan9o 7,ales4 ,v>ot>i71 il1 #abh1 #aca4 ,page1 ,william1 #bff4 ,palma 7il ,vec*io71 ,jacopo1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba4 ,palma 7il ,giov9e71 ,jacopo1 #abh1 #aca4 ,palm>oli1 ,v9c5te1 #ahd4 ,p>migian9o 7,francesco ,mazzola71 il1 #ajh1 #aji1 #ace4 ,pamphilos1 #bh4 ,panetti1 ,dom5ico1 #ajd4 ,paol9o 7,fra7 da ,pi/oja1 #ij1 #ig4 ,p>rhasios1 #bh4 ,p>sons1 ,alfr$1 #bei4 ,pat]1 ,jean ,bapti/e ,joseph1 #ada4 ,pat]son1 ,james1 #bei4 ,pat9ir1 ,joa*im1 #aia4 ,pausias1 #bh4 ,peale1 ,*>les ,wilson1 #bfa4 ,peale1 ,rembr&t1 #bfc4 ,pe>ce1 ,*>les ,sprague1 #bgb4 ,pel\se1 ,leon ,g]ma9e1 #aei4 ,p5cz1 ,georg1 #bca4 ,p5ni1 ,giovanni ,francesco1 #if1 #ih4 ,p]eal1 ,jean1 #acc4 ,p]9o del ,vaga1 #id1 #ig1 #ih1 #ahj4 ,p]ug9o1 ,pietro 7,vanucci71 #fd1 #fg1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb1 #ie4 ,p]uzzi1 ,baldass>e1 #ajc1 #ajh4 ,pet]s51 ,eilif1 #bgf4 ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 #fe1 #ga4 ,piloty1 ,c>l ,!odor von1 #bcg1 #bci4 ,p9turric*io1 ,b]n>d9o1 #fh1 #gj1 #gb4 ,piombo1 ,seba/iano del1 #id1 #ih1 #ahb4 ,pisano1 ,vittore 7,pisanello71 #gc1 #ge1 #gi1 #hd4 ,piss>ro1 ,camille1 #agj4 ,pizzolo1 ,niccolo1 #ge1 #hd4 ,platt1 ,*>les ,a41 #bgc4 ,plyd5wurff1 ,wilhelm1 #bbh4 ,pogg5beek1 ,george1 #bba4 ,po9tel91 #aei4 ,pollajuolo1 ,antonio del1 #fc1 #ga4 ,polygnotus1 #bf4 ,pontormo1 ,jacopo 7,c>rucci71 #ib1 #ig1 #abd4 ,poort]1 ,willem de1 #baj1 #bba4 ,pord5one1 ,giovanni ,ant41 #aai1 #aba4 ,pott]1 ,paul1 #baf1 #bbb4 ,p\rbus1 ,peet]1 #aib1 #bja4 ,p\ss91 ,gasp>d 7,dughet71 #acf4 ,p\ss91 ,nicolas1 #abf1 #acf1 #acg1 #aej1 #bea4 ,pradilla1 ,francisco1 #ahd4 ,previtali1 ,&rea1 #hc1 #he4 ,primaticcio1 ,francesco1 #ig1 #ih1 #acd4 ,protog5es1 #cj4 ,pr\t1 ,samuel1 #bed4 ,prudhon1 ,pi]re ,paul1 #adg4 ,puvis de ,*avannes1 ,pi]re1 #afd4 ,,qu>tley1 ,ar?ur1 #bgd4 ,,raeburn1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #bdf4 ,raffaelli1 ,jean ,francois1 #agj4 ,raphael ,sanzio1 #fb1 #fg1 #ij1 #id1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajc1 #abd1 #abe1 #adi1 #ahb1 #aib1 #bjf1 #bee4 ,rave/eyn1 ,jan van1 #bjg1 #bba4 ,regnault1 ,h5ri1 #afe4 ,regnault1 ,jean ,bapti/e1 #adg1 #adh4 ,rehn1 ,f4 ,k4 ,m41 #bgd4 ,reid1 ,rob]t1 #bgj4 ,reid-,murray1 ,j41 #bei4 ,re9h>t1 ,*>les ,s41 #bgj4 ,rembr&t van ,ryn1 #adh1 #aif1 #bjd1 #bjg-bac1 #bba1 #bdi4 ,r5e ( ,anj\1 #acc4 ,r5oir1 #agj4 ,reynolds1 ,sir ,jo%ua1 #bab1 #bdd-bdg4 ,ribalta1 ,francisco de1 #ahb1 #ahe4 ,rib]a1 ,roman1 #ahe4 ,rib]a 7,lo ,spagnoletto71 ,jose di1 #abh1 #afh1 #agh1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahe4 ,ribot1 ,augu/9 ,!odule1 #afh4 ,ri*>ds1 ,william ,t41 #bfe4 ,rico1 ,m>t91 #ahe4 ,rigaud1 ,hyac9!1 #aci4 ,r9con1 ,antonio1 #agf1 #ahe4 ,rob]t-,fleury1 ,joseph ,nicolas1 #aec4 ,robie1 ,jean1 #bjj4 ,rob9son1 ,!odore1 #bgc4 ,ro*e1 ,alex41 #bei4 ,ro*egrosse1 ,georges1 #afe4 ,roelas1 ,juan de las1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahe4 ,roll1 ,alfr$ ,philippe1 #agj4 ,roman9o1 ,girolamo ,bresciano1 #abj1 #aba4 ,romb\ts1 ,!odoor1 #aif1 #bja4 ,romney1 ,george1 #bdf4 ,rond9elli1 ,niccolo1 #hd1 #he4 ,rosa1 ,salvator1 #abh1 #aca4 ,rosselli1 ,cosimo1 #fc1 #ga1 #ij4 ,rossetti1 ,gabriel ,*>les ,dante1 #bee1 #bef1 #beg4 ,rosso1 il1 #acd4 ,rott5hamm]1 ,johann1 #bce1 #bci4 ,r\sseau1 ,!odore1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afb4 ,roybet1 ,f]d9&1 #afh4 ,rub5s1 ,pet] ,paul1 #ace1 #agi1 #aic-bja1 #baj1 #bdc4 ,ruisdael1 ,jacob van1 #bae1 #baf1 #bbb4 ,ruisdael1 ,solomon van1 #bae1 #bbb4 ,ryd]1 ,alb]t1 #bfh4 ,,sabbat9i 7,&rea da ,sal]no71 #ig1 #ih4 ,/4 ,jan1 ,ge]tj5 van1 #bje4 ,sala9o 7,&rea ,sala71 il1 #aja1 #ajh4 ,salviati1 ,francesco ,rossi1 #abd1 #acj4 ,san*ez-,coello1 ,alonzo1 #agg1 #ahe4 ,santi1 ,giovanni1 #fg1 #gb4 ,sanzio4 ,see ,raphael4 ,s>g5t1 ,john ,s41 #bfi1 #bgj4 ,s>to1 ,&rea 7,angeli7 del1 #ia1 #ig1 #aja1 #aje1 #acd4 ,sass(]rato 7,giov4 ,batti/a ,salvi71 il1 #abf1 #aca4 ,savoldo1 ,giovanni ,girolamo1 #abj1 #aba4 ,s*ad[1 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm von1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bci4 ,s*affn]1 ,m>t91 #bca1 #bci4 ,s*alck51 ,godfri$1 #baa1 #bba4 ,s*aeufel91 ,hans ,leonh>dt1 #bcj1 #bci4 ,s*eff]1 ,ary1 #aec4 ,s*o5gau]1 ,m>t91 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bci4 ,s*norr von ,k>olsfeld1 ,j41 #bcg1 #bci4 ,s*ue*l91 ,hans1 #bca4 ,scorel1 ,jan van1 #aib1 #bjf1 #bba4 ,segant9i1 ,giovanni1 #acj4 ,semitecolo1 ,niccolo1 #gi1 #hd4 ,s]apion1 #ce4 ,se/o1 ,ces>e da1 #ajb1 #ajh4 ,%annon1 ,j4 ,j41 #bgb4 ,%irlaw1 ,walt]1 #bgj4 ,%urtleff1 ,roswell ,m41 #bgc4 ,sigalon1 ,xavi]1 #aec4 ,signorelli1 ,luca1 #ff1 #fg1 #gb1 #ic4 ,simmons1 ,edw>d ,e41 #bgj4 ,simonetti1 #acj4 ,sisley1 ,alfr$1 #aga4 ,sm$ley1 ,william ,t41 #bgj4 ,smib]t1 ,john1 #bfa4 ,snell1 ,h5ry ,b41 #bgd4 ,snyd]s1 ,franz1 #aif1 #bja4 ,sodoma 7,giov4 ,ant4 ,bazzi71 il1 #ajc1 #ajh4 ,sol>io1 ,&rea 7da ,milano71 #ajb1 #ajh4 ,sopolis1 #ce4 ,sorolla1 ,joaqu91 #ahe4 ,spagna1 ,lo 7,giovanni di ,pietro71 #fi1 #gb4 ,sp5ce1 ,h>ry1 #bei4 ,sprang]1 ,b>?olomeus1 #aib4 ,squ>cione1 ,francesco1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge1 #ha4 ,/>n9a1 ,gh]>do1 #ed1 #ef4 ,/eele1 ,edw>d1 #bdf4 ,/e51 ,jan1 #baa1 #bab1 #bdi4 ,/e5wyck1 ,h5drik van1 #bjf1 #bba4 ,/ev5s1 ,alfr$1 #bjj1 #bjb4 ,/ew>t1 ,julius ,l41 #bgb4 ,/rigel1 ,b]n>d1 #bcb1 #bci4 ,/o?>d1 ,?omas1 #bed4 ,/ott ( ,oldham1 #beh4 ,/u>t1 ,gilb]t1 #bfb1 #bfc4 ,/uck1 ,franz1 #bch4 ,sully1 ,?omas1 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,swan5bur*1 ,jakob ,isaaks van1 #bjg4 ,,t>bell1 ,edmund ,c41 #bgj4 ,t5i]s 7! ,y\ng]71 ,david1 #aig1 #bjb4 ,t]burg1 ,g]>d1 #afg1 #bab1 #bba4 ,?aul[1 ,fritz1 #bgf4 ,?ay]1 ,abbott ,h41 #bgj4 ,!g]/roem1 ,r41 #bgf4 ,!odori* ( ,prague1 #bbg1 #bci4 ,!otocopuli1 ,dom5ico1 #agg1 #ahe4 ,?oma1 ,hans1 #bch4 ,tiepolo1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 #abh1 #aca4 ,tiepolo1 ,giovanni ,dom5ico1 #abi1 #aca4 ,timan!s1 #bh4 ,t9toretto 7,jacopo ,robu/i71 il1 #aae-aag1 #aba1 #abc1 #abh4 ,titian 7,tiziano ,vecelli71 #aja1 #aac-aba1 #abd1 #abe1 #abh1 #agg1 #agi1 #aid1 #aif1 #bab1 #bde4 ,tito1 ,ettore1 #acj4 ,torbido1 ,francisco 7il ,moro71 #abj1 #aba4 ,t\lm\*e1 ,augu/e1 #afg4 ,tri/an1 ,luis1 #agg1 #agh1 #ahe4 ,troyon1 ,con/ant1 #aei1 #afj4 ,trumbull1 ,john1 #bfb1 #bfe4 ,tryon1 ,dwight ,w41 #bgc4 ,tura1 ,cosimo1 #fi1 #gb1 #ge4 ,turn]1 ,c4 ,y41 #bgj4 ,turn]1 ,joseph ,mallord ,william1 #bea1 #bec1 #bed4 ,twa*tman1 ,john ,h41 #bgc4 ,,uccello1 ,paolo1 #fc1 #ga1 #gd4 ,uhde1 ,fritz von1 #bch1 #bdj4 ,ulri*1 ,*>les ,f41 #bgb4 ,,va5ius1 ,o?o1 #aie1 #bja4 ,van ,be]s1 ,jan1 #bjj1 #bjb4 ,v&]lyn1 ,john1 #bfc4 ,van ,dyck1 ,sir ,an?ony1 #aha1 #aie1 #aih1 #bja1 #bdc1 #bdd4 ,van ,dyck1 ,philip1 #bai1 #bbb4 ,van ,loo1 ,jean ,bapti/e1 #ada1 #ade1 #adf4 ,van ,m>cke1 ,emil1 #aei4 ,v>gas1 ,luis de1 #ahj1 #ahe4 ,vas>i1 ,giorgio1 #abd1 #acj ,v$d]1 ,elihu1 #bfh4 ,veit1 ,philipp1 #bcf1 #bci4 ,velasquez1 ,diego ,rodriguez de ,silva y1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg-ahe1 #aid1 #aif1 #bjg1 #bab1 #bdi1 #bga4 ,velde1 ,adri5 van de1 #baf1 #bbb4 ,velde 7! ,eld]71 ,willem van de1 #bah1 #bbb4 ,velde 7! ,y\ng]71 ,willem van de1 #bah1 #bbb4 ,v5u/i1 ,m>cello1 #id1 #ih4 ,v]boeckhov51 ,eug5e ,joseph1 #bjj1 #bjb4 ,v]hag51 ,pi]re ,joseph1 #aih1 #bjb4 ,v]net1 ,claude ,joseph1 #adb1 #bej4 ,v]net1 ,emile ,jean ,horace1 #adi4 ,v]onese1 ,paolo 7,cali>i71 #aaf-aba1 #abi1 #acf1 #aid4 ,v]roc*io1 ,&rea del1 #fd1 #ga1 #ii4 ,vib]t1 ,jehan ,georges1 #afg4 ,victoors1 ,jan1 #baj1 #bba4 ,vi51 ,joseph ,m>ie1 #adf4 ,villegas1 ,jose1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ,v9c5t1 ,francois ,&re1 #adg4 ,v9ci4 ,see ,leon>do4 ,v9ton1 ,f4 ,p41 #bgj4 ,viti1 ,timoteo di1 #ig1 #ih4 ,viv>9i1 ,antonio 7da ,murano71 #gi1 #hd4 ,viv>9i1 ,b>tolommeo 7da ,murano71 #gi1 #hd4 ,viv>9i1 ,luigi or ,alvise1 #hj1 #he4 ,vlieg]1 ,simon de1 #bah1 #bbb4 ,vollon1 ,anto9e1 #afh4 ,volt]ra1 ,daniele 7,ricci>elli7 da1 #id1 #ig4 ,vos1 ,cornelis de1 #aif1 #bja4 ,vos1 ,m>t5 de1 #aib4 ,v\et1 ,simon1 #acf1 #aci4 ,,walk]1 ,fr$]ick1 #beh4 ,walk]1 ,horatio1 #bgc4 ,walton1 ,e4 ,a41 #bei4 ,wapp]s1 ,b>on ,gu/avus1 #aii1 #bjb4 ,watelet1 ,l\is ,eti5ne1 #adi4 ,watson1 ,john1 #bfa4 ,watteau1 ,anto9e1 #adj1 #ada4 ,watts1 ,george ,fr$]ick1 #beh4 ,waut]s1 ,emile1 #bjj4 ,weeks1 ,edw9 ,l41 #bgb4 ,we5ix1 ,jan1 #bai1 #bbb4 ,weir1 ,j4 ,ald51 #bgj1 #bgc4 ,w]ff1 ,adriaan van d]1 #bai1 #bbb4 ,we/1 ,b5jam91 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfd4 ,weyd51 ,rog] van d]1 #ahi1 #aij1 #bja1 #bca4 ,:i/l]1 ,james ,a4 ,mc,neill1 #bga4 ,:ittr$ge1 ,wor?+ton1 #bfe4 ,wi]tz1 ,anto9e ,joseph1 #aii1 #bjb4 ,wiles1 ,irv+ ,r41 #bgj4 ,wilkie1 ,sir ,david1 #bdi4 ,willems1 ,flor5t1 #bjj1 #bjb4 ,wilson1 ,ri*>d1 #bej1 #bea4 ,wolgemut1 ,mi*ael1 #bbh1 #bci4 ,w\v]man1 ,philips1 #baf1 #bbb4 ,wright1 ,joseph1 #bej4 ,wurms]1 ,nicolaus1 #bbg1 #bci4 ,wyant1 ,alex&] ,h41 #bfe1 #bgc4 ,wyllie1 ,w4 ,l41 #bei ,wynants1 ,jan1 #bae1 #bbb4 ,yon1 ,edmund ,*>les1 #aei4 ,zamacois1 ,edu>do1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ,zeg]s1 ,daniel1 #aif1 #bja4 ,ziem1 #aed4 ,zeitblom1 ,b>?olomaeus1 #bca1 #bci4 ,zeuxis1 #bg4 ,zoppo1 ,m>co1 #ge1 #hd4 ,zorn1 ,&]s1 #bgf4 ,zuc*]o1 ,f$]igo1 #abe1 #acj4 ,zuloaga1 ,ignacio1 #ahe4 ,zurb>an1 ,francisco de1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahe4 ,,additions ,,to ,,index4 ,anglada1 #ahe4 ,b>tels1 #bch4 ,baur1 #bba4 ,bell1 #bei4 ,brangwyn1 #bei4 ,breitn]1 #bba4 ,buysse1 #bjj4 ,c>iani1 #aai4 ,claus1 #bjj4 ,claus51 #bei4 ,fattori1 #acj4 ,fragiacomo1 #acj4 ,fr$]ic1 #bjj4 ,g>cia y ,remos1 #ahe4 ,gre9]1 #bch4 ,hav]man1 #bba4 ,h5ri1 ,rob]t1 #bgj4 ,kell]1 #bch4 ,khnopff1 #bjj4 ,lempoels1 #bjj4 ,lie1 ,jonas1 #bgc4 ,mc,taggart1 #bei4 ,manc9i1 #acj4 ,m>*etti1 #acj4 ,ouless1 #bei4 ,reid1 ,sir ,george1 #bei4 ,/e]1 #bei4 ,swan1 #bei4 ,truebn]1 #bch4 ,vi]ge1 #ahe4 ,weiss5bru*1 #bba4 ,wits51 #bba4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,college ,,hi/ories ,,( ,,art ,,edit$ ,,by ,,john ,c4 ,,van ,,dyke1 ,l4,h4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,art ,,9 ,,rutg]s ,,college ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,by ,,john ,c4 ,,van ,,dyke1 ! ,editor ( ! ,s]ies4 ,) ,frontispiece & #aaj ,illu/rations1 ,bibliographies1 & ,index4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ar*itecture ,by ,,alfr$ ,d4 ,f4 ,,haml91 ,a4,m41 ,adjunct ,pr(essor ( ,ar*itecture1 ,columbia ,college1 ,new ,york4 ,) ,frontispiece & #bbi ,illu/rations & ,diagrams1 ,bibliographies1 ,gloss>y1 ,index ( ,ar*itects1 & a ,g5]al ,index4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #b4jj4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sculpture ,by ,,allan ,,m>qu&1 ,ph4,d41 ,l4,h4,d41 & ,,ar?ur ,l4 ,,fro?+ham1 ,jr41 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essors ( ,ar*aeology & ! ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,) ,frontispiece & #aab ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture4 ,by ,a4 ,d4 ,f4 ,haml91 ,a4,m4 ,adjunct ,pr(essor ( ,ar*itecture 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,columbia ,college4 ,) ,frontispiece & #bbi ,illu/rations & ,diagrams1 ,bibliographies1 ,gloss>y1 ,index ( ,ar*itects1 & a ,g5]al ,index4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 xx-#dec1 #b4jj4 ,! text ( ?is book is v valuable because ( ! s+ul>ly intellig5t view tak5 ( ea* sep>ate epo*4444 ,! book is extremely well furni%$ ) bibliographies1 li/s ( monum5ts :i* are excell5t4444 ,if any reasonable "p ( ! cont5ts ( ?is book c be got into ! heads ( ^? :o /udy x1 !y w h excell5t ideas ab\t ar*itecture & ! beg9n+s ( a s\nd k ( x4--,,! ,,nation1 ,,new ,,york4 ,a manual t w be invaluable to ! /ud5t1 :ile x w give to ! g5]al read] a suffici5tly full outl9e = ! purposes ( ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s s*ools ( ar*itecture4 ,:at makes x ( special value is ! l>ge numb] ( gr\nd plans ( typical build+s & ! sket*es ( bits ( detail ( columns1 ar*es1 w9d[s & doorways4 ,ea* *apt] is prefac$ by a li/ ( books recomm5d$1 & ea* ends ) a li/ ( monum5ts4 ,! illu/rations are num]\s & well execut$4--,,san ,,francisco ,,*ronicle4 ,probably pres5ts m compreh5sively & at ! same "t concisely1 ! v>i\s p]iods & /yles ( ar*itecture1 ) a *>act]ization ( ! mo/ important works ( ea* p]iod & /yle1 ?an any o!r publi%$ "w4444 ,! volume fills a gap 9 ar*itectural lit]ature :i* has long exi/$4--,,adv]tis]1 ,,bo/on4 ,a neatly publi%$ "w1 adapt$ to ! use ei!r ( /ud5t or g5]al read]4 ,z a text-book x is a concise & ord]ly sett+ =? ( ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ar*itecture foll[$ by ! diff]5t s*ools4 ,! life hi/ory ( ea* p]iod is brief yet ?or\gh4444 ,! treatm5t is broad & n ov]-critical4 ,! *ief facts are s gr\p$ t ! /ud5t c easily grasp !m4 ,! plan-draw+s are cle> cut & s]ve _! purpose admirably4 ,! half-tone illu/rations are mod]n 9 selection & treatm5t4 ,! /yle is cle>1 easy & pleas+4 ,! entire production %[s a /udi\s & ord]ly m9d4 ,a new & pleas+ *>act]i/ic is ! abs5ce ( all discussion on disput$ po9ts4 ,9 its unity1 cle>ness & simplicity lie its *>m & int]e/4--,,notre ,,dame ,,s*ola/ic1 ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,ind4 ,?is is a v ?or\gh & comp5di\s hi/ory ( ! art ( ar*itecture f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t4444 ,! "w is elaborately illu/rat$ ) a great ho/ ( examples1 pictures1 diagrams1 etc4 ,x is int5d$ to be us$ z a s*ool text-book1 & is v conv5i5tly arrang$ = ?is purpose1 ) suitable head+s 9 bold-fac$ type1 & a copi\s index4 ,tea*]s & /ud5ts w f9d x a capital ?+ = ! purpose4--,,picayune1 ,,new ,,orleans4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,sculpture1 ,,by ,,allan ,,m>qu&1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,l4 ,h4 ,d4 ,,& ,,ar?ur ,l4 ,,fro?+ham1 ,jr41 ,ph4 ,d4 ,pr(essors ( ,ar*aeology & ! ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,) ,frontispiece & #aac ,illu/rations 9 half-tone 9 ! text1 ,bibliographies1 ,addresses = ,photographs & ,ca/s1 etc4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cac pages1 #a4ej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h5ry ,w4 ,,k5t1 ,curator ( ! ,seat] ,museum1 ,watk9s1 ,n4 ,y4 ,l ! o!r works 9 ?is s]ies ( y\rs1 x is simply invaluable1 fill+ a long-felt want4 ,! bibliographies & li/s w be ke5ly appreciat$ by all :o "w ) a class ( /ud5ts4 ,,*>les ,h4 ,,moore1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,! illu/rations are especially good1 avoid+ ! excessively black backgr\nd :i* produce h>% contra/s & injure ! outl9es ( s _m half-tone pr9ts4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,hopp91 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,^! names are suffici5t gu>antee = ! excell5ce ( ! book & its fitness = ! object x 0 design$ =4 ,i 0 especially int]e/$ 9 ! *apt] on ,r5aissance ,sculpture 9 ,italy4 ,,critic1 ,new ,york4 ,?is hi/ory is a model ( cond5sation4444 ,ea* p]iod is treat$ 9 full1 ) descriptions ( its g5]al *>act]i/ics & its individual developm5ts "u v>i\s conditions1 physical1 political1 religi\s & ! l4444 ,a g5]al hi/ory ( sculpture has nev] be=e be5 writt5 9 ,engli%--nev] 9 any language 9 conv5i5t text-book =m4 ,?is publication1 !n1 %\ld meet ) an en?usia/ic reception among /ud5ts & amateurs ( art1 n s mu*1 h[ev]1 because x is ! only book ( its k9d1 z = its intr9sic m]it & attractive =m4 ,,outlook1 ,new ,york4 ,a concise survey ( ! hi/ory ( sculpture is some?+ ne$$ ev]y:]e4444 ,a good feature ( ?is book--& "o :i* %\ld be imitat$--is ! li/ indicat+ :]e ca/s & photographs may be/ be obta9$4 ,( c\rse su* a volume is amply index$4 ,,notre ,,dame ,,s*ola/ic1 ,notre ,dame1 ,ind4 ,! "w is ord]ly1 ! /yle lucid & easy4 ,! illu/rations1 numb]+ ov] a hundr$1 are %>ply cut & well select$4 ,besides a g5]al bibliography1 !re is plac$ at ! end ( ea* p]iod ( /yle a special li/ to :i* ! /ud5t may ref]1 %\ld he wi% to pursue m fully any p>ticul> s*ool4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,longmans1 ,,gre5 ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #ia #ic ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york4