----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ! p>ts conta9+  
ma!matical             notation1        
sup]script *>act]s h be5 us$ :]e        
possible4      ,! rema9+ few are d5ot$  
us+ und]scores & curly                  
brackets1 = example en#a4 ,italicis$    
words are m>k$ us+     und]scores l ?is1
 b ! lett]s us$ 9 ! ma!matics     7:i* 7
 all 9 italic font7 h n be5 m>k$1 to aid
         legibility & to avoid confusion
 ) ! subscripts4                        
,! special *>act]s us$ 9 ?is file are3  
,if y c only display ! fir/ few on !    
#bnd l9e1 y may       pref] !           
,,iso-#hhei-a v]sion ( ?is ebook2 if y c
 see all      ap>t f ! la/ six1 !n ei!r 
! ,,iso-#hhei-a text or !      ,,html   
v]sions %\ld be suitable4 ,if y c see   
none ( !         special *>act]s1 use ! 
,,ascii v]sion4                         
,two pr9t] errors h be5 correct$4 ,^!   
are3                                    
444relat+ ! entity discrim9at$ by sight 

) t             discrim9at$ by sight444 
sight has be5 *ang$ to t\* z            
sugge/$ by ! s5se4                      
444univ]sely proportional to444         
univ]sely has be5 *ang$     to inv]sely4
                                        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,! ,concept (                           
,,nature                            ,,! 
,,t>n] ,,lectures                       
,,deliv]$ ,,9 ,,tr9ity ,,college        
,,novemb] #aiai                         
,alfr$ ,nor? ,:itehead     ,,preface    
,! cont5ts ( ?is book 7 orig9ally       
deliv]$ at ,tr9ity ,college 9 ! autumn (
 #aiai z ! inaugural c\rse ( ,t>n]      
lectures4 ,! ,t>n] lecture%ip is an     
occasional (fice f\nd$ by ! lib]ality ( 
,mr ,edw>d ,t>n]4 ,! duty ( ea* ( !     
successive hold]s ( ! po/ w be to deliv]
 a c\rse on '! ,philosophy ( ! ,sci5ces 
& ! ,relations or ,want ( ,relations    
betwe5 ! diff]5t ,dep>tm5ts ( ,k4' ,!   
pres5t book embodies ! endeav\r ( ! fir/

 lectur] ( ! s]ies to fulfil 8 task4  ,!
 *apt]s reta9 _! orig9al lecture =m &   
rema9 z deliv]$ ) ! exception ( m9or    
*anges design$ to remove obscurities (  
expression4 ,! lecture =m has !         
advantage ( sugge/+ an audi5ce ) a      
def9ite m5tal backgr\nd :i* x is !      
purpose ( ! lecture to modify 9 a       
specific way4 ,9 ! pres5tation ( a novel
 outlook ) wide ramifications a s+le l9e
 ( communications f premises to         
conclusions is n suffici5t =            
intelligibility4 ,y\r audi5ce w con/rue 
:atev] y say into con=mity ) _!         
pre-exi/+ outlook4 ,= ?is reason ! fir/ 
two *apt]s & ! la/ two *apt]s are       
ess5tial = intelligibility ?\gh !y h>dly
 add to ! =mal complet5ess ( !          
exposition4 ,_! function is to prev5t ! 
read] f bolt+ up side tracks 9 pursuit (
 misund]/&+s4 ,! same reason dictates my
 avoidance ( ! exi/+ te*nical t]m9ology 
( philosophy4 ,! mod]n natural          
philosophy is %ot ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) !     
fallacy ( bifurcation :i* is discuss$ 9 

! second *apt] ( ?is "w4 ,accord+ly all 
its te*nical t]ms 9 "s subtle way       
presuppose a misund]/&+ ( my !sis4 ,x is
 p]haps z well to /ate explicitly t if !
 read] indulges 9 ! facile vice (       
bifurcation n a ^w ( :at ,i h "h writt5 
w be intelligible4  ,! la/ two *apt]s d 
n prop]ly belong to ! special c\rse4    
,*apt] ,,viii is a lecture deliv]$ 9 !  
spr+ ( #aibj be=e ! ,*emical ,society ( 
! /ud5ts ( ! ,imp]ial ,college ( ,sci5ce
 & ,te*nology4 ,x has be5 app5d$ "h z   
conv5i5tly summ+ up & apply+ ! doctr9e (
 ! book = an audi5ce ) "o def9ite type (
 outlook4  ,?is volume on '! ,concept ( 
,nature' =ms a companion book to my     
previ\s "w ,an ,enquiry conc]n+ !       
,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,k4 ,ei!r book c  
be read indep5d5tly1 b !y supplem5t ea* 
o!r4 ,9 "p ! pres5t book supplies po9ts 
( view :i* 7 omitt$ f its pr$ecessor2 9 
"p x trav]ses ! same gr\nd ) an         
alt]native exposition4 ,= "o ?+1        
ma!matical notation has be5 c>efully    
avoid$1 & ! results ( ma!matical        

d$uctions are assum$4 ,"s ( !           
explanations h be5 improv$ & o!rs h be5 
set 9 a new light4 ,on ! o!r h&         
important po9ts ( ! previ\s "w h be5    
omitt$ :]e ,i h _h no?+ fre% to say ab\t
 !m4 ,on ! :ole1 :]eas ! =m] "w bas$    
itself *iefly on ideas directly drawn f 
ma!matical physics1 ! pres5t book keeps 
clos] to c]ta9 fields ( philosophy &    
physics to ! exclusion ( ma!matics4 ,!  
two works meet 9 _! discussions ( "s    
details ( space & "t4  ,i am n consci\s 
t ,i h 9 any way alt]$ my views4 ,"s    
developm5ts h be5 made4 ,^? t are       
capable ( a non-ma!matical exposition h 
be5 incorporat$ 9 ! text4 ,! ma!matical 
developm5ts are allud$ to 9 ! la/ two   
*apt]s4 ,!y conc]n ! adaptation ( !     
pr9ciples ( ma!matical physics to ! =m (
 ! relativity pr9ciple :i* is "h        
ma9ta9$4 ,e9/e9's me?od ( us+ ! !ory (  
t5sors is adopt$1 b ! application is    
work$ out on diff]5t l9es & f diff]5t   
assumptions4 ,^? ( 8 results :i* h be5  
v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce are obta9$ also by my

 me?ods4 ,! div]g5ce *iefly arises f !  
fact t ,i d n accept 8 !ory ( non-uni=m 
space or 8 assumption z to ! peculi>    
fundam5tal "* ( light-signals4 ,i w\ld n
 h[ev] be misund]/ood to be lack+ 9     
appreciation ( ! value ( 8 rec5t "w on  
g5]al relativity :i* has ! high m]it (  
fir/ disclos+ ! way 9 :i* ma!matical    
physics %\ld proce$ 9 ! light ( !       
pr9ciple ( relativity4 ,b 9 my judgm5t  
he has cramp$ ! developm5t ( 8 brilliant
 ma!matical me?od 9 ! n>r[ b\nds ( a v  
d\btful philosophy4  ,! object ( !      
pres5t volume & ( its pr$ecessor is to  
lay ! basis ( a natural philosophy :i*  
is ! necess>y presupposition ( a        
reorganis$ speculative physics4 ,! g5]al
 assimilation ( space & "t :i* dom9ates 
! con/ructive ?\ght c claim ! indep5d5t 
support ( ,m9k[ski f ! side ( sci5ce &  
also ( succe$+ relativi/s1 :ile on !    
side ( philosoph]s x 01 ,i believe1 "o  
!me ( ,pr(4 ,alex&]'s ,gif=d lectures   
deliv]$ "s few ye>s ago b n yet publi%$4
 ,he also summ>is$ 8 conclusions on ?is 

"q 9 a lecture to ! ,ari/otelian        
,society 9 ! ,july ( #aiah4 ,s9ce !     
publication ( ,an ,enquiry conc]n+ !    
,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,k ,i h _h !      
advantage ( read+ ,mr ,c4 ,d4 ,broad's  
,p]ception1 ,physics1 & ,reality ,camb4 
,univ4 ,press1 #aiad4 ,?is valuable book
 has assi/$ me 9 my discussion 9 ,*apt] 
,,ii1 ?\gh ,i am unaw>e z to h[ f> ,mr  
,broad w\ld ass5t to any ( my argum5ts z
 !re /at$4  ,x rema9s = me to ?ank !    
/aff ( ! ,univ]sity ,press1 its         
compositors1 its pro(-read]s1 its cl]ks1
 & its manag+ (ficials1 n only = !      
te*nical excell5ce ( _! "w1 b = ! way !y
 h co-op]at$ s z to secure my conv5i5ce4
  ,a4 ,n4 ,w4      ,,imp]ial ,,college  
,,( ,,sci5ce         ,,& ,,te*nology4   
,april1 #aibj4     ,,cont5ts      ,,*ap4
                                        
,,page         ,i ,,nature ,,& ,,?\ght  
#a        ,,ii ,,!ories ,,( ,,!         
,,bifurcation ,,( ,,nature              
#bf       ,,iii ,,"t                    
#di        ,,iv ,,! ,,me?od ,,(         

,,ext5sive ,,ab/raction                 
#gd         ,v ,,space ,,& ,,motion     
#ii        ,,vi ,,congru5ce             
#abj       ,,vii ,,objects              
#adc      ,,viii ,,summ>y               
#afd        ,,ix ,,! ,,ultimate         
,,physical ,,concepts                   
#ahe           ,,note3 ,,on ,,! ,,greek 
,,concept ,,( ,a ,,po9t             #aig
           ,,note3 ,,on ,,significance  
,,& ,,inf9ite ,,ev5ts         #aig      
,,index                                 
#aii     ,,! ,,concept ,,( ,,nature     
,,*apt] ,i  ,,nature ,,& ,,?\ght   ,!   
subject-matt] ( ! ,t>n] lectures is     
def9$ by ! f\nd] to be '! ,philosophy ( 
! ,sci5ces & ! ,relations or ,want (    
,relations betwe5 ! diff]5t ,dep>tm5ts (
 ,k4' ,x is fitt+ at ! fir/ lecture (   
?is new f\ndation to dwell = a few      
mom5ts on ! int5tions ( ! donor z       
express$ 9 ?is def9ition2 & ,i d s ! m  
will+ly z ,i %all !reby be enabl$ to    
introduce ! topics to :i* ! pres5t c\rse
 is to be devot$4  ,we are ju/ifi$1 ,i  

?9k1 9 tak+ ! second clause ( !         
def9ition z 9 "p explanatory ( ! e>li]  
clause4 ,:at is ! philosophy ( !        
sci5ces8 ,x is n a bad answ] to say t x 
is ! /udy ( ! relations betwe5 ! diff]5t
 dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,!n ) admirable         
solicitude = ! fre$om ( le>n+ !re is    
ins]t$ 9 ! def9ition aft] ! ^w          
'relations' ! phrase 'or want (         
relations4' ,a dispro( ( relations      
betwe5 sci5ces w\ld 9 itself con/itute a
 philosophy ( ! sci5ces4 ,b we c\ld n   
disp5se ei!r ) ! e>li] or ! lat] clause4
 ,x is n e relation betwe5 sci5ces :i*  
ent]s into _! philosophy4 ,= example    
biology & physics are connect$ by ! use 
( ! microscope4 ,/ill1 ,i may safely    
ass]t t a te*nical description ( ! uses 
( ! microscope 9 biology is n "p ( !    
philosophy ( ! sci5ces4 ,aga91 y _c     
ab&on ! lat] clause ( ! def9ition2      
namely t ref]r+ to ! relations betwe5 ! 
sci5ces1 )\t ab&on+ ! explicit ref]5ce  
to an ideal 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* philosophy 
mu/ langui% f lack ( intr9sic int]e/4 ,t

 ideal is ! atta9m5t ( "s unify+ concept
 :i* w set 9 assign$ relation%ips )9    
itself all t !re is = k1 = feel+1 & =   
emotion4 ,t f> (f ideal is ! motive p[] 
( philosophic rese>*2 & claims          
allegiance ev5 z y expel x4 ,!          
philosophic plurali/ is a /rict         
logician2 ! ,hegelian ?rives on         
contradictions by ! help ( 8 absolute2 !
 ,mohamm$an div9e b[s be=e ! creative w 
( ,allah2 & ! pragmati/ w swall[ any?+ s
 long z x 'works4'  ,! m5tion ( ^! va/  
sy/ems & ( ! age-long controv]sies f :i*
 !y spr+1 w>ns u to conc5trate4 ,our    
task is ! simpl] "o ( ! philosophy ( !  
sci5ces4 ,n[ a sci5ce has already a     
c]ta9 unity :i* is ! v reason :y t body 
( k has be5 in/9ctively recognis$ z =m+ 
a sci5ce4 ,! philosophy ( a sci5ce is ! 
endeav\r to express explicitly ^? unify+
 *>act]i/ics :i* p]vade t complex (     
?\ghts & make x to be a sci5ce4 ,!      
philosophy ( ! sci5ces--conceiv$ z "o   
subject--is ! endeav\r to exhibit all   
sci5ces z "o sci5ce1 or--9 case (       

defeat--! dispro( ( su* a possibility4  
,aga9 ,i w make a fur!r simplification1 
& conf9e att5tion to ! natural sci5ces1 
t is1 to ! sci5ces ^: subject-matt] is  
nature4 ,by po/ulat+ a common           
subject-matt] = ?is gr\p ( sci5ces a    
unify+ philosophy ( natural sci5ce has  
be5 !reby presuppos$4  ,:at d we mean by
 nature8 ,we h to discuss ! philosophy (
 natural sci5ce4 ,natural sci5ce is !   
sci5ce ( nature4 ,b--,:at is nature8    
,nature is t :i* we obs]ve 9 p]ception  
?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,9 ?is s5se-p]ception we 
are aw>e ( some?+ :i* is n ?\ght & :i*  
is self-conta9$ = ?\ght4 ,?is prop]ty ( 
be+ self-conta9$ = ?\ght lies at ! base 
( natural sci5ce4 ,x means t nature c be
 ?\ght ( z a clos$ sy/em ^: mutual      
relations d n require ! expression ( !  
fact t !y are ?\ght ab\t4  ,?us 9 a s5se
 nature is indep5d5t ( ?\ght4 ,by ?is   
/atem5t no metaphysical pron\ncem5t is  
int5d$4 ,:at ,i mean is t we c ?9k ab\t 
nature )\t ?9k+ ab\t ?\ght4 ,i %all say 
t !n we are ?9k+ 'homog5e\sly' ab\t     

nature4  ,( c\rse x is possible to ?9k (
 nature 9 conjunction ) ?\ght ab\t !    
fact t nature is ?\ght ab\t4 ,9 su* a   
case ,i %all say t we are ?9k+          
'het]og5e\sly' ab\t nature4 ,9 fact dur+
 ! la/ few m9utes we h be5 ?9k+         
het]og5e\sly ab\t nature4 ,natural      
sci5ce is exclusively conc]n$ )         
homog5e\s ?\ghts ab\t nature4  ,b       
s5se-p]ception has 9 x an elem5t :i* is 
n ?\ght4 ,x is a difficult psy*ological 
"q :e!r s5se-p]ception involves ?\ght2 &
 if x does involve ?\ght1 :at is ! k9d (
 ?\ght :i* x necess>ily involves4 ,note 
t x has be5 /at$ above t s5se-p]ception 
is an aw>5ess ( some?+ :i* is n ?\ght4  
,namely1 nature is n ?\ght4 ,b ?is is a 
diff]5t "q1 namely t ! fact (           
s5se-p]ception has a factor :i* is n    
?\ght4 ,i call ?is factor               
's5se-aw>5ess4' ,accord+ly ! doctr9e t  
natural sci5ce is exclusively conc]n$ ) 
homog5e\s ?\ghts ab\t nature does n     
imm$iately c>ry ) x ! conclusion t      
natural sci5ce is n conc]n$ )           

s5se-aw>5ess4  ,h[ev]1 ,i d ass]t ?is   
fur!r /atem5t2 namely1 t ?\gh natural   
sci5ce is conc]n$ ) nature :i* is !     
t]m9us ( s5se-p]ception1 x is n conc]n$ 
) ! s5se-aw>5ess itself4  ,i repeat !   
ma9 l9e ( ?is argum5t1 & exp& x 9 c]ta9 
directions4  ,?\ght ab\t nature is      
diff]5t f ! s5se-p]ception ( nature4    
,h5ce ! fact ( s5se-p]ception has an    
+r$i5t or factor :i* is n ?\ght4 ,i call
 ?is +r$i5t s5se-aw>5ess4 ,x is         
indiff]5t to my argum5t :e!r            
s5se-p]ception has or has n ?\ght z     
ano!r +r$i5t4 ,if s5se-p]ception does n 
involve ?\ght1 !n s5se-aw>5ess &        
s5se-p]ception are id5tical4 ,b ! some?+
 p]ceiv$ is p]ceiv$ z an entity :i* is !
 t]m9us ( ! s5se-aw>5ess1 some?+ :i* =  
?\ght is beyond ! fact ( t s5se-aw>5ess4
 ,also ! some?+ p]ceiv$ c]ta9ly does n  
conta9 o!r s5se-aw>5esses :i* are       
diff]5t f ! s5se-aw>5ess :i* is an      
+r$i5t 9 t p]ception4 ,accord+ly nature 
z disclos$ 9 s5se-p]ception is          
self-conta9$ z aga9/ s5se-aw>5ess1 9    

addition to be+ self-conta9$ z aga9/    
?\ght4 ,i w also express ?is            
self-conta9$ness ( nature by say+ t     
nature is clos$ to m9d4  ,?is closure ( 
nature does n c>ry ) x any metaphysical 
doctr9e ( ! disjunction ( nature & m9d4 
,x means t 9 s5se-p]ception nature is   
disclos$ z a complex ( entities ^:      
mutual relations are expressible 9 ?\ght
 )\t ref]5ce to m9d1 t is1 )\t ref]5ce  
ei!r to s5se-aw>5ess or to ?\ght4       
,fur!rmore1 ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood z 
imply+ t s5se-aw>5ess & ?\ght are ! only
 activities :i* are to be ascrib$ to    
m9d4 ,also ,i am n d5y+ t !re are       
relations ( natural entities to m9d or  
m9ds o!r ?an be+ ! t]m9i ( !            
s5se-aw>5esses ( m9ds4 ,accord+ly ,i w  
ext5d ! mean+ ( ! t]ms 'homog5e\s       
?\ghts' & 'het]og5e\s ?\ghts' :i* h     
already be5 introduc$4 ,we are ?9k+     
'homog5e\sly' ab\t nature :5 we are ?9k+
 ab\t x )\t ?9k+ ab\t ?\ght or ab\t     
s5se-aw>5ess1 & we are ?9k+             
'het]og5e\sly' ab\t nature :5 we are    

?9k+ ab\t x 9 conjunction ) ?9k+ ei!r   
ab\t ?\ght or ab\t s5se-aw>5ess or ab\t 
bo?4  ,i also take ! homog5eity ( ?\ght 
ab\t nature z exclud+ any ref]5ce to    
moral or ae/hetic values ^: appreh5sion 
is vivid 9 proportion to self-consci\s  
activity4 ,! values ( nature are p]haps 
! key to ! metaphysical syn!sis (       
exi/5ce4 ,b su* a syn!sis is exactly :at
 ,i am n attempt+4 ,i am conc]n$        
exclusively ) ! g5]alisations ( wide/   
scope :i* c be effect$ respect+ t :i* is
 kn[n to u z ! direct deliv]ance (      
s5se-aw>5ess4  ,i h said t nature is    
disclos$ 9 s5se-p]ception z a complex ( 
entities4 ,x is wor? consid]+ :at we    
mean by an entity 9 ?is connexion4      
',entity' is simply ! ,lat9 equival5t = 
'?+' unless "s arbitr>y di/9ction is    
drawn betwe5 ! words = te*nical         
purposes4 ,all ?\ght has to be ab\t ?+s4
 ,we c ga9 "s idea ( ?is necessity ( ?+s
 = ?\ght by exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( a 
proposition4  ,let u suppose t a        
proposition is be+ communicat$ by an    

expositor to a recipi5t4 ,su* a         
proposition is compos$ ( phrases2 "s (  
^! phrases may be demon/rative & o!rs   
may be descriptive4  ,by a demon/rative 
phrase ,i mean a phrase :i* makes !     
recipi5t aw>e ( an entity 9 a way :i* is
 indep5d5t ( ! p>ticul> demon/rative    
phrase4 ,y w und]/& t ,i am "h us+      
'demon/ration' 9 ! non-logical s5se1    
namely 9 ! s5se 9 :i* a lectur]         
demon/rates by ! aid ( a frog & a       
microscope ! circulation ( ! blood = an 
elem5t>y class ( m$ical /ud5ts4 ,i w    
call su* demon/ration 'speculative'     
demon/ration1 rememb]+ ,hamlet's use ( !
 ^w 'speculation' :5 he says1      ,!re 
is no speculation 9 ^? eyes4  ,?us a    
demon/rative phrase demon/rates an      
entity speculatively4 ,x may happ5 t !  
expositor has meant "s o!r              
entity--namely1 ! phrase demon/rates to 
him an entity :i* is div]se f ! entity  
:i* x demon/rates to ! recipi5t4 ,9 t   
case !re is confusion2 = !re are two    
div]se propositions1 namely !           

proposition = ! expositor & !           
proposition = ! recipi5t4 ,i put ?is    
possibility aside z irrelevant = our    
discussion1 ?\gh 9 practice x may be    
difficult = two p]sons to concur 9 !    
consid]ation ( exactly ! same           
proposition1 or ev5 = "o p]son to h     
det]m9$ exactly ! proposition :i* he is 
consid]+4  ,aga9 ! demon/rative phrase  
may fail to demon/rate any entity4 ,9 t 
case !re is no proposition = ! recipi5t4
 ,i ?9k t we may assume 7p]haps ra%ly7 t
 ! expositor kn[s :at he means4  ,a     
demon/rative phrase is a ge/ure4 ,x is n
 itself a con/itu5t ( ! proposition1 b !
 entity :i* x demon/rates is su* a      
con/itu5t4 ,y may qu>rel ) a            
demon/rative phrase z 9 "s way obnoxi\s 
to y2 b if x demon/rates ! "r entity1 ! 
proposition is unaffect$ ?\gh y\r ta/e  
may be (f5d$4 ,?is sugge/iv5ess ( !     
phraseology is "p ( ! lit]>y quality ( !
 s5t5ce :i* conveys ! proposition4 ,?is 
is because a s5t5ce directly conveys "o 
proposition1 :ile 9 its phraseology x   

sugge/s a p5umbra ( o!r propositions    
*>g$ ) emotional value4 ,we are n[ talk+
 ( ! "o proposition directly convey$ 9  
any phraseology4  ,?is doctr9e is       
obscur$ by ! fact t 9 mo/ cases :at is 9
 =m a m]e "p ( ! demon/rative ge/ure is 
9 fact a "p ( ! proposition :i* x is    
desir$ directly to convey4 ,9 su* a case
 we w call ! phraseology ( ! proposition
 elliptical4 ,9 ord9>y int]c\rse !      
phraseology ( ne>ly all propositions is 
elliptical4  ,let u take "s examples4   
,suppose t ! expositor is 9 ,london1 say
 9 ,reg5t's ,p>k & 9 ,b$=d ,college1 !  
great wom5's college :i* is situat$ 9 t 
p>k4 ,he is speak+ 9 ! college hall & he
 says1      ',?is college build+ is     
commodi\s4'  ,! phrase '?is college     
build+' is a demon/rative phrase4 ,n[   
suppose ! recipi5t answ]s1      ',?is is
 n a college build+1 x is ! lion-h\se 9 
! ,zoo4'  ,!n1 provid$ t ! expositor's  
orig9al proposition has n be5 c\*$ 9    
elliptical phraseology1 ! expositor     
/icks to 8 orig9al proposition :5 he    

replies1      ',anyh[1 x is commodi\s4' 
,note t ! recipi5t's answ] accepts !    
speculative demon/ration ( ! phrase     
',?is college build+4' ,he does n say1  
',:at d y mean8' ,he accepts ! phrase z 
demon/rat+ an entity1 b decl>es t same  
entity to be ! lion-h\se 9 ! ,zoo4 ,9 8 
reply1 ! expositor 9 8 turn recognises !
 success ( 8 orig9al ge/ure z a         
speculative demon/ration1 & waives ! "q 
( ! suitability ( its mode (            
sugge/iv5ess ) an 'anyh[4' ,b he is n[ 9
 a position to repeat ! orig9al         
proposition ) ! aid ( a demon/rative    
ge/ure robb$ ( any sugge/iv5ess1        
suitable or unsuitable1 by say+1        
',x is commodi\s4'  ,! 'x' ( ?is f9al   
/atem5t presupposes t ?\ght has seiz$ on
 ! entity z a b>e objective =           
consid]ation4  ,we conf9e ourselves to  
entities disclos$ 9 s5se-aw>5ess4 ,!    
entity is s disclos$ z a relatum 9 !    
complex :i* is nature4 ,x dawns on an   
obs]v] because ( its relations2 b x is  
an objective = ?\ght 9 its own b>e      

individuality4 ,?\ght _c proce$ o!rwise2
 namely1 x _c proce$ )\t ! ideal b>e 'x'
 :i* is speculatively demon/rat$4 ,?is  
sett+ up ( ! entity z a b>e objective   
does n ascribe to x an exi/5ce ap>t f ! 
complex 9 :i* x has be5 f\nd by         
s5se-p]ception4 ,! 'x' = ?\ght is       
ess5tially a relatum = s5se-aw>5ess4  ,!
 *ances are t ! dialogue z to ! college 
build+ takes ano!r =m4 ,:atev] !        
expositor orig9ally meant1 he almo/     
c]ta9ly n[ takes 8 =m] /atem5t z c\*$ 9 
elliptical phraseology1 & assumes t he 0
 mean+1      ',?is is a college build+ &
 is commodi\s4'  ,"h ! demon/rative     
phrase or ! ge/ure1 :i* demon/rates !   
'x' :i* is commodi\s1 has n[ be5 r$uc$  
to '?is'2 & ! att5uat$ phrase1 "u !     
circum/ances 9 :i* x is utt]$1 is       
suffici5t = ! purpose ( correct         
demon/ration4 ,?is br+s out ! po9t t !  
v]bal =m is nev] ! :ole phraseology ( ! 
proposition2 ?is phraseology also       
includes ! g5]al circum/ances ( its     
production4 ,?us ! aim ( a demon/rative 

phrase is to exhibit a def9ite 'x' z a  
b>e objective = ?\ght2 b ! modus op]&i (
 a demon/rative phrase is to produce an 
aw>5ess ( ! entity z a p>ticul> relatum 
9 an auxili>y complex1 *os5 m]ely = !   
sake ( ! speculative demon/ration &     
irrelevant to ! proposition4 ,= example1
 9 ! above dialogue1 colleges & build+s1
 z relat$ to ! 'x' speculatively        
demon/rat$ by ! phrase '?is college     
build+1' set t 'x' 9 an auxili>y complex
 :i* is irrelevant to ! proposition     
',x is commodi\s4'  ,( c\rse 9 language 
e phrase is inv>iably highly elliptical4
 ,accord+ly ! s5t5ce      ',?is college 
build+ is commodi\s'  means probably    
',?is college build+ is commodi\s z a   
college build+4'  ,b x w be f\nd t 9 !  
above discussion we c replace           
'commodi\s' by 'commodi\s z a college   
build+' )\t alt]+ our conclusion2 ?\gh  
we c guess t ! recipi5t1 :o ?\ght he 0 9
 ! lion-h\se ( ! ,zoo1 w\ld be less     
likely to ass5t to4      ',anyh[1 x is  
commodi\s z a college build+4'  ,a m    

obvi\s in/ance ( elliptical phraseology 
arises if ! expositor %\ld address !    
recipi5t ) ! rem>k1      ',t crim9al is 
y\r fri5d4'  ,! recipi5t might answ]1   
',he is my fri5d & y are insult+4'  ,"h 
! recipi5t assumes t ! phrase ',t       
crim9al' is elliptical & n m]ely        
demon/rative4 ,9 fact1 pure demon/ration
 is impossible ?\gh x is ! ideal (      
?\ght4 ,?is practical impossibility (   
pure demon/ration is a difficulty :i*   
arises 9 ! communication ( ?\ght & 9 !  
ret5tion ( ?\ght4 ,namely1 a proposition
 ab\t a p>ticul> factor 9 nature c nei!r
 be express$ to o!rs nor reta9$ =       
repeat$ consid]ation )\t ! aid (        
auxili>y complexes :i* are irrelevant to
 x4  ,i n[ pass to descriptive phrases4 
,! expositor says1      ',a college 9   
,reg5t's ,p>k is commodi\s4'  ,!        
recipi5t kn[s ,reg5t's ,p>k well4 ,!    
phrase ',a college 9 ,reg5t's ,p>k' is  
descriptive = him4 ,if its phraseology  
is n elliptical1 :i* 9 ord9>y life x    
c]ta9ly w be 9 "s way or o!r1 ?is       

proposition simply means1      ',!re is 
an entity :i* is a college build+ 9     
,reg5t's ,p>k     & is commodi\s4'  ,if 
! recipi5t rejo9s1      ',! lion-h\se 9 
! ,zoo is ! only commodi\s build+ 9     
,reg5t's ,p>k1'  he n[ contradicts !    
expositor1 on ! assumption t a lion-h\se
 9 a ,zoo is n a college build+4  ,?us  
:]eas 9 ! fir/ dialogue ! recipi5t m]ely
 qu>rell$ ) ! expositor )\t contradict+ 
him1 9 ?is dialogue he contradicts him4 
,?us a descriptive phrase is "p ( !     
proposition :i* x helps to express1     
:]eas a demon/rative phrase is n "p ( ! 
proposition :i* x helps to express4     
,aga9 ! expositor might be /&+ 9 ,gre5  
,p>k--:]e !re are no college build+s--& 
say1      ',?is college build+ is       
commodi\s4'  ,probably no proposition w 
be receiv$ by ! recipi5t because !      
demon/rative phrase1      ',?is college 
build+'  has fail$ to demon/rate ow+ to 
! abs5ce ( ! backgr\nd ( s5se-aw>5ess   
:i* x presupposes4  ,b if ! expositor _h
 said1      ',a college build+ 9 ,gre5  

,p>k is commodi\s1'  ! recipi5t w\ld h  
receiv$ a proposition1 b a false "o4    
,language is usually ambigu\s & x is ra%
 to make g5]al ass]tions z to its       
mean+s4 ,b phrases :i* comm5ce ) '?is'  
or 't' are usually demon/rative1 :]eas  
phrases :i* comm5ce ) '!' or 'a' are (t5
 descriptive4 ,9 /udy+ ! !ory (         
propositional expression x is important 
to rememb] ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 !     
analog\s mode/ words '?is' & 't' on ! "o
 h& & 'a' & '!' on ! o!r h&4 ,! s5t5ce  
',! college build+ 9 ,reg5t's ,p>k is   
commodi\s'  means1 accord+ to ! analysis
 fir/ made by ,b]tr& ,russell1 !        
proposition1     ',!re is an entity :i* 
7i7 is a college build+ 9 ,reg5t's      
,p>k & 7ii7 is commodi\s & 7iii7 is su* 
t any college    build+ 9 ,reg5t's ,p>k 
is id5tical ) x4'  ,! descriptive "* ( !
 phrase ',! college build+ 9 ,reg5t's   
,p>k' is ?us evid5t4 ,also ! proposition
 is d5i$ by ! d5ial ( any "o ( its ?ree 
compon5t clauses or by ! d5ial ( any    
comb9ation ( ! compon5t clauses4 ,if we 

_h sub/itut$ ',gre5 ,p>k' = ',reg5t's   
,p>k' a false proposition w\ld h        
result$4 ,also ! erection ( a second    
college 9 ,reg5t's ,p>k w\ld make !     
proposition false1 ?\gh 9 ord9>y life   
common s5se w\ld politely treat x z     
m]ely ambigu\s4  ',! ,iliad' = a        
classical s*ol> is usually a            
demon/rative phrase2 = x demon/rates to 
him a well-kn[n poem4 ,b = ! majority ( 
mank9d ! phrase is descriptive1 namely1 
x is synonym\s ) ',! poem nam$ !        
,iliad4'  ,names may be ei!r            
demon/rative or descriptive phrases4 ,= 
example ',hom]' is = u a descriptive    
phrase1 namely1 ! ^w ) "s slight        
diff]5ce 9 sugge/iv5ess means ',! man :o
 wrote ! ,iliad4'  ,?is discussion      
illu/rates t ?\ght places be=e itself   
b>e objectives1 entities z we call !m1  
:i* ! ?9k+ clo!s by express+ _! mutual  
relations4 ,s5se-aw>5ess discloses fact 
) factors :i* are ! entities = ?\ght4 ,!
 sep>ate di/9ction ( an entity 9 ?\ght  
is n a metaphysical ass]tion1 b a me?od 

( proc$ure necess>y = ! f9ite expression
 ( individual propositions4 ,ap>t f     
entities !re c\ld be no f9ite tru?s2 !y 
are ! means by :i* ! inf9itude (        
irrelevance is kept out ( ?\ght4  ,to   
sum up3 ! t]m9i = ?\ght are entities1   
prim>ily ) b>e individuality1 second>ily
 ) prop]ties & relations ascrib$ to !m 9
 ! proc$ure ( ?\ght2 ! t]m9i =          
s5se-aw>5ess are factors 9 ! fact (     
nature1 prim>ily relata & only          
second>ily discrim9at$ z di/9ct         
individualities4  ,no *>act]i/ic (      
nature :i* is imm$iately posit$ = k by  
s5se-aw>5ess c be expla9$4 ,x is        
imp5etrable by ?\ght1 9 ! s5se t its    
peculi> ess5tial "* :i* ent]s into      
exp]i5ce by s5se-aw>5ess is = ?\ght     
m]ely ! gu>dian ( its individuality z a 
b>e entity4 ,?us = ?\ght 'r$' is m]ely a
 def9ite entity1 ?\gh = aw>5ess 'r$' has
 ! cont5t ( its individuality4 ,!       
transition f ! 'r$' ( aw>5ess to ! 'r$' 
( ?\ght is accompani$ by a def9ite loss 
( cont5t1 namely by ! transition f !    

factor 'r$' to ! entity 'r$4' ,?is loss 
9 ! transition to ?\ght is comp5sat$ by 
! fact t ?\ght is communicable :]eas    
s5se-aw>5ess is incommunicable4  ,?us   
!re are ?ree compon5ts 9 our k ( nature1
 namely1 fact1 factors1 & entities4     
,fact is ! undiff]5tiat$ t]m9us (       
s5se-aw>5ess2 factors are t]m9i (       
s5se-aw>5ess1 diff]5tiat$ z elem5ts (   
fact2 entities are factors 9 _! function
 z ! t]m9i ( ?\ght4 ,! entities ?us     
spok5 ( are natural entities4 ,?\ght is 
wid] ?an nature1 s t !re are entities = 
?\ght :i* are n natural entities4  ,:5  
we speak ( nature z a complex ( relat$  
entities1 ! 'complex' is fact z an      
entity = ?\ght1 to ^: b>e individuality 
is ascrib$ ! prop]ty ( embrac+ 9 its    
complexity ! natural entities4 ,x is our
 bus9ess to analyse ?is conception & 9 !
 c\rse ( ! analysis space & "t %\ld     
appe>4 ,evid5tly ! relations hold+      
betwe5 natural entities are !mselves    
natural entities1 namely !y are also    
factors ( fact1 !re = s5se-aw>5ess4     

,accord+ly ! /ructure ( ! natural       
complex c nev] be complet$ 9 ?\ght1 j z 
! factors ( fact c nev] be exhau/$ 9    
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,unexhau/iv5ess is an     
ess5tial "* ( our k ( nature4 ,also     
nature does n exhau/ ! matt] = ?\ght1   
namely !re are ?\ghts :i* w\ld n occur 9
 any homog5e\s ?9k+ ab\t nature4  ,! "q 
z to :e!r s5se-p]ception involves ?\ght 
is l>gely v]bal4 ,if s5se-p]ception     
involves a cognition ( individuality    
ab/ract$ f ! actual position ( ! entity 
z a factor 9 fact1 !n x und\bt$ly does  
involve ?\ght4 ,b if x is conceiv$ z    
s5se-aw>5ess ( a factor 9 fact compet5t 
to evoke emotion & purposeful action )\t
 fur!r cognition1 !n x does n involve   
?\ght4 ,9 su* a case ! t]m9us ( !       
s5se-aw>5ess is some?+ = m9d1 b no?+ =  
?\ght4 ,! s5se-p]ception ( "s l[] =ms ( 
life may be conjectur$ to approximate to
 ?is "* habitually4 ,also occasionally  
our own s5se-p]ception 9 mom5ts :5      
?\ght-activity has be5 lull$ to         
quiesc5ce is n f> (f ! atta9m5t ( ?is   

ideal limit4  ,! process ( discrim9ation
 9 s5se-aw>5ess has two di/9ct sides4   
,!re is ! discrim9ation ( fact into     
p>ts1 & ! discrim9ation ( any "p ( fact 
z exhibit+ relations to entities :i* are
 n p>ts ( fact ?\gh !y are +r$i5ts 9 x4 
,namely ! imm$iate fact = aw>5ess is !  
:ole occurr5ce ( nature4 ,x is nature z 
an ev5t pres5t = s5se-aw>5ess1 &        
ess5tially pass+4 ,!re is no hold+      
nature /ill & look+ at x4 ,we _c r$\ble 
our ef=ts to improve our k ( ! t]m9us ( 
our pres5t s5se-aw>5ess2 x is our       
subsequ5t opportunity 9 subsequ5t       
s5se-aw>5ess :i* ga9s ! b5efit ( our    
good resolution4 ,?us ! ultimate fact = 
s5se-aw>5ess is an ev5t4 ,?is :ole ev5t 
is discrim9at$ by u into p>tial ev5ts4  
,we are aw>e ( an ev5t :i* is our bodily
 life1 ( an ev5t :i* is ! c\rse ( nature
 )9 ?is room1 & ( a vaguely p]ceiv$     
aggregate ( o!r p>tial ev5ts4 ,?is is ! 
discrim9ation 9 s5se-aw>5ess ( fact into
 p>ts4  ,i %all use ! t]m '"p' 9 !      
arbitr>ily limit$ s5se ( an ev5t :i* is 

"p ( ! :ole fact disclos$ 9 aw>5ess4    
,s5se-aw>5ess also yields to u o!r      
factors 9 nature :i* are n ev5ts4 ,=    
example1 sky-blue is se5 z situat$ 9 a  
c]ta9 ev5t4 ,?is relation ( situation   
requires fur!r discussion :i* is po/pon$
 to a lat] lecture4 ,my pres5t po9t is t
 sky-blue is f\nd 9 nature ) a def9ite  
implication 9 ev5ts1 b is n an ev5t     
itself4 ,accord+ly 9 addition to ev5ts1 
!re are o!r factors 9 nature directly   
disclos$ to u 9 s5se-aw>5ess4 ,!        
conception 9 ?\ght ( all ! factors 9    
nature z di/9ct entities ) def9ite      
natural relations is :at ,i h 9 ano!r   
place#a call$ ! 'div]sification (       
nature4'  #a ,cf4 ,enquiry4  ,!re is "o 
g5]al conclusion to be drawn f ! =ego+  
discussion4 ,x is t ! fir/ task ( a     
philosophy ( sci5ce %\ld be "s g5]al    
classification ( ! entities disclos$ to 
u 9 s5se-p]ception4  ,among ! examples (
 entities 9 addition to 'ev5ts' :i* we h
 us$ = ! purpose ( illu/ration are !    
build+s ( ,b$=d ,college1 ,hom]1 &      

sky-blue4 ,evid5tly ^! are v diff]5t    
sorts ( ?+s2 & x is likely t /atem5ts   
:i* are made ab\t "o k9d ( entity w n be
 true ab\t o!r k9ds4 ,if human ?\ght    
proce$$ ) ! ord]ly me?od :i* ab/ract    
logic w\ld sugge/ to x1 we might g fur!r
 & say t a classification ( natural     
entities %\ld be ! fir/ /ep 9 sci5ce    
itself4 ,p]haps y w be incl9$ to reply t
 ?is classification has already be5     
effect$1 & t sci5ce is conc]n$ ) !      
adv5tures ( mat]ial entities 9 space &  
"t4  ,! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( matt] has  
yet to be writt54 ,x is ! hi/ory ( !    
influ5ce ( ,greek philosophy on sci5ce4 
,t influ5ce has issu$ 9 "o long         
misconception ( ! metaphysical /atus (  
natural entities4 ,! entity has be5     
sep>at$ f ! factor :i* is ! t]m9us (    
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,x has become ! sub/ratum 
= t factor1 & ! factor has be5 degrad$  
into an attribute ( ! entity4 ,9 ?is way
 a di/9ction has be5 import$ into nature
 :i* is 9 tru? no di/9ction at all4 ,a  
natural entity is m]ely a factor ( fact1

 consid]$ 9 itself4 ,its disconnexion f 
! complex ( fact is a m]e ab/raction4 ,x
 is n ! sub/ratum ( ! factor1 b ! v     
factor itself z b>$ 9 ?\ght4 ,?us :at is
 a m]e proc$ure ( m9d 9 ! translation ( 
s5se-aw>5ess into discursive k has be5  
transmut$ into a fundam5tal "* ( nature4
 ,9 ?is way matt] has em]g$ z be+ !     
metaphysical sub/ratum ( its prop]ties1 
& ! c\rse ( nature is int]pret$ z !     
hi/ory ( matt]4  ,plato & ,ari/otle f\nd
 ,greek ?\ght preoccupi$ ) ! que/ = !   
simple sub/ances 9 t]ms ( :i* ! c\rse ( 
ev5ts c\ld be express$4 ,we may =mulate 
?is /ate ( m9d 9 ! "q1 ,:at is nature   
made (8 ,! answ]s :i* _! g5ius gave to  
?is "q1 & m p>ticul>ly ! concepts :i*   
und]lay ! t]ms 9 :i* !y fram$ _! answ]s1
 h det]m9$ ! unque/ion$ presuppositions 
z to "t1 space & matt] :i* h reign$ 9   
sci5ce4  ,9 ,plato ! =ms ( ?\ght are m  
fluid ?an 9 ,ari/otle1 & !re=e1 z ,i    
v5ture to ?9k1 ! m valuable4 ,_!        
importance consi/s 9 ! evid5ce !y yield 
( cultivat$ ?\ght ab\t nature be=e x _h 

be5 =c$ into a uni=m m\ld by ! long     
tradition ( sci5tific philosophy4 ,=    
example 9 ! ,timaeus !re is a           
presupposition1 some:at vaguely         
express$1 ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! g5]al  
becom+ ( nature & ! measurable "t (     
nature4 ,9 a lat] lecture ,i h to       
di/+ui% betwe5 :at ,i call ! passage (  
nature & p>ticul> "t-sy/ems :i* exhibit 
c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( t passage4 ,i w n g 
s f> z to claim ,plato 9 direct support 
( ?is doctr9e1 b ,i d ?9k t ! sections (
 ! ,timaeus :i* deal ) "t become cle>]  
if my di/9ction is admitt$4  ,?is is    
h[ev] a digression4 ,i am n[ conc]n$ ) !
 orig9 ( ! sci5tific doctr9e ( matt] 9  
,greek ?\ght4 ,9 ! ,timaeus ,plato      
ass]ts t nature is made ( fire & e>? )  
air & wat] z int]m$iate betwe5 !m1 s t  
'z fire is to air s is air to wat]1 & z 
air is to wat] s is wat] to e>?4' ,he   
also sugge/s a molecul> hypo!sis = ^!   
f\r elem5ts4 ,9 ?is hypo!sis ev]y?+     
dep5ds on ! %ape ( ! atoms2 = e>? x is  
cubical & = fire x is pyramidal4 ,to-day

 physici/s are aga9 discuss+ ! /ructure 
( ! atom1 & its %ape is no slight factor
 9 t /ructure4 ,plato's guesses read mu*
 m fanta/ically ?an does ,ari/otle's    
sy/ematic analysis2 b 9 "s ways !y are m
 valuable4 ,! ma9 outl9e ( 8 ideas is   
comp>able ) t ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,x        
embodies concepts :i* any !ory ( natural
 philosophy mu/ reta9 & 9 "s s5se mu/   
expla94 ,ari/otle ask$ ! fundam5tal "q1 
,:at d we mean by 'sub/ance'8 ,"h !     
reaction betwe5 8 philosophy & 8 logic  
work$ v un=tunately4 ,9 8 logic1 !      
fundam5tal type ( affirmative           
proposition is ! attribution ( a        
pr$icate to a subject4 ,accord+ly1 amid 
! _m curr5t uses ( ! t]m 'sub/ance' :i* 
he analyses1 he emphasises its mean+ z  
'! ultimate sub/ratum :i* is no long]   
pr$icat$ ( any?+ else4'  ,! unque/ion$  
acceptance ( ! ,ari/otelian logic has l$
 to an +ra9$ t5d5cy to po/ulate a       
sub/ratum = :atev] is disclos$ 9        
s5se-aw>5ess1 namely1 to look bel[ :at  
we are aw>e ( = ! sub/ance 9 ! s5se ( ! 

'concrete ?+4' ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! mod]n
 sci5tific concept ( matt] & ( e!r1     
namely !y are ! outcome ( ?is insi/5t   
habit ( po/ulation4  ,accord+ly e!r has 
be5 inv5t$ by mod]n sci5ce z ! sub/ratum
 ( ! ev5ts :i* are spread ?r\gh space & 
"t beyond ! rea* ( ord9>y pond]able     
matt]4 ,p]sonally1 ,i ?9k t pr$ication  
is a muddl$ notion confus+ _m diff]5t   
relations "u a conv5i5t common =m (     
spee*4 ,= example1 ,i hold t ! relation 
( gre5 to a blade ( grass is entirely   
diff]5t f ! relation ( gre5 to ! ev5t   
:i* is ! life hi/ory ( t blade = "s %ort
 p]iod1 & is diff]5t f ! relation ( !   
blade to t ev5t4 ,9 a s5se ,i call !    
ev5t ! situation ( ! gre51 & 9 ano!r    
s5se x is ! situation ( ! blade4 ,?us 9 
"o s5se ! blade is a "* or prop]ty :i* c
 be pr$icat$ ( ! situation1 & 9 ano!r   
s5se ! gre5 is a "* or prop]ty ( ! same 
ev5t :i* is also its situation4 ,9 ?is  
way ! pr$ication ( prop]ties veils      
radically diff]5t relations betwe5      
entities4  ,accord+ly 'sub/ance1' :i* is

 a correlative t]m to 'pr$ication1' %>es
 9 ! ambiguity4 ,if we are to look =    
sub/ance any:]e1 ,i %\ld f9d x 9 ev5ts  
:i* are 9 "s s5se ! ultimate sub/ance ( 
nature4  ,matt]1 9 its mod]n sci5tific  
s5se1 is a return to ! ,ionian ef=t to  
f9d 9 space & "t "s /uff :i* composes   
nature4 ,x has a m ref9$ signification  
?an ! e>ly guesses at e>? & wat] by     
reason ( a c]ta9 vague association ) !  
,ari/otelian idea ( sub/ance4  ,e>?1    
wat]1 air1 fire1 & matt]1 & f9ally e!r  
are relat$ 9 direct succession s f> z   
conc]ns _! po/ulat$ *>act]s ( ultimate  
sub/rata ( nature4 ,!y be> witness to ! 
undy+ vitality ( ,greek philosophy 9 its
 se>* = ! ultimate entities :i* are !   
factors ( ! fact disclos$ 9             
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,?is se>* is ! orig9 (    
sci5ce4  ,! succession ( ideas />t+ f ! 
crude guesses ( ! e>ly ,ionian ?9k]s &  
end+ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury e!r rem9ds u t !
 sci5tific doctr9e ( matt] is really a  
hybrid ?r\gh :i* philosophy pass$ on its
 way to ! ref9$ ,ari/otelian concept (  

sub/ance & to :i* sci5ce return$ z x    
react$ aga9/ philosophic ab/ractions4   
,e>?1 fire1 & wat] 9 ! ,ionic philosophy
 & ! %ap$ elem5ts 9 ! ,timaeus are      
comp>able to ! matt] & e!r ( mod]n      
sci5tific doctr9e4 ,b sub/ance repres5ts
 ! f9al philosophic concept ( !         
sub/ratum :i* und]lies any attribute4   
,matt] 79 ! sci5tific s5se7 is already 9
 space & "t4 ,?us matt] repres5ts !     
refusal to ?9k away spatial & temporal  
*>act]i/ics & to arrive at ! b>e concept
 ( an individual entity4 ,x is ?is      
refusal :i* has caus$ ! muddle ( import+
 ! m]e proc$ure ( ?\ght into ! fact (   
nature4 ,! entity1 b>$ ( all *>act]i/ics
 except ^? ( space & "t1 has acquir$ a  
physical /atus z ! ultimate texture (   
nature2 s t ! c\rse ( nature is conceiv$
 z be+ m]ely ! =tunes ( matt] 9 its     
adv5ture ?r\gh space4  ,?us ! orig9 ( ! 
doctr9e ( matt] is ! outcome (          
uncritical acceptance ( space & "t z    
ext]nal conditions = natural exi/5ce4   
,by ?is ,i d n mean t any d\bt %\ld be  

?r[n on facts ( space & "t z +r$i5ts 9  
nature4 ,:at ,i d mean is '! unconsci\s 
presupposition ( space & "t z be+ t )9  
:i* nature is set4' ,?is is exactly !   
sort ( presupposition :i* t+es ?\ght 9  
any reaction aga9/ ! subtlety (         
philosophical criticism4 ,my !ory ( !   
=mation ( ! sci5tific doctr9e ( matt] is
 t fir/ philosophy illegitimately       
trans=m$ ! b>e entity1 :i* is simply an 
ab/raction necess>y = ! me?od ( ?\ght1  
into ! metaphysical sub/ratum ( ^!      
factors 9 nature :i* 9 v>i\s s5ses are  
assign$ to entities z _! attributes2 &  
t1 z a second /ep1 sci5ti/s 7includ+    
philosoph]s :o 7 sci5ti/s7 9 consci\s or
 unconsci\s ignoration ( philosophy     
presuppos$ ?is sub/ratum1 qua sub/ratum 
= attributes1 z nev]!less 9 "t & space4 
,?is is surely a muddle4 ,! :ole be+ (  
sub/ance is z a sub/ratum = attributes4 
,?us "t & space %\ld be attributes ( !  
sub/ance4 ,?is !y palpably are n1 if !  
matt] be ! sub/ance ( nature1 s9ce x is 
impossible to express spatio-temporal   

tru?s )\t hav+ rec\rse to relations     
involv+ relata o!r ?an bits ( matt]4 ,i 
waive ?is po9t h[ev]1 & come to ano!r4  
,x is n ! sub/ance :i* is 9 space1 b !  
attributes4 ,:at we f9d 9 space are ! r$
 ( ! rose & ! smell ( ! jasm9e & ! noise
 ( cannon4 ,we h all told our d5ti/s :]e
 our too?a*e is4 ,?us space is n a      
relation betwe5 sub/ances1 b betwe5     
attributes4  ,?us ev5 if y admit t !    
adh]5ts ( sub/ance c be all[$ to        
conceive sub/ance z matt]1 x is a fraud 
to slip sub/ance into space on ! plea t 
space expresses relations betwe5        
sub/ances4 ,on ! face ( x space has no?+
 to d ) sub/ances1 b only ) _!          
attributes4 ,:at ,i mean is1 t if y     
*oose--z ,i ?9k wrongly--to con/rue our 
exp]i5ce ( nature z an aw>5ess ( !      
attributes ( sub/ances1 we are by ?is   
!ory preclud$ f f9d+ any analog\s direct
 relations betwe5 sub/ances z disclos$ 9
 our exp]i5ce4 ,:at we d f9d are        
relations betwe5 ! attributes (         
sub/ances4 ,?us if matt] is look$ on z  

sub/ance 9 space1 ! space 9 :i* x f9ds  
itself has v little to d ) ! space ( our
 exp]i5ce4  ,! above argum5t has be5    
express$ 9 t]ms ( ! relational !ory (   
space4 ,b if space be absolute--namely1 
if x h a be+ indep5d5t ( ?+s 9 x--!     
c\rse ( ! argum5t is h>dly *ang$4 ,= ?+s
 9 space mu/ h a c]ta9 fundam5tal       
relation to space :i* we w call         
occupation4 ,?us ! objection t x is !   
attributes :i* are obs]v$ z relat$ to   
space1 /ill holds4  ,! sci5tific doctr9e
 ( matt] is held 9 conjunction ) an     
absolute !ory ( "t4 ,! same argum5ts    
apply to ! relations betwe5 matt] & "t z
 apply to ! relations betwe5 space &    
matt]4 ,!re is h[ev] 79 ! curr5t        
philosophy7 a diff]5ce 9 ! connexions ( 
space ) matt] f ^? ( "t ) matt]1 :i* ,i 
w proce$ to expla94  ,space is n m]ely  
an ord]+ ( mat]ial entities s t any "o  
entity be>s c]ta9 relations to o!r      
mat]ial entities4 ,! occupation ( space 
impresses a c]ta9 "* on ea* mat]ial     
entity 9 itself4 ,by reason ( its       

occupation ( space matt] has ext5sion4  
,by reason ( its ext5sion ea* bit (     
matt] is divisible into p>ts1 & ea* "p  
is a num]ically di/9ct entity f e o!r   
su* "p4 ,accord+ly x w\ld seem t e      
mat]ial entity is n really "o entity4 ,x
 is an ess5tial multiplicity ( entities4
 ,!re seems to be no /opp+ ?is          
dissociation ( matt] into multiplicities
 %ort ( f9d+ ea* ultimate entity occupy+
 "o individual po9t4 ,?is ess5tial      
multiplicity ( mat]ial entities is      
c]ta9ly n :at is meant by sci5ce1 nor   
does x correspond to any?+ disclos$ 9   
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,x is absolutely necess>y 
t at a c]ta9 /age 9 ?is dissociation (  
matt] a halt %\ld be call$1 & t !       
mat]ial entities ?us obta9$ %\ld be     
treat$ z units4 ,! /age ( arre/ may be  
arbitr>y or may be set by ! *>act]i/ics 
( nature2 b all reason+ 9 sci5ce        
ultimately drops its space-analysis &   
poses to itself ! problem1 ',"h is "o   
mat]ial entity1 :at is happ5+ to x z a  
unit entity8' ,yet ?is mat]ial entity is

 /ill reta9+ its ext5sion1 & z ?us      
ext5d$ is a m]e multiplicity4 ,?us !re  
is an ess5tial atomic prop]ty 9 nature  
:i* is indep5d5t ( ! dissociation (     
ext5sion4 ,!re is some?+ :i* 9 itself is
 "o1 & :i* is m ?an ! logical aggregate 
( entities occupy+ po9ts )9 ! volume :i*
 ! unit occupies4 ,inde$ we may well be 
sceptical z to ^! ultimate entities at  
po9ts1 & d\bt :e!r !re are any su*      
entities at all4 ,!y h ! suspici\s "* t 
we are driv5 to accept !m by ab/ract    
logic & n by obs]v$ fact4  ,"t 79 !     
curr5t philosophy7 does n ex]t ! same   
dis9tegrat+ effect on matt] :i* occupies
 x4 ,if matt] occupies a duration ( "t1 
! :ole matt] occupies e "p ( t duration4
 ,?us ! connexion betwe5 matt] & "t     
diff]s f ! connexion betwe5 matt] &     
space z express$ 9 curr5t sci5tific     
philosophy4 ,!re is obvi\sly a great]   
difficulty 9 conceiv+ "t z ! outcome (  
relations betwe5 diff]5t bits ( matt]   
?an !re is 9 ! analog\s conception (    
space4 ,at an in/ant di/9ct volumes (   

space are occupi$ by di/9ct bits (      
matt]4 ,accord+ly !re is s f> no        
intr9sic difficulty 9 conceiv+ t space  
is m]ely ! resultant ( relations betwe5 
! bits ( matt]4 ,b 9 ! "o-dim5sional "t 
! same bit ( matt] occupies diff]5t     
portions ( "t4 ,accord+ly "t w\ld h to  
be expressible 9 t]ms ( ! relations ( a 
bit ( matt] ) itself4 ,my own view is a 
belief 9 ! relational !ory bo? ( space &
 ( "t1 & ( disbelief 9 ! curr5t =m ( !  
relational !ory ( space :i* exhibits    
bits ( matt] z ! relata = spatial       
relations4 ,! true relata are ev5ts4 ,! 
di/9ction :i* ,i h j po9t$ out betwe5 "t
 & space 9 _! connexion ) matt] makes x 
evid5t t any assimilation ( "t & space  
_c proce$ along ! traditional l9e ( tak+
 matt] z a fundam5tal elem5t 9          
space-=mation4  ,! philosophy ( nature  
took a wrong turn dur+ its developm5t by
 ,greek ?\ght4 ,?is errone\s            
presupposition is vague & fluid 9       
,plato's ,timaeus4 ,! g5]al gr\ndwork ( 
! ?\ght is /ill uncommitt$ & c be       

con/ru$ z m]ely lack+ due explanation & 
! gu>d+ emphasis4 ,b 9 ,ari/otle's      
exposition ! curr5t conceptions 7 h>d5$ 
& made def9ite s z to produce a faulty  
analysis ( ! relation betwe5 ! matt] & !
 =m ( nature z disclos$ 9 s5se-aw>5ess4 
,9 ?is phrase ! t]m 'matt]' is n us$ 9  
its sci5tific s5se4  ,i w conclude by   
gu>d+ myself aga9/ a misappreh5sion4 ,x 
is evid5t t ! curr5t doctr9e ( matt]    
en%r9es "s fundam5tal law ( nature4 ,any
 simple illu/ration w exemplify :at ,i  
mean4 ,= example1 9 a museum "s specim5 
is lock$ securely 9 a glass case4 ,x    
/ays !re = ye>s3 x loses its col\r1 &   
p]haps falls to pieces4 ,b x is ! same  
specim52 & ! same *emical elem5ts & !   
same quantities ( ^? elem5ts are pres5t 
)9 ! case at ! end z 7 pres5t at !      
beg9n+4 ,aga9 ! eng9e] & ! a/ronom] deal
 ) ! motions ( real p]man5ces 9 nature4 
,any !ory ( nature :i* = "o mom5t loses 
sight ( ^! great basic facts ( exp]i5ce 
is simply silly4 ,b x is p]missible to  
po9t out t ! sci5tific expression ( ^!  

facts has become entangl$ 9 a maze (    
d\btful metaphysics2 & t1 :5 we remove !
 metaphysics & />t afre% on an          
unprejudic$ survey ( nature1 a new light
 is ?r[n on _m fundam5tal concepts :i*  
dom9ate sci5ce & guide ! progress (     
rese>*4     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,!ories ,,(  
,,! ,,bifurcation ,,( ,,nature   ,9 my  
previ\s lecture ,i criticis$ ! concept (
 matt] z ! sub/ance ^: attributes we    
p]ceive4 ,?is way ( ?9k+ ( matt] is1 ,i 
?9k1 ! hi/orical reason = its           
introduction into sci5ce1 & is /ill !   
vague view ( x at ! backgr\nd ( our     
?\ghts :i* makes ! curr5t sci5tific     
doctr9e appe> s obvi\s4 ,namely we      
conceive ourselves z p]ceiv+ attributes 
( ?+s1 & bits ( matt] are ! ?+s ^:      
attributes we p]ceive4  ,9 ! sev5te5?   
c5tury ! sweet simplicity ( ?is aspect (
 matt] receiv$ a rude %ock4 ,!          
transmission doctr9es ( sci5ce 7 !n 9   
process ( elaboration & by ! end ( !    
c5tury 7 unque/ion$1 ?\gh _! p>ticul>   
=ms h s9ce be5 modifi$4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( 

^! transmission !ories m>ks a turn+ po9t
 9 ! relation betwe5 sci5ce &           
philosophy4 ,! doctr9es to :i* ,i am    
especially allud+ are ! !ories ( light &
 s\nd4 ,i h no d\bt t ! !ories _h be5   
vaguely float+ ab\t be=e z obvi\s       
sugge/ions ( common s5se2 = no?+ 9 ?\ght
 is ev] completely new4 ,b at t epo* !y 
7 sy/ematis$ & made exact1 & _! complete
 consequ5ces 7 ru?lessly d$uc$4 ,x is ! 
e/abli%m5t ( ?is proc$ure ( tak+ !      
consequ5ces s]i\sly :i* m>ks ! real     
discov]y ( a !ory4 ,sy/ematic doctr9es (
 light & s\nd z be+ some?+ proce$+ f !  
emitt+ bodies 7 def9itely e/abli%$1 & 9 
p>ticul> ! connexion ( light ) col\r 0  
laid b>e by ,newton4  ,! result         
completely de/roy$ ! simplicity ( !     
'sub/ance & attribute' !ory ( p]ception4
 ,:at we see dep5ds on ! light ent]+ !  
eye4 ,fur!rmore we d n ev5 p]ceive :at  
ent]s ! eye4 ,! ?+s transmitt$ are waves
 or--z ,newton ?\ght--m9ute p>ticles1 & 
! ?+s se5 are col\rs4 ,locke met ?is    
difficulty by a !ory ( prim>y & second>y

 qualities4 ,namely1 !re are "s         
attributes ( ! matt] :i* we d p]ceive4  
,^! are ! prim>y qualities1 & !re are   
o!r ?+s :i* we p]ceive1 su* z col\rs1   
:i* are n attributes ( matt]1 b are     
p]ceiv$ by u z if !y 7 su* attributes4  
,^! are ! second>y qualities ( matt]4   
,:y %\ld we p]ceive second>y qualities8 
,x seems an extremely un=tunate         
arrangem5t t we %\ld p]ceive a lot ( ?+s
 t are n !re4 ,yet ?is is :at ! !ory (  
second>y qualities 9 fact comes to4 ,!re
 is n[ reign+ 9 philosophy & 9 sci5ce an
 apa!tic acquiesc5ce 9 ! conclusion t no
 coh]5t acc\nt c be giv5 ( nature z x is
 disclos$ to u 9 s5se-aw>5ess1 )\t      
dragg+ 9 its relations to m9d4 ,! mod]n 
acc\nt ( nature is n1 z x %\ld be1 m]ely
 an acc\nt ( :at ! m9d kn[s ( nature2 b 
x is also confus$ ) an acc\nt ( :at     
nature does to ! m9d4 ,! result has be5 
disa/r\s bo? to sci5ce & to philosophy1 
b *iefly to philosophy4 ,x has trans=m$ 
! gr& "q ( ! relations betwe5 nature &  
m9d into ! petty =m ( ! int]action      

betwe5 ! human body & m9d4  ,b]keley's  
polemic aga9/ matt] 0 bas$ on ?is       
confusion introduc$ by ! transmission   
!ory ( light4 ,he advocat$1 rightly z ,i
 ?9k1 ! ab&onm5t ( ! doctr9e ( matt] 9  
its pres5t =m4 ,he _h h[ev] no?+ to put 
9 its place except a !ory ( ! relation (
 f9ite m9ds to ! div9e m9d4  ,b we are  
endeav\r+ 9 ^! lectures to limit        
ourselves to nature itself & n to travel
 beyond entities :i* are disclos$ 9     
s5se-aw>5ess4  ,p]cipi5ce 9 itself is   
tak5 = grant$4 ,we consid] inde$        
conditions = p]cipi5ce1 b only s f> z ^?
 conditions are among ! disclosures (   
p]ception4 ,we leave to metaphysics !   
syn!sis ( ! kn[] & ! kn[n4 ,"s fur!r    
explanation & def5ce ( ?is position is  
necess>y1 if ! l9e ( argum5t ( ^!       
lectures is to be compreh5sible4  ,!    
imm$iate !sis = discussion is t any     
metaphysical int]pretation is an        
illegitimate importation into !         
philosophy ( natural sci5ce4 ,by a      
metaphysical int]pretation ,i mean any  

discussion ( ! h[ 7beyond nature7 & ( ! 
:y 7beyond nature7 ( ?\ght &            
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,9 ! philosophy ( sci5ce  
we seek ! g5]al notions :i* apply to    
nature1 namely1 to :at we are aw>e ( 9  
p]ception4 ,x is ! philosophy ( ! ?+    
p]ceiv$1 & x %\ld n be confus$ ) !      
metaphysics ( reality ( :i* ! scope     
embraces bo? p]ceiv] & p]ceiv$4 ,no     
p]plexity conc]n+ ! object ( k c be     
solv$ by say+ t !re is a m9d kn[+ x#b4  
#b ,cf4 ,enquiry1 preface4  ,9 o!r      
words1 ! gr\nd tak5 is ?is3 s5se-aw>5ess
 is an aw>5ess ( some?+4 ,:at !n is !   
g5]al "* ( t some?+ ( :i* we are aw>e8  
,we d n ask ab\t ! p]cipi5t or ab\t !   
process1 b ab\t ! p]ceiv$4 ,i emphasise 
?is po9t because discussions on !       
philosophy ( sci5ce are usually         
extremely metaphysical--9 my op9ion1 to 
! great detrim5t ( ! subject4  ,!       
rec\rse to metaphysics is l ?r[+ a mat* 
into ! p[d] magaz9e4 ,x bl[s up ! :ole  
ar5a4 ,?is is exactly :at sci5tific     
philosoph]s d :5 !y are driv5 into a    

corn] & convict$ ( incoh]5ce4 ,!y at    
once drag 9 ! m9d & talk ( entities 9 ! 
m9d or out ( ! m9d z ! case may be4 ,=  
natural philosophy ev]y?+ p]ceiv$ is 9  
nature4 ,we may n pick & *oose4 ,= u !  
r$ gl[ ( ! sunset %\ld be z mu* "p (    
nature z are ! molecules & electric     
waves by :i* m5 ( sci5ce w\ld expla9 !  
ph5om5on4 ,x is = natural philosophy to 
analyse h[ ^! v>i\s elem5ts ( nature are
 connect$4  ,9 mak+ ?is dem& ,i conceive
 myself z adopt+ our imm$iate in/9ctive 
attitude t[>ds p]ceptual k :i* is only  
ab&on$ "u ! influ5ce ( !ory4 ,we are    
in/9ctively will+ to believe t by due   
att5tion1 m c be f\nd 9 nature ?an t :i*
 is obs]v$ at fir/ sight4 ,b we w n be  
cont5t ) less4 ,:at we ask f !          
philosophy ( sci5ce is "s acc\nt ( !    
coh]5ce ( ?+s p]ceptively kn[n4  ,?is   
means a refusal to c\nt5ance any !ory ( 
psy*ic additions to ! object kn[n 9     
p]ception4 ,= example1 :at is giv5 9    
p]ception is ! gre5 grass4 ,?is is an   
object :i* we "k z an +r$i5t 9 nature4  

,! !ory ( psy*ic additions w\ld treat ! 
gre5ness z a psy*ic addition furni%$ by 
! p]ceiv+ m9d1 & w\ld leave to nature   
m]ely ! molecules & ! radiant en]gy :i* 
influ5ce ! m9d t[>ds t p]ception4 ,my   
argum5t is t ?is dragg+ 9 ( ! m9d z mak+
 additions ( its own to ! ?+ posit$ = k 
by s5se-aw>5ess is m]ely a way ( %irk+ !
 problem ( natural philosophy4 ,t       
problem is to discuss ! relations int]  
se ( ?+s kn[n1 ab/ract$ f ! b>e fact t  
!y are kn[n4 ,natural philosophy %\ld   
nev] ask1 :at is 9 ! m9d & :at is 9     
nature4 ,to d s is a confession t x has 
fail$ to express relations betwe5 ?+s   
p]ceptively kn[n1 namely to express ^?  
natural relations ^: expression is      
natural philosophy4 ,x may be t ! task  
is too h>d = u1 t ! relations are too   
complex & too v>i\s = our appreh5sion1  
or are too trivial to be wor? ! tr\ble (
 exposition4 ,x is inde$ true t we h    
gone b a v small way 9 ! adequate       
=mulation ( su* relations4 ,b at lea/ d 
n let u endeav\r to conceal failure "u a

 !ory ( ! byplay ( ! p]ceiv+ m9d4  ,:at 
,i am ess5tially prote/+ aga9/ is !     
bifurcation ( nature into two sy/ems (  
reality1 :i*1 9 s f> z !y are real1 are 
real 9 diff]5t s5ses4 ,"o reality w\ld  
be ! entities su* z electrons :i* are ! 
/udy ( speculative physics4 ,?is w\ld be
 ! reality :i* is !re = k2 al?\gh on ?is
 !ory x is nev] kn[n4 ,= :at is kn[n is 
! o!r sort ( reality1 :i* is ! byplay ( 
! m9d4 ,?us !re w\ld be two natures1 "o 
is ! conjecture & ! o!r is ! dream4     
,ano!r way ( phras+ ?is !ory :i* ,i am  
argu+ aga9/ is to bifurcate nature into 
two divisions1 namely into ! nature     
appreh5d$ 9 aw>5ess & ! nature :i* is ! 
cause ( aw>5ess4 ,! nature :i* is ! fact
 appreh5d$ 9 aw>5ess holds )9 x !       
gre5ness ( ! trees1 ! song ( ! birds1 ! 
w>m? ( ! sun1 ! h>dness ( ! *airs1 & !  
feel ( ! velvet4 ,! nature :i* is !     
cause ( aw>5ess is ! conjectur$ sy/em ( 
molecules & electrons :i* s affects !   
m9d z to produce ! aw>5ess ( app>5t     
nature4 ,! meet+ po9t ( ^! two natures  

is ! m9d1 ! causal nature be+ influ5t & 
! app>5t nature be+ efflu5t4  ,!re are  
f\r que/ions :i* at once sugge/ !mselves
 = discussion 9 connexion ) ?is         
bifurcation !ory ( nature4 ,!y conc]n   
7i7 causality1 7ii7 "t1 7iii7 space1 &  
7iv7 delusions4 ,^! que/ions are n      
really sep>able4 ,!y m]ely con/itute f\r
 di/9ct />t+ po9ts f :i* to ent] ^u !   
discussion ( ! !ory4  ,causal nature is 
! influ5ce on ! m9d :i* is ! cause ( !  
efflu5ce ( app>5t nature f ! m9d4 ,?is  
conception ( causal nature is n to be   
confus$ ) ! di/9ct conception ( "o "p ( 
nature z be+ ! cause ( ano!r "p4 ,=     
example1 ! burn+ ( ! fire & ! passage ( 
heat f x ?r\gh int]v5+ space is ! cause 
( ! body1 its n]ves & its bra91         
function+ 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,b ?is is n an  
action ( nature on ! m9d4 ,x is an      
int]action )9 nature4 ,! causation      
involv$ 9 ?is int]action is causation 9 
a diff]5t s5se f ! influ5ce ( ?is sy/em 
( bodily int]actions )9 nature on ! ali5
 m9d :i* !reupon p]ceives r$ness & w>m?4

  ,! bifurcation !ory is an attempt to  
exhibit natural sci5ce z an inve/igation
 ( ! cause ( ! fact ( k4 ,namely1 x is  
an attempt to exhibit app>5t nature z an
 efflu5t f ! m9d because ( causal       
nature4 ,! :ole notion is p>tly bas$ on 
! implicit assumption t ! m9d c only "k 
t :i* x has itself produc$ & reta9s 9 "s
 s5se )9 itself1 ?\gh x requires an     
ext]ior reason bo? z orig9at+ & z       
det]m9+ ! "* ( its activity4 ,b 9       
consid]+ k we %\ld wipe out all ^!      
spatial metaphors1 su* z ')9 ! m9d' &   
')\t ! m9d4' ,k is ultimate4 ,!re c be  
no explanation ( ! ':y' ( k2 we c only  
describe ! ':at' ( k4 ,namely we c      
analyse ! cont5t & its int]nal          
relations1 b we _c expla9 :y !re is k4  
,?us causal nature is a metaphysical    
*im]a2 ?\gh !re is ne$ ( a metaphysics  
^: scope transc5ds ! limitation to      
nature4 ,! object ( su* a metaphysical  
sci5ce is n to expla9 k1 b exhibit 9 its
 utmo/ complet5ess our concept (        
reality4  ,h[ev]1 we mu/ admit t !      

causality !ory ( nature has its /rong   
suit4 ,! reason :y ! bifurcation (      
nature is always creep+ back into       
sci5tific philosophy is ! extreme       
difficulty ( exhibit+ ! p]ceiv$ r$ness &
 w>m? ( ! fire 9 "o sy/em ( relations ) 
! agitat$ molecules ( c>bon & oxyg51 ) !
 radiant en]gy f !m1 & ) ! v>i\s        
function+s ( ! mat]ial body4 ,unless we 
produce ! all-embrac+ relations1 we are 
fac$ ) a bifurcat$ nature2 namely1 w>m? 
& r$ness on "o side1 & molecules1       
electrons & e!r on ! o!r side4 ,!n ! two
 factors are expla9$ z be+ respectively 
! cause & ! m9d's reaction to ! cause4  
,"t & space w\ld appe> to provide ^!    
all-embrac+ relations :i* ! advocates ( 
! philosophy ( ! unity ( nature require4
 ,! p]ceiv$ r$ness ( ! fire & ! w>m? are
 def9itely relat$ 9 "t & 9 space to !   
molecules ( ! fire & ! molecules ( !    
body4  ,x is h>dly m ?an a p>donable    
exagg]ation to say t ! det]m9ation ( !  
mean+ ( nature r$uces itself pr9cipally 
to ! discussion ( ! "* ( "t & ! "* (    

space4 ,9 succe$+ lectures ,i %all      
expla9 my own view ( "t & space4 ,i %all
 endeav\r to %[ t !y are ab/ractions f m
 concrete elem5ts ( nature1 namely1 f   
ev5ts4 ,! discussion ( ! details ( !    
process ( ab/raction w exhibit "t &     
space z int]connect$1 & w f9ally lead u 
to ! sort ( connexions betwe5 _!        
measurem5ts :i* occur 9 ! mod]n !ory (  
electromagnetic relativity4 ,b ?is is   
anticipat+ our subsequ5t l9e (          
developm5t4 ,at pres5t ,i wi% to consid]
 h[ ! ord9>y views ( "t & space help1 or
 fail to help1 9 unify+ our conception (
 nature4  ,fir/1 consid] ! absolute     
!ories ( "t & space4 ,we are to consid] 
ea*1 namely bo? "t & space1 to be a     
sep>ate & indep5d5t sy/em ( entities1   
ea* sy/em kn[n to u 9 itself & = itself 
concurr5tly ) our k ( ! ev5ts ( nature4 
,"t is ! ord]$ succession ( durationless
 in/ants2 & ^! in/ants are kn[n to u    
m]ely z ! relata 9 ! s]ial relation :i* 
is ! "t-ord]+ relation1 & ! "t-ord]+    
relation is m]ely kn[n to u z relat+ !  

in/ants4 ,namely1 ! relation & ! in/ants
 are jo9tly kn[n to u 9 our appreh5sion 
( "t1 ea* imply+ ! o!r4  ,?is is !      
absolute !ory ( "t4 ,frankly1 ,i confess
 t x seems to me to be v unplausible4 ,i
 _c 9 my own k f9d any?+ correspond+ to 
! b>e "t ( ! absolute !ory4 ,"t is kn[n 
to me z an ab/raction f ! passage (     
ev5ts4 ,! fundam5tal fact :i* r5d]s ?is 
ab/raction possible is ! pass+ ( nature1
 its developm5t1 its creative advance1 &
 comb9$ ) ?is fact is ano!r *>act]i/ic (
 nature1 namely ! ext5sive relation     
betwe5 ev5ts4 ,^! two facts1 namely !   
passage ( ev5ts & ! ext5sion ( ev5ts ov]
 ea* o!r1 are 9 my op9ion ! qualities f 
:i* "t & space orig9ate z ab/ractions4  
,b ?is is anticipat+ my own lat]        
speculations4  ,mean:ile1 return+ to !  
absolute !ory1 we are to suppose t "t is
 kn[n to u indep5d5tly ( any ev5ts 9 "t4
 ,:at happ5s 9 "t occupies "t4 ,?is     
relation ( ev5ts to ! "t occupi$1 namely
 ?is relation ( occupation1 is a        
fundam5tal relation ( nature to "t4 ,?us

 ! !ory requires t we are aw>e ( two    
fundam5tal relations1 ! "t-ord]+        
relation betwe5 in/ants1 & !            
"t-occupation relation betwe5 in/ants ( 
"t & /ates ( nature :i* happ5 at ^?     
in/ants4  ,!re are two consid]ations :i*
 l5d p[]ful support to ! reign+ !ory (  
absolute "t4 ,9 ! fir/ place "t ext5ds  
beyond nature4 ,our ?\ghts are 9 "t4    
,accord+ly x seems impossible to d]ive  
"t m]ely f relations betwe5 elem5ts (   
nature4 ,= 9 t case temporal relations  
c\ld n relate ?\ghts4 ,?us1 to use a    
metaphor1 "t w\ld app>5tly h deep] roots
 9 reality ?an has nature4 ,= we c      
imag9e ?\ghts relat$ 9 "t )\t any       
p]ception ( nature4 ,= example we c     
imag9e "o ( ,milton's angels ) ?\ghts   
succe$+ ea* o!r 9 "t1 :o does n happ5 to
 h notic$ t ! ,almighty has creat$ space
 & set !re9 a mat]ial univ]se4 ,z a     
matt] ( fact ,i ?9k t ,milton set space 
on ! same absolute level z "t4 ,b t ne$ 
n di/urb ! illu/ration4 ,9 ! second     
place x is difficult to d]ive ! true    

s]ial "* ( "t f ! relative !ory4 ,ea*   
in/ant is irrevocable4 ,x c nev] recur  
by ! v "* ( "t4 ,b if on ! relative !ory
 an in/ant ( "t is simply ! /ate (      
nature at t "t1 & ! "t-ord]+ relation is
 simply ! relation betwe5 su* /ates1 !n 
! irrevocabl5ess ( "t w\ld seem to mean 
t an actual /ate ( all nature c nev]    
return4 ,i admit x seems unlikely t !re 
%\ld ev] be su* a recurr5ce d[n to !    
smalle/ p>ticul>4 ,b extreme unlikel9ess
 is n ! po9t4 ,our ignorance is s       
abysmal t our judgm5ts ( likel9ess &    
unlikel9ess ( future ev5ts h>dly c\nt4  
,! real po9t is t ! exact recurr5ce ( a 
/ate ( nature seems m]ely unlikely1 :ile
 ! recurr5ce ( an in/ant ( "t violates  
our :ole concept ( "t-ord]4 ,! in/ants (
 "t :i* h pass$1 are pass$1 & c nev] be 
aga94  ,any alt]native !ory ( "t mu/    
reckon ) ^! two consid]ations :i* are   
buttresses ( ! absolute !ory4 ,b ,i w n 
n[ cont9ue _! discussion4  ,! absolute  
!ory ( space is analog\s to !           
correspond+ !ory ( "t1 b ! reasons = its

 ma9t5ance are weak]4 ,space1 on ?is    
!ory1 is a sy/em ( ext5sionless po9ts   
:i* are ! relata 9 space-ord]+ relations
 :i* c te*nically be comb9$ into "o     
relation4 ,?is relation does n arrange !
 po9ts 9 "o l9e> s]ies analog\sly to !  
simple me?od ( ! "t-ord]+ relation =    
in/ants4 ,! ess5tial logical *>act]i/ics
 ( ?is relation f :i* all ! prop]ties ( 
space spr+ are express$ by ma!maticians 
9 ! axioms ( geometry4 ,f ^! axioms#c z 
fram$ by mod]n ma!maticians ! :ole      
sci5ce ( geometry c be d$uc$ by !       
/ricte/ logical reason+4 ,! details ( ^!
 axioms d n n[ conc]n u4 ,! po9ts & !   
relations are jo9tly kn[n to u 9 our    
appreh5sion ( space1 ea* imply+ ! o!r4  
,:at happ5s 9 space1 occupies space4    
,?is relation ( occupation is n usually 
/at$ = ev5ts b = objects4 ,= example1   
,pompey's /atue w\ld be said to occupy  
space1 b n ! ev5t :i* 0 ! assass9ation (
 ,julius ,caes>4 ,9 ?is ,i ?9k t ord9>y 
usage is un=tunate1 & ,i hold t !       
relations ( ev5ts to space & to "t are 9

 all respects analog\s4 ,b "h ,i am     
intrud+ my own op9ions :i* are to be    
discuss$ 9 subsequ5t lectures4 ,?us !   
!ory ( absolute space requires t we are 
aw>e ( two fundam5tal relations1 !      
space-ord]+ relation1 :i* holds betwe5  
po9ts1 & ! space-occupation relation    
betwe5 po9ts ( space & mat]ial objects4 
#c ,cf4 7= example7 ,projective         
,geometry by ,vebl5 & ,"y1 vol4 i4      
#aiaj1 vol4 ii4 #aiag1 ,g9n & ,company1 
,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4  ,?is !ory lacks ! two
 ma9 supports ( ! correspond+ !ory (    
absolute "t4 ,9 ! fir/ place space does 
n ext5d beyond nature 9 ! s5se t "t     
seems to d4 ,our ?\ghts d n seem to     
occupy space 9 q ! same intimate way 9  
:i* !y occupy "t4 ,= example1 ,i h be5  
?9k+ 9 a room1 & to t ext5t my ?\ghts   
are 9 space4 ,b x seems nons5se to ask  
h[ mu* volume ( ! room !y occupi$1 :e!r 
x 0 a cubic foot or a cubic in*2 :]eas !
 same ?\ghts occupy a det]m9ate duration
 ( "t1 say1 f elev5 to twelve on a c]ta9
 date4  ,?us :]eas ! relations ( a      

relative !ory ( "t are requir$ to relate
 ?\ghts1 x does n seem s obvi\s t !     
relations ( a relative !ory ( space are 
requir$ to relate !m4 ,! connexion (    
?\ght ) space seems to h a c]ta9 "* (   
indirectness :i* appe>s to be lack+ 9 ! 
connexion ( ?\ght ) "t4  ,aga9 !        
irrevocabl5ess ( "t does n seem to h any
 p>allel = space4 ,space1 on ! relative 
!ory1 is ! outcome ( c]ta9 relations    
betwe5 objects commonly said to be 9    
space2 & :5ev] !re are ! objects1 s     
relat$1 !re is ! space4 ,no difficulty  
seems to arise l t ( ! inconv5i5t       
in/ants ( "t :i* might conceivably turn 
up aga9 :5 we ?\ght t we _h done ) !m4  
,! absolute !ory ( space is n n[ g5]ally
 popul>4 ,! k ( b>e space1 z a sy/em (  
entities kn[n to u 9 itself & = itself  
indep5d5tly ( our k ( ! ev5ts 9 nature1 
does n seem to correspond to any?+ 9 our
 exp]i5ce4 ,space1 l "t1 w\ld appe> to  
be an ab/raction f ev5ts4 ,accord+ to my
 own !ory x only diff]5tiates itself f  
"t at a some:at develop$ /age ( !       

ab/ractive process4 ,! m usual way (    
express+ ! relational !ory ( space w\ld 
be to consid] space z an ab/raction f ! 
relations betwe5 mat]ial objects4       
,suppose n[ we assume absolute "t &     
absolute space4 ,:at be>+ has ?is       
assumption on ! concept ( nature z      
bifurcat$ into causal nature & app>5t   
nature8 ,und\bt$ly ! sep>ation betwe5 ! 
two natures is n[ greatly mitigat$4 ,we 
c provide !m ) two sy/ems ( relations 9 
common2 = bo? natures c be presum$ to   
occupy ! same space & ! same "t4 ,! !ory
 n[ is ?is3 ,causal ev5ts occupy c]ta9  
p]iods ( ! absolute "t & occupy c]ta9   
positions ( ! absolute space4 ,^! ev5ts 
influ5ce a m9d :i* !reupon p]ceives     
c]ta9 app>5t ev5ts :i* occupy c]ta9     
p]iods 9 ! absolute "t & occupy c]ta9   
positions ( ! absolute space2 & ! p]iods
 & positions occupi$ by ! app>5t ev5ts  
be> a det]m9ate relation to ! p]iods &  
positions occupi$ by ! causal ev5ts4    
,fur!rmore def9ite causal ev5ts produce 
= ! m9d def9ite app>5t ev5ts4 ,delusions

 are app>5t ev5ts :i* appe> 9 temporal  
p]iods & spatial positions )\t !        
int]v5tion ( ^! causal ev5ts :i* are    
prop] = influ5c+ ( ! m9d to _!          
p]ception4  ,! :ole !ory is p]fectly    
logical4 ,9 ^! discussions we _c hope to
 drive an uns\nd !ory to a logical      
contradiction4 ,a reason]1 ap>t f m]e   
slips1 only involves himself 9 a        
contradiction :5 he is %y+ at a r$uctio 
ad absurdum4 ,! sub/antial reason =     
reject+ a philosophical !ory is !       
'absurdum' to :i* x r$uces u4 ,9 ! case 
( ! philosophy ( natural sci5ce !       
'absurdum' c only be t our p]ceptual k  
has n ! "* assign$ to x by ! !ory4 ,if  
our oppon5t affirms t 8 k has t "*1 we c
 only--aft] mak+ d\bly sure t we und]/& 
ea* o!r--agree to diff]4 ,accord+ly !   
fir/ duty ( an expositor 9 /at+ a !ory 9
 :i* he disbelieves is to exhibit x z   
logical4 ,x is n !re :]e 8 tr\ble lies4 
,let me summ>ise ! previ\sly /at$       
objections to ?is !ory ( nature4 ,9 !   
fir/ place x seeks = ! cause ( ! k ( !  

?+ kn[n in/ead ( seek+ = ! "* ( ! ?+    
kn[n3 secondly x assumes a k ( "t 9     
itself ap>t f ev5ts relat$ 9 "t3 ?irdly 
x assumes a k ( space 9 itself ap>t f   
ev5ts relat$ 9 space4 ,!re are 9        
addition to ^! objections o!r flaws 9 ! 
!ory4  ,"s light is ?r[n on ! artificial
 /atus ( causal nature 9 ?is !ory by    
ask+1 :y causal nature is presum$ to    
occupy "t & space4 ,?is really raises ! 
fundam5tal "q z to :at *>act]i/ics      
causal nature %\ld h 9 common ) app>5t  
nature4 ,:y--on ?is !ory--%\ld ! cause  
:i* influ5ces ! m9d to p]ception h any  
*>act]i/ics 9 common ) ! efflu5t app>5t 
nature8 ,9 p>ticul>1 :y %\ld x be 9     
space8 ,:y %\ld x be 9 "t8 ,& m g5]ally1
 ,:at d we "k ab\t m9d :i* w\ld all[ u  
to inf] any p>ticul> *>act]i/ics ( a    
cause :i* %\ld influ5ce m9d to p>ticul> 
effects8  ,! transc5d5ce ( "t beyond    
nature gives "s slight reason = presum+ 
t causal nature %\ld occupy "t4 ,= if ! 
m9d occupies p]iods ( "t1 !re w\ld seem 
to be "s vague reason = assum+ t        

influ5c+ causes occupy ! same p]iods (  
"t1 or at lea/1 occupy p]iods :i* are   
/rictly relat$ to ! m5tal p]iods4 ,b if 
! m9d does n occupy volumes ( space1 !re
 seems to be no reason :y causal nature 
%\ld occupy any volumes ( space4 ,?us   
space w\ld seem to be m]ely app>5t 9 !  
same s5se z app>5t nature is m]ely      
app>5t4 ,accord+ly if sci5ce is really  
inve/igat+ causes :i* op]ate on ! m9d1 x
 w\ld seem to be entirely on ! wrong    
tack 9 presum+ t ! causes :i* x is seek+
 = h spatial relations4 ,fur!rmore !re  
is no?+ else 9 our k analog\s to ^!     
causes :i* influ5ce ! m9d to p]ception4 
,accord+ly1 beyond ! ra%ly presum$ fact 
t !y occupy "t1 !re is really no gr\nd  
by :i* we c det]m9e any po9t ( _! "*4   
,!y mu/ rema9 = ev] unkn[n4  ,n[ ,i     
assume z an axiom t sci5ce is n a fairy 
tale4 ,x is n engag$ 9 deck+ out        
unkn[able entities ) arbitr>y & fanta/ic
 prop]ties4 ,:at !n is x t sci5ce is    
do+1 grant+ t x is effect+ some?+ (     
importance8 ,my answ] is t x is det]m9+ 

! "* ( ?+s kn[n1 namely ! "* ( app>5t   
nature4 ,b we may drop ! t]m 'app>5t'2 =
 !re is b "o nature1 namely ! nature :i*
 is be=e u 9 p]ceptual k4 ,! *>act]s :i*
 sci5ce disc]ns 9 nature are subtle     
*>act]s1 n obvi\s at fir/ sight4 ,!y are
 relations ( relations & *>act]s (      
*>act]s4 ,b = all _! subtlety !y are    
/amp$ ) a c]ta9 simplicity :i* makes _! 
consid]ation ess5tial 9 unravell+ !     
complex relations betwe5 *>act]s ( m    
p]ceptive insi/5ce4  ,! fact t !        
bifurcation ( nature into causal &      
app>5t compon5ts does n express :at we  
mean by our k is br\ght be=e u :5 we    
realise our ?\ghts 9 any discussion ( ! 
causes ( our p]ceptions4 ,= example1 !  
fire is burn+ & we see a r$ coal4 ,?is  
is expla9$ 9 sci5ce by radiant en]gy f !
 coal ent]+ our eyes4 ,b 9 seek+ = su*  
an explanation we are n ask+ :at are !  
sort ( occurr5ces :i* are fitt$ to cause
 a m9d to see r$4 ,! *a9 ( causation is 
entirely diff]5t4 ,! m9d is cut out     
altoge!r4 ,! real "q is1 ,:5 r$ is f\nd 

9 nature1 :at else is f\nd !re also8    
,namely we are ask+ = an analysis ( !   
accompanim5ts 9 nature ( ! discov]y ( r$
 9 nature4 ,9 a subsequ5t lecture ,i    
%all exp& ?is l9e ( ?\ght4 ,i simply    
draw att5tion to x "h 9 ord] to po9t out
 t ! wave-!ory ( light has n be5 adopt$ 
because waves are j ! sort ( ?+s :i*    
ought to make a m9d p]ceive col\rs4 ,?is
 is no "p ( ! evid5ce :i* has ev] be5   
adduc$ = ! wave-!ory1 yet on ! causal   
!ory ( p]ception1 x is really ! only    
relevant "p4 ,9 o!r words1 sci5ce is n  
discuss+ ! causes ( k1 b ! coh]5ce ( k4 
,! und]/&+ :i* is s\ght by sci5ce is an 
und]/&+ ( relations )9 nature4  ,s f> ,i
 h discuss$ ! bifurcation ( nature 9    
connexion ) ! !ories ( absolute "t & (  
absolute space4 ,my reason has be5 t !  
introduction ( ! relational !ories only 
weak5s ! case = bifurcation1 & ,i wi%$  
to discuss ?is case on its /ronge/      
gr\nds4  ,= in/ance1 suppose we adopt ! 
relational !ory ( space4 ,!n ! space 9  
:i* app>5t nature is set is ! expression

 ( c]ta9 relations betwe5 ! app>5t      
objects4 ,x is a set ( app>5t relations 
betwe5 app>5t relata4 ,app>5t nature is 
! dream1 & ! app>5t relations ( space   
are dream relations1 & ! space is !     
dream space4 ,simil>ly ! space 9 :i*    
causal nature is set is ! expression (  
c]ta9 relations betwe5 ! causal objects4
 ,x is ! expression ( c]ta9 facts ab\t !
 causal activity :i* is go+ on beh9d !  
sc5es4 ,accord+ly causal space belongs  
to a diff]5t ord] ( reality to app>5t   
space4 ,h5ce !re is no po9twise         
connexion betwe5 ! two & x is mean+less 
to say t ! molecules ( ! grass are 9 any
 place :i* has a det]m9ate spatial      
relation to ! place occupi$ by ! grass  
:i* we see4 ,?is conclusion is v        
p>adoxical & makes nons5se ( all        
sci5tific phraseology4 ,! case is ev5   
worse if we admit ! relativity ( "t4 ,= 
! same argum5ts apply1 & break up "t    
into ! dream "t & causal "t :i* belong  
to diff]5t ord]s ( reality4  ,i h h[ev] 
be5 discuss+ an extreme =m ( !          

bifurcation !ory4 ,x is1 z ,i ?9k1 ! mo/
 def5sible =m4 ,b its v def9it5ess makes
 x ! m evid5tly obnoxi\s to criticism4  
,! int]m$iate =m all[s t ! nature we are
 discuss+ is always ! nature directly   
kn[n1 & s f> x rejects ! bifurcation    
!ory4 ,b x holds t !re are psy*ic       
additions to nature z ?us kn[n1 & t ^!  
additions are 9 no prop] s5se "p (      
nature4 ,= example1 we p]ceive ! r$     
billi>d ball at its prop] "t1 9 its     
prop] place1 ) its prop] motion1 ) its  
prop] h>dness1 & ) its prop] in]tia4 ,b 
its r$ness & its w>m?1 & ! s\nd ( !     
click z a cannon is made (f x are psy*ic
 additions1 namely1 second>y qualities  
:i* are only ! m9d's way ( p]ceiv+      
nature4 ,?is is n only ! vaguely        
preval5t !ory1 b is1 ,i believe1 !      
hi/orical =m ( ! bifurcation !ory 9 s f>
 z x is d]iv$ f philosophy4 ,i %all call
 x ! !ory ( psy*ic additions4  ,?is !ory
 ( psy*ic additions is a s\nd           
common-s5se !ory :i* lays imm5se /ress  
on ! obvi\s reality ( "t1 space1        

solidity & in]tia1 b di/ru/s ! m9or     
arti/ic additions ( col\r1 w>m? & s\nd4 
,! !ory is ! outcome ( common-s5se 9    
retreat4 ,x arose 9 an epo* :5 !        
transmission !ories ( sci5ce 7 be+      
elaborat$4 ,= example1 col\r is ! result
 ( a transmission f ! mat]ial object to 
! p]ceiv]'s eye2 & :at is ?us transmitt$
 is n col\r4 ,?us col\r is n "p ( !     
reality ( ! mat]ial object4 ,simil>ly = 
! same reason s\nds evaporate f nature4 
,also w>m? is due to ! transf] ( some?+ 
:i* is n temp]ature4 ,?us we are left ) 
spatio-temporal positions1 & :at ,i may 
t]m ! 'pu%9ess' ( ! body4 ,?is l&s u to 
eighte5? & n9ete5? c5tury mat]ialism1   
namely1 ! belief t :at is real 9 nature 
is matt]1 9 "t & 9 space & ) in]tia4    
,evid5tly a di/9ction 9 quality has be5 
presuppos$ sep>at+ (f "s p]ceptions due 
to t\* f o!r p]ceptions4 ,^!            
t\*-p]ceptions are p]ceptions ( ! real  
in]tia1 :]eas ! o!r p]ceptions are      
psy*ic additions :i* mu/ be expla9$ on !
 causal !ory4 ,?is di/9ction is !       

product ( an epo* 9 :i* physical sci5ce 
has got ahead ( m$ical pa?ology & (     
physiology4 ,p]ceptions ( pu% are j z   
mu* ! outcome ( transmission z are      
p]ceptions ( col\r4 ,:5 col\r is p]ceiv$
 ! n]ves ( ! body are excit$ 9 "o way & 
transmit _! message t[>ds ! bra91 & :5  
pu% is p]ceiv$ o!r n]ves ( ! body are   
excit$ 9 ano!r way & transmit _! message
 t[>ds ! bra94 ,! message ( ! "o set is 
n ! conveyance ( col\r1 & ! message ( ! 
o!r set is n ! conveyance ( pu%4 ,b 9 "o
 case col\r is p]ceiv$ & 9 ! o!r case ! 
pu% due to ! object4 ,if y snip c]ta9   
n]ves1 !re is an end to ! p]ception (   
col\r2 & if y snip c]ta9 o!r n]ves1 !re 
is an end to ! p]ception ( pu%4 ,x w\ld 
appe> !re=e t any reasons :i* %\ld      
remove col\r f ! reality ( nature %\ld  
also op]ate to remove in]tia4  ,?us !   
attempt$ bifurcation ( app>5t nature    
into two p>ts ( :i* "o "p is bo? causal 
= its own appe>ance & = ! appe>ance ( ! 
o!r "p1 :i* is purely app>5t1 fails ow+ 
to ! failure to e/abli% any fundam5tal  

di/9ction betwe5 our ways ( kn[+ ab\t ! 
two p>ts ( nature z ?us p>tition$4 ,i am
 n d5y+ t ! feel+ ( muscul> ef=t        
hi/orically l$ to ! =mulation ( !       
concept ( =ce4 ,b ?is hi/orical fact    
does n w>rant u 9 assign+ a sup]ior     
reality 9 nature to mat]ial in]tia ov]  
col\r or s\nd4 ,s f> z reality is       
conc]n$ all our s5se-p]ceptions are 9 ! 
same boat1 & mu/ be treat$ on ! same    
pr9ciple4 ,! ev5ness ( treatm5t is      
exactly :at ?is compromise !ory fails to
 a*ieve4  ,! bifurcation !ory h[ev] dies
 h>d4 ,! reason is t !re really is a    
difficulty to be fac$ 9 relat+ )9 ! same
 sy/em ( entities ! r$ness ( ! fire ) ! 
agitation ( ! molecules4 ,9 ano!r       
lecture ,i w give my own explanation ( !
 orig9 ( ! difficulty & ( its solution4 
,ano!r fav\rite solution1 ! mo/ att5uat$
 =m :i* ! bifurcation !ory assumes1 is  
to ma9ta9 t ! molecules & e!r ( sci5ce  
are purely conceptual4 ,?us !re is b "o 
nature1 namely app>5t nature1 & atoms & 
e!r are m]ely names = logical t]ms 9    

conceptual =mulae ( calculation4  ,b :at
 is a =mula ( calculation8 ,x is        
presumably a /atem5t t some?+ or o!r is 
true = natural occurr5ces4 ,take !      
simple/ ( all =mulae1 ,two & two make   
f\r4 ,?is--s f> z x applies to          
nature--ass]ts t if y take two natural  
entities1 & !n aga9 two o!r natural     
entities1 ! comb9$ class conta9s f\r    
natural entities4 ,su* =mulae :i* are   
true = any entities _c result 9 !       
production ( ! concepts ( atoms4 ,!n    
aga9 !re are =mulae :i* ass]t t !re are 
entities 9 nature ) su* & su* special   
prop]ties1 say1 = example1 ) ! prop]ties
 ( ! atoms ( hydrog54 ,n[ if !re are no 
su* entities1 ,i fail to see h[ any     
/atem5ts ab\t !m c apply to nature4 ,=  
example1 ! ass]tion t !re is gre5 *eese 
9 ! moon _c be a premiss 9 any d$uction 
( sci5tific importance1 unless inde$ !  
pres5ce ( gre5 *eese 9 ! moon has be5   
v]ifi$ by exp]im5t4 ,! curr5t answ] to  
^! objections is t1 ?\gh atoms are m]ely
 conceptual1 yet !y are an int]e/+ &    

picturesque way ( say+ some?+ else :i*  
is true ( nature4 ,b surely if x is     
some?+ else t y mean1 = heav5's sake say
 x4 ,d away ) ?is elaborate ma*9]y ( a  
conceptual nature :i* consi/s (         
ass]tions ab\t ?+s :i* don't exi/ 9 ord]
 to convey tru?s ab\t ?+s :i* d exi/4 ,i
 am ma9ta9+ ! obvi\s position t         
sci5tific laws1 if !y are true1 are     
/atem5ts ab\t entities :i* we obta9 k ( 
z be+ 9 nature2 & t1 if ! entities to   
:i* ! /atem5ts ref] are n to be f\nd 9  
nature1 ! /atem5ts ab\t !m h no         
relevance to any purely natural         
occurr5ce4 ,?us ! molecules & electrons 
( sci5tific !ory are1 s f> z sci5ce has 
correctly =mulat$ its laws1 ea* ( !m    
factors to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,!         
electrons are only hypo!tical 9 s f> z  
we are n q c]ta9 t ! electron !ory is   
true4 ,b _! hypo!tical "* does n arise f
 ! ess5tial nature ( ! !ory 9 itself    
aft] its tru? has be5 grant$4  ,?us at !
 end ( ?is some:at complex discussion1  
we return to ! position :i* 0 affirm$ at

 its beg9n+4 ,! prim>y task ( a         
philosophy ( natural sci5ce is to       
elucidate ! concept ( nature1 consid]$ z
 "o complex fact = k1 to exhibit !      
fundam5tal entities & ! fundam5tal      
relations betwe5 entities 9 t]ms ( :i*  
all laws ( nature h to be /at$1 & to    
secure t ! entities & relations ?us     
exhibit$ are adequate = ! expression (  
all ! relations betwe5 entities :i*     
occur 9 nature4  ,! ?ird requisite1     
namely t ( adequacy1 is ! "o ov] :i* all
 ! difficulty occurs4 ,! ultimate data (
 sci5ce are commonly assum$ to be "t1   
space1 mat]ial1 qualities ( mat]ial1 &  
relations betwe5 mat]ial objects4 ,b    
data z !y occur 9 ! sci5tific laws d n  
relate all ! entities :i* pres5t        
!mselves 9 our p]ception ( nature4 ,=   
example1 ! wave-!ory ( light is an      
excell5t well-e/abli%$ !ory2 b          
un=tunately x leaves out col\r z        
p]ceiv$4 ,?us ! p]ceiv$ r$ness--or1 o!r 
col\r--has to be cut out ( nature & made
 into ! reaction ( ! m9d "u ! impulse ( 

! actual ev5ts ( nature4 ,9 o!r words   
?is concept ( ! fundam5tal relations )9 
nature is inadequate4 ,?us we h to b5d  
our en]gies to ! enunciation ( adequate 
concepts4  ,b 9 s do+1 are we n 9 fact  
endeav\r+ to solve a metaphysical       
problem8 ,i d n ?9k s4 ,we are m]ely    
endeav\r+ to exhibit ! type ( relations 
:i* hold betwe5 ! entities :i* we 9 fact
 p]ceive z 9 nature4 ,we are n call$ on 
to make any pron\ncem5t z to !          
psy*ological relation ( subjects to     
objects or z to ! /atus ( ei!r 9 ! realm
 ( reality4 ,x is true t ! issue ( our  
endeav\r may provide mat]ial :i* is     
relevant evid5ce = a discussion on t "q4
 ,x c h>dly fail to d s4 ,b x is only   
evid5ce1 & is n itself ! metaphysical   
discussion4 ,9 ord] to make cle> ! "* ( 
?is fur!r discussion :i* is out ( our   
k51 ,i w set be=e y two quotations4 ,"o 
is f ,s*ell+ & ,i extract ! quotation f 
! "w ( ! ,russian philosoph] ,lossky :i*
 has rec5tly be5 s excell5tly translat$ 
into ,engli%#d--';,9 ! ,philosophy (    

,nature ,i consid]$ ! subject-object    
call$ nature 9 its activity (           
self-con/ruct+4 ,9 ord] to und]/& x1 we 
mu/ rise to an intellectual intuition ( 
nature4 ,! empirici/ does n rise !reto1 
& = ?is reason 9 all 8 explanations x is
 always he himself t proves to be       
con/ruct+ nature4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t 
8 con/ruction & t :i* 0 to be con/ruct$ 
s seldom co9cide4 ,a ,natur-philosoph   
raises nature to indep5d5ce1 & makes x  
con/ruct itself1 & he nev] feels1 !re=e1
 ! necessity ( oppos+ nature z con/ruct$
 7i4e4 z exp]i5ce7 to real nature1 or ( 
correct+ ! "o by means ( ! o!r4'  #d ,! 
,intuitive ,basis ( ,k1 by ,n4 ,o4      
,lossky1 transl4 by ,mrs ,dudd+ton1     
,macmillan & ,co41 #aiai4  ,! o!r       
quotation is f a pap] read by ! ,dean ( 
,/ ,paul's be=e ! ,ari/otelian ,society 
9 ,may ( #aiai4 ,dr ,+e's pap] is       
entitl$ ',platonism & ,human            
,immortality1' & 9 x !re occurs ! foll[+
 /atem5t3 ',to sum up4 ,! ,platonic     
doctr9e ( immortality re/s on !         

indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual _w4 ,!         
spiritual _w is n a _w ( unrealis$      
ideals1 ov] aga9/ a real _w (           
unspiritual fact4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 !
 real _w1 ( :i* we h a true ?\gh v      
incomplete k1 ov] aga9/ a _w ( common   
exp]i5ce :i*1 z a complete :ole1 is n   
real1 s9ce x is compact$ out (          
miscellane\s data1 n all on ! same      
level1 by ! help ( ! imag9ation4 ,!re is
 no _w correspond+ to ! _w ( our common 
exp]i5ce4 ,nature makes ab/ractions = u1
 decid+ :at range ( vibrations we are to
 see & he>1 :at ?+s we are to notice &  
rememb]4'  ,i h cit$ ^! /atem5ts because
 bo? ( !m deal ) topics :i*1 ?\gh !y lie
 outside ! range ( our discussion1 are  
always be+ confus$ ) x4 ,! reason is t  
!y lie proximate to our field ( ?\ght1 &
 are topics :i* are ( burn+ int]e/ to ! 
metaphysically m9d$4 ,x is difficult = a
 philosoph] to realise t anyone really  
is conf9+ 8 discussion )9 ! limits t ,i 
h set be=e y4 ,! b\nd>y is set up j :]e 
he is beg9n+ to get excit$4 ,b ,i submit

 to y t among ! necess>y prolegom5a =   
philosophy & = natural sci5ce is a      
?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! types ( entities1 &  
types ( relations among ^? entities1 :i*
 are disclos$ to u 9 our p]ceptions (   
nature4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,"t   ,! two
 previ\s lectures ( ?is c\rse h be5     
ma9ly critical4 ,9 ! pres5t lecture ,i  
propose to ent] ^u a survey ( ! k9ds (  
entities :i* are posit$ = k 9           
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,my purpose is to         
inve/igate ! sorts ( relations :i* ^!   
entities ( v>i\s k9ds c be> to ea* o!r4 
,a classification ( natural entities is 
! beg9n+ ( natural philosophy4 ,to-day  
we comm5ce ) ! consid]ation ( ,"t4  ,9 !
 fir/ place !re is posit$ = u a g5]al   
fact3 namely1 some?+ is go+ on2 !re is  
an occurr5ce = def9ition4  ,?is g5]al   
fact at once yields = our appreh5sion   
two factors1 :i* ,i w "n1 ! 'disc]n$' & 
! 'disc]nible4' ,! disc]n$ is compris$ (
 ^? elem5ts ( ! g5]al fact :i* are      
discrim9at$ ) _! own individual         
peculi>ities4 ,x is ! field directly    

p]ceiv$4 ,b ! entities ( ?is field h    
relations to o!r entities :i* are n     
p>ticul>ly discrim9at$ 9 ?is individual 
way4 ,^! o!r entities are kn[n m]ely z !
 relata 9 relation to ! entities ( !    
disc]n$ field4 ,su* an entity is m]ely a
 'some?+' :i* has su*-&-su* def9ite     
relations to "s def9ite entity or       
entities 9 ! disc]n$ field4 ,z be+ ?us  
relat$1 !y are--ow+ to ! p>ticul> "* (  
^! relations--kn[n z elem5ts ( ! g5]al  
fact :i* is go+ on4 ,b we are n aw>e (  
!m except z entities fulfill+ !         
functions ( relata 9 ^! relations4  ,?us
 ! complete g5]al fact1 posit$ z        
occurr+1 comprises bo? sets ( entities1 
namely ! entities p]ceiv$ 9 _! own      
individuality & o!r entities m]ely      
appreh5d$ z relata )\t fur!r def9ition4 
,?is complete g5]al fact is ! disc]nible
 & x comprises ! disc]n$4 ,! disc]nible 
is all nature z disclos$ 9 t            
s5se-aw>5ess1 & ext5ds beyond &         
comprises all ( nature z actually       
discrim9at$ or disc]n$ 9 t s5se-aw>5ess4

 ,! disc]n+ or discrim9ation ( nature is
 a peculi> aw>5ess ( special factors 9  
nature 9 respect to _! peculi> *>act]s4 
,b ! factors 9 nature ( :i* we h ?is    
peculi> s5se-aw>5ess are kn[n z n       
compris+ all ! factors :i* toge!r =m !  
:ole complex ( relat$ entities )9 !     
g5]al fact !re = disc]nm5t4 ,?is        
peculi>ity ( k is :at ,i call its       
unexhau/ive "*4 ,?is "* may be          
metaphorically describ$ by ! /atem5t t  
nature z p]ceiv$ always has a ragg$     
edge4 ,= example1 !re is a _w beyond !  
room to :i* our sight is conf9$ kn[n to 
u z complet+ ! space-relations ( !      
entities disc]n$ )9 ! room4 ,! junction 
( ! int]ior _w ( ! room ) ! ext]ior _w  
beyond is nev] %>p4 ,s\nds & subtl]     
factors disclos$ 9 s5se-aw>5ess float 9 
f ! outside4 ,e type ( s5se has its own 
set ( discrim9at$ entities :i* are kn[n 
to be relata 9 relation ) entities n    
discrim9at$ by t s5se4 ,= example we see
 some?+ :i* we d n t\* & we t\* some?+  
:i* we d n see1 & we h a g5]al s5se ( ! 

space-relations betwe5 ! entity disclos$
 9 sight & ! entity disclos$ 9 t\*4 ,?us
 9 ! fir/ place ea* ( ^! two entities is
 kn[n z a relatum 9 a g5]al sy/em (     
space-relations & 9 ! second place !    
p>ticul> mutual relation ( ^! two       
entities z relat$ to ea* o!r 9 ?is g5]al
 sy/em is det]m9$4 ,b ! g5]al sy/em (   
space-relations relat+ ! entity         
discrim9at$ by sight ) t discrim9at$ by 
sight is n dep5d5t on ! peculi> "* ( !  
o!r entity z report$ by ! alt]native    
s5se4 ,= example1 ! space-relations ( ! 
?+ se5 w\ld h necessitat$ an entity z a 
relatum 9 ! place ( ! ?+ t\*$ ev5 al?\gh
 c]ta9 elem5ts ( its "* _h n be5        
disclos$ by t\*4 ,?us ap>t f ! t\* an   
entity ) a c]ta9 specific relation to ! 
?+ se5 w\ld h be5 disclos$ by           
s5se-aw>5ess b n o!rwise discrim9at$ 9  
respect to its individual "*4 ,an entity
 m]ely kn[n z spatially relat$ to "s    
disc]n$ entity is :at we mean by ! b>e  
idea ( 'place4' ,! concept ( place m>ks 
! disclosure 9 s5se-aw>5ess ( entities 9

 nature kn[n m]ely by _! spatial        
relations to disc]n$ entities4 ,x is !  
disclosure ( ! disc]nible by means ( its
 relations to ! disc]n$4  ,?is          
disclosure ( an entity z a relatum )\t  
fur!r specific discrim9ation ( quality  
is ! basis ( our concept ( significance4
 ,9 ! above example ! ?+ se5 0          
significant1 9 t x disclos$ its spatial 
relations to o!r entities n necess>ily  
o!rwise ent]+ into consci\sness4 ,?us   
significance is relat$ness1 b x is      
relat$ness ) ! emphasis on "o end only (
 ! relation4  ,= ! sake ( simplicity ,i 
h conf9$ ! argum5t to spatial relations2
 b ! same consid]ations apply to        
temporal relations4 ,! concept ( 'p]iod 
( "t' m>ks ! disclosure 9 s5se-aw>5ess (
 entities 9 nature kn[n m]ely by _!     
temporal relations to disc]n$ entities4 
,/ill fur!r1 ?is sep>ation ( ! ideas (  
space & "t has m]ely be5 adopt$ = ! sake
 ( ga9+ simplicity ( exposition by      
con=mity to curr5t language4 ,:at we    
disc]n is ! specific "* ( a place ?r\gh 

a p]iod ( "t4 ,?is is :at ,i mean by an 
'ev5t4' ,we disc]n "s specific "* ( an  
ev5t4 ,b 9 disc]n+ an ev5t we are also  
aw>e ( its significance z a relatum 9 ! 
/ructure ( ev5ts4 ,?is /ructure ( ev5ts 
is ! complex ( ev5ts z relat$ by ! two  
relations ( ext5sion & cogr$i5ce4 ,! mo/
 simple expression ( ! prop]ties ( ?is  
/ructure are to be f\nd 9 our spatial & 
temporal relations4 ,a disc]n$ ev5t is  
kn[n z relat$ 9 ?is /ructure to o!r     
ev5ts ^: specific *>act]s are o!rwise n 
disclos$ 9 t imm$iate aw>5ess except s  
f> z t !y are relata )9 ! /ructure4  ,! 
disclosure 9 s5se-aw>5ess ( ! /ructure (
 ev5ts classifies ev5ts into ^? :i* are 
disc]n$ 9 respect to "s fur!r individual
 "* & ^? :i* are n o!rwise disclos$     
except z elem5ts ( ! /ructure4 ,^!      
signifi$ ev5ts mu/ include ev5ts 9 !    
remote pa/ z well z ev5ts 9 ! future4   
,we are aw>e ( ^! z ! f> (f p]iods (    
unb\nd$ "t4 ,b !re is ano!r             
classification ( ev5ts :i* is also      
inh]5t 9 s5se-aw>5ess4 ,^! are ! ev5ts  

:i* %>e ! imm$iacy ( ! imm$iately pres5t
 disc]n$ ev5ts4 ,^! are ! ev5ts ^:      
*>act]s toge!r ) ^? ( ! disc]n$ ev5ts   
comprise all nature pres5t = disc]nm5t4 
,!y =m ! complete g5]al fact :i* is all 
nature n[ pres5t z disclos$ 9 t         
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,x is 9 ?is second        
classification ( ev5ts t ! diff]5tiation
 ( space f "t takes its orig94 ,! g]m ( 
space is to be f\nd 9 ! mutual relations
 ( ev5ts )9 ! imm$iate g5]al fact :i* is
 all nature n[ disc]nible1 namely )9 !  
"o ev5t :i* is ! totality ( pres5t      
nature4 ,! relations ( o!r ev5ts to ?is 
totality ( nature =m ! texture ( "t4  ,!
 unity ( ?is g5]al pres5t fact is       
express$ by ! concept ( simultaneity4 ,!
 g5]al fact is ! :ole simultane\s       
occurr5ce ( nature :i* is n[ =          
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,?is g5]al fact is :at ,i 
h call$ ! disc]nible4 ,b 9 future ,i w  
call x a 'duration1' mean+ !reby a c]ta9
 :ole ( nature :i* is limit$ only by !  
prop]ty ( be+ a simultaneity4 ,fur!r 9  
ob$i5ce to ! pr9ciple ( compris+ )9     

nature ! :ole t]m9us ( s5se-aw>5ess1    
simultaneity mu/ n be conceiv$ z an     
irrelevant m5tal concept impos$ ^u      
nature4 ,our s5se-aw>5ess posits =      
imm$iate disc]nm5t a c]ta9 :ole1 "h     
call$ a 'duration'2 ?us a duration is a 
def9ite natural entity4 ,a duration is  
discrim9at$ z a complex ( p>tial ev5ts1 
& ! natural entities :i* are compon5ts (
 ?is complex are !reby said to be       
'simultane\s ) ?is duration4' ,also 9 a 
d]ivative s5se !y are simultane\s ) ea* 
o!r 9 respect to ?is duration4 ,?us     
simultaneity is a def9ite natural       
relation4 ,! ^w 'duration' is p]haps    
un=tunate 9 s f> z x sugge/s a m]e      
ab/ract /ret* ( "t4 ,?is is n :at ,i    
mean4 ,a duration is a concrete slab (  
nature limit$ by simultaneity :i* is an 
ess5tial factor disclos$ 9 s5se-aw>5ess4
  ,nature is a process4 ,z 9 ! case (   
ev]y?+ directly exhibit$ 9 s5se-aw>5ess1
 !re c be no explanation ( ?is          
*>act]i/ic ( nature4 ,all t c be done is
 to use language :i* may speculatively  

demon/rate x1 & also to express !       
relation ( ?is factor 9 nature to o!r   
factors4  ,x is an exhibition ( !       
process ( nature t ea* duration happ5s &
 passes4 ,! process ( nature c also be  
t]m$ ! passage ( nature4 ,i def9itely   
refra9 at ?is /age f us+ ! ^w '"t1' s9ce
 ! measurable "t ( sci5ce & ( civilis$  
life g5]ally m]ely exhibits "s aspects (
 ! m fundam5tal fact ( ! passage (      
nature4 ,i believe t 9 ?is doctr9e ,i am
 9 full accord ) ,b]gson1 ?\gh he uses  
'"t' = ! fundam5tal fact :i* ,i call !  
'passage ( nature4' ,also ! passage (   
nature is exhibit$ equally 9 spatial    
transition z well z 9 temporal          
transition4 ,x is 9 virtue ( its passage
 t nature is always mov+ on4 ,x is      
involv$ 9 ! mean+ ( ?is prop]ty ( 'mov+ 
on' t n only is any act ( s5se-aw>5ess j
 t act & no o!r1 b ! t]m9us ( ea* act is
 also unique & is ! t]m9us ( no o!r act4
 ,s5se-aw>5ess seizes its only *ance &  
pres5ts = k some?+ :i* is = x alone4    
,!re are two s5ses 9 :i* ! t]m9us (     

s5se-aw>5ess is unique4 ,x is unique = !
 s5se-aw>5ess ( an individual m9d & x is
 unique = ! s5se-aw>5ess ( all m9ds :i* 
are op]at+ "u natural conditions4 ,!re  
is an important di/9ction betwe5 ! two  
cases4 7i7 ,= "o m9d n only is ! disc]n$
 compon5t ( ! g5]al fact exhibit$ 9 any 
act ( s5se-aw>5ess di/9ct f ! disc]n$   
compon5t ( ! g5]al fact exhibit$ 9 any  
o!r act ( s5se-aw>5ess ( t m9d1 b ! two 
correspond+ durations :i* are           
respectively relat$ by simultaneity to !
 two disc]n$ compon5ts are necess>ily   
di/9ct4 ,?is is an exhibition ( !       
temporal passage ( nature2 namely1 "o   
duration has pass$ into ! o!r4 ,?us n   
only is ! passage ( nature an ess5tial  
"* ( nature 9 its rle ( ! t]m9us (      
s5se-aw>5ess1 b x is also ess5tial =    
s5se-aw>5ess 9 itself4 ,x is ?is tru?   
:i* makes "t appe> to ext5d beyond      
nature4 ,b :at ext5ds beyond nature to  
m9d is n ! s]ial & measurable "t1 :i*   
exhibits m]ely ! "* ( passage 9 nature1 
b ! quality ( passage itself :i* is 9 no

 way measurable except s f> z x obta9s 9
 nature4 ,t is to say1 'passage' is n   
measurable except z x occurs 9 nature 9 
connexion ) ext5sion4 ,9 passage we rea*
 a connexion ( nature ) ! ultimate      
metaphysical reality4 ,! quality (      
passage 9 durations is a p>ticul>       
exhibition 9 nature ( a quality :i*     
ext5ds beyond nature4 ,= example passage
 is a quality n only ( nature1 :i* is ! 
?+ kn[n1 b also ( s5se-aw>5ess :i* is ! 
proc$ure ( kn[+4 ,durations h all !     
reality t nature has1 ?\gh :at t may be 
we ne$ n n[ det]m9e4 ,! measurabl5ess ( 
"t is d]ivative f ! prop]ties (         
durations4 ,s also is ! s]ial "* ( "t4  
,we %all f9d t !re are 9 nature compet+ 
s]ial "t-sy/ems d]iv$ f diff]5t families
 ( durations4 ,^! are a peculi>ity ( !  
"* ( passage z x is f\nd 9 nature4 ,?is 
"* has ! reality ( nature1 b we mu/ n   
necess>ily transf] natural "t to        
extra-natural entities4 7ii7 ,= two     
m9ds1 ! disc]n$ compon5ts ( ! g5]al     
facts exhibit$ 9 _! respective acts (   

s5se-aw>5ess mu/ be diff]5t4 ,= ea* m9d1
 9 its aw>5ess ( nature is aw>e ( a     
c]ta9 complex ( relat$ natural entities 
9 _! relations to ! liv+ body z a focus4
 ,b ! associat$ durations may be        
id5tical4 ,"h we are t\*+ on t "* ( !   
passage nature :i* issues 9 ! spatial   
relations ( simultane\s bodies4 ,?is    
possible id5tity ( ! durations 9 ! case 
( ! s5se-aw>5ess ( di/9ct m9ds is :at   
b9ds into "o nature ! private exp]i5ces 
( s5ti5t be+s4 ,we are "h consid]+ !    
spatial side ( ! passage ( nature4      
,passage 9 ?is aspect ( x also seems to 
ext5d beyond nature to m9d4  ,x is      
important to di/+ui% simultaneity f     
in/antane\sness4 ,i lay no /ress on !   
m]e curr5t usage ( ! two t]ms4 ,!re are 
two concepts :i* ,i want to di/+ui%1 &  
"o ,i call simultaneity & ! o!r         
in/antane\sness4 ,i hope t ! words are  
judici\sly *os52 b x really does n matt]
 s long z ,i succe$ 9 expla9+ my mean+4 
,simultaneity is ! prop]ty ( a gr\p (   
natural elem5ts :i* 9 "s s5se are       

compon5ts ( a duration4 ,a duration c be
 all nature pres5t z ! imm$iate fact    
posit$ by s5se-aw>5ess4 ,a duration     
reta9s )9 itself ! passage ( nature4    
,!re are )9 x antec$5ts & consequ5ts :i*
 are also durations :i* may be !        
complete speci\s pres5ts ( quick]       
consci\snesses4 ,9 o!r words a duration 
reta9s temporal ?ickness4 ,any concept (
 all nature z imm$iately kn[n is always 
a concept ( "s duration ?\gh x may be   
enl>g$ 9 its temporal ?ickness beyond ! 
possible speci\s pres5t ( any be+ kn[n  
to u z exi/+ )9 nature4 ,?us            
simultaneity is an ultimate factor 9    
nature1 imm$iate = s5se-aw>5ess4        
,in/antane\sness is a complex logical   
concept ( a proc$ure 9 ?\ght by :i*     
con/ruct$ logical entities are produc$ =
 ! sake ( ! simple expression 9 ?\ght ( 
prop]ties ( nature4 ,in/antane\sness is 
! concept ( all nature at an in/ant1 :]e
 an in/ant is conceiv$ z depriv$ ( all  
temporal ext5sion4 ,= example we        
conceive ( ! di/ribution ( matt] 9 space

 at an in/ant4 ,?is is a v useful       
concept 9 sci5ce especially 9 appli$    
ma!matics2 b x is a v complex idea s f> 
z conc]ns its connexions ) ! imm$iate   
facts ( s5se-aw>5ess4 ,!re is no su* ?+ 
z nature at an in/ant posit$ by         
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,:at s5se-aw>5ess deliv]s 
ov] = k is nature ?r\gh a p]iod4        
,accord+ly nature at an in/ant1 s9ce x  
is n itself a natural entity1 mu/ be    
def9$ 9 t]ms ( g5u9e natural entities4  
,unless we d s1 our sci5ce1 :i* employs 
! concept ( in/antane\s nature1 mu/     
ab&on all claim to be f\nd$ ^u          
obs]vation4  ,i w use ! t]m 'mom5t' to  
mean 'all nature at an in/ant4' ,a      
mom5t1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is "h us$1  
has no temporal ext5sion1 & is 9 ?is    
respect to be contra/$ ) a duration :i* 
has su* ext5sion4 ,:at is directly      
yield$ to our k by s5se-aw>5ess is a    
duration4 ,accord+ly we h n[ to expla9  
h[ mom5ts are d]iv$ f durations1 & also 
to expla9 ! purpose s]v$ by _!          
introduction4  ,a mom5t is a limit to   

:i* we approa* z we conf9e att5tion to  
durations ( m9imum ext5sion4 ,natural   
relations among ! +r$i5ts ( a duration  
ga9 9 complexity z we consid] durations 
( increas+ temporal ext5sion4 ,accord+ly
 !re is an approa* to ideal simplicity z
 we approa* an ideal dim9ution (        
ext5sion4  ,! ^w 'limit' has a precise  
signification 9 ! logic ( numb] & ev5 9 
! logic ( non-num]ical "o-dim5sional    
s]ies4 ,z us$ "h x is s f> a m]e        
metaphor1 & x is necess>y to expla9     
directly ! concept :i* x is meant to    
indicate4  ,durations c h ! two-t]m$    
relational prop]ty ( ext5d+ "o ov] !    
o!r4 ,?us ! duration :i* is all nature  
dur+ a c]ta9 m9ute ext5ds ov] ! duration
 :i* is all nature dur+ ! #cj? second ( 
t m9ute4 ,?is relation ( 'ext5d+        
ov]'--'ext5sion' z ,i %all call x--is a 
fundam5tal natural relation ^: field    
comprises m ?an durations4 ,x is a      
relation :i* two limit$ ev5ts c h to ea*
 o!r4 ,fur!rmore z hold+ betwe5         
durations ! relation appe>s to ref] to !

 purely temporal ext5sion4 ,i %all h[ev]
 ma9ta9 t ! same relation ( ext5sion    
lies at ! base bo? ( temporal & spatial 
ext5sion4 ,?is discussion c be po/pon$2 
& = ! pres5t we are simply conc]n$ ) !  
relation ( ext5sion z x occurs 9 its    
temporal aspect = ! limit$ field (      
durations4  ,! concept ( ext5sion       
exhibits 9 ?\ght "o side ( ! ultimate   
passage ( nature4 ,?is relation holds   
because ( ! special "* :i* passage      
assumes 9 nature2 x is ! relation :i* 9 
! case ( durations expresses ! prop]ties
 ( 'pass+ ov]4' ,?us ! duration :i* 0 "o
 def9ite m9ute pass$ ov] ! duration :i* 
0 its #cj? second4 ,! duration ( ! #cj? 
second 0 "p ( ! duration ( ! m9ute4 ,i  
%all use ! t]ms ':ole' & '"p'           
exclusively 9 ?is s5se1 t ! '"p' is an  
ev5t :i* is ext5d$ ov] by ! o!r ev5t :i*
 is ! ':ole4' ,?us 9 my nom5clature     
':ole' & '"p' ref] exclusively to ?is   
fundam5tal relation ( ext5sion2 &       
accord+ly 9 ?is te*nical usage only     
ev5ts c be ei!r :oles or p>ts4  ,!      

cont9uity ( nature arises f ext5sion4 ,e
 ev5t ext5ds ov] o!r ev5ts1 & e ev5t is 
ext5d$ ov] by o!r ev5ts4 ,?us 9 !       
special case ( durations :i* are n[ !   
only ev5ts directly "u consid]ation1 e  
duration is "p ( o!r durations2 & e     
duration has o!r durations :i* are p>ts 
( x4 ,accord+ly !re are no maximum      
durations & no m9imum durations4 ,?us   
!re is no atomic /ructure ( durations1 &
 ! p]fect def9ition ( a duration1 s z to
 m>k out its individuality & di/+ui% x f
 highly analog\s durations ov] :i* x is 
pass+1 or :i* are pass+ ov] x1 is an    
arbitr>y po/ulate ( ?\ght4 ,s5se-aw>5ess
 posits durations z factors 9 nature b  
does n cle>ly enable ?\ght to use x z   
di/+ui%+ ! sep>ate individualities ( !  
entities ( an alli$ gr\p ( slightly     
diff]+ durations4 ,?is is "o in/ance ( !
 indet]m9at5ess ( s5se-aw>5ess4         
,exactness is an ideal ( ?\ght1 & is    
only realis$ 9 exp]i5ce by ! selection (
 a r\te ( approximation4  ,! abs5ce (   
maximum & m9imum durations does n exhau/

 ! prop]ties ( nature :i* make up its   
cont9uity4 ,! passage ( nature involves 
! exi/5ce ( a family ( durations4 ,:5   
two durations belong to ! same family   
ei!r "o conta9s ! o!r1 or !y ov]lap ea* 
o!r 9 a subord9ate duration )\t ei!r    
conta9+ ! o!r2 or !y are completely     
sep>ate4 ,! exclud$ case is t (         
durations ov]lapp+ 9 f9ite ev5ts b n    
conta9+ a ?ird duration z a common "p4  
,x is evid5t t ! relation ( ext5sion is 
transitive2 namely z appli$ to          
durations1 if duration ,a is "p (       
duration ,b1 & duration ,b is "p (      
duration ,c1 !n ,a is "p ( ,c4 ,?us !   
fir/ two cases may be comb9$ into "o &  
we c say t two durations :i* belong to !
 same family ei!r are su* t !re are     
durations :i* are p>ts ( bo? or are     
completely sep>ate4  ,fur!rmore !       
conv]se ( ?is proposition holds2 namely1
 if two durations h o!r durations :i*   
are p>ts ( bo? or if ! two durations are
 completely sep>ate1 !n !y belong to !  
same family4  ,! fur!r *>act]i/ics ( !  

cont9uity ( nature--s f> z durations are
 conc]n$--:i* has n yet be5 =mulat$     
arises 9 connexion ) a family (         
durations4 ,x c be /at$ 9 ?is way3 ,!re 
are durations :i* conta9 z p>ts any two 
durations ( ! same family4 ,= example a 
week conta9s z p>ts any two ( its days4 
,x is evid5t t a conta9+ duration       
satisfies ! conditions = belong+ to !   
same family z ! two conta9$ durations4  
,we are n[ prep>$ to proce$ to !        
def9ition ( a mom5t ( "t4 ,consid] a set
 ( durations all tak5 f ! same family4  
,let x h ! foll[+ prop]ties3 7i7 ( any  
two memb]s ( ! set "o conta9s ! o!r z a 
"p1 & 7ii7 !re is no duration :i* is a  
common "p ( e memb] ( ! set4  ,n[ !     
relation ( :ole & "p is asymmetrical2 & 
by ?is ,i mean t if ,a is "p ( ,b1 !n ,b
 is n "p ( ,a4 ,also we h already not$ t
 ! relation is transitive4 ,accord+ly we
 c easily see t ! durations ( any set ) 
! prop]ties j enum]at$ mu/ be arrang$ 9 
a "o-dim5sional s]ial ord] 9 :i* z we   
desc5d ! s]ies we progressively rea*    

durations ( small] & small] temporal    
ext5sion4 ,! s]ies may />t ) any        
arbitr>ily assum$ duration ( any        
temporal ext5sion1 b 9 desc5d+ ! s]ies !
 temporal ext5sion progressively        
contracts & ! successive durations are  
pack$ "o )9 ! o!r l ! ne/ ( boxes ( a   
,*9ese toy4 ,b ! set diff]s f ! toy 9   
?is p>ticul>3 ! toy has a smalle/ box   
:i* =ms ! end box ( its s]ies2 b ! set (
 durations c h no smalle/ duration nor c
 x conv]ge t[>ds a duration z its limit4
 ,= ! p>ts ei!r ( ! end duration or ( ! 
limit w\ld be p>ts ( all ! durations ( !
 set & ?us ! second condition = ! set   
w\ld be violat$4  ,i w call su* a set ( 
durations an 'ab/ractive set' (         
durations4 ,x is evid5t t an ab/ractive 
set z we pass along x conv]ges to !     
ideal ( all nature ) no temporal        
ext5sion1 namely1 to ! ideal ( all      
nature at an in/ant4 ,b ?is ideal is 9  
fact ! ideal ( a non5tity4 ,:at !       
ab/ractive set is 9 fact do+ is to guide
 ?\ght to ! consid]ation ( ! progressive

 simplicity ( natural relations z we    
progressively dim9i% ! temporal ext5sion
 ( ! duration consid]$4 ,n[ ! :ole po9t 
( ! proc$ure is t ! quantitative        
expressions ( ^! natural prop]ties d    
conv]ge to limits ?\gh ! ab/ractive set 
does n conv]ge to any limit+ duration4  
,! laws relat+ ^! quantitative limits   
are ! laws ( nature 'at an in/ant1'     
al?\gh 9 tru? !re is no nature at an    
in/ant & !re is only ! ab/ractive set4  
,?us an ab/ractive set is effectively ! 
entity meant :5 we consid] an in/ant (  
"t )\t temporal ext5sion4 ,x subs]ves   
all ! necess>y purposes ( giv+ a def9ite
 mean+ to ! concept ( ! prop]ties (     
nature at an in/ant4 ,i fully agree t   
?is concept is fundam5tal 9 ! expression
 ( physical sci5ce4 ,! difficulty is to 
express our mean+ 9 t]ms ( ! imm$iate   
deliv]ances ( s5se-aw>5ess1 & ,i (f] !  
above explanation z a complete solution 
( ! problem4  ,9 ?is explanation a mom5t
 is ! set ( natural prop]ties rea*$ by a
 r\te ( approximation4 ,an ab/ractive   

s]ies is a r\te ( approximation4 ,!re   
are diff]5t r\tes ( approximation to !  
same limit+ set ( ! prop]ties ( nature4 
,9 o!r words !re are diff]5t ab/ractive 
sets :i* are to be reg>d$ z r\tes (     
approximation to ! same mom5t4          
,accord+ly !re is a c]ta9 am\nt (       
te*nical detail necess>y 9 expla9+ !    
relations ( su* ab/ractive sets ) ! same
 conv]g5ce & 9 gu>d+ aga9/ possible     
exceptional cases4 ,su* details are n   
suitable = exposition 9 ^! lectures1 &  
,i h dealt ) !m fully else:]e#e4  #e    
,cf4 ,an ,enquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples (
 ,natural ,k1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity     
,press1 #aiai4  ,x is m conv5i5t =      
te*nical purposes to look on a mom5t z  
be+ ! class ( all ab/ractive sets (     
durations ) ! same conv]g5ce4 ,) ?is    
def9ition 7provid$ t we c successfully  
expla9 :at we mean by ! 'same conv]g5ce'
 ap>t f a detail$ k ( ! set ( natural   
prop]ties arriv$ at by approximation7 a 
mom5t is m]ely a class ( sets (         
durations ^: relations ( ext5sion 9     

respect to ea* o!r h c]ta9 def9ite      
peculi>ities4 ,we may t]m ^! connexions 
( ! compon5t durations ! 'extr9sic'     
prop]ties ( a mom5t2 ! 'intr9sic'       
prop]ties ( ! mom5t are ! prop]ties (   
nature arriv$ at z a limit z we proce$  
along any "o ( its ab/ractive sets4 ,^! 
are ! prop]ties ( nature 'at t mom5t1'  
or 'at t in/ant4'  ,! durations :i* ent]
 into ! composition ( a mom5t all belong
 to "o family4 ,?us !re is "o family (  
mom5ts correspond+ to "o family (       
durations4 ,also if we take two mom5ts (
 ! same family1 among ! durations :i*   
ent] into ! composition ( "o mom5t !    
small] durations are completely sep>at$ 
f ! small] durations :i* ent] into !    
composition ( ! o!r mom5t4 ,?us ! two   
mom5ts 9 _! intr9sic prop]ties mu/      
exhibit ! limits ( completely diff]5t   
/ates ( nature4 ,9 ?is s5se ! two mom5ts
 are completely sep>at$4 ,i w call two  
mom5ts ( ! same family 'p>allel4'       
,correspond+ to ea* duration !re are two
 mom5ts ( ! associat$ family ( mom5ts   

:i* are ! b\nd>y mom5ts ( t duration4 ,a
 'b\nd>y mom5t' ( a duration c be def9$ 
9 ?is way4 ,!re are durations ( ! same  
family z ! giv5 duration :i* ov]lap x b 
are n conta9$ 9 x4 ,consid] an          
ab/ractive set ( su* durations4 ,su* a  
set def9es a mom5t :i* is j z mu* )\t ! 
duration z )9 x4 ,su* a mom5t is a      
b\nd>y mom5t ( ! duration4 ,also we call
 ^u our s5se-aw>5ess ( ! passage (      
nature to in=m u t !re are two su*      
b\nd>y mom5ts1 namely ! e>li] "o & !    
lat] "o4 ,we w call !m ! initial & !    
f9al b\nd>ies4  ,!re are also mom5ts ( !
 same family su* t ! %ort] durations 9  
_! composition are entirely sep>at$ f ! 
giv5 duration4 ,su* mom5ts w be said to 
lie 'outside' ! giv5 duration4 ,aga9 o!r
 mom5ts ( ! family are su* t ! %ort]    
durations 9 _! composition are p>ts ( ! 
giv5 duration4 ,su* mom5ts are said to  
lie ')9' ! giv5 duration or to 'inh]e' 9
 x4 ,! :ole family ( p>allel mom5ts is  
acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way by ref]5ce to any   
giv5 duration ( ! associat$ family (    

durations4 ,namely1 !re are mom5ts ( !  
family :i* lie )\t ! giv5 duration1 !re 
are ! two mom5ts :i* are ! b\nd>y mom5ts
 ( ! giv5 duration1 & ! mom5ts :i* lie  
)9 ! giv5 duration4 ,fur!rmore any two  
mom5ts ( ! same family are ! b\nd>y     
mom5ts ( "s "o duration ( ! associat$   
family ( durations4  ,x is n[ possible  
to def9e ! s]ial relation ( temporal    
ord] among ! mom5ts ( a family4 ,= let  
,a & ,c be any two mom5ts ( ! family1 ^!
 mom5ts are ! b\nd>y mom5ts ( "o        
duration d ( ! associat$ family1 & any  
mom5t ,b :i* lies )9 ! duration d w be  
said to lie betwe5 ! mom5ts ,a & ,c4    
,?us ! ?ree-t]m$ relation ( 'ly+-betwe5'
 z relat+ ?ree mom5ts ,a1 ,b1 & ,c is   
completely def9$4 ,also our k ( !       
passage ( nature assures u t ?is        
relation di/ributes ! mom5ts ( ! family 
into a s]ial ord]4 ,i ab/a9 f enum]at+ !
 def9ite prop]ties :i* secure ?is       
result1 ,i h enum]at$ !m 9 my rec5tly   
publi%$ book#f to :i* ,i h already      
ref]r$4 ,fur!rmore ! passage ( nature   

enables u to "k t "o direction along !  
s]ies corresponds to passage into !     
future & ! o!r direction corresponds to 
retrogression t[>ds ! pa/4  #f ,cf4     
,enquiry4  ,su* an ord]$ s]ies ( mom5ts 
is :at we mean by "t def9$ z a s]ies4   
,ea* elem5t ( ! s]ies exhibits an       
in/antane\s /ate ( nature4 ,evid5tly ?is
 s]ial "t is ! result ( an intellectual 
process ( ab/raction4 ,:at ,i h done is 
to give precise def9itions ( ! proc$ure 
by :i* ! ab/raction is effect$4 ,?is    
proc$ure is m]ely a p>ticul> case ( !   
g5]al me?od :i* 9 my book ,i "n ! 'me?od
 ( ext5sive ab/raction4' ,?is s]ial "t  
is evid5tly n ! v passage ( nature      
itself4 ,x exhibits "s ( ! natural      
prop]ties :i* fl[ f x4 ,! /ate ( nature 
'at a mom5t' has evid5tly lo/ ?is       
ultimate quality ( passage4 ,also !     
temporal s]ies ( mom5ts only reta9s x z 
an extr9sic relation ( entities & n z ! 
outcome ( ! ess5tial be+ ( ! t]ms ( !   
s]ies4  ,no?+ has yet be5 said z to !   
measurem5t ( "t4 ,su* measurem5t does n 

foll[ f ! m]e s]ial prop]ty ( "t2 x     
requires a !ory ( congru5ce :i* w be    
consid]$ 9 a lat] lecture4  ,9 e/imat+ !
 adequacy ( ?is def9ition ( ! temporal  
s]ies z a =mulation ( exp]i5ce x is     
necess>y to discrim9ate betwe5 ! crude  
deliv]ance ( s5se-aw>5ess & our         
intellectual !ories4 ,! lapse ( "t is a 
measurable s]ial quantity4 ,! :ole (    
sci5tific !ory dep5ds on ?is assumption 
& any !ory ( "t :i* fails to provide su*
 a measurable s]ies /&s self-condemn$ z 
unable to acc\nt = ! mo/ sali5t fact 9  
exp]i5ce4 ,our difficulties only beg9 :5
 we ask :at x is t is measur$4 ,x is    
evid5tly some?+ s fundam5tal 9 exp]i5ce 
t we c h>dly /& back f x & hold x ap>t s
 z to view x 9 its own proportions4  ,we
 h fir/ to make up our m9ds :e!r "t is  
to be f\nd 9 nature or nature is to be  
f\nd 9 "t4 ,! difficulty ( ! latt]      
alt]native--namely ( mak+ "t prior to   
nature--is t "t !n becomes a            
metaphysical enigma4 ,:at sort (        
entities are its in/ants or its p]iods8 

,! dissociation ( "t f ev5ts discloses  
to our imm$iate inspection t ! attempt  
to set up "t z an indep5d5t t]m9us = k  
is l ! ef=t to f9d sub/ance 9 a %ad[4   
,!re is "t because !re are happ5+s1 &   
ap>t f happ5+s !re is no?+4  ,x is      
necess>y h[ev] to make a di/9ction4 ,9  
"s s5se "t ext5ds beyond nature4 ,x is n
 true t a timeless s5se-aw>5ess & a     
timeless ?\ght comb9e to contemplate a  
timeful nature4 ,s5se-aw>5ess & ?\ght   
are !mselves processes z well z _! t]m9i
 9 nature4 ,9 o!r words !re is a passage
 ( s5se-aw>5ess & a passage ( ?\ght4    
,?us ! reign ( ! quality ( passage      
ext5ds beyond nature4 ,b n[ ! di/9ction 
arises betwe5 passage :i* is fundam5tal 
& ! temporal s]ies :i* is a logical     
ab/raction repres5t+ "s ( ! prop]ties ( 
nature4 ,a temporal s]ies1 z we h def9$ 
x1 repres5ts m]ely c]ta9 prop]ties ( a  
family ( durations--prop]ties inde$ :i* 
durations only possess because ( _!     
p>tak+ ( ! "* ( passage1 b on ! o!r h&  
prop]ties :i* only durations d possess4 

,accord+ly "t 9 ! s5se ( a measurable   
temporal s]ies is a "* ( nature only1 & 
does n ext5d to ! processes ( ?\ght & ( 
s5se-aw>5ess except by a correlation (  
^! processes ) ! temporal s]ies         
implicat$ 9 _! proc$ures4  ,s f> !      
passage ( nature has be5 consid]$ 9     
connexion ) ! passage ( durations2 & 9  
?is connexion x is peculi>ly associat$ )
 temporal s]ies4 ,we mu/ rememb] h[ev] t
 ! "* ( passage is peculi>ly associat$ )
 ! ext5sion ( ev5ts1 & t f ?is ext5sion 
spatial transition arises j z mu* z     
temporal transition4 ,! discussion ( ?is
 po9t is res]v$ = a lat] lecture b x is 
necess>y to rememb] x n[ t we are       
proce$+ to discuss ! application ( !    
concept ( passage beyond nature1 o!rwise
 we %all h too n>r[ an idea ( ! ess5ce (
 passage4  ,x is necess>y to dwell on ! 
subject ( s5se-aw>5ess 9 ?is connexion z
 an example ( ! way 9 :i* "t conc]ns    
m9d1 al?\gh measurable "t is a m]e      
ab/ract f nature & nature is clos$ to   
m9d4  ,consid] s5se-aw>5ess--n its      

t]m9us :i* is nature1 b s5se-aw>5ess 9  
itself z a proc$ure ( m9d4 ,s5se-aw>5ess
 is a relation ( m9d to nature4         
,accord+ly we are n[ consid]+ m9d z a   
relatum 9 s5se-aw>5ess4 ,= m9d !re is ! 
imm$iate s5se-aw>5ess & !re is memory4  
,! di/9ction betwe5 memory & ! pres5t   
imm$iacy has a d\ble be>+4 ,on ! "o h& x
 discloses t m9d is n imp>tially aw>e ( 
all ^? natural durations to :i* x is    
relat$ by aw>5ess4 ,its aw>5ess %>es 9 !
 passage ( nature4 ,we c imag9e a be+ ^:
 aw>5ess1 conceiv$ z 8 private          
possession1 suff]s no transition1 al?\gh
 ! t]m9us ( 8 aw>5ess is our own        
transi5t nature4 ,!re is no ess5tial    
reason :y memory %\ld n be rais$ to !   
vividness ( ! pres5t fact2 & !n f ! side
 ( m9d1 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 !     
pres5t & ! pa/8 ,yet ) ?is hypo!sis we c
 also suppose t ! vivid remembrance & ! 
pres5t fact are posit$ 9 aw>5ess z 9 _! 
temporal s]ial ord]4 ,accord+ly we mu/  
admit t ?\gh we c imag9e t m9d 9 !      
op]ation ( s5se-aw>5ess might be free f 

any "* ( passage1 yet 9 po9t ( fact our 
exp]i5ce ( s5se-aw>5ess exhibits our    
m9ds z p>tak+ 9 ?is "*4  ,on ! o!r h& ! 
m]e fact ( memory is an escape f        
transi5ce4 ,9 memory ! pa/ is pres5t4 ,x
 is n pres5t z ov]leap+ ! temporal      
succession ( nature1 b x is pres5t z an 
imm$iate fact = ! m9d4 ,accord+ly memory
 is a dis5gagem5t ( ! m9d f ! m]e       
passage ( nature2 = :at has pass$ =     
nature has n pass$ = m9d4  ,fur!rmore ! 
di/9ction betwe5 memory & ! imm$iate    
pres5t is n s cle> z x is conv5tional to
 suppose4 ,!re is an intellectual !ory (
 "t z a mov+ knife-edge1 exhibit+ a     
pres5t fact )\t temporal ext5sion4 ,?is 
!ory arises f ! concept ( an ideal      
exactitude ( obs]vation4 ,a/ronomical   
obs]vations are successively ref9$ to be
 exact to t5?s1 to hundr$?s1 & to ?\s&?s
 ( seconds4 ,b ! f9al ref9em5ts are     
arriv$ at by a sy/em ( av]ag+1 & ev5 !n 
pres5t u ) a /ret* ( "t z a m>g9 (      
error4 ,"h error is m]ely a conv5tional 
t]m to express ! fact t ! "* ( exp]i5ce 

does n accord ) ! ideal ( ?\ght4 ,i h   
already expla9$ h[ ! concept ( a mom5t  
conciliates ! obs]v$ fact ) ?is ideal2  
namely1 !re is a limit+ simplicity 9 !  
quantitative expression ( ! prop]ties ( 
durations1 :i* is arriv$ at by consid]+ 
any "o ( ! ab/ractive sets includ$ 9 !  
mom5t4 ,9 o!r words ! extr9sic "* ( !   
mom5t z an aggregate ( durations has    
associat$ ) x ! intr9sic "* ( ! mom5t   
:i* is ! limit+ expression ( natural    
prop]ties4  ,?us ! "* ( a mom5t & !     
ideal ( exactness :i* x en%r9es d n 9   
any way weak5 ! position t ! ultimate   
t]m9us ( aw>5ess is a duration )        
temporal ?ickness4 ,?is imm$iate        
duration is n cle>ly m>k$ out = our     
appreh5sion4 ,its e>li] b\nd>y is blurr$
 by a fad+ into memory1 & its lat]      
b\nd>y is blurr$ by an em]g5ce f        
anticipation4 ,!re is no %>p di/9ction  
ei!r betwe5 memory & ! pres5t imm$iacy  
or betwe5 ! pres5t imm$iacy &           
anticipation4 ,! pres5t is a wav]+      
bread? ( b\nd>y betwe5 ! two extremes4  

,?us our own s5se-aw>5ess ) its ext5d$  
pres5t has "s ( ! "* ( ! s5se-aw>5ess ( 
! imag9>y be+ ^: m9d 0 free f passage & 
:o contemplat$ all nature z an imm$iate 
fact4 ,our own pres5t has its antec$5ts 
& its consequ5ts1 & = ! imag9>y be+ all 
nature has its antec$5t & its consequ5t 
durations4 ,?us ! only diff]5ce 9 ?is   
respect betwe5 u & ! imag9>y be+ is t = 
him all nature %>es 9 ! imm$iacy ( our  
pres5t duration4  ,! conclusion ( ?is   
discussion is t s f> z s5se-aw>5ess is  
conc]n$ !re is a passage ( m9d :i* is   
di/+ui%able f ! passage ( nature ?\gh   
closely alli$ ) x4 ,we may speculate1 if
 we l1 t ?is alliance ( ! passage ( m9d 
) ! passage ( nature arises f _! bo? %>+
 9 "s ultimate "* ( passage :i* dom9ates
 all be+4 ,b ?is is a speculation 9 :i* 
we h no conc]n4 ,! imm$iate d$uction :i*
 is suffici5t = u is t--s f> z          
s5se-aw>5ess is conc]n$--m9d is n 9 "t  
or 9 space 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ! ev5ts (
 nature are 9 "t1 b t x is d]ivatively 9
 "t & 9 space by reason ( ! peculi>     

alliance ( its passage ) ! passage (    
nature4 ,?us m9d is 9 "t & 9 space 9 a  
s5se peculi> to itself4 ,?is has be5 a  
long discussion to arrive at a v simple 
& obvi\s conclusion4 ,we all feel t 9 "s
 s5se our m9ds are "h 9 ?is room & at   
?is "t4 ,b x is n q 9 ! same s5se z t 9 
:i* ! ev5ts ( nature :i* are ! exi/5ces 
( our bra9s h _! spatial & temporal     
positions4 ,! fundam5tal di/9ction to   
rememb] is t imm$iacy = s5se-aw>5ess is 
n ! same z in/antane\sness = nature4    
,?is la/ conclusion be>s on ! next      
discussion ) :i* ,i w t]m9ate ?is       
lecture4 ,?is "q c be =mulat$ ?us1 ,c   
alt]native temporal s]ies be f\nd 9     
nature8  ,a few ye>s ago su* a sugge/ion
 w\ld h be5 put aside z be+ fanta/ically
 impossible4 ,x w\ld h _h no be>+ on !  
sci5ce !n curr5t1 & 0 ak9 to no ideas   
:i* _h ev] ent]$ into ! dreams (        
philosophy4 ,! eighte5? & n9ete5?       
c5turies accept$ z _! natural philosophy
 a c]ta9 circle ( concepts :i* 7 z rigid
 & def9ite z ^? ( ! philosophy ( !      

middle ages1 & 7 accept$ ) z little     
critical rese>*4 ,i w call ?is natural  
philosophy 'mat]ialism4' ,n only 7 m5 ( 
sci5ce mat]iali/s1 b also adh]5ts ( all 
s*ools ( philosophy4 ,! ideali/s only   
diff]$ f ! philosophic mat]iali/s on "q 
( ! alignm5t ( nature 9 ref]5ce to m9d4 
,b no "o _h any d\bt t ! philosophy (   
nature consid]$ 9 itself 0 ( ! type :i* 
,i h call$ mat]ialism4 ,x is !          
philosophy :i* ,i h already exam9$ 9 my 
two lectures ( ?is c\rse prec$+ ! pres5t
 "o4 ,x c be summ>is$ z ! belief t      
nature is an aggregate ( mat]ial & t ?is
 mat]ial exi/s 9 "s s5se at ea*         
successive memb] ( a "o-dim5sional s]ies
 ( ext5sionless in/ants ( "t4 ,fur!rmore
 ! mutual relations ( ! mat]ial entities
 at ea* in/ant =m$ ^! entities into a   
spatial configuration 9 an unb\nd$      
space4 ,x w\ld seem t space--on ?is     
!ory--w\ld be z in/antane\s z ! in/ants1
 & t "s explanation is requir$ ( !      
relations betwe5 ! successive           
in/antane\s spaces4 ,! mat]iali/ic !ory 

is h[ev] sil5t on ?is po9t2 & !         
succession ( in/antane\s spaces is      
tacitly comb9$ into "o p]si/5t space4   
,?is !ory is a purely intellectual r5d]+
 ( exp]i5ce :i* has _h ! luck to get    
itself =mulat$ at ! dawn ( sci5tific    
?\ght4 ,x has dom9at$ ! language & !    
imag9ation ( sci5ce s9ce sci5ce fl\ri%$ 
9 ,alex&ria1 ) ! result t x is n[ h>dly 
possible to speak )\t appe>+ to assume  
its imm$iate obvi\sness4  ,b :5 x is    
di/9ctly =mulat$ 9 ! ab/ract t]ms 9 :i* 
,i h j /at$ x1 ! !ory is v f> f obvi\s4 
,! pass+ complex ( factors :i* compose !
 fact :i* is ! t]m9us ( s5se-aw>5ess    
places be=e u no?+ correspond+ to !     
tr9ity ( ?is natural mat]ialism4 ,?is   
tr9ity is compos$ 7i7 ( ! temporal s]ies
 ( ext5sionless in/ants1 7ii7 ( !       
aggregate ( mat]ial entities1 & 7iii7 ( 
space :i* is ! outcome ( relations (    
matt]4  ,!re is a wide gap betwe5 ^!    
presuppositions ( ! intellectual !ory ( 
mat]ialism & ! imm$iate deliv]ances (   
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,i d n "q t ?is           

mat]iali/ic tr9ity embodies important   
*>act]s ( nature4 ,b x is necess>y to   
express ^! *>act]s 9 t]ms ( ! facts (   
exp]i5ce4 ,?is is exactly :at 9 ?is     
lecture ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to d s f> z  
"t is conc]n$2 & we h n[ come up aga9/ !
 "q1 ,is !re only "o temporal s]ies8 ,! 
uniqu5ess ( ! temporal s]ies is         
presuppos$ 9 ! mat]iali/ philosophy (   
nature4 ,b t philosophy is m]ely a !ory1
 l ! ,ari/otelian sci5tific !ories s    
firmly believ$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,if 9   
?is lecture ,i h 9 any way succe$$ 9    
gett+ beh9d ! !ory to ! imm$iate facts1 
! answ] is n ne>ly s c]ta94 ,! "q c be  
trans=m$ into ?is alt]native =m1 ,is !re
 only "o family ( durations8 ,9 ?is "q !
 mean+ ( a 'family ( durations' has be5 
def9$ e>li] 9 ?is lecture4 ,! answ] is  
n[ n at all obvi\s4 ,on ! mat]iali/ic   
!ory ! in/antane\s pres5t is ! only     
field = ! creative activity ( nature4 ,!
 pa/ is gone & ! future is n yet4 ,?us  
7on ?is !ory7 ! imm$iacy ( p]ception is 
( an in/antane\s pres5t1 & ?is unique   

pres5t is ! outcome ( ! pa/ & ! promise 
( ! future4 ,b we d5y ?is imm$iately    
giv5 in/antane\s pres5t4 ,!re is no su* 
?+ to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,z an ultimate  
fact x is a non5tity4 ,:at is imm$iate =
 s5se-aw>5ess is a duration4 ,n[ a      
duration has )9 itself a pa/ & a future2
 & ! temporal bread?s ( ! imm$iate      
durations ( s5se-aw>5ess are v          
indet]m9ate & dep5d5t on ! individual   
p]cipi5t4 ,accord+ly !re is no unique   
factor 9 nature :i* = e p]cipi5t is     
pre-em95tly & necess>ily ! pres5t4 ,!   
passage ( nature leaves no?+ betwe5 !   
pa/ & ! future4 ,:at we p]ceive z pres5t
 is ! vivid fr+e ( memory t+$ )         
anticipation4 ,?is vividness lights up !
 discrim9at$ field )9 a duration4 ,b no 
assurance c !reby be giv5 t ! happ5+s ( 
nature _c be assort$ into o!r durations 
( alt]native families4 ,we _c ev5 "k t !
 s]ies ( imm$iate durations posit$ by ! 
s5se-aw>5ess ( "o individual m9d all    
necess>ily belong to ! same family (    
durations4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason  

to believe t ?is is s4 ,inde$ if my !ory
 ( nature be correct1 x w n be ! case4  
,! mat]iali/ic !ory has all !           
complet5ess ( ! ?\ght ( ! middle ages1  
:i* _h a complete answ] to ev]y?+1 be x 
9 heav5 or 9 hell or 9 nature4 ,!re is a
 trimness ab\t x1 ) its in/antane\s     
pres5t1 its vani%$ pa/1 its non-exi/5t  
future1 & its in]t matt]4 ,?is trimness 
is v m$ieval & ill accords ) brute fact4
  ,! !ory :i* ,i am urg+ admits a great]
 ultimate my/]y & a deep] ignorance4 ,! 
pa/ & ! future meet & m+le 9 ! ill-def9$
 pres5t4 ,! passage ( nature :i* is only
 ano!r "n = ! creative =ce ( exi/5ce has
 no n>r[ l$ge ( def9ite in/antane\s     
pres5t )9 :i* to op]ate4 ,its op]ative  
pres5ce :i* is n[ urg+ nature =w>d mu/  
be s\ght = ?r\gh\t ! :ole1 9 ! remote/  
pa/ z well z 9 ! n>r[e/ bread? ( any    
pres5t duration4 ,p]haps also 9 !       
unrealis$ future4 ,p]haps also 9 !      
future :i* might be z well z ! actual   
future :i* w be4 ,x is impossible to    
m$itate on "t & ! my/]y ( ! creative    

passage ( nature )\t an ov]:elm+ emotion
 at ! limitations ( human intellig5ce4  
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,ext5sive
 ,,ab/raction   ,to-day's lecture mu/   
comm5ce ) ! consid]ation ( limit$ ev5ts4
 ,we %all !n be 9 a position to ent] ^u 
an inve/igation ( ! factors 9 nature :i*
 are repres5t$ by our conception (      
space4  ,! duration :i* is ! imm$iate   
disclosure ( our s5se-aw>5ess is        
discrim9at$ into p>ts4 ,!re is ! "p :i* 
is ! life ( all nature )9 a room1 & !re 
is ! "p :i* is ! life ( all nature )9 a 
table 9 ! room4 ,^! p>ts are limit$     
ev5ts4 ,!y h ! endurance ( ! pres5t     
duration1 & !y are p>ts ( x4 ,b :]eas a 
duration is an unlimit$ :ole & 9 a c]ta9
 limit$ s5se is all t !re is1 a limit$  
ev5t possesses a completely def9$       
limitation ( ext5t :i* is express$ = u 9
 spatio-temporal t]ms4  ,we are accu/om$
 to associate an ev5t ) a c]ta9         
melodramatic quality4 ,if a man is run  
ov]1 t is an ev5t compris$ )9 c]ta9     
spatio-temporal limits4 ,we are n       

accu/om$ to consid] ! endurance ( !     
,great ,pyramid ?r\gh\t any def9ite day 
z an ev5t4 ,b ! natural fact :i* is !   
,great ,pyramid ?r\gh\t a day1 mean+    
!reby all nature )9 x1 is an ev5t ( !   
same "* z ! man's accid5t1 mean+ !reby  
all nature ) spatio-temporal limitations
 s z to include ! man & ! motor dur+ !  
p]iod :5 !y 7 9 contact4  ,we are       
accu/om$ to analyse ^! ev5ts into ?ree  
factors1 "t1 space1 & mat]ial4 ,9 fact1 
we at once apply to !m ! concepts ( !   
mat]iali/ic !ory ( nature4 ,i d n d5y ! 
utility ( ?is analysis = ! purpose (    
express+ important laws ( nature4 ,:at  
,i am d5y+ is t anyone ( ^! factors is  
posit$ = u 9 s5se-aw>5ess 9 concrete    
indep5d5ce4 ,we p]ceive "o unit factor 9
 nature2 & ?is factor is t some?+ is go+
 on !n--!re4 ,= example1 we p]ceive !   
go+-on ( ! ,great ,pyramid 9 its        
relations to ! go+s-on ( ! surr\nd+     
,egyptian ev5ts4 ,we are s tra9$1 bo? by
 language & by =mal tea*+ & by ! result+
 conv5i5ce1 to express our ?\ghts 9 t]ms

 ( ?is mat]iali/ic analysis t           
intellectually we t5d to ignore ! true  
unity ( ! factor really exhibit$ 9      
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,x is ?is unit factor1    
reta9+ 9 itself ! passage ( nature1 :i* 
is ! prim>y concrete elem5t discrim9at$ 
9 nature4 ,^! prim>y factors are :at ,i 
mean by ev5ts4  ,ev5ts are ! field ( a  
two-t]m$ relation1 namely ! relation (  
ext5sion :i* 0 consid]$ 9 ! la/ lecture4
 ,ev5ts are ! ?+s relat$ by ! relation (
 ext5sion4 ,if an ev5t ,a ext5ds ov] an 
ev5t ,b1 !n ,b is '"p (' ,a1 & ,a is a  
':ole' ( :i* ,b is a "p4 ,:ole & "p are 
inv>iably us$ 9 ^! lectures 9 ?is       
def9ite s5se4 ,x foll[s t 9 ref]5ce to  
?is relation any two ev5ts ,a & ,b may h
 any "o ( f\r relations to ea* o!r1     
namely 7i7 ,a may ext5d ov] ,b1 or 7ii7 
,b may ext5d ov] ,a1 or 7iii7 ,a & ,b   
may bo? ext5d ov] "s ?ird ev5t ,c1 b    
nei!r ov] ! o!r1 or 7iv7 ,a & ,b may be 
entirely sep>ate4 ,^! alt]natives c     
obvi\sly be illu/rat$ by ,eul]'s        
diagrams z !y appe> 9 logical textbooks4

  ,! cont9uity ( nature is ! cont9uity (
 ev5ts4 ,?is cont9uity is m]ely ! "n = !
 aggregate ( a v>iety ( prop]ties (     
ev5ts 9 connexion ) ! relation (        
ext5sion4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is relation
 is transitive2 secondly1 e ev5t conta9s
 o!r ev5ts z p>ts ( itself2 ?irdly e    
ev5t is a "p ( o!r ev5ts2 f\r?ly giv5   
any two f9ite ev5ts !re are ev5ts ea* ( 
:i* conta9s bo? ( !m z p>ts2 & fif?ly   
!re is a special relation betwe5 ev5ts  
:i* ,i t]m 'junction4'  ,two ev5ts h    
junction :5 !re is a ?ird ev5t ( :i* bo?
 ev5ts are p>ts1 & :i* is su* t no "p ( 
x is sep>at$ f bo? ( ! two giv5 ev5ts4  
,?us two ev5ts ) junction make up       
exactly "o ev5t :i* is 9 a s5se _! sum4 
,only c]ta9 pairs ( ev5ts h ?is prop]ty4
 ,9 g5]al any ev5t conta9+ two ev5ts    
also conta9s p>ts :i* are sep>at$ f bo? 
ev5ts4  ,!re is an alt]native def9ition 
( ! junction ( two ev5ts :i* ,i h adopt$
 9 my rec5t book#g4 ,two ev5ts h        
junction :5 !re is a ?ird ev5t su* t 7i7
 x ov]laps bo? ev5ts & 7ii7 x has no "p 

:i* is sep>at$ f bo? ! giv5 ev5ts4 ,if  
ei!r ( ^! alt]native def9itions is      
adopt$ z ! def9ition ( junction1 ! o!r  
def9ition appe>s z an axiom respect+ !  
"* ( junction z we "k x 9 nature4 ,b we 
are n ?9k+ ( logical def9ition s mu* z !
 =mulation ( ! results ( direct         
obs]vation4 ,!re is a c]ta9 cont9uity   
inh]5t 9 ! obs]v$ unity ( an ev5t1 & ^! 
two def9itions ( junction are really    
axioms bas$ on obs]vation respect+ ! "* 
( ?is cont9uity4  #g ,cf4 ,enquiry4  ,! 
relations ( :ole & "p & ( ov]lapp+ are  
p>ticul> cases ( ! junction ( ev5ts4 ,b 
x is possible = ev5ts to h junction :5  
!y are sep>ate f ea* o!r2 = example1 !  
upp] & ! l[] "p ( ! ,great ,pyramid are 
divid$ by "s imag9>y horizontal plane4  
,! cont9uity :i* nature d]ives f ev5ts  
has be5 obscur$ by ! illu/rations :i* ,i
 h be5 oblig$ to give4 ,= example ,i h  
tak5 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,great ,pyramid z a  
fairly well-kn[n fact to :i* ,i c\ld    
safely appeal z an illu/ration4 ,?is is 
a type ( ev5t :i* exhibits itself to u z

 ! situation ( a recognisable object2 & 
9 ! example *os5 ! object is s widely   
recognis$ t x has receiv$ a "n4 ,an     
object is an entity ( a diff]5t type f  
an ev5t4 ,= example1 ! ev5t :i* is !    
life ( nature )9 ! ,great ,pyramid      
ye/]day & to-day is divisible into two  
p>ts1 namely ! ,great ,pyramid ye/]day &
 ! ,great ,pyramid to-day4 ,b !         
recognisable object :i* is also call$ ! 
,great ,pyramid is ! same object to-day 
z x 0 ye/]day4 ,i %all h to consid] !   
!ory ( objects 9 ano!r lecture4  ,! :ole
 subject is inve/$ ) an unm]it$ air (   
subtlety by ! fact t :5 ! ev5t is !     
situation ( a well-m>k$ object1 we h no 
language to di/+ui% ! ev5t f ! object4  
,9 ! case ( ! ,great ,pyramid1 ! object 
is ! p]ceiv$ unit entity :i* z p]ceiv$  
rema9s self-id5tical ?r\gh\t ! ages2    
:ile ! :ole dance ( molecules & ! %ift+ 
play ( ! electromagnetic field are      
+r$i5ts ( ! ev5t4 ,an object is 9 a s5se
 out ( "t4 ,x is only d]ivatively 9 "t  
by reason ( its hav+ ! relation to ev5ts

 :i* ,i t]m 'situation4' ,?is relation (
 situation w require discussion 9 a     
subsequ5t lecture4  ,! po9t :i* ,i want 
to make n[ is t be+ ! situation ( a     
well-m>k$ object is n an inh]5t         
necessity = an ev5t4 ,:]ev] & :5ev]     
some?+ is go+ on1 !re is an ev5t4       
,fur!rmore ':]ev] & :5ev]' 9 !mselves   
presuppose an ev5t1 = space & "t 9      
!mselves are ab/ractions f ev5ts4 ,x is 
!re=e a consequ5ce ( ?is doctr9e t      
some?+ is always go+ on ev]y:]e1 ev5 9  
s-call$ empty space4 ,?is conclusion is 
9 accord ) mod]n physical sci5ce :i*    
presupposes ! play ( an electromagnetic 
field ?r\gh\t space & "t4 ,?is doctr9e (
 sci5ce has be5 ?r[n into ! mat]iali/ic 
=m ( an all-p]vad+ e!r4 ,b ! e!r is     
evid5tly a m]e idle concept--9 !        
phraseology :i* ,bacon appli$ to !      
doctr9e ( f9al causes1 x is a b>r5      
virg94 ,no?+ is d$uc$ f x2 & ! e!r m]ely
 subs]ves ! purpose ( satisfy+ ! dem&s (
 ! mat]iali/ic !ory4 ,! important       
concept is t ( ! %ift+ facts ( ! fields 

( =ce4 ,?is is ! concept ( an e!r (     
ev5ts :i* %\ld be sub/itut$ = t ( a     
mat]ial e!r4  ,x requires no illu/ration
 to assure y t an ev5t is a complex     
fact1 & ! relations betwe5 two ev5ts =m 
an almo/ imp5etrable maze4 ,! clue      
discov]$ by ! common s5se ( mank9d &    
sy/ematically utilis$ 9 sci5ce is :at ,i
 h else:]e#h call$ ! law ( conv]g5ce to 
simplicity by dim9ution ( ext5t4  #h    
,cf4 ,organisation ( ,?\ght1 pp4 #adf et
 seq4 ,williams & ,norgate1 #aiag4  ,if 
,a & ,b are two ev5ts1 & ,a is "p ( ,a &
 ,b is "p ( ,b1 !n 9 _m respects !      
relations betwe5 ! p>ts ,a & ,b w be    
simpl] ?an ! relations betwe5 ,a & ,b4  
,?is is ! pr9ciple :i* presides ov] all 
attempts at exact obs]vation4  ,! fir/  
outcome ( ! sy/ematic use ( ?is law has 
be5 ! =mulation ( ! ab/ract concepts (  
,"t & ,space4 ,9 ! previ\s lecture ,i   
sket*$ h[ ! pr9ciple 0 appli$ to obta9 !
 "t-s]ies4 ,i n[ proce$ to consid] h[ ! 
spatial entities are obta9$ by ! same   
me?od4 ,! sy/ematic proc$ure is id5tical

 9 pr9ciple 9 bo? cases1 & ,i h call$ ! 
g5]al type ( proc$ure ! 'me?od (        
ext5sive ab/raction4'  ,y w rememb] t 9 
my la/ lecture ,i def9$ ! concept ( an  
ab/ractive set ( durations4 ,?is        
def9ition c be ext5d$ s z to apply to   
any ev5ts1 limit$ ev5ts z well z        
durations4 ,! only *ange t is requir$ is
 ! sub/itution ( ! ^w 'ev5t' = ! ^w     
'duration4' ,accord+ly an ab/ractive set
 ( ev5ts is any set ( ev5ts :i*         
possesses ! two prop]ties1 7i7 ( any two
 memb]s ( ! set "o conta9s ! o!r z a "p1
 & 7ii7 !re is no ev5t :i* is a common  
"p ( e memb] ( ! set4 ,su* a set1 z y w 
rememb]1 has ! prop]ties ( ! ,*9ese toy 
:i* is a ne/ ( boxes1 "o )9 ! o!r1 ) !  
diff]5ce t ! toy has a smalle/ box1 :ile
 ! ab/ractive class has nei!r a smalle/ 
ev5t nor does x conv]ge to a limit+ ev5t
 :i* is n a memb] ( ! set4  ,?us1 s f> z
 ! ab/ractive sets ( ev5ts are conc]n$1 
an ab/ractive set conv]ges to no?+4 ,!re
 is ! set ) its memb]s gr[+ indef9itely 
small] & small] z we proce$ 9 ?\ght     

t[>ds ! small] end ( ! s]ies2 b !re is  
no absolute m9imum ( any sort :i* is    
f9ally rea*$4 ,9 fact ! set is j itself 
& indicates no?+ else 9 ! way ( ev5ts1  
except itself4 ,b ea* ev5t has an       
intr9sic "* 9 ! way ( be+ a situation ( 
objects & ( hav+ p>ts :i* are situations
 ( objects &--to /ate ! matt] m         
g5]ally--9 ! way ( be+ a field ( ! life 
( nature4 ,?is "* c be def9$ by         
quantitative expressions express+       
relations betwe5 v>i\s quantities       
intr9sic to ! ev5t or betwe5 su*        
quantities & o!r quantities intr9sic to 
o!r ev5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ev5ts (          
consid]able spatio-temporal ext5sion ?is
 set ( quantitative expressions is (    
bewild]+ complexity4 ,if e be an ev5t1  
let u d5ote by q7e7 ! set ( quantitative
 expressions def9+ its "* includ+ its   
connexions ) ! re/ ( nature4 ,let e1 e1 
e1 etc4 be an ab/ractive set1 ! memb]s  
be+ s arrang$ t ea* memb] su* z en      
ext5ds ov] all ! succe$+ memb]s su* z   
en#a1 en#b & s on4 ,!n correspond+ to ! 

s]ies      e1 e1 e1 4441 en1 en#a1 4441 
!re is ! s]ies      q7e71 q7e71 q7e71   
4441 q7en71 q7en#a71 4444  ,call ! s]ies
 ( ev5ts s & ! s]ies ( quantitative     
expressions q7s74 ,! s]ies s has no la/ 
t]m & no ev5ts :i* are conta9$ 9 e memb]
 ( ! s]ies4 ,accord+ly ! s]ies ( ev5ts  
conv]ges to no?+4 ,x is j itself4 ,also 
! s]ies q7s7 has no la/ t]m4 ,b ! sets (
 homolog\s quantities runn+ ?r\gh !     
v>i\s t]ms ( ! s]ies d conv]ge to       
def9ite limits4 ,= example if ,q be a   
quantitative measurem5t f\nd 9 q7e71 &  
,q ! homologue to ,q to be f\nd 9 q7e71 
& ,q ! homologue to ,q & ,q to be f\nd 9
 q7e71 & s on1 !n ! s]ies      ,q1 ,q1  
,q1 4441 ,qn1 ,qn#a1 4441  ?\gh x has no
 la/ t]m1 does 9 g5]al conv]ge to a     
def9ite limit4 ,accord+ly !re is a class
 ( limits l7s7 :i* is ! class ( ! limits
 ( ^? memb]s ( q7en7 :i* h homologues   
?r\gh\t ! s]ies q7s7 z n indef9itely    
increases4 ,we c repres5t ?is /atem5t   
diagrammatically by us+ an arr[ 77 to   
mean 'conv]ges to4' ,!n      e1 e1 e1   

4441 en1 en#a1 444  no?+1  &      q7e71 
q7e71 q7e71 4441 q7en71 q7en#a71 444    
l7s74  ,! mutual relations betwe5 !     
limits 9 ! set l7s71 & also betwe5 ^!   
limits & ! limits 9 o!r sets l7s71 l7s71
 4441 :i* arise f o!r ab/ractive sets s1
 s1 etc41 h a peculi> simplicity4  ,?us 
! set s does indicate an ideal          
simplicity ( natural relations1 ?\gh ?is
 simplicity is n ! "* ( any actual ev5t 
9 s4 ,we c make an approximation to su* 
a simplicity :i*1 z e/imat$ num]ically1 
is z close z we l by consid]+ an ev5t   
:i* is f> en\gh d[n ! s]ies t[>ds !     
small end4 ,x w be not$ t x is ! inf9ite
 s]ies1 z x /ret*es away 9 un5d+        
succession t[>ds ! small end1 :i* is (  
importance4 ,! arbitr>ily l>ge ev5t )   
:i* ! s]ies />ts has no importance at   
all4 ,we c arbitr>ily exclude any set ( 
ev5ts at ! big end ( an ab/ractive set  
)\t ! loss ( any important prop]ty to ! 
set z ?us modifi$4  ,i call ! limit+ "* 
( natural relations :i* is indicat$ by  
an ab/ractive set1 ! 'intr9sic "*' ( !  

set2 also ! prop]ties1 connect$ ) !     
relation ( :ole & "p z conc]n+ its      
memb]s1 by :i* an ab/ractive set is     
def9$ toge!r =m :at ,i call its         
'extr9sic "*4' ,! fact t ! extr9sic "* (
 an ab/ractive set det]m9es a def9ite   
intr9sic "* is ! reason ( ! importance (
 ! precise concepts ( space & "t4 ,?is  
em]g5ce ( a def9ite intr9sic "* f an    
ab/ractive set is ! precise mean+ ( !   
law ( conv]g5ce4  ,= example1 we see a  
tra9 approa*+ dur+ a m9ute4 ,! ev5t :i* 
is ! life ( nature )9 t tra9 dur+ !     
m9ute is ( great complexity & !         
expression ( its relations & ( ! +r$i5ts
 ( its "* baffles u4 ,if we take "o     
second ( t m9ute1 ! m limit$ ev5t :i* is
 ?us obta9$ is simpl] 9 respect to its  
+r$i5ts1 & %ort] & %ort] times su* z a  
t5? ( t second1 or a hundr$?1 or a      
?\s&?--s long z we h a def9ite rule giv+
 a def9ite succession ( dim9i%+         
ev5ts--give ev5ts ^: +r$i5t *>act]s     
conv]ge to ! ideal simplicity ( ! "* ( !
 tra9 at a def9ite in/ant4 ,fur!rmore   

!re are diff]5t types ( su* conv]g5ce to
 simplicity4 ,= example1 we c conv]ge z 
above to ! limit+ "* express+ nature at 
an in/ant )9 ! :ole volume ( ! tra9 at t
 in/ant1 or to nature at an in/ant )9 "s
 portion ( t volume--= example )9 !     
boil] ( ! eng9e--or to nature at an     
in/ant on "s area ( surface1 or to      
nature at an in/ant on "s l9e )9 ! tra91
 or to nature at an in/ant at "s po9t ( 
! tra94 ,9 ! la/ case ! simple limit+   
*>act]s arriv$ at w be express$ z       
d5sities1 specific gravities1 & types ( 
mat]ial4 ,fur!rmore we ne$ n necess>ily 
conv]ge to an ab/raction :i* involves   
nature at an in/ant4 ,we may conv]ge to 
! physical +r$i5ts ( a c]ta9 po9t track 
?r\gh\t ! :ole m9ute4 ,accord+ly !re are
 diff]5t types ( extr9sic "* ( conv]g5ce
 :i* lead to ! approximation to diff]5t 
types ( intr9sic *>act]s z limits4  ,we 
n[ pass to ! inve/igation ( possible    
connexions betwe5 ab/ractive sets4 ,"o  
set may 'cov]' ano!r4 ,i def9e 'cov]+' z
 foll[s3 ,an ab/ractive set p cov]s an  

ab/ractive set q :5 e memb] ( p conta9s 
z its p>ts "s memb]s ( q4 ,x is evid5t t
 if any ev5t e conta9s z a "p any memb] 
( ! set q1 !n ow+ to ! transitive       
prop]ty ( ext5sion e succe$+ memb] ( !  
small end ( q is "p ( e4 ,9 su* a case  
,i w say t ! ab/ractive set q 'inh]es 9'
 ! ev5t e4 ,?us :5 an ab/ractive set p  
cov]s an ab/ractive set q1 ! ab/ractive 
set q inh]es 9 e memb] ( p4  ,two       
ab/ractive sets may ea* cov] ! o!r4 ,:5 
?is is ! case ,i %all call ! two sets   
'equal 9 ab/ractive =ce4' ,:5 !re is no 
dang] ( misund]/&+ ,i %all %ort5 ?is    
phrase by simply say+ t ! two ab/ractive
 sets are 'equal4' ,! possibility ( ?is 
equality ( ab/ractive sets arises f !   
fact t bo? sets1 p & q1 are inf9ite     
s]ies t[>ds _! small ends4 ,?us !       
equality means1 t giv5 any ev5t x       
belong+ to p1 we c always by proce$+ f> 
en\gh t[>ds ! small end ( q f9d an ev5t 
y :i* is "p ( x1 & t !n by proce$+ f>   
en\gh t[>ds ! small end ( p we c f9d an 
ev5t z :i* is "p ( y1 & s on            

indef9itely4  ,! importance ( ! equality
 ( ab/ractive sets arises f ! assumption
 t ! intr9sic *>act]s ( ! two sets are  
id5tical4 ,if ?is 7 n ! case exact      
obs]vation w\ld be at an end4  ,x is    
evid5t t any two ab/ractive sets :i* are
 equal to a ?ird ab/ractive set are     
equal to ea* o!r4 ,an 'ab/ractive       
elem5t' is ! :ole gr\p ( ab/ractive sets
 :i* are equal to any "o ( !mselves4    
,?us all ab/ractive sets belong+ to !   
same elem5t are equal & conv]ge to !    
same intr9sic "*4 ,?us an ab/ractive    
elem5t is ! gr\p ( r\tes ( approximation
 to a def9ite intr9sic "* ( ideal       
simplicity to be f\nd z a limit among   
natural facts4  ,if an ab/ractive set p 
cov]s an ab/ractive set q1 !n any       
ab/ractive set belong+ to ! ab/ractive  
elem5t ( :i* p is a memb] w cov] any    
ab/ractive set belong+ to ! elem5t ( :i*
 q is a memb]4 ,accord+ly x is useful to
 /ret* ! mean+ ( ! t]m 'cov]+1' & to    
speak ( "o ab/ractive elem5t 'cov]+'    
ano!r ab/ractive elem5t4 ,if we attempt 

9 l mann] to /ret* ! t]m 'equal' 9 !    
s5se ( 'equal 9 ab/ractive =ce1' x is   
obvi\s t an ab/ractive elem5t c only be 
equal to itself4 ,?us an ab/ractive     
elem5t has a unique ab/ractive =ce & is 
! con/ruct f ev5ts :i* repres5ts "o     
def9ite intr9sic "* :i* is arriv$ at z a
 limit by ! use ( ! pr9ciple ( conv]g5ce
 to simplicity by dim9ution ( ext5t4    
,:5 an ab/ractive elem5t ,a cov]s an    
ab/ractive elem5t ,b1 ! intr9sic "* ( ,a
 9 a s5se includes ! intr9sic "* ( ,b4  
,x results t /atem5ts ab\t ! intr9sic "*
 ( ,b are 9 a s5se /atem5ts ab\t !      
intr9sic "* ( ,a2 b ! intr9sic "* ( ,a  
is m complex ?an t ( ,b4  ,! ab/ractive 
elem5ts =m ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( space 
& "t1 & we n[ turn to ! consid]ation ( !
 prop]ties involv$ 9 ! =mation ( special
 classes ( su* elem5ts4 ,9 my la/       
lecture ,i h already inve/igat$ "o class
 ( ab/ractive elem5ts1 namely mom5ts4   
,ea* mom5t is a gr\p ( ab/ractive sets1 
& ! ev5ts :i* are memb]s ( ^! sets are  
all memb]s ( "o family ( durations4 ,!  

mom5ts ( "o family =m a temporal s]ies2 
&1 all[+ ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t families ( 
mom5ts1 !re w be alt]native temporal    
s]ies 9 nature4 ,?us ! me?od ( ext5sive 
ab/raction expla9s ! orig9 ( temporal   
s]ies 9 t]ms ( ! imm$iate facts (       
exp]i5ce & at ! same "t all[s = !       
exi/5ce ( ! alt]native temporal s]ies   
:i* are dem&$ by ! mod]n !ory (         
electromagnetic relativity4  ,we n[ turn
 to space4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to get    
hold ( ! class ( ab/ractive elem5ts :i* 
are 9 "s s5se ! po9ts ( space4 ,su* an  
ab/ractive elem5t mu/ 9 "s s5se exhibit 
a conv]g5ce to an absolute m9imum (     
intr9sic "*4 ,euclid has express$ = all 
"t ! g5]al idea ( a po9t1 z be+ )\t p>ts
 & )\t magnitude4 ,x is ?is "* ( be+ an 
absolute m9imum :i* we want to get at & 
to express 9 t]ms ( ! extr9sic *>act]s (
 ! ab/ractive sets :i* make up a po9t4  
,fur!rmore1 po9ts :i* are ?us arriv$ at 
repres5t ! ideal ( ev5ts )\t any        
ext5sion1 ?\gh !re are 9 fact no su*    
entities z ^! ideal ev5ts4 ,^! po9ts w n

 be ! po9ts ( an ext]nal timeless space 
b ( in/antane\s spaces4 ,we ultimately  
want to arrive at ! timeless space (    
physical sci5ce1 & also ( common ?\ght  
:i* is n[ t+$ ) ! concepts ( sci5ce4 ,x 
w be conv5i5t to res]ve ! t]m 'po9t' =  
^! spaces :5 we get to !m4 ,i w !re=e   
use ! "n 'ev5t-p>ticles' = ! ideal      
m9imum limits to ev5ts4 ,?us an         
ev5t-p>ticle is an ab/ractive elem5t & z
 su* is a gr\p ( ab/ractive sets2 & a   
po9t--namely a po9t ( timeless space--w 
be a class ( ev5t-p>ticles4  ,fur!rmore 
!re is a sep>ate timeless space         
correspond+ to ea* sep>ate temporal     
s]ies1 t is to ea* sep>ate family (     
durations4 ,we w come back to po9ts 9   
timeless spaces lat]4 ,i m]ely m5tion !m
 n[ t we may und]/& ! /ages ( our       
inve/igation4 ,! totality (             
ev5t-p>ticles w =m a f\r-dim5sional     
manifold1 ! extra dim5sion aris+ f "t--9
 o!r words--aris+ f ! po9ts ( a timeless
 space be+ ea* a class ( ev5t-p>ticles4 
,! requir$ "* ( ! ab/ractive sets :i* =m

 ev5t-p>ticles w\ld be secur$ if we c\ld
 def9e !m z hav+ ! prop]ty ( be+ cov]$  
by any ab/ractive set :i* !y cov]4 ,= !n
 any o!r ab/ractive set :i* an          
ab/ractive set ( an ev5t-p>ticle cov]$1 
w\ld be equal to x1 & w\ld !re=e be a   
memb] ( ! same ev5t-p>ticle4 ,accord+ly 
an ev5t-p>ticle c\ld cov] no o!r        
ab/ractive elem5t4 ,?is is ! def9ition  
:i* ,i orig9ally propos$ at a congress 9
 ,p>is 9 #aiadi4 ,!re is h[ev] a        
difficulty involv$ 9 ?is def9ition if   
adopt$ )\t "s fur!r addition1 & ,i am n[
 n satisfi$ ) ! way 9 :i* ,i attempt$ to
 get ov] t difficulty 9 ! pap] ref]r$   
to4  #i ,cf4 ',la ,?orie ,relationni/e  
de l',espace1' ,rev4 de ,mtaphysique et 
de ,morale1 vol4 ,,xxiii1 #aiaf4  ,!    
difficulty is ?is3 ,:5 ev5t-p>ticles h  
once be5 def9$ x is easy to def9e !     
aggregate ( ev5t-p>ticles =m+ ! b\nd>y (
 an ev5t2 & !nce to def9e ! po9t-contact
 at _! b\nd>ies possible = a pair (     
ev5ts ( :i* "o is "p ( ! o!r4 ,we c !n  
conceive all ! intricacies ( tang5cy4 ,9

 p>ticul> we c conceive an ab/ractive   
set ( :i* all ! memb]s h po9t-contact at
 ! same ev5t-p>ticle4 ,x is !n easy to  
prove t !re w be no ab/ractive set ) !  
prop]ty ( be+ cov]$ by e ab/ractive set 
:i* x cov]s4 ,i /ate ?is difficulty at  
"s l5g? because its exi/5ce guides !    
developm5t ( our l9e ( argum5t4 ,we h   
got to annex "s condition to ! root     
prop]ty ( be+ cov]$ by any ab/ractive   
set :i* x cov]s4 ,:5 we look into ?is "q
 ( suitable conditions we f9d t 9       
addition to ev5t-p>ticles all ! o!r     
relevant spatial & spatio-temporal      
ab/ractive elem5ts c be def9$ 9 ! same  
way by suitably v>y+ ! conditions4      
,accord+ly we proce$ 9 a g5]al way      
suitable = employm5t beyond             
ev5t-p>ticles4  ,let  be ! "n ( any     
condition :i* "s ab/ractive sets fulfil4
 ,i say t an ab/ractive set is '-prime' 
:5 x has ! two prop]ties1 7i7 t x       
satisfies ! condition  & 7ii7 t x is    
cov]$ by e ab/ractive set :i* bo? is    
cov]$ by x & satisfies ! condition 4  ,9

 o!r words y _c get any ab/ractive set  
satisfy+ ! condition  :i* exhibits      
intr9sic "* m simple ?an t ( a -prime4  
,!re are also ! correlative ab/ractive  
sets :i* ,i call ! sets ( -antiprimes4  
,an ab/ractive set is a -antiprime :5 x 
has ! two prop]ties1 7i7 t x satisfies !
 condition  & 7ii7 t x cov]s e          
ab/ractive set :i* bo? cov]s x &        
satisfies ! condition 4 ,9 o!r words y  
_c get any ab/ractive set satisfy+ !    
condition  :i* exhibits an intr9sic "* m
 complex ?an t ( a -antiprime4  ,!      
intr9sic "* ( a -prime has a c]ta9      
m9imum ( fullness among ^? ab/ractive   
sets :i* are subject to ! condition (   
satisfy+ 2 :]eas ! intr9sic "* ( a      
-antiprime has a correspond+ maximum (  
fullness1 & includes all x c 9 !        
circum/ances4  ,let u fir/ consid] :at  
help ! notion ( antiprimes c\ld give u 9
 ! def9ition ( mom5ts :i* we gave 9 !   
la/ lecture4 ,let ! condition  be !     
prop]ty ( be+ a class ^: memb]s are all 
durations4 ,an ab/ractive set :i*       

satisfies ?is condition is ?us an       
ab/ractive set compos$ :olly (          
durations4 ,x is conv5i5t !n to def9e a 
mom5t z ! gr\p ( ab/ractive sets :i* are
 equal to "s -antiprime1 :]e ! condition
  has ?is special mean+4 ,x w be f\nd on
 consid]ation 7i7 t ea* ab/ractive set  
=m+ a mom5t is a -antiprime1 :]e  has   
?is special mean+1 & 7ii7 t we h exclud$
 f memb]%ip ( mom5ts ab/ractive sets (  
durations :i* all h "o common b\nd>y1   
ei!r ! initial b\nd>y or ! f9al b\nd>y4 
,we ?us exclude special cases :i* are   
apt to confuse g5]al reason+4 ,! new    
def9ition ( a mom5t1 :i* sup]s$es our   
previ\s def9ition1 is 7by ! aid ( !     
notion ( antiprimes7 ! m precisely drawn
 ( ! two1 & ! m useful4  ,! p>ticul>    
condition :i* '' /ood = 9 ! def9ition ( 
mom5ts includ$ some?+ additional to     
any?+ :i* c be d]iv$ f ! b>e notion (   
ext5sion4 ,a duration exhibits = ?\ght a
 totality4 ,! notion ( totality is      
some?+ beyond t ( ext5sion1 ?\gh ! two  
are int]wov5 9 ! notion ( a duration4   

,9 ! same way ! p>ticul> condition ''   
requir$ = ! def9ition ( an ev5t-p>ticle 
mu/ be look$ = beyond ! m]e notion (    
ext5sion4 ,! same rem>k is also true ( !
 p>ticul> conditions requisite = ! o!r  
spatial elem5ts4 ,?is additional notion 
is obta9$ by di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! notion ( 
'position' & ! notion ( conv]g5ce to an 
ideal z]o ( ext5sion z exhibit$ by an   
ab/ractive set ( ev5ts4  ,9 ord] to     
und]/& ?is di/9ction consid] a po9t ( ! 
in/antane\s space :i* we conceive z     
app>5t to u 9 an almo/ in/antane\s      
glance4 ,?is po9t is an ev5t-p>ticle4 ,x
 has two aspects4 ,9 "o aspect x is !re1
 :]e x is4 ,?is is its position 9 !     
space4 ,9 ano!r aspect x is got at by   
ignor+ ! circumambi5t space1 & by       
conc5trat+ att5tion on ! small] & small]
 set ( ev5ts :i* approximate to x4 ,?is 
is its extr9sic "*4 ,?us a po9t has ?ree
 *>act]s1 namely1 its position 9 ! :ole 
in/antane\s space1 its extr9sic "*1 &   
its intr9sic "*4 ,! same is true ( any  
o!r spatial elem5t4 ,= example an       

in/antane\s volume 9 in/antane\s space  
has ?ree *>act]s1 namely1 its position1 
its extr9sic "* z a gr\p ( ab/ractive   
sets1 & its intr9sic "* :i* is ! limit (
 natural prop]ties :i* is indicat$ by   
any "o ( ^! ab/ractive sets4  ,be=e we c
 talk ab\t position 9 in/antane\s space1
 we mu/ evid5tly be q cle> z to :at we  
mean by in/antane\s space 9 itself4     
,in/antane\s space mu/ be look$ = z a "*
 ( a mom5t4 ,= a mom5t is all nature at 
an in/ant4 ,x _c be ! intr9sic "* ( !   
mom5t4 ,= ! intr9sic "* tells u ! limit+
 "* ( nature 9 space at t in/ant4       
,in/antane\s space mu/ be an assemblage 
( ab/ractive elem5ts consid]$ 9 _!      
mutual relations4 ,?us an in/antane\s   
space is ! assemblage ( ab/ractive      
elem5ts cov]$ by "s "o mom5t1 & x is !  
in/antane\s space ( t mom5t4  ,we h n[  
to ask :at "* we h f\nd 9 nature :i* is 
capable ( accord+ to ! elem5ts ( an     
in/antane\s space diff]5t qualities (   
position4 ,?is "q at once br+s u to !   
int]section ( mom5ts1 :i* is a topic n z

 yet consid]$ 9 ^! lectures4  ,! locus (
 int]section ( two mom5ts is !          
assemblage ( ab/ractive elem5ts cov]$ by
 bo? ( !m4 ,n[ two mom5ts ( ! same      
temporal s]ies _c int]sect4 ,two mom5ts 
respectively ( diff]5t families         
necess>ily int]sect4 ,accord+ly 9 !     
in/antane\s space ( a mom5t we %\ld     
expect ! fundam5tal prop]ties to be m>k$
 by ! int]sections ) mom5ts ( o!r       
families4 ,if ,m be a giv5 mom5t1 !     
int]section ( ,m ) ano!r mom5t ,a is an 
in/antane\s plane 9 ! in/antane\s space 
( ,m2 & if ,b be a ?ird mom5t int]sect+ 
bo? ,m & ,a1 ! int]section ( ,m & ,b is 
ano!r plane 9 ! space ,m4 ,also ! common
 int]section ( ,a1 ,b1 & ,m is !        
int]section ( ! two planes 9 ! space ,m1
 namely x is a /raight l9e 9 ! space ,m4
 ,an exceptional case arises if ,b & ,m 
int]sect 9 ! same plane z ,a & ,m4      
,fur!rmore if ,c be a f\r? mom5t1 !n    
ap>t f special cases :i* we ne$ n       
consid]1 x int]sects ,m 9 a plane :i* ! 
/raight l9e 7,a1 ,b1 ,m7 meets4 ,?us !re

 is 9 g5]al a common int]section ( f\r  
mom5ts ( diff]5t families4 ,?is common  
int]section is an assemblage (          
ab/ractive elem5ts :i* are ea* cov]$ 7or
 'lie 9'7 all f\r mom5ts4 ,!            
?ree-dim5sional prop]ty ( in/antane\s   
space comes to ?is1 t 7ap>t f special   
relations betwe5 ! f\r mom5ts7 any fif? 
mom5t ei!r conta9s ! :ole ( _! common   
int]section or none ( x4 ,no fur!r      
subdivision ( ! common int]section is   
possible by means ( mom5ts4 ,! 'all or  
none' pr9ciple holds4 ,?is is n an      
priori tru? b an empirical fact (       
nature4  ,x w be conv5i5t to res]ve !   
ord9>y spatial t]ms 'plane1' '/raight   
l9e1' 'po9t' = ! elem5ts ( ! timeless   
space ( a "t-sy/em4 ,accord+ly an       
in/antane\s plane 9 ! in/antane\s space 
( a mom5t w be call$ a 'level1' an      
in/antane\s /raight l9e w be call$ a    
'rect1' & an in/antane\s po9t w be call$
 a 'punct4' ,?us a punct is ! assemblage
 ( ab/ractive elem5ts :i* lie 9 ea* (   
f\r mom5ts ^: families h no special     

relations to ea* o!r4 ,also if ,p be any
 mom5t1 ei!r e ab/ractive elem5t belong+
 to a giv5 punct lies 9 ,p1 or no       
ab/ractive elem5t ( t punct lies 9 ,p4  
,position is ! quality :i* an ab/ractive
 elem5t possesses 9 virtue ( ! mom5ts 9 
:i* x lies4 ,! ab/ractive elem5ts :i*   
lie 9 ! in/antane\s space ( a giv5 mom5t
 ,m are diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r by ! v>i\s
 o!r mom5ts :i* int]sect ,m s z to      
conta9 v>i\s selections ( ^! ab/ractive 
elem5ts4 ,x is ?is diff]5tiation ( !    
elem5ts :i* con/itutes _! diff]5tiation 
( position4 ,an ab/ractive elem5t :i*   
belongs to a punct has ! simple/ type ( 
position 9 ,m1 an ab/ractive elem5t :i* 
belongs to a rect b n to a punct has a m
 complex quality ( position1 an         
ab/ractive elem5t :i* belongs to a level
 & n to a rect has a /ill m complex     
quality ( position1 & f9ally ! mo/      
complex quality ( position belongs to an
 ab/ractive elem5t :i* belongs to a     
volume & n to a level4 ,a volume h[ev]  
has n yet be5 def9$4 ,?is def9ition w be

 giv5 9 ! next lecture4  ,evid5tly      
levels1 rects1 & puncts 9 _! capacity z 
inf9ite aggregates _c be ! t]m9i (      
s5se-aw>5ess1 nor c !y be limits :i* are
 approximat$ to 9 s5se-aw>5ess4 ,any "o 
memb] ( a level has a c]ta9 quality     
aris+ f its "* z also belong+ to a c]ta9
 set ( mom5ts1 b ! level z a :ole is a  
m]e logical notion )\t any r\te (       
approximation along entities posit$ 9   
s5se-aw>5ess4  ,on ! o!r h& an          
ev5t-p>ticle is def9$ s z to exhibit ?is
 "* ( be+ a r\te ( approximation m>k$   
out by entities posit$ 9 s5se-aw>5ess4  
,a def9ite ev5t-p>ticle is def9$ 9      
ref]5ce to a def9ite punct 9 ! foll[+   
mann]3 ,let ! condition  mean ! prop]ty 
( cov]+ all ! ab/ractive elem5ts :i* are
 memb]s ( t punct2 s t an ab/ractive set
 :i* satisfies ! condition  is an       
ab/ractive set :i* cov]s e ab/ractive   
elem5t belong+ to ! punct4 ,!n !        
def9ition ( ! ev5t-p>ticle associat$ ) !
 punct is t x is ! gr\p ( all ! -primes1
 :]e  has ?is p>ticul> mean+4  ,x is    

evid5t t--) ?is mean+ ( --e ab/ractive  
set equal to a -prime is itself a       
-prime4 ,accord+ly an ev5t-p>ticle z ?us
 def9$ is an ab/ractive elem5t1 namely x
 is ! gr\p ( ^? ab/ractive sets :i* are 
ea* equal to "s giv5 ab/ractive set4 ,if
 we write out ! def9ition ( !           
ev5t-p>ticle associat$ ) "s giv5 punct1 
:i* we w call 1 x is z foll[s3 ,!       
ev5t-p>ticle associat$ )  is ! gr\p (   
ab/ractive classes ea* ( :i* has ! two  
prop]ties 7i7 t x cov]s e ab/ractive set
 9  & 7ii7 t all ! ab/ractive sets :i*  
also satisfy ! =m] condition z to  & :i*
 x cov]s1 also cov] x4  ,an ev5t-p>ticle
 has position by reason ( its           
association ) a punct1 & conv]sely !    
punct ga9s its d]iv$ "* z a r\te (      
approximation f its association ) !     
ev5t-p>ticle4 ,^! two *>act]s ( a po9t  
are always recurr+ 9 any treatm5t ( !   
d]ivation ( a po9t f ! obs]v$ facts (   
nature1 b 9 g5]al !re is no cle>        
recognition ( _! di/9ction4  ,! peculi> 
simplicity ( an in/antane\s po9t has a  

tw(old orig91 "o connect$ ) position1 t 
is to say ) its "* z a punct1 & ! o!r   
connect$ ) its "* z an ev5t-p>ticle4 ,! 
simplicity ( ! punct arises f its       
indivisibility by a mom5t4  ,!          
simplicity ( an ev5t-p>ticle arises f ! 
indivisibility ( its intr9sic "*4 ,!    
intr9sic "* ( an ev5t-p>ticle is        
indivisible 9 ! s5se t e ab/ractive set 
cov]$ by x exhibits ! same intr9sic "*4 
,x foll[s t1 ?\gh !re are div]se        
ab/ractive elem5ts cov]$ by             
ev5t-p>ticles1 !re is no advantage to be
 ga9$ by consid]+ !m s9ce we ga9 no     
additional simplicity 9 ! expression (  
natural prop]ties4  ,^! two *>act]s (   
simplicity enjoy$ respectively by       
ev5t-p>ticles & puncts def9e a mean+ =  
,euclid's phrase1 ')\t p>ts & )\t       
magnitude4'  ,x is obvi\sly conv5i5t to 
sweep away out ( our ?\ghts all ^! /ray 
ab/ractive sets :i* are cov]$ by        
ev5t-p>ticles )\t !mselves be+ memb]s ( 
!m4 ,!y give u no?+ new 9 ! way (       
intr9sic "*4 ,accord+ly we c ?9k ( rects

 & levels z m]ely loci ( ev5t-p>ticles4 
,9 s do+ we are also cutt+ out ^?       
ab/ractive elem5ts :i* cov] sets (      
ev5t-p>ticles1 )\t ^! elem5ts be+       
ev5t-p>ticles !mselves4 ,!re are classes
 ( ^! ab/ractive elem5ts :i* are ( great
 importance4 ,i w consid] !m lat] on 9  
?is & 9 o!r lectures4 ,mean:ile we w    
ignore !m4 ,also ,i w always speak (    
'ev5t-p>ticles' 9 pref]5ce to 'puncts1' 
! latt] be+ an artificial ^w = :i* ,i h 
no great affection4  ,p>allelism among  
rects & levels is n[ explicable4        
,consid] ! in/antane\s space belong+ to 
a mom5t ,a1 & let ,a belong to !        
temporal s]ies ( mom5ts :i* ,i w call 4 
,consid] any o!r temporal s]ies ( mom5ts
 :i* ,i w call 4 ,! mom5ts (  d n       
int]sect ea* o!r & !y int]sect ! mom5t  
,a 9 a family ( levels4 ,none ( ^!      
levels c int]sect1 & !y =m a family (   
p>allel in/antane\s planes 9 !          
in/antane\s space ( mom5t ,a4 ,?us !    
p>allelism ( mom5ts 9 a temporal s]ies  
begets ! p>allelism ( levels 9 an       

in/antane\s space1 & !nce--z x is easy  
to see--! p>allelism ( rects4 ,accord+ly
 ! ,euclidean prop]ty ( space arises f !
 p>abolic prop]ty ( "t4 ,x may be t !re 
is reason to adopt a hyp]bolic !ory ( "t
 & a correspond+ hyp]bolic !ory ( space4
 ,su* a !ory has n be5 work$ out1 s x is
 n possible to judge z to ! "* ( !      
evid5ce :i* c\ld be br\ght =w>d 9 its   
fav\r4  ,! !ory ( ord] 9 an in/antane\s 
space is imm$iately d]iv$ f "t-ord]4 ,= 
consid] ! space ( a mom5t ,m4 ,let  be !
 "n ( a "t-sy/em to :i* ,m does n       
belong4 ,let ,a1 ,a1 ,a etc4 be mom5ts (
  9 ! ord] ( _! occurr5ces4 ,!n ,a1 ,a1 
,a1 etc4 int]sect ,m 9 p>allel levels l1
 l1 l1 etc4 ,!n ! relative ord] ( !     
p>allel levels 9 ! space ( ,m is ! same 
z ! relative ord] ( ! correspond+ mom5ts
 9 ! "t-sy/em 4 ,any rect 9 ,m :i*      
int]sects all ^! levels 9 its set (     
puncts1 !reby receives = its puncts an  
ord] ( position on x4 ,s spatial ord] is
 d]ivative f temporal ord]4 ,fur!rmore  
!re are alt]native "t-sy/ems1 b !re is  

only "o def9ite spatial ord] 9 ea*      
in/antane\s space4 ,accord+ly ! v>i\s   
modes ( d]iv+ spatial ord] f div]se     
"t-sy/ems mu/ h>monise ) "o spatial ord]
 9 ea* in/antane\s space4 ,9 ?is way    
also div]se "t-ord]s are comp>able4  ,we
 h two great que/ions /ill on h& to be  
settl$ be=e our !ory ( space is fully   
adju/$4 ,"o ( ^! is ! "q ( ! det]m9ation
 ( ! me?ods ( measurem5t )9 ! space1 9  
o!r words1 ! congru5ce-!ory ( ! space4  
,! measurem5t ( space w be f\nd to be   
closely connect$ ) ! measurem5t ( "t1 ) 
respect to :i* no pr9ciples h z yet be5 
det]m9$4 ,?us our congru5ce-!ory w be a 
!ory bo? = space & = "t4 ,secondly !re  
is ! det]m9ation ( ! timeless space :i* 
corresponds to any p>ticul> "t-sy/em )  
its inf9ite set ( in/antane\s spaces 9  
its successive mom5ts4 ,?is is !        
space--or r1 ^! are ! spaces--( physical
 sci5ce4 ,x is v usual to dismiss ?is   
space by say+ t ?is is conceptual4 ,i d 
n und]/& ! virtue ( ^! phrases4 ,i      
suppose t x is meant t ! space is !     

conception ( some?+ 9 nature4 ,accord+ly
 if ! space ( physical sci5ce is to be  
call$ conceptual1 ,i ask1 ,:at 9 nature 
is x ! conception (8 ,= example1 :5 we  
speak ( a po9t 9 ! timeless space (     
physical sci5ce1 ,i suppose t we are    
speak+ ( some?+ 9 nature4 ,if we are n s
 speak+1 our sci5ti/s are ex]cis+ _!    
wits 9 ! realms ( pure fantasy1 & ?is is
 palpably n ! case4 ,?is dem& = a       
def9ite ,habeas ,corpus ,act = !        
production ( ! relevant entities 9      
nature applies :e!r space be relative or
 absolute4 ,on ! !ory ( relative space1 
x may p]haps be argu$ t !re is no       
timeless space = physical sci5ce1 & t   
!re is only ! mom5t>y s]ies (           
in/antane\s spaces4  ,an explanation mu/
 !n be ask$ = ! mean+ ( ! v common      
/atem5t t su* & su* a man walk$ f\r     
miles 9 "s def9ite h\r4 ,h[ c y measure 
di/ance f "o space into ano!r space8 ,i 
und]/& walk+ out ( ! %eet ( an ordnance 
map4 ,b ! mean+ ( say+ t ,cambridge at  
#aj o'clock ?is morn+ 9 ! appropriate   

in/antane\s space = t in/ant is #eb     
miles f ,london at #aa o'clock ?is morn+
 9 ! appropriate in/antane\s space = t  
in/ant beats me entirely4 ,i ?9k t1 by !
 "t a mean+ has be5 produc$ = ?is       
/atem5t1 y w f9d t y h con/ruct$ :at is 
9 fact a timeless space4 ,:at ,i _c     
und]/& is h[ to produce an explanation (
 mean+ )\t 9 effect mak+ "s su*         
con/ruction4 ,also ,i may add t ,i d n  
"k h[ ! in/antane\s spaces are ?us      
correlat$ into "o space by any me?od :i*
 is available on ! curr5t !ories (      
space4  ,y w h notic$ t by ! aid ( !    
assumption ( alt]native "t-sy/ems1 we   
are arriv+ at an explanation ( ! "* (   
space4 ,9 natural sci5ce 'to expla9'    
means m]ely to discov] 'int]connexions4'
 ,= example1 9 "o s5se !re is no        
explanation ( ! r$ :i* y see4 ,x is r$1 
& !re is no?+ else to be said ab\t x4   
,ei!r x is posit$ be=e y 9 s5se-aw>5ess 
or y are ignorant ( ! entity r$4 ,b     
sci5ce has expla9$ r$4 ,namely x has    
discov]$ int]connexions betwe5 r$ z a   

factor 9 nature & o!r factors 9 nature1 
= example waves ( light :i* are waves ( 
electromagnetic di/urbances4 ,!re are   
also v>i\s pa?ological /ates ( ! body   
:i* lead to ! see+ ( r$ )\t ! occurr5ce 
( light waves4 ,?us connexions h be5    
discov]$ betwe5 r$ z posit$ 9           
s5se-aw>5ess & v>i\s o!r factors 9      
nature4 ,! discov]y ( ^! connexions     
con/itutes ! sci5tific explanation ( our
 vision ( col\r4 ,9 l mann] ! dep5d5ce (
 ! "* ( space on ! "* ( "t con/itutes an
 explanation 9 ! s5se 9 :i* sci5ce seeks
 to expla94 ,! sy/ematis+ intellect     
abhors b>e facts4 ,! "* ( space has     
hi!rto be5 pres5t$ z a collection ( b>e 
facts1 ultimate & disconnect$4 ,! !ory  
:i* ,i am exp\nd+ sweeps away ?is       
disconnexion ( ! facts ( space4         
,,*apt] ,v  ,,space ,,& ,,motion   ,!   
topic = ?is lecture is ! cont9uation ( !
 task ( expla9+ ! con/ruction ( spaces z
 ab/racts f ! facts ( nature4 ,x 0 not$ 
at ! close ( ! previ\s lecture t ! "q ( 
congru5ce _h n be5 consid]$1 nor _h !   

con/ruction ( a timeless space :i* %\ld 
correlate ! successive mom5t>y spaces ( 
a giv5 "t-sy/em4 ,fur!rmore x 0 also    
not$ t !re 7 _m spatial ab/ractive      
elem5ts :i* we _h n yet def9$4 ,we w    
fir/ consid] ! def9ition ( "s ( ^!      
ab/ractive elem5ts1 namely ! def9itions 
( solids1 ( areas1 & ( r\tes4 ,by a     
'r\te' ,i mean a l9e> segm5t1 :e!r      
/raight or curv$4 ,! exposition ( ^!    
def9itions & ! prelim9>y explanations   
necess>y w1 ,i hope1 s]ve z a g5]al     
explanation ( ! function ( ev5t-p>ticles
 9 ! analysis ( nature4  ,we note t     
ev5t-p>ticles h 'position' 9 respect to 
ea* o!r4 ,9 ! la/ lecture ,i expla9$ t  
'position' 0 quality ga9$ by a spatial  
elem5t 9 virtue ( ! int]sect+ mom5ts :i*
 cov]$ x4 ,?us ea* ev5t-p>ticle has     
position 9 ?is s5se4 ,! simple/ mode (  
express+ ! position 9 nature ( an       
ev5t-p>ticle is by fir/ fix+ on any     
def9ite "t-sy/em4 ,call x 4 ,!re w be "o
 mom5t ( ! temporal s]ies (  :i* cov]s !
 giv5 ev5t-p>ticle4 ,?us ! position ( ! 

ev5t-p>ticle 9 ! temporal s]ies  is     
def9$ by ?is mom5t1 :i* we w call ,m4 ,!
 position ( ! p>ticle 9 ! space ( ,m is 
!n fix$ 9 ! ord9>y way by ?ree levels   
:i* int]sect 9 x & 9 x only4 ,?is       
proc$ure ( fix+ ! position ( an         
ev5t-p>ticle %[s t ! aggregate (        
ev5t-p>ticles =ms a f\r-dim5sional      
manifold4 ,a f9ite ev5t occupies a      
limit$ *unk ( ?is manifold 9 a s5se :i* 
,i n[ proce$ to expla94  ,let e be any  
giv5 ev5t4 ,! manifold ( ev5t-p>ticles  
falls into ?ree sets 9 ref]5ce to e4    
,ea* ev5t-p>ticle is a gr\p ( equal     
ab/ractive sets & ea* ab/ractive set    
t[>ds its small-end is compos$ ( small] 
& small] f9ite ev5ts4 ,:5 we select f ^!
 f9ite ev5ts :i* ent] into ! make-up ( a
 giv5 ev5t-p>ticle ^? :i* are small     
en\gh1 "o ( ?ree cases mu/ occur4 ,ei!r 
7i7 all ( ^! small ev5ts are entirely   
sep>ate f ! giv5 ev5t e1 or 7ii7 all (  
^! small ev5ts are p>ts ( ! ev5t e1 or  
7iii7 all ( ^! small ev5ts ov]lap ! ev5t
 e b are n p>ts ( x4 ,9 ! fir/ case !   

ev5t-p>ticle w be said to 'lie outside' 
! ev5t e1 9 ! second case ! ev5t-p>ticle
 w be said to 'lie inside' ! ev5t e1 & 9
 ! ?ird case ! ev5t-p>ticle w be said to
 be a 'b\nd>y-p>ticle' ( ! ev5t e4 ,?us 
!re are ?ree sets ( p>ticles1 namely !  
set ( ^? :i* lie outside ! ev5t e1 ! set
 ( ^? :i* lie inside ! ev5t e1 & !      
b\nd>y ( ! ev5t e :i* is ! set (        
b\nd>y-p>ticles ( e4 ,s9ce an ev5t is   
f\r-dim5sional1 ! b\nd>y ( an ev5t is a 
?ree-dim5sional manifold4 ,= a f9ite    
ev5t !re is a cont9uity ( b\nd>y2 = a   
duration ! b\nd>y consi/s ( ^?          
ev5t-p>ticles :i* are cov]$ by ei!r ( ! 
two b\nd+ mom5ts4 ,?us ! b\nd>y ( a     
duration consi/s ( two mom5t>y          
?ree-dim5sional spaces4 ,an ev5t w be   
said to 'occupy' ! aggregate (          
ev5t-p>ticles :i* lie )9 x4  ,two ev5ts 
:i* h 'junction' 9 ! s5se 9 :i* junction
 0 describ$ 9 my la/ lecture1 & yet are 
sep>at$ s t nei!r ev5t ei!r ov]laps or  
is "p ( ! o!r ev5t1 are said to be      
'adjo9$4'  ,?is relation ( adjunction   

issues 9 a peculi> relation betwe5 !    
b\nd>ies ( ! two ev5ts4 ,! two b\nd>ies 
mu/ h a common portion :i* is 9 fact a  
cont9u\s ?ree-dim5sional locus (        
ev5t-p>ticles 9 ! f\r-dim5sional        
manifold4  ,a ?ree-dim5sional locus (   
ev5t-p>ticles :i* is ! common portion ( 
! b\nd>y ( two adjo9$ ev5ts w be call$ a
 'solid4' ,a solid may or may n lie     
completely 9 "o mom5t4 ,a solid :i* does
 n lie 9 "o mom5t w be call$ 'vagrant4' 
,a solid :i* does lie 9 "o mom5t w be   
call$ a volume4 ,a volume may be def9$ z
 ! locus ( ! ev5t-p>ticles 9 :i* a mom5t
 int]sects an ev5t1 provid$ t ! two d   
int]sect4 ,! int]section ( a mom5t & an 
ev5t w evid5tly consi/ ( ^?             
ev5t-p>ticles :i* are cov]$ by ! mom5t &
 lie 9 ! ev5t4 ,! id5tity ( ! two       
def9itions ( a volume is evid5t :5 we   
rememb] t an int]sect+ mom5t divides !  
ev5t into two adjo9$ ev5ts4  ,a solid z 
?us def9$1 :e!r x be vagrant or be a    
volume1 is a m]e aggregate (            
ev5t-p>ticles illu/rat+ a c]ta9 quality 

( position4 ,we c also def9e a solid z  
an ab/ractive elem5t4 ,9 ord] to d s we 
recur to ! !ory ( primes expla9$ 9 !    
prec$+ lecture4 ,let ! condition nam$   
/& = ! fact t ea* ( ! ev5ts ( any       
ab/ractive set satisfy+ x has all !     
ev5t-p>ticles ( "s p>ticul> solid ly+ 9 
x4 ,!n ! gr\p ( all ! -primes is !      
ab/ractive elem5t :i* is associat$ ) !  
giv5 solid4 ,i w call ?is ab/ractive    
elem5t ! solid z an ab/ractive elem5t1 &
 ,i w call ! aggregate ( ev5t-p>ticles !
 solid z a locus4 ,! in/antane\s volumes
 9 in/antane\s space :i* are ! ideals ( 
our s5se-p]ception are volumes z        
ab/ractive elem5ts4 ,:at we really      
p]ceive ) all our ef=ts aft] exactness  
are small ev5ts f> en\gh d[n "s         
ab/ractive set belong+ to ! volume z an 
ab/ractive elem5t4  ,x is difficult to  
"k h[ f> we approximate to any p]ception
 ( vagrant solids4 ,we c]ta9ly d n ?9k t
 we make any su* approximation4 ,b !n   
our ?\ghts--9 ! case ( p :o d ?9k ab\t  
su* topics--are s mu* "u ! control ( !  

mat]iali/ic !ory ( nature t !y h>dly    
c\nt = evid5ce4 ,if ,e9/e9's !ory (     
gravitation has any tru? 9 x1 vagrant   
solids are ( great importance 9 sci5ce4 
,! :ole b\nd>y ( a f9ite ev5t may be    
look$ on z a p>ticul> example ( a       
vagrant solid z a locus4 ,its p>ticul>  
prop]ty ( be+ clos$ prev5ts x f be+     
def9able z an ab/ractive elem5t4  ,:5 a 
mom5t int]sects an ev5t1 x also         
int]sects ! b\nd>y ( t ev5t4 ,?is locus1
 :i* is ! portion ( ! b\nd>y conta9$ 9 !
 mom5t1 is ! b\nd+ surface ( !          
correspond+ volume ( t ev5t conta9$ 9 ! 
mom5t4 ,x is a two-dim5sional locus4  ,!
 fact t e volume has a b\nd+ surface is 
! orig9 ( ! ,d$ek9dian cont9uity (      
space4  ,ano!r ev5t may be cut by ! same
 mom5t 9 ano!r volume & ?is volume w    
also h its b\nd>y4 ,^! two volumes 9 !  
in/antane\s space ( "o mom5t may        
mutually ov]lap 9 ! famili> way :i* ,i  
ne$ n describe 9 detail & ?us cut (f    
portions f ea* o!r's surfaces4 ,^!      
portions ( surfaces are 'mom5tal areas4'

  ,x is unnecess>y at ?is /age to ent]  
into ! complexity ( a def9ition (       
vagrant areas4 ,_! def9ition is simple  
en\gh :5 ! f\r-dim5sional manifold (    
ev5t-p>ticles has be5 m fully explor$ z 
to its prop]ties4  ,mom5tal areas c     
evid5tly be def9$ z ab/ractive elem5ts  
by exactly ! same me?od z appli$ to     
solids4 ,we h m]ely to sub/itute 'area' 
= a 'solid' 9 ! words ( ! def9ition     
already giv54 ,also1 exactly z 9 !      
analog\s case ( a solid1 :at we p]ceive 
z an approximation to our ideal ( an    
area is a small ev5t f> en\gh d[n t[>ds 
! small end ( "o ( ! equal ab/ractive   
sets :i* belongs to ! area z an         
ab/ractive elem5t4  ,two mom5tal areas  
ly+ 9 ! same mom5t c cut ea* o!r 9 a    
mom5tal segm5t :i* is n necess>ily      
rectil9e>4 ,su* a segm5t c also be def9$
 z an ab/ractive elem5t4 ,x is !n call$ 
a 'mom5tal r\te4' ,we w n delay ov] any 
g5]al consid]ation ( ^! mom5tal r\tes1  
nor is x important = u to proce$ to !   
/ill wid] inve/igation ( vagrant r\tes 9

 g5]al4 ,!re are h[ev] two simple sets (
 r\tes :i* are ( vital importance4 ,"o  
is a set ( mom5tal r\tes & ! o!r (      
vagrant r\tes4 ,bo? sets c be class$    
toge!r z /raight r\tes4 ,we proce$ to   
def9e !m )\t any ref]5ce to ! def9itions
 ( volumes & surfaces4  ,! two types (  
/raight r\tes w be call$ rectil9e> r\tes
 & /ations4 ,rectil9e> r\tes are mom5tal
 r\tes & /ations are vagrant r\tes4     
,rectil9e> r\tes are r\tes :i* 9 a s5se 
lie 9 rects4 ,any two ev5t-p>ticles on a
 rect def9e ! set ( ev5t-p>ticles :i*   
lie betwe5 !m on t rect4 ,let !         
satisfaction ( ! condition  by an       
ab/ractive set mean t ! two giv5        
ev5t-p>ticles & ! ev5t-p>ticles ly+     
betwe5 !m on ! rect all lie 9 e ev5t    
belong+ to ! ab/ractive set4 ,! gr\p (  
-primes1 :]e  has ?is mean+1 =m an      
ab/ractive elem5t4 ,su* ab/ractive      
elem5ts are rectil9e> r\tes4 ,!y are !  
segm5ts ( in/antane\s /raight l9es :i*  
are ! ideals ( exact p]ception4 ,our    
actual p]ception1 h[ev] exact1 w be !   

p]ception ( a small ev5t suffici5tly f> 
d[n "o ( ! ab/ractive sets ( !          
ab/ractive elem5t4  ,a /ation is a      
vagrant r\te & no mom5t c int]sect any  
/ation 9 m ?an "o ev5t-p>ticle4 ,?us a  
/ation c>ries ) x a comp>ison ( !       
positions 9 _! respective mom5ts ( !    
ev5t-p>ticles cov]$ by x4 ,rects arise f
 ! int]section ( mom5ts4 ,b z yet no    
prop]ties ( ev5ts h be5 m5tion$ by :i*  
any analog\s vagrant loci c be f\nd out4
  ,! g5]al problem = our inve/igation is
 to det]m9e a me?od ( comp>ison (       
position 9 "o in/antane\s space )       
positions 9 o!r in/antane\s spaces4 ,we 
may limit ourselves to ! spaces ( !     
p>allel mom5ts ( "o "t-sy/em4 ,h[ are   
positions 9 ^! v>i\s spaces to be       
comp>$8 ,9 o!r words1 ,:at d we mean by 
motion8 ,x is ! fundam5tal "q to be ask$
 ( any !ory ( relative space1 & l _m o!r
 fundam5tal que/ions x is apt to be left
 unansw]$4 ,x is n an answ] to reply1 t 
we all "k :at we mean by motion4 ,(     
c\rse we d1 s f> z s5se-aw>5ess is      

conc]n$4 ,i am ask+ t y\r !ory ( space  
%\ld provide nature ) some?+ to be      
obs]v$4 ,y h n settl$ ! "q by br++ =w>d 
a !ory accord+ to :i* !re is no?+ to be 
obs]v$1 & by !n reit]at+ t nev]!less we 
d obs]ve ?is non-exi/5t fact4 ,unless   
motion is some?+ z a fact 9 nature1     
k9etic en]gy & mom5tum & all t dep5ds on
 ^! physical concepts evaporate f our   
li/ ( physical realities4 ,ev5 9 ?is    
revolution>y age my cons]vatism         
resolutely opposes ! id5tification (    
mom5tum & moon%9e4  ,accord+ly ,i assume
 x z an axiom1 t motion is a physical   
fact4 ,x is some?+ t we p]ceive z 9     
nature4 ,motion presupposes re/4 ,until 
!ory arose to vitiate imm$iate          
intuition1 t is to say to vitiate !     
uncriticis$ judgm5ts :i* imm$iately     
arise f s5se-aw>5ess1 no "o d\bt$ t 9   
motion y leave beh9d t :i* is at re/4   
,abraham 9 8 w&]+s left 8 bir?place :]e 
x _h ev] be54 ,a !ory ( motion & a !ory 
( re/ are ! same ?+ view$ f diff]5t     
aspects ) alt]$ emphasis4  ,n[ y _c h a 

!ory ( re/ )\t 9 "s s5se admitt+ a !ory 
( absolute position4 ,x is usually      
assum$ t relative space implies t !re is
 no absolute position4 ,?is is1 accord+ 
to my cre$1 a mi/ake4 ,! assumption     
arises f ! failure to make ano!r        
di/9ction2 namely1 t !re may be         
alt]native def9itions ( absolute        
position4 ,?is possibility ent]s ) !    
admission ( alt]native "t-sy/ems4 ,?us !
 s]ies ( spaces 9 ! p>allel mom5ts ( "o 
temporal s]ies may h _! own def9ition ( 
absolute position correlat+ sets (      
ev5t-p>ticles 9 ^! successive spaces1 s 
t ea* set consi/s ( ev5t-p>ticles1 "o f 
ea* space1 all ) ! prop]ty ( possess+ ! 
same absolute position 9 t s]ies (      
spaces4 ,su* a set ( ev5t-p>ticles w =m 
a po9t 9 ! timeless space ( t "t-sy/em4 
,?us a po9t is really an absolute       
position 9 ! timeless space ( a giv5    
"t-sy/em4  ,b !re are alt]native        
"t-sy/ems1 & ea* "t-sy/em has its own   
peculi> gr\p ( po9ts--t is to say1 its  
own peculi> def9ition ( absolute        

position4 ,?is is exactly ! !ory :i* ,i 
w elaborate4  ,9 look+ to nature =      
evid5ce ( absolute position x is ( no   
use to recur to ! f\r-dim5sional        
manifold ( ev5t-p>ticles4 ,?is manifold 
has be5 obta9$ by ! ext5sion ( ?\ght    
beyond ! imm$iacy ( obs]vation4 ,we %all
 f9d no?+ 9 x except :at we h put !re to
 repres5t ! ideas 9 ?\ght :i* arise f   
our direct s5se-aw>5ess ( nature4 ,to   
f9d evid5ce ( ! prop]ties :i* are to be 
f\nd 9 ! manifold ( ev5t-p>ticles we mu/
 always recur to ! obs]vation (         
relations betwe5 ev5ts4 ,our problem is 
to det]m9e ^? relations betwe5 ev5ts :i*
 issue 9 ! prop]ty ( absolute position 9
 a timeless space4 ,?is is 9 fact !     
problem ( ! det]m9ation ( ! v mean+ ( ! 
timeless spaces ( physical sci5ce4  ,9  
review+ ! factors ( nature z imm$iately 
disclos$ 9 s5se-aw>5ess1 we %\ld note ! 
fundam5tal "* ( ! p]cept ( 'be+ "h4' ,we
 disc]n an ev5t m]ely z a factor 9 a    
det]m9ate complex 9 :i* ea* factor has  
its own peculi> %>e4  ,!re are two      

factors :i* are always +r$i5t 9 ?is     
complex1 "o is ! duration :i* is        
repres5t$ 9 ?\ght by ! concept ( all    
nature t is pres5t n[1 & ! o!r is !     
peculi> locus /&i = m9d involv$ 9 !     
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,?is locus /&i 9 nature is
 :at is repres5t$ 9 ?\ght by ! concept (
 '"h1' namely ( an 'ev5t "h4'  ,?is is !
 concept ( a def9ite factor 9 nature4   
,?is factor is an ev5t 9 nature :i* is !
 focus 9 nature = t act ( aw>5ess1 & !  
o!r ev5ts are p]ceiv$ z ref]r$ to x4    
,?is ev5t is "p ( ! associat$ duration4 
,i call x ! 'p]cipi5t ev5t4' ,?is ev5t  
is n ! m9d1 t is to say1 n ! p]cipi5t4  
,x is t 9 nature f :i* ! m9d p]ceives4  
,! complete foo?old ( ! m9d 9 nature is 
repres5t$ by ! pair ( ev5ts1 namely1 !  
pres5t duration :i* m>ks ! ':5' (       
aw>5ess & ! p]cipi5t ev5t :i* m>ks !    
':]e' ( aw>5ess & ! 'h[' ( aw>5ess4 ,?is
 p]cipi5t ev5t is r\ghly speak+ ! bodily
 life ( ! inc>nate m9d4 ,b ?is          
id5tification is only a r\gh "o4 ,= !   
functions ( ! body %ade (f into ^? ( o!r

 ev5ts 9 nature2 s t = "s purposes !    
p]cipi5t ev5t is to be reckon$ z m]ely  
"p ( ! bodily life & = o!r purposes x   
may ev5 be reckon$ z m ?an ! bodily     
life4 ,9 _m respects ! dem>cation is    
purely arbitr>y1 dep5d+ ^u :]e 9 a slid+
 scale y *oose to draw ! l9e4  ,i h     
already 9 my previ\s lecture on ,"t     
discuss$ ! association ( m9d ) nature4  
,! difficulty ( ! discussion lies 9 !   
liability ( con/ant factors to be       
ov]look$4 ,we nev] note !m by contra/ ) 
_! abs5ces4 ,! purpose ( a discussion ( 
su* factors may be describ$ z be+ to    
make obvi\s ?+s look odd4 ,we _c        
envisage !m unless we manage to inve/ !m
 ) "s ( ! fre%ness :i* is due to        
/rang5ess4  ,x is because ( ?is habit ( 
lett+ con/ant factors slip f            
consci\sness t we con/antly fall into ! 
error ( ?9k+ ( ! s5se-aw>5ess ( a       
p>ticul> factor 9 nature z be+ a        
two-t]m$ relation betwe5 ! m9d & !      
factor4 ,= example1 ,i p]ceive a gre5   
leaf4 ,language 9 ?is /atem5t suppresses

 all ref]5ce to any factors o!r ?an !   
p]cipi5t m9d & ! gre5 leaf & ! relation 
( s5se-aw>5ess4 ,x disc>ds ! obvi\s     
inevitable factors :i* are ess5tial     
elem5ts 9 ! p]ception4 ,i am "h1 ! leaf 
is !re2 & ! ev5t "h & ! ev5t :i* is !   
life ( ! leaf !re are bo? emb$d$ 9 a    
totality ( nature :i* is n[1 & )9 ?is   
totality !re are o!r discrim9at$ factors
 :i* x is irrelevant to m5tion4 ,?us    
language habitually sets be=e ! m9d a   
mislead+ ab/ract ( ! indef9ite          
complexity ( ! fact ( s5se-aw>5ess4     
,:at ,i n[ want to discuss is ! special 
relation ( ! p]cipi5t ev5t :i* is '"h'  
to ! duration :i* is 'n[4' ,?is relation
 is a fact 9 nature1 namely ! m9d is    
aw>e ( nature z be+ ) ^! two factors 9  
?is relation4  ,)9 ! %ort pres5t        
duration ! '"h' ( ! p]cipi5t ev5t has a 
def9ite mean+ ( "s sort4 ,?is mean+ (   
'"h' is ! cont5t ( ! special relation ( 
! p]cipi5t ev5t to its associat$        
duration4 ,i w call ?is relation        
'cogr$i5ce4' ,accord+ly ,i ask = a      

description ( ! "* ( ! relation (       
cogr$i5ce4 ,! pres5t snaps into a pa/ & 
a pres5t :5 ! '"h' ( cogr$i5ce loses its
 s+le det]m9ate mean+4 ,!re has be5 a   
passage ( nature f ! '"h' ( p]ception )9
 ! pa/ duration to ! diff]5t '"h' (     
p]ception )9 ! pres5t duration4 ,b ! two
 'h]es' ( s5se-aw>5ess )9 neighb\r+     
durations may be indi/+ui%able4 ,9 ?is  
case !re has be5 a passage f ! pa/ to ! 
pres5t1 b a m ret5tive p]ceptive =ce    
might h reta9$ ! pass+ nature z "o      
complete pres5t in/ead ( lett+ ! e>li]  
duration slip into ! pa/4 ,namely1 !    
s5se ( re/ helps ! integration (        
durations into a prolong$ pres5t1 & !   
s5se ( motion diff]5tiates nature into a
 succession ( %ort5$ durations4 ,z we   
look out ( a railway c>riage 9 an       
express tra91 ! pres5t is pa/ be=e      
reflexion c seize x4 ,we live 9 snippits
 too quick = ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h& !      
imm$iate pres5t is prolong$ accord+ z   
nature pres5ts itself to u 9 an aspect (
 unbrok5 re/4 ,any *ange 9 nature       

provides gr\nd = a diff]5tiation among  
durations s z to %ort5 ! pres5t4 ,b !re 
is a great di/9ction betwe5 self-*ange 9
 nature & *ange 9 ext]nal nature4       
,self-*ange 9 nature is *ange 9 !       
quality ( ! /&po9t ( ! p]cipi5t ev5t4 ,x
 is ! break up ( ! '"h' :i* necessitates
 ! break up ( ! pres5t duration4 ,*ange 
9 ext]nal nature is compatible ) a      
prolongation ( ! pres5t ( contemplation 
root$ 9 a giv5 /&po9t4 ,:at ,i want to  
br+ out is t ! pres]vation ( a peculi>  
relation to a duration is a necess>y    
condition = ! function ( t duration z a 
pres5t duration = s5se-aw>5ess4 ,?is    
peculi> relation is ! relation (        
cogr$i5ce betwe5 ! p]cipi5t ev5t & !    
duration4 ,cogr$i5ce is ! pres]vation ( 
unbrok5 quality ( /&po9t )9 ! duration4 
,x is ! cont9uance ( id5tity ( /ation )9
 ! :ole ( nature :i* is ! t]m9us (      
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,! duration may comprise  
*ange )9 itself1 b _c--s f> z x is "o   
pres5t duration--comprise *ange 9 !     
quality ( its peculi> relation to !     

conta9$ p]cipi5t ev5t4  ,9 o!r words1   
p]ception is always '"h1' & a duration c
 only be posit$ z pres5t = s5se-aw>5ess 
on condition t x af=ds "o unbrok5 mean+ 
( '"h' 9 its relation to ! p]cipi5t     
ev5t4 ,x is only 9 ! pa/ t y c h be5    
'!re' ) a /&po9t di/9ct f y\r pres5t    
'"h4'  ,ev5ts !re & ev5ts "h are facts (
 nature1 & ! qualities ( be+ '!re' &    
'"h' are n m]ely qualities ( aw>5ess z a
 relation betwe5 nature & m9d4 ,!       
quality ( det]m9ate /ation 9 ! duration 
:i* belongs to an ev5t :i* is '"h' 9 "o 
det]m9ate s5se ( '"h' is ! same k9d (   
quality ( /ation :i* belongs to an ev5t 
:i* is '!re' 9 "o det]m9ate s5se (      
'!re4' ,?us cogr$i5ce has no?+ to d )   
any biological "* ( ! ev5t :i* is relat$
 by x to ! associat$ duration4 ,?is     
biological "* is app>5tly a fur!r       
condition = ! peculi> connexion ( a     
p]cipi5t ev5t ) ! p]cipi5ce ( m9d2 b x  
has no?+ to d ) ! relation ( ! p]cipi5t 
ev5t to ! duration :i* is ! pres5t :ole 
( nature posit$ z ! disclosure ( !      

p]cipi5ce4  ,giv5 ! requisite biological
 "*1 ! ev5t 9 its "* ( a p]cipi5t ev5t  
selects t duration ) :i* ! op]ative pa/ 
( ! ev5t is practically cogr$i5t )9 !   
limits ( ! exactitude ( obs]vation4     
,namely1 amid ! alt]native "t-sy/ems :i*
 nature (f]s !re w be "o ) a duration   
giv+ ! be/ av]age ( cogr$i5ce = all !   
subord9ate p>ts ( ! p]cipi5t ev5t4 ,?is 
duration w be ! :ole ( nature :i* is !  
t]m9us posit$ by s5se-aw>5ess4 ,?us ! "*
 ( ! p]cipi5t ev5t det]m9es ! "t-sy/em  
imm$iately evid5t 9 nature4 ,z ! "* ( ! 
p]cipi5t ev5t *anges ) ! passage (      
nature--or1 9 o!r words1 z ! p]cipi5t   
m9d 9 its passage correlates itself ) ! 
passage ( ! p]cipi5t ev5t into ano!r    
p]cipi5t ev5t--! "t-sy/em correlat$ ) ! 
p]cipi5ce ( t m9d may *ange4 ,:5 ! bulk 
( ! ev5ts p]ceiv$ are cogr$i5t 9 a      
duration o!r ?an t ( ! p]cipi5t ev5t1 ! 
p]cipi5ce may include a d\ble           
consci\sness ( cogr$i5ce1 namely !      
consci\sness ( ! :ole )9 :i* ! obs]v] 9 
! tra9 is '"h1' & ! consci\sness ( !    

:ole )9 :i* ! trees & bridges &         
telegraph po/s are def9itely '!re4' ,?us
 9 p]ceptions "u c]ta9 circum/ances !   
ev5ts discrim9at$ ass]t _! own relations
 ( cogr$i5ce4 ,?is ass]tion ( cogr$i5ce 
is peculi>ly evid5t :5 ! duration to :i*
 ! p]ceiv$ ev5t is cogr$i5t is ! same z 
! duration :i* is ! pres5t :ole (       
nature--9 o!r words1 :5 ! ev5t & !      
p]cipi5t ev5t are bo? cogr$i5t to ! same
 duration4  ,we are n[ prep>$ to consid]
 ! mean+ ( /ations 9 a duration1 :]e    
/ations are a peculi> k9d ( r\tes1 :i*  
def9e absolute position 9 ! associat$   
timeless space4  ,!re are h[ev] "s      
prelim9>y explanations4 ,a f9ite ev5t w 
be said to ext5d ?r\gh\t a duration :5 x
 is "p ( ! duration & is int]sect$ by   
any mom5t :i* lies 9 ! duration4 ,su* an
 ev5t beg9s ) ! duration & ends ) x4    
,fur!rmore e ev5t :i* beg9s ) ! duration
 & ends ) x1 ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! duration4 
,?is is an axiom bas$ on ! cont9uity (  
ev5ts4 ,by beg9n+ ) a duration & end+ ) 
x1 ,i mean 7i7 t ! ev5t is "p ( !       

duration1 & 7ii7 t bo? ! initial & f9al 
b\nd>y mom5ts ( ! duration cov] "s      
ev5t-p>ticles on ! b\nd>y ( ! ev5t4  ,e 
ev5t :i* is cogr$i5t ) a duration ext5ds
 ?r\gh\t t duration4  ,x is n true t all
 ! p>ts ( an ev5t cogr$i5t ) a duration 
are also cogr$i5t ) ! duration4 ,!      
relation ( cogr$i5ce may fail 9 ei!r (  
two ways4 ,"o reason = failure may be t 
! "p does n ext5d ?r\gh\t ! duration4 ,9
 ?is case ! "p may be cogr$i5t ) ano!r  
duration :i* is "p ( ! giv5 duration1   
?\gh x is n cogr$i5t ) ! giv5 duration  
itself4 ,su* a "p w\ld be cogr$i5t if   
its exi/5ce 7 suffici5tly prolong$ 9 t  
"t-sy/em4 ,! o!r reason = failure arises
 f ! f\r-dim5sional ext5sion ( ev5ts s t
 !re is no det]m9ate r\te ( transition (
 ev5ts 9 l9e> s]ies4 ,= example1 !      
tunnel ( a tube railway is an ev5t at   
re/ 9 a c]ta9 "t-sy/em1 t is to say1 x  
is cogr$i5t ) a c]ta9 duration4 ,a tra9 
travell+ 9 x is "p ( t tunnel1 b is n   
itself at re/4  ,if an ev5t e be        
cogr$i5t ) a duration d1 & d be any     

duration :i* is "p ( d4 ,!n d belongs to
 ! same "t-sy/em z d4 ,also d int]sects 
e 9 an ev5t e :i* is "p ( e & is        
cogr$i5t ) d4  ,let ,p be any           
ev5t-p>ticle ly+ 9 a giv5 duration d4   
,consid] ! aggregate ( ev5ts 9 :i* ,p   
lies & :i* are also cogr$i5t ) d4 ,ea* (
 ^! ev5ts occupies its own aggregate (  
ev5t-p>ticles4 ,^! aggregates w h a     
common portion1 namely ! class (        
ev5t-p>ticle ly+ 9 all ( !m4 ,?is class 
( ev5t-p>ticles is :at ,i call !        
'/ation' ( ! ev5t-p>ticle ,p 9 !        
duration d4 ,?is is ! /ation 9 ! "* ( a 
locus4 ,a /ation c also be def9$ 9 ! "* 
( an ab/ractive elem5t4 ,let ! prop]ty  
be ! "n ( ! prop]ty :i* an ab/ractive   
set possesses :5 7i7 ea* ( its ev5ts is 
cogr$i5t ) ! duration d & 7ii7 !        
ev5t-p>ticle ,p lies 9 ea* ( its ev5ts4 
,!n ! gr\p ( -primes1 :]e  has ?is      
mean+1 is an ab/ractive elem5t & is !   
/ation ( ,p 9 d z an ab/ractive elem5t4 
,! locus ( ev5t-p>ticles cov]$ by !     
/ation ( ,p 9 d z an ab/ractive elem5t  

is ! /ation ( ,p 9 d z a locus4 ,a      
/ation has accord+ly ! usual ?ree       
*>act]s1 namely1 its "* ( position1 its 
extr9sic "* z an ab/ractive elem5t1 &   
its intr9sic "*4  ,x foll[s f ! peculi> 
prop]ties ( re/ t two /ations belong+ to
 ! same duration _c int]sect4 ,accord+ly
 e ev5t-p>ticle on a /ation ( a duration
 has t /ation z its /ation 9 ! duration4
 ,also e duration :i* is "p ( a giv5    
duration int]sects ! /ations ( ! giv5   
duration 9 loci :i* are its own /ations4
 ,by means ( ^! prop]ties we c utilise !
 ov]lapp+s ( ! durations ( "o family--t 
is1 ( "o "t-sy/em--to prolong /ations   
indef9itely backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,su* a    
prolong$ /ation w be call$ a po9t-track4
 ,a po9t-track is a locus (             
ev5t-p>ticles4 ,x is def9$ by ref]5ce to
 "o p>ticul> "t-sy/em1  say4            
,correspond+ to any o!r "t-sy/em ^! w be
 a diff]5t gr\p ( po9t-tracks4 ,e       
ev5t-p>ticle w lie on "o & only "o      
po9t-track ( ! gr\p belong+ to any "o   
"t-sy/em4 ,! gr\p ( po9t-tracks ( !     

"t-sy/em  is ! gr\p ( po9ts ( ! timeless
 space ( 4 ,ea* su* po9t indicates a    
c]ta9 quality ( absolute position 9     
ref]5ce to ! durations ( ! family       
associat$ ) 1 & !nce 9 ref]5ce to !     
successive in/antane\s spaces ly+ 9 !   
successive mom5ts ( 4 ,ea* mom5t (  w   
int]sect a po9t-track 9 "o & only "o    
ev5t-p>ticle4  ,?is prop]ty ( ! unique  
int]section ( a mom5t & a po9t-track is 
n conf9$ to ! case :5 ! mom5t & !       
po9t-track belong to ! same "t-sy/em4   
,any two ev5t-p>ticles on a po9t-track  
are sequ5tial1 s t !y _c lie 9 ! same   
mom5t4 ,accord+ly no mom5t c int]sect a 
po9t-track m ?an once1 & e mom5t        
int]sects a po9t-track 9 "o             
ev5t-p>ticle4  ,anyone :o at !          
successive mom5ts (  %\ld be at !       
ev5t-p>ticles :]e ^? mom5ts int]sect a  
giv5 po9t (  w be at re/ 9 ! timeless   
space ( "t-sy/em 4 ,b 9 any o!r timeless
 space belong+ to ano!r "t-sy/em he w be
 at a diff]5t po9t at ea* succe$+ mom5t 
( t "t-sy/em4 ,9 o!r words he w be mov+4

 ,he w be mov+ 9 a /raight l9e ) uni=m  
velocity4 ,we might take ?is z !        
def9ition ( a /raight l9e4 ,namely1 a   
/raight l9e 9 ! space ( "t-sy/em  is !  
locus ( ^? po9ts (  :i* all int]sect "s 
"o po9t-track :i* is a po9t 9 ! space ( 
"s o!r "t-sy/em4 ,?us ea* po9t 9 ! space
 ( a "t-sy/em  is associat$ ) "o & only 
"o /raight l9e ( ! space ( any o!r      
"t-sy/em 4 ,fur!rmore ! set ( /raight   
l9es 9 space  :i* are ?us associat$ )   
po9ts 9 space  =m a complete family (   
p>allel /raight l9es 9 space 4 ,?us !re 
is a "o-to-"o correlation ( po9ts 9     
space  ) ! /raight l9es ( a c]ta9       
def9ite family ( p>allel /raight l9es 9 
space 4 ,conv]sely !re is an analog\s   
"o-to-"o correlation ( ! po9ts 9 space  
) ! /raight l9es ( a c]ta9 family (     
p>allel /raight l9es 9 space 4 ,^!      
families w be call$ respectively !      
family ( p>allels 9  associat$ ) 1 & !  
family ( p>allels 9  associat$ ) 4 ,!   
direction 9 ! space (  indicat$ by !    
family ( p>allels 9  w be call$ !       

direction (  9 space 1 & ! family (     
p>allels 9  is ! direction (  9 space 4 
,?us a be+ at re/ at a po9t ( space  w  
be mov+ uni=mly along a l9e 9 space  :i*
 is 9 ! direction (  9 space 1 & a be+  
at re/ at a po9t ( space  w be mov+     
uni=mly along a l9e 9 space  :i* is 9 ! 
direction (  9 space 4  ,i h be5 speak+ 
( ! timeless spaces :i* are associat$ ) 
"t-sy/ems4 ,^! are ! spaces ( physical  
sci5ce & ( any concept ( space z et]nal 
& un*ang+4 ,b :at we actually p]ceive is
 an approximation to ! in/antane\s space
 indicat$ by ev5t-p>ticles :i* lie )9 "s
 mom5t ( ! "t-sy/em associat$ ) our     
aw>5ess4 ,! po9ts ( su* an in/antane\s  
space are ev5t-p>ticles & ! /raight l9es
 are rects4 ,let ! "t-sy/em be nam$ 1 & 
let ! mom5t ( "t-sy/em  to :i* our quick
 p]ception ( nature approximates be     
call$ ,m4 ,any /raight l9e r 9 space  is
 a locus ( po9ts & ea* po9t is a        
po9t-track :i* is a locus (             
ev5t-p>ticles4 ,?us 9 ! f\r-dim5sional  
geometry ( all ev5t-p>ticles !re is a   

two-dim5sional locus :i* is ! locus (   
all ev5t-p>ticles on po9ts ly+ on !     
/raight l9e r4 ,i w call ?is locus (    
ev5t-p>ticles ! matrix ( ! /raight l9e  
r4 ,a matrix int]sects any mom5t 9 a    
rect4 ,?us ! matrix ( r int]sects !     
mom5t ,m 9 a rect 4 ,?us  is !          
in/antane\s rect 9 ,m :i* occupies at ! 
mom5t ,m ! /raight l9e r 9 ! space ( 4  
,accord+ly :5 "o sees in/antane\sly a   
mov+ be+ & its pa? ahead ( x1 :at "o    
really sees is ! be+ at "s ev5t-p>ticle 
,a ly+ 9 ! rect  :i* is ! app>5t pa? on 
! assumption ( uni=m motion4 ,b ! actual
 rect  :i* is a locus ( ev5t-p>ticles is
 nev] trav]s$ by ! be+4 ,^!             
ev5t-p>ticles are ! in/antane\s facts   
:i* pass ) ! in/antane\s mom5t4 ,:at is 
really trav]s$ are o!r ev5t-p>ticles :i*
 at succe$+ in/ants occupy ! same po9ts 
( space  z ^? occupi$ by ! ev5t-p>ticles
 ( ! rect 4 ,= example1 we see a /ret* (
 road & a lorry mov+ along x4 ,!        
in/antane\sly se5 road is a portion ( ! 
rect --( c\rse only an approximation to 

x4 ,! lorry is ! mov+ object4 ,b ! road 
z se5 is nev] trav]s$4 ,x is ?\ght ( z  
be+ trav]s$ because ! intr9sic *>act]s (
 ! lat] ev5ts are 9 g5]al s simil> to ^?
 ( ! in/antane\s road t we d n tr\ble to
 discrim9ate4 ,b suppose a l& m9e "u !  
road has be5 explod$ be=e ! lorry gets  
!re4 ,!n x is fairly obvi\s t ! lorry   
does n trav]se :at we saw at fir/4      
,suppose ! lorry is at re/ 9 space 4 ,!n
 ! /raight l9e r ( space  is 9 !        
direction (  9 space 1 & ! rect  is !   
repres5tative 9 ! mom5t ,m ( ! l9e r (  
space 4 ,! direction (  9 ! in/antane\s 
space ( ! mom5t ,m is ! direction (  9  
,m1 :]e ,m is a mom5t ( "t-sy/em 4 ,aga9
 ! matrix ( ! l9e r ( space  w also be !
 matrix ( "s l9e s ( space  :i* w be 9 !
 direction (  9 space 4 ,?us if ! lorry 
halts at "s po9t ,p ( space  :i* lies on
 ! l9e r1 x is n[ mov+ along ! l9e s (  
space 4 ,?is is ! !ory ( relative       
motion2 ! common matrix is ! bond :i*   
connects ! motion (  9 space  ) !       
motions (  9 space 4  ,motion is        

ess5tially a relation betwe5 "s object (
 nature & ! "o timeless space ( a       
"t-sy/em4 ,an in/antane\s space is      
/atic1 be+ relat$ to ! /atic nature at  
an in/ant4 ,9 p]ception :5 we see ?+s   
mov+ 9 an approximation to an           
in/antane\s space1 ! future l9es (      
motion z imm$iately p]ceiv$ are rects   
:i* are nev] trav]s$4 ,^! approximate   
rects are compos$ ( small ev5ts1 namely 
approximate r\tes & ev5t-p>ticles1 :i*  
are pass$ away be=e ! mov+ objects rea* 
!m4 ,assum+ t our =eca/s ( rectil9e>    
motion are correct1 ^! rects occupy !   
/raight l9es 9 timeless space :i* are   
trav]s$4 ,?us ! rects are symbols 9     
imm$iate s5se-aw>5ess ( a future :i* c  
only be express$ 9 t]ms ( timeless      
space4  ,we are n[ 9 a position to      
explore ! fundam5tal "* ( p]p5dicul>ity4
 ,consid] ! two "t-sy/ems  & 1 ea* ) its
 own timeless space & its own family (  
in/antane\s mom5ts ) _! in/antane\s     
spaces4 ,let ,m & ,n be respectively a  
mom5t (  & a mom5t ( 4 ,9 ,m !re is !   

direction (  & 9 ,n !re is ! direction (
 4 ,b ,m & ,n1 be+ mom5ts ( diff]5t     
"t-sy/ems1 int]sect 9 a level4 ,call ?is
 level 4 ,!n  is an in/antane\s plane 9 
! in/antane\s space ( ,m & also 9 !     
in/antane\s space ( ,n4 ,x is ! locus ( 
all ! ev5t-p>ticles :i* lie bo? 9 ,m & 9
 ,n4  ,9 ! in/antane\s space ( ,m !     
level  is p]p5dicul> to ! direction (  9
 ,m1 & 9 ! in/antane\s space ( ,n !     
level  is p]p5dicul> to ! direction (  9
 ,n4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal prop]ty :i*   
=ms ! def9ition ( p]p5dicul>ity4 ,!     
symmetry ( p]p5dicul>ity is a p>ticul>  
in/ance ( ! symmetry ( ! mutual         
relations betwe5 two "t-sy/ems4 ,we %all
 f9d 9 ! next lecture t x is f ?is      
symmetry t ! !ory ( congru5ce is d$uc$4 
,! !ory ( p]p5dicul>ity 9 ! timeless    
space ( any "t-sy/em  foll[s imm$iately 
f ?is !ory ( p]p5dicul>ity 9 ea* ( its  
in/antane\s spaces4 ,let  be any rect 9 
! mom5t ,m (  & let  be a level 9 ,m :i*
 is p]p5dicul> to 4 ,! locus ( ^? po9ts 
( ! space (  :i* int]sect ,m 9          

ev5t-p>ticles on  is ! /raight l9e r (  
space 1 & ! locus ( ^? po9ts ( ! space (
  :i* int]sect ,m 9 ev5t-p>ticles on  is
 ! plane l ( space 4 ,!n ! plane l is   
p]p5dicul> to ! l9e r4  ,9 ?is way we h 
po9t$ out unique & def9ite prop]ties 9  
nature :i* correspond to p]p5dicul>ity4 
,we %all f9d t ?is discov]y ( def9ite   
unique prop]ties def9+ p]p5dicul>ity is 
( critical importance 9 ! !ory (        
congru5ce :i* is ! topic = ! next       
lecture4  ,i regret t x has be5 necess>y
 = me 9 ?is lecture to adm9i/] su* a    
l>ge dose ( f\r-dim5sional geometry4 ,i 
d n apologise1 because ,i am really n   
responsible = ! fact t nature 9 its mo/ 
fundam5tal aspect is f\r-dim5sional4    
,?+s are :at !y are2 & x is useless to  
disguise ! fact t ':at ?+s are' is (t5 v
 difficult = our intellects to foll[4 ,x
 is a m]e evasion ( ! ultimate problems 
to %irk su* ob/acles4     ,,*apt] ,,vi  
,,congru5ce   ,! aim ( ?is lecture is to
 e/abli% a !ory ( congru5ce4 ,y mu/     
und]/& at once t congru5ce is a         

controv]sial "q4 ,x is ! !ory (         
measurem5t 9 space & 9 "t4 ,! "q seems  
simple4 ,9 fact x is simple en\gh = a   
/&>d proc$ure to h be5 settl$ by act (  
p>liam5t2 & devotion to metaphysical    
subtleties is almo/ ! only crime :i* has
 nev] be5 imput$ to any ,engli%         
p>liam5t4 ,b ! proc$ure is "o ?+ & its  
mean+ is ano!r4  ,fir/ let u fix        
att5tion on ! purely ma!matical "q4 ,:5 
! segm5t betwe5 two po9ts ,a & ,b is    
congru5t to t betwe5 ! two po9ts ,c &   
,d1 ! quantitative measurem5ts ( ! two  
segm5ts are equal4 ,! equality ( !      
num]ical measures & ! congru5ce ( ! two 
segm5ts are n always cle>ly discrim9at$1
 & are lump$ toge!r "u ! t]m equality4  
,b ! proc$ure ( measurem5t presupposes  
congru5ce4 ,= example1 a y>d measure is 
appli$ successively to measure two      
di/ances betwe5 two pairs ( po9ts on !  
floor ( a room4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( !    
proc$ure ( measurem5t t ! y>d measure   
rema9s unalt]$ z x is transf]r$ f "o    
position to ano!r4 ,"s objects c        

palpably alt] z !y move--= example1 an  
ela/ic ?read2 b a y>d measure does n    
alt] if made ( ! prop] mat]ial4 ,:at is 
?is b a judgm5t ( congru5ce appli$ to ! 
tra9 ( successive positions ( ! y>d     
measure8 ,we "k t x does n alt] because 
we judge x to be congru5t to itself 9   
v>i\s positions4 ,9 ! case ( ! ?read we 
c obs]ve ! loss ( self-congru5ce4 ,?us  
imm$iate judgm5ts ( congru5ce are       
presuppos$ 9 measurem5t1 & ! process (  
measurem5t is m]ely a proc$ure to ext5d 
! recognition ( congru5ce to cases :]e  
^! imm$iate judgm5ts are n available4   
,?us we _c def9e congru5ce by           
measurem5t4  ,9 mod]n expositions ( !   
axioms ( geometry c]ta9 conditions are  
laid d[n :i* ! relation ( congru5ce     
betwe5 segm5ts is to satisfy4 ,x is     
suppos$ t we h a complete !ory ( po9ts1 
/raight l9es1 planes1 & ! ord] ( po9ts  
on planes--9 fact1 a complete !ory (    
non-metrical geometry4 ,we !n enquire   
ab\t congru5ce & lay d[n ! set (        
conditions--or axioms z !y are          

call$--:i* ?is relation satisfies4 ,x   
has !n be5 prov$ t !re are alt]native   
relations :i* satisfy ^! conditions     
equally well & t !re is no?+ intr9sic 9 
! !ory ( space to lead u to adopt any "o
 ( ^! relations 9 pref]5ce to any o!r z 
! relation ( congru5ce :i* we adopt4 ,9 
o!r words !re are alt]native metrical   
geometries :i* all exi/ by an equal "r s
 f> z ! intr9sic !ory ( space is        
conc]n$4  ,po9c>1 ! great ,fr5*         
ma!matician1 held t our actual *oice    
among ^! geometries is guid$ purely by  
conv5tion1 & t ! effect ( a *ange (     
*oice w\ld be simply to alt] our        
expression ( ! physical laws ( nature4  
,by 'conv5tion' ,i und]/& ,po9c> to mean
 t !re is no?+ inh]5t 9 nature itself   
giv+ any peculi> rle to "o ( ^!         
congru5ce relations1 & t ! *oice ( "o   
p>ticul> relation is guid$ by !         
volitions ( ! m9d at ! o!r end ( !      
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,! pr9ciple ( guidance is 
intellectual conv5i5ce & n natural fact4
  ,?is position has be5 misund]/ood by  

_m ( ,po9c>'s expositors4 ,!y h muddl$ x
 up ) ano!r "q1 namely t ow+ to !       
inexactitude ( obs]vation x is          
impossible to make an exact /atem5t 9 ! 
comp>ison ( measures4 ,x foll[s t a     
c]ta9 subset ( closely alli$ congru5ce  
relations c be assign$ ( :i* ea* memb]  
equally well agrees ) t /atem5t ( obs]v$
 congru5ce :5 ! /atem5t is prop]ly      
qualifi$ ) its limits ( error4  ,?is is 
an entirely diff]5t "q & x presupposes a
 rejection ( ,po9c>'s position4 ,!      
absolute indet]m9ation ( nature 9       
respect ( all ! relations ( congru5ce is
 replac$ by ! indet]m9ation ( obs]vation
 ) respect to a small subgr\p ( ^!      
relations4  ,po9c>'s position is a /rong
 "o4 ,he 9 effect *all5ges anyone to    
po9t out any factor 9 nature :i* gives a
 preem95t /atus to ! congru5ce relation 
:i* mank9d has actually adopt$4 ,b      
und5iably ! position is v p>adoxical4   
,b]tr& ,russell _h a controv]sy ) him on
 ?is "q1 & po9t$ out t on ,po9c>'s      
pr9ciples !re 0 no?+ 9 nature to det]m9e

 :e!r ! e>? is l>g] or small] ?an "s    
assign$ billi>d ball4 ,po9c> repli$ t ! 
attempt to f9d reasons 9 nature = !     
selection ( a def9ite congru5ce relation
 9 space is l try+ to det]m9e ! position
 ( a %ip 9 ! ocean by c\nt+ ! crew &    
obs]v+ ! col\r ( ! capta9's eyes4  ,9 my
 op9ion bo? disputants 7 "r1 assum+ !   
gr\nds on :i* ! discussion 0 bas$4      
,russell 9 effect po9t$ out t ap>t f    
m9or inexactitudes a det]m9ate congru5ce
 relation is among ! factors 9 nature   
:i* our s5se-aw>5ess posits = u4 ,po9c> 
asks = in=mation z to ! factor 9 nature 
:i* might lead any p>ticul> congru5ce   
relation to play a preem95t rle among ! 
factors posit$ 9 s5se-aw>5ess4 ,i _c see
 ! answ] to ei!r ( ^! cont5tions provid$
 t y admit ! mat]iali/ic !ory ( nature4 
,) ?is !ory nature at an in/ant 9 space 
is an indep5d5t fact4 ,?us we h to look 
= our preem95t congru5ce relation amid  
nature 9 in/antane\s space2 & ,po9c> is 
und\bt$ly "r 9 say+ t nature on ?is     
hypo!sis gives u no help 9 f9d+ x4  ,on 

! o!r h& ,russell is 9 an equally /rong 
position :5 he ass]ts t1 z a fact (     
obs]vation1 we d f9d x1 & :at is m agree
 9 f9d+ ! same congru5ce relation4 ,on  
?is basis x is "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y   
facts ( human exp]i5ce t all mank9d )\t 
any assignable reason %\ld agree 9 fix+ 
att5tion on j "o congru5ce relation amid
 ! indef9ite numb] ( indi/+ui%able      
competitors = notice4 ,"o w\ld h expect$
 disagreem5t on ?is fundam5tal *oice to 
h divid$ nations & to h r5t families4 ,b
 ! difficulty 0 n ev5 discov]$ till !   
close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury by a few       
ma!matical philosoph]s & philosophic    
ma!maticians4 ,! case is n l t ( our    
agreem5t on "s fundam5tal fact ( nature 
su* z ! ?ree dim5sions ( space4 ,if     
space has only ?ree dim5sions we %\ld   
expect all mank9d to be aw>e ( ! fact1 z
 !y are aw>e ( x4 ,b 9 ! case (         
congru5ce1 mank9d agree 9 an arbitr>y   
int]pretation ( s5se-aw>5ess :5 !re is  
no?+ 9 nature to guide x4  ,i look on x 
z no slight recomm5dation ( ! !ory (    

nature :i* ,i am exp\nd+ to y t x gives 
a solution ( ?is difficulty by po9t+ out
 ! factor 9 nature :i* issues 9 !       
preem95ce ( "o congru5ce relation ov] ! 
indef9ite h]d ( o!r su* relations4  ,!  
reason = ?is result is t nature is no   
long] conf9$ )9 space at an in/ant4     
,space & "t are n[ int]connect$2 & ?is  
peculi> factor ( "t :i* is s imm$iately 
di/+ui%$ among ! deliv]ances ( our      
s5se-aw>5ess1 relates itself to "o      
p>ticul> congru5ce relation 9 space4    
,congru5ce is a p>ticul> example ( !    
fundam5tal fact ( recognition4 ,9       
p]ception we recognise4 ,?is recognition
 does n m]ely conc]n ! comp>ison ( a    
factor ( nature posit$ by memory ) a    
factor posit$ by imm$iate s5se-aw>5ess4 
,recognition takes place )9 ! pres5t )\t
 any int]v5tion ( pure memory4 ,= !     
pres5t fact is a duration ) its antec$5t
 & consequ5t durations :i* are p>ts (   
itself4 ,! discrim9ation 9 s5se-aw>5ess 
( a f9ite ev5t ) its quality ( passage  
is also accompani$ by ! discrim9ation ( 

o!r factors ( nature :i* d n %>e 9 !    
passage ( ev5ts4 ,:atev] passes is an   
ev5t4 ,b we f9d entities 9 nature :i* d 
n pass2 namely we recognise sam5esses 9 
nature4 ,recognition is n prim>ily an   
intellectual act ( comp>ison2 x is 9 its
 ess5ce m]ely s5se-aw>5ess 9 its        
capacity ( posit+ be=e u factors 9      
nature :i* d n pass4 ,= example1 gre5 is
 p]ceiv$ z situat$ 9 a c]ta9 f9ite ev5t 
)9 ! pres5t duration4 ,?is gre5 pres]ves
 its self-id5tity ?r\gh\t1 :]eas ! ev5t 
passes & !reby obta9s ! prop]ty ( break+
 into p>ts4 ,! gre5 pat* has p>ts4 ,b 9 
talk+ ( ! gre5 pat* we are speak+ ( !   
ev5t 9 its sole capacity ( be+ = u !    
situation ( gre54 ,! gre5 itself is     
num]ically "o self-id5tical entity1 )\t 
p>ts because x is )\t passage4  ,factors
 9 nature :i* are )\t passage w be call$
 objects4 ,!re are radically diff]5t    
k9ds ( objects :i* w be consid]$ 9 !    
succe$+ lecture4  ,recognition is       
reflect$ into ! intellect z comp>ison4  
,! recognis$ objects ( "o ev5t are      

comp>$ ) ! recognis$ objects ( ano!r    
ev5t4 ,! comp>ison may be betwe5 two    
ev5ts 9 ! pres5t1 or x may be betwe5 two
 ev5ts ( :i* "o is posit$ by            
memory-aw>5ess & ! o!r by imm$iate      
s5se-aw>5ess4 ,b x is n ! ev5ts :i* are 
comp>$4 ,= ea* ev5t is ess5tially unique
 & incomp>able4 ,:at are comp>$ are !   
objects & relations ( objects situat$ 9 
ev5ts4 ,! ev5t consid]$ z a relation    
betwe5 objects has lo/ its passage & 9  
?is aspect is itself an object4 ,?is    
object is n ! ev5t b only an            
intellectual ab/raction4 ,! same object 
c be situat$ 9 _m ev5ts2 & 9 ?is s5se   
ev5 ! :ole ev5t1 view$ z an object1 c   
recur1 ?\gh n ! v ev5t itself ) its     
passage & its relations to o!r ev5ts4   
,objects :i* are n posit$ by            
s5se-aw>5ess may be kn[n to ! intellect4
 ,= example1 relations betwe5 objects & 
relations betwe5 relations may be       
factors 9 nature n disclos$ 9           
s5se-aw>5ess b kn[n by logical inf]5ce z
 necess>ily 9 be+4 ,?us objects = our k 

may be m]ely logical ab/ractions4 ,=    
example1 a complete ev5t is nev]        
disclos$ 9 s5se-aw>5ess1 & ?us ! object 
:i* is ! sum total ( objects situat$ 9  
an ev5t z ?us int]-relat$ is a m]e      
ab/ract concept4 ,aga9 a "r-angle is a  
p]ceiv$ object :i* c be situat$ 9 _m    
ev5ts2 b1 ?\gh rectangul>ity is posit$  
by s5se-aw>5ess1 ! majority (           
geometrical relations are n s posit$4   
,also rectangul>ity is 9 fact (t5 n     
p]ceiv$ :5 x c be prov$ to h be5 !re =  
p]ception4 ,?us an object is (t5 kn[n   
m]ely z an ab/ract relation n directly  
posit$ 9 s5se-aw>5ess al?\gh x is !re 9 
nature4  ,! id5tity ( quality betwe5    
congru5t segm5ts is g5]ally ( ?is "*4 ,9
 c]ta9 special cases ?is id5tity (      
quality c be directly p]ceiv$4 ,b 9     
g5]al x is inf]r$ by a process (        
measurem5t dep5d+ on our direct         
s5se-aw>5ess ( select$ cases & a logical
 inf]5ce f ! transitive "* ( congru5ce4 
,congru5ce dep5ds on motion1 & !reby is 
g5]at$ ! connexion betwe5 spatial       

congru5ce & temporal congru5ce4 ,motion 
along a /raight l9e has a symmetry r\nd 
t l9e4 ,?is symmetry is express$ by !   
symmetrical geometrical relations ( !   
l9e to ! family ( planes normal to x4   
,also ano!r symmetry 9 ! !ory ( motion  
arises f ! fact t re/ 9 ! po9ts (       
corresponds to uni=m motion along a     
def9ite family ( p>allel /raight l9es 9 
! space ( 4 ,we mu/ note ! ?ree         
*>act]i/ics1 7i7 ( ! uni=mity ( ! motion
 correspond+ to any po9t (  along its   
correlat$ /raight l9e 9 1 & 7ii7 ( !    
equality 9 magnitude ( ! velocities     
along ! v>i\s l9es (  correlat$ to re/ 9
 ! v>i\s po9ts ( 1 & 7iii7 ( !          
p>allelism ( ! l9es ( ?is family4  ,we  
are n[ 9 possession ( a !ory ( p>allels 
& a !ory ( p]p5dicul>s & a !ory (       
motion1 & f ^! !ories ! !ory ( congru5ce
 c be con/ruct$4 ,x w be rememb]$ t a   
family ( p>allel levels 9 any mom5t is !
 family ( levels 9 :i* t mom5t is       
int]sect$ by ! family ( mom5ts ( "s o!r 
"t-sy/em4 ,also a family ( p>allel      

mom5ts is ! family ( mom5ts ( "s "o     
"t-sy/em4 ,?us we c enl>ge our concept (
 a family ( p>allel levels s z to       
include levels 9 diff]5t mom5ts ( "o    
"t-sy/em4 ,) ?is enl>g$ concept we say t
 a complete family ( p>allel levels 9 a 
"t-sy/em  is ! complete family ( levels 
9 :i* ! mom5ts (  int]sect ! mom5ts ( 4 
,?is complete family ( p>allel levels is
 also evid5tly a family ly+ 9 ! mom5ts (
 ! "t-sy/em 4 ,by introduc+ a ?ird      
"t-sy/em 1 p>allel rects are obta9$4    
,also all ! po9ts ( any "o "t-sy/em =m a
 family ( p>allel po9t-tracks4 ,?us !re 
are ?ree types ( p>allelograms 9 !      
f\r-dim5sional manifold ( ev5t-p>ticles4
  ,9 p>allelograms ( ! fir/ type ! two  
pairs ( p>allel sides are bo? ( !m pairs
 ( rects4 ,9 p>allelograms ( ! second   
type "o pair ( p>allel sides is a pair (
 rects & ! o!r pair is a pair (         
po9t-tracks4 ,9 p>allelograms ( ! ?ird  
type ! two pairs ( p>allel sides are bo?
 ( !m pairs ( po9t-tracks4  ,! fir/     
axiom ( congru5ce is t ! opposite sides 

( any p>allelogram are congru5t4 ,?is   
axiom enables u to comp>e ! l5g?s ( any 
two segm5ts ei!r respectively on p>allel
 rects or on ! same rect4 ,also x       
enables u to comp>e ! l5g?s ( any two   
segm5ts ei!r respectively on p>allel    
po9t-tracks or on ! same po9t-track4 ,x 
foll[s f ?is axiom t two objects at re/ 
9 any two po9ts ( a "t-sy/em  are mov+ )
 equal velocities 9 any o!r "t-sy/em    
along p>allel l9es4 ,?us we c speak ( ! 
velocity 9  due to ! "t-sy/em  )\t      
specify+ any p>ticul> po9t 9 4 ,! axiom 
also enables u to measure "t 9 any      
"t-sy/em2 b does n enable u to comp>e   
times 9 diff]5t "t-sy/ems4  ,! second   
axiom ( congru5ce conc]ns p>allelograms 
on congru5t bases & betwe5 ! same       
p>allels1 :i* h also _! o!r pairs (     
sides p>allel4 ,! axiom ass]ts t ! rect 
jo9+ ! two ev5t-p>ticles ( int]section (
 ! diagonals is p>allel to ! rect on :i*
 ! bases lie4 ,by ! aid ( ?is axiom x   
easily foll[s t ! diagonals ( a         
p>allelogram bisect ea* o!r4  ,congru5ce

 is ext5d$ 9 any space beyond p>allel   
rects to all rects by two axioms dep5d+ 
on p]p5dicul>ity4 ,! fir/ ( ^! axioms1  
:i* is ! ?ird axiom ( congru5ce1 is t if
 ,,abc is a triangle ( rects 9 any mom5t
 & ,d is ! middle ev5t-p>ticle ( ! base 
,,bc1 !n ! level ?r\gh ,d p]p5dicul> to 
,,bc conta9s ,a :5 & only :5 ,,ab is    
congru5t to ,,ac4 ,?is axiom evid5tly   
expresses ! symmetry ( p]p5dicul>ity1 & 
is ! ess5ce ( ! fam\s pons as9orum      
express$ z an axiom4  ,! second axiom   
dep5d+ on p]p5dicul>ity1 & ! f\r? axiom 
( congru5ce1 is t if r & ,a be a rect & 
an ev5t-p>ticle 9 ! same mom5t & ,,ab & 
,,ac be a pair ( rectangul> rects       
int]sect+ r 9 ,b & ,c1 & ,,ad & ,,ae be 
ano!r pair ( rectangul> rects int]sect+ 
r 9 ,d & ,e1 !n ei!r ,d or ,e lies 9 !  
segm5t ,,bc & ! o!r "o ( ! two does n   
lie 9 ?is segm5t4 ,also z a p>ticul>    
case ( ?is axiom1 if ,,ab be p]p5dicul> 
to r & 9 consequ5ce ,,ac be p>allel to  
r1 !n ,d & ,e lie on opposite sides ( ,b
 respectively4 ,by ! aid ( ^! two axioms

 ! !ory ( congru5ce c be ext5d$ s z to  
comp>e l5g?s ( segm5ts on any two rects4
 ,accord+ly ,euclidean metrical geometry
 9 space is completely e/abli%$ & l5g?s 
9 ! spaces ( diff]5t "t-sy/ems are      
comp>able z ! result ( def9ite prop]ties
 ( nature :i* indicate j t p>ticul>     
me?od ( comp>ison4  ,! comp>ison (      
"t-measurem5ts 9 div]se "t-sy/ems       
requires two o!r axioms4 ,! fir/ ( ^!   
axioms1 =m+ ! fif? axiom ( congru5ce1 w 
be call$ ! axiom ( 'k9etic symmetry4' ,x
 expresses ! symmetry ( ! quantitative  
relations betwe5 two "t-sy/ems :5 !     
times & l5g?s 9 ! two sy/ems are measur$
 9 congru5t units4  ,! axiom c be       
expla9$ z foll[s3 ,let  &  be ! names ( 
two "t-sy/ems4 ,! directions ( motion 9 
! space (  due to re/ 9 a po9t (  is    
call$ ! '-direction 9 ' & ! direction ( 
motion 9 ! space (  due to re/ 9 a po9t 
(  is call$ ! '-direction 9 4' ,consid] 
a motion 9 ! space (  consi/+ ( a c]ta9 
velocity 9 ! -direction (  & a c]ta9    
velocity at "r-angles to x4 ,?is motion 

repres5ts re/ 9 ! space ( ano!r         
"t-sy/em--call x 4 ,re/ 9  w also be    
repres5t$ 9 ! space (  by a c]ta9       
velocity 9 ! -direction 9  & a c]ta9    
velocity at "r-angles to ?is -direction4
 ,?us a c]ta9 motion 9 ! space (  is    
correlat$ to a c]ta9 motion 9 ! space ( 
1 z bo? repres5t+ ! same fact :i* c also
 be repres5t$ by re/ 9 4 ,n[ ano!r      
"t-sy/em1 :i* ,i w "n 1 c be f\nd :i* is
 su* t re/ 9 its space is repres5t$ by !
 same magnitudes ( velocities along &   
p]p5dicul> to ! -direction 9  z ^?      
velocities 9 1 along & p]p5dicul> to !  
-direction1 :i* repres5t re/ 9 4 ,!     
requir$ axiom ( k9etic symmetry is t re/
 9  w be repres5t$ 9  by ! same         
velocities along & p]p5dicul> to !      
-direction 9  z ^? velocities 9  along &
 p]p5dicul> to ! -direction :i* repres5t
 re/ 9 4  ,a p>ticul> case ( ?is axiom  
is t relative velocities are equal &    
opposite4 ,namely re/ 9  is repres5t$ 9 
by a velocity along ! -direction :i* is 
equal to ! velocity along ! -direction 9

  :i* repres5ts re/ 9 4  ,f9ally ! six? 
axiom ( congru5ce is t ! relation (     
congru5ce is transitive4 ,s f> z ?is    
axiom applies to space1 x is sup]flu\s4 
,= ! prop]ty foll[s f our previ\s       
axioms4 ,x is h[ev] necess>y = "t z a   
supplem5t to ! axiom ( k9etic symmetry4 
,! mean+ ( ! axiom is t if ! "t-unit (  
sy/em  is congru5t to ! "t-unit ( sy/em 
1 & ! "t-unit ( sy/em  is congru5t to ! 
"t-unit ( sy/em 1 !n ! "t-units (  &    
are also congru5t4  ,by means ( ^!      
axioms =mulae = ! trans=mation (        
measurem5ts made 9 "o "t-sy/em to       
measurem5ts ( ! same facts ( nature made
 9 ano!r "t-sy/em c be d$uc$4 ,^! =mulae
 w be f\nd to involve "o arbitr>y       
con/ant :i* ,i w call k4  ,x is ( !     
dim5sions ( ! squ>e ( a velocity4       
,accord+ly f\r cases arise4 ,9 ! fir/   
case k is z]o4 ,?is case produces       
nons5sical results 9 opposition to !    
elem5t>y deliv]ances ( exp]i5ce4 ,we put
 ?is case aside4  ,9 ! second case k is 
inf9ite4 ,?is case yields ! ord9>y      

=mulae = trans=mation 9 relative motion1
 namely ^? =mulae :i* are to be f\nd 9 e
 elem5t>y book on dynamics4  ,9 ! ?ird  
case1 k is negative4 ,let u call x -c1  
:]e c w be ( ! dim5sions ( a velocity4  
,?is case yields ! =mulae ( trans=mation
 :i* ,l>mor discov]$ = ! trans=mation ( 
,maxwell's equations ( ! electromagnetic
 field4 ,^! =mulae 7 ext5d$ by ,h4 ,a4  
,lor5tz1 & us$ by ,e9/e9 & ,m9k[ski z ! 
basis ( _! novel !ory ( relativity4 ,i  
am n n[ speak+ ( ,e9/e9's m rec5t !ory (
 g5]al relativity by :i* he d$uces 8    
modification ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,if 
?is be ! case :i* applies to nature1 !n 
c mu/ be a close approximation to !     
velocity ( light 9 vacuo4 ,p]haps x is  
?is actual velocity4 ,9 ?is connexion '9
 vacuo' mu/ n mean an abs5ce ( ev5ts1   
namely ! abs5ce ( ! all-p]vad+ e!r (    
ev5ts4 ,x mu/ mean ! abs5ce ( c]ta9     
types ( objects4  ,9 ! f\r? case1 k is  
positive4 ,let u call x h1 :]e h w be ( 
! dim5sions ( a velocity4 ,?is gives a  
p]fectly possible type ( trans=mation   

=mulae1 b n "o :i* expla9s any facts (  
exp]i5ce4 ,x has also ano!r             
disadvantage4 ,) ! assumption ( ?is f\r?
 case ! di/9ction betwe5 space & "t     
becomes unduly blurr$4 ,! :ole object ( 
^! lectures has be5 to en=ce ! doctr9e t
 space & "t spr+ f a common root1 & t ! 
ultimate fact ( exp]i5ce is a space-"t  
fact4 ,b aft] all mank9d does di/+ui% v 
%>ply betwe5 space & "t1 & x is ow+ to  
?is %>pness ( di/9ction t ! doctr9e ( ^!
 lectures is some:at ( a p>adox4 ,n[ 9 !
 ?ird assumption ?is %>pness ( di/9ction
 is adequately pres]v$4 ,!re is a       
fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! metrical  
prop]ties ( po9t-tracks & rects4 ,b 9 ! 
f\r? assumption ?is fundam5tal di/9ction
 vani%es4  ,nei!r ! ?ird nor ! f\r?     
assumption c agree ) exp]i5ce unless we 
assume t ! velocity c ( ! ?ird          
assumption1 & ! velocity h ( ! f\r?     
assumption1 are extremely l>ge comp>$ to
 ! velocities ( ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,if ?is
 be ! case ! =mulae ( bo? assumptions w 
obvi\sly r$uce to a close approximation 

to ! =mulae ( ! second assumption :i*   
are ! ord9>y =mulae ( dynamical         
textbooks4 ,= ! sake ( a "n1 ,i w call  
^! textbook =mulae ! 'or?odox' =mulae4  
,!re c be no "q z to ! g5]al approximate
 correctness ( ! or?odox =mulae4 ,x w\ld
 be m]ely silly to raise d\bts on ?is   
po9t4 ,b ! det]m9ation ( ! /atus ( ^!   
=mulae is by no means settl$ by ?is     
admission4 ,! indep5d5ce ( "t & space is
 an unque/ion$ presupposition ( !       
or?odox ?\ght :i* has produc$ ! or?odox 
=mulae4 ,) ?is presupposition & giv5 !  
absolute po9ts ( "o absolute space1 !   
or?odox =mulae are imm$iate d$uctions4  
,accord+ly1 ^! =mulae are pres5t$ to our
 imag9ations z facts :i* _c be o!rwise1 
"t & space be+ :at !y are4 ,! or?odox   
=mulae h !re=e atta9$ to ! /atus (      
necessities :i* _c be que/ion$ 9 sci5ce4
 ,any attempt to replace ^! =mulae by   
o!rs 0 to ab&on ! rle ( physical        
explanation & to h rec\rse to m]e       
ma!matical =mulae4  ,b ev5 9 physical   
sci5ce difficulties h accumulat$ r\nd ! 

or?odox =mulae4 ,9 ! fir/ place         
,maxwell's equations ( ! electromagnetic
 field are n inv>iant = ! trans=mations 
( ! or?odox =mulae2 :]eas !y are        
inv>iant = ! trans=mations ( ! =mulae   
aris+ f ! ?ird ( ! f\r cases m5tion$    
above1 provid$ t ! velocity c is        
id5tifi$ ) a fam\s electromagnetic      
con/ant quantity4  ,aga9 ! null results 
( ! delicate exp]im5ts to detect ! e>?'s
 v>iations ( motion ?r\gh ! e!r 9 its   
orbital pa? are expla9$ imm$iately by ! 
=mulae ( ! ?ird case4 ,b if we assume ! 
or?odox =mulae we h to make a special & 
arbitr>y assumption z to ! contraction (
 matt] dur+ motion4 ,i mean !           
,fitzg]ald-,lor5tz assumption4  ,la/ly  
,fresnel's coeffici5t ( drag :i*        
repres5ts ! v>iation ( ! velocity (     
light 9 a mov+ m$ium is expla9$ by !    
=mulae ( ! ?ird case1 & requires ano!r  
arbitr>y assumption if we use ! or?odox 
=mulae4  ,x appe>s !re=e t on ! m]e     
basis ( physical explanation !re are    
advantages 9 ! =mulae ( ! ?ird case z   

comp>$ ) ! or?odox =mulae4 ,b ! way is  
block$ by ! +ra9$ belief t ^! latt]     
=mulae possess a "* ( necessity4 ,x is  
!re=e an urg5t requisite = physical     
sci5ce & = philosophy to exam9e         
critically ! gr\nds = ?is suppos$       
necessity4 ,! only satisfactory me?od ( 
scrut9y is to recur to ! fir/ pr9ciples 
( our k ( nature4 ,?is is exactly :at ,i
 am endeav\r+ to d 9 ^! lectures4 ,i ask
 :at x is t we are aw>e ( 9 our         
s5se-p]ception ( nature4 ,i !n proce$ to
 exam9e ^? factors 9 nature :i* lead u  
to conceive nature z occupy+ space &    
p]si/+ ?r\gh "t4 ,?is proc$ure has l$ u 
to an inve/igation ( ! *>act]s ( space &
 "t4 ,x results f ^! inve/igations t !  
=mulae ( ! ?ird case & ! or?odox =mulae 
are on a level z possible =mulae result+
 f ! basic "* ( our k ( nature4 ,!      
or?odox =mulae h ?us lo/ any advantage z
 to necessity :i* !y enjoy$ ov] ! s]ial 
gr\p4 ,! way is ?us op5 to adopt :i*ev] 
( ! two gr\ps be/ accords ) obs]vation4 
,i take ?is opportunity ( paus+ = a     

mom5t f ! c\rse ( my argum5t1 & (       
reflect+ on ! g5]al "* :i* my doctr9e   
ascribes to "s famili> concepts (       
sci5ce4 ,i h no d\bt t "s ( y h felt t 9
 c]ta9 aspects ?is "* is v p>adoxical4  
,?is ve9 ( p>adox is p>tly due to ! fact
 t educat$ language has be5 made to     
con=m to ! preval5t or?odox !ory4 ,we   
are ?us1 9 exp\nd+ an alt]native        
doctr9e1 driv5 to ! use ( ei!r /range   
t]ms or ( famili> words ) unusual       
mean+s4 ,?is victory ( ! or?odox !ory   
ov] language is v natural4 ,ev5ts are   
nam$ aft] ! prom95t objects situat$ 9   
!m1 & ?us bo? 9 language & 9 ?\ght !    
ev5t s9ks beh9d ! object1 & becomes !   
m]e play ( its relations4 ,! !ory (     
space is !n conv]t$ into a !ory ( !     
relations ( objects in/ead ( a !ory ( ! 
relations ( ev5ts4 ,b objects h n !     
passage ( ev5ts4 ,accord+ly space z a   
relation betwe5 objects is devoid ( any 
connexion ) "t4 ,x is space at an in/ant
 )\t any det]m9ate relations betwe5 !   
spaces at successive in/ants4 ,x _c be  

"o timeless space because ! relations   
betwe5 objects *ange4  ,a few m9utes ago
 9 speak+ ( ! d$uction ( ! or?odox      
=mulae = relative motion ,i said t !y   
foll[$ z an imm$iate d$uction f !       
assumption ( absolute po9ts 9 absolute  
space4 ,?is ref]5ce to absolute space 0 
n an ov]sight4 ,i "k t ! doctr9e ( !    
relativity ( space at pres5t holds !    
field bo? 9 sci5ce & philosophy4 ,b ,i d
 n ?9k t its inevitable consequ5ces are 
und]/ood4 ,:5 we really face !m ! p>adox
 ( ! pres5tation ( ! "* ( space :i* ,i h
 elaborat$ is greatly mitigat$4 ,if !re 
is no absolute position1 a po9t mu/     
cease to be a simple entity4 ,:at is a  
po9t to "o man 9 a balloon ) 8 eyes fix$
 on an in/rum5t is a track ( po9ts to an
 obs]v] on ! e>? :o is wat*+ ! balloon  
?r\gh a telescope1 & is ano!r track (   
po9ts to an obs]v] 9 ! sun :o is wat*+ !
 balloon ?r\gh "s in/rum5t suit$ to su* 
a be+4 ,accord+ly if ,i am reproa*$ ) ! 
p>adox ( my !ory ( po9ts z classes (    
ev5t-p>ticles1 & ( my !ory (            

ev5t-p>ticles z gr\ps ( ab/ractive sets1
 ,i ask my critic to expla9 exactly :at 
he means by a po9t4 ,:ile y expla9 y\r  
mean+ ab\t any?+1 h[ev] simple1 x is    
always apt to look subtle & f9e spun4 ,i
 h at lea/ expla9$ exactly :at ,i d mean
 by a po9t1 :at relations x involves &  
:at entities are ! relata4 ,if y admit !
 relativity ( space1 y also mu/ admit t 
po9ts are complex entities1 logical     
con/ructs involv+ o!r entities & _!     
relations4 ,produce y\r !ory1 n 9 a few 
vague phrases ( indef9ite mean+1 b      
expla9 x /ep by /ep 9 def9ite t]ms      
ref]r+ to assign$ relations & assign$   
relata4 ,also %[ t y\r !ory ( po9ts     
issues 9 a !ory ( space4 ,fur!rmore note
 t ! example ( ! man 9 ! balloon1 !     
obs]v] on e>?1 & ! obs]v] 9 ! sun1 %[s t
 e assumption ( relative re/ requires a 
timeless space ) radically diff]5t po9ts
 f ^? :i* issue f e o!r su* assumption4 
,! !ory ( ! relativity ( space is       
inconsi/5t ) any doctr9e ( "o unique set
 ( po9ts ( "o timeless space4  ,! fact  

is t !re is no p>adox 9 my doctr9e ( !  
nature ( space :i* is n 9 ess5ce inh]5t 
9 ! !ory ( ! relativity ( space4 ,b ?is 
doctr9e has nev] really be5 accept$ 9   
sci5ce1 :atev] p say4 ,:at appe>s 9 our 
dynamical treatises is ,newton's doctr9e
 ( relative motion bas$ on ! doctr9e (  
diff]5tial motion 9 absolute space4 ,:5 
y once admit t ! po9ts are radically    
diff]5t entities = diff]+ assumptions ( 
re/1 !n ! or?odox =mulae lose all _!    
obvi\sness4 ,!y 7 only obvi\s because y 
7 really ?9k+ ( some?+ else4 ,:5        
discuss+ ?is topic y c only avoid p>adox
 by tak+ refuge f ! flood ( criticism 9 
! com=table ark ( no mean+4  ,! new !ory
 provides a def9ition ( ! congru5ce (   
p]iods ( "t4 ,! preval5t view provides  
no su* def9ition4 ,its position is t if 
we take su* "t-measurem5ts s t c]ta9    
famili> velocities :i* seem to u to be  
uni=m are uni=m1 !n ! laws ( motion are 
true4 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ place no *ange c\ld  
appe> ei!r z uni=m or non-uni=m )\t     
involv+ a def9ite det]m9ation ( !       

congru5ce = "t-p]iods4 ,s 9 appeal+ to  
famili> ph5om5a x all[s t !re is "s     
factor 9 nature :i* we c intellectually 
con/ruct z a congru5ce !ory4 ,x does n  
h[ev] say any?+ ab\t x except t ! laws (
 motion are !n true4 ,suppose t ) "s    
expositors we cut out ! ref]5ce to      
famili> velocities su* z ! rate (       
rotation ( ! e>?4 ,we are !n driv5 to   
admit t !re is no mean+ 9 temporal      
congru5ce except t c]ta9 assumptions    
make ! laws ( motion true4 ,su* a       
/atem5t is hi/orically false4 ,k+ ,alfr$
 ! ,great 0 ignorant ( ! laws ( motion1 
b knew v well :at he meant by !         
measurem5t ( "t1 & a*iev$ 8 purpose by  
means ( burn+ c&les4 ,also no "o 9 pa/  
ages ju/ifi$ ! use ( s& 9 h\r-glasses by
 say+ t "s c5turies lat] int]e/+ laws ( 
motion w\ld be discov]$ :i* w\ld give a 
mean+ to ! /atem5t t ! s& 0 empti$ f !  
bulbs 9 equal times4 ,uni=mity 9 *ange  
is directly p]ceiv$1 & x foll[s t mank9d
 p]ceives 9 nature factors f :i* a !ory 
( temporal congru5ce c be =m$4 ,!       

preval5t !ory entirely fails to produce 
su* factors4  ,! m5tion ( ! laws (      
motion raises ano!r po9t :]e ! preval5t 
!ory has no?+ to say & ! new !ory gives 
a complete explanation4 ,x is well kn[n 
t ! laws ( motion are n valid = any axes
 ( ref]5ce :i* y may *oose to take fix$ 
9 any rigid body4 ,y mu/ *oose a body   
:i* is n rotat+ & has no accel]ation4 ,=
 example !y d n really apply to axes    
fix$ 9 ! e>? because ( ! diurnal        
rotation ( t body4 ,! law :i* fails :5 y
 assume ! wrong axes z at re/ is ! ?ird 
law1 t action & reaction are equal &    
opposite4 ,) ! wrong axes uncomp5sat$   
c5trifugal =ces & uncomp5sat$ composite 
c5trifugal =ces appe>1 due to rotation4 
,! influ5ce ( ^! =ces c be demon/rat$ by
 _m facts on ! e>?'s surface1 ,f\cault's
 p5dulum1 ! %ape ( ! e>?1 ! fix$        
directions ( ! rotations ( cyclones &   
anticyclones4 ,x is difficult to take   
s]i\sly ! sugge/ion t ^! dome/ic ph5om5a
 on ! e>? are due to ! influ5ce ( ! fix$
 />s4 ,i _c p]suade myself to believe t 

a little /> 9 its tw9kl+ turn$ r\nd     
,f\cault's p5dulum 9 ! ,p>is ,exhibition
 ( #ahfa4 ,( c\rse any?+ is believable  
:5 a def9ite physical connexion has be5 
demon/rat$1 = example ! influ5ce (      
sunspots4 ,"h all demon/ration is lack+ 
9 ! =m ( any coh]5t !ory4 ,accord+ to ! 
!ory ( ^! lectures ! axes to :i* motion 
is to be ref]r$ are axes at re/ 9 !     
space ( "s "t-sy/em4 ,= example1 consid]
 ! space ( a "t-sy/em 4 ,!re are sets ( 
axes at re/ 9 ! space ( 4 ,^! are       
suitable dynamical axes4 ,also a set (  
axes 9 ?is space :i* is mov+ ) uni=m    
velocity )\t rotation is ano!r suitable 
set4 ,all ! mov+ po9ts fix$ 9 ^! mov+   
axes are really trac+ out p>allel l9es )
 "o uni=m velocity4 ,9 o!r words !y are 
! reflections 9 ! space (  ( a set (    
fix$ axes 9 ! space ( "s o!r "t-sy/em 4 
,accord+ly ! gr\p ( dynamical axes      
requir$ = ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion is !
 outcome ( ! necessity ( ref]r+ motion  
to a body at re/ 9 ! space ( "s "o      
"t-sy/em 9 ord] to obta9 a coh]5t acc\nt

 ( physical prop]ties4 ,if we d n d s ! 
mean+ ( ! motion ( "o portion ( our     
physical configuration is diff]5t f !   
mean+ ( ! motion ( ano!r portion ( !    
same configuration4 ,?us ! mean+ (      
motion be+ :at x is1 9 ord] to describe 
! motion ( any sy/em ( objects )\t *ang+
 ! mean+ ( y\r t]ms z y proce$ ) y\r    
description1 y are b\nd to take "o ( ^! 
sets ( axes z axes ( ref]5ce2 ?\gh y may
 *oose _! reflections into ! space ( any
 "t-sy/em :i* y wi% to adopt4 ,a def9ite
 physical reason is !reby assign$ = !   
peculi> prop]ty ( ! dynamical gr\p (    
axes4  ,on ! or?odox !ory ! position ( !
 equations ( motion is mo/ ambigu\s4 ,! 
space to :i* !y ref] is completely      
undet]m9$ & s is ! measurem5t ( ! lapse 
( "t4 ,sci5ce is simply sett+ out on a  
fi%+ exp$ition to see :e!r x _c f9d "s  
proc$ure :i* x c call ! measurem5t (    
space & "s proc$ure :i* x c call !      
measurem5t ( "t1 & some?+ :i* x c call a
 sy/em ( =ces1 & some?+ :i* x c call    
masses1 s t ^! =mulae may be satisfi$4  

,! only reason--on ?is !ory--:y anyone  
%\ld want to satisfy ^! =mulae is a     
s5tim5tal reg>d = ,galileo1 ,newton1    
,eul] & ,lagrange4 ,! !ory1 s f> f f\nd+
 sci5ce on a s\nd obs]vational basis1   
=ces ev]y?+ to con=m to a m]e ma!matical
 pref]5ce = c]ta9 simple =mulae4  ,i d n
 = a mom5t believe t ?is is a true      
acc\nt ( ! real /atus ( ! ,laws (       
,motion4 ,^! equations want "s slight   
adju/m5t = ! new =mulae ( relativity4 ,b
 ) ^! adju/m5ts1 imp]ceptible 9 ord9>y  
use1 ! laws deal ) fundam5tal physical  
quantities :i* we "k v well & wi% to    
correlate4  ,! measurem5t ( "t 0 kn[n to
 all civilis$ nations long be=e ! laws 7
 ?\ght (4 ,x is ?is "t z ?us measur$ t !
 laws are conc]n$ )4 ,also !y deal ) !  
space ( our daily life4 ,:5 we approa*  
to an accuracy ( measurem5t beyond t (  
obs]vation1 adju/m5t is all[able4 ,b )9 
! limits ( obs]vation we "k :at we mean 
:5 we speak ( measurem5ts ( space &     
measurem5ts ( "t & uni=mity ( *ange4 ,x 
is = sci5ce to give an intellectual     

acc\nt ( :at is s evid5t 9 s5se-aw>5ess4
 ,x is to me ?or\ghly incr$ible t !     
ultimate fact beyond :i* !re is no deep]
 explanation is t mank9d has really be5 
sway$ by an unconsci\s desire to satisfy
 ! ma!matical =mulae :i* we call ! ,laws
 ( ,motion1 =mulae completely unkn[n    
till ! sev5te5? c5tury ( our epo*4  ,!  
correlation ( ! facts ( s5se-exp]i5ce   
effect$ by ! alt]native acc\nt ( nature 
ext5ds beyond ! physical prop]ties (    
motion & ! prop]ties ( congru5ce4 ,x    
gives an acc\nt ( ! mean+ ( !           
geometrical entities su* z po9ts1       
/raight l9es1 & volumes1 & connects !   
k9dr$ ideas ( ext5sion 9 "t & ext5sion 9
 space4 ,! !ory satisfies ! true purpose
 ( an intellectual explanation 9 ! sph]e
 ( natural philosophy4 ,?is purpose is  
to exhibit ! int]connexions ( nature1 & 
to %[ t "o set ( +r$i5ts 9 nature       
requires = ! exhibition ( its "* !      
pres5ce ( ! o!r sets ( +r$i5ts4  ,!     
false idea :i* we h to get rid ( is t ( 
nature z a m]e aggregate ( indep5d5t    

entities1 ea* capable ( isolation4      
,accord+ to ?is conception ^! entities1 
^: *>act]s are capable ( isolat$        
def9ition1 come toge!r & by _! accid5tal
 relations =m ! sy/em ( nature4 ,?is    
sy/em is ?us ?or\ghly accid5tal2 &1 ev5 
if x be subject to a me*anical fate1 x  
is only accid5tally s subject4  ,) ?is  
!ory space might be )\t "t1 & "t might  
be )\t space4 ,! !ory admitt$ly breaks  
d[n :5 we come to ! relations ( matt] & 
space4 ,! relational !ory ( space is an 
admission t we _c "k space )\t matt] or 
matt] )\t space4 ,b ! seclusion ( bo? f 
"t is /ill jeal\sly gu>d$4 ,! relations 
betwe5 portions ( matt] 9 space are     
accid5tal facts ow+ to ! abs5ce ( any   
coh]5t acc\nt ( h[ space spr+s f matt]  
or h[ matt] spr+s f space4 ,also :at we 
really obs]ve 9 nature1 its col\rs & its
 s\nds & its t\*es are second>y         
qualities2 9 o!r words1 !y are n 9      
nature at all b are accid5tal products (
 ! relations betwe5 nature & m9d4  ,!   
explanation ( nature :i* ,i urge z an   

alt]native ideal to ?is accid5tal view (
 nature1 is t no?+ 9 nature c\ld be :at 
x is except z an +r$i5t 9 nature z x is4
 ,! :ole :i* is pres5t = discrim9ation  
is posit$ 9 s5se-aw>5ess z necess>y = ! 
discrim9at$ p>ts4 ,an isolat$ ev5t is n 
an ev5t1 because e ev5t is a factor 9 a 
l>g] :ole & is significant ( t :ole4    
,!re c be no "t ap>t f space2 & no space
 ap>t f "t2 & no space & no "t ap>t f ! 
passage ( ! ev5ts ( nature4 ,! isolation
 ( an entity 9 ?\ght1 :5 we ?9k ( x z a 
b>e 'x1' has no c\nt]p>t 9 any          
correspond+ isolation 9 nature4 ,su*    
isolation is m]ely "p ( ! proc$ure (    
intellectual k4  ,! laws ( nature are ! 
outcome ( ! *>act]s ( ! entities :i* we 
f9d 9 nature4 ,! entities be+ :at !y    
are1 ! laws mu/ be :at !y are2 &        
conv]sely ! entities foll[ f ! laws4 ,we
 are a long way f ! atta9m5t ( su* an   
ideal2 b x rema9s z ! abid+ goal (      
!oretical sci5ce4     ,,*apt] ,,vii     
,,objects   ,! ensu+ lecture is conc]n$ 
) ! !ory ( objects4 ,objects are elem5ts

 9 nature :i* d n pass4 ,! aw>5ess ( an 
object z "s factor n %>+ 9 ! passage (  
nature is :at ,i call 'recognition4' ,x 
is impossible to recognise an ev5t1     
because an ev5t is ess5tially di/9ct f e
 o!r ev5t4 ,recognition is an aw>5ess ( 
sam5ess4 ,b to call recognition an      
aw>5ess ( sam5ess implies an            
intellectual act ( comp>ison accompani$ 
) judgm5t4 ,i use recognition = !       
non-intellectual relation ( s5se-aw>5ess
 :i* connects ! m9d ) a factor ( nature 
)\t passage4 ,on ! intellectual side ( !
 m9d's exp]i5ce !re are comp>isons ( ?+s
 recognis$ & consequ5t judgm5ts (       
sam5ess or div]sity4 ,probably          
's5se-recognition' w\ld be a bett] t]m =
 :at ,i mean by 'recognition4' ,i h *os5
 ! simpl] t]m because ,i ?9k t ,i %all  
be able to avoid ! use ( 'recognition' 9
 any o!r mean+ ?an t (                  
's5se-recognition4' ,i am q will+ to    
believe t recognition1 9 my s5se ( !    
t]m1 is m]ely an ideal limit1 & t !re is
 9 fact no recognition )\t intellectual 

accompanim5ts ( comp>ison & judgm5t4 ,b 
recognition is t relation ( ! m9d to    
nature :i* provides ! mat]ial = !       
intellectual activity4  ,an object is an
 +r$i5t 9 ! "* ( "s ev5t4 ,9 fact ! "* (
 an ev5t is no?+ b ! objects :i* are    
+r$i5t 9 x & ! ways 9 :i* ^? objects    
make _! +ression into ! ev5t4 ,?us !    
!ory ( objects is ! !ory ( ! comp>ison (
 ev5ts4 ,ev5ts are only comp>able       
because !y body =? p]man5ces4 ,we are   
comp>+ objects 9 ev5ts :5ev] we c say1  
',!re x is aga94' ,objects are ! elem5ts
 9 nature :i* c 'be aga94'  ,sometimes  
p]man5ces c be prov$ to exi/ :i* evade  
recognition 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i am us+ t  
t]m4 ,! p]man5ces :i* evade recognition 
appe> to u z ab/ract prop]ties ei!r (   
ev5ts or ( objects4 ,all ! same !y are  
!re = recognition al?\gh undiscrim9at$ 9
 our s5se-aw>5ess4 ,! dem>cation (      
ev5ts1 ! splitt+ ( nature up into p>ts  
is effect$ by ! objects :i* we recognise
 z _! +r$i5ts4 ,! discrim9ation ( nature
 is ! recognition ( objects amid pass+  

ev5ts4 ,x is a comp\nd ( ! aw>5ess ( !  
passage ( nature1 ( ! consequ5t p>tition
 ( nature1 & ( ! def9ition ( c]ta9 p>ts 
( nature by ! modes ( ! +ression (      
objects into !m4  ,y may h notic$ t ,i  
am us+ ! t]m '+ression' to d5ote ! g5]al
 relation ( objects to ev5ts4 ,!        
+ression ( an object into an ev5t is !  
way ! "* ( ! ev5t %apes itself 9 virtue 
( ! be+ ( ! object4 ,namely ! ev5t is   
:at x is1 because ! object is :at x is2 
& :5 ,i am ?9k+ ( ?is modification ( !  
ev5t by ! object1 ,i call ! relation    
betwe5 ! two '! +ression ( ! object into
 ! ev5t4' ,x is equally true to say t   
objects are :at !y are because ev5ts are
 :at !y are4 ,nature is su* t !re c be  
no ev5ts & no objects )\t ! +ression (  
objects into ev5ts4 ,al?\gh !re are     
ev5ts su* t ! +r$i5t objects evade our  
recognition4 ,^! are ! ev5ts 9 empty    
space4 ,su* ev5ts are only analys$ = u  
by ! intellectual prob+ ( sci5ce4       
,+ression is a relation :i* has v>i\s   
modes4 ,!re are obvi\sly v v>i\s k9ds ( 

objects2 & no "o k9d ( object c h ! same
 sort ( relations to ev5ts z objects (  
ano!r k9d c h4 ,we %all h to analyse out
 "s ( ! diff]5t modes ( +ression :i*    
diff]5t k9ds ( objects h into ev5ts4  ,b
 ev5 if we /ick to "o & ! same k9d (    
objects1 an object ( t k9d has diff]5t  
modes ( +ression into diff]5t ev5ts4    
,sci5ce & philosophy h be5 apt to       
entangle !mselves 9 a simple-m9d$ !ory t
 an object is at "o place at any def9ite
 "t1 & is 9 no s5se any:]e else4 ,?is is
 9 fact ! attitude ( common s5se ?\ght1 
?\gh x is n ! attitude ( language :i* is
 navely express+ ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,e 
o!r s5t5ce 9 a "w ( lit]ature :i* is    
endeav\r+ truly to int]pret ! facts (   
exp]i5ce expresses diff]5ces 9 surr\nd+ 
ev5ts due to ! pres5ce ( "s object4 ,an 
object is +r$i5t ?r\gh\t its            
neighb\rhood1 & its neighb\rhood is     
indef9ite4 ,also ! modification ( ev5ts 
by +ression is susceptible (            
quantitative diff]5ces4 ,f9ally !re=e we
 are driv5 to admit t ea* object is 9 "s

 s5se +r$i5t ?r\gh\t nature2 ?\gh its   
+ression may be quantitatively          
irrelevant 9 ! expression ( our         
individual exp]i5ces4  ,?is admission is
 n new ei!r 9 philosophy or sci5ce4 ,x  
is obvi\sly a necess>y axiom = ^?       
philosoph]s :o insi/ t reality is a     
sy/em4 ,9 ^! lectures we are keep+ (f ! 
pr(\nd & vex$ "q z to :at we mean by    
'reality4' ,i am ma9ta9+ ! humbl] !sis t
 nature is a sy/em4 ,b ,i suppose t 9   
?is case ! less foll[s f ! great]1 & t  
,i may claim ! support ( ^! philosoph]s4
 ,! same doctr9e is ess5tially int]wov5 
9 all mod]n physical speculation4 ,z    
long ago z #ahdg ,f>aday 9 a pap] 9 !   
,philosophical ,magaz9e rem>k$ t 8 !ory 
( tubes ( =ce implies t 9 a s5se an     
electric *>ge is ev]y:]e4 ,!            
modification ( ! electromagnetic field  
at e po9t ( space at ea* in/ant ow+ to !
 pa/ hi/ory ( ea* electron is ano!r way 
( /at+ ! same fact4 ,we c h[ev]         
illu/rate ! doctr9e by ! m famili> facts
 ( life )\t rec\rse to ! ab/ruse        

speculations ( !oretical physics4  ,!   
waves z !y roll on to ! ,corni% coa/    
tell ( a gale 9 mid-,atlantic2 & our    
d9n] witnesses to ! +ression ( ! cook   
into ! d9+ room4 ,x is evid5t t !       
+ression ( objects into ev5ts includes !
 !ory ( causation4 ,i pref] to neglect  
?is aspect ( +ression1 because causation
 raises ! memory ( discussions bas$ ^u  
!ories ( nature :i* are ali5 to my own4 
,also ,i ?9k t "s new light may be ?r[n 
on ! subject by view+ x 9 ?is fre%      
aspect4  ,! examples :i* ,i h giv5 ( !  
+ression ( objects into ev5ts rem9d u t 
+ression takes a peculi> =m 9 ! case (  
"s ev5ts2 9 a s5se1 x is a m conc5trat$ 
=m4 ,= example1 ! electron has a c]ta9  
position 9 space & a c]ta9 %ape4 ,p]haps
 x is an extremely small sph]e 9 a c]ta9
 te/-tube4 ,! /orm is a gale situat$ 9  
mid-,atlantic ) a c]ta9 latitude &      
longitude1 & ! cook is 9 ! kit*54 ,i w  
call ?is special =m ( +ression !        
'relation ( situation'2 also1 by a d\ble
 use ( ! ^w 'situation1' ,i w call !    

ev5t 9 :i* an object is situat$ '!      
situation ( ! object4' ,?us a situation 
is an ev5t :i* is a relatum 9 ! relation
 ( situation4 ,n[ our fir/ impression is
 t at la/ we h come to ! simple pla9    
fact ( :]e ! object really is2 & t !    
vagu] relation :i* ,i call +ression %\ld
 n be muddl$ up ) ! relation (          
situation1 z if includ+ x z a p>ticul>  
case4 ,x seems s obvi\s t any object is 
9 su* & su* a position1 & t x is        
influ5c+ o!r ev5ts 9 a totally diff]5t  
s5se4 ,namely1 9 a s5se an object is !  
"* ( ! ev5t :i* is its situation1 b x   
only influ5ces ! "* ( o!r ev5ts4        
,accord+ly ! relations ( situation &    
influ5c+ are n g5]ally ! same sort (    
relation1 & %\ld n be subsum$ "u ! same 
t]m '+ression4' ,i believe t ?is notion 
is a mi/ake1 & t x is impossible to draw
 a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! two          
relations4  ,= example1 ,:]e 0 y\r      
too?a*e8 ,y w5t to a d5ti/ & po9t$ out !
 too? to him4 ,he pron\nc$ x p]fectly   
s\nd1 & cur$ y by /opp+ ano!r too?4 ,:i*

 too? 0 ! situation ( ! too?a*e8 ,aga91 
a man has an arm amputat$1 & exp]i5ces  
s5sations 9 ! h& :i* he has lo/4 ,!     
situation ( ! imag9>y h& is 9 fact m]ely
 ?9 air4 ,y look into a mirror & see a  
fire4 ,! flames t y see are situat$     
beh9d ! mirror4 ,aga9 at night y wat* ! 
sky2 if "s ( ! />s _h vani%$ f exi/5ce  
h\rs ago1 y w\ld n be any ! wis]4 ,ev5 !
 situations ( ! planets diff] f ^? :i*  
sci5ce w\ld assign to !m4  ,anyh[ y are 
tempt$ to exclaim1 ! cook is 9 ! kit*54 
,if y mean h] m9d1 ,i w n agree ) y on !
 po9t2 = ,i am only talk+ ( nature4 ,let
 u ?9k only ( h] bodily pres5ce4 ,:at d 
y mean by ?is notion8 ,we conf9e        
ourselves to typical manife/ations ( x4 
,y c see h]1 t\* h]1 & he> h]4 ,b !     
examples :i* ,i h giv5 y %[ t ! notions 
( ! situations ( :at y see1 :at y t\*1 &
 :at y he> are n s %>ply sep>at$ out z  
to defy fur!r que/ion+4 ,y _c cl+ to !  
idea t we h two sets ( exp]i5ces (      
nature1 "o ( prim>y qualities :i* belong
 to ! objects p]ceiv$1 & "o ( second>y  

qualities :i* are ! products ( our m5tal
 excitem5ts4 ,all we "k ( nature is 9 ! 
same boat1 to s9k or swim toge!r4 ,!    
con/ructions ( sci5ce are m]ely         
expositions ( ! *>act]s ( ?+s p]ceiv$4  
,accord+ly to affirm t ! cook is a c]ta9
 dance ( molecules & electrons is m]ely 
to affirm t ! ?+s ab\t h] :i* are       
p]ceivable h c]ta9 *>act]s4 ,!          
situations ( ! p]ceiv$ manife/ations (  
h] bodily pres5ce h only a v g5]al      
relation to ! situations ( ! molecules1 
to be det]m9$ by discussion ( !         
circum/ances ( p]ception4  ,9 discuss+ !
 relations ( situation 9 p>ticul> & (   
+ression 9 g5]al1 ! fir/ requisite is to
 note t objects are ( radically diff]5t 
types4 ,= ea* type 'situation' &        
'+ression' h _! own special mean+s :i*  
are diff]5t f _! mean+s = o!r types1    
?\gh connexions c be po9t$ out4 ,x is   
necess>y !re=e 9 discuss+ !m to det]m9e 
:at type ( objects are "u consid]ation4 
,!re are1 ,i ?9k1 an indef9ite numb] (  
types ( objects4 ,happily we ne$ n ?9k (

 !m all4 ,! idea ( situation has its    
peculi> importance 9 ref]5ce to ?ree    
types ( objects :i* ,i call             
s5se-objects1 p]ceptual objects &       
sci5tific objects4 ,! suitability ( ^!  
names = ! ?ree types is ( m9or          
importance1 s long z ,i c succe$ 9      
expla9+ :at ,i mean by !m4  ,^! ?ree    
types =m an asc5d+ hi]>*y1 ( :i* ea*    
memb] presupposes ! type bel[4 ,! base (
 ! hi]>*y is =m$ by ! s5se-objects4 ,^! 
objects d n presuppose any o!r type (   
objects4 ,a s5se-object is a factor (   
nature posit$ by s5se-aw>5ess :i* 7i71 9
 t x is an object1 does n %>e 9 !       
passage ( nature & 7ii7 is n a relation 
betwe5 o!r factors ( nature4 ,x w (     
c\rse be a relatum 9 relations :i* also 
implicate o!r factors ( nature4 ,b x is 
always a relatum & nev] ! relation      
itself4 ,examples ( s5se-objects are a  
p>ticul> sort ( col\r1 say ,cambridge   
blue1 or a p>ticul> sort ( s\nd1 or a   
p>ticul> sort ( smell1 or a p>ticul>    
sort ( feel+4 ,i am n talk+ ( a p>ticul>

 pat* ( blue z se5 dur+ a p>ticul>      
second ( "t at a def9ite date4 ,su* a   
pat* is an ev5t :]e ,cambridge blue is  
situat$4 ,simil>ly ,i am n talk+ ( any  
p>ticul> conc]t-room z fill$ ) ! note4  
,i mean ! note itself & n ! pat* (      
volume fill$ by ! s\nd = a t5? ( a      
second4 ,x is natural = u to ?9k ( !    
note 9 itself1 b 9 ! case ( col\r we are
 apt to ?9k ( x m]ely z a prop]ty ( !   
pat*4 ,no "o ?9ks ( ! note z a prop]ty (
 ! conc]t-room4 ,we see ! blue & we he> 
! note4 ,bo? ! blue & ! note are        
imm$iately posit$ by ! discrim9ation (  
s5se-aw>5ess :i* relates ! m9d to       
nature4 ,! blue is posit$ z 9 nature    
relat$ to o!r factors 9 nature4 ,9      
p>ticul> x is posit$ z 9 ! relation (   
be+ situat$ 9 ! ev5t :i* is its         
situation4  ,! difficulties :i* clu/]   
ar\nd ! relation ( situation arise f !  
ob/9ate refusal ( philosoph]s to take   
s]i\sly ! ultimate fact ( multiple      
relations4 ,by a multiple relation ,i   
mean a relation :i* 9 any concrete      

in/ance ( its occurr5ce necess>ily      
involves m ?an two relata4 ,= example1  
:5 ,john likes ,?omas !re are only two  
relata1 ,john & ,?omas4 ,b :5 ,john     
gives t book to ,?omas !re are ?ree     
relata1 ,john1 t book1 & ,?omas4  ,"s   
s*ools ( philosophy1 "u ! influ5ce ( !  
,ari/otelian logic & ! ,ari/otelian     
philosophy1 endeav\r to get on )\t      
admitt+ any relations at all except t ( 
sub/ance & attribute4 ,namely all app>5t
 relations are to be resolvable into !  
concurr5t exi/5ce ( sub/ances ) contra/$
 attributes4 ,x is fairly obvi\s t !    
,leibnizian monadology is ! necess>y    
outcome ( any su* philosophy4 ,if y     
dislike pluralism1 !re w be only "o     
monad4  ,o!r s*ools ( philosophy admit  
relations b ob/9ately refuse to         
contemplate relations ) m ?an two       
relata4 ,i d n ?9k t ?is limitation is  
bas$ on any set purpose or !ory4 ,x     
m]ely arises f ! fact t m complicat$    
relations are a bo!r to p )\t adequate  
ma!matical tra9+1 :5 !y are admitt$ into

 ! reason+4  ,i mu/ repeat t we h no?+  
to d 9 ^! lectures ) ! ultimate "* (    
reality4 ,x is q possible t 9 ! true    
philosophy ( reality !re are only       
individual sub/ances ) attributes1 or t 
!re are only relations ) pairs ( relata4
 ,i d n believe t su* is ! case2 b ,i am
 n conc]n$ to argue ab\t x n[4 ,our !me 
is ,nature4 ,s long z we conf9e         
ourselves to ! factors posit$ 9 !       
s5se-aw>5ess ( nature1 x seems to me t  
!re c]ta9ly are in/ances ( multiple     
relations betwe5 ^! factors1 & t !      
relation ( situation = s5se-objects is  
"o example ( su* multiple relations4    
,consid] a blue coat1 a flannel coat (  
,cambridge blue belong+ to "s a?lete4 ,!
 coat itself is a p]ceptual object & its
 situation is n :at ,i am talk+ ab\t4   
,we are talk+ ( someone's def9ite       
s5se-aw>5ess ( ,cambridge blue z situat$
 9 "s ev5t ( nature4 ,he may be look+ at
 ! coat directly4 ,he !n sees ,cambridge
 blue z situat$ practically 9 ! same    
ev5t z ! coat at t in/ant4 ,x is true t 

! blue :i* he sees is due to light :i*  
left ! coat "s inconceivably small      
fraction ( a second be=e4 ,?is diff]5ce 
w\ld be important if he 7 look+ at a /> 
^: col\r 0 ,cambridge blue4 ,! /> might 
h ceas$ to exi/ days ago1 or ev5 ye>s   
ago4 ,! situation ( ! blue w n !n be v  
intimately connect$ ) ! situation 79    
ano!r s5se ( 'situation'7 ( any         
p]ceptual object4 ,?is disconnexion ( ! 
situation ( ! blue & ! situation ( "s   
associat$ p]ceptual object does n       
require a /> = its exemplification4 ,any
 look+ glass w suffice4 ,look at ! coat 
?r\gh a look+ glass4 ,!n blue is se5 z  
situat$ beh9d ! mirror4 ,! ev5t :i* is  
its situation dep5ds ^u ! position ( !  
obs]v]4  ,! s5se-aw>5ess ( ! blue z     
situat$ 9 a c]ta9 ev5t :i* ,i call !    
situation1 is ?us exhibit$ z !          
s5se-aw>5ess ( a relation betwe5 ! blue1
 ! p]cipi5t ev5t ( ! obs]v]1 !          
situation1 & int]v5+ ev5ts4 ,all nature 
is 9 fact requir$1 ?\gh only c]ta9      
int]v5+ ev5ts require _! *>act]s to be (

 c]ta9 def9ite sorts4 ,! +ression ( blue
 into ! ev5ts ( nature is ?us exhibit$ z
 sy/ematically correlat$4 ,! aw>5ess ( !
 obs]v] dep5ds on ! position ( !        
p]cipi5t ev5t 9 ?is sy/ematic           
correlation4 ,i w use ! t]m '+ression   
into nature' = ?is sy/ematic correlation
 ( ! blue ) nature4 ,?us ! +ression (   
blue into any def9ite ev5t is a "p      
/atem5t ( ! fact ( ! +ression ( blue    
into nature4  ,9 respect to ! +ression (
 blue into nature ev5ts may be r\ghly   
put into f\r classes :i* ov]lap & are n 
v cle>ly sep>at$4 ,^! classes are 7i7 ! 
p]cipi5t ev5ts1 7ii7 ! situations1 7iii7
 ! active condition+ ev5ts1 7iv7 !      
passive condition+ ev5ts4 ,to und]/& ?is
 classification ( ev5ts 9 ! g5]al fact (
 ! +ression ( blue into nature1 let u   
conf9e att5tion to "o situation = "o    
p]cipi5t ev5t & to ! consequ5t rles ( ! 
condition+ ev5ts = ! +ression z ?us     
limit$4 ,! p]cipi5t ev5t is ! relevant  
bodily /ate ( ! obs]v]4 ,! situation is 
:]e he sees ! blue1 say1 beh9d ! mirror4

 ,! active condition+ ev5ts are ! ev5ts 
^: *>act]s are p>ticul>ly relevant = !  
ev5t 7:i* is ! situation7 to be !       
situation = t p]cipi5t ev5t1 namely !   
coat1 ! mirror1 & ! /ate ( ! room z to  
light & atmosph]e4 ,! passive condition+
 ev5ts are ! ev5ts ( ! re/ ( nature4  ,9
 g5]al ! situation is an active         
condition+ ev5t2 namely ! coat itself1  
:5 !re is no mirror or o!r su*          
contrivance to produce abnormal effects4
 ,b ! example ( ! mirror %[s u t !      
situation may be "o ( ! passive         
condition+ ev5ts4 ,we are !n apt to say 
t our s5ses h be5 *eat$1 because we dem&
 z a "r t ! situation %\ld be an active 
condition 9 ! +ression4  ,?is dem& is n 
s baseless z x may seem :5 pres5t$ z ,i 
h put x4 ,all we "k ( ! *>act]s ( !     
ev5ts ( nature is bas$ on ! analysis ( !
 relations ( situations to p]cipi5t     
ev5ts4 ,if situations 7 n 9 g5]al active
 conditions1 ?is analysis w\ld tell u   
no?+4 ,nature w\ld be an unfa?omable    
enigma to u & !re c\ld be no sci5ce4    

,accord+ly ! incipi5t discont5t :5 a    
situation is f\nd to be a passive       
condition is 9 a s5se ju/ifiable2       
because if t sort ( ?+ w5t on too (t51 !
 rle ( ! intellect w\ld be end$4        
,fur!rmore ! mirror is itself !         
situation ( o!r s5se-objects ei!r = !   
same obs]v] ) ! same p]cipi5t ev5t1 or =
 o!r obs]v]s ) o!r p]cipi5t ev5ts4 ,?us 
! fact t an ev5t is a situation 9 !     
+ression ( "o set ( s5se-objects into   
nature is presumptive evid5ce t t ev5t  
is an active condition 9 ! +ression (   
o!r s5se-objects into nature :i* may h  
o!r situations4  ,?is is a fundam5tal   
pr9ciple ( sci5ce :i* x has d]iv$ f     
common s5se4  ,i n[ turn to p]ceptual   
objects4 ,:5 we look at ! coat1 we d n 9
 g5]al say1 ,!re is a pat* ( ,cambridge 
blue2 :at naturally occurs to u is1 ,!re
 is a coat4 ,also ! judgm5t t :at we h  
se5 is a g>m5t ( man's attire is a      
detail4 ,:at we p]ceive is an object o!r
 ?an a m]e s5se-object4 ,x is n a m]e   
pat* ( col\r1 b some?+ m2 & x is t      

some?+ m :i* we judge to be a coat4 ,i w
 use ! ^w 'coat' z ! "n = t crude object
 :i* is m ?an a pat* ( col\r1 & )\t any 
allusion to ! judgm5ts z to its         
usefulness z an article ( attire ei!r 9 
! pa/ or ! future4 ,! coat :i* is       
p]ceiv$--9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w 'coat'--is   
:at ,i call a p]ceptual object4 ,we h to
 inve/igate ! g5]al "* ( ^! p]ceptual   
objects4  ,x is a law ( nature t 9 g5]al
 ! situation ( a s5se-object is n only !
 situation ( t s5se-object = "o def9ite 
p]cipi5t ev5t1 b is ! situation ( a     
v>iety ( s5se-objects = a v>iety (      
p]cipi5t ev5ts4 ,= example1 = any "o    
p]cipi5t ev5t1 ! situation ( a          
s5se-object ( sight is apt also to be ! 
situations ( s5se-objects ( sight1 (    
t\*1 ( smell1 & ( s\nd4 ,fur!rmore ?is  
concurr5ce 9 ! situations ( s5se-objects
 has l$ to ! body--i4e4 ! p]cipi5t      
ev5t--s adapt+ itself t ! p]ception ( "o
 s5se-object 9 a c]ta9 situation leads  
to a subconsci\s s5se-aw>5ess ( o!r     
s5se-objects 9 ! same situation4 ,?is   

int]play is especially ! case betwe5 t\*
 & sight4 ,!re is a c]ta9 correlation   
betwe5 ! +ressions ( s5se-objects ( t\* 
& s5se-objects ( sight into nature1 & 9 
a slight] degree betwe5 ! +ressions (   
o!r pairs ( s5se-objects4 ,i call ?is   
sort ( correlation ! 'conveyance' ( "o  
s5se-object by ano!r4 ,:5 y see ! blue  
flannel coat y subconsci\sly feel       
y\rself we>+ x or o!rwise t\*+ x4 ,if y 
are a smok]1 y may also subconsci\sly be
 aw>e ( ! fa9t aroma ( tobacco4 ,!      
peculi> fact1 posit$ by ?is s5se-aw>5ess
 ( ! concurr5ce ( subconsci\s           
s5se-objects along ) "o or m dom9at+    
s5se-objects 9 ! same situation1 is !   
s5se-aw>5ess ( ! p]ceptual object4 ,!   
p]ceptual object is n prim>ily ! issue (
 a judgm5t4 ,x is a factor ( nature     
directly posit$ 9 s5se-aw>5ess4 ,!      
elem5t ( judgm5t comes 9 :5 we proce$ to
 classify ! p>ticul> p]ceptual object4  
,= example1 we say1 ,t is flannel1 & we 
?9k ( ! prop]ties ( flannel & ! uses (  
a?letes' coats4 ,b t all takes place    

aft] we h got hold ( ! p]ceptual object4
 ,anticipatory judgm5ts affect !        
p]ceptual object p]ceiv$ by focuss+ &   
div]t+ att5tion4  ,! p]ceptual object is
 ! outcome ( ! habit ( exp]i5ce4 ,any?+ 
:i* conflicts ) ?is habit h9d]s !       
s5se-aw>5ess ( su* an object4 ,a        
s5se-object is n ! product ( !          
association ( intellectual ideas2 x is !
 product ( ! association ( s5se-objects 
9 ! same situation4 ,?is outcome is n   
intellectual2 x is an object ( peculi>  
type ) its own p>ticul> +ression into   
nature4  ,!re are two k9ds ( p]ceptual  
objects1 namely1 'delusive p]ceptual    
objects' & 'physical objects4' ,!       
situation ( a delusive p]ceptual object 
is a passive condition 9 ! +ression ( t 
object into nature4 ,also ! ev5t :i* is 
! situation w h ! relation ( situation  
to ! object only = "o p>ticul> p]cipi5t 
ev5t4 ,= example1 an obs]v] sees ! image
 ( ! blue coat 9 a mirror4 ,x is a blue 
coat t he sees & n a m]e pat* ( col\r4  
,?is %[s t ! active conditions = !      

conveyance ( a gr\p ( subconsci\s       
s5se-objects by a dom9at+ s5se-object   
are to be f\nd 9 ! p]cipi5t ev5t4       
,namely we are to look = !m 9 !         
inve/igations ( m$ical psy*ologi/s4 ,!  
+ression into nature ( ! delusive       
s5se-object is condition$ by !          
adaptation ( bodily ev5ts to ! m normal 
occurr5ce1 :i* is ! +ression ( !        
physical object4  ,a p]ceptual object is
 a physical object :5 7i7 its situation 
is an active condition+ ev5t = !        
+ression ( any ( its compon5t           
s5se-objects1 & 7ii7 ! same ev5t c be ! 
situation ( ! p]ceptual object = an     
indef9ite numb] ( possible p]cipi5t     
ev5ts4 ,physical objects are ! ord9>y   
objects :i* we p]ceive :5 our s5ses are 
n *eat$1 su* z *airs1 tables & trees4 ,9
 a way physical objects h m insi/5t     
p]ceptive p[] ?an s5se-objects4         
,att5tion to ! fact ( _! occurr5ce 9    
nature is ! fir/ condition = ! survival 
( complex liv+ organisms4 ,! result (   
?is high p]ceptive p[] ( physical       

objects is ! s*ola/ic philosophy (      
nature :i* looks on ! s5se-objects z m]e
 attributes ( ! physical objects4 ,?is  
s*ola/ic po9t ( view is directly        
contradict$ by ! weal? ( s5se-objects   
:i* ent] into our exp]i5ce z situat$ 9  
ev5ts )\t any connexion ) physical      
objects4 ,= example1 /ray smells1 s\nds1
 col\rs & m subtle nameless             
s5se-objects4 ,!re is no p]ception (    
physical objects )\t p]ception (        
s5se-objects4 ,b ! conv]se does n hold3 
namely1 !re is abundant p]ception (     
s5se-objects unaccompani$ by any        
p]ception ( physical objects4 ,?is lack 
( reciprocity 9 ! relations betwe5      
s5se-objects & physical objects is fatal
 to ! s*ola/ic natural philosophy4  ,!re
 is a great diff]5ce 9 ! rles ( !       
situations ( s5se-objects & physical    
objects4 ,! situations ( a physical     
object are condition$ by uniqu5ess &    
cont9uity4 ,! uniqu5ess is an ideal     
limit to :i* we approximate z we proce$ 
9 ?\ght along an ab/ractive set (       

durations1 consid]+ small] & small]     
durations 9 ! approa* to ! ideal limit (
 ! mom5t ( "t4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 !       
duration is small en\gh1 ! situation ( !
 physical object )9 t duration is       
practically unique4  ,! id5tification ( 
! same physical object z be+ situat$ 9  
di/9ct ev5ts 9 di/9ct durations is      
effect$ by ! condition ( cont9uity4 ,?is
 condition ( cont9uity is ! condition t 
a cont9uity ( passage ( ev5ts1 ea* ev5t 
be+ a situation ( ! object 9 its        
correspond+ duration1 c be f\nd f !     
e>li] to ! lat] ( ! two giv5 ev5ts4 ,s  
f> z ! two ev5ts are practically adjac5t
 9 "o speci\s pres5t1 ?is cont9uity (   
passage may be directly p]ceiv$4        
,o!rwise x is a matt] ( judgm5t &       
inf]5ce4  ,! situations ( a s5se-object 
are n condition$ by any su* conditions  
ei!r ( uniqu5ess or ( cont9uity4 ,9 any 
durations h[ev] small a s5se-object may 
h any numb] ( situations sep>at$ f ea*  
o!r4 ,?us two situations ( a            
s5se-object1 ei!r 9 ! same duration or 9

 diff]5t durations1 are n necess>ily    
connect$ by any cont9u\s passage ( ev5ts
 :i* are also situations ( t            
s5se-object4  ,! *>act]s ( ! condition+ 
ev5ts involv$ 9 ! +ression ( a          
s5se-object into nature c be l>gely     
express$ 9 t]ms ( ! physical objects :i*
 are situat$ 9 ^? ev5ts4 ,9 "o respect  
?is is also a tautology4 ,= ! physical  
object is no?+ else ?an ! habitual      
concurr5ce ( a c]ta9 set ( s5se-objects 
9 "o situation4 ,accord+ly :5 we "k all 
ab\t ! physical object1 we !reby "k its 
compon5t s5se-objects4 ,b a physical    
object is a condition = ! occurr5ce (   
s5se-objects o!r ?an ^? :i* are its     
compon5ts4 ,= example1 ! atmosph]e      
causes ! ev5ts :i* are its situations to
 be active condition+ ev5ts 9 !         
transmission ( s\nd4 ,a mirror :i* is   
itself a physical object is an active   
condition = ! situation ( a pat* ( col\r
 beh9d x1 due to ! reflection ( light 9 
x4  ,?us ! orig9 ( sci5tific k is !     
endeav\r to express 9 t]ms ( physical   

objects ! v>i\s rles ( ev5ts z active   
conditions 9 ! +ression ( s5se-objects  
into nature4 ,x is 9 ! progress ( ?is   
inve/igation t sci5tific objects em]ge4 
,!y embody ^? aspects ( ! "* ( !        
situations ( ! physical objects :i* are 
mo/ p]man5t & are expressible )\t       
ref]5ce to a multiple relation includ+ a
 p]cipi5t ev5t4 ,_! relations to ea* o!r
 are also *>act]is$ by a c]ta9          
simplicity & uni=mity4 ,f9ally ! *>act]s
 ( ! obs]v$ physical objects &          
s5se-objects c be express$ 9 t]ms ( ^!  
sci5tific objects4 ,9 fact ! :ole po9t (
 ! se>* = sci5tific objects is !        
endeav\r to obta9 ?is simple expression 
( ! *>act]s ( ev5ts4 ,^! sci5tific      
objects are n !mselves m]ely =mulae =   
calculation2 because =mulae mu/ ref] to 
?+s 9 nature1 & ! sci5tific objects are 
! ?+s 9 nature to :i* ! =mulae ref]4  ,a
 sci5tific object su* z a def9ite       
electron is a sy/ematic correlation ( ! 
*>act]s ( all ev5ts ?r\gh\t all nature4 
,x is an aspect ( ! sy/ematic "* (      

nature4 ,! electron is n m]ely :]e its  
*>ge is4 ,! *>ge is ! quantitative "* ( 
c]ta9 ev5ts due to ! +ression ( !       
electron into nature4 ,! electron is its
 :ole field ( =ce4 ,namely ! electron is
 ! sy/ematic way 9 :i* all ev5ts are    
modifi$ z ! expression ( its +ression4  
,! situation ( an electron 9 any small  
duration may be def9$ z t ev5t :i* has !
 quantitative "* :i* is ! *>ge ( !      
electron4 ,we may if we please t]m ! m]e
 *>ge ! electron4 ,b !n ano!r "n is     
requir$ = ! sci5tific object :i* is !   
full entity :i* conc]ns sci5ce1 & :i* ,i
 h call$ ! electron4  ,accord+ to ?is   
conception ( sci5tific objects1 ! rival 
!ories ( action at a di/ance & action by
 transmission ?r\gh a m$ium are bo?     
incomplete expressions ( ! true process 
( nature4 ,! /ream ( ev5ts :i* =m !     
cont9u\s s]ies ( situations ( ! electron
 is entirely self-det]m9$1 bo? z reg>ds 
hav+ ! intr9sic "* ( be+ ! s]ies (      
situations ( t electron & z reg>ds !    
"t-sy/ems ) :i* its v>i\s memb]s are    

cogr$i5t1 & ! flux ( _! positions 9 _!  
correspond+ durations4 ,?is is !        
f\ndation ( ! d5ial ( action at a       
di/ance2 namely ! progress ( ! /ream ( !
 situations ( a sci5tific object c be   
det]m9$ by an analysis ( ! /ream itself4
  ,on ! o!r h& ! +ression ( e electron  
into nature modifies to "s ext5t ! "* ( 
e ev5t4 ,?us ! "* ( ! /ream ( ev5ts :i* 
we are consid]+ be>s m>ks ( ! exi/5ce ( 
e o!r electron ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,if we
 l to ?9k ( ! electrons z be+ m]ely :at 
,i call _! *>ges1 !n ! *>ges act at a   
di/ance4 ,b ?is action consi/s 9 !      
modification ( ! situation ( ! o!r      
electron "u consid]ation4 ,?is          
conception ( a *>ge act+ at a di/ance is
 a :olly artificial "o4 ,! conception   
:i* mo/ fully expresses ! "* ( nature is
 t ( ea* ev5t z modifi$ by ! +ression ( 
ea* electron into nature4 ,! e!r is !   
expression ( ?is sy/ematic modification 
( ev5ts ?r\gh\t space & ?r\gh\t "t4 ,!  
be/ expression ( ! "* ( ?is modification
 is = physici/s to f9d out4 ,my !ory has

 no?+ to d ) t & is ready to accept any 
outcome ( physical rese>*4  ,! connexion
 ( objects ) space requires elucidation4
 ,objects are situat$ 9 ev5ts4 ,!       
relation ( situation is a diff]5t       
relation = ea* type ( object1 & 9 ! case
 ( s5se-objects x _c be express$ z a    
two-t]m$ relation4 ,x w\ld p]haps be    
bett] to use a diff]5t ^w = ^! diff]5t  
types ( ! relation ( situation4 ,x has n
 h[ev] be5 necess>y to d s = our        
purposes 9 ^! lectures4 ,x mu/ be       
und]/ood h[ev] t1 :5 situation is spok5 
(1 "s "o def9ite type is "u discussion1 
& x may happ5 t ! argum5t may n apply to
 situation ( ano!r type4 ,9 all cases   
h[ev] ,i use situation to express a     
relation betwe5 objects & ev5ts & n     
betwe5 objects & ab/ractive elem5ts4    
,!re is a d]ivative relation betwe5     
objects & spatial elem5ts :i* ,i call ! 
relation ( location2 & :5 ?is relation  
holds1 ,i say t ! object is locat$ 9 !  
ab/ractive elem5t4 ,9 ?is s5se1 an      
object may be locat$ 9 a mom5t ( "t1 9 a

 volume ( space1 an area1 a l9e1 or a   
po9t4 ,!re w be a peculi> type (        
location correspond+ to ea* type (      
situation2 & location is 9 ea* case     
d]ivative f ! correspond+ relation (    
situation 9 a way :i* ,i w proce$ to    
expla94  ,also location 9 ! timeless    
space ( "s "t-sy/em is a relation       
d]ivative f location 9 in/antane\s      
spaces ( ! same "t-sy/em4 ,accord+ly    
location 9 an in/antane\s space is !    
prim>y idea :i* we h to expla94 ,great  
confusion has be5 occasion$ 9 natural   
philosophy by ! neglect to di/+ui%      
betwe5 ! diff]5t types ( objects1 !     
diff]5t types ( situation1 ! diff]5t    
types ( location1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5   
location & situation4 ,x is impossible  
to reason accurately 9 ! vague conc]n+  
objects & _! positions )\t keep+ ^!     
di/9ctions 9 view4 ,an object is locat$ 
9 an ab/ractive elem5t1 :5 an ab/ractive
 set belong+ to t elem5t c be f\nd su* t
 ea* ev5t belong+ to t set is a         
situation ( ! object4 ,x w be rememb]$ t

 an ab/ractive elem5t is a c]ta9 gr\p ( 
ab/ractive sets1 & t ea* ab/ractive set 
is a set ( ev5ts4 ,?is def9ition def9es 
! location ( an elem5t 9 any type (     
ab/ractive elem5t4 ,9 ?is s5se we c talk
 ( ! exi/5ce ( an object at an in/ant1  
mean+ !reby its location 9 "s def9ite   
mom5t4 ,x may also be locat$ 9 "s       
spatial elem5t ( ! in/antane\s space ( t
 mom5t4  ,a quantity c be said to be    
locat$ 9 an ab/ractive elem5t :5 an     
ab/ractive set belong+ to ! elem5t c be 
f\nd su* t ! quantitative expressions ( 
! correspond+ *>act]s ( its ev5ts       
conv]ge to ! measure ( ! giv5 quantity z
 a limit :5 we pass along ! ab/ractive  
set t[>ds its conv]g+ end4  ,by ^!      
def9itions location 9 elem5ts (         
in/antane\s spaces is def9$4 ,^! elem5ts
 occupy correspond+ elem5ts ( timeless  
spaces4 ,an object locat$ 9 an elem5t ( 
an in/antane\s space w also be said to  
be locat$ at t mom5t 9 ! timeless elem5t
 ( ! timeless space :i* is occupi$ by t 
in/antane\s elem5t4  ,x is n e object   

:i* c be locat$ 9 a mom5t4 ,an object   
:i* c be locat$ 9 e mom5t ( "s duration 
w be call$ a 'uni=m' object ?r\gh\t t   
duration4 ,ord9>y physical objects appe>
 to u to be uni=m objects1 & we         
habitually assume t sci5tific objects   
su* z electrons are uni=m4 ,b "s        
s5se-objects c]ta9ly are n uni=m4 ,a    
tune is an example ( a non-uni=m object4
 ,we h p]ceiv$ x z a :ole 9 a c]ta9     
duration2 b ! tune z a tune is n at any 
mom5t ( t duration ?\gh "o ( !          
individual notes may be locat$ !re4  ,x 
is possible !re=e t = ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 
sorts ( objects1 e4g4 electrons1 m9imum 
quanta ( "t are requisite4 ,"s su*      
po/ulate is app>5tly indicat$ by ! mod]n
 quantum !ory & x is p]fectly consi/5t )
 ! doctr9e ( objects ma9ta9$ 9 ^!       
lectures4  ,also ! in/ance ( ! di/9ction
 betwe5 ! electron z ! m]e quantitative 
electric *>ge ( its situation & !       
electron z /&+ = ! +ression ( an object 
?r\gh\t nature illu/rates ! indef9ite   
numb] ( types ( objects :i* exi/ 9      

nature4 ,we c intellectually di/+ui% ev5
 subtl] & subtl] types ( objects4 ,"h ,i
 reckon subtlety z mean+ seclusion f !  
imm$iate appreh5sion ( s5se-aw>5ess4    
,evolution 9 ! complexity ( life means  
an increase 9 ! types ( objects directly
 s5s$4 ,delicacy ( s5se-appreh5sion     
means p]ceptions ( objects z di/9ct     
entities :i* are m]e subtle ideas to    
crud] s5sibilities4 ,! phras+ ( music is
 a m]e ab/ract subtlety to ! unmusical2 
x is a direct s5se-appreh5sion to !     
initiat$4 ,= example1 if we c\ld imag9e 
"s l[ly type ( organic be+ ?9k+ & aw>e (
 our ?\ghts1 x w\ld wond] at ! ab/ract  
subtleties 9 :i* we indulge z we ?9k (  
/ones & bricks & drops ( wat] & plants4 
,x only kn[s ( vague undiff]5tiat$      
feel+s 9 nature4 ,x w\ld consid] u z    
giv5 ov] to ! play ( excessively ab/ract
 intellects4 ,b !n if x c\ld ?9k1 x w\ld
 anticipate2 & if x anticipat$1 x w\ld  
soon p]ceive = itself4  ,9 ^! lectures  
we h be5 scrut9is+ ! f\ndations (       
natural philosophy4 ,we are /opp+ at ! v

 po9t :]e a b\ndless ocean ( enquiries  
op5s out = our que/ion+4  ,i agree t !  
view ( ,nature :i* ,i h ma9ta9$ 9 ^!    
lectures is n a simple "o4 ,nature      
appe>s z a complex sy/em ^: factors are 
dimly disc]n$ by u4 ,b1 z ,i ask y1 ,is 
n ?is ! v tru?8 ,%\ld we n di/ru/ !     
jaunty assurance ) :i* e age prides     
itself t x at la/ has hit ^u ! ultimate 
concepts 9 :i* all t happ5s c be        
=mulat$8 ,! aim ( sci5ce is to seek !   
simple/ explanations ( complex facts4   
,we are apt to fall into ! error ( ?9k+ 
t ! facts are simple because simplicity 
is ! goal ( our que/4 ,! guid+ motto 9 !
 life ( e natural philosoph] %\ld be1   
,seek simplicity & di/ru/ x4     ,,*apt]
 ,,viii  ,,summ>y   ,!re is a g5]al     
agreem5t t ,e9/e9's inve/igations h "o  
fundam5tal m]it irrespective ( any      
criticisms :i* we may feel incl9$ to    
pass on !m4 ,!y h made u ?9k4 ,b :5 we h
 admitt$ s f>1 we are mo/ ( u fac$ ) a  
di/ress+ p]plexity4 ,:at is x t we ought
 to ?9k ab\t8 ,! purport ( my lecture   

?is aft]noon w be to meet ?is difficulty
 &1 s f> z ,i am able1 to set 9 a cle>  
light ! *anges 9 ! backgr\nd ( our      
sci5tific ?\ght :i* are necessitat$ by  
any acceptance1 h[ev] qualifi$1 (       
,e9/e9's ma9 positions4 ,i rememb] t ,i 
am lectur+ to ! memb]s ( a *emical      
society :o are n = ! mo/ "p v]s$ 9      
advanc$ ma!matics4 ,! fir/ po9t t ,i    
w\ld urge ^u y is t :at imm$iately      
conc]ns y is n s mu* ! detail$ d$uctions
 ( ! new !ory z ?is g5]al *ange 9 !     
backgr\nd ( sci5tific conceptions :i* w 
foll[ f its acceptance4 ,( c\rse1 !     
detail$ d$uctions are important1 because
 unless our colleagues ! a/ronom]s & !  
physici/s f9d ^! pr$ictions to be v]ifi$
 we c neglect ! !ory altoge!r4 ,b we may
 n[ take x z grant$ t 9 _m /rik+        
p>ticul>s ^! d$uctions h be5 f\nd to be 
9 agreem5t ) obs]vation4 ,accord+ly !   
!ory has to be tak5 s]i\sly & we are    
anxi\s to "k :at w be ! consequ5ces (   
its f9al acceptance4 ,fur!rmore dur+ !  
la/ few weeks ! sci5tific j\rnals & !   

lay press h be5 fill$ ) articles z to ! 
nature ( ! crucial exp]im5ts :i* h be5  
made & z to "s ( ! m /rik+ expressions (
 ! outcome ( ! new !ory4 ',space caught 
b5d+' appe>$ on ! news-%eet ( a         
well-kn[n ev5+ pap]4 ,?is r5d]+ is a    
t]se b n inapt translation ( ,e9/e9's   
own way ( int]pret+ 8 results4 ,i %\ld  
say at once t ,i am a h]etic z to ?is   
explanation & t ,i %all exp\nd to y     
ano!r explanation bas$ ^u "s "w ( my    
own1 an explanation :i* seems to me to  
be m 9 accordance ) our sci5tific ideas 
& ) ! :ole body ( facts :i* h to be     
expla9$4 ,we h to rememb] t a new !ory  
mu/ take acc\nt ( ! old well-atte/$     
facts ( sci5ce j z mu* z ( ! v late/    
exp]im5tal results :i* h l$ to its      
production4  ,to put ourselves 9 !      
position to assimilate & to criticise   
any *ange 9 ultimate sci5tific          
conceptions we mu/ beg9 at ! beg9n+4 ,s 
y mu/ be> ) me if ,i comm5ce by mak+ "s 
simple & obvi\s reflections4 ,let u     
consid] ?ree /atem5ts1 7i7 ',ye/]day a  

man 0 run ov] on ! ,*elsea ,embankm5t1' 
7ii7 ',cleopatra's ,ne$le is on ! ,*>+  
,cross ,embankm5t1' & 7iii7 ',!re are   
d>k l9es 9 ! ,sol> ,spectrum4' ,! fir/  
/atem5t ab\t ! accid5t to ! man is ab\t 
:at we may t]m an 'occurr5ce1' a        
'happ5+1' or an 'ev5t4' ,i w use ! t]m  
'ev5t' because x is ! %orte/4 ,9 ord] to
 specify an obs]v$ ev5t1 ! place1 ! "t1 
& "* ( ! ev5t are necess>y4 ,9 specify+ 
! place & ! "t y are really /at+ !      
relation ( ! assign$ ev5t to ! g5]al    
/ructure ( o!r obs]v$ ev5ts4 ,= example1
 ! man 0 run ov] betwe5 y\r tea & y\r   
d9n] & adjac5tly to a pass+ b>ge 9 !    
riv] & ! traffic 9 ! ,/r&4 ,! po9t :i*  
,i want to make is ?is3 ,nature is kn[n 
to u 9 our exp]i5ce z a complex ( pass+ 
ev5ts4 ,9 ?is complex we disc]n def9ite 
mutual relations betwe5 compon5t ev5ts1 
:i* we may call _! relative positions1 &
 ^! positions we express p>tly 9 t]ms ( 
space & p>tly 9 t]ms ( "t4 ,also 9      
addition to its m]e relative position to
 o!r ev5ts1 ea* p>ticul> ev5t has its   

own peculi> "*4 ,9 o!r words1 nature is 
a /ructure ( ev5ts & ea* ev5t has its   
position 9 ?is /ructure & its own       
peculi> "* or quality4  ,let u n[ exam9e
 ! o!r two /atem5ts 9 ! light ( ?is     
g5]al pr9ciple z to ! mean+ ( nature4   
,take ! second /atem5t1 ',cleopatra's   
,ne$le is on ! ,*>+ ,cross ,embankm5t4' 
,at fir/ sight we %\ld h>dly call ?is an
 ev5t4 ,x seems to lack ! elem5t ( "t or
 transitor9ess4 ,b does x8 ,if an angel 
_h made ! rem>k "s hundr$s ( millions ( 
ye>s ago1 ! e>? 0 n 9 exi/5ce1 tw5ty    
millions ( ye>s ago !re 0 no ,?ames1    
eighty ye>s ago !re 0 no ,?ames         
,embankm5t1 & :5 ,i 0 a small boy       
,cleopatra's ,ne$le 0 n !re4 ,& n[ t x  
is !re1 we none ( u expect x to be      
et]nal4 ,! /atic timeless elem5t 9 !    
relation ( ,cleopatra's ,ne$le to !     
,embankm5t is a pure illusion g5]at$ by 
! fact t = purposes ( daily int]c\rse   
its emphasis is ne$less4 ,:at x comes to
 is ?is3 ,amid/ ! /ructure ( ev5ts :i*  
=m ! m$ium )9 :i* ! daily life (        

,london]s is pass$ we "k h[ to id5tify a
 c]ta9 /ream ( ev5ts :i* ma9ta9 p]man5ce
 ( "*1 namely ! "* ( be+ ! situations ( 
,cleopatra's ,ne$le4 ,day by day & h\r  
by h\r we c f9d a c]ta9 *unk 9 !        
transitory life ( nature & ( t *unk we  
say1 ',!re is ,cleopatra's ,ne$le4' ,if 
we def9e ! ,ne$le 9 a suffici5tly       
ab/ract mann] we c say t x nev] *anges4 
,b a physici/ :o looks on t "p ( ! life 
( nature z a dance ( electrons1 w tell y
 t daily x has lo/ "s molecules & ga9$  
o!rs1 & ev5 ! pla9 man c see t x gets   
dirti] & is occasionally wa%$4 ,?us ! "q
 ( *ange 9 ! ,ne$le is a m]e matt] (    
def9ition4 ,! m ab/ract y\r def9ition1 !
 m p]man5t ! ,ne$le4 ,b :e!r y\r ,ne$le 
*ange or be p]man5t1 all y mean by /at+ 
t x is situat$ on ! ,*>+ ,cross         
,embankm5t1 is t amid ! /ructure ( ev5ts
 y "k ( a c]ta9 cont9u\s limit$ /ream ( 
ev5ts1 su* t any *unk ( t /ream1 dur+   
any h\r1 or any day1 or any second1 has 
! "* ( be+ ! situation ( ,cleopatra's   
,ne$le4  ,f9ally1 we come to ! ?ird     

/atem5t1 ',!re are d>k l9es 9 ! ,sol>   
,spectrum4' ,?is is a law ( nature4 ,b  
:at does t mean8 ,x means m]ely ?is4 ,if
 any ev5t has ! "* ( be+ an exhibition (
 ! sol> spectrum "u c]ta9 assign$       
circum/ances1 x w also h ! "* ( exhibit+
 d>k l9es 9 t spectrum4  ,?is long      
discussion br+s u to ! f9al conclusion t
 ! concrete facts ( nature are ev5ts    
exhibit+ a c]ta9 /ructure 9 _! mutual   
relations & c]ta9 *>act]s ( _! own4 ,!  
aim ( sci5ce is to express ! relations  
betwe5 _! *>act]s 9 t]ms ( ! mutual     
/ructural relations betwe5 ! ev5ts ?us  
*>act]is$4 ,! mutual /ructural relations
 betwe5 ev5ts are bo? spatial &         
temporal4 ,if y ?9k ( !m z m]ely spatial
 y are omitt+ ! temporal elem5t1 & if y 
?9k ( !m z m]ely temporal y are omitt+ !
 spatial elem5t4 ,?us :5 y ?9k ( space  
alone1 or ( "t alone1 y are deal+ 9     
ab/ractions1 namely1 y are leav+ out an 
ess5tial elem5t 9 ! life ( nature z kn[n
 to y 9 ! exp]i5ce ( y\r s5ses4         
,fur!rmore !re are diff]5t ways ( mak+  

^! ab/ractions :i* we ?9k ( z space & z 
"t2 & "u "s circum/ances we adopt "o way
 & "u o!r circum/ances we adopt ano!r   
way4 ,?us !re is no p>adox 9 hold+ t :at
 we mean by space "u "o set (           
circum/ances is n :at we mean by space  
"u ano!r set ( circum/ances4 ,& equally 
:at we mean by "t "u "o set (           
circum/ances is n :at we mean by "t "u  
ano!r set ( circum/ances4 ,by say+ t    
space & "t are ab/ractions1 ,i d n mean 
t !y d n express = u real facts ab\t    
nature4 ,:at ,i mean is t !re are no    
spatial facts or temporal facts ap>t f  
physical nature1 namely t space & "t are
 m]ely ways ( express+ c]ta9 tru?s ab\t 
! relations betwe5 ev5ts4 ,also t "u    
diff]5t circum/ances !re are diff]5t    
sets ( tru?s ab\t ! univ]se :i* are     
naturally pres5t$ to u z /atem5ts ab\t  
space4 ,9 su* a case :at a be+ "u ! "o  
set ( circum/ances means by space w be  
diff]5t f t meant by a be+ "u ! o!r set 
( circum/ances4 ,accord+ly :5 we are    
comp>+ two obs]vations made "u diff]5t  

circum/ances we h to ask ',d ! two      
obs]v]s mean ! same ?+ by space & ! same
 ?+ by "t8' ,! mod]n !ory ( relativity  
has aris5 because c]ta9 p]plexities z to
 ! concordance ( c]ta9 delicate         
obs]vations su* z ! motion ( ! e>? ?r\gh
 ! e!r1 ! p]ihelion ( m]cury1 & !       
positions ( ! />s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( !  
sun1 h be5 solv$ by ref]5ce to ?is      
purely relative significance ( space &  
"t4  ,i want n[ to recall y\r att5tion  
to ,cleopatra's ,ne$le1 :i* ,i h n yet  
done )4 ,z y are walk+ along !          
,embankm5t y sudd5ly look up & say1     
',hullo1 !re's ! ,ne$le4' ,9 o!r words1 
y recognise x4 ,y _c recognise an ev5t2 
because :5 x is gone1 x is gone4 ,y may 
obs]ve ano!r ev5t ( analog\s "*1 b !    
actual *unk ( ! life ( nature is        
insep>able f its unique occurr5ce4 ,b a 
"* ( an ev5t c be recognis$4 ,we all "k 
t if we g to ! ,embankm5t ne> ,*>+      
,cross we %all obs]ve an ev5t hav+ ! "* 
:i* we recognise z ,cleopatra's ,ne$le4 
,?+s :i* we ?us recognise ,i call       

objects4 ,an object is situat$ 9 ^?     
ev5ts or 9 t /ream ( ev5ts ( :i* x      
expresses ! "*4 ,!re are _m sorts (     
objects4 ,= example1 ! col\r gre5 is an 
object accord+ to ! above def9ition4 ,x 
is ! purpose ( sci5ce to trace ! laws   
:i* gov]n ! appe>ance ( objects 9 !     
v>i\s ev5ts 9 :i* !y are f\nd to be     
situat$4 ,= ?is purpose we c ma9ly      
conc5trate on two types ( objects1 :i*  
,i w call mat]ial physical objects &    
sci5tific objects4 ,a mat]ial physical  
object is an ord9>y bit ( matt]1        
,cleopatra's ,ne$le = example4 ,?is is a
 mu* m complicat$ type ( object ?an a   
m]e col\r1 su* z ! col\r ( ! ,ne$le4 ,i 
call ^! simple objects1 su* z col\rs or 
s\nds1 s5se-objects4 ,an arti/ w tra9   
himself to att5d m p>ticul>ly to        
s5se-objects :]e ! ord9>y p]son att5ds  
normally to mat]ial objects4 ,?us if y 7
 walk+ ) an arti/1 :5 y said ',!re's    
,cleopatra's ,ne$le1' p]haps he         
simultane\sly exclaim$ ',!re's a nice   
bit ( col\r4' ,yet y 7 bo? express+ y\r 

recognition ( diff]5t compon5t *>act]s (
 ! same ev5t4 ,b 9 sci5ce we h f\nd out 
t :5 we "k all ab\t ! adv5tures amid    
ev5ts ( mat]ial physical objects & (    
sci5tific objects we h mo/ ( ! relevant 
in=mation :i* w enable u to pr$ict !    
conditions "u :i* we %all p]ceive       
s5se-objects 9 specific situations4 ,=  
example1 :5 we "k t !re is a blaz+ fire 
7i4e4 mat]ial & sci5tific objects       
und]go+ v>i\s excit+ adv5tures amid     
ev5ts7 & opposite to x a mirror 7:i* is 
ano!r mat]ial object7 & ! positions ( a 
man's face & eyes gaz+ into ! mirror1 we
 "k t he c p]ceive ! r$ness ( ! flame   
situat$ 9 an ev5t beh9d ! mirror--?us1  
to a l>ge ext5t1 ! appe>ance (          
s5se-objects is condition$ by !         
adv5tures ( mat]ial objects4 ,! analysis
 ( ^! adv5tures makes u aw>e ( ano!r "* 
( ev5ts1 namely _! *>act]s z fields (   
activity :i* det]m9e ! subsequ5t ev5ts  
to :i* !y w pass on ! objects situat$ 9 
!m4 ,we express ^! fields ( activity 9  
t]ms ( gravitational1 electromagnetic1  

or *emical =ces & attractions4 ,b !     
exact expression ( ! nature ( ^! fields 
( activity =ces u intellectually to     
ackn[l$ge a less obvi\s type ( objects z
 situat$ 9 ev5ts4 ,i mean molecules &   
electrons4 ,^! objects are n recognis$ 9
 isolation4 ,we _c well miss            
,cleopatra's ,ne$le1 if we are 9 its    
neighb\rhood2 b no "o has se5 a s+le    
molecule or a s+le electron1 yet !      
*>act]s ( ev5ts are only explicable to u
 by express+ !m 9 t]ms ( ^! sci5tific   
objects4 ,und\bt$ly molecules &         
electrons are ab/ractions4 ,b !n s is   
,cleopatra's ,ne$le4 ,! concrete facts  
are ! ev5ts !mselves--,i h already      
expla9$ to y t to be an ab/raction does 
n mean t an entity is no?+4 ,x m]ely    
means t its exi/5ce is only "o factor ( 
a m concrete elem5t ( nature4 ,s an     
electron is ab/ract because y _c wipe   
out ! :ole /ructure ( ev5ts & yet reta9 
! electron 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 ! same way !   
gr9 on ! cat is ab/ract2 & ! molecule is
 really 9 ! ev5t 9 ! same s5se z ! gr9  

is really on ! cat's face4 ,n[ ! m      
ultimate sci5ces su* z ,*emi/ry or      
,physics _c express _! ultimate laws 9  
t]ms ( su* vague objects z ! sun1 ! e>?1
 ,cleopatra's ,ne$le1 or a human body4  
,su* objects m prop]ly belong to        
,a/ronomy1 to ,geology1 to ,eng9e]+1 to 
,ar*aeology1 or to ,biology4 ,*emi/ry & 
,physics only deal ) !m z exhibit+      
/ati/ical complexes ( ! effects ( _! m  
intimate laws4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 !y only 
ent] into ,physics & ,*emi/ry z         
te*nological applications4 ,! reason is 
t !y are too vague4 ,:]e does           
,cleopatra's ,ne$le beg9 & :]e does x   
end8 ,is ! soot "p ( x8 ,is x a diff]5t 
object :5 x %$s a molecule or :5 its    
surface ent]s into *emical comb9ation ) 
! acid ( a ,london fog8 ,! def9it5ess & 
p]man5ce ( ! ,ne$le is no?+ to !        
possible p]man5t def9it5ess ( a molecule
 z conceiv$ by sci5ce1 & ! p]man5t      
def9it5ess ( a molecule 9 its turn      
yields to t ( an electron4 ,?us sci5ce 9
 its mo/ ultimate =mulation ( law seeks 

objects ) ! mo/ p]man5t def9ite         
simplicity ( "* & expresses its f9al    
laws 9 t]ms ( !m4  ,aga9 :5 we seek     
def9itely to express ! relations ( ev5ts
 :i* arise f _! spatio-temporal         
/ructure1 we approximate to simplicity  
by progressively dim9i%+ ! ext5t 7bo?   
temporal & spatial7 ( ! ev5ts consid]$4 
,= example1 ! ev5t :i* is ! life ( !    
*unk ( nature :i* is ! ,ne$le dur+ "o   
m9ute has to ! life ( nature )9 a pass+ 
b>ge dur+ ! same m9ute a v complex      
spatio-temporal relation4 ,b suppose we 
progressively dim9i% ! "t consid]$ to a 
second1 to a hundr$? ( a second1 to a   
?\s&? ( a second1 & s on4 ,z we pass    
along su* a s]ies we approximate to an  
ideal simplicity ( /ructural relations (
 ! pairs ( ev5ts successively consid]$1 
:i* ideal we call ! spatial relations ( 
! ,ne$le to ! b>ge at "s in/ant4 ,ev5 ^!
 relations are too complicat$ = u1 & we 
consid] small] & small] bits ( ! ,ne$le 
& ( ! b>ge4 ,?us we f9ally rea* ! ideal 
( an ev5t s re/rict$ 9 its ext5sion z to

 be )\t ext5sion 9 space or ext5sion 9  
"t4 ,su* an ev5t is a m]e spatial       
po9t-fla% ( in/antane\s duration4 ,i    
call su* an ideal ev5t an               
'ev5t-p>ticle4' ,y mu/ n ?9k ( ! _w z   
ultimately built up ( ev5t-p>ticles4 ,t 
is to put ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,! _w we  
"k is a cont9u\s /ream ( occurr5ce :i*  
we c discrim9ate into f9ite ev5ts =m+ by
 _! ov]lapp+s & conta9+s ( ea* o!r &    
sep>ations a spatio-temporal /ructure4  
,we c express ! prop]ties ( ?is /ructure
 9 t]ms ( ! ideal limits to r\tes (     
approximation1 :i* ,i h t]m$            
ev5t-p>ticles4 ,accord+ly ev5t-p>ticles 
are ab/ractions 9 _! relations to ! m   
concrete ev5ts4 ,b !n by ?is "t y w h   
compreh5d$ t y _c analyse concrete      
nature )\t ab/ract+4 ,also ,i repeat1 ! 
ab/ractions ( sci5ce are entities :i*   
are truly 9 nature1 ?\gh !y h no mean+ 9
 isolation f nature4  ,! "* ( !         
spatio-temporal /ructure ( ev5ts c be   
fully express$ 9 t]ms ( relations betwe5
 ^! m ab/ract ev5t-p>ticles4 ,!         

advantage ( deal+ ) ev5t-p>ticles is t  
?\gh !y are ab/ract & complex 9 respect 
to ! f9ite ev5ts :i* we directly obs]ve1
 !y are simpl] ?an f9ite ev5ts 9 respect
 to _! mutual relations4 ,accord+ly !y  
express = u ! dem&s ( an ideal accuracy1
 & ( an ideal simplicity 9 ! exposition 
( relations4 ,^! ev5t-p>ticles are !    
ultimate elem5ts ( ! f\r-dim5sional     
space-"t manifold :i* ! !ory (          
relativity presupposes4 ,y w h obs]v$ t 
ea* ev5t-p>ticle is z mu* an in/ant ( "t
 z x is a po9t ( space4 ,i h call$ x an 
in/antane\s po9t-fla%4 ,?us 9 ! /ructure
 ( ?is space-"t manifold space is n     
f9ally discrim9at$ f "t1 & ! possibility
 rema9s op5 = div]se modes (            
discrim9ation accord+ to ! div]se       
circum/ances ( obs]v]s4 ,x is ?is       
possibility :i* makes ! fundam5tal      
di/9ction betwe5 ! new way ( conceiv+ ! 
univ]se & ! old way4 ,! secret ( und]/&+
 relativity is to und]/& ?is4 ,x is ( no
 use ru%+ 9 ) picturesque p>adoxes1 su* 
z ',space caught b5d+1' if y h n ma/]$  

?is fundam5tal conception :i* und]lies !
 :ole !ory4 ,:5 ,i say t x und]lies !   
:ole !ory1 ,i mean t 9 my op9ion x ought
 to und]lie x1 ?\gh ,i may confess "s   
d\bts z to h[ f> all expositions ( !    
!ory h really und]/ood its implications 
& its premises4  ,our measurem5ts :5 !y 
are express$ 9 t]ms ( an ideal accuracy 
are measurem5ts :i* express prop]ties ( 
! space-"t manifold4 ,n[ !re are        
measurem5ts ( diff]5t sorts4 ,y c       
measure l5g?s1 or angles1 or areas1 or  
volumes1 or times4 ,!re are also o!r    
sorts ( measures su* z measurem5ts (    
int5sity ( illum9ation1 b ,i w disreg>d 
^! = ! mom5t & w conf9e att5tion to ^?  
measurem5ts :i* p>ticul>ly int]e/ u z   
be+ measurem5ts ( space or ( "t4 ,x is  
easy to see t f\r su* measurem5ts ( !   
prop] *>act]s are necess>y to det]m9e ! 
position ( an ev5t-p>ticle 9 ! space-"t 
manifold 9 its relation to ! re/ ( !    
manifold4 ,= example1 9 a rectangul>    
field y />t f "o corn] at a giv5 "t1 y  
measure a def9ite di/ance along "o side1

 y !n /rike out into ! field at "r      
angles1 & !n measure a def9ite di/ance  
p>allel to ! o!r pair ( sides1 y !n rise
 v]tically a def9ite height & take ! "t4
 ,at ! po9t & at ! "t :i* y ?us rea* !re
 is occurr+ a def9ite in/antane\s       
po9t-fla% ( nature4 ,9 o!r words1 y\r   
f\r measurem5ts h det]m9$ a def9ite     
ev5t-p>ticle belong+ to ! f\r-dim5sion  
space-"t manifold4 ,^! measurem5ts h    
appe>$ to be v simple to ! l&-surveyor &
 raise 9 8 m9d no philosophic           
difficulties4 ,b suppose !re are be+s on
 ,m>s suffici5tly advanc$ 9 sci5tific   
inv5tion to be able to wat* 9 detail !  
op]ations ( ?is survey on e>?4 ,suppose 
t !y con/rue ! op]ations ( ! ,engli%    
l&-surveyors 9 ref]5ce to ! space       
natural to a be+ on ,m>s1 namely a      
,m>tio-c5tric space 9 :i* t planet is   
fix$4 ,! e>? is mov+ relatively to ,m>s 
& is rotat+4 ,to ! be+s on ,m>s !       
op]ations1 con/ru$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 effect 
measurem5ts ( ! greate/ complication4   
,fur!rmore1 accord+ to ! relativi/ic    

doctr9e1 ! op]ation ( "t-measurem5t on  
e>? w n correspond q exactly to any     
"t-measurem5t on ,m>s4  ,i h discuss$   
?is example 9 ord] to make y realise t 9
 ?9k+ ( ! possibilities ( measurem5t 9 !
 space-"t manifold1 we mu/ n conf9e     
ourselves m]ely to ^? m9or v>iations :i*
 might seem natural to human be+s on !  
e>?4 ,let u make !re=e ! g5]al /atem5t t
 f\r measurem5ts1 respectively (        
indep5d5t types 7su* z measurem5ts (    
l5g?s 9 ?ree directions & a "t71 c be   
f\nd su* t a def9ite ev5t-p>ticle is    
det]m9$ by !m 9 its relations to o!r    
p>ts ( ! manifold4  ,if 7p1 p1 p1 p7 be 
a set ( measurem5ts ( ?is sy/em1 !n !   
ev5t-p>ticle :i* is ?us det]m9$ w be    
said to h p1 p1 p1 p z its co-ord9ates 9
 ?is sy/em ( measurem5t4 ,suppose t we  
"n x ! p-sy/em ( measurem5t4 ,!n 9 !    
same p-sy/em by prop]ly v>y+ 7p1 p1 p1  
p7 e ev5t-p>ticle t has be51 or w be1 or
 in/antane\sly is n[1 c be indicat$4    
,fur!rmore1 accord+ to any sy/em (      
measurem5t t is natural to u1 ?ree ( !  

co-ord9ates w be measurem5ts ( space &  
"o w be a measurem5t ( "t4 ,let u always
 take ! la/ co-ord9ate to repres5t !    
"t-measurem5t4 ,!n we %\ld naturally say
 t 7p1 p1 p7 det]m9$ a po9t 9 space & t 
! ev5t-p>ticle happ5$ at t po9t at ! "t 
p4 ,b we mu/ n make ! mi/ake ( ?9k+ t   
!re is a space 9 addition to ! space-"t 
manifold4 ,t manifold is all t !re is = 
! det]m9ation ( ! mean+ ( space & "t4   
,we h got to det]m9e ! mean+ ( a        
space-po9t 9 t]ms ( ! ev5t-p>ticles ( ! 
f\r-dim5sional manifold4 ,!re is only "o
 way to d ?is4 ,note t if we v>y ! "t & 
take times ) ! same ?ree space          
co-ord9ates1 !n ! ev5t-p>ticles1 ?us    
indicat$1 are all at ! same po9t4 ,b    
see+ t !re is no?+ else except !        
ev5t-p>ticles1 ?is c only mean t ! po9t 
7p1 p1 p7 ( ! space 9 ! p-sy/em is m]ely
 ! collection ( ev5t-p>ticles 7p1 p1 p1 
p71 :]e p is v>i$ & 7p1 p1 p7 is kept   
fix$4 ,x is r disconc]t+ to f9d t a po9t
 9 space is n a simple entity2 b x is a 
conclusion :i* foll[s imm$iately f !    

relative !ory ( space4  ,fur!rmore !    
inhabitant ( ,m>s det]m9es ev5t-p>ticles
 by ano!r sy/em ( measurem5ts4 ,call 8  
sy/em ! q-sy/em4 ,accord+ to him 7q1 q1 
q1 q7 det]m9es an ev5t-p>ticle1 & 7q1 q1
 q7 det]m9es a po9t & q a "t4 ,b !      
collection ( ev5t-p>ticles :i* he ?9ks (
 z a po9t is entirely diff]5t f any su* 
collection :i* ! man on e>? ?9ks ( z a  
po9t4 ,?us ! q-space = ! man on ,m>s is 
q diff]5t f ! p-space = ! l&-surveyor on
 e>?4  ,s f> 9 speak+ ( space we h be5  
talk+ ( ! timeless space ( physical     
sci5ce1 namely1 ( our concept ( et]nal  
space 9 :i* ! _w adv5tures4 ,b ! space  
:i* we see z we look ab\t is in/antane\s
 space4 ,?us if our natural p]ceptions  
are adju/able to ! p-sy/em ( measurem5ts
 we see in/antane\sly all !             
ev5t-p>ticles at "s def9ite "t p1 &     
obs]ve a succession ( su* spaces z "t   
moves on4 ,! timeless space is a*iev$ by
 /r++ toge!r all ^! in/antane\s spaces4 
,! po9ts ( an in/antane\s space are     
ev5t-p>ticles1 & ! po9ts ( an et]nal    

space are /r+s ( ev5t-p>ticles occurr+ 9
 succession4 ,b ! man on ,m>s w nev]    
p]ceive ! same in/antane\s spaces z !   
man on ! e>?4 ,?is sy/em ( in/antane\s  
spaces w cut across ! e>?-man's sy/em4  
,= ! e>?-man !re is "o in/antane\s space
 :i* is ! in/antane\s pres5t1 !re are ! 
pa/ spaces & ! future spaces4 ,b !      
pres5t space ( ! man on ,m>s cuts across
 ! pres5t space ( ! man on ! e>?4 ,s t (
 ! ev5t-p>ticles :i* ! e>?-man ?9ks ( z 
happ5+ n[ 9 ! pres5t1 ! man on ,m>s ?9ks
 t "s are already pa/ & are anci5t      
hi/ory1 t o!rs are 9 ! future1 & o!rs   
are 9 ! imm$iate pres5t4 ,?is break-d[n 
9 ! neat conception ( a pa/1 a pres5t1 &
 a future is a s]i\s p>adox4 ,i call two
 ev5t-p>ticles :i* on "s or o!r sy/em ( 
measurem5t are 9 ! same in/antane\s     
space 'co-pres5t' ev5t-p>ticles4 ,!n x  
is possible t ,a & ,b may be co-pres5t1 
& t ,a & ,c may be co-pres5t1 b t ,b &  
,c may n be co-pres5t4 ,= example1 at "s
 inconceivable di/ance f u !re are ev5ts
 co-pres5t ) u n[ & also co-pres5t ) !  

bir? ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,if ,a & ,b are 
co-pres5t !re w be "s sy/ems 9 :i* ,a   
prec$es ,b & "s 9 :i* ,b prec$es ,a4    
,also !re c be no velocity quick en\gh  
to c>ry a mat]ial p>ticle f ,a to ,b or 
f ,b to ,a4 ,^! diff]5t measure-sy/ems )
 _! div]g5ces ( "t-reckon+ are puzzl+1 &
 to "s ext5t affront our common s5se4 ,x
 is n ! usual way 9 :i* we ?9k ( !      
,univ]se4 ,we ?9k ( "o necess>y "t-sy/em
 & "o necess>y space4 ,accord+ to ! new 
!ory1 !re are an indef9ite numb] (      
discordant "t-s]ies & an indef9ite numb]
 ( di/9ct spaces4 ,any correlat$ pair1 a
 "t-sy/em & a space-sy/em1 w d 9 :i* to 
fit our description ( ! ,univ]se4 ,we   
f9d t "u giv5 conditions our measurem5ts
 are necess>ily made 9 "s "o pair :i*   
toge!r =m our natural measure-sy/em4 ,! 
difficulty z to discordant "t-sy/ems is 
p>tly solv$ by di/+ui%+ betwe5 :at ,i   
call ! creative advance ( nature1 :i* is
 n prop]ly s]ial at all1 & any "o "t    
s]ies4 ,we habitually muddle toge!r ?is 
creative advance1 :i* we exp]i5ce & "k z

 ! p]petual transition ( nature into    
novelty1 ) ! s+le-"t s]ies :i* we       
naturally employ = measurem5t4 ,! v>i\s 
"t-s]ies ea* measure "s aspect ( !      
creative advance1 & ! :ole bundle ( !m  
express all ! prop]ties ( ?is advance   
:i* are measurable4 ,! reason :y we h n 
previ\sly not$ ?is diff]5ce ( "t-s]ies  
is ! v small diff]5ce ( prop]ties betwe5
 any two su* s]ies4 ,any obs]vable      
ph5om5a due to ?is cause dep5d on !     
squ>e ( ! ratio ( any velocity ent]+    
into ! obs]vation to ! velocity ( light4
 ,n[ light takes ab\t fifty m9utes to   
get r\nd ! e>?'s orbit2 & ! e>? takes r 
m ?an #ag1eca half-h\rs to d ! same4    
,h5ce all ! effects due to ?is motion   
are ( ! ord] ( ! ratio ( "o to ! squ>e (
 #aj1jjj4 ,accord+ly an e>?-man & a     
sun-man h only neglect$ effects ^:      
quantitative magnitudes all conta9 !    
factor #a_/aj4 ,evid5tly su* effects c  
only be not$ by means ( ! mo/ ref9$     
obs]vations4 ,!y h be5 obs]v$ h[ev]4    
,suppose we comp>e two obs]vations on ! 

velocity ( light made ) ! same app>atus 
z we turn x ?r\gh a "r angle4 ,!        
velocity ( ! e>? relatively to ! sun is 
9 "o direction1 ! velocity ( light      
relatively to ! e!r %\ld be ! same 9 all
 directions4 ,h5ce if space :5 we take !
 e!r z at re/ means ! same ?+ z space :5
 we take ! e>? z at re/1 we ought to f9d
 t ! velocity ( light relatively to !   
e>? v>ies accord+ to ! direction f :i* x
 comes4  ,^! obs]vations on e>?         
con/itute ! basic pr9ciple ( ! fam\s    
exp]im5ts design$ to detect ! motion ( !
 e>? ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,y all "k t1 q        
unexpect$ly1 !y gave a null result4 ,?is
 is completely expla9$ by ! fact t1 !   
space-sy/em & ! "t-sy/em :i* we are us+ 
are 9 c]ta9 m9ute ways diff]5t f ! space
 & ! "t relatively to ! sun or          
relatively to any o!r body ) respect to 
:i* x is mov+4  ,all ?is discussion z to
 ! nature ( "t & space has lift$ above  
our horizon a great difficulty :i*      
affects ! =mulation ( all ! ultimate    
laws ( physics--= example1 ! laws ( !   

electromagnetic field1 & ! law (        
gravitation4 ,let u take ! law (        
gravitation z an example4 ,its =mulation
 is z foll[s3 ,two mat]ial bodies       
attract ea* o!r ) a =ce proportional to 
! product ( _! masses & inv]sely        
proportional to ! squ>e ( _! di/ances4  
,9 ?is /atem5t ! bodies are suppos$ to  
be small en\gh to be treat$ z mat]ial   
p>ticles 9 relation to _! di/ances2 & we
 ne$ n bo!r fur!r ab\t t m9or po9t4 ,!  
difficulty to :i* ,i want to draw y\r   
att5tion is ?is3 ,9 ! =mulation ( ! law 
"o def9ite "t & "o def9ite space are    
presuppos$4 ,! two masses are assum$ to 
be 9 simultane\s positions4  ,b :at is  
simultane\s 9 "o "t-sy/em may n be      
simultane\s 9 ano!r "t-sy/em4 ,s accord+
 to our new views ! law is 9 ?is respect
 n =mulat$ s z to h any exact mean+4    
,fur!rmore an analog\s difficulty arises
 ov] ! "q ( di/ance4 ,! di/ance betwe5  
two in/antane\s positions1 i4e4 betwe5  
two ev5t-p>ticles1 is diff]5t 9 diff]5t 
space-sy/ems4 ,:at space is to be *os58 

,?us aga9 ! law lacks precise =mulation1
 if relativity is accept$4 ,our problem 
is to seek a fre% int]pretation ( ! law 
( gravity 9 :i* ^! difficulties are     
evad$4 ,9 ! fir/ place we mu/ avoid !   
ab/ractions ( space & "t 9 ! =mulation (
 our fundam5tal ideas & mu/ recur to !  
ultimate facts ( nature1 namely to      
ev5ts4 ,also 9 ord] to f9d ! ideal      
simplicity ( expressions ( ! relations  
betwe5 ev5ts1 we re/rict ourselves to   
ev5t-p>ticles4 ,?us ! life ( a mat]ial  
p>ticle is its adv5ture amid a track (  
ev5t-p>ticles /rung out z a cont9u\s    
s]ies or pa? 9 ! f\r-dim5sional space-"t
 manifold4 ,^! ev5t-p>ticles are ! v>i\s
 situations ( ! mat]ial p>ticle4 ,we    
usually express ?is fact by adopt+ our  
natural space-"t sy/em & by talk+ ( !   
pa? 9 space ( ! mat]ial p>ticle z x     
exi/s at successive in/ants ( "t4  ,we h
 to ask ourselves :at are ! laws (      
nature :i* lead ! mat]ial p>ticle to    
adopt j ?is pa? among ev5t-p>ticles & no
 o!r4 ,?9k ( ! pa? z a :ole4 ,:at       

*>act]i/ic has t pa? got :i* w\ld n be  
%>$ by any o!r slightly v>i$ pa?8 ,we   
are ask+ = m ?an a law ( gravity4 ,we   
want laws ( motion & a g5]al idea ( !   
way to =mulate ! effects ( physical     
=ces4  ,9 ord] to answ] our "q we put ! 
idea ( ! attract+ masses 9 ! backgr\nd &
 conc5trate att5tion on ! field (       
activity ( ! ev5ts 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! 
pa?4 ,9 s do+ we are act+ 9 con=mity ) !
 :ole tr5d ( sci5tific ?\ght dur+ ! la/ 
hundr$ ye>s1 :i* has m & m conc5trat$   
att5tion on ! field ( =ce z ! imm$iate  
ag5t 9 direct+ motion1 to ! exclusion ( 
! consid]ation ( ! imm$iate mutual      
influ5ce betwe5 two di/ant bodies4 ,we h
 got to f9d ! way ( express+ ! field (  
activity ( ev5ts 9 ! neighb\rhood ( "s  
def9ite ev5t-p>ticle ,e ( !             
f\r-dim5sional manifold4 ,i br+ 9 a     
fundam5tal physical idea :i* ,i call !  
'impetus' to express ?is physical field4
 ,! ev5t-p>ticle ,e is relat$ to any    
neighb\r+ ev5t-p>ticle ,p by an elem5t (
 impetus4 ,! assemblage ( all ! elem5ts 

( impetus relat+ ,e to ! assemblage (   
ev5t-p>ticles 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,e     
expresses ! "* ( ! field ( activity 9 ! 
neighb\rhood ( ,e4 ,:]e ,i diff] f      
,e9/e9 is t he conceives ?is quantity   
:i* ,i call ! impetus z m]ely express+ !
 *>act]s ( ! space & "t to be adopt$ &  
?us ends by talk+ ( ! gravitational     
field express+ a curvature 9 ! space-"t 
manifold4 ,i _c atta* any cle>          
conception to 8 int]pretation ( space & 
"t4 ,my =mulae diff] slightly f 81 ?\gh 
!y agree 9 ^? in/ances :]e 8 results h  
be5 v]ifi$4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t 9 ?is    
p>ticul> ( ! =mulation ( ! law (        
gravitation ,i h drawn on ! g5]al me?od 
( proc$ure :i* con/itutes 8 great       
discov]y4  ,e9/e9 %[$ h[ to express !   
*>act]s ( ! assemblage ( elem5ts (      
impetus ( ! field surr\nd+ an           
ev5t-p>ticle ,e 9 t]ms ( t5 quantities  
:i* ,i w call ,j#aa1 ,j#ab 7,j#ba71     
,j#bb1 ,j#bc7;,j#cb71 etc4 ,x w be not$ 
t !re are f\r spatio-temporal           
measurem5ts relat+ ,e to its neighb\r   

,p1 & t !re are t5 pairs ( su*          
measurem5ts if we are all[$ to take any 
"o measurem5t twice ov] to make "o su*  
pair4 ,! t5 ,j's dep5d m]ely on !       
position ( ,e 9 ! f\r-dim5sional        
manifold1 & ! elem5t ( impetus betwe5 ,e
 & ,p c be express$ 9 t]ms ( ! t5 ,j's &
 ! t5 pairs ( ! f\r spatio-temporal     
measurem5ts relat+ ,e & ,p4 ,! num]ical 
values ( ! ,j's w dep5d on ! sy/em (    
measurem5t adopt$1 b are s adju/$ to ea*
 p>ticul> sy/em t ! same value is obta9$
 = ! elem5t ( impetus betwe5 ,e & ,p1   
:atev] be ! sy/em ( measurem5t adopt$4  
,?is fact is express$ by say+ t ! t5    
,j's =m a 't5sor4' ,x is n go+ too f> to
 say t ! ann\ncem5t t physici/s w\ld h 9
 future to /udy ! !ory ( t5sors creat$ a
 v]itable panic among !m :5 !           
v]ification ( ,e9/e9's pr$ictions 0 fir/
 ann\nc$4  ,! t5 ,j's at any            
ev5t-p>ticle ,e c be express$ 9 t]ms (  
two functions :i* ,i call ! pot5tial & !
 'associate-pot5tial' at ,e4 ,! pot5tial
 is practically :at is meant by ! ord9>y

 gravitation pot5tial1 :5 we express    
ourselves 9 t]ms ( ! ,euclidean space 9 
ref]5ce to :i* ! attract+ mass is at    
re/4 ,! associate-pot5tial is def9$ by !
 modification ( sub/itut+ ! direct      
di/ance = ! inv]se di/ance 9 ! def9ition
 ( ! pot5tial1 & its calculation c      
easily be made to dep5d on t ( !        
old-fa%ion$ pot5tial4 ,?us ! calculation
 ( ! ,j's--! coeffici5ts ( impetus1 z ,i
 w call !m--does n involve any?+ v      
revolution>y 9 ! ma!matical k (         
physici/s4 ,we n[ return to ! pa? ( !   
attract$ p>ticle4 ,we add up all !      
elem5ts ( impetus 9 ! :ole pa?1 & obta9 
!reby :at ,i call ! 'integral impetus4' 
,! *>act]i/ic ( ! actual pa? z comp>$ ) 
neighb\r+ alt]native pa?s is t 9 !      
actual pa?s ! integral impetus w\ld     
nei!r ga9 nor lose1 if ! p>ticle wobbl$ 
out ( x into a small extremely ne>      
alt]native pa?4 ,ma!maticians w\ld      
express ?is by say+1 t ! integral       
impetus is /ation>y = an inf9itesimal   
displacem5t4 ,9 ?is /atem5t ( ! law (   

motion ,i h neglect$ ! exi/5ce ( o!r    
=ces4 ,b t w\ld lead me too f> afield4  
,! electromagnetic !ory has to be       
modifi$ to all[ = ! pres5ce ( a         
gravitational field4 ,?us ,e9/e9's      
inve/igations lead to ! fir/ discov]y ( 
any relation betwe5 gravity & o!r       
physical ph5om5a4 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* ,i h put
 ?is modification1 we d$uce ,e9/e9's    
fundam5tal pr9ciple1 z to ! motion (    
light along its rays1 z a fir/          
approximation :i* is absolutely true =  
inf9itely %ort waves4 ,e9/e9's pr9ciple1
 ?us p>tially v]ifi$1 /at$ 9 my language
 is t a ray ( light always foll[s a pa? 
su* t ! integral impetus along x is z]o4
 ,?is involves t e elem5t ( impetus     
along x is z]o4  ,9 conclusion1 ,i mu/  
apologise4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i h         
consid]ably ton$ d[n ! v>i\s excit+     
peculi>ities ( ! orig9al !ory & h r$uc$ 
x to a great] con=mity ) ! old] physics4
 ,i d n all[ t physical ph5om5a are due 
to oddities ( space4 ,also ,i h add$ to 
! dullness ( ! lecture by my respect = !

 audi5ce4 ,y w\ld h enjoy$ a m popul>   
lecture ) illu/rations ( delightful     
p>adoxes4 ,b ,i "k also t y are s]i\s   
/ud5ts :o are "h because y really want  
to "k h[ ! new !ories may affect y\r    
sci5tific rese>*es4     ,,*apt] ,,ix    
,,! ,,ultimate ,,physical ,,concepts    
,! second *apt] ( ?is book lays d[n !   
fir/ pr9ciple to be gu>d$ 9 fram+ our   
physical concept4 ,we mu/ avoid vici\s  
bifurcation4 ,nature is no?+ else ?an ! 
deliv]ance ( s5se-aw>5ess4 ,we h no     
pr9ciples :atev] to tell u :at c\ld     
/imulate m9d t[>ds s5se-aw>5ess4 ,our   
sole task is to exhibit 9 "o sy/em !    
*>act]s & int]-relations ( all t is     
obs]v$4 ,our attitude t[>ds nature is   
purely 'behavi\ri/ic1' s f> z conc]ns ! 
=mulation ( physical concepts4  ,our k (
 nature is an exp]i5ce ( activity 7or   
passage74 ,! ?+s previ\sly obs]v$ are   
active entities1 ! 'ev5ts4' ,!y are     
*unks 9 ! life ( nature4 ,^! ev5ts h to 
ea* o!r relations :i* 9 our k           
diff]5tiate !mselves into               

space-relations & "t-relations4 ,b ?is  
diff]5tiation betwe5 space & "t1 ?\gh   
inh]5t 9 nature1 is comp>atively        
sup]ficial2 & space & "t are ea* p>tial 
expressions ( "o fundam5tal relation    
betwe5 ev5ts :i* is nei!r spatial nor   
temporal4 ,?is relation ,i call         
'ext5sion4' ,! relation ( 'ext5d+ ov]'  
is ! relation ( 'includ+1' ei!r 9 a     
spatial or 9 a temporal s5se1 or 9 bo?4 
,b ! m]e 'inclusion' is m fundam5tal ?an
 ei!r alt]native & does n require any   
spatio-temporal diff]5tiation4 ,9       
respect to ext5sion two ev5ts are       
mutually relat$ s t ei!r 7i7 "o includes
 ! o!r1 or 7ii7 "o ov]laps ! o!r )\t    
complete inclusion1 or 7iii7 !y are     
entirely sep>ate4 ,b great c>e is       
requir$ 9 ! def9ition ( spatial &       
temporal elem5ts f ?is basis 9 ord] to  
avoid tacit limitations really dep5d+ on
 undef9$ relations & prop]ties4  ,su*   
fallacies c be avoid$ by tak+ acc\nt (  
two elem5ts 9 our exp]i5ce1 namely1 7i7 
our obs]vational 'pres5t1' & 7ii7 our   

'p]cipi5t ev5t4'  ,our obs]vational     
'pres5t' is :at ,i call a 'duration4' ,x
 is ! :ole ( nature appreh5d$ 9 our     
imm$iate obs]vation4 ,x has !re=e !     
nature ( an ev5t1 b possesses a peculi> 
complet5ess :i* m>ks out su* durations z
 a special type ( ev5ts inh]5t 9 nature4
 ,a duration is n in/antane\s4 ,x is all
 t !re is ( nature ) c]ta9 temporal     
limitations4 ,9 contradi/9ction to o!r  
ev5ts a duration w be call$ inf9ite & ! 
o!r ev5ts are f9ite#aj4 ,9 our k ( a    
duration we di/+ui% 7i7 c]ta9 includ$   
ev5ts :i* are p>ticul>ly discrim9at$ z  
to _! peculi> individualities1 & 7ii7 ! 
rema9+ includ$ ev5ts :i* are only kn[n z
 necess>ily 9 be+ by reason ( _!        
relations to ! discrim9at$ ev5ts & to ! 
:ole duration4 ,! duration z a :ole is  
signifi$#aa by t quality ( relat$ness 79
 respect to ext5sion7 possess$ by ! "p  
:i* is imm$iately "u obs]vation2 namely1
 by ! fact t !re is ess5tially a beyond 
to :atev] is obs]v$4 ,i mean by ?is t e 
ev5t is kn[n z be+ relat$ to o!r ev5ts  

:i* x does n include4 ,?is fact1 t e    
ev5t is kn[n z possess+ ! quality (     
exclusion1 %[s t exclusion is z positive
 a relation z inclusion4 ,!re are (     
c\rse no m]ely negative relations 9     
nature1 & exclusion is n ! m]e negative 
( inclusion1 ?\gh ! two relations are   
contr>ies4 ,bo? relations are conc]n$   
solely ) ev5ts1 & exclusion is capable (
 logical def9ition 9 t]ms ( inclusion4  
#aj ,cf4 note on 'significance1' pp4    
#aig1 #aih4  #aa ,cf4 ,*4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ea
 et seq4  ,p]haps ! mo/ obvi\s          
exhibition ( significance is to be f\nd 
9 our k ( ! geometrical "* ( ev5ts      
inside an opaque mat]ial object4 ,=     
example we "k t an opaque sph]e has a   
c5tre4 ,?is k has no?+ to d ) ! mat]ial2
 ! sph]e may be a solid uni=m billi>d   
ball or a holl[ lawn-t5nis ball4 ,su* k 
is ess5tially ! product ( significance1 
s9ce ! g5]al "* ( ! ext]nal discrim9at$ 
ev5ts has in=m$ u t !re are ev5ts )9 !  
sph]e & has also in=m$ u ( _!           
geometrical /ructure4  ,"s criticisms on

 ',! ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,k' %[ t     
difficulty has be5 f\nd 9 appreh5d+     
durations z real /ratifications (       
nature4 ,i ?9k t ?is hesitation arises f
 ! unconsci\s influ5ce ( ! vici\s       
pr9ciple ( bifurcation1 s deeply emb$d$ 
9 mod]n philosophical ?\ght4 ,we obs]ve 
nature z ext5d$ 9 an imm$iate pres5t :i*
 is simultane\s b n in/antane\s1 & !re=e
 ! :ole :i* is imm$iately disc]n$ or    
signifi$ z an int]-relat$ sy/em =ms a   
/ratification ( nature :i* is a physical
 fact4 ,?is conclusion imm$iately foll[s
 unless we admit bifurcation 9 ! =m ( ! 
pr9ciple ( psy*ic additions1 "h reject$4
  ,our 'p]cipi5t ev5t' is t ev5t includ$
 9 our obs]vational pres5t :i* we       
di/+ui% z be+ 9 "s peculi> way our      
/&po9t = p]ception4 ,x is r\ghly speak+ 
t ev5t :i* is our bodily life )9 !      
pres5t duration4 ,! !ory ( p]ception z  
evolv$ by m$ical psy*ology is bas$ on   
significance4 ,! di/ant situation ( a   
p]ceiv$ object is m]ely kn[n to u z     
signifi$ by our bodily /ate1 i4e4 by our

 p]cipi5t ev5t4 ,9 fact p]ception       
requires s5se-aw>5ess ( ! significations
 ( our p]cipi5t ev5t toge!r )           
s5se-aw>5ess ( a peculi> relation       
7situation7 betwe5 c]ta9 objects & !    
ev5ts ?us signifi$4 ,our p]cipi5t ev5t  
is sav$ by be+ ! :ole ( nature by ?is   
fact ( its significations4 ,?is is !    
mean+ ( call+ ! p]cipi5t ev5t our /&po9t
 = p]ception4 ,! c\rse ( a ray ( light  
is only d]ivatively connect$ )          
p]ception4 ,:at we d p]ceive are objects
 z relat$ to ev5ts signifi$ by ! bodily 
/ates excit$ by ! ray4 ,^! signifi$     
ev5ts 7z is ! case ( images se5 beh9d a 
mirror7 may h v little to d ) ! actual  
c\rse ( ! ray4 ,9 ! c\rse ( evolution ^?
 animals h surviv$ ^: s5se-aw>5ess is   
conc5trat$ on ^? significations ( _!    
bodily /ates :i* are on ! av]age        
important = _! welf>e4 ,! :ole _w (     
ev5ts is signifi$1 b !re are "s :i*     
exact ! dea? p5alty = inatt5tion4  ,!   
p]cipi5t ev5t is always "h & n[ 9 !     
associat$ pres5t duration4 ,x has1 :at  

may be call$1 an absolute position 9 t  
duration4 ,?us "o def9ite duration is   
associat$ ) a def9ite p]cipi5t ev5t1 &  
we are ?us aw>e ( a peculi> relation :i*
 f9ite ev5ts c be> to durations4 ,i call
 ?is relation 'cogr$i5ce4' ,! notion (  
re/ is d]ivative f t ( cogr$i5ce1 & !   
notion ( motion is d]ivative f t (      
inclusion )9 a duration )\t cogr$i5ce ) 
x4 ,9 fact motion is a relation 7( v>y+ 
"*7 betwe5 an obs]v$ ev5t & an obs]v$   
duration1 & cogr$i5ce is ! mo/ simple "*
 or subspecies ( motion4 ,to sum up1 a  
duration & a p]cipi5t ev5t are          
ess5tially involv$ 9 ! g5]al "* ( ea*   
obs]vation ( nature1 & ! p]cipi5t ev5t  
is cogr$i5t ) ! duration4  ,our k ( !   
peculi> *>act]s ( diff]5t ev5ts dep5ds  
^u our p[] ( comp>ison4 ,i call !       
ex]cise ( ?is factor 9 our k            
'recognition1' & ! requisite            
s5se-aw>5ess ( ! comp>able *>act]s ,i   
call 's5se-recognition4' ,recognition & 
ab/raction ess5tially involve ea* o!r4  
,ea* ( !m exhibits an entity = k :i* is 

less ?an ! concrete fact1 b is a real   
factor 9 t fact4 ,! mo/ concrete fact   
capable ( sep>ate discrim9ation is !    
ev5t4 ,we _c ab/ract )\t recognition1 & 
we _c recognise )\t ab/raction4         
,p]ception involves appreh5sion ( ! ev5t
 & recognition ( ! factors ( its "*4  ,!
 ?+s recognis$ are :at ,i call          
'objects4' ,9 ?is g5]al s5se ( ! t]m !  
relation ( ext5sion is itself an object4
 ,9 practice h[ev] ,i re/rict ! t]m to  
^? objects :i* c 9 "s s5se or o!r be    
said to h a situation 9 an ev5t2 namely1
 9 ! phrase ',!re x is aga9' ,i re/rict 
! '!re' to be ! indication ( a special  
ev5t :i* is ! situation ( ! object4 ,ev5
 s1 !re are diff]5t types ( objects1 &  
/atem5ts :i* are true ( objects ( "o    
type are n 9 g5]al true ( objects ( o!r 
types4 ,! objects ) :i* we are "h       
conc]n$ 9 ! =mulation ( physical laws   
are mat]ial objects1 su* z bits ( matt]1
 molecules & electrons4 ,an object ( "o 
( ^! types has relations to ev5ts o!r   
?an ^? belong+ to ! /ream ( its         

situations4 ,! fact ( its situations )9 
?is /ream has impress$ on all o!r ev5ts 
c]ta9 modifications ( _! *>act]s4 ,9    
tru? ! object 9 its complet5ess may be  
conceiv$ z a specific set ( correlat$   
modifications ( ! *>act]s ( all ev5ts1 )
 ! prop]ty t ^! modifications atta9 to a
 c]ta9 focal prop]ty = ^? ev5ts :i*     
belong to ! /ream ( its situations4 ,!  
total assemblage ( ! modifications ( !  
*>act]s ( ev5ts due to ! exi/5ce ( an   
object 9 a /ream ( situations is :at ,i 
call ! 'physical field' due to ! object4
 ,b ! object _c really be sep>at$ f its 
field4 ,! object is 9 fact no?+ else ?an
 ! sy/ematically adju/$ set (           
modifications ( ! field4 ,! conv5tional 
limitation ( ! object to ! focal /ream (
 ev5ts 9 :i* x is said to be 'situat$'  
is conv5i5t = "s purposes1 b x obscures 
! ultimate fact ( nature4 ,f ?is po9t ( 
view ! anti!sis betwe5 action at a      
di/ance & action by transmission is     
mean+less4 ,! doctr9e ( ?is p>agraph is 
no?+ else ?an ano!r way ( express+ !    

unresolvable multiple relation ( an     
object to ev5ts4  ,a complete "t-sy/em  
is =m$ by any "o family ( p>allel       
durations4 ,two durations are p>allel if
 ei!r 7i7 "o includes ! o!r1 or 7ii7 !y 
ov]lap s z to include a ?ird duration   
common to bo?1 or 7iii7 are entirely    
sep>ate4 ,! exclud$ case is t ( two     
durations ov]lapp+ s z to include 9     
common an aggregate ( f9ite ev5ts b     
includ+ 9 common no o!r complete        
duration4 ,! recognition ( ! fact ( an  
indef9ite numb] ( families ( p>allel    
durations is :at diff]5tiates ! concept 
( nature "h put =w>d f ! old] or?odox   
concept ( ! ess5tially unique "t-sy/ems4
 ,its div]g5ce f ,e9/e9's concept (     
nature w be briefly indicat$ lat]4  ,!  
in/antane\s spaces ( a giv5 "t-sy/em are
 ! ideal 7non-exi/5t7 durations ( z]o   
temporal ?ickness indicat$ by r\tes (   
approximation along s]ies =m$ by        
durations ( ! associat$ family4 ,ea* su*
 in/antane\s space repres5ts ! ideal (  
nature at an in/ant & is also a mom5t ( 

"t4 ,ea* "t-sy/em ?us possesses an      
aggregate ( mom5ts belong+ to x alone4  
,ea* ev5t-p>ticle lies 9 "o & only "o   
mom5t ( a giv5 "t-sy/em4 ,an            
ev5t-p>ticle has ?ree *>act]s#ab3 7i7   
its extr9sic "* :i* is its "* z a       
def9ite r\te ( conv]g5ce among ev5ts1   
7ii7 its intr9sic "* :i* is ! peculi>   
quality ( nature 9 its neighb\rhood1    
namely1 ! "* ( ! physical field 9 !     
neighb\rhood1 & 7iii7 its position4  #ab
 ,cf4 pp4 #hb et seq4  ,! position ( an 
ev5t-p>ticle arises f ! aggregate (     
mom5ts 7no two ( ! same family7 9 :i* x 
lies4 ,we fix our att5tion on "o ( ^!   
mom5ts :i* is approximat$ to by ! %ort  
duration ( our imm$iate exp]i5ce1 & we  
express position z ! position 9 ?is     
mom5t4 ,b ! ev5t-p>ticle receives its   
position 9 mom5t ,m 9 virtue ( ! :ole   
aggregate ( o!r mom5ts ,m'1 ,m''1 etc41 
9 :i* x also lies4 ,! diff]5tiation ( ,m
 into a geometry ( ev5t-p>ticles        
7in/antane\s po9ts7 expresses !         
diff]5tiation ( ,m by its int]sections )

 mom5ts ( ali5 "t-sy/ems4 ,9 ?is way    
planes & /raight l9es & ev5t-p>ticles   
!mselves f9d _! be+4 ,also ! p>allelism 
( planes & /raight l9es arises f !      
p>allelism ( ! mom5ts ( "o & ! same     
"t-sy/em int]sect+ ,m4 ,simil>ly ! ord] 
( p>allel planes & ( ev5t-p>ticles on   
/raight l9es arises f ! "t-ord] ( ^!    
int]sect+ mom5ts4 ,! explanation is n   
giv5 "h#ac4 ,x is suffici5t n[ m]ely to 
m5tion ! s\rces f :i* ! :ole ( geometry 
receives its physical explanation4  #ac 
,cf4 ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,k1 & previ\s
 *apt]s ( ! pres5t "w4  ,! correlation (
 ! v>i\s mom5t>y spaces ( "o "t-sy/em is
 a*iev$ by ! relation ( cogr$i5ce4      
,evid5tly motion 9 an in/antane\s space 
is unmean+4 ,motion expresses a         
comp>ison betwe5 position 9 "o          
in/antane\s space ) positions 9 o!r     
in/antane\s spaces ( ! same "t-sy/em4   
,cogr$i5ce yields ! simple/ outcome (   
su* comp>ison1 namely1 re/4  ,motion &  
re/ are imm$iately obs]v$ facts4 ,!y are
 relative 9 ! s5se t !y dep5d on !      

"t-sy/em :i* is fundam5tal = !          
obs]vation4 ,a /r+ ( ev5t-p>ticles ^:   
successive occupation means re/ 9 ! giv5
 "t-sy/em =ms a timeless po9t 9 !       
timeless space ( t "t-sy/em4 ,9 ?is way 
ea* "t-sy/em possesses its own p]man5t  
timeless space peculi> to x alone1 & ea*
 su* space is compos$ ( timeless po9ts  
:i* belong to t "t-sy/em & to no o!r4 ,!
 p>adoxes ( relativity arise f neglect+ 
! fact t diff]5t assumptions z to re/   
involve ! expression ( ! facts (        
physical sci5ce 9 t]ms ( radically      
diff]5t spaces & times1 9 :i* po9ts &   
mom5ts h diff]5t mean+s4  ,! s\rce (    
ord] has already be5 indicat$ & t (     
congru5ce is n[ f\nd4 ,x dep5ds on      
motion4 ,f cogr$i5ce1 p]p5dicul>ity     
arises2 & f p]p5dicul>ity 9 conjunction 
) ! reciprocal symmetry betwe5 !        
relations ( any two "t-sy/ems congru5ce 
bo? 9 "t & space is completely def9$    
7cf4 loc4 cit474  ,! result+ =mulae are 
^? = ! electromagnetic !ory (           
relativity1 or1 z x is n[ t]m$1 !       

re/rict$ !ory4 ,b !re is ?is vital      
diff]5ce3 ! critical velocity c :i*     
occurs 9 ^! =mulae has n[ no connexion  
:atev] ) light or ) any o!r fact ( !    
physical field 79 di/9ction f !         
ext5sional /ructure ( ev5ts74 ,x simply 
m>ks ! fact t our congru5ce det]m9ation 
embraces bo? times & spaces 9 "o        
univ]sal sy/em1 & !re=e if two arbitr>y 
units are *os51 "o = all spaces & "o =  
all times1 _! ratio w be a velocity :i* 
is a fundam5tal prop]ty ( nature        
express+ ! fact t times & spaces are    
really comp>able4  ,! physical prop]ties
 ( nature are express$ 9 t]ms ( mat]ial 
objects 7electrons1 etc474 ,! physical  
"* ( an ev5t arises f ! fact t x belongs
 to ! field ( ! :ole complex ( su*      
objects4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view we c say t
 ^! objects are no?+ else ?an our way ( 
express+ ! mutual correlation ( !       
physical *>act]s ( ev5ts4  ,!           
spatio-temporal measurabl5ess ( nature  
arises f 7i7 ! relation ( ext5sion      
betwe5 ev5ts1 & 7ii7 ! /ratifi$ "* (    

nature aris+ f ea* ( ! alt]native       
"t-sy/ems1 & 7iii7 re/ & motion1 z      
exhibit$ 9 ! relations ( f9ite ev5ts to 
"t-sy/ems4 ,none ( ^! s\rces (          
measurem5t dep5d on ! physical *>act]s (
 f9ite ev5ts z exhibit$ by ! situat$    
objects4 ,!y are completely signifi$ =  
ev5ts ^: physical *>act]s are unkn[n4   
,?us ! spatio-temporal measurem5ts are  
indep5d5t ( ! objectival physical       
*>act]s4 ,fur!rmore ! "* ( our k ( a    
:ole duration1 :i* is ess5tially d]iv$ f
 ! significance ( ! "p )9 ! imm$iate    
field ( discrim9ation1 con/ructs x = u z
 a uni=m :ole indep5d5t1 s f> z its     
ext5sion is conc]n$1 ( ! unobs]v$       
*>act]s ( remote ev5ts4 ,namely1 !re is 
a def9ite :ole ( nature1 simultane\sly  
n[ pres5t1 :atev] may be ! "* ( its     
remote ev5ts4 ,?is consid]ation re9=ces 
! previ\s conclusion4 ,?is conclusion   
leads to ! ass]tion ( ! ess5tial        
uni=mity ( ! mom5t>y spaces ( ! v>i\s   
"t-sy/ems1 & !nce to ! uni=mity ( !     
timeless spaces ( :i* !re is "o to ea*  

"t-sy/em4  ,! analysis ( ! g5]al "* (   
obs]v$ nature set =? above af=ds        
explanations ( v>i\s fundam5tal         
obs]vational facts3 77 ,x expla9s !     
diff]5tiation ( ! "o quality ( ext5sion 
into "t & space4 77 ,x gives a mean+ to 
! obs]v$ facts ( geometrical & temporal 
position1 ( geometrical & temporal ord]1
 & ( geometrical /raightness & plan5ess4
 77 ,x selects "o def9ite sy/em (       
congru5ce embrac+ bo? space & "t1 & ?us 
expla9s ! concordance z to measurem5t   
:i* is 9 practice atta9$4 77 ,x expla9s 
7consi/5tly ) ! !ory ( relativity7 !    
obs]v$ ph5om5a ( rotation1 e4g4         
,f\cault's p5dulum1 ! equatorial bulge (
 ! e>?1 ! fix$ s5ses ( rotation (       
cyclones & anticyclones1 & !            
gyro-compass4 ,x does ?is by its        
admission ( def9ite /ratifications (    
nature :i* are disclos$ by ! v "* ( our 
k ( x4 77 ,its explanations ( motion are
 m fundam5tal ?an ^? express$ 9 772 = x 
expla9s :at is meant by motion itself4  
,! obs]v$ motion ( an ext5d$ object is !

 relation ( its v>i\s situations to !   
/ratification ( nature express$ by !    
"t-sy/em fundam5tal to ! obs]vation4    
,?is motion expresses a real relation ( 
! object to ! re/ ( nature4 ,!          
quantitative expression ( ?is relation w
 v>y accord+ to ! "t-sy/em select$ = its
 expression4  ,?is !ory accords no      
peculi> "* to light beyond t accord$ to 
o!r physical ph5om5a su* z s\nd4 ,!re is
 no gr\nd = su* a diff]5tiation4 ,"s    
objects we "k by sight only1 & o!r      
objects we "k by s\nd only1 & o!r       
objects we obs]ve nei!r by light nor by 
s\nd b by t\* or smell or o!rwise4 ,!   
velocity ( light v>ies accord+ to its   
m$ium & s does t ( s\nd4 ,light moves 9 
curv$ pa?s "u c]ta9 conditions & s does 
s\nd4 ,bo? light & s\nd are waves (     
di/urbance 9 ! physical *>act]s ( ev5ts2
 & 7z has be5 /at$ above1 p4 #ahh7 !    
actual c\rse ( ! light is ( no m        
importance = p]ception ?an is ! actual  
c\rse ( ! s\nd4 ,to base ! :ole         
philosophy ( nature ^u light is a       

baseless assumption4 ,!                 
,mi*elson-,morley & analog\s exp]im5ts  
%[ t )9 ! limits ( our inexactitude (   
obs]vation ! velocity ( light is an     
approximation to ! critical velocity 'c'
 :i* expresses ! relation betwe5 our    
space & "t units4 ,x is provable t !    
assumption z to light by :i* ^!         
exp]im5ts & ! influ5ce ( ! gravitational
 field on ! light-rays are expla9$ is   
d$ucible z an approximation f !         
equations ( ! electromagnetic field4    
,?is completely disposes ( any necessity
 = diff]5tiat+ light f o!r physical     
ph5om5a z possess+ any peculi>          
fundam5tal "*4  ,x is to be obs]v$ t !  
measurem5t ( ext5d$ nature by means (   
ext5d$ objects is mean+less ap>t f "s   
obs]v$ fact ( simultaneity inh]5t 9     
nature & n m]ely a play ( ?\ght4        
,o!rwise !re is no mean+ to ! concept ( 
"o pres5tation ( y\r ext5d$ measur+ rod 
,,ab4 ,:y n ,,ab :]e ,b is ! end ,b five
 m9utes lat]8 ,measurem5t presupposes = 
its possibility nature z a simultaneity1

 & an obs]v$ object pres5t !n & pres5t  
n[4 ,9 o!r words1 measurem5t ( ext5d$   
nature requires "s inh]5t "* 9 nature   
af=d+ a rule ( pres5tation ( ev5ts4     
,fur!rmore congru5ce _c be def9$ by !   
p]man5ce ( ! measur+ rod4 ,! p]man5ce is
 itself mean+less ap>t f "s imm$iate    
judgm5t ( self-congru5ce4 ,o!rwise h[ is
 an ela/ic /r+ diff]5tiat$ f a rigid    
measur+ rod8 ,ea* rema9s ! same         
self-id5tical object4 ,:y is "o a       
possible measur+ rod & ! o!r n s8 ,!    
mean+ ( congru5ce lies beyond !         
self-id5tity ( ! object4 ,9 o!r words   
measurem5t presupposes ! measurable1 & !
 !ory ( ! measurable is ! !ory (        
congru5ce4  ,fur!rmore ! admission (    
/ratifications ( nature be>s on !       
=mulation ( ! laws ( nature4 ,x has be5 
laid d[n t ^! laws are to be express$ 9 
diff]5tial equations :i*1 z express$ 9  
any g5]al sy/em ( measurem5t1 %\ld be>  
no ref]5ce to any o!r p>ticul>          
measure-sy/em4 ,?is requirem5t is purely
 arbitr>y4 ,= a measure-sy/em measures  

some?+ inh]5t 9 nature2 o!rwise x has no
 connexion ) nature at all4 ,& t some?+ 
:i* is measur$ by a p>ticul>            
measure-sy/em may h a special relation  
to ! ph5om5on ^: law is be+ =mulat$4 ,= 
example ! gravitational field due to a  
mat]ial object at re/ 9 a c]ta9 "t-sy/em
 may be expect$ to exhibit 9 its        
=mulation p>ticul> ref]5ce to spatial & 
temporal quantities ( t "t-sy/em4 ,!    
field c ( c\rse be express$ 9 any       
measure-sy/ems1 b ! p>ticul> ref]5ce w  
rema9 z ! simple physical explanation4  
,,note3 ,,on ,,! ,,greek ,,concept ,,(  
,a ,,po9t  ,! prec$+ pages _h be5 pass$ 
= press be=e ,i _h ! pleasure ( see+    
,sir ,t4 ,l4 ,hea?'s ,euclid 9          
,greek#ad4 ,9 ! orig9al ,euclid's fir/  
def9ition is       1   4  ,i h quot$ x  
on p4 #hf 9 ! exp&$ =m taught to me 9   
*ildhood1 ')\t p>ts & )\t magnitude4' ,i
 %\ld h consult$ ,hea?'s ,engli%        
edition--a classic f ! mom5t ( its      
issue--be=e committ+ myself to a /atem5t
 ab\t ,euclid4 ,?is is h[ev] a trivial  

correction n affect+ s5se & n wor? a    
note4 ,i wi% "h to draw att5tion to     
,hea?'s own note to ?is def9ition 9 8   
,euclid 9 ,greek4 ,he summ>ises ,greek  
?\ght on ! nature ( a po9t1 f !         
,py?agoreans1 ?r\gh ,plato & ,ari/otle1 
to ,euclid4 ,my analysis ( ! requisite  
"* ( a po9t on pp4 #hi & #ij is 9       
complete agreem5t ) ! outcome ( ! ,greek
 discussion4  #ad ,camb4 ,univ4 ,press1 
#aibj4   ,,note3 ,,on ,,significance ,,&
 ,,inf9ite ,,ev5ts  ,! !ory (           
significance has be5 exp&$ & made m     
def9ite 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,x _h already
 be5 introduc$ 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,natural
 ,k 7cf4 sub>ticles #c4c to #c4h &      
#af4a1 #af4b1 #ai4d1 & articles #bj1    
#ba74 ,9 read+ ov] ! pro(s ( ! pres5t   
volume1 ,i come to ! conclusion t 9 !   
light ( ?is developm5t my limitation (  
inf9ite ev5ts to durations is unt5able4 
,?is limitation is /at$ 9 article #cc ( 
! ,pr9ciples & at ! beg9n+ ( ,*apt] ,,iv
 7p4 #gd7 ( ?is book4 ,!re is n only a  
significance ( ! disc]n$ ev5ts embrac+ !

 :ole pres5t duration1 b !re is a       
significance ( a cogr$i5t ev5t involv+  
its ext5sion ?r\gh a :ole "t-sy/em      
backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,9 o!r words !        
ess5tial 'beyond' 9 nature is a def9ite 
beyond 9 "t z well z 9 space cf4 pp4    
#ec1 #aid4 ,?is foll[s f my :ole !sis z 
to ! assimilation ( "t & space & _!     
orig9 9 ext5sion4 ,x also has ! same    
basis 9 ! analysis ( ! "* ( our k (     
nature4 ,x foll[s f ?is admission t x is
 possible to def9e po9t-tracks i4e4 !   
po9ts ( timeless spaces z ab/ractive    
elem5ts4 ,?is is a great improvem5t z   
re/or+ ! balance betwe5 mom5ts & po9ts4 
,i /ill hold h[ev] to ! /atem5t 9       
sub>ticle #ce4d ( ! ,pr9ciples t !      
int]section ( a pair ( non-p>allel      
durations does n pres5t itself to u z "o
 ev5t4 ,?is correction does n affect any
 ( ! subsequ5t reason+ 9 ! two books4   
,i may take ?is opportunity ( po9t+ out 
t ! '/ation>y ev5ts' ( article #eg ( !  
,pr9ciples are m]ely cogr$i5t ev5ts got 
at f an ab/ract ma!matical po9t ( view4 

,,index  ,9 ! case ( t]ms ( frequ5t     
occurr5ce1 only ^? occurr5ces are index$
 :i* are ( peculi> importance = !       
elucidation ( mean+4    ,a or an1 #aa   
,abraham1 #aje    ,absolute position1   
#aje1 #ajf1 #aad1 #ahh    ,ab/raction1  
#cc1 #cg1 #afh1 #aga1 #agc2             
ext5sive1 #fe1 #gi1 #he    ,ab/ractive  
elem5t1 #hd2     set1 #fa1 #gi          
,action at a di/ance1 #aei1 #aij        
,action by transmission1 #aei1 #aij     
,active conditions1 #aeh    ,activity1  
field (1 #agj1 #aha    ,adjunction1 #aja
    ,aggregate1 #bc    ,alex&]1 ,pr(41  
viii    ,alex&ria1 #ga    ,alfr$ !      
,great1 #acg    ,anticipation1 #fi      
,anti-prime1 #hh    ,app>5t nature1 #ca1
 #ci    ,area1 #ii2     mom5tal1 #ajc2  
vagrant1 #ajc    ,ari/otelian logic1    
#aej    ,ari/otle1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #bd1  
#aig    ,associate-pot5tial1 #ahc       
,atom1 #ag    ,attribute1 #ba1 #bf1 #aej
    ,aw>5ess1 #c    ,axiom1 #cf1 #aba   
,axioms ( congru5ce1 #abh et seqq4      
,bacon1 ,francis1 #gh    ,behavi\ri/ic1 

#ahe    ,b]gson1 #ed    ,b]keley1 #bh   
,betwe51 #fd    ,beyond1 #ahf1 #aih     
,bifurcation1 vi1 #cj1 #ahe1 #ahg       
,b\nd>y1 #ajj2     mom5t1 #fc2          
p>ticle1 #ajj    ,broad1 ,c4 ,d41 viii  
,calculation1 =mula (1 #de1 #aeh        
,cambridge1 #ig    ,causal nature1 #ca1 
#ci    ,causation1 #ca1 #adf            
,c5trifugal =ce1 #ach    ,*ange1        
uni=mity (1 #adj    ,"*1 extr9sic1 #hb1 
#hi1 #ij1 #aac1 #aia2     intr9sic1 #hj1
 #hb1 #ij1 #aac1 #aia    ,*>ge1 #afj    
,closure ( nature1 #d    ,coeffici5t (  
drag1 #acc    ,coeffici5ts ( impetus1   
#ahc    ,cogr$i5ce1 #aaj1 #ahh          
,coh]5ce1 #bi    ,comp>ison1 #abd1 #abe1
 #adc1 #ahi    ,complex1 #ac            
,conceptual nature1 #de2     space1 #if 
,concrete facts1 #afg1 #aga1 #ahi       
,condition+ ev5ts1 #aeb    ,conditions1 
active1 #aeh    ,congru5ce1 #fe1 #if1   
#aah1 #abj1 #abg1 #aif    ,cont9uity1   
#aeg2     ,d$ek9dian1 #ajb2     ( ev5ts1
 #gf2     ( nature1 #ei1 #gf            
,conv5tion1 #aba    ,conv]g5ce1 #fb1    

#gi2     law (1 #hb    ,conveyance1     
#aed1 #aee    ,co-pres5t1 #agg          
,cov]+1 #hc    ,creative advance1 #agh  
,critical velocity1 #aic1 #aie          
,curvature ( space-"t1 #ahb    ,cyclone1
 #aid     ,d$ek9dian cont9uity1 #ajb    
,def9ite1 #ec1 #aid1 #aih    ,delusions1
 #ca1 #ch    ,delusive p]ceptual object1
 #aec    ,dem>cation ( ev5ts1 #add      
,demon/rative phrase1 #f    ,descriptive
 phrase1 #f1 #aj    ,diff]5tial         
equations1 #aif    ,discrim9ation1 #ad1 
#ej1 #add    ,div]sification ( nature1  
#ae    ,dudd+ton1 ,mrs1 #dg             
,duration1 #cg1 #ec1 #ee1 #ahf          
,durations1 families (1 #ei1 #gc1 #aij  
,dynamical axes1 #ach     ,e9/e91 vii1  
#ajb1 #aca1 #afd1 #afe1 #aha1 #ahb1     
#ahc1 #ahd1 #aia    ,electromagnetic    
field1 #agi    ,electron1 #cj1 #adf1    
#aeh1 #aga    ,elem5t1 #ag2             
ab/ractive1 #hd    ,elliptical          
phraseology1 #g    ,empty space1 #ade   
,entity1 #e1 #ac    ,equal 9 ab/ractive 
=ce1 #hc    ,error1 #fh    ,e!r1 #ah1   

#gh1 #afj2     mat]ial1 #gh2     (      
ev5ts1 #gh    ,euclid1 #he1 #id1 #aig   
,eul]1 #adj    ,ev5t1 #ae1 #eb1 #ge1    
#afe2     p]cipi5t1 #ajg1 #aeb1 #ahf    
,ev5t-p>ticle1 #hf1 #ic1 #id1 #agb1 #aia
    ,ev5ts1 condition+1 #aeb2           
cont9uity (1 #gf2     dem>cation (1     
#add2     e!r (1 #gh2     inf9ite1 #aig1
 #aih2     limit$1 #gd2     passage (1  
#cd2     signifi$1 #eb2     /ation>y1   
#aih2     /ream (1 #afg2     /ructure (1
 #eb1 #aff    ,exclusion1 #ahf          
,explanation1 #ig1 #ada    ,ext5d$      
nature1 #aif    ,ext5sion1 #bb1 #eh1    
#ge1 #ahe    ,ext5sive ab/raction1 #fe1 
#gi1 #he    ,extr9sic "*1 #hb1 #hi1 #ij1
 #aac1 #aia2     prop]ties1 #fb         
,fact1 #ab1 #ac    ,factors1 #ab1 #ac1  
#ae    ,facts1 concrete1 #afg1 #aga     
,family ( durations1 #ei1 #fc1 #gc2     
( mom5ts1 #fc    ,f>aday1 #adf          
,field1 gravitational1 #aig2     (      
activity1 #agj1 #aha2     physical1 #aij
    ,f9ite tru?s1 #ab    ,fitzg]ald1    
#acc    ,=mula ( calculation1 #de1 #aeh 

,f\cault1 #ach1 #aid    ,f\r-dim5sional 
manifold1 #hf    ,fresnel1 #acc         
,future1 !1 #gb1 #agg     ,galileo1 #aci
    ,geometrical ord]1 #aid             
,geometry1 #cf2     metrical1 #abi      
,gravitation1 #agi et seqq4             
,gravitational field1 #aig    ,greek    
philosophy1 #af2     ?\ght1 #aig        
,gyro-compass1 #aid     ,hea?1 ,sir ,t4 
,l41 #aig    ,"h1 #ajg     ,ideali/s1   
#gj    ,imm$iacy1 #eb2     ( p]ception1 
#gb    ,impetus1 #aha1 #ahb2            
coeffici5ts (1 #ahc2     integral1 #ahc 
,inclusion1 #ahf    ,individuality1 #ac 
,inf9ite ev5ts1 #aig1 #aih    ,+e1 ,dr1 
#dh    ,+r$i5t1 #ad    ,+ression1 #add1 
#ade1 #adh1 #aeb    ,inh]5ce1 #hc       
,inside1 #ajf    ,in/ant1 #cc1 #ce1 #eg 
,in/antane\s plane1 #ia2     pres5t1    
#gb2     spaces1 #hf1 #ij1 #agg         
,in/antane\sness1 #ef1 #eg              
,int]section1 locus (1 #ij    ,intr9sic 
"*1 #hj1 #hb1 #ij1 #aac1 #aia2          
prop]ties1 #fb    ,ionian ?9k]s1 #ai    
,irrelevance1 inf9itude (1 #ab          

,irrevocabl5ess1 #ce1 #cg    ,x1 #h     
,julius ,caes>1 #cf    ,junction1 #gf1  
#aja     ,k9etic en]gy1 #aje2           
symmetry1 #abi    ,k1 #bh1 #cb          
,lagrange1 #adj    ,l>mor1 #aca    ,law 
( conv]g5ce1 #hb    ,laws ( motion1     
#acg1 #aci2     ( nature1 #aif          
,leibnizian monadology1 #aej    ,level1 
#ia1 #ib    ,light1 #aie2     ray (1    
#ahh2     velocity (1 #aca    ,limit1   
#eg    ,limit$ ev5ts1 #gd    ,location1 
#afj1 #afa    ,locke1 #bg    ,locus1    
#ajb2     ( int]section1 #ij    ,london1
 #ig    ,lor5tz1 ,h4 ,a41 #aca1 #acc    
,lossky1 #dg     ,manifold1             
f\r-dim5sional1 #hf2     space-"t1 #agc 
,mat]ial e!r1 #gh2     object1 #afi     
,mat]ialism1 #dc1 #gj    ,matrix1 #aaf  
,matt]1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #bf         
,maxwell1 #aca1 #acc    ,measurabl5ess1 
#aif2     ( nature1 #aic    ,measurem5t1
 #if1 #abj1 #agd1 #aif2     ( "t1 #fe1  
#adj    ,measure-sy/em1 #aif    ,memory1
 #fh    ,metaphysics1 #bh1 #cb          
,metrical geometry1 #abi                

,mi*elson-,morley1 #aie    ,milton1 #ce 
,m9d1 #bg1 #bh    ,m9k[ski1 viii1 #aca  
,molecule1 #cb1 #aga    ,mom5t1 #eg1    
#fj1 #hh    ,mom5tal area1 #ajc2        
r\te1 #ajc    ,mom5tum1 #aje    ,motion1
 #aje1 #aad1 #aag1 #abg1 #ahh1 #aib     
,multiplicity1 #bb     ,natural         
philosophy1 #bi1 #cj    ,natural sci5ce1
 philosophy (1 #df    ,nature1 #c2      
app>5t1 #ca1 #ci2     causal1 #ca1 #ci2 
conceptual1 #de2     cont9uity (1 #ei1  
#gf2     discrim9ation (1 #add2         
ext5d$1 #aif2     laws (1 #aif2         
passage (1 #ed2     /ratification (1    
#aid1 #aif2     sy/em (1 #adf           
,newton1 #bg1 #acf1 #aci1 #adj          
,object1 #gg1 #abe1 #adc1 #afi1 #ahi2   
delusive p]ceptual1 #aee2     mat]ial1  
#afi2     p]ceptual1 #aec2     physical1
 #aee1 #aeg2     sci5tific1 #aeh1 #afi2 
uni=m1 #afb    ,occupation1 #bb1 #cd1   
#cf1 #ajj1 #aja    ,ord]1 s\rce (1 #aib2
     spatial1 #ie1 #aid2     temporal1  
#fd1 #ie1 #aid    ,organisation ( ?\ght1
 #gi    ,outside1 #fc1 #ajj     ,p>adox1

 #aib    ,p>allel1 #fc1 #abg2           
durations1 #aij    ,p>allelism1 #ie1    
#aia    ,p>allelogram1 #abg    ,p>is1   
#hg1 #ach    ,p>liam5t1 #abj    ,"p1    
#ad1 #ae1 #eh    ,passage ( ev5ts1 #cd2 
( nature1 #ed    ,pa/1 !1 #gb1 #agg     
,p]ception1 #c    ,p]ceptual objects1   
#adi1 #aec    ,p]cipi5ce1 #bh           
,p]cipi5t ev5t1 #ajg1 #aeb1 #ahf1 #ahg  
,p]iod ( "t1 #ea    ,p]man5ce1 #add     
,p]p5dicul>ity1 #aag1 #abg1 #aic        
,philosophy1 #a2     natural1 #bi1 #cj2 
( natural sci5ce1 #df2     ( ! sci5ces1 
#b    ,physical field1 #aij2     object1
 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg    ,physics1          
speculative1 #cj    ,place1 #ea         
,plane1 #aia2     in/antane\s1 #ia      
,plato1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #bd1 #aig        
,po9c>1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc    ,po9t1 #ce1 
#hi1 #ia1 #aad1 #agc1 #agf              
,po9t-fla%1 #agb1 #agc    ,po9t ( space1
 #he    ,po9t1 timeless1 #aib           
,po9t-track1 #aac1 #aih    ,pompey1 #cf 
,position1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #ic1 #ii1     
#aac1 #aia2     absolute1 #aje1 #ajf1   

#aad1 #ahh    ,pot5tial1 #ahc2          
associate-1 #ahc    ,pr$icate1 #ah      
,pr$ication1 #ah    ,pres5t1 !1 #fi1    
#gb1 #agg2     in/antane\s1 #gb2        
obs]vational1 #ahf    ,prim>y qualities1
 #bg    ,prime1 #hh    ,process1 #ec1   
#ed2     ( nature1 #ed    ,psy*ic       
additions1 #bi1 #ahg    ,punct1 #ib1    
#ic1 #id    ,py?agoreans1 #aig          
,quality1 #bg    ,quantum ( "t1 #afb    
,quantum !ory1 #afb     ,ray ( light1   
#ahh    ,reality1 #cj2     ( durations1 
#ee1 #ahg    ,recognition1 #abd1 #adc1  
#ahi    ,rect1 #ia1 #ib    ,recurr5ce1  
#ce    ,relative motion1 #aag2          
velocity1 #acj    ,relativity1 #afi2    
re/rict$ !ory (1 #aic    ,re/1 #aje1    
#aad1 #ahh1 #aib    ,rotation1 #ach1    
#aid    ,r\te1 #ii2     mom5tal1 #ajc2  
/raight1 #ajc    ,russell1 ,b]tr&1 #aa1 
#abb1 #abc     ,s*ell+1 #dg    ,sci5ce1 
#b2     metaphysical1 #cb    ,sci5tific 
objects1 #adi1 #aeh1 #afi    ,second>y  
qualities1 #bg    ,self-congru5ce1 #aif 
,self-conta9$ness ( nature1 #d          

,s5se-aw>5ess1 #c1 #fg    ,s5se-object1 
#adi1 #agj    ,s5se-p]ception1 #c1 #ad  
,s5se-recognition1 #adc1 #ahi    ,s]ies1
 temporal1 #ff1 #gj1 #he1 #agh    ,set1 
ab/ractive1 #fa1 #gi    ,significance1  
#ea1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aid1 #aig1 #aih 
,signifi$ ev5ts1 #eb    ,simplicity1    
#afc1 #agc    ,simultaneity1 #ec1 #ef1  
#aif    ,situation1 #ae1 #gh1 #adg1     
#adh1 #aeb1 #afj1 #ahi    ,solid1 #ii1  
#aja1 #ajb2     vagrant1 #aja    ,s\nd1 
#aie    ,space1 #af1 #ag1 #ca1 #cc1 #gi2
     empty1 #ade2     timeless1 #hf1    
#ajf1 #aad2     uni=mity (1 #aid        
,spaces1 in/antane\s1 #hf1 #ij          
,space-sy/em1 #agi    ,space-"t         
manifold1 #agc    ,spatial-ord]1 #ie    
,spatio-temporal /ructure1 #agc         
,speculative demon/ration1 #f           
,speculative physics1 #cj    ,/&po9t =  
p]ception1 #ajg1 #ahh    ,/ation1 #ajc1 
#ajd1 #aac    ,/ation>y ev5ts1 #aih     
,/raight l9e1 #ia1 #aad1 #aia2     r\te1
 #ajc    ,/ratification ( nature1 #ahg1 
#aid1 #aif    ,/ream ( ev5ts1 #afg      

,/ructure ( ev5ts1 #eb1 #aff            
,/ructure1 spatio-temporal1 #agc        
,subject1 #ah    ,sub/ance1 #af1 #ah1   
#ai1 #aej    ,sub/ratum1 #af1 #ah1 #ba  
,symmetry1 #aah1 #abf2     k9etic1 #abi 
,sy/em ( nature1 #adf    ,sy/em1 "t-1   
#aib     ,t>n]1 ,edw>d1 v1 #a           
,temporal ord]1 #fd1 #ie1 #aid          
,temporal s]ies1 #ff1 #gj1 #he          
,t5sor1 #ahb    ,t]m9us1 #d    ,!1 #aa  
,!ory1 quantum1 #afb    ,!re1 #aaj1 #ahi
    ,?is1 #aa    ,?\ght1 #c1 #ad        
,timaeus1 !1 #ag1 #bj1 #bd    ,"t1 #af1 
#ag1 #ca1 #cc1 #di1 #gi2     measurem5t 
(1 #adj2     quantum (1 #afb2           
transc5d5ce (1 #ci    ,"t-s]ies1 #agh1  
also cf4 ,temporal s]ies    ,"t-sy/em1  
see ,"t-s]ies1 also #ia1 #ig1 #ajd1     
#agi1 #aib    ,timeless po9t1 #aib2     
space1 #hf1 #ajf1 #aad1 #agg            
,totality1 #hi    ,transc5d5ce ( "t1 #ci
    ,transmission1 #bf1 #bh2     action 
by1 #aei1 #aij    ,tubes ( =ce1 #adf    
,unexhau/iv5ess1 #ej    ,uni=m object1  
#afb    ,uni=mity ( *ange1 #adj2     (  

space1 #aid     ,vagrant area1 #ajc2    
solid1 #aja    ,vebl5 & ,"y1 #cf        
,velocity1 critical1 #aic1 #aie2     (  
light1 #aca1 #aie2     relative1 #acj   
,volume1 #ib1 #aja     ,:51 #ajg        
,:]e1 #ajg    ,:ole1 #eh    ,)91 #fc    
,"y1 ,vebl5 &1 #cf