available by ,cornell ,university       
,digital ,collections7            ,,the 
,,continental ,,monthly3  ,,devoted ,,to
  ,,literature ,,and ,,national         
,,policy4  ,,vol4 ,v4--,,april1         
#ahfd4--,no4 ,,iv4     ,,sir ,,charles  
,,lyell ,,on ,,the ,,antiquity ,,of     
,,man4#a   ,when ,thomas ,chalmers1     
sixty years ago1 lecturing at ,st4      
,andrews1 ventured to announce his      
conviction that 'the writings of ,moses 
do not fix the antiquity of the globe1' 
he startled and alarmed1 to no small    
degree1 the orthodoxy of the day4 ,it   
was a statement far in advance of the   
religious thinking of the time4 ,that   
massive breadth and comprehensiveness of
 intellect which soon placed him1 facile
 princeps1 at the head of the clergy of 
,scotland1 joined with a candor1 and    
ingenuous honesty1 which made him       
admired and beloved by all1 could not   
fail to perceive1 and would not hesitate
 to acknowledge1 the force of the       
evidence then for some time slowly but  

steadily and surely accumulating from   
the investigations and discoveries of   
geological science1 which has forced    
back the origin of the earth to a vast  
and undated antiquity4 ,but nothing     
could have been farther from the        
imagination of the great majority of    
evangelical1 unscientific clergymen of  
his day4 ,they held that the writings of
 ,moses fixed the antiquity of the globe
 as surely as they fixed anything else4 
,and it required no little boldness in  
the lecturer to announce a doctrine     
which was likely to raise about his ears
 the hue and cry of heresy4 ,but        
fortunately for the rising ,boanerges of
 the ,scottish pulpit1 whatever         
questions might arise in philology and  
criticism as to the meaning of the      
writings of ,moses1 the evidence adduced
 in behalf of the fact of the earth's   
antiquity was of such a nature that it  
could not be resisted1 and he not only  
escaped a prosecution for heresy1 but   
lived to see the doctrine he had        

broached almost universally accepted by 
the religious world4  ,if now some      
divine of acknowledged power and        
position in any branch of the ,christian
 ,church were to put forth the statement
 that 'the writings of ,moses do not fix
 the antiquity of man1' he would startle
 the ear of orthodoxy quite as much1 but
 no more than did ,chalmers in the early
 years of the present century4 ,and if  
he would fare more hardly than the      
,scottish divine1 and fall under the ban
 of church censure1 which is not        
unlikely1 it would be because the       
evidence for the fact is still inchoate 
and resistible by the force of          
established opinion4 ,but it is quite   
within the range of possible things that
 before the close of the present century
 two things may happen3 first1 that the 
evidence for a high antiquity of the    
human race may accumulate to such an    
extent as to carry with it involuntarily
 the consent of mankind2 and second1    
that the sacred writings may be found to

 adjust themselves as easily to this new
 finding in the sphere of induction1 as 
they have already done1 in the general  
mind of the ,church1 to the doctrine of 
the great age of the earth4 ,the two    
statements are indeed very much akin in 
several respects4 ,they both traverse   
the accepted meaning of the sacred      
writings at the time of their           
announcement4 ,both are considered1 when
 first promulged1 as irreconcilable with
 the plain teaching and consequent      
inspiration of the ,scriptures4 ,both   
rest solely1 as to their evidence1 in   
the sphere of inductive science1 and are
 determinable wholly by the finding of  
facts accumulated and compared by the   
processes of inductive reasoning4 ,and  
both1 if thus established1 are destined 
to be accepted by the general mind of   
the age1 without actual harm to the real
 interests of civilization and religion4
 ,no fact1 which is a fact and not an   
illusion1 can do harm to any of the     
vital interests of mankind4 ,no truth   

can stand in hopeless antagonism to any 
other truth4 ,to suppose otherwise would
 be to resolve the moral government of  
,god into a hopeless enigma1 or enthrone
 a perpetual and hostile dualism1       
resigning the universe to the rival and 
contending sway of ,ormuzd and ,ahriman4
  ,before proceeding to the merits of   
,sir ,charles ,lyell's discussion1 we   
wish to glance at some preliminary      
matters touching the great debate now   
pending between science and theology4   
,we wish to review the posture and      
temper of the parties2 and particularly 
to refer to the tone and spirit of the  
religious press and the pulpit1         
respecting the alleged discoveries and  
claims of science1 and their bearing    
upon the religious opinion of the time4 
,moreover1 in passing1 the present      
writer begs permission to say that he   
speaks from the orthodox side of this   
question2 he hails from the orthodox    
camp2 he wears the clerical vesture of  
the ,scottish worthies2 and is          

affiliated theologically with ,knox and 
,chalmers1 with ,edwards and ,alexander1
 with the ,new ,york ,observer and the  
,princeton ,review4 ,this much we beg to
 say1 that what follows in these pages  
may be fully understood4  ,no one who   
has been attending to the subject with  
any degree of interest can have failed  
to observe that science1 in her         
investigations upon the grand and       
momentous themes which have absorbed her
 attention in these latter years1 has   
exhibited1 and does still exhibit1 a    
steady and well-defined purpose1 and has
 pursued it with a singularly calm1     
sober1 unimpassioned1 yet resolute      
temper4 ,its posture is firm1 steady1   
self-poised1 conscious of rectitude1 and
 anticipative of veritable and valuable 
results4 ,its spirit1 though eager1 is  
quiet2 though enthusiastic1 is cautious2
 though ardent1 is sceptical2 though    
flushed with success1 is trained to the 
discipline of disappointment4 ,its      
object is to interrogate nature4 ,it    

stands at the shrine and awaits the     
response of the oracle4 ,it would fain  
interpret and make intelligible the     
wondrous hieroglyphics of this universe1
 and specially the mystic characters    
traced by the long-revolving ages upon  
the stony tablets of this planet ,earth4
 ,it has in the first instance no creed 
to support1 no dogmas to verify1 no     
meaning to foist upon nature2 its sole  
and single query is1 ,what does nature  
teach8 ,what is fact8 ,what is truth8   
,what has occurred in the past annals of
 this planet8 ,what is the actual and   
true history of its bygone ages1 and of 
the dwellers therein8 ,these are its    
questions1 addressed to nature by such  
methods as experience has taught will   
reach her ear1 and it does not hesitate 
to take nature's answer4 ,it does not   
shrink1 and quake1 and grow pale lest   
the response should overturn some       
ancient notion4 ,it does not dread to   
hear the response1 lest morals or       
religion should be thereby imperilled4  

,it boldly and resolutely takes the     
teaching of nature1 whatever it may be4 
,its conviction is that truth never can 
be anything else than truth2 that fact  
can never be anything else than fact2   
and that no two truths or two facts in  
,god's universe can be in hopeless and  
irreconcilable contradiction4  ,in this 
spirit the genuine sons of science have 
exhibited1 what has seemed to some1 a   
heartless indifference whether their    
discoveries or theories harmonized with 
the ,scriptures or not1 or affected the 
received opinions of ,christendom on    
subjects pertaining to religion or      
morals4 ,they have been sublimely       
unconcerned as to results in any such   
direction4 ,they have investigated1     
examined1 compared1 collated1 with      
long-continued and patient toil1 to     
gather from the buried past the actual  
story of its departed cycles2 they have 
not been troubled lest they should      
impinge on the creeds of the religious  
world1 or compel important modifications

 in the lectures of learned ,professors4
 ,this was no care of theirs4 ,they     
discovered facts1 they did not make     
them4  ,now with all due respect for the
 opinions and feelings of religious     
people1 we hesitate not to affirm that  
this spirit is the only true one in     
scientific men4 ,conceding1 as we must1 
the supremacy of facts in their own     
sphere1 and granting that1 as mundane   
and human affairs now stand1 the        
evidence of the senses1 purged from     
fraud and illusion1 must be held to be  
conclusive1 we cheerfully award to      
scientific men the largest liberty to   
pursue their inquiries in matters of    
fact1 utterly regardless of the havoc   
which may be thereby wrought among the  
traditional1 beliefs of men4 ,in no     
other way can science be true to        
herself4 ,she is the child of induction4
 ,she can acknowledge no authority but  
what has been enthroned by inductive    
reasoning2 and were she to adjust her   
conclusions1 and garble her facts1 to   

suit the faiths1 beliefs1 prejudices1 or
 traditions of men1 she would thereby   
falsify her inmost life1 and stultify   
herself before the world4 ,and in this  
connection we may premise that we regard
 as worthy of all commendation the      
straightforward and unembarrassed manner
 in which ,sir ,charles ,lyell pursues  
his inquiries into the geological       
evidences of the antiquity of man4 ,he  
could not have been unaware that he was 
striking a ponderous blow at one of the 
main traditions of ,christendom2 nay1   
that if successful in establishing his  
conclusions1 he must revolutionize1 to a
 large extent1 the religious thinking of
 the civilization amid which he moves2  
and yet he moves steadily and quietly   
forward1 calm as ,marius amid the ruins 
of ,carthage1 not stopping to consider  
what ,biblical men will do with his     
facts2 never more than touching upon    
their religious bearings2 intent only on
 ascertaining what the facts are1 and   
what they teach4 ,this1 we say1 is the  

spirit and temper of the true           
philosopher--this betokens the genuine  
son of science4 ,as well might we demand
 of ,watt1 or ,fulton1 or ,davy1 or     
,brewster1 or ,faraday1 in pursuing     
their inquiries into the nature and laws
 of steam1 electricity1 galvanism1 or   
light1 to be careful that their         
discoveries impinge not on the teachings
 of religion or the creed of orthodoxy1 
as to demand of ,lyell to investigate   
the antiquity of man in humble deference
 to the well-established belief of the  
whole ,christian world that he has no   
such antiquity4 ,not a bitter thing is  
said in the whole book against any      
traditional belief2 the ,scriptures are 
scarcely more than alluded to2 he seems 
scarcely conscious that he is attempting
 to establish conclusions at variance   
with the cherished creeds of vast       
multitudes of men4 ,to some this may    
seem the callousness of infidelity2 to  
us it seems the sublime composure of    
science4 ,to him1 the fact in the case  

is everything2 and he is content to     
leave it to work its own results4  ,what
 now1 on the other hand1 have been the  
spirit and temper of the religious press
 and the pulpit touching the progress of
 science1 and especially its            
encroachments upon the ancient landmarks
 of traditional belief8 ,we are sorry to
 be compelled to say that1 with some    
honorable exceptions1 the spirit        
manifested by religious journals and    
clergymen generally1 has not been worthy
 of unqualified admiration4 ,in many    
instances they have shown a dogged      
determination to hear nothing on the    
subject4 ,assuming1 with absolute       
confidence1 not only that the           
,scriptures are what the ,church claims 
them to be1 but that their              
interpretation of them is infallible1   
they have affected to ignore all the    
findings of science1 and to treat them1 
in their bearing on ,biblical           
interpretation1 as profane intermeddling
 with divine things4 ,they seem to      

imagine that their safety consists in   
not seeing danger1 like the ostrich     
hiding its head in the sand1 and        
supposing that thereby its whole body is
 protected4 ,in other instances1 while  
professing a willingness to hear--to    
seek truth--to not be afraid of the     
light--to boast of science even as the  
handmaid of religion--they have shown a 
disposition to decry the alleged        
discoveries of science1 to ridicule its 
supposed facts1 to make light of a whole
 concatenation of evidence1 to prate of 
the uncertainties and vacillations of   
science1 to sneer at 'sciolists1' or    
'mere men of science1' to warn against  
the 'babblings of science' and          
'philosophy falsely so called1' and     
meantime they have betrayed a nervous   
sensitiveness with regard to certain    
alleged discoveries and facts coming to 
the popular ear4 ,they affect to sneer  
at the 'wise week' of the meeting of the
 ,british ,association for the          
,advancement of ,science1 and to turn   

the proceedings of that body into       
ridicule1 by caricaturing the importance
 attached to some minor organ of the    
human or animal frame1 in the           
determination of specific identity or   
difference4 ,while absolutely ignorant  
of the true state of the case as it     
stands in the scientific world1 they    
thunder from the pulpit in the ears of  
their people--a position where they are 
safe from reply--crudities and          
monstrosities of science at which the   
humblest member of the aforesaid        
,association would smile4 ,in other     
instances1 with a most unfortunate or   
misguided zeal1 they would fain compel  
,christian faith to override and        
traverse all those great laws of        
evidence which regulate human belief in 
other matters4 ,they do not dispute the 
facts of science when clearly           
established--they will concede to them  
an existence as facts in their own      
sphere--but they hold the ,scriptures1  
as being inspired and infallible1 to be 

transcendent and paramount1 and not to  
be affected by any possible combination 
of facts4 ,that is to say1 if the       
,scriptures teach the unity of the race1
 or the universality of the deluge1 or  
the modern origin of man--and if they   
understand them to teach these things1  
they do teach them for them--they hold  
that no amount of evidence which science
 may adduce can be of any avail1 even   
though it might amount to absolute      
certainty1 did not the ,scriptures stand
 in the way4 ,you may believe the facts 
of science1 if you choose1 but the      
,scriptures must be believed to the     
contrary notwithstanding4 ,if science   
does not agree with the ,scriptures1 so 
much the worse for science--that is its 
own affair4 ,this is the sentiment1     
distinctly uttered not long since by a  
learned ,american ,professor4           
,consistently with this view1 they      
maintain that the ,scriptures are to be 
held as an authority in scientific      
matters2 that science must order its    

conclusions in accordance with them2 and
 that any facts are to be distrusted    
which conflict with the declarations of 
the ,bible4 ,they would thus place the  
,scriptures and nature in a posture of  
antagonism2 and require ,christian faith
 to trample upon and triumph over the   
evidence of the senses1 as it is        
required to triumph over the world1 the 
flesh1 and the devil4 ,what must be     
thought of an otherwise educated body of
 men who would willingly reduce the     
faith of the ,christian world to such a 
posture as that8  ,furthermore1 in the  
general spirit and temper of the        
religious press with reference to       
science and scientific men1 there is    
much to criticize and condemn4 ,it is   
often snappish1 petulant1 ill-humored1  
unfair1 and sometimes malicious in the  
extreme4 ,such opprobrious terms as     
infidelity1 irreligion1 rationalizing   
tendencies1 naturalism1 contempt for the
 ,scriptures1 etc41 are freely used4    
,scientific men are called infidel      

pretenders1 and are charged with a      
secret conspiracy to overthrow the faith
 of the ,christian world4 ,a respectable
 religious weekly paper in this country1
 in noticing ,sir ,charles ,lyell's     
work1 while carefully withholding from  
its readers the slightest notion of the 
array of evidence adduced in the book1  
is prompt to inform them that the       
learned author shows his want of respect
 for the ,word of ,god4 ,another1 in    
noticing the account of the last hours  
of ,mr4 ,buckle1 is almost ready to     
exult in the fact that in the wreck and 
prostration of his great powers he      
whined out piteously3 ',i am going mad6'
 and intimates that his mental          
sufferings are to be attributed to the  
judicial visitation of ,god1 inflicted  
as a punishment for the employment of   
those powers in the service of          
infidelity4 ,an able1 though generally  
absurd quarterly journal1 in reviewing  
,hugh ,miller's ',testimony of the      
,rocks1' finds in some of his gorgeous  

speculations premonitions of that mental
 aberration which ended his life1 and   
does not hesitate to attribute the final
 catastrophe to the overworking of his  
powers in the service of pretentious and
 unsanctified science4 ,noble and       
true-hearted son of the ,church though  
he was1 and though laboring with        
herculean strength to set the ,bible and
 science in harmony1 he has not escaped 
the envenomed shafts of a portion of the
 religious press4 ,by some he has been  
openly branded as a traitor in the camp4
  ,now this unseemly heat and this      
unbecoming spirit and temper may be     
cloaked under a zeal for religion4 ,it  
may be said that we are to 'contend     
earnestly for the faith4' ,we answer1   
verily1 but never with the weapons of   
malice and wickedness4 ,this mode of    
treating science1 if persisted in1 must 
end only in chagrin and defeat to the   
parties employing it1 for the simple    
reason that it does violence to reason1 
nature1 and all the laws of man's being4

 ,science cannot be turned aside in her 
strenuous and ever-successful progress  
by any such impediments thrown in her   
way4 ,the clear1 calm1 cogent facts and 
inferences of the philosopher cannot be 
met successfully by the half-suppressed 
shriek of the mere ,biblicist4 ,and it  
must be at once perceived that any such 
treatment of science1 any such          
half-concealed fear of the progress of  
science1 any such unfair and spiteful   
bearing toward scientific men1 argues a 
secret distrust of the system or        
doctrine which is assumed to be held and
 professedly defended4 ,these petulant  
and much disturbed editors and divines  
must be really afraid that the ground is
 being undermined beneath their feet4   
,if a man really believes the           
inspiration and infallibility of the    
,scriptures1 he may feel perfectly at   
ease as to any facts present or past in 
the wide universe4 ,but if he is not so 
sure of them1 and wishes1 for some      
personal or interested motive1 to       

believe them1 he will be easily         
disturbed by anything which seems to    
militate against them4 ,if the          
,scriptures are true1 they can never be 
shown to be false--if they are not true1
 we ought not to wish to believe them4  
,the spirit and temper above indicated  
are wholly out of harmony with the      
general spirit of ,protestant           
,christianity4 ,it has ever been the    
boast of ,protestantism that it seeks   
the light1 that it seeks discussion1    
that it asserts the right of private    
judgment1 that it courts investigation1 
and is willing to expose all its claims 
to the broad light of day4 ,it claims to
 be an everlasting protest against      
priestly tyranny1 and monkish authority1
 and abject spiritual servitude in the  
laity4 ,strange1 if in this new phase of
 its history it should fail to be true  
to itself6  ,after the ,christian world 
came generally to accept the statement  
of ,chalmers that the writings of ,moses
 do not fix the antiquity of the world1 

and before science had begun to moot    
seriously the questions of the unity of 
the race1 the universality of the       
,noahian deluge1 and the antiquity of   
man1 it was the custom of clergymen     
generally to recho the true ,protestant 
strain4 ,they claimed science4 ,they    
expected much of her4 ,they wished full 
and free discussion in order that still 
stronger ramparts might be erected      
around the citadel of their faith4 ,why 
should the tone be changed now8 ,in the 
year #ahdj1 the ,rev4 ,albert ,barnes1  
of ,philadelphia1 who has long occupied 
a highly respectable and influential    
position among the clerical body in this
 country1 in an address on the          
',progress and ,tendencies of ,science1'
 delivered before the literary societies
 of one of the colleges of              
,pennsylvania1 gave utterance to the    
following noble sentiments3       ',it  
has cost much to overcome this'--that   
is1 the panic fears of      ,christian  
people at the amazing progress and      

discoveries of      science--'and to    
restore confidence to the ,christian    
world that the      researches of       
science will never permanently clash    
with the      doctrines of revelation4  
,but the ,christian world has come to   
that2      and science is to receive no 
more obstruction henceforth from any    
alarm that its discoveries will         
contravene the revealed truth of        
,god4 ,no future ,galileo is to be      
imprisoned because he can look          
farther into the works of nature than   
other men2 and the point      which we  
have gained now1 is that no obstruction 
is to be thrown in      the way of      
science by any dread that any scientific
 truth will      infringe on any        
theological system4 ,the great truth has
 gone forth      at last1 not to be     
recalled1 that the astronomer may point 
his      glass to the heavens as long   
and as patiently as he pleases1         
without apprehending opposition from the
 ,christian world2 the      chemist may 

subject all objects to the action of the
 crucible and      the blowpipe1 'with  
none to molest him or make him afraid2' 
the      geologist may penetrate to any 
part of the earth--may dig as deep      
as he pleases1 and no one may be        
alarmed4'  ,this exhibits true          
,christian courage and confidence1 and  
has the genuine ,protestant ring4 ,it is
 based1 however1 on the supposition that
 no possible conflict can arise between 
science and his understanding of the    
,scriptures1 and it is doubtful whether 
the same equanimity could be maintained 
even in the author's mind if the        
'progress and tendencies of science'    
should take an unexpected direction4    
,thus1 in the same address1 he says3    
',one fact is remarkable4 ,the geologist
 proves that the world has      stood   
many thousands of years1 and we cannot  
deny it4 ,he points to      fossil      
remains1 and tells us of orders of      
animals that lived many      years      
before the ,mosaic period of the        

creation of man4 ,the ,bible      tells 
us that ,,man was created about six     
thousand years      ago4 ,now1 the      
material fact is1 that amid all the     
fossil remains of      the geologist1   
and all the records of past times1 there
 is no proof      that man has lived    
longer than that period2 but there is   
abundant      proof to the contrary4    
,amid all on which the geologist relies 
to      demonstrate the existence of    
animals prior to the ,mosaic account of 
the creation1 he has not presented us   
with one human bone1 or      with one   
indication of the existence of man4'    
,this is one of the facts1 among others1
 upon which 'the friends of science and 
revelation have equal cause to          
congratulate themselves and each other4'
 ,but what if the fact should change8   
,what if not only one1 but many fossil  
human bones should be found8 ,how is a  
divine1 who has already said that the   
,bible teaches the modern origin of man1
 to avoid panic fears8 ,science is      

cumulative in its evidences1 and it is  
somewhat hazardous to undertake to say1 
at any point1 that the ultima thule of  
discovery has been reached4  ,we        
reiterate now1 in the conclusion of     
these preliminary matters1 the sentiment
 of ,mr4 ,barnes that science must be   
free and untrammelled4 ,no matter what  
discoveries may be made1 what traditions
 overturned1 what faiths unsettled1     
science must have a free rein and an    
open course4 ,it must be so2 unless we  
return to medival darkness and          
despotism4 ,science1 to be science at   
all1 must establish its conclusions by  
its own methods1 and its methods must be
 intact and supreme1 no matter what     
facts they force upon the belief of     
mankind4 ,it cannot accept any          
extraneous authority4 ,it cannot admit  
any foregone conclusions4 ,it cannot    
accept the statements1 for instance1 of 
the first chapter of ,genesis as        
astronomical1 meteorological1           
geological1 or ethnological facts1 as   

the able but absurd ,review before      
referred to would insist4 ,it must      
verify its own facts4 ,it cannot heed   
the caveat of any number or body of     
clergymen1 or orthodox weekly           
newspapers1 who might come forward and  
say1 respecting the unity of the race1  
or the antiquity of man3 ',gentlemen1   
that question is settled4 ,it is put    
beyond the purview of your science4 ,an 
absolute and infallible authority has   
determined it4 ,to moot it is profane4' 
,any such attempt would be both         
preposterous and useless4 ,the age will 
defend the freedom of science2 and let  
all reasonable and right-thinking men   
take comfort in the conviction that in  
the long run the conclusions reached    
will be right1 in accordance with fact1 
in accordance with truth1 and that no   
permanent interest of religion or morals
 can suffer4  ,but we beg pardon for    
holding the reader so long by the       
button1 while ,sir ,charles ,lyell and  
his book have been kept in the          

background4 ,these thoughts have been   
upon our mind for many months1 and we   
have felt impelled to give utterance to 
them here4  ,the publication of this    
work we regard as an eventful matter in 
the history of modern thought4 ,the time
 could not have been far distant when   
what we may call the geological history 
of man on this planet1 must have come   
before the popular mind2 and it is      
certainly a matter of congratulation    
that one of the most venerable1         
indefatigable1 cautious1 and successful 
investigators of modern times has       
undertaken the task of giving to the    
public a full and labored rsum of the   
evidence which has accumulated on the   
subject4 ,not unfrequently are the      
bigotry and prejudice of well-meaning   
religious people intensified by the     
imprudent zeal of the ,hotspurs of      
science4 ,true science can always afford
 to bide its time1 and make haste       
slowly4  ,respecting the work itself1 we
 begin by saying that the theme proposed

 is a perfectly legitimate one for      
science4 ,it is entirely pertinent to   
science to undertake to search for the  
hidden traces of man's former history1  
if there be any4 ,it is no dreamland or 
cloudland which it proposes to explore4 
,it is no ,quixotic adventure which it  
has gotten up to astonish and alarm the 
vulgar4 ,if our human ancestors have    
lived fifty or one hundred thousand     
years longer on this planet than was    
generally supposed1 it is quite likely  
they have left some traces behind them4 
,and if so1 it is perfectly legitimate  
for science to gather1 collate1 and     
interpret those traces4 ,and from what  
we know of her past achievements1 we may
 assure ourselves that if man has had   
such a pre-historic existence1 science  
will most undoubtedly prove it4 ,she has
 proved beyond all sane contradiction   
the great age of the earth4 ,she has    
proved in like manner the vast extent of
 the universe in space4 ,she has proved 
the existence of manifold forms of      

animal life on this planet for countless
 ages before the incoming of man1       
according to the popular chronology4    
,she has proved1 approximately1 the     
order and succession of animal life as  
it arose1 and the forms it assumed as   
the long cycles of ages rolled on4 ,all 
these were legitimate themes for        
science2 and all of them were opposed to
 the popular belief at the time--as much
 so as is the antiquity of man now4 ,and
 further1 we say that the mere suspicion
 that any such thing may be--the mere   
surmise of any such fact--the merest    
inkling which scientific men may get of 
a secret yet hidden beneath the veil1   
and waiting to be revealed--is a        
sufficient justification of those       
tentative efforts of science which often
 result in the attainment of some grand 
discovery4 ,let no timid religionist    
charge upon scientific men that they are
 conspiring with malice prepense to     
undermine the popular creeds and        
overthrow the ,bible4 ,this is sheer    

nonsense4 ,they follow where nature     
beckons them4 ,if man has had a high    
antiquity on this earth1 science will   
find it out and prove it beyond a doubt4
 ,if he has not had such antiquity1     
science will discover that too1 and     
prove it4 ,all we have to do is to let  
science have her way4  ,another remark  
which we make here1 is respecting the   
power which a single fact may have in   
this investigation4 ,it is not often    
that great questions in history1 or     
social polity1 or jurisprudence are     
determined by a single fact4 ,the great 
results of history1 economics1 and law  
are effected by the converging power of 
many facts4 ,so also in science4 ,its   
great results are determined by the     
accumulated power of multitudinous      
facts4 ,its final categories are fixed  
by abundant certainties and manifold    
inductions4 ,and yet it may sometimes   
occur that a single fact may be of such 
a nature that there is no escaping the  
conclusion which it forces upon the     

mind4 ,it may concentrate in itself all 
the elements of certainty usually       
obtained from many sources4 ,it may be  
determinative in its very nature1 and   
admit of scepticism only at the expense 
of rationality4 ,a single human grave1  
with its entombed skeleton1 discovered  
in some uninhabited waste1 where it was 
never known the foot of man had trod1   
would prove conclusively that human     
footsteps had once trod there4 ,the     
discovery of a single weapon of the     
quality and temper of the ,damascus     
blade amid the ruins of a buried city1  
would prove as fully as would the       
discovery of a thousand that the people 
of that age of the world understood the 
methods of working steel4 ,one canoe    
found moored to the bank of the         
,delaware1 the ,schuylkill1 or the      
,susquehanna1 when the white man began  
to penetrate this continent1 would have 
been sufficient to prove that the       
aborigines understood1 to that extent1  
the art of navigation4 ,so in science1  

one fossil of a different species from  
any found heretofore in a certain       
deposit is sufficient to add another to 
the forms of life represented by that   
deposit4 ,one fossil found lower in the 
geological scale than life was supposed 
to have begun on this planet1 is        
sufficient to prove that it had a still 
earlier beginning4 ,so with regard to   
contemporary forms of life1 one fact may
 be sufficient to warrant or compel a   
conclusion4 ,hugh ,miller cites the     
instance of fossil dung being found as  
proving to the anti-geologists that     
these fossils were once real living     
creatures1 and not mere freaks of       
nature4 ,the instance might not be      
thought conclusive1 for if the ,author  
of nature saw fit to amuse himself by   
making the semblances of huge           
iguanodons1 elephants1 and hippopotami1 
in the solid rocks1 it might readily be 
supposed that ,he would extend ,his     
amusement to the making of fossil       
dung4#b ,but now1 if in the fossil      

entrails of the cave hyena the bones of 
a hare should be found1 it would prove  
conclusively to any but an              
anti-geologist1 that the hare lived     
contemporaneously with the hyena4       
,these remarks are not thrown in by way 
of apology for the paucity of facts     
adduced by ,sir ,charles ,lyell to prove
 the antiquity of man1 but merely to    
illustrate the force which it is        
possible1 in certain circumstances1 for 
a single fact to have4 ,thus1 for       
instance1 the ,scotch fir is not now1   
nor ever has been in historic times1 a  
native of the ,danish isles1 yet it has 
been indigenous there in the human      
period1 for ,steenstrup has taken out   
with his own hands a flint implement    
from beneath one the buried trunks of   
that species in the ,danish peat bogs4  
,again1 if an implement of human        
workmanship is found in close proximity 
to the leg of a bear1 or the horn of a  
reindeer1 of extinct species1 in an     
ancient cavern1 and all covered by a    

floor of stalagmite1 we see not how the 
conclusion is to be avoided that they   
were introduced into the cave before the
 stalagmite was formed2 and in that case
 the inference that they were           
contemporaneous1 or nearly so1 may well 
be left to take care of itself4 ,the    
attempt has been made to treat with     
levity the whole subject of the         
antiquity of man because of the         
numerical meagreness of the facts       
adduced in support of it4 ,but as to    
this1 it need only be observed that as a
 new theme for investigation1 its facts 
must necessarily be meagre1 as must be  
the facts of any science in its inchoate
 condition1 and that they are steadily  
growing in volume1 so that it is not    
safe to venture a final verdict against 
it on that score4 ,the facts in support 
of the globular form of the earth1 or   
the ,copernican theory of the heavens1  
or the great age of the earth1 were at  
one time meagre--they are not so now4   
,sir ,charles ,lyell is a pioneer       

explorer in a new and mysterious realm3 
the time may come when1 amid the        
abundance of the treasure gathered from 
it1 the scanty hoard which he opens to  
his reader may seem meagre enough4      
,nevertheless1 ,sir ,charles ,lyell is  
fully a believer in the doctrine of the 
high antiquity of man4 ,his book is not 
merely a debating-club discussion of the
 pros and cons1 the probabilities for   
and against the doctrine1 but rather the
 earnest pleading of the advocate fully 
persuaded that the truth is on his side4
 ,not that it displays any forensic     
heat2--it is calm1 cautious1            
dispassionate2 but it has the air of one
 governed by conviction1 and he often   
assumes the entire truth of his         
conclusions with the quiet nonchalance  
of a man seemingly unconscious that what
 he regards as matters of established   
certainty will be viewed by the great   
majority of his fellow beings as        
startling novelties4  ,the main stream  
of the geological evidence of the       

antiquity of man tends to one point1    
viz41 that man coexisted with the       
extinct animals4 ,there are collateral  
branches of proof1 but this is the main 
channel4 ,the remains of man and of     
man's works and the remains of extinct  
races of animals lie side by side1 and  
claim from the geologist the same meed  
of antiquity4 ,this is the burden of the
 book before us4 ,we offer the reader a 
brief outline of this evidence4 ,in     
doing so1 we will follow the order of   
,sir ,charles ,lyell's work1 and merely 
state the leading facts which geological
 investigations have brought to light4  
,in the ,danish islands there are       
deposits of peat from ten to thirty feet
 thick1 formed in the hollows or        
depressions of the northern drift or    
bowlder formation4 ,these beds of peat  
have been examined to the bottom1 and   
they reveal the history of vegetation in
 those localities1 and the              
contemporaneous history of human        
progress4 ,beginning at the top1 the    

explorer finds the first layers to      
contain principally the trunks of the   
beech tree1 along with implements and   
tools of wood and iron4 ,below these is 
a deposit of oak trunks1 with implements
 mainly of bronze4 ,farther down still  
he finds the trunks of the ,pinus       
sylvestris1 or ,scotch fir1 together    
with implements of stone4 ,this clearly 
indicates that in the lapse of centuries
 the pine was supplanted by the oak1 and
 the oak by the beech1 and that man     
advanced contemporaneously from the     
knowledge and use of stone implements to
 those of bronze and iron4 ,now the     
known fact is that in the time of the   
,romans1 as now1 the ,danish isles were 
covered by magnificent beech forests1   
and that eighteen centuries have done   
little or nothing toward changing the   
character of the vegetation4 ,how many  
centuries must have elapsed to enable   
the oak to supplant the pine1 and the   
beech to supplant the oak1 can only be  
vaguely conjectured4 ,yet the evidence  

is clear that man lived in those old    
pine forests--leaving his implements of 
stone behind him1 as he did his tools of
 bronze and iron in the succeeding      
periods4 ,along the coast of ,denmark1  
also1 are found shell mounds mixed with 
flint knives1 hatchets1 etc41 but never 
any tools of bronze or iron1 showing    
that the rude hunters and fishers who   
fed on the oyster1 cockle1 and other    
mollusks1 lived in the period of the    
,scotch fir1 or1 as it has been called1 
the 'age of stone4'  ,in many of the    
,swiss lakes are found ancient piles    
driven into the bottom1 on which were   
once erected huts or villages1 the      
lacustrine abodes of man4 ,this use of  
them is proved by the abundance of flint
 implements and fragments of rude       
pottery1 together with bones of animals1
 which have been dredged up from among  
the piles4 ,the implements found belong 
to the 'age of stone1' or the period of 
the ,scotch fir in ,denmark1 and the    
bones of animals are all1 with one      

exception1 those of living species4     
,passing over the fossil human remains  
and works of art of the 'recent' period1
 as found in the delta and alluvial     
plain of the ,nile1 in the ancient      
mounds of the valley of the ,ohio1 in   
the mounds of ,santos in ,brazil1 in the
 delta of the ,mississippi1 in which1 at
 the depth of sixteen feet from the     
surface1 under four buried forests1     
superimposed one upon the other1 was    
found1 a few years ago1 a human         
skeleton1 estimated by ,dr4 ,b4 ,dowler 
to have been buried at least fifty      
thousand years--in the coral reefs of   
,florida1 in which fossil human remains 
were found1 estimated by ,professor     
,agassiz to have an antiquity of ten    
thousand years--in the recent deposits  
of seas and lakes1 in the central       
district of ,scotland1 which bears clear
 traces of an upheaval since the human  
period1 and in the raised beaches of    
,norway and ,sweden--passing over these 
for want of space for minute detail1 we 

go back to the post-pliocene period1 and
 find the bones of man and works of art 
in juxtaposition with the fossil remains
 of extinct mammalia4  ,in the cavern of
 ,bize1 in the south of ,france1 and in 
the caves of ,engis1 ,engihoul1         
,chokier1 and ,goffontaine1 near ,lige1 
human bones and teeth1 together with    
fragments of rude pottery1 have been    
found enveloped in the same mud and     
breccia1 and cemented by stalagmite1 in 
which are found also the land shells of 
living species and the bones of         
mammalia1 some of extinct1 and others of
 recent species4 ,the chemical condition
 of all the bones was found to be the   
same4 ,quite a full account is given of 
the researches of ,,mm4 ,journal and    
,christol in the ,bize cavern1 and of   
,dr4 ,schmerling in the ,lige caverns1  
and every effort made1 apparently1 by   
the author1 to weigh candidly and       
honestly the evidence for and against   
the contemporaneous existence and       
deposition of the human and mammalian   

remains4 ,and while he admits that at   
one time he was strongly inclined to    
suspect that they were not coeval#c1 yet
 he has been compelled by subsequent    
evidence1 especially in view of the fact
 that he has had convincing proofs in   
later years that the remains of the     
mammoth and many other extinct species1 
very common in caves1 occur also in     
undisturbed alluvium1 imbedded in such a
 manner with works of art as to leave no
 room for doubt that man and the extinct
 animals coexisted1 to reconsider his   
former opinion1 and to assign to the    
proofs derived from caves of the high   
antiquity of man a much more positive   
and emphatic character4  ,in chapter    
fifth we have a minute and interesting  
account of such fossil human skulls and 
skeletons as have been found in caves   
and ancient tumuli1 and a careful       
endeavor made to estimate their         
approximate age4 ,in #aheg1 in a cave   
situated in that part of the valley of  
the ,dssel1 near ,dsseldorf1 which is   

called the ,neanderthal1 a skull and    
skeleton were found1 buried beneath five
 feet of loam1 which were pronounced by 
,professor ,huxley and others to be     
clearly human1 though indicating small  
cerebral development and uncommon       
strength of corporeal frame4 ,in the    
,engis caves1 near ,lige1 portions of   
six or seven human skeletons were found1
 imbedded in the same matrix with the   
remains of the elephant1 rhinoceros1    
bear1 hyena1 and other extinct          
quadrupeds4 ,in an ancient tumulus near 
,borrely1 in ,denmark1 a human skull was
 discovered which was adjudged by its   
surroundings to belong to the 'stone    
period' of ,denmark1 or the era of the  
,scotch fir4 ,the careful anatomical    
examination and comparison to which     
these skulls have been subjected1 have  
led to important discussions1 not only  
as to their age1 but also as to their   
relation to existing races4  ,next comes
 an extended account of the flint       
implements and other works of art1 found

 so abundantly in juxtaposition with the
 bones of extinct mammalia1 in various  
localities--in a cave at ,brixham1 near 
,torquay1 in ,devonshire2 in the        
alluvium of the ,thames valley2 in the  
gravel of the valley of the ,ouse1 near 
,bedford2 in a fresh-water deposit at   
,hoxne in ,suffolk2 in the valley of the
 ,lach at ,icklingham2 in a cavern in   
,somersetshire2 in the caves of ,gomer  
in ,glamorganshire1 in ,south ,wales2   
and especially in the gravel beds of    
,abbeville and ,amiens1 in ,france1 and 
various localities of the valley of the 
,somme4 ,as to these flint implements1  
they are chiefly knives1 hatchets1 and  
instruments of that sort1 and they have 
been found in such large numbers1 and   
such diverse localities1 and so         
uniformly in close proximity with the   
remains of the same species of extinct  
mammalia1 that the evidence derived from
 them is1 to say the least1 of a very   
weighty character1 and in the opinion of
 ,sir ,charles ,lyell clearly           

establishes the fact that ,elephas      
primigenius1 ,elephas antiquus1         
,rhinoceros tichorrhinus1 ,ursus        
speloeus1 and other extinct species of  
the post-pliocene alluvium1 coexisted   
with man4  ,attempts have been made to  
throw doubt upon these implements1 first
 upon their nature1 and next upon their 
genuineness2 but we think no one who    
weighs the evidence candidly and        
carefully1 can award to these doubts the
 merit of respectability4 ,that they are
 works of art and not native forms1 is1 
we think1 as fully established as human 
observation can establish anything2 and 
though frauds have been recently        
detected1 it would be no more absurd to 
attribute the whole phenomena of fossil 
remains to fraudulent manufacture1 than 
to refer to the same source the whole   
series of flint implements4 ,in many    
cases the flint tools were taken out of 
their position by the hands of          
scientific men themselves1 and in others
 the excavations were made under their  

immediate supervision4 ,m4 ,gandry1 in  
giving an account of his researches at  
,st4 ,acheul1 in #ahei1 to the ,royal   
,academy of ,sciences at ,paris1 says3  
',the great point was not to leave the  
workmen for a single instant4'  ,but the
 most remarkable1 not to say startling  
revelations of the whole book1 are those
 pertaining to the discovery of an      
ancient place of sepulture at ,auvignac1
 in the south of ,france4 ,here we seem 
to be brought1 as it were1 face to face 
with the denizens of the departed ages1 
and to have them start up from their    
ancient tombs to tell the story of their
 death and sepulture4 ,we enter this old
 burial place with feelings of more     
strange and solemn awe than we could    
have in threading the catacombs of      
,rome4 ,an obscure village at the foot  
of the ,pyrenees reveals in its         
precincts a more astounding history than
 all the monuments and mausoleums of the
 'eternal' city4  ,in the year #aheb1 a 
laborer named ,bonnemaison1 employed in 

repairing roads1 observed that rabbits1 
when hotly pursued by the sportsman1 ran
 into a hole which they had burrowed in 
a talus of small fragments of limestone 
and earthy matter lodged in a depression
 on the face of a steep escarpment of   
nummulitic limestone which forms the    
bank of a small brook near the town of  
,auvignac4 ,on reaching as far into the 
opening as the length of his arm1 he    
drew out to his surprise one of the long
 bones of the human skeleton2 and his   
curiosity being excited1 and having a   
suspicion that the hole communicated    
with a subterranean cavity1 he commenced
 digging a trench through the middle of 
the talus1 and in a few hours found     
himself opposite a heavy slab of rock1  
placed vertically against the entrance4 
,having removed this1 he discovered on  
the other side of it an arched cavity1  
seven or eight feet in its greatest     
height1 ten in width1 and seven in      
horizontal depth4 ,it was almost filled 
with bones1 among which were two entire 

skulls1 which he recognized at once as  
human4 ,the people of ,auvignac flocked 
in astonishment to the spot1 and ,dr4   
,amiel1 the mayor1 having first         
ascertained as a medical man and        
anatomist that the relics contained the 
bones of seventeen human skeletons of   
both sexes and all ages1 ordered them   
all to be reinterred in the parish      
cemetery4  ,in #ahfj1 ,m4 ,lartet1 a    
distinguished ,french savan1 examined   
thoroughly the remaining contents of the
 cavern and its surroundings and        
approaches4 ,he found1 on removing the  
talus which filled up the depression on 
the face of the rock1 a level terrace   
leading to the mouth of the cave4 ,on   
this terrace was a layer of charcoal and
 ashes1 eight inches thick1 containing  
fragments of broken1 burnt1 and gnawed  
bones of extinct and recent mammalia1 in
 all some nineteen species1 and some    
seventy or eighty individuals4 ,also in 
the same deposit were hearthstones1 and 
works of art1 flint knives1 projectiles1

 sling-stones1 and chips4 ,many of the  
bones of the extinct herbivora were     
streaked1 as if the flesh had been      
scraped off them by a flint instrument1 
and others were split open1 as if for   
the purpose of extracting the marrow4   
,inside the grotto were two or three    
feet of made earth mixed with human and 
a few animal bones of extinct and recent
 species4 ,none of them1 however1 burnt 
or gnawed2 and numerous small flat      
plates of a white shelly substance made 
of some species of cockle1 perforated in
 the middle as if for the purpose of    
being strung into a bracelet2 also some 
mementos and memorials of the chase and 
the sepulture4 ,did no opposing         
traditions stand in the way1 we are     
quite sure the evidence elicited from   
this examination would at once fix its  
character as a burial place1 of an      
antiquity coeval with the existence of  
the great extinct mammalia of the       
post-pliocene period4 ,it1 however1     
contains some features of special       

interest4 ,in the words of ,sir ,charles
 ,lyell3       ',the ,auvignac cave adds
 no new species to the list of extinct  
quadrupeds1 which we have elsewhere1 and
 by independent evidence1               
ascertained to have once flourished     
contemporaneously with man4 ,but      if
 the fossil memorials have been         
correctly interpreted--if we have       
here before us at the northern base of  
the ,pyrenees a sepulchral      vault   
with skeletons of human beings1         
consigned by friends and      relatives 
to their last resting place--if we have 
also at the      portal of the tomb the 
relics of funeral feasts1 and within it 
indications of viands destined for the  
use of the departed on their      way to
 the land of spirits2 while among the   
funeral gifts are      weapons wherewith
 in other fields to chase the gigantic  
deer1 the      cave lion1 the cave bear1
 and woolly rhinoceros--we have at last 
succeeded in tracing back the sacred    
rites of burial1 and1 more              

interesting still1 a belief in a future 
state1 to times long      anterior to   
those of history and tradition4 ,rude   
and superstitious      as may have been 
the savage of that remote era1 he still 
deserved1      by cherishing the hopes  
of a hereafter1 the epithet of 'noble1' 
which ,dryden gave to what he seems to  
have pictured to himself as      the    
primitive condition of our race3        
',as ,nature first made man1            
,when wild in woods the noble savage    
ran4'  ,the remainder of the book1 so   
far as it relates to the evidences of   
man's antiquity1 is mainly occupied with
 the consideration of the glacial       
period1 in its relation to the          
indications of man's first appearance in
 ,europe4 ,it bears evidence throughout 
of the hand of a master4 ,the gigantic  
phenomena and wonderful agencies of that
 marvellous period in geological        
history--its vast icefields and         
glaciers1 with their movements1 drifts1 
and denudations--its coast ice and      

glacial lakes and rivers--the risings   
and sinkings of level of islands and    
continents1 are all considered and      
discussed in a thoroughly intelligent   
and scholarly manner4 ,and here1 also1  
amid the debris of this far-distant and 
inhospitable era1 has man left the      
traces of his existence1 as indubitably1
 according to ,sir ,charles ,lyell1 as  
the great icebergs themselves4 ,not only
 is it proven that man coexisted with   
the extinct animals1 but also that he   
coexisted with the extinct glaciers4 ,we
 have not space1 however1 to follow out 
in detail this evidence4  ,the last five
 chapters of the book are devoted to the
 discussion of certain subjects of vital
 interest and great moment just now in  
the scientific world--the theories of   
progression1 development1 transmutation1
 and variation of species4 ,it seems1   
however1 to be the intention of the     
author to give us1 not so much his own  
views as a general rsum or outline of   
the tendencies and conclusions of the   

scientific world upon these subjects4   
,this he does with his usual fulness1   
candor1 and impartiality2 and the reader
 at the same time gathers from him that 
he is strongly inclined to accept the   
doctrine of the origin of species by    
'variation and natural selection1' and  
to accord vast periods of time for the  
workings of that law of development and 
transmutation which he believes to      
pervade all mundane affairs4            
,considerable space is devoted to the   
consideration of man's place in nature1 
and especially to the discussions       
arising out of the comparison of the    
human and simian brain2 and while the   
author fully admits the vast gulf placed
 between man and the animal creation    
below him--a gulf which science cannot  
bridge--by virtue of the moral and      
religious nature of man1 yet he         
pointedly protests against confounding  
distinct orders of ideas1 and insists   
that man as a physical being is clearly 
of the same order as the gorilla and    

ape2 and he does not shrink from        
accepting the possibility that they all 
may have sprung by successive stages or 
'leaps' from the same primordial form4  
,his concluding words are1 that 'so far 
from having a materialistic tendency1   
the supposed introduction into the earth
 at successive periods of               
life--sensation1 instinct1 the          
intelligence of the higher mammalia1    
bordering on reason--and lastly the     
improvable reason of man himself1       
presents us with a picture of the       
ever-increasing dominion of mind over   
matter4'  ,to our mind one thing is     
certain4 ,the whole scientific world is 
drifting slowly1 but steadily and       
surely1 to the verification and         
acceptance--with certain and in some    
cases important modifications--of the   
development hypothesis of ,maillet1     
,lamarck1 ,la ,place1 ,owen1 and the    
author of the ',vestiges#d of           
,creation4' ,the movement reminds one of
 the motion of one of the great         

,greenland glaciers1 so slow1 quiet1    
almost imperceptible1 yet inexorable as 
fate--heedless of all obstacles4 ,as in 
the case of all great1 genuine          
revolutionary or formative ideas1 it is 
curious to watch the incidents of its   
career--to note the alarm1 indignation1 
scorn1 and holy horror occasioned by its
 first announcement--to observe these   
subsiding gradually into patient        
endurance and permissive sufferance1 and
 these again giving place to a certain  
curiosity and wakeful interest1         
culminating at last in downright        
advocacy and championship4  ,we are     
inclined to think that great injustice  
has been done the development theory in 
the name of morals and religion4 ,there 
has been no end to the railing against  
it on the part of clergymen1 ,biblical  
interpreters1 theological ,professors1  
and orthodox editors4 ,it was held to   
put infinite dishonor upon the ,creator1
 not only to suppose that ,he should    
take many millions of years to make a   

world1 but that ,he should employ the   
same lengthened period to make man1     
instead of speaking him into existence  
by a word4 ,it was held to put infinite 
dishonor upon the ,scriptures to suppose
 that they should be understood in any  
but the most literal sense4 ,and it was 
held to put infinite dishonor upon man  
to suppose that he was kith and kin with
 the monkey--bone of the bone and flesh 
of the flesh of the unreasoning         
quadrupeds1 over which in his god-like  
royalty he was to sway his imperial     
sceptre--and this1 too1 by a class of   
teachers who could never have enough of 
thundering in the ears of men their     
degradation1 their lost1 debased1       
insensate1 and damnable condition1 worse
 than that of beasts or devils4  ,now1  
with all deference1 we beg to say that  
this development theory does not strike 
us as so fraught with dishonor1 either  
to the powers in heaven or the beings   
upon earth4 ,it has for many years      
impressed us with its grandeur as an    

intellectual conception4 ,we doubt      
whether anything so grand has dawned    
upon the mind of modern civilization    
since the days of ,sir ,isaac ,newton4  
,and we cannot see what dishonor it can 
work to either ,god or man--especially  
if it be proved to be true4 ,we regard  
it1 so far as there is truth in it1 as  
one of those great germinant            
seed-thoughts1 which at long intervals  
are dropped into the soil of the human  
mind2 and though the mind of the age1 in
 its first impulses of joy1 may play    
wild gambols with it1 it is destined in 
the end to mould and control the        
thinking of the civilized world4 ,but   
apart from its truth or falsity1 in     
whole or in part1 regarded simply as an 
intellection1 it strikes us as one of   
the grandest of modern times4 ,spreading
 itself over almost illimitable space1  
grasping back through almost illimitable
 time1 claiming for itself the boundless
 multiplicity of type1 and form1 and    
life1 and law of the organic world1 and 

unfolding to the wondering gaze the vast
 prophetic possibilities of the future1 
it possesses all the attributes of      
grandeur1 magnificence1 sublimity1 and  
mystery4 ,if it is a phantasm1 it is    
more gorgeous than the most splendid    
creations of poetry4 ,if it is a mirage1
 it is more beautiful than any that ever
 bewildered the vision of enchanted     
traveller4 ,if it is an ignis fatuus1 it
 is more potent than any ever raised by 
the spell of the sorcerer4 ,but whether 
phantasm1 mirage1 ignis fatuus1 or sober
 but grand reality1 will assuredly be   
found out by science before another half
 century4 ,and the ultimate finding of  
science1 whatever it may be1 must and   
will be believed4  ,it is1 of course1   
not to be expected that the evidence    
thus adduced by ,sir ,charles ,lyell in 
behalf of the antiquity of man1 will be 
accepted as conclusive by the religious 
and thinking world in general without a 
thorough sifting and an earnest         
struggle4 ,it is too novel and          

revolutionary in its tendencies4 ,and   
indeed it ought to be subjected to the  
severest ordeal of fact and reason4 ,it 
is in this way alone that the golden    
grains of truth are separated from the  
dross of crude conjecture and hasty     
generalization4 ,we are not prepared    
ourselves to say that the evidence      
itself is final and conclusive4 ,we have
 sketched it for the purpose of giving  
the distinguished author a full hearing1
 and affording the reader an opportunity
 to judge for himself4 ,we await the    
logical sequences of time1 knowing full 
well that the laws which regulate the   
progress of science are as stable and   
infallible as the laws which control the
 motions of the solar and planetary     
systems4 ,one thing1 however1 we may be 
excused for saying3 ,all the attempts we
 have seen to parry the force of this   
evidence1 and to account for the        
acknowledged phenomena and facts within 
the schedule of the received chronology1
 strike us as singularly and painfully  

feeble4 ,one suggestion is that the     
bodies of the extinct mammalia may have 
been preserved in ice until the recent  
period1 and their bones deposited       
contemporaneously with those of modern  
species and man4 ,another is that the   
geologists may be vastly mistaken as to 
the date of the extinction of species1  
and that in fact the mastodon1 mammoth1 
and other species found in juxtaposition
 with human remains and works of art1   
have probably survived until a very     
recent period4 ,without entering into   
detail on these points1 we would venture
 the prediction that when weighed in the
 balance they will be found utterly     
wanting4 ,one type of discussion will   
survive1 if it survive at all1 as a most
 curious fossil of the layers of modern 
thought4 ,it is that represented by the 
book referred to in a note on a former  
page1 by ,mr4 ,davies4 ,believing that  
all mineral fossils were never living   
animals at all1 but the types simply of 
animals that were to be1 stamped        

instantaneously upon the rocks as       
prophetic symbols of a work of creation 
to be afterward accomplished1 he is     
prepared to hear without surprise that  
man should some day be found as a       
fossil4 ,we refer to it as a most       
curious mental product4 ,if it is not   
unanswerable1 we presume it will at     
least remain unanswered4  ,what now1 in 
conclusion1 is to be the effect of this 
new development of science on the       
received and traditionary thinking of   
the time8 ,what readjustments will be   
necessary in case the doctrine of the   
antiquity of man comes by and by to take
 its place1 in the creed of science1    
alongside of the doctrine of the great  
age of the earth8 ,can it be made to    
harmonize with what is now known as     
orthodox and evangelical ,christianity8 
,that it cannot be made to harmonize    
with that sort of orthodoxy which       
asserts that 'the ,bible teaches' that  
man began to exist upon the earth about 
six thousand years ago1 we need hardly  

aver4 ,eminent theologians may say1 'if 
science does not agree with the         
,scriptures1 so much the worse for      
science1' but we opine that the minds   
which will be able to stand upon this   
platform in the face of overwhelming    
evidence will be few and far between4   
,but it must be remembered that the     
,scriptures have adjusted themselves1 in
 the popular and orthodox mind1 to      
several things which were once          
considered opposed to their teachings4  
,the ,copernican theory of the solar    
system was once regarded and treated as 
a palpable and dangerous heresy2 yet    
now-a-days the boldest literalist would 
not venture to insist that the ,bible   
teaches a system opposed to that4       
,within living memory1 it is well known 
that the doctrine of the recent creation
 of the earth was regarded as           
indubitably a part of the teaching of   
the first chapter of ,genesis1 yet it is
 now fully conceded in high orthodox    
quarters that the opposite doctrine does

 no violence to the letter or spirit of 
the ,mosaic writings4 ,here the         
adjustment has been of the              
interpretation to the fact4 ,it is up to
 this time largely believed that the    
,bible teaches the doctrine of a general
 deluge1 yet ,hugh ,miller could        
advocate1 with all the elegance of his  
superb intellect1 and all the power of  
his unanswerable science1 the opposite  
doctrine of a partial or limited deluge1
 without being outlawed for heresy in   
the ,free ,church of ,scotland4 ,it is  
now held almost universally that the    
doctrine of the unity of the race is    
essential to ,christianity2 and we1 for 
ourselves1 cannot see that it is        
otherwise than essential to a properly  
organic ,christianity1 and yet we begin 
to see a blinking in certain quarters   
toward the opposite view2--and we may   
mention that the curious book of ,mr4   
,davies before mentioned1 which is      
written in the special interest of the  
most literal orthodoxy1 advocating the  

doctrine of immediate creation in six   
literal days1 and other equally         
indigestible matters1 insists on the    
doctrine of diversity of origin in the  
human race1 because it is taught in the 
,scriptures6 ,and he does not fail to   
find proof texts4 ,he rightly avers that
 several important assumptions are      
needed in order to extract the doctrine 
of unity from the ,mosaic record4  ,we  
have not adduced these instances of the 
variations of orthodoxy for the purpose 
of intimating that the ,bible is a nose 
of wax1 which can be twisted into any   
shape without injury--that it is a book 
which can be made to mean anything or   
nothing1 as the circumstances of the    
case may require--but that it has a     
vital elasticity and power of adjustment
 to all veritable findings of the human 
mind in every sphere2 as indeed it must 
have1 if it is in any important respect 
such a communication to mankind as it is
 claimed to be4 ,whatever may be said of
 the infallibility of the ,scriptures1  

it is certain that interpretation is not
 infallible--a distinction that is not  
always kept in mind by those zealous    
defenders of the faith who are ready to 
make the inspiration of the ,scriptures 
stand or fall with a given              
interpretation of a particular passage4 
,but can the doctrine of man's antiquity
 be made to harmonize with the          
essentials of ,christianity and the     
inspiration of the ,scriptures8 ,if     
,christianity be a religion for man1 as 
the present writer believes1 we answer  
emphatically in the affirmative4 ,not   
the smallest feature that is essential  
to make ,christianity a religion for    
man1 if it be such1 will be imperilled  
by this or any other well-established   
doctrine of science4 ,but precisely how 
much modification of existing opinion1  
how much sepulture of traditionary      
relics1 how much clearing away of       
rubbish will be indispensable1 it is now
 not easy to say4 ,it is certain that it
 must be conceded that we have as yet   

attained to no infallible chronology4   
,and it is equally certain that a larger
 amount of allegory must be infused into
 the first chapters of ,genesis than    
would have been digestible by the       
theologians of the last generation1 if  
we would ever have theology and science 
stand upon the same plane4 ,the question
 in the child's catechism1 ',who was the
 first man8' will by and by be easier   
asked than answered4 ,if1 moreover1 the 
narrative in ,genesis refers to some    
imaginary being supposed to have existed
 upon the earth about six thousand years
 ago1 it seems clear that this being    
cannot be regarded as the 'federal head'
 of the human race1 from whom 'all      
mankind have descended by ordinary      
generation4' ,and we strongly suspect   
that a very large amount of theological 
machinery will need to be readjusted2   
and amid many pangs and with much       
tribulation will not a few canons of    
orthodoxy pass away to the region of    
fossil forms4  ,in conclusion1 we take  

leave of this work of ,sir ,charles     
,lyell with the conviction that however 
obnoxious it may be to orthodox editors 
and superannuated doctors of divinity1  
it is destined to stimulate greatly     
scientific inquiry and active thought4  
,it is impossible that when such a mine 
has been sprung1 and promises to yield  
such tangible results1 it should        
suddenly cease to work1 because the note
 of alarm is raised by affrighted       
theologians4 ,we predict for science in 
this department a rich and rapid        
progress of discovery4 ,and we are      
profoundly gratified that the subject   
has been broken to the popular mind in  
such a cautious and unexceptionable     
manner as to the tone and spirit of the 
work--the author holding with           
philosophic steadfastness to the subject
 matter in hand1 and1 in the true       
scientific spirit1 eschewing all side   
issues1 and exhibiting throughout a     
candor1 impartiality1 and honesty1      
worthy the well-earned fame of this     

,nestor of geologists4     ,,none3  ,a  
,,tale ,,of ,,slave ,,life ,,in ,,rome4 
,,chapter ,,iii4  ,the thoughts of none 
followed her into sleep1 and colored her
 dreams with pleasant memories of the   
past2 and when the morning sun1 pouring 
its beams through the window1 awakened  
her1 there was a momentary struggle     
before she could throw off the fancies  
of the night and realize that she was no
 longer in her cottage home4 ,but       
distinct perception soon returned as she
 glanced around her and recognized the  
paintings which adorned her chamber1 and
 the marble goddess still holding forth 
a welcoming hand1 as though in greeting 
for the return of another day4          
,throwing open the window1 she sat down 
for a moment to enjoy the soft breeze1  
which1 laden with perfume1 came         
gambolling fresh from the ,alban ,hills4
 ,the window at which she placed herself
 looked out upon a central courtyard1   
formed by the intersection of the main  
body of the palace at right angles with 

the two wings4 ,this court was paved    
from one side to the other with marble  
flags of different shades1 excepting in 
the middle1 where played the fountain--a
 circular basin of water1 upon a rock1  
in the centre of which two bronze satyrs
 struggled for a tortoise1 from whose   
mouth the supplying stream poured forth4
 ,from the end of each wing of the      
palace the line of the sides was        
continued by a straight stone wall of   
considerable height1 leading across the 
whole breadth of the ,clian ,hill to the
 slope of its farther side1 and         
enclosing an area thickly planted with  
such flowers1 shrubbery1 and trees as   
the taste of the period considered most 
essential to a well-appointed garden4   
,for the moment the central court was   
almost deserted1 the only appearance of 
life being a little ,nubian slave1 who  
sat upon the edge of the fountain1 and  
lazily played with a tame stork4 ,but   
all at once none heard mingled voices1  
and distinguished among them the tones  

of her husband--deeper than the others1 
and marked with that quicker and more   
decided accent acquired by a long course
 of undisputed authority4 ,at first the 
sounds seemed stationary1 as though the 
speakers were tarrying in one place for 
discussion2 but in a moment they        
approached nearer1 and the disputants   
stood in full sight upon a balcony which
 ran around the interior wall of the    
palace and overhung the sides of the    
court4  ,foremost and tallest of the    
group stood ,sergius ,vanno1            
recognizable at once by his athletic and
 graceful figure1 reflective face1      
commanding eye1 bright with             
intelligence1 and his agreeable1        
refined1 and attractive presence1 as the
 leading spirit of the group4 ,at his   
side leaned the poet ,emilius1 whose    
weak and slender figure and mild1       
girlish expression would hardly appear  
to sustain the reputation he enjoyed of 
devoting half his time to the invention 
and elaboration of new forms of         

profligacy1 and thereby carrying his    
exploits into realms of vice hitherto   
undiscovered even in that age of        
unbridled indulgence4 ,behind these     
stood three others--a captain of the    
prtorian guard1 a tribune of the law1   
and a comedian of the school of         
,plautus--each probably carrying the    
palm of excellence in his especial      
calling1 and all of them doubtless      
endowed with superior capacities as boon
 companions in a night-long revel4 ,they
 had evidently but just left the        
banqueting hall1 and bore indications of
 having passed a somewhat unquiet night1
 though in different degrees2 for while 
the captain and comedian still staggered
 confusedly and displayed haggard faces 
and disordered dresses1 the superior    
tact1 constitutional strength1 or       
recuperative powers of the others       
enabled them to maintain such a demeanor
 of proper sobriety1 that but for a     
slight flush and the companionship in   
which they were placed1 their late      

excesses might have passed unnoticed4   
',it was the choice of all the slaves1  
both male and female1 ,i tell you1' said
 the comedian1 evidently resuming an    
unfinished dispute4 ',the choice of all 
the slaves1 ,sergius4'  ',hear you now  
this man6' exclaimed ,sergius1 turning  
toward his friend ,emilius with a quiet 
smile4 ',thrice already have ,i told him
 the truth of the matter1 and still he  
persists2 well knowing that1 if now he  
can scarcely sustain himself from       
falling over into the area below1 he    
certainly could not1 three hours ago1   
have been able to tell what play he     
made1 or whether he made any play at    
all4 ,nay1 ,bassus1 it was only of the  
male slaves that ,i spoke4'  ',yet      
listen to me1' insisted the comedian1   
placing his hand upon the other's       
shoulder and leaning heavily upon him1  
',you do not deny that we gamed8'  ',of 
a surety ,i do not4'  ',nor that ,i won 
money of you8'  ',ten sestertia4 ,i     
acknowledge it4'  ',nay1 twenty         

sestertia1 was it not8'  ',twenty       
sestertia be it1 then4 ,what matters the
 amount1 when ,i paid you upon the      
moment1 and you now have the sum1       
whatever it may be1 in your own purse8' 
',true1 true1' rejoined the other1      
nodding his head with an air of sage    
gravity2 'whatever it was1 of a         
certainty ,i now have it4 ,and then1    
,sergius1 you offered against the       
ten--no1 the twenty sestertia--to play  
the choice of all your new slaves4'     
',of my new male slaves1 certainly4'    
',no1 of the slaves both male and       
female4 ,i will tell you how it is that 
,i so especially recollect4 ,it was     
because ,i had heard from our lawgiver  
here about the beautiful ,samian girl   
you have borne home among your share of 
the spoils4 ,you did not think1 perhaps1
 that ,i knew of her2 but when ,i       
offered to throw the dice1 ,i held her  
in my mind4 ,and then1 when ,i had won1 
and told you that ,i would select her1  
you said--'  ',exactly what ,i had said 

to you before1 that you could take your 
choice from the male slaves1'           
interrupted the other impatiently4 ',and
 ,i have brought you directly hither to 
make your selection1 for fear that when 
you became sober you would forget the   
matter altogether1 and thereby cheat    
yourself out of a fairly won prize4 ,am 
,i not right1 comrades8 ,was not the    
play as ,i have stated it8'  ',neither  
more nor less1' the poet answered2 and  
the tribune and the prtorian captain    
spoke to the same effect4 ,the comedian 
still looked unconvinced1 and1 for the  
moment1 gazed inquiringly from one to   
the other1 in the hope that some newer  
recollection would come to the mind of  
either of them and lead to a            
recantation4 ,but in that desire he was 
disappointed1 and at last he reluctantly
 gave up the contest1 not daring to     
protract it longer for fear of provoking
 a quarrel1 and thereby being thrust out
 of the society to which he was aware   
his social talents1 counteracting his   

low birth and calling1 were his sole    
passport4 ,and after all1 though he had 
too carelessly made his wager1 he had   
won twenty sestertia and a male slave1  
and that was something4  ',well1 be it  
so1' he assented1 with a sigh4 ',a male 
slave1 since you say it4 ,i had supposed
 ,i had spoken more particularly1 but it
 seems that my poor brain was careless  
and at fault4 ,only bring the slaves    
hither quickly1 that ,i may choose and  
go home1 for ,i must play ,castorex this
 morning1 and this head of mine seems   
likely to split4'  ',let it split1      
then1' retorted ,sergius with a laugh4  
',it may save our cracking it some day  
with a goblet4 ,ho1 there1 ,drumo6'  ,he
 was not obliged to call a second time1 
for1 at the first ring of his voice1 the
 obedient armor bearer emerged from one 
of the lower entrances into the court4  
,he also1 as well as his master1 had    
been convivially celebrating his return1
 and now bore the evidences of his      
frolic in a sad combination of inflamed 

features1 tangled hair1 and disordered  
clothing4  ',what ho1 master8' he cried1
 stretching his huge limbs in a yawn and
 looking up4 ',am ,i wanted8'  ',you    
have been drinking1' said ,sergius2 'go 
to the fountain basin there and cleanse 
yourself4 ,if there were fish in it1 ,i 
would feel half inclined to cast you in 
to feed them4 ,after that1 come back to 
me4'  ,the giant grinned1 knowing that  
his master placed too high a value upon 
him ever to make a dinner of him for the
 carp1 though he might now and then     
inflict a stripe or two in anger upon   
his broad shoulders4 ,then kneeling down
 at the fountain1 he quickly splashed   
the water into his face and eyes1 ran   
one finger from his forehead to the     
crown of his head in order to part his  
disordered locks1 pulled away a loose   
straw from behind his neck1 gave his    
tumbled tunic one jerk to straighten it1
 and1 with the air of a person who had  
made an elaborate toilet1 and could     
afford to be well satisfied with the    

result1 presented himself for           
inspection4  ',so6 ,were my new slaves  
sent in last night8'  ,the armor bearer 
nodded4  ',the whole allotment8'  ',i   
suppose so1 master4 ,fifty there should 
have been1 the lictor said1 when he     
brought them1 but one had died1 and they
 had thrown him into the ,tiber to the  
fishes4 ,ho1 ho1 master1 we shall all go
 one day to feed the fishes or the dogs 
or the worms1 both you and ,i alike4'   
',silence1 you hound6' said ,sergius1   
more by way of habit than because he    
really minded a familiarity to which he 
had gradually grown accustomed4  ',the  
others came a little before midnight1   
and ,i locked them up below1' the ,gaul 
added1 pointing to a low range of       
buildings at the foot of the garden4    
',they are a well-looking lot1 master1  
but among them all you will not find one
 to take my place2 so1 for this time1 ,i
 am safe1 and can yet say and do what ,i
 please4 ,ho1 ho6 ,and here is the list 
of them which the messenger brought4'   

',never mind the list4 ,it is doubtless 
all correct1' said ,sergius1 waving the 
papyrus aside4 ',go1 now1 and bring the 
slaves hither4'  ,the man nodded1 and   
taking a large key from a nail over his 
head1 disappeared down the garden walk1 
and in a few moments returned1 driving  
before him the whole body of captives   
which had fallen to the share of his    
master4 ,as he had reported1 they were  
of good quality1 the best of the        
prisoners of war having naturally been  
reserved for the commander of the       
expedition4 ,the men were mostly stout  
and athletic1 while the women were of   
healthy and properly agreeable          
appearance4 ,of the whole number there  
were none who seemed to be at all sickly
 or ill favored2 while the only one who 
exhibited any signs of deformity was a  
dwarf1 whose withered and twisted figure
 imparted to him that peculiar grotesque
 and ape-like appearance which1 at that 
period1 was certain to commend him to   
the taste of wealthy purchasers1 and    

render him of more value than a man of  
correct proportions4 ,moreover1 as a    
general thing1 the captives seemed more 
cheerful than they had been the day     
before1 having had the advantage of     
several hours' rest and of better food  
than had fallen to their lot at any time
 during the journey4 ,there were a few  
who manifested sorrow at having been    
separated from relatives or friends with
 whom they had succeeded in travelling  
to the very gates of the city2 and some 
others1 as yet unbroken to misfortune1  
maintained a rebellious and intractable 
demeanor4 ,but the majority had already 
made up their minds that slavery was    
henceforth their inevitable fate1 and   
that their highest future happiness must
 be looked for in its alleviation rather
 than in its abolition2 and they now    
appeared to take pleasure in the thought
 that their fortune had led them to a   
wealthy household1 where they would     
probably experience kind treatment and  
have easy tasks allotted to them4  ,now1

 having reached the paved court1 the    
captives rested and awaited the         
inspection of their owner--some sitting 
upon the marble border of the fountain1 
some standing by in groups1 and through 
a sort of sympathy holding each others' 
hands1 as though that would give        
protection4 ,a few gazed moodily upon   
the ground2 and one or two1 oppressed   
with sorrow or nervous apprehension1    
quietly wept4 ,but the greater portion1 
impressed with a dim consciousness that 
their future lot might depend upon their
 present conduct and appearance1        
endeavored to assume an air of pleased  
satisfaction1 and thereby possibly win  
the favorable notice of the group which 
stood surveying them from the balcony1  
or at the least the friendly compassion 
of the older slaves of the household1   
who began to pour forth from the        
different doors upon the ground floor of
 the palace1 and join unbidden in the   
inspection4 ,most of these1 in the early
 days of their captivity1 had stood up  

in the centre of similar gaping and     
curious crowds1 and now in their turn   
they sated their curiosity upon the new 
comers4 ,a few1 remembering their own   
sorrows of those former times1 seemed   
compassionate2 others manifested        
careless indifference2 some wondered    
whether enough of the present           
reinforcement would be retained to      
materially lighten their own labors2 and
 others1 who had been known to fail in  
attention to their peculiar departments 
of industry1 trembled lest their places 
might now be supplied by the new comers1
 and themselves be again driven off to  
market4 ,whatever their thoughts and    
feelings1 however1 no one ventured to   
approach too near or speak aloud1       
excepting the armor bearer1 who1 as the 
privileged slave of the household as    
well as the marshal of the occasion1    
moved hither and thither among the      
captives1 encouraging some with rude    
jokes1 shoving others back or forward   
into suitable positions1 and generally  

endeavoring to set forth the merits of  
the whole mass in as favorable a light  
as possible4  ',now stand forward where 
the noble imperator and his friends can 
see you1' was his command to a          
well-featured1 strong-limbed ,rhodian4  
',do you think to better your lot by    
slinking out of sight among the women1  
and so perhaps be sent off unnoticed to 
the market1 and there be purchased for  
hard labor in the quarry pits8 ,who     
knows but that if my master sees you1 he
 may make a gladiator of you2 and then  
you can fight before emperors and       
consuls4'  ',what care ,i for your      
master8' retorted the man4 ',let him    
give me back my wife and my child1 whom 
,i yesterday had1 and who now are gone4'
  ,the armor bearer shrugged his        
shoulders4  ',is that all8' he said4    
',wives are plenty in this city of      
,rome4 ,when ,i first came from ,gaul1  
,i too had a wife1 and1 like you1 lost  
her4 ,what then8 ,i suppose that she is 
happy1 wherever she may be2 and ,i--,i  

have not allowed myself to be lonely    
since4 ,but neither did ,i let myself   
slink behind1 when ,i stood in the      
market2 but ,i pressed forward and      
struck upon my chest1 and called to the 
highborn and the rich to look upon me1  
and see how a man could be made1 and    
what he could be good for4 ,and here am 
,i now1 a slave1 indeed--that cannot be 
helped--but for all that1 a ruler over  
the other slaves1 and my master's       
favorite and companion4 ,by the immortal
 gods6 there is more manliness in yonder
 dwarf1 with his open face1 than in you1
 with your whimpering and your tears4 ,i
 will call him forward to teach you a   
lesson how to act4'  ,at the first beck 
the dwarf pressed forward with a smile1 
alternately stretching up to make the   
most of his diminutive proportions1 and 
then bowing low to crave the good will  
of the spectators4 ,his appearance      
brought him instant commendation2 and   
more particularly did the prtorian      
captain break forth into expressions of 

appreciation4  ',a proper dwarf6 a most 
excellent dwarf6 ,smaller and more ugly 
by a quarter than one which ,i have     
known to be sold for forty sestertia6   
,and see1 ,bassus1 how he bows and rubs 
his hands and shows his teeth at        
yourself4 ,he has perhaps been the      
buffoon in a ,grecian theatre1 and in   
you now recognizes a brother in the art4
 ,take him1 therefore1 for your choice4 
,at the very least1 he will be of value 
to carry your bag of plays before you1  
and he may even help you act4'  ,the    
comedian forced a sickly smile upon his 
features1 not daring to quarrel with his
 companion1 yet not insensible to the   
sneering tone with which he was         
addressed4 ,he had1 at the first1 been  
struck with the dwarf1 and half inclined
 to choose him4 ,but now the mocking    
speech deterred him4  ',you are disposed
 to be merry1' he said2 'nor do you     
reason well4 ,it is not an ape that an  
actor wants to carry his plays4 ,there  
are enough such to listen to them4 ,i   

will leave the dwarf1 therefore1 for you
 to purchase4 ,perhaps1 after all1 there
 may be a place found for him somewhere 
in your own household4 ,i will make     
another selection for myself4'  ,and    
descending from the piazza1 he moved in 
among the captives for the purpose of   
entering upon a more careful inspection4
 ,eager as he was at all times to make  
the best of a bargain1 he was the more  
especially anxious now2 for the         
contemptuous tones of his companions    
rankled in his heart1 and he felt that  
the more he evinced a capacity to       
benefit himself1 the more he would be   
likely to disappoint them4 ,passing     
deliberately about the slaves1          
therefore1 he scrutinized each face and 
form before him with the most exact     
attention2 carefully lifting the eyelid 
of one1 and examining the teeth of      
another--now pressing his knuckles into 
an expanded chest1 then twisting a      
muscular arm--causing some to stoop1 and
 others to bend back--and generally     

practising all those arts and expedients
 which a professional slave dealer would
 employ to guard himself against        
imposition4 ,nor was it until the lapse 
of many minutes that he settled upon his
 prize4  ',i will take this man1' he    
said1 dragging the ,rhodian forth by the
 shoulder4 ',he shall be my slave4'     
',it is well2 take him1' responded      
,sergius1 in his most courtly tone4 ,and
 for the moment or two1 during which his
 companions yet tarried1 he maintained a
 demeanor so studied and controlled that
 it would have required a keen glance to
 detect in his face his bitter sense of 
disappointment at the selection which   
the comedian had made4   ,,chapter ,,iv4
  ,as ,sergius turned and entered the   
house1 those who had seen him saluted as
 the favorite of the emperor and the    
idol of the crowd1 and thence had       
believed unbounded happiness must be his
 never-varying lot1 would have been     
astonished to know how many things there
 were which rankled painfully in his    

heart1 and1 for the moment1 made him    
discontented and fretful4  ,thoroughly  
jealous in respect to his military fame1
 he was suspicious that the cheers of   
the crowd upon his ovation had been     
elicited more by the perfection of the  
pageantry than by a proper appreciation 
of his own merits2 while it was certain 
that the ,senate1 though meeting him    
with the customary congratulations1 had 
delivered them with more form than      
enthusiasm4 ,and though the emperor had 
given audience1 he had bestowed no new  
honors upon him4 ,to these              
disappointments was added the unhappy1  
self-accusing consciousness of having   
failed in duty to his own dignity1 by   
having passed the night in wild revelry 
and among companions1 many of whom were 
beneath him in every quality except     
their talent for ribald jesting and     
buffoonery4 ,moreover1 though reputed   
wealthy1 he was at present pressed for  
money1 and had added to his             
embarrassments by losing at the gaming  

table during the past night more than he
 could well afford to part with2 while1 
to add to all other vexations1 the      
comedian ,bassus had not only increased 
the loss by selecting the most valuable 
slave1 but had performed the action in a
 cool and calculating manner1 which was 
particularly exasperating4  ',the low   
buffoon6' ,sergius muttered to himself4 
',who would have thought that1 half     
drunken as he was1 he would have had the
 wit to select a slave worth double the 
sum which had been staked against him1  
and one whom ,i had obtained with such  
trouble1 and for my own purposes8 ,can  
it be that he pretended his intoxication
 the more easily to outwit me8 ,i had no
 fear1 but believed that he would be    
sure to select some slim youth who could
 be taught to play the flute before him 
or act as cupbearer4 ,what demon put it 
into his head so suddenly to look for   
bone and muscle rather than for girlish 
graces8'  ,this last suspicion of having
 been made the victim of artful         

dissimulation added fuel to his         
vexation1 more especially as1 turning   
his head and glancing into the          
courtyard1 he saw the comedian slipping 
through a side passage1 and the ,rhodian
 obediently following at his heels4     
,this filled up the measure of          
,sergius's wrath4 ,to his excited fancy 
the actor bore upon his face an         
insultingly satisfied smirk of triumph1 
while the ,rhodian appeared larger and  
stronger than ever4 ,with an exclamation
 of unavailing anger1 ,sergius pushed   
open the door1 and stood in the presence
 of his wife4  ,it was into the dining  
hall that he had plunged4 ,upon a small 
table was placed the wine and bread and 
fruits which formed the customary       
morning meal among the richer ,romans2  
and beside the table stood none1 in an  
attitude in which hope and fear and     
surprise and disappointment were equally
 blended4  ,clad in the manner which she
 knew had always best pleased his fancy1
 wearing the adornments which1 as his   

gifts1 he would most naturally prefer to
 see upon her1 with her curling locks   
parted as in former days he had liked   
her to dress them1 even striving to     
impart to her features the peculiar     
radiant expression which1 in other      
times1 had most won his heart--she had  
impatiently awaited his approach1 with a
 vague fear whispering poisonous        
surmises to her soul1 but yet with a    
joyful and hopeful assurance of good    
predominating over all4 ,as soon as     
these friends of his had departed--she  
had said to herself--he would no longer 
delay coming to her4 ,he would meet her 
with extended arms and the same joyous  
welcome as of old4 ,he would utter kind 
and pleasant words expressive of his    
happiness1 and would fold her to his    
heart4 ,there would she nestle and      
forget her foolish fears and suspicions 
of the past night1 and would only       
remember that she was loved4 ,as1       
however1 she now saw the frown upon his 
face1 her heart and courage failed her2 

and in proportion as she had previously 
fortified her mind with hopeful         
confidence1 a terrible reaction of      
apprehension overcame her4 ,could it be 
that the angry look was for her1 and    
that it could be justified by any word  
that she had ever spoken or any duty    
that she had neglected8 ,with one hand  
lightly resting upon the table1 her     
right foot thrown forward in impulsive  
readiness to spring into his extended   
arms1 but her whole form drooping and   
shrinking with dismay1 her face pale1   
and the smile which she had called upon 
it now faintly and painfully flickering 
in a deathlike manner about her whitened
 lips1 as it glided from her control and
 began to give place to an utter and    
undisguised fear1 she stood awaiting his
 first word or action4  ',ha1 none6'    
',my lord--'  ,then remembering what was
 due to her upon their first meeting1 he
 smoothed the frown from off his face1  
held out his arms1 and tenderly embraced
 her1 uttering kind and loving words4   

,it was the same gesture with which he  
had parted from her when1 six months    
before1 the state had called upon him to
 arouse from the ease and tranquility of
 his wedded life and do new service upon
 the field4 ,those were the same gentle 
and affectionate words which he had been
 wont to utter4 ,and yet to her         
quickened apprehension1 urged on by some
 secret instinct1 it seemed as though   
the soul of the tender greeting was     
gone1 leaving but the mere form behind4 
,could it be that during those few      
months of absence he had learned to     
think less dearly of her8 ,at the       
thought1 the last faint gleams of the   
flickering smile died away from her     
face2 while he1 unobservant of her      
distress1 and still goaded by the       
remembrance of his losses1 released her 
from his embrace and threw himself      
heavily down upon the nearest lounge4   
',i am thirsty1' he said4 ',give me some
 drink4'  ,she poured some wine into a  
goblet1 and timidly presented it to his 

lips4 ,the liquid1 cooled with snow from
 the mountains1 was refreshing to his   
palate1 and he drank it to the last     
drop4 ,as he parted with the            
goblet--rather tossing it away than     
setting it down--he noticed how she     
stood before him with whitened face and 
frightened features1 and with the       
attitude of a shrinking slave rather    
than of a wife joyous to be of service4 
,his heart smote him for his negligent  
greeting1 and he rose up from the lounge
 and placed his arm about her4  ',not   
with you1 none1 am ,i vexed1' he said1  
partly comprehending the cause of her   
emotion4 ,and drawing her nearer1 he    
commenced toying with her waving locks1 
telling her how for months he had been  
longing to meet her1 and how her looks  
more than ever delighted him1 and       
otherwise uttering such pleasant and    
reassuring words as soonest came into   
his mind4 ,as she began to perceive that
 it was not for any fault of hers that  
he had displayed anger1 her face        

gradually lost its expression of dread4 
,but still she could not fail to notice 
that the words which he spoke were not  
such as are commonly prompted by a true 
and unpremeditated affection2 but were  
rather the labored and soulless result  
of a mere good-natured desire to make   
atonement for a neglect1 and were       
uttered in all the careless spirit with 
which one tries to soothe an improperly 
aggrieved child2 and the old smile but  
feebly played upon her features1        
struggle with it as earnestly as she    
would4  ',nay1 not at your sweet face is
 my anger excited1 none1' he said2 'but 
at that scurvy dog1 ,bassus4 ,he should 
himself be a slave and the companion of 
slaves1 were his true station meted out 
to him4'  ',he with whom you passed the 
night8' suggested none4  ',ay1 he was   
one of us1' ,sergius answered1 taking a 
position nearer the table1 and          
commencing to pick off a crumb of bread 
as the incentive to a more extended     
repast4 ',he was with us1 as there      

always will be some rude and unmannerly 
intruder in every company2 but there    
were also others1 the associates of     
,emilius4 ,there was ,sotus1 the        
,egyptian1 a learned astronomer1 and    
,cyope1 the renowned ,greek dramatist1  
and ,spoletius1 who is now writing a    
history of the empire1 and1 if what he  
says is true1 has already brought his   
work down to the time of the ,emperor   
,nero--'  ',and will carry it on until  
he reaches the present day6 ,and will   
then1 in their proper place1 tell about 
your achievements1 my lord6' exclaimed  
none1 a flush of expectation glowing    
upon her face1 as she thought that here 
were her conjectures of the preceding   
evening about to be realized4  ',ay6'   
responded ,sergius2 ',i presume that he 
will speak of me and of what you dignify
 as my achievements1 foolishly fond     
child2 and therefore it was meet that ,i
 should not neglect the opportunity of  
being in his presence1 in order that he 
might speak well of me rather than the  

reverse4 ,otherwise1 you well know that 
,i would have preferred to let revelling
 have the go-by1 and to have come at    
once to gather you to my heart4 ,but we 
men1 whom the world calls celebrated1   
must be watchful1 and learn to resign   
pleasure to duty1 and guard our fame1 or
 else it may go out like a wasted lamp1 
and leave it in the darkness of         
oblivion4 ,we cannot spare our time to  
give free scope to our love1 as though  
we were poor and unknown4'  none        
reproached herself for her suspicions4  
,surely she had done wrong in           
distrusting him for the coldness of his 
greeting4 ,he may have meant nothing but
 love and kindness1 and have been       
weighed down by cares and anxieties     
which she could not comprehend4 ,had he 
not said that something had made him    
angry8 ,he1 the great imperator1 to have
 been ruffled by the conduct of a low   
comedian1 whose company his interest    
obliged him to tolerate6 ,she would yet 
be patient and wait4  ',and not only    

,spoletius1 the historian1 but also     
others1 poets and philosophers1 whose   
good will it is proper to secure1 and   
whose conversation would be improving to
 the gods themselves1' continued        
,sergius1 almost blushing as he         
remembered how little philosophy had    
been spoken during the past night1      
excepting that shallow doctrine which   
inculcates full enjoyment of the passing
 pleasure of the world1 lest death might
 come and too suddenly end them2 and how
 little poetry had been recited1 except 
as roared forth in the form of          
bacchanalian choruses4 ',and even this  
,bassus it were worth my while to       
condescend to1 lest the notion might    
seize him to satirize me upon the public
 stage4 ,and it was to conciliate him   
that ,i lost to him twenty sestertia and
 a well-favored slave4 ,may it not be   
that ,i paid too high a price for his   
friendship1 and hence have a right to be
 angry8'  ',but let my lord reflect that
 he has many slaves--more than he well  

can find use for2 and that1 therefore1  
one less may not be of great consequence
 to him4'  ',nay1 but such a slave6'    
responded ,sergius2 'tall1 almost1 as my
 armor bearer1 and strong as an         
elephant6 ,a man who was worth to me all
 those others1 thrice over1 for the use 
to which ,i could have put him4 ,the    
rest will doubtless be of good account  
in their way4 ,some of them will go and 
dig in my quarries1 and a few will be   
exposed in the market1 and will bring   
their proper price4 ,but this           
,rhodian--listen6 ,you know that in a   
few weeks the new amphitheatre of our   
emperor will be opened with grand       
spectacles lasting many days4 ,at my    
audience with him last evening he spoke 
thereupon1 and of the wild beasts he had
 sent for to give dignity to the        
occasion2 but of this anon4 ,you know   
that for months all ,rome has been      
preparing for that time8'  none nodded  
assent4 ,even had she desired1 she could
 not have remained ignorant that the    

great colossus of all amphitheatres was 
approaching completion1 since1 from her 
window1 she could look down the ,appian 
,way and watch every stone being laid1  
while1 in all societies1 the magnitude  
and magnificence of the approaching     
games were the theme of universal       
conversation4  ',well1' continued       
,sergius1 'months ago--,i hardly        
remember how many--,i wagered with the  
proconsul ,sardesus that ,i would       
furnish for the games the superior      
gladiator of the two4 ,fifteen purses of
 a hundred sestertia each2 a large sum1 
but the larger the better1 since ,i had 
my armor bearer in my mind1 and felt    
certain to win4 ,but since then ,i have 
become attached to this ,drumo4 ,the dog
 has twice saved my life1 and hence has 
become too precious to be risked2 for   
though he would most likely win the day1
 yet a chance thrust might destroy him  
at the end4 ,i therefore looked around  
for a substitute1 and found him--this   
,rhodian slave4 ,day after day ,i marked

 him in the opposite ranks1 fighting    
against us1 and ,i gave orders to       
capture him alive4 ,twice we thought we 
had secured him1 and as often did he    
break away1 killing many of our men4    
,but at last the commander of one of my 
cohorts obtained possession of his wife 
and five children1 and sent him word    
that each day1 until he delivered       
himself up1 one of them should be put to
 death4'  ',surely that thing was not   
done8' exclaimed none1 horror struck4   
',as ,i live1 it was not ordered by me1 
nor did ,i learn of the scheme until it 
was too late to arrest it1' responded   
,sergius2 'else would ,i have forbidden 
it4 ,but what would you expect8 ,war has
 its practices1 and mercy is not exactly
 one of them4 ,and cruelties will       
happen1 do what we may4 ,whatever       
transpired1 therefore1 was the work of  
the commander of my first cohort1 to    
whom ,i had given directions to take the
 man alive1 and who knew that it must be
 done1 and without troubling me about   

the process4 ,perhaps you do not care to
 hear the rest8'  ',go on1' said none1  
shuddering with a sickening apprehension
 of what was to come4  ',well1 the first
 day his oldest child was slain1 and the
 body sent to him2 and the next day the 
second one slain1 and in like manner    
sent to him2 and so on until but his    
wife and one child were left4 ,then he  
came in and gave himself up4'  ',and    
this brave man--fighting for his        
country--you have made a slave of6'     
exclaimed none1 impetuously4 ',he has   
been stripped of his family one by one1 
and now you would place him in the      
arena1 to be the victim of wild beasts1 
or at the best1 of other slaves6'       
',what else would you wish8 ,the man is 
of a warlike nature2 and it were better 
for him to bravely contend for his life 
in the presence of the emperor himself1 
than ignominiously to wear it out in the
 base labor of the quarries4 ,and ,i    
will tell you what ,i meant to have     
done4 ,i know where are his wife and    

remaining child1 with whom he yesterday 
entered ,rome2 and if in the            
amphitheatre he had won the victory for 
me1 ,i would have restored them to him  
and given him his freedom besides4 ,but 
all that is past now4 ,in the heat of   
the moment ,i forgot him1 and suffered  
this drunken dog1 ,bassus1 to take his  
choice2 and he has had too good an eye  
for what is valuable not to select the  
,rhodian4 ,strange1 indeed1 that ,i     
should have been so careless4 ,but      
throughout all1 ,i never dreamed that   
his taste would lead him to do more than
 choose some slight-built boy1 who could
 assist him in his trade4 ,once1 indeed1
 ,i feared for the moment that he would 
select amiss1 and take a rarely precious
 dwarf1 whom1 both for his appearance   
and for his knowledge of armor1 ,i had  
reserved as a gift for your father2 and 
when that danger was past1 ,i breathed  
freer1 not calculating upon any further 
mischance4'  none remained silent4      
,ready as she was at all times to give  

her utmost sympathy to her husband for  
the slightest annoyance which he might  
experience1 it seemed to her now that   
his complaining was puerile and unjust1 
so utterly had the sense of his         
disappointment been swallowed up1 in her
 thoughts1 by the real and tragic woe of
 the ,rhodian captive4 ,finding day     
after day his dead children laid at his 
very door--then separated rudely from   
all who were left--and in the end       
brought chained into the arena1 and     
obliged to fight to the death for the   
pleasure of his conquerors1 and perhaps 
against his own countrymen3 why should  
such things be8 none was no nerveless   
creature to faint at the sight of blood4
 ,the education of all ,romans of that  
day was adapted to a far different      
result1 and she could look with         
enjoyment upon the contests of wild     
beasts1 or even view without            
disapprobation the struggles of         
gladiators trained to their work as to a
 profession1 and1 of their own free will

 and with full knowledge1 taking its    
risks upon themselves4 ,and yet1 for all
 that1 she could not but feel that every
 hour there were being enacted around   
her1 and as a part of the daily workings
 of the social system1 abuses of power1 
which1 like the present1 nothing could  
justify2 and she wondered whether it    
would last forever1 or whether1 on the  
contrary1 the outraged gods would not   
some day arise and pour down upon this  
imperial ,rome the vengeance due to the 
oppressed4  ,sergius partially read her 
thoughts1 and set himself to work to    
reverse their current and turn it into a
 more cheerful channel4 ,drawing his    
seat closer to her1 he began to speak to
 her of more pleasant topics1 telling of
 the enlivening incidents of his        
campaign1 rehearsing the exploits of    
those about him1 and dwelling upon the  
few occasions in which1 by some unusual 
departure from martial customs1 mercy   
had been shown to the weak and helpless1
 and captives who were not fit for      

slaves had not been crucified4 ,the gift
 of fascination was one of his          
distinguishing traits2 and when he      
chose1 he could charm1 with his winning 
speech1 the most obdurate and unloving4 
,therefore1 as he now softly whispered  
these narrations into none's ears1      
mingling gentle words of endearment with
 them1 it was not long before she began 
to yield to the pleasant influence1 and 
was almost ready to believe that she had
 judged rashly1 and that everything upon
 earth was not so very wrong4 ,why1     
after all1 should she presume to        
criticize matters which did not arouse  
the discontent of the wisest of men8    
,and if the gods felt really outraged1  
why did they let their thunders sleep so
 long8 ,at the least1 it was not the    
duty of herself1 a weak girl1 to strive 
to right the world4 ,her only domain    
must be her lord's heart--her only rule 
of life1 his will4  ,leaning upon his   
shoulder1 and looking up into his face  
as she listened1 she thought upon the   

old times1 when she had first met him1  
and how he had then1 as now1 so         
successfully exerted his powers of      
charming1 that it had seemed as though  
no mere earthly love could be good      
enough reward for him4 ,could it be that
 in her distrust she had been the victim
 of a momentary delusion1 and that he   
would always exert himself hereafter1 as
 now1 to please her8 ,might it not be1  
after all1 that this great happiness1   
with its tender whisperings and         
caresses1 would ever continue unbroken1 
as in past times8  ',but1 aha6' he      
suddenly exclaimed1 in the tone of one  
newly awakened to the existence of a    
fact whose comparative unimportance had 
led to its forgetfulness by him4 ',let  
not my own losses make me indifferent to
 your pleasure1 love1 for ,i have not   
been so4 ,for you1 and you alone1 ,i    
have reserved a gift fit for the palace 
of the ,csars4'  ',a gift1 my lord8 ,and
 for me8'  ',yes2 but ask me no         
questions now4 ,you shall see it        

to-morrow4 ,a few hours only of mystery 
and waiting must yet elapse before ,i   
will bring it to you4 ,until then you   
can enjoy a woman's pleasure and nurse  
your greedy curiosity--hopeless of      
solving the enigma until ,i myself      
choose to give the clew4'     ,,the     
,,young ,,author',s ,,dream4    ',one   
more ,unfortunate4'    ,alone in a      
garret where cobwebs hang thick   ,over 
walls that display the bare mortar and  
brick1   ,whose windows look down on the
 roofs of back sheds1   ,from a height  
that would dizzy the coolest of heads1  
,a young author sits by a rickety stand1
   ,in a broken-backed chair1 with a pen
 in his hand1   ,and patiently toils ere
 the sunlight shall fade   ,to black the
 last quire of a ream of 'white laid4'  
,the shadows have deepened that hang on 
the wall2   ,but the ,finis is written1 
the pen is let fall2   ,and1 glad of a  
respite from labors complete1   ,his    
hands and his head press the last       
written sheet4   ,sleep comes not alone2

 for the goddess of dreams   ,is        
accustomed to visit this blacker of     
reams4   ,like the man that sits under a
 monster balloon1   ,and soars o'er the 
earth halfway up to the moon1   ,now    
stepping at once into ,fancy's fair car1
   ,he sails from the dusky old garret  
afar2   ,and1 leaving the world with its
 practical crowds1   ,such visions as   
these meet his gaze in the clouds3      
,,the ,,dream4    ,forty large editions 
,of the 'thrilling tale2'   ,forty      
thousand dollars1   ,net proceeds of    
sale4   ,forty smiling critics          
,lavishing their praise2   ,forty famous
 florists   ,bidding for the bays4      
,forty thousand maidens   ,sitting up at
 night1   ,poring o'er the volume       
,with intense delight4    ,forty        
thousand letters   ,from the country    
sent1   ,blurred by frequent teardrops1 
,filled with sentiment4    ,forty       
scheming mothers   ,anxious for a match2
   ,forty blushing daughters1   ,each a 
glorious catch4    ,forty generations   

,reverence his name2   ,forty future    
ages   ,fortify his fame4     ,,the     
,,reality4    ,forty dunning letters    
,coming every day2   ,forty cents for   
washing1   ,which he cannot pay4        
,forty jokes malicious   ,cracked by    
forty wags2   ,forty pert young misses  
,sneering at his rags4    ,forty old    
companions   ,wondering at his mood2    
,forty friends officious   ,preaching   
fortitude4    ,forty days of sadness2   
,forty nights of sorrow2   ,forty dark  
forebodings   ,hanging o'er the morrow4 
,forty hempen inches   ,borrowed from a 
friend2   ,rafter at the upper1   ,neck 
at lower1 end4    ,forty earthy         
spadefuls   ,on the green hillside2     
,forty lines of 'local1'   ,telling now 
he died4     ,,the ,,great ,,lakes ,,to 
,,st4 ,,paul4   ,toward the close of    
,july1 #ahfj1 our party gathered at     
,canaudaigua1 that beautiful piece of   
,swiss overland scenery1 transported to 
,western ,new ,york4 ,its ,indian name1 
signifying 'the chosen place1' was not  

inapt for our meeting ground4  ,by the  
#cast of ,july we were at ,cleveland1   
,ohio1 over the ,buffalo and ,lake      
,shore ,railway and ,new ,york ,central4
 ,it was a beautiful day's ride1 the    
most of the way skirting the lake1 whose
 broad expanse gleamed in the sunshine1 
and bore many a sail and propeller to   
the great havens of its commerce4 ,the  
railway borders fine towns and farms1   
formed by the dense settlement of the   
oak openings and groves of the ,western 
,reserve of ,ohio1 which was purchased  
from the ,holland ,land ,company1 by a  
company from ,connecticut1 of whom      
,general ,cleveland1 who names the      
present city1 was the agent4  ,cleveland
 city1 with about forty thousand        
population1 lies on ,lake ,erie1 at the 
mouth of the ,cuyahoga ,river1 which    
forms its harbor4 ,it is well built1    
chiefly of the light graystone of the   
vicinity1 upon a declivity shaded with  
trees1 among which the buckeye hickory  
abounds1 has many fine dwellings1 and   

presents a fair front to the lake view4 
,on the evening of the #cast ,july we   
embarked on the ,north ,star for        
,superior ,city4 ,she is of first class1
 eleven hundred and six tons1 and bore  
an immense freight from the ,east to the
 remote peninsula1 in exchange for its  
precious minerals4 ,the entire sail from
 ,cleveland to ,superior is nine hundred
 and sixty-four miles4  ,as these boats 
are the only means of commerce and      
intercourse for the dwellers on the     
upper lakes above ,detroit1 very        
frequent are their stops and calls1     
taking and leaving much freight1        
consuming much time on their way4       
,however1 our voyage was speedy3 we     
arrived at our distant terminus1        
,superior ,city1 very early on the      
morning of the #eth of ,august1 making  
the running time about seventy-five     
hours4  ,leaving ,ohio1 one of the      
earliest settled ,states of the ,western
 ,valley1 and organized sixty years     
since1 our course from ,cleveland       

stretched northwesterly across the wide 
lake1 passing the island scene of       
,perry's splendid triumph1 and thence   
northerly1 by its river1 to ,detroit1 a 
sail of one hundred and twenty miles1   
arriving early on the #ast of ,august4  
,the city lies extended along its       
beautiful river1 at one extremity       
guarded by its old fort1 and at the     
other are the extensive copper-smelting 
furnaces1 where the ore from the        
,superior mines1 brought by the         
steamers1 flows in liquid copper4 ,it is
 comparatively an ancient town1 settled 
as early as #agja as a ,french frontier 
post2 and some of its land titles1      
always protected at each national       
change1 with some of its old families1  
derive their origin from these early    
,french pioneers4  ,our afternoon sail  
was up ,detroit ,river and the ,st4     
,clair1 threading our way among its many
 verdant islands and rich shores graced 
with numerous pretty villages4 ,at #i   
p4m4 we reached ,port ,huron and its    

,canadian opposite neighbor1 ,sarnia4   
,at this point is the southern outlet of
 ,lake ,huron1 distant seventy-three    
miles from ,detroit4 ,sarnia is also the
 western depot of the ,grand ,trunk     
,railway of ,canada1 while ,windsor1    
facing ,detroit1 terminates the         
,canadian ,great ,western4 ,from        
,sarnia1 passing old ,fort ,gratiot1    
over to ,port ,huron1 the railway ferry 
boat1 propelled by the current only1    
transfers its passengers to the cars of 
the ,grand ,trunk line1 on ,michigan    
soil1 and by a short branch intersects  
the ,michigan ,central ,railroad1 a few 
miles west of ,detroit4 ,for over twelve
 hundred miles this iron road1 fitly    
named the ,grand ,trunk1 transports our 
,western products4 ,entering ,lake      
,huron1 with its innumerable islands and
 almost wilderness shores1 our sail     
through it1 of two hundred and          
seventy-five miles in all1 brought us   
early1 on the #b;d of ,august1 off      
,saginaw and ,thunder ,bays1 its western

 arms1 with ,presque ,isle1 the ,great  
,manitoulin ,island1 bearing north by   
east2 and by noon1 we reached ,point de 
,tour1 at the outlet of ,st4 ,mary's    
,river1 three hundred miles from        
,detroit1 lying opposite to ,drummond's 
,island4  ,point de ,tour has but a     
solitary dwelling1 from whose roof rises
 the light tower4 ,its inmates are said 
to have preferred this solitude to the  
crowded refinement of a ,new ,england   
city4 ,shortly after1 and still coasting
 the western side1 we stopped at        
,church's ,landing1 where an            
enterprising ,new ,englander has built  
his log houses in the forest1 amid the  
,indians1 and drives an active commerce 
in raspberry jam4 ,his trade has        
prospered1 and he had just completed a  
new and handsome dwelling4 ,fourteen    
miles farther brought us to ,saut       
,sainte ,marie1 or the rapids of the    
eastern outlet of ,lake ,superior4      
,lake ,huron is at an average height of 
five hundred and seventy-five feet above

 the sea level1 and one hundred feet in 
depth below ,lake ,superior1 with a     
length in direct line of two hundred and
 seventy-five miles1 from ,port ,huron  
to ,saut ,sainte ,marie4 ,georgian ,bay1
 to the east of the ,great ,manitoulin  
,island1 is its broad eastern expansion2
 while1 on the west1 the ,straits of    
,mackinaw open into the vast expanse of 
,lake ,michigan1 extending a length of  
four hundred and forty-six miles to     
,chicago4 ,the borders of ,lake ,huron  
are sparsely peopled4 ,the primitive    
forest bends over the lake's clear      
waters1 and surrounds the log cabin or  
infant settlement with the wigwam and   
canoe of the ,indian half breeds1 who   
are still fishing and hunting round the 
graves of their ancestors-once the      
fiercest of all the warrior races that  
scarce forty years ago as sovereigns    
roamed its wilds4  ,the majestic        
solitudes of these lakes first received 
the white man in #afgi1 when the        
discoverers ,la ,salle and ,hennepin1 in

 the vessel of sixty tons1 which they   
had built with their ,indians at ,cayuga
 ,creek1 sailed up ,niagara ,river1     
,lakes ,erie1 ,st4 ,clair1 and ,huron1  
to ,mackinaw1 and thence through ,lake  
,michigan to the mouth of ,green ,bay4  
,entering ,lake ,erie on the #gth of    
,august1 #afia1 they arrived at ,green  
,bay on the #b;d of ,september          
following1 encountering many storms and 
cautiously seeking their untried way4   
,after gathering a rich cargo of furs1  
the vessel1 in charge of the pilot and  
five men1 started to return1 and was    
heard of no more4 ,she doubtless        
perished with her crew in a gale on     
,lake ,huron4 ,she carried seven cannon1
 was well manned and armed1 adorned with
 carved griffin and eagle heads1 and    
bore the banner and religion of ,france 
amid all the border tribes4  ,surely the
 voyage of ,columbus1 discovering       
,hispaniola1 while sailing before and   
obeying the trade winds1 did not surpass
 in real adventure this simple          

expedition of those half-warrior pioneer
 voyageurs1 ,fathers ,hennepin and ,la  
,salle4 ,the memory of their visit is   
yet immortal in the local names given by
 them and still cherished2 while the    
influence of ,france still lingers at   
,detroit and many other prominent points
 in this wide region1 once the empire of
 ,louis ,,xiv4  ,we reached the ,saut   
,sainte ,marie about #d ,p4 ,m4 of the  
#b;d of ,august4 ,here the ,river ,st4  
,mary1 or the eastern outlet of ,lake   
,superior1 after a wide course of fifty 
miles1 gathers the multitude of its     
waters into a narrow channel of less    
than a mile in width and length1 of     
swift and impassable rapids4  ,the grand
 ,ship ,canal1 with its stone banks of  
about eighty feet width and three locks1
 transports the largest tonnage around  
these rapids4 ,this great work was      
completed in #aheg by the contractors1  
,erastus ,corning1 of ,new ,york1       
,fairbanks1 and others1 for a contract  
price of seven hundred and fifty        

thousand acres of land1 chiefly mineral1
 in the ,state of ,michigan4 ,during our
 steamer's canal passage of about two   
hours1 we were interested by the        
picturesque scenery1 untenanted save by 
the wigwam and the bark canoe4 ,as      
usual1 upon the arrival of the steamer1 
the long canoe1 steadily held by a      
single boy and paddle1 in a current     
swift as the ,niagara1 shoots out into  
the ,saut1 while the ,indian1 standing  
erect in the canoe1 poising his harpoon 
and scrap net1 strikes or swoops in the 
large and delicious white fish1 assured 
of a capacious basketful and more1      
before the steamer leaves the canal4    
,and thus we floated onward to the bosom
 of great ,superior4  ,our course was   
along the ,st4 ,mary outlet1            
northwesterly toward ,white ,fish       
,point1 on the main south shore1        
projecting far out into the lake4 ,we   
were hence carried miles away from sight
 of the famed-pictured rocks or of any  
land4 ,tending southerly and still      

westward1 we steamed on over the dark   
waters1 during a serene night1 until    
daylight showed us the beautiful town of
 ,marquette4 ,scarce seven years old1   
the fruit of the iron mining in its     
vicinity1 it spreads its neat white     
cottages around the crescent of its bay 
and river on an amphitheatre of hills4  
,the rail train destined to ,bai de     
,noc1 on ,green ,bay1 and finished to   
,marquette ,mines1 in all some eighteen 
miles1 was starting upon our arrival4   
,marquette1 though so young1 a mere     
group of cottages1 fronting a           
wilderness1 from its rich mines of the  
best iron1 has become at once a scene of
 industry and large outlay of capital2  
while the beauty of its position and its
 unrivalled climate1 surpassing all     
others on ,lake ,superior1 have already 
made it the most attractive summer      
resort1 as well for the pleasure        
traveller as the pulmonary invalid4 ,its
 climate1 without the sea air1 has a    
cool1 silken softness1 reminding one of 

,newport1 ,rhode ,island4 ,it is more   
equable and certain2 the summer average 
is #ff1 and the winter #da2 while the   
lake wind and evaporation secure it from
 the rapid changes of the sea shores4   
,marquette is the lake port and entrepot
 of the short range of iron mountains   
which adjoin their sisters1 known as the
 ,porcupine ,mountains1 in whose depths 
lies the famous copper ore1 not unmixed 
with silver and other precious deposits4
 ,this great mountain fortress extends  
from ,marquette to ,montreal ,river1    
beyond ,ontonagon1 the western boundary 
of the ,state of ,michigan1 in a line of
 about twelve to eighteen miles south of
 the lake1 and often approaches two     
thousand feet in height1 lifting its    
forest sides in constant view for more  
than two hundred miles4 ,leaving        
,marquette and the iron range at #g     
,a4,m41 on the #c;d of ,august1 we      
sailed for ,portage1 the first harbor in
 the copper mountains1 arriving about   
noon4  ,portage is a shallow bay or     

mouth of the river of the same name1 on 
the east shore of ,keewaiwonah          
,promontory1 or1 as it is commonly      
called1 ,keweenaw ,point4 ,the mines and
 town of ,portage lie at the mountains1 
about sixteen miles inland4 ,a few huts 
were the only signs of settlement at the
 bay4 ,tugs landed the freight and      
passengers1 and we soon left the wooded 
bank for the broad expanse of the lake1 
turning the head of the promontory1 and 
at #e ,p4,m4 reaching ,copper ,harbor on
 its northwest shore4 ,here we lay till 
morning4 ,the village is small1 at the  
base of a lower range of mineral        
mountains1 spurs of the main chain4     
,the ,clarke ,copper ,mine is within two
 miles of the wharf4 ,this mine1 like   
many others1 has had many owners4 ,it   
had just gone through the experiments of
 a ,french company1 which expended its  
capital1 as alleged1 in building fine   
roads1 bridges1 and residences for its  
agents1 while the mining had scarcely   
reached one hundred and twenty feet     

deep1 and then employed only six        
,frenchmen as its miners1 whose ore     
product was little over three per cent4 
of copper4 ,in other hands1 perhaps1 it 
may now yield a better reward4  ,we were
 much amused with the description given 
by these ,frenchmen of the mishaps of   
their ill-directed enterprise4          
,persistent as ,chinese1 resembling many
 others of the ,french nation in their  
ignorance of our country1 language1 or  
customs1 they had passed through many   
droll blunders1 which rendered their    
narrative highly entertaining4  ,copper 
,harbor1 although so small1 only then   
claiming about seventy legal voters in  
the entire township1 including the      
mines1 was promised the unusual treat of
 a political address that evening1 as   
duly placarded1 from a gentleman1 who   
was then candidate for ,governor of     
,michigan1 and came in our boat4 ,the   
apathy and indifference of the free and 
enlightened electors of ,copper ,harbor 
were remarkable4 ,a small1 dingy room1  

adjoining the only store1 was the       
destined arena2 and therein1 dimly      
lighted by some tallow candles1 long sat
 the candidate--alone3 a rejected       
,timon1 whose reflections were never    
published4 ,the only interest taken in  
the meeting 7that came under my notice7 
was an anxious inquiry by the owner of  
the building for his rent and expense of
 candles1 etc41 payment of which was    
alleged to have been refused by the     
candidate4  ,singularly happy ,copper   
,harbor6 your contented equanimity is   
unruffled by all the stormy strife of   
politicians4  ,its lake front is graced 
by a fort1 now and long since a         
water-cure establishment4 ,all these    
,western forts1 erected many years ago1 
seem not intended for offence1 but      
rather as stockades or blockhouses of   
shelter from the ,indians4 ,they are    
arranged as extensive tenements within1 
pierced for musketry1 and only in some  
cases with terraces for cannon4 ,these  
frontier forts1 long the dwelling of the

 hunter or his family in the wilderness1
 were guarded by the company of troops  
who protected the settlers and          
maintained the sovereignty of our flag  
and nation over these remote wilds4     
,they are always placed in the most     
eligible and commanding positions1 and  
seem as if by design to have secured the
 settlement of these points1 which in   
all cases have become the thronged      
cities or favorite towns of the         
ever-growing ,west4 ,thus1 in ,europe1  
the ancient ,roman fortified camps on   
their frontiers founded ,cologne1       
,chester1 ,vienna1 ,milan1 ,verona1 and 
other cities1 once their military       
outposts against barbarism4  ,about #g  
,a4 ,m4 of the #dth ,august1 we left    
,copper ,harbor on our course1 and soon 
reached ,eagle ,river4 ,this is another 
copper-mining settlement1 straggling    
along its poor harbor1 somewhat larger  
than ,copper ,harbor1 and more          
picturesque4 ,landing a few of our      
company1 we sailed to ,ontonagon1 the   

largest of these copper-mine towns      
7perhaps two thousand in population71   
and situated upon a sand reach at the   
mouth of its river1 which leads to the  
,great ,minnesota ,mine1 eighteen miles 
distant4  ,early in the clear morning of
 the #eth of ,august1 we were moving up 
,allouez ,bay4 ,sounding slowly over its
 bar1 and passing ,minnesota ,point and 
,island1 between the mouths of the      
,rivers ,st4 ,louis and ,nemadji1 we    
arrived at ,superior ,city1 our destined
 haven4  ,superior ,city1 by its        
pretentious name1 great distance1 and   
our expectations1 had risen to much     
importance in our imagination1 but the  
actual scene presented a wide contrast4 
,a large town--or metropolis--on a poor 
harbor1 without interior resources or   
communications1 had been hastily        
projected4 ,it is called the head of    
ocean navigation1 and the terminus of   
many proposed but as yet imaginary      
railroads4 ,while the titles to all the 
land are still in litigation1 the       

wilderness shades its streets1 and1     
saving the rare arrival of the ,indian  
mail carrier on snow shoes1 during six  
months of intense cold1 they are        
isolated from all humanity4 ,its grand  
prospectus1 some five years before1 had 
drawn there about three thousand people2
 and soon afterward1 starved and        
disappointed1 nearly all1 save perhaps  
five hundred1 had deserted4 ,about two  
miles of streets1 planked from the mud1 
with frame dwellings1 had been          
constructed1 and they had already       
attained the first municipal            
blessing--taxes--to the total of        
#de1jjj1 payable by this feeble remnant 
of a settlement1 mainly of abandoned    
dwellings4 ,should the railroads so     
frequently surveyed and designed to     
terminate here be really built1         
,superior ,city may see1 to some extent1
 in future years1 somewhat of that      
prosperity which its projectors1 blinded
 by their hopes1 had thought already    
realized4  ,few positions are more      

picturesque4 ,in front1 the shores of   
,portland and ,minnesota rise in        
beautiful grandeur1 and the bay and     
harbor1 although imperfect1 are richly  
wooded and very graceful2 while1 all the
 way thither1 from ,la ,pointe1 the     
lake's waters1 lying among the          
mountains1 shadowed by their heavy      
foliage1 remind one much of the scenery 
of the ,lower ,danube4 ,this ghost of a 
city had not much left of interest1 and 
we passed our day in arranging for the  
journey across the country southward to 
,st4 ,paul4  ,and here we found         
ourselves really pioneers4 ,no road or  
transport was alleged to exist4 ,we     
persevered4 ,indians and trappers beset 
us with their projects of tracking and  
portage by the ,st4 ,croix and other    
rivers1 requiring a camp life with      
strange companions of nearly a month to 
accomplish the distance of only one     
hundred and sixty-three miles1          
equivalent to that of ,albany from ,new 
,york4 ,a military road direct through  

the wilderness had been often surveyed1 
and once cut through1 of about eighty   
feet width1 to near ,sunrise ,city1     
fifty miles from ,st4 ,paul2 at which   
point the dense forest spreads into oak 
openings and beautiful prairies4 ,this  
single cutting1 long overgrown in lofty 
pines1 with the frequent surveys and    
contracts1 from the year #aheb to #aheg1
 had cost the ,united ,states           
,government1 for this distance of about 
one hundred and twelve miles1 #aej1jjj2 
and no actual road had ever yet been    
made4 ,fortunately for our enterprise1  
we met a gentleman who had just groped  
through safely on horseback4 ,we were   
reassured1 and engaged the only         
available wagon and team--a small1 frail
 affair1 devoid of cover1 seats1 or     
springs2 and1 with ample provisions1    
perched upon our luggage1 we rolled out 
of ,superior ,city that evening1 and1   
passing its significantly large         
cemetery1 we at once entered the forest4
 ,these woods are chiefly of pine1      

cedar1 tamarack1 or hemlock1 gigantic in
 size1 a dreary solitude1 unvisited by  
any bird or game1 save an occasional    
hawk or owl4 ,they are but the southern 
outposts of that forest army which      
begirds ,hudson's ,bay1 and spreads its 
gloomy barrier of the same trees around 
the dominions of the ,ice ,king1 while  
it is the only forest to be met with in 
all the ,mississippi ,valley4  ,the     
width of about eighty feet--that        
theoretical road for which the ,united  
,states had paid so often and so        
well--was seen between the mightiest    
sentinel trees2 but in the midst had    
sprung up a fresh growth1 often nearly  
one hundred feet high1 surrounded by    
huge stumps1 and heavy undergrowth of   
the renewing forest1 varied with        
hopeless mudholes and swamps1 and only  
at intervals of about twenty miles was  
there any habitation4  ,such was the    
great military road4 ,perhaps its       
progress equalled the actual wants of   
this region2 for population had not yet 

crowded any of the forest borders4 ,it  
was then by the adjoining townships1    
under ,state laws1 feebly commencing to 
be really made as a road2 and frequently
 we halted at the camps of these hardy  
sons of toil4 ,our first twenty-one     
miles to ,twin ,lakes1 at the best      
speed1 with good horses1 occupied eight 
hours1 three of which1 in the middle of 
the night1 were passed under deluging   
rain accompanied by thunder and         
lightning of the most appalling         
grandeur1 thumping in the shelterless   
wagon over stumps and bogholes through  
the dreary woods4  ,twin ,lakes--or the 
isthmus between two small lakes1 in the 
depths of the forest--is a solitary log 
house and stable4 ,its proprietor and   
our landlord for the night's shelter    
was1 ,i believe1 named ,john ,smith4    
,with his family he had lived there1    
keeping this hotel for some years1      
owning several lots in the paper ,city  
of ,twin ,lakes1 rich in the anticipated
 tide of gain to flow from the crowded  

thoroughfare of the great military road4
  ,happy man6 we were the first party on
 wheels that had yet essayed the road4  
,perhaps his posterity1 by patience1 may
 win their reward4  ,our rain deluge1   
with sheeted lightning and pealing      
thunder1 was ceaseless throughout the   
night4 ,its echoes amid the forest      
solitudes were awful2 and our fitful    
sleep was varied by the rain dripping   
between the logs of our shelter4        
,however1 morning came at last1 bright1 
clear1 and calm2 and early we resumed   
our wagon and way-picking among the     
familiar logs and stumps1 contesting as 
for life with legions of mosquitoes1    
sandflies1 etc4 ,and thus we made thirty
 miles farther 7halting at a camp for   
dinner7 to the ,city of ,chengwatana1   
which is so named on the large and      
beautiful map thereof1 prepared in ,new 
,york4 ,it is laid out in ,broadways1   
,fifth ,avenues1 ,lydig ,avenue1 and1 ,i
 believe1 ,daly ,square1 so named from  
,j4 ,daly1 of ,new ,york1 with parks1   

colleges1 etc41 etc41 adequate for a    
million of inhabitants4 ,this fine      
imaginary picture proved unavailing to  
sell the land4 ,it still remains a swamp
 bordering ,snake ,river1 in the bosom  
of the wilderness2 and its entire       
population was only one ,german and his 
family--really indefinite in number of  
children--and two log houses1 between   
which he vibrated at pleasure4  ,our    
arrival was in another violent rain1    
lasting far into the night2 but we      
considered ourselves1 by this time1 road
 and water proof4 ,on the river shore1  
by the red glare of the fire light a    
wigwam and some ,indians were visible2  
and frequently we heard their rifle     
shots4 ,to our surprise1 in the morning1
 instead of deer1 they brought in a     
large basket of lake trout1 each pierced
 through the head with a bullet when    
approaching the fire light4  ,morning   
found us early on our hard way to the   
famed ,city of ,fortuna1 whose picture  
displayed a similar origin and          

imagination1 and its reality was even   
more doleful4  ,fortuna ,city1 on       
,kettle ,river1 in the woods1 contained 
three log cabins1 and no inhabitants4 ,a
 boy came hither1 perhaps from          
,superior1 the day before1 to meet our  
party4 ,after repelling some furious    
charges of the mosquito cavalry1 who    
displayed their vigor after long        
starving1 we gave up the contest1 and   
attempted sleep4  ,to our log cabin had 
come that day several engineers1 who    
formed a surveying party for another    
railroad project1 passing through this  
forest from ,st4 ,paul1 whence they had 
started a month before with an ample    
wagon train4 ,the ,indians had murdered 
the drivers and captured the wagons with
 their entire property2 and in their    
destitution they sought this only       
shelter4 ,we took them forward with us  
into ,st4 ,paul1 and were greatly       
indebted for their intelligent society  
and kind attentions4  ,fortuna ,city had
 one peculiar interest to us2 it was the

 last halt and lodging in the forest4   
,our next day's ride--if such it may be 
called--brought us to the oak openings  
at ,folsom's1 a clearing on the southern
 skirt of this wilderness1 and shortly  
after to ,sunrise ,city4  ,our forest   
journey to-day was varied by the utter  
collapse of the wagon in a vain charge  
upon an obstinate stump2 and perforce we
 walked for miles1 till reaching a camp 
of the road workers on the farther bank 
of ,grindstone ,river1 we joyfully      
forded and found shelter from the       
noontide heat and mosquitoes2 while the 
,german sutler1 who alone remained1     
busied himself in his primitive al      
fresco cookery1 which we enjoyed1 and   
then1 exchanging to another wagon1      
hastened on to our destination4  ,the   
oak openings--those grand parklike      
expanses and rolls of land1 with stately
 groups of giant oaks--far surpassing   
all culture of man1 set out by the      
,creator on such a noble forest         
background1 never looked more majestic  

and beautiful4 ,they were vocal with    
singing birds1 and filled with life2 at 
their foot thronged the grouse or       
prairie chicken1 darting through the    
high flowering grasses 7richer than all 
garden flowers7 in such numbers that but
 a few feet from our wheels we shot them
 in great abundance4  ,sunrise ,city--a 
village but of yesterday 7public lands1 
for sale by proclamation1 adjoining7--is
 beautifully placed on ,sunrise ,river1 
and might have then contained about five
 hundred inhabitants1 whose neat white  
cottages and pleasant streets1 bordering
 a romantic river and bridge1 made a    
picture not unlike the scenery of       
,warwickshire1 ,england4  ,we reached   
here--fifty miles still north of ,st4   
,paul--to pass the first night of our   
ride in a comfortable dwelling4  ,many a
 fine farm1 just cleared and broken1    
attracted us here1 and hence along the  
prairie road into ,st4 ,paul1 where we  
arrived at the close of the following   
day1 which proved to be1 as we kept no  

calendar1 ,thursday1 the #ith of        
,august4  ,our drive this last day led  
past numerous linked lakes1 with their  
borders of the tall ,minnesota rice     
grass in flower1 the home of the canvas 
back1 pelican1 and swan4 ,passing       
through the village of ,little ,canada1 
we rode on to ,minnehaha ,prairie along 
its gentle1 verdant slope1 and lapse of 
shining waters of ,twelve ,lakes1 graced
 with the names of ,como1 ,garda1 etc41 
and adorned with many a pretty boat and 
sail4 ,a few miles further brought us to
 the upper terrace of beautiful ,st4    
,paul4  ,as pioneers of this wilderness 
route1 we met with marked attention from
 all1 and passed some agreeable days at 
,st4 ,paul1 ,fort ,snelling1            
,minneapolis1 ,st4 ,anthony1 and their  
numerous points of interest4 ,our       
homeward route was by the ,mississippi  
,river to ,prairie du ,chien1 where old 
,fort ,crawford1 then a mere tenement1  
commands the confluence of the          
,wisconsin ,river with the ,father of   

,waters4 ,this sail of three hundred    
miles consumed forty-eight hours4  ,the 
river banks recede and advance in       
lake-like expanses along its winding    
course1 and their richly wooded heights1
 crowned with red sandstone1 resemble   
the ruined ,rhine castles4 ,the sail    
through ,lake ,pepin1 and between the   
,states of ,minnesota1 ,iowa1 and       
,wisconsin1 was varied by frequent and  
thriving towns and villages4  ,from     
,prairie du ,chien--a picture of        
straggling despair--by the ,milwaukie   
and ,prairie du ,chien ,railroad1 and   
the ,northwestern ,railroad1 two hundred
 and twenty-two miles1 we reached       
,chicago1 and passed through a crowd of 
beautiful towns1 in a ,state scarce a   
generation since reclaimed from the     
,indians4 ,familiar railroads           
transported us from ,chicago to         
,detroit1 ,niagara1 ,albany1 and ,new   
,york4  ,our whole distance of travel in
 three weeks was thirty-four hundred and
 forty-one miles4 ,it was brief1 but    

spiced with adventure1 and over a field 
of vast interest1 present and future4   
,our beautiful country1 made one and    
indivisible by the great and good       
,author of its existence1 through its   
mighty natural features1 has1 among its 
chief grandeurs1 this water system of   
the great northern lakes1 the frontier  
of the ever-progressive and patriotic   
,west and ,north4 ,in dimensions1       
sublimity1 and beauty1 by the consent of
 all1 it is without parallel on earth4  
,a volume of the purest fresh water is  
gathered in ,lake ,superior1 without    
visible1 adequate supply1 to a depth of 
one thousand feet1 with a length of near
 five hundred miles1 and average breadth
 of one hundred and sixty miles1 on a   
bottom lifted six hundred feet above sea
 level4  ,this incalculable mass of     
water moves its limpid wave through the 
,saut ,sainte ,marie into its twin seas1
 ,lakes ,michigan and ,huron1 then by   
,st4 ,clair and ,detroit ,rivers is     
poured through ,lake ,erie1 ever        

gradually descending1 till1 at great    
,niagara1 ',the ,thunder of the         
,waters1' it tosses in fury along its   
rapids1 leaps the cataract in glory1 at 
a rate of one hundred millions of tons  
of water the hour1 and then sweeps away 
into ,lake ,ontario1 to form that       
northern ,mississippi1 the ,river ,st4  
,lawrence1 which1 for over one thousand 
miles1 holds on its ever increasing and 
widening current1 in majesty to the     
broad ,atlantic4 ,by the canals at the  
,falls and ,saut ,sainte ,marie1 direct 
and continuous ship and steam navigation
 for sea-going vessels from the         
,atlantic to ,superior ,city1 the       
extreme ,northwest1 or ,chicago on the  
,southwest1 over three thousand miles   
through the heart of the continent1 is  
open1 while the ,american coast line    
along these great waters1 exceeds       
thirty-two hundred miles4 ,complete in  
itself1 the source of life1 health1 fine
 climate1 fertility1 wealth1 and        
countless blessings to all its shores   

and valleys1 it is divided by lofty     
barriers from all the other chief water 
systems of the ,united ,states4 ,the    
,mississippi rises in the highlands of  
,minnesota at ,lake ,itasca1 more than  
one hundred miles west of ,lake         
,superior1 and gathers in its course all
 the rivers of its valley4 ,still       
loftier mountains separate the sources  
of the ,hudson and ,connecticut1 and the
 other rivers of the ,atlantic slope4   
,blessed with soil and climate          
unsurpassed1 and a ,government the      
nearest to perfection1 this region1     
watered by a mighty inland ocean1 is    
already the chief granary of the world1 
as well as its great mineral store1     
although its railway system is not yet  
extended to its utmost limits2 and      
beyond ,michigan it is scarce thirty    
years since the ,americans gained a     
settlement in its borders4  ,the        
greatness of ancient ,europe1 ,asia1 and
 ,africa gathered along the shores and  
harbors of the ,mediterranean2 all      

beyond was barbarism1 bound to the      
sovereigns of the ,midland ,sea only by 
terror of arms4 ,even to this day1 the  
laws and literature of those master     
nations are yet dominant in all the     
learning and social polity of ,europe4  
,this great northern water system is    
geographically the ,mediterranean of the
 ,north ,american continent1 and        
,minnesota1 the actual centre1 is its   
omphalos4  ,the geographical centre of  
,north ,america in the heart of         
,minnesota is also the pinnacle of its  
watershed--the central source of the    
majestic rivers whose vast basins       
determine the physical contour1         
climates1 products1 commerce1 industry1 
and political destiny of two-fifths of  
the whole continent4  ,with such a      
theatre for development1 the future of  
this great area1 in near grasp1         
surpasses conception4 ,egypt1 with it   
endless renown1 dwindles into           
insignificance in comparison4 ,the      
paramount supremacy of any nation       

depends wholly on its utility to the    
rest of mankind4  ,the warrior nation   
yields in turn to a stronger foe1 while 
all alike are willing tributaries to the
 natural arbiter of commerce and source 
of food supply4 ,wars1 by the laws of   
,providence1 attend the convulsions of  
national change and growth2 but all     
alike ever welcome the white-winged     
doves of commerce as the ministers and  
messengers of national glory and        
prosperity4     ,,english ,,and         
,,american ,,taxation4   ,there have    
been few more striking circumstances    
connected with the transcendent changes 
which have taken place in this country  
during the past three years than the    
steady verification1 amid every change1 
of those great principles of political  
economy which1 during the past half     
century1 have been the practical guides 
of ,european legislation4 ,in fact1     
under the pressure of war we are slowly 
coming to realize our fellowship with   
the communities of the ,old ,world in   

the laws of social change4 ,step by step
 the nation is now passing through all  
the changes in its internal and domestic
 condition that took place in ,great    
,britain in the wars with ,napoleon4    
,struck with the novelty and apparent   
anomalies of our condition1 we have been
 inclined to feel that it was without   
parallels in history4 ,but in that      
period of ,english history which beheld 
a suspension of specie payment          
protracted twenty years1 an enormous    
expansion of the currency--the          
appreciation of gold--a rise in prices  
unparalleled in any country--a wild     
spirit of speculation--and1 with all1 an
 appearance of astonishing prosperity in
 the midst of a most exhausting war1 we 
see the reflection of our own condition1
 and find the lessons by which we should
 be governed4 ,we have now1 for the     
first time1 become a people conscious of
 taxation4 ,it is clear that the burdens
 of the future must be still greater    
than anything we have yet borne in the  

past4 ,the questions as to the best     
modes of taxation have already begun to 
call forth the anxious deliberation of  
the nation4 ,the question is asked by   
some if we have not already reached that
 limit where taxation ceases to be a    
contribution from the surplus of        
society1 and beyond which it will become
 a draught on the vital1 productive     
energies of the country4 ,it cannot be  
unprofitable1 at such a time1 to examine
 the history of ,english taxation in the
 great periods of similar trial through 
which that nation has passed4  ,the     
great rebellion marks the era of the    
adoption of a regular system of taxation
 in ,great ,britain4 ',from a period of 
immemorial antiquity1' says ,macaulay1  
'it had been the practice of every      
,english ,government to contract debts2 
what the ,revolution introduced was the 
practice of honestly paying them4'  ,the
 change is significant of the triumph of
 the people4 ,it was found1 on the      
breaking out of the rebellion1 that not 

even an army of ,puritans could be      
sustained without money4 ,the plan of   
weekly assessments was at first adopted4
 ,it was unequal and frequently         
oppressive4 ,in #afdc it was proposed1  
in the republican ,parliament1 to place 
a tax on the manufacture of beer and    
cider4 ,the proposition was not at first
 favorably received4 ,that solemn body  
had no objection to checking the        
abominations of beer drinking1 but it   
hesitated to inaugurate a species of    
taxation which seemed to infringe upon  
some of the most cherished rights of    
,englishmen4 ,after much discussion the 
bill was carried1 though with the       
express declaration that it was         
compelled by the necessities of the     
state1 and should not be renewed4 ,the  
tax was soon found too convenient to be 
dispensed with4 ,in spite of the good   
resolutions of ,parliament1 the act was 
again and again renewed4 ,as the        
necessities of the state increased1 the 
list of articles was enlarged1 and the  

rate of duty gradually augmented4 ,thus 
the excise was introduced to the        
,english people1 and thus1 almost before
 they had ceased to look upon it as an  
intruder1 it had acquired a foothold in 
the budget1 from which it has never     
since been possible to shake it4 ,the   
burden of the excise at this period1    
however1 was not oppressive4 ,during the
 ,commonwealth and the reign of ,charles
 ,,ii4 a tax1 which has since produced  
to the state an annual income of        
#ij1jjj1jjj1 did not probably average   
more than #ejj1jjj4 ,it gives us a      
singular picture of the simplicity of   
that period that even this small sum    
made up one third of the whole royal    
revenue for the year4 ,the other two    
thirds were drawn in about equal        
proportions from the customs and crown  
lands4  ,we now approach one of the most
 important eras in the financial history
 of ,england4 ,the nation was yet       
unaccustomed to taxation1 and was       
weighed down by no national debt4 ,in   

the ,revolution of #afhh1 and the events
 that grew immediately out of it1 we    
find1 however1 the origin of nearly     
every species of tax now in use in      
,great ,britain4 ,in the same agitated  
period we find also the beginning of the
 national debt4 ,louis ,,xiv4 espoused  
the cause of ,james1 and ,england       
entered upon a war with ,france4 ,in a  
conflict with the greatest monarchy of  
,europe1 the ,government soon found     
itself forced to adopt a scale of       
national expenditure which the preceding
 generation would not have conceived    
possible4 ,at once1 as in a night1 a    
harvest of strange taxes sprang up on   
every hand4 ,the list of excisable      
articles was increased4 ,the tax on     
houses and windows1 that had been so    
unpopular in the preceding reign1 was   
again introduced1 and a new appraisement
 was made of all the real estate in the 
kingdom4 ,a degenerate age might take   
exceptions to some of the other taxes   
now instituted4 ,an act was passed      

placing a tax upon bachelors and        
widowers1 fixing1 at the same time1     
'certain rules and duties on marriages1 
births1 and burials1 for the term of    
five years1 for the carrying on the war 
against ,france with vigor4' ,men were  
not even permitted to enjoy the subtile 
luxury derived from having a title      
attached to the name without taxation4  
,persons of the present day1 wishing to 
know the relative value of the titles1  
will be interested in the following law1
 passed at this time3    ,every person  
bearing the title of   esquire1 or      
reputed1 or owning1 or   writing himself
 such1 shall pay      #e    ,every      
gentleman1 or reputed gentleman1   or   
owning himself such1   shall pay        
#a  ,these1 however1 were by no means   
the most burdensome forms of taxation4  
,a man would willingly pay for the      
distinction of writing himself an       
esquire1 who would grumble with         
dissatisfaction at the duty on his salt4
 ,but to meet the increasing expense of 

the state1 and 'carrying on the war with
 vigor in ,france and ,ireland' 7the    
propitiating clause with which nearly   
all the acts of taxation of the period  
close71 the most minute articles1 both  
of necessity and luxury1 were required  
to bear a portion of the common burden4 
,the nation bore its unaccustomed load  
with singular patience4 ,a license duty 
on hackney coaches1 imposed in #afic1   
called forth1 however1 opposition from  
an unexpected quarter4 ,the outraged    
wives of the hackmen assembled1 and1 to 
express their indignation at the tax1   
mobbed the offending members of         
,parliament on their way from the       
,house4 ,it should be mentioned1 as     
showing the intrepidity of that body1   
or1 more probably1 the great necessities
 of the state1 that the tax remained    
unchanged4 ,in spite of all these taxes1
 the greatest difficulty was experienced
 in procuring funds to carry on the war4
 ,a general lack of confidence in the   
stability of the ,government prevented  

men from taking up readily the loans    
which the ,government was forced to call
 for4 ,various expedients were adopted  
to attract the cupidity of capitalists4 
,among these the most successful was the
 custom of receiving loans upon         
tontines4 ,this was a species of        
annuity4 ,twenty or thirty persons      
united in the purchase from ,government 
of an annuity upon the joint lives of   
their whole number4 ,at the death of    
each his share went to those who        
remained1 and was distributed equally   
among them4 ,the final survivor took the
 whole annuity4 ,no inducements1        
however1 were sufficient to overcome the
 popular distrust4 ,the national debt   
had already begun to accumulate4        
,exchequer bills sold on the street at  
forty per cent4 discount2 while1 at the 
same time1 a wild spirit of speculation 
and adventure1 such as is too apt to be 
produced by the unnatural excitements of
 a state of war1 had seized upon the    
popular mind1 and threatened1 in its    

reaction1 to bring the whole nation to  
ruin4  ,it was at this time of          
excitement and danger that the ,national
 ,bank was established4 ,it was not at  
first favorably received4 ,but the      
effect of its steadying influence soon  
began to be felt in the whole financial 
condition of the state4 ,it even checked
 for a time the frenzied spirit of stock
 jobbing1 which was absorbing the       
strength of the nation1 and with which a
 few years later1 when the whole country
 ran wild with the ,south ,sea ,bubble1 
it was so nearly involved in a mortal   
struggle4 ,under the influence of the   
,bank1 the business of the nation       
gradually acquired an evenness and      
stability which was unknown to any      
former age4  ,but while the             
establishment of this ,national ,bank   
supplied the ,government with a ready   
and economical method of procuring      
funds1 it did not do away with the      
necessity of taxes4 ,a new form of      
taxation was now furnished by the       

,dutch4 ,this small and ingenious       
people1 in the defence of their liberty1
 had been early forced into             
extraordinary expenditures1 and were in 
advance of every other nation in the    
perfection of their system of taxation4 
,the ,english ,parliament had1 in the   
preceding age1 borrowed from them the   
excise4 ,they now took from the same    
source the idea of stamp duties4 ,this  
species of tax had been invented in a   
competition for a prize offered by the  
,dutch ,government for the discovery of 
a new form of tax1 which should press   
lightly on the people1 and1 at the same 
time1 produce a large revenue to the    
state4 ,stamps were introduced in       
,england in the year #afic4 ,the nation 
was now in possession of the four most  
important methods of taxation3 customs1 
excise1 licenses1 and stamps4 ,the first
 had existed in the island from a period
 of immemorial antiquity4 ,the second   
was introduced by the ,great ,rebellion4
 ,the third and fourth came in with the 

wars attendant upon the accession of    
,william and ,mary4  ,of these different
 forms it may be said1 that the second  
is most obnoxious to the people1 and the
 third most unequal4 ,we should add1    
perhaps1 to this list the land tax1     
which1 founded on the new assessment    
made by ,william1 became from this time 
a regular source of revenue4 ,in this   
period1 we see1 was laid the foundation 
of the whole system of taxation now in  
use in this country and in ,great       
,britain4 ,the hundred years that       
followed produced no new species of tax4
 ,the five forms which we have          
mentioned1 however1 were diligently     
cultivated4 ,in the nine years which    
immediately followed the accession of   
,william and ,mary1 about forty distinct
 acts of taxation were passed by        
,parliament4 ,still it was impossible   
for a nation counting less than six     
million inhabitants to pay the expenses 
of a vast and protracted war by         
immediate taxation4 ,in #afig a debt    

existed of about one hundred million    
dollars4 ,this is the foundation of that
 national debt which1 with trifling     
exceptions1 has been constantly         
increasing for more than two centuries1 
and which now occupies a position of    
influence not second to that of the     
throne itself4 ,the importance of the   
,bank increased with the growth of the  
debt1 and the effects of their combined 
influence appeared on every hand4 ,they 
were the national pledges for the       
stability of the ,government4  ,every   
fresh rumor of preparation on the part  
of the exiled ,stuarts to enter         
,england1 filled the people with alarm  
for the safety of the ,bank4 ,and when1 
in #agde1 ,charles ,edward landed in    
,scotland1 and made his romantic advance
 into the kingdom1 an enormous run was  
begun on the ,bank4 ,it was prevented   
from doing harm only by the patriotism  
of the ,london merchants4 ,in this brief
 rebellion the people realized the      
important financial interest which each 

citizen had acquired in the permanency  
of the existing ,government and the     
stability of the reigning house4  ,at   
first ,parliament had proceeded in the  
imposition of its taxes on the principle
 that a tax1 to be equitable and easy1  
should be distributed over a great      
variety of articles4 ,it was argued that
 a man would pay a small duty on a large
 number of things with less             
inconvenience and consciousness of      
burden than if the same tax was levied  
upon a few prominent articles4 ,the     
pettiness of the tax would keep him in a
 kind of deception as to the total      
amount he was paying1 which not even the
 frequency with which he was called upon
 to pay it would entirely remove4 ,this 
theory1 together with a condition of    
state in which the wants of ,government 
were constantly increasing1 produced1 in
 the time of ,william and ,mary1 a      
constant multiplication of petty taxes4 
,in the early part of the following     
reign many of these were consolidated in

 separate funds1 which were designated  
to pay specific parts of the national   
debt4  ,but the number of articles      
subject to taxation was not reduced4    
,the restlessness of the people under   
the numerous exactions of the excise    
soon1 however1 suggested the necessity  
of a change4 ,government now passed to  
one of those extremes which were only   
too common in an age when political     
economy had not yet risen into a        
science1 and legislation was only an art
 of shifts and expedients4 ,in #agcf a  
tax of five dollars upon the gallon was 
imposed on all ,english-made spirits1   
with a corresponding protective tariff  
on those of foreign manufacture4 ,the   
result of this extraordinary tax proved 
the folly of its originators4 ,it failed
 as a source of revenue1 and1 so far    
from removing these articles beyond the 
reach of the poor1 which had been one of
 the designs of the bill1 it was        
estimated that the business of smuggling
 was so stimulated by the enormous      

bounty offered upon its labors1 that the
 amount of spirits consumed in the      
kingdom during the existence of this tax
 was not sensibly diminished4 ,after a  
short trial the tax was removed4  ,the  
work of reducing the list of excisable  
articles was nevertheless begun1 and    
from this time it went slowly1 and1     
except as interrupted by extraordinary  
demands upon the state1 steadily        
forward4 ,stamps1 however1 were governed
 by a different law4 ,its               
inoffensiveness1 the economy of its mode
 of collection1 together with its ready 
availability1 caused this species of tax
 to be brought into more and more       
extensive use4 ,in fact1 a constant     
increase of taxation in some form had   
become necessary in order to meet the   
increasing expenses of the state4 ,after
 the close of the war in #afig1 strong  
efforts were made to pay off the        
national debt1 the rising greatness of  
which filled all classes with alarm4 ,no
 corresponding efforts since have been  

rewarded with similar results4 ,in the  
brief period of peace that followed1 the
 national debt was reduced one fifth4   
,four expensive wars1 following each    
other in rapid succession1 overwhelmed  
the petty labors of the sinking fund1   
put an end to the work of diminution1   
and left the nation1 at the beginning of
 the war with her colonies in this      
country1 oppressed with a debt of       
#fjj1jjj1jjj4 ,it came out from this    
struggle with #ejj1jjj1jjj added to the 
burden of the state4 ,this point of time
 may be fixed as the close of the second
 epoch4 ,a new class of changes now     
begin1 which have had1 if possible1 a   
greater influence on the financial      
condition of ,england1 as it exists at  
the present1 than those we have already 
described4  ,in #agic1 notwithstanding  
its enormous debt1 the country boldly   
entered upon its great conflict with    
,france4 ,it is impossible to look      
without admiration upon the obstinate   
energy displayed by the ,english nation 

during this conflict1 which lasted1 with
 slight intermissions1 for more than    
twenty years1 and by which the annual   
tax was quadrupled1 and the national    
debt increased beyond a chance of final 
extinction4 ,in the astonishing         
revolution which it wrought in the      
financial condition of the state1 as    
well as in much of the social phenomena 
with which it was accompanied1 this     
conflict strongly resembles that in     
which the ,states of the ,north are     
engaged against the ,south4 ,the first  
effects of the war appeared in the tax  
system4  ,great changes had taken place 
in ,great ,britain since the time of the
 introduction of a regular system of    
taxation in #afhh4 ,land was no longer  
the most important source of income to  
the citizen4 ,profits from other sources
 had sprung up4 ,commerce had discovered
 the riches of the ,eastern trade1 and  
manufactures1 stimulated by new         
inventions1 had begun to assume an      
importance and exert an influence which 

already threatened to revolutionize the 
whole condition of society4             
,unconsciously to itself1 the nation had
 reached a point where any large        
increase in the demands of the state    
must produce a new species of taxation4 
,the war with ,france supplied the      
impulse required4 ,in #agig1 ,government
 attempted to meet the extraordinary    
expenses of the year by tripling the tax
 on houses and windows1 etc4 ,the       
experiment failed4 ,it was found that   
these taxes1 which had been the 'towers 
of strength' of a preceding generation1 
could no longer be relied on in the     
changed circumstances that had been     
brought about by time4  ,it was in many 
respects one of the darkest periods in  
,english history4 ,the ,austrian armies1
 exhausted by repeated defeats1 hoped   
only to be able to defend themselves if 
attacked4 ,spain and the ,netherlands   
had joined themselves to ,france4       
,against the power of ,napoleon ,england
 stood up alone4 ,at this critical      

juncture1 a mutiny broke out in the     
,english navy4 ,the whole fleet in the  
channel refused to do duty4 ,the fleet  
at the ,nore1 catching the spirit of    
revolt1 also raised the red flag4 ,the  
doctrines of the ,french ,revolution    
were sedulously scattered throughout the
 kingdom1 and in several counties of    
,ireland actual uprisings had taken     
place4 ,added to these were financial   
difficulties4 ,the enormous outlays     
demanded for the prosecution of the war 
were very naturally weakening the public
 confidence in the final ability of the 
,government to pay the extravagant sums 
it was obliged to borrow4 ,under the    
influence of the distrust thus          
engendered stocks fell4 ,three per      
cents41 which had sold at #ih1 went down
 to #ec4 ,many of the loans effected by 
the ,government at this time and during 
the war were made with a discount of    
forty per cent4 on the nominal value of 
the stock4 ,gold was scarce1 and rapidly
 rising4 ,the pressure on the ,bank for 

redemption was greater than it had been 
since the rebellion of #agde1 and       
threatened1 unless corrective measures  
were at once adopted1 to bring that     
institution to actual bankruptcy4  ,the 
undaunted courage and resolution of the 
,government1 in the midst of this       
accumulation of difficulties1 saved the 
country4 ,the writ of habeas corpus was 
suspended4 ,by an admirable mingling of 
firmness and conciliation the mutiny was
 quelled in the navy without serious    
consequences resulting to the state4 ,to
 meet the financial difficulties1 an act
 was passed by ,parliament permitting   
the ,bank to suspend specie             
payment--thus delivering the country1   
for a period of more than twenty years1 
over to a wholly inconvertible paper    
currency4 ,from these strong measures   
the enemies of the country anticipated  
the most disastrous results4 ,they were1
 however1 doomed to disappointment4     
,even ,napoleon at length grew weary of 
prophesying the bankruptcy of a nation  

which every year1 from this time1 gave  
more and more effective proofs of the   
stability of its finances4 ,it was the  
singular fortune of ,great ,britain to  
have at the head of its finances1 at    
this juncture1 a man1 who in a different
 sphere1 exhibited a spirit scarcely    
less bold1 indomitable1 and             
comprehensive than that of the ,first   
,consul himself4 ,this man was ,mr4     
,pitt4 ,the finances of ,great ,britain1
 even at the present day1 bear witness  
to the extraordinary changes instituted 
by this statesman4 ,the tax on houses1  
windows1 etc41 had failed4 ,in #agih1   
,mr4 ,pitt1 with a characteristic       
fertility of invention1 brought forward 
a bill laying a tax on incomes4 ,by this
 bill1 which is the foundation of all   
those that have since followed1 no tax  
was imposed on incomes that were less   
than #cjj2 on incomes above this sum a  
small tax was laid1 which gradually     
increased until it became one tenth of  
all incomes over #a1jjj4 ,the income tax

 was designed by ,mr4 ,pitt to be simply
 a war tax4 ,according to his plan the  
interest upon the national debt1 which  
he kept funded as far as possible1 was  
to be provided for solely from the      
indirect taxes1 leaving the direct tax  
to meet the extraordinary expenses of   
the war4 ,the most original feature of  
the financial system instituted by this 
statesman1 however1 was the sinking     
fund4 ,to prevent the rapid accumulation
 of the national debt1 ,mr4 ,pitt1 even 
before the breaking out of the war with 
,france1 had obtained from ,parliament  
permission to set aside six million     
dollars1 with an addition1 afterward    
made1 of one per cent4 of all the loans 
made by ,government1 as a fund to be    
expended in the purchase of ,government 
stock4 ,the rapid growth of this fund   
from the constant compounding of        
interest would1 he declared1 be         
sufficient1 ultimately1 to consume the  
entire debt of the state4 ,the result   
seemed to justify his prediction4       

,constantly in the market1 the sinking  
fund saved the state1 by its timely     
purchases many times during the war1    
from the disastrous depreciation to     
which the public stock was liable at    
every unfavorable turn of the conflict4 
,in #ahae1 so enormous had been the     
financial transactions of the state that
 this fund amounted to about            
#ge1jjj1jjj4  ,in #ahjb the income tax  
was discontinued2 and1 in the following 
year1 was renewed under the name of the 
property tax4 ,the expenses of the state
 continued to rise1 and it became       
necessary that this tax should be       
largely increased4 ,during the last ten 
years of the war the property tax       
required ten per cent4 of all the       
incomes of the kingdom--with a few      
exceptions--to be paid into the national
 treasury every year4 ,never before had 
such a burden been laid on ,englishmen4 
,all classes groaned under the exactions
 of a tax every penny of which they were
 made conscious of by direct collection4

 ,in comparison with the property tax   
all other burdens seemed easy4 ,it is   
now clear1 however1 that the nation     
could never have passed successfully    
through the great struggle in which it  
was engaged without the assistance of   
the tax upon incomes4 ,it stood next in 
order of productiveness to the excise4  
,in the year #ahae the property tax     
produced seventy-five millions of       
dollars4 ,still the people remembered   
with pleasure that the word of          
,parliament had been given that it      
should not continue longer than the     
return of peace4 ,the time was eagerly  
looked forward to when that promise     
should be redeemed4 ,early in #ahaf the 
question of the continuance of the tax  
came up before ,parliament4 ,a strong   
party1 impressed with the importance of 
diminishing the national debt1 advocated
 its continuance4 ,every night1 for two 
months1 the subject was anxiously       
discussed4 ,the motion for its abolition
 was at last carried4 ,the vast crowd   

which had assembled without the         
,parliament ,house to await the result1 
caught the sound of cheering in the     
chamber1 and1 receiving it as a signal  
of success1 rent the air with shouts of 
joy4 ,the enthusiasm spread with the    
news4 ,bells were rung as for a great   
victory1 and bonfires in all parts of   
the kingdom proclaimed the joy of the   
nation at its release from what was     
regarded the moat oppressive burden of  
the war4 ,twenty-five years later the   
income tax was again revived4  ,the     
national debt at the close of the war   
with ,france amounted to a little more  
than #dbd1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,of this1        
#cjj1jjj1jjj1jjj had been added by the  
war4 ,during the last years of the      
contest the annual expenditures of the  
state were #ehe1jjj1jjj4 ,the population
 of the island was at this time         
#ac1djj1jjj1 from which #cfj1jjj1jjj was
 annually collected in taxes4 ,it is    
important to notice the condition of the
 people during this epoch4 ,for nearly  

twenty years the country had been under 
the uncontrolled influence of a paper   
currency4 ,it had been a period of      
remarkable prosperity1 coupled with     
unparalleled changes4 ,and here we find 
many points of resemblance with the     
present condition of our own country4   
,the rapidly expanding currency1 the    
enormous demands of the war1 and the    
spirit of speculation engendered by the 
sharp alternations of hope and fear1 and
 the extraordinary fluctuations of the  
markets had stimulated in every branch  
of business a preternatural activity4   
,manufactures1 which the beginning of   
the war had found just rising into      
prominence1 rapidly developed in an age 
of financial profusion4 ,no such        
progress had ever been made in a        
corresponding period4 ,exports were     
doubled4 ,the shipping rose from one to 
two and a half million tons4 ,the whole 
nation exhibited the singular spectacle 
of a country constantly advancing in    
wealth and prosperity in the midst of   

one of the most exhaustive wars that the
 world has ever seen4  ,to this1        
however1 there was apparently1 at least1
 one exception4 ,prices rose steadily   
from the beginning of the war4 ,this was
 true not merely of unimportant         
articles1 or those which1 by the        
exercise of a more severe economy1 could
 be in part dispensed with4 ,the cost of
 the necessaries of life doubled4 ,wheat
 rose from forty-nine shillings per     
quarter in #agig to one hundred and     
forty shillings in #ahac2 while the beef
 which was sold in ,smithfield market1  
at the beginning of the war1 at three   
shillings per stone1 constantly advanced
 in price1 until the same quantity in   
#ahad could only be bought for six      
shillings4 ,malt1 coal1                 
wages--everything rose proportionately4 
,few questions have been the subject of 
more discussion than the cause of this  
remarkable rise of prices4 ,two diverse 
explanations have been given1 each put  
forth by men whose habits of thought and

 opportunities for observation qualify  
them to speak on the subject with       
authority4 ,one large party attribute   
the rise of prices that took place at   
this period1 entirely to the influence  
of the suspension of specie payment by  
the ,bank1 which1 as they say1 flooded  
the country with an inflated and        
depreciated paper currency1 and thus    
necessitated a corresponding rise in the
 price of the articles given in exchange
 for it4 ,so strongly does this         
reasoning commend itself to the minds of
 those familiar with the first          
principles of political economy1 that it
 has been very generally accepted4 ,and 
it is worthy of notice that these are   
almost the only arguments which can be  
heard in explanation of the similar rise
 of prices now going on in this country4
 ,a more subtile but very important     
class of influences were brought to     
notice by another party1 under the able 
leadership of ,mr4 ,tooke4 ,by these the
 rise of prices is1 to a large degree1  

attributed to the excited spirit of     
speculation produced by the war1 which1 
as they show1 twice during this period  
brought the country to the brink of     
ruin4 ,in favor of this explanation it  
may be further said that the fall of    
prices began immediately on the close of
 the war1 and at no time was greater    
than in #ahag1 two years before the     
resumption of specie payment by the     
,bank4 ,in #ahai the ,bank of ,england  
resumed the payment of specie4 ,gold1   
which had been at one time at a premium 
of twenty-five per cent41 now fell      
rapidly1 and in #ahba was again at par4 
,it is difficult to say which has       
exerted the largest influence on the    
finances of ,great ,britain--the        
,revolution of #afhh1 or the wars with  
,france in the beginning of this        
century4 ,the first gave to ,england its
 system of taxation1 but the last       
developed the capabilities of that      
system1 and adapted it to the wants of a
 growing and commercial people4  ,the   

nation came out of its long conflict    
with taxes pressing upon nearly every   
important branch of industry4 ,in the   
sixteen years that followed the war with
 ,france1 taxes to the amount of nearly 
#bjj1jjj1jjj1 were taken off from the   
country4 ,these changes gave            
opportunities for many important        
reforms4 ,while the national debt was   
slowly reduced1 the tax system underwent
 great changes4 ,many taxes which had   
checked the growth of important branches
 of business were entirely removed4     
,efforts were made to reduce the excise1
 which was always an unpopular form of  
taxation4 ,in carrying forward these    
changes1 it was found that one really   
productive tax might be made to take the
 place of a large number of small duties
 which pressed with peculiar severity   
upon the people4 ,government now turned 
longingly to that 'splendid source of   
revenue1' as it was aptly called1 which 
it had so reluctantly relinquished in   
#ahaf4 ,in #ahdb1 ,sir ,robert ,peel    

suddenly brought forward a plan for a   
new tax upon incomes4 ,it was at once   
adopted4 ,this income tax differed1     
however1 in many important particulars1 
from the one which the ,government had  
been compelled to make use of in the    
wars with ,france4 ,by it incomes under 
#gej were exempt4 ,a discrimination of  
very great importance was also made1    
which has been the occasion since for   
much refined discussion1 and is founded 
in sound reason1 but which has hitherto 
been wholly overlooked in the           
legislation in this country4 ,a         
discrimination was made between salaries
 and the incomes divided from realized  
capital4 ,taxable incomes1 partaking of 
the nature of a salary1 and upon which a
 tax would have the character of a duty 
on capital1 were required by the        
provisions of this new act to pay only  
one half as much as those incomes which 
arose from1 and would be therefore added
 to1 wealth already acquired4  ,the     
income1 or property tax1 as it is now   

called1 completes the system of taxation
 which is now relied upon to supply the 
varying but always enormous wants of    
,great ,britain4 ,through these various 
sources during the past year the        
,english ,government has collected an   
income of three hundred and fifty       
million dollars--about the same it      
obtained through the same channels from 
a population of thirteen million        
inhabitants in the closing years of the 
war with ,napoleon4 ,with the same      
system of taxation1 our own ,government 
has1 during the past year1 obtained an  
income of one hundred and eleven million
 dollars4 ,if we examine particularly   
the sources of the ,english revenue at  
these two epochs1 and compare them with 
the corresponding branches of taxation  
with us1 we find that in the year       
closing in #ahae1 the receipts from     
customs amounted to about fifty-six     
million dollars--a sum1 it will be      
noticed1 considerably less than that    
drawn from the same source in this      

country for the past year1 but only     
about half the amount derived from      
customs in ,great ,britain in the year  
ending ,september1 #ahfc4 ,from the     
property tax was obtained about         
seventy-five million dollars--the       
modified form of this tax now in use in 
,great ,britain produces about fifty    
million dollars per annum4 ,either of   
these sums is probably much larger than 
it would be advisable to attempt to     
produce by a direct tax in this country4
 ,stamps1 in #ahae1 yielded an income of
 thirty million dollars4 ,during the    
past year this simple and productive    
source of revenue produced in ,great    
,britain forty-five million dollars4 ,it
 seems probable that this species of tax
 might be extended in this country much 
farther than it now is1 without         
oppression to the people1 and with a    
handsome increase of the revenue4  ,but 
the excise has ever been the most       
productive fountain of revenue in ,great
 ,britain4 ,the income from this tax in 

that country1 during the year ending    
,september1 #ahfc1 was eighty-four      
million dollars4 ,in the year #ahae1    
when1 on account of the smaller         
population1 the other sources of revenue
 were less productive than at the       
present day1 the excise yielded an      
income of not less than a hundred and   
thirty-five million dollars4 ,it is     
worthy of notice that1 of this income1  
the tax upon the various forms of       
spirituous liquors supplied a large     
element4 ,english spirits1 which1 in the
 experiment of #agcf1 it had been found 
could not carry a tax of five dollars   
per gallon1 it was now found easily bore
 the more moderate but still large tax  
of ten shillings sixpence sterling4     
,aside from this tax was the duty on    
beer1 cider1 and malt1 the last of which
 alone yielded an income of thirteen    
million dollars annually4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,we have 
lingered on these details1 which to many
 will be dry and uninteresting1 because 

they supply a kind of guide to the      
changes which must ultimately take place
 in the tax laws of this country1 and   
because1 further1 they furnish an answer
 to all those objections which          
periodically disturb the minds of the   
timid and doubtfully patriotic in our   
midst4 ,but these lessons we must leave 
the reader to extract for himself4 ,we  
close simply with saying that1 while    
excessive and undiscriminating taxation 
is always a curse1 yet taxation1        
properly imposed1 although severe and   
long continued1 may be far from         
disadvantageous4 ,we have seen the      
,english people slowly arising1 through 
two centuries1 from a nation            
comparatively free from taxation and    
without a national debt1 to one bearing 
an annual tax of three hundred and fifty
 million dollars1 and holding absorbed  
in its midst a national debt of nearly  
four thousand million dollars4 ,we have 
seen it during this period constantly   
advancing in prosperity and             

greatness--the national debt adding     
stability to the ,government1 and       
taxation giving caution and stability to
 the transactions of private life4      
,,aphorisms4  ,,no4 ,i4   ,one of the   
most sublime of all facts beneath that  
of the ,divine ,being1 appears in the   
existence of an immortal soul4 ,there it
 stands--once for all1 once forever4    
,the earth might be wasted away1 at the 
rate of a single grain in a century1    
without passing the very infancy of our 
spirit's life4 ,how insignificant1 in   
the comparison1 a world like our own1 in
 all its temporal aspects4 ,what the    
future duration of the earth may be1 we 
have no means of knowing2 but if less   
than endless1 it is of little moment in 
the presence of the least capacious     
human soul4     ,,the ,,love ,,lucifer4 
,,chapter ,,ii4  ,i find myself writing 
upon matters connected1 at least1 with1 
religion1 with the thought of saying    
something useful--of presenting a       
valuable experience1 if not a valuable  

congeries of new ideas4 ,most readers   
deeply interested in religion are1 by   
this time1 demanding that ,i show my    
colors--present my creed2 otherwise they
 will shut themselves up from my        
influence4 ,as ,i write1 church bells   
are ringing4 ,i know that many of those 
who now assemble to hang with a deathly 
solemnity upon the lips of              
preachers--while death1 hell1 heaven1   
eternity1 atonement are the themes--will
 say3 ',he treats lightly the most      
serious matters3 he treads with dancing 
pumps on holy ground4' ,now ,i claim to 
be1 above all things1 an earnest1 solemn
 person4 ,yet do ,i verily believe that 
there is a humorous side to all         
subjects1 that is not ignored by even   
the loftiest beings2 and that1 in a     
restricted sense1 it may be said of all 
well-balanced persons1 as a philosopher 
has said of children3 ',because they are
 in innocence1 therefore they are in    
peace2 and because they are in peace1   
therefore all things are with them full 

of mirth4' ,it must be admitted1        
however1 that if the 'orthodox' creed is
 wholly correct1 we find in the         
,puritans and their existing imitators  
the only consistent ,christians4 ,in    
view of the inevitable damnation of a   
majority of the race1 they set their    
faces against all mirth2 would eat no   
pleasant bread1 and wear no beautiful   
raiment4 ,i followed them to the letter1
 till1 the 'naked eye' not being wholly 
blinded1 nor the ear deafened by        
theologic din1 ,i saw that nature1 in   
all her guises and voices1 was firmly   
opposed to all such gloomy dogmas4  ,in 
a word1 then1 as to creed1 ,i find no   
satisfactory platform save that of the  
broadest eclecticism4 ,the motto of the 
old ,greek1 ',know that good is in all1'
 is mine4 ,i am aware that the danger   
accruing from this style of creed is1   
that one often gets1 in the effort at   
impartiality1 into the meshes of        
pantheism2 and then your list of gods   
many and lords many comprises all the   

chief divinities1 from ,brahm and ,buddh
 to ,thor2 you priding yourself the     
while upon the consideration shown for  
'local prejudices' by your not putting  
,christ at the end of the list4 ,but1   
after life-long investigation1 ,i am not
 ashamed to say1 in the words1 though   
not in the spirit of ,emperor ,julian1  
',galilean1 thou hast conquered2' with  
,augustine1 ',let my soul calm itself in
 ,thee2 ,i say1 let the great sea of my 
soul1 that swelleth with waves1 calm    
itself in ,thee2' with ,de ,stal1       
',inconcevable nigme de la vie2 que la  
passion1 ni la douleur1 ni le gnie ne   
peuvent dcouvrir1 vous revelerez-vous   
la prire2' with practical ,napoleon1 ',i
 know men1 and ,jesus ,christ was not a 
man2' with a ,chevalier ,bunsen and a   
,beecher1 ',jesus ,christ is my ,god1   
without any ifs or buts4' ,i can assent 
more decidedly than does ,teuflesdrck1  
in the ',everlasting ,nay1' to the      
doctrine of regeneration4 ,i narrow the 
whole matter down to these plain facts3 

,of all religions1 ,christianity is best
 calculated to elevate man's nature2 and
 of all ,christians1 they reach the     
highest spiritual condition who regard  
,christ as utterly divine4  ,on this    
other matter that enters so largely into
 my narrative--the conjugality of       
disembodied spirits--,i cannot forbear  
some further discourse before proceeding
 historically4 ,the absurd idea is still
 prevalent that there is no sex in      
heaven4 ,those who retain this notion1  
despite the revelations of science      
concerning the universality of sex      
throughout creation1 cannot reason very 
candidly4 ,when we find in the earth    
positives but no negatives1 light but no
 heat1 strength but no beauty1 action   
but no passivity1 wisdom but no love1   
intellection but no intuition1          
reflection but no perception1 science   
but no religion1 then1 at last1 may we  
expect to see in the heavens men but no 
women4  ,take the conjugal element from 
human creatures1 and you have ,hamlet   

without the ghost4 ,excepting1 perhaps1 
the religious1 it is the most powerful1 
prominent1 exacting part of our nature4 
,in 'man's unregenerate state1' at      
least1 the love story is the most       
interesting book1 marriage the most     
interesting ceremony1 true lovers'      
dalliance the most interesting sight4   
,for the beloved1 one relinquishes all  
else--performs the greatest prodigies4  
,marriage is the subject most thought   
of1 most talked about4 ,around it       
cluster all the other events of life4   
,rejoice1 then1 ,o 'romantic' youth and 
maiden1 now in the days of thy youth2   
for this flitting romance--so soon      
interrupted by care and grief1 by shop  
and kitchen and nursery1 by butcher1    
baker1 tailor1 milliner1 and            
cordwainer--is about the most genuine   
experience you will have in this world4 
,therefore1 say ,i1 cultivate romance4  
,devour a goodly number of the healthier
 novels4 ,weep and laugh over           
them--believing every word4 ,amadis de  

,gaul1 even1 is a better model than     
,gradgrind4 ,adore each the other       
sex--positively worship6 ,both are      
worshipful 7in the 'abstract'74  ,what  
healthy-minded person loves not to      
behold the eye-sparkle of pure          
admiration between young man and maid8  
',they worship1 truly1 they know not    
what4' ,in bowing down to their ideal1  
they bow to the real human--the purified
 man or woman of the better land4 ,the  
recluse is ever the true prophet and    
seer1 in this as in still higher        
matters4 ,your modest-eyed student1     
stealing glances of unfeigned admiration
 at ordinary maidens1 is not such a     
simpleton as some suppose4 ,his         
seclusion has cleared his vision4 ,he   
sees on through the eons--sees things as
 they will or may be--regards the       
objects of his adoration as he will in  
the angelhood4 ,why will so many decry  
this admiration8--when they see that1   
not till the youth passes the purely    
romantic age--fourteen to sixteen or    

eighteen--and begins to have commonplace
 thoughts of the other sex1 does        
mischief arise4  ,the idea of eternal   
conjugality should lighten all faces    
with hope1 and should have a most       
conservative influence in society4      
,those who are not very well matched1   
and yet are conscious that the very     
highest earthly bliss comes of a right  
mating1 are not content to pass through 
this life without enjoying this bliss1  
if they suppose that it appertains      
solely to earth4 ,so1 many of them break
 bounds and bonds4 ,let these but accept
 the idea that conjugality is one of the
 chief features of the heavenly life1   
and they can settle down steadily to the
 apparent duties of this sphere1 content
 with 'peace on earth1' since now they  
feel sure of rapture in heaven--a       
rapture1 too1 mind you1 of a kind with  
which they are somewhat acquainted4 ,it 
is all very well to anticipate the fact 
which 'eye hath not seen1' etc4 ,but men
 need the prospect of an eternal joy    

they know of1 as much as they needed    
that awe-inspiring ,jehovah should      
outwork in love-inspiring ,christ4 ,in  
view of this1 among other joys set      
before him1 the extra-earnest worker1 in
 public or private1 can more easily     
deprive himself of that amount of social
 intercourse with the other sex which he
 craves4 ,such can suffice themselves   
with occasional glances of the          
complementary portion of mankind2 and as
 they hurriedly pass seraphic faces in  
the street1 they wave the hand of the   
spirit after them1 saying3 ',i prithee1 
,o thou wonder1 art human or no8' ',o   
you sweet beautiful6 'the king's        
business requires haste4 ,providence has
 set our lives so far apart we cannot   
hear each other speak4' ,but you will be
 a woman1 and ,i will be a man1 forever4
 ,in paradise1 ,i will read wonderful   
things in those and other such eyes1 and
 wonder at you forever4 ,vale6 vale6'   
,there is a poet claiming to be of the  
supernal life--especially of the        

supernal conjugal--who has written      
'epics' and 'lyrics1' of which ,i must  
honestly say1 as ,emerson1 ,i believe1  
once honestly said of some of the       
writings of ,swedenborg3 ',i read them  
with an unction and an afflatus quite   
indescribable4' ,they lift one to the   
empyrean like nothing else ,i know of   
outside the ,bible4 ,there is such a    
saintly purity2 such a wondrous1 rich1  
mellow joyousness2 such bounding        
elasticity of spirit2 such an evidently 
irresistible gush of song in the heart2 
such broad catholicity of religion1     
that1 to some1 it seems impossible that 
they could have been written anywhere   
but under the perpetual midsummer skies 
of paradise4 ,it may show poor taste1   
but to me1 in those regions of the upper
 ether wherein ,tennyson1 ,mrs4         
,browning1 and ,shelley grow wing-weary1
 he soars on strong1 free pinion4 ,his  
'imaginings1' if such they are1 of      
immortal life1 as much surpass in       
plausibility and naturalness those of   

,milton1 ,dante1 and ,virgil1 as the    
acting of a first-class theatre         
surpasses that seen in the old monkish  
'mysteries4' ,this writer1 ,t4 ,l4      
,harris1 has won much recognition in    
both hemispheres2 would win much more if
 he appeared simply as a poet1 and did  
not claim a seer faculty1 making many   
positive statements that cannot be      
verified4 ,he certainly comes up to     
,aristotle's standard1 where he says3   
',the object of the poet is not to treat
 the ,true as it really happened1 but as
 it should have happened4'  ,and now the
 story4 ,i left myself indulging in     
reveries concerning the expected sight  
of my invisible charmer4 ,the appointed 
hour came4 ,i was quite excited4 ,i knew
 that the land was already full of      
people who claimed to see the sights of 
the other world as spirits see them1 and
 fully expected to have my clairvoyant  
faculty opened4 ,but ,i saw no 'sudden  
,ianthe2' and to this day have never    
seen even a kobold1 a wraith1 or a      

dppelganger6 ,this was doubtless        
fortunate2 for ,i was nearly driven into
 lunacy by the things ,i heard before ,i
 reached the end of this 'youthful      
adventure4' ,i should have gone 'clean  
daft' if the bugaboo had been permitted 
to show me the sights they presently    
promised4  ,soon came again my          
collocutor with explanations4  ',you    
were in such a state of excitement that 
the united efforts of more than forty of
 your spirit friends were utterly       
unavailing for the opening of your      
sight4 ,we1 too1 became so excited that 
we lost all control of ourselves1 and   
could only weep to hear your mournful   
appeals followed by your surrender of   
all claims upon me4' 444 ',do not think 
that ,i could ever hope to bask beneath 
the sunshine of your smile after having 
intentionally deceived you4'  ,then     
followed much similar feminine          
beguilement2 the faculty for which seems
 to be rather increased by the ,jordan  
bath4  ,it began to be a noticeable fact

 that their magnetic power over me was  
such that they could cast me down to the
 borders of despair1 and raise me thence
 to rapture at will4 ,thus a few moments
 of such ordinary blandishments as the  
following were the only apparent means  
of raising my usually slow-moving       
spirits from a very low to a very high  
pitch4 ,i was complaining of the waste  
of paper1 in writing words of letters   
three or four inches high2 did not think
 any law1 even a law of nature1         
justified the imposition of such an     
expenditure upon a spouse in a separate 
sphere4 ',she' promised to tone down the
 expressions of attachment until she    
could talk as largely as she pleased2   
and to some further suggestions1        
replied3  ',really1 you are quite       
impertinent1 considering the short time 
we have been married4' 444  ,slightly   
singular as it may seem to those who    
think that this narration is 'all       
gammon1' ,i had gone through the usual  
course of acquaintanceship with this    

airy nothing2 was first distant and     
reserved2 then slightly thawed1 though  
still horrified at the thought of having
 all my thoughts read2 and finally1     
after ,i felt that the invisible eyes   
had read1 in my memory1 every page of my
 history1 was perfectly familiar and at 
ease in the presence this finite        
searcher of hearts4  ,i find1 next in   
order1 the following3  ',so you wish me 
to prove that we were married1 do you8  
,well1 when you become a denizen of this
 higher1 but none the less practical    
sphere1 you may read1 if you please1    
where1 with wonder and strange emotion1 
,i read1 in the heavenly records of     
marriages4' 444 ,it was dated about the 
time of my birth4 ',your banter is not  
so agreeable as your tenderness4' 444   
',you are incorrigible4 ,it will take me
 many a long age to bring you to a due  
sense of my importance1' etc4 ',some of 
my friends are beside themselves with   
mirth1 at my vain attempts at taming a  
spirit so rude4' ,then came another     

promise of opened vision4 ',a truly     
solemn scene is at hand4 ,spend the     
interval in prayer4'  ,but again there  
was something wrong about the spiritual 
zinc or acid1 and the electrical        
machinery would not work4 ,the fair or  
foul deceiver 7who knows87 came up very 
solemn after this failure4  '',though   
all men forsake thee1' said ,peter1 'yet
 will not ,i forsake thee4' ,so now1    
when the highest spirits of heaven have 
fled in terror and dismay1 your poor    
darling will not forsake you4 ,well     
might ,i sit1 like ,job's friends1 seven
 days1 ay1 seventy times seven1 in      
silent contemplation of him who--woe is 
me6--fears that ,i am but another       
,delilah1 commissioned by his enemies to
 betray him into their hands4 ,what can 
,i say8 what do8 ,oh that ,i had never  
seen the glorious light of the sun or   
the pure myriads of my happy home1      
rather than ,i should have beheld that  
sight last night4 ,how can ,i explain   
the fact that he1 whom ,i1 at least1    

believe to be heaven's most supreme     
7string of adjectives7 favorite1 is     
sitting here with his unutterable but   
unrepining sorrow looking forth from his
 444 eyes4'  ,just here ,i caught a     
glimpse of my divinity1 and turning in  
wrath and scorn to my ,titania1 said1   
mockingly3  ,while ,i thine amiable     
cheeks do coy6  ,to this she replies3   
',do not heap additional reproaches upon
 me1 by any such awfully ludicrous      
quotations4' 444 ',so you think that    
your ,delilah is striving to gain time  
by all these pious and otherwise        
interesting remarks8' 444 ',nay1 do not 
with loathing cast me from you as an an 
unholy and hateful thing6 for then1 oh1 
what ,i should then do or be1 ,i cannot1
 dare not even think4' 444 ',again you  
see my woman's heart cannot suppress its
 emotions toward one who still hopes    
that he has been talking with ----2 and 
who says that1 for him to be convinced  
of this1 is to be convinced that she who
 has been talking with him has not      

intentionally deceived him4'  ,she then 
wrought upon my feelings by portraying  
her sufferings1 until1 in my maudlin    
condition1 ,i was casting about to find 
how ,i should help her2 just as you     
sometimes see a drunken tramp striving  
to pull his drunken pal out of a ditch4 
',so1 most self-forgetful1 you begin to 
think that you ought to help me bear my 
burden2 as you have planned sitting     
there1 with your little friend          
encircling you in her so warm embrace4  
,but why should ,i inform you of such   
fact1 as this last1 until you are       
convinced that all you have heard is not
 the wily utterance of seducing and     
hellish spirits8 ,try not to entertain  
such awful suspicions4 ,as to the cause 
of these lamentable failures1 ,i can    
only suppose that the ,lord wishes to   
make us1 who wrongly prophesied1        
sensible of our inability to foretell   
future events4'  ,then came some bungled
 ,scriptures about my 'mission1' which  
roused my ire4 ,my taunts drew forth    

this response3  ',why do you love to    
ridicule my tenderness1 and speak so    
awfully to one who has no other human   
source of perfect happiness8'  ,the day 
following1 the solemn dodge was again   
resorted to4 ,i began to feel a sort of 
awe creeping over me4 ,my affectionate  
friend thereupon wrote3  ',what a change
 a few minutes have wrought in you4     
,yes6 yes6 the morning light is         
breaking4 ,the fiery trial is complete4 
,as ,i write there rests upon your now  
placid brow a glorious and marvellously 
beautiful crown4 ,the cup is drained4   
',to him that sat in the valley and     
shadow of death light has sprung up4'   
,and now awe seizeth me3 for there      
standeth1 as yet a long way off1 one    
whose form is like to that of the ,son  
of ,man4 ,in a very little while1 now1  
the great event must inevitably occur4  
,he who stands upon the holy mount      
prepares to open your sight1 and give   
you your commission4 ,how can we see him
 face to face and live6 ,let not a      

passing suspicion of further delay      
disturb you4 ,already you begin to feel 
the influence of his approach4 ,well may
 you heave a sigh--as one who           
experiences a sudden and unlooked-for   
relief4 ,in less than ten minutes the   
,lord will appear to you4 ,so make      
ready1 in solemn meditation and prayer1 
for the most solemn event of your or any
 other man's life is at hand4'  ',if the
 vision tarry1 wait for it1' is the only
 scripture that seems applicable to my  
visions3 for still they came not4 ,yet  
some very serious and substantial       
experiences now fell to my lot1 which   
shall be the theme of another chapter4  
,,chapter ,,iii4  ,as manager of this   
exhibition1 ,i would request the        
orchestra to play something gloomy and  
grand1 during the remainder of the      
performance2 something weird1           
mysterious2 something in which you can  
hear the soughing of the wind through   
the pines of the ,hartz ,mountains or   
the ,black ,forest4 ,a passage from a   

,faust opera or ,der ,freischutz might  
meet the case2 for it began to be       
intimated to me1 now that ,i was        
sufficiently clairaudient to be able to 
dispense almost entirely with the       
pencil1 that his ,satanic ,majesty was  
no indifferent spectator of the         
preparation of the man who was about to 
interfere so signally with his plans and
 pursuits4 ,thereupon there began to    
steal over me for the first time1    ',a
 sense of something dreadful1 something 
near4  ,however it was managed1 from    
this moment till the end of this phase  
of life ,i am narrating1 ,i had an      
almost constant sense of the presence of
 'genii of the pit1' of vast            
intelligence1 cruel as ever ,satan was  
imagined1 relentless as fate1 cold as   
,dante's ice hells could make them4 ,at 
first1 some influence led me to review  
the traditional history and prospects of
 my supposed distinguished visitor1 at  
some length4 ,i discussed the state of  
his case with no little unction1 though 

shaking in my boots1 and in momentary   
expectation of being gobbled up1 body   
and soul1 and whisked off in sulphurous 
smoke1 with only a sulphur-burnt hole in
 the carpet to mark the spot where ,i   
saw the last of earth4  ,presently my   
inseparable companion broke in with3    
',he hears you6 he hears you6 and never 
may it be my lot again to look upon--'  
444 ',there he is again1 glaring with   
inexpressible rage upon the             
comparatively insignificant man who just
 now so plainly revealed to him 'the    
true state of the case4' ,i am almost   
afraid to look upon that awful visage4  
',the state of the case is it8' he      
exclaims4 ',we will see what is the     
state4''--  ,there is a break here in   
the manuscript1 which is resumed thus3  
',you have conquered6 frantic with rage 
he has fled1 never1 ,i trust1 to        
return4'  ,how will ,i remember what    
happened during that awful pause8 ,it   
was spent1 ,i suppose1 in a hand-to-hand
 conflict with the ,prince of ,darkness2

 the agreeableness of which was not     
enhanced by my vivid recollection of the
 'bit of a discooshin' between          
,christian and ,apollyon depicted in the
 old family ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,we   
are truly 'the stuff that dreams are    
made of4' ,what mattered it to me1 on   
that bland summer afternoon1 since ,i   
was of this opinion1 whether it was     
,beelzebub himself or some departed     
'blazing tinman1' with a suit of his    
majesty's old clothes on1 while himself1
 all snug at home1    ',sat in his easy 
chair1   ,drinking his sulphur tea4'    
,that was certainly one of the most     
awful moments of my life1 in which ,i   
felt the first dreadful rush of this    
invisible tiger4 ,it seemed as if he    
swooped toward me to annihilate me in a 
moment2 but was restrained by a higher  
power4 ,his coming was like the rush of 
a fifteen-inch shell past one's head4   
,as soon as ,i saw that the first onset 
did not destroy me1 ,i gathered strength
 to face the monster2 for a tongue      

combat seemed all that was permitted    
him4 ,he put me through my theological  
paces at an awful rate--using the       
,socratic dialectic--growling out       
questions in the tones of a cathedral   
organ1 that made me shiver4 ,oh that ,i 
could remember that fearful catechism6  
,it would make a tract for which the    
,tom ,paine ,association would pay a    
high price4 ,he drove me--partly1 ,i    
suppose1 by magnetic force--step by     
step1 from my cherished religious       
opinions4 ,my reasons for believing in  
the cardinal doctrines of ,christianity 
seemed to burn like straw before his    
fiery rhetoric1 and to turn to dust     
beneath the ponderous blows of his iron 
logic4 ,he pushed me away from all ,i   
had esteemed reliable in the universe1  
till ,i seemed to stand on the verge of 
creation4 ,there ,i hung with the       
strength of terror4 ,then ,i found poet 
,campbell true to nature1 where he      
speaks of hope standing intact ''mid    
,nature's funeral pyre4' ,i insisted    

upon 'hoping1' in spite of all his fiery
 hail4  ,after he had beaten down all my
 defences1 he began to jeer at me with  
fierce sneers and goblin laughter that  
froze my blood4 ',so ,i was the         
contemptible manikin who dared to       
entertain the idea of equality with     
him--the ,star of the ,morning--one     
breath of whose nostrils would wither me
 into nonentity4 ,so ,i presumed to     
stand up and face him1 who had1 in his  
time1 scattered the hosts of heaven6 ,if
 it were not for those cursed1          
white-livered things 7angels7 that stood
 in the way1 he would swoop down and    
destroy me in an instant4'  ,having     
found and maintained foothold for       
several minutes on the rock of hope1 ,i 
began to consider how weak things had of
 erst confounded the things that were   
mighty1 and soon the wirepullers behind 
the scenes 7whoever they were7 had me   
smiting him hip and thigh4 ,i 'began in 
weakness1 but ended in power4' ,at first
 a few muttered remonstrances1 but      

finally whole ,ironsides broadsides1    
with the result above named4 ,the words 
of my antagonist1 during this encounter1
 rang through my brain with awful       
distinctness4 ,for a day or two ,i had  
been communicating partly with the      
pencil1 and partly by clairaudience1    
eked out by writing in the air with my  
forefinger4 ,but this demon1 or demon   
pro tem41 needed not to write his words3
 his 'trumpet gave no uncertain sound4' 
,the thoughtful reader will perceive    
what a strong point my magnetizers      
gained by this scene4 ,after            
disappointing me so many times1 they    
could not1 with all their power over me1
 have kept me from throwing the whole   
thing overboard1 without resorting to   
some such coup d'tat4 ,being1 doubtless1
 on better terms with the infernal than 
with the supernal regions1 these        
denizens of the ,intermediate ,limbo 7we
 will suppose that my strange guests    
were mostly of this sort of             
nondescripts7 had perhaps induced some  

bona fide demon to act the part of the  
king of them all1 'for this night only4'
 ,it certainly was an immense success4  
,i1 to be sure1 had not received the    
expected commission3 but had ,i not     
fought the great red dragon1 and1 like  
another ,st4 ,george1 pinned him to the 
earth1 through supernatural aid8 ,here  
was a substantial success4 ,i write this
 merrily enough now2 but was not often  
merry then--was indeed acting great1    
real tragedy4  ,i was not long to enjoy 
this triumph4 ,the word came3 ',again he
 comes6' ,then ,i had another long1 hard
 fight2 but this time was not pushed so 
near the wall4 ,i was then told by my   
spiritual adviser and ,circe of the     
unbounded admiration expressed for me by
 those who had listened to this         
'ever-memorable' disputation4  ,the     
attempt to craze me1 or--putting the    
best face on it--to show me how         
spiritists are generally crazed1 now    
began in downright earnest4 ,all that   
night1 despite my entreaties to be      

permitted to sleep1 ,i was kept awake1  
and busied with a variety of 'extremely 
important' business4 ,i am naturally a  
solid1 regular sleeper1 and do not      
prosper upon ,napoleon or ,humboldt     
portions of repose2 but now could only  
suit my persecutors by rising on one    
elbow in bed1 and 'wrestling' for the   
salvation of my next neighbor4 ,they    
sedulously poured into my mind all      
manner of apocrypha concerning this     
gentleman's shortcomings--about the     
necessity of praying for and at him1 and
 about the effects of my efforts1 i4 e41
 bringing a streak of celestial light   
upon him--until ,i was almost ready to  
wish that he might be ----1 rather than 
that ,i should have any such            
unseasonable work to perform in his     
behalf4 ,but they kept me at it1        
straight through the night and a large  
portion of the next day2 and finally    
induced me to go1 much against my will1 
to reveal to him some of my experiences1
 and to endeavor to force from him an   

acknowledgment that what ,i had heard   
about him was true4  ,the attempt to    
cause at least a temporary aberration of
 my intellect now becomes very plain in 
the manuscript4 ,every idea is uttered  
in the most exciting manner4 ,all       
statements and prognostications about my
 neighbor having proved false 7he was   
amazed at my procedure71 the invisible  
busybodies boiled over thus3  ',he has  
lied6 he has lied to you6 and if you    
would preserve your reason1 go and read 
the papers to him4 ,he had schooled     
himself to show no emotion1 and you     
showed enough to excite his worst1 most 
hideous fears4 ,so go1 for ,heaven's    
sake6 ,he quailed once1 and only once1  
before your not sufficiently steady     
gaze4 ,woe6 woe6 woe6 ,now what shall be
 done8' 444 ,evidently trying to get up 
a teapot tempest4 ',do not strive to    
unravel this mystery in that fiercely   
keen way1 or this evil spirit will have 
to give place to a more expert deceiver4
 ,god will certainly do something soon  

to set these matters straight1 or ,i    
shall cease to be6' ,she had said       
annihilation was possible6 ',your father
 wishes to speak to you4'  ,a fatherly  
spirit it was truly--was for driving me 
mad off hand1 but overshot the mark4    
',son1 this is awful6 ,i can only say to
 you1 be calm and cool1 for you will    
need to be both to get free from this   
snare of ,satan1 so well conceived4     
,better go to supper now 7for appearance
 sake73 after that1 pray for help4 ,when
 you took away those books after reading
 extracts to the neighbor1 the whole    
crew of devils1' etc41 etc4  ,this      
exciting language 'brought me up with a 
round turn4' ,i saw at once the object  
of the person who was talking with me4  
,so ,i brought the affair to a full     
stop1 as far as the use of my hand was  
concerned4 ,i simply added1 on that     
leaf--speaking now for myself3  ',i will
 hear no further4 ,this part of my      
discipline is finished4'  ,but ,i was   
forced to hear1 whether ,i wrote or not4

 ,i had come to this wisdom too late4 ,i
 fully believe that1 as far as my       
ability to prevent the catastrophe was  
concerned1 ,i was then and there a      
possessed person--a slave of spirits--as
 utterly bound to do the will of my     
magnetizers as ever a 'subject' was4    
,though ,i cannot be persuaded that all 
these beings1 from whom unseen ,i had   
heard so much1 were 'only evil          
continually1' no 'harmonialist' can     
persuade me that those who now began to 
play with me1 as a cat plays with a     
mouse1 were other than evil4 ,in all    
imaginable ways1 they strove to show me 
how utterly ,i had lost self-command and
 self-control4 7,i am esteemed obstinate
 by nature47  ,what is very singular1 ,i
 now lost sight of my 'prima donna4' ,it
 would seem natural that a ,delilah     
would1 at least1 have come with a       
jeering ',the ,philistines be upon thee1
 ,samson4' ,but no1 not till this great 
tribulation was over did ,i hear from   
'her4'  ,that evening and night were    

spent1 mostly1 in showing me that ,i was
 no longer my own master4 ,there was    
not1 however1 that continuous hell-blast
 upon me that so scorched my soul on the
 following afternoon4 ,the cats were    
tossing me in their velvet paws--only   
occasionally protruding a sharp claw as 
a reminder1 until they could feel surer 
of their victim4 ,they would say to me3 
',now we will exalt you to heaven2' and 
up ,i went1 higher1 higher1 higher into 
the empyrean1 until ,i heard the music  
of the spheres1 and all things were     
ablaze with light and glory4 ,again they
 would say3 ',now go down into hell2'   
and the scene changed as suddenly as do 
those of a ten-cent panorama1 when a    
midnight storm at sea or a volcanic     
eruption is about to be rolled in view3 
,i went down ad imis--'down to the      
bottom of the sea--the earth with her   
bars was around me forever4' ,blank     
horror and anguish seized me4 ,hope fled
 to its impregnable corner of my heart1 
till the calamity was overpast4 ,a      

hushed agony was upon me1 as before ,i  
had known its boundless bliss4 ,and thus
 variously ,i fared through all that    
second night of sleeplessness4 ,they    
probably sent me up and down this scale 
of sensation twenty times during eight  
hours4 ,this night ,i was not at all    
sleepy4 ,a few more such would have     
finished the business2 and there would  
have been 'another awful effect of the  
spiritual delusion' to chronicle4 ,the  
honest verdict of the first century     
would have been3 ',another possessed of 
devils or devil-crazed4' ,the wretches  
well knew that insomnia is an excellent 
preparation for insanity4  ,toward      
morning a new scheme was invented4 ,some
 ostensible good friend informed me1 in 
a business-like way1 that the work of   
the morrow for me--the new ,saul of     
,tarsus--was to set out for a certain   
town in ,vermont1 where ,i should find  
my ,ananias2 who 'would show me what    
things ,i should do4' ,so the faithful  
slave of the genii prepared to obey4 ,i 

packed a carpet bag1 and went early to  
the residence of a medical friend1 who  
had been dabbling in the same arcana4 ,i
 gave him a sketch of what ,i had       
experienced2 yet1 for some reason1 did  
not start for ,vermont1 but remained    
with him all the morning4 ,my invisible 
monitors sent me out into the street    
several times1 to find people who could 
not be found4 7,anything to keep up     
their influence47  ,toward noon the fact
 came plainly to me that an effort was  
being made to disturb1 if not destroy1  
my reason4 ,i began to find my ideas    
becoming incoherent in spite of hugest  
effort4 ,i called my friend1 and said to
 him1 through set teeth1 but as coolly  
as possible3  ',i find myself to be     
thoroughly and utterly a magnetic       
subject1 an abject subject of           
mischievous spirits4 ,they are striving 
to derange my faculties4 ,i am          
exceedingly alarmed to find that they   
are trying1 with much success1 to render
 my ideas incoherent4 ,it is only by a  

very great effort of will that ,i am    
enabled to speak these words distinctly 
to you4 ,as far as my private power of  
resistance is concerned1 ,i am gone4 ,do
 exert your powerful magnetism2 perhaps 
you can drive them off4'  ,he was much  
distressed1 and exerted himself mightily
 7he was a professed electrician71      
combining will power with that ancient  
agent1 prayer1 to exorcise the evil     
influence4 ,but his efforts were        
useless1 as the vagabonds well knew1    
before they brought me there on         
exhibition4 ,they had not spent the week
 in vain4 ,i had sold myself to them as 
squarely as fools ever did in ,german   
legend4  ,when dinner was announced1 the
 doctor wished me to accompany him4 ,i  
refused1 and he left me1 to take a hasty
 meal4 ,finding1 when he was gone1 that 
,i was growing worse1 ,i went into the  
street1 determined that if ,i was to be 
crazed1 ,i would not sit there and let  
him watch the operation4 ,i walked on1  
vowing that ,i would not turn toward    

home until my faculties were restored2  
and execrating my folly in permitting   
the enslavement6 ,on1 on ,i rushed1 my  
head all ablaze with 'od' that had no   
business there1 and praying as ,i never 
had prayed before4 ,i took the ,gowanus 
road toward ,greenwood4 ,perhaps it was 
some defunct rogue there interred1 who  
was leading me on to 'rave among the    
tombs4'  ,arrived at a spot where a     
little tree-capped promontory overhangs 
the beach1 ,i turned aside1 beneath the 
projection1 and sat down on a log--like 
,jonah under the gourd--and1 gazing out 
on the rippling waves of the bay1       
desired that death or relief might come4
 ,i was determined to sit there until   
,god or ,satan made good his claim upon 
me4 ,suddenly relief came4 ,the fierce  
onset upon my intellect ceased4 ,i was  
made whole4 ,i 'leaped and walked4' ,the
 means of my relief ,i never knew4  ,but
 my lesson was not complete4 ,i had but 
just informed my medical friend of my   
deliverance 7he had scoured the         

neighborhood1 and informed several of   
the cause of his fears71 when there were
 mutterings and growlings of another    
approaching storm4 ,the messengers of   
,satan sent to baffle me gave me to     
understand that they had not abandoned  
their prey1 but were sure of it yet4    
,they poured the wrath of hell upon my  
defenceless head that afternoon4 ,i have
 not1 hitherto1 attempted to offer much 
direct proof to the uninitiated that my 
experiences1 in this connection1 were   
other than hallucination4 ,that which   
now occurred is1 as it seems to me1 in  
the nature of such proof4 ,here was ,i  
thoroughly alarmed for my safety1 and   
extremely anxious to get rid of my      
tormentors4 ,yet1 not for a single      
moment now1 could ,i close my mental    
ears to their horrid clangor of threats 
and imprecations2 for1 throwing off all 
restraint1 they flooded me with         
,billingsgate4 ,they cursed and damned  
me1 and all persons1 things1 and ideas  
esteemed by me1 in the most approved    

style4 ,indeed1 the swearing exceeded   
anything ,i ever heard on the           
,mississippi and ,alabama river boats1  
when forced1 for lack of room1 to sleep 
on the floor of the saloon1 almost under
 the feet of the chivalry1 during their 
midnight gambling carousals4  ,the mode 
of speech is not easily described4      
,sometimes the words came slowly and    
distinctly4 ,again there would be merely
 thought-panorama presented4 ,a complete
 statement or view of things can be     
flashed into the mind in an instant4    
,therefore the language of spirits is of
 vastly greater compass than that of    
men4 ,these immortal blackguards could  
vomit more oaths and other blasphemy in 
five minutes1 than a mortal one could in
 an hour4 ,if it is difficult to        
translate from one earth-language into  
another1 how much harder must it be to  
bring the ideas of an inner sphere into 
outward forms of expression6  ,they told
 me that it was their intention to open 
my clairvoyant faculty now with a       

vengeance4 ,for1 having fairly          
accomplished it1 they would worry me to 
death or madness by the continual sight 
and hearing of all that hell could show 
or conjure up4 ,i only wish that a few  
of those ,sadducees who philosophize all
 this sort of thing into moonshine1     
could be1 for a while1 as sore beset as 
,i was on that eventful day6 ,it would  
need but a few minutes' parley with     
these 'fierce ,ephesian beasts' to      
induce them to repeat the language of an
 older sceptic1 who returned from the   
dead to the friend who had discussed    
immortality with him1 and who exclaimed1
 as he passed from sight3  ',michael6   
,michael6 vera sunt illa6'  ,the scheme 
of the diabolians seemed so feasible    
that ,i was greatly perplexed4 ,they had
 shown themselves able to keep me awake 
the two preceding nights2 and ,i knew   
that1 if permitted1 they could          
accomplish their purpose in that way    
alone4 ,how much1 then1 would the       
perpetual sight of fiery flying dragons1

 horned satyrs1 and other hideous       
half-human creatures1 tearing around1   
with mouths agape to take me in--while  
other lost souls flitted about as flying
 serpents1 bats1 and owls--hasten the   
evil work4 ,i thought over all the      
horrible forms portrayed in the         
,catholic purgatory pictures1 and       
described by delirium tremens subjects1 
until ,i was a thousand times more      
anxious to have the eyes of my spirit   
kept shut1 than ,i ever had been to have
 them opened4  ,i tried to exorcise the 
foe by reading the ,bible2 but this only
 increased their jeering at the '----   
fool1' whom they had worked hard to get1
 had got1 and meant to keep1 in spite of
 'hell1 book1 and candle4' ,truly 'their
 mouths were full of cursing and        
bitterness4'  ,did space permit1 and    
were it not that the printing of oaths1 
which has become so fashionable even in 
respectable periodicals1 is hurtful to  
morals1 ,i could fill pages with their  
jeers1 taunts1 blasphemies1 threats1 and

 execrations4  ,i left my private room1 
and went among the household1 in hopes  
that1 amid busy outer scenes1 the hold  
of the invisible tigers would be loosed4
 ,but then1 while conversing on         
commonplace subjects1 ,i realized more  
fully than ever upon what a fearful     
precipice the heedless spiritist is ever
 sporting4 ,for1 clearer1 more distinct1
 came threats1 curses1 goblin laughter2 
and ',fool6 dolt6' was the cry4         
',simpleton1 etc41 think you that the   
company of women and children will save 
you1 when the mightiest spirits 7angels 
they call themselves7 cannot now rend   
you from our grasp8 ,as soon as we      
choose1 we will tear your silly soul out
 of your carcase2 and then we will make 
a veritable ,lucifer of you4 ',lucifer6 
,,lucifer6 star of the morning6 how art 
thou fallen1 and become as one of us6'  
,ha6 ha6 ha6 yes6 yes6 you must go with 
us4 ,we fancy you4 ,for a callow priest1
 you have a deal of music in you4       
,would-be ,samson1 you must grind in our

 prison house and sport in our temple2  
the pillars whereof you can never cause 
to tremble4'  ,they said that ,i was a  
'coward--dared not face a set of        
shadows1 figments of the brain1 empty   
nothings4' ,i saw that 'vain was the    
help of man2' and1 retiring to my room1 
had an awful season of worse than       
'temptation combats4'  ,then came the   
last scene in the tragic part of my     
unromantic experience4 ,one of the      
artful dodgers1 having transformed      
himself into an angel of light 7in my   
hearing1 not in my sight71 informed me1 
at about eight o'clock in the evening1  
that1 though my destruction appeared    
imminent1 there was one way of escape   
left4 ,my own prayers were useless3 but 
if ,i would get down on my knees1 and   
repeat a confession and supplication at 
his dictation1 it might avail4 ,enslaved
 as ,i was1 ,i of course complied2 and  
then underwent a humiliation that1 even 
in my horrified state1 was very bitter4 
,i had always1 in my most puritanical   

days1 kicked at the doctrine that we are
 all such abominable1 hell-deserving1   
self-degraded creatures1 responsible for
 our own ruin1 that it is the wonder of 
creation that ,god would give our souls 
any least chance of heaven4 ,i had      
always felt with ,tennyson3    ',thou   
wilt not leave us in the dust2   ,thou  
madest man1 and ,thou art just4'  ,but  
now ,i was forced to change all this2   
and for once ,i uttered a perfectly     
orthodox prayer4 ,slow and distinct came
 the words1 which ,i must perforce      
repeat as slowly1 though every one was a
 bitter pill4 ,i was made to say that ,i
 was entirely mistaken in supposing     
myself a ,christian 7in the             
'evangelical' sense72 that ,i had been a
 fool1 a braggart1 a sort of impostor2  
that my life had been one series of     
shams and follies2 that ,i had disgraced
 my religious profession1 etc41 etc41 ad
 nauseam1 winding up with the abject    
declaration that ,i deserved to go      
straight to 'the city of ,dis1 and the  

three-headed dog2' and that if ,i was   
spared1 it would be 'a miracle of       
mercy4'  ,the higher powers must have   
thought that ,i had swallowed enough of 
this hell-broth2 for1 at this juncture1 
the dictation and compulsion suddenly   
ceased4 ,i stood upon my feet1 no longer
 a slave4 ,it seemed as if some grand1  
calm ,ithuriel had touched with his     
spear-point the venomous toad that sat  
by my ear1 or the wily serpent that     
'held me 7enchanted7 with his glittering
 eye4' ,from that moment to this1 ,i    
have not been1 for an instant1 seriously
 annoyed by invisible disturbers of the 
peace4  ,a sweet quiet came over me2 ,i 
went to bed and slept soundly4 ,the next
 day ,i determined to complete the      
exorcism by walking a dozen miles into  
the country1 to visit a relation4 ,the  
only trace of the fearful scenes through
 which ,i had passed1 consisted in the  
fact that my head was still all ablaze  
with the foul1 gross magnetic fluids of 
my ex-tormentors2 and was so hot that ,i

 found it agreeable to walk with my hat 
off4 ,i was two days getting rid of the 
heat4  ,though ,i had no more sulphur   
tea to drink1 ,i was not yet weaned from
 the invisible milk and water4 ,i was at
 once informed1 by 'respectable         
appearing' spirits1 that my trials had  
appeared necessary1 because ,i had      
thrown myself open to promiscuous       
communication with the other world--a   
thing peculiarly dangerous in my case2  
and that ,i could now see the propriety 
of never again surrendering my manhood1 
my individuality1 and my common sense to
 any brigand in or out of the body4 ,i  
was also told that it never had been    
intended to use me for any important    
mediumistic purpose1 except so far as my
 experience might be useful4 ,so ,i     
gradually let the thing drop4 ,regarding
 the new light as scientific rather than
 religious1 ,i long since pigeon-holed  
it among my sciences4 ,i sardonically   
tell total ,sadducees that ,i have      
placed it among the exact sciences4  ,i 

am sorry that ,i am unable to enlighten 
the novel-reading reader further        
concerning the 'prima donna2' but that  
is a delicate subject under existing    
circumstances4 ,so presenting1 herewith1
 the bright and sulphurous end of the   
,lucifer ,match under the nose of a     
discerning public1 ,i will watch the    
upcurling and dilating of nostrils4 ,as 
,i pen these last lines1 the live body  
looking over my shoulder smiles         
scornfully4     ,,sketches ,,of         
,,american ,,life ,,and ,,scenery4      
,,iii4--,,mountain ,,ways4   ',lucy     
,d----1' said ,aunt ,sarah ,grundy1 ',i 
really cannot conceive what you and     
,elsie find to entertain you in the     
desolate1 out-of-the-way places where   
you are in the habit of wasting your    
summers4 ,why can you not be content    
with the ordinary highways1 where people
 travel comfortably in good boats and   
rail cars8 ,why must you leave tolerably
 convenient hotels1 regular meals1 and  
agreeable1 proper people1 to bury       

yourself in some mountain fastness1     
where the inns are poor1 the food plain1
 and the people--well6 such as are      
totally unfit associates for two        
well-bred young women8'  ',o auntie6    
auntie6 we thought you called yourself a
 democrat6' said ,elsie4  ',politically1
 my dear1 but not socially1' was the    
reply4  ',and a ,christian6' added ,lucy
 ,d----4  ',i see1' continued ,mrs4     
,grundy1 'that1 by raising other issues1
 you hope to escape an explanation of   
the mystery to which ,i have referred4' 
',a mystery indeed6' replied ,lucy      
,d----4 ',the mystery of nature1 of     
creation1 of the communion of the       
creature with the infinitely bountiful  
,creator4 ,have you never wandered away 
from the beaten track1 from tiresome    
dinners1 with mercenary waiters and     
elaborate courses1 from yawning1 blas   
men1 and over-dressed1 artificial1      
weakly women1 and1 resting upon some    
quiet hillside1 suffered the glories of 
external nature to fill your soul as you

 drained the cup of beauty1 until       
sunrises and sunsets1 storm clouds and  
morning mists1 broad bands of light and 
darksome shadows1 steep mountains and   
curving valleys1 hurrying brooks and    
tidal oceans1 dusky pine forests and    
tremulous bluebells1 dreamily floated   
before the vision1 soothing care and the
 petty wounds inflicted by the human    
denizens of this nether world8 ,i love  
my kind1 ,i share their faults and      
follies1 ,i pity their sorrows1 and     
would do my utmost to succor or to      
soothe2 but ,i do not understand them as
 ,i do the woods3 their faces ,i readily
 forget1 but never the forms of mountain
 crag1 of noble tree1 or of first spring
 wild flower4 ,among men ,i may be      
misunderstood1 disliked perhaps1 or1    
more generally1 simply ignored and      
overlooked2 but among the hills ,i fear 
no harsh1 no indifferent word3 each     
treasure of beauty breathes to me of    
,one who knows my every heart-beat1 ,one
 whom ,i can love without fear of wound 

or disenchantment4 ,the mountain clefts 
have no unkind words1 no fault-finding1 
no ridicule1 no rash judgments for the  
sons of men4 ,they offer clear springs1 
fresh fruits1 and festal flowers1 peace 
and rest and pure joy6'  ',really1      
,lucy1' said ,aunt ,sarah1 ',i am not   
sure your rhapsody has made the mystery 
any plainer than before4 ,may ,i not1 in
 my turn1 ask if your feelings are quite
 ,christian8 ,are you not afraid you    
entertain a species of repulsion toward 
your fellow men8'  ',aunt ,sarah1 ,i    
nearly always feel more for them than   
they for me4 ,perhaps they hurt my      
vanity by overwhelming me with the sense
 of my own insignificance4 ,be that as  
it may1 their everlasting wrangling     
among themselves is more than ,i can    
endure4 ,when people begin to quarrel1  
even to disagree warmly1 the blood      
rushes to my brain1 and ,i long for a   
cool breeze from some piny height1 a    
mossy seat by some calm lake1 that      
mirrors only the blue of heaven1 the    

measured flow of falling waters1 the    
rustle of leaves1 the hum of bees1 or   
the song of birds4'  ',you are not      
strong1 and have grown nervous1 ,i      
fear1' said ,aunt ,sarah4 ',i can       
remember when you greatly enjoyed a good
 discussion1 and never shrank from an   
encounter of opinions4'  ',i was young  
then1' replied ,lucy2 ',i am older now1 
and have less confidence in my          
argumentative powers4 ,i love truth as  
well1 but doubt my capacity to lift her 
veil1 the willingness of mortals to seek
 her humbly1 or the certainty of their  
yielding to conviction1 even were she   
bodily1 in unclouded radiance1 to stand 
before them4 ,i hope ,i may always have 
courage sufficient to support my honest 
convictions1 but ,i must confess the    
effort has become a painful one1 and ,i 
instinctively fly all wrangling as ,i   
would the plague4'  ',do you then desire
 to lead an isolated life8' asked ,mrs4 
,grundy4  ',by no means1' replied ,lucy4
 ',duty and affection both bind me to   

active service in the ranks of the      
world1 and1 to return to the subject of 
a retired country sojourn1 the freedom  
from gne1 the absence of hurry1 the     
confidentiality of nature1 lead us in a 
week to a better comprehension and      
appreciation of the few persons         
surrounding us than could be obtained in
 years of ordinary city acquaintance4   
,bricks and mortar and cut stones tend  
to the revelation of but few secrets1   
but the evening twilight1 the crescent  
moon1 the morning dawn1 the forest      
shade1 and the noonday repose are       
persuasive openers of hearts and weavers
 of sympathy4 ,a walk with ,elsie is far
 more to me than a solitary ramble4     
,then1 too1 the country population      
frequently exhibit an originality and   
individuality of development more often 
missed than found in the assimilating   
atmosphere of cities4'  ',i should weary
 in a week of such a dull1              
sentimentalizing mode of existence1'    
said ,aunt ,sarah1 with a significant   

shrug of her prettily drooping          
shoulders4  ',sentimentalizing6' cried  
,lucy2 'nothing can be more healthfully 
real1 more conducive to strength and    
will to work1 when the last red leaf has
 fallen1 and the gray ,november clouds  
remind one that ,paradise is not yet    
gained1 and that a world of toil and    
strife and passion has a claim upon each
 mortal's earnest labor4 ,also1 the     
comic side of life is by no means       
wanting among the hills1 and many an    
innocent laugh is to be enjoyed with1   
not at1 one's fellow creatures4 ,humor  
,i love dearly2 satire is simply        
hateful--filled with pain4 ,i can always
 see the victim 7if he only knew67      
writhing and blenching beneath the      
bitter glances and blasting words of    
fiendish tormentors4'  ',yes1 indeed1'  
said ,elsie1 'many a merry evening have 
we spent laughing over the day's        
adventures4 ,the singular coincidences  
and strange incongruities of ,american  
life are nowhere more strikingly        

exhibited than among the hills and lakes
 bordering the great thoroughfares of   
travel4 ,do you remember1 ,lucy1 the    
transit of our friends1 the foreign     
professor and the artist1 from the      
,catskill ,mountain ,house to the head  
of the ,kauterskill ,falls8'  ',can ,i  
ever forget it8'  ',what transit was    
that1 ,lucy8' asked ,mrs4 ,grundy4      
',you know1 ,aunt ,sarah1 that midway up
 the ,clove1 nestled against the side of
 the ,south ,mountain1 is ,brockett's1  
and two miles up the ravine1 at the head
 of the ,kauterskill ,falls1 stands the 
,laurel ,house1 where we passed a       
portion of last summer4 ,two miles      
farther east is the steep brink of the  
,pine ,orchard1 crowned by the ,white   
colonnade of the ,mountain ,house4      
,early one morning1 a much-esteemed     
friend1 one of our best artists1 left   
,brockett's1 and1 climbing the ravine1  
passed our house on his way to the      
,north ,mountain1 whence a sketch was   
desired4 ,we had had nearly four weeks  

of continued rain1 the brooks were full1
 the falls magnificent1 the roads in    
some parts under water1 and every       
pathway a running stream4 ,we were daily
 expecting the arrival from abroad of a 
gentleman whom ,i had never seen1 but   
who was well known to1 and highly       
regarded by1 sundry members of our      
family4 ,he had written to announce his 
coming1 but we had failed to receive his
 letter1 and1 consequently1 when he1 on 
the afternoon of the day already        
mentioned1 arrived at the ,mountain     
,house1 he found no one waiting to      
receive him1 and no carriage to convey  
him to his final destination4 ,no       
vehicle was to be obtained at the great 
caravansary1 and he was vainly          
endeavoring to have at least a note     
despatched to our address1 when the     
artist1 who had meantime finished his   
sketch and descended the ,north         
,mountain on his way home1 entered the  
office4 ,he was weary from a toilsome   
walk under heavy trappings1 but hearing 

a fellow mortal in distress1 and        
partially learning the cause1 his       
habitual kindness of heart induced him  
to say to the stranger that he was about
 to walk over to the ,laurel ,house1 and
 would lead the way1 if he chose to     
follow4 ,the professor1 despairing of   
his ability to make any more comfortable
 arrangement1 accepted the offer1 and   
prepared to follow his guide4  ',our    
foreign visitor was a tall1 athletic    
man1 with a noble forehead and piercing 
black eyes4 ,his attire was             
irreproachably neat1 his patent-leather 
boots rather thin for so rough a walk1  
especially as he was just then much out 
of health1 and he carried a heavy basket
 of fruit1 which he had kindly brought  
from a tropical clime to give pleasure  
to his friends4 ,he added to a generous 
and affectionate disposition profound   
learning in languages1 science1 and     
philosophy1 and was a devoted patriot   
and lover of liberty4 ,he had1 however1 
landed in ,new ,york during the terrible

 riots of last summer1 and had hence    
imbibed no very exalted idea of the     
orderliness of our population4 ,he was  
of course totally unaware of the frank  
confidence placed by man in his brother 
man among our ,northern mountains4      
',when the outside door was reached1 the
 artist paused to gather together his   
pointed staff1 sketching box1 and other 
traps4 ,these implements were evidently 
not familiar objects in the professor's 
experience1 as he supposed they might be
 part of the gear of a peddler1 and     
hence conceived a certain distrust of   
his guide4 ,the artist was tall and     
handsome1 with a vigorous frame1 a long1
 waving beard1 a slouched hat1 and      
garments rather the worse for much      
exposure to the suns1 winds1 and rains  
of a summer spent in the open air4 ,one 
who did not examine the clear eyes      
raying the essence of truth1 and the    
high-cut features bearing the           
unmistakable impress of manly honor1    
might perhaps have erred with the       

stranger1 and have supposed it possible 
that 'the man' 7as the professor        
invariably called his guide when he     
related the adventure7 might be a       
brigand intent upon luring travellers   
into byways for sinister purposes4 ,this
 idea was strengthened by the character 
of the pathway chosen by the artist as  
the shortest route between the two      
hotels4 ,it passed through a dense      
forest1 and was ankle deep in water4    
,fallen trunks lay across its sinuous   
track1 and no sound save a twittering   
bird or crackling branch broke the      
silence of the rugged1 lonely way4 ,the 
active guide strode on from stone to    
stone1 returning short answers to his   
companion1 whose doubts began to take   
the form of questions as to 'the man's' 
knowledge of the road1 and the certainty
 of finding the ,laurel ,house at the   
end of this will-o'-the-wisp journey4   
,weariness from a long day's walk and   
work1 and the dawning perception of the 
stranger's suspicions1 were not         

calculated to induce a very bland frame 
of mind or tone of manner1 and the      
replies received confirmed the          
professor's determination to keep a     
watchful eye upon his leader4 ,he fell  
behind a few paces1 and prepared his    
only weapon1 a strong penknife1 in case 
the enemy should suddenly turn upon him1
 meantime consoling himself that1 should
 matters culminate in a hand-to-hand    
fight1 he was rather the stouter and    
heavier man of the two4 ,the thin boots 
had soon been saturated with water1 the 
basket of fruit grew heavier and        
heavier1 and the way seemed             
interminable4 ,the guide1 now fully     
awake to the absurdity of the situation1
 and perhaps as much provoked as amused1
 strode rapidly on1 and1 at a fork in   
the pathway1 momentarily struck into a  
wrong route4 ,he was forced to retrace a
 few paces1 and the stranger's dismay   
was now complete--the way was surely    
lost1 and a night in the damp wood the  
least evil to be anticipated4  ',a wide 

meadow was soon after reached1 but no   
sign of human habitation greeted the    
longing eyes of the expectant traveller4
 ,another band of woodland was entered1 
and a deserted charcoal hut for a moment
 cheered the heart and then dashed the  
hopes of our weary friend4 ,the woodland
 crossed1 an open field and a cheery    
farmhouse broke upon his view4          
,suffering the artist to hasten on1 he  
eagerly bent his steps to the farmhouse 
door1 and there inquired concerning the 
way to the ,laurel ,house4 ,he was in   
fact rather surprised to learn that he  
was on the direct route1 and now not far
 away4 ,narrowly escaping the fangs of a
 cross dog1 he hurried on1 and overtook 
the now thoroughly amused artist before 
the latter reached the long-expected    
,laurel ,house4 ,that goal won1 the two 
gentlemen entered the office1 and1 as   
the rest of the family were out walking1
 the professor sent to me the note      
already prepared at the ,mountain       
,house4 ,not knowing that he had himself

 brought it1 ,i went into the bar room1 
where the first person ,i saw was the   
artist4 ,i gave him as usual a cordial  
greeting1 noticing his travel-stained   
appearance as bearing honorable evidence
 to a good day's work1 and said ,i had  
come to order a carriage for a foreign  
friend just arrived at the other hotel4 
,the artist asked a question or two1    
then said he presumed he had brought    
over the very gentleman1 and1 with a    
quizzical expression1 offered to        
introduce me4 ,the professor meantime   
had been watching the interview with    
some surprise4 ,he recognized me from my
 resemblance to other members of my     
family known to him1 and wondered to see
 'the man' so high in my esteem4 ,he    
afterward remarked that he had thought  
it strange that when he invited 'the    
man' to a joint punch at the bar        
counter1 the stranger should have drawn 
forth a two shilling note1 and insisted 
upon paying the whole scot4 ,night was  
rapidly approaching1 and the artist     

hastened down the glen while the summer 
twilight might serve to illuminate the  
somewhat intricate way4  ',bursts of    
laughter greeted the comical recital of 
the adventure as good-naturedly given by
 the professor4 ,the only drawback upon 
our mirth was the fear lest wet feet and
 over fatigue might perhaps have        
increased his malady4'  ',you see now1' 
said ,aunt ,sarah1 with an ominous shake
 of the head1 'if you will go to such   
forlorn1 wild places1 what may be       
expected to happen4 ,had ,i been in your
 friend's place1 ,i should never have   
forgiven you for causing me such an     
uncomfortable1 and1 in one sense1       
dangerous walk4'  ',oh yes1 you would1' 
cried ,elsie2 'the remembrance would    
have added a zest to the monotony of    
your every-day life1 you would never    
willingly have resigned4'  ',i presume1 
then1 ,elsie1 you also have had         
adventures8'  ',have ,i not8' replied   
,elsie2 'from the young ,southerner who 
informed me he would like the mountains 

very much if the roads were not so      
terribly up and down1 to the infuriated 
bull that took especial offence at my   
white umbrella1 and came charging toward
 me1 with flashing eyeballs1 horns      
tearing up the sod1 and hoofs           
threatening a leap over a low stone     
wall1 the only barrier dividing us4'    
',i suppose you call that pleasure1     
too6' said ,aunt ,sarah4 ',well1 ,i must
 confess ,i am more mystified than      
ever4'  ',i presume1 ,aunt ,sarah1 you  
could as little appreciate the          
attractions to be found in a walk of    
over twenty miles in ten hours8'  ',very
 well for men1 my dear ,elsie1 but ,i   
think such excursions scarcely fitting  
for ladies1 especially for young and    
pretty ones4 ,one of ,lucy's wild-goose 
chases1 ,i doubt not6 ,however1 ,i am   
quite ready to listen to your           
experience4'  ',one morning1 at nine    
o'clock1 ,lucy and ,i left the ,laurel  
,house1 intending to visit the valley of
 the ,east ,kill1 a fine trout stream   

that rises near the ,north ,mountain1   
and flows into the ,schoharie4 ,the     
first three miles being well-known      
ground1 we preferred to drive1 but left 
the little carriage on the stony road to
 ,east ,jewett1 soon after that road    
branches from the main ,clove stage     
route4 ,the day was magnificent1 and the
 view from the fir-garlanded sides of   
the ,parker ,mountain novel and         
bewitching4 ,the ,north and ,south      
,mountains1 ,round ,top1 the jagged     
peaks bounding the ,plattekill ,clove1  
the narrow cleft of the ,stony ,clove1  
and the terraced slope of ,clum's ,hill 
swept across the horizon bathed in a    
soft ,september shimmer4 ,a few birds   
were still piping1 golden rods and      
purple asters lighted up the wayside1   
and luscious blackberries1 large as     
,lawtons1 hung in great clusters1 from  
which no mortal hand had as yet plucked 
a single berry4 ,there they grew all for
 us and the birds1 and you may be sure  
we enjoyed this feast so lavishly spread

 in the wilderness4 ,the crown of the   
hill passed1 we left the lovely view    
behind1 and began the descent into the  
valley of the ,east ,kill4 ,the forest  
growth was here dense and of various    
species1 and the road1 although         
solitary1 apparently well worn4 ,an     
ominous rustling among the trees was the
 only sound we heard until we again     
reached the open country1 where a market
 cart1 driven by a woman1 assured us of 
some near habitation4 ,a long1 broken   
valley lies between the hills bordering 
the ,schoharie1 and the river range1 and
 contains the settlements of ,east      
,jewett1 ,big ,hollow1 and ,windham     
,centre4 ,near the first-named place 7a 
scattered collection of farmhouses71 we 
struck the ,east ,kill1 and began to    
follow it up toward its source4 ,it is a
 clear1 rapid stream1 and we did not    
wonder the trout still loved to linger  
in its cool waters4 ,on a rustic bridge 
we sat down and ate our simple lunch of 
gingerbread1 crackers1 plums1 and       

almonds4 ,the sun was in the meridian1  
and counselled return1 but curiosity led
 us on to further explorations4  ',the  
winding road crossed and re-crossed the 
stream4 ,it was bordered by lofty       
summits1 and led through many a clearing
 and past many a farmhouse4 ,at one of  
these we met a man hiving swarms of     
bees4 ,he lived below1 and told us we   
were eight miles from ,cairo1 a town    
near the eastern foot of the ,catskills4
 ,the friendly mistress of the cottage  
informed us that the pass at the summit 
was only three miles distant1 and we    
hence concluded to return home by       
descending the eastern slope of the     
mountains1 crossing the lower portion of
 the intervening spur1 and reascending  
by the ,mountain ,house road4 ,mountain 
miles are proverbial for their length1  
and so we found them1 as we wandered on 
until civilization and the last good    
piece of road was left behind at a large
 steam sawmill4 ,our way now skirted the
 near hills1 and passed through an      

upland bog of apparently interminable   
width4 ,fortunately1 the last few weeks 
had been comparatively dry1 and hence it
 was possible to make one's way by      
springing from clump to clump of rank   
grass1 or more frequently from hurdle to
 hurdle1 as long stretches of           
half-decayed branches covered the       
partially hidden quagmire4 ,the air had 
become close1 the sun hot2 a dense1 low 
growth of wood shut in the devious way2 
desolation and neglect marked the       
environs1 and we were by no means sure  
we were on the right road4 ,even ,lucy  
began to doubt the prudence and final   
success of the expedition4 ,a very      
suspicious circumstance was the fact    
that this road1 by which we expected to 
cross the mountain top1 had lately made 
very little of an ascent4  ',at length a
 fresh1 cool breeze began to fan our    
cheeks1 such a breeze as is never felt  
except upon mountain heights1 and steep 
piles of rock rose upon our left4 ,the  
road had shortly before become hard and 

dry1 and1 as it now commenced to        
descend1 we could not doubt the summit  
of the pass was reached4 ,fine trees1   
however1 so closely hemmed us in that we
 could see nothing beyond1 and not until
 we were some distance down1 did we come
 to an opening whence the lower country 
was visible1 with the ,berkshire hills1 
the river1 the city of ,hudson directly 
opposite1 and ,kiskatom ,round ,top     
lying to our right4 ,we exchanged       
glances1 for we knew something of the   
distance signified by this situation of 
landmarks4 ,however1 there was nothing  
to be done except to press on1 which we 
did1 down a road at first enchanting1   
but finally detestable1 where it had    
been neglected1 and had become the rocky
 bed of a stream then dry4 ,we could    
fancy it in the spring1 at the melting  
of the snows1 with the wild water       
dashing down the steep pathway1 and the 
white foam gleaming and glittering1 as a
 newly risen ,undine1 in the sight of   
the astonished1 far-off beholders4      

',lovely vistas over the rolling lands  
beneath1 and up to the mountains we were
 leaving behind1 charmed away fatigue1  
and made the way like fairyland4 ,near  
the first cottage we again sat down to  
rest and consider our route4 ,we hoped  
to find some near wood road leading over
 the wide base of the ,north ,mountain  
into the ,mountain ,house road2 but     
never a wood road was to be seen4 ,on   
and on we walked1 descending lower and  
lower into the valley1 and coming nearer
 and nearer to ,kiskatom ,round ,top4   
,at a turn in the way we asked a party  
of carpenters working on a house1 if    
this was the right route to the         
,mountain ,house tollgate4 ,some        
laughed1 all stared1 and one answered1  
',yes4' ,on and on we plodded along a   
dusty highway1 till we reached a house  
by a brook1 with ducks and geese1 a     
garden filled with autumn flowers1 and a
 pleasant old lady sitting near the     
door4 ,she also opened her eyes at our  
question1 and said the distance to the  

tollgate was eight miles4 ,eight miles  
to the gate1 three thence up the steep  
mountain1 and then again two to the     
,laurel ,house6 ,this1 added to the many
 miles we had already walked1 and the   
lateness of the hour1 was indeed        
alarming4 ,she added1 we might obtain   
fuller information at a red farmhouse to
 be found some distance on4 ,again we   
walked and walked1 passing through a    
wild region1 ,kiskatom ,round ,top      
continually most provokingly near1 the  
road evidently leading due east1 and    
sinking lower and lower toward the      
river4 ,at the end of two or three miles
 we reached the red farmhouse1 and were 
glad to rest in a neat sitting room1    
with a cheerful woman and two bright1   
handsome children4 ,the harvest work    
being nearly done1 the husband was      
absent on a day's hunt1 but the aged    
father was soon called in to give us the
 desired information4 ,the distance to  
the tollgate was only two miles1 and    
while the boy made ready the team to    

take us over1 the honest1 intelligent   
farmer gave us a few sketches from his  
life history4 ,his daughter wished him  
to don his better coat1 but he replied  
that he had never been able to think    
that clothes could make or unmake a     
gentleman4 ,he also observed that early 
adversity had been the greatest boon he 
had ever received1 as1 had he never     
failed in his city trading projects1 he 
never would have come to the country1 or
 have enjoyed his present health and    
happiness4 ,he was a good patriot1 and  
eagerly asked the latest news of the    
war4 ,he had also pleasant reminiscences
 to relate of a ,carolina ,senator1 who1
 with his family1 had one summer beneath
 his roof sought health and strength    
under the shadow of the ,catskills4  ',a
 lively lad and fleet team soon placed  
us at the gate1 which the stage from the
 boat was just passing4 ,the little rest
 and drive had greatly invigorated us1  
and we bravely pushed on to the summit1 
outstripping the heavy coach1 and       

reaching the top of the mountain just as
 the red rays of the setting sun were   
flushing the hills with crimson4 ,the   
hour was too late to risk the dark path 
through the wood1 and we continued upon 
the main highway1 making but one        
deviation down a stony road1 and over   
,spruce ,creek1 until we reached the    
,laurel ,house1 where the twilight was  
still lingering1 and where we found our 
friends a little anxious4'  ',i do not  
wonder1' said ,aunt ,sarah4 ',such      
vagaries are enough to keep a whole     
household in a chronic state of anxiety4
 ,and ,i really cannot see what you had 
gained6'  ',i have only given you a     
simple statement of the facts1' replied 
,elsie2 'to know our feelings by the    
way1 the delight we experienced1 all we 
learned1 including geography and        
topography1 and the life and health we  
drank in at every step1 you must take   
that very same walk4'  ',more           
inscrutable mysteries6' returned ,aunt  
,sarah4  ',yes1' said ,lucy ,d----1     

'inscrutable1 and yet subtilely         
vivifying as the breath of their        
,author1 the ,great ,architect of this  
glorious universe4'     ,,our           
,,government ,,and ,,the ,,blacks4      
,all thoughtful minds are profoundly    
conscious that the problems of war are  
not the last and most important to be   
solved in our national affairs4 ,it is  
clear enough that this great convulsion 
must end2 and end1 too1 in the total    
extinction of that stupendous system of 
iniquity in the interests of which it   
was projected4 ,president ,lincoln's    
,proclamation of emancipation throughout
 rebeldom1 and the recent order to      
enlist the slaves throughout the ,border
 ,states in military service to the     
,government1 emancipating all thus      
enlisted1 whether slaves of loyal or    
disloyal masters1 with the certainty    
that there is to be no cessation to the 
grand achievements of our arms short of 
the completest success1 all conspire to 
assure us that the dreadful disorder    

hitherto consuming our national vitals  
is to pass finally away in the          
convulsive disease of its last throes1  
so distressing to us all4 ,it being thus
 certain that this consecrated crime is 
to be dismantled1 dishonored1 and       
abandoned forever1 the question is      
forced upon us3 ',what is to be done    
with the negroes8' ,some four millions  
of human beings1 doomed to remorseless  
servitude1 denied the static force of   
social law1 forbidden by positive law   
the rights of education1 through which  
alone are attained the culture and      
refinement of real manhood--these are   
the 'freedmen' just emerging from the   
most insignificant nonage to the sublime
 personality of citizenship in a        
,government of the people4 ,such being  
practically their attitude1 what are the
 real demands and needs in the case8    
,reputed statesmen1 journalists1 public 
speakers1 and politicians are all ready 
enough to determine the matter4 ',let   
them alone1' say they4 ',they are needed

 where they are2 and the respective     
wants of capital and labor will regulate
 the intercourse between these simple   
and uncultured people and the powerful  
and shrewd men who henceforth are to buy
 their service4' ,such1 in our humble   
opinion1 is not the wisdom of sound1    
healthy statesmanship4 ,let us see4  ,we
 cannot get a complete handling of this 
matter without first determining the    
purpose and character of government as a
 principle2 and we cannot determine this
 without a clear understanding of the   
laws of the human mind in its historic  
evolution4 ,we must understand1 then1   
that government is legitimately only an 
institution in the service of universal 
man4 ,it is subjective1 ministerial1    
instrumental always ways2 aiming only at
 the interests of the governed2 else it 
contains an element hostile to the      
,divine order that peacefully directs   
all movement1 and must therefore be     
disturbed with a commotion that will    
either restore or destroy it4  ,we may  

not hereupon assume that government must
 necessarily assume only one form2 for1 
being thus subservient to human use1 to 
manly culture1 to complete social state1
 it must infallibly assume forms        
precisely proportioned to the human     
conditions to which applied2 hence1 we  
must understand the laws of the human   
mind1 which display its varied          
conditions in the course of its         
evolution from infancy to manhood1      
before we can have a clear1 scientific  
conception of the principles1           
operations1 and organic forms of human  
government4 ,let us1 then1 inquire      
briefly as to these laws4  ,hereupon we 
find the mental conditions of the ,grand
 ,man--the human race at                
large--precisely analogous to those of  
the small man--the individual person4   
,and by exhibiting the mental conditions
 with principles of government properly 
related1 which rule in one sphere1 we   
infallibly present the corresponding    
conditions and forms in the other       

sphere4  ,the human mind1 then1 is a    
three-fold form1 each fold having its   
own distinct character1 in consequence  
of which it is broadly and very         
definitely individualized4 ,childhood1  
youthhood1 and manhood1 constitute this 
triple form4 ,the slightest             
consideration will readily confirm one  
as to the propriety of this analysis2   
for1 one cannot fail to see that the    
distinct characteristics of each are    
broad and marked1 and therefore         
necessarily discriminate to any         
completeness of thought upon this       
subject4 ,childhood is a form of total  
inexperience and unlimited dependence4  
,youthhood is a form of growth from the 
helplessness of the child to the        
strength and completeness of the man2   
involving the trials of experimental    
endeavor1 attended with the numerous    
buffs and rebuffs so surely the witness 
of vital efforts toward fulness4        
,manhood is the form of fulness1        
completeness1 maturity4 ,it is the form 

of luscious juices ultimated in the     
perfectly rounded and glowing fruitage2 
juices that pressed the tender bud into 
the thousand charms of floral beauty1   
and thence moulded and urged the growing
 form to its crowning excellence4       
,childhood1 therefore1 is a form in     
which activities are commanded from     
without2 as the parent commands the     
child1 knowing that the child's best    
interests--the ultimate realization of  
true1 manly freedom--are only to be     
realized through such arbitrary         
tutelage4 ,youthhood is a form of       
rational freedom1 wherein the subject's 
moral freedom is stimulated under       
various forms of appeal in behalf of    
right doing4 ,here the careful parent   
keeps the reins firmly in hand1 but     
still slackens them to allow the        
plunging steed to determine his own     
career2 overjoyed if he choose rightly  
and make his course with vigor and      
safety2 sad and anxious if forced to    
draw rein and urge anew the proper      

direction4 ,it is evident that the      
subject's activities here are partly    
self-determined or free1 and partly     
coerced or outwardly imposed4  ,manhood 
is a form that repudiates all methods of
 external appliances1 scales the bounds 
of parental dictation1 and finds only   
life's fulness in a freedom all aglow   
with the soul's adoration4 ,it knows no 
law but that of attraction2 feels no    
impulse but that of love4 ,its          
activities are perfectly free or        
spontaneous4 ,the human mind thus       
falling under this triple order of      
development1 inevitably projects        
governmental forms strictly proportioned
 or related thereto4 ,and this is true  
regarding any of its organized forms1   
from the individual to the human race at
 large3 hence the infantile condition of
 a people or a nation demands a         
perfectly absolute1 arbitrary1 or       
commanding form of government2 while the
 youthful condition demands a mixed     
form2 wherein the ruled are partly free 

or self-determined1 and partly subject  
or directed by the reigning authority2  
and the manly condition demands a system
 of pure self-government1 wherein the   
law is written on the heart4  ,it must  
be borne in mind that government is     
solely instrumental or ministerial to   
human use2 being designed to mould and  
fashion unfolding human powers to higher
 and still higher social conditions1    
tending all to that perfect ultimate    
wherein life and law are both           
spontaneous and exactly balanced1 and   
nothing detrimental to the dearest      
interests of manhood can by possibility 
exist4  ,government1 then1 of whatever  
kind1 must always be administered with  
strict regard for the interests of the  
governed2 and it is the endeavor to     
subvert and overcome this legitimate    
principle of government1 through the    
mistaken selfishness of ruling powers1  
which attempt to administer in behalf of
 their own lusts and in violation of    
universal ends1 which has kept and is   

keeping up now the convulsions that     
shake and try civil institutions to     
their utmost4  ,the theory or           
declaratory form of our ,government     
stands out1 boldly and distinctly1 as   
that of the highest order4 ,in theory it
 is the form proportionate to full      
manhood2 planting and fostering         
institutions tending to promote the free
 play of all that is great and glorious 
in human character4 ,it does not thus   
far practically realize its theory1     
because1 without regard to this         
incongruous system of inhumanity1 which1
 by its very nature1 can find no harmony
 nor peace in connection1 nations       
themselves wear the human form1 and     
must1 therefore1 realize the various    
states of infancy1 youthfulness1 and    
manhood--of germ1 growth1 and fruitage4 
,this is true of whatever national form4
 ,nationalities founded upon the        
principles of absolutism1 embody and    
express the same laws and conditions4   
,their principle of supreme external    

authority is first a condition of       
germination1 then of growth or labored  
effort toward maturity1 and lastly of   
fruitage1 in which the whole form is    
matured in perfectly organic            
completeness1 manifesting despotism in  
government1 in orderly or scientific    
proportions4  ,our nation1 then1 has not
 realized its highest conditions1       
because it is as yet only germinal1 or  
the national child-man2 or1 at best1 is 
but the vigorous blade1 or national     
youth-man2 while the corn1 fully ripe in
 the ear--the national man-man--is      
reserved unto the glory of the          
approaching future1 whose rays already  
dawn upon us and illustrate the clouds1 
that have hitherto hung over us and     
darkened our way1 with the power and    
great glory of the coming of the ,son of
 ,man4  ,let us now try to draw nearer  
to the mark at which we principally     
aimed in projecting this article4 ,we   
said that the 'let-them-alone' system1  
concerning the nation's 'freedmen1' is  

not the system of sound statesmanship4  
,why not8 ,because they are a people in 
a state of infantile weakness and       
inexperience2 whom1 from the            
irrepressible laws and conditions of the
 human mind1 we must govern and control1
 either wisely and beneficently or      
otherwise4 ,to unloose the chains that  
have bound them1 and set them adrift to 
contend and compete under our methods of
 individualism or isolated interests1 is
 to doom them to conditions hardly to be
 preferred to those from which they are 
about to escape4 ,this is certainly true
 with respect to a large majority4      
,witness the state of our weakest white 
laborers1 particularly in all our large 
cities1 and some few years back4 ,see   
them by thousands and tens of thousands 
imploring for employment1 and only too  
happy if they may find it at the most   
repulsive and unwholesome labor1        
sufficient to stay their famished frames
 and adjourn for a time the pangs of    
hunger and frosts4 ,driven in despairing

 hordes to beggary1 prostitution1 and   
crimes of every kind1 how fearfully     
threatening are the neglected duties and
 obligations that confront us in their  
behalf6 ,what1 then1 shall we say to    
those who propose to swell the frightful
 tide by turning loose millions more1   
weaker and more incompetent1 it may be1 
besides being subject to the evils of   
the reigning prejudices against color8  
,no1 no2 it must not be done4 ,the      
,government must become the visible     
providence of these weak children4 ,it  
must organize and direct their efforts  
and interests4 ,it must1 at least1      
organize them into industrial legions1  
and carefully direct all their          
educational interests4 ,this work1 too1 
must assume paternal form4 ,government  
is rightfully the foster parent of all  
its tender1 weak1 or by any means       
incompetent children2 and unless it     
acknowledge and fulfil its functions as 
such1 it is not ,divinely administered1 
and stands accountable before ,supreme  

,wisdom for all remissness4 ,to meet all
 the demands1 an especial commission    
must be established1 and organized with 
a completeness that will meet all the   
educational and industrial needs of     
these dependent children4 ,this         
commission must have a wise head and    
tender heart4 ,it must be fully alive to
 the great issues involved1 and must be 
healthy and vigorous in its extremities1
 where will come the immediate points of
 contact with1 the great power it is to 
operate--the organized freedmen4 ,the   
expense of this commission must not be a
 tax upon the ,government1 nor must     
,government derive any profit therefrom4
 ,such an organized directory1 with     
extremities all complete1 may be amply  
paid from the freedmen's labors2 at the 
same time1 those labors being doubly    
remunerative to themselves1 in          
consequence of the wise adjustment of   
the organized machinery of such a       
commission4 ,for the weak and uneducated
 to be in complete subjection to the    

stronger and more cultivated is in      
strict accordance with the divinest     
order2 only this relation must be that  
of dependence and providence1 without a 
taint of selfishness4 ,it must be       
humanitary or beneficent in its aims1   
and not inhuman and malevolent1 as is   
always the case when the weak are       
subjected to distinguish1 aggrandize1   
and enrich those who subject them4 ,that
 the freedmen may be organized and      
directed upon such humane and economical
 principles and according to the        
strictest method and order--an order    
amounting to definite science--will be  
practically demonstrated when the       
,government1 in the full consciousness  
of its mission1 calls to its aid        
competent men for this commission1 and  
moves vigorously in the work4 ,the      
principles of government which we have  
briefly suggested as the basis of       
movement in this matter1 based upon the 
laws and consequently applying to the   
needs of the human mind1 enable us      

infallibly to estimate the whole        
relations of ,government and people4    
,our ,government being in its theory the
 highest form--the form proportioned to 
manhood1 or the human mind so matured as
 to have the intelligence to perceive   
and the virtue to execute the           
right--proceeds1 of course1 upon the    
declaration that 'all men are created   
free and equal2' but in the only        
practical sense of free or              
self-government1 which1 in its very     
nature1 can only rest upon the virtue   
and intelligence of its subjects1 men   
cannot be regarded as 'created' until   
they are made whole or complete in the  
crowning intelligence and virtue of the 
loftiest human attributes4 ,but as      
government1 of whatever kind1 follows   
the laws of the human mind1 is first a  
germ1 then a growth1 and then a         
fruitage--shoot1 blade1 and ear--our    
,government can only realize this       
greatness and perfection 7unlimited     
intelligence and virtue7 in its matured 

or organic state2 when the declared     
principles of its form shall have become
 livingly combined or organized in      
institutions of unlimited excellence and
 power--institutions that will          
perpetually embody and express the      
exalted human force that inspired them4 
,that our ,government has thus far      
failed to exhibit such completeness1    
only argues that it has heretofore been 
in a formative condition--a condition of
 laborious trial1 tuition1 and growth1  
fitting it to realize ultimately its    
fullness1 wherein it will stand related 
to previous conditions as the grand1    
symmetric beauty of the ear of grain    
stands related to its various formative 
states4  ,if now our ,government is1 as 
we fondly hope1 approaching its third   
degree1 its matured condition1 with a   
race of dependent children emerging from
 the lowest condition1 that of chattel  
slavery1 it is plain enough what the    
relation of these people and the        
,government should be4 ,they are simply 

minors1 subjects of the ,government1 but
 not a part of the ,government4 ,the    
right of suffrage is not to be extended 
to them1 because1 from the nature and   
spirit of the ,government1 they are     
necessarily excluded from the highest   
prerogatives of citizenship4 ,their     
education and whole training are to     
proceed with a view to their becoming   
ultimately a function in the government4
  ,if the principles thus stated amount 
to a science of government--and we      
unhesitatingly aver that they do--then  
it is clear enough that                 
self-government--the highest form--does 
by no means necessitate1 under all      
conditions1 universal suffrage4 ,in     
truth1 its orderly development strictly 
forbids it4 ,a government1 founded and  
only healthily operated on virtue and   
intelligence1 must apply itself         
studiously to develop these conditions  
in its subjects2 thus1 and only thus1   
may these subjects become a part of the 
governmental power in its full1         

harmonious development4 ,self-government
 must recognize the principle of        
universal suffrage1 because it proceeds 
upon1 and1 in its ripest form1 must come
 to that2 but1 as it is an operation or 
analytic before it is an ordered form or
 synthetic in its character1 it will1   
while forming or growing1 both restrict 
the rights of suffrage1 and permit its  
subjects to a part in government when   
they are not fully qualified therefor4  
,our freedmen1 then1 are neither to be  
subjected contrary to the demands of    
their own highest good1 nor are they to 
become an element in government in      
detriment to the public good4 ,hence    
they must not be controlled in any form 
of servitude to interested and selfish  
superiors1 nor must they1 by partaking  
of the elective franchise1 become1 at   
present1 active participants in the     
government4  ,our current national      
history must be regarded as singularly  
marked by beneficent ,providential      
design4 ,at the same time that a people 

hitherto despised and oppressed are     
emancipated from a dreadful thraldom1   
the conditions attending such           
emancipation are forcing upon the nation
 a system of industrial organization    
which we trust will not only prove      
effective in all that pertains to their 
future welfare1 but will1 at the same   
time1 become the example of an          
organization that shall emancipate and  
enthrone labor everywhere and in all    
conditions4 ,seeing thus the light of   
day streaming in with unmarred radiance1
 dispelling every trace of darkness and 
gloom1 we cannot but thank ,god for ,his
 wise dispensations1 and with renewed   
hope and energy press onward toward the 
glowing east to greet the rising sun4   
,,out ,,of ,,prison4    ,from crowds    
that scorn the mounting wings1    ,the  
happy heights of souls serene1   ,i     
wander where the blackbird sings1   ,and
 over bubbling1 shadowy springs1    ,the
 beech-leaves cluster1 young and green4 
,i know the forest's changeful tongue   

,that talketh all the day with me3   ,i 
trill in every bobolink's song1   ,and  
every brooklet bears along    ,my       
greeting to the chainless sea6    ,the  
loud wind laughs1 the low wind broods2  
,there is no sorrow in the strain6   ,of
 all the voices of the woods1   ,that   
haunt these houseless solitudes1    ,not
 one has any tone of pain4    ,in merry 
round my days run free1    ,with slender
 thought for worldly things3   ,a little
 toil sufficeth me2   ,i live the life  
of bird and bee1    ,nor fret for what  
the morrow brings4    ,nor care1 nor    
age1 nor grief have ,i1    ,only a      
measureless content6   ,so time may     
creep1 or time may fly2   ,i reck not   
how the years go by1    ,with ,nature's 
youth forever blent4    ,they beckon me 
by day1 by night1    ,the bodiless elves
 that round me play6   ,i soar and sail 
from height to height2   ,no mortal1 but
 a thing of light    ,as free from      
earthly clog as they4    ,but when my   
feet1 unwilling1 tread    ,the crowded  

walks of busy men1   ,their walls that  
close above my head   ,beat down my     
buoyant wings outspread1    ,and ,i am  
but a man again4    ,my pulses spurn the
 narrow bound6    ,the cold1 hard       
glances give me pain6   ,i long for     
wild1 unmeasured ground1   ,free winds  
that wake the leaves to sound1    ,low  
rustles of the summer rain6    ,my      
senses loathe their living death--      
,the coffined garb the city wears6   ,i 
draw through sighs my heavy breath1     
,and pine till lengths of wood and heath
    ,blow over me their endless airs6   
,,lies1 ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,kill ,,them4 
',i said1 in my haste1 all men are      
liars4'--,,king ,,david4       ',ye said
 it in your haste1 did ye1 ,david8      
,hech1 mon1 were ye       leevin now1 ye
 might say it at your                   
leisure4'--,,dominie                    
,mc,p,h,a,i,l4  ,the ,dominie was right4
 ,it's a lying world4 ,it does not      
improve with age either4 ,the habit has 
become chronic1 and the worst of all is1

 that the world has told some lies so   
often1 that it actually now believes    
them itself4 ,the wretched family       
propagates1 too1 at a terrible rate4    
,lies breed1 like other vermin1 rapidly1
 and they are not at all modest about   
intruding in any company4  ,i meet them 
in the gossiping circle1 and ,i meet    
them in the courts of justice4 ,i find  
lies in politics and lies in religion1  
lies in the pulpit1 'nail't wi'         
,scripture1' lies in the counting room  
railed with false entries1 religious    
lies1 told by ,deacon ,longface1 for the
 advancement of what the ,deacon calls  
'the gospel1' and irreligious lies told 
by ,bill ,snooks1 and clenched with an  
oath1 lies in good books1 and lies in   
bad ones1 lies written1 and printed in  
the newspapers1 and lies whispered in   
the ear1 and any number of lies sent by 
telegraph6 ,and then1 there's the       
walking lies1 going about on two legs1  
saying what they do not believe1        
professing what they do not feel1 the   

most scandalous sort of lies extant4  ,i
 meet them often1 too1 in 'the best     
society4' ,they are very impudent1 you  
know4 ,i suppose they force their       
presence on people4 ,at all events1 ,i  
know ,i find them in respectable        
company1 and they seem quite at home    
there4  ,my friend ,jones has just built
 what the newspapers call 'an elegant   
mansion4' ,i was invited to the         
house-warming4 ,mrs4 ,jones's set is    
very exclusive1 and ,i was greatly      
complimented1 of course4 ,i went4 ,jones
 has taste4 ,i noticed the plaster      
walls4 ,jones had them colored to       
marble4 ,the wainscoting of the library 
was pine1 but the pine lied itself into 
a passable walnut4 ,the folding doors of
 the parlor were pine1 too1 when ,i came
 near4 ,they pretended to be solid oak  
while ,i stood at the other end of the  
room4 ,jones had succumbed to the       
demands of his time1 and had made his   
dwelling among lies4 ,his 'elegant      
mansion' was a big1 staring lie from top

 to bottom4 ,from the plated door-knob  
to the grained railing round the garret 
stairs1 he had 'made lies his refuge4'  
,i was bewildered that evening4 ,it was 
impossible to say what was real4 ,miss  
,seraphina ,jones had a lovely color4   
,was it done like the folding doors8    
,mrs4 ,smythe had the whitest of teeth  
when she smiled4 ,were they only a      
pretence at teeth8 ,mrs4 ,robinson had  
beautiful masses of that chestnut hair  
around her handsome neck4 ,the          
bewildering 'mansion' of my friend made 
me half doubt even that splendid hair4  
,tom ,harris's magnificent whiskers1 ,i 
knew1 were not colored by fancy to that 
depth of darkness4 ,at last ,i actually 
began to doubt the sincerity of         
everybody present4 ,their warm          
expressions of delight with ,jones's new
 house1 their pleasure in each other's  
society1 their earnest inquiries after  
each other's welfare1 all began to      
affect me with a sense of unreality1    
owing to that masquerading 'mansion4' ,i

 began to think1 in such a house1 there 
might be more shams than the marbled    
plaster or the grained pine4  ,jones's  
church is not better4 ,i occupied a seat
 in his 'eligible pew' last ,sunday4    
,the lath and plaster walls pretended to
 be ,caen stone4 ,the cheap deal was all
 'make-believe' oak4 ,the brick pillars 
were 'blocked off1' and unblushingly    
claimed to be granite4 ,as ,i entered1  
,i observed that the pulpit stood under 
the arch of a recess1 roofed with carved
 stone1 with clustered columns rising on
 the sides and spreading into graceful  
arches overhead4 ,as ,i walked up the   
broad aisle1 the recess shifted         
strangely1 and the clustered columns of 
'carven stone' ran in and out1 at hide  
and seek4 ,at last the truth flashed on 
me4 ,the chancel was only painted on the
 flat rear wall of the building6 ,i     
don't know what the sermon was about4   
,it doesn't matter4 ,how could a man    
preach truth1 framed in such a staring  
lie8 ,i have no doubt he tried to1 for1 

,i believe1 he is an excellent man2 but 
what a place to put him1 ,sunday after  
,sunday1 with that painted cheat behind 
him1 mocking all he says6  ,but lies are
 venerable as well as respectable4      
,there are old1 gray lies that men half 
worship4 ,the more toothless and        
drivelling1 often the more venerable4   
,they have imposed their solemn         
emptiness on men for generations4 ,they 
have awed the souls of the fathers4     
,they make the children tremble4 ,men   
chant their praises1 call them great    
names1 and tell each other the old      
scarecrows are better than any          
truths--they are so ancient1 so         
venerable1 you see2 and all the old     
women1 male and female1 believe them4   
,then1 there are powerful lies4 ,think  
on the wars men have fought for lies1 on
 the millions of followers lies have    
had--how from their lofty seats they    
govern empires1 convulse continents1 and
 drive patient nations mad4 ,think on   
the money they have made1 the mouths    

they have filled1 the backs they have   
warmed1 the houses they have built1 the 
reputations they have created1 the      
systems they have propped1 the books    
they have sent out1 the presses they    
have kept busy4 ,think of the ,donation 
of ,constantine1 the ,forged ,decretals1
 the ,south ,sea ,scheme1 the           
,mississippi ,bubble1 of ,wild ,cat     
,banks1 and ,joyce ,heth6 ,he is        
certainly a bold man who will rashly    
measure his strength with this mighty   
family4  ,as the world goes1 the ,father
 of ,lies crowns himself and claims the 
sovereignty4 ',all these things will ,i 
give thee'--riches1 honor1 power4 ,it is
 the old ,temptation of the ,desert     
forever repeated4 ,he lies when he makes
 the offer4 ,they were never his to     
give4 ,but it's a lying world4 ,there   
are millions of us cheated4 ,they take  
the old scoundrel at his word4  ,you and
 ,i1 reader1 do not1 let us hope4 ,we   
agree in believing that1 under any      
circumstances1 lies are not good2 that1 

at all times1 they are unsafe1          
unwholesome1 and in every way bad1 very 
bad2 that1 on the whole1 it is not safe 
to trust them1 or go with them4 ,that is
 a good creed4 ,it appears to me the    
only creed1 on this subject1 that will  
stand4  ,for this is1 after all1 a very 
solemn sort of life4 ,it has a very     
serious ending4 ,a great universe whirls
 away with its ebon-faced mysteries     
piled from central caves to highest     
heavens--a universe1 with all its       
mysteries1 of hardest reality and       
baldest truth4 ,a man1 looking up to the
 cold1 clear1 unswerving stars1 out     
yonder in the wintry night1 or down at  
the grave that lies1 somewhere1 for the 
digging across his path1 must feel that 
a lie for him1 knowing his place1       
knowing himself1 that a lie for him is  
accursed4  ,we want the truth           
always--clear-eyed1 sharp-cut1          
marble-faced truth4 ,we want to know the
 facts and realities of our position1   
just as they are4 ,the mariner sails    

away into the lonely sea4 ,the mystery  
of the unfathomed deep sways miles down 
beneath his passing keel4 ,the mystery  
of the overarching heavens swims far    
above with mazy constellation and       
revolving sphere4 ,between the mystery  
of the sky and the mystery of the sea he
 steers right on1 in calm and tempest   
confident1 in night and noonday secure4 
,for he there1 on the trackless wastes  
that girdle in the great wide world1    
alone with the silence of ,nature and   
,god1 knows the facts of his position1  
the realities of his place4 ,the charts 
lie spread before him4 ,island1         
continent1 lone sea-rock1 hidden shoal1 
they are all mapped to his eye4 ,the    
faithful needle points due north4 ,the  
true sun rises where he always has4 ,the
 faithful1 changeless stars look down at
 midnight4 ,the truth saves him1 rocked 
in the arms of the wild sea4 ,the       
reality holds him secure4 ,ask him1     
looking out1 in the night watch1 over   
the black sea and up to the inky deeps1 

and down to the dim-lighted compass     
before him1 ask him his opinion of a    
lie6 ,what his honest notion may be     
about a false light on yonder headland1 
a false latitude on his chart for this  
island or that shoal1 a mistaken        
measurement of depth across this bay or 
through yonder straits6 ,ask him the    
nature and effects of a lie in the chart
 he sails by6  ,and we are all sailors4 
,we want true charts4 ,the false chart  
is our ruin4 ,the false beacon on the   
headland is kindled by the fiends4 ,it  
leads to death--a wreck-strewn sea1     
dashing white up the black cliffs1 and  
bubbling cries1 rising above the        
tempest's roar and the surges' boom1 as1
 one by one1 the swimmers sink to       
darkness through the foam6  ,nay1 for   
us1 sailors over life's seas1 sailors   
into eternity's dimness1 the lie wears  
its ,father's likeness4 ,and the liar1  
the man who makes a lie1 or helps a lie 
to success1 a lie of word or deed1 a    
lying boast merely1 or a bad1 vile1     

lying system1 is my enemy1 your enemy1  
humanity's enemy4 ,he has deserted      
,god's army1 has denied his human       
brotherhood so far1 has gone over1 soul 
and body1 to ,satan4 ,he is ,god's enemy
 and man's thenceforward4  ,that1 ,i    
say1 is1 ,i trust1 our creed about lies 
and liars too4 ,we know where the lie   
comes from4 ,we know whither it tends4  
,we have made up our minds that it1 and 
all its belonging1 were best swept clean
 away and pitched into the ,big ,fire4  
,blessed be the man1 we say1 who        
successfully kills lies6 ,he is a man to
 be honored and loved1 no matter how    
rough he is in the process4 ,it is never
 very smooth business4 ,it is not a     
thing that can be well done in gloves4  
,let us not quarrel with how the        
champion does it4 ,the main end is to   
get the lies well choked somehow4  ,but 
the one great difficulty in the way of  
such a man is1 that so many people      
believe in lies4 ,my eager young friend1
 ,philalethes1 supposes that1 if he can 

only expose this falsehood1 show up this
 sham1 or sound the emptiness of this   
piece of cant or pretence1 he will do   
the state some service1 that men will   
thank him and call him benefactor4 ,he  
does the work1 and lo6 to his amazement1
 many excellent men count him their     
deadly enemy4  ,these good souls see    
what he sees1 that lies1 and shams1 and 
cheats in business1 in science1 in      
politics1 in religion1 in social life1  
are often very successful and very      
powerful1 and they come to their        
conclusion1 which is not his by a great 
deal4 ,he thinks the lie ought to be    
hated1 with a hatred the more intense   
because of its success4 ,they conclude  
that lies1 in this world at least1 are  
necessary4 ,they have seen1 with their  
own eyes1 how powerful1 venerable1 or   
respectable lies are1 and they act on   
their knowledge4 ,they take the lie into
 sleeping partnership--,quirk and ,co4  
,there are men who do not believe plain 
truth can walk alone in this world4 ,she

 needs a pair of lies for crutches6 ,men
 will actually write and print lies for 
the truth's sake4 ,men have piously     
written down and copyrighted lies 7,i   
have their books on my shelves7 for the 
sake of religion6 ,they have so little  
faith in ,god1 they think they must     
wheedle ,satan over on ,his side1 or the
 truth and the right will fail4 ,it is  
very easy to believe in ,god for the    
other world1 but very hard to believe in
 ,him for this4 ,he will be omnipotent  
lord and master there1 but here1 now1 in
 this bewildering world1 in this        
confused and wretched time1 where wrong 
seems so prosperous and lies so strong1 
is ,he omnipotent here8 ,hereaway1 is   
not the ,devil mightier8 ,can we get    
along without a little of his help8     
,now lies can never end till this ends4 
,while men think them necessary to      
truth1 in business1 in politics1 in     
social order1 even in religion1 they    
will stand4 ,people must be got to see  
that they are evil1 that under no       

circumstances can they be anything else1
 that there can be no alliance between  
truth and falsehood1 that the false     
thing must1 in the end1 be the          
corrupting thing1 ,satanic and vile     
utterly4 ,they must know that1 just so  
far as anything is incorporate with a   
lie1 so far is it foul to the nostrils  
of all angels1 and ought to be to the   
nostrils of all men4  ,weave a lie into 
your social polity4 ,it may prosper for 
a while1 but soon or late your social   
polity runs mad4 ,take a lie into your  
business1 as sleeping partner1 try to   
live and prosper in that connection1    
and1 some time1 you and your business   
will go to the dogs together4 ,adopt a  
lie in your religion1 make up your mind1
 piously as you think1 to believe what  
you do not believe and cannot believe1  
attempt to sanctify falsehood and lie   
yourself into a faith1 and your sham    
creed and your lying religion will do   
you no good in this world or in the     
other4  ,because a lie is a respectable 

lie1 believed and patronized by         
respectable people1 shall you respect   
it8 ,because some venerable sham has    
imposed its emptiness on a score of     
generations1 shall we go on reverencing 
it1 and pass the scarecrow and its      
trumpery trappings on for the reverence 
of our children8 ,shall we1 for any     
cause1 that is1 turn liars ourselves1   
and use the tongues ,god gave us to     
speak honest truth and simple meaning   
with1 to deceive1 in small matter or    
great1 one human brother of ours1 and   
make him think ,satan's black lie as    
good as the ,lord's white truth8  ,it   
may be strong preaching1 but how can one
 help it8 ,never yet did a true-hearted1
 clear-headed reformer set to work to   
clear away some old cankering sore of   
falsehood from a people's life that he  
did not meet with opposition4 ,and never
 yet did that opposition come from those
 who loved the lie for the lie's sake or
 the bad for the bad's sake4 ,it came   
from those who love ,truth1 but who     

could not trust her1 who loved ,good1   
but had no faith in its success1 who    
wanted to see the right side triumph1   
but had no confidence in the right--who 
really believed1 that is to say1 that   
,satan was almighty and the ,lord's     
cause could not prosper1 in this world  
at least1 without his help6 ,the        
opposition came from those who would    
deal gently with respectable lies1 not  
because they are lies1 but because they 
are respectable2 who trembled before    
powerful lies1 not because they were    
lies1 but because they were powerful2   
who1 seeing shams and cheats so         
prosperous1 so venerable1 so strong1 got
 the notion into their poor cowardly    
hearts that they are strongest1 and     
wanted the reformer to come humbly1 cap 
in hand1 and ask them to let a little   
truth live1 a little modest1 humble1    
unaggressive truth--it will be very     
orderly1 very quiet1 very deferential1  
if they1 the powerful1 the venerable1   
the respectable lies will let it stay   

here1 in some corner1 out of charity6   
,these are the men who1 in all ages1    
have built barriers against heaven1 the 
cowards1 the faithless1 the unbelieving4
 ,they dare not trust truth because it  
is truth1 and good because it is good1  
leaving consequences with ,him whose    
special business it is to take care of  
consequences4 ,no1 it is not love for   
the lie1 but want of faith in the truth1
 that blocks the chariot wheels of the  
golden year4  ,for men do not love the  
lie after all4 ,there's comfort in that4
 ,they do not like being cheated4 ,they 
never get quite used to it1 as1 they    
say1 eels do to skinning4 ,they         
sometimes turn on the man1 or the       
system1 that tries it on them1 in a very
 terrible and savage manner1 with fury  
as of a mad lion1 and take swift1       
fearful vengeance4 ,the big1 dumb heart 
of humanity1 in the long1 run1 can be   
trusted4 ,it is often imposed upon1 its 
blind trust shamefully abused4          
,scoundrels exist and prosper on its    

patience and credulity4 ,but only for a 
time4 ,there is a reckoning for all such
 deceptions1 if need be1 in blood and   
fire4 ,the dull heart throbs1 the dull  
eyes open1 the great brain stirs in its 
sleep1 and humanity1 true to its origin1
 rises to crush the lie with its million
 arms of power4 ,and earth-born         
,briareus1 when his thousand hands turn 
to right his wrongs1 is not delicate in 
their handling4 ,the echoes of a ,french
 ,revolution will ring for some         
generations yet4  ,the man who turns to 
combat error needs the assurance of the 
true instincts of his race1 for he      
enters on a task that must seem hopeless
 often4    ',truth crushed to earth will
 rise again2'  so ,mr4 ,bryant tells    
him1 and he is much obliged to ,mr4     
,bryant4 ,but will not error do just the
 same8 ,he killed a lie yesterday1 and  
buried it decently4 ,he finds it alive  
again and prosperous to-day4 ,cut a     
man's head off1 and he dies4 ,there's no
 help for it1 unless he is a ,st4       

,denis1 and then he can only take a walk
 with his head in his hand4 ,but1 if he 
is not a ,st4 ,denis1 he dies4 ,that is 
the law4 ,cut the head off a lie1 it    
does not die at all4 ,it rather seems to
 enjoy the operation4 ,you will meet it1
 like fifty ,st4 ,denises1 on every     
morning walk1 during your lifetime4     
,they have a marvellous vitality4 ,i    
meet lies every day that1 to my certain 
knowledge1 were put to death a hundred  
years ago1 by master hands at the       
business1 too4 ,they ought1 in decency  
at least1 to look like pale ghosts      
'revisiting the glimpses of the moon1'  
but they don't4 ,they are smug1         
comfortable1 and somewhat portly1 as    
from good1 solid living4  ,now this is  
discouraging somewhat4 ,but there is no 
good in shutting one's eyes to the fact4
 ,that is what ,i am going against4 ,it 
is best to know that lies die hard4     
,they will bear at least as many        
killings as a cat1 and that's nine4     
,still1 much depends upon the manner of 

the operation4 ,how is it best          
performed8 ,knowledge is needed in all  
pursuits4 ,there is a science           
undoubtedly in killing lies4 ,if you    
wish to go into the business1 and ,i    
trust most honest men do1 you need to   
study it somewhat4 ,otherwise you will  
waste much effort1 and get few results4 
,it is not easy to kill one wolf with a 
stick1 but1 call science to your aid1   
and an ounce of strychnine1 well        
administered1 will do the business for a
 pack4 ,instead of going into a         
rough-and-tumble fight with some coarse1
 rude1 vile lie1 and mauling it to death
 by sheer force of muscle1 it is better 
to use science and put it to death      
neatly1 cleanly1 and delicately1 with   
unsoiled hands4 ,let us see if we can   
find the science of killing lies4  ',the
 greater the lie the greater the truth4'
 ,take that with you4 ,a lie must1      
somewhere1 have a truth to prop it4 ,in 
the heart of every big successful lie   
you will find some reality4 ,of course  

you cannot build a house on nothing4 ,a 
pyramid cannot be constructed in the    
air4 ,now a lie is nothing1 the very    
definition of nothing4 ,it is what is   
not4 ,so1 of course1 no pure and simple 
lie exists4 ,it always builds itself on 
some truth4 ,it always roots itself into
 some fact4 ,and there is the secret of 
its vitality4 ,you batter the lie with  
your logic1 but the blows rebound from  
the iron truth beneath4 ,you assail it  
with the flashing darts of your         
rhetoric1 the points fly harmless from  
the marble reality below4 ,there is     
truth there somewhere4 ,that is why your
 rhetoric and your logic fail4 ,that1   
too1 is why one so often sees that most 
bewildering and despairing sight1 men   
clinging to a lie1 honoring it1 trusting
 it1 defending it1 in all sincerity1    
against all assailants4 ,it is not the  
lie they defend1 but the truth in the   
lie4 ,what a relief it was when ,i first
 made that discovery6 ,i was ready to   
think meanly of my kind1 to distrust    

humanity's instincts for truth4 ,the    
lookout was on despair4 ,but1 when ,i   
understood the nature of the lie1 ,i    
learned to think better of my brethren1 
,i learned to have more hope in their   
,maker4 ,no1 there is no building on    
nothing4 ,every lie has a substratum of 
truth4 ,in fact1 look closer1 and is not
 a lie only a distorted truth8--a truth 
torn from its connections1 its features 
twisted out of all symmetry1 its        
outlines battered out of all shape8  ,a 
man tells a true story to-day1 in the   
hearing of one who has this distorting  
power1 an essentially untrue soul4 ,he  
hears the same story to-morrow1 the very
 same1 but so deformed1 so mangled1 so  
patched1 that it is1 now1 every inch a  
lie--the truth gone crazy4 ,that is1 a  
truth half told is a lie1 a truth added 
to is a lie1 a truth distorted is a lie1
 a truth with its due proportions       
changed is a lie4 ,and a lie may always 
be defined as a lame1 deformed1 or crazy
 truth4  ,and it is the truth in the lie

 that gives it its power1 that makes    
honest men so often accept1 love1 and   
help it4 ,their conscious design is to  
work for the truth's sake4 ,it is the   
truth in the lie that makes so many     
logic shafts1 so many rhetoric arrows   
glance off1 as from the hide of a       
rhinoceros4  ,and the bigger the lie the
 bigger also the truth4 ,that is another
 bit of science4 ,if ,mrs4 ,tattle tells
 ,mrs4 ,tittle a lie about ,mrs4        
,jenkins1 she knows very well ,mrs4     
,tittle will not believe her unless her 
lie has some spice of fact to go on1    
unless it has vraisemblance1            
truth-likeness1 an appearance of        
foundation at least4 ,mean little lies1 
like those she sets going1 do not need  
much salt of truth to keep them from    
spoiling2 still they require their due  
modicum1 and they usually have it4 ,as  
for instance1 she says1 with a long     
face1 to ,mrs4 ,tittle3 ',mrs4 ,jenkins1
 the widow ,jenkins1 you know1 it's     
awful4 ,she went over to ,pinkins's last

 evening2 ,i saw her go1 and ,i do      
believe she stayed till twelve1 and     
,mrs4 ,pinkins is away1 you know4 ,isn't
 it terrible8' and she raises her eyes  
in pious horror at the depravity of the 
world1 and of handsome young widows in  
particular4 ,that is the lie4 ,now here 
is the truth4 ,mrs4 ,jenkins did go     
across the way to ,pinkins's1 because   
one of his little ones was suddenly     
taken with some baby ailment1 and the   
poor fellow1 in his wife's absence1 was 
scared out of his few wits in           
consequence4 ,he sent for the           
kind-hearted widow1 and begged her help 
for ,johnny4 ,she came1 nursed the young
 scamp like a mother1 and returned at   
nine1 with her conscience glowing under 
the performance of a kindly and         
neighborly act4  ,now1 without this much
 of truth1 the amiable ,mrs4 ,tattle    
would never have manufactured this      
particular lie4 ,all liars understand   
the principle4 ,they scarcely ever1     
until they become blind and stupid      

liars1 invent a falsehood out of mere   
fancy4 ,they pay tribute to humanity's  
instinct for truth so far as to tell as 
much of it as possible without ceasing  
to lie4 ,they get in as great an amount 
of truth as convenient1 to save their   
lie from swift1 sure death4  ,but a     
rousing big lie6--not one of these small
 neighborhood affairs1 that buzz about  
like wasps in every community--but a    
grand and magnificent lie1 imposed on a 
nation1 imposed maybe on half a world1  
must have a corresponding truth to make 
it prosper4 ,it takes less salt to cure 
the small pig1 more to cure the large   
hog4 ,so1 the greater the weight of dead
 lie1 the greater the amount required of
 preserving truth4  ,mohammed imposed a 
lie on half a continent4 ,that lie has  
lived and1 in some sort1 prospered to   
this day4 ,all sorts of babblement have 
been written and spoken about that      
wonderful fact4 ,the truth is1          
,mohammed's great lie was founded on1   
and propagated with1 an equally great   

truth1 a truth amply sufficient to carry
 it4 ,in the midst of abominable        
idolatry1 of stupid polytheism1         
,mohammed proclaimed3 ',there is no ,god
 but ,god6' ,his wild and foolish       
fictions were based on that grand1      
unalterable truth4 ,that truth is big   
enough to bear up more lies than even he
 ventured to cover it with4 ,the human  
heart leaped up to grasp the great fact 
that props the ,universe--',,god        
,,is6'--and1 in its love for that1      
accepted also the falsehoods woven into 
its proclamation4  ,in all the universe 
the evil roots itself into the good4    
,evil never has an independent life4    
,like an idol1 'it is nothing in the    
world4' ,an evil nature is a good       
nature1 only turned from its aim4 ,death
 exists only because there is life4     
,disease feeds on rosy health4 ,devils  
are1 by nature1 angels4 ,the foulest    
fiend is only the loftiest seraph       
spoiled4 ,the evil is always a parasite4
 ,all things were made 'very good4' ,an 

evil thing is only one of those good    
things corrupted4 ,the lie1 therefore1  
grows out of the truth4 ,the clearest   
heaven's truth1 half told1 distorted1   
patched upon1 is the vilest lie         
thenceforth4  ,now1 when one wants to   
kill lies successfully1 he must remember
 all this4 ,he may turn1 as many have   
done1 to the work of proving            
,mohammedanism a cheat4 ,he sees it is4 
,he wants to get others to see it4 ,he  
brings his logic artillery and the rifle
 brigades of his flashing rhetoric to   
the battle4 ,but1 let him not be        
surprised if his heavy shot is powdered1
 and his ,mini bullets glance harmless1 
as from a ,monitor's turret1 for beneath
 lies the iron truth that ',god is      
,god1' and that saves the lie that      
',mohammed is ,his prophet4' ,he is not 
to rush1 like a madman1 at the lie1 and 
try to maul it to death by sheer force  
of arm and hand4 ,there is a hard truth 
beneath it1 and he will only lame his   
knuckles4 ,let him go at the thing      

scientifically4 ,they say of slander1   
which is one kind of lie1 that1 if left 
alone1 it will sting itself to death4   
,it is so somewhat with all falsehood4  
,one should pay less attention to the   
lie and more to the truth4 ,and the best
 way to destroy the false is to teach   
simply the true1 and leave the false no 
room to stand on4  ,it is possible to   
destroy one lie by another4 ,they are   
cannibals1 and eat each other4 ,voltaire
 tried to conquer the lie of a corrupt  
church by establishing the greater lie  
of the denial of any church4 ,that is a 
very unfortunate process1 and yet it is 
common enough4 ,the best way is to set  
out the truth1 plain1 and simple1 and   
whole1 and so kill lies in flocks4      
,positive teaching will be found the    
most effective teaching4 ,the man who   
takes up the business of combating      
error1 may originate quite as many      
errors as he destroys4 ,there are a     
hundred prominent examples4 ,negative   
teaching is barren business at best4    

,better show what is the truth than     
worry oneself to show what is not it4   
,for1 as ,i have shown1 all lies have   
some truth in them4 ,that is why they   
kick1 and struggle1 and die so hard4    
,now1 take the truth1 tear away the lies
 patched about it1 tell it all1 and you 
have quenched that particular lie that  
worried you1 do you not see8 and every  
lie that roots itself in that given     
truth1 or lives on its distortion4      
,declare your one truth convincingly1   
clearly1 warmly as if you loved it1 and 
the work is done4 ,all that does not    
agree with that is1 of course1 false1   
without further breath wasted4  ,i might
 spend one day in proving that two and  
three are not four1 another in proving  
that nine and six are not four1 and so  
on ad infinitum4 ,how much more sensible
 to prove that two and two are four1 and
 so end the thing6 ,how much simpler to 
show what is the truth than1            
laboriously1 to expose the claims of a  
thousand pretenders that are not it6    

,here are five hundred ,john ,smiths4   
,they each pretend to be our ,john1 the 
man we know and esteem so highly4 ,i    
could set to work with infinite labor1  
and1 by having commissions appointed all
 over the world to take evidence1 and by
 employing a hundred or so of my friends
 the lawyers1 ,i might1 after a lifetime
 of investigation1 prove the negative1  
that four hundred and ninety-nine of    
them are not ,john4 ,but how much easier
 to walk out the real ,john at once1    
prove the positive1 and let the rest    
pack6 ,by proving that one truth1 you   
see1 ,i kill four hundred and           
ninety-nine lies--a good day's work     
that4  ,there is altogether too much of 
this negative style in all our defences 
of truth1 too much attempt to destroy   
what is wrong1 and too little to build  
what is right4 ,and1 after all1 the     
business of the destructive1 though many
 times very necessary and very useful1  
is not the highest style of work4 ,you  
are never sure of your ground till1 on  

the ruins of the towers of injustice and
 wrong1 you erect the fortresses of     
justice and right4  ,the wise way is to 
let truth fight her own battles4 ,she   
will render a good account of all her   
foes4 ,our humble duty is to stand by   
her1 merely as seconds in the strife1 to
 help her to her feet should she fall1  
to burnish her armor if the rust come to
 dim its brightness or spoil the        
keenness of her weapon's edge1 knowing  
that she1 as with the sword of the      
cherubim1 will scatter1 at the last1 the
 evil legions and their dark array1 as  
the whirlwind scatters the chaff4  ,i   
have written of a war that1 as far as   
this world is concerned1 is endless4 ,as
 long as the world exists lies will     
exist4 ,truths will always be half told1
 half learned1 half understood4 ,the man
 who girds himself to do battle with    
falsehood and wrong should understand   
that 'there is no discharge in this     
war4' ,it will last his life out4 ,he   
must accept the inevitable condition of 

his place1 and must be content to do his
 best1 hopefully and bravely1 in this   
world-work1 though he surely know that  
it shall be said of him1 as of those    
faithful ones who saw only in vision the
 coming ,christ3 ',these all died in    
hope1 not having obtained the promise4' 
,i have attempted here some hints for   
the truth-lover4 ,i warn him1 on the    
start1 that his work is endless1 his    
discouragements many and great4 ,often  
and often it will seem that the evil is 
omnipotent1 the false all-conquering4   
,again and again his heart must sink in 
half despair before the world's         
triumphant wrongs1 before its           
overwhelming lies4 ,in many a dark time 
the heavens will seem brass and the     
earth iron1 and the evil victorious over
 all4 ,he must be prepared for this4    
,there is no good in cheating men with  
false hopes4 ,in a world that crowns its
 saviors with thorns1 such things are1  
and it is just as well to know it4  ,but
 there are encouragements too4 ,the     

conviction is perennial among men1 that1
 on the whole1 the false must go down4  
,that is one strong encouragement4 ,this
 is another1 that1 after all1 men are   
truth-lovers4 ,the true instincts of the
 race will give themselves voice some   
time1 and when they speak they shake the
 world4 ,on the whole1 they are for the 
right thing and the true thing4 ,all    
history1 ,i believe1 will bear them that
 testimony4  ,but the great             
encouragement is1 that the ,lord is     
,king1 that a true ,god owns creation1  
that ,he is on the side of truth1 and   
armed against every lie4 ,i think1      
between ourselves1 that is encouragement
 enough4 ,the side that ,jehovah is on  
is a pretty strong side1 no matter who  
is on the other4 ,in the long run it    
will be the safe side1 and the          
successful side4     ,,was ,,he         
,,successful8  ,,part ,,the ,,last4     
',do but grasp into the thick of human  
life6 ,every one lives      it6--to not 
many is it known2 and seize it where you

 will1 it is                            
interesting4'--,,goethe4                
',,successful4--,terminating in         
accomplishing what is wished      or    
intended4'--,,webster',s ,dictionary4   
,,chapter ,x4  ,the reader must imagine 
a lapse of five years4  ,hiram ,meeker  
sits by an open window of his front     
parlor4 ,it is the first week in ,june2 
and1 although early in the afternoon1   
the avenue is beginning to be thronged  
with the fashionable world4  ,hiram     
sits1 idly regarding the passers by4 ,if
 you observe particularly1 you will     
perceive that the chair in which he is  
sitting is of a peculiar construction4  
,it is made so as to be wheeled from one
 point to another1 without disturbing   
the occupant4  ,if you regard his       
countenance with a little more scrutiny1
 you will find it greatly changed4      
,there is no longer that firm texture of
 the skin which indicates the vigor of  
health1 and which shows that the muscles
 are under full control4 ,one side of   

the face is a very little out of shape2 
not enough1 however1 to affect the      
appearance of the mouth1 and probably   
not to interfere with articulation4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,reader1 the 'evil days' have come to   
,hiram4 ,they have come1 but1 as one    
might say1 gently1 without aggravating  
circumstances or attending misfortunes4 
,still1 the evil days have come4 ,the   
'years1' too1 draw nigh when he shall   
have no pleasure in them4  ,it is a     
twelvemonth now since the fatal1        
long-dreaded paralysis came4 ,the stroke
 was a mild one1 but there it was4 ,all 
that care1 and forethought1 and the best
 medical advice could accomplish1 had   
been put in requisition1 and not without
 effect2 but the millionnaire could not 
neglect his vast interests1 nor fail to 
mature plans which his fertile brain    
originated4  ,the machine gave          
occasional token of the wear and tear to
 which it was subjected4 ,then ,hiram   
would intermit his labor2 would ride    

farther and sharper of a morning2 would 
subject himself to an extra amount of   
friction4 ,presently the brain would    
work bravely on again1 as of yore1 just 
the same--exactly the same4 ,hiram could
 perceive no difference--none4 ,then    
would come another premonitory symptom1 
which would be followed by other extra  
rides and various new courses of        
treatment1 till all worked well again4  
,during these periods1 ,doctor ,frank1  
under whose charge ,hiram had at length 
placed himself1 would urge on his       
brother the necessity of some relief    
from his self-imposed labors4 ,but1 as  
,i have intimated1 the advice was heeded
 only while danger was apparent4  ,when 
the fearful visitor did appear1 ,hiram  
bitterly regretted tasking his brain so 
severely4 ,he was now quite willing to  
obey every injunction and follow every  
suggestion of his physician4  ,to this  
is owing his present comfortable state  
and tolerable degree of health4 ,but    
privately let me tell you that he is    

failing--not fast1 but gradually1 surely
 failing4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,let us return to the      
window4  ,mrs4 ,meeker's carriage is at 
the door4 ,in a few moments ,arabella   
herself comes out and enters it1 and    
drives away4 ,positively she does not   
appear in the least changed since we    
last saw her4 ,in fact1 her health was  
never so good as at present4  ',she will
 outlive me1' mutters ,hiram--'she will 
outlive me1 though she is more than two 
years older than ,i am4 ,let me see1    
from ,april to ,november is seven       
months4 ,yes1 it is nearer three years  
than two4 ,she will outlive me1 though4 
',i say1 ,williams6'  ',yes1 sir4'      
',williams1 have you heard how ,mr4     
,hill is to-day8 ,i am told he is not   
expected to live4'  ',no more he wasn't 
sir2 but ,i met his man this morning1 at
 market1 and he says as how ,mr4 ,hill  
is very much better1 sir1 very much     
better4'  ',humph6  ',williams1 who was 
that young man ,i saw come to the door  

this morning8'  ',i really couldn't say1
 sir--,i didn't know of any1 sir--oh1   
now ,i recollect1 sir3 it was a         
messenger from the ,doctor1 sir1 with   
the new friction gloves4'  ',humph6--   
',you understand1 ,williams1 if that    
young man ever comes near the house--you
 know who ,i mean--,i say1 you--you     
understand what ,i told you8'  ',oh1    
yes1 sir--certainly1 sir4'  ',that will 
do1 ,williams4--,hill is getting better1
 is he8' pursues ,hiram to himself4     
',let me see--,hill must be at least    
four years older than ,i4 ,yes1 ,i      
recollect perfectly when he was at      
,joslin's1 the time ,i came down from   
,burnsville4 ,why1 ,i was a mere boy1   
then1 and ,hill--,hill was a young man  
of five-and-twenty4 ,yes1 ,i recollect  
perfectly'--and ,hiram smiled1 as if his
 encounter with ,joslin and his clerk   
was fresh in his mind4 ',so ,hill is    
better to-day1' he continued4 ',he will 
outlive me too4 ,yet he is certainly    
four years older--four years older4'    

99       99       99       99       99  
,there may be some of my readers who    
have taken sufficient interest in 'that 
scapegrace ,hill' to wish to know       
something about him during these last   
thirty years4  ,i will say1 therefore1  
that when ,hiram jilted ,emma ,tenant1  
,hill took a perfect disgust toward him4
 ,he presently quit drinking and        
swearing1 and married a pretty--indeed1 
a very charming--rosy-cheeked girl1     
whose only fault was1 as he said1 that  
she was foolish enough to love him4     
,this girl was the daughter of his      
landlady1 and not worth a penny--in     
money4 ,till ,hiram's 'affair' with     
,emma ,tenant1 he had exercised         
sufficient influence over ,hill to      
prevent his committing himself4 ,that   
resulted in ,hill's throwing off the    
yoke1 and announcing his independence4  
,hill was no fool4 ,the fact is1 ,hiram1
 to a certain extent1 was in his power4 
,the parties never quarrelled4 ,but all 
accounts were closed between them the   

following season4 ,i am constrained to  
add ,hill continued in the liquor       
business1 in which he amassed a pretty  
large fortune4 ,he was afterward made   
,president of the ,globe ,bank1 one of  
the largest in the city1 as all know1   
which office he continues to hold4 ,he  
has proved a good husband1 a kind       
father1 and a useful member of society4 
,the phrase is a stereotyped one1 but it
 is true of ,hill4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,leaving ,hiram   
,meeker to pursue his soliloquy1 ,i will
 endeavor to put the reader in          
possession of such facts as may be      
necessary for the better understanding  
of the narrative1 and the present       
situation of affairs in ,hiram's own    
house4  ,after the departure of ,belle1 
,i remarked that ,hiram was busily      
engaged for more than a week in         
preparing his will4 ,with the defection 
of his son and the elopement of his     
favorite daughter1 ,hiram's ideas took a
 new and distinctive turn4  ,he at one  

time had considerable pride in the idea 
of building up the family name in his   
children1 'even unto his children's     
children4' ,this he thought a laudable  
ambition1 since he found the phrase in  
,scripture4 ,but when ,belle deserted   
him1 and he found himself not only      
forsaken but duped1 his feelings        
underwent an entire change4  ,when      
,harriet1 in her anxiety to induce her  
father to bring back her sister1 said1  
',give her my share--,i shall not       
require it1' there was stirred in       
,hiram's heart the old demon of         
,calculation and ,acquisitiveness4 ,it  
seemed as if something had been saved to
 him by ,harriet's untimely departure   
from the world4 ,it is difficult fully  
to understand this1 since1 while he     
lived1 certainly he would retain control
 of all his property2 and after his     
death1 what could it avail him8         
,nevertheless1 ,i but recount the simple
 truth4  ,that night he conceived the   
idea of a magnificent disposition of his

 vast estate1 to take place on his      
decease4 ,now he began to regard his    
afflictions in a providential light4    
,these were chastenings1 at present not 
joyous but grievous2 but they would work
 out for him a more eternal weight of   
glory4  ,the consequence was1 that by   
his will be founded three distinct      
public institutions1 all bearing his    
name2 and prepared1 at the same time1   
minute directions how to carry his      
bequests into effect4 ,these            
institutions were not what are called   
charitable1 neither did their           
establishment indicate a heart easily   
touched by human misfortune4 ,they were 
calculated1 however1 to adorn and       
ornament the city1 and to blazon forth  
,h4 ,meeker to the world so long as they
 stood4  ,one thing threatened to       
interfere with ,hiram's arrangements4   
,his wife would have a right of dower in
 all his real estate1 in case she       
survived him4 ,this annoyed ,hiram      
greatly4  ,he got along with the matter 

in a business way4 ,arabella herself was
 called in4 ,hiram announced1 in general
 terms1 what he proposed to do1 and     
suggested that he was ready to leave her
 a sum certain1 provided she would      
relinquish her rights in the real       
estate4  ,under ordinary circumstances  
,arabella would have been indignant2 but
 her thoughts were of her son1 now a    
wanderer from his home4 ,she was        
tolerably familiar with the laws which  
regulate property4 ,she knew if she     
insisted on her dower1 which she had a  
right to do1 that however affluent she  
would be while she lived1 she would have
 nothing to leave her child4 ,she did   
not give ,belle a thought4  ,after a    
good deal of haggling1 it was agreed    
that ,hiram should give her by his will 
three hundred thousand dollars 7just    
about the sum1 by the way1 she brought  
her husband71 together with the         
household furniture1 plate1 horses1     
carriages1 and so forth1 and the use of 
the house during her life4  ,this       

settled1 ,hiram was left free to follow 
out his ambitious plans for raising a   
monument to--himself4  ,these occupy him
 entirely4 ,so much so1 that he has no  
time to look forward to the great future
 which cannot now be very far off to    
him4 ,indeed1 strange as one may think1 
although ,hiram feels well assured of   
his title to the kingdom1 he thinks very
 little about it2 neither does the      
prospect give him the least             
satisfaction4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,meanwhile1 where 
is ,harriet8 ,what has become of ,belle6
 ,how did ,gus turn out8  ,harriet      
survived longer than one would have     
imagined1 considering the progress      
disease had made when we first became   
acquainted with her4 ,while she lived1  
she could not fail to impart her        
influence--the influence of a gentle and
 a chastened spirit--over the whole     
household4  ,i have already intimated   
that there was a new tie between her and
 her mother--the worldly minded and     

fashionable ,arabella4 ,it was in the   
interest which both felt in ,gus4 ,it   
seemed to be the chief object of        
,harriet in living1 to bring back her   
brother to his home1 and to see him in  
the right path4 ,the mother longed to   
bring about the same thing1 but probably
 for very different reasons from those  
which actuated the dying girl4 ,but here
 their sympathies met1 and they could   
act in concert4 ,gus had always been    
sensibly alive to ,harriet's regard for 
him4 ,he loved her with real affection2 
and when1 in a foreign land1 he read her
 letters1 fraught with the strongest    
expressions of love and sympathy1 and   
filled with the most earnest appeals    
from his 'dying sister1 whose every     
breath was a prayer for him1' it was    
impossible for his nature to resist4    
,in a few months1 ,gus had taken his    
resolution4 ,he abhorred trade4 ,his    
four years in college were not          
altogether lost on him4 ,he felt quite  
sure that his father would never relent4

 ,he believed he discovered in himself a
 taste for the medical profession4 ,so1 
after a short period1 ,gus established  
himself in a very quiet way in ,paris1  
and became a very persevering and       
devoted student4 ,his mother1 of course1
 managed to keep him in funds2 but his  
drafts on her were very moderate4 ,his  
reformation seemed complete4  ,after    
devoting about eighteen months to the   
study of medicine abroad1 he returned to
 ,new ,york4 ,this was the season before
 ,harriet died4 ,he said he could not   
endure the idea of her passing out of   
the world without his seeing her again1 
and telling her what was in his heart4  
,hiram all this time remained1 or       
professed to remain1 profoundly ignorant
 of what was going on4 ,he continued to 
speak of his 'reprobate son1' among his 
acquaintances in the church4 ,the least 
attempt on ,harriet's part to introduce 
the forbidden subject was met by the    
most stern repulse4  ,but ,gus came     
back4 ,he was obliged to enter his own  

home stealthily and in secret1 where he 
deserved to be welcomed back in honor   
and with reward4 ,but he came4 ,what was
 the joy1 the intense satisfaction of   
,harriet1 to see him again6 ,and        
,arabella--it was a strange sight indeed
 to see her give way to any real        
emotion4  ,perhaps1 before this1 you    
have guessed that ,doctor ,frank has had
 something to do with ,gus's return4 ,he
 has had a great deal to do with it4    
,doctor ,frank is an old man4 ,he has no
 boys--living4 ,he wants ,gus to live   
with him4 ,he will give him the benefit 
of his large experience1 and ,gus in    
return will relieve the doctor of much  
of the hard work which is constantly    
accumulating4 ,this is ,doctor ,frank's 
plan4 ,it has been carried out1 and ,gus
 is now 'the young doctor4' ,bravo ,gus6
 ,god bless you6         99       99    
99       99       99  ,poor ,belle6  ,at
 the end of a single year1 she was      
obliged to quit her husband4 ,quit her  
husband1 did ,i say8 ,i mean that her   

husband quitted her4 ,after spending a  
few weeks in travelling1 the two set off
 for ,europe2 and1 going to ,paris1 they
 gave themselves up to the enjoyment of 
the gay scenes which this remarkable    
city affords4  ',when the ocean shall be
 between us1 papa will no longer hold   
out--,i know he will not4'  ,so ,belle  
said to her husband4 ,but ,belle was    
mistaken4 ,months passed1 and           
destitution stared the couple in the    
face4 ,then the various articles of     
jewelry went1 one by one--and then the  
crisis arrived4  ,when ,signor ,filippo 
,barbone became fully satisfied that his
 father-in-law was not to be turned from
 his resolution3 when it became apparent
 that the mother was not to be          
influenced1 he came to the conclusion   
that he had made a bad bargain1 and     
resolved to escape as soon as possible  
from the consequences of it4  ,belle1 on
 her part1 began to be disenchanted4    
,then all the elements of her imperious1
 passionate nature1 broke out in the    

fiercest1 most vehement1 most vindictive
 manner4 ,she heaped reproaches1 taunts1
 and maledictions on the head of the    
signor1 who bore them with more         
equanimity than would be supposed1 but  
who determined not to have another such 
tempest4 ,one night he decamped1 taking 
with him the few remaining valuables the
 miserable girl possessed4  ,belle had  
not communicated with ,gus1 or even     
permitted him to know her whereabouts4  
,now she wrote him a note1 imploring him
 to come to her4 ,he responded at once1 
and instantly made what arrangements he 
could for her comfort4 ,after a season1 
and by the joint efforts of ,gus and    
,harriet and ,doctor ,frank1 ,belle was 
enabled to go back to ,new ,york4 ,her  
father would not see her2 her mother    
would not permit her to enter the house2
 but a small weekly stipend was allowed1
 to enable her to board in a respectable
 place1 and to dress decently4  ,her    
unfortunate marriage has had very little
 effect on her4 ,she never was so       

handsome in her life4 ,she enjoys       
exciting the sympathies of those by whom
 she is surrounded1 including           
half-a-dozen gentlemen who are          
constantly dangling around her4 ,a young
 lawyer1 who was boarding at the same   
house1 undertook to institute           
proceedings for a divorce against the   
absent signor4 ,he was successful in his
 application1 and ,belle is now legally 
free4 ,she will probably marry some man 
of coarse taste1 who will be attracted  
by her fine form and showy appearance1  
to say nothing of the effect of the     
prevalent belief that she will certainly
 be provided for 'on old ,meeker's      
death4'         99       99       99    
99       99  ,so much for the present   
situation of the ,meeker family4 ,while 
,arabella is taking her drive1 ,i have  
had time to tell the reader thus much   
about it4 ,the carriage is now          
approaching1 and ,i must stop4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,the shadows of evening begin to gather4

 ,along the great artery of the city    
press the crowd4 ,their steps tend      
homeward4  ,still ,hiram sits by the    
window1 but oblivious of the current    
which sweeps by4  ,his thoughts go back 
to ,hampton4 ,he is a clerk in the      
'opposition store1' making love to ,mary
 ,jessup4  ',what a pretty girl she used
 to be6--how much she always did for    
me--what pains she took to please me6'  
he mutters to himself4         99       
99       99       99       99  ,now he  
is thinking of ,burnsville4 ,his mind   
seems principally to dwell on what was  
formerly of secondary importance to him4
  ',those ,hawkins girls--they were good
 girls--very kind to me always--nice    
girls--handsome girls--both of them in  
love with me4 ,the widow ,hawkins1      
too4444         99       99       99    
99       99  ',sarah ,burns--she was a  
different sort from the rest4 ,i don't  
think ,i ever cared so much about       
her--too independent--thought too much  
of herself4 ,how quick she broke the    

engagement6 ,i remember it was          
preparatory lecture--preparatory        
lecture4444         99       99       99
       99       99  ',emma ,tenant--she 
wasn't proud--,emma really loved me--,i 
always1 knew she did4444'  ,he raised   
his eyes4  ,was it through some species 
of traction1 as believers in odic force 
other peculiar affinities1 attribute to 
their influences1 that he did so at that
 moment8  ,there was ,emma              
,tenant--,mrs4 ,lawrence--passing in her
 carriage1 surrounded by blooming1      
grown-up children4  ,her attention1 it  
seems1 was directed for an instant to   
the window4 ,their gaze met4  ,no       
outward sign that they were ever        
acquainted was manifested4 ,but there   
was1 on both sides1 a recognition1      
instantaneous and complete4  ',poor old 
man6' exclaimed ,mrs4 ,lawrence1        
involuntarily4  ',who1 mamma8'  ',we    
have passed him now4' ,and no more was  
said4  ',she loved me once1' was the    
soliloquy4 ',that was a great while ago1

 too4444'         99       99       99  
99       99  ,another carriage passed4  
,a bow from a lady1 accompanied by a    
pleasant smile4 ,it is ,miss ,innis     
7,mrs4 ,leroy71 driving out with her    
children4 ,though no longer young1 she  
is still a most attractive and elegant  
woman4  ',what a wife she would have    
made me6 ,i should not be in this state 
if ,i had her to look after me4 ,she has
 a kind heart--always smiling1 always   
happy4'  ',mr4 ,meeker6'  ,the shrill   
voice of ,arabella is heard4  ,hiram    
groans in spirit4  ',don't you think you
 had better be wheeled to your room8    
,you know ,i dine out to-day4'  ',i     
prefer to sit here4 ,tell ,williams to  
come to me4'         99       99        
99       99       99  ,the shadows fall 
thicker and faster4  ,still ,hiram      
,meeker sits by the window4  ,despite my
 real inclination1 ,i have a morbid     
desire to linger by his side4         99
       99       99       99       99  ,i
 hear the sharp ring of the prompter's  

bell6 ,the curtain is about to fall4 ,i 
cannot stay in the gloom alone with that
 man6--,good by to you1 ,hiram6         
99       99       99       99       99  
,i breathe again--in the cheerful       
streets1 surrounded by bustling1        
earnest1 sympathizing humanity4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,reader1 what think you8 ,,was ,,he     
,,successful8     ,,aphorisms4  ,,no4   
,,ii4   ,one may effect an absolute     
insurance against all real evil by the  
adoption of a single rule1 i4 e41 never 
to do anything against conscience4 ,this
 must be applied in our treatment of    
ourselves1 in body and mind--especially 
the former2 because there we are most   
apt to fail4 ,it must be kept strictly  
toward the soul1 in view of its endless 
welfare1 and in all our relations to    
,god and man4 ,this1 ,i admit1 may not  
save us from the invasions of apparent  
ill2 but from the entire reality of     
evil1 the security thus furnished is    
absolute4 ,conscience is the voice of   

,god in the soul2 and no one truly      
obeying this voice will meet with       
permanent harm4 ,this rule1 let us      
further observe1 is most needed where it
 is least likely to be regarded1 i4 e41 
in circumstances where the voice of     
conscience is not so decided as in the  
case of temptations to palpable vice4   
,our danger is often greatest1 where we 
have to resist only an obscure sense of 
right and wrong1 in seeking the lower   
gratifications of life4 ,so much the    
more scrupulous must we there be4       
,,benedict ,,of ,,nursia ,,and ,,the    
,,order ,,of ,,the ,,benedictines4      
,benedict of ,nursia1 the founder of the
 celebrated order which bears his name1 
gave to the ,western monasticism a fixed
 and permanent form1 and thus carried it
 far above the ,eastern with its        
imperfect attempts at organization1 and 
made it exceedingly profitable to the   
practical1 and incidentally also to the 
literary interests of the ,catholic     
,church4 ,he holds1 therefore1 the      

dignity of patriarch of the ,western    
monks4 ,he has furnished a remarkable   
instance of the incalculable influence  
which a simple but judicious moral rule 
of life may exercise on many centuries4 
,benedict was born of the illustrious   
house of ,anicius at ,nursia 7now       
,norcia71 in ,umbria1 about the year    
#dhj1 at the time when the political and
 social state of ,europe was distracted 
and dismembered1 and literature1 morals1
 and religion seemed to be doomed to    
irremediable ruin4 ,he studied in ,rome1
 but so early as his fifteenth year he  
fled from the corrupt society of his    
fellow students1 and spent three years  
in seclusion in a dark1 narrow1 and     
almost inaccessible grotto at           
,subiaco4#e ,a neighboring monk1        
,romanus1 furnished him from time to    
time his scanty food1 letting it down by
 a cord1 with a little bell1 the sound  
of which announced to him the loaf of   
bread4 ,he there passed through the     
usual anchoretic battles with demons1   

and by prayer and ascetic exercise      
attained a rare power over nature4 ,at  
one time1 ,pope ,gregory tells us1 the  
allurements of voluptuousness so        
strongly tempted his imagination that he
 was on the point of leaving his retreat
 in pursuit of a beautiful woman of     
previous acquaintance2 but summoning up 
his courage1 he took off his vestment of
 skins1 and rolled himself naked on     
thorns and briers near his cave1 until  
the impure fire of sensual passion was  
forever extinguished4 ,seven centuries  
later1 ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi planted 
on that spiritual battle field two rose 
trees1 which grew and survived the      
,benedictine thorns and briers4 ,he     
gradually became known1 and was at first
 taken for a wild beast by the          
surrounding shepherds1 but afterward    
reverenced as a saint4  ,after this     
period of hermit life1 he began his     
labors in behalf of the monastery       
proper4 ,in that mountainous region he  
established1 in succession1 twelve      

cloisters1 each with twelve monks and a 
superior1 himself holding the oversight 
of all4 ,the persecution of an unworthy 
priest caused him1 however1 to leave    
,subiaco1 and retire to a wild but      
picturesque mountain district in the    
,neapolitan province upon the boundaries
 of ,samnium and ,campania4 ,there he   
destroyed the remnants of idolatry1     
converted many of the pagan inhabitants 
to ,christianity by his preaching and   
miracles1 and in the year #ebi1 under   
many difficulties1 founded upon the     
ruins of a temple of ,apollo the        
renowned cloister of ,monte ,cassino1#f 
the alma mater and capital of his order4
 ,here he labored fourteen years till   
his death4 ,although never ordained to  
the priesthood1 his life there was      
rather that of a missionary and apostle 
than of a solitary4 ,he cultivated the  
soil1 fed the poor1 healed the sick1    
preached to the neighboring population1 
directed the young monks1 who in        
increasing numbers flocked to him1 and  

organized the monastic life upon a fixed
 method or rule1 which he himself       
conscientiously observed4 ,his power    
over the hearts and the veneration in   
which he was held is illustrated by the 
visit of ,jotila1 in #edb1 the barbarian
 king1 the victor of the ,romans and    
master of ,italy1 who threw himself on  
his face before the saint1 accepted his 
reproof and exhortations1 asked his     
blessing1 and left a better man1 but    
fell1 after ten years' reign1 as        
,benedict had predicted1 in a great     
battle with the ,grco-,roman army under 
,narses4 ,benedict died1 after partaking
 of the holy communion1 praying1 in     
standing posture at the foot of the     
altar1 on the #bast of ,march1 #edc1 and
 was buried by the side of his sister1  
,scholastica1 who had established a     
nunnery near ,monte ,cassino1 and died a
 few weeks before him4 ,they met only   
once a year on the side of the mountain 
for prayer and pious conversation4 ,on  
the day of his departure two monks saw  

in a vision a shining pathway of stars  
leading from ,monte ,cassino to heaven1 
and heard a voice that said by this road
 ,benedict1 the well beloved of ,god1   
had ascended to heaven4#g  ,his         
biographer1 ,pope ,gregory ,i41 in the  
second book of his ,dialogues1 ascribes 
to him miraculous prophecies and        
healings1 and even a raising of the     
dead4#h ,with reference to his want of  
secular culture and his spiritual       
knowledge1 he calls him a learned       
ignorant and an unlettered sage4#i ,at  
all events he possessed the genius of a 
lawgiver1 and holds the first place     
among the founders of monastic orders1  
though his person and life are much less
 interesting than those of a ,bernard of
 ,clairvaux1 a ,francis of ,assisi1 and 
an ,ignatius of ,loyola4  ,the rule of  
,st4 ,benedict1 on which his fame rests1
 forms an epoch in the history of       
monasticism4 ,in a short time it        
superseded all contemporary and older   
rules of the kind1 and became the       

immortal code of the most illustrious   
branch of the monastic army1 and the    
basis of the whole ,roman ,catholic     
cloister life4#aj ,it consists of a     
preface or prologus1 and a series of    
moral1 social1 liturgical1 and penal    
ordinances1 in seventy-three chapters4  
,it shows a true knowledge of human     
nature1 the practical wisdom of ,rome1  
and adaptation to ,western customs2 and 
it combines simplicity with             
completeness1 strictness with           
gentleness1 humility with courage1 and  
gives the whole cloister life a fixed   
unity and compact organization1 which1  
like the episcopate1 possessed an       
unlimited versatility and power of      
expansion4 ,it made every cloister an   
ecclesiola in ecclesia1 reflecting the  
relation of the bishop to his charge1   
the monarchical principle of authority  
on the democratic basis of the equality 
of the brethren1 though claiming a      
higher degree of perfection than could  
be realized in the great secular church4

 ,for the rude and undisciplined world  
of the ,middle ,age1 the ,benedictine   
rule furnished a wholesome course of    
training and a constant stimulus to the 
obedience1 self-control1 order1 and     
industry which were indispensable to the
 regeneration and healthy growth of     
social life4#aa  ,the spirit of the rule
 may be judged from the following       
sentences of the prologus1 which        
contains pious exhortations3 ',having   
thus1' he says1 'my brethren1 asked of  
the ,lord who shall dwell in ,his       
tabernacle1 we have heard the precepts  
prescribed to such a one4 ,if we fulfil 
these conditions we shall be heirs of   
the kingdom of heaven4 ,let us1 then1   
prepare our hearts and bodies to fight  
under a holy obedience to these         
precepts2 and if it is not always       
possible for nature to obey1 let us ask 
the ,lord that ,he would deign to give  
us the succor of ,his grace4 ,would we  
avoid the pains of hell and attain      
eternal life while there is still time1 

while we are still in this mortal body1 
and while the light of this life is     
bestowed upon us for that purpose1 let  
us run and strive so as to reap an      
eternal reward4 ,we must1 then1 form a  
school of divine servitude1 in which1 we
 trust1 nothing too heavy or rigorous   
will be established4 ,but if1 in        
conformity with right and justice1 we   
should exercise a little severity for   
the amendment of vices or the           
preservation of charity1 beware of      
fleeing under the impulse of terror from
 the way of salvation1 which cannot but 
have a hard beginning4 ,when man has    
walked for some time in obedience and   
faith1 his heart will expand1 and he    
will run with the unspeakable sweetness 
of love in the way of ,god's            
commandments4 ,may ,he grant that1 never
 straying from the instruction of the   
,master1 and persevering in ,his        
doctrine in the monastery until death1  
we may share by patience in the         
sufferings of ,christ1 and be worthy to 

share together ,his kingdom4'  ,the     
leading provisions of this rule are as  
follows3  ,at the head of each society  
stands an abbot1 who is elected by the  
monks1 and with their consent appoints a
 provost 7prpositus71 and1 when the     
number of the brethren requires1 deans  
over the several divisions 7decani71 as 
assistants4 ,he governs1 in ,christ's   
stead1 by authority and example1 and is 
to his cloister what the bishop is to   
his diocese4 ,in the more weighty       
matters he takes the congregation of the
 brethren into consultation2 in ordinary
 affairs1 only the older members4 ,the  
formal entrance into the cloister must  
be preceded by a probation or novitiate 
of one year 7subsequently it was made   
three years71 that no one might         
prematurely or rashly take the solemn   
step4 ,if the novice repented his       
resolution1 he could leave the cloister 
without hindrance2 if he adhered to it1 
he was1 at the close of his probation1  
subjected to an examination in presence 

of the abbot and the monks1 and then1   
appealing to the saints1 whose relics   
were in the cloister1 he laid upon the  
altar of the chapel the irrevocable vow1
 written or at least subscribed by his  
own hand1 and therewith cut off from    
himself forever all return to the world4
  ,from this important arrangement the  
cloister received its stability1 and the
 whole monastic institution derived     
additional earnestness1 solidity1 and   
permanence4  ,the vow was threefold1    
comprising stablitas1 perpetual         
adherence to the monastic order2        
conversio morum1 especially voluntary   
poverty and chastity1 which were always 
regarded as the very essence of monastic
 piety under all its forms2 and         
obedientia coram ,deo et sanctis ejus1  
absolute obedience to the abbot1 as the 
representative of ,god and ,christ4     
,this obedience is the cardinal virtue  
of a monk4#ab  ,the life of the cloister
 consisted of a judicious alternation of
 spiritual and bodily exercises4 ,this  

is the great excellence of the rule of  
,benedict1 who proceeded here upon the  
true principle that idleness is the     
mortal enemy of the soul and the        
workshop of the devil4#ac ,seven hours  
were to be devoted to prayer1 singing of
 psalms1 and meditation2#ad from two to 
three hours1 especially on ,sunday1 to  
religious reading2 and from six to seven
 hours to manual labor indoors or in the
 field1 or1 instead of this1 to the     
training of children1 who were committed
 to the cloister by their parents       
7oblati74#ae  ,here was a starting point
 for the afterward celebrated cloister  
schools1 and for that attention to      
literary pursuits which1 though entirely
 foreign to the uneducated ,benedict and
 his immediate successors1 afterward    
became one of the chief ornaments of his
 order1 and in many cloisters took the  
place of manual labor4  ,in other       
respects the mode of life was to be     
simple without extreme rigor1 and       
confined to strictly necessary things4  

,clothing consisted of a tunic with a   
black cowl 7whence the name ,black      
,friars72 the material to be determined 
by the climate and season4 ,on the two  
weekly fast days1 and from the middle of
 ,september to ,easter1 one meal was to 
suffice for the day4 ,each monk is      
allowed daily a pound of bread and      
pulse1 and1 according to the ,italian   
custom1 half a flagon 7hemina7 of wine2 
though he is advised to abstain from the
 wine1 if he can do so without injury to
 his health4 ,flesh is permitted only to
 the weak and sick1#af who were to be   
treated with special care4 ,during the  
meal some edifying piece was read1 and  
silence enjoined4 ,the individual monk  
knows no personal property1 not even his
 simple dress as such2 and the fruits of
 his labor go into the common treasury4 
,he should avoid all contact with the   
world as dangerous to the soul1 and     
therefore every cloister should be so   
arranged as to be able to carry on even 
the arts and trades necessary for       

supplying its wants4#ag ,hospitality and
 other works of love are especially     
commanded4  ,the penalties for          
transgression of the rule are1 first1   
private admonition1 then exclusion from 
the fellowship of prayer1 next exclusion
 from fraternal intercourse1 and finally
 expulsion from the cloister1 after     
which1 however1 restoration is possible1
 even to the third time4  ,benedict had 
no presentiment of the vast historical  
importance which his rule1 originally   
designed simply for the cloister of     
,monte ,cassino1 was destined to attain4
 ,he probably never aspired beyond the  
regeneration and salvation of his own   
soul and that of his brother monks1 and 
all the talk of some later historians   
about his far-reaching plans of a       
political and social regeneration of    
,europe1 and the preservation and       
promotion of literature and art1 find no
 support whatever in his life or in his 
rule4 ,but he humbly planted a seed     
which ,providence blessed a hundredfold4

 ,by his rule1 he became1 without his   
own will or knowledge1 the founder of an
 order1 which1 until in the thirteenth  
century the ,dominicans and ,franciscans
 pressed it partially into the          
background1 spread with great rapidity  
over the whole of ,europe1 maintained a 
clear supremacy1 formed the model for   
all other monastic orders1 and gave to  
the ,catholic ,church an imposing array 
of missionaries1 authors1 artists1      
bishops1 archbishops1 cardinals1 and    
popes1 as ,gregory the ,great and       
,gregory ,,vii4 ,in less than a century 
after the death of ,benedict1 the       
conquests of the barbarians in ,italy1  
,gaul1 and ,spain were reconquered for  
civilization1 and the vast territories  
of ,great ,britain1 ,germany1 and       
,scandinavia incorporated into          
,christendom or opened to missionary    
labor2 and in this progress of history  
the monastic institution regulated and  
organized by ,benedict's rule bears an  
honorable share4  ,benedict himself     

established a second cloister in the    
vicinity of ,terracina1 and two of his  
favorite disciples1 ,placidus and ,st4  
,maurus1#ah introduced the 'holy rule1' 
the one into ,sicily1 the other into    
,france4 ,pope ,gregory the ,great1     
himself at one time a ,benedictine monk1
 enhanced its prestige1 and converted   
the ,anglo-,saxons to the ,roman        
,christian faith by ,benedictine monks4 
,gradually the rule found so general    
acceptance both in old and in new       
institutions1 that1 in the time of      
,charlemagne1 it became a question1     
whether there were any monks at all who 
were not ,benedictines4 ,the order1 it  
is true1 has degenerated from time to   
time1 through the increase of its wealth
 and the decay of its discipline1 but   
its fostering care of religion1 of      
humane studies1 and of the general      
civilization of ,europe1 from the       
tilling of the soil to the noblest      
learning1 has given it an honorable     
place in history and won immortal       

praise4  ,the patronage of learning1    
however1 as we have already said1 was   
not within the design of the founder or 
his rule4 ,the joining of this to the   
cloister life is due1 if we leave out of
 view the learned monk ,jerome1 to      
,,cassiodorus1 who1 in #ech1 retired    
from the honors and cares of high civil 
office in the ,gothic monarchy of       
,italy1#ai to a monastery founded by    
himself at ,vivarium#bj 7,viviers71 in  
,calabria1 in ,lower ,italy4 ,here he   
spent nearly thirty years as monk and   
abbot1 collected a large library1       
encouraged the monks to copy and to     
study the ,holy ,scriptures1 the works  
of the church fathers1 and even the     
ancient classics1 and wrote for them    
several literary and theological text   
books1 especially his treatise ,de      
institutione divinarum literarum1 a kind
 of elementary encyclopdia1 which was   
the code of monastic education for many 
generations4 ,vivarium at one time      
almost rivalled ,monte ,cassino1 and    

,cassiodorus#ba won the honorary title  
of the restorer of knowledge in the     
sixth century4  ,the ,benedictines1     
already accustomed to regular work1 soon
 followed this example4 ,thus1 that very
 mode of life which in its founder1     
,anthony1 despised all learning1 became1
 in the course of its development1 an   
asylum of culture in the rough and      
stormy times of the immigration and the 
crusades1 and a conservator of the      
literary treasures of antiquity for the 
use of modern times4     ,,hannah       
,,thurston4  ,,paul4 ,well1 ,dorcas1 now
 you have finished the book1 what do you
 think of it8  ,,dorcas4 ,i must        
confess1 my expectations on the whole   
have been agreeably disappointed4 ,from 
the criticisms ,i had read1 both        
favorable and adverse1 ,i was fully     
prepared to quarrel with it from        
beginning to end4 ,i find in it much    
power and sustained interest4 ,the      
descriptions of nature are              
admirable--fresh1 unhackneyed1 and      

vivid4 ,western ,new ,york1 with its    
blue lakes1 sloping hills1 shining      
brooks1 quiet woodlands1 spring buds1   
autumn flowers1 winding country roads1  
and laden grain fields1 stands before   
one1 clearly pictured4 ,the characters1 
with their isms1 seem like old          
acquaintances1 and the seething1        
fermenting condition of ,american       
society is most accurately represented4 
,there is pathos1 too1 in the story1 and
 many will read it with moistened eyes4 
,,paul4 ,so far so good1 but--8         
,,dorcas4 ,but there runs through the   
entire work a vein of sentiment or      
philosophy1 which wears a very          
suspicious resemblance to that of a     
certain school just now popular in      
,france4 ,i need not tell you1 ,uncle   
,paul1 how distasteful to me is that    
school1 nor how false ,i think the      
premises upon which it is founded4 ,i am
 convinced there is a difference in the 
mental and moral constitution of men and
 women4 ,i will not bore you by any     

disquisition upon relative superiority  
or inferiority1 but will simply give you
 a portion of my idea as ,i find it laid
 down by ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom3 ',do   
not confound submission with slavery1'  
says the golden-mouthed ,greek4 ',the   
woman obeys1 but remains free2 she is   
equal in honor4 ,it is true that she is 
subject to her husband2 and this is her 
punishment for having rendered herself  
guilty in the beginning4 ,mark it well2 
woman was not condemned to subjection at
 the time of her creation2 when ,god    
made and presented her to her husband1  
,he said nothing of domination2 we hear 
nothing from the lips of ,adam which    
supposes it4 ,it was only after having  
violated her duty by leading him astray 
to whom she had been given as a support1
 that she heard these words3 ',thou     
shalt be under thy husband's power1 and 
he shall have dominion over thee4''     
,now1 in the book under consideration1  
we are led to suppose that even the     
'exceptional women' find submission and 

dependence1 not only delightful1 but    
absolute necessities of their being4    
,they are only too happy to succumb to  
the powerful magnetism attributed to men
 by reason alone of their manhood4 7,a  
doctrine too repulsive to admit of      
discussion47 ,i fancy that thinking1    
sensitive1 and high-spirited women have 
not yet ceased to find submission and   
dependence a punishment4 ,they may take 
up their cross cheerily1 and wear it    
gracefully1 but none the less do they   
feel it to be a cross4 ,as for pecuniary
 dependence1 so long as all goes        
smoothly and matters are so arranged    
that the wife is not obliged to ask the 
husband for funds1 the power of custom  
and of legal provisions may be          
sufficient to prevent any disquietude2  
but after the first misunderstanding1   
the first unkind word1 his money1 as it 
passes through her hands1 burns like    
coals of fire1 and the bitterness of her
 heart1 as she perhaps vainly longs for 
some means of employment by which to    

procure at least sufficient for her own 
personal expenses1 would cause him a new
 and strange sensation1 did she not deem
 it her duty to suppress all evidence1  
even the existence1 of such             
self-assertion1 and quietly shoulder    
this with the rest1 as a portion of the 
burden to be borne through the valley of
 humiliation into which she has entered1
 and wherein1 by reason of the especial 
power granted her of knowing and loving 
,god1 she usually finds herself         
,heaven's own missionary1 the keeper and
 guide of souls4 ,now1 do not           
misunderstand me1 ,uncle ,paul2 when ,i 
say that marriage is a valley of        
humiliation1 ,i intend no reproach to   
men2 ,i simply state a fact dependent   
upon the nature of things1 and upon the 
primal sentence passed against the pride
 that1 in spite of the prohibition of   
the ,almighty1 sought to know all       
things1 'to become as gods4' ,meekness1 
humility1 self-abnegation1 affection1   
are the beautiful flowers that grow by  

the wayside2 but the pathway is not the 
less thorny1 and no good can be         
accomplished by denying or sugar-coating
 the fact4  ,,paul4 ,i do not doubt the 
correctness of your views1 ,dorcas2 but 
your rather vehement statement of them  
somewhat surprises me1 as you yourself  
married of your own free will1 and at an
 age when women1 if ever1 are supposed  
to know their own minds4  ,,dorcas4     
,that my own marriage has been a happy  
one1 and that my good husband has       
striven1 by recognizing my womanly as   
well as individual idiosyncrasies1 to   
render the yoke as light as it possibly 
can be1 is the very circumstance that   
gives me a right to speak and offer my  
testimony against ideas which ,i think  
wholly unwarranted by the facts in the  
case4 ,the views of modern philosophers1
 attacking the sanctity of ,christian   
marriage1 are to me perfectly abhorrent4
 ,deprive marriage of its mystical1     
sacramental1 penitential character1 and 
it ceases to be the bulwark of a        

well-ordered society4 ,i must again call
 upon ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom to speak   
for me4 ,he says3 ',marriage is one of  
the most surprising mysteries1 by reason
 of the sublime character which belongs 
to it1 of representing the alliance of  
,jesus ,christ with ,his ,church4 ,the  
necessary consequence of which is1 that 
it should not be contracted lightly and 
through interested motives4 ,no1        
marriage is no bargain2 it is the union 
of the entire life4' ,this is what true 
marriage should be2 but in so far as    
mankind fall below the lofty standards  
set before them1 so far does actual     
marriage fail to reach its glorious     
ideal4 ,meantime1 reverence for         
maidenhood is one of the strongest      
safeguards of the sanctity of wedded    
life1 and no delusions of any school1   
whether romantic1 sentimental1          
,micheletic1 humanitarian1 or           
,lutheranistic1 should be permitted to  
obscure this reverence4 ,neither my own 
experience1 nor that of the young       

maidens best known to me1 teaches me    
that the idle hours of women are haunted
 by dreams of some human lover1 who must
 be found to save them from despair4 ,i 
cannot think that marriage is essential 
to1 or even best for1 the happiness of  
women4 ,if we enter the nearest         
institution of ,charity ,sisters1       
,sisters of ,mercy1 or of the ,poor1 we 
cannot fail to remark the contrast      
between the healthful1 cheery1          
unsolicitous countenances of the        
inmates1 and the nervous1 suffering1    
careworn faces of the wives and mothers 
in our midst4 ,both live in the         
conscientious performance of equally    
estimable duties1 but the pleasing of a 
,heavenly ,master would seem to be a    
more peaceful and less wearing task than
 the gratification of an earthly lord4  
,let us hearken for a moment to an      
eloquent ,french theologian3 ',woman's  
nature1 in some exceptional cases1 rises
 to such a height of intellect and      
sensitiveness1 that it ceases to be     

capable of accepting that subordination 
which constitutes the essence of        
,christian marriage4 ,think you there   
are not women athirst for the ideal2 who
 are crushed by the commonplace of      
ordinary affections2 who would go beyond
 that narrow circle traced round them by
 domestic cares8 ,give to such natures  
as good1 kind1 and conscientious a      
husband as you will1 do you think he can
 ever satisfy the ardent longings of    
their mind and heart8 ,do you think they
 can find in the family the realization 
of the brilliant dream caressed by them 
from the earliest years of infancy8 ,do 
you not believe that they will          
constantly feel cruel disappointments1  
infinite tortures1 and the deepest      
anguish8'  ,,paul4 ,but if such be a    
true statement of the case1 what are    
these good ladies to do8  ,,dorcas4 ,the
 world has always need of intellect and 
enthusiasm1 and these1 directed by the  
spirit of devotion and self-sacrifice1  
without which nothing good or great can 

be accomplished1 will point the way to  
the fulfilment of whatever may be the   
especial vocation of the individual4    
,the author above quoted continues3     
',some heroic virgins have played so    
wonderful a part that1 by the sublimity 
of their devotion and the power of their
 intellect1 they have occasionally      
eclipsed the renown of the most         
illustrious men4 ,a ,st4 ,catherine of  
,sienna was the light of doctors1 the   
ambassadress of nations1 the counsellor 
of popes1 and the admiration of her age4
 ,a ,st4 ,rose of ,viterbo1 a charming  
and graceful child1 became the intrepid 
buckler of ,rome against the pretensions
 of the ,ghibelline emperors4 ,a ,st4   
,clara1 by her ardent love for the poor 
and the ,cross1 was worthy of aiding the
 ,seraph of ,assisi in his admirable    
reform4 ,a ,st4 ,theresa astonished the 
world by the grandeur of her character  
in the age of the ,loyolas1 the         
,xaviers1 and the ,francis ,borgias4'   
,to these few but striking instances we 

may add ,joan of ,arc1 whose patriotism 
and valor saved her country from the    
dominion of the foreign invader1 and1 in
 our own day1 ,florence ,nightingale and
 ,miss ,dix1 together with hosts of     
courageous maidens1 who in every        
,christian land yearly devote themselves
 to the service of suffering humanity4  
,i should weary you1 uncle1 were ,i to  
pursue this subject into farther depths3
 suffice it to say that it is one which 
no man1 however tender or talented1     
could ever exhaust1 for there are chords
 in the feminine organization beyond his
 comprehension--strange chords1 the     
resolution of which will be found only  
in that heaven where there shall be no  
marrying nor giving in marriage4        
,,paul4 ,you mentioned ,joan of ,arc3   
did you observe that the author of      
',hannah ,thurston' notices the fact1   
that while she has been poetized by     
,schiller1 ,southey1 and others1 no     
woman has ever yet made her the theme of
 song8  ,,dorcas4 ,i was no little      

surprised to find such a reproach       
issuing from the lips of one who must   
have known that no man had yet sung her 
in his verse who had not violated the   
truth of history and smirched the beauty
 of a noble character1 devoted solely to
 her country and her ,god1 by picturing 
her as enamored of some mortal lover4   
,shakspeare must here receive his share 
of blame1 although the national         
prejudices still existent in his age may
 offer some excuse4 ,voltaire is not to 
be mentioned1 ,schiller twaddles through
 a tissue of sheer inventions and       
impossible absurdities1 and even        
,southey1 who strives to be faithful to 
history1 thinks he must invest her with 
a 'suppressed attachment' in order to   
render her sufficiently interesting to  
be the heroine of a poem4               
7,inconceivable and insane vanity1 that 
imagines no woman can live her life     
through without laying her heart at the 
feet of one of the 'irresistibles'67    
,the historic character of ,joan of ,arc

 has been terribly maltreated and       
misrepresented by every man who has     
attempted to portray it1 with the single
 exception of the ,german historian1    
,guido ,goerres1 whose work1 by the way1
 has been reverently done into ,english 
by two sister women4  ,,paul4 ,well1 and
 the final conclusion to all this8      
,,dorcas4 ,the final conclusion is1 that
 a large portion of even the worthier   
souls in this world1 is drifting away   
into a sea of materialism1 shrouded in  
rose-colored mists of poetry and        
sentiment1 and it behooves every earnest
 friend of humanity to sound the alarm1 
and at least strive to give warning of  
the danger4     ,,glorious6     ',far   
how can a man die better1     ,than in  
facing fearful odds4   ,for the ashes of
 his fathers--     ,and the temples of  
his gods6'        ,,macaulay',s ,ballads
 of ,ancient ,rome4     ,alone--and     
widowed so early1     ,aged only        
twenty-one--   ,only so few of her years
 are past1     ,and yet her life is     

quite done6    ,quite concluded her life
 is--     ,nothing for hopes1 or for    
fears2   ,nothing to think of1 or look  
to see     ,but a barren desert of      
years6    ,slender1 lithe little        
figure--     ,graceful and yielding     
form1   ,never again to be held in the  
close     ,clasp of a manly arm6    ,oh 
the sweet oval face1     ,and the       
wonderful violet eyes6   ,no more to be 
sealed with true kisses1     ,and opened
 to love's paradise6    ,and oh the     
sunny1 brown hair1     ,which breaks    
into ripples and waves   ,o'er her sad  
brow--like the laughter     ,of young   
children over graves6    ,put it away   
under widow's weeds--     ,draw it as   
straight as you can3   ,never again will
 the dear little head     ,be held to   
the heart of a man4    ,dazed1 she sits 
in the twilight     ,of the             
funeral-darkened room1   ,her whole soul
 gathered to listen--alas6     ,for a   
voice that is stilled in the tomb4      
,dear voice1 now silent forever6        

,god help her6 ,it seems a dream6   ,she
 hopes1 even now she may waken2     ,but
 see yonder cruel sunbeam4    ,how it   
wanders over the carpet--     ,it lights
 up the distant room--   ,it falls on   
his portrait--his portrait6--     ,his  
face shines out in the gloom    ,as     
warmly and loving as ever2--     ,but1  
oh1 there hangs under its frame   ,the  
sword he has wielded so bravely--       
,the blade that has lettered his name   
,on the tablets of ,glory--erected      
,o'er the bodies of thousands of slain2 
,who have died to preserve the          
,republic6   ,our loss--but the nation's
 great gain4    ,wring the small1 white 
hands together--     ,clasp them close  
over the breast3--   ,prisoned heart1   
throbbing so wildly1     ,never again to
 know rest4    ,can you not leap and be 
joyful1     ,knowing the nation is free6
   ,gentle-eyed ,peace is but waiting   
,sure of a welcome1 to be4    ,ask not  
for pans of triumph     ,from 'only a   
woman's' heart3   ,alas6 in the triumph 

of nations     ,she hath but an humble  
part6    ,hers to be patient1 and       
suffer--     ,while her soul goes out to
 the fray   ,with the one who is dearer 
than heaven1     ,to see him shot down  
by the way4    ,anguished1 for drops of 
cold water     ,that e'en to the vilest 
we give6   ,mangled and crushed and     
insulted6     ,god6 can ,i write it1 and
 live6    ,fold the hands o'er the soft 
bosom     ,baby hands never caressed--  
,hush into patience the sweet lips      
,never to man's to be pressed4    ,there
 on the altar of nations     ,she has   
given the soul out of her life3         
,holocaust greater was never3     ,god  
help the poor1 little wife6     ,,the   
,,isle ,,of ,,springs4   ,,chapter ,v4  
,,historical ,,sketch4  ,jamaica was    
discovered by ,columbus himself1 on the 
#c;d of ,may1 #adid1 while prosecuting  
his second voyage4 ,on his fourth and   
last voyage he was shipwrecked on its   
northern coast1 and1 through the cruel  
jealousy of the governor of ,hispaniola1

 was detained there nearly a year before
 relief was sent4 ,in the dearth of     
historical associations1 ,i have        
sometimes pleased myself with gazing at 
the high summit of ,cape ,clear ,hill1  
which is far and wide conspicuous along 
the northern shore1 and reflecting that 
the eye of the great discoverer may have
 often rested upon it during his weary  
detention1 endeavoring thus to raise    
present insignificance somewhat by      
linking it with the one illustrious name
 in the annals of the island4  ,sevilla 
d',oro1 the first settlement of the     
,spaniards in ,jamaica1 was founded in  
#aeji1 near the place of ,columbus's    
shipwreck4 ,it soon became a splendid   
city4 ,traces of pavement are still     
discoverable two miles distant from the 
church and abbey around which the town  
was built4 ,in a few years1 however1 it 
disappeared as suddenly as it had       
arisen4 ,even the cause of its          
destruction is not certainly known4 ,it 
is supposed1 however1 to have been a    

sudden irruption of the ,indians4 ,these
 were of the same voluptuous and gentle 
race which peopled the other ,great     
,antilles1 but1 like them1 might have   
been roused to temporary madness by the 
diabolical cruelties of the ,spaniards4 
,if so1 their brief revenge availed them
 little1 for by #aeeh1 the sixty        
thousand ,indians1 who inhabited the    
island when discovered1 had been        
extirpated1 it is said1 to the very last
 one4 ,near the seashore in the east of 
the island are some caves1 in which     
mouldering bones of the unhappy         
aborigines are still found1 who had     
taken refuge here1 preferring to die of 
famine rather than to fall into the     
merciless hands of the ,spaniards4      
,after the extirpation of the ,indians1 
the labor of ,african slaves was        
introduced4 ,some sugar was raised1 but 
the greater part of the island was      
devoted to the raising of cattle and    
swine4 ,besides the few whites and      
negroes needed for this1 and a small    

number at two or three seaports1 the    
population was mainly gathered in the   
town of ,st4 ,jago de la ,vega4 ,this   
was built on the south side1 a few miles
 from the sea1 after the destruction of 
,sevilla d',oro4 ,at the time of the    
,english conquest in #afee1 during      
,cromwell's protectorate1 the population
 consisted of twelve hundred whites and 
fifteen hundred negro slaves4 ,they were
 summoned by the ,english admiral to    
take the oath of allegiance to ,england 
or to leave the island4 ,but they       
declared that they could do neither2    
that they were born subjects of the     
,king of ,spain1 and knew no other      
allegiance2 and1 on the other hand1 that
 they were natives of ,jamaica1 and had 
neither friends nor kindred elsewhere4  
,they implored him1 therefore1 not to   
exact an impossible oath1 nor yet to    
turn them adrift in the wide world4 ,but
 the misfortunes of ,spanish ,papists   
were a matter of little concern to      
,english ,puritans4 ,they were expelled 

the island1 but leaving their slaves in 
the mountain forests of the central     
ridge1 they planted a seed which for    
generations bore bitter fruit to their  
cruel enemies4 ,these slaves became the 
nucleus of those formidable ,maroon     
communities which for generations were a
 terror to the island4 ,their masters1  
having conveyed their families across to
 ,cuba1 returned with a body of ,spanish
 troops1 hoping1 in their turn1 to expel
 the invaders4 ,they intrenched         
themselves in a natural fastness that   
appeared impregnable1 and an ,english   
messenger being sent to demand a        
surrender1 the venerable governor1 ,don 
,arnoldo ,sasi1 it is said1 ordered him 
to be shown around the fortification1   
that he might see that it was impossible
 to take it1 and then dismissed him with
 a handsome present4 ,but the ,english  
soldiers knew no such thing as an       
impregnable fortress2 they soon stormed 
the height1 and1 as the ,spaniards were 
fleeing along the cliffs1 picked them   

off like so many crows4 ,a few          
attendants hurried down the aged        
governor to the sea1 and conveyed him   
across to ,cuba4 ,and thus perished the 
tranquil and happy colony of ,st4 ,jago 
de la ,vega4 ,the victors took          
possession of the deserted town1 which  
has finally become the seat of          
government4 ,but they changed its       
,popish appellation of ,st4 ,jago de la 
,vega to the homely but unimpeachably   
,protestant name of ,spanishtown1 which 
it still bears in popular use1 although 
officially it has resumed its former    
designation4 ,there were two ,roman     
,catholic churches in the town1 each of 
which gave the name of its patron saint 
to the street on which it stood4 ,but   
the ,puritans would know them only as   
,whitechurch street and ,redchurch      
street--names which1 ,i believe1 still  
remain1 curious monuments of ,puritan   
scrupulosity in that southern land4     
,spanishtown has increased in population
 to about five thousand1 and in its     

palmy days of slaveholding prosperity   
exhibited doubtless much pomp of        
vice-regal splendor4 ,but this has long 
fled1 and its sandy streets are now     
almost as silent and sombre in the      
glittering sunshine as if traversed only
 by the ghosts of the ,spanish colonists
 who dwelt here in peace until          
ruthlessly thrust forth by the ,english 
invader4  ,after the conquest1 the      
island filled up with ,english1 partly  
by voluntary emigration1 and partly by a
 double deportation from home1 first of 
refractory ,cavaliers during ,cromwell's
 protectorate1 and partly of mutinous   
,puritans after the return of the       
,stuarts4 ,these often renewed in the   
streets of ,spanishtown the brawls of   
the mother country1 and the exclamation1
 ',my king6' which the negroes are fond 
of using1 is said to be a genuine relic 
of the time when it was the watchword of
 the outnumbered but courageous         
,cavaliers4 ,even after the             
,restoration1 the ,puritans were for a  

while in the ascendant in the island    
which the ,puritan protector had wrested
 from the great foe of ,protestantism2  
but gradually all traces of that hardy  
sect disappeared from a land which an   
enervating climate and the rapidly      
advancing barbarism of slavery rendered 
far fitter for another sort of          
inhabitants1 namely1 the buccaneers4    
,the buccaneers1 it will be remembered1 
were not exactly pirates preying        
indiscriminately upon all4 ,they were   
rather ,english corsairs1 who took      
advantage of the long enmity between    
,england and ,spain to carry on1 in time
 of peace and war alike1 perpetual      
forrays against the ,spanish settlements
 and commerce of the ,west ,indies4     
,they were simply the jayhawkers and    
border ruffians of their day1 and1 with 
some traits of chivalry1 differed       
probably as little from pirates as      
,quantrell and his fellow scoundrels    
differ from robbers4 ,this villanous    
crew early resorted in great numbers to 

,jamaica1 which became as good a base of
 operations against a power with which  
,england was professedly at peace as    
,liverpool and ,greenock are now against
 another power with which she is        
professedly at peace4 ,dr4 ,arnold1 in  
one of his letters1 says he imagines the
 ,british ,west ,indies have never      
recovered from the taint of buccaneer   
blood4 ,it is hard to say1 for the      
universal corruption of morals and      
justice induced by slavery1 existing in 
the overwhelming proportions which it   
had in the ,west ,indies1 renders it    
almost impossible to measure how far any
 subsidiary influence of evil may have  
helped to aggravate the mischief4       
,jamaica1 like the other colonies1 soon 
received a constitution4 ,like her      
sisters on the continent1 she opposed a 
spirited and successful resistance to   
the early encroachments of the crown4   
,when our ,revolution broke out1 her    
,assembly passed resolutions declaring  
their entire concurrence in the         

principles set forth by the ,congress1  
and gave as the reasons for not joining 
in our armed vindication of them1 their 
insular position1 and the peculiar      
nature of their population4 ,had        
geography permitted1 ,jamaica would     
doubtless have made one ,slave ,state   
the more in the original ,union1 and    
would have been one of the fiercest     
afterward in the secession4 ,we may well
 believe that nothing but the knowledge 
that she would be crushed like an       
eggshell by the mighty power of         
,england1 hindered her in #ahcd from    
heading her sister islands in a revolt  
against the impending abolition of      
slavery1 and thus giving the world      
twenty-seven years earlier the spectacle
 of a great slaveholders' rebellion4    
,the history of ,jamaica1 otherwise so  
monotonous and devoid of interest1 even 
to its own people1 yet includes one     
awful event1 the destruction of ,port   
,royal by the earthquake of #afib4 ,this
 city1 built by the ,english soon after 

the conquest1 on the tongue of land     
which encloses the present harbor of    
,kingston1 soon became the most splendid
 city of the ,english in ,america4 ,its 
quays and warehouses1 ,macaulay says1   
were thought to rival those of          
,cheapside4 ,this wealth and splendor   
were not wholly the fruit of lawful     
commerce1 for ,port ,royal was the      
favored resort of the buccaneers4 ,their
 lawless forrays against the ,spanish   
filled it with wealth1 and filled it    
also with voluptuous wickedness4        
,tradition adds1 perhaps to give        
emphasis to its doom1 that just before  
the earthquake1 a successful expedition 
had filled the city with booty1 which   
loaded the warehouses1 and even         
overflowed into the dwelling houses and 
verandas4 ,but the stroke of judgment   
came1 and a few shocks of an earthquake 
in a few seconds buried the greater part
 of the dissolute and splendid city     
beneath the waters of its own harbor4   
,the decaying bodies that were thrown   

afterward on the shore produced a       
pestilence which swept off three        
thousand of those who had survived the  
earthquake4 ,the sad remnant went over  
to the inside shore of the harbor1 and  
built ,kingston4 ,a poor village of some
 twelve or fifteen hundred souls1       
adjoining the naval station1 is now all 
that represents the once wealthy and    
wicked city1 the ,sodom of the ,west1   
and smitten with a fate like that of    
,sodom4  ,the same earthquake which     
destroyed ,port ,royal1 almost ruined   
the island4 ,whole plantations changed  
their places4 ,the mountains were       
strangely torn and rent4 ,in many parts 
the immense accumulation of earth fallen
 from the mountains choked up the course
 of the streams for twenty-four hours1  
and when at last they burst their way   
through1 they bore down on their swollen
 floods thousands of trunks of trees1   
branchless and barkless1 to the sea4    
,the gorge of the ,bocaguas1 through    
which the ,rio ,cobre winds in a        

glorious succession of cascades and     
whirling pools1 is said to have been    
entirely filled up1 causing the waters  
to overspread the upland basin of ,st4  
,thomas-in-the-,vale with a lake1 which 
lasted nine days before the waters tore 
loose from their confinement1 and swept 
over the plains to the ocean4 ,there was
 evidence of a slight subsidence over   
the whole island4 ,the earthquake of    
#afib is undoubtedly the most desolating
 convulsion of nature which has ever    
befallen any portion of the ,english    
race4  ,for generations after the       
destruction of ,port ,royal1 it was     
affirmed that the spires and housetops  
of the sunken city could be discerned on
 a clear day through the waters of the  
harbor4 ,even now there is a floating   
belief that they may occasionally be    
dimly descried1 though ,i have never    
been able to ascertain whether it is    
worthy of credit4  ,since then1 although
 there are often shocks of earthquake1  
sometimes several in a year1 and though 

some have occurred quite destructive to 
property1 there has been none to divide 
with that of #afib its awful preeminence
 of desolation4 ,it is true1 we know not
 at what time such a one may come1 and  
it has been truly said that 'this       
beautiful island may be regarded as a   
gorgeous carpet spread over the deeply  
charged mines of a volcano4'            
,hurricanes1 though very much less      
frequent than in the ,windward ,islands1
 have yet left their traces in the      
annals of ,jamaica4 ,particularly noted 
are those of the #bhth of ,august1      
#agab1 of the #bhth of ,august1 #agbb1  
and the series which1 with the exception
 of two years1 annually ravaged the     
island from #aghj to #aghf inclusive4   
,it was in one of these that the town of
 ,savanna-la-,mar was so completely     
overwhelmed by the sea1 driven over it  
by the force of the wind1 that when the 
flood rolled back to its home1 not the  
slightest vestige of the place was      
discernible4 ,in such a region the      

petition of the ,litany1 as it is here  
offered1 ',from lightning1 tempest1 and 
earthquake1 good ,lord1 deliver us1'    
falls on the stranger's ear with        
unwontedly solemn force4  ,the awful    
magnificence of these convulsions of    
nature is in strange contrast with the  
insignificance of the record of human   
actions in this island4 ,not that       
,jamaica was an insignificant member of 
the empire4 ,far from it4 ,the teeming  
source of wealth1 she was1 on the       
contrary1 during the whole of the       
eighteenth century1 continually         
increasing in importance4 ,even dukes   
were glad to leave ,england to assume   
the princely state of a governor of     
,jamaica4 ,six hundred thousand ,african
 slaves were introduced during the last 
century1 of which number something over 
half remained at the beginning of this4 
,human blood flowed in fertilizing      
streams over the island1 and out of this
 ghastly compost rose an opulence so    
splendid as to silence for generations  

all inquiry into its origin or          
character4 ,it secured its possessors   
not only easy access1 but frequent      
intermarriages among the aristocracy of 
,england1 who thus in time came to be   
among the largest ,west ,indian         
slaveholders4 ,jamaica was justly       
reckoned one of the brightest jewels in 
the ,british crown4 ,but the brilliancy 
was merely that of wealth1 and as the   
ownership of this was transferred more  
and more to ,great ,britain1 the island 
itself at length came to be of little   
more independent account than an        
outlying estate4 ,petty squabbles       
between the governors and the ,assembly1
 occasional negro conspiracies1 soon    
suppressed and cruelly punished1 and the
 wearying contests with the remaining   
negroes1 who1 under the name of         
,maroons1 long maintained a harassing   
warfare from their mountain fastnesses1 
and yielded at last to favorable terms1 
are almost all that fills the chronicles
 of the colony4  ,the island society1   

unrelieved by any eminence of genius or 
virtue1 or by the stir of great public  
interests1 presented little more than a 
dull monotony of sensuality and         
indolence1 on a ground of inhumanity4   
,it is no wonder that ,zachary          
,macaulay1 from his experience in       
,jamaica as the superintendent of an    
estate1 formed in quiet sternness that  
resolution to devote his life to        
uprooting a social system whose         
presiding divinities he saw to be       
,mammon and ,moloch1 which he afterward 
so nobly fulfilled4 ,the graces and     
virtues of private character that lent  
some relief to this dreary picture1 ,i  
shall speak of hereafter4  ,one relief  
to the prevailing dulness of ,jamaica   
life was found in a bar of first-rate   
talent4 ,there was so much wealth       
passing from hand to hand1 and so many  
disputed titles in the continual        
mutations of ownership among the estates
 under the reckless system of conducting
 them prevalent1 that the disciples of  

the law found a rich harvest1 and it was
 worth while for a first-rate man to    
settle in the island4 ,it is thought    
that the lawyers of ,jamaica used to    
receive not less than #ejj1jjj annually4
 ,whether this was reckoned in sterling 
money or in the island currency1 ,i do  
not know1 but probably the latter1      
equivalent to #cjj1jjj sterling4 ,of men
 not lawyers1 ,bryant ,edwards is the   
only one of the last century or the     
early part of this of any note whatever 
among those permanently settled in the  
island4 ,his chief claim to distinction 
is found in his carefully prepared and  
judicious ',history of the ,west        
,indies4' ,beckford1 the author of      
',vathek1' and ,monk ,lewis1 christened 
,matthew1 the patent ghost-story teller 
of half a century ago1 and more         
honorably connected with the history of 
the island as a proprietor1 whose       
inexperienced kindness toward his       
negroes had almost led to his           
prosecution1 both resided in the island 

for a while4 ,jamaica had almost drawn  
to herself a name far more illustrious  
than any or all which had appeared in   
her annals--that of ,robert ,burns4 ,it 
is known that he had already engaged his
 passage to the island1 when the course 
of events turned him from it4 ,he       
celebrates his expected departure in    
some verses more witty than moral1 in   
which he addresses our islanders as     
follows3    ',jamaica bodies1 use him   
weel1   ,and hap him in a cosy biel1    
,ye'll find him aye a dainty chiel1     
,and fu' of glee2   ,he wadna wrang the 
very deil1     ,that's ower the sea4'   
,poor fellow6 had he really gone1 the   
admonition to ',jamaica bodies' to 'use 
him weel1' would probably have been     
obeyed by making him drink himself to   
death ten or twelve years earlier than  
he did in ,dumfries1 and thus would one 
of earth's great1 though stained names1 
have been lost in the inglorious        
darkness of a ,jamaica bookkeeper's     
short life1 as many a young countryman  

of his1 perhaps not less gifted than he1
 had perished before him4  ,among the   
distinguished personages of ,jamaica1 ,i
 ought not to omit mention of the ,duke 
of ,manchester1 governor soon after the 
beginning of this century1 who was able 
to boast that no virtuous woman had     
crossed the threshold of the ,king's    
,house in ,spanishtown during his       
administration4 ,so that if ,jamaica has
 never had her parc-aux-cerfs1 she can  
at least boast her ,regent ,orleans4    
,there is small need of any special     
parc-aux-cerfs in a slaveholding        
country4#bb  ,in brief1 except a certain
 interest attached to the struggles of  
the barbarous ,maroons to maintain their
 wild freedom in the woods and          
mountains1 the human history of         
,jamaica1 from the ,english conquest in 
#afee to the abolition of slavery in    
#ahcd1 is little more than a monotonous 
blank4  ,she had a vigorous bar1 a      
sumptuous church establishment1 and     
boundless1 though shifting wealth4 ,but 

all these together1 smitten as they were
 with the palsy of voluptuousness and   
oppression1 had not the power to bring  
forth one great name1 to achieve one    
heroic deed1 or on the other hand1 to   
foster any growth of humble1 diffused   
happiness4 ,her sin1 plated with gold1  
dazzled the eyes and confounded the     
consciences of men1 but1 like the       
ornaments of a sepulchre1 it only       
beautified outwardly what within was    
full of dead men's bones and all        
uncleanness4  ,those events of her      
history which bear on the abolition of  
slavery will be specially noticed       
hereafter4     ,,the ,,development ,,of 
,,american ,,architecture4   ,the rule  
held1 anciently1 that a nation's        
architecture was the exponent of its    
national character1 growing with and out
 of its social1 civil1 and religious    
peculiarities1 and modified by climate1 
habit1 and taste4 ,in those early ages1 
the halcyon days of the art1 men built  
with a purpose1 built what they wanted  

in a natural and appropriate way1       
and--built successfully4 ,so true was   
this1 that to this day1 most of their   
relics proclaim their own origin1 just  
as fossils determine the relative       
positions of their enclosing strata1 and
 history owes to architecture the       
solution of many of her hardest         
problems4 ,the ancient ,egyptians1 for  
instance1 gloried in the erection of the
 most magnificent tombs that their      
genius could produce1 and1 ruined as    
they are1 we find that it is in their   
sepulchral monuments--the rock-wrought  
mausoleum1 and the stupendous           
pyramid--that their art-current found   
its readiest flow4 ,compare these with  
the light and graceful structures of the
 ,moors1 the cool1 arcaded courts1 and  
the tesselated pavements1 the orange    
trees1 and the fountains4 ',but no      
comparison1' says ,fergusson1 'is       
applicable to objects so totally        
different4 ,each is a true              
representative of the feeling and       

character of the people by whom it was  
raised4 ,the plaster ,alhambra would be 
totally out of place and contemptible   
beside the great temple-palace of       
,karnak4 ,no less would the granite     
works of ,egypt be considered monuments 
of ill-directed labor if placed in the  
palace of the gay and luxurious ,arab   
fatalist1 to whom the present was       
everything1 and with whom the enjoyment 
of the passing hour was all in all4'    
,still another idea1 grander than any   
aspiration of ,saracen or ,egyptian1 we 
find1 when ,europe1 slowly shaking off  
the lethargy of the ,dark ,ages1 was    
developing the idea of religion4 ,it was
 material1 however1 as well as          
spiritual4 ,god was glorified1 not only 
by repentance or holiness of life1 but  
also by the devotion of hand and heart  
and fortune to ,his earthly temples and 
the jewelled shrines of ,his saints4    
,all that impetus which is now given to 
religion itself1 was turned into the    
channels of religious art4 ,and yet1    

temporally speaking1 how grand were the 
results6 ,slowly but surely arose those 
vast and wonderful cathedrals1 springing
 lightly out of the quaintly gabled     
streets1 with their richly wrought      
transepts and their pinnacled spires4   
,not trailing along the ground like the 
,greek temple or the ,arab mosque--of   
the earth1 earthy--but leading the soul 
heavenward with their upward flow of    
harmony4 ,vast ,bibles of stone1 bearing
 on lofty faade and on buttressed flank 
the sculptured details of ,holy         
,writ--silent lessons1 but not lost upon
 the rude though reverent men who dwelt 
within their shadow4 ,it is sad to think
 that there can never be any more       
cathedrals4 ,for they grew in those     
times3 now they would have to be built4 
,but we are following a tangent4 ,our   
idea is1 that architecture1 to be good1 
must be appropriate--expressive of the  
spirit of the age4 ,it should be an     
epitome of the nation's progress1 an    
abstract of its guiding principles1     

condensed1 as it were1 and crystallized 
into an art4 ,of what use would a       
garment be1 though ever so elaborate1 if
 it did not fit8 ,just so our houses1   
which are but a broader kind of         
clothing1 should be fitted to their     
purpose1 or they will never yield us any
 pleasure4  ,suppose that1 in searching 
the ruins of ancient ,greece1 we found  
nothing but pusillanimous1 sham         
imitations of ,egyptian art4 ,would we  
not despise such a paltry method of     
making matter serve for mind--such a    
miserable make-shift to save the labor  
of invention8 ,and yet it is this same  
servile imitation of classical and      
foreign models that is fettering the    
progress of art in ,america4 ,instead of
 honestly constructing what we want1 and
 then decorating it with a style of     
ornament that should assist1 explain1   
and intensify it1 we go wandering off to
 the ends of the earth1 building        
,grecian temples and ,veronese palaces1 
some entire and some in slices1 dreary1 

indefinite-looking objects1 devoid of   
all constructive principles within1 and 
ornamented with falsified gewgaws       
without1 stuck on in the hope of hiding 
rather than helping out the flimsy      
design4 ,our 'national style' we are    
sure can never be born of any such      
travesties4 ,borrowed architecture never
 fits well4  ,the fact is1 we ignore the
 first great principle--the essence and 
sine qua non1 of the art--,,decorated   
,,construction4 ,by construction is     
meant that mechanical arrangement of    
parts which is best suited to           
convenience and most conducive to       
stability4 ,it is what the ,french would
 call the motif1 the end in view1 while 
decoration is only the means4 ,and the  
moment we lose sight of it1 in our      
anxiety to make room for some pet       
ornament1 that very ornament becomes an 
eyesore1 and will persist in spoiling   
the design1 for the simple reason that  
the end is sacrificed to the means4 ,set
 it down1 then1 at the start1 that      

ornament must be dependent upon         
construction1 and not construction upon 
ornament4 ,the useful begets the        
beautiful1 and the order cannot be      
reversed4  ,but before proceeding to    
what ,american architecture might be1 we
 must1 in all fairness1 examine it as it
 is4  ,our great cities1 of course1     
claim our attention first1 for these    
centres of wealth and intellect must    
necessarily be centres of art1 and      
there1 if at all1 are we to discover our
 prospects for a national style4 ,as a  
single example of what it has attained  
to so far1 nothing can be better suited 
to our purpose than ,broadway1 ,new     
,york1 our best-known and most          
essentially ,american thoroughfare4 ,but
 what to compare it to we know not4     
,neither history nor geography affords a
 parallel4 ,it resembles neither the    
,london ,strand nor the ,parisian       
,boulevard1 nor is it like the ,ludwig  
,strasse of ,munich1 nor the ,grand     
,canal of ,venice2 and yet it has       

something or other in common with all of
 these4 ,there is all the incongruity of
 the ,english thoroughfare and the      
brilliancy of the ,french1 while the    
frequent succession of vast palatial    
structures allies it still closer to the
 last-named examples4 ,perhaps1 after   
all1 the ,grand ,canal--the silent      
highway of the ,city of the ,sea--is    
more like it in general effect than any 
other street in ,europe4 ,the one1 it is
 true1 is as straight as an airline1 and
 the other nearly the shape of an ,s2   
the one a paved roadway1 noisy with the 
rush of traffic1 and1 in the other1 the 
water washing the very walls of palaces 
that are mournful and deserted--while1  
as regards style1 there is scarcely a   
single specimen of the ,venetian in this
 country4  ,but the resemblance is this3
 your prevailing impression from first  
to last is the absence of all general   
arrangement1 and the independent        
elegance of each separate faade4 ,each  
tells the same story3 it is the wealth  

and enterprise of the citizen1 and not  
the munificence of the sovereign1 that  
has added palace to palace1 and made the
 dumb stones eloquent4 ,remembering1    
then1 that it is private taste and      
influence that is to develop our art1 we
 proceed to the analysis of the great   
thoroughfare in question4  ,fancy       
yourself1 patient reader1 at one end of 
this street1 so as to command its vista4
 ,what do you see8 ,architecture8 ,very 
little1 we imagine4 ,save the buildings 
immediately at your right and left1 all 
the others are seen in profile1 a       
contingency never reckoned on by their  
builders4 ,the decoration is all piled  
on the front1 as elaborate a design1    
often1 as ,palladio ever dreamt of1 but 
at the side1 every cornice and          
stringpiece stops as short as if it had 
been sawn off1 and the whole side is a  
flat blank piece of brickwork4 ,this is 
greatly aggravated by the disparity in  
height1 and the ponderous cornices4 ,as 
to construction1 the prevailing type is 

a flimsy pile of brick and timber1 'put 
up1' apparently1 by mutual connivance of
 the contractor and the coroner1 and    
screened off from the street by a thin  
veneer of 'architecture4' ,now there is 
a certain merit1 sui generis1 in a      
clever deception1 but those in vogue    
here are too utterly transparent to     
claim even this4 ,the telltale wall of  
brick cheats you out of the pleasure of 
cheating yourself1 no matter how        
charitably disposed4  ,were it necessary
 to represent this street upon the      
stage1 the decorator would simply have  
to paint his scenes upon the edges1 and 
leave the side toward the audience bare4
 ,as you walk along you see a given     
building sideways for five minutes or   
more1 but you cannot see it as it was   
meant to be seen--full in front--for as 
many seconds4 ,we even know of churches 
in the cross streets1 though near       
,broadway1 whose square towers are      
stone-fronted after the usual fashion1  
but present nothing to the crowded      

thoroughfare but undressed walls of     
brick6 ,yes1 a ,christian church1 in    
flagrante delictu4  ,it will be objected
 to this that there is no use in        
finishing the sides of city buildings1  
as they may afterward be hidden by      
others4 ,this would do well enough if   
they were all of the same height2 but   
they are not1 and never can be4 ,indeed1
 a house is by many considered          
'handsomer' than its neighbors1 just so 
far forth as it overtops them4 ,the     
builder would hardly think it a fair    
beat if the cornices corresponded4 ,the 
successive erections on a row of vacant 
lots1 usually illustrate this popular   
ambition4 ,some one secures the corner  
and builds his house4 ,so far1 so good4 
,presently number two comes along1 and1 
to secure himself from invidious        
comparison1 piles his house half a story
 higher than number one4 ,but his       
triumph is short1 for the third aspirant
 soon arrives1 who1 true to principle1  
takes another step in the ascending     

series4 ,so it goes till the block is   
finished1 the whole thing looking as if 
architecture was a sort of auction1 in  
which the prize of success was awarded  
to the highest builder4  ,it being one  
of our social necessities that our      
houses differ in size1 we must pay some 
attention to their sides4 ,not giving   
them as decided a treatment as the      
front1 but something compatible with a  
plain surface4 ,and1 above all1 the     
principal cornice and roof lines should 
be carried round on the sides1 at least 
as far as they can be seen4 ,in some    
rare instances1 where this has been     
done1 it is astonishing to note the     
improved appearance and finish1 that it 
gives4  ,did you ever consider the      
superior elegance of a corner house8    
,yet it is not so much the position as  
the fact that the position is taken     
advantage of4 ,being finished on both   
sides1 it gives to the mind the idea of 
thickness as well as length and breadth4
 ,it is1 in short1 a solid1 while the   

affair next door1 overtopping it perhaps
 a story or two1 is merely a            
superficies4  ,but this is only a side  
thrust4 ,our 'commercial palaces'       
challenge the same criticism face to    
face4 ,for the front1 considered by     
itself even1 is generally incomplete4 ,a
 supposititious formula determines that 
the house must be in the ,italian palace
 style1 but the narrow lot forbidding an
 entire design1 the builder1 as he      
cannot put in all1 puts in all he can1  
so that1 instead of the house being a   
house1 it is only a specimen slice of a 
palace4 ,it has no particular beginning 
or middle or ending1 and1 with the long 
viscera of brickwork trailing off       
behind1 it looks as if just wrenched out
 of the side of some ,florentine or     
,genoese mansion4 ,and1 in very truth1  
is it not8  ,the common cause of these  
errors and incongruities is our         
self-abasement to a style which depends 
for its effect upon continuous          
uniformity of design1 while1 from the   

very nature of our society1 our houses  
must be diverse in size and pretension4 
,we are a social people1 it is true1 but
 our individualities are strongly       
marked1 and our dwellings1 while        
designed with reference to each other1  
should never be too uniform4 ,how       
frightful those white-shuttered brick   
piles which monotonize the streets of   
,philadelphia6 ,but to assert its       
individuality the house need not shoot  
up like a vein of trap rock through a   
stratum of conglomerate3 an ,american   
rises1 not through the mass1 but out of 
it4  ,have you ever seen a street view  
of ,bruges or ,nuremberg1 those         
fantastic old cities of medival         
,germany8 ,you remember them1 the tall  
gabled houses with projecting stories1  
the picturesque grouping of porch and   
gallery and oriel1 the curious old      
bridges and the ,gothic fountains1 the  
grotesque carvings over the doorways1   
and the perfect population of dormer    
windows and turrets and lanterns4 ,and  

did you not1 entre nous1 like it better 
than those stiff1 formal views of the   
,french and ,italian cities8 ,was not   
the poetry more pleasing than the prose8
  ',oh well1' you say1 'these turrets   
and gables and things look all very well
 in pictures1 but they would never do   
for our streets3 we must build in some  
regular style1 you know4' ,the same old 
error again1 the same servile imitation 
of a vague something or other1 which we 
call classic4 ,do you think the old     
,german burghers built in any regular   
style8 ,not a bit of it4 ,they built    
just what they wanted1 in the most      
natural and plain-spoken manner4 ,if    
they wanted a porch over the door1 or a 
bay window at a certain corner1 or a    
turret to enjoy some favorite view--they
 made them1 put them just where they    
were needed4 ,convenience was           
everything1 and precedent nothing4  ,is 
there not something about this          
individual originality1 this perfect    
freedom of thought and expression1 that 

might be adapted to express the         
,american character8 ,and if more       
pleasing1 why cling to the effete and   
cumbrous tyrannies of a soulless        
classicism8 ,why crush out all symptoms 
of natural growth to make room for the  
unsightly exotic8  ,nature herself has  
made the law that beauty is variety4    
,monotony1 though magnificent1 will     
become irksome1 but variety is an       
unceasing delight4 ,versailles1 with its
 formal avenues of shorn foliage1 and   
its geometrical lawns and terraces1 may 
please you more at first sight than an  
,english park1 because the mind feels a 
sort of pride in being able to grasp    
such vast ideas at a glance4 ,but you   
will find1 upon a second or third visit1
 that the unnatural arrangement of the  
,french pleasure grounds has something  
of staleness about it4 ,nature disdains 
such bondage4 ,louis ,,xiv1 it is said1 
grew weary of his splendid plaything1   
almost before it was finished4 ,how     
different the ,english landscape garden1

 where graceful sweeps and irregular    
masses of foliage meet the eye with     
unlooked-for beauties at every turn6    
,well do we remember how1 after a few   
days spent in viewing the grand dullness
 of the ,bavarian capital1 we looked    
wearily back to the delightful visit we 
made at ,nuremberg1 with its curious old
 streets and fountains3    ',quaint old 
town of toil and traffic1 quaint old    
town of art and song2   ,memories haunt 
thy pointed gables like the rooks that  
round them throng4'  ,to claim the merit
 of variety for our streets is wrong1   
for they are not varied1 but only       
incongruous4 ,their variety is rather   
that of an architectural museum than the
 result of any combination4 ,we have    
styles enough1 in all conscience1 but   
none that will tolerate any other4      
,against this may be urged the very     
argument with which we set out1 that a  
nation's architecture should be the     
exponent of its national character1 and 
as we are made up of every people and   

every class1 that this heterogeneous    
mlange is our normal style4 ,but mark   
the distinction3 ,although we are made  
up of so many diverse elements1 yet the 
component parts are severally and       
mutually held in solution4 ,each so     
affects the mass as to give rise to a   
new element--not a mere union1 but a    
result--not an addition1 but a          
multiplication4 ,but with the           
representative art1 the materials have  
merely come in contact--nothing more4   
,our houses lack that social element    
which characterizes our people4 ,each is
 itself1 and itself alone1 ruining the  
appearance of its neighbors1 and ruined 
by them in turn4 ,odi profanum vulgus1  
et arceo1 is the only law2 while we are 
a chemical solution1 our architecture is
 only a mechanical one4  ,how proceed1  
then1 to develop our national style1    
that unborn something which a future age
 might refer to as ,american1 just as we
 speak of ,byzantine or ,gothic8 ,are we
 waiting for somebody to invent it8 ,we 

think1 maybe1 that it is to spring      
forth1 ready made1 like ,minerva from   
the brain of ,zeus4 ,if this is our     
idea1 we might as well give up at once  
and confess to the world our imbecility4
 ,never1 from ,adam's day to this1 did  
anybody ever invent a new architecture4 
,it is purely a matter of genealogy4    
,for just as we trace back a family     
line1 can we trace the generations of   
art4 ,spite of its complications1 many  
an offshoot can be followed up directly 
to the parent stock4 ,taking1 for       
example1 the medival architecture of    
,spain1 the brilliant ',moresco1' we    
find it to be a combination of the      
vigorous ,gothic of the ,north with the 
beautiful though effeminate             
,saracenic--the exotic of the ,south4   
,and of these latter1 each is traceable1
 though by different lines1 to the same 
great prototype1 the ,roman4 ,for when  
,rome was divided1 the ,dome fell to the
 inheritance of the ,eastern ,empire1   
and the ,basilica 7which was only a     

,greek temple turned inside out7 to the 
,western4 ,the former1 joined to the    
,arabian1 and the latter to the ,gothic1
 formed two great families1 from the    
union of whose descendants sprang the   
,moresco4 ,but even the ,roman was a    
derivative style1 leading us back       
successively through ,greece1 ,assyria1 
and ,egypt4 ,each step is visibly allied
 to the preceding1 and yet how unlike   
the pyramid and the ,spanish cathedral6 
,did history permit1 all the styles that
 have ever existed could be traced in   
the same way2 it is quite as easy to    
account for their diversities1 as for   
those of the nations that produced them4
 ,ham and ,japheth were of the same     
household1 yet how different their      
descendants of to-day6 ,as from one man 
sprang all people1 so was there an      
original germ of architecture from which
 all successive styles have been        
derived4  ,the composite forms that have
 arisen since commerce and civilization 
have brought the ends of the world      

together1 increase the complication4    
,there have been marriages and          
intermarriages1 some good matches and   
some bad ones1 some with vigorous and   
some with sickly offspring1 and some    
hybrids of such monstrous malformation  
as almost to make us fear that a new    
style can be invented4 ,but the effect  
is impossible without the cause4 ,save  
the mysterious ,pyramids1 every         
structure extant acknowledges its       
ancestry4 ,if physiologists are fond of 
claiming the history of the race as one 
of their own chapters1 architecture has 
at least an equal claim4  ,but all this 
does not mean that we are mere passive  
agents in the matter4 ,we are1 in a     
great measure1 the 'external influences'
 that modify art4 ,the motion exists1   
but it devolves upon us to give         
direction4  ,we have already alluded to 
,venetian architecture as being parallel
 in origin and tendency to our own1 and 
much can be gained1 we believe1 by a    
careful examination of what it          

accomplished4 ,not that we ought to     
copy1 line for line1 the doge's palace  
or the ,casa d',oro--the arabesque      
arcade1 or the ,gothic balcony--that    
would only be following the well-worn   
rut of imitation4 ,we are not to study  
the result1 but the cause4 ,for the     
causes that produced the style in       
question were not unlike what we find at
 home to-day4 ,a commercial republic1   
there was the same liberty of           
expression--the same preponderance of   
the individual over the national2 and   
there1 as here1 are we attracted rather 
by the elegance of independent units    
than by any general unity of design4    
,but the growth of art in ,venice 7we   
ask special attention7 was due to her   
central situation1 and the simultaneous 
influx of foreign elements4 ,it was her 
commerce that made ,venice great3 her   
glory came and departed with it4        
,witnessing1 as she did1 the development
 of all the medival styles1 she         
became--geographically and              

historically--the metropolis of         
architecture4 ',the ,greeks1' says      
,ruskin1 'gave the shaft1 ,rome gave the
 arch1 the ,arabs pointed and foliated  
the arch4444 ,opposite in their         
character and mission1 alike in their   
magnificence of energy1 they came from  
the ,north and from the ,south--the     
glacier torrent and the lava stream1    
they met and contended over the wreck of
 the ,roman ,empire2 and the very centre
 of the struggle1 the point of pause of 
both1 the dead water of the opposite    
eddies1 charged with embayed fragments  
of the ,roman wreck1 is ,venice4  ',the 
ducal palace of ,venice contains the    
three elements in exactly equal         
proportions1 the ,roman1 ,lombard1 and  
,arab4 ,it is the central building of   
the world4'  ,truly1 it was a glorious  
success that art achieved in the        
,italian republic1 ,whether the old     
precedents were violated or not1 the    
result is unquestionably pleasing1 and  
the pleasure-seeking tourist lingers    

there as long as the critic4  ,at this  
transition state1 through which ,venice 
passed so nobly1 have we now arrived4   
,we have collected our materials1 and   
piled them up together1 but just as all 
seems most propitious1 le mouvement     
s'arrte1 the materials will not         
coalesce4 ,the brass and the silver1 the
 iron and the gold1 are all in the      
crucible1 but there is no fusion1 only a
 discordant clash4  ,alas6 there is no  
heat4 ,we are not warmed1 as yet1 with  
any love for art4 ,we are too much      
absorbed in the rapid accumulation of   
wealth1 or the passing excitement of the
 hour1 to attend to anything that is    
noble or honest or beautiful4 ,and now  
that devastating war is sweeping through
 the land and clogging the wheels of    
progress1 we are learning terrible      
lessons2 but1 with experience for our   
teacher1 learning them well4 ,where war 
prevails1 civilization for the time must
 stand still4 ,inter arma silent--artes4
 ,and so long as we consider art a      

marketable commodity1 and consign it1   
like merchandise1 to soulless builders1 
so long will it remain in hopeless      
embryo4 ,only by taking a personal      
interest in it can we hope to make it   
our own4  ,so much for what we have     
done4 ,there is little to be proud of1  
and little1 we hope1 that will influence
 our future art4 ,to which we now turn  
our attention4  ,to begin with1 great   
public buildings will never form a      
distinguishing feature of ,american     
architecture4 ,it is to be preeminently 
a domestic style4 ,herein shall we      
differ from the ,european nations1 for  
in art1 as in politics1 the people are  
the rulers4 ,it is discouraging1 at     
first thought1 to reflect that no such  
magnificent architectural combinations  
as those of the ,french capital can ever
 find place in an ,american city4 ,they 
are grand1 they are superb1 these       
endless successions of palaces and      
gardens and triumphal arches1 with      
groves and fountains all in perfect     

symmetry1 and well-balanced vistas      
radiating in all directions2 but they   
are the result of centuries of          
despotism--of the impoverishment of the 
many and the aggrandizement of the few4 
,this1 we hope1 is not to be the fashion
 in ,america4 ,it is true that the      
ground plan for the city of ,washington 
exhibits a design analogous to the      
above1 but we think it will be a long   
time before it exists elsewhere than on 
the map4 ,the ,greeks and ,romans1 we   
know1 confined their efforts to public  
buildings1 but that was their business4 
,they served their ,governments1 but our
 ,government serves us3 the spirit of   
the age points in an opposite direction4
 ,since we are so fond of the classic1  
why not have chariots for carriages1 and
 triremes instead of gunboats and       
steamers8  ,our real style will first   
appear in our residences and warehouses1
 in our banks and hotels and railroad   
depots4 ,it sounds odd1 but it is       
manifestly so to be4 ,we are a          

commercial republic4 ,old ,european     
palaces and cathedrals are doubtless    
very grand1 and--for those who need such
 things--most excellent models4 ,but    
with us the private element already     
predominates2 we only need to begin     
honestly1 and the thing is half done4   
,our national dread of ,gothic1 except  
it be for church purposes1 should be    
done away with4 ,the ,gothic principle1 
we mean2 the style we may follow or may 
not4 ,but to be sincere and             
constructive1 to build with a purpose1  
we must do as did the medival builders4 
,in their hands1 our daguerrean         
sky-lights and shot towers1 our factory 
chimneys and signboards1 would have     
become glorious objects1 become useful  
objects4 ,their art did not confine     
itself to one day in seven2 it permeated
 the commonest details of every-day     
life1 because they were common4 ,hence  
they ennobled everything4  ,but the     
,romans1 unfortunately1 never had any   
shot towers1 or hotels1 or railroad     

depots1 and so we think such things     
exceptions to the ordinary rules of     
architecture4 ,but after all1 perhaps1  
this is all the better for their future1
 as it leaves them comparatively        
untrammelled4 ,in the matter of railroad
 depots1 ,england has certainly stolen a
 march upon us1 the large city stations 
in that rail-bound country being perfect
 ,crystal ,palaces in size and elegance1
 while those for the more rural places  
are often the most exquisite little     
villas1 unapproachable in neatness and  
taste4 ,in some parts of the ,continent1
 the ,swiss style has been pressed into 
this service with notable success4  ,in 
regard to fire-alarm towers1 we rejoice 
to be able to make an exceptional       
remark4 ,new ,york city has actually    
produced two or three of these of new   
and elegant shape1 perfectly adapted to 
their purpose2 and yet1 so far as we    
know1 not copied from anything else4    
,those in ,sixth and ,third avenues have
 a grace of outline that is really      

elegant1 and show what we can accomplish
 if we only build what we want in a     
natural and appropriate way4  ,nothing1 
however1 is to exert a vaster influence 
on our style than the hotel4 ,this      
'institution1' as we have it1 is        
comparatively unknown in ,europe2 beyond
 all nations are we a travelling and    
hotel-building people4 ,our hotels have 
not grown up with the scant traffic of  
the post chaise or diligence2 they      
overleaped that feeble infancy1 and     
started at once with the railroad and   
steamboat4 ,large1 luxurious1 and well  
appointed1 they are usually the         
prominent buildings in all our large    
cities4  ,but as yet it is only their   
size and social importance that         
distinguishes them1 not their           
architecture4 ,the recipe for a         
first-class city house is simple3 a vast
 square front of white1 with ninety-six 
or a hundred and forty-four windows1 as 
the case may be1 all alike1 and all     
equidistant4 ,the variety afforded by   

this arrangement is much the same as    
that of an uncut sheet of postage       
stamps4 ,in such large masses1 a single 
color--white especially--is always      
disagreeable1 unless treated with some  
variety of form4 ,brick1 with stone     
dressings1 will almost invariably       
produce a finer front than stone alone4 
,but1 after all1 the most desirable kind
 of variety is that which seeks to      
express exteriorly the inner arrangement
 of the building1 by giving some degree 
of prominence to the principal rooms4   
,as to interior1 our hotels neglect a   
grand opportunity in making no capital  
of the central space they generally     
enclose4 ,this1 instead of being        
abandoned to cats and ash barrels1 might
 be made the feature of the             
establishment4 ,fancy such a court      
roofed over with glass1#bc and          
surrounded with light arcades of        
ironwork forming a continuous balcony at
 each story1 arrange a garden in the    
centre with a fountain1 and give the    

whole a sort of oriental treatment1 and 
what a really elegant effect could be   
produced6 ,the main entrance in this    
case would be1 not on the street1 but on
 one of the sides of this inner court1  
while an arched carriage way1 to connect
 with the street1 would render vehicles 
accessible under cover4 ,the arcades1   
connecting all parts of the house1 would
 take the place of halls and corridors1 
besides forming delightful promenades4  
,some few hotels could be named1 in our 
large cities1 which seem to have the    
germ of this idea1 but we know no       
instance of its complete development4   
,still we have great hopes of the hotel1
 because it is the place of all others  
which it is to our interest to make look
 well4 ,people go to the post office all
 the same1 be it a barn or a parthenon1 
but they will go1 other things being    
equal1 to the best hotel4 ,here comes in
 the ,american principle of             
,competition1 the keynote of all our    
enterprise4 ,competition is to do for us

 what the hope of earthly immortality   
did for the builders of the ,pyramids1  
what the desire to glorify ,god did for 
the builders of the cathedrals4 ,it is  
to be the soul of our art3 what sort of 
a body it is to put on1 we shall        
presently see4 ,even now it is safe to  
assume that no more such granite prisons
 as the ',revere' or the ',astor' will  
be built for hotels4 ,lightness1        
variety1 and vivacity will more probably
 characterize this style4  ,the shop    
front is something that we must have in 
some shape or other1 and1 if fairly     
treated1 it would become as decidedly   
,american as business is4 ,it is        
susceptible of great variety1 but care  
must be taken that it harmonizes with   
the superstructure4 ,how often we see   
massive structures of marble1 five      
stories or more1 supported on basements 
of plate glass1 apparently2 while the   
real supports are carefully concealed6  
,the best method1 so far tried1 seems to
 be that in which the columns are made  

sufficiently prominent to show their    
object1 and are surmounted by arches1   
which give a good basis for what comes  
next above1 while affording sufficient  
window space to the store front4  ,but  
we must make up our mind to part with   
those hideous signboards1 which trail   
their loathsome length across our best  
buildings1 regardless of console or     
capital or cornice4 ,for the importance 
of the sign renders it constructive1 and
 it has as much right to take part in   
the design as a door or a window4       
,instead of being pinned on like an     
afterthought1 it should be built into   
the wall1 panel fashion1 and by a little
 taste in the selection of the style of 
letter1 it might become one of the most 
striking features of the whole front4   
,color would be better for the letters  
than relief1 being more economical and  
more easily altered4  ,our warehouses   
and even our factories might become     
imposing objects if appropriately       
conceived1 for is not labor ennobling8  

,anything that is worth doing1 is worth 
doing well2 and if any of our           
manufacturing towns are hideous1 they   
are not necessarily so4#bd ,there is a  
certain grandeur about many such places1
 with their myriad chimneys and         
ponderous wheels and whirling engines1  
that deserves a corresponding grandeur  
of expression1 and some of our          
,pennsylvania ironworks already afford  
splendid examples of this4 ,we have     
seldom been more impressed by the       
grandeur of mechanical operations than  
on a recent night visit to one of the   
large rolling mills of ,scranton4 ,the  
whole interior1 vast as a cathedral1 was
 brilliantly lighted by the numerous    
operations in molten and red-hot iron   
that were everywhere in progress1 and1  
with its gleaming furnaces1 ranged on   
either hand down the long vista1 and    
glowing here and there from the         
galleries1 really made us feel prouder  
of our race than did many a dim1        
dilapidated temple of the ,old ,world4  

,as to churches1 we cannot expect much1 
except that they will be tasteful and   
commodious audience rooms1 commensurate 
with the importance of their            
congregations4 ,the religion of to-day  
appeals to soul1 and not to soul and    
sense4 ,the world is older and better   
educated than in the cathedral era1 and 
the apostles and prophets are read1 not 
from sculptured doors or painted        
windows1 but from the printed page and  
the winged word4 ,childhood1 that cannot
 read1 requires gaudily painted primers 
for its instruction and amusement1 but  
the world is a grown man now2 the press 
has superseded the cathedral1 and if we 
imitate those structures in our         
churches1 we should bear in mind that it
 was their size that gave them grandeur1
 and that they would be caricatures     
without it4 ,we have heard our ,american
 church interiors spoken of somewhere as
 divisible into two classes--the        
charlotte-russe style and the           
molasses-candy style4 ,this is not true1

 we hope2 but there is too much truth in
 it1 for it shows the influence of a too
 close imitation of ,european palaces   
and churches1 and the hard shamming that
 has to be done to make this imitation  
apparent4  ,if our rural architecture   
has been more successful1 it is because 
our better class of country houses are  
planned with reference to the landscapes
 they occupy4 ,a rich level meadow with 
here and there a waving elm requires a  
different style of house from a fir-clad
 bluff on a river bank or a wild gorge  
in a mountain4 ,no intelligent          
architect1 we take it1 would design a   
country house without an intimate       
acquaintance with the surroundings1 and 
yet the same man1 likely as not1 would  
make you a sketch for the elevation of  
your house in town1 without even looking
 to see what it was to adjoin on either 
side4 ,now this method may be correct1  
but it seems to us that1 by first       
putting on paper the existing houses1   
say one or two1 on each side of the     

space to be built upon1 the new front   
could be much better planned1 and much  
of that unnecessary discord avoided     
which destroys so many of our best      
streets4 ,this is what is done in       
painting and other arts1 and why not in 
architecture8 ,particular situations    
require particular treatments4 ,a front 
that would appear well on a narrow      
street1 would be inappropriate on a     
broad avenue or a square4 ,a corner1 or 
the head of a street1 are most          
responsible situations4 ,a tall marble  
front1 placed in a modest row of        
freestone1 is hideous1 and yet the      
unrelieved monotony of many such rows is
 quite as bad4 ,a dome1 unless at the   
top of a street or on some open space1  
is next to worthless4 ,who would ever   
notice ,boston ,state ,house or the     
,baltimore ,cathedral1 but for their    
elevated and central positions8  ,we    
often find among the old masters elegant
 architectural paintings1 street views1 
taken from the picturesque cities they  

lived in4 ,we should like to find some  
one bold enough to paint a street view  
of ,broadway or ,washington street or   
,chestnut street4  ,it is a pity that   
our architects are unwilling to         
acknowledge the importance of the       
buttress4 ,concerning this feature1 it  
is not easy to say whether beauty or    
utility is most apparent4 ,it is the    
very idealization of strength1 and hence
 its inherent elegance4 ,suppose ,ntre  
,dame or ,milan ,cathedral stripped of  
their double tiers of flying buttresses4
 ,would you not say that their glory was
 gone--their beauty departed8 ,and yet  
the old builders did not pile them up   
against their naves for mere beauty's   
sake4 ,by no means4 ,but they knew the  
immense weight of their vaulted roofs1  
and anticipated the outward thrust of   
the walls4 ,that was the problem1 and   
most fairly was it met4 ,they           
counteracted the outward pressure from  
within by an inward pressure from       
without1 and there was the buttress4    

,but what if they had said1 ,we are not 
going to spoil our fine churches by     
sticking props all around them1 and had 
resorted to concealed bedplates and     
invisible rods of iron1 would their     
structures have been better or nobler or
 more enduring8 ,fortunately1 they gave 
themselves no concern1 as to how they   
would look--for architecture was honest 
in those days--they simply built them1  
allowing decoration to come in afterward
 in its proper order2 and thereupon the 
buttress became the distinguishing      
feature of ,gothic art4  ,perhaps this  
is the very reason why we so neglect it2
 but symptoms are already appearing     
which lead us to hope that gothophobia  
is on the decline1 and not the least of 
them is the outcropping of something    
that would be a buttress if it dared to1
 but hides its real intention under a   
classic mask1 and passes off as a       
pilaster or a panel border4 ,but it has 
a guilty look1 and the sooner it puts   
off its borrowed garments the better4   

,certainly the demand for it is immense4
 ,so long as we are a commercial people1
 vast warehouses1 piled from cellar to  
roof with heavy merchandise1 must abound
 in all our cities4 ,and yet how utterly
 incompetent would many such buildings  
be to stand alone6 ,so long1 too1 as we 
are a manufacturing people1 must we have
 huge mills crowded full with heavy     
apparatus1 vibrating machinery1 and     
human lives4 ,have we forgotten         
,lawrence8 ,let us not wait for another 
such holocaust ere we learn wisdom4 ,we 
can do without ornament1 but we must    
have safety4 ,a mere increase of dead   
weight is no remedy2 there should be a  
well-studied mechanical disposition of  
material4 ,if buttresses are applied to 
warehouses and factories with sole      
reference to their utility1 elegance    
will grow upon them afterward as        
naturally as leaves grow upon trees4    
,material must depend much upon         
locality1 but iron is undoubtedly to    
hold an important place in our          

architecture4 ,already it is extensively
 used1 but does not seem to command     
general favor4 ,the reason is that      
nearly everything that has been done    
with it so far is not iron architecture1
 but stone architecture done in iron4   
,we do not let it speak its own         
language2 the truss1 the tie rod1 and   
the girder are kept out of sight1 while 
every possible display is made of       
consoles and cornices and ,corinthian   
columns and balustrades1 and all sorts  
of foreign expressions4 ,no wonder that 
it is unable to give an account of      
itself with all these false witnesses4  
,stone houses should be made of stone1  
and if made of wood or iron or plaster1 
they are nothing but shams1 unenduring  
and unsatisfactory4  ,now architecture  
requires the least amount of material   
that is compatible with the greatest    
amount of strength4 ,the forms of       
different materials must be varied to   
suit their texture1 according as it is  
fibrous or crystalline1 tough or        

brittle4 ,iron1 of course1 requires a   
peculiar treatment4 ,at the risk of     
being charged with pedantry1 we say that
 there have never been but two iron     
buildings1 of any pretension1 in this   
country--the ,niagara ,suspension       
,bridge and the ,crystal ,palace at ,new
 ,york4 ,the first still speaks for     
itself2 and of the latter1 no one who   
saw it can forget what an exquisite     
structure it was1 so light and airy and 
elegant1 and yet so strong4 ,it was but 
a bird cage1 though1 compared with its  
enormous prototype at ,sydenham4 ,that  
is unquestionably one of the wonders of 
the world2 its internal coup d'oeil is  
without a parallel4 ,fancy a broad level
 vista1 a third of a mile long1 flanked 
on either side by graceful groves of    
ironwork1 and covered with a continuous 
crystal arch1 a hundred feet above your 
head2 line it with a profusion of       
tropical foliage and clambering vines1  
that grow as luxuriantly as in their    
native woods1 and interspersed with     

statuary and vases gleaming everywhere  
through the rich masses of verdure1     
while here and there fountains of rare  
and exquisite design1 rising from broad 
marble basins1 relieve without lessening
 the immense length--and you may have   
some faint idea of this peerless        
structure4 ',no material is used in it1'
 says ,fergusson1 'which is not the best
 for its purpose1 no constructive       
expedient employed which was not        
absolutely necessary1 and it depends    
wholly for its effect on the arrangement
 of its parts and the display of its    
construction4' ,it is in iron what      
,gothic is in stone4  ,details1 if      
fairly studied1 would do much to        
nationalize our architecture4 ,why      
should we1 in designing a capital or    
cornice1 still cling to the classic     
acanthus or honeysuckle ornament1 or    
even the ,english ivy1 when we have such
 a fund of our own8 ,the maize and the  
sugarcane1 the potato blossom and the   
cotton boll afford so many mines of     

treasure1 that it is surprising that    
they have not already been worked4 ,in  
the architecture of the ,central ,park1 
however1 a decided impetus has been     
given in this direction4 ,the details of
 the grand terrace at the end of the    
,mall are as elaborate as those of a    
,european cathedral1 but they are all   
,american--all our own4  ,another       
excellent feature of our city houses is 
that little strip of garden in front1   
just within the sidewalk4 ,for this1    
too1 we think we have some claim of     
originality4 ,at least it is not        
,european1 for in ,berlin1 ,vienna1     
etc41 some of the most palatial quarters
 are without so much as a sidewalk--the 
paving stones reaching from wall to     
wall4 ,such barrenness of arrangement   
cannot be relieved by any architecture1 
nor was there ever a building so good   
that it could not be improved by a      
setting of foliage4 ,the power of mutual
 relief between art and nature is       
wonderful4 ,to this is owing much of the

 effect of the celebrated ',place       
,napoleon1' the court of the ,new       
,louvre at ,paris4 ,the contrast between
 the richly wrought faades of ,caen     
stone and the foliage in the centre1 is 
most grateful to the eye4 ,even the     
grand quadrangle of the ,tuileries seems
 dismal after it1 grand as are its      
ogre-roofed 'pavilions' and triumphal   
arch1 for it lacks the refreshing       
verdure4 ,the eye wearies of the        
everlasting buff color4  ,not to        
overstep the subject1 we will say just  
one word about the street plans of our  
cities4 ,it is really shameful that     
these are not more studied4 ,no one     
seems to think of adapting them to the  
surface of the ground1 but everything   
must needs be graded flat1 and          
rectangular blocks laid out thereon4    
,our ,western cities1 particularly1     
appear to crystallize in cubes--their   
monotony is painful4 ,an occasional     
introduction of the curved street1 so   
common in ,britain1 would be a          

delightful relief4 ,the ,london         
',quadrant' is a superb example--the way
 in which the houses come into view1 one
 by one1 as you follow the curve1 is not
 to be surpassed4 ,but the chief secret 
of success in plotting a town is to     
seize upon the natural irregularities of
 the ground1 and make them part and     
parcel of the design4 ,the beauty of    
,edinburgh--the ',scottish ,athens1' as 
,dugald ,stewart called it--is entirely 
owing to this4 ,the new town is a       
'wilderness of granite1 magnificently   
dull1' and the old has barely enough of 
the picturesque to save it from being   
hideous4 ,but there is a broad1 natural 
ravine1 dividing the two1 which has been
 retained in its original shape1 and    
being tastefully arranged with shrubbery
 and terraced walks1 forms a fine park4 
,near one end of this the ,castle ,hill 
rises abruptly against the old town1    
while at the other end the view is      
closed by ,calton ,hill1 with its       
classic monuments1 and ,arthur's ,seat  

rising grandly beyond4 ,two or three    
bridges afford a level communication    
between the old town and the new1 and   
,prince's street1 the thoroughfare of   
the latter1 forms a fine terrace along  
the northern edge of the ravine1 passing
 midway the ,scott monument1 a superb   
spire of ,gothic4 ,this latter is       
perhaps the only commendable feature per
 se in the city--for the details of     
,edinburgh are notably poor1 its        
pictorial effect arising solely from the
 very happy manner in which they are    
grouped1 amphitheatre-like1 around the  
',gardens4'  ,did such a vale lie in the
 track of one of our cities1 we would   
consider it an unlucky blemish1 to be   
filled up at once to the general level4 
,it would be named in the contract as   
such-and-such 'sunken lots1' and as the 
,castle ,rock was digged down and dumped
 in1 tax-payers would rejoice over the  
saved cartage4 ,having thus killed off  
,nature1 we would put up squares of     
houses upon the dead level1 while the   

local papers would comment upon the     
'improvement of property4'  ,if we only 
had a ,napoleon here1 some think1 his   
master mind might arrest this           
,vandalism1 infuse some system into our 
rag-bag cities1 and make each a ,paris4 
,but have we not ,public ,opinion1      
stronger than any despot8 ,let a little 
of this current1 guided by taste1 be    
turned into the channels of art1 and the
 results will soon be forthcoming4 ,we  
seem to be hampered1 as yet1 with a kind
 of feudal system of architecture2 this 
will presently be done away with1 for   
the ,american character is eclectic1 and
 naturally selects and combines the best
 in art1 as in politics and commerce4   
,to combine ,english good sense without 
its heaviness1 ,french vivacity without 
its hollowness1 and the exuberance of   
,german fancy without its inertia--to   
combine and reflect all these should be 
the mission of our architecture4        
,neither is it too much to say that a   
genuine love for art may have its       

bearing on that part of us which is     
immortal4 ,not that any of these things 
will exist after this life1 but as      
children are drilled by their teachers  
in many studies which have no practical 
bearing on their after life1 so may we  
consider ourselves as only at boarding  
school with ,nature while in this       
present temporary state2 and if she has 
set us some lessons which do not        
appertain directly to our more exalted  
future1 we should remember that this is 
her method of discipline4 ,but she has  
done more2 she has made the very tasks  
delightful4 ,are not such studies more  
beneficial and satisfactory than the    
idleness and play which fill up so much 
of our lives8  ,no student can succeed1 
however1 who tamely copies his          
neighbor's work4 ,let us hope1 then1    
that our art will soon drop its clumsy  
costume1 and take to itself something   
natural and national2 that it will      
become1 as it should1 the type of our   
,western civilization--a civilization   

that spreads itself1 not by sword or    
sceptre or crozier1 but by life and     
liberty and light4     ,,jefferson      
,,davis ,,and ,,repudiation ,,of        
,,arkansas ,,bonds  ,,letter ,,no4 ,,iii
 ,,of ,,hon4 ,,robert ,j4 ,,walker4     
,london1 #aj ,half ,moon ,street1       
,piccadilly1                            
,january #bhth1 #ahfd  ,in two          
pamphlets1 published by me last summer1 
,mr4 ,jefferson ,davis was clearly      
convicted of sustaining the repudiation 
of the ,union ,bank bonds1 and the      
,planters' ,bank bonds of the ,state of 
,mississippi4 ,these pamphlets were most
 extensively circulated throughout the  
,united ,states1 the ,united ,kingdom1  
and upon the continent of ,europe1 and  
several confederate writers have since  
referred to them2 but no attempt ever   
has been made1 either by ,mr4 ,davis    
himself1 or by any of his agents or     
friends1 to refute any one of the facts 
or deductions contained in those        
pamphlets4 ,indeed1 the facts were      

founded upon authentic documents1       
official papers1 and ,mr4 ,davis's own  
two letters over signature1 plainly and 
unequivocally sustaining the repudiation
 of ,mississippi4 ,it is true1 in the   
case of the ,union ,bank bonds of       
,mississippi1 that ,mr4 ,davis justified
 their repudiation on the ground that   
the bonds of the ,state were            
unconstitutional4 ,but the utter fallacy
 of this position was shown by two      
unanimous decisions of the highest      
judicial tribunal of the ,state of      
,mississippi1 before whom this very     
question was brought directly for       
adjudication1 affirming the             
constitutionality and validity of these 
bonds4 ,when it is recollected1 also1   
that this was the ,court designated by  
the ,constitution and laws of           
,mississippi1 as the tribunal to which  
the ultimate decision of this question  
was referred1 the wretched character of 
this pretext must be at once perceived4 
,mr4 ,davis's two repudiating letters   

were published by him in the spring and 
summer of #ahdi1 yet one of these       
decisions by the highest judicial       
tribunal of ,mississippi1 quoted by me1 
affirming the validity and              
constitutionality of these very bonds1  
was made in #ahdb1 and again unanimously
 reaffirmed in #ahec4 ,but still1 ,mr4  
,davis adhered to the same position4 ,as
 to the ,planters' ,bank bonds1 however1
 the repudiation of which was shown to  
have been justified by ,mr4 ,davis1     
there never was even a pretext that they
 were illegal or unconstitutional4 ,nor 
is there any force in the suggestion1   
that these questions were decided before
 ,mr4 ,davis came into public life4     
,they were continuous questions1        
constantly discussed in the press and   
before legislative and judicial         
tribunals4 ,and1 we have seen1 even as  
late as #ahec1 four years succeeding    
,mr4 ,davis's repudiating letters1 the  
second decision was made by the highest 
judicial tribunal of ,mississippi1      

reaffirming the validity and            
constitutionality of these bonds4  ,but 
,i will now cite another instance of the
 advocacy of repudiation by ,mr4        
,jefferson ,davis1 still more flagitious
 than that of ,mississippi4 ,it was that
 of the ,state bonds of ,arkansas1 the  
validity and constitutionality of which 
never has been disputed4 ,a brief       
history of this transaction is as       
follows3 ,in #ahcj1 ,james ,smithson1 an
 eminent and wealthy citizen of ,london1
 in the kingdom of ,great ,britain1     
died1 bequeathing1 by his last will and 
testament1 the whole of his property to 
the ,united ,states of ,america1 in     
trust1 to found at ,washington1 under   
the name of ',the ,smithsonian          
,institution1' an establishment 'for the
 increase of diffusion of knowledge     
among men4' ,after some delay1 the      
,congress of the ,united ,states1 in    
#ahcf1 passed an act1 accepting the     
trust1 and pledging the faith of the    
,government for the faithful application

 of the money to the noble purpose      
designated by the illustrious donor4    
,under this act1 ,richard ,rush1 one of 
our most distinguished citizens1 who had
 been minister to ,england and to       
,france1 and had held the position of   
,secretary of ,state and of the         
,treasury1 at ,washington1 was sent by  
the ,government to ,london1 to obtain   
from the ,court of ,chancery the fund1  
amounting to over #ejj1jjj4 ,it is usual
 in the proceedings of the ,english     
,court of ,chancery1 when funds1 under  
circumstances like these1 are bequeathed
 to trustees for scientific or          
charitable purposes1 not to part with   
the money to the trustee1 except upon   
his filing in court absolute security   
for the faithful fulfilment of the      
trust4 ,in this case1 however1 the ,high
 ,court of ,chancery in ,england1       
considering that to imply any laches or 
neglect of a trust so sacred1 on the    
part of the ,government of the ,united  
,states1 was an idea not to be          

entertained1 did1 by their decree1      
without any security1 hand over all the 
money to the ,government of the ,united 
,states1 to be appropriated to the      
purpose designated by the donor1        
receiving only the pledge given by the  
,congress of the ,united ,states1 for   
the faithful appropriation of the money4
 ,now1 if there ever was any obligation1
 that would be considered sacred by the 
whole civilized world1 it was this1 and 
most faithfully has the ,government of  
the ,united ,states executed this trust4
 ,nay1 it has done much more2 it has    
granted forty acres of ground1 belonging
 to the ,government1 in the city of     
,washington1 gratuitously1 for the      
erection of the buildings upon them1    
erected by the ,government1 are worth   
largely more than the whole bequest4    
,not only has the ,government done this1
 but1 upon the whole fund received from 
,mr4 ,smithson1 it has always punctually
 paid an interest of six per cent4 in   
gold upon the whole sum1 and pledged its

 faith for a similar perpetual payment4 
,it has also largely aided the          
institution by contributions to its     
museum1 collections1 and library1 and by
 the gratuitous services of public      
officers in its behalf4 ,such was the   
bill passed by ,congress in #ahdf1 and  
which has always been most faithfully   
executed4 ,so that the institution is   
now established upon a permanent basis1 
and is fulfilling all the great and     
noble purposes proposed by the          
illustrious donor4 ,now1 in #ahcg1 this 
fund was received by the ,government of 
the ,united ,states1 and invested by the
 ,secretary of the ,treasury1 ,mr4      
,woodbury1 in the six per cent4 bonds of
 the ,state of ,arkansas at par1 to the 
extent of over half a million of        
dollars4 ,during the same year ,arkansas
 invested this money in a bank1 entitled
 ',the ,real ,estate ,bank of           
,arkansas2' and of which the ,state was 
the great stockholder4 ,in #ahci1 this  
,bank1 having loaned out these funds to 

the citizens of ,arkansas1 became       
absolutely and totally insolvent1 and   
has never been able to pay one cent on  
the dollar to any of its creditors4 ,in 
#ahci1 the ,state of ,arkansas failed to
 pay the interest on its bonds1 and from
 that day to this has never paid one    
dollar either of interest or principal  
on any of these most sacred obligations4
  ,on the #dth of ,march1 #ahde1 ,i     
became ,secretary of the ,treasury of   
the ,united ,states1 and having taken   
the deepest interest in this            
,smithsonian fund1 and in its faithful  
application to the noble purpose of the 
donor1 and inasmuch as one of my        
predecessors had invested these funds in
 these bonds1 and the ,government had   
made itself directly responsible for the
 faithful execution of this trust1 ,i   
endeavored to reclaim1 as far as        
possible1 this money from the ,state of 
,arkansas1 and to induce ,congress to   
appropriate its own moneys to redeem the
 pledge of the ,government1 and fulfil  

this trust4 ,my first official action on
 this subject was as follows3 ,by act of
 ,congress1 five per cent4 of the net   
proceeds of the sales of the public     
lands of the ,united ,states in         
,arkansas was payable to that ,state1   
for certain purposes designated in the  
act4 ,there was1 also1 an act of        
,congress in force1 authorizing the     
,secretary of the ,treasury1 where there
 were mutual debts and credits between  
the ,government and any other person1 to
 offset any debt due by any creditor of 
the ,united ,states1 against any debt1  
so far as it would go1 due by the       
,united ,states to such creditor4 ,i    
interpreted this act as authorizing me  
to withhold this five per cent4 fund    
from the ,state of ,arkansas and        
appropriate it1 as far as it would go1  
in payment of the interest which had    
accumulated on the bonds of the ,state  
of ,arkansas1 in which my predecessor1  
,mr4 ,woodbury1 on behalf of the        
,government1 had invested the           

,smithsonian ,fund2 thus saving a small 
portion of the interest which had       
accrued on these bonds4 ,for this act ,i
 was violently denounced by the         
,senators and ,representatives of       
,arkansas in ,congress1 as also by the  
,legislature and ,governor of the       
,state1 and strenuous efforts were made1
 unsuccessfully1 first to induce me to  
revoke my action1 and1 secondly1 to have
 it overruled by the ,government4 ,but  
,i adhered to it1 and declared openly1  
that if such a breach of trust were     
consummated1 and my action overruled in 
the premises1 ,i would resign my seat in
 the cabinet4 ,my official action1      
however1 was sustained by an almost     
unanimous public sentiment of ,congress1
 and of the country4 ,indeed1 beyond the
 limits of the ,state of ,arkansas1 and 
the circle of the repudiators of        
,mississippi1 my course was sustained   
and approved4  ,now1 then1 let us see   
what was the action of ,mr4 ,jefferson  
,davis on the question of these         

,arkansas bonds4 ,on reference to the   
journals of the ,house of               
,representatives1 of the ,congress of   
the ,united ,states1 it appears that    
,mr4 ,jefferson ,davis took his seat in 
that body1 as one of the members elect  
from the ,state of ,mississippi1 on the 
#hth of ,december1 #ahde4 7,p4 #ef47    
,when the bill was pending for          
organizing the ,smithsonian             
,institution1 and making good for both  
principal and interest1 the sum         
bequeathed by ,mr4 ,smithson that had   
been invested by the ,government of the 
,united ,states in these ,arkansas      
,state bonds1 ,mr4 ,jefferson ,davis1 on
 the #bith ,april1 #ahdf1 as appears by 
the official proceedings of the ,house1 
page #gdi1 moved an amendment3 ',to add 
at the end of the section the           
following'--',provided1 however1 ,that  
if the ,governor of the ,state of       
,arkansas shall make it appear to the   
satisfaction of the ,attorney-,general  
of the ,united ,states1 that he has used

 suitable means to obtain from the ,real
 ,estate ,bank of the ,state of         
,arkansas1 payment of the debt due by   
said ,bank to the ,state of ,arkansas1  
but without success1 then1 in that case1
 and until the arrears due by the said  
,real ,estate ,bank shall have been     
received into the ,treasury of the      
,state of ,arkansas1 the said ,state    
shall be and is hereby declared to be   
absolved from the promises on the face  
of her bonds by which the said ,state   
heretofore pledged her faith for the due
 payment of the principal and interest  
of said bonds4' ,now1 then1 it will be  
remembered1 that the legality and       
constitutionality of these ,arkansas    
,state bonds never has been disputed4   
,these bonds were issued by the ,state1 
under direct authority of law1 signed by
 the ,governor1 with the broad seal of  
the ,state attached1 and recognized by  
the ,government of the ,united ,states1 
by the investment of this sacred fund in
 these obligations4 ,nay1 more1 this    

fund thus received by the ,state from   
the ,government on these bonds1 had been
 invested1 under the law of the ,state  
of ,arkansas1 in a ,real ,estate ,bank1 
created by that ,state1 and the money   
loaned to the citizens of the ,state4   
,that ,state ,bank1 however1 in #ahci1  
became utterly and notoriously          
insolvent1 and never did or could pay   
one cent in the dollar on its           
obligations4 ,and1 more especially1     
never did it pay1 after #ahci1 one      
single cent of the principal or interest
 upon these ,state obligations4 ,now1   
then1 this institution1 in #ahdf1 being 
absolutely and totally insolvent1 its   
funds having been wasted and squandered 
without the possibility of recovery1    
either in whole or in part1 ,mr4 ,davis 
offers this resolution to authorize the 
,state to repudiate its bonds1 and that 
the ,government should look only to this
 insolvent ,bank for the payment of the 
principal and interest on these bonds1  
amounting then to over #gjj1jjj4 ,it was

 not alleged by ,mr4 ,davis1 or by any  
other person1 that these bonds were     
unconstitutional4 ,no such pretext was  
ever made even by the ,state of         
,arkansas4 ,it was a most atrocious case
 of open repudiation4 ,and here1 it     
matters not1 so far as this question is 
concerned1 what may have been the       
obligation of the ,government of the    
,united ,states to make good these      
funds4 ,that is a totally distinct and  
independent question4 ,the true and real
 issue in this case is this3 ,was not   
the ,state of ,arkansas bound to pay    
these bonds1 both interest and          
principal1 as it fell due1 in1 which    
bonds1 by the request and authority of  
the ,state1 the ,government of the      
,united ,states had invested this       
,smithsonian fund8 ,this obligation of  
the ,state of ,arkansas1 both moral and 
legal1 is undisputed and indisputable2  
and yet ,mr4 ,davis moved the resolution
 before quoted1 absolving the ,state    
from the payment of the principal and   

interest of these bonds1 except so far  
as the assets of her own ,bank1 then    
notoriously bankrupt1 should avail to   
make good these obligations4 ,that is1  
the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 by
 solemn act1 was to authorize the ,state
 of ,arkansas to repudiate her solemn   
obligations4 ,recollect1 this was not a 
case of ,mississippi bonds1 of which    
,state ,mr4 ,davis was then a           
,representative in ,congress1 but it was
 the case of ,arkansas1 another ,state1 
having on the floor of ,congress its own
 ,senators and ,representatives4 ,but it
 is a very remarkable fact1 that        
,mississippi1 for many years1 had then  
repudiated her own bonds1 that ,mr4     
,davis justified and sustained that     
repudiation1 and that now he appears on 
behalf of ,arkansas to induce ,congress1
 by solemn act1 to authorize that ,state
 to repudiate her obligations also4     
,thus was it that ,mr4 ,davis travelled 
out of his own ,state into another1 to  
make the ,government of the ,united     

,states a party to the repudiation of   
her bonds by the ,state of ,arkansas4   
,let me not be misunderstood4 ,i do not 
mean to say1 that ,mr4 ,davis proposed  
or intended that the ,government of the 
,united ,states should repudiate its    
faith1 plighted to the ,british ,court  
of ,chancery1 to make good this fund4   
,that is not the question4 ,it is       
entirely collateral4 ,but1 what he did  
do was this1 and there stands his own   
resolution1 offered by himself in the   
,congress of the ,united ,states1 which1
 if carried into effect1 would have     
released the ,state of ,arkansas from   
these bonds1 or1 in ,mr4 ,davis's own   
words1 ',the said ,state shall be and is
 hereby declared to be absolved from the
 promises on the face of her bonds1 by  
which the said ,state heretofore pledged
 her faith for the due payment of the   
principal and interest of said bonds4'  
,why should ,congress release ,arkansas 
from the payment of her ,state          
obligations8 ,why thus justify the      

repudiation of her bonds8 ,can any other
 reason be assigned than this1 that ,mr4
 ,jefferson ,davis was looking to the   
repudiated bonds of ,mississippi1 and   
was endeavoring to establish a          
precedent1 by solemn act of the         
,congress1 by which1 if adopted as a    
principle1 ,mississippi1 and every other
 defaulting ,state1 could be justified  
in the repudiation of their bonds also4 
,it is to the credit of the ,congress of
 the ,united ,states1 that ,mr4 ,davis's
 resolution was rejected without a      
division1 and without a count4 ,when it 
is recollected1 that at this very time1 
,i1 as ,secretary of the ,treasury1 was 
appropriating the five per cent4 found  
payable by the ,government to the ,state
 of ,arkansas toward the liquidation of 
these bonds against the protest of that 
,state1 the further meaning of these    
movements will be clearly perceived4    
,had this resolution of ,mr4 ,davis     
passed the two ,houses of ,congress1    
absolving the ,state of ,arkansas from  

the payment of these bonds1 ,i could1 of
 course1 as ,secretary of the ,treasury1
 no longer have withheld that fund from 
the ,state1 and appropriated it1 so far 
as it went1 toward the liquidation of   
the interest accrued and accruing on    
these bonds4 ,it appears1 then1 by      
conclusive and official evidence1 that  
,mr4 ,jefferson ,davis's repudiation of 
,state obligations1 was not confined to 
his own ,state1 nor even to the ,state  
of ,arkansas2 but that he desired to    
make the ,government of the ,united     
,states1 by solemn act of ,congress1 a  
party directly sanctioning such         
atrocious violations of ,state faith and
 ,state obligations4                    
,r4 ,j4 ,,walker4     ,,aphorisms4      
,,no4 ,,iii4  ,,two ,,rules4-,to get    
safely and comfortably through the      
world1 one must observe two rules3      
first1 keep your eyes open2 second1 keep
 them shut4  ,not to see the actual     
realities of our daily existence1 is the
 part of a fool4  ,not to notice the    

thousand and one petty faults of others1
 and the ever-recurring petty annoyances
 of our circumstances1 is the part of a 
wise man4  ,even injuries intentionally 
done to us1 are often best disposed of  
by resolutely ignoring them4  ,so of    
evils that cannot be remedied--the less 
we know of them the better4 ,not to see 
an ill sight1 is often just as good as  
to remove it from existence4  ,we need  
only to add3 ,this seeing and not       
seeing1 depends very much upon the will4
 ,the wolf that wills it can easily see 
the lamb disturbing the water that he   
drinks1 even while the lamb is below him
 on the bank of the stream2 and the     
lamb1 by a stern resolve1 can refuse to 
see the injustice which it has no power 
to remedy4 ,the will of man is little   
less than omnipotent in the wide sphere 
of its appropriate power2 and that      
sphere is much wider than feeble-minded 
people may suppose4     ,,literary      
,,notices4       ,,life ,,and           
,,correspondence ,,of ,,theodore        

,,parker1 ,minister of      the         
,twenty-eighth ,congregational ,society1
 ,boston4 ,by ,,john      ,,weiss4 ,in  
#b volumes4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton   
,co41 #ddc  #dde      ,broadway4  ,a    
work of two large octavo volumes1       
containing #a1jbj pages1 with two       
portraits of ,mr4 ,parker1 and some     
vignettes on wood4 ,the author is ,john 
,weiss1 and the biography is exceedingly
 well written1 a great deal of it being 
given directly from ,mr4 ,parker's own  
letters and journals4 ,he was born in   
,massachusetts in #ahaj1 and died in    
,italy before he had completed his      
fiftieth year4 ,he was brought up on his
 father's farm1 taught school while in  
his teens to provide money for further  
progress1 prepared himself for the      
university1 taught a higher school      
during his college course1 studied the  
classics1 acquired ,german1 ,french1 and
 ,spanish1 became a divinity student in 
,cambridge1 added ,danish1 ,swedish1    
,arabic and ,syriac1 ,anglo-,saxon and  

,modern ,greek1 was ordained a          
,unitarian minister in #ahcg1 and       
settled at ,west ,roxbury4 ,his labors  
were great3 he preached1 lectured1      
translated1 edited1 and wrote4 ,his     
health sank under his arduous mental    
toil4 ,he went abroad to regain it1 and 
died in ,florence in #ahfj4 ,whatever we
 may think of his creed1 as a preacher  
he was able and earnest4 ,he was a man  
of varied gifts1 of wide and detailed   
culture4 ,he was opposed to slavery1 and
 stood in bold antagonism to the        
,fugitive ,slave ,law4 ,he was blamed1  
perhaps maligned1 during his lifetime1  
but posterity will acknowledge him as a 
man of large brain and generous heart4  
,his letters are exceedingly            
interesting1 touching upon almost every 
subject now under discussion4    ',would
 you be good1 and fill each human duty8 
,one art's enough for that--the finest  
art--   ,see but the good in every human
 heart4'       ,,was ,,he ,,successful8 
,a ,novel4 ,by ,,richard ,b4            

,,kimball1 ,author of ',st4 ,leger1'    
',undercurrents1' ',romance of          
,student ,life1' etc4 ,new ,york2       
,carleton1 publisher1 #dac ,broadway4   
,leipsic3 ,tauchnitz4 #ahfd4  ,the      
readers of ,,the ,,continental have been
 favored with the first perusal of this 
monitory novel4 ,it is an accurate      
delineation of men and manners found too
 frequently in our midst1 and the moral 
should be deeply graven on every heart4 
,we feel the more at liberty to         
recommend this work1 as it was commenced
 in our columns before the present corps
 of editors had entered upon their      
labors1 and we cordially wish every     
species of success to ,mr4 ,kimball4    
,,musical ,,sketches4 ,by ,,eliza       
,,polko4 ,translated from      the sixth
 ,german edition1 by ,,fanny ,,fuller4  
,philadelphia3      ,frederick          
,leypoldt4 ,new ,york3 ,f4 ,w4          
,christern4  ,we think this book will   
become a favorite with our people4 ,it  
contains sketches1 legends1 and         

traditions of many of the great         
musicians4 ,bach1 ,gluck1 ,mozart1      
,mendelssohn1 ,pergolesi1 ,schubert1    
,scarlatti1 ,weber1 ,paganini1 ,gretry1 
,catalani1 ,malibran1 ,handel1 ,anderle1
 ,haydn1 ,boieldieu1 ,cimarosa1         
,beethoven1 ,lully1 ,berger1 etc41 float
 pleasantly through its fanciful pages4 
,romance and reality mingle genially    
together1 the reality half persuading us
 that the romance is true4 ,it is       
appreciative and tender in the original1
 and the translation is well executed4  
,the vignette of the music-making       
cherubs is really beautiful4            
,,husks4 ,,colonel ,,floyd',s ,,wards4  
,by ,,marion ,,harland4      ,new ,york3
 ,sheldon  ,co41 #cce ,broadway4  ,few  
young writers have attained so sudden a 
popularity as ,marion ,harland4 ,we     
believe it well deserved4 ,her plots are
 interesting1 her characters well drawn1
 her style natural1 her morals          
unexceptionable4 ,of the two tales      
composing the present volume1 we prefer 

',colonel ,floyd's ,wards4' ,the        
interest is well sustained1 and         
,virginian society and manners          
truthfully depicted4        ,,diary1    
from ,november #ah1 #ahfb1 to ,october  
#ah1 #ahfc4 ,by      ,,adam ,,gurowski4 
,volume ,second4 ,new ,york3 ,carleton1 
publisher1 #dac ,broadway4  ,has ,count 
,gurowski's course toward his own       
unfortunate country1 heroic ,poland1    
been sufficiently loyal and faithful to 
induce us to put much confidence in his 
portraitures of the men and events of   
the land of his adoption8        ,,the  
,,great ,,consummation4 ,,the           
,,millennial ,,rest2 or1 ,the ,world    
as it ,will ,be4 ,by ,,rev4 ,,john      
,,cumming1 ,d4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,e41    
,minister of the ,scottish ,national    
,church1 ,crown ,court1 ,covent         
,garden2 ,author of ',the ,great        
,tribulation1' and ',the ,great         
,preparation4' ,second ,series4 ,new    
,york3 ,carleton1 publisher1 #dac       
,broadway4  ,the writings of the ,rev4  

,dr4 ,cumming are too well known to the 
public to need any characterization at  
our hands4 ,his style is clear and      
simple1 and we believe it is his desire 
to awaken and win souls4 ,although      
frequently miscomprehending the dogmas  
of the ,mother ,church1 he is neither   
narrow nor bigoted in his religious     
views4 ,in the volume under             
consideration1 he takes passages found  
principally in ,isaiah and ,revelations 
as texts to describe the ,millennium    
which he believes at hand4 ,he strives  
to inculcate the lesson1 ',be ye        
therefore ready4'        ,,cudjo',s     
,,cave4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,,trowbridge1       
,author of      ',neighbor ,jackwood1'  
',the ,drummer ,boy1' etc4 ,boston3     
,tilton  ,co4  ,we believe ,mr4         
,trowbridge has achieved a real success 
in his ,cudjo4 ,the plot is well        
conceived and sustained1 and the        
interest never flags from the first page
 to the last4 ,there is no dull reading 
in the book1 no interminable preludes or

 introductions4 ,we are presented in the
 very first chapter to the hero1 the    
young schoolmaster1 about to be tarred  
and feathered by a brutal mob4 ,and a   
real hero he proves himself in his      
gentleness1 conscientiousness1 and manly
 moral and physical courage4 ,carl1 the 
,german boy1 is an inimitable picture of
 young ,german life and character4      
,toby1 the house negro1 is1 in his      
mingled stupidity1 cunning1 and         
faithfulness1 drawn to the life4 ,nor   
are the negroes of the cave less        
excellent4 ,events hurry forward1       
different characters are strangely      
grouped1 new elements and capacities    
constantly developed1 while truth to the
 original conception is constantly      
adhered to4 ,graphic descriptions and   
picturesque situations abound4 ,if      
scenes of violence occur1 it is because 
they are true to the history of the     
hour4 ,we close by extracting the       
closing sentence of this loyal and      
natural novel3 ',for peaceful days1 a   

peaceful and sunny literature3 and may  
,heaven hasten the time when there shall
 be no more strife1 and no more human   
bondage2 when1 under the folds of the   
starry flag1 from the lake chain to the 
gulf1 and from sea to sea1 freedom1     
peace1 and righteousness shall reign2   
when all men shall love each other1 and 
the nations shall know ,god6'           
,,united ,,states ,,wall ,,atlas4       
,constructed and drawn under the        
direction of ,a4 ,,guyot1 by ,,ernest   
,,sandoz4 ,new      ,york3 ,published by
 ,charles ,scribner1 #abd ,grand street4
  ,this is a physical map of the ,united
 ,states1 giving the altitudes 7within  
certain limits7 of the surface of the   
land1 the height of the principal       
mountains1 the courses of the ranges and
 also of the rivers1 together with many 
other interesting particulars4 ,the     
principal political divisions and the   
chief towns are also indicated4 ,the    
names of that profound and earnest      
savant1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,guyot1 and of his   

talented nephew1 ,e4 ,sandoz1 are a     
sufficient guarantee of the accuracy and
 excellence of this useful work4        
,a ,,budget ,,of ,,fun ,,for ,,little   
,,folks4 ,by ,,aunt ,,maggie4           
,boston3 ,loring1 publisher1 #cai       
,washington street4       ,,jean        
,,belin2 or1 ,the ,adventures of a      
,little ,french ,boy4 ,by      ,,alfred 
,,de ,,brehat4 ,translated from the     
,french4 ,boston3      ,loring1         
publisher1 #cai ,washington street4 ,for
 sale by ,o4 ,s4 ,felt1      #cf ,walker
 street1 ,new ,york4  ,two very pleasant
 books for children4 ,the first contains
 the adventures of a knitting society1  
interspersed with sundry novel fairy    
tales1 and the second is intended to    
supply the need felt by all the little  
ones when ',robinson ,crusoe' and the   
',swiss ,family ,robinson' have been    
exhausted4 ,the tale is lively and well 
told1 and the characters natural and    
ably sustained4 ,we notice in both works
 an occasional inaccuracy of expression4

 ,such slight blemishes do not          
materially impair the excellence of     
these sprightly volumes1 but a little   
more attention would have sufficed to   
render them entirely free from error4   
,the examples of language placed before 
youth cannot be too carefully revised4  
,with this minute exception1 we heartily
 recommend the ',budget of ,fun' and    
',jean ,belin1' especially the latter1  
to all young people4                    
,,carrot-,,pomade1 with twenty-six      
,illustrations by      ,,augustus       
,,hoppin4 ',hair ten carats fine4' ,new 
,york3 ,james      ,g4 ,gregory1        
publisher1 #df ,walker street4  ,a      
ludicrous satire1 and well deserved1 on 
the general style of advertisements4    
,hoppin is too well known to need       
laudation4 ,his illustrations are       
irresistibly comic4 ,what could be      
happier than the cupids of the brush and
 comb on the frontispiece8 ,the poor    
'krittur which furnished the grease' is 
well conceived and executed4            

,,poems4 ,by ,,henry ,,peterson4        
,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4      ,lippincott4
  ,a volume of graceful verses4 ,we     
quote its dedication3 ',to the members  
of that hard-working1 poorly rewarded   
editorial profession1 who make so many  
reputations for others1 and so few for  
themselves1 this book is respectfully   
dedicated by one of the fraternity4'    
',abra's ,vision' is a happy rendering  
of ,leigh ,hunt's ',abou ,ben ,adhem4'  
,,appleton',s ,,united ,,states ,,postal
 ,,guide2 containing the      ,chief    
,regulations of the ,post ,office2 and a
 complete ,list of ,post      ,offices  
throughout the ,united ,states1 with    
other information for      the ,people4 
,published ,quarterly4 ,new ,york3 ,d4  
,appleton  ,co41 #ddc       #dde        
,broadway4 ,one dollar per annum4       
,price1 #be cents4  ,this volume has    
been prepared with the sanction of ,mr4 
,blair1 ,postmaster ,general1 and is an 
authorized medium of information between
 the ,post ,office ,department and the  

public4 ,it meets a want very generally 
felt1 and will be welcomed by the       
community at large4 ,its table of       
contents is a full one2 we have space   
but for a few items3 ',officers1 and    
recent ,orders of the ,department2      
,rates of ,postage to ,foreign          
,countries2 ,rates of ,domestic         
,postage2 ,date of ,sailing of ,foreign 
,steamers2 ,establishment of ,post      
,offices2 ,mail ,contracts2 ,penalties  
in certain cases2 ,suggestions to the   
,public2 ,time occupied in the          
transmission of ,letters2 ,local ,post  
,office ,regulations2 ,list of ,post    
,offices in the ,united ,states1 etc4   
,we regard the condensation of important
 and indeed almost necessary information
 as of great value to our people4       
,,legends ,,of ,,the ,,birds4 ,by       
,,charles ,,godfrey ,,leland4           
,illustrated by ,f4 ,moras4             
,philadelphia3 ,frederick ,leypoldt1    
publisher4 ,new ,york3 for sale by ,f4  
,w4 ,christern1 #gfc ,broadway4  ,an    

exquisite volume1 containing illuminated
 pictures of the ,birds of the ,legends4
 ,very beautiful are the legends1       
tenderly and simply told in the golden  
words of a poet4 ,they are calculated to
 teach us humanity toward the winged    
creatures of the air1 so often the      
victims of our cruel sports4 ,we have   
,the ,swallow1 ,the ,eagle1 ,the ,robin1
 ,the ,cock1 ,the ,swan1 ,the ,falcon1  
,the ,wood ,dove1 ,the ,humming ,bird1  
,the ,scarlet ,tannager1 ,the ,peacock1 
and ,the ,owl1 each bird occupying his  
own illuminated page2 each with his own 
simple and touching legend4 ,mr4        
,leland's little poems will speak to    
many a heart1 and many a mother will    
read them aloud to the wild boys begging
 for guns to devastate our forests1 to  
inspire them with mercy for these flying
 flowers1 these musicians of the air4   
,paper1 print1 type1 arabesques1 and    
designs1 are excellent4 ,we heartily    
congratulate ,mr4 ,leypoldt on the      
beauty of the publication4       ,,hand 

,,book ,,of ,,calisthenics ,,and        
,,gymnastics3 ,a ,complete ,drill       
,book for ,schools1 ,families1 and      
,gymnasiums4 ,with ,music to accompany  
the ,exercises4 ,illustrated from       
original designs4 ,by ,j4 ,,madison     
,,watson4 ,new ,york and ,philadelphia3 
,schermerhorn1 ,bancroft       ,co4     
,chicago3 ,george ,sherwood4 #ahfd4     
,the ,american people are waking up to  
the importance of physical culture1     
struggling to develop muscle1 to        
strengthen weak nerves1 and to build up 
national bodily vigor4 ,the purpose of  
the volume before us is to solve this   
problem4 ,the author has aimed to make  
it a complete gymnastic drill book1 with
 words of command and classes of        
movements systematically arranged1      
embracing all necessary exercises for   
the lungs1 the voice1 the organs of     
speech1 the joints1 and the muscles4    
,part #ast1 under the head of ,vocal    
,gymnastics1 treats of ,respiration1    
,phonetics1 and ,elocution2 concise and 

clear principles and rules are given1   
accompanied by examples and exercises   
sufficiently numerous to enable the     
student to bring them completely within 
his comprehension and under his control4
 ,we regard this part of the work before
 us as exceedingly important4 ,to read  
aloud well is one of the rarest of      
accomplishments1 though one of the most 
desirable1 and the training of the voice
 is absolutely necessary to attain this 
end4 ,when properly pursued1 such       
exercises are exceedingly invigorating4 
',in forming and undulating the voice1' 
says ,dr4 ,combe1 'not only the chest1  
but also the diaphragm and abdominal    
muscles are in constant action1 and     
communicate to the stomach and bowels a 
healthy and agreeable stimulus4' ,the   
poetic selections are made with great   
taste1 and are admirably fitted to      
achieve the end for which they are      
designed4  ,part #b;d1 under the head of
 ,calisthenics1 exhibits a varied course
 of exercises without the aid of        

apparatus4 ,pupils are taught to beat   
time1 and use is thus made of the magic 
power of rhythmical movement4 ,nineteen 
pieces of piano music are given1 which  
are well chosen1 and appropriately      
introduced4  ,part #c;d1 under the head 
of ,gymnastics1 presents a wider        
collection of exercises for wands1 dumb 
bells1 ,indian clubs1 and hand rings1   
than any of the books we have yet seen4 
,all the exercises are arranged in      
accordance with well-known principles of
 ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 and ,hygiene4   
',in presenting a new system of         
,calisthenics and ,gymnastics1 a series 
of illustrations from original designs  
is indispensable4' ,these are remarkably
 well drawn and executed4 ,accent1      
quantity1 with ,iambic1 ,trochaic1      
,anapestic1 and ,dactylic ,rhythms1 are 
practically given in the work1 which1   
should the student have poetic talent1  
would be of great use to him in making  
his own verses1 while to the reader of  
poetry a knowledge of them is           

indispensable4  ,we heartily commend    
this book to the notice of our          
readers--to all who prize physical      
culture1 health1 and symmetrical        
education4 ,we hope it may find its way 
into our schools and families4  ,print1 
paper1 and the mechanical execution of  
this valuable ,hand ,book are really    
excellent4       ,,light ,,on ,,shadowed
 ,,paths4 ,by ,t4 ,s4 ,,arthur1 ,author 
of ',ten ,nights in a ,bar ,room1'      
',steps toward ,heaven1' ',golden       
,grain1' etc4 ,new ,york3 ,carleton1    
publisher1 #dac ,broadway4  ,the books  
of ,t4 ,s4 ,arthur have had a very wide 
circulation both in this country and in 
,england4 ,this volume is composed of   
thirty-three short tales1 well          
calculated to touch and soothe the      
popular heart4 ,they are tender1 moral1 
and simple4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,,january           
,,periodicals ,,received4       ,,the   
,,universalist ,,quarterly4 ,boston3    
,published by ,t4      ,tompkins  ,co4  

,new ,york3 ,h4 ,lyon1 #aai ,nassau     
street4  ,,contents3 ,the ,logic and the
 ,end of the ,rebellion4 ,the ,eastern  
,church and ,council of ,nice4          
,salvation in ,christ not ,limited to   
this ,life4 ,contributions of ,science  
to ,religion4 ,history of the ,doctrine 
of a ,future ,life4 ,atheism and its    
,exponents4 ,formula of ,baptism4 ,the  
,universalists as a ,christian ,sect4   
,general ,review4 ,recent ,publications4
 ,american and ,english ,quarterlies4   
,,the ,,north ,,american ,,review1      
,january #ast1 #ahfd4 ,editors3         
,prof4 ,james ,russell ,lowell and      
,charles ,eliot ,norton1 ,esqs4 ,boston3
      ,crosby  ,nichols1 #aag           
,washington street4 ,new ,york3 ,h4     
,dexter1      ,hamilton  ,co41 ,sinclair
 ,tousey1 and ,d4 ,g4 ,francis4         
,,contents3 ,ticknor's ,life of         
,prescott4 ,the ,bible and ,slavery4    
,the ,ambulance ,system4 ,the           
,bibliotheca ,sacra4 ,immorality in     
,politics4 ,the ,early ,life of         

,governor ,winthrop4 ,the ,sanitary     
,commission4 ,renan's ,life of ,jesus4  
,the ,president's ,policy4 ,critical    
,notices4       ,,the ,,christian       
,,examiner4--,contents3 ,weiss's ,life  
of      ,theodore ,parker4 ,uhland4 ,the
 ,patience of ,hope4 ,arthur            
,schopenhauer4      ,the ,system and    
,order of ,christ's ,ministry4          
,ticknor's ,life of      ,prescott4 ,our
 ,ambulance ,system4 ,the ,two          
,messages4 ,review of ,current          
,literature4 ,new ,publications         
,received4 ,boston3 ,by the             
,proprietors1      at ,walker1 ,wise    
,co4's1 #bde ,washington street4        
,,editor',s ,,table4   ,,artists'       
,,reception4  ,the evening of ,february 
#dth1 #ahfd1 will long be remembered as 
the occasion of one of the most         
delightful receptions ever given in the 
,tenth-street ,studio ,building4 ,the   
,committee deserve great praise for the 
successful manner in which they filled  
without crowding the pleasant           

exhibition-room and the many interesting
 studios4 ,their task was certainly not 
an easy one1 and merits imitation by all
 managers of social entertainments4     
,want of space must for the present     
prevent any description of the fine     
works exhibited2 suffice it to say that 
the ,committee--,whittredge1 ,mc,entee1 
,thompson1 as well as ,gifford1 ,eastman
 ,johnson1 ,bierstadt1 ,beard1 the      
,weirs1 ,hazeltine1 ,william ,hart1     
,dana1 ,leutze1 ,gignoux1 ,shattuck1    
,brown1 ,suydam1 etc41 were all worthily
 represented4 ,new ,york has reason to  
be proud of her artists4  ,amusing      
incidents were not wanting4 ,as we stood
 before ,beard's ',watchers' 7an        
impressive representation of a company  
of crows watching the last struggles of 
a dying deer71 we heard a lady ask her  
attendant the meaning of the picture and
 of its name4 ,the reply was1 ',why--do 
you not see8 ,those birds are owls1 and 
they are asleep1 and the deer is asleep 
too1 and so they are all watchers6'     

',ah6' returned the lady1 as if this    
lucid explanation had flooded the       
subject with light4 ,we were accompanied
 by a very bright young girl1 who1      
desirous of visiting the studio of ,mr4 
,church1 and disappointed at learning   
that it had not been opened to the      
guests of the building1 exclaimed1      
',heart of the ,andes1 indeed6 ,where is
 his own8' ,no lover of the true and the
 beautiful could have resisted the      
pleading of those earnest blue eyes4 ,we
 also overheard that 'the ,tenth-street 
boys hold their heads mighty high6'     
,long may they continue to do so1 and   
long may success of every kind crown    
their efforts1 whether as artists or as 
conscientious1 patriotic men6           
,,gounod',s ',,faust4'  ,this opera has 
attracted large audiences wherever it   
has been represented1 and has elicited  
much attention and criticism from the   
musical public4 ,dwight's ,journal of   
,music1 ,boston1 ,january #bc;d1        
contains the best review of its merits  

and defects which we have thus far      
chanced to meet4 ,mr4 ,dwight gives ,m4 
,gounod ample credit for the good       
judgment1 common sense1 science1 taste1 
poetic feeling1 rich and highly dramatic
 orchestration1 ingenious musical       
characterization of individuals and     
situations1 and the many passages of    
beautiful music found in this elaborate 
work1 but denies to him the highest     
inspiration1 the spontaneity of genius1 
and the attainment of any very lofty    
ideal in the production of continuous1  
elevated1 and soul-entrancing melodies4 
,we think this a pretty fair statement  
of the facts in the case4 ,mr4 ,dwight1 
however1 says3 ',not even ,mozart in    
',don ,juan' had so great a subject2'   
and in this connection we feel compelled
 to offer a few remarks4 ,we think every
 great composer owes it to his own      
,god-gift1 and to the human beings whom 
he is to influence1 not to select       
intrinsically repulsive subjects1 and   
such have we found both ',don ,juan' and

 ',faust4' ,now we are not morbidly     
fastidious1 and we well know the freedom
 that must be accorded to art1 that it  
may have ample scope and range in the   
delineation of human feeling and        
romantic situation2 but when we see a   
representation of ',don ,juan1' we      
instinctively strive to ignore the plot1
 with its odious characters 7the sensual
 ,don1 the coarse-minded servant1 the   
unwomanly1 man-seeking ,elvira1 the     
vengeful ,anna1 the insignificant       
,ottavio1 the light-headed and          
shallow-hearted ,zerlina71 and live only
 in the beautiful music which the       
prodigality of genius has wasted upon so
 poor a theme4 ,not even that libretto  
could degrade the pure1 serious1 and    
essentially innocent character of       
,mozart's conceptions2 but1 in turn1 his
 refined musical conception has been    
unable to lift the subject from the mire
 of ,da ,ponte's delineation4 ,we know  
that page after page has been written to
 unfold the mystic meanings and profound

 philosophy contained in the story1 but 
our observation has been1 that the      
effect of the whole upon pure minds is  
simply--disgust4 ,the musical grandeur  
of the finale rarely saves its becoming 
ludicrous in the representation1 and the
 good joke of a life of unblushing      
immorality is in no way lessened by the 
appearance of demons1 in whose existence
 half the world 7at least of of opera   
goers7 has ceased to believe4  ,the     
',faust' is nearly1 if not quite1 as    
bad4 ,the undisguised sensuality of     
,faust1 both in ,goethe's drama and in  
the operatic rendering1 is such that it 
nearly destroys our sympathy with       
,margaret1 and scenes that should be    
pathetic are either merely repulsive1 or
 excite our indignation to such a degree
 that we 'turn all our tears to sparks  
of fire4'  ,nothing but loathing can    
attend the open1 deliberate1 and utterly
 gross destruction of virtue as planned 
and executed by that miserable          
libertine4 ,mephistopheles himself is   

scarcely more corrupt1 and the          
representation of these two great       
poisonous spiders1 weaving their meshes 
round their unfortunate and but too easy
 prey1 can never in any sense impress us
 as lofty specimens of high art4  ,how  
different is the plot of ',fidelio1'    
where one can yield oneself to the      
beauty of the music and the pathos of   
the story without a single jarring      
sensation6  ,let the masters then       
beware6 ,music is essentially pure1 and 
should never by great minds be wedded to
 coarse ideas4 ,the subject must have an
 influence upon the immortality of the  
work4 ,the really noble and truly       
art-loving men and women of all         
countries will1 as they advance in      
mental cultivation and comprehension of 
the higher aims of art1 banish such     
gross delineations and festering moral  
sores from the stage1 and fine musical  
works thus sullied will continue to live
 solely as represented by such          
instrument or instruments as may best be

 calculated to express their real value 
and meaning4  ,we go to the opera for   
relaxation1 improvement1 and enjoyment1 
and none of these can be found in the   
spectacle of noble means perverted to   
corrupt ends4 ,may the day soon come    
when such important channels of public  
amusement and instruction may be guided 
by a refined taste and correct views of 
the intimate connection between the     
,beautiful and the ,absolute ,good6     
,ballads of the ,war4     ,,the ,,death 
,,of ,,colonel ,,shaw4    ,by ,,isabella
 ,mc,f,a,r,l,a,n,e4    ,loud rang the   
voice of the chieftain1      ,as the    
,fifty-fourth rushed on3   ',charge on  
the guns of ,wagner1      ,charge--and  
the fort is won6'    ,on--like a wave of
 the ocean1      ,dashing against a     
rock6--   ,back--ah6 back--all broken1  
,like a wave from the fruitless shock4  
,thus from the guns of ,wagner      ,the
 ,fifty-fourth surged back3   ,but the  
voice of their brave young chieftain    
,checked not their backward track       

,for there1 on the sands by ,wagner1    
,the gallant ,shaw lay low1   ',midst a 
heap of his brave black soldiers1       
,left in the hands of the foe4    ,not a
 flag was lowered in his honor1         
,not a gun its deep voice gave1   ,when1
 on the sands by ,wagner1      ,shaw was
 laid in the grave4    ,not a friend    
stood over his coffin1      ,shedding   
tears on his gory breast2   ,but        
instead1 was curse and insult1          
,cruel laughter1 ribald jest4    ,wide  
and deep was the trench they hollowed1  
,where the gallant ,shaw was laid1      
,with forty negro soldiers      ,piled  
over his noble head4    ,yes1 forty     
negro soldiers1      ,whose hearts were 
hearts of steel1   ,who had fought in   
the cause of freedom1      ,who had died
 for their country's weal4    ,was it   
then so great dishonor      ,for that   
chief so young and brave--   ,who had   
led them on to the battle--      ,to be 
with them in the grave8    ,nay--most   
just was the mandate      ,that in death

 they should not part1   ,for he loved  
his poor black brothers1      ,with a   
true and steadfast heart4    ,move not  
his honored ashes--      ,let him       
slumber where he lies1   ,till the voice
 of the great ,archangel      ,sounds   
the trumpet-call to the skies6#be       
,,footnotes3  #a ,,the ,,geological     
,,evidences ,,of ,,the ,,antiquity ,,of 
,,man1 with ,remarks on ,theories of the
 ,origin of ,species by ,variation4 ,by 
,sir ,,charles ,,lyell1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4     
,author of ',principles of ,geology1'   
,elements of ,geology1' etc41 etc4      
,illustrated by woodcuts4 ,philadelphia3
 ,george ,w4 ,childs1 #fbh and #fcj     
,chestnut street4 #ahfc  #b ,if any one 
is disposed to doubt that the doctrine  
that fossil forms are direct creations1 
and were never living animals at all1 is
 held by any respectable person1 we     
refer them to a book entitled           
',cosmogony1 or the ,mysteries of       
,creation1' by ,thomas ,a4 ,davies1 and 
published by ,rudd  ,carleton1 of ,new  

,york1 of no longer ago than #aheg4  #c 
,principles of ,geology1 #ith ed41 p4   
#gdj4  #d ,professor ,louis ,agassiz1   
the most patient1 learned1 and acute    
investigator of embryology now living1  
finds in that science 7upon which1 in   
truth1 rests the final settlement of the
 so-called development theory7 'no      
single fact to justify the assumption   
that the laws of development1 now known 
to be so precise and definite for every 
animal1 have ever been less so1 or have 
ever been allowed to run into each      
other4 ,the philosopher's stone is no   
more to be found in the organic than the
 inorganic world2 and we shall seek as  
vainly to transform the lower animal    
types into the higher ones by any of our
 theories1 as did the alchemists of old 
to change the baser metals into gold4'  
,he also says3 ',to me the fact that the
 embryonic form of the highest          
vertebrate recalls in its earlier stages
 the first representatives of its type  
in geological times and its lowest      

representatives at the present day1     
speaks only of an ideal relation1       
existing1 not in the things themselves1 
but in the mind that made them4 ,it is  
true that the naturalist is sometimes   
startled at these transient resemblances
 of the young among the higher animals  
in one type to the adult condition of   
the lower animals in the same type2 but 
it is also true that he finds each one  
of the primary divisions of the animal  
kingdom bound to its own norm of        
development1 which is absolutely        
distinct from that of all others2 it is 
also true that1 while he perceives      
correspondences between the early phases
 of the higher animals and the mature   
state of the lower ones he never sees   
any one of them diverge in the slightest
 degree from its own structural         
character--never sees the lower rise by 
a shade beyond the level which is       
permanent for the group to which it     
belongs--never sees the higher ones stop
 short of their final aim1 either in the

 mode or the extent of their            
transformation4' ,he likewise 7',methods
 of ,study in ,natural ,history1' page  
#adj7 discusses the matter of breeds as 
bearing upon diversities of species in a
 manner to justify his conclusion1 that3
 ',the influence of man upon animals is1
 in other words1 the influence of mind  
upon them2 and yet the ordinary mode of 
argument upon this subject is1 that1    
because the intelligence of man has been
 able to produce certain varieties in   
domesticated animals1 therefore physical
 causes have produced all the diversity 
existing among wild ones4 ,surely1 the  
sounder logic would be to infer that1   
because our finite intelligence may     
cause the original pattern to vary by   
some slight shades of difference1       
therefore a superior intelligence must  
have established all the boundless      
diversity of which our boasted varieties
 are but the faintest echo4 ,it is the  
most intelligent farmer who has the     
greatest success in improving his       

breeds2 and if the animals he has so    
fostered are left to themselves without 
that intelligent care1 they return to   
their normal condition4 ,so with        
plants4444'--,ed4 ,con4  #e ,in ,latin1 
,sublaqueum1 or ,sublacum1 in the       
,states of the ,church1 over thirty     
,english miles 7,butler says 'near      
forty1' ,montalombert1 'fifty miles'7   
east of ,rome1 on the ,teverone4 ,butler
 describes the place as 'a barren1      
hideous chain of rocks1 with a river and
 lake in the valley4'  #f ,monasterium  
,cassinense4 ,it was destroyed1 indeed1 
by the ,lombards1 as early as #ehc1 as  
,benedict is said to have predicted it  
would be1 but was rebuilt in #gca1      
consecrated in #gdh1 again destroyed by 
the ,saracens in #heg1 rebuilt about    
#iej1 and more completely1 after many   
other calamities1 in #afdi1 consecrated 
for the third time by ,benedict ,,xiii  
in #agbg1 enriched and increased under  
the patronage of the emperors and popes1
 in modern times despoiled of ts        

enormous income 7which at the end of the
 sixteenth century was reckoned at      
#ejj1jjj ducats71 and has stood through 
all vicissitudes to this day4 ,in the   
times of its splendor1 when the abbot   
was first baron of the kingdom of       
,naples1 and commanded over four hundred
 towns and villages1 it numbered several
 hundred monks but in #ahdc only twenty4
 ,it has a considerable library4        
,montalembert 7,monks of the ,west1 ii4 
#ai7 calls ,monte ,cassino 'the most    
powerful and celebrated monastery in the
 ,catholic universe2 celebrated         
especially because there ,benedict wrote
 his rule and formed the type which was 
to serve as a model to innumerable      
communities submitted to that sovereign 
code4' ,he also quotes the poetic       
description from ,dante's ,paradiso4    
,dom ,luigi ,tosti published at ,naples1
 in #ahdb1 a full history of this       
convent1 in three volumes4  #g ,gregor4 
,dial4 ii4 #cg4  #h ,butler1 in his     
,lives of ,saints1 compares ,benedict   

even with ,moses and ,elijah4 ',being   
chosen by ,god1 like another ,moses1 to 
conduct faithful souls into the true    
promised land1 the kingdom of heaven1 he
 was enriched with eminent supernatural 
gifts1 even those of miracles and       
prophecy4 ,he seemed1 like another      
,eliseus1 endued by ,god with an        
extraordinary power1 commanding all     
nature1 and1 like the ancient prophets1 
foreseeing future events4 ,he often     
raised the sinking courage of his monks1
 and baffled the various artifices of   
the devil with the sign of the cross1   
rendered the heaviest stone light1 in   
building his monastery1 by a short      
prayer1 and1 in presence of a multitude 
of people1 raised to life a novice who  
had been crushed by the fall of a wall  
at ,monte ,cassino4' ,montalembert omits
 the more extraordinary miracles1 except
 the deliverance of ,placidus from the  
whirlpool1 which he relates in the      
language of ,bossuet1 ii4 #ae4  #i      
',scienter nesciens1 et sapienter       

indoctus4'  #aj ,the ,catholic ,church  
has recognized three other rules besides
 that of ,st4 ,benedict1 viz43 #a4 ,that
 of ,st4 ,basil1 which is stilt retained
 by the ,oriental monks2 #b4 ,that of   
,st4 ,augustine1 which is adopted by the
 regular canons1 the order of the       
preaching brothers or ,dominicans1 and  
several military orders2 #c4 ,the rule  
of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi and his     
mendicant order1 in the thirteenth      
century4  #aa ,pope ,gregory believed   
the rule of ,st4 ,benedict even to be   
directly inspired1 and ,bossuet         
7,pangyrie de ,saint ,benot71 in evident
 exaggeration1 calls it 'an epitome of  
,christianity1 a learned and mysterious 
abridgement of all doctrines of the     
gospel1 all the institutions of the holy
 fathers1 and all the counsels of       
perfection4' ,montalembert speaks in a  
similar strain of ,french declamatory   
eloquence4  #ab ,cap4 #e3 ',primus      
humilitatis gradus est obedientia sine  
mora4 ,hc convenit iis1 qui nihil sibi  

,christo carius aliquid existimant3     
propter servitium sanctum1 quod professi
 sunt1 seu propter metum gehenn1 vel    
gloriam vit tern1 mox ut aliquid        
imperatum a majore fuerit1 ac si        
divinitus imperetur1 moram pati nesciunt
 in faciendo4'  #ac ,cap4 #dh3          
',otiositas inimica est anim2 et ideo   
certis temporibus occupari debent       
fratres in labore manuum1 certis iterum 
horis in lectione divina4' vina4'  #ad  
,the hor canonic are the ,nocturn       
vigili1 ,matutin1 ,prima1 ,tertia1      
,sexta1 ,nona1 ,vespera1 and            
,completorium1 and are taken 7c4 #af7   
from a literal interpretation of ,ps4   
cxix4 #afd3 ',seven times a day do ,i   
praise thee1' and v4 #fb3 ',at midnight 
,i will rise to give thanks unto thee4' 
,the ,psalter was the liturgy and hymn  
book of the convent4 ,it was so divided 
among the seven services of the day1    
that the whole ,psalter should be       
chanted once a week4  #ae ,cap4 #ei3    
',si quis forte de nobilibus offert     

filium suum ,deo in monasterio1 si ipse 
puer minori tate est1 parentes ejus     
faciant petitionem1' etc4  #af ,cap4    
#dj3 ',carnium quadrupedum ab omnibus   
abstinetur comestio1 prter omnino       
debiles et grotos4' ,even birds are     
excluded1 which were at that time only  
delicacies for princes and nobles1 as   
,mabillon shows from the contemporary   
testimony of ,gregory of ,tours4  #ag   
,cap4 #ff3 ',monasterium1 si possit     
fieri1 ita debet construi1 ut omnia     
necessaria1 id est aqua1 molendinum1    
hortus1 pistrinum1 vel artes divers     
intra monasterium exerceantur1 ut non   
sit necessitas monachis vagandi foras1  
quia omnino non expedit animabus eorum4'
  #ah ,this ,maurus1 the founder of the 
abbacy of ,glanfeuil 7,st4 ,maur sur    
,loire71 is the patron saint of a branch
 of the ,benedictines1 the celebrated   
,maurians in ,france 7dating from       
#afah71 who so highly distinguished     
themselves in the seventeenth and early 
part of the eighteenth centuries1 by    

their thorough archological and         
historical researches1 and their        
superior editions of the ,fathers4 ,the 
most eminent of the ,maurians are ,d4   
7,dom1 equivalent to ,domnus1 ,sir7     
,menard1 d',achery1 ,godin1 ,mabillon1  
le ,nourry1 ,martianay1 ,ruinart1       
,martene1 ,montfaucon1 ,massuet1        
,garnier1 and de la ,rue1 and in our    
time ,dom ,pitra1 editor of a valuable  
collection of patristic fragments1 at   
the cloister of ,solesme4  #ai ,he was  
the last of the ,roman consuls--an      
office which ,justinian abolished--and  
was successively the minister of        
,odoacer1 ,theodoric1 and ,athalaric1   
who made him prefect of the pretorium4  
#bj ,or ,vivaria1 so called from the    
numerous vivaria1 or fish ponds1 in that
 region  #ba ,comp4 ,mabillon1 ,ann4    
,bened4 #a4 v4 c4 #bd1 #bg2 ,f4 de      
,ste4-,marthe1 ,vie de ,cassiodore1     
#afhd4  #bb ,i take this anecdote on    
,mr4 ,underhill's authority4  #bc ,as in
 the ,hotel du ,louvre in ,paris4  #bd  

,the great ,bible-printing establishment
 at ,oxford encloses a spacious         
courtyard1 which is laid out as a       
garden4 ,the foliage is agreeably       
disposed1 and there are shrubbery walks1
 flowers1 vases1 and parterres1 all     
arranged in the best taste4 ,consider   
what a healthful influence this must    
have on the character of the workman4   
#be ',buried with his niggers4' ,such   
was the answer of the rebel commander at
 ,charleston to ,general ,gillmore's    
demand for the body of ,colonel ,shaw1  
who commanded the #edth ,massachusetts1 
one of the first negro regiments        
organized1 and was killed in an         
unsuccessful attempt to carry ,fort     
,wagner by assault4