,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s ,,edit$ ,,by ,,john ,,morley ,,hume ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s logo ,,hume ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,huxley ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co #ahgi ,! ,"r ( ,translation & ,reproduction is ,res]v$ ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,& ,,taylor1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4--,,hume',s ,,life4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,e>ly ,,life3 ,,lit]>y ,,& ,,political ,,writ+s #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,lat] ,,ye>s3 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl& #bf ,,"p ,,ii4--,,hume',s ,,philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,object ,,& ,,scope ,,( ,,philosophy #dh ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,m9d #fj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,impressions4 #gd ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,classification ,,& ,,! ,,nom5clature ,,( ,,m5tal ,,op]ations #hi ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,m5tal ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,animals #ajc ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,language--,,propositions ,,conc]n+ ,,necess>y ,,tru?s #aad ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,nature3 ,,miracles #abi ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,!ism3 ,,evolution ,,( ,,!ology #adj ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,s\l3 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,immortality #afe ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,volition3 ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,necessity #ahc ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,morals #aig 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hume4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,hume',s ,,life4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,life3 ,,lit]>y ,,& ,,political ,,writ+s4 ,david ,hume 0 born1 9 ,ed9burgh on ! #bf? ( ,april 7,o4,s471 #agaa4 ,8 p>5ts 7 !n resid+ 9 ! p>i% ( ! ,tron *ur*1 app>5tly on a visit to ! ,scotti% capital1 z ! small e/ate :i* 8 fa!r ,joseph ,hume1 or ,home1 inh]it$1 lay 9 ,b]wick%ire1 on ! banks ( ! ,:itadd] or ,:itewat]1 a few miles f ! bord]1 & )9 sight ( ,engli% gr\nd4 ,! pat]nal mansion 0 little m ?an a v mode/ f>mh\se1#a & ! prop]ty d]iv$ its "n ( ,n9ewells f a consid]able spr+1 :i* breaks out on ! slope 9 front ( ! h\se1 & falls into ! ,:itadd]4 ,bo? "m & fa!r came ( good ,scotti% families--! pat]nal l9e runn+ back to ,"l ,home ( ,d\glas1 :o w5t ov] to ,france ) ! ,d\glas dur+ ! ,fr5* w>s ( ,h5ry ,v4 & ,,vi4 & 0 kill$ at ! battle ( ,v]neuil4 ,joseph ,hume di$ :5 ,david 0 an infant1 leav+ himself & two eld] *ildr51 a bro!r & a si/]1 to ! c>e ( _! "m1 :o is describ$ by ,david ,hume 9 ,my ,own ,life z a woman ( s+ul> m]it1 :o ?\gh "y & h&some devot$ h]self entirely to ! re>+ & education ( h] *ildr54 ,mr4 ,burton says3 ,h] portrait1 :i* ,i h se51 repres5ts a ?9 b pleas+ c\nt5ance1 expressive ( great intellectual acut5ess2 & z ,hume told ,dr4 ,black t %e _h precisely ! same con/itution ) himself & di$ ( ! disord] :i* prov$ fatal to him1 x is probable t ! qualities inh]it$ f 8 "m _h mu* to d ) ! future philosoph]'s em95ce4 ,x is curi\s1 h[ev]1 t h] e/imate ( h] son 9 h] only record$1 & p]haps slightly apocryphal utt]ance1 is ( a some:at unexpect$ "*4 ,our ,davie's a f9e goodnatur$ crat]1 b uncommon wake-m9d$4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! judgm5t 0 inde$ v]ifi$ by ,davie's :ole life2 b "o might seek 9 va9 = signs ( :at is commonly und]/ood z weakness ( m9d 9 a man :o n only %[$ himself to be an intellectual a?lete1 b :o _h an em95t %>e ( practical wisdom & t5acity ( purpose4 ,"o w\ld l to "k1 h[ev]1 :5 x 0 t ,mrs4 ,hume committ$ h]self to ?is n too flatt]+ judgm5t ( h] y\ng] son4 ,= z ,hume rea*$ ! mature age ( f\r & ?irty1 be=e he obta9$ any employm5t ( suffici5t importance to conv]t ! meagre pittance ( a middl+ laird's y\ng] bro!r into a dec5t ma9t5ance1 x is n improbable t a %rewd ,scots wife may h ?\ght 8 devotion to philosophy & pov]ty to be due to m]e infirmity ( purpose4 ,b %e liv$ till #agdi1 long en\gh to see m ?an ! dawn ( h] son's lit]>y fame & (ficial importance1 & probably *ang$ h] m9d ab\t ,davie's =ce ( "*4 ,david ,hume appe>s to h ow$ little to s*ools or univ]sities4 ,!re is "s evid5ce t he ent]$ ! ,greek class 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh 9 #agbc--:5 he 0 a boy ( twelve ye>s ( age--b x is n kn[n h[ long 8 /udies 7 cont9u$1 & he did n graduate4 ,9 #agbg1 at any rate1 he 0 liv+ at ,n9ewells1 & already possess$ by t love ( le>n+ & ?ir/ = lit]>y fame1 :i*1 z ,my ,own ,life tells u1 0 ! rul+ passion ( 8 life & ! *ief s\rce ( 8 enjoym5ts4 ,a lett] ( ?is date1 address$ to 8 fri5d ,mi*ael ,ramsay1 is c]ta9ly a mo/ s+ul> production = a boy ( sixte54 ,aft] sundry quotations f ,virgil ! lett] proce$s3-- ,! p]fectly wise man t outbraves =tune1 is mu* great] ?an ! husb&man :o slips by h]2 &1 inde$1 ?is pa/oral & saturnian happ9ess ,i h 9 a great measure come at j n[4 ,i live l a k+1 pretty mu* by myself1 nei!r full ( action nor p]turbation--molles somnos4 ,?is /ate1 h[ev]1 ,i c =esee is n to be reli$ on4 ,my peace ( m9d is n suffici5tly confirm$ by philosophy to )/& ! bl[s ( =tune4 ,?is greatness & elevation ( s\l is to be f\nd only 9 /udy & contemplation4 ,?is alone c tea* u to look d[n on human accid5ts4 ,y mu/ all[ me to talk ?us l a philosoph]3 'tis a subject ,i ?9k mu* on1 & c\ld talk all day long (4 ,if ,david talk$ 9 ?is /ra9 to 8 "m h] tongue probably gave utt]ance to ,bless ! bairn6 &1 9 h] private s\l1 ! epi!t wake-m9d$ may !n h record$ itself4 ,b1 ?\gh few lonely1 ?\ghtful1 /udi\s boys ( sixte5 give v5t to _! ?\ghts 9 su* /ately p]iods1 x is probable t ! brood+ ov] an ideal is common] at ?is age1 ?an fa!rs & mo!rs1 busy ) ! c>es ( practical life1 are apt to imag9e4 ,ab\t a ye> lat]1 ,hume's family tri$ to laun* him into ! pr(ession ( ! law2 b1 z he tells u1 :ile !y fanci$ ,i 0 por+ ^u ,voet & ,v9nius1 ,cic]o & ,virgil 7 ! au?ors :i* ,i 0 secretly dev\r+1 & ! attempt seems to h come to an abrupt t]m9ation4 ,nev]!less1 z a v compet5t au?ority#b wisely rem>ks3-- ,!re appe> to h be5 9 ,hume all ! elem5ts ( :i* a good lawy] is made3 cle>ness ( judgm5t1 p[] ( rapidly acquir+ k1 untir+ indu/ry1 & dialectic skill3 & if 8 m9d _h n be5 preoccupi$1 he might h fall5 into ! gulf 9 :i* _m ( ! _w's greate/ g5iuses lie buri$--pr(essional em95ce2 & might h left beh9d him a reputation limit$ to ! traditional recollections ( ! ,p>liam5t h\se1 or associat$ ) important decisions4 ,he 0 ?r\gh life an able1 cle>-head$1 man ( bus9ess1 & ,i h se5 sev]al legal docum5ts1 writt5 9 8 own h& & evid5tly drawn by himself4 ,!y /& ! te/ ( g5]al pr(essional obs]vation2 & _! writ]1 by prep>+ docum5ts ( facts ( su* a "* on 8 own responsibility1 %[$ t he _h consid]able confid5ce 9 8 ability to adh]e to ! =ms adequate = ! occasion4 ,he talk$ ( x z 'an anci5t prejudice indu/ri\sly propagat$ by ! dunces 9 all c\ntries1 t a man ( g5ius is unfit = bus9ess1' & he %[$1 9 8 g5]al conduct ?r\gh life1 t he did n *oose to come volunt>ily "u ?is proscription4 ,six ye>s long] ,hume rema9$ at ,n9ewells be=e he made ano!r attempt to emb>k 9 a practical c>e]--?is "t comm]ce--& ) a l result4 ,= a few mon?s' trial prov$ t k9d ( life1 also1 to be hopelessly aga9/ ! gra94 ,x 0 :ile 9 ,london1 on 8 way to ,bri/ol1 :]e he propos$ to comm5ce 8 m]cantile life1 t ,hume address$ to "s em95t ,london physician 7probably1 z ,mr4 ,burton sugge/s1 ,dr4 ,george ,*eyne7 a rem>kable lett]4 ,:e!r x 0 ev] s5t seems d\btful2 b x %[s t philosoph]s z well z poets h _! ,w]t]ian crises1 & x pres5ts an int]e/+ p>allel to ,john ,/u>t ,mill's record ( ! correspond+ p]iod ( 8 y\?4 ,! lett] is too long to be giv5 9 full1 b a few quotations may suffice to indicate its importance to ^? :o desire to compreh5d ! man4 ,y mu/ "k !n t f my e>lie/ infancy ,i f\nd always a /rong incl9ation to books & lett]s4 ,z our college education 9 ,scotl&1 ext5d+ little fur!r ?an ! languages1 ends commonly :5 we are ab\t f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s ( age1 ,i 0 aft] t left to my own *oice 9 my read+1 & f\nd x incl9e me almo/ equally to books ( reason+ & philosophy1 & to poetry & ! polite au?ors4 ,e "o :o is acqua9t$ ei!r ) ! philosoph]s or critics1 kn[s t !re is no?+ yet e/abli%$ 9 ei!r ( ^! two sci5ces1 & t !y conta9 little m ?an endless disputes1 ev5 9 ! mo/ fundam5tal articles4 ,^u exam9ation ( ^!1 ,i f\nd a c]ta9 boldness ( temp] gr[+ on me1 :i* 0 n incl9$ to submit to any au?ority 9 ^! subjects1 b l$ me to seek out "s new m$ium1 by :i* tru? might be e/abli%$4 ,aft] mu* /udy & reflection on ?is1 at la/1 :5 ,i 0 ab\t eighte5 ye>s ( age1 !re seem$ to be op5$ up to me a new sc5e ( ?\ght1 :i* transport$ me beyond measure1 & made me1 ) an ard\r natural to "y m51 ?r[ up e o!r pleasure or bus9ess to apply entirely to x4 ,! law1 :i* 0 ! bus9ess ,i design$ to foll[1 appe>$ nause\s to me1 & ,i c\ld ?9k ( no o!r way ( pu%+ my =tune 9 ! _w1 b t ( a s*ol> & philosoph]4 ,i 0 inf9itely happy 9 ?is c\rse ( life = "s mon?s2 till at la/1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 #agbi1 all my ard\r seem$ 9 a mom5t to be ext+ui%$1 & ,i c\ld no long] raise my m9d to t pit*1 :i* =m]ly gave me su* excessive pleasure4 ,?is decl9e ( s\l ,hume attributes1 9 "p1 to 8 be+ smitt5 ) ! beautiful repres5tations ( virtue 9 ! works ( ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 & ,plut>*1 & be+ !reby l$ to discipl9e 8 temp] & 8 w along ) 8 reason & und]/&+4 ,i 0 cont9ually =tify+ myself ) reflections aga9/ dea?1 & pov]ty1 & %ame1 & pa91 & all ! o!r calamities ( life4 ,& he adds v *>act]i/ically3-- ,^! no d\bt are exce$+ useful :5 jo9$ ) an active life1 because ! occasion be+ pres5t$ along ) ! reflection1 works x into ! s\l1 & makes x take a deep impression3 b1 9 solitude1 !y s]ve to little o!r purpose ?an to wa/e ! spirits1 ! =ce ( ! m9d meet+ no resi/ance1 b wa/+ itself 9 ! air1 l our arm :5 x misses its aim4 ,along ) all ?is m5tal p]turbation1 symptoms ( scurvy1 a disease n[ almo/ unkn[n among l&sm51 b :i*1 9 ! days ( w9t] salt meat1 be=e root crops fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,lo?ians1 greatly plagu$ our =efa!rs1 made _! appe>ance4 ,&1 inde$1 x may be suspect$ t physical conditions 71 at fir/1 at ! bottom ( ! :ole bus9ess2 =1 9 #agca1 a rav5\s appetite set 9 &1 9 six weeks f be+ tall1 lean1 & raw-bon$1 ,hume says he became /urdy & robu/1 ) a ruddy complexion & a *e]ful c\nt5ance--eat+1 sleep+1 & feel+ well1 except t ! capacity = int5se m5tal application seem$ to be gone4 ,he1 !re=e1 det]m9$ to seek out a m active life2 &1 ?\gh he c\ld n & w\ld n quit 8 pret5sions to le>n+1 b ) 8 la/ brea?1 he resolv$ to lay !m aside = "s "t1 9 ord] ! m effectually to resume !m4 ,! c>e]s op5 to a poor ,scotti% g5tleman 9 ^? days 7 v few2 &1 z ,hume's option lay betwe5 a travell+ tutor%ip & a /ool 9 a m]*ant's (fice1 he *ose ! latt]4 ,& hav+ got recomm5dation to a consid]able trad] 9 ,bri/ol1 ,i am j n[ ha/5+ ?i!r1 ) a resolution to =get myself1 & ev]y?+ t is pa/1 to engage myself1 z f> z is possible1 9 t c\rse ( life1 & to toss ab\t ! _w f "o pole to ! o!r1 till ,i leave ?is di/emp] beh9d me4#c ,b x 0 all ( no use--,nature w\ld h h] way--& 9 ! middle ( #agcf1 ,david ,hume1 ag$ tw5ty-?ree1 )\t a pr(ession or any assur$ means ( e>n+ a gu9ea2 & hav+ d\btless1 by 8 app>5t vacillation1 b real t5acity ( purpose1 once m e>n$ ! title ( wake-m9d$ at home2 betook himself to a =eign c\ntry4 ,i w5t ov] to ,france1 ) a view ( prosecut+ my /udies 9 a c\ntry retreat3 & !re ,i laid t plan ( life :i* ,i h /eadily & successfully pursu$4 ,i resolv$ to make a v rigid frugality supply my defici5cy ( =tune1 to ma9ta9 unimpair$ my indep5d5cy1 & to reg>d e object z contemptible except ! improvem5t ( my tal5ts 9 lit]ature4#d ,hume pass$ ?r\gh ,p>is on 8 way to ,rheims1 :]e he resid$ = "s "t2 ?\gh ! great] "p ( 8 ?ree ye>s' /ay 0 sp5t at ,la ,fl*e1 9 frequ5t int]c\rse ) ! ,jesuits ( ! fam\s college 9 :i* ,desc>tes 0 educat$4 ,"h he compos$ 8 fir/ "w1 ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature2 ?\gh x w\ld appe> f ! foll[+ passage 9 ! lett] to ,*eyne1 t he _h be5 accumulat+ mat]ials to t end = "s ye>s be=e he left ,scotl&4 ,i f\nd t ! moral philosophy transmitt$ to u by antiquity lab\r$ "u ! same inconv5i5ce t has be5 f\nd 9 _! natural philosophy1 ( be+ entirely hypo!tical1 & dep5d+ m ^u inv5tion ?an exp]i5ce3 e "o consult$ 8 fancy 9 erect+ s*emes ( virtue & happ9ess1 )\t reg>d+ human nature1 ^u :i* e moral conclusion mu/ dep5d4 ,?is is ! key-note ( ! ,treatise2 ( :i* ,hume himself says apologetically1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 t x 0 plann$ be=e he 0 tw5ty-"o & compos$ be=e he _h rea*$ ! age ( tw5ty-five4#e ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is probably ! mo/ rem>kable philosophical "w1 bo? intr9sically & 9 its effects ^u ! c\rse ( ?\ght1 t has ev] be5 writt54 ,b]keley1 inde$1 publi%$ ! ,essay ,t[>ds a ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 ! ,treatise ,conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 & ! ,?ree ,dialogues1 betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty-f\r & tw5ty-eight2 & ?us comes v ne> to ,hume1 bo? 9 precocity & 9 influ5ce2 b 8 inve/igations are m limit$ 9 _! scope ?an ^? ( 8 ,scotti% contempor>y4 ,! fir/ & second volumes ( ! ,treatise1 conta9+ ,book ,i41 ,( ! ,und]/&+1 & ,book ,,ii41 ,( ! ,passions1 7 publi%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #agci4f ,! publi%] gave fifty p\nds = ! copyright2 :i* is probably m ?an an unkn[n writ] ( tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age w\ld get = a simil> "w1 at ! pres5t "t4 ,b1 9 o!r respects1 its success fell f> %ort ( ,hume's expectations4 ,9 a lett] dat$ ! #a/ ( ,june1 #agci1 he writes1-- ,i am n mu* 9 ! hum\r ( su* compositions at pres5t1 hav+ receiv$ news f ,london ( ! success ( my ,philosophy1 :i* is b indiff]5t1 if ,i may judge by ! sale ( ! book1 & if ,i may believe my booksell]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 indicates a v diff]5t reception f t :i* ,hume1 look+ ?r\gh ! inv]t$ telescope ( old age1 ascribes to ! ,treatise 9 ,my ,own ,life4 ,nev] lit]>y attempt 0 m un=tunate ?an my ,treatise ( ,human ,nature4 ,x fell deadborn f ! press )\t rea*+ su* a di/9ction z ev5 to excite a murmur among ! zealots4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x 0 fully1 &1 on ! :ole1 respectfully & appreciatively1 review$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,works ( ! ,le>n$ = ,novemb]1 #agci4g ,:oev] ! review] may h be51 he 0 a man ( disc]nm5t1 = he says t ! "w be>s inconte/able m>ks ( a great capacity1 ( a so>+ g5ius1 b "y1 & n yet ?or\ghly practis$2 & he adds1 t we %all probably h reason to consid] ?is1 comp>$ ) ! lat] productions1 9 ! same light z we view ! juv5ile works ( a ,milton1 or ! fir/ mann] ( a ,raphael or o!r celebrat$ pa9t]4 ,9 a lett] to ,hut*eson1 ,hume m]ely speaks ( ?is article z some:at abusive2 s t 8 vanity1 be+ "y & call[1 seems to h be5 correspond+ly wide-m\!d & h>d to satiate4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t1 on ?is occasion1 no less ?an on t ( 8 o!r publications1 ,hume exhibits no small %>e ( ! crav+ aft] m]e notoriety & vulg> success1 z di/9ct f ! p>donable1 if n hon\rable1 ambition = solid & endur+ fame1 :i* w\ld h h>monis$ bett] ) 8 philosophy4 ,inde$1 x appe>s to be by no means improbable t ?is peculi>ity ( ,hume's moral con/itution 0 ! cause ( 8 gradually =sak+ philosophical /udies1 aft] ! publication ( ! ?ird "p 7,on ,morals7 ( ! ,treatise1 9 #agdj1 & turn+ to ^? political & hi/orical topics :i* 7 likely to yield1 & did 9 fact yield1 a mu* bett] return ( t sort ( success :i* 8 s\l lov$4 ,! ,philosophical ,essays ,conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+1 :i* aft]w>ds became ! ,inquiry1 is n mu* m ?an an abridgm5t & reca/1 = popul> use1 ( p>ts ( ! ,treatise1 ) ! addition ( ! essays on ,miracles & on ,necessity4 ,9 /yle1 x exhibits a great improvem5t on ! ,treatise2 b ! sub/ance1 if n det]iorat$1 is c]ta9ly n improv$4 ,hume does n really br+ 8 mature p[]s to be> ^u 8 e>ly speculations1 9 ! lat] "w4 ,! crude fruits h n be5 rip5$1 b !y h be5 ru?lessly prun$ away1 along ) ! bran*es :i* bore !m4 ,! result is a pretty %rub en\gh2 b n ! tree ( k1 ) its roots firmly fix$ 9 fact1 its bran*es p]5nially budd+ =? into new tru?s1 :i* ,hume might h re>$4 ,p]haps1 aft] all1 wor?y ,mrs4 ,hume 01 9 ! highe/ s5se1 "r4 ,davie 0 wake-m9d$1 n to see t ! _w ( philosophy 0 8 to ov]run & subdue1 if he w\ld b p]sev]e 9 ! "w he _h begun4 ,b no--he mu/ ne$s turn aside = success3 & v]ily he _h 8 rew>d2 b n ! cr[n he might h won4 ,9 #agdj1 ,hume seems to h made an acqua9tance :i* rapidly rip5$ into a life long fri5d%ip4 ,adam ,smi? 01 at t "t1 a boy /ud5t ( sev5te5 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[2 & ,hume s5ds a copy ( ! ,treatise to ,mr4 ,smi?1 app>5tly on ! recomm5dation ( ! well-kn[n ,hut*eson1 ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ! univ]sity4 ,x is a rem>kable evid5ce ( ,adam ,smi?'s e>ly intellectual developm5t1 t a y\? ( 8 age %\ld be ?\ght wor?y ( su* a pres5t4 ,9 #agda ,hume publi%$ anonym\sly1 at ,ed9burgh1 ! fir/ volume ( ,essays ,moral & ,political1 :i* 0 foll[$ 9 #agdb by ! second volume4 ,^! pieces are writt5 9 an admirable /yle &1 ?\gh arrang$ )\t app>5t me?od1 a sy/em ( political philosophy may be ga!r$ f _! cont5ts4 ,?us ! ?ird essay1 ,t ,politics may be r$uc$ to a ,sci5ce1 def5ds t !sis1 & dwells on ! importance ( =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,s great is ! =ce ( laws & ( p>ticul> =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & s little dep5d5ce h !y on ! hum\rs & temp]s ( m51 t consequ5ces almo/ z g5]al & c]ta9 may sometimes be d$uc$ f !m z any :i* ! ma!matical sci5ces af=d u4--7,,iii4 #ae47 7,see p4 #de47 ,hume proce$s to exemplify ! evils :i* inevitably fl[ f univ]sal suffrage1 f ari/ocratic privilege1 & f elective mon>*y1 by hi/orical examples1 & concludes3-- ,t an h]$it>y pr9ce1 a nobility )\t vassals1 & a p vot+ by _! repres5tatives1 =m ! be/ mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy4--7,,iii4 #ah47 ,if we reflect t ! foll[+ passage ( ! same essay 0 writt5 ne>ly a c5tury & a half ago1 x w\ld seem t :atev] o!r *anges may h tak5 place1 political w>f>e rema9s 9 /atu quo3-- ,^? :o ei!r attack or def5d a m9i/] 9 su* a gov]nm5t z ours1 :]e ! utmo/ lib]ty is all[$1 always c>ry matt]s to an extreme1 & exagg]ate 8 m]it or dem]it ) reg>d to ! public4 ,8 enemies are sure to *>ge him ) ! greate/ enormities1 bo? 9 dome/ic & =eign managem5t2 & !re is no meanness or crime1 ( :i*1 9 _! judgm5t1 he is n capable4 ,unnecess>y w>s1 sc&al\s treaties1 pr(usion ( public treasure1 oppressive taxes1 e k9d ( maladm9i/ration is ascrib$ to him4 ,to aggravate ! *>ge1 8 p]nici\s conduct1 x is said1 w ext5d its baneful influ5ce ev5 to po/]ity1 by und]m9+ ! be/ con/itution 9 ! _w1 & disord]+ t wise sy/em ( laws1 in/itutions1 & cu/oms1 by :i* our ance/ors1 dur+ s _m c5turies1 h be5 s happily gov]n$4 ,he is n only a wick$ m9i/] 9 himself1 b has remov$ e security provid$ aga9/ wick$ m9i/]s = ! future4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p>tisans ( ! m9i/] make 8 panegyric rise z high z ! accusation aga9/ him1 & celebrate 8 wise1 /eady1 & mod]ate conduct 9 e "p ( 8 adm9i/ration4 ,! hon\r & int]e/ ( ! nation support$ abroad1 public cr$it ma9ta9$ at home1 p]secution re/ra9$1 faction subdu$3 ! m]it ( all ^! bless+s is ascrib$ solely to ! m9i/]4 ,at ! same "t1 he cr[ns all 8 o!r m]its by a religi\s c>e ( ! be/ gov]nm5t 9 ! _w1 :i* he has pres]v$ 9 all its p>ts1 & has transmitt$ entire1 to be ! happ9ess & security ( ! late/ po/]ity4--7,,iii4 #bf47 ,hume sagely rem>ks t ! panegyric & ! accusation _c bo? be true2 &1 t :at tru? !re may be 9 ei!r1 r t5ds to %[ t our mu*-vaunt$ con/itution does n fulfil its *ief object1 :i* is to provide a rem$y aga9/ maladm9i/ration4 ,& if x does n-- we are r behold5 to any m9i/] :o und]m9es x & af=ds u ! opportunity ( erect+ a bett] 9 its place4--,,iii4 #bh4 ,! fif? ,essay discusses ! ,orig9 ( ,gov]nm5t3-- ,man1 born 9 a family1 is compell$ to ma9ta9 society f necessity1 f natural incl9ation1 & f habit4 ,! same creature1 9 8 f>!r progress1 is engag$ to e/abli% political society1 9 ord] to adm9i/] ju/ice1 )\t :i* !re c be no peace among !m1 nor safety1 nor mutual int]c\rse4 ,we are !re=e to look ^u all ! va/ app>atus ( our gov]nm5t1 z hav+ ultimately no o!r object or purpose b ! di/ribution ( ju/ice1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! support ( ! twelve judges4 ,k+s & p>liam5ts1 fleets & armies1 (fic]s ( ! c\rt & rev5ue1 ambassadors1 m9i/]s & privy c\ncillors1 are all subord9ate 9 ! end to ?is "p ( adm9i/ration4 ,ev5 ! cl]gy1 z _! duty leads !m to inculcate morality1 may ju/ly be ?\ght1 s f> z reg>ds ?is _w1 to h no o!r useful object ( _! in/itution4--7,,iii4 #cg47 ,! police !ory ( gov]nm5t has nev] be5 /at$ m t]sely3 &1 if !re 7 only "o /ate 9 ! _w2 & if we c\ld be c]ta9 by intuition1 or by ! aid ( revelation1 t x is wrong = society1 z a corporate body1 to d any?+ = ! improvem5t ( its memb]s &1 !reby1 indirectly support ! twelve judges1 no objection c\ld be rais$ to x4 ,un=tunately ! exi/5ce ( rival or inimical nations furni%es k+s & p>liam5ts1 fleets & armies1 ) a good deal ( occupation beyond ! support ( ! twelve judges2 &1 ?\gh ! proposition t ! ,/ate has no bus9ess to m$dle ) any?+ b ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 seems sometimes to be reg>d$ z an axiom1 x c h>dly be said to be intuitively c]ta91 inasmu* z a great _m p absolutely repudiate x2 :ile1 z yet1 ! attempt to give x ! au?ority ( a revelation has n be5 made4 ,z ,hume says ) pr(\nd tru? 9 ! f\r? essay1 ,on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,gov]nm5t3-- ,z =ce is always on ! side ( ! gov]n$1 ! gov]nors h no?+ to support !m b op9ion4 ,x is1 !re=e1 on op9ion only t gov]nm5t is f\nd$2 & ?is maxim ext5ds to ! mo/ despotic & mo/ milit>y gov]nm5ts1 z well z to ! mo/ free & ! mo/ popul>4--7,,iii4 #ca47 ,b if ! :ole fabric ( social organisation re/s on op9ion1 x may surely be fairly argu$ t1 9 ! int]e/s ( self-pres]vation1 if = no bett] reason1 society has a "r to see t ! means ( =m+ j op9ions are plac$ )9 ! rea* ( e "o ( its memb]s2 &1 !re=e1 t due provision = education1 at any rate1 is a "r &1 inde$1 a duty1 ( ! /ate4 ,! ?ree op9ions ^u :i* all gov]nm5t1 or ! au?ority ( ! few ov] ! _m1 is f\nd$1 says ,hume1 are public int]e/1 "r to p[]1 & "r to prop]ty4 ,no gov]nm5t c p]man5tly exi/1 unless ! majority ( ! citiz5s1 :o are ! ultimate deposit>y ( ,=ce1 are conv9c$ t x s]ves ! g5]al int]e/1 t x has lawful au?ority1 & t x respects individual rights3-- ,a gov]nm5t may endure = sev]al ages1 ?\gh ! balance ( p[] & ! balance ( prop]ty d n co9cide4444 ,b :]e ! orig9al con/itution all[s any %>e ( p[]1 ?\gh small1 to an ord] ( m5 :o possess a l>ge %>e ( prop]ty1 x is easy = !m gradually to /ret* _! au?ority1 & br+ ! balance ( p[] to co9cide ) t ( prop]ty4 ,?is has be5 ! case ) ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ,engl&4--7,,iii4 #cd47 ,hume !n po9ts out t1 9 8 "t1 ! au?ority ( ! ,commons 0 by no means equival5t to ! prop]ty & p[] x repres5t$1 & proce$s3-- ,7 ! memb]s oblig$ to receive in/ructions f _! con/itu5ts1 l ! ,dut* deputies1 ?is w\ld entirely alt] ! case2 & if su* imm5se p[] & ri*es z ^? ( all ! ,commons ( ,great ,brita91 7 br\ght into ! scale1 x is n easy to conceive t ! cr[n c\ld ei!r influ5ce t multitude ( p1 or )/& t balance ( prop]ty4 ,x is true1 ! cr[n has great influ5ce ov] ! collective body 9 ! elections ( memb]s2 b 7 ?is influ5ce1 :i* at pres5t is only ex]t$ once 9 sev5 ye>s1 to be employ$ 9 br++ ov] ! p to e vote1 x w\ld soon be wa/$1 & no skill1 popul>ity1 or rev5ue c\ld support x4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 be ( op9ion t an alt]ation 9 ?is p>ticul> w\ld introduce a total alt]ation 9 our gov]nm5t1 w\ld soon r$uce x to a pure republic2 &1 p]haps1 to a republic ( no inconv5i5t =m4--7,,iii4 #ce47 ,view$ by ! light ( subsequ5t ev5ts1 ?is is surely a v rem>kable example ( political sagacity4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons are n yet delegates2 b1 ) ! wid5+ ( ! suffrage & ! rapidly increas+ t5d5cy to drill & organise ! electorate1 & to exact def9ite pl$ges f c&idates1 !y are rapidly becom+1 if n delegates1 at lea/ attorneys = committees ( electors4 ,! same causes are con/antly t5d+ to exclude m51 :o comb9e a ke5 s5se ( self-respect ) l>ge intellectual capacity1 f a position 9 :i* ! "o is z con/antly (f5d$1 z ! o!r is neutralis$4 ,not)/&+ ! attempt ( ,george ! ,?ird to resuscitate ! royal au?ority1 ,hume's =esight has be5 s completely ju/ifi$ t no "o n[ dreams ( ! cr[n ex]t+ ! slighte/ influ5ce ^u elections4 ,9 ! sev5? essay1 ,hume raises a v int]e/+ discussion z to ! probable ultimate result ( ! =ces :i* 7 at "w 9 ! ,briti% ,con/itution 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury3-- ,!re has be5 a sudd5 & s5sible *ange 9 ! op9ions ( m51 )9 ^! la/ fifty ye>s1 by ! progress ( le>n+ & ( lib]ty4 ,mo/ p 9 ?is isl& h dive/$ !mselves ( all sup]/iti\s rev]5ce to names & au?ority2 ! cl]gy h mu* lo/ _! cr$it2 _! pret5sions & doctr9es h be5 mu* ridicul$2 & ev5 religion c sc>cely support itself 9 ! _w4 ,! m]e "n ( k+ comm&s little respect2 & to talk ( a k+ z ,god's viceg]5t on e>?1 or to give him any ( ^? magnific5t titles :i* =m]ly dazzl$ mank9d1 w\ld b excite laught] 9 e "o4--7,,iii4 #ed47 ,9 fact1 at ! pres5t day1 ! dang] to mon>*y 9 ,brita9 w\ld appe> to lie1 n 9 increas+ love = equality1 = :i*1 except z reg>ds ! law1 ,engli%m5 h nev] c>$1 b r ent]ta9 an av]sion2 nor 9 any ab/ract democratic !ories1 ^u :i* ! mass ( ,engli%m5 p\r ! contempt ) :i* !y view !ories 9 g5]al2 b 9 ! con/antly increas+ t5d5cy ( mon>*y to become slightly absurd1 f ! ev]-wid5+ discrepancy betwe5 mod]n political ideas & ! !ory ( k+%ip4 ,z ,hume obs]ves1 ev5 9 8 "t1 p _h left (f mak+ believe t a k+ 0 a diff]5t species ( man f1 o!r m52 &1 s9ce 8 day1 m & m su* make-believes h become impossible2 until ! ma9t5ance ( k+%ip 9 com+ g5]ations seems likely to dep5d1 entirely1 ^u :e!r x is ! g5]al op9ion1 t a h]$it>y presid5t ( our virtual republic w s]ve ! g5]al int]e/ bett] ?an an elective "o or n4 ,! t5d5cy ( public feel+ 9 ?is direction is pat5t1 b x does n foll[ t a republic is to be ! f9al /age ( our gov]nm5t4 ,9 fact1 ,hume ?9ks n3-- ,x is well kn[n1 t e gov]nm5t mu/ come to a p]iod1 & t dea? is unavoidable to ! political1 z well z to ! animal body4 ,b1 z "o k9d ( dea? may be pref]able to ano!r1 x may be inquir$1 :e!r x be m desirable = ! ,briti% con/itution to t]m9ate 9 a popul> gov]nm5t1 or 9 an absolute mon>*y8 ,"h1 ,i w\ld frankly decl>e1 t ?\gh lib]ty be pref]able to slav]y1 9 almo/ e case2 yet ,i %\ld r wi% to see an absolute mon>* ?an a republic 9 ?is isl&4 ,= let u consid] :at k9d ( republic we h reason to expect4 ,! "q is n conc]n+ any f9e imag9>y republic ( :i* a man =ms a plan 9 8 closet4 ,!re is no d\bt b a popul> gov]nm5t may be imag9$ m p]fect ?an an absolute mon>*y1 or ev5 ?an our pres5t con/itution4 ,b :at reason h we to expect t any su* gov]nm5t w ev] be e/abli%$ 9 ,great ,brita91 ^u ! dissolution ( our mon>*y8 ,if any s+le p]son acquire p[] en\gh to take our con/itution to pieces1 & put x up anew1 he is really an absolute mon>*2 & we h already _h an in/ance ( ?is k9d1 suffici5t to conv9ce u1 t su* a p]son w nev] resign 8 p[]1 or e/abli% any free gov]nm5t4 ,matt]s1 !re=e1 mu/ be tru/$ to _! natural progress & op]ation2 & ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 accord+ to its pres5t con/itution1 mu/ be ! only legislature 9 su* a popul> gov]nm5t4 ,! inconv5i5ces att5d+ su* a situation ( affairs pres5t !mselves by ?\s&s4 ,if ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 su* a case1 ev] dissolve itself1 :i* is n to be expect$1 we may look = a civil w> e election4 ,if x cont9ue itself1 we %all suff] all ! tyranny ( a faction subdivid$ into new factions4 ,&1 z su* a viol5t gov]nm5t _c long subsi/1 we %all at la/1 aft] _m convulsions & civil w>s1 f9d repose 9 absolute mon>*y1 :i* x w\ld h be5 happi] = u to h e/abli%$ peaceably f ! beg9n+4 ,absolute mon>*y1 !re=e1 is ! easie/ dea?1 ! true ,eu?anasia ( ! ,briti% con/itution4 ,?us if we h m reason to be jeal\s ( mon>*y1 because ! dang] is m imm95t f t qu>t]2 we h also reason to be m jeal\s ( popul> gov]nm5t1 because t dang] is m t]rible4 ,?is may tea* u a lesson ( mod]ation 9 all our political controv]sies4--7,,iii4 #ee47 ,"o may admire ! sagacity ( ^! speculations1 & ! =ce & cle>ness ) :i* !y are express$1 )\t altoge!r agree+ ) !m4 ,t an analogy betwe5 ! social & bodily organism exi/s1 & is1 9 _m respects1 cle> & full ( in/ructive sugge/ion1 is und5iable4 ,yet a /ate answ]s1 n to an individual1 b to a g5]ic type2 & !re is no reason1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 :y any g5]ic type %\ld die out4 ,! type ( ! pe>ly ,nautilus1 highly organis$ z x is1 has p]si/$ ) b little *ange f ! ,silurian epo* till n[2 &1 s long z t]re/rial conditions rema9 approximately simil> to :at !y are at pres5t1 !re is no m reason :y x %\ld cease to exi/ 9 ! next1 ?an 9 ! pa/1 hundr$ million ye>s or s4 ,! true gr\nd = d\bt+ ! possibility ( ! e/abli%m5t ( absolute mon>*y 9 ,brita9 is1 t op9ion seems to h pass$ ?r\gh1 & left f> beh9d1 ! /age at :i* su* a *ange w\ld be possible2 & ! true reason = d\bt+ ! p]man5cy ( a republic1 if x is ev] e/abli%$1 lies 9 ! fact1 t a republic requires = its ma9t5ance a f> high] /&>d ( morality & ( intellig5ce 9 ! memb]s ( ! /ate ?an any o!r =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,samuel gave ! ,israelites a k+ because !y 7 n righte\s en\gh to d )\t "o1 ) a pretty pla9 w>n+ ( :at !y 7 to expect f ! gift4 ,&1 up to ?is "t1 ! progress ( su* republics z h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! _w has n be5 su*1 z to lead to any confid5t expectation t _! f\ndation is laid on a suffici5tly secure subsoil ( public _s1 morality1 & intellig5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y exhibit examples ( p]sonal corruption & ( political pr(ligacy z f9e z any hotb$ ( despotism has ev] produc$2 :ile !y fail 9 ! prim>y duty ( ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 z none b an effete despotism has ev] fail$4 ,hume has be5 accus$ ( dep>t+1 9 8 old age1 f ! lib]al pr9ciples ( 8 y\?2 &1 no d\bt1 he 0 c>eful1 9 ! lat] editions ( ! ,essays1 to expunge ev]y?+ t sav\r$ ( democratic t5d5cies4 ,b ! passage j quot$ %[s t ?is 0 no recantation1 b simply a confirmation1 by 8 exp]i5ce ( "o ( ! mo/ debas$ p]iods ( ,engli% hi/ory1 ( ^? evil t5d5cies att5dant on popul> gov]nm5t1 ( :i*1 f ! fir/1 he 0 fully aw>e4 ,9 ! n9? essay1 ,on ! ,p>ties ( ,great ,brita91 !re occurs a passage :i*1 :ile x af=ds evid5ce ( ! m>vell\s *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! social condition ( ,scotl& s9ce #agda1 conta9s an ass]tion respect+ ! /ate ( ! ,jacobite p>ty at t "t1 :i* at fir/ seems surpris+3-- ,z viol5t ?+s h n commonly s long a duration z mod]ate1 we actually f9d t ! ,jacobite p>ty is almo/ entirely vani%$ f among u1 & t ! di/9ction ( ,c\rt & ,c\ntry1 :i* is b creep+ 9 at ,london1 is ! only "o t is ev] m5tion$ 9 ?is k+dom4 ,beside ! viol5ce & op5ness ( ! ,jacobite p>ty1 ano!r reason has p]haps contribut$ to produce s sudd5 & s visible an alt]ation 9 ?is "p ( ,brita94 ,!re are only two ranks ( m5 among u2 g5tlem5 :o h "s =tune & education1 & ! meane/ slav+ poor2 )\t any consid]able numb] ( t middl+ rank ( m51 :i* ab\nd m 9 ,engl&1 bo? 9 cities & 9 ! c\ntry1 ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! slav+ poor are incapable ( any pr9ciples2 g5tlem5 may be conv]t$ to true pr9ciples1 by "t & exp]i5ce4 ,! middl+ rank ( m5 h curiosity & k en\gh to =m pr9ciples1 b n en\gh to =m true ones1 or correct any prejudices t !y may h imbib$4 ,& x is among ! middl+ rank ( p t ,tory pr9ciples d at pres5t prevail mo/ 9 ,engl&4--7,,iii4 #hj1 note47 ,consid]+ t ! ,jacobite rebellion ( #agde broke out only f\r ye>s aft] ?is essay 0 publi%$1 ! ass]tion t ! ,jacobite p>ty _h almo/ entirely vani%$ 9 #agda s\nds /range en\gh3 & ! passage :i* conta9s x is omitt$ 9 ! ?ird edition ( ! ,essays1 publi%$ 9 #agdh4 ,nev]!less1 ,hume 0 probably "r1 z ! outbreak ( '#de 0 little bett] ?an a ,highl& raid1 & ! ,pret5d] obta9$ no important foll[+ 9 ! ,l[l&s4 ,no less curi\s1 9 comp>ison ) :at w\ld be said n[adays1 is ,hume's rem>k 9 ! ,essay on ! ,rise ( ! ,arts & ,sci5ces t-- ,! ,engli% are become s5sible ( ! sc&al\s lic5ti\sness ( _! /age f ! example ( ! ,fr5* dec5cy & morals4--7,,iii4 #ace47 ,& x is p]haps z surpris+ to be told1 by a man ( ,hume's lit]>y p[]1 t ! fir/ polite prose 9 ! ,engli% language 0 writt5 by ,swift4 ,locke & ,temple 7) :om ,sprat is a/\nd+ly conjo9$7 knew too little ( ! rules ( art to be e/eem$ elegant writ]s1 & ! prose ( ,bacon1 ,h>r+ton1 & ,milton is altoge!r /iff & p$antic4 ,hobbes1 :o :e!r he %\ld be call$ a polite writ] or n1 is a ma/] ( vigor\s ,engli%2 ,cl>5don1 ,addison1 & ,/eele 7! la/ two1 surely1 7 polite writ]s 9 all consci5ce7 are n m5tion$4 ,on ! subject ( ,national ,"*1 ab\t :i* m nons5se1 & (t5 v mis*iev\s nons5se1 has be5 & is talk$ ?an ^u any o!r topic1 ,hume's obs]vations are full ( s5se & %rewdness4 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 ! moral & ! physical causes ( national "*1 enum]at+ "u ! =m]-- ,! nature ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! revolutions ( public affairs1 ! pl5ty or p5ury 9 :i* p live1 ! situation ( ! nation ) reg>d to its neighb\rs1 & su* l circum/ances4--7,,iii4 #bbe47 & "u ! latt]3-- ,^? qualities ( ! air & climate1 :i* are suppos$ to "w ins5sibly on ! temp]1 by alt]+ ! tone & habit ( ! body1 & giv+ a p>ticul> complexion1 :i*1 ?\gh reflexion & reason may sometimes ov]come x1 w yet prevail among ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 & h an influ5ce on _! mann]s4--7,,iii4 #bbe47 ,:ile admitt+ & exemplify+ ! great influ5ce ( moral causes1 ,hume rem>ks-- ,z to physical causes1 ,i am incl9$ to d\bt altoge!r ( _! op]ation 9 ?is p>ticul>2 nor d ,i ?9k t m5 owe any?+ ( _! temp] or g5ius to ! air1 food1 or climate4--7,,iii4 #bbg47 ,hume c]ta9ly w\ld n h accept$ ! rice !ory 9 explanation ( ! social /ate ( ! ,h9doos2 &1 x may be safely assum$1 t he w\ld n h _h rec\rse to ! circumambi5ce ( ! melan*oly ma9 to acc\nt = ! tr\bl\s hi/ory ( ,irel&4 ,he supports 8 views by a v>iety ( /rong argum5ts1 among :i*1 at ! pres5t conjuncture1 x is wor? not+ t ! foll[+ occurs-- ,:]e any accid5t1 z a diff]5ce 9 language or religion1 keeps two nations1 inhabit+ ! same c\ntry1 f mix+ ) "o ano!r1 !y w pres]ve dur+ sev]al c5turies a di/9ct & ev5 opposite set ( mann]s4 ,! integrity1 gravity1 & brav]y ( ! ,turks1 =m an exact contra/ to ! deceit1 levity1 & c[>dice ( ! mod]n ,greeks4--7,,iii4 #bcc47 ,! "q ( ! influ5ce ( race1 :i* plays s great a "p 9 mod]n political speculations1 0 h>dly broa*$ 9 ,hume's "t1 b he _h an inkl+ ( its importance3-- ,i am apt to suspect ! ,negroes to be naturally inf]ior to ! ,:ites4 ,!re sc>cely ev] 0 a civilis$ nation ( t complexion1 nor ev5 any individual1 em95t ei!r 9 action or speculation4444 ,su* a uni=m & con/ant diff]5ce betwe5 ! negroes & ! :ites c\ld n happ5 9 s _m c\ntries & ages1 if nature _h n made an orig9al di/9ction betwe5 ^! bre$s ( m54444 ,9 ,jamaica1 inde$1 !y talk ( "o ,negro z a man ( p>ts & le>n+2 b x is likely he is admir$ = sl5d] accompli%m5ts1 l a p>rot :o speaks a few words pla9ly4--7,,iii4 #bcf47 ,! ,essays met ) ! success !y des]v$4 ,hume wrote to ,h5ry ,home 9 ,june1 #agdb3-- ,! ,essays are all sold 9 ,london1 z ,i am in=m$ by two lett]s f ,engli% g5tlem5 ( my acqua9tance4 ,!re is a dem& = !m2 &1 z "o ( !m tells me1 ,innys1 ! great booksell] 9 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 wond]s !re is n a new edition1 = he _c f9d copies = 8 cu/om]s4 ,i am also told t ,dr4 ,butl] has ev]y:]e recomm5d$ !m2 s t ,i hope t !y w h "s success4 ,hume _h s5t ,butl] a copy ( ! ,treatise & _h call$ ^u him1 9 ,london1 b he 0 out ( t[n2 & be+ %ortly aft]w>ds made ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol1 ,hume seems to h ?\ght t fur!r advances on 8 "p might n be well receiv$4 ,greatly com=t$ by ?is measure ( success1 ,hume rema9$ at ,n9ewells1 rubb+ up 8 ,greek1 until #agde2 :51 at ! mature age ( ?irty-f\r1 he made 8 entry into practical life1 by becom+ be>-lead] to ! ,m>quis ( ,ann&ale1 a "y nobleman ( feeble body & feebl] m9d4 ,z might h be5 pr$ict$1 ?is v5ture 0 n m =tunate ?an 8 previ\s ones2 &1 aft] a ye>'s endurance1 div]sifi$ latt]ly ) pecuni>y squabbles1 9 :i* ,hume's t5acity ab\t a some:at small claim is rem>kable1 ! engagem5t came to an end4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,a picture ( ! h\se1 tak5 f ,drummond's ,hi/ory ( ,noble ,briti% ,families1 is to be se5 9 ,*amb]s's ,book ( ,days 7,april #bf?72 & if1 z ,drummond says1 ,x is a fav\rable specim5 ( ! be/ ,scot* lairds' h\ses1 all t c be said is wor/ ,scot* lairds mu/ h be5 poorly lodg$ inde$4 #b ,mr4 ,john ,hill ,burton1 9 8 valuable ,life ( ,hume1 on :i*1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 ,i h drawn freely = ! mat]ials ( ! pres5t biographical sket*4 #c ,"o _c b be rem9d$ ( "y ,desc>tes' r5unciation ( /udy = soldi]+4 #d ,my ,own ,life4 #e ,lett] to ,gilb]t ,elliot ( ,m9to1 #agea4 ,s va/ an und]tak+1 plann$ be=e ,i 0 "o-&-tw5ty1 & compos$ be=e tw5ty-five1 mu/ necess>ily be v defective4 ,i h rep5t$ my ha/e a hundr$ & a hundr$ times4 #f ,s says ,mr4 ,burton1 & t he is "r is prov$ by a lett] ( ,hume's1 dat$ ,febru>y #ac1 #agci1 9 :i* he writes1 ',tis n[ a =tnight s9ce my book 0 publi%$4 ,b x is a curi\s illu/ration ( ! value ( te/imony1 t ,hume1 9 ,my ,own ,life1 /ates3 ,9 ! end ( #agch ,i publi%$ my ,treatise1 & imm$iately w5t d[n to my "m & my bro!r4 #g ,burton1 ,life1 vol4 i4 p4 #aji4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,lat] ,,ye>s3 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl&4 ,9 #agdd1 ,hume's fri5ds _h endeav\r$ to procure 8 nom9ation to ! ,*air ( ,e?ics & pneumatic philosophy#h 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,ab\t ?is matt] he writes to 8 fri5d ,william ,mure3-- ,! accusation ( h]esy1 deism1 scepticism1 a!ism1 c41 c41 c4 0 />t$ aga9/ me2 b nev] took1 be+ bore d[n by ! contr>y au?ority ( all ! good company 9 t[n4 ,if ! good company 9 t[n bore d[n ! fir/ ?ree ( ^! *>ges1 x is to be hop$1 = ! sake ( _! v]acity1 t !y knew _! c&idate *iefly z ! v good company t he always 02 & _h paid z little att5tion1 z good company usually does1 to s solid a "w z ! ,treatise4 ,hume expresses a nave surprise1 n unmix$ ) indignation1 t ,hut*eson & ,lee*man1 bo? cl]gym5 & s9c]e1 ?\gh lib]al1 pr(essors ( or?odoxy1 %\ld h express$ d\bts z to 8 fitness = becom+ a pr(ess$ly presbyt]ian tea*] ( presbyt]ian y\?4 ,! t[n c\ncil1 h[ev]1 w\ld n h him1 & fill$ up ! place ) a safe nobody4 ,9 ,may1 #agdf1 a new prospect op5$4 ,g5]al ,/4 ,clair 0 appo9t$ to ! comm& ( an exp$ition to ,canada1 & he invit$ ,hume1 at a week's notice1 to be 8 secret>y2 to :i* (fice t ( judge advocate 0 aft]w>ds add$4 ,hume writes to a fri5d3 ,! (fice is v g5teel1 #ajs4 a day1 p]quisites1 & no exp5ses2 &1 to ano!r1 he speculates on ! *ance ( procur+ a company 9 an ,am]ican regim5t4 ,b ?is ,i build n on1 nor inde$ am ,i v fond ( x1 he adds2 & ?is 0 =tunate1 = ! exp$ition1 aft] dawdl+ away ! summ] 9 port1 0 sudd5ly div]t$ to an attack on ,l',ori5t1 :]e x a*iev$ a huge failure & return$ ignom9i\sly to ,engl&4 ,a lett] to ,h5ry ,home1 writt5 :5 ?is unlucky exp$ition 0 recall$1 %[s t ,hume _h already s]i\sly turn$ 8 att5tion to hi/ory4 ,ref]r+ to an invitation to g ov] to ,fl&]s ) ! ,g5]al1 he says3 ,_h ,i any =tune :i* w\ld give me a prospect ( leisure & opportunity to prosecute my hi/orical projects1 no?+ c\ld be m useful to me1 & ,i %\ld pick up m lit]>y k 9 "o campaign by be+ 9 ! ,g5]al's family1 & be+ introduc$ frequ5tly to ! ,duke's1 ?an mo/ (fic]s c\ld d aft] _m ye>s' s]vice4 ,b to :at c all ?is s]ve8 ,i am a philosoph]1 & s ,i suppose mu/ cont9ue4 ,b ?is vatic9ation 0 %ortly to prove errone\s4 ,hume seems to h made a v fav\rable impression on ,g5]al ,/4 ,clair1 z he did ^u e "o ) :om he came into p]sonal contact2 =1 be+ *>g$ ) a mission to ! c\rt ( ,tur91 9 #agdh1 ! ,g5]al insi/$ ^u ! appo9tm5t ( ,hume z 8 secret>y4 ,he fur!r made him "o ( 8 aides-de-camp2 s t ! philosoph] 0 oblig$ to encase 8 m ?an portly1 & by no means elegant1 figure 9 a milit>y uni=m4 ,"l ,*>lemont1 :o met him at ,tur91 says he 0 disguis$ 9 sc>let1 & t he wore 8 uni=m l a groc] ( ! tra9-b&s4 ,hume1 always ready = a joke at 8 own exp5se1 tells ( ! consid]ate k9dness ) :i*1 at a reception at ,vi5na1 ! ,empress-d[ag] releas$ him & 8 fri5ds f ! necessity ( walk+ backw>ds4 ,we e/eem$ ourselves v mu* oblig$ to h] = ?is att5tion1 especially my companions1 :o 7 desp]ately afraid ( my fall+ on !m & cru%+ !m4 ,not)/&+ ! _m attractions ( ?is appo9tm5t1 ,hume writes t he leaves home ) inf9ite regret1 :]e ,i _h treasur$ up /ores ( /udy & plans ( ?9k+ = _m ye>s2 & 8 only consolation is t ! opportunity ( becom+ conv]sant ) /ate affairs may be pr(itable3-- ,i %all h an opportunity ( see+ c\rts & camps3 & if ,i c aft]w>d be s happy z to atta9 leisure & o!r opportunities1 ?is k may ev5 turn to acc\nt to me z a man ( lett]s1 :i* ,i confess has always be5 ! sole object ( my ambition4 ,i h long _h an int5tion1 9 my rip] ye>s1 ( compos+ "s hi/ory2 & ,i "q n b "s great] exp]i5ce 9 ! op]ations ( ! field & ! intrigues ( ! cab9et w be requisite1 9 ord] to enable me to speak ) judgm5t on ^! subjects4 ,hume return$ to ,london 9 #agdi1 &1 dur+ 8 /ay !re1 8 "m di$1 to 8 he>tfelt sorr[4 ,a curi\s /ory 9 connection ) ?is ev5t is told by ,dr4 ,c>lyle1 :o knew ,hume well1 & ^: au?ority is p]fectly tru/wor?y4 ,mr4 ,boyle he>+ ( x1 soon aft] w5t to 8 ap>tm5t1 = !y lodg$ 9 ! same h\se1 :]e he f\nd him 9 ! deepe/ affliction & 9 a flood ( te>s4 ,aft] ! usual topics & condol5ces ,mr4 ,boyle said to him1 ',my fri5d1 y owe ?is uncommon grief to hav+ ?r[n (f ! pr9ciples ( religion3 = if y _h n1 y w\ld h be5 consol$ ) ! firm belief t ! good lady1 :o 0 n only ! be/ ( mo!rs1 b ! mo/ pi\s ( ,*ri/ians1 0 completely happy 9 ! realms ( ! j4 ,to :i* ,david repli$1 ',?\gh ,i ?r[ out my speculations to ent]ta9 ! le>n$ & metaphysical _w1 yet 9 o!r ?+s ,i d n ?9k s diff]5tly f ! re/ ( ! _w z y imag9e4' ,if ,hume _h told ?is /ory to ,dr4 ,c>lyle1 ! latt] w\ld h said s2 x mu/ !re=e h come f ,mr4 ,boyle2 & "o w\ld l to h ! opportunity ( cross-exam9+ t g5tleman z to ,hume's exact words & _! context1 be=e implicitly accept+ 8 v]sion ( ! conv]sation4 ,mr4 ,boyle's exp]i5ce ( mank9d mu/ h be5 small1 if he _h n se5 ! firme/ ( believ]s ov]:elm$ ) grief by a l loss1 & z completely inconsolable4 ,hume may h ?r[n (f ,mr4 ,boyle's pr9ciples ( religion1 b he 0 none ! less a v hone/ man1 p]fectly op5 & c&id1 & ! la/ p]son to use ambigu\s phraseology1 among 8 fri5ds2 unless1 inde$1 he saw no o!r way ( putt+ a /op to ! intrusion ( unmann]ly twaddle among/ ! bitt]-sweet memories /irr$ 9 8 affectionate nature by s heavy a bl[4 ,! ,philosophical ,essays or ,inquiry 0 publi%$ 9 #agdh1 :ile ,hume 0 away ) ,g5]al ,/4 ,clair1 &1 on 8 return to ,engl&1 he _h ! mortification to f9d x ov]look$ 9 ! hubbub caus$ by ,middleton's ,free ,inquiry1 & its bold h&l+ ( ! topic ( ! ,essay on ,miracles1 by :i* ,hume d\btless expect$ ! public to be />tl$4 ,betwe5 #agdi & #agea1 ,hume resid$ at ,n9ewells1 ) 8 bro!r & si/]1 & busi$ himself ) ! composition ( 8 mo/ f9i%$1 if n 8 mo/ important works1 ! ,dialogues on ,natural ,religion1 ! ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 & ! ,political ,disc\rses4 ,! ,dialogues on ,natural ,religion 7 t\*$ & re-t\*$1 at int]vals1 = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 & 7 n publi%$ till aft] ,hume's dea?3 b ! ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals appe>$ 9 #agea1 & ! ,political ,disc\rses 9 #ageb4 ,full ref]5ce w be made to ! two =m] 9 ! exposition ( ,hume's philosophical views4 ,! la/ has be5 well said to be ! cradle ( political economy3 & mu* z t sci5ce has be5 inve/igat$ & exp\nd$ 9 lat] times1 ^! e>lie/1 %orte/1 & simple/ developm5ts ( its pr9ciples are /ill read ) delight ev5 by ^? :o are ma/]s ( all ! lit]ature ( ?is great subject4#i ,! ,weal? ( ,nations1 ! ma/]piece ( ,hume's close fri5d1 ,adam ,smi?1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 did n appe> be=e #aggf1 s t1 9 political economy1 no less ?an 9 philosophy1 ,hume 0 an orig9al1 a d>+1 & a f]tile innovator4 ,! ,political ,essays _h a great & rapid success2 translat$ into ,fr5* 9 #agec1 & aga9 9 #aged1 !y conf]r$ a ,european reputation ^u _! au?or2 &1 :at 0 m to ! purpose1 influ5c$ ! lat] ,fr5* s*ool ( economi/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,by ?is "t1 ,hume _h n only atta9$ a high reputation 9 ! _w ( lett]s1 b he consid]$ himself a man ( indep5d5t =tune4 ,8 frugal habits _h enabl$ him to accumulate #a1jjj1 & he tells ,mi*ael ,ramsay 9 #agea3-- ,:ile int]e/ rema9s z at pres5t1 ,i h #ej a ye>1 a hundr$ p\nds wor? ( books1 great /ore ( l95s & f9e clo!s1 & ne> #ajj 9 my pocket2 along ) ord]1 frugality1 a /rong _s ( indep5d5cy1 good heal?1 a cont5t$ hum\r1 & an unabat$ love ( /udy4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ,i mu/ e/eem myself "o ( ! happy & =tunate2 & s f> f be+ will+ to draw my ticket ov] aga9 9 ! lott]y ( life1 !re are v few prizes ) :i* ,i w\ld make an ex*ange4 ,aft] "s delib]ation1 ,i am resolv$ to settle 9 ,ed9burgh1 & hope ,i %all be able ) ^! rev5ues to say ) ,horace3-- ',e/ bona librorum et provis frugis 9 annum ,copia4' ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a bett] example ( ! hon\rable indep5d5ce & *e]ful self-reliance :i* %\ld di/+ui% a man ( lett]s1 & :i* *>act]is$ ,hume ?r\gh\t 8 c>e]4 ,by hon\rable ef=t1 ! boy's noble ideal ( life1 became ! man's reality2 &1 at =ty1 ,hume _h ! happ9ess ( f9d+ t he _h n wa/$ 8 y\? 9 ! pursuit ( illusions1 b t ! solid c]ta9ty ( wak+ bliss lay be=e him1 9 ! free play ( 8 p[]s 9 _! appropriate sph]e4 ,9 #agea1 ,hume remov$ to ,ed9burgh & took up 8 abode on a flat 9 "o ( ^? prodigi\s h\ses 9 ! ,lawnm>ket1 :i* /ill excite ! admiration ( t\ri/s2 aft]w>ds mov+ to a h\se 9 ! ,canongate4 ,8 si/] jo9$ him1 add+ #cj a ye> to ! common /ock2 &1 9 "o ( 8 *>m+ly playful lett]s to ,dr4 ,clephane1 he ?us describes 8 e/abli%m5t1 9 #agec4 ,i %all exult & triumph to y a little t ,i h n[ at la/--be+ turn$ ( =ty1 to my own hon\r1 to t ( le>n+1 & to t ( ! pres5t age--arriv$ at ! dignity ( be+ a h\sehold]4 ,ab\t sev5 mon?s ago1 ,i got a h\se ( my own1 & complet$ a regul> family1 consi/+ ( a head1 viz41 myself1 & two inf]ior memb]s1 a maid & a cat4 ,my si/] has s9ce jo9$ me1 & keeps me company4 ,) frugality1 ,i c rea*1 ,i f9d1 cleanl9ess1 w>m?1 light1 pl5ty1 & cont5tm5t4 ,:at w\ld y h m8 ,indep5d5ce8 ,i h x 9 a supreme degree4 ,hon\r8 ,t is n altoge!r want+4 ,grace8 ,t w come 9 "t4 ,a wife8 ,t is none ( ! indisp5sable requisites ( life4 ,books8 ,t is "o ( !m2 & ,i h m ?an ,i c use4 ,9 %ort1 ,i _c f9d any pleasure ( consequ5ce :i* ,i am n possess$ ( 9 a great] or less degree2 &1 )\t any great ef=t ( philosophy1 ,i may be easy & satisfi$4 ,z !re is no happ9ess )\t occupation1 ,i h begun a "w :i* w occupy me sev]al ye>s1 & :i* yields me mu* satisfaction4 ',tis a ,hi/ory ( ,brita9 f ! ,union ( ! ,cr[ns to ! pres5t "t4 ,i h already f9i%$ ! reign ( ,k+ ,james4 ,my fri5ds flatt] me 7by ?is ,i mean t !y don't flatt] me7 t ,i h succe$$4 ,9 #ageb1 ! ,faculty ( ,advocates elect$ ,hume _! libr>ian1 an (fice :i*1 ?\gh x yield$ little emolum5t--! sal>y 0 only =ty p\nds a ye>--0 valuable z x plac$ ! res\rces ( a l>ge libr>y at 8 disposal4 ,! proposal to give ,hume ev5 ?is paltry place caus$ a great outcry1 on ! old score ( infidelity4 ,b z ,hume writes1 9 a jubilant lett] to ,clephane 7,febru>y #d1 #ageb73-- ,i c>ri$ ! election by a consid]able majority4444 ,:at is m extraord9>y1 ! cry ( religion c\ld n h9d] ! ladies f be+ viol5tly my p>tisans1 & ,i owe my success 9 a great measure to _! solicitations4 ,"o has broke (f all comm]ce ) h] lov] because he vot$ aga9/ me6 ,& ,mr4 ,lockh>t1 9 a spee* to ! ,faculty1 said !re 0 no walk+ ! /reets1 nor ev5 enjoy+ "o's own fireside1 on acc\nt ( _! importunate zeal4 ,! t[n says t ev5 8 b$ 0 n safe = him1 ?\gh 8 wife 0 c\s9-g]man to my antagoni/4 ',twas vulg>ly giv5 out t ! conte/ 0 betwe5 ,dei/s & ,*ri/ians1 & :5 ! news ( my success came to ! playh\se1 ! :isp] rose t ! ,*ri/ians 7 defeat$4 ,are y n surpris$ t we c\ld keep our popul>ity1 not)/&+ ?is imputation1 :i* my fri5ds c\ld n d5y to be well f\nd$8 ,x w\ld seem t ! good company 0 less ent]pris+ 9 its assev]ations 9 ?is canvass ?an 9 ! la/4 ,! fir/ volume ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,great ,brita91 conta9+ ! reign ( ,james ,i4 & ,*>les ,i41 0 publi%$ 9 #aged4 ,at fir/1 ! sale 0 l>ge1 especially 9 ,ed9burgh1 & if notoriety p] se 0 ,hume's object1 he atta9$ x4 ,b he lik$ applause z well z fame &1 to 8 bitt] disappo9tm5t1 he says3-- ,i 0 assail$ by "o cry ( reproa*1 disapprobation1 & ev5 dete/ation3 ,engli%1 ,scot*1 & ,iri%1 ,:ig & ,tory1 ,*ur*man & ,sect>y1 ,free?9k] & ,religioni/1 ,patriot & ,c\rti]1 unit$ 9 _! rage aga9/ ! man :o _h presum$ to %$ a g5]\s te> = ! fate ( ,*>les ,i4 & ! ,e>l ( ,/raf=d2 & aft] ! fir/ ebullitions ( _! fury 7 ov]1 :at 0 /ill m mortify+1 ! book seem$ to fall into oblivion4 ,mr4 ,mill> told me t 9 a twelvemon? he sold only =ty-five copies ( x4 ,i sc>cely1 inde$1 he>d ( "o man 9 ! ?ree k+doms1 consid]able = rank or lett]s1 t c\ld endure ! book4 ,i mu/ only except ! primate ( ,engl&1 ,dr4 ,h]r+1 & ! primate ( ,irel&1 ,dr4 ,/one1 :i* seem two odd exceptions4 ,^! dignifi$ prelates sep>ately s5t me messages n to be disc\rag$4 ,x c]ta9ly is odd to ?9k ( ,david ,hume be+ com=t$ 9 8 affliction by ! indep5d5t & spontane\s sympa?y ( a pair ( ar*bi%ops4 ,b ! in/9cts ( ! dignifi$ prelates guid$ !m rightly2 =1 z ! great pa9t] ( ,engli% hi/ory 9 ,:ig pigm5ts has be5 c>eful to po9t out1#aj ,hume's hi/orical picture1 ?\gh a great "w1 drawn by a ma/] h&1 has all ! lights ,tory1 & all ! %ades ,:ig4 ,hume's ecclesia/ical enemies seem to h ?\ght t _! opportunity _h n[ arriv$2 & an attempt 0 made to get ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( #agef to appo9t a committee to inquire into 8 writ+s4 ,b1 aft] a ke5 debate1 ! proposal 0 reject$ by fifty votes to sev5te54 ,hume does n appe> to h tr\bl$ himself ab\t ! matt]1 & does n ev5 ?9k x wor? m5tion 9 ,my ,own ,life4 ,9 #agef he tells ,clephane t he is wor? #a1fjj /]l+1 & consequ5tly ma/] ( an income :i* mu/ h be5 weal? to a man ( 8 frugal habits4 ,9 ! same ye>1 he publi%$ ! second volume ( ! ,hi/ory1 :i* met ) a mu* bett] reception ?an ! fir/2 &1 9 #ageg1 "o ( 8 mo/ rem>kable works1 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 appe>$4 ,9 ! same ye>1 he resign$ 8 (fice ( libr>ian to ! ,faculty ( ,advocates1 & he project$ removal to ,london1 probably to sup]9t5d ! publication ( ! additional volume ( ! ,hi/ory4 ,i %all c]ta9ly be 9 ,london next summ]2 & probably to rema9 !re dur+ life3 at lea/1 if ,i c settle myself to my m9d1 :i* ,i beg y to h an eye to4 ,a room 9 a sob] discreet family1 :o w\ld n be av]se to admit a sob]1 discreet1 virtu\s1 regul>1 quiet1 goodnatur$ man ( a bad "*--su* a room1 ,i say1 w\ld suit me extremely4#aa ,! promis$ visit took place 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ye> #ageh1 & he rema9$ 9 ! metropolis = ! great] "p ( #agei4 ,! two volumes ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl& "u ! ,h\se ( ,tudor 7 publi%$ 9 ,london1 %ortly aft] ,hume's return to ,ed9burgh2 &1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 !y rais$ almo/ z great a clam\r z ! fir/ two _h done4 ,busily occupi$ ) ! cont9uation ( 8 hi/orical lab\rs1 ,hume rema9$ 9 ,ed9burgh until #agfc2 :51 at ! reque/ ( ,"l ,h]t=d1 :o 0 go+ z ambassador to ,france1 he 0 appo9t$ to ! embassy2 ) ! promise ( ! secret>y%ip1 &1 9 ! mean:ile1 p]=m+ ! duties ( t (fice4 ,at fir/1 ,hume decl9$ ! (f]2 b1 z x 0 p>ticul>ly hon\rable to s well abus$ a man1 on acc\nt ( ,"l ,h]t=d's high reputation = virtue & piety1#ab & no less advantage\s by reason ( ! increase ( =tune :i* x secur$ to him1 he ev5tually accept$ x4 ,9 ,france1 ,hume's reputation /ood f> high] ?an 9 ,brita92 sev]al ( 8 works _h be5 translat$2 he _h ex*ang$ lett]s ) ,montesquieu & ) ,helvetius2 ,r\sseau _h appeal$ to him2 & ! *>m+ ,madame de ,b\ffl]s _h drawn him into a correspond5ce1 m>k$ by almo/ passionate en?usiasm on h] "p1 & z fair an imitation ( en?usiasm z ,hume 0 capable (1 on 84 ,9 ! extraord9>y mixture ( le>n+1 wit1 humanity1 frivolity1 & pr(ligacy :i* !n *>act]is$ ! highe/ ,fr5* society1 a new s5sation 0 wor? any?+1 & x matt]$ little :e!r ! cause !re( 0 a philosoph] or a poodle2 s ,hume _h a great success 9 ! ,p>isian _w4 ,great nobles ft$ him1 & great ladies 7 n cont5t unless ! gros ,david 0 to be se5 at _! receptions1 & 9 _! boxes at ! !atre4 ,at ! op]a 8 broad unmean+ face 0 usually to be se5 entre deux jolis m9ois1 says ,"l ,*>lemont4#ac ,hume's cool head 0 by no means turn$2 b he took ! goods ! gods provid$ ) mu* satisfaction2 & ev]y:]e won gold5 op9ions by 8 unaffect$ good s5se & ?or\gh k9dness ( he>t4 ,ov] all ?is "p ( ,hume's c>e]1 z ov] ! surpris+ episode ( ! qu>rel ) ,r\sseau1 if t c be call$ qu>rel :i* 0 lunatic malignity on ,r\sseau's side & ?or\gh g5]osity & pati5ce on ,hume's1 ,i may pass lightly4 ,! /ory is admirably told by ,mr4 ,burton1 to ^: volumes ,i ref] ! read]4 ,nor ne$ ,i dwell ^u ,hume's %ort t5ure ( (fice 9 ,london1 z ,"u-,secret>y ( ,/ate1 betwe5 #agfg & #agfi4 ,success & weal? are r>ely int]e/+1 & ,hume's case is no exception to ! rule4 ,accord+ to 8 own description ! c>es ( (ficial life 7 n ov]:elm+4 ,my way ( life "h is v uni=m & by no means disagreeable4 ,i h all ! =5oon 9 ! ,secret>y's h\se1 f t5 till ?ree1 :5 !re arrive f "t to "t mess5g]s t br+ me all ! secrets ( ! k+dom1 &1 inde$1 ( ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,i am seldom hurri$2 b h leisure at int]vals to take up a book1 or write a private lett]1 or conv]se ) a fri5d t may call = me2 & f d9n] to b$-"t is all my own4 ,if y add to ?is t ! p]son ) :om ,i h ! *ief1 if n only1 transactions1 is ! mo/ reasonable1 equal-temp]$1 & g5tleman-l man imag9able1 & ,lady ,aylesbury ! same1 y w c]ta9ly ?9k ,i h no reason to compla92 & ,i am f> f compla9+4 ,i only %all n regret :5 my duty is ov]2 because to me ! situation c lead to no?+1 at lea/ 9 all probability2 & read+1 & saunt]+1 & l\ng+1 & doz+1 :i* ,i call ?9k+1 is my supreme happ9ess--,i mean my full cont5tm5t4 ,hume's duty 0 soon ov]1 & he return$ to ,ed9burgh 9 #agfi1 v opul5t 9 ! possession ( #a1jjj a ye>1 & det]m9$ to take :at rema9$ to him ( life pleasantly & easily4 ,9 ,octob]1 #agfi1 he writes to ,elliot3-- ,i h be5 settl$ "h two mon?s1 & am "h body & s\l1 )\t ca/+ ! lea/ ?\ght ( regret to ,london1 or ev5 to ,p>is4444 ,i live /ill1 & mu/ = a twelvemon?1 9 my old h\se 9 ,james's ,c\rt1 :i* is v *e]ful & ev5 elegant1 b too small to display my great tal5t = cook]y1 ! sci5ce to :i* ,i int5d to addict ! rema9+ ye>s ( my life4 ,i h j n[ ly+ on ! table be=e me a receipt = mak+ s\pe la re9e1 copi$ ) my own h&2 = beef & cabbage 7a *>m+ di%7 & old mutton & old cl>et nobody excels me4 ,i make also %eep's-head bro? 9 a mann] t ,mr4 ,kei? speaks ( = eight days aft]2 & ! ,duc de ,niv]nois w\ld b9d himself appr5tice to my lass to le>n x4 ,i h already s5t a *all5ge to ,david ,moncreiff3 y w see t 9 a twelvemon? he w take to ! writ+ ( hi/ory1 ! field ,i h des]t$2 = z to ! giv+ ( d9n]s1 he c n[ h no fur!r pret5sions4 ,i %\ld h made a v bad use ( my abode 9 ,p>is if ,i c\ld n get ! bett] ( a m]e prov9cial l him4 ,all my fri5ds enc\rage me 9 ?is ambition2 z ?9k+ x w r$\nd v mu* to my hon\r4 ,9 #aggj1 ,hume built himself a h\se 9 ! new t[n ( ,ed9burgh1 :i* 0 !n spr++ up4 ,x 0 ! fir/ h\se 9 ! /reet1 & a frolicsome "y lady *alk$ ^u ! wall ,/4 ,david's ,/reet4 ,hume's s]vant compla9$ to h] ma/]1 :o repli$1 ,nev] m9d1 lassie1 _m a bett] man has be5 made a sa9t ( be=e1 & ! /reet reta9s its title to ?is day4 ,9 ! foll[+ six ye>s1 ! h\se 9 ,/4 ,david's ,/reet 0 ! c5tre ( ! accompli%$ & ref9$ society :i* !n di/+ui%$ ,ed9burgh4 ,adam ,smi?1 ,blair1 & ,f]guson 7 )9 easy rea*2 & :at rema9s ( ,hume's correspond5ce ) ,sir ,gilb]t ,elliot1 ,colonel ,edmon/one1 & ,mrs4 ,cockburn gives pleasant glimpses ( 8 social surr\nd+s1 & enables u to und]/& 8 cont5tm5t ) 8 abs5ce f ! m p]turb$1 if m brilliant1 worlds ( ,p>is & ,london4 ,t[>ds ,london1 ,london]s1 & inde$ ,engli%m5 9 g5]al1 ,hume ent]ta9$ a dislike1 m+l$ ) contempt1 :i* 0 z ne>ly rancor\s z any emotion ( 8 c\ld be4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,p>is1 9 #agfd & #agfe1 he writes to ,blair3-- ,! ta/e = lit]ature is nei!r decay$ nor deprav$ "h1 z ) ! b>b>ians :o inhabit ! banks ( ! ,?ames4 ,& he speaks ( ! g5]al reg>d paid to g5ius & le>n+ 9 ,france z "o ( ! po9ts 9 :i* x mo/ diff]s f ,engl&4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 he _c ev5 ?ank ,gibbon = 8 ,hi/ory )\t ! left-h&$ complim5t1 t he %\ld nev] h expect$ su* an excell5t "w f ! p5 ( an ,engli%man4 ,e>ly 9 #agfe1 ,hume writes to ,mill>3-- ,! rage & prejudice ( p>ties fright5 me1 & above all1 ?is rage aga9/ ! ,scots1 :i* is s di%on\rable1 & inde$ s infam\s1 to ! ,engli% nation4 ,we he> t x increases e day )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( provocation on our "p4 ,x has frequ5tly made me resolve nev] 9 my life to set foot on ,engli% gr\nd4 ,i dread1 if ,i %\ld und]take a m mod]n hi/ory1 ! imp]t95ce & ill-mann]s to :i* x w\ld expose me2 & ,i 0 will+ to "k f y :e!r =m] prejudices _h s f> subsid$ z to ensure me ( a good reception4 ,8 fe>s 7 k9dly appeas$ by ,mill>'s assurance t ! ,engli% 7 n prejudic$ aga9/ ! ,scots 9 g5]al1 b aga9/ ! p>ticul> ,scot1 ,"l ,bute1 :o 0 suppos$ to be ! guide1 philosoph]1 & fri5d1 ( bo? ,d[ag] ,que5 & ,k+4 ,to c>e no?+ ab\t lit]ature1 to dislike ,scot*m51 & to be ins5sible to ! m]its ( ,david ,hume1 0 a comb9ation ( iniquities on ! "p ( ! ,engli% nation1 :i* w\ld h be5 amply suffici5t to ruffle ! temp] ( ! philosophic hi/orian1 :o1 )\t be+ fooli%ly va91 _h c]ta9ly no ne$ ( :at has be5 said to be ! "o =m ( pray] 9 :i* 8 c\ntrym51 torn z !y are by !ological diff]5ces1 agree2 ,"l6 gie u a gude conceit o' oursels4 ,b :51 to all ?is1 ^! same ,s\?rons add$ a passionate admiration = ,"l ,*a?am1 :o 0 9 ,hume's eyes a *>latan2 & fill$ up ! cup ( _! abom9ations by *e]+ = ,wilkes & ,lib]ty1 ,hume's wra? knew no b\nds1 &1 betwe5 #agfh & #aggj1 he p\rs a p]fect ,j]emiad into ! bosom ( 8 fri5d ,sir ,gilb]t ,elliot4 ,oh6 h[ ,i long to see ,am]ica & ! ,ea/ ,indies revolt$1 totally & f9ally--! rev5ue r$uc$ to half--public cr$it fully discr$it$ by bankruptcy--! ?ird ( ,london 9 ru9s1 & ! rascally mob subdu$6 ,i ?9k ,i am n too old to despair ( be+ witness to all ^! bless+s4 ,i am delight$ to see ! daily & h\rly progress ( madness & folly & wick$ness 9 ,engl&4 ,! consummation ( ^! qualities are ! true +r$i5ts = mak+ a f9e n>rative 9 hi/ory1 especially if foll[$ by "s signal & ru9\s convulsion--z ,i hope w soon be ! case ) t p]nici\s p6 ,ev5 f ! secure hav5 ( ,james's ,c\rt1 ! mal$ictions cont9ue to p\r =?3-- ,no?+ b a rebellion & blood%$ w op5 ! eyes ( t delud$ p2 ?\gh 7 !y alone conc]n$1 ,i ?9k x is no matt] :at becomes ( !m4444 ,our gov]nm5t has become a *im]a1 & is too p]fect1 9 po9t ( lib]ty1 = s rude a bea/ z an ,engli%man2 :o is a man1 a bad animal too1 corrupt$ by above a c5tury ( lic5ti\sness4 ,! mis=tune is t ?is lib]ty c sc>cely be retr5*$ )\t dang] ( be+ entirely lo/2 at lea/ ! fatal effects ( lic5ti\sness mu/ fir/ be made palpable by "s extreme mis*ief result+ f x4 ,i may wi% t ! cata/rophe %\ld r fall on our po/]ity1 b x ha/5s on ) su* l>ge /rides z to leave little room = hope4 ,i am runn+ ov] aga9 ! la/ edition ( my ,hi/ory1 9 ord] to correct x /ill fur!r4 ,i ei!r s(t5 or expunge _m villa9\s s$iti\s ,:ig /rokes :i* _h crept into x4 ,i wi% t my indignation at ! pres5t madness1 enc\rag$ by lies1 calumnies1 impo/ure1 & e infam\s act usual among popul> lead]s1 may n ?r[ me into ! opposite extreme4 ,a wise wi%1 inde$4 ,po/]ity respectfully concurs !re92 & subjects ,hume's e/imate ( ,engl& & ?+s ,engli% to su* modifications z x w\ld probably h und]gone _h ! wi% be5 fulfill$4 ,9 #agge1 ,hume's heal? began to fail2 &1 9 ! spr+ ( ! foll[+ ye>1 8 disord]1 :i* appe>s to h be5 hmorrhage ( ! b[els1 atta9$ su* a height t he knew x mu/ be fatal4 ,s he made 8 w1 & wrote ,my ,own ,life1 ! conclusion ( :i* is "o ( ! mo/ *e]ful1 simple1 & dignifi$ leave-tak+s ( life & all its conc]ns1 extant4 ,i n[ reckon ^u a spe$y dissolution4 ,i h suff]$ v little pa9 f my disord]2 & :at is m /range1 h1 not)/&+ ! great decl9e ( my p]son1 nev] suff]$ a mom5t's abatem5t ( spirits2 insomu* t 7 ,i to "n ! p]iod ( my life :i* ,i %\ld mo/ *oose to pass ov] aga91 ,i might be tempt$ to po9t to ?is lat] p]iod4 ,i possess ! same ard\r z ev] 9 /udy & ! same gaiety 9 company2 ,i consid]1 besides1 t a man ( sixty-five1 by dy+1 cuts (f only a few ye>s ( infirmities2 & ?\gh ,i see _m symptoms ( my lit]>y reputation's break+ out at la/ ) additional lu/re1 ,i "k t ,i c\ld h b few ye>s to enjoy x4 ,x is difficult to be m deta*$ f life ?an ,i am at pres5t4 ,to conclude hi/orically ) my own "*1 ,i am1 or r 0 7= t is ! /yle ,i mu/ n[ use 9 speak+ ( myself1 :i* embold5s me ! m to speak my s5tim5ts72 ,i 01 ,i say1 a man ( mild dispositions1 ( comm& ( temp]1 ( an op51 social1 & *e]ful hum\r1 capable ( atta*m5t1 b little susceptible ( enmity1 & ( great mod]ation 9 all my passions4 ,ev5 my love ( lit]>y fame1 my rul+ passion1 nev] s\r$ my temp]1 not)/&+ my frequ5t disappo9tm5ts4 ,my company 0 n unacceptable to ! "y & c>eless1 z well z to ! /udi\s & lit]>y2 & z ,i took a p>ticul> pleasure 9 ! company ( mode/ wom51 ,i _h no reason to be displeas$ ) ! reception ,i met ) f !m4 ,9 a ^w1 ?\gh mo/ m5 any wise em95t1 h f\nd reason to compla9 ( calumny1 ,i nev] 0 t\*$ or ev5 attack$ by h] baleful too?2 & ?\gh ,i wantonly expos$ myself to ! rage ( bo? civil & religi\s factions1 !y seem$ to be dis>m$ 9 my behalf ( _! wont$ fury4 ,my fri5ds nev] _h occasion to v9dicate any "o circum/ance ( my "* & conduct2 n b t ! zealots1 we may well suppose1 w\ld h be5 glad to inv5t & propagate any /ory to my disadvantage1 b !y c\ld nev] f9d any :i* !y ?\ght w\ld we> ! face ( probability4 ,i _c say !re is no vanity 9 mak+ ?is fun]al oration ( myself1 b ,i hope x is n a misplac$ "o2 & ?is is a matt] ( fact :i* is easily cle>$ & asc]ta9$4 ,hume di$ 9 ,ed9burgh on ! #be? ( ,augu/1 #aggf1 &1 a few days lat]1 8 body1 att5d$ by a great conc\rse ( p1 :o seem to h anticipat$ = x ! fate appropriate to ! rema9s ( wiz>ds & necromanc]s1 0 deposit$ 9 a spot select$ by himself1 9 an old burial-gr\nd on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,calton ,hill4 ,f ! summit ( ?is hill1 !re is a prospect unequall$ by any to be se5 f ! mid/ ( a great city4 ,we/w>d lies ! ,=?1 & beyond x1 dimly blue1 ! f> away ,highl& hills2 ea/w>d1 rise ! bold cont\rs ( ,ar?ur's ,seat & ! rugg$ crags ( ! ,ca/le rock1 ) ! grey ,old ,t[n ( ,ed9burgh2 :ile1 f> bel[1 f a maze ( cr[d$ ?or\ghf>es1 ! ho>se murmur ( ! toil ( a polity ( en]getic m5 is borne ^u ! e>4 ,at times1 a man may be z solit>y "h z 9 a v]itable wild]ness2 & may m$itate undi/urb$ly ^u ! epitome ( nature & ( man--! k+doms ( ?is _w--spread out be=e him4 ,surely1 !re is a fitness 9 ! *oice ( ?is la/ re/+-place by ! philosoph] & hi/orian1 :o saw s cle>ly t ^! two k+doms =m b "o realm1 gov]n$ by uni=m laws & alike bas$ on imp5etrable d>kness & et]nal sil5ce3 & fai?ful to ! la/ to t pr(\nd v]acity :i* 0 ! secret ( 8 philosophic greatness1 he ord]$ t ! simple ,roman tomb :i* m>ks 8 grave %\ld be> no inscription b ,,david ,,hume ,,born #agaa4 ,,di$ #aggf4 ,leav+ x to po/]ity to add ! re/4 ,x 0 by ! desire & at ! sugge/ion ( my fri5d1 ! ,editor ( ?is ,s]ies1 t ,i und]took to attempt to help po/]ity 9 ! difficult bus9ess ( kn[+ :at to add to ,hume's epitaph2 & ,i might1 ) ju/ice1 ?r[ ^u him ! responsibility ( my app>5t presumption 9 occupy+ a place among ! m5 ( lett]s1 :o are engag$ ) him1 9 _! prop] function ( writ+ ab\t ,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s4 ,t to :i* succe$+ g5]ations h made1 are mak+1 & w make1 cont9ual additions1 h[ev]1 is ,hume's fame z a philosoph]2 &1 ?\gh ,i "k t my plea w add to my (f5ce 9 "s qu>t]s1 ,i mu/ plead1 9 ext5uation ( my audacity1 t philosophy lies 9 ! prov9ce ( sci5ce1 & n 9 t ( lett]s4 ,9 deal+ ) ,hume's ,life1 ,i h endeav\r$1 z f> z possible1 to make him speak = himself4 ,if ! extracts f 8 lett]s & essays :i* ,i h giv5 d n suffici5tly %[ :at mann] ( man he 01 ,i am sure t no?+ ,i c\ld say w\ld make ! case pla9]4 ,9 ! exposition ( ,hume's philosophy :i* foll[s1 ,i h pursu$ ! same plan1 & ,i h appli$ myself to ! task ( select+ & arrang+ 9 sy/ematic ord]1 ! passages :i* appe>$ to me to conta9 ! cle>e/ /atem5ts ( ,hume's op9ions4 ,i %\ld h be5 glad to be able to conf9e myself to ?is duty1 & to limit my own comm5ts to s mu* z 0 absolutely necess>y to connect my exc]pts4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be confess$ t m is se5 ( my ?read ?an ( ,hume's beads4 ,my excuse mu/ be an in]adicable t5d5cy to try to make ?+s cle>2 :ile1 ,i may fur!r hope1 t !re is no?+ 9 :at ,i may h said1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! logical developm5t ( ,hume's pr9ciples4 ,my au?ority = ! facts ( ,hume's life is ! admirable biography1 publi%$ 9 #ahdf1 by ,mr4 ,john ,hill ,burton4 ,! edition ( ,hume's works f :i* all citations are made is t publi%$ by ,black & ,tait 9 ,ed9burgh1 9 #ahbf4 ,9 ?is edition1 ! ,essays are repr9t$ f ! edition ( #aggg1 correct$ by ! au?or = ! press a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?4 ,x is well pr9t$ 9 f\r h&y volumes2 & z my copy has long be5 9 my possession1 & be>s m>ks ( mu* read+1 x w\ld h be5 tr\blesome = me to ref] to any o!r4 ,b1 = ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o possess "s o!r edition1 ! foll[+ table ( ! cont5ts ( ! edition ( #ahbf1 ) ! pag+ ( ! f\r volumes1 is giv53-- ,,volume ,i4 ,,treatise ,,( ,,human ,,nature4 ,book ,i4 ,( ! ,und]/&+1 p4 #e to ! end1 p4 #cdg4 ,,volume ,,ii4 ,,treatise ,,( ,,human ,,nature4 ,book ,,ii4 ,( ! ,passions1 p4 #c-p4 #bae4 ,book ,,iii4 ,( ,morals1 p4 #bai-p4 #dae4 ,,dialogues ,,conc]n+ ,,natural ,,religion1 p4 #dai-p4 #edh4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,! ,,treatise1 p4 #eea-p4 #efj4 ,,volume ,,iii4 ,,essays1 ,,moral ,,& ,,political1 p4 #c-p4 #bhb4 ,,political ,,disc\rses1 p4 #bhe-p4 #egi4 ,,volume ,,iv4 ,,an ,,inquiry ,,conc]n+ ,,human ,,und]/&+1 p4 #c-p4 #bcc4 ,,an ,,inquiry ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,morals1 p4 #bcg-p4 #dca4 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,religion1 p4 #dce-p4 #eac4 ,,additional ,,essays1 p4 #eag-p4 #egg4 ,z ! volume & ! page ( ! volume are giv5 9 my ref]5ces1 x w be easy1 by ! help ( ?is table1 to le>n :]e to look = any passage cit$1 9 diff]5tly arrang$ editions4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,pneumatic philosophy mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! !ory ( ela/ic fluids2 ?\gh1 z ,scotti% *airs h1 be=e n[1 comb9$ natural ) civil hi/ory1 ! mi/ake w\ld be p>donable4 #i ,burton's ,life ( ,david ,hume1 i4 p4 #ced4 #aj ,"l ,macaulay1 ,article on ,hi/ory1 ,ed9burgh ,review1 vol4 lxvii4 #aa ,lett] to ,clephane1 #crd ,septemb]1 #ageg4 #ab ,y mu/ "k t ,"l ,h]t=d has s high a "* = piety1 t 8 tak+ me by ! h& is a k9d ( reg5]ation to me1 & all pa/ (f5ces are n[ wip$ (f4 ,b all ^! views are trifl+ to "o ( my age & temp]4--,hume to ,edmon/one1 #i? ,janu>y1 #agfd4 ,"l ,h]t=d _h procur$ him a p5sion ( #bjj a ye> = life f ! ,k+1 & ! secret>y%ip 0 wor? #ajjj a ye>4 #ac ,madame d',ep9ay gives a ludicr\s acc\nt ( ,hume's p]=mance :5 press$ into a tableau1 z a ,sultan betwe5 two slaves1 p]sonat$ = ! occasion by two ( ! prettie/ wom5 9 ,p>is3-- ,il les reg>de att5tivem5t1 il se frappe le v5tre et les g5\x plusieurs reprises et ne tr\ve jamais autre *ose leur dire que ,eh bi56 mes demoiselles4--,eh bi56 v\s voil donc4444 ,eh bi56 v\s voil 444 v\s voil ici8 ,cette phrase dura un qu>t d'heure sans qu'il pt en sortir4 ,une d'elles se leva d'impati5ce3 ,ah1 dit-elle1 je m'en tois bi5 d\te1 cet homme n'e/ bon qu' mang] du veau6--,burton's ,life ( ,hume1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbd4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,hume',s ,,philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,object ,,& ,,scope ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,kant has said t ! bus9ess ( philosophy is to answ] ?ree que/ions3 ,:at c ,i "k8 ,:at ought ,i to d8 & ,= :at may ,i hope8 ,b x is pretty pla9 t ^! ?ree resolve !mselves1 9 ! long run1 into ! fir/4 ,= rational expectation & moral action are alike bas$ ^u beliefs2 & a belief is void ( ju/ification1 unless its subject-matt] lies )9 ! b\nd>ies ( possible k1 & unless its evid5ce satisfies ! conditions :i* exp]i5ce imposes z ! gu>antee ( cr$ibility4 ,fundam5tally1 !n1 philosophy is ! answ] to ! "q1 ,:at c ,i "k8 & x is by apply+ itself to ?is problem1 t philosophy is prop]ly di/+ui%$ z a special dep>tm5t ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,:at is commonly call$ sci5ce1 :e!r ma!matical1 physical1 or biological1 consi/s ( ! answ]s :i* mank9d h be5 able to give to ! inquiry1 ,:at d ,i "k8 ,!y furni% u ) ! results ( ! m5tal op]ations :i* con/itute ?9k+2 :ile philosophy1 9 ! /rict] s5se ( ! t]m1 inquires into ! f\ndation ( ! fir/ pr9ciples :i* ^? op]ations assume or imply4 ,b ?\gh1 by reason ( ! special purpose ( philosophy1 its di/9ctness f o!r bran*es ( sci5tific inve/igation may be prop]ly v9dicat$1 x is easy to see t1 f ! nature ( its subject-matt]1 x is intimately &1 inde$1 insep>ably connect$ ) "o bran* ( sci5ce4 ,= x is obvi\sly impossible to answ] ! "q1 ,:at c we "k8 unless1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re is a cle> und]/&+ z to :at is meant by k2 &1 hav+ settl$ ?is po9t1 ! next /ep is to inquire h[ we come by t :i* we all[ to be k2 =1 ^u ! reply1 turns ! answ] to ! fur!r "q1 :e!r1 f ! nature ( ! case1 !re are limits to ! kn[able or n4 ,:ile1 f9ally1 inasmu* z ,:at c ,i "k8 n only ref]s to k ( ! pa/ or ( ! pres5t1 b to ! confid5t expectation :i* we call k ( ! future2 x is necess>y to ask1 fur!r1 :at ju/ification c be alleg$ = tru/+ to ! guidance ( our expectations 9 practical conduct4 ,x surely ne$s no argum5tation to %[1 t ! fir/ problem _c be approa*$ )\t ! exam9ation ( ! cont5ts ( ! m9d2 & ! det]m9ation ( h[ mu* ( ^! cont5ts may be call$ k4 ,nor c ! second problem be dealt ) 9 any o!r fa%ion2 = x is only by ! obs]vation ( ! gr[? ( k t we c rationally hope to discov] h[ k gr[s4 ,b ! solution ( ! ?ird problem simply involves ! discussion ( ! data obta9$ by ! inve/igation ( ! =ego+ two4 ,?us1 9 ord] to answ] ?ree out ( ! f\r subord9ate que/ions into :i* ,:at c ,i "k8 breaks up1 we mu/ h rec\rse to t inve/igation ( m5tal ph5om5a1 ! results ( :i* are embodi$ 9 ! sci5ce ( psy*ology4 ,psy*ology is a "p ( ! sci5ce ( life or biology1 :i* diff]s f ! o!r bran*es ( t sci5ce1 m]ely 9 s f> z x deals ) ! psy*ical1 in/ead ( ! physical1 ph5om5a ( life4 ,z !re is an anatomy ( ! body1 s !re is an anatomy ( ! m9d2 ! psy*ologi/ dissects m5tal ph5om5a into elem5t>y /ates ( consci\sness1 z ! anatomi/ resolves limbs into tissues1 & tissues into cells4 ,! "o traces ! developm5t ( complex organs f simple rudim5ts2 ! o!r foll[s ! build+ up ( complex conceptions out ( simpl] con/itu5ts ( ?\ght4 ,z ! physiologi/ inquires into ! way 9 :i* ! s-call$ functions ( ! body are p]=m$1 s ! psy*ologi/ /udies ! s-call$ faculties ( ! m9d4 ,ev5 a cursory att5tion to ! ways & works ( ! l[] animals sugge/s a comp>ative anatomy & physiology ( ! m9d2 & ! doctr9e ( evolution presses = application z mu* 9 ! "o field z 9 ! o!r4 ,b !re is m ?an a p>allel1 !re is a close & intimate connexion betwe5 psy*ology & physiology4 ,no "o d\bts t1 at any rate1 "s m5tal /ates are dep5d5t = _! exi/5ce on ! p]=mance ( ! functions ( p>ticul> bodily organs4 ,!re is no see+ )\t eyes1 & no he>+ )\t e>s4 ,if ! orig9 ( ! cont5ts ( ! m9d is truly a philosophical problem1 !n ! philosoph] :o attempts to deal ) t problem1 )\t acqua9t+ himself ) ! physiology ( s5sation1 has no m intellig5t conception ( 8 bus9ess ?an ! physiologi/1 :o ?9ks he c discuss locomotion1 )\t an acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( me*anics2 or respiration1 )\t "s t9cture ( *emi/ry4 ,on :atev] gr\nd we t]m physiology1 sci5ce1 psy*ology is entitl$ to ! same appellation2 & ! me?od ( inve/igation :i* elucidates ! true relations ( ! "o set ( ph5om5a w discov] ^? ( ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 z philosophy is1 9 great measure1 ! expon5t ( ! logical consequ5ces ( c]ta9 data e/abli%$ by psy*ology2 & z psy*ology itself diff]s f physical sci5ce only 9 ! nature ( its subject-matt]1 & n 9 its me?od ( inve/igation1 x w\ld seem to be an obvi\s conclusion1 t philosoph]s are likely to be successful 9 _! inquiries1 9 proportion z !y are famili> ) ! application ( sci5tific me?od to less ab/ruse subjects2 j z x seems to require no elaborate demon/ration1 t an a/ronom]1 :o wi%es to compreh5d ! sol> sy/em1 w\ld d well to acquire a prelim9>y acqua9tance ) ! elem5ts ( physics4 ,& x is accordant ) ?is presumption1 t ! m5 :o h made ! mo/ important positive additions to philosophy1 su* z ,desc>tes1 ,sp9oza1 & ,kant1 n to m5tion m rec5t examples1 h be5 deeply imbu$ ) ! _s ( physical sci5ce2 &1 9 "s cases1 su* z ^? ( ,desc>tes & ,kant1 h be5 l>gely acqua9t$ ) its details4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f\nd] ( ,positivism no less admirably illu/rates ! connexion ( sci5tific incapacity ) philosophical incompet5ce4 ,9 tru?1 ! laboratory is ! =e-c\rt ( ! temple ( philosophy2 & :oso has n (f]$ sacrifices & und]gone purification !re1 has little *ance ( admission into ! sanctu>y4 ,obvi\s z ^! consid]ations may appe> to be1 x w\ld be wrong to ignore ! fact t _! =ce is by no means univ]sally admitt$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! necessity = a prop] psy*ological & physiological tra9+ to ! /ud5t ( philosophy is d5i$1 on ! "o h&1 by ! pure metaphysicians1 :o attempt to base ! !ory ( kn[+ ^u suppos$ necess>y & univ]sal tru?s1 & ass]t t sci5tific obs]vation is impossible unless su* tru?s are already kn[n or impli$3 :i*1 to ^? :o are n pure metaphysicians1 seems v mu* z if "o %\ld say t ! fall ( a /one _c be obs]v$1 unless ! law ( gravitation is already 9 ! m9d ( ! obs]v]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,positivi/s1 s f> z !y accept ! tea*+s ( _! ma/]1 r\ndly ass]t1 at any rate 9 words1 t obs]vation ( ! m9d is a ?+ inh]5tly impossible 9 itself1 & t psy*ology is a *im]a--a phantasm g5]at$ by ! f]m5tation ( ! dregs ( !ology4 ,nev]!less1 if ,m4 ,comte _h be5 ask$ :at he meant by physiologic crebrale1 except t :i* o!r p call psy*ology2 & h[ he knew any?+ ab\t ! functions ( ! bra91 except by t v obs]vation intrieure1 :i* he decl>es to be an absurdity--x seems probable t he w\ld h f\nd x h>d to escape ! admission1 t1 9 vilip5d+ psy*ology1 he _h be5 prop\nd+ solemn nons5se4 ,x is assur$ly "o ( ,hume's greate/ m]its t he cle>ly recognis$ ! fact t philosophy is bas$ ^u psy*ology2 & t ! inquiry into ! cont5ts & ! op]ations ( ! m9d mu/ be conduct$ ^u ! same pr9ciples z a physical inve/igation1 if :at he calls ! moral philosoph] w\ld atta9 results ( z firm & def9ite a "* z ^? :i* rew>d ! natural philosoph]4#ad ,! title ( 8 fir/ "w1 a ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 be+ an ,attempt to introduce ! ,exp]im5tal me?od ( ,reason+ into ,moral ,subjects1 suffici5tly indicates ! po9t ( view f :i* ,hume reg>d$ philosophical problems2 & he tells u 9 ! preface1 t 8 object has be5 to promote ! con/ruction ( a sci5ce ( man4 ',tis evid5t t all ! sci5ces h a relation1 great] or less1 to human nature2 & t1 h[ev] wide any ( !m may seem to run f x1 !y /ill return back by "o passage or ano!r4 ,ev5 ,ma!matics1 ,natural ,philosophy1 & ,natural ,religion are 9 "s measure dep5d5t on ! sci5ce ( ,,man2 s9ce !y lie "u ! cognizance ( m51 & are judg$ ( by _! p[]s & qualities4 ',tis impossible to tell :at *anges & improvem5ts we might make 9 ^! sci5ces 7 we ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t & =ce ( human und]/&+1 & c\ld expla9 ! nature ( ! ideas we employ & ( ! op]ations we p]=m 9 our reason+s4444 ,to me x seems evid5t t ! ess5ce ( m9d be+ equally unkn[n to u ) t ( ext]nal bodies1 x mu/ be equally impossible to =m any notion ( its p[]s & qualities o!rwise ?an f c>eful & exact exp]im5ts1 & ! obs]vation ( ^? p>ticul> effects :i* result f its diff]5t circum/ances & situations4 ,& ?\gh we mu/ endeav\r to r5d] all our pr9ciples z univ]sal z possible1 by trac+ up our exp]im5ts to ! utmo/1 & expla9+ all effects f ! simple/ & fewe/ causes1 'tis /ill c]ta9 we _c g beyond exp]i5ce2 & any hypo!sis t pret5ds to discov] ! ultimate orig9al qualities ( human nature1 ought at fir/ to be reject$ z presumptu\s & *im]ical4444 ,b if ?is impossibility ( expla9+ ultimate pr9ciples %\ld be e/eem$ a defect 9 ! sci5ce ( man1 ,i w v5ture to affirm1 t x is a defect common to x ) all ! sci5ces1 & all ! arts1 9 :i* we c employ ourselves1 :e!r !y be su* z are cultivat$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! philosoph]s1 or practis$ 9 ! %ops ( ! meane/ artisans4 ,none ( !m c g beyond exp]i5ce1 or e/abli% any pr9ciples :i* are n f\nd$ on t au?ority4 ,moral philosophy has1 inde$1 ?is peculi> disadvantage1 :i* is n f\nd 9 natural1 t 9 collect+ its exp]im5ts1 x _c make !m purposely1 ) prem$itation1 & aft] su* a mann] z to satisfy itself conc]n+ e p>ticul> difficulty :i* may arise4 ,:5 ,i am at a loss to "k ! effects ( "o body ^u ano!r 9 any situation1 ,i ne$ only put !m 9 t situation1 & obs]ve :at results f x4 ,b %\ld ,i endeav\r to cle> up 9 ! same mann] any#ae d\bt 9 moral philosophy1 by plac+ myself 9 ! same case ) t :i* ,i consid]1 'tis evid5t ?is reflection & prem$itation w\ld s di/urb ! op]ation ( my natural pr9ciples1 z mu/ r5d] x impossible to =m any j conclusion f ! ph5om5on4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 glean up our exp]im5ts 9 ?is sci5ce f a cauti\s obs]vation ( human life1 & take !m z !y appe> 9 ! common c\rse ( ! _w1 by m5's behavi\r 9 company1 9 affairs1 & 9 _! pleasures4 ,:]e exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d are judici\sly collect$ & comp>$1 we may hope to e/abli% on !m a sci5ce :i* w n be inf]ior 9 c]ta9ty1 & w be mu* sup]ior 9 utility1 to any o!r ( human compreh5sion4--7,i4 pp4 #g-aa47 ,all sci5ce />ts ) hypo!ses--9 o!r words1 ) assumptions t are unprov$1 :ile !y may be1 & (t5 are1 errone\s2 b :i* are bett] ?an no?+ to ! seek] aft] ord] 9 ! maze ( ph5om5a4 ,& ! hi/orical progress ( e sci5ce dep5ds on ! criticism ( hypo!ses--on ! gradual /ripp+ (f1 t is1 ( _! untrue or sup]flu\s p>ts--until !re rema9s only t exact v]bal expression ( z mu* z we "k ( ! fact1 & no m1 :i* con/itutes a p]fect sci5tific !ory4 ,philosophy has foll[$ ! same c\rse z o!r bran*es ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,! memorable s]vice r5d]$ to ! cause ( s\nd ?9k+ by ,desc>tes consi/$ 9 ?is3 t he laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n philosophical criticism by 8 inquiry into ! nature ( c]ta9ty4 ,x is a cle> result ( ! inve/igation />t$ by ,desc>tes1 t !re is "o ?+ ( :i* no d\bt c be ent]ta9$1 = he :o %\ld pret5d to d\bt x w\ld !reby prove its exi/5ce2 & t is ! mom5t>y consci\sness we call a pres5t ?\ght or feel+2 t is safe1 ev5 if all o!r k9ds ( c]ta9ty are m]ely m or less probable inf]5ces4 ,b]keley & ,locke1 ea* 9 8 way1 appli$ philosophical criticism 9 o!r directions2 b !y always1 at any rate pr(ess$ly1 foll[$ ! ,c>tesian maxim ( admitt+ no propositions to be true b su* z are cle>1 di/9ct1 & evid5t1 ev5 :ile _! argum5ts /ripp$ (f _m a lay] ( hypo!tical assumption :i* _! great pr$ecessor _h left unt\*$4 ,no "o has m cle>ly /at$ ! aims ( ! critical philosoph] ?an ,locke1 9 a passage ( ! fam\s ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 :i*1 p]haps1 ,i ought to assume to be well kn[n to all ,engli% read]s1 b :i* s probably is unkn[n to ?is full-cramm$ & mu* exam9$ g5]ation t ,i v5ture to cite x3 ,if by ?is inquiry into ! nature ( ! und]/&+ ,i c discov] ! p[]s !re(1 h[ f> !y rea*1 to :at ?+s !y are 9 any degree proportionate1 & :]e !y fail u1 ,i suppose x may be ( use to prevail ) ! busy m9d ( man to be m cauti\s 9 m$dl+ ) ?+s exce$+ its compreh5sion3 to /op :5 x is at ! utmo/ ext5t ( its te!r2 & to sit d[n 9 quiet ignorance ( ^? ?+s :i*1 ^u exam9ation1 are prov$ to be beyond ! rea* ( our capacities4 ,we %\ld n !n1 p]haps1 be s =w>d1 out ( an affectation ( univ]sal k1 to raise que/ions & p]plex ourselves & o!rs ) disputes ab\t ?+s to :i* our und]/&+s are n suit$1 & ( :i* we _c frame 9 our m9ds any cle> & di/9ct p]ception1 or :]e( 7z x has1 p]haps1 too (t5 happ5$7 we h n any notion at all4444 ,m5 may f9d matt] suffici5t to busy _! heads & employ _! h&s ) v>iety1 delight1 & satisfaction1 if !y w n boldly qu>rel ) _! own con/itution & ?r[ away ! bless+s _! h&s are fill$ ) because !y are n big en\gh to grasp ev]y?+4 ,we %all n h mu* reason to compla9 ( ! n>r[ness ( our m9ds1 if we w b employ !m ab\t :at may be ( use to u3 = ( t !y are v capable3 & x w be an unp>donable1 z well z a *ildi% peevi%ness1 if we "u-value ! advantages ( our k1 & neglect to improve x to ! ends = :i* x 0 giv5 u1 because !re are "s ?+s t are set out ( ! rea* ( x4 ,x w be no excuse to an idle & unt[>d s]vant :o w\ld n att5d to 8 bus9ess by c&lelight1 to plead t he _h n broad sun%9e4 ,! c&le t is set up 9 u %9es bright en\gh = all our purposes4444 ,our bus9ess "h is n to "k all ?+s1 b ^? :i* conc]n our conduct4#af ,hume develops ! same fundam5tal conception 9 a some:at diff]5t way1 & ) a m def9ite indication ( ! practical b5efits :i* may be expect$ f a critical philosophy4 ,! fir/ & second p>ts ( ! twelf? section ( ! ,inquiry are devot$ to a condemnation ( excessive scepticism1 or ,pyrrhonism1 ) :i* ,hume c\ples a c>icature ( ! ,c>tesian d\bt2 b1 9 ! ?ird "p1 a c]ta9 mitigat$ scepticism is recomm5d$ & adopt$1 "u ! title ( academical philosophy4 ,aft] po9t+ out t a k ( ! infirmities ( ! human und]/&+1 ev5 9 its mo/ p]fect /ate1 & :5 mo/ accurate & cauti\s 9 its det]m9ations1 is ! be/ *eck ^u ! t5d5cy to dogmatism1 ,hume cont9ues3-- ,ano!r species ( mitigat$ scepticism1 :i* may be ( advantage to mank9d1 & :i* maybe ! natural result ( ! ,,pyrrhonian d\bts & scruples1 is ! limitation ( our inquiries to su* subjects z are be/ adapt$ to ! n>r[ capacity ( human und]/&+4 ,! imag9ation ( man is naturally sublime1 delight$ ) :atev] is remote & extraord9>y1 & runn+1 )\t control1 into ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( space & "t 9 ord] to avoid ! objects :i* cu/om has r5d]$ too famili> to x4 ,a correct judgm5t obs]ves a contr>y me?od1 &1 avoid+ all di/ant & high inquiries1 conf9es itself to common life1 & to su* subjects z fall "u daily practice & exp]i5ce2 leav+ ! m sublime topics to ! embelli%m5t ( poets & orators1 or to ! arts ( prie/s & politicians4 ,to br+ u to s salut>y a det]m9ation1 no?+ c be m s]viceable ?an to be once ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! =ce ( ! ,,pyrrhonian d\bt1 & ( ! impossibility t any?+ b ! /rong p[] ( natural in/9ct c\ld free u f x4 ,^? :o h a prop5sity to philosophy w /ill cont9ue _! rese>*es2 because !y reflect1 t1 besides ! imm$iate pleasure att5d+ su* an occupation1 philosophical decisions are no?+ b ! reflections ( common life1 me?odis$ & correct$4 ,b !y w nev] be tempt$ to g beyond common life1 s long z !y consid] ! imp]fection ( ^? faculties :i* !y employ1 _! n>r[ rea*1 & _! inaccurate op]ations4 ,:ile we _c give a satisfactory reason :y we believe1 aft] a ?\s& exp]im5ts1 t a /one w fall or fire burn2 c we ev] satisfy ourselves conc]n+ any det]m9ation :i* we may =m ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( worlds & ! situation ( nature f & to et]nity8--7,,iv4 pp4 #ahi--ij47 ,b fur!r1 x is ! bus9ess ( criticism n only to keep wat* ov] ! vag>ies ( philosophy1 b to d ! duty ( police 9 ! :ole _w ( ?\ght4 ,:]ev] x espies sophi/ry or sup]/ition !y are to be bidd5 to /&2 nay1 !y are to be foll[$ to _! v d5s & !re appreh5d$ & ext]m9at$1 z ,o!llo smo!r$ ,desdemona1 else %e'll betray m m54 ,hume w>ms into eloqu5ce z he sets =? ! lab\rs meet = ! /r5g? & ! c\rage ( ! ,h]cules ( mitigat$ scepticism4 ,"h1 inde$1 lies ! ju/e/ & mo/ plausible objection aga9/ a consid]able "p ( metaphysics1 t !y are n prop]ly a sci5ce1 b arise ei!r f ! fruitless ef=ts ( human vanity1 :i* w\ld p5etrate into subjects utt]ly inaccessible to ! und]/&+1 or f ! craft ( popul> sup]/itions1 :i*1 be+ unable to def5d !mselves on fair gr\nd1 raise ^! entangl+ brambles to cov] & protect _! weakness4 ,*as$ f ! op5 c\ntry1 ^! robb]s fly into ! =e/1 & lie 9 wait to break 9 ^u e ungu>d$ av5ue ( ! m9d & ov]:elm x ) religi\s fe>s & prejudices4 ,! /\te/ antagoni/1 if he remits 8 wat* a mom5t1 is oppress$2 & _m1 ?r\gh c[>dice & folly1 op5 ! gates to ! enemies1 & will+ly receive !m ) rev]5ce & submission z _! legal sov]eigns4 ,b is ?is a suffici5t reason :y philosoph]s %\ld desi/ f su* rese>*es & leave sup]/ition /ill 9 possession ( h] retreat8 ,is x n prop] to draw an opposite conclusion1 & p]ceive ! necessity ( c>ry+ ! w> into ! mo/ secret recesses ( ! enemy8444 ,! only me?od ( free+ le>n+ at once f ^! ab/ruse que/ions1 is to inquire s]i\sly into ! nature ( human und]/&+1 & %[1 f an exact analysis ( its p[]s & capacity1 t x is by no means fitt$ = su* remote & ab/ruse subjects4 ,we mu/ submit to ?is fatigue1 9 ord] to live at ease ev] aft]2 & mu/ cultivate true metaphysics ) "s c>e1 9 ord] to de/roy ! false & adult]at$4--7,,iv4 pp4 #aj1 #aa47 ,ne> a c5tury & a half has elaps$ s9ce ^! brave words 7 %ap$ by ,david ,hume's p52 & ! bus9ess ( c>ry+ ! w> into ! enemy's camp has gone on b sl[ly4 ,l o!r campaigns1 x long langui%$ = want ( a good base ( op]ations4 ,b s9ce physical sci5ce1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ fifty ye>s1 has br\ght to ! front an inexhau/ible supply ( heavy artill]y ( a new patt]n1 w>rant$ to drive solid bolts ( fact ?r\gh ! ?icke/ skulls1 ?+s are look+ bett]2 ?\gh h>dly m ?an ! fir/ fa9t flutt]+s ( ! dawn ( ! happy day1 :5 sup]/ition & false metaphysics %all be no m & reasonable folks may live at ease1 are z yet disc]nible by ! enfants p]dus ( ! outpo/s4 ,if1 9 ?us conceiv+ ! object & ! limitations ( philosophy1 ,hume %[s himself ! spiritual *ild & cont9uator ( ! "w ( ,locke1 he appe>s no less pla9ly z ! p>5t ( ,kant & z ! protagoni/ ( t m mod]n way ( ?9k+1 :i* has be5 call$ agno/icism1 f its pr(ession ( an incapacity to discov] ! indisp5sable conditions ( ei!r positive or negative k1 9 _m propositions1 respect+ :i*1 n only ! vulg>1 b philosoph]s ( ! m sangu9e sort1 revel 9 ! luxury ( unqualifi$ assurance4 ,! aim ( ! ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft is ess5tially ! same z t ( ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 by :i* inde$ ,kant 0 l$ to develop t critical philosophy ) :i* 8 "n & fame are indissolubly b\nd up3 &1 if ! details ( ,kant's criticism diff] f ^? ( ,hume1 !y co9cide ) !m 9 _! ma9 result1 :i* is ! limitation ( all k ( reality to ! _w ( ph5om5a reveal$ to u by exp]i5ce4 ,! philosoph] ( ,knigsb]g epitomises ! philosoph] ( ,n9ewells :5 he ?us sums up ! uses ( philosophy3-- ,! greate/ & p]haps ! sole use ( all philosophy ( pure reason is1 aft] all1 m]ely negative1 s9ce x s]ves1 n z an organon = ! enl>gem5t ( k1 b z a discipl9e = its delimitation2 & in/ead ( discov]+ tru?1 has only ! mode/ m]it ( prev5t+ error4#ag ,,footnotes3 #ad ,9 a lett] to ,hut*eson 7,septemb] #ag?1 #agci7 ,hume rem>ks3--,!re are diff]5t ways ( exam9+ ! m9d z well z ! body4 ,"o may consid] x ei!r z an anatomi/ or z a pa9t]3 ei!r to discov] its mo/ secret spr+s & pr9ciples1 or to describe ! grace & beauty ( its actions2 & he proce$s to ju/ify 8 own mode ( look+ at ! moral s5tim5ts f ! anatomi/'s po9t ( view4 #ae ,! mann] 9 :i* ,hume con/antly ref]s to ! results ( ! obs]vation ( ! cont5ts & ! processes ( 8 own m9d cle>ly %[s t he has "h inadv]t5tly ov]/at$ ! case4 #af ,locke1 ,an ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ,book ,i1 *ap4 i1 #d1 #e1 #f4 #ag ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4 ,ed4 ,h>t5/e91 p4 #bef4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,m9d4 ,9 ! language ( common life1 ! m9d is spok5 ( z an entity1 indep5d5t ( ! body1 ?\gh resid5t 9 & closely connect$ ) x1 & end[$ ) num]\s faculties1 su* z s5sibility1 und]/&+1 memory1 volition1 :i* /& 9 ! same relation to ! m9d z ! organs d to ! body1 & p]=m ! functions ( feel+1 reason+1 rememb]+1 & will+4 ,( ^! functions1 "s1 su* z s5sation1 are suppos$ to be m]ely passive--t is1 !y are call$ into exi/5ce by impressions1 made ^u ! s5sitive faculty by a mat]ial _w ( real objects1 ( :i* our s5sations are suppos$ to give u pictures2 o!rs1 su* z ! memory & ! reason+ faculty1 are consid]$ to be p>tly passive & p>tly active2 :ile volition is held to be pot5tially1 if n always actually1 a spontane\s activity4 ,! popul> classification & t]m9ology ( ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 h[ev]1 are by no means ! fir/ crude conceptions sugge/$ by common s5se1 b r a legacy1 &1 9 _m respects1 a suffici5tly damnosa hr$itas1 ( anci5t philosophy1 m or less leav5$ by !ology2 :i* has incorporat$ itself ) ! common ?\ght ( lat] times1 z ! vices ( ! ari/ocracy ( "o age become ^? ( ! mob 9 ! next4 ,v little att5tion to :at passes 9 ! m9d is suffici5t to %[1 t ^! conceptions involve assumptions ( an extremely hypo!tical "*4 ,& ! fir/ bus9ess ( ! /ud5t ( psy*ology is to get rid ( su* prepossessions2 to =m conceptions ( m5tal ph5om5a z !y are giv5 u by obs]vation1 )\t any hypo!tical admixture1 or ) only s mu* z is def9itely recognis$ & held subject to confirmation or o!rwise2 to classify ^! ph5om5a accord+ to _! cle>ly recognisable *>act]s2 & to adopt a nom5clature :i* sugge/s no?+ beyond ! results ( obs]vation4 ,?us *a/5$1 obs]vation ( ! m9d makes u acqua9t$ ) no?+ b c]ta9 ev5ts1 facts1 or ph5om5a 7:i*ev] "n be pref]r$7 :i* pass ov] ! inw>d field ( view 9 rapid &1 z x may appe> on c>eless inspection1 9 disord]ly succession1 l ! %ift+ patt]ns ( a kaleidoscope4 ,to all ^! m5tal ph5om5a1 or /ates ( our consci\sness1#ah ,desc>tes gave ! "n ( ?\ghts1#ai :ile ,locke & ,b]keley t]m$ !m ideas4 ,hume1 reg>d+ ?is z an improp] use ( ! ^w idea1 = :i* he proposes ano!r employm5t1 gives ! g5]al "n ( p]ceptions to all /ates ( consci\sness4 ,?us1 :atev] o!r signification we may see reason to atta* to ! ^w m9d1 x is c]ta9 t x is a "n :i* is employ$ to d5ote a s]ies ( p]ceptions2 j z ! ^w tune1 :atev] else x may mean1 d5otes1 9 ! fir/ place1 a succession ( musical notes4 ,hume1 inde$1 goes fur!r ?an o!rs :5 he says t-- ,:at we call a m9d is no?+ b a heap or collection ( diff]5t p]ceptions1 unit$ toge!r by c]ta9 relations1 & suppos$1 ?\gh falsely1 to be end[$ ) a p]fect simplicity & id5tity4--7,i4 p4 #bfh47 ,) ?is no?+ b1 h[ev]1 he obvi\sly falls into ! primal & p]5nial error ( philosophical speculators--dogmatis+ f negative argum5ts4 ,he may be "r or wrong2 b ! mo/ he1 or anybody else1 c prove 9 fav\r ( 8 conclusion is1 t we "k no?+ m ( ! m9d ?an t x is a s]ies ( p]ceptions4 ,:e!r !re is some?+ 9 ! m9d t lies beyond ! rea* ( obs]vation2 or :e!r p]ceptions !mselves are ! products ( some?+ :i* c be obs]v$ & :i* is n m9d2 are que/ions :i* c 9 n[ise be settl$ by direct obs]vation4 ,else:]e1 ! objectionable hypo!tical elem5t ( ! def9ition ( m9d is less prom95t3-- ,! true idea ( ! human m9d is to consid] x z a sy/em ( diff]5t p]ceptions1 or diff]5t exi/5ces1 :i* are l9k$ toge!r by ! relation ( cause & effect1 & mutually produce1 de/roy1 influ5ce & modify ea* o!r4444 ,9 ?is respect ,i _c comp>e ! s\l m prop]ly to any?+ ?an a republic or commonweal?1 9 :i* ! sev]al memb]s are unit$ by ! reciprocal ties ( gov]nm5t & subord9ation1 & give rise to o!r p]sons :o propagate ! same republic 9 ! incessant *anges ( its p>ts4--7,i4 p4 #cca74 ,b1 leav+ ! "q ( ! prop] def9ition ( m9d op5 = ! pres5t1 x is fur!r a matt] ( direct obs]vation1 t1 :5 we take a g5]al survey ( all our p]ceptions or /ates ( consci\sness1 !y naturally fall into sundry gr\ps or classes4 ,( ^! classes1 two are di/+ui%$ by ,hume z ( prim>y importance4 ,all p]ceptions1 he says1 are ei!r ,impressions or ,ideas4 ,"u impressions he includes all our m lively p]ceptions1 :5 we he>1 see1 feel1 love1 or w2 9 o!r words1 all our s5sations1 passions1 & emotions1 z !y make _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! s\l 7,i4 p4 #ae74 ,ideas1 on ! o!r h&1 are ! fa9t images ( impressions 9 ?9k+ & reason+1 or ( antec$5t ideas4 ,bo? impressions & ideas may be ei!r simple1 :5 !y are incapable ( fur!r analysis1 or complex1 :5 !y may be resolv$ into simpl] con/itu5ts4 ,all simple ideas are exact copies ( impressions2 b1 9 complex ideas1 ! arrangem5t ( simple con/itu5ts may be diff]5t f t ( ! impressions ( :i* ^? simple ideas are copies4 ,?us ! col\rs r$ & blue & ! od\r ( a rose1 are simple impressions2 :ile ! ideas ( blue1 ( r$1 & ( rose-od\r are simple copies ( ^! impressions4 ,b a r$ rose gives u a complex impression1 capable ( resolution into ! simple impressions ( r$ col\r1 rose-sc5t1 & num]\s o!rs2 & we may h a complex idea1 :i* is an accurate1 ?\gh fa9t1 copy ( ?is complex impression4 ,once 9 possession ( ! ideas ( a r$ rose & ( ! col\r blue1 we may1 9 imag9ation1 sub/itute blue = r$2 & ?us obta9 a complex idea ( a blue rose1 :i* is n an actual copy ( any complex impression1 ?\gh all its elem5ts are su* copies4 ,hume has be5 criticis$ = mak+ ! di/9ction ( impressions & ideas to dep5d ^u _! relative /r5g? or vivacity4 ,yet x w\ld be h>d to po9t out any o!r "* by :i* ! ?+s signifi$ c be di/+ui%$4 ,any "o :o has paid att5tion to ! curi\s subject ( :at are call$ subjective s5sations w be famili> ) examples ( ! extreme difficulty :i* sometimes att5ds ! discrim9ation ( ideas ( s5sation f impressions ( s5sation1 :5 ! ideas are v vivid1 or ! impressions are fa9t4 ,:o has n fanci$ he he>d a noise2 or has n expla9$ inatt5tion to a real s\nd by say+1 ,i ?\ght x 0 no?+ b my fancy8 ,ev5 heal?y p]sons are mu* m liable to bo? visual & auditory spectra--t is1 ideas ( vision & s\nd s vivid t !y are tak5 = new impressions--?an is commonly suppos$2 &1 9 "s diseas$ /ates1 ideas ( s5sible objects may assume all ! vividness ( reality4 ,if ideas are no?+ b copies ( impressions1 arrang$1 ei!r 9 ! same ord] z t ( ! impressions f :i* !y are d]iv$1 or 9 a diff]5t ord]1 x foll[s t ! ultimate analysis ( ! cont5ts ( ! m9d turns ^u t ( ! impressions4 ,accord+ to ,hume1 ^! are ( two k9ds3 ei!r !y are impressions ( s5sation1 or !y are impressions ( reflection4 ,! =m] are ^? af=d$ by ! five s5ses1 toge!r ) pleasure & pa94 ,! latt] are ! passions or ! emotions 7:i* ,hume employs z equival5t t]ms74 ,?us ! elem5t>y /ates ( consci\sness1 ! raw mat]ials ( k1 s to speak1 are ei!r s5sations or emotions2 & :atev] we discov] 9 ! m9d1 beyond ^! elem5t>y /ates ( consci\sness1 results f ! comb9ations & ! metamorphoses :i* !y und]go4 ,x is n a little /range t a ?9k] ( ,hume's capacity %\ld h be5 satisfi$ ) ! results ( a psy*ological analysis :i* reg>ds "s obvi\s comp\nds z elem5ts1 :ile x omits altoge!r a mo/ important class ( elem5t>y /ates4 ,) respect to ! =m] po9t1 ,sp9oza's ma/]ly exam9ation ( ! ,passions 9 ! ?ird "p ( ! ,e?ics %\ld h be5 kn[n to ,hume4#bj ,b1 if he _h be5 acqua9t$ ) t wond]ful piece ( psy*ological anatomy1 he w\ld h le>n$ t ! emotions & passions are all complex /ates1 aris+ f ! close association ( ideas ( pleasure or pa9 ) o!r ideas2 &1 inde$1 )\t go+ to ,sp9oza1 8 own acute discussion ( ! passions leads to ! same result1#ba & is :olly inconsi/5t ) 8 classification ( ^? m5tal /ates among ! prim>y uncomp\nd$ mat]ials ( consci\sness4 ,if ,hume's impressions ( reflection are exclud$ f among ! prim>y elem5ts ( consci\sness1 no?+ is left b ! impressions af=d$ by ! five s5ses1 ) pleasure & pa94 ,putt+ aside ! muscul> s5se1 :i* _h n come into view 9 ,hume's "t1 ! que/ions arise :e!r ^! are all ! simple undecomposable mat]ials ( ?\ght8 or :e!r o!rs exi/ ( :i* ,hume takes no cognizance4 ,kant answ]$ ! latt] "q 9 ! affirmative1 9 ! ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 & !reby made "o ( ! greate/ advances ev] effect$ 9 philosophy2 ?\gh x mu/ be confess$ t ! ,g]man philosoph]'s exposition ( 8 views is s p]plex$ 9 /yle1 s burd5$ ) ! weight ( a cumbr\s & unc\? s*ola/icism1 t x is easy to conf\nd ! uness5tial p>ts ( 8 sy/em ) ^? :i* are ( pr(\nd importance4 ,8 baggage tra9 is bigg] ?an 8 army1 & ! /ud5t :o attacks him is too (t5 l$ to suspect he has won a position :5 he has only captur$ a mob ( useless camp-foll[]s4 ,9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] appe>s to me to h br\ght out ! ess5tial tru? :i* und]lies ,kant's doctr9e 9 a f> cle>] mann] ?an any "o else2 b1 = ! purpose ( ! pres5t summ>y view ( ,hume's philosophy1 x mu/ suffice if ,i /ate ! matt] 9 my own way1 giv+ ! broad outl9es1 )\t ent]+ into ! details ( a l>ge & difficult discussion4 ,:5 a r$ light fla%es across ! field ( vision1 !re arises 9 ! m9d an impression ( s5sation--:i* we call r$4 ,x appe>s to me t ?is s5sation1 r$1 is a some?+ :i* may exi/ altoge!r indep5d5tly ( any o!r impression1 or idea1 z an individual exi/5ce4 ,x is p]fectly conceivable t a s5ti5t be+ %\ld h no s5se b vision1 & t he %\ld h sp5t 8 exi/5ce 9 absolute d>kness1 ) ! exception ( "o solit>y fla% ( r$ light4 ,t mom5t>y illum9ation w\ld suffice to give him ! impression "u consid]ation2 & ! :ole cont5t ( 8 consci\sness might be t impression2 &1 if he 7 end[$ ) memory1 its idea4 ,su* be+ ! /ate ( affairs1 suppose a second fla% ( r$ light to foll[ ! fir/4 ,if !re 7 no memory ( ! latt]1 ! /ate ( ! m9d on ! second occasion w\ld simply be a repetition ( t :i* occurr$ be=e4 ,!re w\ld be m]ely ano!r impression4 ,b suppose memory to exi/1 & t an idea ( ! fir/ impression is g5]at$2 !n1 if ! suppos$ s5ti5t be+ 7 l ourselves1 !re might arise 9 8 m9d two altoge!r new impressions4 ,! "o is ! feel+ ( ! succession ( ! two impressions1 ! o!r is ! feel+ ( _! simil>ity4 ,yet a ?ird case is conceivable4 ,suppose two fla%es ( r$ light to occur toge!r1 !n a ?ird feel+ might arise :i* is nei!r succession nor simil>ity1 b t :i* we call co-exi/5ce4 ,^! feel+s1 or _! contr>ies1 are ! f\ndation ( ev]y?+ t we call a relation4 ,!y are no m capable ( be+ describ$ ?an s5sations are2 &1 z x appe>s to me1 !y are z little susceptible ( analysis into simpl] elem5ts4 ,l simple ta/es & smells1 or feel+s ( pleasure & pa91 !y are ultimate irresolvable facts ( consci\s exp]i5ce2 &1 if we foll[ ! pr9ciple ( ,hume's nom5clature1 !y mu/ be call$ impressions ( relation4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$1 t !y diff] f ! o!r impressions1 9 requir+ ! pre-exi/5ce ( at lea/ two ( ! latt]4 ,?\gh devoid ( ! slighte/ resemblance to ! o!r impressions1 !y are1 9 a mann]1 g5]at$ by !m4 ,9 fact1 we may reg>d !m z a k9d ( impressions ( impressions2 or z ! s5sations ( an inn] s5se1 :i* takes cognizance ( ! mat]ials furni%$ to x by ! out] s5ses4 ,hume fail$ z completely z 8 pr$ecessors _h done to recognise ! elem5t>y "* ( impressions ( relation2 &1 :5 he discusses relations1 he falls into a *aos ( confusion & self-contradiction4 ,9 ! ,treatise1 = example1 7,book ,i41 iv47 resemblance1 contiguity 9 "t & space1 & cause & effect1 are said to be ! unit+ pr9ciples among ideas1 ! bond ( union or associat+ quality by :i* "o idea naturally introduces ano!r4 ,hume affirms t-- ,^! qualities produce an association among ideas1 & ^u ! appe>ance ( "o idea naturally introduce ano!r4 ,!y are ! pr9ciples ( union or cohesion among our simple ideas1 &1 9 ! imag9ation1 supply ! place ( t insep>able connection by :i* !y are unit$ 9 our memory4 ,"h is a k9d ( attraction1 :i*1 9 ! m5tal _w1 w be f\nd to h z extraord9>y effects z 9 ! natural1 & to %[ itself 9 z _m & z v>i\s =ms4 ,its effects are ev]y:]e conspicu\s2 b1 z to its causes !y are mo/ly unkn[n1 & mu/ be resolv$ into orig9al qualities ( human nature1 :i* ,i pret5d n to expla94--7,i4 p4 #bi47 ,& at ! end ( ?is section ,hume goes on to say-- ,among/ ! effects ( ?is union or association ( ideas1 !re are none m rem>kable ?an ^? complex ideas :i* are ! common subjects ( our ?\ght & reason+1 & g5]ally arise f "s pr9ciple ( union among our simple ideas4 ,^! complex ideas may be resolv$ into relations1 modes1 & sub/ances4--7,ibid47 ,9 ! next section1 :i* is devot$ to ,relations1 !y are spok5 ( z qualities by :i* two ideas are connect$ toge!r 9 ! imag9ation1 or :i* make objects admit ( comp>ison1 & sev5 k9ds ( relation are enum]at$1 namely1 resemblance1 id5tity1 space & "t1 quantity or numb]1 degrees ( quality1 contr>iety1 & cause & effect4 ,to ! read] ( ,hume1 ^: conceptions are usually s cle>1 def9ite1 & consi/5t1 x is z unsatisfactory z x is surpris+ to meet ) s mu* que/ionable & obscure phraseology 9 a small space4 ,"o & ! same ?+1 = example1 resemblance1 is fir/ call$ a quality ( an idea1 & secondly a complex idea4 ,surely x _c be bo?4 ,ideas :i* h ! qualities ( resemblance1 contiguity1 & cause & effect1 are said to attract "o ano!r 7save ! m>k671 & s become associat$2 ?\gh1 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ! ,treatise1 ,hume's great ef=t is to prove t ! relation ( cause & effect is a p>ticul> case ( ! process ( association2 t is to say1 is a result ( ! process ( :i* x is suppos$ to be ! cause4 ,moreov]1 s9ce1 z ,hume is nev] we>y ( rem9d+ 8 read]s1 !re is no?+ 9 ideas save copies ( impressions1 ! qualities ( resemblance1 contiguity1 & s on1 9 ! idea1 mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! impression ( :i* t idea is a copy2 & !re=e !y mu/ be ei!r s5sations or emotions--f bo? ( :i* classes !y are exclud$4 ,9 fact1 9 "o place1 ,hume himself has an insight into ! real nature ( relations4 ,speak+ ( equality1 9 ! s5se ( a relation ( quantity1 he says-- ,s9ce equality is a relation1 x is n1 /rictly speak+1 a prop]ty 9 ! figures !mselves1 b arises m]ely f ! comp>ison :i* ! m9d makes betwe5 !m4--7,i4 p4 #gj47 ,t is to say1 :5 two impressions ( equal figures are pres5t1 !re arises 9 ! m9d a t]tium quid1 :i* is ! p]ception ( equality4 ,on 8 own pr9ciples1 ,hume %\ld !re=e h plac$ ?is p]ception among ! ideas ( reflection4 ,h[ev]1 z we h se51 he expressly excludes ev]y?+ b ! emotions & ! passions f ?is gr\p4 ,x is necess>y !re=e to am5d ,hume's prim>y geography ( ! m9d by ! excision ( "o t]ritory & ! addition ( ano!r2 & ! elem5t>y /ates ( consci\sness w /& ?us3-- ,a4 ,,impressions4 ,a4 ,s5sations ( a4 ,smell4 b4 ,ta/e4 c4 ,he>+4 d4 ,sight4 e4 ,t\*4 f4 ,resi/ance 7! muscul> s5se74 ,b4 ,pleasure & ,pa94 ,c4 ,relations4 a4 ,co-exi/5ce4 b4 ,succession4 c4 ,simil>ity & dissimil>ity4 ,b4 ,,ideas4 ,copies1 or reproductions 9 memory1 ( ! =ego+4 ,& n[ ! "q arises1 :e!r any1 & if s :at1 portion ( ^! cont5ts ( ! m9d are to be t]m$ k4 ,accord+ to ,locke1 ,k is ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( two ideas2 & ,hume1 ?\gh he does n say s 9 s _m words1 tacitly accepts ! def9ition4 ,x foll[s1 t nei!r simple s5sation1 nor simple emotion1 con/itutes k2 b t1 :5 impressions ( relation are add$ to ^! impressions1 or _! ideas1 k arises2 & t all k is ! k ( lik5esses & unlik5esses1 co-exi/5ces & successions4 ,x really matt]s v little 9 :at s5se t]ms are us$1 s long z ! same mean+ is always rigidly atta*$ to !m2 &1 !re=e1 x is h>dly wor? :ile to qu>rel ) ?is g5]ally accept$1 ?\gh v arbitr>y1 limitation ( ! signification ( k4 ,b1 on ! face ( ! matt]1 x is n obvi\s :y ! impression we call a relation %\ld h a bett] claim to ! title ( k1 ?an t :i* we call a s5sation or an emotion2 & ! re/riction has ?is un=tunate result1 t x excludes all ! mo/ int5se /ates ( consci\sness f any claim to ! title ( k4 ,= example1 on ?is view1 pa91 s viol5t & absorb+ z to exclude all o!r =ms ( consci\sness1 is n k2 b becomes a "p ( k ! mom5t we ?9k ( x 9 relation to ano!r pa91 or to "s o!r m5tal ph5om5on4 ,surely ?is is some:at inconv5i5t1 = !re is only a v]bal diff]5ce betwe5 hav+ a s5sation & kn[+ "o has x3 !y are simply two phrases = ! same m5tal /ate4 ,b ! pure metaphysicians make great capital out ( ! ambiguity4 ,=1 />t+ ) ! assumption t all k is ! p]ception ( relations1 & f9d+ !mselves1 l m]e common-s5se folks1 v mu* dispos$ to call s5sation k1 !y at once gratify t disposition & save _! consi/5cy1 by decl>+ t ev5 ! simple/ act ( s5sation conta9s two t]ms & a relation--! s5sitive subject1 ! s5sig5\s object1 & t ma/]ful entity1 ! ,ego4 ,f :i* great triad1 z f a gno/ic ,tr9ity1 emanates an endless procession ( o!r logical %ad[s & all ! ,fata ,morgana ( philosophical dreaml&4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,consci\snesses w\ld be a bett] "n1 b x is awkw>d4 ,i h else:]e propos$ psy*oses z a sub/antive "n = m5tal ph5om5a4 #ai ,z ?is has be5 d5i$1 x may be z well to give ,desc>tes's words3 ,p> le mot de p5s]1 j'ent5ds t\t ce que se fait dans n\s de telle sorte que n\s l'ap]cevons immdiatem5t p> n\s-mmes3 c'e/ p\rquoi non-seulem5t ent5dre1 v\loir1 imag9]1 mais aussi s5tir1 c'e/ le mme *ose ici que p5s]4--,pr9cipes de ,philosophie4 ,ed4 ,c\s94 #eg4 ,t\tes les proprits que n\s tr\vons en la *ose qui p5se ne sont que des faons diffr5tes de p5s]4--,ibid4 #if4 #bj ,on ! :ole1 x is pleasant to f9d satisfactory evid5ce t ,hume knew no?+ ( ! works ( ,sp9oza2 = ! inv>iably abusive mann] 9 :i* he ref]s to t type ( ! philosophic h]o is only to be excus$1 if x is to be excus$1 by %e] ignorance ( 8 life & "w4 #ba ,= example1 9 discuss+ pride & humility1 ,hume says3-- ,accord+ z our idea ( ourselves is m or less advantage\s1 we feel ei!r ( ^! opposite affections1 & are elat$ by pride or deject$ ) humility 444 :5 self ent]s n into ! consid]ation !re is no room ei!r = pride or humility4 ,t is1 pride is pleasure1 & humility is pa91 associat$ ) c]ta9 conceptions ( "o's self2 or1 z ,sp9oza puts x3--,sup]bia e/ de se pr amore sui plus ju/o s5tire 7amor be+ ltitia concomitante idea caus ext]n72 & ,humilitas e/ tri/itia orta ex eo quod homo suam impot5tiam sive imbecillitatem contemplatur4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,impressions4 ,admitt+ t ! s5sations1 ! feel+s ( pleasure & pa91 & ^? ( relation1 are ! prim>y irresolvable /ates ( consci\sness1 two fur!r l9es ( inve/igation pres5t !mselves4 ,! "o leads u to seek ! orig9 ( ^! impressions2 ! o!r1 to inquire into ! nature ( ! /eps by :i* !y become metamorphos$ into ^? comp\nd /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* s l>gely ent] into our ord9>y tra9s ( ?\ght4 ,) respect to ! orig9 ( impressions ( s5sation1 ,hume is n q consi/5t ) himself4 ,9 "o place 7,i4 p4 #aag7 he says1 t x is impossible to decide :e!r !y arise imm$iately f ! object1 or are produc$ by ! creative p[] ( ! m9d1 or are d]iv$ f ! ,au?or ( our be+1 !reby imply+ t realism & idealism are equally probable hypo!ses4 ,b1 9 fact1 aft] ! demon/ration by ,desc>tes1 t ! imm$iate antec$5ts ( s5sations are *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 ) :i* our feel+s h no sort ( resemblance1 ! hypo!sis t s5sations arise imm$iately f ! object 0 out ( c\rt2 & t ,hume fully admitt$ ! ,c>tesian doctr9e is app>5t :5 he says 7,i4 p4 #bgb73-- ,all our p]ceptions are dep5d5t on our organs & ! disposition ( our n]ves & animal spirits4 ,& aga91 ?\gh 9 relation to ano!r "q1 he obs]ves3-- ,!re are ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( impressions convey$ by ! s5ses4 ,! fir/ are ^? ( ! figure1 bulk1 motion1 & solidity ( bodies4 ,! second ^? ( col\rs1 ta/es1 smells1 s\nds1 heat1 & cold4 ,! ?ird are ! pa9s & pleasures t arise f ! application ( objects to our bodies1 z by ! cutt+ ( our fle% ) /eel1 & su* l4 ,bo? philosoph]s & ! vulg> suppose ! fir/ ( ^! to h a di/9ct cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,! vulg> only reg>d ! second z on ! same foot+4 ,bo? philosoph]s & ! vulg> aga9 e/eem ! ?ird to be m]ely p]ceptions1 & consequ5tly int]rupt$ & dep5d5t be+s4 ,n[ 'tis evid5t t1 :atev] may be our philosophical op9ion1 col\r1 s\nds1 heat1 & cold1 z f> z appe>s to ! s5ses1 exi/ aft] ! same mann] ) motion & solidity2 & t ! diff]5ce we make betwe5 !m1 9 ?is respect1 arises n f ! m]e p]ception4 ,s /rong is ! prejudice = ! di/9ct cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! =m] qualities1 t :5 ! contr>y op9ion is advanc$ by mod]n philosoph]s1 p imag9e !y c almo/ refute x f _! reason & exp]i5ce1 & t _! v s5ses contradict ?is philosophy4 ',tis also evid5t t col\rs1 s\nds1 c41 are orig9ally on ! same foot+ ) ! pa9 t arises f /eel1 & pleasure t proce$s f a fire2 & t ! diff]5ce betwixt !m is f\nd$ nei!r on p]ception nor reason1 b on ! imag9ation4 ,= z !y are confess$ to be1 bo? ( !m1 no?+ b p]ceptions aris+ f ! p>ticul> configurations & motions ( ! p>ts ( body1 :]e9 possibly c _! diff]5ce consi/8 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 we may conclude t1 z f> z ! s5ses are judges1 all p]ceptions are ! same 9 ! mann] ( _! exi/5ce4--7,i4 p4 #bej1 #bea47 ,! la/ words ( ?is passage are z mu* ,b]keley's z ,hume's4 ,b1 in/ead ( foll[+ ,b]keley 9 8 d$uctions f ! position ?us laid d[n1 ,hume1 z ! prec$+ citation %[s1 fully adopt$ ! conclusion to :i* all t we "k ( psy*ological physiology t5ds1 t ! orig9 ( ! elem5ts ( consci\sness1 no less ?an t ( all its o!r /ates1 is to be s\ght 9 bodily *anges1 ! seat ( :i* c only be plac$ 9 ! bra94 ,&1 z ,locke _h already done ) less effect1 he /ates & refutes ! argum5ts commonly br\ght aga9/ ! possibility ( a causal connexion betwe5 ! modes ( motion ( ! c]ebral sub/ance & /ates ( consci\sness1 ) great cle>ness3-- ,f ^! hypo!ses conc]n+ ! sub/ance & local conjunction ( our p]ceptions we may pass to ano!r1 :i* is m intelligible ?an ! =m]1 & m important ?an ! latt]1 viz4 conc]n+ ! cause ( our p]ceptions4 ,matt] & motion1 'tis commonly said 9 ! s*ools1 h[ev] v>i$1 are /ill matt] & motion1 & produce only a diff]5ce 9 ! position & situation ( objects4 ,divide a body z (t5 z y please1 'tis /ill body4 ,place x 9 any figure1 no?+ ev] results b figure1 or ! relation ( p>ts4 ,move x 9 any mann]1 y /ill f9d motion or a *ange ( relation4 ',tis absurd to imag9e t motion 9 a circle1 = in/ance1 %\ld be no?+ b m]ely motion 9 a circle2 :ile motion 9 ano!r direction1 z 9 an ellipse1 %\ld also be a passion or moral reflection2 t ! %ock+ ( two globul> p>ticles %\ld become a s5sation ( pa91 & t ! meet+ ( ! triangul> ones %\ld af=d a pleasure4 ,n[ z ^! diff]5t %ocks & v>iations & mixtures are ! only *anges ( :i* matt] is susceptible1 & z ^! nev] af=d u any idea ( ?\ght or p]ception1 'tis conclud$ to be impossible1 t ?\ght c ev] be caus$ by matt]4 ,few h be5 able to )/& ! seem+ evid5ce ( ?is argum5t2 & yet no?+ 9 ! _w is m easy ?an to refute x4 ,we ne$ only reflect ^u :at has be5 prov$ at l>ge1 t we are nev] s5sible ( any connexion betwe5 causes & effects1 & t 'tis only by our exp]i5ce ( _! con/ant conjunction we c arrive at any k ( ?is relation4 ,n[1 z all objects :i* are n contr>y are susceptible ( a con/ant conjunction1 & z no real objects are contr>y1 ,i h inf]r$ f ^! pr9ciples 7,"p ,,iii4 #ae7 t1 to consid] ! matt] a priori1 any?+ may produce any?+1 & t we %all nev] discov] a reason :y any object may or may n be ! cause ( any o!r1 h[ev] great1 or h[ev] little1 ! resemblance may be betwixt !m4 ,?is evid5tly de/roys ! prec$5t reason+1 conc]n+ ! cause ( ?\ght or p]ception4 ,= ?\gh !re appe> no mann] ( connection betwixt motion & ?\ght1 ! case is ! same ) all o!r causes & effects4 ,place "o body ( a p\nd weight on "o end ( a lev]1 & ano!r body ( ! same weight on ! o!r end2 y w nev] f9d 9 ^! bodies any pr9ciple ( motion dep5d5t on _! di/ance f ! c5tre1 m ?an ( ?\ght & p]ception4 ,if y pret5d1 !re=e1 to prove1 a priori1 t su* a position ( bodies c nev] cause ?\ght1 because1 turn x :i* way y w1 x is no?+ b a position ( bodies3 y mu/1 by ! same c\rse ( reason+1 conclude t x c nev] produce motion1 s9ce !re is no m app>5t connection 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,b1 z ?is latt] conclusion is contr>y to evid5t exp]i5ce1 & z 'tis possible we may h a l exp]i5ce 9 ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 & may p]ceive a con/ant conjunction ( ?\ght & motion1 y reason too ha/ily :51 f ! m]e consid]ation ( ! ideas1 y conclude t 'tis impossible motion c ev] produce ?\ght1 or a diff]5t position ( p>ts give rise to a diff]5t passion or reflection4 ,nay1 'tis n only possible we may h su* an exp]i5ce1 b 'tis c]ta9 we h x2 s9ce e "o may p]ceive t ! diff]5t dispositions ( 8 body *ange 8 ?\ghts & s5tim5ts4 ,& %\ld x be said t ?is dep5ds on ! union ( s\l & body1 ,i w\ld answ]1 t we mu/ sep>ate ! "q conc]n+ ! sub/ance ( ! m9d f t conc]n+ ! cause ( its ?\ght2 & t1 conf9+ ourselves to ! latt] "q1 we f9d1 by ! comp>+ _! ideas1 t ?\ght & motion are diff]5t f ea* o!r & by exp]i5ce1 t !y are con/antly unit$2 :i*1 be+ all ! circum/ances t ent] into ! idea ( cause & effect1 :5 appli$ to ! op]ations ( matt]1 we may c]ta9ly conclude t motion may be1 & actually is1 ! cause ( ?\ght & p]ception4--7,i4 pp4 #cad-caf47 ,! up%ot ( all ?is is1 t ! collection ( p]ceptions1 :i* con/itutes ! m9d1 is really a sy/em ( effects1 ! causes ( :i* are to be s\ght 9 antec$5t *anges ( ! matt] ( ! bra91 j z ! collection ( motions1 :i* we call fly+1 is a sy/em ( effects1 ! causes ( :i* are to be s\ght 9 ! modes ( motion ( ! matt] ( ! muscles ( ! w+s4 ,hume1 h[ev]1 treats ( ?is important topic only incid5tally4 ,he seems to h _h v little acqua9tance ev5 ) su* physiology z 0 curr5t 9 8 "t4 ,at lea/1 ! only passage ( 8 works1 be>+ on ?is subject1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 conta9s no?+ b a v odd v]sion ( ! physiological views ( ,desc>tes3-- ,:5 ,i receiv$ ! relations ( resemblance1 contiguity1 & causation1 z pr9ciples ( union among ideas1 )\t exam9+ into _! causes1 'twas m 9 prosecution ( my fir/ maxim1 t we mu/ 9 ! end re/ cont5t$ ) exp]i5ce1 ?an = want ( some?+ speci\s & plausible :i* ,i might h display$ on t subject4 ',tw\ld h be5 easy to h made an imag9>y dissection ( ! bra91 & h %[n :y1 ^u our conception ( any idea1 ! animal spirits run into all ! contigu\s traces & r\se up ! o!r ideas t are relat$ to x4 ,b ?\gh ,i h neglect$ any advantage :i* ,i might h drawn f ?is topic 9 expla9+ ! relations ( ideas1 ,i am afraid ,i mu/ "h h rec\rse to x1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! mi/akes t arise f ^! relations4 ,i %all !re=e obs]ve1 t z ! m9d is end[$ ) ! p[] ( excit+ any idea x pleases2 :5ev] x despat*es ! spirits into t region ( ! bra9 9 :i* ! idea is plac$2 ^! spirits always excite ! idea1 :5 !y run precisely into ! prop] traces & rummage t cell :i* belongs to ! idea4 ,b z _! motion is seldom direct1 & naturally turns a little to ! "o side or to ! o!r2 = ?is reason ! animal spirits1 fall+ into ! contigu\s traces1 pres5t o!r relat$ ideas1 9 lieu ( t :i* ! m9d desir$ at fir/ to survey4 ,?is *ange we are n always s5sible (2 b cont9u+ /ill ! same tra9 ( ?\ght1 make use ( ! relat$ idea :i* is pres5t$ to u & employ x 9 our reason+s1 z if x 7 ! same ) :at we dem&$4 ,?is is ! cause ( _m mi/akes & sophisms 9 philosophy2 z w naturally be imag9$1 & z x w\ld be easy to %[1 if !re 0 occasion4--7,i4 p4 #hh47 ,p]haps x is z well = ,hume's fame t ! occasion = fur!r physiological speculations ( ?is sort did n arise4 ,b1 :ile admitt+ ! crudity ( 8 notions & ! /rang5ess ( ! language 9 :i* !y are c\*$1 x mu/ 9 ju/ice be rememb]$1 t :at are n[ kn[n z ! elem5ts ( ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em 7 h>dly dream$ ( 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 &1 z a fur!r set (f to ,hume's cr$it1 x mu/ be not$ t he grasp$ ! fundam5tal tru?1 t ! key to ! compreh5sion ( m5tal op]ations lies 9 ! /udy ( ! molecul> *anges ( ! n]v\s app>atus by :i* !y are orig9at$4 ,surely no "o :o is cognisant ( ! facts ( ! case1 n[adays1 d\bts t ! roots ( psy*ology lie 9 ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,:at we call ! op]ations ( ! m9d are functions ( ! bra91 & ! mat]ials ( consci\sness are products ( c]ebral activity4 ,cabanis may h made use ( crude & mislead+ phraseology :5 he said t ! bra9 secretes ?\ght z ! liv] secretes bile2 b ! conception :i* t mu*-abus$ phrase embodies is1 nev]!less1 f> m consi/5t ) fact ?an ! popul> notion t ! m9d is a metaphysical entity seat$ 9 ! head1 b z indep5d5t ( ! bra9 z a telegraph op]ator is ( 8 in/rum5t4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t ! doctr9e j laid d[n is :at is commonly call$ mat]ialism4 ,9 fact1 ,i am n sure t ! adjective crass1 :i* appe>s to h a special *>m = rhetorical scioli/s1 w\ld n be appli$ to x4 ,b x is1 nev]!less1 true t ! doctr9e conta9s no?+ inconsi/5t ) ! pure/ idealism4 ,=1 z ,hume rem>ks 7z inde$ ,desc>tes _h obs]v$ long be=e73-- ',tis n our body we p]ceive :5 we reg>d our limbs & memb]s1 b c]ta9 impressions :i* ent] by ! s5ses2 s t ! ascrib+ a real & corporeal exi/5ce to ^! impressions1 or to _! objects1 is an act ( ! m9d z difficult to expla9 z t ! ext]nal exi/5ce ( objects :i* we exam9e at pres5t4--7,i4 p4 #bdi47 ,!re=e1 if we analyse ! proposition t all m5tal ph5om5a are ! effects or products ( mat]ial ph5om5a1 all t x means am\nts to ?is2 t :5ev] ^? /ates ( consci\sness :i* we call s5sation1 or emotion1 or ?\ght1 come into exi/5ce1 complete inve/igation w %[ good reason = ! belief t !y are prec$$ by ^? o!r ph5om5a ( consci\sness to :i* we give ! names ( matt] & motion4 ,all mat]ial *anges appe>1 9 ! long run1 to be modes ( motion2 b our k ( motion is no?+ b t ( a *ange 9 ! place & ord] ( our s5sations2 j z our k ( matt] is re/rict$ to ^? feel+s ( :i* we assume x to be ! cause4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out1 t ,hume mu/ h admitt$1 & 9 fact does admit1 ! possibility t ! m9d is a ,leibnitzian monad1 or a ,fi*tean _w-g5]at+ ,ego1 ! univ]se ( ?+s be+ m]ely ! picture produc$ by ! evolution ( ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness4 ,= any demon/ration t c be giv5 to ! contr>y effect1 ! collection ( p]ceptions :i* makes up our consci\sness may be an ord]ly phantasmagoria g5]at$ by ! ,ego1 unfold+ its successive sc5es on ! backgr\nd ( ! abyss ( no?+ness2 z a firework1 :i* is b cunn+ly arrang$ combu/ibles1 gr[s f a sp>k into a coruscation1 & f a coruscation into figures1 & words1 & cascades ( dev\r+ fire1 & !n vani%es into ! d>kness ( ! night4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ no less readily be all[$ t1 = any?+ t c be prov$ to ! contr>y1 !re may be a real some?+ :i* is ! cause ( all our impressions2 t s5sations1 ?\gh n lik5esses1 are symbols ( t some?+2 & t ! "p ( t some?+1 :i* we call ! n]v\s sy/em1 is an app>atus = supply+ u ) a sort ( algebra ( fact1 bas$ on ^? symbols4 ,a bra9 may be ! ma*9]y by :i* ! mat]ial univ]se becomes consci\s ( itself4 ,b x is important to notice t1 ev5 if ?is conception ( ! univ]se & ( ! relation ( consci\sness to its o!r compon5ts %\ld be true1 we %\ld1 nev]!less1 be /ill b\nd by ! limits ( ?\ght1 /ill unable to refute ! argum5ts ( pure idealism4 ,! m completely ! mat]iali/ic position is admitt$1 ! easi] is x to %[ t ! ideali/ic position is unassailable1 if ! ideali/ conf9es himself )9 ! limits ( positive k4 ,hume deals ) ! que/ions :e!r all our ideas are d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 m or few] ( !m are innate1 :i* s mu* ex]cis$ ! m9d ( ,locke1 aft] a some:at summ>y fa%ion1 9 a note to ! second section ( ! ,inquiry3-- ,x is probable t no m 0 meant by ^? :o d5i$ innate ideas1 ?an t all ideas 7 copies ( our impressions2 ?\gh x mu/ be confess$ t ! t]ms :i* !y employ$ 7 n *os5 ) su* caution1 nor s exactly def9$1 z to prev5t all mi/akes ab\t _! doctr9e4 ,= :at is meant by innate8 ,if innate be equival5t to natural1 !n all ! p]ceptions & ideas ( ! m9d mu/ be all[$ to be innate or natural1 9 :atev] s5se we take ! latt] ^w1 :e!r 9 opposition to :at is uncommon1 artificial1 or miracul\s4 ,if by innate be meant contempor>y ) our bir?1 ! dispute seems to be frivol\s2 nor is x wor? :ile to inquire at :at "t ?9k+ beg9s1 :e!r be=e1 at1 or aft] our bir?4 ,aga91 ! ^w idea seems to be commonly tak5 9 a v loose s5se by ,locke & o!rs1 z /&+ = any ( our p]ceptions1 our s5sations & passions1 z well z ?\ghts4 ,n[ 9 ?is s5se ,i %\ld desire to "k :at c be meant by ass]t+ t self-love1 or res5tm5t ( injuries1 or ! passion betwe5 ! sexes is n innate8 ,b admitt+ ^! t]ms1 impressions & ideas1 9 ! s5se above expla9$1 & und]/&+ by innate :at is orig9al or copi$ f no prec$5t p]ception1 !n we may ass]t t all our impressions are innate1 & our ideas n innate4 ,x w\ld seem t ,hume did n ?9k x wor? :ile to acquire a compreh5sion ( ! real po9ts at issue 9 ! controv]sy :i* he ?us c>elessly dismisses4 ,yet ,desc>tes has def9$ :at he means by innate ideas ) s mu* precision1 t misconception ought to h be5 impossible4 ,he says t1 :5 he speaks ( an idea be+ innate1 he means t x exi/s pot5tially 9 ! m9d1 be=e x is actually call$ into exi/5ce by :atev] is its appropriate excit+ cause4 ,i h nev] ei!r ?\ght or said1 he writes1 t ! m9d has any ne$ ( innate ideas ides naturelles :i* are any?+ di/9ct f its faculty ( ?9k+4 ,b x is true t obs]v+ t !re are c]ta9 ?\ghts :i* arise nei!r f ext]nal objects nor f ! det]m9ation ( my w1 b only f my faculty ( ?9k+2 9 ord] to m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ideas or ! notions :i* are ! =ms ( ^! ?\ghts1 & to di/+ui% !m f ! o!rs1 :i* may be call$ extrane\s or volunt>y1 ,i h call$ !m innate4 ,b ,i h us$ ?is t]m 9 ! same s5se z :5 we say t g5]osity is innate 9 c]ta9 families2 or t c]ta9 maladies1 su* z g\t or gravel1 are innate 9 o!rs2 n t *ildr5 born 9 ^! families are tr\bl$ ) su* diseases 9 _! "m's womb2 b because !y are born ) ! disposition or ! faculty ( contract+ !m4#bb ,8 tr\blesome disciple1 ,regius1 hav+ ass]t$ t all our ideas come f obs]vation or tradition1 ,desc>tes rem>ks3-- ,s ?or\ghly errone\s is ?is ass]tion1 t :oev] has a prop] compreh5sion ( ! action ( our s5ses1 & und]/&s precisely ! nature ( t :i* is transmitt$ by !m to our ?9k+ faculty1 w r affirm t no ideas ( ?+s1 su* z are =m$ 9 ?\ght1 are br\ght to u by ! s5ses1 s t !re is no?+ 9 our ideas :i* is o!r ?an innate 9 ! m9d 7naturel l'esprit71 or 9 ! faculty ( ?9k+1 if only c]ta9 circum/ances are except$1 :i* belong only to exp]i5ce4 ,= example1 x is exp]i5ce alone :i* causes u to judge t su* & su* ideas1 n[ pres5t 9 our m9ds1 are relat$ to c]ta9 ?+s :i* are ext]nal to u2 n 9 tru?1 t !y h be5 s5t into our m9d by ^! ?+s1 su* z !y are1 by ! organs ( ! s5ses2 b because ^! organs h transmitt$ some?+ :i* has occasion$ ! m9d1 9 virtue ( its innate p[]1 to =m !m at ?is "t r ?an at ano!r4444 ,no?+ passes f ext]nal objects to ! s\l except c]ta9 motions ( matt] 7m\vem5s corporels71 b nei!r ^! motions1 nor ! figures :i* !y produce1 are conceiv$ by u z !y exi/ 9 ! s5sory organs1 z ,i h fully expla9$ 9 my ,dioptrics2 :5ce x foll[s t ev5 ! ideas ( motion & ( figures are innate 7naturellem5t en n\s74 ,&1 =tiori1 ! ideas ( pa91 ( col\rs1 ( s\nds1 & ( all simil> ?+s mu/ be innate1 9 ord] t ! m9d may repres5t !m to itself1 on ! occasion ( c]ta9 motions ( matt] ) :i* !y h no resemblance4 ,:oev] d5ies :at is1 9 fact1 an inconceivable proposition1 t s5sations pass1 z su*1 f ! ext]nal _w into ! m9d1 mu/ admit ! conclusion "h laid d[n by ,desc>tes1 t1 /rictly speak+1 s5sations1 & =tiori1 all ! o!r cont5ts ( ! m9d1 are innate4 ,or1 to /ate ! matt] 9 accordance ) ! views previ\sly exp\nd$1 t !y are products ( ! inh]5t prop]ties ( ! ?9k+ organ1 9 :i* !y lie pot5tially1 be=e !y are call$ into exi/5ce by _! appropriate causes4 ,b if all ! cont5ts ( ! m9d are innate1 :at is meant by exp]i5ce8 ,x is ! conv]sion1 by unkn[n causes1 ( ^! innate pot5tialities into actual exi/5ces4 ,! organ ( ?\ght1 prior to exp]i5ce1 may be comp>$ to an unt\*$ piano1 9 :i* x may be prop]ly said t music is innate1 inasmu* z its me*anism conta9s1 pot5tially1 s _m octaves ( musical notes4 ,! unkn[n cause ( s5sation :i* ,desc>tes calls ! je ne sais quoi dans les objets or *oses telles qu'elles sont1 & ,kant ! ,n\m5on or ,d+ an si*1 is repres5t$ by ! musician2 :o1 by t\*+ ! keys1 conv]ts ! pot5tiality ( ! me*anism into actual s\nds4 ,a note s produc$ is ! equival5t ( a s+le exp]i5ce4 ,all ! melodies & h>monies t proce$ f ! piano dep5d ^u ! action ( ! musician ^u ! keys4 ,!re is no int]nal me*anism :i*1 :5 c]ta9 keys are /ruck1 gives rise to an accompanim5t ( :i* ! musician is only indirectly ! cause4 ,accord+ to ,desc>tes1 h[ev]--& ?is is :at is g5]ally fix$ ^u z ! ess5ce ( 8 doctr9e ( innate ideas--! m9d possesses su* an int]nal me*anism1 by :i* c]ta9 classes ( ?\ghts are g5]at$1 on ! occasion ( c]ta9 exp]i5ces4 ,su* ?\ghts are innate1 j z s5sations are innate2 !y are n copies ( s5sations1 any m ?an s5sations are copies ( motions2 !y are inv>iably g5]at$ 9 ! m9d1 :5 c]ta9 exp]i5ces arise 9 x1 j z s5sations are inv>iably g5]at$ :5 c]ta9 bodily motions take place2 !y are univ]sal1 inasmu* z !y arise "u ! same conditions 9 all m52 !y are necess>y1 because _! g5esis "u ^! conditions is inv>iable4 ,^! innate ?\ghts are :at ,desc>tes t]ms vrits or tru?s3 t is beliefs--& 8 notions respect+ !m are pla9ly set =? 9 a passage ( ! ,pr9cipes4 ,?us f> ,i h discuss$ t :i* we "k z ?+s3 x rema9s t ,i %\ld speak ( t :i* we "k z tru?s4 ,= example1 :5 we ?9k t x is impossible to make any?+ out ( no?+1 we d n imag9e t ?is proposition is a ?+ :i* exi/s1 or a prop]ty ( some?+1 b we take x = a c]ta9 et]nal tru?1 :i* has its seat 9 ! m9d 7p5se71 & is call$ a common notion or an axiom4 ,simil>ly1 :5 we affirm t x is impossible t "o & ! same ?+ %\ld exi/ & n exi/ at ! same "t2 t t :i* has be5 creat$ %\ld n h be5 creat$2 t he :o ?9ks mu/ exi/ :ile he ?9ks2 & a numb] ( o!r l propositions2 ^! are only tru?s1 & n ?+s :i* exi/ outside our ?\ghts4 ,& !re is su* a numb] ( ^! t x w\ld be we>isome to enum]ate !m3 nor is x necess>y to d s1 because we _c fail to "k !m :5 ! occasion ( ?9k+ ab\t !m pres5ts itself1 & we are n bl9d$ by any prejudices4 ,x w\ld appe> t ,locke 0 n m famili> ) ,desc>tes' writ+s ?an ,hume seems to h be52 =1 view$ 9 relation to ! passages j cit$1 ! argum5ts adduc$ 9 8 fam\s polemic aga9/ innate ideas are totally irrelevant4 ,x has be5 %[n t ,hume practically1 if n 9 s _m words1 admits ! ju/ice ( ,desc>tes' ass]tion t1 /rictly speak+1 s5sations are innate2 t is to say1 t !y are ! product ( ! reaction ( ! organ ( ! m9d on ! /imulus ( an unkn[n cause1 :i* is ,desc>tes' je ne sais quoi4 ,!re=e1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,desc>tes' op9ion & t ( ,hume resolves itself into ?is3 ,giv5 s5sation-exp]i5ces1 c all ! cont5ts ( consci\sness be d]iv$ f ! collocation & metamorphosis ( ^! exp]i5ces8 ,or1 are new elem5ts ( consci\sness1 products ( an innate pot5tiality di/9ct f s5sibility1 add$ to ^!8 ,hume affirms ! =m] position1 ,desc>tes ! latt]4 ,if ! analysis ( ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages is correct1 ,hume is 9 error2 :ile ! fa!r ( mod]n philosophy _h a tru] insight1 ?\gh he ov]/at$ ! case4 ,= want ( suffici5tly se>*+ psy*ological inve/igations1 ,desc>tes 0 l$ to suppose t innum]able ideas1 ! evolution ( :i* 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce c be demon/rat$1 7 direct or innate products ( ! ?9k+ faculty4 ,z has be5 already po9t$ out1 x is ! great m]it ( ,kant t he />t$ afre% on ! track indicat$ by ,desc>tes1 & /eadily upheld ! doctr9e ( ! exi/5ce ( elem5ts ( consci\sness1 :i* are nei!r s5se-exp]i5ces nor any modifications ( !m4 ,we may demur to ! expression t space & "t are =ms ( s5sory intuition2 b x imp]fectly repres5ts ! great fact t co-exi/5ce & succession are m5tal ph5om5a n giv5 9 ! m]e s5se exp]i5ce4#bc ,,footnotes3 #bb ,rem>ques de ,r5 ,desc>tes sur un c]ta9 plac>d imprim aux ,pays ,bas v]s la f9 de l'anne1 #afdg4--;,desc>tes1 ,o,euvres4 ,ed4 ,c\s91 x4 p4 #ga4 #bc ,wir knn5 uns ke95 ,geg5/& d5k51 ohne dur* ,kategori52 wir knn5 ke95 g$a*t5 ,geg5/& erk5n51 ohne dur* ,ans*auung51 die j55 ,begriff5 entspre*54 ,nun s9d alle uns]e ,ans*auung5 s9nli*1 und diese ,erk5ntniss1 s f]n d] ,geg5/& d]selb5 gegeb5 i/1 i/ empiris*4 ,empiris*e ,erk5ntniss ab] i/ ,erfahrung4 ,folgli* i/ uns ke9e ,erk5ntniss a priori mgli*1 als l$igli* von ,geg5/nd5 mgli*] ,erfahrung4 ,ab] diese ,erk5ntniss1 die bloss auf ,geg5/nde d] ,erfahrung e+es*rnkt i/1 i/ d>um ni*t alle von d] ,erfahrung entlehnt1 sond]n 0 s[ohl die re95 ,ans*auung51 als die re95 ,v]/&esbegriffe betrifft1 s s9d sie ,elem5te d] ,erk5ntniss die 9 uns a priori angetr(f5 w]d54--,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4 ,elem5t>lehre1 p4 #ace4 ,)\t a gloss>y explanatory ( ,kant's t]m9ology1 ?is passage w\ld be h>dly intelligible 9 a translation2 b x may be p>aphras$ ?us3 ,all k is f\nd$ ^u exp]i5ces ( s5sation1 b x is n all d]iv$ f ^? exp]i5ces2 inasmu* z ! impressions ( relation 7re9e ,ans*auung52 re9e ,v]/&esbegriffe7 h a pot5tial or priori exi/5ce 9 u1 & by _! addition to s5se-exp]i5ces1 con/itute k4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,classification ,,& ,,! ,,nom5clature ,,( ,,m5tal ,,op]ations4 ,if1 z has be5 set =? 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 all m5tal /ates are effects ( physical causes1 x foll[s t :at are call$ m5tal faculties & op]ations are1 prop]ly speak+1 c]ebral functions1 allott$ to def9ite1 ?\gh n yet precisely assignable1 p>ts ( ! bra94 ,^! functions appe> to be r$ucible to ?ree gr\ps1 namely3 ,s5sation1 ,correlation1 & ,ideation4 ,! organs ( ! functions ( s5sation & correlation are ^? portions ( ! c]ebral sub/ance1 ! molecul> *anges ( :i* give rise to impressions ( s5sation & impressions ( relation4 ,! *anges 9 ! n]v\s matt] :i* br+ ab\t ! effects :i* we call its functions1 foll[ ^u "s k9d ( /imulus1 & rapidly rea*+ _! maximum1 z rapidly die away4 ,! effect ( ! irritation ( a n]ve-fibre on ! c]ebral sub/ance ) :i* x is connect$ may be comp>$ to ! pull+ ( a long bell-wire4 ,! impulse takes a little "t to rea* ! bell2 ! bell r+s & !n becomes quiesc5t1 until ano!r pull is giv54 ,s1 9 ! bra91 e s5sation is ! r+ ( a c]ebral p>ticle1 ! effect ( a mom5t>y impulse s5t along a n]ve-fibre4 ,if !re 7 a complete lik5ess betwe5 ! two t]ms ( ?is v r\gh & ready comp>ison1 x is obvi\s t !re c\ld be no su* ?+ z memory4 ,a bell records no audible sign ( hav+ be5 rung five m9utes ago1 & ! activity ( a s5sig5\s c]ebral p>ticle might simil>ly leave no trace4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 aga91 x w\ld seem t ! only impressions ( relation :i* c\ld arise w\ld be ^? ( co-exi/5ce & ( simil>ity4 ,= succession implies memory ( an antec$5t /ate4#bd ,b ! special peculi>ity ( ! c]ebral app>atus is1 t any giv5 function :i* has once be5 p]=m$ is v easily set a-go+ aga91 by causes m or less diff]5t f ^? to :i* x ow$ its orig94 ,( ! me*anism ( ?is g5]ation ( images ( impressions or ideas 79 ,hume's s5se71 :i* may be t]m$ ,ideation1 we "k no?+ at pres5t1 ?\gh ! fact & its results are famili> en\gh4 ,dur+ our wak+1 & _m ( our sleep+1 h\rs1 9 fact1 ! function ( ideation is 9 cont9ual1 if n cont9u\s1 activity4 ,tra9s ( ?\ght1 z we call !m1 succe$ "o ano!r )\t int]mission1 ev5 :5 ! />t+ ( new tra9s by fre% s5se-impressions is z f> z possible prev5t$4 ,! rapidity & ! int5sity ( ?is ideational process are obvi\sly dep5d5t ^u physiological conditions4 ,! wide/ diff]5ces 9 ^! respects are con/itutional 9 m5 ( diff]5t temp]am5ts2 & are obs]vable 9 oneself1 "u v>y+ conditions ( hung] & repletion1 fatigue & fre%ness1 calmness & emotional excitem5t4 ,! influ5ce ( diet on dreams2 ( /imulants ^u ! fulness & ! velocity ( ! /ream ( ?\ght2 ! deliri\s phantasms g5]at$ by disease1 by ha%i%1 or by alcohol2 w occur to e "o z examples ( ! m>vell\s s5sitiv5ess ( ! app>atus ( ideation to purely physical influ5ces4 ,! succession ( m5tal /ates 9 ideation is n =tuit\s1 b foll[s ! law ( association1 :i* may be /at$ ?us3 t e idea t5ds to be foll[$ by "s o!r idea :i* is associat$ ) ! fir/1 or its impression1 by a relation ( succession1 ( contiguity1 or ( lik5ess4 ,?us ! idea ( ! ^w horse j n[ pres5t$ itself to my m9d1 & 0 foll[$ 9 quick succession by ! ideas ( f\r legs1 ho(s1 tee?1 rid]1 saddle1 rac+1 *eat+2 all ( :i* ideas are connect$ 9 my exp]i5ce ) ! impression1 or ! idea1 ( a horse & ) "o ano!r1 by ! relations ( contiguity & succession4 ,no great att5tion to :at passes 9 ! m9d is ne$ful to prove t our tra9s ( ?\ght are nei!r to be arre/$1 nor ev5 p]man5tly controll$1 by our desires or emotions4 ,nev]!less !y are l>gely influ5c$ by !m4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a /rong desire1 or emotion1 ! /ream ( ?\ght no long] fl[s on 9 a /raight c\rse1 b seems1 z x 71 to eddy r\nd ! idea ( t :i* is ! object ( ! emotion4 ,e "o :o has eat5 8 bread 9 sorr[ kn[s h[ /rangely ! curr5t ( ideas :irls ab\t ! conception ( ! object ( regret or remorse z a c5tre2 e n[ & !n1 inde$1 break+ away into ! new tracks sugge/$ by pass+ associations1 b /ill return+ to ! c5tral ?\ght4 ,few c h be5 s happy z to h escap$ ! social bore1 ^: pet notion is c]ta9 to crop up :atev] topic is />t$2 :ile ! fix$ idea ( ! monomaniac is b ! extreme =m ( ! same ph5om5on4 ,& z1 on ! "o h&1 x is s h>d to drive away ! ?\ght we w\ld fa9 be rid (2 s1 ^u ! o!r1 ! pleasant imag9ations :i* we w\ld s gladly reta9 are1 soon] or lat]1 jo/l$ away by ! cr[d ( claimants = bir? into ! _w ( consci\sness2 :i* hov] z a sort ( psy*ical possibilities1 or inv]se gho/s1 ! bodily pres5tm5ts ( spiritual ph5om5a to be1 9 ! limbo ( ! bra94 ,9 t =m ( desire :i* is call$ att5tion1 ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 held fa/1 = a "t1 9 ! desir$ direction1 seems ev] /riv+ to get on to ano!r l9e--& ! junctions & sid+s are s multitud9\s6 ,! con/itu5ts ( tra9s ( ideas may be gr\p$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,hume says3-- ,we f9d1 by exp]i5ce1 t :5 any impression has be5 pres5t 9 ! m9d1 x aga9 makes its appe>ance !re z an idea1 & ?is x may d 9 two diff]5t ways3 ei!r :51 on its new appe>ance1 x reta9s a consid]able degree ( its fir/ vivacity1 & is some:at int]m$iate betwe5 an impression & an idea2 or :5 x entirely loses t vivacity1 & is a p]fect idea4 ,! faculty by :i* we repeat our impressions 9 ! fir/ mann]1 is call$ ! memory1 & ! o!r ! imag9ation4--7,i4 pp4 #bc1 #bd47 ,& he consid]s t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ideas ( imag9ation & ^? ( memory1 except ! sup]ior vivacity ( ! latt]1 lies 9 ! fact t ^? ( memory pres]ve ! orig9al ord] ( ! impressions f :i* !y are d]iv$1 :ile ! imag9ation is free to transpose & *ange its ideas4 ,! latt] /atem5t ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 memory & imag9ation is less op5 to cavil ?an ! =m]1 ?\gh by no means unassailable4 ,! special *>act]i/ic ( a memory surely is n its vividness2 b t x is a complex idea1 9 :i* ! idea ( t :i* is rememb]$ is relat$ by co-exi/5ce ) o!r ideas1 & by antec$5ce ) pres5t impressions4 ,if ,i say ,i rememb] ,a4 ,b41 ! *ance acqua9tance ( t5 ye>s ago1 x is n because my idea ( ,a4 ,b4 is v vivid--on ! contr>y1 x is extremely fa9t--b because t idea is associat$ ) ideas ( impressions co-exi/5t ) ^? :i* ,i call ,a4 ,b42 & t all ^! are at ! end ( ! long s]ies ( ideas1 :i* repres5t t mu* pa/ "t4 ,9 tru? ,i h a mu* m vivid idea ( ,mr4 ,pickwick1 or ( ,colonel ,newcome1 ?an ,i h ( ,a4 ,b42 b1 associat$ ) ! ideas ( ^! p]sons1 ,i h no idea ( _! hav+ ev] be5 d]iv$ f ! _w ( impressions2 & s !y are relegat$ to ! _w ( imag9ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *>act]i/ic ( an imag9ation may prop]ly be said to lie n 9 its int5sity1 b 9 ! fact t1 z ,hume puts x1 ! arrangem5t1 or ! relations1 ( ! ideas are diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* ! impressions1 :5ce ^! ideas are d]iv$1 occurr$2 or 9 o!r words1 t ! ?+ imag9$ has n happ5$4 ,9 popul> usage1 h[ev]1 imag9ation is frequ5tly employ$ = simple memory--,9 imag9ation ,i 0 back 9 ! old times4 ,x is a curi\s omission on ,hume's "p t1 :ile ?us dwell+ on two classes ( ideas1 ,memories & ,imag9ations1 he has n1 at ! same "t1 tak5 notice ( a ?ird gr\p1 ( no small importance1 :i* are z diff]5t f imag9ations z memories are2 ?\gh1 l ! latt]1 !y are (t5 conf\nd$ ) pure imag9ations 9 g5]al spee*4 ,^! are ! ideas ( expectation1 or z !y may be call$ = ! sake ( brevity1 ,expectations2 :i* diff] f simple imag9ations 9 be+ associat$ ) ! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( correspond+ impressions1 9 ! future1 j z memories conta9 ! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( ! correspond+ impressions 9 ! pa/4 ,! ideas belong+ to two ( ! ?ree gr\ps enum]at$3 namely1 memories & expectations1 pres5t "s features1 ( p>ticul> int]e/4 ,& fir/1 ) respect to memories4 ,9 ,hume's words1 all simple ideas are copies ( simple impressions4 ,! idea ( a s+le s5sation is a fa9t1 b accurate1 image ( t s5sation2 ! idea ( a relation is a reproduction ( ! feel+ ( co-exi/5ce1 ( succession1 or ( simil>ity4 ,b1 :5 complex impressions or complex ideas are reproduc$ z memories1 x is probable t ! copies nev] give all ! details ( ! orig9als ) p]fect accuracy1 & x is c]ta9 t !y r>ely d s4 ,no "o possesses a memory s good1 t if he has only once obs]v$ a natural object1 a second inspection does n %[ him some?+ t he has =gott54 ,almo/ all1 if n all1 our memories are !re=e sket*es1 r ?an portraits1 ( ! orig9als--! sali5t features are obvi\s1 :ile ! subord9ate *>act]s are obscure or unrepres5t$4 ,n[1 :5 sev]al complex impressions :i* are m or less diff]5t f "o ano!r--let u say t out ( t5 impressions 9 ea*1 six are ! same 9 all1 & f\r are diff]5t f all ! re/--are successively pres5t$ to ! m9d1 x is easy to see :at mu/ be ! nature ( ! result4 ,! repetition ( ! six simil> impressions w /r5g!n ! six correspond+ elem5ts ( ! complex idea1 :i* w !re=e acquire great] vividness2 :ile ! f\r diff]+ impressions ( ea* w n only acquire no great] /r5g? ?an !y _h at fir/1 b1 9 accordance ) ! law ( association1 !y w all t5d to appe> at once1 & w ?us neutralise "o ano!r4 ,?is m5tal op]ation may be r5d]$ compreh5sible by consid]+ :at takes place 9 ! =mation ( comp\nd photographs--:5 ! images ( ! faces ( six sitt]s1 = example1 are ea* receiv$ on ! same photographic plate1 = a six? ( ! "t requisite to take "o portrait4 ,! f9al result is t all ^? po9ts 9 :i* ! six faces agree are br\ght out /rongly1 :ile all ^? 9 :i* !y diff] are left vague2 & ?us :at may be t]m$ a g5]ic portrait ( ! six1 9 contradi/9ction to a specific portrait ( any "o1 is produc$4 ,?us our ideas ( s+le complex impressions are incomplete 9 "o way1 & ^? ( num]\s1 m or less simil>1 complex impressions are incomplete 9 ano!r way2 t is to say1 !y are g5]ic1 n specific4 ,& h5ce x foll[s1 t our ideas ( ! impressions 9 "q are n1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 copies ( ^? impressions2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !y may exi/ 9 ! m9d indep5d5tly ( language4 ,! g5]ic ideas :i* are =m$ f sev]al simil>1 b n id5tical1 complex exp]i5ces are :at are commonly call$ ab/ract or g5]al ideas2 & ,b]keley endeav\r$ to prove t all g5]al ideas are no?+ b p>ticul> ideas annex$ to a c]ta9 t]m1 :i* gives !m a m ext5sive signification1 & makes !m recall1 ^u occasion1 o!r individuals :i* are simil> to !m4 ,hume says t he reg>ds ?is z "o ( ! greate/ & ! mo/ valuable discov]ies t has be5 made ( late ye>s 9 ! republic ( lett]s1 & endeav\rs to confirm x 9 su* a mann] t x %all be put beyond all d\bt & controv]sy4 ,i may v5ture to express a d\bt :e!r he has succe$$ 9 8 object2 b ! subject is an ab/ruse "o2 & ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) ! rem>k1 t ?\gh ,b]keley's view appe>s to be l>gely applicable to su* g5]al ideas z are =m$ aft] language has be5 acquir$1 & to all ! m ab/ract sort ( conceptions1 yet t g5]al ideas ( s5sible objects may nev]!less be produc$ 9 ! way indicat$1 & may exi/ indep5d5tly ( language4 ,9 dreams1 "o sees h\ses1 trees & o!r objects1 :i* are p]fectly recognisable z su*1 b :i* rem9d "o ( ! actual objects z se5 out ( ! corn] ( ! eye1 or ( ! pictures ?r[n by a badly-focuss$ magic lant]n4 ,a man addresses u :o is l a figure se5 by twilight2 or we travel ?r\gh c\ntries :]e e feature ( ! sc5]y is vague2 ! outl9es ( ! hills are ill-m>k$1 & ! riv]s h no def9$ banks4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 g5]ic ideas ( _m pa/ impressions ( m51 hills1 & riv]s4 ,an anatomi/ :o occupies himself int5tly ) ! exam9ation ( sev]al specim5s ( "s new k9d ( animal1 9 c\rse ( "t acquires s vivid a conception ( its =m & /ructure1 t ! idea may take visible %ape & become a sort ( wak+ dream4 ,b ! figure :i* ?us pres5ts itself is g5]ic1 n specific4 ,x is no copy ( any "o specim51 b1 m or less1 a mean ( ! s]ies2 & !re seems no reason to d\bt t ! m9ds ( *ildr5 be=e !y le>n to speak1 & ( deaf mutes1 are peopl$ ) simil>ly g5]at$ g5]ic ideas ( s5sible objects4 ,x has be5 se5 t a memory is a complex idea made up ( at lea/ two con/itu5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ! idea ( an object2 & secondly1 !re is ! idea ( ! relation ( antec$5ce betwe5 t object & "s pres5t objects4 ,to say t "o has a recollection ( a giv5 ev5t & to express ! belief t x happ5$1 are two ways ( giv+ an acc\nt ( "o & ! same m5tal fact4 ,b ! =m] mode ( /at+ ! fact ( memory is pref]able1 at pres5t1 because x c]ta9ly does n presuppose ! exi/5ce ( language 9 ! m9d ( ! rememb]]2 :ile x may be said t ! latt] does4 ,x is p]fectly possible to h ! idea ( an ev5t ,a1 & ( ! ev5ts ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 :i* came betwe5 x & ! pres5t /ate ,e1 z m]e m5tal pictures4 ,x is h>dly to be d\bt$ t *ildr5 h v di/9ct memories long be=e !y c speak2 & we believe t su* is ! case because !y act ^u _! memories4 ,b1 if !y act ^u _! memories1 !y to all int5ts & purposes believe _! memories4 ,9 o!r words1 ?\gh1 be+ devoid ( language1 ! *ild _c frame a proposition expressive ( belief2 _c say sug>-plum 0 sweet2 yet ! psy*ical op]ation ( :i* t proposition is m]ely ! v]bal expression1 is p]fectly effect$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! co-exi/5ce ( sweetness ) sug> has produc$ a /ate ( m9d :i* be>s ! same relation to a v]bal proposition1 z ! natural disposition to produce a giv5 idea1 assum$ to exi/ by ,desc>tes z an innate idea w\ld be> to t idea put into words4 ,! fact t ! beliefs ( memory prec$e ! use ( language1 & !re=e are orig9ally purely in/9ctive1 & indep5d5t ( any rational ju/ification1 %\ld h be5 ( great importance to ,hume1 f its be>+ ^u 8 !ory ( causation2 & x is curi\s t he has n adv]t$ to x1 b always takes ! tru/wor?9ess ( memories = grant$4 ,x may be wor? :ile briefly to make good ! omission4 ,t ,i 0 9 pa91 ye/]day1 is z c]ta9 to me z any matt] ( fact c be2 by no ef=t ( ! imag9ation is x possible = me really to ent]ta9 ! contr>y belief4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i am b\nd to admit1 t ! :ole f\ndation = my belief is ! fact1 t ! idea ( pa9 is indissolubly associat$ 9 my m9d ) ! idea ( t mu* pa/ "t4 ,any "o :o w be at ! tr\ble may provide himself ) hundr$s ( examples to ! same effect4 ,?is & simil> obs]vations are important "u ano!r aspect4 ,!y prove t ! idea ( ev5 a s+le /rong impression may be s p[]fully associat$ ) t ( a c]ta9 "t1 z to orig9ate a belief ( :i* ! contr>y is inconceivable1 & :i* may !re=e be prop]ly said to be necess>y4 ,a s+le weak1 or mod]ately /rong1 impression may n be repres5t$ by any memory4 ,b ?is defect ( weak exp]i5ces may be comp5sat$ by _! repetition2 & :at ,hume means by cu/om or habit is simply ! repetition ( exp]i5ces4 :]ev] ! repetition ( any p>ticul> act or op]ation produces a prop5sity to r5ew ! same act or op]ation1 )\t be+ impell$ by any reason+ or process ( ! und]/&+1 we always say t ?is prop5sity is ! effect ( ,cu/om4 ,by employ+ t ^w1 we pret5d n to h giv5 ! ultimate reason ( su* a prop5sity4 ,we only po9t out a pr9ciple ( human nature :i* is univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 & :i* is well kn[n by its effects4--7,,iv4 p4 #eb47 ,x has be5 %[n t an expectation is a complex idea :i*1 l a memory1 is made up ( two con/itu5ts4 ,! "o is ! idea ( an object1 ! o!r is ! idea ( a relation ( sequ5ce betwe5 t object & "s pres5t object2 & ! reason+ :i* appli$ to memories applies to expectations4 ,to h an expectation#be ( a giv5 ev5t1 & to believe t x w happ51 are only two modes ( /at+ ! same fact4 ,aga91 j 9 ! same way z we call a memory1 put into words1 a belief1 s we give ! same "n to an expectation 9 l clo?+4 ,& ! fact already cit$1 t a *ild be=e x c speak acts ^u its memories1 is good evid5ce t x =ms expectations4 ,! infant :o kn[s ! mean+ nei!r ( sug>-plum nor ( sweet1 nev]!less is 9 full possession ( t complex idea1 :i*1 :5 he has le>n$ to employ language1 w take ! =m ( ! v]bal proposition1 ,a sug>-plum w be sweet4 ,?us1 beliefs ( expectation1 or at any rate _! pot5tialities1 are1 z mu* z ^? ( memory1 antec$5t to spee*1 & are z incapable ( ju/ification by any logical process4 ,9 fact1 expectations are b memories inv]t$4 ,! association :i* is ! f\ndation ( expectation mu/ exi/ z a memory be=e x c play its "p4 ,z ,hume says1-- 444 x is c]ta9 we "h advance a v intelligible proposition at lea/1 if n a true "o1 :5 we ass]t t aft] ! con/ant conjunction ( two objects1 heat & flame1 = in/ance1 weight & solidity1 we are det]m9$ by cu/om alone to expect ! "o f ! appe>ance ( ! o!r4 ,?is hypo!sis seems ev5 ! only "o :i* expla9s ! difficulty :y we draw f a ?\s& in/ances1 an inf]5ce :i* we are n able to draw f "o in/ance1 t is 9 no respect diff]5t f !m4444 ,cu/om1 !n1 is ! great guide ( human life4 ,x is t pr9ciple alone :i* r5d]s our exp]i5ce useful to u1 & makes u expect1 = ! future1 a simil> tra9 ( ev5ts ) ^? :i* h appe>$ 9 ! pa/4444 ,all belief ( matt]-(-fact or real exi/5ce is d]iv$ m]ely f "s object pres5t to ! memory or s5ses1 & a cu/om>y conjunction betwe5 t & "s o!r object2 or 9 o!r words1 hav+ f\nd1 9 _m in/ances1 t any two k9ds ( objects1 flame & heat1 sn[ & cold1 h always be5 conjo9$ toge!r3 if flame or sn[ be pres5t$ anew to ! s5ses1 ! m9d is c>ri$ by cu/om to expect heat or cold1 & to believe t su* a quality does exi/1 & w discov] itself ^u a ne>] approa*4 ,?is belief is ! necess>y result ( plac+ ! m9d 9 su* circum/ances4 ,x is an op]ation ( ! s\l1 :5 we are s situat$1 z unavoidable z to feel ! passion ( love1 :5 we receive b5efits1 or hatr$1 :5 we meet ) injuries4 ,all ^! op]ations are a species ( natural in/9cts1 :i* no reason+ or process ( ! ?\ght & und]/&+ is able ei!r to produce or to prev5t4--7,,iv4 pp4 #eb-ef47 ,! only comm5t t appe>s ne$ful "h is1 t ,hume has atta*$ some:at too exclusive a weight to t repetition ( exp]i5ces to :i* alone ! t]m cu/om c be prop]ly appli$4 ,! prov]b says t a burnt *ild dreads ! fire2 & any "o :o w make ! exp]im5t w f9d1 t "o burn+ is q suffici5t to e/abli% an indissoluble belief t contact ) fire & pa9 g toge!r4 ,z a sort ( inv]t$ memory1 expectation foll[s ! same laws2 h5ce1 :ile a belief ( expectation is1 9 mo/ cases1 z ,hume truly says1 e/abli%$ by cu/om1 or ! repetition ( weak impressions1 x may q well be bas$ ^u a s+le /rong exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( language1 a specific memory _c be /r5g!n$ by repetition4 ,x is obvi\s t t :i* has happ5$ _c happ5 aga91 ) ! same collat]al associations ( co-exi/5ce & succession4 ,b1 memories ( ! co-exi/5ce & succession ( impressions are capable ( be+ indef9itely /r5g!n$ by ! recurr5ce ( simil> impressions1 9 ! same ord]1 ev5 ?\gh ! collat]al associations are totally diff]5t2 9 fact1 ! ideas ( ^! impressions become g5]ic4 ,if ,i recollect t a piece ( ice 0 cold ye/]day1 no?+ c /r5g!n ! recollection ( t p>ticul> fact2 on ! contr>y1 x may gr[ weak]1 9 ! abs5ce ( any record ( x4 ,b if ,i t\* ice to-day & aga9 f9d x cold1 ! association is repeat$1 & ! memory ( x becomes /rong]4 ,&1 by ?is v simple process ( repetition ( exp]i5ce1 x has become utt]ly impossible = u to ?9k ( hav+ h&l$ ice )\t ?9k+ ( its coldness4 ,b1 t :i* is1 "u ! "o aspect1 ! /r5g!n+ ( a memory1 is1 "u ! o!r1 ! int5sification ( an expectation4 ,n only c we n ?9k ( hav+ t\*$ ice1 )\t feel+ cold1 b we _c ?9k ( t\*+ ice1 9 ! future1 )\t expect+ to feel cold4 ,an expectation s /rong t x _c be *ang$1 or aboli%$1 may ?us be g5]at$ out ( repeat$ exp]i5ces4 ,& x is important to note t su* expectations may be =m$ q unconsci\sly4 ,9 my dress+ room1 a c]ta9 c is usually kept full ( wat]1 & ,i am 9 ! habit ( lift+ x to p\r out wat] = wa%+4 ,sometimes ! s]vant has =gott5 to fill x1 & !n ,i f9d t1 :5 ,i take hold ( ! h&le1 ! c goes up ) a j]k4 ,long association has1 9 fact1 l$ me to expect ! c to h a consid]able weight2 &1 q unaw>es1 my muscul> ef=t is adju/$ to ! expectation4 ,! process ( /r5g!n+ g5]ic memories ( succession1 &1 at ! same "t1 int5sify+ expectations ( succession1 is :at is commonly call$ v]ification4 ,! impression ,b has frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ to foll[ ! impression ,a4 ,! association ?us produc$ is repres5t$ z ! memory1 ,a - ,b4 ,:5 ! impression ,a appe>s aga91 ! idea ( ,b foll[s1 associat$ ) t ( ! imm$iate appe>ance ( ! impression ,b4 ,if ! impression ,b does appe>1 ! expectation is said to be v]ifi$2 :ile ! memory ,a - ,b is /r5g!n$1 & gives rise 9 turn to a /rong] expectation4 ,& repeat$ v]ification may r5d] t expectation s /rong t its non-v]ification is inconceivable4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,x is n wor? :ile1 = ! pres5t purpose1 to consid] :e!r1 z all n]v\s action occupies a s5sible "t1 ! duration ( "o impression might n ov]lap t ( ! impression :i* foll[s x1 9 ! case suppos$4 #be ,we give no "n to fa9t memories2 b expectations ( l "* play s l>ge a "p 9 human affairs t !y1 toge!r ) ! associat$ emotions ( pleasure & pa91 are di/+ui%$ z hopes or fe>s4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,m5tal ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,animals4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! prec$+ *apt]s1 att5tion has be5 m ?an once call$ to ! fact1 t ! elem5ts ( consci\sness & ! op]ations ( ! m5tal faculties1 "u discussion1 exi/ indep5d5tly ( & antec$5t to1 ! exi/5ce ( language4 ,if any weight is to be atta*$ to argum5ts f analogy1 !re is ov]:elm+ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! belief t *ildr51 be=e !y c speak1 & deaf mutes1 possess ! feel+s to :i* ^? :o h acquir$ ! faculty ( spee* apply ! "n ( s5sations2 t !y h ! feel+s ( relation2 t tra9s ( ideas pass ?r\gh _! m9ds2 t g5]ic ideas are =m$ f specific ones2 &1 t among ^!1 ideas ( memory & expectation occupy a mo/ important place1 inasmu* z1 9 _! quality ( pot5tial beliefs1 !y furni% ! gr\nds ( action4 ,?is conclusion1 9 tru?1 is "o ( ^? :i*1 ?\gh !y _c be demon/rat$1 are nev] d\bt$2 &1 s9ce x is highly probable & _c be disprov$1 we are q safe 9 accept+ x1 z1 at any rate1 a good work+ hypo!sis4 ,b1 if we accept x1 we mu/ ext5d x to a mu* wid] assemblage ( liv+ be+s4 ,:atev] cog5cy is atta*$ to ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! occurr5ce ( all ! fundam5tal ph5om5a ( m9d 9 "y *ildr5 & deaf mutes1 an equal =ce mu/ be all[$ to app]ta9 to ^? :i* may be adduc$ to prove t ! high] animals h m9ds4 ,we mu/ admit t ,hume does n express himself too /rongly :5 he says-- no tru? appe>s to me m evid5t1 ?an t ! bea/s are end[$ ) ?\ght & reason z well z m54 ,! argum5ts are 9 ?is case s obvi\s1 t !y nev] escape ! mo/ /upid & ignorant4--7,i4 p4 #bcb47 ,9 fact1 ?is is "o ( ! few cases 9 :i* ! conviction :i* =ces itself ^u ! /upid & ! ignorant1 is =tifi$ by ! reason+s ( ! intellig5t1 & has its f\ndation deep5$ by e increase ( k4 ,x is n m]ely t ! obs]vation ( ! actions ( animals almo/ irresi/ibly sugge/s ! attribution to !m ( m5tal /ates1 su* z ^? :i* accompany correspond+ actions 9 m54 ,! m9ute comp>ison :i* has be5 in/itut$ by anatomi/s & physiologi/s betwe5 ! organs :i* we "k to con/itute ! app>atus ( ?\ght 9 man1 & ! correspond+ organs 9 brutes1 has demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( ! close/ simil>ity betwe5 ! two1 n only 9 /ructure1 z f> z ! microscope w c>ry u1 b 9 function1 z f> z functions are det]m9able by exp]im5t4 ,!re is no "q 9 ! m9d ( any "o acqua9t$ ) ! facts t1 s f> z obs]vation & exp]im5t c take u1 ! /ructure & ! functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em are fundam5tally ! same 9 an ape1 or 9 a dog1 & 9 a man4 ,& ! sugge/ion t we mu/ /op at ! exact po9t at :i* direct pro( fails u2 & refuse to believe t ! simil>ity :i* ext5ds s f> /ret*es yet fur!r1 is no bett] ?an a quibble4 ,rob9son ,crusoe did n feel b\nd to conclude1 f ! s+le human footpr9t :i* he saw 9 ! s&1 t ! mak] ( ! impression _h only "o leg4 ,/ructure = /ructure1 d[n to ! m9ute/ microscopical details1 ! eye1 ! e>1 ! olfactory organs1 ! n]ves1 ! sp9al cord1 ! bra9 ( an ape1 or ( a dog1 correspond ) ! same organs 9 ! human subject4 ,cut a n]ve1 & ! evid5ce ( p>alysis1 or ( ins5sibility1 is ! same 9 ! two cases2 apply pressure to ! bra91 or adm9i/] a n>cotic1 & ! signs ( intellig5ce disappe> 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r4 ,:atev] reason we h = believ+ t ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! normal c]ebral sub/ance ( man give rise to /ates ( consci\sness1 ! same reason exi/s = ! belief t ! modes ( motion ( ! c]ebral sub/ance ( an ape1 or ( a dog1 produce l effects4 ,a dog acts z if he _h all ! diff]5t k9ds ( impressions ( s5sation ( :i* ea* ( u is cognisant4 ,moreov]1 he gov]ns 8 movem5ts exactly z if he _h ! feel+s ( di/ance1 =m1 succession1 lik5ess1 & unlik5ess1 ) :i* we are famili>1 or z if ! impressions ( relation 7 g5]at$ 9 8 m9d z !y are 9 our own4 ,sleep+ dogs frequ5tly appe> to dream4 ,if !y d1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ideation goes on 9 !m :ile !y are asleep2 &1 9 t case1 !re is no reason to d\bt t !y are consci\s ( tra9s ( ideas 9 _! wak+ /ate4 ,fur!r1 t dogs1 if !y possess ideas at all1 h memories & expectations1 & ^? pot5tial beliefs ( :i* ^! /ates are ! f\ndation1 c h>dly be d\bt$ by any "o :o is conv]sant ) _! ways4 ,f9ally1 !re w\ld appe> to be no valid argum5t aga9/ ! supposition t dogs =m g5]ic ideas ( s5sible objects4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s peculi>ities ( ! dog m9d is its inh]5t snobbi%ness1 %[n by ! reg>d paid to ext]nal respectability4 ,! dog :o b>ks furi\sly at a begg> w let a well-dress$ man pass him )\t opposition4 ,has he n !n a g5]ic idea ( rags & dirt associat$ ) ! idea ( av]sion1 & t ( sleek broadclo? associat$ ) ! idea ( lik+8 ,9 %ort1 x seems h>d to assign any good reason = d5y+ to ! high] animals any m5tal /ate1 or process1 9 :i* ! employm5t ( ! vocal or visual symbols ( :i* language is compos$ is n involv$2 & comp>ative psy*ology confirms ! position 9 relation to ! re/ ( ! animal _w assign$ to man by comp>ative anatomy4 ,z comp>ative anatomy is easily able to %[ t1 physically1 man is b ! la/ t]m ( a long s]ies ( =ms1 :i* lead1 by sl[ gradations1 f ! highe/ mammal to ! almo/ =mless speck ( liv+ protoplasm1 :i* lies on ! %ad[y b\nd>y betwe5 animal & vegetable life2 s1 comp>ative psy*ology1 ?\gh b a "y sci5ce1 & f> %ort ( h] eld] si/]'s gr[?1 po9ts to ! same conclusion4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a di/9ct n]v\s sy/em1 we h no "r to look = its product1 consci\sness2 &1 ev5 9 ^? =ms ( animal life 9 :i* ! n]v\s app>atus has rea*$ no high] degree ( developm5t1 ?an t exhibit$ by ! sy/em ( ! sp9al cord & ! f\ndation ( ! bra9 9 ourselves1 ! argum5t f analogy leaves ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( any =m ( consci\sness unsupport$4 ,) ! sup]-addition ( a n]v\s app>atus correspond+ ) ! c]ebrum 9 ourselves1 x is all[able to suppose ! appe>ance ( ! simple/ /ates ( consci\sness1 or ! s5sations2 & x is conceivable t ^! may at fir/ exi/1 )\t any p[] ( reproduc+ !m1 z memories2 &1 consequ5tly1 )\t ideation4 ,/ill high]1 an app>atus ( correlation may be sup]add$1 until1 z all ^! organs become m develop$1 ! condition ( ! highe/ spee*less animals is atta9$4 ,x is a rem>kable example ( ,hume's sagacity t he p]ceiv$ ! importance ( a bran* ( sci5ce :i*1 ev5 n[1 c h>dly be said to exi/2 & t1 9 a rem>kable passage1 he sket*es 9 bold outl9es ! *ief features ( comp>ative psy*ology4 444 any !ory1 by :i* we expla9 ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+1 or ! orig9 & connexion ( ! passions 9 man1 w acquire additional au?ority if we f9d t ! same !ory is requisite to expla9 ! same ph5om5a 9 all o!r animals4 ,we %all make trial ( ?is ) reg>d to ! hypo!sis by :i* we h1 9 ! =ego+ disc\rse1 endeav\r$ to acc\nt = all exp]im5tal reason+s2 & x is hop$ t ?is new po9t ( view w s]ve to confirm all our =m] obs]vations4 ,fir/1 x seems evid5t t animals1 z well z m51 le>n _m ?+s f exp]i5ce1 & inf] t ! same ev5ts w always foll[ f ! same causes4 ,by ?is pr9ciple !y become acqua9t$ ) ! m obvi\s prop]ties ( ext]nal objects1 & gradually1 f _! bir?1 treasure up a k ( ! nature ( fire1 wat]1 e>?1 /ones1 heights1 dep?s1 c41 & ( ! effects :i* result f _! op]ation4 ,! ignorance & inexp]i5ce ( ! "y are "h pla9ly di/+ui%able f ! cunn+ & sagacity ( ! old1 :o h le>n$1 by long obs]vation1 to avoid :at hurt !m1 & pursue :at gave ease or pleasure4 ,a horse t has be5 accu/om$ to ! field1 becomes acqua9t$ ) ! prop] height :i* he c leap1 & w nev] attempt :at exce$s 8 =ce & ability4 ,an old greyh\nd w tru/ ! m fatigu+ "p ( ! *ase to ! y\ng]1 & w place himself s z to meet ! h>e 9 h] d\bles2 nor are ! conjectures :i* he =ms on ?is occasion f\nd$ on any?+ b 8 obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,?is is /ill m evid5t f ! effects ( discipl9e & education on animals1 :o1 by ! prop] application ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 may be taught any c\rse ( action1 ! mo/ contr>y to _! natural in/9cts & prop5sities4 ,is x n exp]i5ce :i* r5d]s a dog appreh5sive ( pa9 :5 y m5ace him1 or lift up ! :ip to beat him8 ,is x n ev5 exp]i5ce :i* makes him answ] to 8 "n1 & inf] f su* an arbitr>y s\nd t y mean him r ?an any ( 8 fell[s1 & int5d to call him1 :5 y pron\nce x 9 a c]ta9 mann] & ) a c]ta9 tone & acc5t8 ,9 all ^! cases we may obs]ve t ! animal inf]s "s fact beyond :at imm$iately /rikes 8 s5ses2 & t ?is inf]5ce is altoge!r f\nd$ on pa/ exp]i5ce1 :ile ! creature expects f ! pres5t object ! same consequ5ces :i* x has always f\nd 9 its obs]vation to result f simil> objects4 ,secondly1 x is impossible t ?is inf]5ce ( ! animal c be f\nd$ on any process ( argum5t or reason+1 by :i* he concludes t l ev5ts mu/ foll[ l objects1 & t ! c\rse ( nature w always be regul> 9 its op]ations4 ,= if !re be 9 reality any argum5ts ( ?is nature !y surely lie too ab/ruse = ! obs]vation ( su* imp]fect und]/&+s2 s9ce x may well employ ! utmo/ c>e & att5tion ( a philosophic g5ius to discov] & obs]ve !m4 ,animals !re=e are n guid$ 9 ^! inf]5ces by reason+2 nei!r are *ildr52 nei!r are ! g5]ality ( mank9d 9 _! ord9>y actions & conclusions2 nei!r are philosoph]s !mselves1 :o1 9 all ! active p>ts ( life1 are 9 ! ma9 ! same z ! vulg>1 & are gov]n$ by ! same maxims4 ,nature mu/ h provid$ "s o!r pr9ciple1 ( m ready & m g5]al use & application2 nor c an op]ation ( su* imm5se consequ5ce 9 life z t ( inf]r+ effects f causes1 be tru/$ to ! unc]ta9 process ( reason+ & argum5tation4 ,7 ?is d\btful ) reg>d to m51 x seems to admit ( no "q ) reg>d to ! brute creation2 & ! conclusion be+ once firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! "o1 we h a /rong presumption1 f all ! rules ( analogy1 t x ought to be univ]sally admitt$1 )\t any exception or res]ve4 ,x is cu/om alone :i* engages animals1 f e object t /rikes _! s5ses1 to inf] its usual att5dant1 & c>ries _! imag9ation f ! appe>ance ( ! "o to conceive ! o!r1 9 t p>ticul> mann] :i* we d5om9ate belief4 ,no o!r explication c be giv5 ( ?is op]ation 9 all ! high] z well z l[] classes ( s5sitive be+s :i* fall "u our notice & obs]vation4--7,,iv4 pp4 #abb-d47 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,hume appe>s to contra/ ! inf]5ce ( ! animal ) ! process ( argum5t or reason+ 9 man4 ,b x w\ld be a complete misappreh5sion ( 8 int5tion1 if we 7 to suppose1 t he !reby means to imply t !re is any real diff]5ce betwe5 ! two processes4 ,! inf]5ce ( ! animal is a pot5tial belief ( expectation2 ! process ( argum5t1 or reason+1 9 man is bas$ ^u pot5tial beliefs ( expectation1 :i* are =m$ 9 ! man exactly 9 ! same way z 9 ! animal4 ,b1 9 m5 end[$ ) spee*1 ! m5tal /ate :i* con/itutes ! pot5tial belief is repres5t$ by a v]bal proposition1 & ?us becomes :at all ! _w recognises z a belief4 ,! fallacy :i* ,hume combats is1 t ! proposition1 or v]bal repres5tative ( a belief1 has come to be reg>d$ z a reality1 in/ead ( z ! m]e symbol :i* x really is2 & t reason+1 or logic1 :i* deals ) no?+ b propositions1 is suppos$ to be necess>y 9 ord] to validate ! natural fact symbolis$ by ^? propositions4 ,x is a fallacy simil> to t ( suppos+ t money is ! f\ndation ( weal?1 :]eas x is only ! :olly uness5tial symbol ( prop]ty4 ,9 ! passage :i* imm$iately foll[s t j quot$1 ,hume makes admissions :i* might be turn$ to s]i\s acc\nt aga9/ "s ( 8 own doctr9es4 ,b ?\gh animals le>n _m p>ts ( _! k f obs]vation1 !re are also _m p>ts ( x :i* !y d]ive f ! orig9al h& ( ,nature1 :i* mu* exce$ ! %>e ( capacity !y possess on ord9>y occasions1 & 9 :i* !y improve1 little or no?+1 by ! longe/ practice & exp]i5ce4 ,^! we d5om9ate ,,in/9cts1 & are s apt to admire z some?+ v extraord9>y & inexplicable by all ! disquisitions ( human und]/&+4 ,b our wond] w p]haps cease or dim9i% :5 we consid] t ! exp]im5tal reason+ itself1 :i* we possess 9 common ) bea/s1 & on :i* ! :ole conduct ( life dep5ds1 is no?+ b a species ( in/9ct or me*anical p[]1 t acts 9 u unkn[n to ourselves1 & 9 its *ief op]ations is n direct$ by any su* relations or comp>ison ( ideas z are ! prop] objects ( our intellectual faculties4 ,?\gh ! in/9ct be diff]5t1 yet /ill x is an in/9ct :i* tea*es a man to avoid ! fire1 z mu* z t :i* tea*es a bird1 ) su* exactness1 ! art ( incubation & ! :ole economy & ord] ( its nurs]y4--7,,iv4 pp4 #abe1 #abf47 ,! p>allel "h drawn betwe5 ! avoidance ( a fire by a man & ! incubatory in/9ct ( a bird is inexact4 ,! man avoids fire :5 he has _h exp]i5ce ( ! pa9 produc$ by burn+2 b ! bird incubates ! fir/ "t x lays eggs1 & !re=e be=e x has _h any exp]i5ce ( incubation4 ,= ! comp>ison to be admissible1 x w\ld be necess>y t a man %\ld avoid fire ! fir/ "t he saw x1 :i* is notori\sly n ! case4 ,! t]m in/9ct is v vague & ill-def9$4 ,x is commonly employ$ to d5ote any action1 or ev5 feel+1 :i* is n dictat$ by consci\s reason+1 :e!r x is1 or is n1 ! result ( previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,x is in/9ct :i* leads a *ick5 j hat*$ to pick up a gra9 ( corn2 p>5tal love is said to be in/9ctive2 ! dr[n+ man :o cat*es at a /raw does x in/9ctively2 & ! h& t accid5tally t\*es some?+ hot is drawn back by in/9ct4 ,?us in/9ct is made to cov] ev]y?+ f a simple reflex movem5t1 9 :i* ! organ ( consci\sness ne$ n be at all implicat$1 up to a complex comb9ation ( acts direct$ t[>ds a def9ite end & accompani$ by int5se consci\sness4 ,b ?is loose employm5t ( ! t]m in/9ct really accords ) ! nature ( ! ?+2 = x is :olly impossible to draw any l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 reflex actions & in/9cts4 ,if a frog1 on ! flank ( :i* a little drop ( acid has be5 plac$1 rubs x (f ) ! foot ( ! same side2 &1 if t foot be held1 p]=ms ! same op]ation1 at ! co/ ( mu* ef=t1 ) ! o!r foot1 x c]ta9ly displays a curi\s in/9ct4 ,b x is no less true t ! :ole op]ation is a reflex op]ation ( ! sp9al cord1 :i* c be p]=m$ q z well :5 ! bra9 is de/roy$2 & betwe5 :i* & simple reflex actions !re is a complete s]ies ( gradations4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 an infant takes ! brea/1 x is impossible to say :e!r ! action %\ld be r t]m$ in/9ctive or reflex4 ,:at are usually call$ ! in/9cts ( animals are1 h[ev]1 acts ( su* a nature t1 if !y 7 p]=m$ by m51 !y w\ld involve ! g5]ation ( a s]ies ( ideas & ( inf]5ces f !m2 & x is a curi\s1 & app>5tly an insoluble1 problem :e!r !y are1 or are n1 accompani$ by c]ebral *anges ( ! same nature z ^? :i* give rise to ideas & inf]5ces 9 ourselves4 ,:5 a *ick5 picks up a gra91 = example1 are !re1 fir/ly1 c]ta9 s5sations1 accompani$ by ! feel+ ( relation betwe5 ! gra9 & its own body2 secondly1 a desire ( ! gra92 ?irdly1 a volition to seize x8 ,or1 are only ! s5sational t]ms ( ! s]ies actually repres5t$ 9 consci\sness8 ,! latt] seems ! m probable op9ion1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! o!r alt]native is possible4 ,b1 9 ?is case1 ! s]ies ( m5tal /ates :i* occurs is su* z w\ld be repres5t$ 9 language by a s]ies ( propositions1 & w\ld af=d pro( positive ( ! exi/5ce ( innate ideas1 9 ! ,c>tesian s5se4 ,inde$1 a metaphysical f[l1 brood+ ov] ! m5tal op]ations ( 8 fully-fl$g$ consci\sness1 might appeal to ! fact z pro( t1 9 ! v fir/ action ( 8 life1 he assum$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,ego & ! non-,ego1 & ( a relation betwe5 ! two4 ,9 all s]i\sness1 if ! exi/5ce ( in/9cts be grant$1 ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( innate ideas1 9 ! mo/ ext5d$ s5se ev] imag9$ by ,desc>tes1 mu/ also be admitt$4 ,9 fact1 ,desc>tes1 z we h soon1 illu/rates :at he means by an innate idea1 by ! analogy ( h]$it>y diseases or h]$it>y m5tal peculi>ities1 su* z g5]osity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h]$it>y m5tal t5d5cies may ju/ly be t]m$ in/9cts2 & /ill m appropriately might ^? special proclivities1 :i* con/itute :at we call g5ius1 come into ! same category4 ,! *ild :o is impell$ to draw z soon z x c hold a p5cil2 ! ,moz>t :o breaks out into music z e>ly2 ! boy ,bidd] :o work$ out ! mo/ complicat$ sums )\t le>n+ ari?metic2 ! boy ,pascal :o evolv$ ,euclid out ( 8 own consci\sness3 all ^! may be said to h be5 impell$ by in/9ct1 z mu* z are ! beav] & ! bee4 ,& ! man ( g5ius1 is di/9ct 9 k9d f ! man ( clev]ness1 by reason ( ! work+ )9 him ( /rong innate t5d5cies--:i* cultivation may improve1 b :i* x c no m create1 ?an horticulture c make ?i/les be> figs4 ,! analogy betwe5 a musical in/rum5t & ! m9d holds good "h also4 ,art & indu/ry may get mu* music1 ( a sort1 out ( a p5ny :i/le2 b1 :5 all is done1 x has no *ance aga9/ an organ4 ,! innate musical pot5tialities ( ! two are inf9itely diff]5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,language--,,propositions ,,conc]n+ ,,necess>y ,,tru?s4 ,?\gh we may accept ,hume's conclusion t spee*less animals ?9k1 believe1 & reason2 yet1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t !re is an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! signification ( ! t]ms :5 appli$ to !m & :5 appli$ to ^? animals :i* possess language4 ,! ?\ghts ( ! =m] are tra9s ( m]e feel+s2 ^? ( ! latt] are1 9 addition1 tra9s ( ! ideas ( ! signs :i* repres5t feel+s1 & :i* are call$ words4 ,a ^w1 9 fact1 is a spok5 or writt5 sign1 ! idea ( :i* is1 by repetition1 s closely associat$ ) ! idea ( ! simple or complex feel+ :i* x repres5ts1 t ! association becomes indissoluble4 ,no ,engli%man1 = example1 c ?9k ( ! ^w dog )\t imm$iately hav+ ! idea ( ! gr\p ( impressions to :i* t "n is giv52 & conv]sely1 ! gr\p ( impressions imm$iately calls up ! idea ( ! ^w dog4 ,! association ( words ) impressions & ideas is ! process ( nam+2 & language approa*es p]fection1 9 proportion z ! %ades ( diff]5ce betwe5 v>i\s ideas & impressions are repres5t$ by diff]5ces 9 _! names4 ,! names ( simple impressions & ideas1 or ( gr\ps ( co-exi/5t or successive complex impressions & ideas1 consid]$ p] se1 are sub/antives2 z r$ness1 dog1 silv]1 m\?2 :ile ! names ( impressions or ideas consid]$ z p>ts or attributes ( a complex :ole1 are adjectives4 ,?us r$ness1 consid]$ z "p ( ! complex idea ( a rose1 becomes ! adjective r$2 fle%-eat]1 z "p ( ! idea ( a dog1 is repres5t$ by c>nivor\s2 :it5ess1 z "p ( ! idea ( silv]1 is :ite2 & s on4 ,! l+ui/ic ma*9]y = ! expression ( belief is call$ pr$ication2 &1 z all beliefs express ideas ( relation1 we may say t ! sign ( pr$ication is ! v]bal symbol ( a feel+ ( relation4 ,! words :i* s]ve to indicate pr$ication are v]bs4 ,if ,i say silv] & !n :ite1 ,i m]ely utt] two names2 b if ,i int]pose betwe5 !m ! v]b is1 ,i express a belief 9 ! co-exi/5ce ( ! feel+ ( :it5ess ) ! o!r feel+s :i* con/itute ! totality ( ! complex idea ( silv]2 9 o!r words1 ,i pr$icate :it5ess ( silv]4 ,9 su* a case z ?is1 ! v]b expresses pr$ication & no?+ else1 & is call$ a copula4 ,b1 9 ! great majority ( v]bs1 ! ^w is ! sign ( a complex idea1 & ! pr$ication is express$ only by its =m4 ,?us 9 silv] %9es1 ! v]b to %9e is ! sign = ! feel+ ( brightness1 & ! m>k ( pr$ication lies 9 ! =m %9e-s4 ,ano!r result is br\ght ab\t by ! =ms ( v]bs4 ,by slight modifications !y are made to indicate t a belief1 or pr$ication1 is a memory1 or is an expectation4 ,?us silv] %one expresses a memory2 silv] w %9e an expectation4 ,! =m ( words :i* expresses a pr$ication is a proposition4 ,h5ce1 e pr$ication is ! v]bal equival5t ( a belief2 &1 z e belief is ei!r an imm$iate consci\sness1 a memory1 or an expectation1 & z e expectation is traceable to a memory1 x foll[s t1 9 ! long run1 all propositions express ei!r imm$iate /ates ( consci\sness1 or memories4 ,! proposition :i* pr$icates ,a ( ,x mu/ mean ei!r1 t ! fact is te/ifi$ by my pres5t consci\sness1 z :5 ,i say t two col\rs1 visible at ?is mom5t1 resemble "o ano!r2 or t ,a is indissolubly associat$ ) ,x 9 memory2 or t ,a is indissolubly associat$ ) ,x 9 expectation4 ,b x has already be5 %[n t expectation is only an expression ( memory4 ,hume does n discuss ! nature ( language1 b s mu* ( :at rema9s to be said1 conc]n+ 8 philosophical t5ets1 turns ^u ! value & ! orig9 ( v]bal propositions1 t ?is summ>y sket* ( ! relations ( language to ! ?9k+ process w probably n be deem$ sup]flu\s4 ,s l>ge an ext5t ( ! field ( ?\ght is trav]s$ by ,hume1 9 8 discussion ( ! v]bal propositions 9 :i* mank9d en%r9e _! beliefs1 t x w\ld be impossible to foll[ him ?r\gh\t all ! w9d+s ( 8 long j\rney1 )9 ! limits ( ?is essay4 ,i purpose1 !re=e1 to limit myself to ^? propositions :i* conc]n--#a4 ,necess>y ,tru?s2 #b4 ,! ,ord] ( ,nature2 #c4 ,! ,s\l2 #d4 ,!ism2 #e4 ,! ,passions & ,volition2 #f4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,morals4 ,hume's views respect+ necess>y tru?s1 & m p>ticul>ly conc]n+ causation1 h1 m ?an any o!r "p ( 8 tea*+1 contribut$ to give him a prom95t place 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,all ! objects ( human reason & inquiry may naturally be divid$ into two k9ds1 to wit1 relations ( ideas & matt]s ( fact4 ,( ! fir/ k9d are ! sci5ces ( geometry1 algebra1 & ari?metic1 &1 9 %ort1 e affirmation :i* is ei!r intuitively or demon/ratively c]ta94 ,t ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse is equal to ! squ>e ( ! two sides1 is a proposition :i* expresses a relation betwe5 ^! two figures4 ,t ?ree times five is equal to ! half ( ?irty1 expresses a relation betwe5 ^! numb]s4 ,propositions ( ?is k9d are discov]able by ! m]e op]ation ( ?\ght )\t dep5d5ce on :atev] is any:]e exi/5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,?\gh !re nev] 7 a circle or a triangle 9 nature1 ! tru?s demon/rat$ by ,euclid w\ld = ev] reta9 _! c]ta9ty & evid5ce4 ,matt]s ( fact1 :i* are ! second objects ( human reason1 are n asc]ta9$ 9 ! same mann]1 nor is an evid5ce ( _! tru?1 h[ev] great1 ( a l nature ) ! =ego+4 ,! contr>y ( e matt] ( fact is /ill possible1 because x c nev] imply a contradiction1 & is conceiv$ by ! m9d ) ! same facility & di/9ctness1 z if ev] s con=mable to reality4 ,t ! sun w n rise to-morr[1 is no less intelligible a proposition1 & implies no m contradiction1 ?an ! affirmation1 t x w rise4 ,we %\ld 9 va91 !re=e1 attempt to demon/rate its falsehood4 ,7 x demon/ratively false1 x w\ld imply a contradiction1 & c\ld nev] be di/9ctly conceiv$ by ! m9d4--7,,iv4 pp4 #cb1 #cc47 ,! di/9ction "h drawn betwe5 ! tru?s ( geometry & o!r k9ds ( tru? is f> less %>ply indicat$ 9 ! ,treatise1 b z ,hume expressly dis[ns any op9ions on ^! matt]s b su* z are express$ 9 ! ,inquiry1 we may conf9e ourselves to ! latt]2 & x is ne$ful to look n>r[ly into ! propositions "h laid d[n1 z mu* /ress has be5 laid ^u ,hume's admission t ! tru?s ( ma!matics are intuitively & demon/ratively c]ta92 9 o!r words1 t !y are necess>y &1 9 t respect1 diff] f all o!r k9ds ( belief4 ,:at is meant by ! ass]tion t propositions ( ?is k9d are discov]able by ! m]e op]ation ( ?\ght )\t dep5d5ce on :at is any:]e exi/5t 9 ! univ]se8 ,suppose t !re 7 no su* ?+s z impressions ( sight & t\* any:]e 9 ! univ]se1 :at idea c\ld we h ev5 ( a /raight l9e1 mu* less ( a triangle & ( ! relations betwe5 its sides8 ,! fundam5tal proposition ( all ,hume's philosophy is t ideas are copi$ f impressions2 &1 !re=e1 if !re 7 no impressions ( /raight l9es & triangles !re c\ld be no ideas ( /raight l9es & triangles4 ,b :at we mean by ! univ]se is ! sum ( our actual & possible impressions4 ,s1 aga91 :e!r our conception ( numb] is d]iv$ f relations ( impressions 9 space or 9 "t1 ! impressions mu/ exi/ 9 nature1 t is1 9 exp]i5ce1 be=e _! relations c be p]ceiv$4 ,=m & numb] are m]e names = c]ta9 relations betwe5 matt]s ( fact2 unless a man _h se5 or felt ! diff]5ce betwe5 a /raight l9e & a crook$ "o1 /raight & crook$ w\ld h no m mean+ to him1 ?an r$ & blue to ! bl9d4 ,! axiom1 t ?+s :i* are equal to ! same are equal to "o ano!r1 is only a p>ticul> case ( ! pr$ication ( simil>ity2 if !re 7 no impressions1 x is obvi\s t !re c\ld be no pr$icates4 ,b :at is an exi/5ce 9 ! univ]se b an impression8 ,if :at are call$ necess>y tru?s are rigidly analys$1 !y w be f\nd to be ( two k9ds4 ,ei!r !y dep5d on ! conv5tion :i* und]lies ! possibility ( intelligible spee*1 t t]ms %all always h ! same mean+2 or !y are propositions ! negation ( :i* implies ! dissolution ( "s association 9 memory or expectation1 :i* is 9 fact indissoluble2 or ! d5ial ( "s fact ( imm$iate consci\sness4 ,! necess>y tru? ,a ,a means t ! p]ception :i* is call$ ,a %all always be call$ ,a4 ,! necess>y tru? t two /raight l9es _c inclose a space1 means t we h no memory1 & c =m no expectation ( _! s do+4 ,! d5ial ( ! necess>y tru? t ! ?\ght n[ 9 my m9d exi/s1 involves ! d5ial ( consci\sness4 ,to ! ass]tion t ! evid5ce ( matt] ( fact1 is n s /rong z t ( relations ( ideas1 x may be ju/ly repli$1 t a great numb] ( matt]s ( fact are no?+ b relations ( ideas4 ,if ,i say t r$ is unlike blue1 ,i make an ass]tion conc]n+ a relation ( ideas2 b x is also matt] ( fact1 & ! contr>y proposition is inconceivable4 ,if ,i rememb]#bf some?+ t happ5$ five m9utes ago1 t is matt] ( fact2 &1 at ! same "t1 x expresses a relation betwe5 ! ev5t rememb]$ & ! pres5t "t4 ,x is :olly inconceivable to me t ! ev5t did n happ51 s t my assurance respect+ x is z /rong z t :i* ,i h respect+ any o!r necess>y tru?4 ,9 fact1 ! man is ei!r v wise or v virtu\s1 or v lucky1 p]haps all ?ree1 :o has gone ?r\gh life )\t accumulat+ a /ore ( su* necess>y beliefs :i* he w\ld give a good deal to be able to disbelieve4 ,x w\ld be beside ! m>k to discuss ! matt] fur!r on ! pres5t occasion4 ,x is suffici5t to po9t out t1 :atev] may be ! diff]5ces1 betwe5 ma!matical & o!r tru?s1 !y d n ju/ify ,hume's /atem5t4 ,& x is1 at any rate1 impossible to prove1 t ! cog5cy ( ma!matical fir/ pr9ciples is due to any?+ m ?an ^! circum/ances2 t ! exp]i5ces ) :i* !y are conc]n$ are among ! fir/ :i* arise 9 ! m9d2 t !y are s incessantly repeat$ z to ju/ify u1 accord+ to ! ord9>y laws ( ideation1 9 expect+ t ! associations :i* !y =m w be ( extreme t5acity2 :ile ! fact1 t ! expectations bas$ ^u !m are always v]ifi$1 f9i%es ! process ( weld+ !m toge!r4 ,?us1 if ! axioms ( ma!matics are innate1 nature w\ld seem to h tak5 unnecess>y tr\ble2 s9ce ! ord9>y process ( association appe>s to be amply suffici5t to conf] ^u !m all ! univ]sality & necessity :i* !y actually possess4 ,:atev] ne$less admissions ,hume may h made respect+ o!r necess>y tru?s he is q cle> ab\t ! axiom ( causation1 ,t :atev] ev5t has a beg9n+ mu/ h a cause2 :e!r & 9 :at s5se x is a necess>y tru?2 &1 t "q be+ decid$1 :5ce x is d]iv$4 ,) respect to ! fir/ "q1 ,hume d5ies t x is a necess>y tru?1 9 ! s5se t we are unable to conceive ! contr>y4 ,! evid5ce by :i* he supports ?is conclusion 9 ! ,inquiry1 h[ev]1 is n /rictly relevant to ! issue4 ,no object ev] discov]s1 by ! qualities :i* appe> to ! s5ses1 ei!r ! cause :i* produc$ x1 or ! effects :i* w arise f x2 nor c our reason1 unassi/$ by exp]i5ce1 ev] draw any inf]5ce conc]n+ real exi/5ce & matt] ( fact4--7,,iv4 p4 #ce47 ,abundant illu/rations are giv5 ( ?is ass]tion1 :i* inde$ _c be s]i\sly d\bt$2 b x does n foll[ t1 because we are totally unable to say :at cause prec$$1 or :at effect w succe$1 any ev5t1 we d n necess>ily suppose t ! ev5t _h a cause & w be succe$$ by an effect4 ,! sci5tific inve/igator :o notes a new ph5om5on may be utt]ly ignorant ( its cause1 b he w1 )\t hesitation1 seek = t cause4 ,if y ask him :y he does s1 he w probably say t x mu/ h _h a cause2 & !reby imply t 8 belief 9 causation is a necess>y belief4 ,9 ! ,treatise ,hume inde$ takes ! bull by ! horns3 444 z all di/9ct ideas are sep>able f ea* o!r1 & z ! ideas ( cause & effect are evid5tly di/9ct1 'twill be easy = u to conceive any object to be non-exi/5t ?is mom5t f9d exi/5t ! next1 )\t conjo9+ to x ! di/9ct idea ( a cause or productive pr9ciple4--7,i4 p4 #aaa47 ,if ,hume _h be5 cont5t to /ate :at he believ$ to be matt] ( fact1 & _h ab/a9$ f giv+ sup]flu\s reasons = t :i* is susceptible ( be+ prov$ or disprov$ only by p]sonal exp]i5ce1 8 position w\ld h be5 /rong]4 ,= x seems cle> t1 on ! gr\nd ( obs]vation1 he is q "r4 ,any man :o lets 8 fancy run riot 9 a wak+ dream1 may exp]i5ce ! exi/5ce at "o mom5t1 & ! non-exi/5ce at ! next1 ( ph5om5a :i* sugge/ no connexion ( cause & effect4 ,n only s1 b x is notori\s t1 to ! un?9k+ mass ( mank9d1 n9e-t5?s ( ! facts ( life d n sugge/ ! relation ( cause & effect2 & !y practically d5y ! exi/5ce ( any su* relation by attribut+ !m to *ance4 ,few gambl]s b w\ld />e if !y 7 told t ! fall+ ( a die on a p>ticul> face is z mu* ! effect ( a def9ite cause z ! fact ( its fall+2 x is a prov]b t ! w9d bl[e? :]e x li/e?2 & ev5 ?\ghtful m5 usually receive ) surprise ! sugge/ion1 t ! =m ( ! cre/ ( e wave t breaks1 w9d-driv51 on ! sea-%ore1 & ! direction ( e p>ticle ( foam t flies be=e ! gale1 are ! exact effects ( def9ite causes2 &1 z su*1 mu/ be capable ( be+ det]m9$1 d$uctively1 f ! laws ( motion & ! prop]ties ( air & wat]4 ,s aga91 !re are l>ge numb]s ( highly intellig5t p]sons :o r pride !mselves on _! fix$ belief t our volitions h no cause2 or t ! w causes itself1 :i* is ei!r ! same ?+1 or a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,hume's argum5t 9 support ( :at appe>s to be a true proposition1 h[ev]1 is ( ! circul> sort1 = ! major premiss1 t all di/9ct ideas are sep>able 9 ?\ght1 assumes ! "q at issue4 ,b ! "q :e!r ! idea ( causation is necess>y1 or n1 is really ( v little importance4 ,=1 to say t an idea is necess>y is simply to affirm t we _c conceive ! contr>y2 & ! fact t we _c conceive ! contr>y ( any belief may be a presumption1 b is c]ta9ly no pro(1 ( its tru?4 ,9 ! well-kn[n exp]im5t ( t\*+ a s+le r\nd object1 su* z a m>ble1 ) cross$ f+]s1 x is utt]ly impossible to conceive t we h n two r\nd objects "u !m2 &1 ?\gh light is und\bt$ly a m]e s5sation aris+ 9 ! bra91 x is utt]ly impossible to conceive t x is n outside ! ret9a4 ,9 ! same way1 he :o t\*es any?+ ) a rod1 n only is irresi/ibly l$ to believe t ! s5sation ( contact is at ! end ( ! rod1 b is utt]ly incapable ( conceiv+ t ?is s5sation is really 9 8 head4 ,yet t :i* is inconceivable is manife/ly true 9 all ^! cases4 ,! beliefs & ! unbeliefs are alike necess>y1 & alike errone\s4 ,x is commonly urg$ t ! axiom ( causation _c be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 because exp]i5ce only proves t _m ?+s h causes1 :]eas ! axiom decl>es t all ?+s h causes4 ,! syllogism1 _m ?+s :i* come into exi/5ce h causes1 ,a has come into exi/5ce3 !re=e ,a _h a cause1 is obvi\sly fallaci\s1 if ,a is n previ\sly %[n to be "o ( ! _m ?+s4 ,& ?is objection is p]fectly s\nd s f> z x goes4 ,! axiom ( causation _c possibly be d$uc$ f any g5]al proposition :i* simply embodies exp]i5ce4 ,b x does n foll[ t ! belief1 or expectation1 express$ by ! axiom1 is n a product ( exp]i5ce1 g5]at$ antec$5tly to1 & altoge!r indep5d5tly (1 ! logically unju/ifiable language 9 :i* we express x4 ,9 fact1 ! axiom ( causation resembles all o!r beliefs ( expectation 9 be+ ! v]bal symbol ( a purely automatic act ( ! m9d1 :i* is altoge!r extra-logical1 & w\ld be illogical1 if x 7 n con/antly v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,exp]i5ce1 z we h se51 /ores up memories2 memories g5]ate expectations or beliefs--:y !y d s may be expla9$ h]eaft] by prop] inve/igation ( c]ebral physiology4 ,b1 to seek = ! reason ( ! facts 9 ! v]bal symbols by :i* !y are express$1 & to be a/oni%$ t x is n to be f\nd !re1 is surely s+ul>2 & :at ,hume did 0 to turn att5tion f ! v]bal proposition to ! psy*ical fact ( :i* x is ! symbol4 ,:5 any natural object or ev5t is pres5t$1 x is impossible = u1 by any sagacity or p5etration1 to discov]1 or ev5 conjecture1 )\t exp]i5ce1 :at ev5t w result f x1 or to c>ry our =esight beyond t object1 :i* is imm$iately pres5t to ! memory & s5ses4 ,ev5 aft] "o in/ance or exp]im5t1 :]e we h obs]v$ a p>ticul> ev5t to foll[ ^u ano!r1 we are n entitl$ to =m a g5]al rule1 or =etell :at w happ5 9 l cases2 x be+ ju/ly e/eem$ an unp>donable tem]ity to judge ( ! :ole c\rse ( nature f "o s+le exp]im5t1 h[ev] accurate or c]ta94 ,b :5 "o p>ticul> species ( ev5ts has always1 9 all in/ances1 be5 conjo9$ ) ano!r1 we make no long] any scruple ( =etell+ "o ^u ! appe>ance ( ! o!r1 & ( employ+ t reason+ :i* c alone assure u ( any matt] ( fact or exi/5ce4 ,we !n call ! "o object ,cause1 ! o!r ,effect4 ,we suppose t !re is "s connexion betwe5 !m3 "s p[] 9 ! "o1 by :i* x infallibly produces ! o!r1 & op]ates ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty & /ronge/ necessity4444 ,b !re is no?+ 9 a numb] ( in/ances1 diff]5t f e s+le in/ance1 :i* is suppos$ to be exactly simil>2 except only1 t aft] a repetition ( simil> in/ances1 ! m9d is c>ri$ by habit1 ^u ! appe>ance ( "o ev5t1 to expect its usual att5dant1 & to believe t x w exi/4444 ,! fir/ "t a man saw ! communication ( motion by impulse1 z by ! %ock ( two billi>d balls1 he c\ld n pron\nce t ! "o ev5t 0 connect$1 b only t x 0 conjo9$1 ) ! o!r4 ,aft] he has obs]v$ sev]al in/ances ( ?is nature1 he !n pron\nces !m to be connect$4 ,:at alt]ation has happ5$ to give rise to ?is new idea ( connexion8 ,no?+ b t he n[ feels ^? ev5ts to be connect$ 9 8 imag9ation1 & c readily =esee ! exi/5ce ( ! "o f ! appe>ance ( ! o!r4 ,:5 we say1 !re=e1 t "o object is connect$ ) ano!r we mean only t !y h acquir$ a connexion 9 our ?\ght1 & give rise to ?is inf]5ce1 by :i* !y become pro(s ( ea* o!r's exi/5ce2 a conclusion :i* is some:at extraord9>y1 b :i* seems f\nd$ on suffici5t evid5ce4--7,,iv4 pp4 #hg-hi47 ,9 ! fifte5? section ( ! ?ird "p ( ! ,treatise1 "u ! head ( ! ,rules by :i* to ,judge ( ,causes & ,effects1 ,hume gives a sket* ( ! me?od ( allocat+ effects to _! causes1 ^u :i*1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no improvem5t 0 made d[n to ! "t ( ! publication ( ,mill's ,logic4 ,( ,mill's f\r me?ods1 t ( agreem5t is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- 444 :]e sev]al diff]5t objects produce ! same effect1 x mu/ be by means ( "s quality :i* we discov] to be common among/ !m4 ,= z l effects imply l causes1 we mu/ always ascribe ! causation to ! circum/ance :]e9 we discov] ! resemblance4--7,i4 p4 #bbi47 ,next1 ! f\ndation ( ! me?od ( diff]5ce is /at$3-- ,! diff]5ce 9 ! effects ( two resembl+ objects mu/ proce$ f t p>ticul> 9 :i* !y diff]4 ,=1 z l causes always produce l effects1 :5 9 any in/ance we f9d our expectation to be disappo9t$1 we mu/ conclude t ?is irregul>ity proce$s f "s diff]5ce 9 ! causes4--7,i4 p4 #bcj47 ,9 ! succe$+ p>agraph ! me?od ( concomitant v>iations is =e%ad[$4 ,:5 any object increases or dim9i%es ) ! increase or dim9ution ( ! cause1 'tis to be reg>d$ z a comp\nd$ effect1 d]iv$ f ! union ( ! sev]al diff]5t effects :i* arise f ! sev]al diff]5t p>ts ( ! cause4 ,! abs5ce or pres5ce ( "o "p ( ! cause is "h suppos$ to be always att5d$ ) ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( a proportionable "p ( ! effect4 ,?is con/ant conjunction suffici5tly proves t ! "o "p is ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 bew>e n to draw su* a conclusion f a few exp]im5ts4--7,i4 p4 #bcj47 ,la/ly1 ! foll[+ rule1 ?\gh awkw>dly /at$1 conta9s a sugge/ion ( ! me?od ( residues3-- 444 an object :i* exi/s = any "t 9 its full p]fection )\t any effect1 is n ! sole cause ( t effect1 b requires to be assi/$ by "s o!r pr9ciple1 :i* may =w>d its influ5ce & op]ation4 ,= z l effects necess>ily foll[ f l causes1 & 9 a contigu\s "t & place1 _! sep>ation = a mom5t %[s t ^! causes are n complete ones4--7,i4 p4 #bcj47 ,9 addition to ! b>e notion ( necess>y connexion betwe5 ! cause & its effect1 we und\bt$ly f9d 9 our m9ds ! idea ( some?+ resid5t 9 ! cause :i*1 z we say1 produces ! effect1 & we call ?is some?+ ,=ce1 ,p[]1 or ,en]gy4 ,hume expla9s ,=ce & ,p[] z ! results ( ! association ) inanimate causes ( ! feel+s ( endeav\r or resi/ance :i* we exp]i5ce1 :5 our bodies give rise to1 or resi/1 motion4 ,if ,i ?r[ a ball1 ,i h a s5se ( ef=t :i* ends :5 ! ball leaves my h&2 & if ,i cat* a ball1 ,i h a s5se ( resi/ance :i* comes to an end ) ! quiesc5ce ( ! ball4 ,9 ! =m] case1 !re is a /rong sugge/ion ( some?+ hav+ gone f myself into ! ball2 9 ! latt]1 ( some?+ hav+ be5 receiv$ f ! ball4 ,let any "o hold a piece ( iron ne> a /rong magnet1 & ! feel+ t ! magnet endeav\rs to pull ! iron "o way 9 ! same mann] z he endeav\rs to pull x 9 ! opposite direction1 is v /rong4 ,z ,hume says3-- ,no animal c put ext]nal bodies 9 motion )\t ! s5tim5t ( a nisus1 or endeav\r2 & e animal has a s5tim5t or feel+ f ! /roke or bl[ ( an ext]nal object t is 9 motion4 ,^! s5sations1 :i* are m]ely animal1 & f :i* we c1 a priori1 draw no inf]5ce1 we are apt to transf] to inanimate objects1 & to suppose t !y h "s su* feel+s :5ev] !y transf] or receive motion4--7,,iv4 p4 #ia1 note47 ,x is obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 an absurdity n less gross ?an t ( suppos+ ! s5sation ( w>m? to exi/ 9 a fire1 to imag9e t ! subjective s5sation ( ef=t or resi/ance 9 ourselves c be pres5t 9 ext]nal objects1 :5 !y /& 9 ! relation ( causes to o!r objects4 ,to ! argum5t1 t we h a "r to suppose ! relation ( cause & effect to conta9 some?+ m ?an inv>iable succession1 because1 :5 we ourselves act z causes1 or 9 volition1 we are consci\s ( ex]t+ p[]2 ,hume replies1 t we "k no?+ ( ! feel+ we call p[] except z ef=t or resi/ance2 & t we h n ! slighte/ means ( kn[+ :e!r x has any?+ to d ) ! production ( bodily motion or m5tal *anges4 ,& he po9ts out1 z ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza _h done be=e him1 t :5 volunt>y motion takes place1 t :i* we w is n ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! act ( volition1 b some?+ :i* is sep>at$ f x by a long *a9 ( causes & effects4 ,if ! w is ! cause ( ! movem5t ( a limb1 x c be s only 9 ! s5se t ! gu>d :o gives ! ord] to g on1 is ! cause ( ! transport ( a tra9 f "o /ation to ano!r4 ,we le>n f anatomy1 t ! imm$iate object ( p[] 9 volunt>y motion is n ! memb] itself :i* is mov$1 b c]ta9 muscles & n]ves & animal spirits1 & p]haps some?+ /ill m m9ute & unkn[n1 ?r\gh :i* ! motion is successively propagat$1 ere x rea* ! memb] itself1 ^: motion is ! imm$iate object ( volition4 ,c !re be a m c]ta9 pro( t ! p[] by :i* ! :ole op]ation is p]=m$1 s f> f be+ directly & fully kn[n by an inw>d s5tim5t or consci\sness1 is to ! la/ degree my/]i\s & un9telligible8 ,"h ! m9d wills a c]ta9 ev5t3 ,imm$iately ano!r ev5t1 unkn[n to ourselves1 & totally diff]5t f ! "o int5d$1 is produc$3 ,?is ev5t produces ano!r equally unkn[n3 ,till at la/1 ?r\gh a long succession1 ! desir$ ev5t is produc$4--7,,iv4 p4 #gh47 ,a /ill /rong] argum5t aga9/ ascrib+ an objective exi/5ce to =ce or p[]1 on ! /r5g? ( our suppos$ direct intuition ( p[] 9 volunt>y acts1 may be urg$ f ! unque/ionable fact1 t we d n "k1 & _c "k1 t volition does cause corporeal motion2 :ile !re is a great deal to be said 9 fav\r ( ! view t x is no cause1 b m]ely a concomitant ( t motion4 ,b ! nature ( volition w be m fitly consid]$ h]eaft]4 ,,footnote3 #bf ,hume1 h[ev]1 expressly includes ! records ( our memory among 8 matt]s ( fact4--7,,iv4 p4 #cc47 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,nature3 ,,miracles4 ,if our beliefs ( expectation are bas$ on our beliefs ( memory1 & anticipation is only inv]t$ recollection1 x necess>ily foll[s t e belief ( expectation implies ! belief t ! future w h a c]ta9 resemblance to ! pa/4 ,f ! fir/ h\r ( exp]i5ce1 onw>ds1 ?is belief is con/antly be+ v]ifi$1 until old age is incl9$ to suspect t exp]i5ce has no?+ new to (f]4 ,& :5 ! exp]i5ce ( g5]ation aft] g5]ation is record$1 & a s+le book tells u m ?an ,me?uselah c\ld h le>n$1 _h he sp5t e wak+ h\r ( 8 ?\s& ye>s 9 le>n+2 :5 app>5t disord]s are f\nd to be only ! recurr5t pulses ( a sl[ work+ ord]1 & ! wond] ( a ye> becomes ! commonplace ( a c5tury2 :5 repeat$ & m9ute exam9ation nev] reveals a break 9 ! *a9 ( causes & effects2 & ! :ole edifice ( practical life is built ^u our fai? 9 its cont9uity2 ! belief t t *a9 has nev] be5 brok5 & w nev] be brok51 becomes "o ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ ju/ifiable ( human convictions4 ,& x mu/ be admitt$ to be a reasonable reque/1 if we ask ^? :o w\ld h u put fai? 9 ! actual occurr5ce ( int]ruptions ( t ord]1 to produce evid5ce 9 fav\r ( _! view1 n only equal1 b sup]ior1 9 weight to t :i* leads u to adopt ours4 ,?is is ! ess5tial argum5t ( ,hume's fam\s disquisition ^u miracles2 & x may safely be decl>$ to be irrefragable4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t ,hume has surr\nd$ ! k]nel ( 8 essay ) a %ell ( v d\btful value4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r discussions1 is to come to a cle> und]/&+ z to ! mean+ ( ! t]ms employ$4 ,argum5tation :e!r miracles are possible1 &1 if possible1 cr$ible1 is m]e beat+ ! air until ! argu]s h agre$ :at !y mean by ! ^w miracles4 ,hume1 ) less ?an 8 usual p]spicuity1 b 9 accordance ) a common practice ( believ]s 9 ! miracul\s1 def9es a miracle z a violation ( ! laws ( nature1 or z a transgression ( a law ( nature by a p>ticul> volition ( ! ,deity1 or by ! int]position ( "s invisible ag5t4 ,!re mu/1 he says1-- be an uni=m exp]i5ce aga9/ e miracul\s ev5t1 o!rwise ! ev5t w\ld n m]it t appellation4 ,& z an uni=m exp]i5ce am\nts to a pro(1 !re is "h a direct & full pro(1 f ! nature ( ! fact1 aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( any miracle2 nor c su* a pro( be de/roy$ or ! miracle r5d]$ cr$ible b by an opposite pro( :i* is sup]ior4--7,,iv4 p4 #acd47 ,e "o ( ^! dicta appe>s to be op5 to s]i\s objection4 ,! ^w miracle--miraculum1--9 its primitive & legitimate s5se1 simply means some?+ wond]ful4 ,cic]o applies x z readily to ! fancies ( philosoph]s1 ,port5ta et miracula philosophorum somniantium1 z we d to ! prodigies ( prie/s4 ,& ! s\rce ( ! wond] :i* a miracle excites is ! belief1 on ! "p ( ^? :o witness x1 t x transc5ds or contradicts ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,! def9ition ( a miracle z a violation ( ! laws ( nature is1 9 reality1 an employm5t ( language :i*1 on ! face ( ! matt]1 _c be ju/ifi$4 ,= nature means nei!r m nor less ?an t :i* is2 ! sum ( ph5om5a pres5t$ to our exp]i5ce2 ! totality ( ev5ts pa/1 pres5t1 & to come4 ,e ev5t mu/ be tak5 to be a "p ( nature1 until pro( to ! contr>y is suppli$4 ,& su* pro( is1 f ! nature ( ! case1 impossible4 ,hume asks3-- ,:y is x m ?an probable t all m5 mu/ die3 t lead _c ( itself rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! air3 t fire consumes wood & is ext+ui%$ by wat]2 unless x be t ^! ev5ts are f\nd agreeable to ! laws ( nature1 & !re is requir$ a violation ( ^? laws1 or 9 o!r words1 a miracle1 to prev5t !m8--7,,iv4 p4 #acc47 ,b ! reply is obvi\s2 n "o ( ^! ev5ts is m ?an probable2 ?\gh ! probability may rea* su* a v high degree t1 9 ord9>y language1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! opposite ev5ts are impossible4 ,call+ our (t5 v]ifi$ exp]i5ce a law ( nature adds no?+ to its value1 nor 9 ! slighte/ degree increases any probability t x w be v]ifi$ aga91 :i* may arise out ( ! fact ( its frequ5t v]ification4 ,if a piece ( lead 7 to rema9 susp5d$ ( itself1 9 ! air1 ! occurr5ce w\ld be a miracle1 9 ! s5se ( a wond]ful ev5t1 inde$2 b no "o tra9$ 9 ! me?ods ( sci5ce w\ld imag9e t any law ( nature 0 really violat$ !reby4 ,he w\ld simply set to "w to inve/igate ! conditions "u :i* s highly unexpect$ an occurr5ce took place1 & !reby enl>ge 8 exp]i5ce & modify 8 hi!rto unduly n>r[ conception ( ! laws ( nature4 ,! alt]native def9ition1 t a miracle is a transgression ( a law ( nature by a p>ticul> volition ( ! ,deity1 or by ! int]position ( "s invisible ag5t1 7,,iv4 p4 #acd1 note7 is /ill less def5sible4 ,= a va/ numb] ( miracles h pr(ess$ly be5 work$1 nei!r by ! ,deity1 nor by any invisible ag5t2 b by ,beelzebub & 8 compe]s1 or by v visible m54 ,moreov]1 n to repeat :at has be5 said respect+ ! absurdity ( suppos+ t some?+ :i* occurs is a transgression ( laws1 our only k ( :i* is d]iv$ f ! obs]vation ( t :i* occurs2 ^u :at sort ( evid5ce c we be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t a giv5 ev5t is ! effect ( a p>ticul> volition ( ! ,deity1 or ( ! int]position ( "s invisible 7t is unp]ceivable7 ag5t8 ,x may be s1 b h[ is ! ass]tion1 t x is s1 to be te/$8 ,if x be said t ! ev5t exce$s ! p[] ( natural causes1 :at c ju/ify su* a say+8 ,! day-fly has bett] gr\nds = call+ a ?und]/orm sup]natural1 ?an has man1 ) 8 exp]i5ce ( an inf9itesimal fraction ( duration1 to say t ! mo/ a/oni%+ ev5t t c be imag9$ is beyond ! scope ( natural causes4 ,:atev] is intelligible & c be di/9ctly conceiv$1 implies no contradiction1 & c nev] be prov$ false by any demon/ration1 argum5t1 or ab/ract reason+ a priori4--7,,iv4 p4 #dd47 ,s wrote ,hume1 ) p]fect ju/ice1 9 8 ,sceptical ,d\bts4 ,b a miracle1 9 ! s5se ( a sudd5 & complete *ange 9 ! cu/om>y ord] ( nature1 is intelligible1 c be di/9ctly conceiv$1 implies no contradiction2 &1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,hume's own %[+1 _c be prov$ false by any demon/rative argum5t4 ,nev]!less1 9 diametrical contradiction to 8 own pr9ciples1 ,hume says else:]e3-- ,x is a miracle t a dead man %\ld come to life3 because t has nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 any age or c\ntry4--7,,iv4 p4 #acd47 ,t is to say1 !re is an uni=m exp]i5ce aga9/ su* an ev5t1 & !re=e1 if x occurs1 x is a violation ( ! laws ( nature4 ,or1 to put ! argum5t 9 its nak$ absurdity1 t :i* nev] has happ5$ nev] c happ51 )\t a violation ( ! laws ( nature4 ,9 tru?1 if a dead man did come to life1 ! fact w\ld be evid5ce1 n t any law ( nature _h be5 violat$1 b t ^? laws1 ev5 :5 !y express ! results ( a v long & uni=m exp]i5ce1 are necess>ily bas$ on incomplete k1 & are to be held only z gr\nds ( m or less ju/ifiable expectation4 ,to sum up1 ! def9ition ( a miracle z a susp5sion or a contrav5tion ( ! ord] ( ,nature is self-contradictory1 because all we "k ( ! ord] ( nature is d]iv$ f our obs]vation ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts ( :i* ! s-call$ miracle is a "p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no ev5t is too extraord9>y to be impossible2 &1 !re=e1 if by ! t]m miracles we mean only extremely wond]ful ev5ts1 !re c be no j gr\nd = d5y+ ! possibility ( _! occurr5ce4 ,b :5 we turn f ! "q ( ! possibility ( miracles1 h[ev] !y may be def9$1 9 ! ab/ract1 to t respect+ ! gr\nds ^u :i* we are ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ any p>ticul> miracle1 ,hume's argum5ts h a v diff]5t value1 = !y resolve !mselves into a simple /atem5t ( ! dictates ( common s5se--:i* may be express$ 9 ?is canon3 ! m a /atem5t ( fact conflicts ) previ\s exp]i5ce1 ! m complete mu/ be ! evid5ce :i* is to ju/ify u 9 believ+ x4 ,x is ^u ?is pr9ciple t e "o c>ries on ! bus9ess ( common life4 ,if a man tells me he saw a piebald horse 9 ,piccadilly1 ,i believe him )\t hesitation4 ,! ?+ itself is likely en\gh1 & !re is no imag9able motive = 8 deceiv+ me4 ,b if ! same p]son tells me he obs]v$ a zebra !re1 ,i might hesitate a little ab\t accept+ 8 te/imony1 unless ,i 7 well satisfi$1 n only z to 8 previ\s acqua9tance ) zebras1 b z to 8 p[]s & opportunities ( obs]vation 9 ! pres5t case4 ,if1 h[ev]1 my in=mant assur$ me t he beheld a c5taur trott+ d[n t fam\s ?or\ghf>e1 ,i %\ld emphatically decl9e to cr$it 8 /atem5t2 & ?is ev5 if he 7 ! mo/ sa9tly ( m5 & ready to suff] m>tyrdom 9 support ( 8 belief4 ,9 su* a case1 ,i c\ld1 ( c\rse1 ent]ta9 no d\bt ( ! good fai? ( ! witness2 x w\ld be only 8 compet5cy1 :i* un=tunately has v little to d ) good fai? or int5sity ( conviction1 :i* ,i %\ld presume to call 9 "q4 ,inde$1 ,i h>dly "k :at te/imony w\ld satisfy me ( ! exi/5ce ( a live c5taur4 ,to put an extreme case1 suppose ! late ,johannes ,mll]1 ( ,b]l91 ! greate/ anatomi/ & physiologi/ among my contempor>ies1 _h b>ely affirm$ he _h se5 a live c5taur1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly h be5 /agg]$ by ! weight ( an ass]tion com+ f su* an au?ority4 ,b ,i c\ld h got no fur!r ?an a susp5sion ( judgm5t4 ,=1 on ! :ole1 x w\ld h be5 m probable t ev5 he _h fall5 into "s error ( int]pretation ( ! facts :i* came "u 8 obs]vation1 ?an t su* an animal z a c5taur really exi/$4 ,& no?+ %ort ( a c>eful monograph1 by a highly compet5t inve/igator1 accompani$ by figures & measurem5ts ( all ! mo/ important p>ts ( a c5taur1 put =? "u circum/ances :i* c\ld leave no d\bt t falsification or mis9t]pretation w\ld meet ) imm$iate exposure1 c\ld possibly enable a man ( sci5ce to feel t he act$ consci5ti\sly1 9 express+ 8 belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a c5taur on ! evid5ce ( te/imony4 ,?is hesitation ab\t admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( su* an animal z a c5taur1 be x obs]v$1 does n des]ve reproa*1 z scepticism1 b mod]ate praise1 z m]e sci5tific good fai?4 ,x ne$ n imply1 & x does n1 s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 any a priori hypo!sis t a c5taur is an impossible animal2 or1 t 8 exi/5ce1 if he did exi/1 w\ld violate ! laws ( nature4 ,indubitably1 ! organisation ( a c5taur pres5ts a v>iety ( practical difficulties to an anatomi/ & physiologi/2 & a good _m ( ^? g5]alisations ( our pres5t exp]i5ce1 :i* we are pleas$ to call laws ( nature1 w\ld be upset by ! appe>ance ( su* an animal1 s t we %\ld h to frame new laws to cov] our ext5d$ exp]i5ce4 ,e wise man w admit t ! possibilities ( nature are inf9ite1 & include c5taurs2 b he w n ! less feel x 8 duty to hold fa/1 = ! pres5t1 by ! dictum ( ,lucretius1 ,nam c]te ex vivo ,c5tauri non fit imago1 & to ca/ ! entire bur!n ( pro(1 t c5taurs exi/1 on ! %\ld]s ( ^? :o ask him to believe ! /atem5t4 ,judg$ by ! canons ei!r ( common s5se1 or ( sci5ce1 :i* are inde$ "o & ! same1 all miracles are c5taurs1 or !y w\ld n be miracles2 & m5 ( s5se & sci5ce w deal ) !m on ! same pr9ciples4 ,no "o :o wi%es to keep well )9 ! limits ( t :i* he has a "r to ass]t w affirm t x is impossible t ! sun & moon %\ld ev] h be5 made to appe> to /& /ill 9 ! valley ( ,ajalon2 or t ! walls ( a city %\ld h fall5 d[n at a trumpet bla/2 or t wat] 0 turn$ into w9e2 because su* ev5ts are contr>y to uni=m exp]i5ce & violate laws ( nature4 ,= aught he c prove to ! contr>y1 su* ev5ts may appe> 9 ! ord] ( nature to-morr[4 ,b common s5se & common hone/y alike oblige him to dem& f ^? :o w\ld h him believe 9 ! actual occurr5ce ( su* ev5ts1 evid5ce ( a cog5cy proportionate to _! dep>ture f probability2 evid5ce at lea/ z /rong z t1 :i* ! man :o says he has se5 a c5taur is b\nd to produce1 unless he is cont5t to be ?\ght ei!r m ?an cr$ul\s or less ?an hone/4 ,b are !re any miracles on record1 ! evid5ce = :i* fulfils ! pla9 & simple requirem5ts alike ( elem5t>y logic & ( elem5t>y morality8 ,hume answ]s ?is "q )\t ! smalle/ hesitation1 & ) all ! au?ority ( a hi/orical speciali/3-- ,!re is n to be f\nd1 9 all hi/ory1 any miracle atte/$ by a suffici5t numb] ( m51 ( su* unque/ion$ goodness1 education1 & le>n+1 z to secure u aga9/ all delusion 9 !mselves2 ( su* und\bt$ integrity1 z to place !m beyond all suspicion ( any design to deceive o!rs2 ( su* cr$it & reputation 9 ! eyes ( mank9d1 z to h a great deal to lose 9 case ( _! be+ detect$ 9 any falsehood2 & at ! same "t atte/+ facts1 p]=m$ 9 su* a public mann]1 & 9 s celebrat$ a "p ( ! _w1 z to r5d] ! detection unavoidable3 ,all :i* circum/ances are requisite to give u a full assurance ( ! te/imony ( m54--7,,iv4 p4 #ace47 ,^! are grave ass]tions1 b !y are lea/ likely to be *all5g$ by ^? :o h made x _! bus9ess to weigh evid5ce & to give _! decision "u a due s5se ( ! moral responsibility :i* !y incur 9 s do+4 ,x is probable t few p]sons :o proclaim _! belief 9 miracles h consid]$ :at w\ld be necess>y to ju/ify t belief 9 ! case ( a pr(ess$ mod]n miracle-work]4 ,suppose1 = example1 x is affirm$ t ,a4,b4 di$ & t ,c4,d4 br\ght him to life aga94 ,let x be grant$ t ,a4,b4 & ,c4,d4 are p]sons ( unimpea*able hon\r & v]acity2 t ,c4,d4 is ! next heir to ,a4,b4's e/ate1 & !re=e _h a /rong motive = n br++ him to life aga92 & t all ,a4,b4's relations1 respectable p]sons :o bore him a /rong affection1 or _h o!rwise an int]e/ 9 8 be+ alive1 decl>$ t !y saw him die4 ,fur!rmore1 let ,a4,b4 be se5 aft] 8 recov]y by all 8 fri5ds & neighb\rs1 & let 8 & _! depositions1 t he is n[ alive1 be tak5 d[n be=e a magi/rate ( kn[n integrity & acut5ess3 w\ld all ?is con/itute ev5 presumptive evid5ce t ,c4,d4 _h work$ a miracle8 ,unque/ionably n4 ,= ! mo/ important l9k 9 ! :ole *a9 ( evid5ce is want+1 & t is ! pro( t ,a4,b4 0 really dead4 ,! evid5ce ( ord9>y obs]v]s on su* a po9t z ?is is absolutely wor?less4 ,&1 ev5 m$ical evid5ce1 unless ! physician is a p]son ( unusual k & skill1 may h little m value4 ,unless c>eful !rmometric obs]vation proves t ! temp]ature has sunk bel[ a c]ta9 po9t2 unless ! cadav]ic /iff5+ ( ! muscles has become well e/abli%$2 all ! ord9>y signs ( dea? may be fallaci\s1 & ! int]v5tion ( ,c4,d4 may h _h no m to d ) ,a4,b4's re/oration to life ?an any o!r =tuit\sly co9cid5t ev5t4 ,x may be said t su* a co9cid5ce w\ld be m wond]ful ?an ! miracle itself4 ,nev]!less hi/ory acqua9ts u ) co9cid5ces z m>vell\s4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,febru>y1 #ahdb1 ,sir ,rob]t ,sale held ,jellalabad ) a small ,engli% =ce &1 daily expect+ attack f an ov]:elm+ =ce ( ,afghans1 _h sp5t ?ree mon?s 9 incessantly lab\r+ to improve ! =tifications ( ! t[n4 ,akb> ,khan _h approa*$ )9 a few miles1 & an onslaught ( 8 army 0 suppos$ to be imm95t4 ,t morn+ an e>?quake-- ne>ly de/roy$ ! t[n1 ?rew d[n ! great] "p ( ! p>apets1 ! c5tral gate ) ! adjo9+ ba/ions1 & a "p ( ! new ba/ion :i* flank$ x4 ,?ree o!r ba/ions 7 also ne>ly de/roy$1 :il/ sev]al l>ge brea*es 7 made 9 ! curta9s1 & ! ,pe%awur side1 eighty feet long1 0 q practicable1 ! dit* be+ fill$1 & ! desc5t easy4 ,?us 9 "o mom5t ! lab\rs ( ?ree mon?s 7 9 a great measure de/roy$4#bg ,if ,akb> ,khan _h happ5$ to give ord]s = an assault 9 ! e>ly morn+ ( ! #ai? ( ,febru>y1 :at good foll[] ( ! ,prophet c\ld h d\bt$ t ,allah _h l5t 8 aid8 ,z x *anc$1 h[ev]1 ,mahometan fai? 9 ! miracul\s took ano!r turn2 = ! en]getic def5d]s ( ! po/ _h repair$ ! damage by ! end ( ! mon?2 & ! enemy1 f9d+ no signs ( ! e>?quake :5 !y inve/$ ! place1 ascrib$ ! suppos$ immunity ( ,jellalabad to ,engli% wit*craft4 ,b ! conditions ( belief d n v>y ) "t or place2 &1 if x is und5iable t evid5ce ( s complete & weighty a "* is ne$$1 at ! pres5t "t1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! occurr5ce ( su* a wond] z t suppos$1 x has always be5 ne$ful4 ,^? :o /udy ! extant records ( miracles ) due att5tion w judge = !mselves h[ f> x has ev] be5 suppli$4 ,,footnote3 #bg ,report ( ,capta9 ,broadfoot1 g>rison eng9e]1 quot$ 9 ,kaye's ,afghani/an4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,!ism2 ,,evolution ,,( ,,!ology4 ,hume seems to h _h b two he>ty dislikes3 ! "o to ! ,engli% nation1 & ! o!r to all ! pr(essors ( dogmatic !ology4 ,! "o av]sion he v5t$ only privately to 8 fri5ds2 b1 if he is ev] bitt] 9 8 public utt]ances1 x is aga9/ prie/s#bh 9 g5]al & !ological en?usia/s & fanatics 9 p>ticul>2 if he ev] seems ins9c]e1 x is :5 he wi%es to insult !ologians by a p>ade ( s>ca/ic respect4 ,"o ne$ g no fur!r ?an ! p]oration ( ! ,essay on ,miracles = a *>act]i/ic illu/ration4 ,i am ! bett] pleas$ ) ! me?od ( reason+ "h deliv]$1 z ,i ?9k x may s]ve to conf\nd ^? dang]\s fri5ds & disguis$ enemies to ! ,*ri/ian religion :o h und]tak5 to def5d x by ! pr9ciples ( human reason4 ,our mo/ holy religion is f\nd$ on ,fai?1 n on reason1 & x is a sure me?od ( expos+ x to put x to su* a trial z x is by no means fitt$ to endure4 444 ! ,*ri/ian religion n only 0 at fir/ att5d$ ) miracles1 b ev5 at ?is day _c be believ$ by any reasonable p]son )\t "o4 ,m]e reason is insuffici5t to conv9ce u ( its v]acity3 ,& :oev] is mov$ by ,fai? to ass5t to x1 is consci\s ( a cont9ual miracle 9 8 own p]son1 :i* subv]ts all ! pr9ciples ( 8 und]/&+1 & gives him a det]m9ation to believe :at is mo/ contr>y to cu/om & exp]i5ce4--7,,iv4 pp4 #aec1 #aed47 ,x is obvi\s t1 "h & else:]e1 ,hume1 adopt+ a popul> confusion ( ideas1 uses religion z ! equival5t ( dogmatic !ology2 &1 !re=e1 he says1 ) p]fect ju/ice1 t religion is no?+ b a species ( philosophy 7iv4 p4 #aga74 ,"h no d\bt lies ! root ( 8 antagonism4 ,! qu>rels ( !ologians & philosoph]s h n be5 ab\t religion1 b ab\t philosophy2 & philosoph]s n unfrequ5tly seem to ent]ta9 ! same feel+ t[>ds !ologians t sportsm5 *]i% t[>ds poa*]s4 ,!re _c be two passions m ne>ly resembl+ ea* o!r ?an hunt+ & philosophy1 says ,hume4 ,& philosophic hunt]s are giv5 to ?9k1 t1 :ile !y pursue tru? = its own sake1 out ( pure love = ! *ase 7p]haps m+l$ ) a little human weakness to be ?\ght good %ots71 & by op5 & legitimate me?ods2 _! !ological competitors too (t5 c>e m]ely to supply ! m>ket ( e/abli%m5ts2 & disda9 nei!r ! aid ( ! sn>es ( sup]/ition1 nor ! cov] ( ! d>kness ( ignorance4 ,unless "s f\ndation 0 giv5 = ?is impression by ! !ological writ]s ^: works _h fall5 9 ,hume's way1 x is difficult to acc\nt = ! dep? ( feel+ :i* s good natur$ a man manife/s on ! subject4 ,?us he writes 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 ) q unusual ac]bity3-- ,! *ief objection to x ! anci5t hea!n my?ology ) reg>d to ?is planet is1 t x is n asc]ta9$ by any j reason or au?ority4 ,! anci5t tradition insi/$ on by hea!n prie/s & !olog]s is b a weak f\ndation3 & transmitt$ also su* a numb] ( contradictory reports1 support$ all ( !m by equal au?ority1 t x became absolutely impossible to fix a pref]5ce among !m4 ,a few volumes1 !re=e1 mu/ conta9 all ! polemical writ+s ( pagan prie/s3 ,& _! :ole !ology mu/ consi/ m ( traditional /ories & sup]/iti\s practices ?an ( philosophical argum5t & controv]sy4 ,b :]e !ism =ms ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( any popul> religion1 t t5et is s con=mable to s\nd reason1 t philosophy is apt to incorporate itself ) su* a sy/em ( !ology4 ,& if ! o!r dogmas ( t sy/em be conta9$ 9 a sacr$ book1 su* z ! ,alcoran1 or be det]m9$ by any visible au?ority1 l t ( ! ,roman pontiff1 speculative reason]s naturally c>ry on _! ass5t1 & embrace a !ory1 :i* has be5 in/ill$ into !m by _! e>lie/ education1 & :i* also possesses "s degree ( consi/5ce & uni=mity4 ,b z ^! appe>ances are sure1 all ( !m1 to prove deceitful1 philosophy w v soon f9d h]self v unequally yok$ ) h] new associate2 & in/ead ( regulat+ ea* pr9ciple1 z !y advance toge!r1 %e is at e turn p]v]t$ to s]ve ! purposes ( sup]/ition4 ,= besides ! unavoidable incoh]5ces1 :i* mu/ be reconcil$ & adju/$1 "o may safely affirm1 t all popul> !ology1 especially ! s*ola/ic1 has a k9d ( appetite = absurdity & contradiction4 ,if t !ology w5t n beyond reason & common s5se1 h] doctr9es w\ld appe> too easy & famili>4 ,amazem5t mu/ ( necessity be rais$3 ,my/]y affect$3 ,d>kness & obscurity s\ght aft]3 ,& a f\ndation ( m]it af=d$ to ! dev\t vot>ies1 :o desire an opportunity ( subdu+ _! rebelli\s reason by ! belief ( ! mo/ un9telligible sophisms4 ,ecclesia/ical hi/ory suffici5tly confirms ^! reflections4 ,:5 a controv]sy is />t$1 "s p always pret5d ) c]ta9ty to =etell ! issue4 ,:i*ev] op9ion1 say !y1 is mo/ contr>y to pla9 reason is sure to prevail2 ev5 :5 ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! sy/em requires n t decision4 ,?\gh ! reproa* ( h]esy may1 = "s "t1 be b&i$ ab\t among ! disputants1 x always re/s at la/ on ! side ( reason4 ,any "o1 x is pret5d$1 t has b le>n+ en\gh ( ?is k9d to "k ! def9ition ( ,arian1 ,pelagian1 ,era/ian1 ,soc9ian1 ,sabellian1 ,euty*ian1 ,ne/orian1 ,mono!lite1 c41 n to m5tion ,prote/ant1 ^: fate is yet unc]ta91 w be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ?is obs]vation4 ,x is ?us a sy/em becomes absurd 9 ! end1 m]ely f its be+ reasonable & philosophical 9 ! beg9n+4 ,to oppose ! torr5t ( s*ola/ic religion by su* feeble maxims z ^!1 t x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be1 t ! :ole is great] ?an a "p1 t two & ?ree make five1 is pret5d+ to /op ! ocean ) a bulru%4 ,w y set up pr(ane reason aga9/ sacr$ my/]y8 ,no puni%m5t is great en\gh = y\r impiety4 ,& ! same fires :i* 7 k9dl$ = h]etics w s]ve also = ! de/ruction ( philosoph]s4--7,,iv4 pp4 #dha-c47 ,hold+ ^! op9ions respect+ ! recognis$ sy/ems ( !ology & _! pr(essors1 ,hume1 nev]!less1 seems to h _h a !ology ( 8 own2 t is to say1 he seems to h ?\ght 7?\gh1 z w appe>1 x is ne$ful = an expositor ( 8 op9ions to speak v gu>d$ly on ?is po9t7 t ! problem ( !ism is susceptible ( sci5tific treatm5t1 ) some?+ m ?an a negative result4 ,8 op9ions are to be ga!r$ f ! elev5? section ( ! ,inquiry 7#agdh72 f ! ,dialogues conc]n+ ,natural ,religion1 :i* 7 writt5 at lea/ z e>ly z #agea1 ?\gh n publi%$ till aft] 8 dea?2 & f ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 publi%$ 9 #ageg4 ,9 ! fir/ two pieces1 ! read] is left to judge = himself :i* int]locutor 9 ! dialogue repres5ts ! ?\ghts ( ! au?or2 b1 = ! views put =w>d 9 ! la/1 ,hume accepts ! responsibility4 ,un=tunately1 ?is essay deals almo/ :olly ) ! hi/orical developm5t ( !ological ideas2 &1 on ! "q ( ! philosophical f\ndation ( !ology1 does little m ?an express ! writ]'s cont5tm5t ) ! argum5t f design4 ,! :ole frame ( nature bespeaks an ,intellig5t ,au?or2 & no rational inquir] c1 aft] s]i\s reflection1 susp5d 8 belief a mom5t ) reg>d to ! prim>y pr9ciples ( g5u9e ,!ism & ,religion4--7,,iv4 p4 #dce47 ,7 m5 l$ into ! appreh5sion ( invisible1 intellig5t p[]1 by a contemplation ( ! works ( nature1 !y c\ld nev] possibly ent]ta9 any conception b ( "o s+le be+1 :o be/[$ exi/5ce & ord] on ?is va/ ma*9e1 & adju/$ all its p>ts accord+ to "o regul> plan or connect$ sy/em4 ,= ?\gh1 to p]sons ( a c]ta9 turn ( m9d1 x may n appe> altoge!r absurd1 t sev]al indep5d5t be+s1 end[$ ) sup]ior wisdom1 might conspire 9 ! contrivance & execution ( "o regul> plan1 yet is ?is a m]ely arbitr>y supposition1 :i*1 ev5 if all[$ possible1 mu/ be confess$ nei!r to be support$ by probability nor necessity4 ,all ?+s 9 ! univ]se are evid5tly ( a piece4 ,ev]y?+ is adju/$ to ev]y?+4 ,"o design prevails ?r\gh\t ! :ole4 ,& ?is uni=mity leads ! m9d to ackn[l$ge "o au?or2 because ! conception ( diff]5t au?ors1 )\t any di/9ction ( attributes or op]ations1 s]ves only to give p]plexity to ! imag9ation1 )\t be/[+ any satisfaction on ! und]/&+4--7,,iv4 p4 #ddb47 ,?us ,hume appe>s to h s9c]ely accept$ ! two fundam5tal conclusions ( ! argum5t f design2 fir/ly1 t a ,deity exi/s2 &1 secondly1 t ,he possesses attributes m or less alli$ to ^? ( human intellig5ce4 ,b1 at ?is embryonic /age ( !ology1 ,hume's progress is arre/$2 &1 aft] a survey ( ! developm5t ( dogma1 8 g5]al coroll>y is1 t-- ,! :ole is a riddle1 an enigma1 an inexplicable my/]y4 ,d\bt1 unc]ta9ty1 susp5se ( judgm5t1 appe> ! only result ( our mo/ accurate scrut9y conc]n+ ?is subject4 ,b su* is ! frailty ( human reason1 & su* ! irresi/ible contagion ( op9ion1 t ev5 ?is delib]ate d\bt c\ld sc>cely be upheld2 did we n enl>ge our view1 & oppos+ "o species ( sup]/ition to ano!r1 set !m a qu>rell+2 :ile we ourselves1 dur+ _! fury & cont5tion1 happily make our escape into ! calm1 ?\gh obscure1 regions ( philosophy4--7,,iv4 p4 #eac47 ,?us x may be fairly presum$ t ,hume expresses 8 own s5tim5ts 9 ! words ( ! spee* ) :i* ,philo concludes ! ,dialogues4 ,if ! :ole ( natural !ology1 z "s p seem to ma9ta91 resolves itself into "o simple1 ?\gh some:at ambigu\s1 at lea/ undef9$ proposition1 ,t ! cause or causes ( ord] 9 ! univ]se probably be> "s remote analogy to human intellig5ce3 ,if ?is proposition be n capable ( ext5sion1 v>iation1 or m p>ticul> explication3 ,if x af=ds no inf]5ce t affects human life or c be ! s\rce ( any action or =be>ance3 ,& if ! analogy1 imp]fect z x is1 c be c>ri$ no fur!r ?an to ! human intellig5ce1 & _c be transf]r$1 ) any appe>ance ( probability1 to ! o!r qualities ( ! m9d2 if ?is really be ! case1 :at c ! mo/ inquisitive1 contemplative1 & religi\s man d m ?an give a pla91 philosophical ass5t to ! proposition1 z (t5 z x occurs1 & believe t ! argum5ts on :i* x is e/abli%$ exce$ ! objections :i* lie aga9/ x8 ,"s a/oni%m5t inde$ w naturally arise f ! greatness ( ! object2 "s melan*oly f its obscurity2 "s contempt ( human reason1 t x c give no solution m satisfactory ) reg>d to s extraord9>y & magnific5t a "q4 ,b believe me1 ,clean!s1 ! mo/ natural s5tim5t :i* a well-dispos$ m9d w feel on ?is occasion1 is a long+ desire & expectation t ,heav5 w\ld be pleas$ to dissipate1 at lea/ alleviate1 ?is pr(\nd ignorance1 by af=d+ "s m p>ticul> revelation to mank9d1 & mak+ discov]ies ( ! nature1 attributes1 & op]ations ( ! ,div9e object ( our fai?4#bi--7;,,ii4 pp4 #edg-h47 ,su* be+ ! sum total ( ,hume's conclusions1 x _c be said t 8 !ological burd5 is a heavy "o4 ,b1 if we turn f ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 to ! ,treatise1 ! ,inquiry1 & ! ,dialogues1 ! /ory ( :at happ5$ to ! ass lad5 ) salt1 :o took to ! wat]1 irresi/ibly sugge/s itself4 ,hume's !ism1 su* z x is1 dissolves away 9 ! dialectic riv]1 until no?+ is left b ! v]bal sack 9 :i* x 0 conta9$4 ,( ! two !i/ic propositions to :i* ,hume is committ$1 ! fir/ is ! affirmation ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 support$ by ! argum5t f ! nature ( causation4 ,9 ! ,dialogues1 ,philo1 :ile pu%+ scepticism to its utmo/ limit1 is nev]!less made to say t-- 444 :]e reasonable m5 treat ^! subjects1 ! "q c nev] be conc]n+ ! ,be+1 b only ! ,nature1 ( ! ,deity4 ,! =m] tru?1 z y w obs]ve1 is unque/ionable & self-evid5t4 ,no?+ exi/s )\t a cause1 & ! orig9al cause ( ?is univ]se 7:atev] x be7 we call ,god1 & pi\sly ascribe to him e species ( p]fection4--7,,ii4 p4 #dci47 ,! expositor ( ,hume1 :o wi%es to d 8 "w ?or\ghly1 z f> z x goes1 _c b fall into p]plexity#cj :5 he contra/s ?is language ) t ( ! sections ( ! ?ird "p ( ! ,treatise1 entitl$1 ,:y a ,cause is ,always ,necess>y1 & ,( ! ,idea ( ,necess>y ,connexion4 ,x is !re %[n1 at l>ge1 t e demon/ration :i* has be5 produc$ = ! necessity ( a cause is fallaci\s & sophi/ical 7,i4 p4 #aaa72 x is affirm$1 t !re is no absolute nor metaphysical necessity t e beg9n+ ( exi/5ce %\ld be att5d$ ) su* an object z a cause 7,i4 p4 #bbg72 & x is r\ndly ass]t$1 t x is easy = u to conceive any object to be non-exi/5t ?is mom5t & exi/5t ! next1 )\t conjo9+ to x ! di/9ct idea ( a cause or productive pr9ciple 7,i4 p4 #aaa74 ,s f> f ! axiom1 t :atev] beg9s to exi/ mu/ h a cause ( exi/5ce1 be+ self-evid5t1 z ,philo calls x1 ,hume sp5ds ! greate/ c>e 9 %[+ t x is no?+ b ! product ( cu/om1 or exp]i5ce4 ,& ! d\bt ?us =c$ ^u "o1 :e!r ,philo ought to be tak5 z ev51 s f>1 ,hume's m\?-piece1 is increas$ :5 we reflect t we are deal+ ) an acute reason]2 & t !re is no difficulty 9 draw+ ! d$uction f ,hume's own def9ition ( a cause1 t ! v phrase1 a fir/ cause1 involves a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,he lays d[n t1-- ',tis an e/abli%$ axiom bo? 9 natural & moral philosophy1 t an object1 :i* exi/s = any "t 9 its full p]fection )\t produc+ ano!r1 is n its sole cause2 b is assi/$ by "s o!r pr9ciple :i* pu%es x f its /ate ( inactivity1 & makes x ex]t t en]gy1 ( :i* x 0 secretly possess$4--7,i4 p4 #ajf47 ,n[ ! fir/ cause is assum$ to h exi/$ f all et]nity1 up to ! mom5t at :i* ! univ]se came into exi/5ce4 ,h5ce x _c be ! sole cause ( ! univ]se2 9 fact1 x 0 no cause at all until x 0 assi/$ by "s o!r pr9ciple2 consequ5tly ! s-call$ fir/ cause1 s f> z x produces ! univ]se1 is 9 reality an effect ( t o!r pr9ciple4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh1 9 ! p]son ( ,philo1 ,hume assumes ! axiom t :atev] beg9s to exi/ mu/ h a cause1 :i* he d5ies 9 ! ,treatise1 he mu/ h se51 = a *ild may see1 t ! assumption is ( no real s]vice4 ,suppose ,y to be ! imag9$ fir/ cause & ,z to be its effect4 ,let ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 9 _! ord]1 repres5t successive mom5ts ( "t1 & let g repres5t ! p>ticul> mom5t at :i* ! effect ,z makes its appe>ance4 ,x foll[s t ! cause ,y c\ld n h exi/$ 9 its full p]fection dur+ ! "t a--e1 = if x _h1 !n ! effect ,z w\ld h come into exi/5ce dur+ t "t1 :i*1 by ! hypo!sis1 x did n d4 ,! cause ,y1 !re=e1 mu/ h come into exi/5ce at f1 & if ev]y?+ t comes into exi/5ce has a cause1 ,y mu/ h _h a cause ,x op]at+ at e2 ,x1 a cause ,w op]at+ at d2 &1 s on1 ad inf9itum4#ca ,if ! only demon/rative argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity1 :i* ,hume advances1 ?us1 lit]ally1 goes to wat] 9 ! solv5t ( 8 philosophy1 ! reason+ f ! evid5ce ( design does n f>e mu* bett]4 ,if ,hume really knew ( any valid reply to ,philo's argum5ts 9 ! foll[+ passages ( ! ,dialogues1 he has dealt unfairly by ! lead] 9 conceal+ x3-- ,b because ,i "k y are n mu* sway$ by names & au?orities1 ,i %all endeav\r to %[ y1 a little m di/9ctly1 ! inconv5i5ces ( t ,an?ropomorphism1 :i* y h embrac$2 & %all prove1 t !re is no gr\nd to suppose a plan ( ! _w to be =m$ 9 ! ,div9e m9d1 consi/+ ( di/9ct ideas1 diff]5tly arrang$1 9 ! same mann] z an ar*itect =ms 9 8 head ! plan ( a h\se :i* he int5ds to execute4 ,x is n easy1 ,i own1 to see :at is ga9$ by ?is supposition1 :e!r we judge ! matt] by ,reason or by ,exp]i5ce4 ,we are /ill oblig$ to m\nt high]1 9 ord] to f9d ! cause ( ?is cause1 :i* y _h assign$ z satisfactory & conclusive4 ,if ,reason 7,i mean ab/ract reason1 d]iv$ f inquiries a priori7 be n alike mute ) reg>d to all que/ions conc]n+ cause & effect1 ?is s5t5ce at lea/ x w v5ture to pron\nce3 ,t a m5tal _w1 or univ]se ( ideas1 requires a cause z mu* z does a mat]ial _w1 or univ]se ( objects2 &1 if simil> 9 its arrangem5t1 mu/ require a simil> cause4 ,= :at is !re 9 ?is subject1 :i* %\ld occasion a diff]5t conclusion or inf]5ce8 ,9 an ab/ract view1 !y are entirely alike2 & no difficulty att5ds ! "o supposition1 :i* is n common to bo? ( !m4 ,aga91 :5 we w ne$s =ce ,exp]i5ce to pron\nce "s s5t5ce1 ev5 on ^? subjects :i* lie beyond h] sph]e1 nei!r c %e p]ceive any mat]ial diff]5ce 9 ?is p>ticul>1 betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( worlds2 b f9ds !m to be gov]n$ by simil> pr9ciples1 & to dep5d ^u an equal v>iety ( causes 9 _! op]ations4 ,we h specim5s 9 m9iature ( bo? ( !m4 ,our own m9d resembles ! "o2 a vegetable or animal body ! o!r4 ,let exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 judge f ^! samples4 ,no?+ seems m delicate1 ) reg>d to its causes1 ?an ?\ght3 & z ^! causes nev] op]ate 9 two p]sons aft] ! same mann]1 s we nev] f9d two p]sons :o ?9k exactly alike4 ,nor inde$ does ! same p]son ?9k exactly alike at any two diff]5t p]iods ( "t4 ,a diff]5ce ( age1 ( ! disposition ( 8 body1 ( wea!r1 ( food1 ( company1 ( books1 ( passions2 any ( ^! p>ticul>s1 or o!rs m m9ute1 are suffici5t to alt] ! curi\s ma*9]y ( ?\ght1 & communicate to x v diff]5t movem5ts & op]ations4 ,z f> z we c judge1 vegetables & animal bodies are n m delicate 9 _! motions1 nor dep5d ^u a great] v>iety or m curi\s adju/m5t ( spr+s & pr9ciples4 ,h[1 !re=e1 %all we satisfy ourselves conc]n+ ! cause ( t ,be+ :om y suppose ! ,au?or ( ,nature1 or1 accord+ to y\r sy/em ( an?ropomorphism1 ! ideal _w 9 :i* y trace ! mat]ial8 ,h we n ! same reason to trace ! ideal _w into ano!r ideal _w1 or new intellig5t pr9ciple8 ,b if we /op & g no f>!r2 :y g s f>8 ,:y n /op at ! mat]ial _w8 ,h[ c we satisfy ourselves )\t go+ on 9 inf9itum8 ,& aft] all1 :at satisfaction is !re 9 t inf9ite progression8 ,let u rememb] ! /ory ( ! ,indian philosoph] & 8 elephant4 ,x 0 nev] m applicable ?an to ! pres5t subject4 ,if ! mat]ial _w re/s ^u a simil> ideal _w1 ?is ideal _w mu/ re/ ^u "s o!r2 & s on )\t end4 ,x 7 bett]1 !re=e1 nev] to look beyond ! pres5t mat]ial _w4 ,by suppos+ x to conta9 ! pr9ciple ( its ord] )9 itself1 we really ass]t x to be ,god2 & ! soon] we arrive at t ,div9e ,be+1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,:5 y g "o /ep beyond ! mundane sy/em y only excite an inquisitive hum\r1 :i* x is impossible ev] to satisfy4 ,to say1 t ! diff]5t ideas :i* compose ! reason ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 fall into ord] ( !mselves & by _! own natures1 is really to talk )\t any precise mean+4 ,if x has a mean+1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k :y x is n z good s5se to say1 t ! p>ts ( ! mat]ial _w fall into ord] ( !mselves1 & by _! own nature4 ,c ! "o op9ion be intelligible :ile ! o!r is n s8--7,,ii4 pp4 #dfa-d47 ,clean!s1 9 reply+ to ,philo's disc\rse1 says t x is v easy to answ] 8 argum5ts2 b1 z n unfrequ5tly happ5s ) controv]siali/s1 he mi/akes a reply = an answ]1 :5 he decl>es t-- ,! ord] & arrangem5t ( nature1 ! curi\s adju/m5t ( f9al causes1 ! pla9 use & int5tion ( e "p & organ2 all ^! bespeak 9 ! cle>e/ language "o intellig5t cause or au?or4 ,! heav5s & ! e>? jo9 9 ! same te/imony4 ,! :ole *orus ( nature raises "o hymn to ! praises ( its ,creator4--7,,ii4 p4 #dfe47 ,?\gh ! rhetoric ( ,clean!s may be admir$1 its irrelevancy to ! po9t at issue mu/ be admitt$4 ,w&]+ /ill fur!r into ! region ( declamation1 he works himself into a passion3 ,y alone1 or almo/ alone1 di/urb ?is g5]al h>mony4 ,y />t ab/ruse d\bts1 cavils1 & objections3 ,y ask me :at is ! cause ( ?is cause8 ,i "k n3 ,i c>e n3 t conc]ns n me4 ,i h f\nd a ,deity2 & "h ,i /op my inquiry4 ,let ^? g fur!r :o are wis] or m ent]pris+4--7,,ii4 p4 #dff47 ,9 o!r words1 ,o ,clean!s1 reason+ hav+ tak5 y z f> z y want to g1 y decl9e to advance any fur!r2 ev5 ?\gh y fully admit t ! v same reason+ =bids y to /op :]e y are pleas$ to cry halt6 ,b ?is is simply =c+ y\r reason to abdicate 9 fav\r ( y\r caprice4 ,x is impossible to imag9e t ,hume1 ( all m5 9 ! _w1 c\ld h re/$ satisfi$ ) su* an act ( high-treason aga9/ ! sov]eignty ( philosophy4 ,we may r conclude t ! la/ ^w ( ! discussion1 :i* he gives to ,philo1 is also 8 own4 ,if ,i am /ill to rema9 9 utt] ignorance ( causes1 & c absolutely give an explication ( no?+1 ,i %all nev] e/eem x any advantage to %ove (f = a mom5t a difficulty1 :i*1 y ackn[l$ge1 mu/ imm$iately1 9 its full =ce1 recur ^u me4 ,naturali/s#cb inde$ v ju/ly expla9 p>ticul> effects by m g5]al causes1 ?\gh ^! g5]al causes %\ld rema9 9 ! end totally inexplicable2 b !y nev] surely ?\ght x satisfactory to expla9 a p>ticul> effect by a p>ticul> cause1 :i* 0 no m to be acc\nt$ = ?an ! effect itself4 ,an ideal sy/em1 arrang$ ( itself1 )\t a prec$5t design1 is n a :it m explicable ?an a mat]ial "o1 :i* atta9s its ord] 9 a l mann]2 nor is !re any m difficulty 9 ! latt] supposition ?an 9 ! =m]4--7,,ii4 p4 #dff47 ,x is obvi\s t1 if ,hume _h be5 pu%$1 he mu/ h admitt$ t 8 op9ion conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 & ( a c]ta9 remote resemblance ( 8 intellectual nature to t ( man1 0 an hypo!sis :i* might possess m or less probability1 b 0 incapable on 8 own pr9ciples ( any approa* to demon/ration4 ,& to all attempts to make any practical use ( 8 !ism2 or to prove ! exi/5ce ( ! attributes ( inf9ite wisdom1 b5evol5ce1 ju/ice1 & ! l1 :i* are usually ascrib$ to ! ,deity1 by reason1 he opposes a se>*+ critical negation4#cc ,! object ( ! spee* ( ! imag9>y ,epicurean 9 ! elev5? section ( ! ,inquiry1 entitl$ ,( a ,p>ticul> ,provid5ce & ( a ,future ,/ate1 is to inv]t ! argum5t ( ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,analogy4 ,t fam\s def5ce ( !ology aga9/ ! a priori scepticism ( ,free?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :o bas$ _! argum5ts on ! inconsi/5cy ( ! reveal$ s*eme ( salvation ) ! attributes ( ! ,deity1 consi/s1 ess5tially1 9 conclusively prov+ t1 f a moral po9t ( view1 ,nature is at lea/ z repreh5sible z or?odoxy4 ,if y tell me1 says ,butl]1 9 effect1 t any "p ( reveal$ religion mu/ be false because x is inconsi/5t ) ! div9e attributes ( ju/ice & m]cy2 ,i beg leave to po9t out to y1 t !re are und5iable natural facts :i* are fully op5 to ! same objection4 ,s9ce y admit t nature is ! "w ( ,god1 y are =c$ to all[ t su* facts are consi/5t ) 8 attributes4 ,!re=e1 y mu/ also admit1 t ! p>allel facts 9 ! s*eme ( or?odoxy are also consi/5t ) !m1 & all y\r argum5ts to ! contr>y fall to ! gr\nd4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,9 fact1 ! solid s5se ( ,butl] left ! ,deism ( ! ,free?9k]s n a leg to /& ^u4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 he did n rememb] ! wise say+ t ,a man seeme? "r 9 8 own cause1 b ano!r come? aft] & judge? him4 ,hume's ,epicurean philosoph] adopts ! ma9 argum5ts ( ! ,analogy1 b un=tunately drives !m home to a conclusion ( :i* ! good ,bi%op w\ld h>dly h approv$4 ,i d5y a ,provid5ce1 y say1 & supreme gov]nor ( ! _w1 :o guides ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 & puni%es ! vici\s ) infamy & disappo9tm5t1 & rew>ds ! virtu\s ) hon\r & success 9 all _! und]tak+s4 ,b surely ,i d5y n ! c\rse itself ( ev5ts1 :i* lies op5 to e "o's inquiry & exam9ation4 ,i ackn[l$ge t1 9 ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 virtue is att5d$ ) m peace ( m9d ?an vice1 & meets ) a m fav\rable reception f ! _w4 ,i am s5sible t1 accord+ to ! pa/ exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 fri5d%ip is ! *ief joy ( human life1 & mod]ation ! only s\rce ( tranquillity & happ9ess4 ,i nev] balance betwe5 ! virtu\s & ! vici\s c\rse ( life2 b am s5sible t1 to a well-dispos$ m9d1 e advantage is on ! side ( ! =m]4 ,& :at c y say m1 all[+ all y\r suppositions & reason+s8 ,y tell me1 inde$1 t ?is disposition ( ?+s proce$s f intellig5ce & design4 ,b1 :atev] x proce$s f1 ! disposition itself1 on :i* dep5ds our happ9ess & mis]y1 & consequ5tly our conduct & deportm5t 9 life1 is /ill ! same4 ,x is /ill op5 = me1 z well z y1 to regulate my behavi\r by my exp]i5ce ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,& if y affirm t1 :ile a div9e provid5ce is all[$1 & a supreme di/ributive ju/ice 9 ! univ]se1 ,i ought to expect "s m p>ticul> rew>d ( ! good1 & puni%m5t ( ! bad1 beyond ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts1 ,i "h f9d ! same fallacy :i* ,i h be=e endeav\r$ to detect4 ,y p]si/ 9 imag9+1 t if we grant t div9e exi/5ce = :i* y s e>ne/ly cont5d1 y may safely inf] consequ5ces f x1 & add some?+ to ! exp]i5c$ ord] ( nature1 by argu+ f ! attributes :i* y ascribe to y\r gods4 ,y seem n to rememb] t all y\r reason+s on ?is subject c only be drawn f effects to causes2 & t e argum5t1 d$uc$ f causes to effects1 mu/ ( necessity be a gross sophism1 s9ce x is impossible = y to "k any?+ ( ! cause1 b :at y h antec$5tly n inf]r$1 b discov]$ to ! full1 9 ! effect4 ,b :at mu/ a philosoph] ?9k ( ^? va9 reason]s :o1 in/ead ( reg>d+ ! pres5t sc5e ( ?+s z ! sole object ( _! contemplation1 s f> rev]se ! :ole c\rse ( nature1 z to r5d] ?is life m]ely a passage to some?+ fur!r2 a por*1 :i* leads to a great] & va/ly diff]5t build+2 a prologue :i* s]ves only to introduce ! piece1 & give x m grace & propriety8 ,:5ce1 d y ?9k1 c su* philosoph]s d]ive _! idea ( ! gods8 ,f _! own conceit & imag9ation surely4 ,= if !y d]ive x f ! pres5t ph5om5a1 x w\ld nev] po9t to any?+ fur!r1 b mu/ be exactly adju/$ to !m4 ,t ! div9ity may possibly be end[$ ) attributes :i* we h nev] se5 ex]t$2 may be gov]n$ by pr9ciples ( action :i* we _c discov] to be satisfi$2 all ?is w freely be all[$4 ,b /ill ?is is m]e possibility & hypo!sis4 ,we nev] c h reason to inf] any attributes or any pr9ciples ( action 9 him1 b s f> z we "k !m to h be5 ex]t$ & satisfi$4 ,are !re any m>ks ( a di/ributive ju/ice 9 ! _w8 ,if y answ] 9 ! affirmative1 ,i conclude t1 s9ce ju/ice "h ex]ts itself1 x is satisfi$4 ,if y reply 9 ! negative1 ,i conclude t y h !n no reason to ascribe ju/ice1 9 our s5se ( x1 to ! gods4 ,if y hold a m$ium betwe5 affirmation & negation1 by say+ t ! ju/ice ( ! gods at pres5t ex]ts itself 9 "p1 b n 9 its full ext5t1 ,i answ] t y h no reason to give x any p>ticul> ext5t1 b only s f> z y see x1 at pres5t1 ex]t itself4--7,,iv4 pp4 #afd-f47 ,?us1 ! ,free?9k]s said1 ! attributes ( ! ,deity be+ :at !y are1 ! s*eme ( or?odoxy is inconsi/5t ) !m2 :]eupon ,butl] gave ! cru%+ reply3 ,agree+ ) y z to ! attributes ( ! ,deity1 nature1 by its exi/5ce1 proves t ! ?+s to :i* y object are q consi/5t ) !m4 ,to :om ent]s ,hume's ,epicurean ) ! rem>k3 ,!n1 z nature is our only measure ( ! attributes ( ! ,deity 9 _! practical manife/ation1 :at w>ranty is !re = suppos+ t su* measure is any:]e transc5d$8 ,t ! o!r side ( nature1 if !re be "o1 is gov]n$ on diff]5t pr9ciples f ?is side8 ,truly on ?is topic sil5ce is gold52 :ile spee* rea*es n ev5 ! dignity ( s\nd+ brass or t9kl+ cymbal1 & is b ! we>y clatt] ( an endless logoma*y4 ,"o c b suspect t ,hume also _h rea*$ ?is conviction2 & t 8 %ad[y & inconsi/5t !ism 0 ! expression ( 8 desire to re/ 9 a /ate ( m9d1 :i* di/9ctly exclud$ negation1 :ile x includ$ z little z possible ( affirmation1 respect+ a problem :i* he felt to be hopelessly insoluble4 ,b1 :atev] might be ! views ( ! philosoph] z to ! argum5ts = !ism1 ! hi/orian c\ld h no d\bt respect+ its _m-%ap$ exi/5ce1 & ! great "p :i* x has play$ 9 ! _w4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a body ( natural facts to be inve/igat$ sci5tifically1 & ! result ( ,hume's inquiries is embodi$ 9 ! rem>kable essay on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion4 ,hume anticipat$ ! results ( mod]n inve/igation 9 decl>+ feti%ism & poly!ism to be ! =m 9 :i* savage & ignorant m5 naturally clo! _! ideas ( ! unkn[n influ5ces :i* gov]n _! de/9y2 & !y are poly!i/s r ?an mono!i/s because1-- 444 ! fir/ ideas ( religion arose1 n f a contemplation ( ! works ( nature1 b f a conc]n ) reg>d to ! ev5ts ( life1 & f ! incessant hopes & fe>s :i* actuate ! human m9d 444 9 ord] to c>ry m5's att5tion beyond ! pres5t c\rse ( ?+s1 or lead !m into any inf]5ce conc]n+ invisible intellig5t p[]1 !y mu/ be actuat$ by "s passion :i* prompts _! ?\ght & reflection1 "s motive :i* urges _! fir/ inquiry4 ,b :at passion %all we h rec\rse to1 = expla9+ an effect ( su* mighty consequ5ce8 ,n speculative curiosity m]ely1 or ! pure love ( tru?4 ,t motive is too ref9$ = su* gross appreh5sions1 & w\ld lead m5 into inquiries conc]n+ ! frame ( nature1 a subject too l>ge & compreh5sive = _! n>r[ capacities4 ,no passions1 !re=e1 c be suppos$ to "w on su* b>b>ians1 b ! ord9>y affections ( human life2 ! anxi\s conc]n = happ9ess1 ! dread ( future mis]y1 ! t]ror ( dea?1 ! ?ir/ ( rev5ge1 ! appetite = food & o!r necess>ies4 ,agitat$ by hopes & fe>s ( ?is nature1 especially ! latt]1 m5 scrut9ize1 ) a trembl+ curiosity1 ! c\rse ( future causes1 & exam9e ! v>i\s & contr>y ev5ts ( human life4 ,& 9 ?is disord]$ sc5e1 ) eyes /ill m disord]$ & a/oni%$1 !y see ! fir/ obscure traces ( div9ity4--7,,iv4 pp4 #ddc1 #d47 ,! %ape assum$ by ^! fir/ traces ( div9ity is t ( ! %ad[s ( m5's own m9ds1 project$ out ( !mselves by _! imag9ations3-- ,!re is an univ]sal t5d5cy among mank9d to conceive all be+s l !mselves1 & to transf] to e object ^? qualities ) :i* !y are famili>ly acqua9t$1 & ( :i* !y are intimately consci\s4444 ,! unkn[n causes :i* cont9ually employ _! ?\ght1 appe>+ always 9 ! same aspect1 are all appreh5d$ to be ( ! same k9d or species4 ,nor is x long be=e we ascribe to !m ?\ght1 & reason1 & passion1 & sometimes ev5 ! limbs & figures ( m51 9 ord] to br+ !m ne>] to a resemblance ) ourselves4--7,,iv4 pp4 #ddf-g47 ,hume asks :e!r poly!ism really des]ves ! "n ( !ism4 ,our ance/ors 9 ,europe1 be=e ! revival ( lett]s1 believ$ z we d at pres5t1 t !re 0 "o supreme ,god1 ! au?or ( nature1 ^: p[]1 ?\gh 9 itself uncontrollable1 0 yet (t5 ex]t$ by ! int]position ( 8 angels & subord9ate m9i/]s1 :o execut$ 8 sacr$ purposes4 ,b !y also believ$1 t all nature 0 full ( o!r invisible p[]s3 fairies1 gobl9s1 elves1 sprights2 be+s /rong] & mighti] ?an m51 b mu* inf]ior to ! cele/ial natures :o surr\nd ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,n[1 suppose t any "o1 9 ^! ages1 _h d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ( 8 angels1 w\ld n 8 impiety ju/ly h des]v$ ! appellation ( a!ism1 ev5 ?\gh he _h /ill all[$1 by "s odd caprici\s reason+1 t ! popul> /ories ( elves & fairies 7 j & well gr\nd$8 ,! diff]5ce1 on ! "o h&1 betwe5 su* a p]son & a g5u9e !i/1 is inf9itely great] ?an t1 on ! o!r1 betwe5 him & "o t absolutely excludes all invisible intellig5t p[]4 ,& x is a fallacy1 m]ely f ! casual resemblance ( names1 )\t any con=mity ( mean+1 to rank su* opposite op9ions "u ! same d5om9ation4 ,to any "o :o consid]s ju/ly ( ! matt]1 x w appe> t ! gods ( ! poly!i/s are no bett] ?an ! elves & fairies ( our ance/ors1 & m]it z little z any pi\s wor%ip & v5]ation4 ,^! pret5d$ religioni/s are really a k9d ( sup]/iti\s a!i/s1 & ackn[l$ge no be+ t corresponds to our idea ( a ,deity4 ,no fir/ pr9ciple ( m9d or ?\ght2 no supreme gov]nm5t & adm9i/ration2 no div9e contrivance or int5tion 9 ! fabric ( ! _w4--7,,iv4 pp4 #dej-ea47 ,! doctr9e t y may call an a!i/ anybody ^: ideas ab\t ! ,deity d n correspond ) y\r own1 is s l>gely act$ ^u by p]sons :o are c]ta9ly n ( ,hume's way ( ?9k+ &1 probably1 s f> f hav+ read him1 w\ld %udd] to op5 any book be>+ 8 "n1 except ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 t x is surpris+ to trace ! !ory ( _! practice to su* a s\rce4 ,b on ?9k+ ! matt] ov]1 ?is !ory seems s consonant ) reason1 t "o feels a%am$ ( hav+ suspect$ _m excell5t p]sons ( be+ mov$ by m]e malice & vici\sness ( temp] to call o!r folks a!i/s1 :51 aft] all1 !y h be5 obey+ a purely intellectual s5se ( fitness4 ,z ,hume says1 truly en\gh1 x is a m]e fallacy1 because two p use ! same names = ?+s1 ! ideas ( :i* are mutually exclusive1 to rank su* opposite op9ions "u ! same d5om9ation4 ,if ! ,jew says1 t ! ,deity is absolute unity1 & t x is %e] blasphemy to say t ,he ev] became inc>nate 9 ! p]son ( a man2 &1 if ! ,tr9it>ian says1 t ! ,deity is num]ically ?ree z well z num]ically "o1 & t x is %e] blasphemy to say t ,he did n s become inc>nate1 x is obvi\s en\gh t ea* mu/ be logically held to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r's ,deity4 ,!re=e2 t ea* has a sci5tific "r to call ! o!r an a!i/2 & t1 if he refra9s1 x is only on ! gr\nd ( dec5cy & good mann]s1 :i* %\ld re/ra9 an hon\rable man f employ+ ev5 sci5tifically ju/ifiable language1 if cu/om has giv5 x an abusive connotation4 ,:ile "o mu/ agree ) ,hume1 !n1 x is1 nev]!less1 to be wi%$ t he _h n set ! bad example ( call+ poly!i/s sup]/iti\s a!i/s4 ,x probably did n occur to him t1 by a p>ity ( reason+1 ! ,unit>ians might ju/ify ! application ( ! same language to ! ,ultramontanes1 & vice v]s4 ,b1 to return f a digression :i* may n be :olly unpr(itable1 ,hume proce$s to %[ 9 :at mann] poly!ism incorporat$ physical & moral allegories1 & naturally accept$ h]o-wor%ip2 & he sums up 8 views ( ! fir/ /ages ( ! evolution ( !ology z foll[s3-- ,^! !n are ! g5]al pr9ciples ( poly!ism1 f\nd$ 9 human nature1 & little or no?+ dep5d5t on caprice or accid5t4 ,z ! causes :i* be/[ happ9ess or mis]y1 are 9 g5]al v little kn[n & v unc]ta91 our anxi\s conc]n endeav\rs to atta9 a det]m9ate idea ( !m3 & f9ds no bett] exp$i5t ?an to repres5t !m z intellig5t1 volunt>y ag5ts1 l ourselves1 only some:at sup]ior 9 p[] & wisdom4 ,! limit$ influ5ce ( ^! ag5ts1 & _! proximity to human weakness1 introduce ! v>i\s di/ribution & division ( _! au?ority1 & !reby give rise to allegory4 ,! same pr9ciples naturally deify mortals1 sup]ior 9 p[]1 c\rage1 or und]/&+1 & produce h]o-wor%ip2 toge!r ) fabul\s hi/ory & my?ological tradition1 9 all its wild & unacc\ntable =ms4 ,& z an invisible spiritual intellig5ce is an object too ref9$ = vulg> appreh5sion1 m5 naturally affix x to "s s5sible repres5tation2 su* z ei!r ! m conspicu\s p>ts ( nature1 or ! /atues1 images1 & pictures1 :i* a m ref9$ age =ms ( its div9ities4--7,,iv4 p4 #dfa47 ,h[ did ! fur!r /age ( !ology1 mono!ism1 arise out ( poly!ism8 ,hume replies1 c]ta9ly n by reason+s f fir/ causes or any sort ( f9e-drawn logic3-- ,ev5 at ?is day1 & 9 ,europe1 ask any ( ! vulg> :y he believes 9 an ,omnipot5t ,creator ( ! _w1 he w nev] m5tion ! beauty ( f9al causes1 ( :i* he is :olly ignorant3 ,he w n hold out 8 h& & bid y contemplate ! suppl5ess & v>iety ( jo9ts 9 8 f+]s1 _! b5d+ all "o way1 ! c\nt]poise :i* !y receive f ! ?umb1 ! s(tness & fle%y p>ts ( ! inside ( ! h&1 ) all ! o!r circum/ances :i* r5d] t memb] fit = ! use to :i* x 0 de/9$4 ,to ^! he has be5 long accu/om$2 & he beholds !m ) li/lessness & unconc]n4 ,he w tell y ( ! sudd5 & unexpect$ dea? ( su*-a-"o2 ! fall & bruise ( su* ano!r2 ! excessive dr\ght ( ?is season2 ! cold & ra9s ( ano!r4 ,^! he ascribes to ! imm$iate op]ation ( ,provid5ce3 ,& su* ev5ts z1 ) good reason]s1 are ! *ief difficulties 9 admitt+ a ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 are ) him ! sole argum5ts = x4444 ,we may conclude !re=e1 ^u ! :ole1 t s9ce ! vulg>1 9 nations :i* h embrac$ ! doctr9e ( !ism1 /ill build x ^u irrational & sup]/iti\s gr\nds1 !y are nev] l$ into t op9ion by any process ( argum5t1 b by a c]ta9 tra9 ( ?9k+1 m suitable to _! g5ius & capacity4 ,x may readily happ51 9 an idolatr\s nation1 t ?\gh m5 admit ! exi/5ce ( sev]al limit$ deities1 yet !re is "s "o ,god1 :om1 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 !y make ! object ( _! wor%ip & adoration4 ,!y may ei!r suppose1 t1 9 ! di/ribution ( p[] & t]ritory among ! ,gods1 _! nation 0 subject$ to ! jurisdiction ( t p>ticul> deity2 or1 r$uc+ heav5ly objects to ! model ( ?+s bel[1 !y may repres5t "o god z ! pr9ce or supreme magi/rate ( ! re/1 :o1 ?\gh ( ! same nature1 rules !m ) an au?ority l t :i* an e>?ly sov]eign ex]ts ov] 8 subjects & vassals4 ,:e!r ?is god1 !re=e1 be consid]$ z _! peculi> patron1 or z ! g5]al sov]eign ( heav51 8 vot>ies w endeav\r1 by e art1 to ins9uate !mselves into 8 fav\r2 & suppos+ him to be pleas$1 l !mselves1 ) praise & flatt]y1 !re is no eulogy or exagg]ation :i* w be sp>$ 9 _! addresses to him4 ,9 proportion z m5's fe>s or di/resses become m urg5t1 !y /ill inv5t new /ra9s ( adulation2 & ev5 he :o outdoes 8 pr$ecessor 9 swell+ ! titles ( 8 div9ity1 is sure to be outdone by 8 successor 9 new] & m pomp\s epi!ts ( praise4 ,?us !y proce$1 till at la/ !y arrive at inf9ity itself1 beyond :i* !re is no fur!r progress2 ,& x is well if1 9 /riv+ to get fur!r1 & to repres5t a magnific5t simplicity1 !y run n into inexplicable my/]y1 & de/roy ! intellig5t nature ( _! deity1 on :i* alone any rational wor%ip or adoration c be f\nd$4 ,:ile !y conf9e !mselves to ! notion ( a p]fect be+1 ! ,creator ( ! _w1 !y co9cide1 by *ance1 ) ! pr9ciples ( reason & true philosophy2 ?\gh !y are guid$ to t notion1 n by reason1 ( :i* !y are 9 a great measure incapable1 b by ! adulation & fe>s ( ! mo/ vulg> sup]/ition4--7,,iv4 pp4 #dfc-f47 ,nay1 if we %\ld suppose1 :at nev] happ5s1 t a popul> religion 7 f\nd1 9 :i* x 0 expressly decl>$1 t no?+ b morality c\ld ga9 ! div9e fav\r2 if an ord] ( prie/s 7 in/itut$ to inculcate ?is op9ion1 9 daily s]mons1 & ) all ! arts ( p]suasion2 yet s invet]ate are ! p's prejudices1 t1 = want ( "s o!r sup]/ition1 !y w\ld make ! v att5dance on ^! s]mons ! ess5tials ( religion1 r ?an place !m 9 virtue & good morals4 ,! sublime prologue ( ,zaleucus' laws inspir$ n ! ,locrians1 s f> z we c le>n1 ) any s\nd] notions ( ! measures ( acceptance ) ! deity1 ?an 7 famili> to ! o!r ,greeks4--7,,iv4 p4 #eje47 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ,hume's writ+s are s+ul>ly devoid ( local col\r2 ( allusions to ! sc5es ) :i*1 he 0 famili>1 & to ! p f :om he sprang4 ,yet1 surely1 ! ,l[l&s ( ,scotl& 7 m 9 8 ?\ghts ?an ! ,zephyrean promontory1 & ! h>d visage ( ,john ,knox pe]$ f beh9d ! mask ( ,zaleucus1 :5 ?is passage left 8 p54 ,nay1 might n an acute ,g]man critic disc]n !re9 a rem9isc5ce ( t em95tly ,scotti% in/itution1 a ,holy ,fair8 :]e z ,hume's "y contempor>y s+s3-- 444 op5s out 8 cauld h>angues ,on practice & on morals2 ,an' aff ! godly p\r 9 ?rangs ,to gie ! j>s & b>rels ,a lift t day4 ,:at signifies 8 b>r5 %9e ,( moral p[]s & reason8 ,8 ,engli% /yle & ge/ure l9e ,are a' clean out ( season4 ,l ,socrates or ,anton9e1 ,or "s auld pagan hea!n1 ,! moral man he does def9e1 ,b ne'er a ^w o' fai? 9 ,t's "r t day4#cd ,,footnotes3 #bh ,9 a note to ! ,essay on ,sup]/ition & ,en?usiasm1 ,hume is c>eful to def9e :at he means by ?is t]m4 ,by prie/s ,i und]/& only ! pret5d]s to p[] & dom9ion1 & to a sup]ior sanctity ( "*1 di/9ct f virtue & good morals4 ,^! are v diff]5t f cl]gym51 :o are set ap>t to ! c>e ( sacr$ matt]s1 & ! conduct+ our public devotions ) great] dec5cy & ord]4 ,!re is no rank ( m5 m to be respect$ ?an ! latt]4--7,,iii4 p4 #hc47 #bi ,x is ne$less to quote ! re/ ( ! passage1 ?\gh ,i _c refra9 f obs]v+ t ! recomm5dation :i* x conta9s1 t a man ( lett]s %\ld become a philosophical sceptic z ! fir/ & mo/ ess5tial /ep t[>ds be+ a s\nd believ+ ,*ri/ian1 ?\gh adopt$ & l>gely act$ ^u by _m a *ampion ( or?odoxy 9 ^! days1 is que/ionable 9 ta/e1 if x be meant z a je/1 & m ?an que/ionable 9 morality1 if x is to be tak5 9 e>ne/4 ,to pret5d t y believe any doctr9e = no bett] reason ?an t y d\bt ev]y?+ else1 w\ld be di%one/1 if x 7 n prepo/]\s4 #cj ,a p]plexity :i* is increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ by "s passages 9 a lett] to ,gilb]t ,elliot ( ,m9to 7,m>* #aj1 #agea74 ,hume says1 ,y w\ld p]ceive by ! sample ,i h giv5 y t ,i make ,clean!s ! h]o ( ! dialogue2 :atev] y c ?9k (1 to /r5g!n t side ( ! argum5t1 w be mo/ acceptable to me4 ,any prop5sity y imag9e ,i h to ! o!r side crept 9 ^u me aga9/ my w2 & 'tis n long ago t ,i burn$ an old manuscript book1 wrote be=e ,i 0 tw5ty1 :i* conta9$1 page aft] page1 ! gradual progress ( my ?\ghts on ?is head4 ,x began ) an anxi\s sc5t aft] argum5ts to confirm ! common op9ion2 d\bts /ole 91 dissipat$1 return$2 7 aga9 dissipat$1 return$ aga92 & x 0 a p]petual /ruggle ( a re/less imag9ation aga9/ incl9ation--p]haps aga9/ reason4444 ,i c\ld wi% ,clean!s' argum5t c\ld be s analys$ z to be r5d]$ q =mal & regul>4 ,! prop5sity ( ! m9d t[>ds x--unless t prop5sity 7 z /rong & univ]sal z t to believe 9 our s5ses & exp]i5ce--w /ill1 ,i am afraid1 be e/eem$ a suspici\s f\ndation4 ',tis "h ,i wi% = y\r assi/ance4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to prove t ?is prop5sity is some:at diff]5t f our incl9ation to f9d our own figures 9 ! cl\ds1 our faces 9 ! moon1 our passions & s5tim5ts ev5 9 inanimate matt]4 ,su* an incl9ation may & ought to be controll$1 & c nev] be a legitimate gr\nd ( ass5t4 7,burton1 ,life1 ,i4 pp4 #cca-c47 ,! picture ( ,hume "h drawn unconsci\sly by 8 own h&1 is unlike en\gh to ! popul> conception ( him z a c>eless sceptic lov+ d\bt = d\bt's sake4 #ca ,kant employs sub/antially ! same argum5t3--,wrde das h*/e ,wes5 9 dies] ,kette d] ,b$+ung5 /eh51 s wrde es selb/ e9 ,gli$ d] ,reihe d]selb5 se91 und eb5 s wie die ni$]5 ,gli$]1 d55 es vorgesetzt i/1 no* f]n]e ,unt]su*ung5 weg5 se9es no* hh]5 ,grundes erfahr54--,kritik4 ,ed4 ,h>t5/e91 p4 #dbb4 #cb ,i4e4 ,natural philosoph]s4 #cc ,hume's lett] to ,mure ( ,caldwell1 conta9+ a criticism ( ,lee*man's s]mon 7,burton1 ,i4 p4 #afc71 be>s /rongly on ?is po9t4 #cd ,burns publi%$ ! ,holy ,fair only t5 ye>s aft] ,hume's dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,s\l3 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,immortality4 ,desc>tes taught t an absolute diff]5ce ( k9d sep>ates matt]1 z t :i* possesses ext5sion1 f _s1 z t :i* ?9ks4 ,!y n only h no "* 9 common1 b x is inconceivable t !y %\ld h any4 ,on ! assumption1 t ! attributes ( ! two 7 :olly diff]5t1 x appe>$ to be a necess>y consequ5ce t ! hypo!tical causes ( ^! attributes--_! respective sub/ances--mu/ be totally diff]5t4 ,notably1 9 ! matt] ( divisibility1 s9ce t :i* has no ext5sion _c be divisible1 x seem$ t ! *ose p5sante1 ! s\l1 mu/ be an indivisible entity4 ,lat] philosoph]s1 accept+ ?is notion ( ! s\l1 7 naturally mu* p]plex$ to und]/& h[1 if matt] & _s _h no?+ 9 common1 !y c\ld act & react on "o ano!r4 ,all ! *anges ( matt] be+ modes ( motion1 ! difficulty ( und]/&+ h[ a mov+ ext5d$ mat]ial body 0 to affect a ?9k+ ?+ :i* _h no dim5sion1 0 z great z t involv$ 9 solv+ ! problem ( h[ to hit a nom9ative case ) a /ick4 ,h5ce1 ! successors ( ,desc>tes ei!r f\nd !mselves oblig$1 ) ! ,occasionali/s1 to call 9 ! aid ( ! ,deity1 :o 0 suppos$ to be a sort ( g-betwe5 betwixt matt] & _s2 or !y _h rec\rse1 ) ,leibnitz1 to ! doctr9e ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 :i* d5i$ any influ5ce ( ! body on ! s\l1 or vice v]s1 & comp>$ matt] & _s to two clocks s accurately regulat$ to keep "t ) "o ano!r1 t ! "o /ruck :5 ev] ! o!r po9t$ to ! h\r2 or1 ) ,b]keley1 !y aboli%$ ! sub/ance ( matt] altoge!r1 z a sup]fluity1 ?\gh !y fail$ to see t ! same argum5ts equally ju/ifi$ ! abolition ( s\l z ano!r sup]fluity1 & ! r$uction ( ! univ]se to a s]ies ( ev5ts or ph5om5a2 or1 f9ally1 ) ,sp9oza1 to :om ,b]keley makes a p]il\sly close approa*1 !y ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( only "o sub/ance1 ) two *ief attributes1 ! "o1 ?\ght1 & ! o!r1 ext5sion4 ,!re rema9$ only "o possible position1 :i*1 _h x be5 tak5 up e>li]1 might h sav$ an imm5sity ( tr\ble2 & t 0 to affirm t we d n1 & _c1 "k any?+ ab\t ! sub/ance ei!r ( ! ?9k+ ?+1 or ( ! ext5d$ ?+4 ,& ,hume's s\nd common s5se l$ him to def5d ?is !sis1 :i* ,locke _h already =e%ad[$1 ) respect to ! "q ( ! sub/ance ( ! s\l4 ,hume enunciates two op9ions4 ,! fir/ is t ! "q itself is un9telligible1 & !re=e _c receive any answ]2 ! second is t ! popul> doctr9e respect+ ! immat]iality1 simplicity1 & indivisibility ( a ?9k+ sub/ance is a true a!ism1 & w s]ve to ju/ify all ^? s5tim5ts = :i* ,sp9oza is s univ]sally infam\s4 ,9 support ( ! fir/ op9ion1 ,hume po9ts out t x is impossible to atta* any def9ite mean+ to ! ^w sub/ance :5 employ$ = ! hypo!tical sub/ratum ( s\l & matt]4 ,= if we def9e sub/ance z t :i* may exi/ by itself1 ! def9ition does n di/+ui% ! s\l f p]ceptions4 ,x is p]fectly easy to conceive t /ates ( consci\sness are self-subsi/5t4 ,&1 if ! sub/ance ( ! s\l is def9$ z t 9 :i* p]ceptions inh]e1 :at is meant by ! inh]5ce8 ,is su* inh]5ce conceivable8 ,if conceivable1 :at evid5ce is !re ( x8 ,& :at is ! use ( a sub/ratum to ?+s :i*1 = any?+ we "k to ! contr>y1 are capable ( exi/+ by !mselves8 ,moreov]1 x may be add$1 suppos+ ! s\l has a sub/ance1 h[ d we "k t x is diff]5t f ! sub/ance1 :i*1 on l gr\nds1 mu/ be suppos$ to und]lie ! qualities ( matt]8 ,aga91 if x be said t our p]sonal id5tity requires ! assumption ( a sub/ance :i* rema9s ! same :ile ! accid5ts ( p]ception %ift & *ange1 ! "q arises :at is meant by p]sonal id5tity8 ,= my "p1 says ,hume1 :5 ,i ent] mo/ intimately into :at ,i call myself1 ,i always /umble on "s p>ticul> p]ception or o!r1 ( heat or cold1 light or %ade1 love or hatr$1 pa9 or pleasure4 ,i nev] c cat* myself at any "t )\t a p]ception1 & nev] c obs]ve any?+ b ! p]ception4 ,:5 my p]ceptions are remov$ = any "t1 z by s\nd sleep1 s long am ,i ins5sible ( myself1 & may be truly said n to exi/4 ,& 7 all my p]ceptions remov$ by dea?1 & ,i c\ld nei!r ?9k1 nor feel1 nor see1 nor love1 nor hate1 aft] ! dissolution ( my body1 ,i %\ld be entirely annihilat$1 nor d ,i conceive :at is fur!r requisite to make me a p]fect non5tity4 ,if any "o1 ^u s]i\s & unprejudic$ reflection1 ?9ks he has a diff]5t notion ( himself1 ,i mu/ confess ,i c reason no long] ) him4 ,all ,i c all[ him is1 t he may be 9 ! "r z well z ,i1 & t we are ess5tially diff]5t 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,he may p]haps p]ceive some?+ simple & cont9u$ :i* he calls himself1 ?\gh ,i am c]ta9 !re is no su* pr9ciple 9 me4 ,b sett+ aside "s metaphysicians ( ?is k9d1 ,i may v5ture to affirm ( ! re/ ( mank9d1 t !y are no?+ b a bundle or collection ( diff]5t p]ceptions1 :i* succe$ "o ano!r ) an inconceivable rapidity1 & are 9 a p]petual flux & movem5t4444 ,! m9d is a k9d ( !atre1 :]e sev]al p]ceptions successively make _! appe>ance1 pass1 repass1 glide away1 & m+le 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( po/ures & situations4 ,!re is prop]ly no simplicity 9 x at "o "t1 nor id5tity 9 diff]5t1 :atev] natural prop5sion we may h to imag9e t simplicity & id5tity4 ,! comp>ison ( ! !atre mu/ n mislead u4 ,!y are ! successive p]ceptions only t con/itute ! m9d2 nor h we ! mo/ di/ant notion ( ! place :]e ^! sc5es are repres5t$1 or ( ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$4 ,:at !n gives s great a prop5sion to ascribe an id5tity to ^! successive p]ceptions1 & to suppose ourselves possess$ ( an inv>iable & un9t]rupt$ exi/5ce ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( our lives8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 p]sonal id5tity z x reg>ds our ?\ght & imag9ation1 & z x reg>ds our passions1 or ! conc]n we take 9 ourselves4 ,! fir/ is our pres5t subject2 & to expla9 x p]fectly we mu/ take ! matt] pretty deep1 & acc\nt = t id5tity :i* we attribute to plants & animals2 !re be+ a great analogy betwixt x & ! id5tity ( a self or p]son4--7,i4 pp4 #cba1 #cbb47 ,p]fect id5tity is exhibit$ by an object :i* rema9s un*ang$ ?r\gh\t a c]ta9 "t2 p]fect div]sity is se5 9 two or m objects :i* are sep>at$ by int]vals ( space & p]iods ( "t4 ,b1 9 bo? ^! cases1 !re is no %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 id5tity & div]sity1 & x is impossible to say :5 an object ceases to be "o & becomes two4 ,:5 a sea-anemone multiplies by division1 !re is a "t dur+ :i* x is said to be "o animal p>tially divid$2 b1 aft] a :ile1 x becomes two animals adh]5t toge!r1 & ! limit betwe5 ^! conditions is purely arbitr>y4 ,s 9 m9]alogy1 a cry/al ( a def9ite *emical composition may h its sub/ance replac$1 p>ticle by p>ticle1 by ano!r *emical comp\nd4 ,:5 does x lose its primitive id5tity & become a new ?+8 ,aga91 a plant or an animal1 9 ! c\rse ( its exi/5ce1 f ! condition ( an egg or se$ to ! end ( life1 rema9s ! same nei!r 9 =m1 nor 9 /ructure1 nor 9 ! matt] ( :i* x is compos$3 e attribute x possesses is con/antly *ang+1 & yet we say t x is always "o & ! same individual4 ,& if1 9 ?is case1 we attribute id5tity )\t suppos+ an indivisible immat]ial some?+ to und]lie & condition t id5tity1 :y %\ld we ne$ ! supposition 9 ! case ( t succession ( *angeful ph5om5a we call ! m9d8 ,9 fact1 we ascribe id5tity to an individual plant or animal1 simply because !re has be5 no mom5t ( "t at :i* we c\ld obs]ve any division ( x into p>ts sep>at$ by "t or space4 ,e exp]i5ce we h ( x is z "o ?+ & n z two2 & we sum up our exp]i5ces 9 ! ascription ( id5tity1 al?\gh we "k q well t1 /rictly speak+1 x has n be5 ! same = any two mom5ts4 ,s ) ! m9d4 ,our p]ceptions fl[ 9 ev5 succession2 ! impressions ( ! pres5t mom5t are inextricably mix$ up ) ! memories ( ye/]day & ! expectations ( to-morr[1 & all are connect$ by ! l9ks ( cause & effect4 444 z ! same individual republic may n only *ange its memb]s1 b also its laws & con/itutions2 9 l mann] ! same p]son may v>y 8 "* & disposition1 z well z 8 impressions & ideas1 )\t los+ 8 id5tity4 ,:atev] *anges he endures1 8 sev]al p>ts are /ill connect$ by ! relation ( causation4 ,& 9 ?is view our id5tity ) reg>d to ! passions s]ves to corroborate t ) reg>d to ! imag9ation1 by ! mak+ our di/ant p]ceptions influ5ce ea* o!r1 & by giv+ u a pres5t conc]n = our pa/ or future pa9s or pleasures4 ,z memory alone acqua9ts u ) ! cont9uance & ext5t ( ?is succession ( p]ceptions1 'tis to be consid]$1 ^u t acc\nt *iefly1 z ! s\rce ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,_h we no memory we nev] %\ld h any notion ( causation1 nor consequ5tly ( t *a9 ( causes & effects :i* con/itute our self or p]son4 ,b hav+ once acquir$ ?is notion ( causation f ! memory1 we c ext5d ! same *a9 ( causes1 & consequ5tly ! id5tity ( our p]sons1 beyond our memory1 & c compreh5d times1 & circum/ances1 & actions1 :i* we h entirely =got1 b suppose 9 g5]al to h exi/$4 ,= h[ few ( our pa/ actions are !re ( :i* we h any memory8 ,:o c tell me1 = in/ance1 :at 7 8 ?\ghts & actions on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 #agae1 ! elev5? ( ,m>*1 #agai1 & ! ?ird ( ,augu/1 #agcc8 ,or w he affirm1 because he has entirely =got ! incid5ts ( ^? days1 t ! pres5t self is n ! same p]son ) ! self ( t "t1 & by t means ov]turn all ! mo/ e/abli%$ notions ( p]sonal id5tity8 ,9 ?is view1 !re=e1 memory does n s mu* produce z discov] p]sonal id5tity1 by %[+ u ! relation ( cause & effect among our diff]5t p]ceptions4 ',twill be incumb5t on ^? :o affirm t memory produces entirely our p]sonal id5tity1 to give a reason :y we c ?us ext5d our id5tity beyond our memory4 ,! :ole ( ?is doctr9e leads u to a conclusion :i* is ( great importance 9 ! pres5t affair1 viz4 t all ! nice & subtle que/ions conc]n+ p]sonal id5tity c nev] possibly be decid$1 & are to be reg>d$ r z grammatical ?an z philosophical difficulties4 ,id5tity dep5ds on ! relations ( ideas1 & ^! relations produce id5tity by means ( t easy transition !y occasion4 ,b z ! relations1 & ! eas9ess ( ! transition may dim9i% by ins5sible degrees1 we h no j /&>d by :i* we c decide any dispute conc]n+ ! "t :5 !y acquire or lose a title to ! "n ( id5tity4 ,all ! disputes conc]n+ ! id5tity ( connect$ objects are m]ely v]bal1 except s f> z ! relation ( p>ts gives rise to "s fiction or imag9>y pr9ciple ( union1 z we h already obs]v$4 ,:at ,i h said conc]n+ ! fir/ orig9 & unc]ta9ty ( our notion ( id5tity1 z appli$ to ! human m9d may be ext5d$1 ) little or no v>iation1 to t ( simplicity4 ,an object1 ^: diff]5t co-exi/5t p>ts are b\nd toge!r by a close relation1 op]ates ^u ! imag9ation aft] mu* ! same mann] z "o p]fectly simple & undivisible1 & requires n a mu* great] /ret* ( ?\ght 9 ord] to its conception4 ,f ?is simil>ity ( op]ation we attribute a simplicity to x1 & feign a pr9ciple ( union z ! support ( ?is simplicity1 & ! c5tre ( all ! diff]5t p>ts & qualities ( ! object4--7,i4 pp4 #cca-c47 ,! f9al result ( ,hume's reason+ comes to ?is3 ,z we use ! "n ( body = ! sum ( ! ph5om5a :i* make up our corporeal exi/5ce1 s we employ ! "n ( s\l = ! sum ( ! ph5om5a :i* con/itute our m5tal exi/5ce2 & we h no m reason1 9 ! latt] case1 ?an 9 ! =m]1 to suppose t !re is any?+ beyond ! ph5om5a :i* answ]s to ! "n4 ,9 ! case ( ! s\l1 z 9 t ( ! body1 ! idea ( sub/ance is a m]e fiction ( ! imag9ation4 ,?is conclusion is no?+ b a rigor\s application ( ,b]keley's reason+ conc]n+ matt] to m9d1 & x is fully adopt$ by ,kant4#ce ,hav+ arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! conception ( a s\l1 z a sub/antive ?+1 is a m]e figm5t ( ! imag9ation2 & t1 :e!r x exi/s or n1 we c by no possibility "k any?+ ab\t x1 ! inquiry z to ! durability ( ! s\l may seem sup]flu\s4 ,nev]!less1 !re is /ill a s5se 9 :i*1 ev5 "u ^! conditions1 su* an inquiry is ju/ifiable4 ,leav+ aside ! problem ( ! sub/ance ( ! s\l1 & tak+ ! ^w s\l simply z a "n = ! s]ies ( m5tal ph5om5a :i* make up an individual m9d2 x rema9s op5 to u to ask1 :e!r t s]ies comm5c$ )1 or be=e1 ! s]ies ( ph5om5a :i* con/itute ! correspond+ individual body2 & :e!r x t]m9ates ) ! end ( ! corporeal s]ies1 or goes on aft] ! exi/5ce ( ! body has end$4 ,&1 9 bo? cases1 !re arises ! fur!r "q1 :e!r ! excess ( duration ( ! m5tal s]ies ov] t ( ! body1 is f9ite or inf9ite4 ,hume has discuss$ "s ( ^! que/ions 9 ! rem>kable essay ,on ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l1 :i* 0 n publi%$ till aft] 8 dea?1 & :i* seems long to h rema9$ b little kn[n4 ,nev]!less1 inde$1 possibly1 = t reason1 its influ5ce has be5 manife/$ 9 unexpect$ qu>t]s1 & its ma9 argum5ts h be5 adduc$ by ar*iepiscopal & episcopal au?ority 9 evid5ce ( ! value ( revelation4 ,dr4 ,:ately1#cf sometime ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl91 p>aphrases ,hume1 ?\gh he =gets to cite him2 & ,bi%op ,c\rt5ay's elaborate "w1#cg d$icat$ to ! ,ar*bi%op1 is a developm5t ( t prelate's v]sion ( ,hume's essay4 ,?is little pap] occupies only "s t5 pages1 b x is n wond]ful t x attract$ an acute logician l ,:ately1 = x is a model ( cle> & vigor\s /atem5t4 ,! argum5t h>dly admits ( cond5sation1 s t ,i mu/ let ,hume speak = himself3-- ,by ! m]e light ( reason x seems difficult to prove ! immortality ( ! s\l3 ! argum5ts = x are commonly d]iv$ ei!r f metaphysical topics1 or moral1 or physical4 ,b 9 reality x is ! gospel1 & ! gospel alone1 t has br\ght life & immortality to light4#ch #a4 ,metaphysical topics suppose t ! s\l is immat]ial1 & t 'tis impossible = ?\ght to belong to a mat]ial sub/ance4#ci ,b j metaphysics tea* u t ! notion ( sub/ance is :olly confus$ & imp]fect2 & t we h no o!r idea ( any sub/ance1 ?an z an aggregate ( p>ticul> qualities inh]+ 9 an unkn[n some?+4 ,matt]1 !re=e1 & _s1 are at bottom equally unkn[n1 & we _c det]m9e :at qualities inh]e 9 ! "o or 9 ! o!r4#dj ,!y likewise tea* u1 t no?+ c be decid$ a priori conc]n+ any cause or effect2 & t exp]i5ce1 be+ ! only s\rce ( our judgm5ts ( ?is nature1 we _c "k f any o!r pr9ciple1 :e!r matt]1 by its /ructure or arrangem5t1 may n be ! cause ( ?\ght4 ,ab/ract reason+s _c decide any "q ( fact or exi/5ce4 ,b admitt+ a spiritual sub/ance to be disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 l ! e!real fire ( ! ,/oics1 & to be ! only inh]5t subject ( ?\ght1 we h reason to conclude f analogy1 t nature uses x aft] ! mann] %e does ! o!r sub/ance1 matt]4 ,%e employs x z a k9d ( pa/e or clay2 modifies x into a v>iety ( =ms or exi/5ces2 dissolves aft] a "t ea* modification1 & f its sub/ance erects a new =m4 ,z ! same mat]ial sub/ance may successively compose ! bodies ( all animals1 ! same spiritual sub/ance may compose _! m9ds3 ,_! consci\sness1 or t sy/em ( ?\ght :i* !y =m$ dur+ life1 may be cont9ually dissolv$ by dea?1 & no?+ int]e/s !m 9 ! new modification4 ,! mo/ positive ass]tors ( ! mortality ( ! s\l nev] d5i$ ! immortality ( its sub/ance2 & t an immat]ial sub/ance1 z well z a mat]ial1 may lose its memory or consci\sness1 appe>s 9 "p f exp]i5ce1 if ! s\l be immat]ial4 ,season+ f ! common c\rse ( nature1 & )\t suppos+ any new int]position ( ! ,supreme ,cause1 :i* ought always to be exclud$ f philosophy1 :at is incorruptible mu/ also be +5]able4 ,! s\l1 !re=e1 if immortal1 exi/$ be=e our bir?1 & if ! =m] exi/5ce n[ays conc]n$ u1 nei!r w ! latt]4 ,animals und\bt$ly feel1 ?9k1 love1 hate1 w1 & ev5 reason1 ?\gh 9 a m imp]fect mann] ?an m53 ,are _! s\ls also immat]ial & immortal8#da ,hume next proce$s to consid] ! moral argum5ts1 & *iefly 444 ^? d]iv$ f ! ju/ice ( ,god1 :i* is suppos$ to be fur!r int]e/$ 9 ! future puni%m5t ( ! vici\s & rew>d ( ! virtu\s4 ,b if by ! ju/ice ( ,god we moan ! same attribute :i* we call ju/ice 9 ourselves1 !n :y %\ld ei!r rew>d or puni%m5t be ext5d$ beyond ?is life8#db ,our sole means ( kn[+ any?+ is ! reason+ faculty :i* ,god has giv5 u2 & t reason+ faculty n only d5ies u any conception ( a future /ate1 b fails to furni% a s+le valid argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! belief t ! m9d w endure aft] ! dissolution ( ! body4 444 ,if any purpose ( nature be cle>1 we may affirm t ! :ole scope & int5tion ( man's creation1 s f> z we c judge by natural reason1 is limit$ to ! pres5t life4 ,to ! argum5t t ! p[]s ( man are s mu* great] ?an ! ne$s ( ?is life require1 t !y sugge/ a future sc5e 9 :i* !y c be employ$1 ,hume replies3-- ,if ! reason ( man gives him great sup]iority above o!r animals1 8 necessities are proportionably multipli$ ^u him2 8 :ole "t1 8 :ole capacity1 activity1 c\rage1 & passion1 f9d suffici5t employm5t 9 f5c+ aga9/ ! mis]ies ( 8 pres5t condition2 & frequ5tly1 nay1 almo/ always1 are too sl5d] = ! bus9ess assign$ !m4 ,a pair ( %oes1 p]haps1 0 nev] yet wr\ght to ! highe/ degree ( p]fection t commodity is capable ( atta9+2 yet x is necess>y1 at lea/ v useful1 t !re %\ld be "s politicians & morali/s1 ev5 "s geomet]s1 poets & philosoph]s1 among mank9d4 ,! p[]s ( m5 are no m sup]ior to _! wants1 consid]$ m]ely 9 ?is life1 ?an ^? ( foxes & h>es are1 comp>$ to _! wants & to _! p]iod ( exi/5ce4 ,! inf]5ce f p>ity ( reason is !re=e obvi\s4 ,9 %ort1 ,hume argues t1 if ! faculties ) :i* we are end[$ are unable to discov] a future /ate1 & if ! mo/ att5tive consid]ation ( _! nature s]ves to %[ t !y are adapt$ to ?is life & no?+ m1 x is surely inconsi/5t ) any conception ( ju/ice t we %\ld be dealt )1 z if we _h all along _h a cle> k ( ! fact ?us c>efully conceal$ f u4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( ! ju/ice ( a fa!r1 :o gave 8 son e reason to suppose t a trivial fault w\ld only be visit$ by a box on ! e>2 & !n1 ye>s aft]w>ds1 put him on ! rack = a week = ! same fault8 ,aga91 ! sugge/ion arises1 if ,god is ! cause ( all ?+s1 he is responsible = evil z well z = good2 & x appe>s utt]ly irreconcilable ) our notions ( ju/ice t he %\ld puni% ano!r = t :i* he has1 9 fact1 done himself4 ,moreov]1 j puni%m5t be>s a proportion to ! (f5ce1 :ile suff]+ :i* is inf9ite is ipso facto disproportionate to any f9ite de$4 ,:y !n et]nal puni%m5t = ! tempor>y (f5ces ( s frail a creature z man8 ,c any "o approve ( ,alex&]'s rage1 :o int5d$ to ext]m9ate a :ole nation because !y _h seiz$ 8 fav\rite horse ,bucephalus8 ,heav5 & hell suppose two di/9ct species ( m51 ! good & ! bad2 b ! greate/ "p ( mank9d float betwixt vice & virtue4 ,7 "o to g r\nd ! _w ) ! int5tion ( giv+ a good supp] to ! righte\s & a s\nd drubb+ to ! wick$1 he w\ld frequ5tly be emb>rass$ 9 8 *oice1 & w\ld f9d ! m]its & dem]its ( mo/ m5 & wom5 sc>cely am\nt to ! value ( ei!r4#dc ,"o c b admire ! broad humanity & ! insight into ! spr+s ( action manife/ 9 ?is passage4 ,compr5dre e/ moiti p>donn]4 ,! m "o kn[s ( ! real conditions :i* det]m9e m5's acts ! less "o f9ds ei!r to praise or blame4 ,= k9dly ,david ,hume1 ! damnation ( "o man is an inf9itely great] evil 9 ! univ]se ?an ! subv]sion ( a ?\s& million ( k+doms4 ,& he w\ld h felt ) 8 c\ntryman ,burns1 t ev5 auld ,nickie ,b5 %\ld hae a *ance4 ,z aga9/ ^? :o reason = ! necessity ( a future /ate1 9 ord] t ! ju/ice ( ! ,deity may be satisfi$1 ,hume's argum5tation appe>s unansw]able4 ,= if ! ju/ice ( ,god resembles :at we mean by ju/ice1 ! be/[al ( inf9ite happ9ess = f9ite well-do+ & inf9ite mis]y = f9ite ill-do+1 x is 9 no s5se j4 ,&1 if ! ju/ice ( ,god does n resemble :at we mean by ju/ice1 x is an abuse ( language to employ ! "n ( ju/ice = ! attribute describ$ by x4 ,b1 z aga9/ ^? :o *oose to argue t !re is no?+ 9 :at is kn[n to u ( ! attributes ( ! ,deity inconsi/5t ) a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 ,hume's plead+s h no =ce4 ,bi%op ,butl]'s argum5t t1 inasmu* z ! visitation ( our acts by rew>ds & puni%m5ts takes place 9 ?is life1 rew>ds & puni%m5ts mu/ be consi/5t ) ! attributes ( ! ,deity1 & !re=e may g on z long z ! m9d endures1 is unansw]able4 ,:atev] exi/s is1 by ! hypo!sis1 exi/5t by ! w ( ,god2 &1 !re=e1 ! pa9s & pleasures :i* exi/ n[ may g on exi/+ = all et]nity1 ei!r increas+1 dim9i%+1 or be+ endlessly v>i$ 9 _! int5sity1 z !y are n[4 ,x is rem>kable t ,hume does n ref] to ! s5tim5tal argum5ts = ! immortality ( ! s\l :i* are s mu* 9 vogue at ! pres5t day2 & :i* are bas$ ^u our desire = a long] consci\s exi/5ce ?an t :i* nature appe>s to h allott$ to u4 ,p]haps he did n ?9k !m wor? notice4 ,= inde$ x is n a little /range1 t our /rong desire t a c]ta9 occurr5ce %\ld happ5 %\ld be put =w>d z evid5ce t x w happ54 ,if my int5se desire to see ! fri5d1 f :om ,i h p>t$1 does n br+ him f ! o!r side ( ! _w1 or take me ?i!r2 if ! "m's agonis$ pray] t h] *ild %\ld live has n prev5t$ him f dy+2 exp]i5ce c]ta9ly af=ds no presumption t ! /rong desire to be alive aft] dea?1 :i* we call ! aspiration aft] immortality1 is any m likely to be gratifi$4 ,z ,hume truly says1 ,all doctr9es are to be suspect$ :i* are fav\r$ by our passions2 & ! doctr9e1 t we are immortal because we %\ld extremely l to be s1 conta9s ! qu9tess5ce ( suspici\sness4 ,9 respect ( ! exi/5ce & attributes ( ! s\l1 z ( ^? ( ! ,deity1 !n1 logic is p[]less & reason sil5t4 ,at ! mo/ we c get no fur!r ?an ! conclusion ( ,kant3-- ,aft] we h satisfi$ ourselves ( ! vanity ( all ! ambiti\s attempts ( reason to fly beyond ! b\nds ( exp]i5ce1 en\gh rema9s ( practical value to cont5t u4 ,x is true t no "o may boa/ t he kn[s t ,god & a future life exi/2 =1 if he possesses su* k1 he is j ! man = :om ,i h long be5 seek+4 ,all k 7t\*+ an object ( m]e reason7 c be communicat$1 & !re=e ,i might hope to see my own k increas$ to ?is prodigi\s ext5t1 by 8 in/ruction4 ,no2 our conviction 9 ^! matt]s is n logical1 b moral c]ta9ty2 &1 inasmu* z x re/s ^u subjective gr\nds1 7( moral disposition7 ,i mu/ n ev5 say3 x is morally c]ta9 t !re is a ,god1 & s on2 b1 ,i am morally c]ta91 & s on4 ,t is to say3 ! belief 9 a ,god & 9 ano!r _w is s int]wov5 ) my moral nature1 t ! =m] c no m vani%1 ?an ! latt] c ev] be torn f me4 ,! only po9t to be rem>k$ "h is t ?is act ( fai? ( ! intellect 7,v]nunftglaube7 assumes ! exi/5ce ( moral dispositions4 ,if we leave !m aside1 & suppose a m9d q indiff]5t to moral laws1 ! inquiry />t$ by reason becomes m]ely a subject = speculation2 & ! conclusion atta9$ may !n inde$ be support$ by /rong argum5ts f analogy1 b n by su* z are compet5t to ov]come p]si/5t scepticism4 ,!re is no "o1 h[ev]1 :o c fail to be int]e/$ 9 ^! que/ions4 ,=1 al?\gh he may be exclud$ f moral influ5ces by ! want ( a good disposition1 yet1 ev5 9 ?is case1 en\gh rema9s to lead him to fe> a div9e exi/5ce & a future /ate4 ,to ?is end1 no m is necess>y ?an t he c at lea/ h no c]ta9ty t !re is no su* be+1 & no future life2 =1 to make ?is conclusion demon/ratively c]ta91 he mu/ be able to prove ! impossibility ( bo?2 & ?is assur$ly no rational man c und]take to d4 ,?is negative belief1 inde$1 _c produce ei!r morality or good dispositions1 b c op]ate 9 an analog\s fa%ion1 by p[]fully repress+ ! outbreak ( evil t5d5cies4 ,b x w be said1 is ?is all t ,pure ,reason c d :5 x gazes out beyond ! b\nds ( exp]i5ce8 ,no?+ m ?an two articles ( fai?8 ,common s5se c\ld a*ieve z mu* )\t call+ ! philosoph]s to its c\nsels6 ,i w n "h speak ( ! s]vice :i* philosophy has r5d]$ to human reason by ! labori\s ef=ts ( its criticism1 grant+ t ! outcome proves to be m]ely negative3 ab\t t matt] some?+ is to be said 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,b d y !n ask1 t ! k :i* int]e/s all m5 %all transc5d ! common und]/&+ & be discov]$ = y only by philosoph]s8 ,! v ?+ :i* y make a reproa*1 is ! be/ confirmation ( ! ju/ice ( ! previ\s conclusions1 s9ce x %[s t :i* c\ld n1 at fir/1 h be5 anticipat$3 namely1 t 9 ^? matt]s :i* conc]n all m5 alike1 nature is n guilty ( di/ribut+ h] gifts ) p>tiality2 & t ! highe/ philosophy1 9 deal+ ) ! mo/ important conc]ns ( humanity1 is able to take u no fur!r ?an ! guidance :i* %e af=ds to ! commone/ und]/&+4#dd ,9 %ort1 no?+ c be prov$ or disprov$1 respect+ ei!r ! di/9ct exi/5ce1 ! sub/ance1 or ! durability ( ! s\l4 ,s f>1 ,kant is at "o ) ,hume4 ,b ,kant adds1 z y _c disprove ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & z ! belief !re9 is v useful = moral purposes1 y may assume x4 ,to :i*1 _h ,hume liv$ half a c5tury lat]1 he w\ld probably h repli$1 t1 if morality has no bett] f\ndation ?an an assumption1 x is n likely to be> mu* /ra92 &1 if x has a bett] f\ndation1 ! assumption r weak5s ?an /r5g!ns x4 ,z has be5 already said1 ,hume is n cont5t ) d5y+ t we "k any?+ ab\t ! exi/5ce or ! nature ( ! s\l2 b he c>ries ! w> into ! enemy's camp1 & accuses ^? :o affirm ! immat]iality1 simplicity1 & indivisibility ( ! ?9k+ sub/ance1 ( a!ism & ,sp9ozism1 :i* are assum$ to be conv]tible t]ms4 ,! me?od ( attack is +5i\s4 ,obs]vation appe>s to acqua9t u ) two diff]5t sy/ems ( be+s1 & bo? ,sp9oza & or?odox philosoph]s agree1 t ! necess>y sub/ratum ( ea* ( ^! is a sub/ance1 9 :i* ! ph5om5a adh]e1 or ( :i* !y are attributes or modes4 ,i obs]ve fir/ ! univ]se ( objects or ( body2 ! sun1 moon1 & />s2 ! e>?1 seas1 plants1 animals1 m51 %ips1 h\ses1 & o!r productions ei!r ( art or ( nature4 ,"h ,sp9oza appe>s1 & tells me t ^! are only modifications & t ! subject 9 :i* !y inh]e is simple1 uncomp\nd$1 & indivisible4 ,aft] ?is ,i consid] ! o!r sy/em ( be+s1 viz4 ! univ]se ( ?\ght1 or my impressions & ideas4 ,!n ,i obs]ve ano!r sun1 moon1 & />s2 an e>? & seas1 cov]$ & inhabit$ by plants & animals1 t[ns1 h\ses1 m\nta9s1 riv]s2 &1 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ ,i c discov] or conceive 9 ! fir/ sy/em4 ,^u my inquir+ conc]n+ ^!1 !ologians pres5t !mselves1 & tell me t ^! also are modifications1 & modifications ( "o simple1 uncomp\nd$1 & indivisible sub/ance4 ,imm$iately ^u :i* ,i am deaf5$ ) ! noise ( a hundr$ voices1 t treat ! fir/ hypo!sis ) dete/ation & scorn1 & ! second ) applause & v5]ation4 ,i turn my att5tion to ^! hypo!ses to see :at may be ! reason ( s great a p>tiality2 & f9d t !y h ! same fault ( be+ un9telligible1 & t1 z f> z we c und]/& !m1 !y are s mu* alike1 t 'tis impossible to discov] any absurdity 9 "o1 :i* is n common to bo? ( !m4--7,i4 p4 #cji47 ,= ! mann] 9 :i* ,hume makes 8 case good1 ,i mu/ ref] to ! orig9al4 ,pla9 p may re/ satisfi$ t bo? hypo!ses are un9telligible1 )\t plung+ any fur!r among syllogisms1 ! premisses ( :i* convey no mean+1 :ile ! conclusions c>ry no conviction4 ,,footnotes3 #ce ,our int]nal intuition %[s no p]man5t exi/5ce1 = ! ,ego is only ! consci\sness ( my ?9k+4 ,!re is no means :atev] by :i* we c le>n any?+ respect+ ! con/itution ( ! s\l1 s f> z reg>ds ! possibility ( its sep>ate exi/5ce4--,kritik von d5 ,p>alogism5 d] re95 ,v]nunft4 #cf ,essays on ,"s ( ! ,peculi>ities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 7,essay ,i4 ,revelation ( a ,future ,/ate71 by ,ri*>d ,:ately1 ,d4,d41 ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl94 ,fif? ,edition1 revis$1 #ahdf4 #cg ,! ,future ,/ates3 _! ,evid5ces & ,nature2 consid]$ on ,pr9ciples ,physical1 ,moral1 & ,scriptural1 ) ! ,design ( %[+ ! ,value ( ! ,gospel ,revelation by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,reg9ald ,c\rt5ay1 ,d4,d41 ,"l ,bi%op ( ,k+/on 7,jamaica71 #aheg4 #ch ,n[ t ',jesus ,*ri/ br\ght life & immortality to light ?r\gh ! ,gospel1' & t 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se1 :i* implies t ! revelation ( ! doctr9e is peculi> to ,8 ,gospel1 seems to be at lea/ ! mo/ obvi\s mean+ ( ! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4--,:ately1 l4c4 p4 #bg4 #ci ,comp>e1 ,( ! ,immat]iality ( ! ,s\l1 ,section ,v4 ( ,"p ,,iv41 ,book ,i41 ( ! ,treatise1 9 :i* ,hume concludes 7,i4 p4 #cai7 t1 :e!r x be mat]ial or immat]ial1 9 bo? cases ! metaphysical argum5ts = ! immortality ( ! s\l are equally inconclusive2 & 9 bo? cases ! moral argum5ts & ^? d]iv$ f ! analogy ( nature are equally /rong & conv9c+4 #dj ,! "q aga9 respect+ ! mat]iality ( ! s\l is "o :i* ,i am at a loss to und]/& cle>ly1 till x %all h be5 cle>ly det]m9$ :at matt] is4 ,we "k no?+ ( x1 any m ?an ( m9d1 except its attributes4--,:ately1 l4c4 p4 #ff4 #da ,none ( ^? :o cont5d = ! natural immortality ( ! s\l 444 h be5 able to extricate !mselves f "o difficulty1 viz4 t all _! argum5ts apply1 ) exactly ! same =ce1 to prove an immortality1 n only ( brutes1 b ev5 ( plants2 ?\gh 9 su* a conclusion z ?is !y are nev] will+ to acquiesce4--,:ately1 l4c4 p4 #fg4 #db ,nor are we !re=e au?oris$ to inf] priori1 indep5d5t ( ,revelation1 a future /ate ( retribution1 f ! irregul>ities prevail+ 9 ! pres5t life1 s9ce t future /ate does n acc\nt fully = ^! irregul>ities4 ,x may expla91 inde$1 h[ pres5t evil may be conducive to future good1 b n :y ! good c\ld n be atta9$ )\t ! evil2 x may reconcile ) our notions ( ! div9e ju/ice ! pres5t prosp]ity ( ! wick$1 b x does n acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! wick$4--,:ately1 l4c4 pp4 #fi1 #gj4 #dc ,s reason also %[s1 t = man to expect to e>n = himself by ! practice ( virtue1 & claim1 z 8 j "r1 an immortality ( exalt$ happ9ess1 is a mo/ extravagant & gr\ndless pret5sion4--,:ately1 l4c4 p4 #aja4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 ! ,ar*bi%op sees no unreasonabl5ess 9 a man's e>n+ = himself an immortality ( int5se unhapp9ess by ! practice ( vice4 ,s t life is1 naturally1 a v5ture 9 :i* y may lose all1 b c e>n no?+4 ,x may be ?\ght some:at h>d ^u mank9d if !y are pu%$ into a speculation ( ?is sort1 willy-nilly4 #dd ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4 ,ed4 ,h>t5/e91 p4 #edg4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,volition3 ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,necessity4 ,9 ! op5+ p>agraphs ( ! ?ird "p ( ! second book ( ! ,treatise1 ,hume gives a description ( ! w4 ,( all ! imm$iate effects ( pa9 & pleasure !re is none m rem>kable ?an ! w2 & ?\gh1 prop]ly speak+1 x be n compreh5d$ among ! passions1 yet z ! full und]/&+ ( its nature & prop]ties is necess>y to ! explanation ( !m1 we %all "h make x ! subject ( our inquiry4 ,i desire x may be obs]v$1 t1 by ! w1 ,i mean no?+ b ! int]nal impression we feel1 & are consci\s (1 :5 we kn[+ly give rise to any new motion ( our body1 or new p]ception ( our m9d4 ,?is impression1 l ! prec$+ ones ( pride & humility1 love & hatr$1 'tis impossible to def9e1 & ne$less to describe any fur!r4--7,,ii4 p4 #aej47 ,?is description ( volition may be criticis$ on v>i\s gr\nds4 ,m especially does x seem defective 9 re/rict+ ! t]m w to t feel+ :i* arises :5 we act1 or appe> to act1 z causes3 = "o may w to /rike1 )\t /rik+2 or to ?9k ( some?+ :i* we h =gott54 ,e volition is a complex idea compos$ ( two elem5ts3 ! "o is ! idea ( an action2 ! o!r is a desire = ! occurr5ce ( t action4 ,if ,i w to /rike1 ,i h an idea ( a c]ta9 movem5t1 & a desire t t movem5t %\ld take place2 if ,i w to ?9k ( any subject1 or1 9 o!r words1 to att5d to t subject1 ,i h an idea ( ! subject & a /rong desire t x %\ld rema9 pres5t to my consci\sness4 ,& s f> z ,i c discov]1 ?is comb9ation ( an idea ( an object ) an emotion1 is ev]y?+ t c be directly obs]v$ 9 an act ( volition4 ,s t ,hume's def9ition may be am5d$ ?us3 ,volition is ! impression :i* arises :5 ! idea ( a bodily or m5tal action is accompani$ by ! desire t ! action %\ld be accompli%$4 ,x diff]s f o!r desires simply 9 ! fact1 t we reg>d ourselves z possible causes ( ! action desir$4 ,two que/ions arise1 9 connexion ) ! obs]vation ( ! ph5om5on ( volition1 z !y arise out ( ! contemplation ( all o!r natural ph5om5a4 ,fir/ly1 has x a cause2 &1 if s1 :at is its cause8 ,secondly1 is x foll[$ by any effect1 & if s1 :at effect does x produce8 ,hume po9ts out1 t ! nature ( ! ph5om5a we consid] c h no?+ to d ) ! orig9 ( ! conception t !y are connect$ by ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,= t relation is no?+ b an ord] ( succession1 :i*1 s f> z our exp]i5ce goes1 is inv>iable2 & x is obvi\s t ! nature ( ph5om5a has no?+ to d ) _! ord]4 ,:atev] x is t leads u to seek = a cause = e ev5t1 9 ! case ( ! ph5om5a ( ! ext]nal _w1 compels u1 ) equal cog5cy1 to seek x 9 t ( ! m9d4 ,! only mean+ ( ! law ( causation1 9 ! physical _w1 is1 t x g5]alises univ]sal exp]i5ce ( ! ord] ( t _w2 &1 if exp]i5ce %[s a simil> ord] to obta9 among /ates ( consci\sness1 ! law ( causation w prop]ly express t ord]4 ,t su* an ord] exi/s1 h[ev]1 is ackn[l$g$ by e sane man3 ,our idea1 !re=e1 ( necessity & causation1 arises entirely f ! uni=mity obs]vable 9 ! op]ations ( nature1 :]e simil> objects are con/antly conjo9$ toge!r1 & ! m9d is det]m9$ by cu/om to inf] ! "o f ! appe>ance ( ! o!r4 ,^! two circum/ances =m ! :ole ( t necessity :i* we ascribe to matt]4 ,beyond ! con/ant conjunction ( simil> objects & ! consequ5t inf]5ce f "o to ! o!r1 we h no notion ( any necessity ( connexion4 ,if x appe>1 !re=e1 :at all mank9d h ev] all[$1 )\t any d\bt or hesitation1 t ^! two circum/ances take place 9 ! volunt>y actions ( m51 & 9 ! op]ations ( m9d1 x mu/ foll[ t all mank9d h ev] agre$ 9 ! doctr9e ( necessity1 & t !y h hi!rto disput$ m]ely f n und]/&+ ea* o!r4--7,,iv4 p4 #ig47 ,b is ?is con/ant conjunction obs]vable 9 human actions8 ,a /ud5t ( hi/ory c\ld give b "o answ] to ?is "q3 ,ambition1 av>ice1 self-love1 vanity1 fri5d%ip1 g5]osity1 public _s3 ^! passions1 mix$ 9 v>i\s degrees1 & di/ribut$ ?r\gh society1 h be51 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & /ill are1 ! s\rce ( all ! actions & ent]prizes :i* h ev] be5 obs]v$ among mank9d4 ,w\ld y "k ! s5tim5ts1 incl9ations1 & c\rse ( life ( ! ,greeks & ,romans8 ,/udy well ! temp] & actions ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli%4 ,y _c be mu* mi/ak5 9 transf]r+ to ! =m] mo/ ( ! obs]vations :i* y h made ) reg>d to ! latt]4 ,mank9d are s mu* ! same1 9 all times & places1 t hi/ory in=ms u ( no?+ new or /range 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,its *ief use is only to discov] ! con/ant & univ]sal pr9ciples ( human nature1 by %[+ m5 9 all v>ieties ( circum/ances & situations1 & furni%+ u ) mat]ials f :i* we may =m our obs]vations1 & become acqua9t$ ) ! regul> spr+s ( human action & behavi\r4 ,^! records ( w>s1 intrigues1 factions1 & revolutions are s _m collections ( exp]im5ts1 by :i* ! politician or moral philosoph] fixes ! pr9ciples ( 8 sci5ce1 9 ! same mann] z ! physician or natural philosoph] becomes acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( plants1 m9]als1 & o!r ext]nal objects1 by ! exp]im5ts :i* he =ms conc]n+ !m4 ,nor are ! e>?1 air1 wat]1 & o!r elem5ts exam9$ by ,ari/otle & ,hippocrates m l to ^? :i* at pres5t lie "u our obs]vation1 ?an ! m5 describ$ by ,polybius & ,tacitus are to ^? :o n[ gov]n ! _w4--7,,iv4 pp4 #ig-h47 ,hume proce$s to po9t out t ! value set ^u exp]i5ce 9 ! conduct ( affairs1 :e!r ( bus9ess or ( politics1 involves ! ackn[l$gm5t t we base our expectation ( :at m5 w d1 ^u our obs]vation ( :at !y h done2 &1 t we are z firmly conv9c$ ( ! fix$ ord] ( ?\ghts z we are ( t ( ?+s4 ,&1 if x be urg$ t human actions n unfrequ5tly appe> unacc\ntable & caprici\s1 8 reply is prompt3-- ,i grant x possible to f9d "s actions :i* seem to h no regul> connexion ) any kn[n motives1 & are exceptions to all ! measures ( conduct :i* h ev] be5 e/abli%$ = ! gov]nm5t ( m54 ,b if "o c\ld will+ly "k :at judgm5t %\ld be =m$ ( su* irregul> & extraord9>y actions1 we may consid] ! s5tim5ts commonly ent]ta9$ ) reg>d to ^? irregul> ev5ts :i* appe> 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 & ! op]ations ( ext]nal objects4 ,all causes are n conjo9$ to _! usual effects ) l uni=mity4 ,an artific]1 :o h&les only dead matt]1 may be disappo9t$ 9 8 aim1 z well z ! politician :o directs ! conduct ( s5sible & intellig5t ag5ts4 ,! vulg>1 :o take ?+s accord+ to _! fir/ appe>ance1 attribute ! unc]ta9ty ( ev5ts to su* an unc]ta9ty 9 ! causes z make ! latt] (t5 fail ( _! usual influ5ce1 ?\gh !y meet ) no imp$im5t to _! op]ation4 ,b philosoph]s1 obs]v+ t1 almo/ 9 e "p ( nature1 !re is conta9$ a va/ v>iety ( spr+s & pr9ciples1 :i* are hid1 by reason ( _! m9ut5ess or remot5ess1 f9d t x is at lea/ possible ! contr>iety ( ev5ts may n proce$ f any cont+5cy 9 ! cause1 b f ! secret op]ation ( contr>y causes4 ,?is possibility is conv]t$ into c]ta9ty by fur!r obs]vation1 :5 !y rem>k t1 ^u an exact scrut9y1 a contr>iety ( effects always betrays a contr>iety ( causes1 & proce$s f _! mutual opposition4 ,a peasant c give no bett] reason = ! /opp+ ( any clock or wat*1 ?an to say t x does n commonly g "r4 ,b an arti/ easily p]ceives t ! same =ce 9 ! spr+ or p5dulum has always ! same influ5ce on ! :eels2 b fails ( its usual effect1 p]haps by reason ( a gra9 ( du/1 :i* puts a /op to ! :ole movem5t4 ,f ! obs]vation ( sev]al p>allel in/ances1 philosoph]s =m a maxim1 t ! connexion betwe5 all causes & effects is equally necess>y1 & t its seem+ unc]ta9ty 9 "s in/ances proce$s f ! secret opposition ( contr>y causes4--7,,iv4 pp4 #aja-b47 ,s ) reg>d to human actions3-- ,! int]nal pr9ciples & motives may op]ate 9 a uni=m mann]1 not)/&+ ^! seem+ irregul>ities2 9 ! same mann] z ! w9ds1 ra9s1 cl\ds1 & o!r v>iations ( ! wea!r are suppos$ to be gov]n$ by /eady pr9ciples2 ?\gh n easily discov]able by human sagacity & inquiry4--7,,iv4 p4 #ajc47 ,meteorology1 z a sci5ce1 0 n 9 exi/5ce 9 ,hume's "t1 or he w\ld h left out ! suppos$ to be4 ,9 practice1 aga91 :at diff]5ce does any "o make betwe5 natural & moral evid5ce8 ,a prison] :o has nei!r money nor int]e/1 discov]s ! impossibility ( 8 escape1 z well :5 he consid]s ! ob/9acy ( ! gaol]1 z ! walls & b>s ) :i* he is surr\nd$2 &1 9 all attempts = 8 fre$om1 *ooses r to "w ^u ! /one & iron ( ! "o1 ?an ^u ! inflexible nature ( ! o!r4 ,! same prison]1 :5 conduct$ to ! scaffold1 =esees 8 dea? z c]ta9ly f ! con/ancy & fidelity ( 8 gu>ds1 z f ! op]ation ( ! axe or :eel4 ,8 m9d runs along a c]ta9 tra9 ( ideas3 ,! refusal ( ! soldi]s to cons5t to 8 escape2 ! action ( ! execution]2 ! sep>ation ( ! head & body2 ble$+1 convulsive motions1 & dea?4 ,"h is a connect$ *a9 ( natural causes & volunt>y actions2 b ! m9d feels no diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 9 pass+ f "o l9k to ano!r1 nor is less c]ta9 ( ! future ev5t1 ?an if x 7 connect$ ) ! objects pres5t$ to ! memory or s5ses1 by a tra9 ( causes cem5t$ toge!r by :at we are pleas$ to call a physical necessity4 ,! same exp]i5c$ union has ! same effect on ! m9d1 :e!r ! unit$ objects be motives1 volition1 & actions2 or figure & motion4 ,we may *ange ! names ( ?+s1 b _! nature & _! op]ation on ! und]/&+ nev] *ange4--7,,iv4 pp4 #aje-f47 ,b1 if ! necess>y connexion ( our acts ) our ideas has always be5 ackn[l$g$ 9 practice1 :y ! proclivity ( mank9d to d5y x words8 ,if we exam9e ! op]ations ( body1 & ! production ( effects f _! causes1 we %all f9d t all our faculties c nev] c>ry u fur!r 9 our k ( ?is relation1 ?an b>ely to obs]ve1 t p>ticul> objects are con/antly conjo9$ toge!r1 & t ! m9d is c>ri$1 by a cu/om>y transition1 f ! appe>ance ( ! "o to ! belief ( ! o!r4 ,b ?\gh ?is conclusion conc]n+ human ignorance be ! result ( ! /ricte/ scrut9y ( ?is subject1 m5 /ill ent]ta9 a /rong prop5sity to believe1 t !y p5etrate fur!r into ! prov9ce ( nature1 & p]ceive some?+ l a necess>y connexion betwe5 cause & effect4 ,:51 aga91 !y turn _! reflections t[>ds ! op]ations ( _! own m9ds1 & feel no su* connexion betwe5 ! motive & ! action2 !y are !nce apt to suppose1 t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! effects :i* result f mat]ial =ce1 & ^? :i* arise f ?\ght & intellig5ce4 ,b1 be+ once conv9c$1 t we "k no?+ ( causation ( any k9d1 ?an m]ely ! con/ant conjunction ( objects1 & ! consequ5t inf]5ce ( ! m9d f "o to ano!r1 & f9d+ t ^! two circum/ances are univ]sally all[$ to h place 9 volunt>y actions2 we may be m easily l$ to own ! same necessity common to all causes4--7,,iv4 pp4 #ajg1 #h47 ,! la/ asylum ( ! h>d-press$ advocate ( ! doctr9e ( uncaus$ volition is usually1 t1 argue z y l1 he has a pr(\nd & in]adicable consci\sness ( :at he calls ! fre$om ( 8 w4 ,b ,hume foll[s him ev5 "h1 ?\gh only 9 a note1 z if he ?\ght ! ext9ction ( s transp>5t a sophism h>dly wor?y ( ! dignity ( 8 text4 ,! preval5ce ( ! doctr9e ( lib]ty may be acc\nt$ = f ano!r cause1 viz4 a false s5sation1 or seem+ exp]i5ce1 :i* we h1 or may h1 ( lib]ty or indiff]5ce 9 _m ( our actions4 ,! necessity ( any action1 :e!r ( matt] or ( m9d1 is n1 prop]ly speak+1 a quality 9 ! ag5t1 b 9 any ?9k+ or intellig5t be+ :o may consid] ! action2 & x consi/s *iefly 9 ! det]m9ation ( 8 ?\ghts to inf] ! exi/5ce ( t action f "s prec$+ objects2 z lib]ty1 :5 oppos$ to necessity1 is no?+ b ! want ( t det]m9ation1 & a c]ta9 loos5ess or indiff]5ce :i* we feel1 9 pass+ or n pass+1 f ! idea ( any object to ! idea ( any succe$+ "o4 ,n[ we may obs]ve t ?\gh1 9 reflect+ on human actions1 we seldom feel su* loos5ess or indiff]5ce1 b are commonly able to inf] !m ) consid]able c]ta9ty f _! motives1 & f ! dispositions ( ! ag5t2 yet x frequ5tly happ5s1 t 9 p]=m+ ! actions !mselves1 we are s5sible ( some?+ l x3 ,& z all resembl+ objects are tak5 = ea* o!r1 ?is has be5 employ$ z demon/rative & ev5 intuitive pro( ( human lib]ty4 ,we feel t our actions are subject to our w on mo/ occasions2 & imag9e we feel1 t ! w itself is subject to no?+1 because1 :5 by a d5ial ( x we are provok$ to try1 we feel t x moves easily e way1 & produces an image ( itself 7or a ,velleity z x is call$ 9 ! s*ools71 ev5 on t side on :i* x did n settle4 ,?is image or fa9t notion1 we p]suade ourselves1 c\ld at t "t h be5 complet$ into ! ?+ itself2 because1 %\ld t be d5i$1 we f9d ^u a second trial t at pres5t x c4 ,we consid] n t ! fanta/ical desire ( %[+ lib]ty is "h ! motive ( our actions4--7,,iv4 p4 #aaj1 note47 ,moreov]1 ! mom5t ! attempt is made to give a def9ite mean+ to ! words1 ! suppos$ opposition betwe5 free w & necessity turns out to be a m]e v]bal dispute4 ,= :at is meant by lib]ty1 :5 appli$ to volunt>y actions8 ,we _c surely mean1 t actions h s little connexion ) motive1 incl9ations1 & circum/ances1 t "o does n foll[ ) a c]ta9 degree ( uni=mity f ! o!r1 & t "o af=ds no inf]5ce by :i* we c conclude ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r4 ,= ^! are pla9 & ackn[l$g$ matt]s ( fact4 ,by lib]ty1 !n1 we c only mean a p[] ( act+ or n act+ accord+ to ! det]m9ations ( ! w2 t is1 if we *oose to rema9 at re/1 we may2 if we *oose to move1 we also may4 ,n[ ?is hypo!tical lib]ty is univ]sally all[$ to belong to e "o :o is n a prison] & 9 *a9s4 ,"h !n is no subject ( dispute4--7,,iv4 p4 #aaa47 ,half ! controv]sies ab\t ! fre$om ( ! w w\ld h _h no exi/5ce1 if ?is pi?y p>agraph _h be5 well pond]$ by ^? :o oppose ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,= !y re/ ^u ! absurd presumption t ! proposition1 ,i c d z ,i l1 is contradictory to ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,! answ] is2 nobody d\bts t1 at any rate )9 c]ta9 limits1 y c d z y l4 ,b :at det]m9es y\r lik+s & dislik+s8 ,did y make y\r own con/itution8 ,is x y\r contrivance t "o ?+ is pleasant & ano!r is pa9ful8 ,& ev5 if x 71 :y did y pref] to make x aft] ! "o fa%ion r ?an ! o!r8 ,! passionate ass]tion ( ! consci\sness ( _! fre$om1 :i* is ! fav\rite refuge ( ! oppon5ts ( ! doctr9e ( necessity1 is m]e futility1 = nobody d5ies x4 ,:at !y really h to d1 if !y w\ld upset ! necess>ian argum5t1 is to prove t !y are free to associate any emotion :atev] ) any idea :atev]2 to l pa9 z mu* z pleasure2 vice z mu* z virtue2 9 %ort1 to prove1 t1 :atev] may be ! fixity ( ord] ( ! univ]se ( ?+s1 t ( ?\ght is giv5 ov] to *ance4 ,9 ! second "p ( ?is rem>kable essay1 ,hume consid]s ! real1 or suppos$1 immoral consequ5ces ( ! doctr9e ( necessity1 premis+ ! weighty obs]vation t ,:5 any op9ion leads to absurdity1 x is c]ta9ly false2 b x is n c]ta9 t an op9ion is false because x is ( dang]\s consequ5ce4--7,,iv4 p4 #aab47 ,&1 !re=e1 t ! attempt to refute an op9ion by a picture ( its dang]\s consequ5ces to religion & morality1 is z illogical z x is repreh5sible4 ,x is said1 9 ! fir/ place1 t necessity de/roys responsibility2 t1 z x is usually put1 we h no "r to praise or blame actions t _c be help$4 ,hume's reply am\nts to ?is1 t ! v idea ( responsibility implies ! belief 9 ! necess>y connexion ( c]ta9 actions ) c]ta9 /ates ( ! m9d4 ,a p]son is held responsible only = ^? acts :i* are prec$$ by a c]ta9 int5tion2 &1 z we _c see1 or he>1 or feel1 an int5tion1 we c only reason out its exi/5ce on ! pr9ciple t l effects h l causes4 ,if a man is f\nd by ! police busy ) jemmy & d>k lant]n at a jewell]'s %op door ov] night1 ! magi/rate be=e :om he is br\ght ! next morn+1 reasons f ^? effects to _! causes 9 ! fell['s burgl>i\s ideas & volitions1 ) p]fect confid5ce1 & puni%es him accord+ly4 ,& x is q cle> t su* a proce$+ w\ld be grossly unju/1 if ! l9ks ( ! logical process 7 o!r ?an necess>ily connect$ toge!r4 ,! advocate :o %\ld attempt to get ! man (f on ! plea t 8 cli5t ne$ n necess>ily h _h a feloni\s int5t1 w\ld h>dly wa/e 8 "t m1 if he tri$ to prove t ! sum ( all ! angles ( a triangle is n two "r angles1 b ?ree4 ,a man's moral responsibility = 8 acts has1 9 fact1 no?+ to d ) ! causation ( ^! acts1 b dep5ds on ! frame ( m9d :i* accompanies !m4 ,common language tells u ?is1 :5 x uses well-dispos$ z ! equival5t ( good1 & evil-m9d$ z t ( wick$4 ,if ,a does some?+ :i* puts ,b 9 a viol5t passion1 x is q possible to admit t ,b's passion is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ,a's act1 & yet to believe t ,b's fury is morally wrong1 or t he ought to control x4 ,9 fact1 a calm by/&] w\ld reason ) bo? on ! assumption ( moral necessity4 ,he w\ld say to ,a1 ,y 7 wrong 9 do+ a ?+ :i* y knew 7t is1 ( ! necessity ( :i* y 7 conv9c$7 w\ld irritate ,b4 ,& he w\ld say to ,b1 ,y are wrong to give way to passion1 = y "k its evil effects--t is ! necess>y connection betwe5 yield+ to passion & evil4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 f necessity de/roy+ moral responsibility1 x is ! f\ndation ( all praise & blame2 & moral admiration rea*es its climax 9 ! ascription ( necess>y goodness to ! ,deity4 ,to ! /atem5t ( ano!r consequ5ce ( ! necess>ian doctr9e1 t1 if !re be a ,god1 he mu/ be ! cause ( all evil z well z ( all good1 ,hume gives no real reply--probably because none is possible4 ,b !n1 if ?is conclusion is di/9ctly & unque/ionably d$ucible f ! doctr9e ( necessity1 x is no less unque/ionably a direct consequ5ce ( e kn[n =m ( mono!ism4 ,if ,god is ! cause ( all ?+s1 he mu/ be ! cause ( evil among ! re/2 if he is omnisci5t1 he mu/ h ! =e-k ( evil2 if he is almighty1 he mu/ possess ! p[] ( prev5t+1 or ( ext+ui%+ evil4 ,& to say t an all-kn[+ & all-p[]ful be+ is n responsible = :at happ5s1 because he only p]mits x1 is1 "u its intellectual aspect1 a piece ( *ildi% sophi/ry2 :ile1 z to ! moral look ( x1 "o has only to ask any dec5tly hon\rable man1 :e!r1 "u l circum/ances1 he w\ld try to get rid ( 8 responsibility by su* a plea4 ,hume's ,inquiry appe>$ 9 #agdh4 ,he does n ref] to ,an?ony ,coll9s' essay on ,lib]ty1 publi%$ ?irty-?ree ye>s be=e1 9 :i* ! same "q is treat$ to ! same effect1 ) s+ul> =ce & lucidity4 ,x may be said1 p]haps1 t x is n wond]ful t ! two free?9k]s %\ld foll[ ! same l9e ( reason+2 b no su* !ory w acc\nt = ! fact t 9 #aged1 ! fam\s ,calv9i/ic div9e1 ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 ,presid5t ( ! ,college ( ,new ,j]sey1 produc$1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! /raite/ or?odoxy1 a demon/ration ( ! necess>ian !sis1 :i* has nev] be5 equall$ 9 p[]1 & c]ta9ly has nev] be5 refut$4 ,9 ! n9? section ( ! f\r? "p ( ,edw>ds' ,inquiry1 he has to deal ) ! ,arm9ian objection to ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e t x makes ,god ! au?or ( s92 & x is curi\s to wat* ! /ruggle betwe5 ! !ological controv]siali/1 /riv+ to w>d (f an admission :i* he kn[s w be employ$ to damage 8 side1 & ! acute logician1 consci\s t1 9 "s %ape or o!r1 ! admission mu/ be made4 ,beg9n+ ) a tu quoque1 t ! ,arm9ian doctr9e involves consequ5ces z bad z ! ,calv9i/ic view1 he proce$s to object to ! t]m au?or ( s91 ?\gh he ends by admitt+ t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 x is applicable2 he proves f ,scripture1 t ,god is ! dispos] & ord]] ( s92 & !n1 by an elaborate false analogy ) ! d>kness result+ f ! abs5ce ( ! sun1 endeav\rs to sugge/ t he is only ! au?or ( x 9 a negative s5se2 &1 f9ally1 he takes refuge 9 ! conclusion t1 ?\gh ,god is ! ord]] & dispos] ( ^? de$s :i*1 consid]$ 9 relation to _! ag5ts1 are morally evil1 yet1 inasmu* z ,8 purpose has all along be5 inf9itely good1 !y are n evil relatively to him4 ,& ?is1 ( c\rse1 may be p]fectly true2 b if true1 x is inconsi/5t ) ! attribute ( omnipot5ce4 ,x is conceivable t !re %\ld be no evil 9 ! _w2 t :i* is conceivable is c]ta9ly possible2 if x 7 possible = evil to be non-exi/5t1 ! mak] ( ! _w1 :o1 ?\gh =ekn[+ ! exi/5ce ( evil 9 t _w1 did n prev5t x1 ei!r did n really desire x %\ld n exi/1 or c\ld n prev5t its exi/5ce4 ,x might be well = ^? :o inveigh aga9/ ! logical consequ5ces ( necess>ianism to be?9k !m ( ! logical consequ5ces ( !ism2 :i* are n only ! same1 :5 ! attribute ( ,omnisci5ce is ascrib$ to ! ,deity1 b :i* br+ out1 f ! exi/5ce ( moral evil1 a hopeless conflict betwe5 ! attributes ( ,inf9ite ,b5evol5ce & ,inf9ite ,p[]1 :i*1 ) no less assurance1 are affirm$ to app]ta9 to ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,kant's mode ( deal+ ) ! doctr9e ( necessity is v s+ul>4 ,t ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d foll[ fix$ relations ( cause & effect is1 to him1 z unque/ionable z x is to ,hume4 ,b !n !re is ! ,d+ an si*1 ! ,n\m5on1 or ,kantian equival5t = ! sub/ance ( ! s\l4 ,?is1 be+ out ( ! ph5om5al _w1 is subject to none ( ! laws ( ph5om5a1 & is consequ5tly z absolutely free1 & z completely p[]less1 z a ma!matical po9t1 9 vacua1 w\ld be4 ,h5ce volition is uncaus$1 s f> z x belongs to ! n\m5on2 b1 necess>y1 s f> z x takes effect 9 ! ph5om5al _w4 ,s9ce ,kant is nev] we>y ( tell+ u t we "k no?+ :atev]1 & c "k no?+1 ab\t ! n\m5on1 except z ! hypo!tical subject ( any numb] ( negative pr$icates2 ! in=mation t x is free1 9 ! s5se ( be+ out ( rea* ( ! law ( causation1 is ab\t z valuable z ! ass]tion t x is nei!r grey1 nor blue1 nor squ>e4 ,= practical purposes1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! inw>d possession ( su* a n\m5al lib]t9e does n am\nt to mu* = p ^: actual exi/5ce is made up ( no?+ b def9itely regulat$ ph5om5a4 ,:5 ! good & evil angels f\ght = ! dead body ( ,moses1 its pres5ce mu/ h be5 ( ab\t ! same value to ei!r ( ! cont5d+ p>ties1 z t ( ,kant's n\m5on1 9 ! battle ( impulses :i* rages 9 ! brea/ ( man4 ,metaphysicians1 z a rule1 are sadly defici5t 9 ! s5se ( hum\r2 or !y w\ld surely ab/a9 f advanc+ propositions :i*1 :5 /ripp$ ( ! v]biage 9 :i* !y are disguis$1 appe> to ! pr(ane eye to be b>e %ams1 nak$ b n a%am$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,morals4 ,9 8 autobiography1 ,hume writes3-- ,9 ! same ye> #ageb 0 publi%$ at ,london my ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals2 :i* 9 my own op9ion 7:o ought n to judge on t subject7 is ( all my writ+s1 hi/orical1 philosophical1 & lit]>y1 incomp>ably ! be/4 ,x came unnotic$ & unobs]v$ into ! _w4 ,x may commonly be notic$ t ! relative value :i* an au?or ascribes to 8 own works r>ely agrees ) ! e/imate =m$ ( !m by 8 read]s2 :o criticise ! products1 )\t ei!r ! p[] or ! wi% to take into acc\nt ! pa9s :i* !y may h co/ ! produc]4 ,moreov]1 ! cle> & dispassionate common s5se ( ! ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals may h ta/$ flat aft] ! highly-season$ ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+4 ,:e!r ! public l to be deceiv$1 or n1 may be op5 to "q2 b x is beyond a d\bt t !y love to be %ock$ 9 a pleasant & mann]ly way4 ,n[ ,hume's speculations on moral que/ions are n s remote f ^? ( respectable pr(essors1 l ,hut*eson1 or sa9tly prelates1 su* z ,butl]1 z to pres5t any /rik+ novelty4 ,& !y support ! cause ( righte\sness 9 a cool1 reasonable1 inde$ slightly patronis+ fa%ion1 em95tly 9 h>mony ) ! m9d ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 :i* admir$ virtue v mu*1 if %e w\ld only avoid ! rig\r :i* ! age call$ fanaticism1 & ! f]v\r :i* x call$ en?usiasm4 ,hav+ appli$ ! ord9>y me?ods ( sci5tific inquiry to ! intellectual ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 x 0 natural t ,hume %\ld ext5d ! same mode ( inve/igation to its moral ph5om5a2 &1 9 ! true _s ( a natural philosoph]1 he comm5ces by select+ a gr\p ( ^? /ates ( consci\sness ) :i* e "o's p]sonal exp]i5ce mu/ h made him famili>3 9 ! expectation t ! discov]y ( ! s\rces ( moral approbation & disapprobation1 9 ?is comp>atively easy case1 may furni% ! means ( detect+ !m :]e !y are m recondite4 ,we %all analyse t complication ( m5tal qualities :i* =m :at1 9 common life1 we call ,,p]sonal ,,m]it3 ,we %all consid] e attribute ( ! m9d1 :i* r5d]s a man an object ei!r ( e/eem & affection1 or ( hatr$ & contempt2 e habit or s5tim5t or faculty1 :i* if ascrib$ to any p]son1 implies ei!r praise or blame1 & may ent] into any panegyric or satire ( 8 "* & mann]s4 ,! quick s5sibility :i*1 on ?is head1 is s univ]sal among mank9d1 gives a philosoph] suffici5t assurance t he c nev] be consid]ably mi/ak5 9 fram+ ! catalogue1 or incurs any dang] ( misplac+ ! objects ( 8 contemplation3 ,he ne$s only ent] into 8 own brea/ = a mom5t1 & consid] :e!r he %\ld or %\ld n desire to h ?is or t quality assign$ to him1 & :e!r su* or su* an imputation w\ld proce$ f a fri5d or an enemy4 ,! v nature ( language guides u almo/ infallibly 9 =m+ a judgm5t ( ?is nature2 & z e tongue possesses "o set ( words :i* are tak5 9 a good s5se1 & ano!r 9 ! opposite1 ! lea/ acqua9tance ) ! idiom suffices1 )\t any reason+1 to direct u 9 collect+ & arrang+ ! e/imable or blamable qualities ( m54 ,! only object ( reason+ is to discov] ! circum/ances on bo? sides1 :i* are common to ^! qualities2 to obs]ve t p>ticul> 9 :i* ! e/imable qualities agree on ! "o h&1 & ! blamable on ! o!r1 & !nce to rea* ! f\ndation ( e?ics1 & f9d _! univ]sal pr9ciples1 f :i* all c5sure or approbation is ultimately d]iv$4 ,z ?is is a "q ( fact1 n ( ab/ract sci5ce1 we c only expect success by foll[+ ! exp]im5tal me?od1 & d$uc+ g5]al maxims f a comp>ison ( p>ticul> in/ances4 ,! o!r sci5tifical me?od1 :]e a g5]al ab/ract pr9ciple is fir/ e/abli%$1 & is aft]w>ds bran*$ out into a v>iety ( inf]5ces & conclusions1 may be m p]fect 9 itself1 b suits less ! imp]fection ( human nature1 & is a common s\rce ( illusion & mi/ake1 9 ?is z well z 9 o!r subjects4 ,m5 are n[ cur$ ( _! passion = hypo!ses & sy/ems 9 natural philosophy1 & w he>k5 to no argum5ts b ^? :i* are d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,x is full "t !y %\ld attempt a l re=mation 9 all moral disquisitions2 & reject e sy/em ( e?ics1 h[ev] subtile or +5i\s1 :i* is n f\nd$ on fact & obs]vation4--7,,iv4 pp4 #bdb-d47 ,no qualities give a man a great] claim to p]sonal m]it ?an b5evol5ce & ju/ice2 b if we inquire :y b5evol5ce des]ves s mu* praise1 ! answ] w c]ta9ly conta9 a l>ge ref]5ce to ! utility ( t virtue to society2 & z = ju/ice1 ! v exi/5ce ( ! virtue implies t ( society2 public utility is its sole orig92 & ! measure ( its usefulness is also ! /&>d ( its m]it4 ,if e man possess$ ev]y?+ he want$1 & no "o _h ! p[] to int]f]e ) su* possession2 or if no man desir$ t :i* c\ld damage 8 fell[-man1 ju/ice w\ld h no "p to play 9 ! univ]se4 ,b z ,hume obs]ves3-- ,9 ! pres5t disposition ( ! human he>t1 x w\ld p]haps be difficult to f9d complete in/ances ( su* enl>g$ affections2 b /ill we may obs]ve t ! case ( families approa*es t[>ds x2 & ! /rong] ! mutual b5evol5ce is among ! individuals1 ! ne>] x approa*es1 till all di/9ction ( prop]ty be 9 a great measure lo/ & conf\nd$ among !m4 ,betwe5 m>ri$ p]sons1 ! cem5t ( fri5d%ip is by ! laws suppos$ s /rong1 z to aboli% all division ( possessions1 & has (t51 9 reality1 ! =ce assign$ to x4#de ,& x is obs]vable t1 dur+ ! ard\r ( new en?usiasms1 :5 e pr9ciple is inflam$ into extravagance1 ! community ( goods has frequ5tly be5 attempt$2 & no?+ b exp]i5ce ( its inconv5i5ces1 f ! return+ or disguis$ selfi%ness ( m51 c\ld make ! imprud5t fanatics adopt anew ! ideas ( ju/ice & sep>ate prop]ty4 ,s true is x t ?is virtue d]ives its exi/5ce entirely f its necess>y use to ! int]c\rse & social /ate ( mank9d4--7,,iv4 p4 #bef47 ,7 ! human species s fram$ by nature z t ea* individual possess$ )9 himself e faculty requisite bo? = 8 own pres]vation & = ! propagation ( 8 k9d3 ,7 all society & int]c\rse cut (f betwe5 man & man by ! prim>y int5tion ( ! ,supreme ,creator3 ,x seems evid5t t s solit>y a be+ w\ld be z mu* incapable ( ju/ice z ( social disc\rse & conv]sation4 ,:]e mutual reg>d & =be>ance s]ve to no mann] ( purpose1 !y w\ld nev] direct ! conduct ( any reasonable man4 ,! headlong c\rse ( ! passions w\ld be *eck$ by no reflection on future consequ5ces4 ,& z ea* man is "h suppos$ to love himself alone1 & to dep5d only on himself & 8 own activity = safety & happ9ess1 he w\ld1 on e occasion1 to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]1 *all5ge ! pref]5ce above e o!r be+1 to none ( :i* he is b\nd by any ties1 ei!r ( nature or ( int]e/4 ,b suppose ! conjunction ( ! sexes to be e/abli%$ 9 nature1 a family imm$iately arises2 & p>ticul> rules be+ f\nd requisite = its subsi/5ce1 ^! are imm$iately embrac$1 ?\gh )\t compreh5d+ ! re/ ( mank9d )9 _! prescriptions4 ,suppose t sev]al families unite toge!r 9 "o society1 :i* is totally disjo9$ f all o!rs1 ! rules :i* pres]ve peace & ord] enl>ge !mselves to ! utmo/ ext5t ( t society2 b becom+ !n entirely useless1 lose _! =ce :5 c>ri$ "o /ep fur!r4 ,b aga91 suppose t sev]al di/9ct societies ma9ta9 a k9d ( int]c\rse = mutual conv5i5ce & advantage1 ! b\nd>ies ( ju/ice /ill gr[ l>g]1 9 proportion to ! l>g5ess ( m5's views & ! =ce ( _! mutual connexion4 ,hi/ory1 exp]i5ce1 reason1 suffici5tly in/ruct u 9 ?is natural progress ( human s5tim5ts1 & 9 ! gradual enl>gem5t ( our reg>d to ju/ice 9 proportion z we become acqua9t$ ) ! ext5sive utility ( t virtue4--7,,iv4 pp4 #bfb-d47 ,! moral obligation ( ju/ice & ! rights ( prop]ty are by no means dim9i%$ by ?is exposure ( ! purely utilit>ian basis on :i* !y re/3-- ,= :at /rong] f\ndation c be desir$ or conceiv$ = any duty1 ?an to obs]ve t human society1 or ev5 human nature1 c\ld n subsi/ )\t ! e/abli%m5t ( x1 & w /ill arrive at great] degrees ( happ9ess & p]fection1 ! m inviolable ! reg>d is :i* is paid to t duty8 ,! dilemma seems obvi\s3 ,z ju/ice evid5tly t5ds to promote public utility1 & to support civil society1 ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice is ei!r d]iv$ f our reflect+ on t t5d5cy1 or1 l hung]1 ?ir/1 & o!r appetites1 res5tm5t1 love ( life1 atta*m5t to (fspr+1 & o!r passions1 arises f a simple orig9al in/9ct 9 ! human he>t1 :i* nature has implant$ = l salut>y purposes4 ,if ! latt] be ! case1 x foll[s t prop]ty1 :i* is ! object ( ju/ice1 is also di/+ui%$ by a simple orig9al in/9ct1 & is n asc]ta9$ by any argum5t or reflection4 ,b :o is !re t ev] he>d ( su* an in/9ct8 ,or is ?is a subject 9 :i* new discov]ies c be made8 ,we may z well expect to discov] 9 ! body new s5ses :i* _h be=e escap$ ! obs]vation ( all mank9d4--7,,iv4 pp4 #bgc1 #d47 ,! re/riction ( ! object ( ju/ice to prop]ty1 9 ?is passage1 is s+ul>4 ,pleasure & pa9 c h>dly be includ$ "u ! t]m prop]ty1 & yet ju/ice surely deals l>gely ) ! )hold+ ( ! =m]1 or ! infliction ( ! latt]1 by m5 on "o ano!r4 ,if a man b>s ano!r f a pleasure :i* he w\ld o!rwise enjoy1 or actively hurts him )\t good reason1 ! latt] is said to be injur$ z mu* z if 8 prop]ty _h be5 int]f]$ )4 ,"h1 inde$1 x may be readily %[n1 t x is z mu* ! int]e/ ( society t m5 %\ld n int]f]e ) "o ano!r's fre$om1 or mutually inflict positive or negative pa91 z t !y %\ld n m$dle ) "o ano!r's prop]ty2 & h5ce ! obligation ( ju/ice 9 su* matt]s may be d$uc$4 ,b1 if a man m]ely ?9ks ill ( ano!r1 or feels malici\sly t[>ds him )\t due cause1 he is prop]ly said to be unju/4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be h>d to prove t any injury is done to society by ! evil ?\ght2 b !re is no "q t x w be /igmatis$ z an inju/ice2 & ! (f5d] himself1 9 ano!r frame ( m9d1 is (t5 ready en\gh to admit t he has fail$ to be j t[>ds 8 neighb\r4 ,h[ev]1 x may plausibly be said1 t s slight a b>ri] lies betwe5 ?\ght & spee*1 t any moral quality atta*$ to ! latt] is easily transf]r$ to ! =m]2 & t1 s9ce op5 sl&] is obvi\sly oppos$ to ! int]e/s ( society1 inju/ice ( ?\ght1 :i* is sil5t sl&]1 mu/ become inextricably associat$ ) ! same blame4 ,b1 grant+ ! utility to society ( all k9ds ( b5evol5ce & ju/ice1 :y %\ld ! quality ( ^? virtues involve ! s5se ( moral obligation8 ,hume answ]s ?is "q 9 ! fif? section1 entitl$1 ,:y ,utility ,pleases4 ,he repudiates ! d$uction ( moral approbation f self-love1 & utt]ly d5ies t we approve ( b5evol5t or j actions because we ?9k ( ! b5efits :i* !y are likely to conf] indirectly on ourselves4 ,! s\rce ( ! approbation ) :i* we view an act useful to society mu/ be s\ght else:]e2 &1 9 fact1 is to be f\nd 9 t feel+ :i* is call$ sympa?y4 ,no man is absolutely indiff]5t to ! happ9ess & mis]y ( o!rs4 ,! fir/ has a natural t5d5cy to give pleasure1 ! second pa94 ,?is e "o may f9d 9 himself4 ,x is n probable t ^! pr9ciples c be resolv$ into pr9ciples m simple & univ]sal1 :atev] attempts may h be5 made = t purpose4--7,,iv4 p4 #bid1 ,note47 ,o!r m5's joys & sorr[s are n spectacles at :i* we rema9 unmov$3-- 444 ,! view ( ! =m]1 :e!r 9 its causes or effects1 l sun%9e1 or ! prospect ( well-cultivat$ pla9s 7to c>ry our pret5sions no high]7 communicates a secret joy & satisfaction2 ! appe>ance ( ! latt]1 l a l[]+ cl\d or b>r5 l&scape1 ?r[s a melan*oly damp ov] ! imag9ation4 ,& ?is concession be+ once made1 ! difficulty is ov]2 & a natural un=c$ int]pretation ( ! ph5om5a ( human life w aft]w>ds1 we hope1 prevail among all speculative inquir]s4--7,,iv4 p4 #cbj47 ,! moral approbation1 !re=e1 ) :i* we reg>d acts ( ju/ice or b5evol5ce re/s ^u _! utility to society1 because ! p]ception ( t utility or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! pleasure :i* !y give to o!r m51 ar\ses a feel+ ( sympa!tic pleasure 9 ourselves4 ,! feel+ ( obligation to be j1 or ( ! duty ( ju/ice1 arises out ( t association ( moral approbation or disapprobation ) "o's own actions1 :i* is :at we call consci5ce4 ,to fail 9 ju/ice1 or 9 b5evol5ce1 is to be displeas$ ) oneself4 ,b happ9ess is impossible )\t inw>d self-approval2 &1 h5ce1 e man :o has any reg>d to 8 own happ9ess & welf>e1 w f9d 8 be/ rew>d 9 ! practice ( e moral duty4 ,on ?is topic ,hume exp5ds mu* eloqu5ce4 ,b :at philosophical tru?s c be m advantage\s to society ?an ^! "h deliv]$1 :i* repres5t virtue 9 all h] g5u9e & mo/ engag+ *>ms1 & make u approa* h] ) ease1 famili>ity1 & affection8 ,! dismal dress falls (f1 ) :i* _m div9es & "s philosoph]s h cov]$ h]2 & no?+ appe>s b g5tl5ess1 humanity1 b5efic5ce1 affability2 nay1 ev5 at prop] int]vals1 play1 frolic1 & gaiety4 ,%e talks n ( useless au/]ities & rig\rs1 suff]+ & self-d5ial4 ,%e decl>es t h] sole purpose is to make h] vot>ies1 & all mank9d1 dur+ e p]iod ( _! exi/5ce1 if possible1 *e]ful & happy2 nor does %e ev] will+ly "p ) any pleasure b 9 hopes ( ample comp5sation 9 "s o!r p]iod ( _! lives4 ,! sole tr\ble :i* %e dem&s is t ( j calculation1 & a /eady pref]5ce ( ! great] happ9ess4 ,& if any au/]e pret5d]s approa* h]1 enemies to joy & pleasure1 %e ei!r rejects !m z hypocrites & deceiv]s1 or if %e admit !m 9 h] tra91 !y are rank$1 h[ev]1 among ! lea/ fav\r$ ( h] vot>ies4 ,&1 inde$1 to drop all figurative expression1 :at hopes c we ev] h ( engag+ mank9d to a practice :i* we confess full ( au/]ity & rig\r8 ,or :at !ory ( morals c ev] s]ve any useful purpose1 unless x c %[1 by a p>ticul> detail1 t all ! duties :i* x recomm5ds are also ! true int]e/ ( ea* individual8 ,! peculi> advantage ( ! =ego+ sy/em seem to be1 t x furni%es prop] m$iums = t purpose4--7,,iv4 p4 #cfj47 ,9 ?is pan to virtue1 !re is m ( ! dance measure ?an w s\nd appropriate 9 ! e>s ( mo/ ( ! pilgrims :o toil pa9fully1 n )\t _m a /umble & _m a bruise1 along ! r\gh & /eep roads :i* lead to ! high] life4 ,virtue is und\bt$ly b5efic5t2 b ! man is to be envi$ to :om h] ways seem 9 anywise playful4 ,&1 ?\gh %e may n talk mu* ab\t suff]+ & self-d5ial1 h] sil5ce on t topic may be acc\nt$ = on ! pr9ciple a va sans dire4 ,! calculation ( ! greate/ happ9ess is n p]=m$ q s easily z a rule ( ?ree sum2 :ile1 9 ! h\r ( temptation1 ! "q w crop up1 :e!r1 z some?+ has to be sacrific$1 a bird 9 ! h& is n wor? two 9 ! bu%2 :e!r x may n be z well to give up ! problematical great] happ9ess 9 ! future1 = a c]ta9 great happ9ess 9 ! pres5t1 & ,buy ! m]ry madness ( "o h\r ,) ! long irksom5ess ( foll[+ "t4#df ,if mank9d _c be engag$ 9 practices full ( au/]ity & rig\r1 by ! love ( righte\sness & ! fe> ( evil1 )\t seek+ = o!r comp5sation ?an t :i* fl[s f ! gratification ( su* love & ! consci\sness ( escape f debasem5t1 !y are 9 a bad case4 ,= !y w assur$ly f9d t virtue pres5ts no v close lik5ess to ! sportive lead] ( ! joy\s h\rs 9 ,hume's rosy picture2 b t %e is an awful ,goddess1 ^: m9i/]s are ! ,furies1 & ^: highe/ rew>d is peace4 ,x is n improbable t ,hume w\ld h qualifi$ all ?is z en?usiasm or fanaticism1 or bo?2 b he virtually admits x3-- ,n[1 z virtue is an end1 & is desirable on its own acc\nt1 )\t fee or rew>d1 m]ely = ! imm$iate satisfaction :i* x conveys1 x is requisite t !re %\ld be "s s5tim5t :i* x t\*es2 "s int]nal ta/e or feel+1 or :atev] y please to call x1 :i* di/+ui%es moral good & evil1 & :i* embraces ! "o & rejects ! o!r4 ,?us ! di/9ct b\nd>ies & (fices ( reason & ( ta/e are easily asc]ta9$4 ,! =m] conveys ! k ( tru? & falsehood3 ,! latt] gives ! s5tim5t ( beauty & de=mity1 vice & virtue4 ,! "o discov]s objects z !y really /& 9 nature1 )\t addition or dim9ution3 ,! o!r has a productive faculty1 & gild+ & /a9+ all natural objects ) ! col\rs borr[$ f int]nal s5tim5t1 raises 9 a mann] a new creation4 ,reason be+ cool & dis5gag$1 is no motive to action1 & directs only ! impulse receiv$ f appetite or incl9ation1 by %[+ u ! means ( atta9+ happ9ess or avoid+ mis]y4 ,ta/e1 z x gives pleasure or pa91 & !reby con/itutes happ9ess or mis]y1 becomes a motive to action1 & is ! fir/ spr+ or impulse to desire & volition4 ,f circum/ances & relations kn[n or suppos$1 ! =m] leads u to ! discov]y ( ! conceal$ & unkn[n4 ,aft] all circum/ances & relations are laid be=e u1 ! latt] makes u feel f ! :ole a new s5tim5t ( blame or approbation4 ,! /&>d ( ! "o1 be+ f\nd$ on ! nature ( ?+s1 is ext]nal & inflexible1 ev5 by ! w ( ! ,supreme ,be+3 ,! /&>d ( ! o!r1 aris+ f ! int]nal frame & con/itution ( animals1 is ultimately d]iv$ f ! ,supreme ,w1 :i* be/[$ on ea* be+ its peculi> nature1 & arrang$ ! sev]al classes & ord]s ( exi/5ce4--7,,iv4 pp4 #cgf-g47 ,hume has n discuss$ ! !ological !ory ( ! obligations ( morality1 b x is obvi\sly 9 accordance ) 8 view ( ! nature ( ^? obligations4 ,"u its !ological aspect1 morality is ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god2 & ! gr\nd = su* ob$i5ce is two-fold2 ei!r we ought to obey ,god because ,he w puni% u if we disobey ,him1 :i* is an argum5t bas$ on ! utility ( ob$i5ce2 or our ob$i5ce ought to fl[ f our love t[>ds ,god1 :i* is an argum5t bas$ on pure feel+ & = :i* no reason c be giv54 ,=1 if any man %\ld say t he takes no pleasure 9 ! contemplation ( ! ideal ( p]fect hol9ess1 or1 9 o!r words1 t he does n love ,god1 ! attempt to argue him into acquir+ t pleasure w\ld be z hopeless z ! endeav\r to p]suade ,pet] ,bell ( ! wit*]y ( ! s(t blue sky4 ,9 :i*ev] way we look at ! matt]1 morality is bas$ on feel+1 n on reason2 ?\gh reason alone is compet5t to trace out ! effects ( our actions & !reby dictate conduct4 ,ju/ice is f\nd$ on ! love ( "o's neighb\r2 & goodness is a k9d ( beauty4 ,! moral law1 l ! laws ( physical nature1 re/s 9 ! long run ^u in/9ctive intuitions1 & is nei!r m nor less innate & necess>y ?an !y are4 ,"s p _c by any means be got to und]/& ! fir/ book ( ,euclid2 b ! tru?s ( ma!matics are no less necess>y & b9d+ on ! great mass ( mank9d4 ,"s !re are :o _c feel ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,sonata ,appassionata1 & ,*]ry ,ripe2 or betwe5 a grave/one-cutt]'s *]ub & ! ,apollo ,belvid]e2 b ! canons ( art are none ! less ackn[l$g$4 ,:ile "s !re may be1 :o1 devoid ( sympa?y are incapable ( a s5se ( duty2 b nei!r does _! exi/5ce affect ! f\ndations ( morality4 ,su* pa?ological deviations f true manhood are m]ely ! halt1 ! lame1 & ! bl9d ( ! _w ( consci\sness2 & ! anatomi/ ( ! m9d leaves !m aside1 z ! anatomi/ ( ! body w\ld ignore abnormal specim5s4 ,& z !re are ,pascals & ,moz>ts1 ,newtons & ,raffaelles1 9 :om ! innate faculty = sci5ce or art seems to ne$ b a t\* to spr+ into full vig\r1 & ?r\gh :om ! human race obta9s new possibilities ( k & new conceptions ( beauty3 s !re h be5 m5 ( moral g5ius1 to :om we owe ideals ( duty & visions ( moral p]fection1 :i* ord9>y mank9d c\ld nev] h atta9$2 ?\gh1 happily = !m1 !y c feel ! beauty ( a vision1 :i* lay beyond ! rea* ( _! dull imag9ations1 & c\nt life well sp5t 9 %ap+ "s fa9t image ( x 9 ! actual _w4 ,,! ,,end ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,& ,,taylor1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 ,,footnotes3 #de ,family affection 9 ! eighte5? c5tury may h be5 /rong] ?an 9 ! n9ete5?2 b ,hume's ba*elor inexp]i5ce c surely alone expla9 8 /range acc\nt ( ! suppositions ( ! m>riage law ( t day1 & _! effects4 ,! law c]ta9ly aboli%$ all division ( possessions1 b x did s by mak+ ! husb& sole proprietor4 #df ,b5 ,jonson's ,cyn?ia's ,revels1 act i4 ,,adv]tisem5ts ,,engli% ,,m5 ,,( ,,lett]s4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,john ,,morley4 ,^! ,%ort ,books are address$ to ! g5]al public ) a view bo? to /irr+ & satisfy+ an int]e/ 9 lit]ature & its great topics 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o h to run z !y read4 ,an imm5se class is gr[+ up1 & mu/ e ye> increase1 ^: education w h made !m alive to ! importance ( ! ma/]s ( our lit]ature1 & capable ( intellig5t curiosity z to _! p]=mances4 ,! ,s]ies is int5d$ to give ! means ( n\ri%+ ?is curiosity1 to an ext5t t %all be copi\s en\gh to be pr(itable = k & life1 & yet be brief en\gh to s]ve ^? ^: leisure is scanty4 ,! foll[+ are arrang$ =3-- ,,sp5s] ,! ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,,hume ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,ready4 ,,bunyan ,james ,an?ony ,fr\de4 ,,johnson ,leslie ,/eph54 ,ready4 ,,goldsmi? ,william ,black4 ,ready4 ,,milton ,m>k ,pattison4 ,,wordswor? ,goldw9 ,smi?4 ,,swift ,john ,morley4 ,,burns ,pr9cipal ,%airp4 ,ready4 ,,scott ,ri*>d ,h4 ,hutton4 ,ready4 ,,%elley ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds4 ,ready4 ,,gibbon ,j4 ,c4 ,morison4 ,ready4 ,,byron ,pr(essor ,ni*ol4 ,,defoe ,w4 ,m9to4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,gray ,john ,morley4 ,,haw?orne ,h5ry ,james1 ,jnr4 ,,*auc] ,a4 ,w4 ,w>d4 ,,o!rs ,,w ,,be ,,ann\nc$4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,! new s]ies op5s well ) ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5's sket* ( ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,x c\ld h>dly h be5 done bett]2 & x w convey to ! read]s = :om x is int5d$ a ju/] e/imate ( ,johnson ?an ei!r ( ! two essays ( ,"l ,macaulay4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,we h come across few writ]s :o h _h a cle>] insight into ,johnson's "*1 or :o h br\ght to ! /udy ( x a bett] k ( ! "t 9 :i* ,johnson liv$ & ! m5 :om he knew4--,saturday ,review4 ,we c\ld n wi% = a m sugge/ive introduction to ,scott & 8 poems & novels4--,exam9]4 ,! tone ( ! volume is excell5t ?r\gh\t4--,a!num ,review ( ,scott4 ,z a cle>1 ?\ghtful1 & attractive record ( ! life & works ( ! greate/ among ! _w's hi/orians1 x des]ves ! highe/ praise4--,exam9] ,review ( ,gibbon4 ,! lov]s ( ?is great poet 7,%elley7 are to be congratulat$ at hav+ at _! comm& s fre%1 cle>1 & intellig5t a pres5tm5t ( ! subject writt5 by a man ( adequate & wide culture4--,a!num4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,macmillan',s ,,globe ,,libr>y4 ,beautifully pr9t$ on ton$ pap]1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,also kept 9 a v>iety ( calf & morocco b9d+s1 at mod]ate prices4 ,! ,,saturday ,,review says3 ,! ,globe ,editions are admirable = _! s*ol>ly edit+1 _! typographical excell5ce1 _! comp5di\s =m1 & _! *eapness4 ,! ,,briti% ,,qu>t]ly ,,review says3 ,9 comp5di\sness1 elegance1 & s*ol>l9ess ! ,globe ,editions ( ,messrs4 ,macmillan surpass any popul> s]ies ( our classics hi!rto giv5 to ! public4 ,z ne> an approa* to m9iature p]fection z has ev] be5 made4 ,%akespe>e's ,complete ,works4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,g4 ,,cl>k1 ,m4,a41 & ,w4 ,,aldis ,,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,editors ( ! ,cambridge ,%akespe>e4 ,) ,gloss>y4 pp4 #ajge4 ,! ,,a!n,,um says ?is edition is a m>vel ( beauty1 *eapness1 & compactness4444 ,= ! busy man1 above all = ! work+ /ud5t1 ?is is ! be/ ( all exi/+ ,%akespe>es4 ,sp5s]'s ,complete ,works4 ,edit$ f ! ,orig9al ,editions & ,manuscripts1 by ,r4 ,,morris1 ) a ,memoir by ,j4 ,w4 ,,hales1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,gloss>y4 pp4 lv41 #gcf4 ,wor?y--& high] praise x ne$s n--( ! beautiful ',globe ,s]ies4'--,,daily ,,news4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's ,poetical ,works4 ,edit$1 ) a ,biographical & ,critical ,memoir1 by ,,francis ,,turn] ,,palgrave1 & ,copi\s ,notes4 pp4 xliii41 #eei4 ,we c almo/ sympa?ise ) a middle-ag$ grumbl]1 :o1 aft] read+ ,mr4 ,palgrave's ,memoir & ,introduction1 %\ld exclaim1 ',:y 0 !re n su* an edition ( ,scott :5 ,i 0 a s*ool-boy8'--,,gu>dian4 ,complete ,works ( ,rob]t ,burns4 ,edit$ f ! be/ ,pr9t$ & ,manuscript au?orities1 ) ,gloss>ial ,index1 ,notes1 & a ,biographical ,memoir by ,,alex&] ,,smi?4 pp4 lxii41 #fcf4 ,admirable 9 all respects4--,,spectator4 ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,edit$ aft] ! ,orig9al ,editions1 ) a ,biographical ,introduction by ,,h5ry ,,k+sley4 pp4 xxxii 99#jg4 ,a mo/ excell5t & 9 e way desirable edition4--,,c\rt ,,circul>4 ,goldsmi?'s ,miscellane\s ,works4 ,edit$ ) ,biographical ,introduction1 by ,pr(essor ,,masson4 pp4 lx41 #fie4 ,su* an admirable comp5dium ( ! facts ( ,goldsmi?'s life1 & s c>eful & m9ute a del9eation ( ! mix$ traits ( 8 peculi> "* z to be a v model ( a lit]>y biography 9 little4--,,scotsman4 ,pope's ,poetical ,works4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes1 & ,introductory ,memoir by ,a4 ,w4 ,,w>d1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ,ow5s ,college ,man*e/]1 pp4 lii41 #ejh4 ,! ,,lit]>y ,,*ur*man rem>ks3 ,! ,editor's own notes & introductory memoir are excell5t1 ! memoir alone w\ld be *eap & well wor? buy+ at ! price ( ! :ole volume4 ,dryd5's ,poetical ,works4 ,edit$1 ) a ,memoir1 ,revis$ ,text1 & ,notes1 by ,w4 ,d4 ,,*ri/ie1 ,m4,a41 ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 pp4 lxxxvii41 #ffb4 ,an admirable edition1 ! result ( great rese>* & ( a c>eful revision ( ! text4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,c[p]'s ,poetical ,works4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes & ,biographical ,introduction1 by ,,william ,,b5ham1 ,vic> ( ,m>gate1 pp4 lxxiii41 #ecf4 ,mr4 ,b5ham's edition ( ,c[p] is "o ( p]man5t value4-,,saturday ,,review4 ,morte d',ar?ur4--,,sir ,,?omas ,,malory',s ,,book ,,( ,,k+ ,,ar?ur ,,& ,,( ,,8 ,,noble ,,knights ,,( ,,! ,,r\nd ,,table4 ,! orig9al ,edition ( ,,caxton1 revis$ = ,mod]n ,use4 ,) an ,introduction by ,sir ,,edw>d ,,/ra*ey1 ,b>t4 pp4 xxxvii41 #eji4 ,x is ) p]fect confid5ce t we recomm5d ?is edition ( ! old romance to e class ( read]s4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,! ,works ( ,virgil4 ,r5d]$ into ,engli% ,prose1 ) ,introductions1 ,notes1 ,runn+ ,analysis1 & an ,index4 ,by ,,james ,,lonsdale1 ,m4,a41 & ,,samuel ,,lee1 ,m4,a4 pp4 #bbh4 ,a m complete ,edition ( ,virgil 9 ,engli% x is sc>cely possible to conceive ?an ! s*ol>ly "w be=e u4--,,globe4 ,! ,works ( ,horace4 ,r5d]$ into ,engli% ,prose1 ) ,introductions1 ,runn+ ,analysis1 ,notes1 & ,index4 ,by ,,john ,,lonsdale1 ,m4,a41 & ,,samuel ,,lee1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,,/&>d says1 ,to classical & non-classical read]s x w be invaluable4 ,milton's ,poetical ,works4--,edit$1 ) ,introductions1 by ,pr(essor ,,masson4 ,9 e way an admirable book4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,london4