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!m4                                     
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errors 9 ! orig9al         h be5        
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!         corrections c be f\nd 9 !     
,,html v]sion ( ?is ebook4              
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,ottawa_/,ott[a1 & !         inconsi/5t 
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,,outl9es                               
,,(                       ,a ,,me*anical
 ,,!ory ,,( ,,/orms1                    
,,conta9+                      ,,!      
,,true ,,law ,,( ,,lun> ,,influ5ce1     
,,)             ,,practical             
,,in/ructions ,,to ,,! ,,navigator1 ,,to
 ,,enable                 ,,him         
,,approximately ,,to ,,calculate ,,!    
,,com+                     ,,*anges ,,( 
,,! ,,w9d ,,& ,,wea!r1                  
,,= ,,any ,,giv5 ,,day1 ,,& ,,=         
,,any ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,ocean4             
,,by ,t4 ,,bassnett4                    
,,new ,,york3                           
,d4 ,,appleton  ,,company1              
#cdf  #cdh ,,broadway1                  
,,& #af ,,little ,,brita91 ,,london4    
#ahed4           ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act
 ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahec1 by         
,t4 ,,bassnett1        ,9 ! ,cl]k's     
,(fice ( ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4
     ,,cont5ts4   ,,section ,,fir/4     
,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,sci5ce (             
,meteorology--,primordial ,condition ( !

   ,sol> ,sy/em--,!ory ( ,gravitation ! 
great key ( ,nature--,bessell's   d\bts 
( its p]fect adequacy--! ,newtonian     
,vacuum3 its   difficulties--,nature ( !
 elem5t call$ ,e!r--,! ,m$ium ( ,space  
& ! ,electric ,fluid--,pond]osity (     
,matt]--,dynamical law (                
,equilibrium--,specific heat & its      
relation to space--,a ,pl5um n   oppos$ 
to ,gravitation--,! m$ium ( space 9     
motion--,=mation (   ,vortices--,a new  
pr9ciple develop$--,elem5ts ( !         
problem--,hutton's   !ory ( ! production
 ( ra9--,indications ( *ange & !        
cause--,action ( ! ,e!real              
,curr5t--,physical process ( ,atmosph]ic
   ,d]angem5t--,r$field's !ory ( ,/orms3
 its difficulties--,all /orms   are (   
brief duration & limit$ ext5t4          
#ac   ,,section ,,second4  ,me*anical   
action ( ! ,moon--,! ,moon's mass--,axis
 ( ! ,t]ral   ,vortex affect$ by !      
,moon3 its incl9ation & position3 its   
displacem5t--,an example ( !            
pr9ciple--,corrections                  

necess>y--,milwaukie /orm--,new ,york   
/orm--,ottawa /orm--,liv]pool           
/orm--,names & recurr+ ord] ( !         
/orm-produc+ ag5ts--,record   ( !       
wea!r--,second ,new ,york /orm4         
#eh   ,,section ,,?ird4  ,lun> influ5ce 
reject$ by ! le>n$--,_! conclusions n   
valid--,modify+ causes 9 accordance ) ^!
 pr9ciples--,ye>s &   seasons v>y 9     
"*--,sup]ficial temp]ature ( diff]5t    
,planets--,no /orms on ! planet         
,m>s--,rotation ! cause ( ,ocean &      
,atmosph]ic ,curr5ts--,pressure ( !     
atmosph]e & its regul> &   irregul>     
v>iations--,t]re/rial                   
,magnetism--,int]nal ,con/itution (   ! 
,globe--,magnetic v>iations--,cause ( ^!
 v>iations--,magnetic   /orms--,aurora  
,borealis3 its altitude--,e>?quakes2 _! 
possible   connection ) ,/orms4         
#aja   ,,section ,,f\r?4  ,! sol>       
spots--,law ( p]iodicity comp>$ ) !     
!ory--,exi/5ce   ( ano!r planet beyond  
,neptune probable--,masses ( ! ,sun &   
,planet yet unc]ta9--,! ,law (          

,gravitation n above   suspicion--,pro(s
 ( ?is--,! full ( ! ,moon--,d5sity ( !  
,e!real ,m$ium3 its law 9 ! ,sol>       
,vortex--,bode's law ( !   planet>y     
di/ances--,law ( planet>y d5sity--,law  
connect+ !   pres5t & =m] diamet]s ( !  
planets--,di/urb+ action ( !            
,e!r--,kepl]'s ?ird law n rigidly       
exact--,inconsi/5cies (                 
,a/ronom]s--,nature ( light &           
heat--,di/9ction betwe5 light &   heat4 
#adg   ,,section ,,fif?4  ,comets--,_!  
small incl9ations--,_! motions *iefly   
direct--,comet (   #aggj &              
#ahdd--;,cause ( accel]ation 9 ! case ( 
,encke--,anomal\s   motions ( ! comet ( 
#ahdc--;,*ange ( diamet] at diff]5t     
di/ances ( a comet f ! sun--,cause ( ?is
 *ange--,nature ( !                     
nebulosity--,=mation ( ! tail--,comp\nd 
nature ( a comet's   light--motion &    
direction ( a comet's tail--,ph5om5a    
pres5t$ by   ! great comet (            
,halley--,mass ( a comet--,! ,zodial    
light--,nebul\s   />s--,%oot+           

/>s--,p]iodic %[]s--,p]iodicity         
d\btful--,cause   ( ! app>5t            
p]iodicity--,cause = be+ m num]\s 9     
,autumn   ?an 9 ,spr+4                  
#ahg   ,,section ,,six?4  ,/ate ( ! pol>
 ice s9ce #ahde--,sir ,john ,frankl9's  
track--,probable   exi/5ce ( isl&s nor? 
( ,behr+'s ,/raits--,possibility (      
subsi/+ 9 ! ,arctic isl&s--,news f !    
,inve/igator--,necessity ( se>*+ 9 a    
high] latitude ?an !   ,inve/igator     
visit$--,frankl9's mis=tunes due to     
,sci5tific   ,errors--,relative levels (
 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans--,!     
,arctic   seas m accessible 9 a few     
ye>s--,conclusion4                      
#bcc     ,,preface4   ,on pres5t+ to !  
public a "w ( ?is novel "*1 ov]/epp+1 z 
x does1 ! b>ri]s erect$ by mod]n sy/ems 
to ! fur!r progress ( k1 a few words (  
explanation may n be inappropriate4     
,e>ly imbu$ ) a desire to und]/& !      
causes ( natural ph5om5a1 ! au?or dev\r$
 ) avidity ! int]pretations conta9$ 9 ! 
elem5t>y works ( or?odox sci5ce1 until  

reason & obs]vation r5d]$ him           
dissatisfi$ ) ! repa/4 ,to him x appe>$ 
t !re 0 an evid5t t5d5cy 9 s*ola/ic     
in/ruction1 to make ! k ( nature        
inaccessible to ! _m1 t ! _w might be   
made m dep5d5t on ! few2 :ile _m ( !    
e/abli%$ pr9ciples1 on :i* ! le>n$ re/$1
 seem$ to be at v>iance ) ! simplicity &
 consi/5cy ( tru?4 ,?us situat$1 he     
v5tur$ to ?9k = himself1 & look+ back on
 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 & f9d+ s _m cases 9  
:i* ! philosophy ( to-day 0 supplant$ by
 a diff]5t sy/em on ! morr[1 he 0 l$ to 
suspect ! possibility ( future          
revolutions1 & 0 ?us det]m9$ to be no   
long] emb>rass$ by previ\s sy/ems1 nor  
det]r$ by op9ions h[ev] le>n$1 :i*      
conflict$ ) a rational recognition ( !  
me*anical nature ( all physical ph5om5a4
  ,! sci5ce ( meteorology1 to :i* !     
foll[+ pages are devot$1 is1 & always   
has be51 a confess$ly complex subject2 &
 on ?is acc\nt1 any sugge/ions & facts  
:i* obs]vation gleans1--no matt] h[     
humble ! s\rce may be1 %\ld n be d5i$ a 

he>+ by ^? pr(ess$ly engag$ 9 ! pursuit 
( tru?4 ,/ep by /ep1 ! au?or became m & 
m confirm$ 9 8 d\bts ( ! s\ndness ( _m  
mod]n !ories2 & 9 #ahch he _h atta9$ a  
position :i* enabl$ him to allege 9 !   
public pr9ts ( ! day1 t !re did exi/    
c]ta9 errone\s dogmas 9 ! s*ools1 :i*   
/ood 9 ! way ( a full] developm5t ( !   
causes ( _m meteorological ph5om5a4 ,?is
 annunciation 0 made 9 g5]al t]ms1 & no 
notice 0 tak5 ( x4 ,subsequ5tly1 he     
=w>d$ to ! ,briti% ,association (       
,sci5ce1 !n conv5$ at ,birm+ham1 a      
communication ( simil> t5or2 & at a lat]
 date /ill1 a m p>ticul> /atem5t ( !    
advantages ( 8 discov]ies to ! navigator
 & agriculturi/1 0 s5t to ! ,briti%     
admiralty4 ,! fir/ ( ^! communications 0
 treat$ ) sil5t contempt2 ! la/ elicit$ 
"s unimportant reply4 ,9 #ahdd a        
memorial 0 pres5t$ to ,congress1        
accompani$ ) a c]tifi$ copy ( pr$ictions
 ( ! wea!r1 writt5 sev]al weeks be=e !  
ev5t1 & atte/$ 9 due =m by two imp>tial 
witnesses2 b nei!r did ?is result 9 any 

inquiry z to its tru?4 ,dur+ ! "t s9ce  
elaps$1 he has be5 engag$ 9 pursuits :i*
 prev5t$ him f press+ ! subject else:]e1
 until ! spr+ ( #ahec1 he br\ght 8 !ory 
"u ! notice ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4
 ,?is l$ to a correspond5ce betwe5      
himself & ! g5tlemanly ,secret>y ( !    
,in/itution1 ^: d\bts ( ! tru? ( 8      
allegations 7 express$ ) k9dness1 & ^:  
c\rtesy 0 9 /range contra/ ) ! conduct (
 o!rs4 ,9 ! communications :i* he =w>d$ 
to t ,in/itution1 he gave a detail$     
/atem5t ( ! difficulties he _h met )1 & 
express$ ! hope t an ,in/itution1 creat$
 = ! purpose ( increas+ & diffus+ k1    
w\ld feel ju/ifi$ 9 l5d+ ! influ5ce (   
its "n to facilitate ! completion ( a   
!ory :i* 0 yet und5iably imp]fect4 ,9   
view ( ?is1 a te/ 0 propos$4#a ,give u1 
= example1 a pr$iction ( ! wea!r = "o   
mon? 9 ea* season ( ! ye> #ahed1 = !    
,city ( ,wa%+ton4 ,?is te/ ! au?or      
refus$1 = ! reason t he did n consid] x 
necess>y to wait s long2 b he in=m$ !   
,secret>y ( ! ,in/itution1 t he w\ld    

prep>e an outl9e ( 8 !ory1 :i* w\ld     
enable him to decide ^u ! m]its ( !     
discov]ies claim$4 ,?is outl9e is       
conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,dur+ ! summ] 
( #ahec he call$ ^u ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 !n 
at ,*icago1 ) 8 manuscript2 b a sudd5   
indisposition prev5t$ t g5tleman f hav+ 
x read4 ,he1 h[ev]1 /rongly recomm5d$   
its publication f su* impressions he !n 
receiv$4#b ,?is ! au?or _h resolv$ on1 f
 a s5se ( duty to ! _w at l>ge1 al?\gh !
 promise 0 r ( prospective loss ?an (   
pres5t b5efit4 ,! peculi> =m "u :i* !   
!ory appe>s1 is1 !re=e1 a result ( !    
circum/ances above /at$1 & ( ! au?or's  
pres5t inability to ent] into ! m9ute   
details ( a subject1 :i* embraces 9 its 
range ! :ole visible creation4  ,9      
ext5d+ ! !ory to o!r ph5om5a1 he has    
only fe>lessly foll[$ out ! same        
pr9ciples :i* h conduct$ him to a k ( a 
di/urb+ cause1 to :i* atmosph]ic /orms  
owe _! orig91 & 9 do+ s he has conf]r$ )
 no "o4 ,= :atev] ( m]it or ( blame may 
!re=e ju/ly atta* to ^! views1 he alone 

is responsible4 ,if he has *>g$ !       
sci5tific ) inconsi/5cy1 or ) sometimes 
=gett+ t ! tru? ( _! unnecess>ily       
ab/ruse inve/igations dep5ds on ! tru? (
 ! data1 he at lea/ is consci5ti\s2 = he
 is too well aw>e t to provoke an       
unfavorable v]dict by cont5d+ aga9/ su* 
fe>ful odds1 is n ! sure/ way to ei!r   
weal? or fame1 or ev5 to an ackn[l$gm5t 
( at lea/ ! mite1 :i* he _c b feel t he 
has contribut$ to ! treasury ( k4 ,t !  
sci5tific organisations ( ! day d t5d to
 curb ! ab]rations ( a fanciful         
philosophy1 _c be d5i$2 b at ! same "t  
!re is eng5d]$ su* a slavi% subord9ation
 z *ecks ! orig9ality ( ?\ght1 & de/roys
 t p]fect fre$om f ! trammels ( sy/em1 s
 necess>y to success 9 ! pursuit ( tru?4
 ,( su* an influ5ce ! au?or explicitly  
ass]ts 8 entire indep5d5ce4  ,9 ?us     
introduc+ 8 !ory1 ! read] is =ew>n$ t he
 w n f9d x dress$ 9 ! fasc9at+ g>b ( !  
popul> lit]ature ( ! day1 ^: *ief       
*>act]i/ic is to promise mu* :5 possess+
 little4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a plant ( !      

au?or's own rais+1 unpropp$1 unprun$1 ) 
none ( ! delicate t5drils or graceful   
fe/oons ( ! trelliss$ v9e2 yet he       
flatt]s himself t its roots are wat]$ by
 ! spr+s ( tru?1 & hopes t he :o is 9   
que/ ( t1 w n f9d1 amid/ its _m clu/]s1 
any fruit to set 8 tee? on edge4        
,,footnotes3  #a ,extract f a lett] f   
,pr(essor ,h5ry4  #b ,?is g5tleman k9dly
 (f]$ to contribute f 8 own private     
means1 to =w>d ! publication1 b he c\ld 
d no?+ (ficially )\t submitt+ !         
manuscript to ?ree diff]5t c5sors4 ,he  
:o claims a new discov]y1 w seldom be   
satisfi$ to h x judg$ by m5 :o are      
engag$ 9 ! same inve/igations1 h[ev]    
pure & honorable !y may be4 ,is ?is     
,in/itution adopt+ ! be/ plan ( aid+    
tru?1 9 its /ruggles aga9/ error8 ,%\ld 
any man sit z judge 9 8 own trial8 ,if  
!re _h be5 a p[]ful ,in/itution to /&   
betwe5 ,galileo & ! sci5tific ( 8 day1 8
 doctr9es w\ld n h be5 condemn$1 & ! _w 
w\ld h be5 fifty ye>s m 9 advance4      
,,me*anical ,,!ory ,,( ,,/orms4         

,,section ,,fir/4   ,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( 
,,meteorology4  ,! pres5t /ate ( !      
sci5ce ( :i* we are ab\t to treat1 _c be
 bett] def9$ ?an 9 ! words ( ! celebrat$
 ,humboldt1 :o has devot$ a long life to
 ! inve/igation ( ?is dep>tm5t (        
,physics4 ,he says3 ,! processes ( !    
absorption ( light1 ! lib]ation ( heat1 
& ! v>iations 9 ! ela/ic & electric     
t5sion1 & 9 ! hygrometric condition ( ! 
va/ arial ocean1 are all s intimately   
connect$ toge!r1 t ea* individual       
meteorological process is modifi$ by !  
action ( all ! o!rs4 ,! complicat$      
nature ( ^! di/urb+ causes1 increases ! 
difficulty ( giv+ a full explanation (  
^! involv$ meteorological ph5om5a2 &    
likewise limits1 or :olly precludes !   
possibility ( t pr$et]m9ation (         
atmosph]ic *anges1 :i* w\ld be s        
important = horticulture1 agriculture1 &
 navigation1 no less ?an = ! com=t &    
enjoym5t ( life4 ,^? :o place ! value ( 
meteorology 9 ?is problematic species ( 
pr$iction1 r ?an 9 ! k ( ! ph5om5a      

!mselves1 are firmly conv9c$ t ?is bran*
 ( sci5ce1 on acc\nt ( :i* s _m         
exp$itions to di/ant m\nta9\s regions h 
be5 und]tak51 has n made any v          
consid]able progress = c5turies pa/4 ,! 
confid5ce :i* !y refuse to ! physici/ !y
 yield to *anges ( ! moon1 & to c]ta9   
days m>k$ 9 ! cal5d] by ! sup]/ition ( a
 by-gone age4  ,! *>ge ?us skilfully    
repell$1 conta9s1 h[ev]1 mu* tru?2 !re  
has be5 no adequate return ( ! va/ am\nt
 ( labor & exp5se ?us f> devot$ to ?is  
bran* ( k4 ,& x is n wond]ful t ! popul>
 m9d %\ld expect a result :i* is s mu* 9
 accordance ) ! wants ( mank9d4 ,:o is  
!re ^: happ9ess1 & heal?1 & com=t1 &    
safety1 & prosp]ity1 may n be m or less 
affect$ by r$uc+ to law1 ! app>5tly     
irregul> fluctuations ( ! wea!r1 & !    
pr$et]m9ation ( ! /orm8 ,to d ?is w\ld  
be ! cr[n+ triumph ( ! age2 & ! pres5t  
!ory has pione]$ ! way = its spe$y      
accompli%m5t4   ,,orig9al ,,condition   
,,( ,,! ,,e>?4  ,t ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s  
_h a beg9n+1 is taught by e analogy     

ar\nd u1 & z we h ! gl>+ fact =c$ ^u u1 
t our globe has exp]i5c$ a f> high]     
temp]ature on its surface ?an obta9s at 
pres5t1 & moreov]1 z x is demon/rat$    
beyond a cavil1 t ! int]ior is n[ ( f>  
high] temp]ature ?an is due to sol>     
radiation1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 n 
only t ! condition ( ! int]ior ( our    
globe is t ( fusion1 b t its orig9al    
temp]ature 0 f> high] ?an at pres5t2 s t
 ! inf]5ce is all[able t !re has be5 a  
"t :5 ! :ole globe 0 p]haps 9 ?is /ate4 
,b :y %\ld we /op "h8 ,!re are ?ree     
/ates ( matt]1 ! solid1 ! fluid1 & !    
gase\s2 & ) ?is pass+ glance at ! "q1 we
 w jump at once to ! !ory ( ,la         
,place1--t n only our own globe1 b !    
:ole sol> sy/em1 has be5 once 9 !       
nebul\s /ate4  ,9 ju/ice to himself1 !  
au?or ought to rem>k1 t he _h reason$ 8 
way up to ?is />t+ po9t1 be=e ev5 ! "n (
 ,la ,place _h rea*$ 8 e>s4 ,he makes ! 
rem>k 9 ord] to disclaim any desire to  
appropriate t :i* belongs to ano!r2 z he
 may innoc5tly speak ( ?+s h]eaft]1 !   

idea ( :i* has occurr$ to o!rs4 ,x is n 
8 int5tion "h to say a ^w pro or con on 
! nebul> hypo!sis2 x is suffici5t to    
allude to ! facts1 t ! direction (      
rotation & ( revolution is ! same = all 
! planets & satellites ( our sy/em2 & t 
! planes on :i* ^! motions are p]=m$1   
are ne>ly co9cid5t4 ,t ?is concordance  
is due to "o common cause1 no "o        
acqua9t$ ) ! !ory ( probabilities w     
pret5d to d5y4   ,,great ,,object ,,(   
,,la ,,place4  ,! sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy    
occupies a pre-em95t rank 9 ! physical  
circle1 n only on acc\nt ( t dignity    
conf]r$ ^u x 9 ! mo/ remote antiquity1  
or z be+ ! gr& />t+ po9t--! e>lie/ born 
( sci5ce--f :5ce we mu/ contemplate !   
visible creation1 if we w\ld r$uce its  
num]\s details into "o h>moni\s :ole2 b 
also on acc\nt ( its practical fruits1 (
 ! value ( :i* mod]n comm]ce is an      
in/ance4 ,accord+ly we w glance at its  
pa/ hi/ory4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ages !re 0 no   
d\bt a rational view ent]ta9$ ( !       
movem5ts ( ! planets 9 space4 ,f !      

,*aldeans to ! ,arabs1 a belief         
prevail$1 t space 0 fill$ ) a pure      
e!real fluid1 ^: exi/5ce probably did n 
re/ on any m solid f\ndation ?an analogy
 or tradition4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s aft]     
,cop]nicus _h giv5 to ! _w ! true       
arrangem5ts ( our planet>y sy/em1       
,desc>tes advanc$ 8 !ory ( vortices 9 ! 
e!real m$ium1 9 :i* ! planets 7 borne 9 
orbits ar\nd ! sun1 & ! satellites ar\nd
 _! prim>ies4 ,?is idea reta9$ its gr\nd
 ) v>i\s additions1 until ! ,geometry ( 
,newton reconcil$ ! laws ( ,kepl] ) !   
exi/5ce ( a p[] p]ta9+ to matt]1 v>y+   
inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances1 to :i*
 p[] he %[$ ! weight ( t]re/rial bodies 
0 ow+1 & also ! revolution ( ! moon ab\t
 ! e>?4 ,s9ce ,newton's day1 ^?         
deviations f ! /rict word+ ( ,kepl]'s   
laws1 h be5 ref]r$ to ! same law1 & !   
av[$ object ( ! au?or ( ! ,me*anique    
,cele/e1 0 to br+ all ! great ph5om5a ( 
nature )9 ! grasp ( analysis1 by ref]r+ 
!m to "o s+le pr9ciple1 & "o simple law4
 ,& 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,!ory ( !    

,moon1 he rem>ks3 ,h5ce x inconte/ibly  
foll[s1 t ! law ( gravitation is ! sole 
cause ( ! lun> inequalities4            
,,bessel',s ,,op9ion4  ,h[ev] beautiful 
! conception1 x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 its  
priori aspect1 x 0 n 9 accordance )     
human exp]i5ce & analogy to anticipate a
 successful issue4 ,9 nature law re-acts
 ^u law1 & *ange induces *ange1 ?r\gh an
 almo/ endless *a9 ( consequ5ces2 & x   
might be ask$1 :y a simple law ( matt]  
%\ld ?us be exempt f ! common lot8 ,:y1 
9 a ^w1 !re %\ld be no intr9sic diff]5ce
 9 matt]1 by :i* ! gravitation ( simil> 
or dissimil> sub/ances %\ld be affect$8 
,b exp]im5t has detect$ no su*          
diff]5ces2 a globe ( lead & a globe (   
wood1 ( equal weight1 attract contigu\s 
bodies ) equal =ce4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1
 t if !re be su* diff]5ces1 human means 
are n yet ref9$ en\gh to detect !m4 ,0 !
 issue successful !n8 ,g5]ally speak+1  
we may say yes4 ,b :]e !re is a         
discrepancy betwe5 !ory & obs]vation1   
h[ev] small t may be1 x %[s !re is /ill 

some?+ want+2 & a high au?ority         
7,pr(essor ,bessel7 says 9 relation to  
?is3 ,b ,i ?9k t ! c]ta9ty t ! !ory bas$
 ^u ?is law1 p]fectly expla9s all !     
obs]vations1 is n correctly inf]r$4 ,we 
w n "h enum]ate ! cases to :i* suspicion
 might be direct$1 nei!r w we m ?an j   
allude to ! fact1 t ! ,!ory ( ,newton   
requires a vacuum1 9 ord] t ! planet>y  
motions may be ma!matically exact1 &    
p]man5t 9 _! /ability4   ,a ,,vacuum    
,,requir$ ,,by ,,mod]n ,,sy/ems4        
,:atev] may be ! practical belief ( !   
le>n$1 _! fundam5tal pr9ciples =bid !   
av[al ( a pl5um1 al?\gh ! undulatory    
!ory ( light r5d]s a pl5um necess>y1 &  
is s f> virtually recogniz$ by !m1 & a  
correction = resi/ance is appli$ to !   
,comet ( ,encke4 ,yet !re has be5 no    
attempt made to reconcile ^! oppos+     
pr9ciples1 o!r ?an by suppos+ t !       
cele/ial regions are fill$ ) an         
extremely r>e & ela/ic fluid4 ,t no     
def9ite view has be5 agre$ on1 is n     
d5i$1 & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el speculates on

 ! reality ( a resi/+ m$ium1 by sugge/+ 
que/ions t w ultimately h to be         
consid]$1 z3 ,:at is ! law ( d5sity ( ! 
resi/+ m$ium :i* surr\nds ! sun8 ,is x 9
 re/ or 9 motion8 ,if ! latt]1 9 :at    
direction does x move8 ,9 ^! qu]ies he  
/ill cl+s to ! idea ( ,encke1 t !       
resi/ance is conf9$ to ! neighborhood ( 
! sun & planets1 l a pond]able fluid4 ,b
 ! mo/ pr(\nd analy/ ! _w has ev] boa/$1
 speaks less cauti\sly1 7,poisson ,re*47
 ,x is difficult to attribute1 z is     
usually done1 ! inc&esc5ce ( arolites to
 friction aga9/ ! molecules ( !         
atmosph]e1 at an elevation above ! e>?  
:]e ! d5sity ( ! air is almo/ null4 ,may
 we n suppose t ! electric fluid1 9 a   
neutral condition1 =ms a k9d (          
atmosph]e1 ext5d+ f> beyond ! mass ( our
 atmosph]e1 yet subject to t]re/rial    
attraction1 yet physically impond]able1 
&1 consequ5tly1 foll[+ our globe 9 its  
motion8 ,! inc&esc5ce ( arolites mu/1   
!re=e1 be ow+ to friction aga9/ !       
molecules ( ! electric fluid :i* =ms an 

atmosph]e ar\nd ! globe4 ,accord+ to ?is
 view1 "s =ce keeps x !re1 yet x is n   
pond]able4 ,z x is ( limit$ ext5t1 ?is  
is n ! m$ium ^: undulations br+s to     
light ! exi/5ce ( ! />s2 nei!r is       
,encke's1 nor ,h]s*el's1 nor any o!r    
resi/+ m$ium4 ,:]e %all we f9d ! pres5t 
e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( sci5ce8 ,if we     
grant ! ,newtonians a pl5um1 !y /ill cl+
 to attraction ( all matt] 9 "s %ape4   
,if we conf9e !m to a vacuum1 !y w      
virtually d5y x4 ,is n ?is solemn       
trifl+8 ,h[ mu* m noble w\ld x be to    
exhibit a little m tol]ance1 see+ t !y  
!mselves "k n :at to believe8 ,we d n   
(f] ^! rem>ks z argum5t1 b m]ely z      
indications ( t c\rse ( reason+ by :i*  
we conclude t ! uphold]s ( ! pres5t     
sy/ems ( sci5ce are n entitl$ to any o!r
 gr\nd ?an ! pure ,newtonian basis ( an 
int]planet>y vacuum4   ,,difficulties   
,,( ,,?is ,,view4  ,?is1 !n1 is ! /ate (
 ! case3 ,matt] attracts matt] directly 
z ! mass1 & inv]sely z ! squ>es ( !     
di/ances4 ,?is law is d]iv$ f ! planet>y

 motions2 space is1 consequ5tly1 a void2
 &1 !re=e1 ! p[] :i* gives me*anical    
mom5tum to matt]1 is transf]r$ f "o end 
( creation to ! o!r1 )\t any physical   
m$ium to convey ! impulse4 ,at ! pres5t 
day ! doctr9es ( ,desc>tes are consid]$ 
absurd2 yet "h is an absurdity ( a f>   
deep] dye1 )\t we resort to ! miracul\s1
 :i* at once oblit]ates ! connection    
betwe5 cause & effect1 :i* x is !       
peculi> prov9ce ( physical sci5ce to    
develop4 ,let u take ano!r view4 ,!     
pres5t doctr9e ( light tea*es t light is
 an undulation ( an ela/ic m$ium        
necess>ily fill+ all space2 & ?is bran* 
( sci5ce probably re/s on high] & sur]  
gr\nds ?an any o!r4 ,e te/ appli$ to x  
by ! ref9em5ts ( mod]n skill1 /r5g!ns   
its claims4 ,"h !n ! ,newtonian vacuum  
is no long] a void4 ,if we get ov] ?is  
difficulty1 by attribut+ to ?is m$ium a 
degree ( t5uity almo/ spiritual1 we %all
 run ^u ,scylla :ile endeavor+ to %un   
,*>ybdis4 ,light & heat come b\nd toge!r
 f ! sun1 by ! same pa?1 & ) ! same     

velocity4 ,heat is !re=e due also to an 
excitem5t ( ?is att5uat$ m$ium4 ,yet ?is
 heat puts our atmosph]e 9 motion1      
impels onw>d ! waves ( ! sea1 wafts our 
%ips to di/ant climes1 gr9ds our corn1 &
 9 v>i\s ways does ! "w ( man4 ,if we   
expose a mass ( metal to ! sun's rays = 
a s+le h\r ! temp]ature w be rais$4 ,to 
d ! same by an artificial fire1 w\ld    
consume fuel1 & ?is fuel w\ld g5]ate !  
/r5g? or =ce ( a horse4 ,e/imate1 !re=e1
 ! am\nt ( =ce receiv$ f ! sun 9 a s+le 
day = ! :ole globe1 & we %all f9d t no?+
 b a mat]ial m$ium w suffice to convey  
?is =ce4  ,let u appeal to analogy4 ,!  
undulations ( our atmosph]e produce     
s\nd2 t is1 convey to ! e> a "p ( a     
me*anical =ce imp>t$ to a solid body--a 
bell = in/ance4 ,let u suppose ?is =ce  
to equal "o p\nd4 ,on acc\nt ( !        
ela/icity ( ! bell1 ! :ole ( ! =ce is n 
in/antane\sly imp>t$ to ! surr\nd+ air2 
b ! d5s] ! air ! soon] x loses its      
motion4 ,9 a d5se fluid l wat]1 ! motion
 is imp>t$ quickly1 & ! s\nd is n a r+ b

 a click4 ,if we dim9i% ! d5sity ( !    
air1 ! loss ( motion is ret>d$2 s t we  
might conceive x possible1 provid$ !    
bell c\ld be susp5d$ 9 a p]fect vacuum1 
)\t a me*anical tie1 & !re 0 no friction
 to ov]come f ! rigidity ( its p>ticles1
 t ! bell w\ld vibrate =ev]1 al?\gh its 
s\nd c\ld nev] rea* ! e>4 ,we see1      
!re=e1 t ! me*anical effect 9 a giv5 "t1
 is ow+ to ! d5sity ( ! m$ium4 ,b c we  
resort to su* an analogy8 ,e discov]y 9 
! sci5ce confirms m & m ! analogy betwe5
 ! motions ( air & ! m$ium ( space2 !   
angle ( reflexion & incid5ce foll[s !   
same law 9 bo?2 ! law ( radiation &     
int]f]5ce2 & if exp]im5ts 7 in/itut$1   
!re c be b little d\bt t s\nd has also  
got its spectrum4   ,,e!r ,,impond]able4
  ,! m$ium ( space1 !re=e1 is capable ( 
convey+ a me*anical =ce f "o body to    
ano!r2 x !re=e possesses in]tia4 ,does x
 also possess gravity8 ,if we =sake n ! 
pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 x is b "r t we      
expect sci5ce %all abide by h] own      
pr9ciples4 ,cond5sation 9 e ela/ic m$ium

 is z ! compress+ p[]1 accord+ to all   
exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! case ( our atmosph]e "u 
! law ( gravitation1 ! d5sity ( air1    
7suppos+ x to be inf9itely expansible17 
at a height only ( t5 semidiamet]s ( !  
e>? above its surface1 w\ld h only a    
d5sity equal to ! d5sity ( "o cubic in* 
( su* air we brea!1 if t cubic in* 0 to 
be exp&$ s z to fill a globul> space ^: 
c5tre %\ld be ! e>?1 & ^: surface %\ld  
take inside ! :ole visible creation4    
,su* a m$ium c\ld convey no me*anical   
=ce f ! sun1 & !re=e ! m$ium ( space _c 
be pond]able4 ,simple z ! argum5t is1 x 
is unassailable4   ,,electric ,,fluid   
,,! ,,m$ium ,,( ,,space4  ,let u take   
yet ano!r view4 ,all exp]im5ts prove t !
 ph5om5on we call electricity1 is ow+ to
 a di/urbance ( ! equilibrium or natural
 condition ( a highly ela/ic fluid4 ,9  
c]ta9 conditions ( ! atmosph]e1 ?is     
fluid is accumulat$ 9 ! region ( !      
cl\ds1 & by its t5sion is enabl$ to =ce 
a passage ?r\gh oppos+ ob/acles1 9 ord] 
to re/ore ! equilibrium4 ,by exp]im5t x 

is f\nd t dry d5se air opposes ! greate/
 ob/acle to its escape4 ,z ! air is     
r>efi$1 ?is ob/acle dim9i%es2 until 9 a 
vacuum ! transmission may be consid]$   
in/antane\s4 ,!re ought to be1 !re=e1 a 
great] escape ( electricity f ! cl\ds   
upw>ds ?an d[nw>ds2 &1 if space be void1
 or only fill$ ) an extremely att5uat$  
matt]1 ! electricity ( ! e>?1 consid]$ z
 an ela/ic fluid )\t pond]osity1 7& no  
law ( cond5sation f ! law ( gravity 9   
h>mony ) its o!r attributes1 w all[ u to
 consid] x o!rwise17 w\ld long s9ce h   
left ! e>?4 ,! same objection applies 9 
! case ( ! galvanic & magnetic fluids4  
,if we ent]ta9 ! idea t electricity is a
 m]e di/urbance ( natural condition1    
:]e9 two fluids are unit$1 & t an excess
 ( "o is necess>ily att5d$ by defici5cy 
9 ! o!r1 we dep>t f ! fir/ rule (       
philosophy1 :i* tea*es u to admit no    
great] numb] ( causes ?an are suffici5t 
to expla9 ! ph5om5on4 ,= we fe>lessly   
ass]t t n a s+le fact exi/s 9 electrical
 sci5ce1 :i* c be expla9$ bett] on      

,dufoy's !ory ?an on ,frankl9's2 & ! =m]
 objections w\ld /ill apply4            
,,newtonian ,,gravity4  ,b :at is       
gravity8 ,accord+ to ,newton3 ,hc e/    
qualitas omnium 9 quibus exp]im5ta      
in/itu]e licet1 et propt]ea p] ,reg4 #c 
de univ]ses affirm&a e/4 ,vide ,pr94    
,lib4 ,t]4 ,cor4 #b4 ,prop4 vi4  ,n[ !  
o!r prim>y qualities ( matt] are        
unaffect$ by circum/ances4 ,! in]tia ( a
 p>ticle ( matt] is ! same at ,jupit] z 
on ! e>?1 s also is its ext5sion2 b n s 
) gravity4 ,x dep5ds on o!r matt]1 & on 
its di/ance f x2 & may be less or great]
 at diff]5t times1 & 9 diff]5t places4  
,x is1 !re=e1 n philosophical to say t  
all matt] is necess>ily pond]\s1 inasmu*
 z x is a virtue n resid+ 9 itself      
alone1 b ne$s ! exi/5ce ( o!r matt] to  
call x into action4 ,if an atom 7       
isolat$ 9 space x w\ld h no weight4 ,if 
influ5c$ by o!r matt]1 !re mu/ be "s    
physical m$ium to convey ! influ5ce1 or 
gravity is n 9 accordance ) ! laws ( =ce
 & motion4 ,:i* horn ( ! dilemma %all we

 take8 ,let u fir/ admit t !re is a     
pr9ciple ( gravitation1 affect+ all     
planet>y or atomic matt]1 & t !re exi/s 
a highly ela/ic m$ium1 p]vad+ all space1
 convey+ to u ! light ( ! mo/ di/ant    
/>s1 & t ?is m$ium is n affect$ by      
gravity4 ,9 ?is summ>y way1 !re=e1 we h 
arriv$ at ! pivot on :i* ?is !ory turns4
  ,! prom95t feature ( ! !ory1 !re=e1 is
 ! necessity x w %[ = ! exi/5ce ( an    
all-p]vad+ m$ium1 & t x possesses in]tia
 )\t pond]osity4 ,t electricity is no?+ 
m ?an ! effects ( ! cond5sation &       
r>efaction ( ?is m$ium by =ce4 ,t x also
 p]vades all atomic matt]1 ^: motions   
necess>ily move ! m$ium2 &1 consequ5tly1
 t !re c be no motion )\t "s degree (   
electricity4 ,t no *ange c take place 9 
bodies ei!r by *emical decomposition1 by
 increase or decrease ( temp]ature1 by  
friction or contact1 )\t 9 "s measure   
excit+ electricity or motion ( ! e!r4 ,t
 galvanism & magnetism are b e!real     
curr5ts )\t cond5sation1 induc$ by      
peculi> sup]ficial & int]nal molecul>   

arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles ( c]ta9         
sub/ances4 ,t light & heat are effects (
 ! vibrations ( atoms1 propagat$ ?r\gh  
?is univ]sal m$ium f body to body4 ,t ! 
atomic motion ( heat c be produc$ by !  
motion ( translation or mom5tum ( bodies
 9 ! gross1 t is1 by friction1 by       
compression1 c42 & c be reconv]t$ into  
mom5tum at our pleasure4 ,h5ce ! lat5t  
heat or specific atomic motion (        
combu/ibles1 orig9ally d]iv$ f ! sun1 is
 transf]r$ to atoms1 :i* are capable (  
be+ inclos$ 9 cyl9d]s1 s z to make use (
 _! =ce ( expansion1 :i* is ?us conv]t$ 
into mom5tum available = all ! wants (  
man4   ,,gravity ,,me*anical4  ,:5 we   
come to a full exam9ation ( ?is !ory1 we
 %all fur!r reason t ?is e!r s f> f be+ 
( t quasi spiritual nature :i* a/ronom]s
 w\ld h u believe1 is a fe>fully        
en]getic fluid1 possess+ consid]able    
in]tia & ela/icity2 t its law (         
cond5sation is t ( all o!r fluids1 t is1
 z ! compress+ =ce directly2 & t its    
effects are simply a product ( matt] &  

motion4 ,we w next endeavor to prove t !
 gravity ( planet>y matt] c\ld n exi/   
)\t ?is e!real m$ium1 by %[+ t x is an  
effect produc$ by ! int]f]5ce ( oppos+  
waves1 :]eby a body is prev5t$ f radiat+
 into space its own atomic motion1 f !  
side opposite :i* ano!r body is plac$1 z
 mu* z on ! opposite side1 & consequ5tly
 x is propell$ by its own motion t[>ds !
 o!r body4 ,& ?is effect foll[+ ! simple
 law ( in]tia & radiation1 is directly z
 ! mass1 & inv]sely z ! squ>es ( !      
di/ances4   ,,great ,,pr9ciple ,,(      
,,dynamics4  ,"o great pr9ciple to be   
kept 9 view 9 ?is inve/igation1 is t :i*
 tea*es t ! product ( matt]1 angul>     
velocity1 & di/ance f ! c5tre ( motion1 
mu/ ev] be a con/ant quality 9 e balanc$
 sy/em4 ,yet ?is pr9ciple does n seem to
 be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! planets4 ,we w1 
h[ev]1 endeavor to %[ t x is rigidly    
obs]v$4 ,& we w ext5d ! pr9ciple fur!r1 
& cont5d t all ! ph5om5a ( nature are   
consequ5ces ( ! con/ant t5d5cy ( matt]  
to con=m to ?is pr9ciple ( equilibrium1 

:5 suff]+ tempor>y d]angem5t f !        
op]ation ( o!r laws4 ,t ?r\gh\t ! sy/em 
( nature1 equal spaces possess equal    
=ce4 ,t :at we call temp]ature1 is no?+ 
m ?an ! motion ( equilibrium or atomic  
mom5tum ( space2 or1 9 o!r words1 t if  
all space 7 fluid1 & 9 a /ate (         
equilibrium1 ! product ( ea* atom (     
equal volume1 by its motion w\ld be a   
con/ant quality4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem to  
foll[1 t ! specific heat ( bodies %\ld  
be inv]sely z _! atomic weights2 & ?is  
does1 no d\bt1 approximately obta9 z 0  
prov$ by ,dulong & ,petit1 = metallic   
sub/ances1 m rec5tly by ,regnault1 & has
 s9ce be5 ext5d$ by ,g>ni] to o!r       
sub/ances4 ,b x is to ! gase\s /ate t we
 mu/ look = confirmation ( ! pr9ciple t 
equal spaces possess equal p[]2 & 9 do+ 
s1 x w be necess>y to be> 9 m9d1 t ! e!r
 also is affect$ by temp]ature4         
,,specific ,,heat4  ,x has be5 cont5d$  
by "s t ! m$ium :i* conveys ! impression
 ( light ?r\gh transp>5t1 bodies1 is    
necess>ily m d5se )9 ! body ?an )\t2 b  

accord+ to ?is !ory ! conv]se is true4  
,a ray ( light is a me*anical impulse1  
propagat$ ?r\gh an ela/ic m$ium1 &1 l a 
wave 9 wat]1 t5ds to ! side ( lea/      
resi/ance4 ,)9 a refract+ body ! e!r is 
r>efi$1 n only by ! proximity ( ! atoms 
( ! body 7or its d5sity71 b also by !   
motions ( ^? atoms2 s t if two simple   
gases ( diff]5t specific gravity be made
 equal 9 d5sity by compression1 _!      
refraction w be approximately z _!      
specific heats4 ,9 ! case ( solids &    
liquids1 or ev5 comp\nd gases1 !re is a 
cont9ual absorption ( motion to produce 
! cohesion ( composition & aggregation4 
,& ! specific heats ( comp\nd gases w be
 f\nd great] ?an ^? ( simple gases1 9   
proportion to ! loss ( volume by        
comb9ation1 cet]is p>ibus4 ,if          
imp5etrability be a law ( matt]1 ! m a  
portion ( atomic matt] is cond5s$1 !    
less e!r w be f\nd 9 ! same space4 ,!   
same is also true :5 ! natural d5sity or
 specific gravity ( a gas is great] ?an 
t ( ano!r4 ,& ! light] ! gas1 ! m w ?is 

circum/ance vitiate ! exp]im5ts to      
det]m9e its specific heat4 ,!re is1     
!re=e1 ?is great s\rce ( fallacy 9 su*  
exp]im5ts1 viz43 t ! e!r p]meates all   
fluids & solids1 & t its specific heat  
probably f> exce$s t ( all o!r matt]4   
,?is is a fundam5tal position ( ! !ory1 
9 support ( :i* we w introduce a fact   
ann\nc$ by ,m4 ,v4 ,regnault1 :i* 0     
publi%$ 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus ( ! ,fr5*   
,academy = ,april1 #ahec4 ,he says3 ,9 !
 c\rse ( my rese>*es ,i h enc\nt]$1     
inde$1 at e /ep1 anomalies :i* appe>$ to
 me inexplicable1 9 accordance ) !      
!ories =mally recogniz$4 ,= ! sake (    
illu/ration ,i w quote "o in/ance3 #a/1 
a mass ( gas1 "u a pressure ( t5        
atmosph]es1 is conta9$ 9 a space :i* is 
sudd5ly d\bl$2 ! pressure falls to five 
atmosph]es4 #b;d4 ,two res]voirs ( equal
 capacity are plac$ 9 a calorimet]2 ! "o
 is fill$ ) a gas1 "u a pressure ( t5   
atmosph]es2 ! second is p]fectly empty4 
,9 ^! two exp]im5ts1 ! initial & f9al   
conditions ( ! gas are ! same2 b ?is    

id5tity ( condition is accompani$ by    
calorific results :i* are v diff]5t2 =  
:ile 9 ! =m] exp]im5t !re is a r$uction 
( temp]ature1 9 ! second ! calorimet]   
does n indicate ! slighte/ alt]ation (  
temp]ature4 ,?is exp]im5t t5ds to       
confirm ! !ory4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 !   
sudd5 d\bl+ ( ! space causes ! e!r also 
to exp&1 inasmu* z ! sides ( ! vessel   
prev5t ! in/antane\s passage ( ! ext]nal
 e!r4 ,9 ! second1 bo? vessels are full1
 "o ( e!r1 & ! o!r ( air mix$ ) e!r2 s t
 !re is no actual expansion ( ! space1 &
 consequ5tly no d]angem5t ( ! quantity (
 motion 9 t space4   ,,law ,,(          
,,specific ,,heat4  ,f ?is view x is    
evid5t t ! specific heat ( ela/ic fluids
 c only be consid]$ z approximately     
det]m9$4 ,if equal spaces possess equal 
mom5ta1 & ! e!real or tomic matt] be    
inv]sely z ! weight ( ! atomic matt] 9 !
 same space1 x foll[s t ! product ( !   
specific gravities & specific heats ( ! 
simple gases %\ld be con/ant2 or t !    
specific heats %\ld be inv]sely z !     

specific gravities1--tak+ p\nd = p\nd 9 
det]m9+ ^? specific heats4 ,if we te/ ! 
matt] by ! data n[ af=d$1 x is be/ to   
obey ! injunction1 ,9 m$io tutissimus   
ibis4 ,9 ! foll[+ table1 ! fir/ column  
are ! values obta9$ by ,regnault2 9 !   
second1 ! =m] values2 & 9 ! ?ird1 ! mean
 ( ! two4    ,gases4           ,reg4    
specific heats4   ,=m] specific heats4  
,mean4   ,atmosph]ic air1         4#bcg 
4#bfg              4#beb   ,oxyg51      
4#bah                  4#bcf            
4#bbg   ,nitrog51                4#bdd  
4#bge              4#bfj   ,hydrog51    
#c4dje                 #c4bid           
#c4cej  ,! specific gravities ( ^!      
gases1 accord+ to ! be/ tables 9 our    
possession1 are3                        
,specific gravities4      ,mean4        
,products4   ,atmosph]ic air1           
#a4jjjj            4#beb        4#beb   
,oxyg51                 #a4aaaa         
4#bbg        4#beb   ,nitrog51          
#j4igbb            4#bfj        4#beb   
,hydrog51               #j4jgde         

#c4cej        4#bdi  ,z might be        
expect$1 !re is a great] discrepancy 9 !
 case ( hydrog54  ,if we te/ ! pr9ciple 
by ! vapor ( wat]1 we mu/ consid] t x is
 compos$ ( two volumes ( hydrog5 & "o   
volume ( oxyg51 & t "o volume disappe>s2
 or t "o-?ird ( ! :ole atomic motion is 
consum$ by ! int]f]5ce ( ! vibrations ( 
! e!r1 necess>y to unite ! atoms1 & =m  
an atom ( wat]4 ,we mu/ !re=e =m ?is    
product f its specific gravity &        
two-?irds ( its specific heat4 ,on no "o
 subject 9 *emi/ry has !re be5 s mu*    
labor exp5d$1 z 9 det]m9+ ! specific    
heat ( wat]y vapor4 ,9 relation to ?is1 
,regnault obs]ves3 ,x is important to   
rem>k t an imm5se numb] ( exp]im5ts h   
be5 made1 to f9d ! specific heat ( /eam1
 & t x is ab\t "o-half ( :at x 0 ?\ght  
to be4 ,he gives its value 4#dge2 b ?is 
is vitiat$ /ill1 by ! non-recognition ( 
! specific heat ( ! e!r4 ,=m] exp]im5ts 
give 4#hdg4 ,p]haps ,regnault's numb]s  
are entitl$ to ! mo/ weight4 ,in/ead (  
tak+ ! mean1 !re=e1 we w give d\ble     

weight to 8 results2 s t we get 4#fjj = 
! specific heat ( vapor1 & z its        
specific gravity is 4#fbe1 ! product    
4#djj  4#fbe is 4#bej1 ! same z =       
hydrog54 ,little importance1 h[ev]1 %\ld
 be atta*$ to su* co9cid5ces1 ow+ to !  
unc]ta9ty ( ! numb]s4 ,if our position  
be correct1 ! specific heat ( hydrog5   
%\ld be #aj times great] ?an ( oxyg54 ,!
 atomic weights are z #a to #h1 :ile _! 
volumes are z #b to #a2 !re=e1 = equal  
spaces1 ! matt] is z #a to #af4 ,call+ !
 specific heat #aj to #a1 & tak+ ! am\nt
 due to half ! space1 ! product becomes 
z #h to #af2 b 9 ! r>] gas !re is #h    
times z mu* e!real mom5tum or matt]1    
:i*1 add$ to ! atomic matt]1 r5d]s !    
spaces equal4#c ,regnault's results give
 a ratio ( specific heats  #a to        
#c4dje_/4bae  #a to #ae4f4   ,,! ,,gold5
 ,,mean4  ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce proves h[  
few h practically respect$ ! adage ( !  
anci5ts1 :i* we h *os5 = our motto2     
words :i* ought to be writt5 9 lett]s ( 
gold 9 e language "u ! sun4 ,desc>tes1  

by consid]+ ! me*anical impulse ( ! e!r 
suffici5t to expla9 ! planet>y motions1 
fail$ to detect ! =ce ( gravity 9 !     
heav5s4 ,newton1 on ! o!r h&1 feel+ t 8 
law 0 suffici5t to expla9 !m1 & requir+ 
a vacuum = its ma!matical accuracy1     
reject$ ! notion ( an e!real m$ium4 ,8  
successors1 foll[+ too closely 9 8      
foot/eps1 & =gett+ ! gold5 law1 h =c$   
!mselves into a position by no means    
enviable4 ,! %ort-p]iod comet has driv5 
!m to a resi/+ m$ium1 :i*1 :ile accord+ 
to ,encke's hypo!sis ( increas+ d5sity  
ar\nd ! sun1 x expla9s ! anomalies ( "o 
p]iodical comet1 requires a diff]5t law 
( d5sity = ano!r1 & a negative resi/ance
 = a ?ird4   ,,outl9es ,,( ,,!          
,,problem4  ,f ! position we n[ occupy1 
we c see ! outl9es ( ! problem be=e u1  
viz43 ,to reconcile ! exi/5ce ( an      
e!real m$ium ) ! law ( gravitation1 & to
 %[ ! h>mony betwe5 !m4 ,we %all ?us    
occupy ! middle gr\nd1 & endeavor to be 
j to ! g5ius ( ,desc>tes1 )\t detract+ f
 ! glory ( ,newton1 by demon/rat+ !     

reality ( ! ,c>tesian vortices1 & by %[+
 t ! e!r is n affect$ by gravitation1 b 
on ! o!r h& is lea/ d5se 9 ! c5tre ( our
 sy/em4 ,b :at 7x may be ask$7 has ?is  
to d ) ! !ory ( /orms8 ,mu* e way4 ,& we
 may s f> anticipate our subject z to   
ass]t t e ph5om5on 9 meteorology :]e =ce
 is conc]n$1 is dep5d5t on ! motions ( !
 great sea ( electric fluid :i* surr\nds
 u1 9 connection ) its great specific1  
caloric4 ,if we are *>geable ) ov]we5+  
pret5sions1 let x be attribut$ to ! fact
 t = ! la/ fifte5 ye>s we h treat$ !    
wea!r z an a/ronomical ph5om5on1        
calculat$ by simple =mul1 & t ! evid5ce 
( its tru? has be5 almo/ daily pres5t$  
to u1 s z to r5d] x by ?is "t "o ( ! mo/
 famili> & palpable ( all ! great       
fundam5tal laws ( nature4 ,true1 we h   
nei!r _h means nor leisure to r5d] !    
!ory z p]fect z we might h done1 !      
reason ( :i* we h already communicat$4  
,,motions ,,( ,,! ,,/>s4  ,9 inve/igat+ 
! "q n[ be=e u1 we %all fir/ take ! case
 ( an e!real vortex )\t any ref]5ce to !

 pond]able bodies :i* x conta9s1        
consid]+ ! e!r to possess only in]tia4  
,if !re be a vortex ar\nd ! sun1 x is ( 
f9ite ext5t2 = if ! e!r be co-ext5sive )
 space1 & ! />s likewise suns ) surr\nd+
 vortices1 ! sol> vortex _c be inf9ite4 
,t !re is an activity 9 ! heav5s :i* !  
m]e law ( attraction is incompet5t to   
acc\nt =1 is an admitt$ fact4 ,! prop]  
motions ( ! fix$ />s h occupi$ !        
att5tion ( ! greate/ names 9 a/ronomy1 &
 motions h be5 detect$1 :i* accord+ to !
 !ory ( gravity1 requires ! admission ( 
invisible masses ( matt] 9 _!           
neighborhood1 comp>$ ) :i* ! />s        
!mselves are insignificant4 ,b ?is is n 
! only difficulty4 ,no law ( arrangem5t 
9 ! />s c exi/ t w save ! ,/ell> sy/em f
 ultimate de/ruction4 ,! case assum$ by 
,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ( a clu/]1 :]e9 !   
p]iods %all be equal1 _c be made to     
fulfil ! conditions ( be+ v num]\s1 )\t 
infr++ ! o!r condition--!               
non-int]section ( _! orbits2 :ile !     
outside />s w\ld h to obey ano!r law (  

gravitation1 & consequ5tly w\ld be /ill 
m liable to d]angem5t f _! ev]-*ang+    
di/ances f ea* o!r1 & f ^? next outside2
 9 brief1 ! /ability ( ^? />s compos+ ! 
clu/] w\ld necess>ily dep5d on ! exi/5ce
 ( outside />s1 & pl5ty ( !m4 ,b ^?     
outside />s w\ld foll[ ! common law (   
gravity1 & mu/ ultimately br+ ru9 on !  
:ole4 ,we "k su* clu/]s d exi/ 9 !      
heav5s1 & t ! law ( gravity alone mu/   
br+ de/ruction ^u !m4 ,?is is a case    
:]e9 mod]n sci5ce has be5 in/rum5tal 9  
draw+ a veil ov] ! fair proportions (   
nature4 ,t su* collections ( />s are n  
design$ ?us to d]ange ! ord] ( nature1  
proves  priori1 t "s o!r cons]vative    
pr9ciple mu/ exi/2 t ! m$ium ( space mu/
 conta9 _m vortices--eddies1 z x 71 9 ! 
great e!real ocean1 ^: curr5ts are      
sweep+ along ! :ole body ( />s4 ,we %all
 consid]1 7z a fa9t %ad[+ ( ! glori\s   
empire ( ,omnipot5ce17 t ! :ole inf9ite 
ext5t ( space is full ( motion & p[] to 
its f>!/ v]ge2 & x may be an all[able   
/ret* ( ! imag9ation to conceive t !    

:ole comprises "o inf9ite cyl9drical    
vortex1 ^: axis is ! only ?+ 9 ! univ]se
 9 a /ate ( absolute un*angeabl5ess4    
,,vorticose ,,motion4  ,let u = a mom5t 
admit ! idea ( an inf9ite ocean ( fluid 
matt]1 hav+ in]tia )\t gravity1 & rotat+
 ar\nd an inf9ite axis1 9 ?is case !re  
is no?+ to c\nt]act ! effect ( !        
c5trifugal =ce4 ,! ela/icity ( ! m$ium  
w\ld only oppose resi/ance 9 a vortex ( 
f9ite diamet]4 ,:]e x is inf9ite1 ea*   
cyl9drical lay] is urg$ outw>d by its   
own motion1 & impell$ also by ^? beh9d4 
,! result w\ld be t all ! fluid w\ld at 
la/ h left ! axis1 ar\nd :i* w\ld exi/  
an absolute & et]nal void2 into :i*     
nei!r s\nd1 nor light1 nor aught        
mat]ial1 c\ld ent]4 ,! case ( a f9ite   
vortex is v diff]5t4 ,h[ev] great !     
velocity ( rotation1 & ! t5d5cy ( !     
c5tral p>ts to rec$e f ! axis1 !re w\ld 
be an inw>d curr5t d[n ei!r pole1 &     
meet+ at ! equatorial plane to be !nce  
deflect$ 9 radii4 ,b ?is radiation w\ld 
be g5]al f e "p ( ! axis1 & w\ld be kept

 up z long z ! rotation cont9u$1 if !   
pol> curr5ts c supply ! dra9 ( ! radial 
/ream1 t is1 if ! axis ( ! vortex is n  
too long = ! velocity ( rotation & !    
ela/icity ( ! e!r1 !re w be no d]angem5t
 ( ! d5sity1 only a t5d5cy4 ,& 9 ?is    
case ! p]iodic times ( ! p>ts ( ! vortex
 w be directly z ! di/ances f ! axis1 & 
! absolute velocities w be equal4       
,,=mation ,,( ,,vortices4  ,!re is      
reason to suspect t ,newton look$ at ?is
 "q ) a jaundic$ eye4 ,to d x ju/ice1 we
 mu/ consid] ! planet>y matt] 9 a       
vortex1 z ! expon5t ( its motion1 & n z 
orig9at+ or direct+ x4 ,if planet>y     
matt] becomes involv$ 9 any vortex1 x   
introduces ! law ( gravitation1 :i*     
c\nt]acts ! expulsive =ce ( ! radial    
/ream1 & is ?us enabl$ to reta9 its     
position 9 ! c5tre4 ,a pr$om9at+ mass 9 
! c5tre w1 by its influ5ce1 reta9 o!r   
masses ( matt] at a di/ance f ! c5tre1  
ev5 :5 expos$ to ! full p[] ( ! radial  
/ream4 ,if ! p[] ( ! c5tral mass is     
h>moni\sly adju/$ to ! rotation ( !     

vortex1 7& ! co-exi/5ce ( ! ph5om5a is  
itself ! pro( t su* an adju/m5t does    
obta917 ! two pr9ciples w n cla% or     
int]f]e ) ea* o!r4 ,or 9 o!r words1 t   
:atev] might h be5 ! initial condition (
 ! sol> vortex1 ! ultimate condition 0  
necess>ily "o ( equilibrium1 or ! sy/em 
( ! planets w\ld n n[ exi/4 ,) ?is view 
( its con/itution1 we mu/ consid] t !   
p]iodic times ( ! planets approximately 
correspond to ! times ( ! contigu\s p>ts
 ( ! vortex4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! sol>     
vortex1 ! d5sity ( ! e!r is directly z !
 squ>e roots ( ! di/ances f ! axis4 ,?is
 is n ! place fully to ent] into a      
discussion ( ! "q1 or to %[ t ! position
 ( ea* planet 9 ! sy/em is due to !     
out/&+1 uncomp5sat$1 portion ( !        
expulsive =ce ( ! radial /ream1 modifi$ 
by ! d5sity ( ! e!r )9 ! planets1 & also
 by _! own d5sities1 diamet]s1          
incl9ations ( axis1 & p]iods ( rotation4
 ,t ,jupit] c\ld n rema9 9 ! orbit (    
,m]cury1 nor ,m]cury 9 t ( ,jupit]1 by  
m]ely ex*ang+ p]iods & di/ances1 b t ea*

 planet c only be 9 equilibrio 9 its own
 orbit4 ,t any *ange 9 ! ecc5tricities (
 ! planet>y orbits w nei!r increase nor 
dim9i% ! action ( ! radial /ream ( !    
vortex1 & consequ5tly w n int]f]e ) !   
law ( gravitation4 ,9 relation to !     
num]\s que/ions t w spr+ up f su* a     
position1 x is suffici5t "h to say1 t x 
is believ$ all objections c be          
satisfactorily answ]$2 :ile1 by ?is     
light1 a long range ( ph5om5a t h hi!rto
 baffl$ ! sagacity ( ! wise1 come out   
pla9ly1 & discov] _! p>5tage4  ,9       
comet>y a/ronomy we %all f9d mu* to     
sub/antiate ^! views4 ,! anomalies 9 _! 
motions1 ! discrepancies 9 _! p]iods1   
calculat$ f diff]5t sets ( obs]vations1 
_! nebulosities & app5dages1 w all      
receive a satisfactory solution2 & ^!   
lawless w&]]s ( ! deep be plac$ 9 a m   
int]e/+ light4   ,,te/ ,,( ,a ,,!ory4   
,x has be5 rem>k$ t ! be/ evid5ce ( !   
tru? ( a !ory1 is its ability to ref] to
 "s g5]al pr9ciple1 ! greate/ numb] (   
relevant ph5om5a1 t1 l ! compon5t masses

 ( ! *isell$ ar*1 !y may mutually b9d & 
/r5g!n ea* o!r4 ,?is we claim to be !   
*>act]i/ic ( ?is !ory4 ,at ! outset x 0 
n int5d$ to allude to m ?an 0 actually  
necess>y to give an outl9e ( ! !ory1 &  
to introduce ! ma9 "q1 yet unt\*$4 ,we h
 exhibit$ ! /ones ( :i* ! ar* is        
compos$2 b !y may be pa/ebo>d1--= !     
read] has n h&l$ !m4 ,we w n[ produce ! 
key/one1 & put x 9 its place4 ,?is he   
%all h&le & weigh4 ,he w f9d x h>d1--a  
block ( granite1 cut f ! qu>ry ( obs]v$ 
facts1 & f> too heavy to be held 9 its  
place by a m]e pa/ebo>d /ructure4       
,,enunciation ,,( ,,! ,,!ory4  ,quitt+1 
!re=e1 ! region ( ! planets1 we w come  
d[n to ! surface ( our own globe1 to    
seek = "s m palpable evid5ce ( ! tru? ( 
! foll[+ propositions3  #a/4 ,t space is
 fill$ ) an ela/ic fluid1 possess+      
in]tia )\t weight4  #b;d4 ,t ! p>ts (   
?is fluid 9 ! sol> sy/em circulate1 aft]
 ! mann] ( a vortex1 ) a direct motion4 
#c;d4 ,t !re are also second>y vortices1
 9 :i* ! planets are plac$4  #d?4 ,t !  

e>? is also plac$ 9 a vortex ( ! e!real 
m$ium4  #e?4 ,t ! satellites are        
passively c>ri$ ar\nd _! prim>ies1 ) !  
e!real curr5t1 & h no rotation relative 
to ! e!r1 & !re=e !y always pres5t !    
same face to _! prim>ies1 & h no vortex4
  ,! consid]ation ( ^! propositions     
involves _m o!rs1 _m difficulties1 _m   
app>5t anomalies & contradictions1 :i*  
%\ld bespeak = su* a !ory1--! (fspr+ (  
obs]vation1 )\t ! aid af=d$ by ! k (    
o!rs1 & ( toil )\t leisure1--a l>ge %>e 
( indulg5ce4 ,) ?is we w close ^!       
prelim9>y rem>ks1 & pres5t our !ory ( ! 
physical cause :i* di/urbs ! equilibrium
 ( our atmosph]e1 & :i* appe>s !        
pr9cipal ag5t 9 ! production ( /orms1 9 
! foll[+ words3  ,! dynamical axis ( !  
t]ral vortex passes ?r\gh ! c5tre (     
gravity ( ! e>? & moon1 & is cont9ually 
circulat+ ov] ! e>?'s surface 9 bo?     
hemisph]es1 9 a spiral1--its latitude & 
longitude1 at any p>ticul> "t1 be+      
dep5d5t1--  #a/4 ,on ! relative mass ( !
 moon4  #b;d4 ,on ! incl9ation ( ! axis 

( ! vortex to ! e>?'s axis4  #c;d4 ,on !
 longitude ( ! asc5d+ node ( ! vortex on
 ! lun> orbit4  #d?4 ,on ! longitude ( !
 asc5d+ node ( ! lun> orbit on !        
ecliptic4  #e?4 ,on ! ecc5tricity ( !   
lun> orbit at ! "t4  #f?4 ,on !         
longitude ( ! p]igee ( ! lun> orbit at !
 "t4  #g?4 ,on ! moon's true anomaly at 
! "t4   ,,mass ,,( ,,! ,,moon4  ,^?     
elem5ts :i* repres5t ! moon's di/ance & 
motion are accurately kn[n1 & may be    
tak5 f ! ,nautical ,almanac1 be+ all    
embodi$ 9 ! moon's p>allax or           
semi-diamet]1 & 9 ! decl9ation & "r     
asc5sion2 b = ! mo/ important elem5t1--!
 moon's mass1 we 9 va9 look to a/ronomy4
 ,9 fact1 x may be av]r$ t ! importance 
atta*$ to a/ronomical au?ority1 conc]n+ 
! mass ( ! moon1 has caus$ m tr\ble ?an 
any o!r "q ( ! :ole !ory1 until we tru/$
 implicitly to ! !ory itself to det]m9e 
x4 ,! det]m9ation ( ?ree unkn[n elem5ts1
 viz43 ! moon's mass1 ! incl9ation ( !  
axis ( ! vortex1 & ! "r asc5sion ( t    
axis1 is a m difficult problem ?an at   

fir/ sight appe>s1 ow+ to ! nature ( !  
ph5om5a1 :i* af=ds ! only clue = its    
solution4 ,!re are six pr9cipal vortices
 ev] 9 op]ation on ! surface ( ! e>?1 & 
_! di/urb+ influ5ce ext5ds f #bjj to    
#djj miles4 ,to f9d ! precise c5tre1 by 
"o obs]v] conf9$ to "o place1 is        
difficult2 & to sep>ate !m1 s z to be   
fully assur$ t y h ! "r "o1 is p]haps   
/ill m s4 ,happily ?is t$i\s labor is   
accompli%$1 & we are able ) confid5ce to
 give ! foll[+ important elem5ts1 z v   
close approximations to ! tru?3    ,mass
 ( ! moon                      #a_/gb4c 
,obliquity ( ! axis ( ! vortex   #ae to 
#cb v>iable4   ,"r asc5sion ( ditto     
#bej to #bij v>iable4  ,x mu/ be borne 9
 m9d t we are n[ discuss+ ! ma9 or      
c5tral vortex ( ! e>?2 b be=e apply+ !m 
to ! calculation1 we w expla9 ! modus   
op]&i1 waiv+ = ! pres5t ! consid]ation (
 ! law ( d5sity 9 ! ,t]ral vortex4 ,x is
 evid5t at fir/ sight t if ! p]iodic    
times ( ! p>ts ( ! vortex contigu\s to !
 moon1 are equal to ! moon's p]iod      

approximately1 t ! velocity ( ! e!r is  
great] at ! surface ( ! e>? ?an !       
velocity ( t surface4 ,n[1 we h be=e    
argu$ t ! e!r possesses in]tia1 x !re=e 
w\ld "u su* circum/ances ex]t "s        
me*anical action4 ,consequ5tly1 ! arial 
envelope ( our globe1 or its sup]ior    
/ratum1 is impell$ ea/w>d by            
convection#d ( ! m rapidly rotat+ e!r4  
,& f ! extreme t5uity ( its upp] lay]s1 
is probably =c$ into imm5se waves1 :i* w
 obs]ve to a c]ta9 degree1 a g5]al      
p>allelism nor? & s\?4   ,,atmosph]ic   
,,curr5ts4  ,x is a well-kn[n fact1 t ! 
prevail+ curr5t ( ! atmosph]e 9 high    
latitudes is f ! we/w>d4 ,! cause ( ?is 
is ascrib$ by ,pr(essor ,dove to !      
transf] ( ! equatorial portions to a    
high] latitude1 by :i* ! excess ( its   
rotative velocity is made app>5t1 by    
out/ripp+ ! sl[] mov+ surface 9 its     
progress ea/w>d4 ,no d\bt "s effect is  
due to ?is1 b /ill a difficulty rema9s4 
,let u foll[ ?is curr5t4 ,! pol> curr5t 
rea*es ! surface on ! bord]s ( ! trades 

) less rotative velocity ?an ! surface1 
& is1 !re=e1 met by ! surface z a curr5t
 p>tak+ ( bo? motions4 ,9 ! nor!rn      
hemisph]e x is nor?-ea/ deflect$ to ea/ 
z x approa*es ! s\!rn trades4 ,by ! same
 reason+1 com+ f ! nor? be=e x readies !
 surface1 x ought to be also a nor?-ea/ 
w9d above ! l[] we/]ly curr5ts4 ,n[ x is
 an obs]v$ fact1 t :ile 9 ! latitude (  
,new ,york1 = in/ance1 ! l[] we/]ly w9ds
 are to ! ea/]ly1 z #c or #d to #a1 9 ! 
highe/ regions ( obs]v$ cl\ds1 ! ratio  
is mu* increas$2 & accord+ to our own   
obs]vations 9 ?is place1#e we h nev] se5
 ! highe/ cirrus cl\ds mov+ we/w>d4 ,h[ 
!n is ?is cont9ual int]*ange kept up8   
,assur$ly we _c h a curr5t f ! poles )\t
 a contr>y curr5t to ! poles4 ,if we g  
into ! arctic circle1 we aga9 f9d !     
we/]ly & nor!rly w9ds pr$om9at+4 ,if !  
curr5t f ! equator foll[s ! surface1 !  
we/]ly w9ds ought to be s\?-we/4 ,if x  
be above ! surface w9d1 !n ! surface w9d
 is ! pol> curr5t1 & ought to be        
nor?-ea/4 ,:]eas1 f ! te/imony ( all :o 

h visit$ ^! regions1 ! prevail+ w9ds are
 nor?-we/4 ,h[ c ?is be8  ,aga91 x is   
prov$ t ! upp] curr5t ne> ! equator is  
also f ! we/w>d--z ne> due we/ z        
possible4 ,take ! latitude ( ,/ ,v9c5t4 
,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cos9e ( #ac &      
radius appli$ to ! circumf]5ce1 is ab\t 
#fjj miles1 :i* w\ld give #be miles p]  
h\r to ! ea/w>d1 9 lat4 #ac4 ,b to d    
?is1 x is necess>y to transf] x sudd5ly 
f ! equator2 = by a sl[ motion ! ea/]ly 
t5d5cy w\ld be lo/4 ,give x #bd h\rs f !
 equator to lat4 #ac1 )\t any loss (    
ea/]ly t5d5cy1 & x comes to t latitude )
 a velocity ( #ch miles p] h\r to !     
nor?w>d1 & only #be to ! ea/w>d2 we h1  
!re=e1 a w9d f s\?-we/ by s\?4 ,yet x is
 kn[n t 9 ! tropics ! highe/ visible    
cl\ds move f ! we/w>d4 ,b z no su* case 
c\ld occur z a transf] 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs 
)\t loss1 & if we dim9i% ! "t1 ! w9d is 
/ill m s\!rly4 ,meteorologi/s usually   
cite ! fall+ ( a%es at ,jamaica dur+ !  
eruption ( ,cosegu9a1 9 ,guatamala1 9   
,febru>y #ahce1 z com+ f s\?-we/1 :]eas 

! true direction 0 ab\t we/ s\?-we/1 & !
 trade w9d bel[ 0 ab\t nor?4 ,b d we d5y
 t !re is an int]*ange betwe5 ! frigid &
 torrid zones8 ,by no means2 b we w\ld  
%[ t ! great controll+ p[] is ext]nal to
 our atmosph]e1 & t ! relative          
velocities ( ! e>? & ! atmosph]e is n   
alone adequate to acc\nt = x4 ,by ?is   
view ! pol> curr5t is a nor?-we/ w9d    
7:i* is impossible by ,pr(essor ,dove's 
!ory71 or is c>ri$ ea/w>d by electric   
convection4   ,,hutton',s ,,!ory4  ,:e!r
 we adopt ! views ( ,f\ri] or ,p\llet1 z
 to ! temp]ature ( ! planet>y spaces1 x 
is c]ta9 t x is at lea/ equal to1 or    
less ?an1 ! l[e/ temp]ature ( our globe4
 ,x is also a well-kn[n fact1 t !       
capacity ( air to hold vapor 9 solution1
 increases 9 a high] ratio ?an !        
temp]ature1 s t ! int]m+l+ ( saturat$   
portions ( air1 at diff]5t temp]atures1 
mu/ necess>ily be att5d$ by             
precipitation ( moi/ure4 ,?is idea 0    
advanc$ by ,doctor ,hutton1 & consid]$  
compet5t to acc\nt = ! prom95t          

meteorological ph5om5a1 until ,pr(essor 
,espy broa*$ a que/ionable pr9ciple1 7& 
:i* is r5d]$ /ill m s by ! late         
inve/igations ( ,regnault17 9 opposition
 to ,hutton's !ory4 ,t ! !ory is        
defici5t1 no "o c ga9say4 ,t ,espy has  
r5d]$ ! "q cle>]1 is equally haz>d\s to 
ass]t4 ,hutton fail$ 9 %[+ a cause = su*
 int]m+l+ on a suffici5t scale2 :ile    
,espy1 x may be suspect$1 has           
mis9t]pret$ facts1 & incauti\sly reject$
 ! only elem5t possess+ ! p[] ( rais+ ! 
/orm4   ,,great ,,specific ,,heat ,,(   
,,! ,,e!r4  ,:atev] may be ! degree (   
cond5sation or r>efaction 9 ! t]ral     
vortex1 !re mu/ necess>ily be a curr5t  
d[n ! pole or axis1 !nce to be deflect$ 
along ! equatorial plane ( ! vortex1 &  
?is dra9 w be z p]petual z ! r>efaction 
( ! c5tre1 7caus$ by ! c5trifugal =ce ( 
rotation17 :i* calls x =?4 ,x w n[ be   
p]ceiv$ t ! fluid ( ! vortex1 :i* we    
%all /ill t]m e!r1 is nei!r m nor less  
?an ! electric fluid1--! mighty en]gis+ 
pr9ciple ( space1--! s\rce ( motion1--! 

cause ( magnetism1 galvanism1 light1    
heat1 gravity1 ( ! aurora1 ! lightn+1 ! 
zodiacal light1 ( ! tails & nebulosities
 ( comets1 ( ! great curr5ts ( our      
atmosph]e1 ( ! samiel1 ! hurricane1 & ! 
e>?quake4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t we treat x z
 any o!r fluid1 9 relation to its law ( 
motion & cond5sation4 ,b we h no "r to  
base our calculations on its resi/ance1 
by ! analogies pres5t$ by pond]able or  
atomic matt]4 ,atomic fluids1--ev5 pure 
air1 may be consid]$ viscid & t5aci\s :5
 comp>$ to an inf9itely divisible fluid1
 betwe5 ^: p>ticles 7if we may use !    
t]m7 no attraction ( any k9d exi/s4 ,no 
pond]able matt] c come 9 close contact  
)\t feel+ ! influ5ce ( ! gravitat+ =ce  
:i*1 at ins5sible di/ances1--su* z !    
bread? ( a wave ( e!r1 is increas$ 9    
p[]1 & becomes a coh]+ & comb9+ =ce4 ,we
 cont5d t ?is fluid is ! only fluid (   
space2 :5 cond5s$ x is positive1 & seeks
 to escape2 :5 r>efi$ x is negative1 &  
receives f ! contigu\s space a          
re/oration ( its p[]4 ,t x c give &     

receive1 f planet>y matt]1 :at we call  
motion2 & consequ5tly c affect !        
temp]ature ( su* matt]1 & be 9 turn     
affect$ by x4 ,& f9ally t1 = its degree 
( in]tia1 x exce$s 9 ela/icity &        
specific heat all o!r matt]4   ,,process
 ,,( ,,d]angem5t4  ,?is premis$1 we see 
t z ! axis ( ! vortex trav]ses ! surface
 ( ! e>?1 !re is a t5d5cy to d]ange !   
electric /ate ( ! p>ts travell$ ov]1 by 
br++ ! atmosph]e & surface ( ! e>? "u ! 
r>efi$ c5tre ( ! vortex4 ,= x is n ! e!r
 ( ! atmosph]e alone t is affect$4 ,x is
 call$ =? f ! e>? itself1 & p>takes ( ! 
temp]ature ( ! cru/1--c>ry+ up into !   
upp] regions ! vapor-load$ atmosph]e ( !
 surface4 ,! wea!r n[ feels close & w>m2
 ev5 9 w9t] !re is a balmy *ange 9 !    
feel+s4 ,! atmosph]e !n fills ) haze1   
ev5 to ! highe/ regions ( ! cl\ds2 !    
cl\ds !mselves are ill def9$2 g5]ally ! 
w9d comes 9 at ,e4 ,s-,e41 or ,s41 gett+
 v fre% by ! "t x *ops r\nd to ,w4 ,9 f 
six to twelve h\rs f ! "t ( ! m]idian   
passage1 9 ?is latitude1 ! ,big ,cumuli 

h =m$1 & comm5c$ _! m>* ea/w>d4 ,9 summ]
 "t !re is always ?und] & lightn+1 :5 ! 
passage is att5d$ or foll[$ by a /orm4  
,9 w9t]1 g5]ally1 b n always4 ,9 summ]1 
! diamet] ( ! /orm is contract$2 9 w9t]1
 dilat$2 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 summ] is ! 
be/ season to trace ! vortices ( ! e>?  
?r\gh _! revolutions4 ,let u n[ att5d a 
little to ! results4 ,! e!r ( ! surface 
atmosph]e p>takes ( ! temp]ature ( t    
atmosph]e1 s also ! e!r ( ! e>?'s cru/  
p>takes ( ! temp]ature ( ! cru/2 & its  
escape is rapid1 comp>$ ) ! asc5t ( !   
air4 ,:5 x arrives at ! cold] lay]s (   
air above1 its temp]ature s9ks1 &1 on   
acc\nt ( ! great] specific caloric1 x   
imp>ts a mu* high] temp]ature to ^?     
lay]s ?an is due to _! position2 an     
elevation consequ5tly takes             
place1--begett+ a dra9 f bel[1 until !  
upp] regions are load$ ) a w>m & vapory 
atmosph]e4 ,if ! action ( ! sun         
conspires at ! same "t to increase !    
effect1 ! /orm w be m viol5t4 ,9 twelve 
h\rs aft] ! m]idian passage ( ! vortex1 

! /orm is br\ght "u ! p>ts ( ! e!real   
atmosph]e ( ! e>? mo/ remote f ! axis2 a
 reaction n[ takes place2 ! cold e!r (  
space ru%es 91 &1 on acc\nt ( its great 
specific caloric1 x ab/racts f ! w>m    
atmosph]e m ?an p]ta9s to ! diff]5ce (  
temp]ature1 & !re is a great            
cond5sation4 ,ra9 & hail may =m 9 fe>ful
 quantities2 & :5 ! equilibrium is      
re/or$1 ! temp]ature w h fall5 _m       
degrees4  ,z x is important t we %\ld h 
a cle> view ( ! "* ( ! e!r1 we w rev]t  
to ! pr9ciple we h advocat$1 viz43 t 9  
equal spaces !re are equal mom5ta4 ,:at 
! e!r wants 9 in]tia1 is made up by its 
motion or specific heat1 consid]+ 9 ?is 
case in]tia to /& = weight :5 comp>$ )  
pond]able matt]2 s t to raise an        
equival5t am\nt ( in]tia ( e!r to ! same
 temp]ature z atmosph]ic air1 w require 
z mu* m motion or specific heat z its   
matt] is less4 ,& ?is we conceive to be 
a law ( space 9 relation to all free or 
gase\s matt]4 ,to apply x to solids w\ld
 require a k ( ! am\nt ( =ce con/itut+ !

 cohesion ( ! solid4   ,,influ5ce ,,(   
,,dim9i%$ ,,pressure4  ,b !re is ano!r  
pr9ciple :i* modifies ^! effects4 ,we h 
already adv]t$ to ! action ( ! tang5tial
 curr5t ( ! vortex =c+ ! out] lay]s ( ! 
atmosph]e into waves4 ,^! waves w be    
int]f]$ ) by ! diff]5t vortices1        
sometimes be+ increas$ & sometimes      
dim9i%$ by !m4#f ,if ^! waves are       
suppos$ v wide1 7:i* w\ld be ! case 9 ! 
att5uat$ outside lay]s ( ! atmosph]e17 !
 action ( ! vortex w be great] 9 its    
passage ov] a place1 :i* at ! "t        
correspond$ to ! depression po9t ( !    
wave1 t is1 to ! l9e ( l[ b>omet]2      
because "h !re w\ld be less resi/ance to
 ov]come 9 ! passage ( ! e!r f ! surface
 ( ! e>? into space2 s t we may conceive
 ea* vortex mak+ a l9e ( /orms ea* day  
ar\nd ! e>?1 sep>at$ by less di/urb$    
int]vals4 ,aft] ! =mation ( ! /orm1 x ( 
c\rse has no?+ to d ) ! vortex t produc$
 x2 x travels 9 ! g5]al direction ( !   
local atmosph]e ( ! place--9            
intratropical latitudes we/w>d1 9       

extratropical latitudes ea/w>d4 ,if1    
!re=e1 ! di/urbance =ms at ! place (    
obs]vation1 !re w probably be no /orm2 b
 fur!r ea/w>d its action w\ld be m      
app>5t or viol5t4 ,x is impossible1 (   
c\rse1 to lay d[n any g5]al description 
:i* %all meet e case4 ,x is a k t c only
 be acquir$ by obs]vation1 & !n is n    
readily or easily communicat$4 ,!re are 
_m cont+5cies to be all[$ =1 & _m       
modify+ causes to keep sight (1 to ent] 
into :i* w\ld only be t$i\s2 we %all1   
!re=e1 conf9e ourselves to ! prom95t    
ph5om5a4   ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,pol>      
,,curr5t4  ,we h se5 h[ ! passage ( !   
axis ( ! vortex may d]ange ! electric   
t5sion ( ! p>ts pass$ ov]2 b !re is     
ano!r mode ( action n yet adv]t$ to4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a  ,:5 ! moon is at
 h] p]igee1 ! axis ( ! vortex passes    
?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! e>? & moon  
at ,c1 & cuts (f ! segm5t ,,rr4 ,at !   
apogee1 on acc\nt ( h] great] di/ance1 &
 ( h] consequ5t p[] to pu% ! e>? out f !
 axis ( ! vortex ,,xx1 ! segm5t ,r,r is 

only cut (f by ! axis2 & ! angle :i* !  
axis makes ) ! surface w v>y ) ! arcs   
,,ar & ,a,r2 = ^! arcs w measure !      
incl9ation f ! nature ( ! circle4 ,9    
pass+ f ! p]igee to ! apogee ! axis w   
pass ov] ! latitudes int]m$iate betwe5  
,r & ,r 9 bo? hemisph]es1 nei!r rea*+ to
 ! equator ,e1 nor to ! pole ,p4 ,let u 
n[ suppose a m]idian ( ! e>?1 repres5t$ 
by ! l9e ,,nrs1 ,n be+ nor?1 & ,s s\?1 &
 ! surface ( ! atmosph]e by ,n,s2 ,,xx  
/ill repres5t+ ! axis ( ! vortex1       
ord9>ily incl9$ #cd or #ce to ! surface4
 ,let u also conceive ! rotation ( ! e>?
 to cease1 7! action ( ! vortex rema9+ !
 same17 ?us leav+ ! axis ov] a p>ticul> 
longitude4 ,if ! e!r possesses in]tia1  
!re w be an actual scoop+ out ( ! upp]  
portions1 driv+ !m s\?w>d to a c]ta9    
di/ance1 :]e ! atmosph]e w be pil$ up   
above ! ord9>y level4 ,!re w1 !re=e1 be 
a /rong contr>y curr5t at ! surface ( ! 
e>? to re/ore ! equilibrium1 & if !     
action be viol5t1 ! surface w9d w be    
increas$2 s t if x be consid]$ tang5tial

 to ! surface at ,s1 its own mom5tum w  
t5d to make x leave ! surface & m\nt up 
to ,t2 & 9 ?is way increase ! action due
 to ! e!r4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! axis is nev]   
/ation>y1 b travels r\nd ! e>? 9 less   
?an tw5ty-five h\rs1 yet !re is a t5d5cy
 to ?is mode ( action2 & x is ev5       
sometimes palpable to ! obs]v] :5 ! axis
 has pass$ imm$iately to ! nor?w>d2 = ! 
p9nate %afts & bran*+ plumes ( ! cirri  
(t5 rea* f> to ! s\? ( ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( 
! /orm4 ,^! %afts are always long] :5   
radiat+ f ! nor?w>d ?an :5 proce$+ f !  
s\?w>d4 ,! cause is und]/ood by ! above 
figure4 ,at su* a "t1 aft] d>k1 !       
auroral %afts w also be se5 ov] ! /orm  
to ! nor?w>d1 b w be invisible to ^?    
b5ea?4 ,!re is ?is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 
t ! visibility ( ! e!real curr5t 7or !  
aurora7 is m frequ5t :5 ! passage ( !   
vortex is n att5d$ ) any great          
commotion1 its free passage be+ p]haps  
ob/ruct$ by too dry an atmosph]e2 h5ce x
 becomes m visible4 ,b x may be ass]t$ t
 a great aurora is nev] se5 except :5 a 

vortex is ne>1 & to ! nor?w>d1 & )9 a   
few h\rs ( its passage ov] ! m]idian4   
,we h1 h[ev]1 se5 p>tial auroras to !   
s\? :5 none exi/$ nor?1 & also cases :5 
! radiation 0 f we/1 b !y are nev] z    
bright z 9 ! nor?4 ,!y are all due1     
h[ev]1 to ! same cause2 & we h frequ5tly
 foll[$ a vortex = ?ree days to !       
nor?w>d1 7t is1 se5 ! effects ( its     
m]idian passage17 at #gjj miles di/ance1
 by ! aurora1 & ev5 by ! lightn+1 :i*   
proves pla9ly t ! ext]ior lay]s ( our   
atmosph]e c reflect a fla% ( lightn+1   
assi/$ by ! horizontal refraction1      
o!rwise ! curvature ( ! e>? w\ld s9k x  
t5 miles bel[ ! horizon4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #b   ,,limits ,,( ,,! ,,vortex4   
,! action ( ! pol> curr5t ( ! e!r1      
!re=e1 t5ds to cause a depression ( !   
b>omet]1 & an elevation to ! nor?w>d &  
s\?w>d1 & !re is a g5]al set ( ! w9d    
bel[ to ! po9t ( greate/ depression4 ,! 
action ( ! tang5tial curr5t works ! out]
 surface ( ! atmosph]e into great ridges
 & holl[s1 ^: di/ances ap>t z well z    

actual dim5sions1 are cont9ually *ang+  
"u ! influ5ces ( causes n yet allud$ to1
 & x is 9 ! holl[s :]e ! action ( ! pol>
 curr5t w be pr9cipally exp5d$4 ,luckily
 = ! e>?1 ! axis ( ! vortex is nev] long
 9 pass+ ov] any p>ticul> place4 ,9 ?is 
latitude1 ^: natural cos9e is           
?ree-f\r?s1 ! velocity we/w>d is ov]    
#gjj miles p] h\r2 b at its extreme     
limits nor?1 ! motion is mu* sl[]1 & is 
repeat$ = two or ?ree days 9 ne>ly !    
same latitude1 = !n x beg9s to return to
 ! s\?2 ?us oscillat+ 9 ab\t "o sid]eal 
p]iod ( ! moon4 ,at its s\!rn limit1 !  
vortex v>ies b sl[ly 9 latitude = ! same
 "t1 b ! velocity is mu* great]4 ,!     
extreme latitudes v>y at diff]5t times )
 ! ecc5tricity ( ! lun> orbit1 ) ! place
 or longitude ( ! p]igee1 & ) !         
longitude ( ! moon's asc5d+ node1 b 9 no
 case c ! c5tral vortex rea* )9 #e ( !  
equator1 or high] ?an ab\t #ge (        
latitude nor? or s\?4 ,h5ce !re are no  
/orms /rictly speak+ beyond #hhg (      
latitude2 al?\gh a /orm may be rag+     

close by1 at ! turn+ po9t s\?1 & draw 9 
a v /rong gale f ! nor?w>d ) a cle> sky 
above4 ,s also1 al?\gh ra9s & %ort      
squalls may be frequ5t 9 ! vapor-load$  
atmosph]e ( ! equator1 yet ! hurricane  
does n rea* !re1 ow+ to ! adju/m5t ( !  
mass & di/ance ( ! moon1 & ! incl9ation 
( ! axes ( ! vortices to ! axis ( ! e>?4
 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! upp] limit or     
highe/ latitude ( ! vortex1 0 equal to !
 temp]ature :i* obta9s at its l[e/      
limit1 & ! daily extremes ( ! sol>      
influ5ce z great1 ! hurricanes w\ld be z
 viol5t at ! "o z ! o!r1 & ev5 m s on   
acc\nt ( ! small] velocity4 ,b !        
defici5cy ( temp]ature & moi/ure1 7:i*  
la/ is all-important17 prev5ts ! full   
developm5t ( ! effect4 ,& ev5 9 !       
tropics1 ! progress ( ! sun1 by its p[] 
9 direct+ ! great annual curr5ts ( !    
atmosph]e1 only conspires 9 ! summ] &   
autumn mon?s1 to br+ an atmosph]e 9 !   
track ( ! vortices1 possess+ ! full     
degree ( moi/ure & defici5cy ( electric 
t5sion1 to produce ! d]angem5t necess>y 

to call =? ! hurricane 9 its greate/    
activity4   ,,r\t9e ,,( ,a ,,/orm4  ,!  
novelty & orig9ality ( ?is !ory w p]haps
 ju/ify u 9 dwell+ a little long] on :at
 obs]vation has detect$4 ,! vortex 7& we
 are n[ speak+ only ( ! c5tral vortex7  
does n d]ange e place alike1 b skips ov]
 l>ge tracts ( longitude 9 its progress 
we/w>d4 ,we speak "h ( ! immovable axis 
( ! vortex z 9 motion2 9 reality x is ! 
rotation ( ! e>? :i* br+s e m]idian "u  
its influ5ce 9 "s latitude once e       
tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! c5tre ( greate/      
d]angem5t =ms ! nucleus1 t[>ds :i* !    
surface curr5ts1 "u c]ta9 re/rictions1  
fl[4 ,! /ronge/ curr5t w1 h[ev]1 usually
 be f ! s\?1 on acc\nt ( ! incl9ation ( 
! axis ( ! vortex to ! surface ( !      
e>?4#h ,^! curr5ts cont9u+ onw>ds by _! 
vires in]ti1 accord+ to ! fir/ law (    
motion1 assi/ some:at 9 convey+ ! w>m   
surface w9d1 load$ ) moi/ure1 into !    
region ( cl\d2 & ! dim9ution (          
temp]ature causes ! cond5sation ( l>ge  
masses ( vapor1 accord+ to ,hutton's    

views2 & ! p>tial vacuum ?us produc$1   
causes a /ill great] int]m+l+4 ,b we h  
already %[n t ?is is n ! sole cause1 nor
 is x ev] m ?an p>tially accompli%$4 ,! 
e!r ( ! l[] atmosph]e1 & ( ! cru/ ( !   
e>?1 is di/urb$1 & ru%es t[>ds ! r>efi$ 
axis f ! surface1 & ) ! temp]ature ( !  
surface1 ?us convey+ ! surface          
atmosph]e1 9 a measure1 along ) x4 ,9 ! 
upp] regions1 ?is e!r 7or electric      
fluid7 cools d[n1 or p>ts ) "s ( its    
heat1 to ! air ( ^? regions1 &1 by its  
great specific caloric1 necess>ily &    
unduly increases ! temp]ature ( ! air4  
,?is1 by its expansion & asc5sion w     
cause a fur!r influx f bel[1 until !    
upp] atmosph]e becomes load$ ) vapor4 ,9
 twelve h\rs1 at lea/1 a reaction mu/   
take place1 z t "p ( ! e>?'s surface is 
c>ri$ six or sev5 ?\s& miles f ! axis1  
:]e ! e!r is m d5se4 ,?is 9 turn desc5ds
 to ! surface1 c>ry+ ) x ! temp]ature ( 
space1 at lea/ #fj bel[ z]o2 a great    
cond5sation mu/ foll[2 local d]angem5ts 
( ! electric equilibrium 9 ! c5tre (    

l>ge cl\ds1 :5 ! cond5sation is active1 
mu/ n[ take place1 :ile p>tially        
nonconduct+ masses int]v5e1 to prev5t an
 in/antane\s re/oration ( ! equilibrium1
 until ! d]angem5t is suffici5t to cause
 ! necess>y t5sion1 :5 all ob/acles are 
r5t asund]1 & ! e!r issues =?1 clo!d 9 !
 p[] & sublimity ( ! lightn+4 ,x is a   
fe>fully-en]getic fluid1 &1 :5          
suffici5tly di/urb$1 compet5t to produce
 ! mo/ viol5t tornado1 or ! mo/         
de/ructive e>?quake4 ,t ^! two ph5om5a h
 simultane\sly occurr$1 seems well      
au!nticat$2 b ! e>?quake1 ( c\rse1 mu/  
be ref]r$ g5]ally to d]angem5ts ( !     
electric equilibrium ( ! e>?'s int]ior1 
( :i* at pres5t we "k b little4  ,! day 
or morn+ previ\s to ! passage ( !       
vortex1 is frequ5tly v f9e1 calm1 mild1 
& sleepy wea!r1--commonly call$ a wea!r 
bre$]4 ,aft] ! /orm has fully matur$1   
!re is an approa* ( ! cl\ds to !        
surface1 a r$uction ( ! temp]ature      
above1 & ! human body feels ! *ange f> m
 ?an is due to ! fall ( temp]ature4 ,?is

 is ow+ to ! cold e!r requir+ s mu* heat
 to raise its temp]ature to t ( surr\nd+
 bodies1 or1 9 o!r words1 is due to its 
great specific caloric4 ,9 summ]1 ?is   
fall+ ( ! upp] lay]s 9 front ( ! /orm is
 s app>5t1 t e "p is se5 to exp& "u !   
eye by p]spective1--swell+1 & curl+1 &  
wri?+1 l ! surface ( wat] or oil :5 j   
comm5c$ boil+4 ,! w9d n[ p>takes ( !    
motion ( ! ext]nal e!r1 & moves ) ! /orm
 ea/w>d 79 ?is latitude71 or f ,n-,e4 to
 ,s-,e41 until ! action ceases4         
,,conditions ,,necess>y ,,to ,,produce  
,a ,,/orm4  ,! vortex1 9 its passage    
r\nd ! e>?1 may only meet ) a few       
localities favorable = produc+ a v      
viol5t /orm2 b ^! nuclei w g5]ally be   
connect$ by b&s ( cl\dy atmosph]e2 s t  
c\ld we view !m f ! moon1 ! e>? w\ld be 
belt$ l ! planet ,jupit]4 ,!re is reason
 to suspect1 also1 t !re are v>iations 9
 ! en]gy ( ! e!real motions1 indep5d5t (
 ! conditions ( ! e>? & its atmosph]e1  
:i* affects ev5 ! radial /ream ( ! sun4 
,= ! zodiacal light1 :i* is caus$ by ?is

 radial /ream1 is at times mu* m vivid  
?an at o!rs4 ,also 9 ! case ( ! aurora1 
on our own globe4 ,on ?is po9t !re is   
mu* to say1 b "h is n ! place4 ,!       
conditions favorable = ! production ( a 
/orm at ! c5tral passage ( a vortex1 are
 a previ\s exemption f excitem5t cet]is 
p>ibus1 a high temp]ature & dew po9t1 a 
depression ( ! b>omet]1 & local         
accumulation ( electric t5sion1 positive
 or negative2 & ^! are influ5c$ by !    
/orms 9 o!r places controll+ ! arial    
curr5ts1 & ?us det]m9+ ! atmosph]e ( !  
place4   ,,lat]al ,,vortices4  ,we h    
already allud$ to ! lat]al vortices ( ! 
t]ral sy/em4 ,we mu/ n[ resort to a     
diagram4  ,9 ! foll[+ figure1 ! arr[s   
repres5t ! e!real curr5t ( ! t]ral      
vortex2 ! l9e> circle1 ! e>?2 ,c ! c5tre
 ( gravity ( ! e>? & moon1 &1           
consequ5tly1 ! c5tral vortex or axis ( !
 vortex ( ! e>?1 ,i repres5ts ! position
 ( ! inn] vortex1 & ,o t ( ! out]       
vortex4 ,^! two la/ are eddies1 caus$ by
 ! ob/acle pres5t$ by ! e>? 9 be+ pu%$  

out f ! c5tre by ! moon1 & are call$    
lat]al vortices4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two   
lat]al vortices1 & "o c5tral1 9 bo?     
hemisph]es1 & by ?is simple arrangem5t  
is ! e>? wat]$1 & ! atmosph]ic          
circulation produc$4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #c   ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,_!       
,,action4  ,if we place a globe 9 a     
vessel ( wat]1 s t ! v]tex %all only j  
be cov]$1 & place ! globe ecc5trically 9
 ! vessel s t ! c5tre ( ! vessel may n  
be too f> f ! outside ( ! globe1 & !n   
imp>t an equable b sl[ motion to ! wat]1
 9 ! mann] ( a vortex2 by view+ !       
reflect$ light ( ! sky f ! surface ( !  
wat] above ! globe1 we %all be able to  
trace a succession ( dimples1 orig9at+  
at ,i & ,o1 & pass+ (f ) ! curr5t1 & dy+
 away4 ,! direction ( ! fluid 9 ^!      
little eddies1 w be ! same z ! direction
 ( ! curr5t 9 ! ma9 vortex4 ,if we      
displace ! globe1 s z to remove x f> f !
 c5tre ( ! vessel1 & imp>t ! same       
motion1 ! vortex ,i w be f\nd at ,e1 & !
 direction ( ! curr5t w be contr>y to ! 

direction ( ! fluid 9 ! vessel4 ,9 !    
case ( ! e>? & moon1 ! displacem5t c    
nev] *ange ! position ( ! inn] vortex   
mu*4 ,x w always be to ! "r h& ( !      
c5tral vortex 9 nor? latitudes1 & 9     
consequ5ce ( ! e!r /rik+ our globe 9 su*
 a position1 ! curr5t t is deflect$ f   
its true pa?1 by ! protub]ance ( ! e>?  
=c+ x inside1 is prev5t$ by ! circul>   
curr5t ( ! p>ts ne>] ! axis ( ! vortex1 
f pass+ (f2 s t a vortex is =m$1 & is m 
viol5t1 cet]is p>ibus1 ?an ! vortex at  
,o4   ,,ord] ,,( ,,occurr5ce4  ,:e!r ?is
 mode ( action has be5 correctly inf]r$1
 matt]s little2 ! lat]al vortices foll[ 
! law ( su* a position4 ,! inn] vortex  
always prec$es ! c5tral f five to eight 
days1 :5 asc5d+ 9 ?is latitude1 & comes 
to ! m]idian aft] ! moon4 ,! out]       
vortex1 on ! contr>y1 foll[s ! c5tral 9 
its mon?ly r\nd1 & comes to ! m]idian   
be=e ! moon4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t 
if ! axes ( ^! lat]al vortices be       
produc$ ?r\gh ! e>?1 !y w pass ?r\gh    
simil> vortices 9 ! opposite hemisph]e2 

b z ! greate/ latitude ( ! "o1          
corresponds to ! lea/ latitude ( ! o!r1 
! same calculation w n answ] = bo?4 ,!  
same rem>k applies to ! c5tral vortex   
also4  ,?us !re are six passages ea*    
mon? ov] latitude #da2 b z !re are      
int]vals ( #c to #f betwe5 two          
consecutive passages ( ! same vortex1 x 
may happ5 t an obs]v] 9 ! middle        
latitude1 w\ld p]haps see no?+ ( _!     
effects )\t look+ = !m4 ,g5]ally speak+1
 !y are n only se51 b felt4 ,! "t ( !   
passage ( ! out] vortex asc5d+1         
corresponds s ne>ly 79 #ch ( latitude7  
at c]ta9 times1 ) ! passage ( ! c5tral  
vortex desc5d+1 t ! two may be consid]$ 
"o if att5tion is n direct$ to x4 ,!    
orbits ( ^! lat]al vortices dep5d1 l t (
 ! c5tral vortex1 on ! orbit ( ! moon = 
ecc5tricity1 b ! longitudes ( ! p]igee w
 n correspond ) ! longitude ( ! moon's  
p]igee4 ,?is foll[s f ! !ory4 ,z !      
elem5ts ( ^! orbits are only            
approximately det]m9$1 we %all conf9e   
our calculations to ! orbit ( ! c5tral  

vortex4   ,,r$field',s ,,!ory ,,(       
,,/orms4  ,x w n[ appe> pla9ly to !     
read]1 t ?is !ory ( /orms diff]s 9 e    
p>ticul> f ! rival !ories ( ,r$field &  
,espy1 bo? z to ! cause & ! modus ag5di4
 ,x w\ld appe> at fir/ sight1 z if !    
discov]y ( ^! vortices w\ld at once     
rem$y ! great defect 9 ! !ory (         
,r$field1 viz43 t no adequate cause is  
assign$ = ! comm5cem5t & cont9uation ( !
 vorticose motion1 9 ! great circul>    
:irlw9ds :i* compose a /orm4 ,! facts1  
h[ev]1 are adv]se to su* an application4
 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,r$field1 ! rotation (
 a circul> /orm 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e is 
f "r to left1 & ! rev]se 9 ! s\!rn4 ,!  
au?or's att5tion has1 ( c\rse1 be5      
consid]ably direct$ to ?is po9t2 b 9 e  
case he has be5 un=tunate 9 f9d+ 9 !    
cl\ds a rotation f left to "r4 ,"s cases
 are m5tion$ 9 ! app5d$ record ( !      
wea!r4 ,he has also notic$ _m ( ^? small
 :irlw9ds on arid pla9s1 9 ,egypt1 9    
,mexico1 & 9 ,cali=nia1 :i*1 9 ! great  
majority ( cases1 7 also f left to "r4  

,8 opportunities1 h[ev]1 h n ext5d$ to !
 s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,?is !ory has n1      
h[ev]1 be5 =m$ on !oretic views1 b by   
look+ nature 9 ! face = ye>s1 & foll[+  
h] indications4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d t !  
*anges ( ! w9d 9 a /orm =bid ! adoption 
( ! circul> hypo!sis4   ,,:irlw9ds ,,v  
,,limit$ ,,9 ,,diamet]4  ,! !ory1 z     
ext5d$ by ,col4 ,reid1 re/s on a simple 
rotation ar\nd a progress+ c5tre1 & is  
f\nd sometimes support$ by evid5ce ( !  
mo/ viol5t action at ! c5tre1 &         
sometimes by %[+ t ! c5tral portion is  
(t5 9 a /ate ( calm4 ,we d n attempt to 
reconcile ^! views2 b w\ld m]ely obs]ve1
 t an atmosph]ic vortex mu/ be subject  
to ! same dynamical laws z all o!r      
vortices2 & inasmu* z ! m$ium _c diff]  
greatly 9 d5sity1 f ! c5tre to !        
circumf]5ce1 ! p]iodic times ( ! p>ts ( 
! vortex1 mu/ be directly z _! di/ances 
f ! axis1 & consequ5tly ! absolute      
velocities mu/ be equal4 ,if ,mr4       
,r$field resorts to a spirally inw>d    
curr5t1 x w\ld be a c5tripetal in/ead ( 

a c5trifugal curr5t1 & !re=e c\ld n     
cause ! b>omet] to fall1 :i* 0 ! be/    
feature ( ! !ory 9 its primitive =m4 ,! 
absolute velocity ( ! w9d is ! important
 elem5t :i* mo/ conc]ns u4 ,9 ! case ( a
 tornado ( a few y>ds 9 diamet]1 !re is 
no d\bt a circul> motion1 caus$ by !    
meet+ ( oppos+ curr5ts2 b ?is may be    
consid]$ a circle ( a v small diamet]4  
,! cause is due to a rapid escape (     
electric or e!real matt]1 f ! cru/ ( !  
e>?1 call$ =? by ! progress+1 di/urb$   
space above2 ?is involves ! air1 & an   
asc5d+ column 9 rotation begets ! ru% on
 all sides to t column 9 /raight l9es3  
consequ5tly1 ! velocities w be inv]sely 
z ! di/ances f ! axis1 & ! =ce ( !      
curr5t z ! squ>es ( ! velocities4 ,on ! 
circul> !ory1 no increase ( velocity    
w\ld be conf]r$ by ! approa* ( ! c5tre1 
& consequ5tly no increase ( p[]4        
,,objection ,,to ,,circul> ,,/orms4     
,ano!r objection to ! circul> !ory (    
/orms1 is ! uni=mity ( phase4 ,if t !ory
 be true1 we see no reason :y a p]son   

%\ld n be sometimes on ! nor!rn side ( !
 gale4 ,by ref]r+ to a diagram1 we      
p]ceive t on ! nor!rn side ! *anges ( ! 
w9d pursue a contr>y direction to :at !y
 d on ! s\?1 yet 9 n9e cases out ( t51  
ea* vessel meet+ a hurricane w f9d !    
same *anges ( w9d z are due to ! s\!rn  
side ( ! /orm4 ,x is true1 t if a vessel
 be to ! nor?w>d ( a great hurricane1   
!re w almo/ c]ta9ly be a nor?-ea/ gale  
drawn 91 & ?is might be set d[n z ! out]
 limits ( a circul> /orm4 ,b :5 ! /orm  
really beg9s1 ! w9d comes r\nd s\?-ea/1 
s\?1 s\?-we/1 end+ at nor?-we/1 &       
frequ5tly is succe$$1 on ! foll[+ day1  
7if 9 middle latitude17 by a mod]ate    
breeze f ! nor?w>d4 ,n[1 if ! nor?-ea/  
gale spok5 ( above1 0 ! out] limits ( an
 atmosph]ic vortex1 a vessel sail+ we/  
ought n to meet ! hurricane1 z a        
nor?-ea/ w9d is indicative ( be+ already
 on ! we/ side1 or beh9d ! /orm4  ,aga91
 ! *>act]s ( ! w9ds1 & appe>ances at !  
diff]5t *anges1 are oppos$ to ! circul> 
!ory4 ,at a di/ance ( fifty miles f !   

c5tre ( a /orm1 ! w9d :i* passes ov] a  
%ip z a s\!rly w9d1 w h made a rotation 
& a half1 ) ! hurricane velocity1 be=e !
 same w9d c aga9 pass ! %ip z a nor!rly 
w9d1 7suppos+ ! progress ea/w>d1 & ! %ip
 ly+ to17 t is1 ! same w9d :i* 9 ano!r  
place 0 a s\? w9d two h\rs be=e1 & aft] 
only go+ "o degree nor?1 becomes a      
nor!rly w9d1--*ang$ 9 "* & temp]ature1 z
 e seaman is well aw>e4 ,9 a /orm1 if ! 
circul> !ory be true1 ! "* & temp]ature 
%\ld be ! same1 no matt] f :at po9t !   
w9d is bl[+4 ,?is %\ld be a conclusive  
argum5t4  ,mr4 ,espy has also *ang$ 8   
gr\nd on ! /orms ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 he  
does n n[ cont5d t ! w9ds bl[ inw>ds to 
a c5tre1 b to a l9e ei!r directly or    
obliquely4 ,?us we see t :ile ,mr4      
,r$field conc$es to ,mr4 ,espy a        
spirally inw>d curr5t1 ! latt] also     
gives up a direct curr5t to ! c5tre1 to 
,mr4 ,r$field4 ,?is %[s at lea/ an      
approximation to ! tru?4  ,x is n       
necess>y = ! support ( ?is !ory1 t we   
%\ld d]ive any mat]ials f ! ru9s ( o!rs2

 we %all !re=e n avail ourselves ( c]ta9
 discrepant results1 :i* c be f\nd 9 _m 
( ! /orms cit$ by ,colonel ,reid4 ,)    
respect to ,mr4 ,espy's cause ( /orms1 !
 exp]im5ts ( ,regnault may be consid]$ z
 decisive ( ! "q3--#a/1 because !       
specific heat ( vapor is s mu* less ?an 
,espy assum$ x to be2 & #b;d1 because ! 
expansion ( air 9 a free space does n   
suff] any *ange ( volume by asc5d+1     
except :at is due to dim9i%$ pressure1 &
 ! natural temp]ature ( t elevation4    
,,indications ,,( ,a ,,/orm4  ,9        
accordance ) our !ory1 ! direction & =ce
 ( ! w9d 9 a /orm are due to asc5d+     
columns ( air1 suppli$ f ! upp] portion 
( ! atmosph]ic /ratum b5ea? ! cl\ds4 ,! 
commotion beg9s at ! highe/ limits ( !  
cirri1 & ev5 at great] elevations4      
,h5ce1 ! hazy appe>ance ( ! sky is a    
legitimate precursor ( ! com+ gale4 ,z a
 g5]al ?+1 ! w9d w bl[ 7at ! surface7   
t[>ds ! c5tre ( greate/ commotion1 b x  
is too dep5d5t on ! ev]-v>y+ position & 
p[] ( tempor>y nuclei ( di/urbance1 to  

be long /eady1 except :5 ! di/urbance is
 s remote t its diff]5t c5tres (        
induction are1 z x 71 m]g$ into "o      
common focus4 ,:5 a vortex is desc5d+1  
or pass+ f nor? to s\?1 & )al v en]getic
 at ! "t1 ! s\!rly w9d 7:i* may always  
be consid]$ ! pr9cipal w9d ( ! /orm 9   
?is hemisph]e7 may bl[ /eadily t[>ds !  
vortex = ?ree or ev5 f\r days4 ,:5 a    
vortex is asc5d+1 ! induc$ nor!rly      
curr5t w be comp>atively mod]ate1 & be  
frequ5tly *eck$ by ! s\!rly w9d ov]bl[+ 
! /orm1 & arriv+ ! day be=e ! vortex :i*
 produc$ x4  ,! important po9t = !      
navigator1 is to "k ! "t ( m]idian      
passage ( ! vortex1 & its latitude at ! 
"t ( ! passage1 & !n be guid$ by !      
indications ( ! wea!r & ! /ate (        
b>omet]4 ,if x comm5ces /orm+ ! day be=e
 ! passage1 he may expect x mu* worse   
soon aft] ! passage2 & aga91 if ! wea!r 
looks bad :5 no vortex is ne>1 he may h 
a /eady gale sett+ t[>ds a /orm1 b no   
/orm until ! arrival ( a vortex4 ,aga91 
if ! b>omet] is l[ ! day be=e ! vortex  

passes1 !re may be high b>omet] to !    
we/1 & ! passage be att5d$ by no great  
commotion1 z x requires "t = ! /orm to  
mature1 & consequ5tly its greate/       
viol5ce w be to ! ea/4 ,if at ! %ip !   
b>omet] is high1 ! vortex may /ill      
produce a /orm on a l9e ( l[ b>omet] to 
! we/1 & ?is l9e may rea* ! %ip at ! "t 
( ! passage4 ,9 tropical climates !     
tr\ble mu/ be look$ = to ! ea/w>d2 z a  
/orm1 once excit$1 w travel we/w>d ) t  
/ratum ( atmosph]e 9 :i* ! great mass ( 
vapor is lodg$1 & 9 :i*1 ( c\rse1 !     
greate/ d]angem5t ( electric t5sion is  
produc$4  ,x w n[ be se5 t we d n admit1
 ) ,col4 ,reid1 t a /orm cont9ues 9     
exi/5ce = a week toge!r4 ,suppose a     
hurricane to orig9ate 9 ! ,antilles at !
 s\!rn limits ( a vortex1 ! hurricane   
w\ld die away1 accord+ to our !ory1 if !
 vortex did n come r\nd aga9 & take up !
 same nucleus ( di/urbance4 ,on ! ?ird  
day ! vortex is f\nd /ill fur!r nor?1 & 
! app>5t pa? ( ! hurricane becomes m    
curv$4 ,9 latitude #cj ! vortex passes  

ov] #c or #e ( latitude 9 a day2 & "h   
be+ ! latitude :]e ! l[] atmosph]ic     
curr5t *anges its c\rse1 ! /orm passes  
due nor?1 & aft]w>ds nor?-ea/4 ,n[1 ea* 
day ( ! s]ies !re is a di/9ct hurricane1
 7caus$ by an increase ( en]gy 9 a      
p>ticul> vortex1 z we h be=e h9t$17 ea* 
"o ov]lapp+ on ! rema9s ( ! prec$+2 b 9 
ea* ! same *anges ( ! w9d are gone      
?r\gh1 & ! same g5]al features pres]v$1 
z if x 7 truly a progressive :irlw9d1   
except t ea* vessel has ! viol5t "p ( x1
 z if %e 0 9 ! s\!rn half ( ! :irl4 ,!  
app>5t regul>ity ( ! ,atlantic /orms 9  
direction1 z exhibit$ by ,col4 ,reid1   
are ow+ 9 a great degree to ! c\rse ( ! 
,gulf ,/ream1 9 :i* a vortex1 9 its     
successive passages 9 diff]5t latitudes1
 f9ds m favorable conditions = !        
developm5t ( its p[]1 ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( !
 same ocean2 ?us %[+ ! importance (     
reg>d+ ! e/abli%$ "* ( /orms 9 ea*      
locality1 z det]m9$ by obs]vation4 ,9   
?is connection1 also1 we may rem>k1 t ! 
m]idians ( greate/ magnetic int5sity    

are1 cet]is p>ibus1 also ! m]idians (   
greate/ atmosph]ic commotion4 ,!        
discov]y ( ?is fact is due to ,capt4    
,sab9e4 ,! cause is expla9$ by ! !ory4  
,z x is ! au?or's int5tion to embody !  
practical application ( ?is !ory to     
navigation1 ) ! necess>y rules & tables1
 9 a sep>ate "w1 suffici5t has be5 said 
to famili>ize ! read] ) ! g5]al idea ( a
 cause ext]nal to ! e>?1 z ! active     
motor 9 all atmosph]ic ph5om5a4 ,we w   
!re=e only allude 9 a g5]al way to !    
pr9cipal di/+ui%+ feature ( ! !ory4 ,we 
say1 !n1 t ! w9d 9 a /orm is n 9        
rotation1 & x is a dang]\s doctr9e to   
tea* ! navigator4 ,we also ass]t z      
di/9ctly1 t ! w9d 9 a /orm does n bl[ f 
all sides t[>ds ! c5tre1 :i* is j z     
dang]\s to believe4 ,if x 7 wise to p9  
our fai? to any ,procru/ean =mula1 we   
might endorse ! foll[+ propositions3 ,t 
at ! beg9n+ ( a /orm ! w9d is f !       
equator t[>ds ! poles 9 e "p ( ! /orm2  
t1 at a lat] date1 ano!r curr5t 7really 
a pol> curr5t deflect$ by convection7   

sets 9 at "r angles to ! fir/ "o2 & t at
 ! end ( ! /orm !re is only "o w9d bl[+ 
at "r angles to ! direction at ! beg9n+4
 ,outside ! /orm1 consid]$ z a hundr$1  
or two or ?ree hundr$ miles 9 diamet]1  
!re is1 "u c]ta9 limitations1 a surface 
w9d sett+ t[>ds ! g5]al focus ( motion &
 cond5sation1 & ?is surface w9d w be    
/ronge/ f ! we/w>d1 on acc\nt ( ! motion
 ( ! :ole atmosph]e 9 :i* ^! o!r motions
 are p]=m$ be+ to ! ea/w>d4#i ,! :ole   
ph5om5on is electrical or magnetic1 or  
electro-magnetic or e!real1 :i*ev] "n   
pleases be/4 ,! vortex1 by its action1  
causes a curr5t ( induction bel[1 f !   
equator1 z may be und]/ood by inspect+  
,fig4 #b1 :i* 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e br+s 
9 a s\!rly curr5t by convection3 !      
regul> circul> curr5t1 h[ev]1 f9ally    
p5etrates bel[1 z soon z ! process (    
induction has ceas$2 & ?us ! pol> curr5t
 ( ! atmosph]e at la/ ov]comes !        
equatorial curr5t 9 a furi\s squall1 :i*
 ceases by degrees1 & ! equilibrium is  
re/or$4  ,e locality w h its peculi>    

features2 9 ea*1 ! prevail+ w9d w be at 
"r angles to ! magnetic m]idian1 & !    
progress ( ! /orm w t5d to foll[ !      
magnetic p>allel1 :i* is "o reason :y ! 
,atlantic & ,indian ,ocean /orms h be5  
mi/ak5 = progressive :irlw9ds4 ,:5 ^!   
views are develop$ 9 full1 ! m>9] c     
pretty c]ta9ly decide 8 position 9 !    
/orm1 ! direction ( its progress1 & its 
probable duration4   ,,footnotes3  #c ,!
 specific heat ( ! e!r be+ a con/ant    
factor1 x may be divid$ out4  #d ,a t]m 
adopt$ by ,pr(4 ,f>aday to d5ote ! mode 
9 :i* bodies are c>ri$ along by an      
electrical curr5t4  #e ,ottawa1 ,ill4   
#f ,! pr9cipal cause ( ^! waves is1 no  
d\bt1 due to ! vortices1 & ! ea/]n      
progress ( ! waves due to ! rotat+ e!r2 
b1 at pres5t1 x w n be necess>y to      
sep>ate ^! effects4  #g ,! inn] vortex  
may rea* z high z #hc :5 ! moon's orbit 
is favorably situat$4  #h ,! curvature (
 ! e>? is m ?an #aj miles 9 a di/ance ( 
#cjj miles4  #i ,9 middle latitudes4    
,,section ,,second4   ,,me*anical       

,,action ,,( ,,! ,,moon4  ,we w n[      
proce$ to give ! me?od ( det]m9+ !      
latitude ( ! axis ( ! vortex1 at ! "t ( 
its passage ov] any giv5 m]idian1 & at  
any giv5 "t4 ,& aft]w>ds we w give a    
brief ab/ract f ! record ( ! wea!r1 = "o
 sid]eal p]iod ( ! moon1 9 ord] to      
comp>e ! !ory ) obs]vation4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d  ,9 ! above      
figure1 ! circle ,,p] repres5ts ! e>?1  
,e ! equator1 ,,pp ! poles1 ,t ! c5tre (
 ! e>?1 ,c ! me*anical c5tre ( ! t]ral  
vortex1 ,m ! moon1 ,,xx ! axis ( !      
vortex1 & ,a ! po9t :]e ! radius vector 
( ! moon pi]ces ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,if  
we consid] ! axis ( ! vortex to be !    
axis ( equilibrium 9 ! sy/em1 x is      
evid5t t ,,tc w be to ,,cm1 z ! mass ( !
 moon to ! mass ( ! e>?4 ,n[1 if we take
 ^! masses respectively z #a to #gb4c1 &
 ! moon's mean di/ance at #bch1fej      
miles1 ! mean value ( ,,tc is equal to  
?is numb]1 divid$ by ! sum ( ^!         
masses1--i4e4 ! mean radius vector ( !  
little orbit1 describ$ by ! e>?'s c5tre 

ar\nd ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! e>? & moon1 
is equal #bchfej_/7gb4ca7  #c1bef miles2
 & at any o!r di/ance ( ! moon1 is equal
 to t di/ance1 divid$ by ! same sum4    
,!re=e1 by tak+ ,,ct 9 ! inv]se ratio ( 
! mean semi-diamet] ( ! moon to ! true  
semi-diamet]1 we %all h ! value ( ,,ct  
at t "t4 ,b ,,ta is to ,,tc z radius to 
! cos9e ( ! arc ,,ar1 & ,,rr are ! po9ts
 on ! e>?'s surface pi]c$ by ! axis ( ! 
vortex1 suppos+ ?is axis co9cid5t ) !   
pole ( ! lun> orbit4 ,if ?is 7 s1 !     
calculation w\ld be v %ort & simple2 & x
 w1 p]haps1 facilitate ! inve/igation1  
by consid]+1 = ! pres5t1 t ! two axes d 
co9cide4  ,9 ord]1 also1 to simplify !  
"q1 we w consid] ! e>? a p]fect sph]e1  
hav+ a diamet] ( #g1ijj miles1 equal to 
! actual pol> diamet]1 & !re=e ,,ta is  
equal to #c1iej miles4  ,9 ! sph]ical   
triangle giv5 on next page1 we h giv5 ! 
po9t ,a1 be+ ! position ( ! moon 9 "r   
asc5sion & decl9ation 9 ! heav5s1 &     
consid]$ z t]re/rial latitude &         
longitude4  ,!re=e1 ,,pa is equal to !  

complem5t ( ! moon's decl9ation1 ,p be+ 
! pole ( ! e>?1 & ,l be+ ! pole ( ! lun>
 orbit2 ,,pl is equal to ! obliquity ( !
 lun> orbit1 ) respect to ! e>?1 & is   
!re=e giv5 by f9d+ ! true incl9ation ( !
 lun> orbit at ! "t1 equal ,,el1 7,e be+
 ! pole ( ! ecliptic17 also ! true      
longitude ( ! asc5d+ node1 & ! obliquity
 ( ! ecliptic ,,pe4 ,n[1 z we are       
suppos+ ! axis ( ! vortex p>allel to !  
pole ( ! lun> orbit1 & to pi]ce ! e>?'s 
surface at ,r1 ,,arl w evid5tly all be 9
 ! same plane2 &1 z 9 ! case ( ,a & ,l1 
?is plane passes ?r\gh ! e>?'s c5tre1   
,,arl mu/ all lie 9 ! same great circle4
 ,hav+1 !re=e1 ! "r asc5sion ( ,a1 & !  
"r asc5sion ( ,l1 we h ! angle ,p4 ,?is 
gives u two sides1 & ! includ$ angle1 to
 f9d ! side ,,la4 ,b we h be=e f\nd !   
arc ,,ar2 we !re=e "k ,,lr4 ,b 9 f9d+   
,,la1 we f\nd bo? ! angles ,l & ,a1 &   
!re=e c f9d ,,pr1 :i* is equal to !     
complem5t ( ! latitude s\ght4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e  ,we h ?us       
indicat$ briefly ! simple process by :i*

 we c\ld f9d ! latitude ( ! axis ( !    
c5tral vortex1 suppos+ x to be always   
co9cid5t ) ! pole ( ! lun> orbit4 ,!    
true problem is m complicat$1 & !       
pr9cipal modifications1 indicat$ by !   
!ory1 are abundantly confirm$ by        
obs]vation4 ,! det]m9ation ( !          
incl9ation ( ! axis ( ! vortex1 its     
position 9 space at a giv5 "t1 & ! law (
 its motion1 0 a "w ( *e]less labor = a 
long "t4 ,he t has be5 tantaliz$ by hope
 = ye>s1 & ev] on ! eve ( realization1  
has f\nd ! vision vani%1 c und]/& !     
feel+ :i* proce$s f frequ5t disappo9tm5t
 9 n f9d+ t1 ^: exi/5ce is almo/        
demon/rat$2 & m especially :5 !         
approximation diff]s b slightly f !     
actual ph5om5a4  ,! *ief difficulty at !
 outset ( ^! inve/igations1 arose f !   
conflict+ au?ority ( a/ronom]s 9        
relation to ! mass ( ! moon4 ,we are too
 apt to conf\nd ! precision ( ! laws (  
nature1 ) ! p]fection ( human !ories4   
,man obs]ves ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s1 &    
d]ives 8 means ( pr$ict+ :at w be1 f :at

 has be54 ,h5ce ! motions ( ! heav5ly   
bodies are kn[n to )9 a trifl+ am\nt ( !
 tru?2 b x does n foll[ t ! true        
explanation is always giv5 by !ory4 ,if 
?is 7 s1 ! mass ( ! moon 7= in/ance7    
ought to be ! same1 :e!r d$uc$ f !      
pr9ciple ( gravitation or f "s o!r      
s\rce4 ,?is is n s4 ,newton f\nd x      
#a_/dj ( t ( ! e>?4 ,la ,place1 f a     
pr(\nd !oretical discussion ( ! tides1  
gave x z #a_/eh4f1 :ile f o!r s\rces he 
f\nd a necessity ( dim9i%+ x /ill m1 to 
#a_/fh1 & f9ally z l[ z #a_/ge4 ,bailly1
 ,h]s*el1 & o!rs1 f ! nutation ( ! e>?'s
 axis1 only f\nd #a_/hj1 & ! ,b>on      
,l9d5au d$uc$ ! mass f ! same ph5om5on  
#a_/hh4 ,9 a v rec5t "w by ,mr4 ,h9d1 he
 uses ?is la/ value 9 c]ta9             
computations1 & rem>ks1 t we %all n be v
 f> wrong 9 consid]+ x z #a_/hj ( ! mass
 ( ! e>?4 ,?is %[s ! unc]ta9ty ( ! matt]
 9 #aheb4 ,if a/ronomy is s p]fect z to 
det]m9e ! p>allax ( a fix$ />1 :i* is   
almo/ always less ?an "o second1 :y is x
 t ! mass ( ! moon is n m ne>ly         

approximat$8 ,e two weeks ! sun's       
longitude is affect$ by ! position ( !  
moon1 alt]nately increas+ & dim9i%+ x1  
by a quantity dep5d+ solely ^u !        
relative mass ( ! e>? & moon1 & is a    
gross quantity comp>$ to ! p>allax ( a  
/>4 ,s1 also1 ! horizontal p>allax--!   
mo/ palpable ( all me?ods--tak5 by      
diff]5t obs]v]s at ,b]l91 & ! ,cape (   
,good ,hope1 7a v respectable base l9e1 
"o w\ld suppose17 makes ! mass ( ! moon 
great] ?an its value d]iv$ f nutation2 !
 fir/ giv+ ab\t #a_/gj1 ! la/ ab\t      
#a_/gd4b4 ,does n ?is decl>e t x is     
unsafe to dep5d too absolutely on !     
/rict word+ ( ! ,newtonian law (        
gravitation4 ,happily our !ory furni%es 
u ) ! correct value ( ! moon's mass1    
writt5 legibly on ! surface ( ! e>?2 & x
 comes out ne>ly :at ^! two ph5om5a     
always gave x1 viz43 #a_/gb4c ( t ( !   
e>?4 ,9 ano!r place we %all inquire into
 ! cause ( ! discrepancy z giv5 by !    
nutation ( ! e>?4   ,,motion ,,( ,,!    
,,axis ,,( ,,! ,,vortex4  ,if ! axis ( !

 t]ral vortex does n co9cide ) ! axis ( 
! lun> orbit1 we mu/ d]ive ?is position 
f obs]vation1 :i* c only be done by long
 & c>eful att5tion4 ,?is difficulty is  
increas$ by ! unc]ta9ty ab\t ! mass ( ! 
moon1 already allud$ to1 & by ! fact t  
!re are ?ree vortices 9 ea* hemisph]e   
:i* pass ov] twice 9 ea* mon?1 & x is n 
always possible to decide by obs]vation1
 :e!r a vortex is asc5d+ or desc5d+1 or 
ev5 to discrim9ate betwe5 !m1 s z to be 
assur$ t ?is is ! c5tral desc5d+1 & t ! 
out] vortex asc5d+4 ,a bett]            
acqua9tance1 h[ev]1 ) ! ph5om5on1 at la/
 dissipates ?is unc]ta9ty1 & ! vortices 
are !n f\nd to pursue _! c\rse ) t      
regul>ity :i* v>ies only accord+ to law4
 ,! position ( ! vortex 7! c5tral vortex
 is ! "o "u consid]ation7 !n dep5ds on !
 incl9ation ( its axis to ! axis ( !    
e>?1 & ! "r asc5sion ( t axis at ! giv5 
"t4 ,= we %all see t an assum$          
immobility ( ! axis ( ! vortex1 w\ld be 
9 direct collision ) ! pr9ciples ( !    
!ory4  ,let ! foll[+ figure repres5t a  

globe ( wood ( uni=m d5sity ?r\gh\t4    
,let ?is globe be rotat$ r\nd ! axis4 ,x
 is evid5t t no *ange ( position ( !    
axis w\ld be produc$ by ! rotation4 ,if 
we add two equal masses ( lead at m & m1
 on opposite sides ( ! axis1 ! globe is 
/ill 9 equilibrium1 z f> z gravity is   
conc]n$1 & if p]fectly sph]ical &       
homog5e\s x might be susp5d$ f its c5tre
 9 any position1 or assume indiff]5tly  
any position 9 a vessel ( wat]4 ,if1    
h[ev]1 ! globe is n[ put into a /ate (  
rapid rotation r\nd ! axis1 & !n all[$  
to float freely 9 ! wat]1 we p]ceive t x
 is no long] 9 a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,! 
mass m be+ m d5se ?an its antagoni/     
p>ticle at n1 & hav+ equal velocity1 its
 mom5tum is great]1 & x n[ t5ds         
cont9ually to pull ! pole f its         
p]p5dicul>1 )\t affect+ ! position ( !  
c5tre4 ,! same effect is produc$ by m1 &
 consequ5tly ! axis describes ! surface 
( a d\ble cone1 ^: v]tices are at !     
c5tre ( ! globe4 ,if ^! masses ( lead _h
 be5 plac$ at opposite sides ( ! axis on

 ! equator ( ! globe1 no su* motion w\ld
 be produc$2 = we are suppos+ ! globe   
=m$ ( a h>d & unyield+ mat]ial4 ,9 !    
case ( ! e!real vortex ( ! e>?1 we mu/  
rememb] !re are two diff]5t k9ds (      
matt]1--"o pond]able1 ! o!r n pond]able2
 yet bo? subject to ! same dynamical    
laws4 ,if we consid] ! axis ( ! t]ral   
vortex to co9cide ) ! axis ( ! lun>     
orbit1 ! moon & e>? are plac$ 9 !       
equatorial plane ( ! vortex1 &          
consequ5tly !re c be no d]angem5t ( !   
equilibrium ( ! vortex by its own       
rotation4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case1 see+ t !   
moon's orbit is incl9$ to ! ecliptic1 ! 
gravitat+ p[] ( ! sun is ex]t$ on !     
moon1 & ( necessity %e mu/ quit !       
equatorial plane ( ! vortex2 = ! sun c  
ex]t no influ5ce on ! matt] ( ! vortex  
by 8 attract+ p[]4 ,! mom5t1 h[ev]1 !   
moon has left ! equatorial plane ( !    
vortex1 ! pr9ciple ( mom5tum comes into 
play1 & a conical motion ( ! axis ( !   
vortex is produc$1 by its seek+ to foll[
 ! moon 9 h] mon?ly revolution4 ,?is    

case is1 h[ev]1 v diff]5t to !          
illu/ration we gave4 ,! vortex is a     
fluid1 ?r\gh :i* ! moon freely w5ds h]  
way1 pass+ ?r\gh ! equatorial plane ( ! 
vortex twice 9 ea* revolution4 ,^! po9ts
 con/itute ! moon's nodes on ! plane ( !
 vortex1 &1 f ! pr9ciples laid d[n1 !   
=ce ( ! moon to di/urb ! equilibrium ( !
 axis ( ! vortex1 vani%es at ^! po9ts1 &
 atta9s a maximum #ij f !m4 ,& ! effect 
produc$1 9 pass+ f h] asc5d+ to h]      
desc5d+ node1 is equal & contr>y to !   
effect produc$ 9 pass+ f h] desc5d+ to  
h] asc5d+ node1--reckon+ ^! po9ts on !  
plane ( ! vortex4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#f   ,,incl9ation ,,( ,,! ,,axis4  ,by  
:atev] means ! two planes fir/ became   
p]man5tly incl9$1 we see t x is a       
necess>y consequ5ce ( ! admission ( ^!  
pr9ciples1 n only t ! axis ( ! vortex   
%\ld be drawn aside by ! mom5tum ( ! e>?
 & moon1 ev] /riv+1 z x 71 to ma9ta9 a  
dynamical balance 9 ! sy/em1 9          
accordance ) ! simple laws ( motion1 &  
ev] di/urb$ by ! action ( gravitation   

ex]t$ on ! gross] matt] ( ! sy/em2 b    
also1 t ?is axis %\ld foll[1 ! axis ( ! 
lun> orbit1 at ! same mean incl9ation1  
dur+ ! complete revolution ( ! node4 ,! 
mean incl9ation ( ! two axes1 det]m9$ by
 obs]vation1 is #b #de1 & ! mon?ly      
equation1 at a maximum1 is ab\t #ae1 be+
 a plus correction 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1
 :]e ! moon is betwe5 h] desc5d+ &      
asc5d+ node1 reckon$ on ! plane ( !     
vortex1 & a m9us correction1 :5 betwe5  
h] asc5d+ & desc5d+ node4 ,& ! mean     
longitude ( ! node w be ! same z ! true 
longitude ( ! moon's orbit node1--!     
maximum correction = ! true longitude   
be+ only ab\t #e 4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#g  ,9 ! foll[+ figure1 ,p is ! pole ( !
 e>?2 ,e ! pole ( ! ecliptic2 ,l ! pole 
( ! lun> orbit2 ,v ! mean position ( !  
pole ( ! vortex at ! "t2 ! angle ,,el ! 
true longitude ( ! pole ( ! lun> orbit1 
equal to ! true longitude ( ! asc5d+    
node  #ij4 ,,vl is !re=e ! mean         
incl9ation  #b #de2 & ! little circle1 !
 orbit describ$ by ! pole ( ! vortex    

twice 9 ea* sid]eal revolution ( ! moon4
 ,! di/ance ( ! pole ( ! vortex f ! mean
 position ,v1 may be approximately      
e/imat$1 by multiply+ ! maximum value   
#ae by ! s9e ( twice ! moon's di/ance f 
! node ( ! vortex1 or f its mean        
position1 viz43 ! true longitude ( !    
asc5d+ node ( ! moon on ! ecliptic4 ,f  
?is we may calculate ! true place ( !   
node1 ! true obliquity1 & ! true        
incl9ation to ! lun> orbit4 ,hav+       
indicat$ ! necessity = ?is correction1 &
 its num]ical coeffici5t1 we %all no    
long] emb>rass ! computation by su*     
m9uti1 b consid] ! mean incl9ation z !  
true incl9ation1 & ! mean place ( ! node
 z ! true place ( ! node1 & co9cid5t ) !
 asc5d+ node ( ! moon's orbit on !      
ecliptic4   ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,axis   
,,( ,,! ,,vortex4  ,x is n[ necess>y to 
prove t ! axis ( ! vortex w /ill pass   
?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! e>? & moon4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h  ,let ,,xx n[    
repres5t ! axis ( ! lun> orbit1 & ,c !  
c5tre ( gravity ( ! e>? & moon1 ,x,x !  

axis ( ! vortex1 & ,,kcr ! incl9ation ( 
?is axis4 ,!n f    simil>ity  ,ct 3  ,tt
 33      ,cm     3      ,mm      b      
,tt 3  ,mm 33 ,moon's mass 3 ,e>?'s     
mass4   ,t is     ,tt 3  ,mm 33         
,,tc     3      ,,mc4  ,!re=e ! sy/em is
 /ill balanc$2 & 9 no o!r po9t b ! po9t 
,c1 c ! int]section ( ! axes be made )\t
 de/roy+ ?is balance4  ,x w be obs]v$ by
 inspect+ ! figure1 t ! arc ,r,k is     
great] ?an ! arc ,,rk4 ,t ! fir/        
increases ! arc ,,ar1 & ! second        
dim9i%es t arc4 ,! arc ,r,k is a plus   
correction !re=e1 & ! small] arc ,,rk a 
m9us correction4 ,if ! moon is betwe5 h]
 desc5d+ & asc5d+ node1 7tak+ n[ ! node 
on ! ecliptic17 ! correction is         
negative1 & we take ! small] arc4 ,if ! 
moon is betwe5 h] asc5d+ & desc5d+ node1
 ! correction is positive1 & we take !  
l>g] arc4 ,if ! moon is #ij f ! node1 ! 
correction is a maximum4 ,if ! moon is  
at ! node1 ! correction is null4 ,9 all 
o!r positions x is z ! s9e ( ! moon's   
di/ance f ! nodes4 ,we mu/ n[ f9d !     

maximum value ( ^! arcs ( correction    
correspond+ to ! mean incl9ation ( #b   
#de4  ,to d ?is we may r$uce ,,tc to ,tt
 9 ! ratio ( radius to cos9e ( !        
incl9ation1 & tak+ ,,ts = radius4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i  ,,tc  ,cos c4   
7incl9ation #b #de7_/,r is equal ! cos9e
 ( ! arc ,,sk & ,,sk  ,,z  ,,ak & ,,ak  
,,ar  ,r,k4 ,b f ! nature ( ! circle1   
arc ,,rk  arc ,r,k  angle ,,rck  angle  
,r,,ck1 or equal to d\ble ! incl9ation2 
& !re=e1 by subtract+ ei!r arc f d\ble !
 incl9ation1 we may get ! o!r arc4  ,!  
maximum value ( ^! arcs c1 h[ev]1 be    
f\nd by a simple proportion1 by say+2 z 
! arc ,,ar1 plus ! incl9ation1 is to !  
incl9ation1 s is ! incl9ation to !      
diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 & !re=e1 !          
incl9ation1 plus half ! diff]5ce1 is    
equal ! great] arc1 & ! incl9ation1 m9us
 half ! diff]5ce1 is equal ! less]2 !   
great] be+ positive1 & ! less] negative4
  ,hav+ f\nd ! arc ,,ar1 & kn[+ ! moon's
 di/ance f ei!r node1 we mu/ r$uce ^!   
values ( ! arcs ,,rk & ,r,k j f\nd1 9 ! 

ratio ( radius to ! s9e ( t di/ance1 &  
apply x to ! arc ,,ar or ,a,r1 & we %all
 get ! fir/ correction equal to ! arc   
,,ak or ,,ak4    ,call ! arc ,,ar       
a           incl9ation             n    
di/ance f ! node  d           arc ,,ak  
k  & suppos+ ! value ( ,,ak be want$ = !
 nor!rn hemisph]e :5 ! moon is betwe5 h]
 desc5d+ & asc5d+ node1 we h            
n                -------                
a  n           7n - ------- 7 s9 d4     
#b   k  a - ----------------------      
,r  ,if ! moon is betwe5 h] asc5d+ &    
desc5d+ node1 !n                    n   
-------                 a  n            
7n - ------- 7 s9 d4                    
#b   k  a  ----------------------       
,r  ,! computation w be %ort]1 h[ev]1 if
 we m]ely r$uce ! incl9ation to ! s9e ( 
! di/ance f ! node = ! fir/ correction (
 ! arc ,,ar1 if we neglect ! semi-mon?ly
 motion ( ! axis2 = ?is la/ correction  
dim9i%es ! plus corrections1 & ! fir/ "o
 increases x4 ,if1 !re=e1 "o is         
neglect$1 x is bett] to neglect ! o!r   

also2 especially z x might be deem$     
affectation to notice trifl+            
inequalities 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! elem5ts
 ( ! "q4  ,!re is "o inequality1 h[ev]1 
:i* x w n d to neglect4 ,?is arises f ! 
displacem5t ( ! axis ( ! vortex4        
,,displacem5t ,,( ,,! ,,axis4  ,we h    
repres5t$ ! axis ( ! t]ral vortex z     
cont9ually pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity
 ( ! e>? & moon4 ,n[1 by foll[+ out !   
pr9ciples ( ! !ory1 we %all see t ?is _c
 be ! case1 except :5 ! moon is 9       
quadrature ) ! sun4 ,to expla9 ?is3     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj  ,let ! curve   
pass+ ?r\gh ,c repres5t a portion ( !   
orbit ( ! e>?1 & ,s ! sun4 ,f !         
pr9ciples laid d[n1 ! d5sity ( ! e!real 
m$ium increases outw>d z ! squ>e roots (
 ! di/ances f ! sun4 ,n[1 if we consid] 
! circle ^: c5tre is ,c to repres5t !   
:ole t]ral vortex1 x mu/ be t ! m$ium   
compos+ x v>ies also 9 d5sity at diff]5t
 di/ances f ! sun1 & at ! same "t is    
rotat+ r\nd ! c5tre4 ,t half ( ! vortex 
:i* is ext]ior to ! orbit ( ! e>?1 be+  

mo/ d5se1 has consequ5tly mo/ in]tia1 & 
if we conceive ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! e>?
 & moon to be 9 ! orbit 7z x mu/ be7 at 
,c1 !re w n be dynamical balance 9 !    
t]ral sy/em1 if ! c5tre ( ! vortex is   
also f\nd at ,c4 ,to pres]ve !          
equilibrium ! c5tre ( ! vortex w        
necess>ily come ne>] ! sun1 & ?us be    
f\nd betwe5 ,t & ,c1 ,t repres5t+ ! e>?1
 &  ! moon1 & ,c ! c5tre ( gravity ( !  
two bodies4 ,if ! moon is 9 opposition1 
! c5tre ( ! vortex w fall betwe5 ! c5tre
 ( gravity & ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & h !     
app>5t effect ( dim9i%+ ! mass ( ! moon4
 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! moon is 9          
conjunction1 ! c5tre ( ! vortex w fall  
betwe5 ! c5tre ( gravity & ! moon1 & h !
 app>5t effect ( increas+ ! mass ( !    
moon4 ,if ! moon is 9 quadrature1 !     
effect w be null4 ,! coeffici5t ( ?is   
inequality is #ij1 & dep5ds on ! sun's  
di/ance f ! moon4 ,:5 ! moon is m ?an   
#ij f ! sun1 ?is correction is positive1
 & :5 less ?an #ij f ! sun1 x is        
negative4 ,if we call ?is second        

correction ,c1 & ! moon's di/ance f h]  
quadratures ,q1 we h ! value ( ,c  7#ij 
s9 ,q7_/,r4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa    
,?is correction1 h[ev]1 does n affect ! 
incl9ation ( ! axis ( ! vortex1 z w be  
und]/ood by ! subjo9$ figure4 ,if ! moon
 is 9 opposition1 ! axis ( ! vortex w n 
pass ?r\gh ,c1 b ?r\gh ,c1 & ,,qq w be  
p>allel to ,,kk4 ,if ! moon is 9        
conjunction1 ! axis w be /ill p>allel to
 ,,kk1 z repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9e qq4 ,!
 correction1 !re=e1 = displacem5t1 is   
equal to ! arc ,,kq or ,kq1 & ! correct 
position ( ! vortex on ! surface ( ! e>?
 at a giv5 "t w be at ! po9ts ,q or q & 
,q or q1 consid]+ ! e>? z a sph]e4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab  ,9 ! sph]ical  
triangle ,,apv1 ,p is ! pole ( ! e>?1 ,v
 ! pole ( ! vortex1 ,a ! po9t ( ! e>?'s 
surface pi]c$ by ! radius vector ( !    
moon1 ,,aq is ! correct$ arc1 & ,,pv is 
! obliquity ( ! vortex4 ,n[1 z ! axis ( 
! vortex is p>allel to ! pole ,v1 & !   
e>?'s c5tre1 & ! l9e ,,ma also passes   
?r\gh ! e>?'s c5tre1 consequ5tly ,,aqv w

 all lie 9 ! same great circle1 & z ,,pv
 is kn[n1 & ,,pa is equal to ! complem5t
 ( ! moon's decl9ation at ! "t1 & ! "r1 
asc5sions ( ,a & ,v give ! angle ,p1 we 
h two sides & ! includ$ angle to f9d !  
re/1 ,,pq be+ ! complem5t ( ! latitude  
s\ght4  ,we w n[ give an example ( !    
application ( ^! pr9ciples4             
,example4#aj ,requir$ ! latitude ( !    
c5tral vortex at ! "t ( its m]idian     
passage 9 longitude #hh #ej we/1 ,july  
#b;d1 #ahec4  ,,c5tral ,,vortex         
,,asc5d+4    ,gre5wi* "t ( passage      
#b;d4 #c;h4 #am4   ,mean longitude (    
moon's node       #gh #bi   ,true       
#gi  #cb   ,mean incl9ation ( lun> orbit
      #e   #i   ,true                   
#e  #ac   ,obliquity ( ecliptic         
#bc  #bg  #cb   ,mean incl9ation (      
vortex           #b  #de   #j  ,!n 9 !  
sph]ical triangle ,,pev1    ,,pe   is   
equal   #bc #bg #cb   ,,ev              
#g  #eh   #j   ,e             #ajj  #bh 
#j   ,p              #ah   #e   #g      
,,pv             #bf   #b  #cb  ,call+  

,p ! pol> angle & ,,pv ! obliquity (    
vortex4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac  ,to   
f9d ! arc ,,ar4  ,by comb9+ ! two       
proportions already giv51 we h by       
log>i?ms3    ,m4,r4,v4 m9or             
#cbef  ,log4     #c4eabfhc   ,m4,s4,d4 (
 moon           #idj          #b4igcabh 
,p4,s4,d4 ( e>?          #ciej ,a4 ,c4  
#f4djcdjc   ,radius                     
#aj4jjjjjj   ,t4,s4,d4 ( moon           
#hhe4e ,a4 ,c4   #g4jebhaa   ,log4      
,cos9e arc ,,ar       #bh #eg #c        
#i4idbjbe                               
---------  ,z ! only v>iable quantity 9 
! above =mula is ! ,true semi-diamet] ( 
! moon at ! "t1 we may add ! ,con/ant   
log>i?m #b4hhibad to ! ari?metical      
complem5t ( ! log>i?m ( ! true          
semi-diamet]1 & we h 9 two l9es ! log4  
cos9e ( ! arc ,,ar4  ,we mu/ n[ f9d !   
arc ,,rk equal at a maximum to #b #de4  
,! true longitude ( ! moon's node be+   
#gi #cb1 & ! moon's longitude1 p]       
,nautical ,almanac1 be+ #eh #cj1 !      
di/ance f ! node is #ba #b1 !re=e1 !    

correction is               -#b #de  s9 
#ba #b   -arc ,,rk                      
---------------------  -#ei #ac         
,r  ,to f9d ! correction = displacem5t4 
,true longitude ( sun at date       #ajj
 #cj                 ( moon             
#eh  #cj   ,moon's di/ance f quadrature 
#dh   #j  ,z ! moon is less ?an #ij f ! 
sun ?is correction is also negative1 or 
-#ij  s9 #dh   ,arc ,kq  ---------------
  -#a #f #df4                  ,r       
,arc ,,ar   #bh #eg  #c       ,,rk  - #j
 #ci #ac       ,kq  - #a  #f #df        
,sum   #bf #ea  #d  correct$ arc ,,aq4  
,we h n[ ! necess>y elem5ts 9 !         
,nautical ,almanac1 :i* we mu/ r$uce = !
 in/ant ( ! vortex pass+ ! m]idian 9    
,gre5wi* "t4                            
,july #b;d4   ,m]idian passage1 local   
"t1 at      #i;h4 #em4 ,a4,m4           
9 ,gre5wi* "t   #b;d4 #c;h4 #am4   ,"r  
asc5sion           same "t   #ef #db #de
   ,decl9ation nor?                     
#ah  #jj   #a   ,obliquity ( ! vortex   
#bf   #b  #cb   ,pol> angle             

#ah   #e   #g   ,arc ,,aq               
#bf  #ea   #d  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad  
,,pa  #ag #ei #ei   ,p  #abh #cg #ch    
,,pv  #bf   #b  #cb     ,,va  #hi   #c  
#j     ,v   #dg  #ei  #dd   ,,vq  #fb   
#aa  #ef     ,a   #bj   #c  #db   ,,pq  
#dg  #ad  #bb     ,q   #bf  #bb  #ee    
,latitude ( ,q on ! sph]e  #db #de #ch  
,,correction ,,= ,,protub]ance4  ,we h  
hi!rto consid]$ ! e>? a p]fect sph]e ) a
 diamet] ( #g1ijj miles4 ,x is conv5i5t 
to reg>d x ?us1 & aft]w>ds make !       
correction = protub]ance4 ,we w n[      
indicate ! process = obta9+ ?is         
correction by ! aid ( ! foll[+ diagram4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae  ,let ,b bisect 
! *ord ,,zz4 ,!n1 by geometry1 ! angle  
,,fqy is equal to ! angle ,,btf1 & !    
protub]ance ,,fy is equal ! s9e ( t     
angle1 mak+ ,,qf radius4 ,?is angle1    
made by ! axis ( ! vortex & ! surface ( 
! sph]e1 is commonly betwe5 #cj & #dj1  
accord+ z ! moon is ne> h] apogee or    
p]igee2 & ! correction w be greate/ :5 !
 angle is lea/1 z at ! apogee4 ,at !    

equator1 ! :ole protub]ance ( ! e>? is  
ab\t #ac miles4 ,multiply ?is by ! cos9e
 ( ! angle & divide by ! s9e1 & we %all 
get ! value ( ! arc ,,qy = ! equator4 ,=
 ! smalle/ angle1 :5 ! correction is a  
maximum1 ?is correction w be ab\t #bj ( 
latitude at ! equator2 = o!r latitudes x
 is dim9i%$ z ! squ>es ( ! cos9es ( !   
latitude4 ,!n add ?is am\nt to !        
latitude ,,eq1 equal ! latitude ,,ey4   
,?is1 h[ev]1 is only correct :5 ! axis (
 ! vortex is 9 ! same plane z ! axis ( !
 e>?2 x is1 !re=e1 subject to a m9us    
correction1 :i* c be f\nd by say+1 z    
radius to cos9e ( obliquity s is !      
correction to a f\r?--! diff]5ce ( ^!   
corrections is ! maximum m9us           
correction1 & ne$s r$uc+ 9 ! ratio (    
radius to ! cos9e ( ! angle ( ! moon's  
di/ance f ! node2 b z x c only am\nt to 
ab\t #b at a maximum "u ! mo/ favorable 
circum/ances1 x is n necess>y to notice 
x4 ,! correction previ\sly notic$ is on 
! supposition t ! e>? is l a sph]e hav+ 
,,tf = radius2 z x is a sph]oid1 we mu/ 

correct aga94 ,f ! evolute1 draw ! l9e  
,,sf1 & p>allel to x1 draw ,,tw2 !n ,,ew
 is ! latitude ( ! po9t ,f on ! surface 
( ! sph]oid4 ,?is second correction is  
also a plus correction1 subject to !    
same error z ! fir/ on acc\nt ( !       
obliquity1 its maximum value = an angle 
( #cj is ab\t #f1 & is greate/ 9        
latitude #de2 = o!r latitudes1 x is     
equal #f  s97d\ble ! lat47_/,r4  ,! ?ree
 pr9cipal corrections = protub]ance may 
be e/imat$ f ! foll[+ table1 calculat$ =
 e #ae ( latitude = an angle ( #cj1 or  
:5 ! correction is greate/4             
,latitude4    #a/ ,corr4    #b;d ,corr4 
#c;d ,corr4      #j            #bj      
#j          - #b     #ae            #ai 
#c          - #a4e     #cj              
#ae          #e          - #a4e     #de 
#aj          #f          - #a4     #fj  
#e          #e          - #a     #gj    
#a          #c          - #j4e  ,we c n[
 apply ?is correction to ! latitude ( ! 
vortex j f\nd3    ,latitude on ! sph]e  
#db #de #ch n4   ,correction =          

protub]ance         #ad  #bb            
----------   ,correct latitude          
#dc  #jj  #jj   ,,milwaukie ,,/orm1     
,,july #b4  ,z ?is example 0 calculat$  
ab\t t5 days be=e ! actual date1 we h   
app5d$ an extract f ! ,milwaukie pap]s1 
:i* is 9 ! same longitude z ,ottawa1 9  
:i* place ! calculation 0 made4 ,x is   
ne$less to rem>k t ! latitude (         
,milwaukie corresponds to ! calculat$   
latitude ( ! c5tre ( ! vortex4 ,x is n  
int5d$1 h[ev]1 to convey ! idea t !     
c5tral l9e is always ! mo/ subject to ! 
greate/ viol5ce--a /orm may h sev]al    
c5tres or nuclei ( di/urbance1 :i* are  
frequ5tly wan+ & reviv+ z ! /orm        
progresses4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 !   
greate/ action is develop$ along ! l9e  
previ\sly pass$ ov] by ! axis ( !       
vortex4      ,,summit1 ,wauke%a ,co41   
,wis41 ,july #d1 #ahec4      ,our t[n1  
on ,saturday1 ! #b;d1 0 visit$ by a     
t]rible /orm1     :i* w long be rememb]$
 by ^? :o witness$ its effects &        
suff]$ f its fury4 ,x arose 9 ! s\?-we/1

 & came     sc[l+ 9 blackness1 suffici5t
 to indicate its ang]1 = !     space (  
eighty or a hundr$ rods 9 wid?1 cov]+   
our usually     quiet village2 & = ne>ly
 half an h\r's duration1 ! ra9 fell     
9 torr5ts1 ! heav5s blaz$ ) ! lightn+'s 
fla%es1 trees     fell & 7 uproot$ by ! 
fury ( ! bla/1 fragm5ts ( gates     & ( 
build+s1 %+les1 ro(-bo>ds1 raft]s1      
circl$ ?r\gh     ! air1 ! play?+s ( !   
w9d--& build+s !mselves 7     mov$      
entire f _! f\ndations1 & deposit$ at   
diff]5t     di/ances f _! orig9al       
positions4 ,a b>n1 fifty-five feet      
squ>e on ! gr\nd1 own$ by ,mr4 ,b4 ,r4  
,h9ckley1 is mov$ f its     position "s 
t5 feet to ! ea/w>d2 & a h\se1 "s fifte5
 by     eighte5 feet on ! gr\nd1 own$ by
 ! same p]son1 front+ !     ea/1 0 driv5
 by ! w9d to ! opposite side ( ! /reet1 
&     n[ fronts ne>ly we/2 & :at is mo/ 
/range1 is t ! grass1     9 ! r\te !    
h\se mu/ h pass$ ov]1 /&s /raight z     
usual1 & gives no evid5ce t ! build+ 0  
pu%$ along on     ! gr\nd4 ,a lady runn+

 f a h\se unro($ by ! /orm1 took     an 
arial flight ov] two f5ces1 & f9ally    
caught aga9/ a tree1     :i* arre/$ h]  
passage = a mom5t only1 :51 giv+ way1 %e
     r5ew$ h] j\rney = a few rods1 & 0  
set d[n unhurt 9     ,mr4 ,o4 ,re$'s    
:eat field1 :]e1 cl++ to ! gr[+ gra91 %e
     rema9$ till ! gale w5t by4#aa  ,!  
wea!r at ?is place is briefly record$ 9 
! accompany+ ab/ract f ! j\rnal1 z well 
z 9 an extract f a note to ,pr(essor    
,h5ry1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 f a 
fri5d ( ! au?ors1 :o has long occupi$ a 
high (ficial /ation 9 ,ill9ois4 ,b su*  
co9cid5ces are ( no value 9 decid+ on ! 
m]its ( su* a !ory1 x mu/ be tri$ be=e !
 tribunal ( ! _w1 & appli$ to ph5om5a 9 
o!r c\ntries ) success1 be=e its m]its c
 be fully appreciat$4 ,! accompany+     
record1 !re=e1 is only giv5 to %[ h[ ^! 
vortices r5d] !mselves app>5t1 & :at    
ought to be obs]v$1 & also to exhibit ! 
ord] ( _! recurr5ce & _! positions at a 
giv5 "t4  ,extract ( a note address$ to 
! ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1

 by ,hon4 ,john ,dean ,caton1 on ?is    
subject4      ,z a /rik+ in/ance ( !    
rem>kable co9cid5ces confirmatory     ( 
^! calculations1 ,i w /ate1 t on        
,friday1 ! fir/ (     ,july la/1 ?is    
g5tleman#ab /at$ t on ! next day a /orm 
w\ld pass nor? ( u1 be+ c5tral a little 
s\? ( ,milwaukie1     & t he ?\ght1 f ! 
/ate ( ! atmosph]e1 ! /orm     w\ld be  
sev]e1 & t its greate/ viol5ce w\ld be  
felt on !     aft]noon or night ( ! next
 day4 ,at ?is "t ! wea!r 0     f9e1 )\t 
any indications ( a /orm1 s f> z ,i c\ld
 judge4     ,at noon on ! foll[+ day he 
po9t$ out ! indications ( a     /orm at 
! nor? & nor?-we/1 consi/+ ( a d>k1 hazy
 belt     9 t direction1 ext5d+ up a few
 degrees above ! horizon1     al?\gh s  
indi/9ct z to h escap$ my obs]vation4   
,at five     o'clock a viol5t /orm      
visit$ u1 :i* la/$ half an h\r1         
al?\gh a cle> sky 0 visible at ! s\? !  
:ole "t4 ,on     ,monday morn+ ,i le>n$1
 f ! telegraph (fice at ,*icago1 t      
e>ly on ,saturday aft]noon communication

 ) ,milwaukie _h be5     int]rupt$ by   
atmosph]ic electricity1 & t ! l9e _h be5
     brok5 by a /orm4   ,,new ,,york    
,,/orm4  ,aft] ?is 0 writt51 ! au?or    
discov]$ t ! vortex 0 equally viol5t !  
day be=e at ,new ,york1 ,july #a/1      
#ahec4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is /orm foll[s4 ,! 
calculation has n be5 made1 b x is easy 
to p]ceive t ! latitude ( ! vortex1 on  
,july #a/1 mu/ be v ne>ly t ( ,new      
,york--be+ 9 latitude #dc next day &    
asc5d+4  ,at a meet+ ( ! ,am]ican       
,association1 conv5$ at ,clevel&1       
,pr(essor ,loomis pres5t$ a long notice 
( ! t]rible hail /orm 9 ,new ,york on ! 
#a/ ( ,july4 ,he trac$ its c\rse1 &     
m9utely exam9$ all ! ph5om5a relat+ to  
x1 f a mile & a half s\?-ea/ ( ,pat]son1
 ,n4,j41 to ! ea/ side ( ,long ,isl&1   
:]e x appe>$ ne>ly to h sp5t its =ce4 ,x
 pass$ ov] ! village ( ,aque5ac1 /rik+ !
 ,isl& ( ,new ,york 9 ! vic9ity ( !     
,cry/al ,palace4 ,x 0 n mu* m ?an half a
 mile wide4 ,! size ( ! hail-/ones 0    
almo/ incr$ibly l>ge1 _m ( !m be+ z l>ge

 z a h5's egg1 & ! ,pr(essor saw sev]al 
:i* he ?\ght z l>ge z 8 fi/4 ,"s ( !m   
weigh$ ne>ly half a p\nd4 ,! pr9cipal   
facts 9 relation to ?is /orm 7 publi%$  
at ! "t1 & ne$ n be repeat$4 ,!         
discussions aris+ among ! memb]s z to ! 
orig9 & ! size ( ^! hail-/ones1 & !     
ph5om5a ( ! /orm1 7 exce$+ly int]e/+4   
,!y 7 p>ticipat$ 9 by ,pr(essors ,heu/us
 & ,hos=d1 ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity1     
,pr(essor ,loomis1 & ,pr(essors ,ba*e & 
,r$field4 ,! latt] two g5tlem5 diff]    
some:at1 we %\ld suppose radically1 9 _!
 meteorological !ories1 & _h "s v %>p b 
v pleasant %oot+ betwe5 !m4#ac          
,,c5tral ,,vortex ,,desc5d+4  ,we w n[  
make ! calculation = ! c5tral vortex    
desc5d+1 = longitude #hh #ej we/1 ,augu/
 #g1 #ahec1--putt+ d[n ! necess>y       
elem5ts = ! "t ( ! m]idian passage 9    
ord]3    ,m]idian passage 9 local "t at 
#b;h4 #bem4 ,p4,m4                  9   
,gre5wi* "t             #g;d4 #h;h4     
#ahm4   ,mass ( ! moon #a_/ab4c ,m4 ,r4 
,v4 m9or         #c1bef miles4          

,obliquity ( ! vortex1 same "t          
#bf   #e   #j   ,pol> angle (           
#ag   #da   #dg   ,true longitude (     
moon's node                #gh   #db    
#j       incl9ation ( orbit             
#e    #e    #j       longitude ( ! sun  
#ace   #bj    #j   ,moon's longitude    
#afi   #dd    #j         di/ance f node 
#ia    #b    #j         di/ance f       
quadrature              #ee   #cf    #j 
true semi-diamet]                       
#idc         "r asc5sion                
#agb   #cj    #j         decl9ation nor?
                      #h   #db   #bj    
,con/ant log>i?m             #b4hhibad  
,ari?4 comp4 ( log4 ( #idc    #g4jbedhh 
,log4 cos4 arc4 ,,ar                    
#i4iadgjb      #cd  #dd  #dh            
#a/4  correction1      #b   #de    #j   
#b;d4   correction1   -   #a   #ad   #ae
                                        
--------------         ,correct$ arc    
,,aq                      #cf   #ae     
#cc                        ,,pa         
#ha  #ag  #dj                           

,,pv           #bf    #e    #j          
,p           #aae   #aa   #dg           
,v            #fc   #cd   #bf           
,a            #bc   #bh   #bd           
,,av           #ib   #dh   #ci          
,q            #ca   #cb   #ah           
,complem5t ( lat4  ,,pq           #dh   
#di  #da   ,! latitude is !re=e =     ! 
e>?1 z a sph]e           #da   #aj   #ah
   ,correction = protub]ance        #j  
#af    #j                               
------------   ,true latitude ( c5tre   
#da   #bf   #ah nor?4                   
------------   ,latitude ( ,ott[a       
#da   #bj    #j                         
------------   ,vortex pass$            
#f   #ah nor? ( ,ott[a4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #af  ,z ?is 0 ne>ly a c5tral      
passage1 & z ! influ5ce 0 less ext5sive 
?an usual1 on acc\nt ( great atmosph]ic 
pressure ) a l[ dew po9t1 ! c5tral      
di/urbance c\ld ! m readily be locat$1 &
 0 c]ta9ly to ! nor?1 & b a few miles4  
,! foll[+ is f ! record ( ! wea!r3      
,augu/ #f?4 ,v f9e & cle> all day2 w9d f

 ,s4-,w42 a light breeze2 #h ,p4,m4     
frequ5t fla%es ( lightn+ 9 ! nor!rn sky2
 #aj ,p4,m4 a l[ bank ( d5se cl\ds 9    
nor?1 fr+$ ) cirri1 visible dur+ ! fla% 
( ! lightn+2 #ab ,p4,m4 same cont9ues4  
#g?4 ,v l9e & cle> morn+2 w9d ,s4-,w4   
mod]ate2 noon1 cl\ds accumulat+ 9 !     
nor!rn half ( ! sky2 w9d fre%] ,s4-,w42 
#c ,p4,m4 a clap ( ?und] ov]head1 &     
black cumuli 9 we/1 nor?1 & ea/2 #d     
,p4,m4 mu* ?und]1 & scatt]$ %[]s2 six   
miles we/ ra9$ v heavily2 #f ,p4,m4 !   
heavy cl\ds pass+ ov] to ! s\?2 #aj     
,p4,m4 cle> aga9 9 nor?4  ,augu/ #h?4   
,cle> all day2 w9d ! same 7,s4-,w472 a  
hazy bank visible all along on s\!rn    
horizon4  ,?is 0 n a /orm1 9 ! ord9>y   
acceptation ( ! t]m2 b ! same cause1 "u 
o!r circum/ances1 w\ld h produc$ "o2 &  
let x be borne 9 m9d1 t al?\gh ! moon is
 ! *ief di/urb+ cause1 & ! passages ( ! 
vortices are ! p]iods ( greate/         
commotion 9 bo? settl$ & unsettl$ wea!r1
 /ill ! sun is p[]ful 9 pr$ispos+ !     
circum/ances1 :e!r favorable or         

unfavorable2 & z !re is no p]iodic      
connection betwe5 ! passage ( a vortex &
 ! concurr5ce ( ! great atmosph]ic      
waves1 x w1 ( c\rse1 happ5 only         
occasionally t all ! circum/ances w     
conspire to make a /orm4 ,!re are also  
o!r modify+ causes1 to :i* we h n yet   
allud$1 :i* influ5ce ! /orms at diff]5t 
seasons ( ! ye>1--exagg]at+ _! activity 
9 "s latitudes1 & dim9i%+ x 9 o!r       
latitudes4 ,9 ?is latitude1 ! mon?s (   
,may1 ,june1 & ,july are m>k$ by m      
en]getic action ?an ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 &
 ,octob]4 ,! activity ( "o vortex also1 
9 "o place1 seems to modify ! activity (
 ano!r vortex 9 ano!r place4 ,b ! great 
"q to decide is3 ,d ^! vortices really  
exi/8 ,d !y foll[ ea* o!r 9 ! ord]      
indicat$ by ! !ory8 ,d !y pass f s\? to 
nor?1 & f nor? to s\?1 at ! times       
indicat$ by ! !ory8 ,d !y obey1 9 _!    
mon?ly revolutions1 a ma!matical law    
connect+ !m ) ! motions ( ! moon8 ,we   
answ] emphatically1 ,yes6 ,& !          
non-discov]y ( ^! facts1 is "o ( ! mo/  

humiliat+ features ( ! pres5t age4      
,,ott[a ,,/orm1 ,,decemb] #bb1 #aheb4   
,to %[ t ! same calculations are        
applicable = o!r times1 we w make !     
calculation = ! c5tre asc5d+1 = ! #bb;d 
,decemb]1 #aheb1 tak+ ! foll[+ elem5ts3 
,moon's m]4 passage1 ,dec4 #bb;d        
#ae;h4 #afm4 ,g4 "t4         "r         
asc5sion1 same "t    #ea  #eg           
decl9ation nor?             #ae   #db   
true ,s4 ,diamet]              #hhf4f   
di/ance f node            #cg           
quadrature      #eb                     
--------   ,:i* gives ! arc ,,ar        
#bi   #e   #a/ correction               
-#a  #ea   #b;d                         
#a  #aa                                 
--------   ,correct$ arc ,,aq           
#bh  #be                                
--------  ,& ! latitude at ! "t ( !     
m]idian passage  #db nor?1 or ab\t =ty  
miles nor? ( ,ottawa4  ,ab/ract f !     
record3--  #ad;,dec4 #ba/1 #aheb4 ,w9d  
,n4-,e41 f9e wea!r4  ,dec4 #bb;d4 ,?ick1
 hazy morn+1 w9d ea/1 mu* light] 9      

,s4-,e4 ?an 9 ,n4-,w42 #h ,a4,m41 a cle>
 ar* 9 ,s4-,e4 gett+ m to s\?2 noon1 v  
black 9 ,w4 ,n4-,w42 above1 a brok5 lay]
 ( cir4 cumulus1 ! sun visible sometimes
 ?r\gh ! waves2 w9d r\nd to ,s4-,e41 &  
fre%]2 gett+ ?ick] all day2 #aj ,p4,m41 
w9d s\?1 /rong2 ?und]1 lightn+1 & heavy 
ra9 all night1 ) /rong squalls f s\?4   
,dec4 #bc;d4 ,w9d ,s4-,w41 mod]ate1     
drizzly day2 #aj ,p4,m41 w9d we/1 &     
gett+ cle>]4  ,! next day ! vortex pass$
 ! latitude ( ,montreal 7! moon be+ on !
 m]idian ab\t #aj ,p4,m47   ,,magnetic  
,,/orm1 ,,decemb] #bc1 #aheb4  ,9 !     
,july numb] ( ,vol4 ,,xvi4 ( ,silliman's
 ,j\rnal1 we f9d c]ta9 notices ( ! wea!r
 9 #aheb1 by ,*>les ,smallwood1 ( ,/4   
,m>t9s1 n9e miles ea/ ( ,montreal4 ,he  
m5tions two rem>kable electrical /orms  
7:i*7 occurr$ on ! #bc;d & #ca/ (       
,decemb]1 79 :i*7 sp>ks #e_/dj ( an in* 
7 con/antly pass+ f ! conductor to !    
dis*>g] = sev]al h\rs ea* day4 ,at #aj  
,p4,m4 7#bc;d7 ! vortex pass$ ov]       
,montreal1 & aga9 desc5d+ on ! #ca/     

,nor?1 & 0 visible at ,ott[a on ! morn+ 
( ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 ) s\!rly w9d sett+   
t[>ds x4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,decemb]1 ,mr4    
,smallwood records a l[ auroral ar*1 sky
 cle>4 ,on ! #bj?1 ! vortex 0 #e to !   
nor?w>d ( ,montreal1 & ! aurora 0       
consequ5tly l[--! brighte/ auroras be+  
:5 ! vortex is imm$iately nor? )\t /orm1
 or "o day to ! nor?w>d1 al?\gh we h se5
 x v l[ :5 ! vortex 0 ?ree days to !    
nor?1 & no o!r vortex ne>4   ,,liv]pool 
,,/orm4  ,on ! night ( ! #bd? (         
,decemb]1 ! same c5tral vortex asc5d+   
pass$ betwe5 ,cape ,cle> & ,liv]pool4   
,on ! #be?1 at midnight1 ! vortex pass$ 
to ! nor? ( ,liv]pool3 its nor!rly      
progress be+ v sl[1 be+ conf9$ = ?ree   
days betwe5 ! p>allel ( ,liv]pool & its 
extreme nor!rn limit 9 latitude ab\t    
#eg4 ,! accompany+ acc\nt ( ! wea!r w %[
 ! result ( a long-cont9u$ di/urbance   
ne> ! same latitude3  ,! ,baltic1 ?ree  
days out f ,liv]pool1 enc\nt]$ ! vortex 
on ! night ( ! #bc;d4 ,on ! morn+ ( !   
#be?1 v e>ly1 ! gale comm5c$ at         

,liv]pool1 & did mu* damage4 ,on ! #bf?1
 ! vortex atta9$ its nor!rn limit2 b we 
h n be5 able to procure any acc\nt ( its
 effects to ! nor?w>d ( ,liv]pool1      
al?\gh !re c be b little d\bt t x 0     
viol5t on ! coa/ ( ,scotl& on ! #bf?2 = 
! next day 7#bg?7 ! vortex hav+ made !  
turn1 0 ne> ! latitude ( ,liv]pool1 &   
caus$ a trem5d\s /orm1 ?us %[+ a cont9u$
 /ate ( activity = sev]al days1 or a    
peculi>ly favorable local atmosph]e 9 ^?
 p>ts4 ,x is v probable1 also1 t !re 0 a
 conjunction ( ! c5tral & inn] vortex on
 ! #bg?4 ,! inn] vortex prec$es ! c5tral
 9 pass+ latitude #da2 b z ! mean radius
 ( its orbit is less ?an t ( ! c5tral1 x
 atta9s to a high] latitude1 & has1     
consequ5tly1 to cross ! pa? ( ! c5tral1 
9 ord] aga9 to prec$e x desc5d+ 9       
latitude #da4 ,z a v trifl+ *ange 9 !   
elem5ts ( ! problem w cause great *anges
 9 ! positions ( ! vortices on ! surface
 ( ! e>?1 x _c n[ be ass]t$ t su* a     
conjunction did positively occur at t   
"t2 b1 x maybe suspect$1 t a d\ble      

di/urbance w\ld produce a great]        
commotion1 or1 9 o!r words1 a m viol5t1 
/orm4  ,x is on ?is acc\nt1 comb9$ ) o!r
 auxili>y causes1 t ! vic9ity ( ,cape   
,horn is s prov]bially /ormy1 z well z =
 ! l[ /&>d ( ! b>omet] 9 t latitude1 x  
is ! /ation>y po9t ( ! vortices 9 ord9>y
 positions ( ! nodes & p]igee ( ! moon4 
,we h already allud$ to ! fact1 t none (
 ! vortices sc>cely ev] pass mu* beyond 
latitude #hj1 & !n only "u favorable    
circum/ances1 s t we ought to inf]1 t   
gales 9 high latitudes %\ld set f !     
poles t[>ds ! /orms 9 l[] latitudes4    
,?is is1 no d\bt1 ! fact1 b1 nev]!less1 
a h>d s\!rly bl[ may possibly occur 9   
high nor!rn latitudes1 if a /orm %\ld be
 rag+ v viol5tly 9 a l[] latitude on !  
opposite side ( ! pole1 ! di/ance across
 ! circle ( #hj be+ only ab\t #a1djj    
miles4 ,z ! diff]5t vortices h a diff]5t
 limit 9 latitude e ye>1 ! det]m9ation (
 ?is turn+ po9t is obvi\sly ( great     
practical utility1 z ! fact may yet be  
connect$ ) o!r ph5om5a1 s z to give u ! 

probable "* ( ! pol> ice at any assign$ 
"t4 ,on ?is po9t we h m to say4         
,,passages ,,( ,,all ,,! ,,vortices4    
,our rem>ks h hi!rto be5 conf9$ to !    
c5tral vortex4 ,we %all n[ %[ f !       
record1 t ! o!r vortices are z effective
 9 d]ang+ ! equilibrium ( our atmosph]e4
 ,9 ! foll[+ table we h giv5 ! passages 
( ! diff]5t vortices1 :i* w s]ve z _!   
true positions )9 mod]ate limits1 to    
calculate f1 = all future "t4           
,,passages ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,& ,,lat]al
 ,,vortices1 ,,obs]v$ ,,9 ,,june ,,&    
,,july1 #ahec1 ,,9 ,,latitude #da #bj   
,,nor?4  ,i signify+ ,inn]2 ,o1 out]2   
,c1 c5tral2 ,a1 asc5d+2 ,d1 desc5d+4    
,ord]4,vortex4  ,date4   ,m]idian       
,passage4 ,calculat$ latitude           
,passage4            & ,rem>ks4         
#a/   ,i4 ,a4  ,june #bb   #g ,a4,m4    
s\?   ,c5tre4 ,ab\t #dj4                
#bc   #h ,a4,m4   nor?   ,w>saw4 ,/orm4 
#b;d    ,o4 ,d4       #bg   #j noon     
nor?                                    
#bh   #a ,a4,m4   s\?   ,see record4    

#c;d    ,c4 ,a4  ,july  #a   #i ,a4,m4  
s\?                                     
#b  #aj ,a4,m4   nor?   ,lat4 #dc4      
,/orm4          #d?   ,i4 ,d4        #g 
#e ,p4,m4   nor?                        
#h   #f ,p4,m4   s\?   ,lat4 ,new ,york4
 ,/orm4     #e?   ,c4 ,d4       #ab   #e
 ,p4,m4   nor?   ,aurora4               
#ac   #f ,p4,m4   s\?   ,/ormy1 v4      
#f?   ,o4 ,a4       #ad  #aj ,a4,m4     
s\?                                     
#ae  #aa ,a4,m4   nor?   ,see ,record4  
,! int]vals betwe5 ! asc5d+ & desc5d+   
passages ( ! diff]5t vortices1 are      
,betwe5 ,i4 ,a4 & ,i4 ,d4 f #aa to #ad  
days4          ,o4 ,a4    ,o4 ,d4       
#aj   #ab             ,c4 ,a4    ,c4 ,d4
      #i   #aa     & ! effect is greate/
 :5 ! vortex comes to ! m]idian be=e !  
sun1 & lea/ :5 aft] ! sun2 9 :i* case ! 
full effect is n develop$1 sometimes    
until ! foll[+ day4  ,a brief ab/ract f 
a j\rnal ( ! wea!r = "o sid]eal p]iod ( 
! moon1 9 #ahec4  ,june #ba/4 ,f9e cle> 
morn+ 7,s4 fre%7#ae3 noon v w>m #hh2 #d 

,p4,m4 plum\s cirri 9 s\?2 ends cle>4   
#bb;d4 ,hazy morn+ 7,s4 v fre%7 ar* (   
cirrus 9 we/2 #b ,p4,m41 black 9        
,w4-,n4-,w42 #c ,p4,m41 ov]ca/ & ra9y2  
#d ,p4,m41 a heavy gu/ f s\?2 #d4cj     
,p4,m41 bl[+ furi\sly 7,s4 by ,w472 #e  
,p4,m41 trem5d\s squall1 uproot+ trees &
 scatt]+ *imneys2 #f ,p4,m41 m mod]ate  
7,w47  #bc;d4 ,cle>+ up 7,n4-,w472 #h   
,a4,m41 q cle>2 #aa ,a4,m41 b&s ( mottl$
 cirri po9t+ ,n4-,e4 & ,s4-,w42 ends    
cold 7,w4 ,n4-,w472 ! cirri seem to     
rotate f left to "r1 or ) ! sun4  #bd?4 
,f9e cle> cool day1 beg9s & ends        
7,n4-,w47  #be?4 ,cle> morn+ 7,n4-,w1   
light72 #b ,p4,m4 7,e47 calm2 tufts (   
tangl$ cirri 9 nor? int]mix$ ) radiat+  
/reaks1 all pass+ ea/w>d2 ends cle>4    
#bf?4 ,hazy morn+ 7,s4-,e7 cl\dy2 noon1 
a heavy w9dy look+ bank 9 nor? 7,s4     
fre%71 ) d5se cirrus fr+e above on its  
upp] edge2 cle> 9 ,s4  #bg?4 ,cle>1 w>m1
 7,w472 bank 9 nor?2 noon bank cov]$ all
 ! nor!rn sky1 & fre% breeze2 #aj       
,p4,m41 a few fla%es to ! nor?w>d4      

#bh?4 ,uni=m d5se cirro-/ratus1 7,s4    
fre%72 noon %[]s all r\nd2 #b ,p4,m41 a 
heavy squall ( w9d1 ) ?und] & ra9       
7,s4-,w4 to ,n4-,w472 #h ,p4,m41 a l9e (
 heavy cumuli 9 s\?2 #h4cj ,p4,m41 a v  
bright & high cumulus 9 ,s4-,w41        
protrud+ ?r\gh a lay] ( d>k /ratus2     
#h4ej ,p4,m41 ! cl\d be>+ ,e4 by ,s41 ) 
?ree rays ( electric light4#af          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag  ,june #bi?4 ,a 
/ation>y /ratus ov] all1 7,s4-,w4       
light72 cle> at night1 b di/ant lightn+ 
9 ,s4  #cj?4 ,/ratus cl\ds 7,n4-,e4     
almo/ calm72 #h ,a4,m41 ra9+ g5tly2 #c  
,p4,m41 /ratus pass+ (f to ,s2 #h       
,p4,m41 cle>1 pleasant4  ,july #a/4 ,f9e
 & cle>2 #h ,a4,m41 cirrus 9 %eets1     
curls1 wisps1 & gauzy wrea!s1 ) pat*es  
b5ea? ( d>k] %ade1 all ne>ly motionless2
 close & w>m 7,n4-,e472 a long1 l[ bank 
( haze 9 ,s41 ) "o l>ge cumulus 9       
,s4-,w41 b v di/ant4  ,july #b;d4 ,at #e
 ,a4,m41 ov]ca/ g5]ally ) hazy cl\ds &  
fog ( prismatic %ades1 *iefly           
gre5i%-yell[2 #g ,a4,m41 7,s4-,s4-,e4   

fre%5+17 ?ick 9 ,w2 #h ,a4,m41 7,s4     
fre%7 mu* cirrus1 ?ick & gloomy2 #i     
,a4,m41 a clap ( ?und]1 & cl\ds hurry+  
to ,n42 a r$di% haze all ar\nd2 at noon 
! m>g9 ( a l9e ( yell[i%-r$ cumuli j    
visible above a gloomy-look+ bank ( haze
 9 ,n4-,n4-,w41 7,s4 v fre%27 w>m1 #hf2 
m cumuli 9 ,n4-,w4--! :ole l9e ( cumuli 
,n4 are sep>at$ f ! cl\ds s\? by a cle> 
space4 ,^! cl\ds are borne rapidly pa/ !
 z5i?1 b nev] get into ! cle> space--!y 
seem to melt or to be turn$ (f ,n4-,e4  
,! cumuli 9 ,n4 & ,n4-,w41 sl[ly spread+
 ,e4 & ,s42 #c ,p4,m41 ! bank hidd5 by  
small cumuli2 #d ,p4,m41 v ?ick 9 nor?1 
magnific5t cumuli visible sometimes     
?r\gh ! breaks1 & beyond !m a d>k1 wat]y
 back-gr\nd1 7,s4 /rong72 #d4cj ,p4,m41 
w9d r\nd to ,n4-,w4 9 a sev]e squall2 #e
 ,p4,m41 heavy ra91 ) ?und]1 c4--all ?is
 "t !re is a bright sky 9 ! s\? visible 
?r\gh ! ra9 #ae high2 #g ,p4,m41 cle>+1 
7,s4-,w4 mod47  ,july #c;d4 ,v f9e &    
cle>1 7,n4-,w472 noon1 a l9e ( l>ge     
cumuli 9 ,n41 & d>k l9es ( /ratus bel[1 

! cumuli mov+ ea/w>d2 #f ,p4,m41 _!     
altitude #b #dj4 ,velocity #a p] m9ute2 
#i ,p4,m41 mu* lightn+ 9 ! bank nor?4#ag
  ,july #d?4 #f ,a4,m41 a l9e ( small   
cumulo-/ratus1 ext5d+ ea/ & we/1 ) a    
cle> horizon nor? & s\? #aj high4 ,?is  
b&#ah seems to h be5 ?r[n (f by ! c5tral
 ye/]day1 z x moves sl[ly s\?1 pres]v+  
its p>allelism1 al?\gh ! cl\ds compos+ x
 move ea/w>d4 ,f9e & cool all           
day--7,n4-,w4 mod47--,lightn+ 9 ,n4     
,july #e?4 ,cl\dy 7,n4 almo/ calm71 ?ick
 9 ,e41 cle> 9 ,w42 same all day4  #f?4 
,f9e & cle> 7,e4 light72 small cumuli at
 noon2 cle> night4  #g?4 ,w>m 7,s4 ,e4  
light72 cirrus bank ,n4 ,w42 noon 7,s47 
?ick5+ 9 ,n42 #f ,p4,m41 hazy b f9e2 #h 
,p4,m41 lightn+ 9 ,n42 #aj ,p4,m41 !    
lightn+ %[s a heavy l9e ( cumuli along !
 nor!rn horizon2 calm & v d>k &         
incessant lightn+ 9 ,n4  #h?4 ,la/ night
 aft] midnight comm5c+ ra9+1 sl[ly &    
/eadily1 b leav+ a l9e ( light] sky s\?2
 mu* lightn+ all night1 b little ?und]4 
#h?4 #f ,a4,m4 ,v l[ scud 7#ejj feet    

high7 driv+ s\?1 /ill calm bel[1 7,n4   
light72 #aj ,a4,m41 cle>+ a little2 a   
bank nor? ) cirrus spread+ s\?2 same all
 day2 #i ,p4,m41 w9d fre%5+ 7,n4 /ormy72
 heavy cumuli visible 9 ,s42 #aj4cj     
,p4,m41 q cle>1 b a d5se wat]y haze     
obscur+ ! />s2 #ab ,p4,m41 aga9 ov]ca/3 
mu* lightn+ 9 ,s4 & ,n4-,w4  #i?4 ,la/  
night 7#b ,a4,m4 ( #i?7 squall f ,n4-,w4
 v black2 #d ,a4,m41 /ill ra9+ & bl[+   
h>d1 ! sky a p]fect blaze1 b v few      
fla%es rea* ! gr\nd2 #g ,a4,m41 ra9+    
h>d2 #h ,a4,m4 7,n4-,w4 /rong72 a       
con/ant roll ( ?und]2 noon 7,n4-,e472 #b
 ,p4,m4 7,n472 #d ,p4,m4 cle>+2 #h      
,p4,m41 a l9e ( heavy cumuli 9 ,s41 b   
cle> 9 ,n-,w41 ,n41 & ,n4-,e4#ai   ,,new
 ,,york ,,/orm1 ,,july #h1 #ahec4  ,at  
#e o'clock ,friday aft]noon1 a t]rible  
/orm ( ra91 hail1 & lightn+1 rose       
sudd5ly f ! nor?-we/1 & pass$ ov] ! upp]
 "p ( ! city & neighborhood4 ,x 0 q     
mod]ate 9 ! l[] "p ( ! t[n1 & probably  
sc>cely felt on ,/at5 ,isl&4 ,! :ole    
affair la/$ n m ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r1   

yet ! results 7 mo/ disa/r\s1 z w be se5
 by ! foll[+ acc\nts f our report]s3    
,happ5+ to be 9 ! neighborhood ( !      
,palace ab\t #e o'clock ,friday ev5+1 we
 s\ght %elt] "u its ample ro( f an      
imp5d+ ?und] /orm1 ( v ?reat5+          
appe>ance1 rapidly approa*+ f ! we/4 ,we
 _h sc>cely pass$ ! nor!rn entrance1 &  
rea*$ ! gall]y by ! ne>e/ flight ( /eps1
 :5 ! torr5t--x 0 n ra91 b an avalan*e (
 wat]--/ruck ! build+2 ! gutt]s 7 fill$ 
on ! w9dw>d side 9 a mom5t1 & p\r$ ov]  
an almo/ unbrok5 %eet ( wat]1 :i* 0     
driv5 ?r\gh ! ,v5etian bl9d v5tilators1 
into & half way across ! nor?-we/       
gall]y1 & also ?r\gh ! upp] v5tilators1 
fall+ ^u ! ma9 floor ( ! nor? transept4 
,workm5 ha/5$ to close ! bl9ds1 b t did 
n prev5t ! deluge4 ,! t9n+ ( ! dome be+ 
unf9i%$1 ! wat]1 ( c\rse1 came d[n 9    
%[]s all ov] ! c5tre4 ,_m workm5 7      
engag$ on ! dome :5 ! %[] /ruck x2      
sev]al ( !m1 9 _! ha/e to escape su*    
dang]\s proximity to ! t]rific lightn+1 
came d[n s+le ropes1 h& ov] h&4 ,l>ge   

numb] ( workm5 7 engag$ all ov] !       
ext]ior1 & su* a scamp]+ w r>ely be     
witness$ b once 9 a lifetime4 ,x 0 f\nd 
impossible to close a nor? w9d[1 us$ =  
+ress & egress ( workm5 ^u ! rod1 & !   
wat] came 91 9 almo/ solid columns4 ,= a
 "t ! wat] 0 ne>ly two in*es deep on !  
gall]y floor1 & p\r$ d[n ! /airs 9      
m9iature cascades4  ,a great numb] (    
boxes1 bales1 & packages ( goods lay ^u 
! ma9 floor1 among :i* ! wat] p\r$ d[n f
 ! edge ( ! gall]y floor 9 de/ructive   
quantities2 ,=tunately b few goods 7    
op5$1 & 7 ^u ! tables1 or ! damage w\ld 
h be5 irrep>able4 ,z x is1 we fe> "s ( !
 goods are injur$4 ,9 ! height ( ! /orm1
 ! c5tre portion ( ! fanlight ov] !     
we/]n entrance bur/ 91 & sev]al s+le    
lights 7 brok51 by /ag+ or o!rwise4     
,ab\t t5 m9utes aft] ! /orm bur/1 ! mo/ 
t]rific hail/orm we ev] saw began to    
rattle1 l dis*>ges ( musketry1 ^u ! t9  
ro( & glass sides4 ,"s ( ! masses ( ice 
7 z l>ge z h5's eggs4 ,!re 7 probably a 
?\s& excit$ workm5 9 ! build+1 & a good 

_m exhibitors & visitors1 among :om !re 
7 "s tw5ty ladies1 "s ( :om appe>$ a    
good deal al>m$ at ! awful d94 ,a       
portion ( ! frame-"w ( ! addition next  
to #db;d /reet1 w5t d[n ) a t]rible     
cra%1 & a "p ( ! brick wall ( !         
eng9e-h\se on ! opposite side ( ! /reet1
 0 bl[n ov]1 cru%+ two or ?ree %anties1 
=tunately )\t any o!r injury ?an driv+ !
 occupants out into ! /orm4 ,b an awful 
sc5e occurr$ on ! nor? side ( #dc;d     
/reet1 directly opposite ! ,latt+ ,t[]4 
,"h two l>ge unf9i%$ frame build+s 7    
bl[n1 or r1 we %\ld judge f appe>ances1 
7 cru%$ d[n into a mass ( ru9s1 su* z   
may be imag9$ by suppos+ a great weight 
_h fall51 ) a circul>1 gr9d+ motion1 ^u 
! fir/ f9e fabrics4 ,"o ( !m 0 p>tly    
sid$1 & _h ! raft]s up1 b no ro(2 ! o!r 
0 sid$ & root$ ) t91 & 0 be+ pla/]$4 ,we
 7 told x 0 ?ree /ories high1 #ej by #ih
 feet4  ,we rea*$ ! ru9s among ! fir/1  
aft] ! bur/ ( ! /orm subsid$ a little4  
,! sc5e 0 su* z we pray ,god we may nev]
 witness aga94 ,a small portion ( ! ro( 

& upp] "p ( ! front ( ! build+ /ood or r
 p>tly hung ov] ! side-walk4 ,! *amb] & 
l[] floor ( ! front rooms lay flat      
toge!r4 ,! sides 7 /&+4 ,9 ! re> all 7  
d[n4 ,9 ?is build+1 besides ! workm51   
!re 7 num]\s labor]s :o _h tak5 %elt] "u
 its ro( :5 ! /orm drove !m hurri$ly f  
_! "w4 ,h[ s _m p]sons escap$ dea? is   
truly wond]ful4 ,x c only be acc\nt$ =  
by suppos+ t !y _h a mom5t's w>n+1 &    
ru%$ into ! /reet4 ,! fir/ al>m 0 f !   
te>+ (f a portion ( ! t9 ro(1 :i* 0     
c>ri$ high ov] ano!r build+1 & fell 9 ! 
/reet4 ,a horse & c>t b>ely escap$ be+  
buri$ "u ?is4 ,x seems ! frame ( ! o!r  
build+ came d[n ) a deaf5+ cra% at !    
same "t1 confus+ in/ead ( w>n+ ^? 9     
dang]4 ,at any rate1 be=e !y c\ld       
escape1 !y 7 buri$ 9 a mass ( timb]1 &  
?ree ( !m in/antly kill$1 & f\r or five 
dang]\sly w\nd$2 & o!rs slightly bruis$ 
& badly fright5$4 ,sev]al w\ld h p]i%$ b
 = timely assi/ance to extricate !m4 ,9 
?is !y 7 greatly assi/$ by ,jacob       
,/e9ant1 boss c>p5t] ( ! ,t[]1 :o ) 8 m5

 ru%$ to ! rescue1 not)/&+ ! p\r+ d[n   
torr5ts4  ,9 ,williamsburgh1 ! /orm la/$
 ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 do+ an incalculable
 am\nt ( damage to dwell+s1 foliage1 c4 
,hail/ones came d[n 9 sizes f t ( a     
hickory-nut to a l>ge apple1 "s ) su*   
=ce z to drive !m ?r\gh ! clo? awn+s4   
,! /orm pass$ ov] ,brooklyn lightly1 9  
comp>ison ) ! effects across !          
,williamsburgh l9e4 ,on ,flu%+ av5ue1   
beyond ! ,naval ,hospital1 a numb] (    
trees 7 uproot$1 & ! w9d[-panes ( !     
h\ses %att]$4 ,on ! corn] ( ,fulton &   
,portl& av5ues1 ?ree build+s 7 unro($1 &
 ! walls ( ! h\ses 7 sprung to !        
f\ndation4  ,on ,sp5c] /reet1 a new     
frame build+ 0 levell$ ) ! gr\nd4 ,along
 ,myrtle1 ,classon1 & o!r /reets &      
av5ues ( ,ea/ ,brooklyn1 _m ( ! %ade    
trees 7 uproot$1 & ! w9d[s sma%$4 ,9    
,jay /reet1 two trees 7 /ruck by        
lightn+1 b no o!r damage ensu$4  ,sev]al
 s*oon]s at ! foot ( ,jay /reet 7 =c$ f 
_! moor+s1 b 7 soon aft] secur$4 ,a     
small frame h\se 9 ,sp5c] /reet1 j put  

"u ro(1 0 pro/rat$ to ! gr\nd4  ,we     
und]/& t a l>ge b>n fill$ ) hay1 situat$
 on ! road betwe5 ,bu%wick & ,flu%+1 0  
/ruck by lightn+ & de/roy$ ) its        
cont5ts1 embrac+ sev]al head ( live     
/ock4#bj  ,july #aj?1 #c ,a4,m4 ,ov]ca/ 
& mu* lightn+ 9 s\? 7,n4 mod472 #g      
,a4,m41 cle> except 9 s\?2 #f ,p4,m4    
7,e472 #aj ,p4,m41 lightn+ s\?2 #aa     
,p4,m41 auroral rays long b fa9t1       
conv]g+ to a po9t betwe5 ,epsilon       
,virg9is & ,d5ebola1 9 we/2 l[ d[n 9 we/
 ?ick ) haze2 on ! nor? ! rays conv]g$  
to a po9t /ill l[]2 lightn+ /ill visible
 9 s\?4 ,?is is an aurora 9 ! we/4      
#aa?4 ,f9e cle> morn+ 7,n4-,e472 same   
all day2 no lightn+ visible to-night1 b 
a bank ( cl\ds l[ d[n 9 s\?1 #b high1 & 
/reaks ( d>k /ratus bel[ ! upp] m>g94   
#ab?4 ,f9e & cle> 7,n4-,e472 noon1 a    
well def9$ ar* 9 ,s4-,w41 ris+ sl[ly2 ! 
bank yell[i%1 ) prismatic %ades ( gre5i%
 yell[ on its bord]s4 ,?is is ! ,o4 ,a4 
,at #f ,p4,m41 ! bank spread+ to !      
nor?w>d4 ,at #i ,p4,m41 ?ick bank ( haze

 9 nor?1 ) bright auroral m>g92 "o heavy
 pyramid ( light pass$ ?r\gh ,cassiopa1 
travell+ we/w>d #a p] m9ute4 ,?is moves 
to ! o!r side ( ! pole1 b n m incl9$    
t[>ds x ?an is due to prospective1 if ! 
%aft is v long2 #aa4aj ,p4,m41 saw a    
mass ( light m diffuse due ea/1 rea*+ to
 ,m>kab1 !n on ! prime v]tical4 ,x      
appe>s evid5t ?is is se5 9 pr(ile1 z x  
incl9es d[nw>ds at an angle ( #aj or #ab
 f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,x does n seem v       
di/ant4 #ab ,p4,m41 ! aurora /ill       
bright1 b ! brighte/ "p is n[ we/ ( !   
pole1 be=e x 0 ea/4  #ac?1 #f ,a4,m4    
,cle>1 ea/ & nor?2 bank ( cirrus 9      
,n4-,w41 i4e41 f ,n4-,n4-,e4 to ,w4 by  
,s42 irregul> bran*es ( cirrus cl\ds1   
rea*+ almo/ to s\?-ea/]n horizon2 w9d   
*ang$ 7,s4-,e4 fre%72 #h ,a4,m41 ! sky a
 p]fect picture2 heavy regul> %afts (   
d5se cirrus radiat+ all ar\nd1 & div]g+ 
f a ?ick nucleus 9 nor?-we/1 ! spaces   
betwe5 be+ ( cle> blue sky4 ,! %afts are
 rotat+ f nor? to s\?1 ! nucleus advanc+
 ea/w>d4  ,appe>ance ( ! c5tral vortex  

desc5d+ at #h ,a4,m41 ,july #ac?1 #ahec3
  ,9 ,fig4 #ah1 ! circle repres5ts !    
:ole sky f ! z5i? to ! horizon1 yet x c 
convey b a v fa9t idea ( ! regul>ity &  
vividness ( ?is display4 ,! reflect$    
image ( ! sky 0 receiv$ f a vessel (    
turbid wat]1 :i* w be f\nd bett] ?an a  
mirror1 :5 ! w9d w p]mit4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #ah  ,at noon 7same day7 gett+   
?ick] 7,s4-,e4 v fre%72 #f ,p4,m41 moon 
on m]idian1 a prismatic gloom 9 s\?1 & v
 ?ick /ratus ( all %ades2 #i ,p4,m41 v  
gloomy2 w9d /rong] 7,s4-,e473 #aj       
,p4,m41 v black 9 s\?1 & ov]ca/ g5]ally4
  #ad?4 ,la/ night ab\t #ab ,p4,m4      
comm5c$ ra9+2 #c ,a4,m41 ra9$ /eadily2  
#g ,a4,m41 same wea!r2 #h4bj ,a4,m41 a  
l9e ( l[ /orm-cl\d1 or seud1 %[+ v %>p &
 :ite on ! d>k back gr\nd all along !   
s\!rn sky4 ,?is l9e cont9ues until noon 
ab\t #aj at ! highe/1 %[+ ! nor!rn      
b\nd>y ( ! /orm to ! s\?w>d2 #h ,p4,m41 
same bank visible1 al?\gh 9 rapid motion
 ea/w>d2 same "t cle> ov]head1 ) cirrus 
fr+e po9t+ nor? f ! bank2 mu* lightn+ 9 

s\? 7,w4 fre%72 s ends4  #ae?4 ,la/     
night a black squall f ,n4-,w4 pass$ s\?
 )\t ra92 at #c ,a4,m4 cle> above1 b v  
black 9 s\? 7calm bel[ all ! "t72 #i    
,a4,m41 ! bank 9 s\? aga9 ?r[+ (f rays (
 cirri 9 a well-def9$ ar*1 ^: vortex is 
s\?3 ^! pass ea/1 b cont9ue to =m &     
pres]ve _! l9e> direction to ! nor?2 no 
lightn+ 9 s\? to-night4  #af?4 ,cle> all
 day1 )\t a /a91 & calm4  #ag?4 ,f9e &  
cle> 7,n4-,e4 light72 #f ,p4,m41 calm4  
#ah?4 ,fair & cl\dy 7,n4-,e4 light72 #f 
,p4,m41 calm4  #ai?4 ,f9e & cle> 7,n4   
fre%72 ,i4 ,v4 visible 9 ,s4-,w4  #bj?4 
#h ,a4,m41 bank 9 ,n4-,w4 ) beautiful   
cirrus radiations2 #aj ,a4,m41 gett+    
?ick ) d5se plates ( cream-color$ cirrus
 visible ?r\gh ! breaks2 gloomy look+   
all day 7,n4-,e4 light74#ba  ,appe>ance 
( ! ,inn] ,vortex at #h ,a4,m41 ,july   
#bj?1 #ahec1 includ+ ! :ole sky4 7,see  
,fig4 #ai47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai    
,?is 0 a diff]5t passage ( ! ,inn]      
,vortex asc5d+ z comp>$ ) ! same #bh    
days be=e4 ,at t date 7,june #bb7 x did 

great damage 9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ,ill9ois4
 ,/ill ?is la/ passage 0 v palpable--!  
cl\ds 7 v irregul>ly assort$--plates (  
cirrus above & b5ea? cumulus--v>i\s k9ds
 ( cirrus cl\ds1 & t peculi> prismatic  
haze :i* is a common sign ( ! passage ( 
a vortex4 ,! appe>ance depict$ above is 
a v common1 al?\gh a v evanesc5t        
appe>ance4 ,:5 ! sky appe>s ( a cle>    
blue ?r\gh ! cirri1 !re w be g5]ally    
fre% gales )\t any great electrical     
d]angem5t2 b if ! cle> spaces are hazy1 
gradually ?ick5+ t[>ds ! nucleus1 a /orm
 may be expect$4 ,any "o :o wi%es to    
und]/& ! indications ( ! cl\ds1 mu/ wat*
 !m closely = _m ye>s1 be=e he c place  
mu* reliance ^u !m4 ,b we %all aga9     
adv]t to ?is po9t4  ,we h n[ pass$ ?r\gh
 "o sid]eal p]iod ( ! moon4 ,we might   
cont9ue ! record1 b x w\ld be t$i\s4 ,! 
passages ( ^! vortices v>y 9 viol5ce at 
diff]5t times1 z we might expect2 b !y  
nev] cease to circulate1 & nev] w z long
 z ! moon rema9s a satellite to ! e>?2 &
 if we take ! passage ( any ( ^!        

vortices1 & add !reto ! "t ( "o sid]eal 
p]iod ( ! moon1 we get approximately !  
"t ( ! next passage4 ,:5 ! elem5ts ( !  
lun> orbit t5d to accel]ate ! passages1 
!y may come 9 #bf days2 & :5 to ret>d1 9
 #bh days2 & ^! are ab\t ! limits ( !   
!ory4  ,hav+ begun & end$ ?is record ( !
 wea!r ) ! passage ( ! ,inn] vortex     
asc5d+1 x may n be amiss to notice "o m1
 7! ,augu/ passage17 z x (f]s a         
peculi>ity n (t5 s di/9ctly m>k$4 ,we h 
allud$ to ! great] =ce ( ! /orms :5 !   
passage ( ! vortex corresponds to !     
passage ( ! l9e ( l[ b>omet] or !       
depression po9t ( a great atmosph]ic    
wave1 :i* is also due to ! action ( !   
e!r4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! waves pass+ f   
we/ to ea/1 ! /orm w only be viol5t :5  
=m$ a little to ! we/w>d4 ,if ! /orm =ms
 to ! ea/w>d1 we nei!r see x nor feel x1
 z x requires "t to develop its /r5g?1 &
 always 9 ?is latitude travels ea/w>d2 s
 t /orms may g5]ally be said to come f !
 we/1 al?\gh ! excit+ cause travels f   
ea/ to we/4 ,9 ! case n[ allud$ to1 !   

wea!r indicat$ a high b>omet]1 & ! /orm 
=m$ imm$iately to ! ea/w>d1 ev5 %[+ a   
di/9ct circul> outl9e4 ,we subjo9 a     
description4  ,augu/ #ae?4 ,cle> morn+  
7,n4-,e471 a bank ( cumuli 9 s\?3 noon q
 cl\dy 9 ,s4 & cle> 9 nor?4 7,n4-,e47   
#af?4 ,cle> morn+ 7,n4-,e472 #c ,p4,m41 
gett+ v black 9 ,e4 & ,s4-,e41 v cle> to
 ! we/w>d2 #d ,p4,m41 mu* ?und] &       
lightn+ 9 ea/1 & evid5tly ra9+ h>d2 #e  
,p4,m41 a viol5t squall f ea/ = #aj     
m9utes2 tore up sev]al trees2 #f ,p4,m41
 ! /orm pass+ ea/w>d1 cle> 9 we/ all ?is
 "t2 #f4cj ,p4,m41 ! /orm =m+ a regul>  
ar*1 ! v]tex be+ 9 ,s4-,e42 ! ar* ( hazy
 cirrus & heavy cumulus mu* l[] 9       
,s4-,e41 w9d /ill mod]ate f ea/2 #aj    
,p4,m41 cle> all ar\nd1 b lightn+ 9     
,s4-,e4 & ,e4  #ag?4 ,f9e cle> morn+    
7,w472 noon1 scatt]$ cumuli 9 nor?2 #f  
,p4,m41 a beautifully regul> ar* ( d5se 
cumuli & cirrus m>g9 9 ,n4-,e41 ) a     
con/ant glimm] ( lightn+2 #g ,p4,m41 v  
cle> to ! we/1 & nor?-we/1 & s\?2 along 
! nor!rn horizon a l9e ( high peak$     

cumuli t]m9at+ 9 ,n4-,n4-,w42 a cont9u$ 
roll ( di/ant ?und] 9 ! circul> bank 9  
,n4-,e41 & n a mom5t's cessation to !   
lightn+2 ! electric excitem5t advanc+   
we/w>d along ! l9es ( cumuli2 ! cirrus  
haze also ris+ & pass+ t[>ds ,s4-,w42 #h
 ,p4,m41 ! sky alive ) lightn+1 ! cirrus
 n[ rea*es ! z5i?2 no /reaks ( lightn+  
com+ to ! e>?2 !y seem to radiate f !   
heavie/ mass ( cumuli1 & spread sl[ly   
7suffici5tly s to foll[ !m7 9 innum]able
 fibres ov] ! cl\dy cirrus portion ( !  
sky2 e fla% seems to orig9ate 9 ! same  
cl\d2 #h4cj ,p4,m41 "o bran*+ fla% cov]$
 ! :ole nor?-ea/]n half ( ! sky1 no     
leafless tree ( ! =e/ c\ld %[ s _m      
bran*es2 #i4cj ,p4,m41 all pass$ to     
,s4-,w4 )\t ra91 leav+ beh9d a l>ge     
cumulus1 z if x lagg$ beh9d4 ,f ?is     
cumulus a /raight l9e ( lightn+ %ot up  
#aj above ! cl\d into a p]fectly cle>   
sky1 & t]m9at$ abruptly )\t bran*+4  ,we
 h be5 ?us p>ticul> 9 giv+ ^! details1 z
 ?is 0 a cle> case confirm+ ! pr9ciples 
advanc$1 t ! vortices d n =m a cont9u\s 

l9e ( di/urbance1 9 _! daily passage    
ar\nd ! e>?4 ,x %[s also t ! b>omet]1 9 
connection ) ^! pr9ciples1 w be a f> m  
useful in/rum5t ?an x has yet prov$     
itself1 = practical s]vice z an         
indicator ( ! wea!r4   ,,footnotes3  #aj
 ,= conv5i5ce to ^? wi%+ to v]ify !     
calculation ( ^! triangles1 we h put d[n
 ea* side & angle z f\nd4 ,also1 z an   
aid to ! navigator4  #aa ,daily         
,wiscons91 ,july #g4  #ab ,! au?or4  #ac
 ,*icago ,democrat4  #ad ,?is 0 also    
calculat$ be=e ! ev5t4  #ae ,! lett]s 9 
a p>5!sis signify ! direction ( ! w9d4  
#af ,giv+ ?is cl\d ! av]age velocity (  
?irty miles p] h\r1 its altitude 0      
det]m9$ by ! sextant at twelve miles1 & 
we ?9k "u-e/imat$4 ,:ile measur+1 !     
au?or's att5tion 0 drawn to ! fact1 t   
al?\gh x appe>$ equally d5se above &    
bel[1 yet its middle "p 0 ! brighte/1 & 
z !re 0 only a fa9t glimm] ( twilight 9 
! ,n4-,w41 he conclud$ t ! cl\d 0       
self-lum9\s2 = :5 ! smalle/ />s 7       
visible1 x gl[$ ab\t z bright z !       

milky-way 9 ,sagitt>ius4 ,occasionally !
 :ole cl\d 0 lit up int]nally by !      
lightn+1 & ab\t ?is "t x s5t (f ?ree    
rays3 "o horizontally1 we/w>d1 :i* 0 !  
fa9te/2 "o ab\t ,n4-,w41 t[>ds ,jupit]1 
& ! brighte/ ( ! ?ree2 & ano!r t[>ds !  
nor?4 ,^! 7 n cirrus /reaks1 b v]itable 
/reams ( electric matt]1 & _h a v decid$
 rotation f left to "r1 & cont9u$       
visible ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 z repres5t$  
above4  #ag ,?is day ! c5tral vortex    
pass$ 9 ab\t latitude #dg ,n4--! s\!rn  
m>g9 _c be ne>] ?an #bej miles1 ?r[+ (f 
! #dj = ! horizontal refraction1 w\ld   
give eight miles ( altitude above a     
tang5tial plane4 ,!n ano!r sev5 miles1 =
 curvature1 w give an altitude ( fifte5 
miles = ! cumuli4 ,! height ( ^!        
?und]-cl\ds has be5 mu* "u-e/imat$4 ,!y 
seem to rise 9 unbrok5 folds to a height
 ( t5 & twelve miles frequ5tly2 f ! data
 af=d$ by ! !ory1 we believe !y w be    
f\nd mu* high] sometimes--ev5 z mu* z   
sixte5 miles4  #ah ,^! p>allel b&s1 &   
b&s ly+ ea/ & we/1 are frequ5t 9 f9e    

wea!r betwe5 two vortices4 ,sailors     
consid] !m a sign ( settl$ wea!r4 ,aft] 
d>k !re 0 frequ5tly se5 along ! nor!rn  
horizon fla%es ( lightn+ 9 a p]fectly   
cle> sky4 ,b !y 7 bo? fa9t & l[1 n rea*+
 m ?an #d or #e above ! horizon4 ,aft]  
sunset !re 7 v di/9ct rays proce$+ f !  
sun1 b !y 7 %ort] ?an on ! ev5+ ( !     
#c;d4 ,^! are caus$ by ! tops ( ! great 
cumuli ( ! /orm1 :5 sunk bel[ ! horizon1
 int]cept+ ! sun's rays1 :i* /ill %9e on
 ! upp] atmosph]e4 ,! gradation 0 v     
m>k$1 & accord$ ) ! diff]5t di/ances ( !
 c5tral vortex on ! #c;d & #d?--al?\gh1 
on ! #d?1 ! ne>e/ di/ance mu/ h be5 ov] 
f\r hundr$ miles to ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( !  
/orm4  #ai ,x is wor?y ( notice "h1 t   
,new ,york1 :i* only diff]s by ab\t #dj 
miles ( latitude & #hjj 9 longitude1 _h 
! /orm e>li]1 ne> ! "t ( ! passage1 z   
appe>s by ! app5d$ acc\nt ( x4 ,?is     
proves1 t a /orm affects a p>ticul>     
latitude simultane\sly1 or approximately
 s4 ,if ?is _h to travel ea/w>d to rea* 
,new ,york1 x w\ld h be5 ! #aj? in/ead (

 ! #h?4 ,! pr9cipal tr\ble 01 h[ev]1 9 !
 e>ly "p ( ! ev5+ ( ! #h?1 to ! s\? (   
,ottawa1 :]e ! /rong w9d 0 drawn 9 f !  
nor?w>d4 ,if a vortex passes f nor? to  
s\?1 leav+ ! obs]v] betwe5 ! passages1  
!re mu/1 ne>ly always1 be a w9d+ up     
squall f ! nor? to cle> away ! vapory   
atmosph]e4  #bj ,f ! ,new ,york         
,tribune1 ,july #i1 #ahec4  #ba ,^!     
pages are n[ 9 ! compositors' h&s1      
7,nov4 #ba/17 & up to ! la/ mom5t !     
,au?or has obs]v$ c>efully 9 ,new ,york 
! passages ( ^! vortices4 ,octob] #bd?1 
9 ! inn] vortex desc5d+ produc$ a viol5t
 /orm on ! coa/1 & mu* damage ensu$4    
,novemb] #g?1 ! same vortex asc5d+ 0    
also sev]e4 ,& on ,novemb] #ac?1 e>ly1 !
 passage ( ! c5tral vortex asc5d+1 caus$
 a flood 9 ,connecticut ( a v disa/r\s  
nature4 ,w\ld x n pay ! insurance (fices
 to patronize su* inve/igations 9 view (
 su* palpable facts z ^!8     ,,section 
,,?ird4   ,,objections ,,to ,,lun>      
,,influ5ce4  ,we h n[ pres5t$ a !ory ( !
 wea!r1 :i* acc\nts = _m prom95t        

ph5om5a1 a few ( :i* we %all enum]ate4  
,x is an obs]v$ fact1 t 9 all great     
/orms electrical action is m or less    
viol5t1 & t )\t ?is elem5t x seems      
impossible to expla9 ! velocity ( ! w9d 
9 ! tornado1 its limit$ track1 & !      
=mation ( l>ge masses ( ice or hail 9 ! 
upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is also  
an obs]v$ fact1 t ! b>omet] is 9 cont9u$
 motion1 :i* c only be legitimately     
ref]r$ to a *ange 9 ! weight ( !        
atmosph]ic column4 ,?is we h expla9$ z  
due to atmosph]ic waves1 caus$ by !     
great] velocity ( rotation ( ! ext]nal  
e!r1 z well z to ! action ( ! ?ree great
 vortices4 ,^! causes1 h[ev]1 only      
p>tially produce ! effect--! great]     
portion ( ! daily oscillations is       
produc$ by ! action ( ! great radial    
/ream ( ! sol> vortex1 z we %all        
pres5tly expla94 ,x is an obs]v$ fact1  
t1 al?\gh ! /orm is frequ5tly viol5t1   
accord+ to ! depression ( ! b>omet]1 x  
is n always s4 ,accord+ to ! !ory1 !    
/orm w be viol5t1 cet]is p>ibus1 on a   

l9e ( l[ b>omet]1 b may /ill be viol5t1 
:5 ! contr>y obta9s4 ,ano!r fact is !   
di/urbance ( ! magnetic ne$le dur+ a    
/orm4 ,/orms are also prec$$ g5]ally by 
a rise 9 ! !rmomet]1 & succe$$ by a     
fall2 also by a fall 9 ! b>omet]1 &     
succ$$ by a rise4 ,x is also well kn[n1 
t hurricanes are unkn[n at ! equator1 & 
probably at ! poles also4 ,at all ev5ts1
 !y are r>e 9 lat4 #hj1 &1 accord+ to   
,capt4 ,scoresby1 /orms are !re         
frequ5tly rag+ to ! s\?1 :ile above1 !re
 is cle> sky & f9e wea!r1 ) a /iff      
breeze f ! nor?w>d4 ,! great] viol5ce ( 
/orms 9 ^? regions :]e ! magnetic       
int5sity is great] 9 ! same latitude1 ! 
probable connection ( peculi>ities 9 !  
electric /ate ( ! atmosph]e ) e>?quakes1
 & ! indications ( ! latt] af=d$ by !   
magnet2 ! prepond]ance ( we/]ly w9ds at 
a great elevation 9 e latitude on !     
globe visit$ by man2 & ! frequ5t        
sup]position ( w>m lay]s ( air above    
cold ones at ^? elevations1 are all     
facts wor?y ( note4 ,& ! connection (   

cirrus cl\ds ) /orms1 z well z ) !      
aurora1 indicates t ! produc+ cause is  
ext]nal to ! atmosph]e1 & gradually     
p5etrates bel[4 ,! !ory fully expla9s   
?is1 & is confirm$ by ! fanta/ic wrea?+s
 & rapid =mation ( ^! cl\ds 9 /raight   
l9es ( a hundr$ miles & upw>ds4 ,b "t   
w\ld fail u 9 po9t+ out a ti! ( !       
ph5om5a1 traceable to ! same cause1 :i* 
keeps our atmosph]e 9 a p]petual /ate ( 
*ange1 & we %all only adv]t to "o m     
peculi>ity ( ! !ory4 ,x places          
meteorology on a ma!matical basis1 &    
expla9s :y x is t a /orm may be rag+ at 
"o place1 :ile 9 ano!r1 n v remote1 !   
wea!r may be f9e1 & yet be dep5d5t on ! 
position ( ! moon4  ,t ! moon has ex]t$ 
an influ5ce on ! wea!r has be5 ! popul> 
cre$ f "t immemorial2 b1 ignorant ( !   
mode 9 :i* ?is influ5ce 0 ex]t$1 m5 h   
(t5 be5 f\nd :o h fo/]$ ! popul> belief 
= _! own vanity or advantage2 &1 on !   
o!r h&1 philosoph]s h assail$ x m by    
ridicule ?an by argum5t1 z a relic ( a  
b>b>ian age4 ,n s ) all2 = we believe we

 are n wrong 9 /at+1 t ! celebrat$      
,olb]s comp>$ ! moon's positions ) !    
wea!r = fifty ye>s1 be=e he gave 8      
v]dict aga9/ x4 ,he f\nd ! av]age am\nt 
( ra9 at ! p]igee ab\t equal to ! am\nt 
at ! apogee1 z mu* at ! full z at !     
*ange1 & no diff]5ce at ! quadratures4  
,b ?is fact does n ?r[ a fea!r 9 ! scale
 by :i* ?is !ory is weigh$4 ,popul>     
op9ions1 ( remote orig91 h almo/ always 
"s f\ndation 9 fact1 & x is n mu* m wise
 to reject !m1 ?an to receive !m4 ,!    
,b>on ,von ,humboldt--a man possess+ t  
r>e +r$i5t ( le>n+1 a practical common  
s5se--obs]ves3 ,t arrogant _s (         
incr$ulity :i* rejects facts1 )\t       
attempt+ to inve/igate !m1 is1 9 "s     
cases1 m injuri\s ?an an unque/ion+     
cr$ulity4#bb ,if a popul> belief or     
prejudice be absurd1 its traditional    
pres]vation = a ?\s& ye>s or m may v    
well acc\nt = ! absurdity4  ,! pres5t   
sy/em ( a/ronomy /ill reta9s ! motley   
g>niture ( ! cele/ial sph]e1 z h&$ d[n f
 ! mo/ remote antiquity2 & grant+ t ages

 ( ignorance & sup]/ition h involv$ !   
hi/ory ( ! diff]5t con/ellations 9 a    
*aos ( contradictory traditions1 !re is 
no d\bt at ! f\ndation "s se$s ( tru?   
:i* may ev5 yet em]ge f ! rubbi% (      
fable1 & be> fruit mo/ preci\s4 ,t !    
zodial#bc signs are significant records 
( some?+ wor?y ( be+ pres]v$1 is        
prejudice to d5y2 & we mu/ be all[$ to  
reg>d ! ,gorgons & ,hydras ( ! skies z  
int]e/+ problems yet unsolv$1 z well z  
to consid] t ! belief 9 lun> influ5ce is
 a fragm5t ( a true sy/em ( natural     
philosophy :i* has become m & m debas$ 9
 po/diluvian times4 ,among/ ^? :o h n   
summ>ily ignor$ ! influ5ce ( ! moon1 is 
,toaldo1 a ,spani% physici/1 :o         
endeavor$ to %[ ! connection betwe5 !   
recurr5ce ( w>m & cold seasons1 & !     
semi-revolution ( ! lun> nodes & apogee1
 & propos$ six ( ^? p]iods1 or ab\t     
fifty-f\r ye>s1 z ! cycle 9 :i* ! *anges
 ( ! wea!r w\ld run ?r\gh _! c\rse4     
,accord+ to ! pres5t !ory1 x is n likely
 su* a cycle w ev] be discov]$4 ,!re are

 too _m secul>1 z well z p]iodic        
influ5ces comb9+1 to produce ! effect2 &
 ! times are too incomm5surable4        
,lately1 ,mr4 ,glai%] has pres5t$ a pap]
 to ! ,royal ,society1 giv+ ab\t f\rte5 
ye>s f obs]vation4 ,o!rs h lately       
attempt$ to connect ! *anges ( ! seasons
 ) ! sol> spots1 z well z ) ! v>iations 
( ! magnetism ( ! e>?1 b )\t any m>k$   
result4  ,x may1 h[ev]1 be urg$1 t if ! 
sid]eal p]iod ( ! moon be approximately 
a cycle ( *ange1 x w\ld h be5 detect$   
long ago4 ,"o reason :y ?is has be5 s   
long conceal$1 is ! high latitude ( !   
obs]v]s4 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,turkey1 are  
bett] situat$ ?an o!r ,european         
c\ntries2 b ! sci5tific nations lie     
fur!r nor?2 & f ^! ! law has gone =? to 
regulate m s\!rn l&s4 ,9 ! ,unit$       
,/ates1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! great pla9s ( !  
we/1 ! wea!r c be bett] comp>$2 n only  
on acc\nt ( ! latitude be+ m favorable1 
b also on acc\nt ( ! great] magnetic    
int5sity ( ! we/]n hemisph]e4  ,x mu/   
also be rememb]$ t !re are 9 latitude   

#dj1 five or six di/9ct passages ( !    
di/urb+ cause 9 "o sid]eal p]iod ( !    
moon4 ,if two ( ^! p]iods are drawn     
clos] toge!r by ! *ange ( ! elem5ts1 !  
int]val betwe5 two o!rs mu/ necess>ily  
be increas$4 ,besides1 ! effect produc$ 
is n always ! same1 = reasons already   
adv]t$ to4 ,"o vortex may be m viol5t "o
 mon?1 or = a few days 9 "o mon?1 :ile  
ano!r may be m active ! next4 ,x may    
also happ5 t = sev]al successive        
passages1 ! passage %all be c5tral 9 "o 
latitude1 :ile two or ?ree degrees nor? 
or s\?1 ano!r place %all be pass$ by4 ,9
 diff]5t mon?s & 9 diff]5t ye>s1 z well 
z 9 diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 ! en]gy ( !
 e!r may be augm5t$ or dim9i%$4 ,b x may
 be said1 t1 suppos+ ! !ory true1 if its
 indications are s unc]ta91 x is (      
little value4 ,by no means4 ,x is true  
!re are _m ?+s to be inquir$ into2 b x  
is a great ?+ 9 ?is sci5ce to be able to
 take ! fir/ /ep 9 ! "r direction1--to  
f9d ev5 ! key ( ! portal4 ,x is a great 
/ride to be able to say1 a /orm may     

happ5 at su* a "t1 b _c happ5 at ano!r2 
t a /orm1 :5 rag+1 w g 9 ?is direction1 
r ?an 9 t2 t x w be c5tral "h1 & less   
viol5t yond]2 & :5 we consid] its be>+  
on a/ronomical & o!r sci5ce1 x is       
difficult to exagg]ate its value to ! _w
 at l>ge4  ,aga91 x may be said t ra91 &
 cl\dy days1 & fre% breezes1 & ev5 /rong
 w9ds1 sometimes occur1 :5 ! vortices d 
n pass c5trally4 ,?is is true2 yet only 
indicat+ t :]e ! vortices are c5tral1 an
 unusual di/urbance is tak+ place4 ,b   
!re is ano!r cause1 :i* 0 purposely     
omitt$ 9 consid]+ ! prom95t features ( !
 !ory1 9 ord] n to encumb] ! "q )       
second>y influ5ces4 ,by ref]r+ to ,fig4 
#c1 section #a1 we see t ! lat]al       
vortices ( ! globe are cont9ually pass+ 
(f to ! s\?w>d1 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 9 
a succession ( dimples1 & cont9ually    
re=m+4 ,we w n[ repres5t ?is mode (     
action 9 pr(ile1 z x actually occurs 9 !
 illu/ration we h us$4  ,! vortex pass+ 
(f f ,o1 7,fig4 #bj17 al?\gh x does n   
actually rea* ! surface ( ! atmosph]e1  

affects ! equilibrium ( ! e!r1 &1 = a   
%ort di/ance f ! p>5t vortex1 may cause 
an asc5sional movem5t ( ! air4 ,if to   
?is is conjo9$ a nor!rly w9d f ! vortex1
 a b& ( cl\ds w be produc$1 & p]haps    
ra92 b viol5t /orms nev] occur 9 !      
int]vals1 except z a /eady gale1 caus$  
by ! viol5ce ( a di/ant /orm4 ,?us1 x w 
frequ5tly be notic$ t ^! vortices are   
flank$ by b&s ( cl\ds1 :i* pass s\?w>d1 
al?\gh ! individual cl\ds may be mov+   
ea/w>d4 ,h5ce1 in/ead ( disprov+ ! !ory1
 !y (f] /rong evid5ce ( its tru?2 & c\ld
 we view ! e>? f ! moon ) a telescope1  
we %\ld no d\bt see h] beautifully      
belt$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj  ,b x   
may be aga9 ask$1 :y %\ld n ! wea!r be !
 same g5]ally1 9 ! same latitude1 if ?is
 !ory be true8 ,if ! e>? 7 a globe (    
level l&1 or altoge!r ( wat]1 no d\bt x 
w\ld be simil>2 b x mu/ be rememb]$1 t  
bo? l& & wat] are v unequally di/ribut$3
 t ! l& is ( v>y+ ext5t & elevation--"h 
a va/ pla91 f> remov$ f ! ocean1 & !re a
 m\nta9 *a91 int]pos+ a b>ri] to ! free 

c\rse ( ! atmosph]ic curr5ts2 sometimes 
p5etrat+ 9 full wid? into ! frigid zone1
 & aga9 dw9dl+ to a few miles "u !      
equator4 ,"o v important di/9ction is   
also to be rem>k$1 9 ! sup]ficial area (
 ! diff]5t zones1 reckon+ f ! equator1 &
 tak+ ! hemisph]e z #ajj p>ts3          
,frigid    zone   #h p>ts4   ,temp]ate  
#eb      ,torrid         #dj     ,= z ! 
"t ( rotation 9 e latitude is ! same1 ! 
area to be di/urb$ 9 ! same "t1 is less 
9 high latitudes1 & !re a great]        
simil>ity w obta91 cet]is p>ibus4 ,9 l[]
 latitudes1 :]e bo? l& & wat] /ret* away
 = ?\s&s ( miles1 x is n wond]ful t     
great diff]5ces %\ld exi/ 9 ! electrical
 & hygrometric /ate ( ! air4  ,! summ] (
 _m c\ntries is always dry--,cali=nia = 
in/ance4 ,9 w9t]1 9 ! same c\ntry1 !    
ra9s are app>5tly incessant4 ,?is (     
c\rse dep5ds on ! p[] ( ! sun1 9 div]t+ 
! great annual curr5ts ( ! atmosph]e4 ,z
 long z ! dry nor?-we/ trade sets d[n ! 
coa/ ( ,cali=nia1 ! circum/ances are n  
favorable = giv+ full developm5t to !   

action ( ! vortices4 ,:5 ! trade w9d    
ceases1 & ! prevail+ w9ds come f ! s\?1 
load$ ) vapor1 ! vortices produce /orms 
( any magnitude2 b 7& we speak f two    
ye>s' obs]vation7 ! passages ( !        
vortices are z di/9ctly m>k$ !re 9 w9t] 
"t1 z !y are 9 ! ea/]n ,/ates2 & 9 summ]
 "t1 also1 !y are v p]ceptible4 ,! same 
rem>k applies to ,m$it]ranean c\ntries1 
p>ticul>ly to ,syria & ,asia ,m9or2     
al?\gh ! au?or's opportunity = obs]v+   
la/$ only f ,april to ,decemb]1 dur+ "o 
season4 ,if we are told x nev] ra9s on !
 coa/ ( ,p]u1 or 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 x does 
n s]i\sly militate aga9/ ! !ory4 ,!     
cause is local1 & ! ,samiel & ! s& /orm 
( ! des]t1 is b ano!r phase ( ! "q1     
explicable on ! same g5]al pr9ciples4 ,f
 ! prec$+ rem>ks x w be se51 t 9 ord] to
 =etell ! "* ( p>ticul> days1 a previ\s 
k ( ! wea!r at t p>ticul> place1 & = "s 
consid]able "t1 is requisite2 & h5ce !  
difficulty ( lay+ d[n g5]al rules1 until
 ! !ory is m fully und]/ood4   ,,modify+
 ,,causes4  ,we n[ come to ! causes :i* 

are auxili>y & int]f]+4 ,x is natural t 
we %\ld reg>d ! sun z ! fir/ & mo/      
influ5tial ( ^! causes1 z be+ ! s\rce ( 
t v>iation 9 ! temp]ature ( ! globe1 :i*
 alt]nately clo!s ! cold] regions 9 sn[ 
& v]dure4 ,! heat ( ! sun und\bt$ly     
causes ! e!r ( ! l[] atmosph]e to asc5d1
 n by dim9ution ( its specific gravity2 
= x has no pond]osity2 b precisely by   
increase ( t5sion1 due to increase (    
motion4 ,?is aids ! asc5sional movem5t (
 ! air1 & !re=e1 :5 a vortex is 9       
conjunction ) ! sun1 its action is      
increas$--! greate/ effect be+ produc$  
:5 ! vortex comes to ! m]idian a little 
be=e ! sun4 ,?is has a t5d5cy to make ! 
p]iod ( action to appe> dep5d5t on !    
phases ( ! moon1 :i* be+ ! mo/ palpable 
( all ! moon's v>iations1 has be5       
naturally reg>d$ by mank9d z ! true     
cause ( ! *anges ( ! wea!r4 ,?us ,virgil
 9 8 ,georgics1 speak+ ( ! moon's       
influ5ce & its signs3     ,s9 ortu 9    
qu>to 7,namque is c]tissimus auctor7    
,pura1 nec obtusis p] clum cornibus     

ibit2     ,totus et ille dies1 et qui   
nasc5tur ab illo1     ,exactum ad m5sem1
 pluvi v5tisque c>ebunt4  ,h5ce1 also1 9
 ! pres5t day we he> sailors speak ( !  
full & *ange1 or ! qu>t]+ ( ! moon1 9   
connection ) a gale at sea2 ?us %[+1 at 
lea/1 _! fai? 9 ! influ5ce ( ! ph5om5on4
 ,yet x is actually ! case1 at c]ta9    
times1 t 9 ab\t latitude #dj & #da1 !   
/orms appe> ab\t a week ap>t4  ,!re is  
"s reason1 also1 to suspect1 t !re is a 
diff]5ce ( temp]ature on opposite sides 
( ! sun4 ,z ! synodical rotation is     
ne>ly id5tical ) ! sid]5t p]iod ( !     
moon1 ?is w\ld require ab\t =ty-f\r ye>s
 to run its c\rse1 s z to br+ ! ph5om5a 
to exact co9cid5ce aga94 ,s9ce ^!       
obs]vations 7 made1 x is und]/ood t     
,sig4 ,sec*i has det]m9$ t ! equatorial 
regions ( ! sun are hott] ?an 8 pol>    
regions4 ,x may be ow+ to ?is fact1 t we
 h inf]r$ a necessity = a *ange1 ^:     
p]iod is a multiple ( ! sun's synodical 
rotation1 b x is wor?y ( exam9ation by  
^? :o possess ! necess>y conv5i5ces4    

,ano!r p]iod :i* mu/ influ5ce ! "* (    
diff]5t ye>s1 dep5ds on ! conjunction ( 
! p]igee ( ! lun> orbit ) ! node4 ,tak+ 
! mean direct motion ( ! moon's p]igee1 
& ! mean retrograde motion ( ! node1 we 
f9d t x takes six ye>s & "o day ne>ly f 
conjunction to conjunction4 ,n[1 f !    
pr9ciples laid d[n1 x foll[s1 t :5 !    
p]igee ( ! orbit is due nor?1 & ! asc5d+
 node 9 ,aries1 t ! vortices ( ! e>? w  
atta9 _! greate/ nor? latitude2 & :5 ^! 
conditions are rev]s$1 ! vortices w rea*
 _! highe/ limit 9 ! l[e/ latitude4 ,?is
 w mat]ially affect ! temp]ature ( !    
pol> regions4 ,9 ! foll[+ table1 we h   
calculat$ ! times ( ! conjunctions ( !  
apogee & pole ( ! orbit1 tak+ ! mean    
motions4 ,x may be conv5i5t to ref] to  
by-&-bye1 rememb]+ t :5 ! conjunction   
takes place due s\?1 ! vortices rea* !  
highe/1 b :5 due nor?1 ! vortices 9 !   
nor!rn hemisph]e h _! l[e/ upp] limit3  
,,conjunction ,,( ,,apogee ,,& ,,pole   
,,( ,,orbit4#bd    ,ye>4    ,mon? &     
,day4   ,longitude4   #ahjd1     ,april 

#ah?1        #bbj   #ahaj1              
#ag?1        #ajd   #ahaf1              
#af?1        #cdh   #ahbb1              
#ae?1        #bcb   #ahbh1              
#ad?1        #aaf   #ahcd1              
#ab?1        #cfj   #ahdj1              
#aa?1        #bdd   #ahdf1              
#aj?1        #abh   #aheb1              
#i?1         #ab   #aheh1           #h?1
        #bee   #ahfd1           #g?1    
#aci   #ahgj1           #f?1         #bc
   #ahgf1           #e?1        #bfg    
,by ?is we see t ! vortices h nev]      
atta9$ _! highe/ limit dur+ ! pres5t    
c5tury1 b t 9 #aheh _! range w be 9 a   
tol]able high latitude1 & /ill high] 9  
#ahgf--neglect+ ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit4
  ,a v pot5t influ5ce is also due to !  
helioc5tric longitude ( ! sun1 9 det]m9+
 ! "* ( any giv5 ye>4 ,let u expla93  ,!
 moon's in]tia =ces ! e>? f ! me*anical 
c5tre ( ! t]ral sy/em1 b is nev] able to
 =ce h] cle> f ! c5tral axis4 ,) ! sun x
 is diff]5t4 ,he possesses _m satellites
 7planets74 ,jupit] alone1 f 8 great    

mass & di/ance1 is able to displace !   
:ole body ( ! sun4 ,if o!r planets      
conspire at ! same side1 ! c5tre ( ! sun
 may be displac$ a million ( miles f !  
me*anical c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em4         
,consid]+ ?is c5tre1 !re=e1 z ! c5tre ( 
an imag9>y sun1 f :i* helioc5tric       
longitudes are reckon$1 ! longitude ( ! 
real sun w v>y ) ! positions ( ! great  
planets ( ! sy/em4 ,n[1 al?\gh ?is      
sy/ematic longitude w n be exactly      
simil> to ! helioc5tric longitude       
reckon$ f ! sun's c5tre1 yet1 = !       
purposes int5d$1 x w correspond         
suffici5tly1 & we %all speak ( !        
longitude ( ! sun z if we reckon$       
helioc5tric longitudes f ! me*anical    
c5tre ( ! sy/em4 ,:5 we come to consid] 
! sol> spots1 we %all ent] into ?is m   
fully4 ,9 ! foll[+ diagram we %all be   
able to p]ceive a cause = v>iation (    
seasons 9 a giv5 ye>1 z well z = ! g5]al
 "* ( t ye>4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba   
,let ,s repres5t ! c5tre ( ! sun1 & !   
circle a v]tical section ( ! sun1 cutt+2

 ?r\gh ! c5tre1--,,sj be+ 9 ! equatorial
 plane ( ! vortex1 ( :i* ,,zz repres5ts 
! axis4 ,z ! e!r desc5ds ! poles or axis
 at ,z1 x is met by ! curr5t d[n !      
opposite pole1 & is !nce deflect$ 9     
radii along ! equatorial plane to ,j4 ,b
 on ! side ,s1 ! e!r is oppos$ by ! body
 ( ! sun2 its direction is consequ5tly  
*ang$1 & cross curr5ts are produc$1     
assum+ x z a pr9ciple1 t ! e!real fluid 
is p]meable by o!r curr5ts ( simil>     
matt]1 & t x t5ds always to move 9 "r   
l9es4 ,?is grant$1 x is evid5t t1 9     
pass+ ! sun1 ! quick mov+ e!r =ms a     
conical %ell1 7! sun be+ at ! apex17 s t
 ! /ronge/ curr5t ( e!r is 9 ?is conical
 %ell1 or at ! surface ( ?is conical    
space4 ,z ! plane ( ! ecliptic is n mu* 
incl9$ to ! sun's equator1 & ?is la/    
probably n mu* incl9$ to ! plane ( !    
vortex1 %\ld ! e>? h ! same helioc5tric 
longitude at ! "t1 7or ne>ly ! same17 %e
 w\ld be 9 an eddy1 z respects ! radial 
/ream1 & be protect$ f its full =ce by !
 body ( ! sun4  ,n[1 ! e!r comes d[n !  

axis ) ! temp]ature ( space1 & may      
possibly d]ive a little additional      
temp]ature 9 pass+ ov] ! body ( ! sun2 s
 t 9 ?is position ! e>? is protect$ f ! 
*ill+ influ5ce ( ! radial /ream1 by be+ 
protect$ by ! body ( ! sun4 ,& al?\gh1 f
 ! imm5se velocity ( ! e!r1 x _c d]ive  
mu* additional temp]ature1 !re may /ill 
be an appreciable diff]5ce1 due to ?is  
cause4  ,x is ! *ill+ influ5ce ( !      
e!real /ream :i* orig9at$ ! idea among  
philosoph]s1 ( frigorific impressions1  
d>t$ f a cle> sky4 ,9 "s ye>s ! sun w be
 ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em2 9 o!r ye>s !
 axis ( ! vortex w n come ne> ! sun4 ,& 
z ! sun's longitude may v>y ?r\gh !     
entire circle1 x may happ5 t ! e>?'s    
longitude %all co9cide 9 w9t] or summ]1 
or spr+ or autumn4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! e>?    
em]ges f ! protection ( ! sun1 & ent]s !
 conical %ell1 consid]$ z a space (     
consid]able dep?1 %e w aga9 be expos$ to
 ! full =ce ( ! radial /ream1 r5d]$ m   
active by ! previ\s deflection1 & by !  
num]\s cross curr5ts p]vad+ x2 s t a    

mild & calm w9t] may be succe$$ by a    
cold & /ormy spr+4 ,! pres5t season1    
7#ahec7 ! e>?'s longitude co9cid$ ) !   
sun's longitude 9 ab\t #ace1 &          
consequ5tly 0 9 ! conical space spok5 (1
 dur+ ,febru>y & ,m>*2 b ! radius vector
 ( ! sun's c5tre1 be+ !n less ?an       
#cjj1jjj miles1 ! protection 0 n z      
complete z x is sometimes4 ,/ill1 !     
g5]al f95ess ( ^! mon?s 0 rem>kable2 yet
 9 ,april & ,may1 :5 ! e>? became aga9  
expos$ to ! action ( ! sol> /ream1 !    
effect 0 to ret>d ! spr+1 & disappo9t ! 
progno/ications ( ! wea!r-wise4 ,9      
apply+ ^! pr9ciples1 we mu/ consid] !   
effect 9 ^? latitudes :i* are m readily 
affect$1--t is1 9 ! temp]ate zone1      
midway betwe5 ! two extreme zones ( heat
 & cold4  ,9 #ahcg & #ahch1 ! longitude 
( ! sun's c5tre correspond$ ) ! e>?'s1 9
 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 :5 !re 0 nei!r ra9 
nor electrical excitem5t2 & consequ5tly 
^? seasons 7 sickly ov] ! :ole c\ntry4  
,n[1 !re is ano!r cause :i* r5d]s !     
mon?s ( ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 & ,octob]1   

defici5t 9 electrical en]gy1 &          
consequ5tly m prone to be sickly4 ,if1  
!re=e1 ! two causes unite _! influ5ce1 !
 autumnal mon?s w be m sickly at ^?     
times4 ,?is la/ cause1 h[ev]1 only      
affects ! nor!rn latitudes 9 autumn1 &  
consequ5tly1 cet]is p>ibus1 ! autumnal  
mon?s %\ld n be s prov]bially sickly 9 !
 s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only  
sugge/ive4  ,aga91 9 #ahdc1 ! w9t] 0 v  
mild 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y2 b 9 ,m>* x   
turn$ cold & /ormy1 & cont9u$ ?r\gh     
,april4 ,9 ?is ye> ! longitude ( ! sun 0
 ne>ly ! same z 9 #ahec1--! two         
longitudes ( ! e>? & sun correspond+    
ab\t ! la/ ( ,janu>y2 b 9 ,m>*1 ! e>?   
=sook ! comp>ative calm produc$ by !    
sun's position1 & h5ce ! great] cold4#be
  ,?us x appe>s at e /ep we take1 t !   
diff]5t memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em d inde$   
belong to ! same family1 ^: lea/ motions
 h _! influ5ce on ! re/4 ,:o c\ld h     
anticipat$ t ! position ( ,jupit] 9 8   
orbit _h any?+ to d ) ! heal? ( ?is     
remote planet1 or ) ! mildness ( its    

seasons8 ,9 ?is we h a clue to ! orig9 (
 t a/rological j>gon ab\t planet>y      
aspects be+ propiti\s or malign4        
,philosoph]s are ev5 yet too prone to   
wrap !mselves 9 _! mantle ( academic    
lore1 & despise ! k ( ! anci5ts1 :ile   
!re is reason to believe t ! _w once    
possess$ a true insight into ! /ructure 
( ! sol> sy/em4 ,z w> became !          
occupation ( mank9d1 "u ! despotic rule 
( ambition1 s tru? retir$1 & ignorance  
seiz+ ^u h] treasures1 has s mutilat$ & 
defac$ !m1 t _! orig9al beauty no long] 
appe>s4 ,let u hope t ! dawn ( a bett]  
day is approa*+4  ,!re is yet ano!r     
cause 7j allud$ to7 :i* modifies !      
action ( ! vortices4  ,we h %[n t1 if ! 
p]iodic times ( ! planets are           
approximately equal to ! p]iodic times (
 ! contigu\s p>ts ( ! sol> vortex1 !    
d5sity ( ! e!r is directly z ! squ>e    
roots ( ! di/ances f ! c5tre4 ,z ! e>?  
is at h] p]ihelion ab\t ! fir/ (        
,janu>y1 ! d5sity ( ! surr\nd+ e!r is !n
 less ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! orbit2         

consequ5tly1 if we suppose t !re is a   
cont9ual t5d5cy to equilibrium1 ! e!r ( 
space mu/ press inw>ds1 dur+ ! "t betwe5
 ! p]ihelion & aphelion1 7i4e4 f ,janu>y
 to ,july17 l[]+ ! temp]ature & increas+
 ! electrical action ( ^? mon?s4 ,z !   
di/ance f ! sun is mo/ rapidly augm5t+  
ab\t ! fir/ ( ,april1 & ! effective p[] 
( ! sun's radiation is mo/ rapidly      
increas+ 9 ,may2 by comb9+ ! two we %all
 f9d1 t ab\t ! fir/ ( ,may we %all h    
consid]able electrical action1 & cold   
wea!r4 ,?is expla9s also1 9 "p1 !       
preval5t tradition ( c]ta9 days 9 ,may  
be+ v cold4#bf ,:5 ! e>? leaves !       
aphelion1 a reaction takes place1 be+   
mo/ rapid 9 ,septemb]4 ,!re is !n an    
escape ( e!r f ! e>?1 :i* keeps up !    
temp]ature1 & causes ^! mon?s to be     
sickly1 f ! negative electrical /ate ( !
 atmosph]e4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 !     
effects 9 ! same season w be rev]s$1 :i*
 may p>tly acc\nt = ! great] degree (   
cold 9 t hemisph]e1 & = accel]at+ !     
approa* ( bo? summ] & w9t]1 :ile 9 !    

nor? !y 7 bo? ret>d$4  ,we mu/ n[ adv]t 
to ano!r cause1 :i* ( all o!rs is       
probably ! mo/ important1 at lea/ to !  
o!r memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4  ,9 e "p ( ! 
sol> vortex ! e!r is cont9ually press+  
outw>ds4 ,we are n n[ speak+ ( ! radial 
/ream1 b ( ! sl[] spiral motion ( ! e!r 
ar\nd ! axis ( ! vortex1 ^: c5trifugal  
=ce is be>+ ! :ole body ( ! e!r outw>ds1
 ?us r>efy+ ! c5tral p>ts1 & ?us giv+   
rise to ! pol> influx1 f :i* arises !   
radial /ream4 ,?is may be made m        
intelligible1 by reflect+ t ! pol>      
curr5t is comp>atively d5se e!r1 & t !  
l5g? ( ! axis ( ! vortex prev5ts ?is    
influx curr5t com+ 9 suffici5t          
quantities to re/ore an equilibrium 9 ! 
d5sity ( ! m$ium4 ,yet1 :at does come   
d[n ! poles1 is di/ribut$ rapidly along 
! equatorial plane1 leav+ ! space /ill  
r>efi$4 ,n[ we p]ceive1 t 9 ord] = !    
radial /ream to cont9ue 9 action1       
requires ! :ole m$ium ( ! vortex to be  
also mov+ outw>d2 x is !re=e cont9ually 
cond5s$ z x proce$s4 ,?is cond5sation   

necess>ily conv]ts mu* ( ! specific heat
 ( ! e!r into s5sible heat2 s t !       
temp]ature ( ! m$ium is cont9ually      
increas+1 z ! di/ance f ! sun increases4
  ,:5 we contemplate ! sol> sy/em z !   
emanation ( "o ,great ,m9d1 we naturally
 seek = evid5ce ( ! wisdom ( a supreme  
intellig5ce 9 all ! arrangem5ts ( t     
sy/em4 ,b1 h[ev] humbly & rev]5tly we   
may speak ( ^! arrangem5ts1 we c sc>cely
 avoid ! wi%1 t ! planet>y di/ances _h  
be5 diff]5tly arrang$1 if ,newton's     
doctr9e be true1 t space is a vacuum1 & 
t ! heat ( a planet1 is inv]sely z !    
squ>es ( ! di/ances f ! sun4 ,=1 to     
speak ( ! temp]ature ( space1 except z  
dep5d5t on ?is law1 is "o ( ^? _m       
incompreh5sible inconsi/5cies ) :i*     
philosoph]s are *>geable4 ,if !         
,newtonian philosophy is lit]ally true1 
space has no temp]ature1 & ! surface    
heat ( ! planet ,neptune is ne>ly #a1jjj
 times less ?an on our own globe4 ,aga91
 on ,m]cury x is sev5 times great]1 :i* 
heat w\ld scor* & consume e organic     

sub/ance on ! e>?1 & spe$ily envelope ! 
boil+ ocean 9 a %r\d ( imp]meable vapor4
 ,grant+ ev5 t space may n be a vacuum1 
& yet ! law ( gravitation be true1 we   
may /ill be all[$ to consid] bo? ,saturn
 & ,uranus & ,neptune1 z inhospitable   
abodes = intellig5t creatures2 &1 see+ !
 imm5sity ( room 9 ! sy/em1 !re is no   
reason :y ^! planets might n h be5      
p]mitt$ to revolve ne>] ! great s\rce ( 
light & life & *e]+ emanations4 ,to     
sugge/ ! res\rces ( ,omnipot5ce is no   
argum5t4 ,he has surr\nd$ u ) analogies 
:i* are se51 by :i* we may atta9 a k (  
^? :i* are n se52 & we h e reason to    
suppose t ! great ,au?or ( nature is n  
indiff]5t to ! aspects "u :i* 8 works   
reveal him unto 8 creatures4 ,yet !re is
 7on ! above hypo!sis7 an app>5t want ( 
h>mony 9 ! planet>y di/ances2 & if frail
 mortality may be p]mitt$ to speak out1 
an explanation is ne$$ to obviate ?is   
seem+ anomaly 9 ! economy ( ! _w4 ,! m  
we le>n ( ! physical arrangem5ts ( !    
univ]se1 ! m d !y correspond ) our      

exp]i5ce ( ! nice adaptation ( ! means  
to ! end :i* obta9s 9 our own globe1 &  
we c only judge ( o!r planets by !      
analogies ar\nd u4 ,"h1 !re1 are        
extremes ( temp]ature x is true3 x is   
necess>y !re %\ld be1 & we c see &      
und]/& ! necessity 9 all su* cases1 & h[
 !y conduce to ! g5]al av]age ( good4   
,b1 a/ronom]s c give no reason :y x is  
necess>y t "s planets ( our sy/em %\ld  
be plac$ s remote t ! sun is fritt]$ d[n
 to a />1 ^: heatless light is b a      
mock]y to ^? frigid realms4  ,n[1       
accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! temp]ature (     
,neptune may be f> m uni=m & conducive  
to life ?an t ( our own globe4 ,! *ill+ 
influ5ce ( ! sol> /ream at t planet be+ 
ne>ly null1 & ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ 
space f> great]4 ,s also ,m]cury1 in/ead
 ( be+ ! burn+ planet ( ! s*ools1 may   
suff] ! mo/ f cold4  ,! planet ,m>s is  
g5]ally consid]$1 ( all ! memb]s ( !    
sy/em1 mo/ ne>ly to resemble our own _w4
 ,! telescope n only reveals seas &     
cont95ts1 b ! sn[y circles r\nd 8 poles1

 :i* appe> to increase & dim9i%1 z 8    
w9t] is beg9n+ or end+4 ,?is planet's   
ecliptic is simil> to our own 9         
incl9ation or obliquity1 8 di/ance1     
also1 is f> great]1 & 8 w9t] long]2 yet1
 = all ?is1 8 sn[ zones are less ?an on 
our own globe4 ,?is anomal\s fact has1  
we believe1 nev] be5 notic$ be=e2 b x is
 explicable on ! !ory1 & !re=e confirms 
x4 ,m>s has no satellite1 & !re=e 8     
c5tre w be co9cid5t ) ! c5tre ( ! m>sial
 vortex4 ,!re w be no lat]al vortices to
 d]ange 8 atmosph]e1 & if ! axis ( 8    
vortex co9cides also ) ! axis ( !       
planet1 ! c5tral vortex w be cont9ually 
ov] ! poles1 & !re w be no /orms on !   
planet ,m>s4 ,a capital fact connect$ ) 
?is1 is ! want ( belts1 z 9 ,jupit] &   
,saturn2 = ^! planets h satellites1 & if
 !y are n massive en\gh1 ! belts may be 
produc$ by an obliquity 9 ! axis ( !    
,jovial & ,saturnial vortices4 ,if ,m>s 
_h an aurora l ! e>?1 x is fair to      
presume ! telescope w\ld ere ?is h %[n  
x4 ,he is1 !re=e1 9 equilibrium4 ,9     

apply+ ?is reason+ to ! e>?1 we p]ceive 
t a c]ta9 influ5ce is due to ! diff]5ce 
( temp]ature ( ! e!real m$ium surr\nd+ !
 e>?1 at p]ihelion & aphelion1 be+ lea/ 
at ! =m]1 & greate/ at ! latt]4  ,z a   
modify+ & int]f]+ cause 9 ! action ( !  
vortices1 we mu/ m5tion ! great natural 
curr5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 due to ! e>?'s   
rotation4  ,x is consid]$ t ! sun is !  
pr9cipal cause ( ^! great curr5ts4 ,by  
elevat+ ! surface atmosph]e ( ! equator1
 a lat]al curr5t is induc$ f ! nor? &   
s\?2 b on acc\nt ( ! enl>g+ circles (   
latitude1 _! direction t5ds m f !       
nor?-ea/ & s\?-ea/4 ,^! curr5ts are     
usually call$ ! trades4 ,)\t disput+ !  
correctness ( ?is1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r !
 :ole effect is due to ! sun4 ,z ?is    
pr9ciple affects ! ocean likewise1 x is 
necess>y to look into x2 & 9 ord] to    
simplify ! "q1 we w fir/ suppose our    
globe cov]$ entirely by ! ocean1 )\t any
 protub]ant l&4  ,let u assign a uni=m  
dep? ( t5 miles to ?is ocean4 ,9 ! ,fig4
 foll[+1 ! two circles w repres5t !     

surface & bottom ( ! ocean respectively4
 ,! axis ( rotation is ?us repres5t$ by 
! l9e ,,pp4 ,let u consid] two p>ticles 
( wat] at m & n1 z feel+ ! influ5ce (   
?is rotation2 !y w1 ( c\rse1 be bo? urg$
 t[>ds ! equator by ! axifugal =ce4 ,n[1
 e p>ticle 9 ! ocean be+ also urg$ by ! 
same =ce1 x might be suppos$ t aft] a   
protub]ant mass ( wat] _h accumulat$ at 
! equator ,,ee1 ! :ole ocean w\ld be 9  
equilibrium4 ,?is w\ld n foll[4 ,!      
p>ticle at m is urg$ by a great] =ce ?an
 n2 consequ5tly ! p>ticle at n is       
ov]borne by ! pressure at m4 ,consid]+  
bo? 9 ! same direction1 yet ! p>ticle at
 n mu/ give way1 & move 9 ! opposite    
direction4 ,j z ! heavie/ scale ( !     
balance be>s up ! lighte/1 al?\gh bo?   
gravitate t[>ds ! same po9t4 ,?is is s  
self-evid5t t x w\ld seem unnecess>y to 
dwell ^u x1 _h n ! sci5tific _w decid$ t
 ! rotation ( ! e>? c cause no curr5ts  
ei!r 9 ! atmosph]e or 9 ! ocean4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb  ,! axifugal    
=ces ( ! two p>ticles m & n are directly

 z ! l9es ,mm & ,nn1 & if ! gravitat+   
=ces 7 also z ! radii ,tm & ,tn1 no     
motion w\ld be produc$4 ,admitt+ ev5 !  
,newtonian law to be rigidly exact1 !   
e>? _c be consid]$ a homog5e\s globe1 b1
 on ! contr>y1 ! d5sity ( ! c5tral p>ts 
mu/ be ne>ly ?irty times great] ?an !   
d5sity ( ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,! ratio (
 ! gravitat+ =ces ( ^! two p>ticles is1 
!re=e1 less ?an ! ratio ( _! respective 
radii1 & ! axifugal t5d5cy ( ! p>ticle  
at n is m ?an proportionally re/ra9$ by 
! c5tral gravitation2 & h5ce m w move   
t[>ds ! equator1 & n t[>ds ! poles1 z   
repres5t$ 9 ! ,fig4  ,x is on acc\nt ( !
 ov]:elm+ mom5tum ( ! surface wat]s ( ! 
,s\? ,pacific ov] ! ,nor?1 t ! ,pacific1
 at ,panama1 /&s six or sev5 feet high] 
?an ! ,atlantic4 ,we %all aga9 allude to
 ?is int]e/+ fact4  ,accord+ to newspap]
 reports ( a lecture1 deliv]$ 9 ,new    
,york1 by ,lieut4 ,maury1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41  
?is g5tleman endeavors to expla9 !      
curr5ts ( ! ocean1 by ref]r+ !m to      
evaporation 9 ! tropics4 ,! vapor leaves

 ! salt ( ! wat] beh9d1 & ?us1 by       
cont9ual accumulation1 ! specific       
gravity ( ! tropical wat]s is great] ?an
 t ( ! sup]ficial wat]s ne>] ! poles2 ! 
light] wat]1 !re=e1 passes t[>ds !      
equator1 & ! heavi] wat] bel[1 t[>ds !  
poles4 ,if ?is be a correct /atem5t ( t 
g5tleman's !ory1 fidelity to our /&>ds  
compels u to "q ! s\ndness ( !          
conclusion4 ,! m]e fact ( ! surface wat]
 ( ! ocean be+ light] ?an t ( ! bottom1 
_c on any kn[n pr9ciples ( sci5ce cause 
any movem5t ( ! surface wat]s t[>ds !   
equator4 ,:5 su* an acute & practical   
physici/ is driv51 by ! palpability ( ! 
fact t ! pol> wat]s are cont9ually t5d+ 
t[>ds ! equator1 to seek ! cause 9 !    
tropical evaporation1 x %[s t ! dogma1  
:i* tea*es t rotation c produce no      
motion1 is uns\nd4  ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 
9 speak+ ( ! sol> spots1 says3 ,we may  
also obs]ve t ! tranquillity ( ! sun's  
pol>1 z comp>$ ) 8 equatorial regions   
7if 8 spots be really atmosph]ic71 _c be
 acc\nt$ = by its rotation on its axis  

only1 b mu/ arise f "s cause ext]nal to 
! sun1 z we see ! belts ( ,jupit] &     
,saturn & our trade w9ds arise f a cause
 ext]nal to ^! planets comb9+ itself )  
_! rotations1 :i* alone 7& he lays an   
emphasis on ! ^w7 c produce no motions  
:5 once ! =m ( equilibrium is atta9$4   
,) respect to ! orig9 ( ! sol> spots1 we
 h no disposition to "q ! conclusion2 b1
 z reg>ds ! pr9ciple laid d[n1 t        
rotation c produce no motions :5 once ! 
=m ( equilibrium is atta9$1 we mu/      
unequivocally dispute x4 ,if our        
atmosph]e 7 ( uni=m d5sity1 ! rotation (
 ! e>? w\ld cause no curr5t su* z we h  
describ$2 ) our atmosph]e z x is1 !     
result w be diff]5t4 ,! mom5ta ( two    
portions ( matt] are ! products ( _!    
in]ti by _! motions1 &1 9 ! pres5t case1
 we mu/ take ! in]ti ( equal spaces4 ,a 
cubic in* ( air at ! surface1 & at ?ree 
miles above ! surface1 is z #b to #a2 b 
_! c5trifugal velocity v>ies only z !   
radii ( ! respective sph]es1 or z #acbj 
to #acba4 ,9 ! pol> regions1 !re=e1 !   

mom5tum ( ! surface air prepond]ates1 &1
 9 ?is case1 ! surface curr5t is t[>ds !
 equator1 & ! upp] curr5t t[>ds ! poles4
 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! c5trifugal velocity is   
consid]ably increas$ 9 a l[] latitude1 &
 ! curvature ( ! surface becomes m & m  
incl9$ to ! direction ( t resolv$ "p ( !
 c5trifugal =ce1 :i* is always f ! axis1
 ! surface lay]s w ev9ce a t5d5cy to    
leave ! surface1 & an int]m+l+ w !n take
 place 9 ! space betwe5 latitude #gj &  
#ej1 or 9 latitude #fj4 ,z ?is lay] is  
cont9ually urg$ on 9 ! same direction by
 ! surface lay] ( latitudes above #fj1 !
 upp] lay] n[ becomes a curr5t sett+    
t[>ds ! equator1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! back 
curr5t occupies ! surface4 ,n[1 consid]+
 t ! r>efy+ action ( ! sun is elevat+ ! 
air "u ! equator1 !re mu/ necess>ily be 
an upp] curr5t f ! equator to ! poles2 s
 t if we conceive ! two curr5ts to meet 
ab\t latitude #cj1 !re w be a second    
int]m+l+1 & ! curr5t f ! poles w aga9   
occupy ! surface4 ,?us1 we reg>d a "p ( 
! effect ( ! trades to ! rotation ( !   

e>?1 :i* is ! *ief impell+ p[] at !     
poles1 z ! sun is at ! equator2 & !     
latitudes #fj & #cj w be m>k$ by "s     
especial ph5om5a ( temp]ature1 & o!r    
meteorological features :i* d actually  
obta94 ,^! w\ld be mu* m m>k$ if !      
irregul> configuration ( l& & sea1 !    
exi/5ce ( m\nta9 *a9s1 & ! diff]5t heat+
 p[] ( diff]5t latitudes1 ow+ to !      
unequal di/ribution ( ! l&1 did n       
int]f]e2 & ! curr5ts ( ! air 7disreg>d+ 
! deflection ea/ & we/7 might !n be     
repres5t$ by a treble l9k or loop1 ^:   
nodes w\ld v>y b little f latitudes #cj 
& #fj4 ,z x is1 x has1 no d\bt1 its     
influ5ce1 al?\gh unimportant1 :5 comp>$ 
) ! di/urb+ action ( ! e!real vortices4 
,!re is ano!r ph5om5on due to ! action (
 ! radial /ream1 :i* has giv5 mu* tr\ble
 to ! physici/1 & :i* has yet nev] be5  
expla9$4 ,?is is ! hor>y oscillations ( 
! atmosph]ic pressure :i*1 9 "s c\ntries
 are s regul> t ! "t ( day may be       
asc]ta9$ by ! height ( ! b>omet]4       
,accord+ to ,humboldt1 ! regul>ity ( !  

ebb & fl[ 9 ! torrid regions ( ,am]ica1 
is undi/urb$ by /orms or e>?quake4 ,x is
 suppos$ t ! maxima occur at #i ,a4,m4 &
 #aj ,p4,m41 & ! m9ima at #d ,a4,m4 & #d
 ,p4,m4 ,f ! morn+ m9imum to ! morn+    
maximum is1 !re=e1 five h\rs2 f ! ev5+  
m9imum to ! ev5+ maximum is #f h\rs2 f !
 ev5+ maximum to ! morn+ m9imum is #e   
h\rs1 & f ! morn+ maximum to ! ev5+     
m9imum is #g h\rs4 ,aga91 ^!            
oscillations are greate/ at ! equator1 &
 dim9i% ) ! increase ( latitude4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc  ,if we suppose 
! e>?'s axis p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( !  
vortex1 & ,p ! pole 9 ! above figure1 & 
,,sp ! l9e jo9+ ! c5tre ( ! e>? & sun1  
,m & m w repres5t ! po9ts 9 ! e>?'s     
equator :]e x is midday & midnight      
respectively4 ,! sol> /ream p5etrates ! 
t]ral vortex2 & /rikes ! e>?'s atmosph]e
 along ! l9es p>allel to ,,sp4 ,! direct
 effect w\ld be to pile up ! atmosph]e  
at ,n & n2 & !re=e1 7 ! e>? at re/1 !   
maximum w\ld be at #f ,a4,m4 & #f       
,p4,m41 & ! m9imum at midday & midnight2

 b ! e>? rotat+ f ,n t[>ds ,m1 c>ries   
along ! accumulat$ atmosph]e1 be+ m     
sluggi% 9 its motions ?an ! produc+     
cause1 :i* cause is /ill ex]cis$ to =ce 
x back to ,n4 ,f ?is cause ! maximum is 
n[ f\nd at ,k4 ,= a l reason ! m9imum at
 ,m w\ld be f\nd at ,l1 b on acc\nt ( ! 
motion ( ! e>? be+ n[ 9 ! same direction
 z ! sol> /ream1 ! m9imum is f\nd /ill m
 9 advance at k2 s t1 accord+ to ! !ory1
 ! int]val betwe5 ! morn+ maximum & !   
ev5+ maximum1 %\ld be great] ?an !      
int]val betwe5 ! ev5+ maximum & ! morn+ 
maximum2 & s x is1 ! fir/ be+ #ac h\rs &
 ! la/ #aj h\rs4 ,! morn+ m9imum %\ld   
also be less m>k$ ?an ! ev5+ m9imum1 &  
?is also is a fact4 ,! effect also %\ld 
be great] 9 ! tropics ?an 9 high        
latitudes1 :i* aga9 also obta9s2 be+    
#a4cb ,fr5* l9es at ! equator1 & only   
#j4ah at latitude #gj4 ,_h ! e>? no     
obliquity1 ! effect w\ld be z ! squ>es (
 ! cos9es ( ! latitude2 b ! ratio is    
dim9i%$ by ! incl9ation ( ! axis4 ,b !re
 are o!r v>iations ( ! b>omet] ( long]  

p]iod1 app>5tly dep5d+ on ! phases ( !  
moon1 b :i* _c be reconcil$ to !        
attract+ p[] ( ! moon z an atmosph]ic   
tide2 & ,arago conclud$ t !y 7 due to "s
 special cause1 ( :i* ! nature & mode ( 
action are unkn[n4 ,p]haps ?is !ory w   
obviate ! difficulty1 z al?\gh ! c5tral 
vortex comes to ! m]idian at ! same "t z
 ! moon1 its effect w be diff]5t on !   
inf]ior m]idian to :at x is on ! sup]ior
 "o2 :]eas ! moon's attraction %\ld be !
 same on bo?4 ,t ! passage ( a vortex   
ov] or ne> a p>ticul> place %\ld affect 
! b>omet]1 is too obvi\s to ne$         
explanation1 & !re=e we may say t ! !ory
 w expla9 all ^? v>ieties bo? small &   
great1 :i* h caus$ s mu* speculation = !
 la/ fifty ye>s4   ,,t]re/rial          
,,magnetism4  ,9 apply+ ! !ory to !     
magnetism ( ! e>?1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! 
e>? is probably magnetic by induction1 &
 n 9 virtue ( its own specific action4  
,! rotation ( ! surr\nd+ e!r1 & !       
consequ5t production ( a radial /ream1  
calls ! e!r into motion )9 ! e>?'s      

int]ior1 z well z on ! surface2 b x does
 n foll[ t ! e!r %all also ent] ! e>? at
 its poles & escape at its equator1 = ! 
obliquity ( ! vortex w\ld int]f]e ) ?is 
result4 ,x is suffici5t t ?is does occur
 9 ! t]ral vortex imm$iately surr\nd+ ! 
e>?4 ,f late exp]im5ts x is pretty well 
e/abli%$ t ! axial direction ( ! ne$le1 
7& ( o!r bodies also17 is due to peculi>
 int]nal arrangem5t 9 lam9 or lay]s1 !  
exi/5ce ( :i* is favorable to ! passage 
( ! magnetic curr5t4  ,accord+ to !     
exp]im5ts#bg ( ,dr4 ,tyndal1 x is f\nd t
 ! magnetism ( a body is /ronge/ along !
 l9e ( greate/ d5sity4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! lam9
 ( bodies may be consid]$ planes (      
pressure1 :5 ^! planes are susp5d$      
horizontally1 ! directive =ce is        
greate/1 & ! longe/ diamet] ( ! body    
sets axial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! body 0   
susp5d$ s t ! lam9 7 v]tical1 ! longe/  
diamet] set equatorial4 ,n[1 we "k t !  
cru/ ( ! e>? is compos$ ( lam91 j z !   
piece ( %ale 9 ,doctor ,tyndal's        
exp]im5ts1 & t ^! lay]s are dispos$     

horizontally4 ,& :atev] =ce orig9ally   
arrang$ ! l& & wat] on our globe1 x is  
evid5t t ! cont95ts are longe/ f nor? to
 s\?1 & !re=e correspond to ! natural   
direction ( ! magnetic =ce4  ,9         
consequ5ce ( ! intr9sic difficulties (  
?is "q1 & ! my/]y yet atta*+ to x1 we   
may be p]mitt$ to ent] a little m       
m9utely into x1 & jo9tly consid] o!r    
que/ions ( int]e/1 t w enable u to ref] 
! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( t]re/rial magnetism
 to our !ory4  ,we h be=e adv]t$ to !   
discrepancies 9 ! e>?'s compression1 z  
det]m9$ by ! p5dulum1 & also to !       
unc]ta9ty ( ! moon's mass1 z d$uc$ f !  
nutation ( ! e>?'s axis4 ,x is also     
suspect$ t ! s\!rn hemisph]e is m       
compress$ ?an ! nor!rn2 & o!r ph5om5a   
also po9t out ! inadequacy ( ! law (    
gravitation1 to acc\nt = ! figure ( !   
e>?4  ,f ! inv>iability ( ! axis (      
rotation1 we mu/ conclude t :atev] =m is
 ! true =m1 x is "o ( equilibrium4 ,9   
ca/+ our eyes ov] ! map ( ! _w1 we      
p]ceive t ! surface is v unequally      

divid$ into l& & sea2 & t ! l& is v     
unequally arrang$1 bo? nor? & s\?1 & ea/
 & we/4 ,if we comp>e ! nor!rn & s\!rn  
hemisph]e1 we f9d ! l& to ! wat] ab\t #c
 to #a4 ,if we take ! ,pacific portion1 
& consid] ! nor? end ( ,new ,zeal& z a  
c5tre1 we c describe a great circle tak+
 9 "o half ! globe1 :i* %all n include  
"o-t5? ( ! :ole l&4 ,yet ! av]age height
 ( ! rema9+ n9e-t5?s1 above ! level ( ! 
sea1 is ne>ly #a1jjj feet4 ,call ?is    
n9e-t5?s ne>ly equal to "o-f\r? ( ! :ole
 surface1 & ! protub]ant l& 9 !         
hemisph]e1 opposite ! ,s\? ,pacific1    
am\nts to #a_/cj1jjj "p ( ! :ole mass ( 
! e>?1 or ab\t #a_/gjj ( ! mass ( !     
moon4 ,aga91 ! mean d5sity ( ! e>? is   
ab\t #e--wat] be+ unity1--& ! mean      
d5sity ( ! surface l& is only ab\t half 
?is3 b ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole surface is   
wat]4 ,h5ce1 we see t ! mat]ials ( !    
int]ior ( ! e>? mu/ be ei!r metallic or 
v compressible4 ,to assign a metallic   
nucleus to ! e>?1 is repugnant to       
analogy2 & x is n r5d]$ ev5 probable by 

facts1 z we f9d volcanic emissions to   
conta9 no heavi] elem5ts ?an ! s$im5t>y 
lay]s4 ,besides1 !re are indications ( a
 gradual increase ( d5sity d[nw>ds1 su* 
z w\ld arise f ! compressibility ( !    
lay]s4 ,see+1 !re=e1 ! equilibrium ( !  
:ole mass1 & ! consequ5t hydro/atic     
balance ( ! l& 9 ! sea1--see+ also !    
small compressibility ( ! solid         
portions1 & ! great compressibility ( ! 
fluid1 ! inf]5ce is legitimate t ! :ole 
is hydro/atically balanc$1 & t our globe
 is a globe ( wat]1 ) an int]m$iate %ell
 ( l&1 specifically light] ?an ! fluid 9
 :i* x is susp5d$4 ,:]e ?is %ell is (   
great ?ickness1 x p5etrates to great]   
dep?s1 & atta9s to great] elevations    
above ! surface ( ! aque\s globe2 :]e x 
is less ?ick1 x is f\nd bel[ ! surface1 
& =ms ! bottom ( ! upp] ocean4 ,rec5t   
s\nd+s give mu* great] dep?s to "s p>ts 
( ! ocean1 ?an ! mo/ elevat$ l& ^u !    
globe4 ,capta9 ,d5ham1 ( ,h4 ,b4 ,m4 %ip
 ,h]ald1 lately s\nd$ 9 #cg s\? & #cg   
we/1 & f\nd bottom at #g1gjf fa?oms1 or 

ab\t n9e ,engli% miles4  ,z ! int]ior   
portions ( our globe are totally unkn[n1
 & ! compressibility ( wat] is well     
e/abli%$1 x is j z sane to consid] wat] 
! mo/ abundant elem5t ( nature1 z solid 
l&4 ,! great "q to ask is1 :e!r !re may 
n be o!r ph5om5a incompatible ) ?is     
supposition8 ,x is pla9 t ! p]man5cy (  
t]re/rial latitudes & longitudes w\ld be
 unaffect$ by ! conditions we h suppos$4
 ,w\ld ! precession ( ! equ9oxes be also
 unaffect$8 ,mr4 ,hopk9s has ent]$ into 
su* an inve/igation1 & concludes3 ,^u ! 
:ole1 !n1 we may v5ture to ass]t t !    
m9imum ?ickness ( ! cru/ ( ! globe1 :i* 
c be deem$ consi/5t ) ! obs]v$ am\nt (  
precession1 _c be less ?an "o-f\r? or   
"o-fif? ( ! radius ( ! e>?4 ,^!         
inve/igations 7 made on ! hypo!sis ( !  
int]ior fluidity be+ caus$ by ! fusion (
 ! c5tral portions ( a solid globe2 b x 
is evid5t t ! analytical result w\ld be 
! same if ^! c5tral p>ts 7 wat]1 inclos$
 by an irregul>ly-sph]ical %ell ( l&4   
,nor w\ld ! result be affect$1 if we    

consid]$ c]ta9 portions ( ! int]ior (   
?is solid %ell to be 9 a /ate ( fusion1 
z no d\bt is ! case4  ,may n ! unc]ta9ty
 ( ! mass ( ! moon1 be ow+ to ! fact t  
?is %ell is n s rigidly compact$ b t x  
may yield a little to ext]nal =ce1 & ?us
 also acc\nt = ! tides 9 ! ,pacific     
gr\ps1 r obey+ ! c5trifugal =ce due to !
 orbit velocity ( ! e>?1 ?an !          
attraction ( ! moon8  ,s9ce ! days (    
,hipp>*us ! sid]eal day has n dim9i%$ by
 ! hundr$? "p ( a second2 &1            
consequ5tly1 see+ t ! contraction ( !   
mass mu/ be limit$ by ! "t ( rotation1 x
 is inf]r$ t ! e>? has n lo/ #a_/ejh? ( 
"o degree ( heat s9ce t "t4 ,?is        
conclusion1 s\nd z x is1 is sc>cely     
cr$ible1 :5 we reflect on ! con/ant     
radiation into a space #fj bel[ z]o4    
,admit t ! globe is a globe ( wat]1 ^:  
av]age temp]ature is ! temp]ature x     
receives f ! sun1 & ! difficulty vani%es
 at once4 ,its diamet] w be inv>iable1 &
 ! only effect ( ! cool+ ( ! solid p>ts 
w be to imm]se !m deep] 9 ! wat]1 to    

*ange ! relative level ( ! sea )\t *ang+
 its volume4 ,?is is no pu]ile argum5t  
:5 rightly consid]$2 b !re is ano!r     
ph5om5on :i*1 if fairly weigh$1 w also  
conduct u to ! same views4  ,x is n[ a  
fact uncontrov]t$1 t ! sea does actually
 *ange its level1 or r1 t ! elevation ( 
cont95ts is n only app>5t b real4 ,!    
:ole coa/ ( ,sw$5 & ,f9l& is ris+ at !  
pres5t day at ! rate ( f\r feet 9 a     
c5tury1 :ile on ! s\? a contr>y effect  
is produc$4 ,v>i\s hypo!ses h be5 =m$   
conc]n+ ?is int]e/+ fact4 ,yet f !      
indications ( geology1 x mu/ h be5 an   
univ]sal ph5om5on 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w1 
9 ord] to acc\nt = ! em]sion ( s$im5t>y 
deposits f ! fluid :i* deposit$ !m4 ,may
 n int]nal fires be yet spread+1 & !    
cont95ts exp&+ in/ead ( contract+8 ,&   
may !re n be an inequality 9 ?is        
process1 s z necess>ily to imm]se 9 "o  
direction ne>ly z mu* z to elevate 9    
ano!r8 ,"o fact is c]ta91 ! elem5ts are 
scatt]+ ! mat]ials ( ! l& along its     
,oceanic coa/s1 :i* ( itself mu/ produce

 a v m9ute effect 9 di/urb+ ! hydro/atic
 balance2 b a m effici5t ag5t is !      
e>?quake & volcano4  ,! upheav+ ( tracts
 ( l& by e>?quakes1 z on ! coa/ ( ,*ili 
w\ld ?us be satisfactorily expla9$1 by  
attribut+ a c]ta9 resi/ance due to      
cohesion or friction prev5t+ a gradual  
*ange ( level1 b produc+ x sudd5ly by ! 
j> ( ! e>?quakes4 ,may we n inquire     
also1 :e!r ! facility ) :i* ! e>? seems 
mov$ by ?is de/ructive ag5t1 does n po9t
 to ! same solution z ! irregul>ity ( ! 
figure ( ! e>?8  ,?is is a subject on   
:i* x is all[able to speculate1         
especially if any light c be !reby ?r[n 
on ! /ill m my/]i\s s\rce ( t]re/rial   
magnetism4 ,x is = su* a purpose t we h 
p]mitt$ ourselves to digress f t        
subject4 ,9 ?is connection we also may  
ackn[l$ge our indebt$ness to ! sacr$    
volume = ! fir/ g]m ( ?is !ory ( !      
wea!r4  ,believ+ 9 ! au!nticity ( !     
,mosaic hi/ory ( ! deluge1 ! au?or f\nd 
x difficult to ref] t ev5t to o!r ?an   
natural causes1 call$ into action by !  

op]ation ( o!r causes1 & all simultane\s
 ) ! go+ =? ( ! fiat ( ,omnipot5ce4 ,?us
 reason+1 he 0 l$ to reg>d ! deluge z a 
physical ph5om5on invit+ solution1 & z a
 promis+ expon5t to ! climatology ( !   
e>ly _w4 ,he look$ ^u ! b[ ( promise1 z 
! autograph ( ! ,creator1 ! signature to
 a solemn bond1 ^u :i* ! eye ( man _h   
nev] be=e re/$4 ,b if !re 0 no ra9b[    
be=e ! deluge1 !re 0 no ra92 & foll[+ up
 ?is clue1 he 0 n only enabl$ to solve !
 problem1 b also l$ to ! true cause1 :i*
 produces ! pr9cipal commotions 9 our   
atmosph]e4  ,sci5ce boa/s ( be+ ! h&maid
 ( religion2 yet !re are names ( note 9 
h] ranks :o h labor$ r to inve/ ?is     
ph5om5on ) ! mantle ( fable1 & to =ce x 
into collision ) ! records grav5 on !   
rocky pages ( geognosy4 ,b ! _w is ev]  
prone to be captivat$ by ! brilliancy ( 
misappli$ tal5ts1 in/ead ( weigh+ m]it  
by its zeal 9 reconcil+ ! tea*+s ( ^?   
?+s :i* are se51 ) ^? :i* are reveal$4  
,if our globe be con/itut$ z we suppose1
 ! l& might exp]i5ce repeat$ subm]sions1

 )\t involv+ ! necessity ( any great    
dep>ture f e/abli%$ laws4 ,& we might   
ref] to ! hi/orical record ( "o ( ^!1 ) 
all ! m9ute p>ticul>s z positive data1  
impos+ on u ! necessity ( admitt+ t !   
solid p>ts ( ! globe are hydro/atically 
balanc$ 9 ! sea4 ,b1 mod]n sci5ce is n  
always correctly def9$ :5 call$ !       
pursuit ( tru?1 nor human le>n+ ! means 
( discov]+ x4  ,if we c\ld dive/        
ourselves ( ?is prejudice1 we %\ld h a  
ready solution ( ! difficulty pres5t$ by
 ! e>? hav+ two nor? magnetic poles1 &  
probably two also 9 ! s\?4 ,=1 by reg>d+
 ! old & new cont95ts z two di/9ct      
masses ( l& ^: bases are sep>at$ by     
#f1jjj miles ( wat]1 we recognize two   
great magnets1 dep5d5t1 h[ev]1 = _!     
magnetism1 on ! rotation ( ! t]ral      
vortex4  ,?is is no place to ent] into a
 l5g?y discussion ( su* a difficult     
subject z magnetism1 b we may be all[$  
to ent] a prote/ aga9/ ! curr5t !ory (  
electro-magnetism1 viz43 t a =ce is     
g5]at$ by a galvanic curr5t at "r angles

 to ! produc+ cause1 :i* is contr>y to !
 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( me*anics4 ,we   
may conceive t a curr5t is induc$ f or  
to ! surr\nd+ space by ! r>efaction or  
cond5sation att5d+ ! transmission ( su* 
a curr5t along a wire1 & t rotation %\ld
 foll[1 j z a b5t pipe full ( small     
holes at ! l[] end1 & imm]s$ 9 wat] z a 
syphon1 w g5]ate a vorticose motion 9 ! 
wat]2 b m]e juxtaposition1 )\t          
p>ticipation & communication ) ! g5]al  
curr5t1 is irrational1 &1 !re=e1 n true4
  ,we h always reg>d$ a magnetic ne$le z
 a "p ( ! great natural magnet1 ! e>?2 t
 its nor? pole actually po9ts to ! nor?1
 & its s\? pole to ! s\?2 &1 be+ free to
 move1 x is affect$ by ! circul> motion 
( ! surr\nd+ e!r1 & by e motion by :i* !
 e!r is direct$4 ,if !re 0 any          
attraction betwe5 ! e>? & ! ne$le1      
opposite poles w\ld be pres5t$1 b x is n
 s--! =ce is m]ely directive4           
,,magnetic ,,v>iations4  ,let u n[ see  
:e!r we _c assign an adequate cause = ! 
secul> & p]iodic v>iations 9 !          

incl9ation & decl9ation ( ! ne$le4 ,^! h
 be5 g5]ally ref]r$ to *anges (         
temp]ature1 z 9 fact1 also1 ! magnetism 
( ! e>? is sometimes ascrib$ to galvanic
 or electric curr5ts1 call$ =? by a     
daily *ange ( temp]ature4 ,our !ory     
gives a totally diff]5t explanation ( ^!
 v>iations4  ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 !   
nor? po9t ( ! ne$le moves f ea/ to we/ 9
 ! morn+ f ab\t #h ,a4,m4 to #a ,p4,m41 
& returns to its mean position ab\t #aj 
,p4,m4 ,x !n passes ov] to ! ea/1 & aga9
 returns to its mean position ab\t #h or
 #i ,a4,m4 ,! analogy ( ?is motion1 ) ! 
hor>y *anges 9 ! b>omet]1 indicate a    
common orig94 ,humboldt1 9 ! in/ructions
 he drew up = ! ,ant>ctic ,exp$ition "u 
,sir ,james ,ross1 says3 ,! ph5om5a (   
p]iodical v>iations dep5d manife/ly on !
 action ( sol> heat1 op]at+ probably    
?r\gh ! m$ium ( !rmo electric curr5ts   
induc$ on ! e>?'s surface4 ,beyond ?is  
rude guess1 h[ev]1 no?+ is yet kn[n ( _!
 physical cause4 ,x is ev5 /ill a matt] 
( speculation :e!r ! sol> influ5ce be a 

pr9cipal or only a subord9ate cause4 ,t 
! sun may ex]t a modify+ influ5ce on !  
ph5om5on is n unlikely1 b t he _c be !  
pr9cipal cause1 is evid5t f ! foll[+    
consid]ations4 ,^! hor>y v>iations ( !  
magnetic ne$le are z great at ! bottom (
 deep m9es f> remov$ f sol> influ5ce1 z 
on ! surface4 ,!y are z great1 cet]is   
p>ibus on a small isl& 9 ! mid/ ( !     
ocean1 z 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts1 :]e !  
heat+ p[] ( ! surface is va/ly great]4  
,!y are extremely regul>1 s t betwe5 !  
tropics1 accord+ to ! sagaci\s          
,humboldt1 ! "t ( ! day may be kn[n by !
 direction ( ! ne$le1 z well z by !     
height ( ! b>omet]4  ,b :at is ! cause (
 ^! v>iations8 ,?is "q is ! mo/         
difficult ( all physical problems1 & we 
%all only aim at indicat+ ! causes :i*  
are yet p]haps too intricately involv$  
to af=d a positive num]ical det]m9ation4
 ,admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( two pr9cipal solid
 masses ^: g5]al direction is f s\? to  
nor?1 & t ^! masses are m susceptible ( 
p]meation by ! e!real fluid ?an ! wat]s 

9 :i* !y are susp5d$1 we h a g5]al      
solution ( ! position ( ! magnetic      
poles1 & ( ! isogonic1 isocl9ic1 &      
isodynamic l9es4 ,consid]+1 too1 t !    
s\!rn poles ( ^! masses are ! po9ts (   
+ress1 & ! nor!rn poles ! po9ts (       
egress1 x is easily und]/ood t ! e!real 
m$ium hav+ ! temp]ature ( space1 w cause
 ! s\!rn hemisph]e to be cold] ?an !    
nor!rn1 & also t ! magnetic poles w be !
 poles ( maximum cold1 & ! c5tres       
respect$ by ! iso!rmal & isogeo!rmal    
l9es4  ,! g5]al direction ( ! magnetism 
( ! e>? may be consid]$ z ! controll+   
influ5ce1 !re=e1 9 det]m9+ ! position ( 
! magnetic ne$le2 b !re are o!r causes  
:i*1 to "s ext5t1 w modify ! result4 ,t 
half ( ! globe turn$ away f ! sun w     
p>take ( ! d5sity ( ! e!r at t di/ance1 
:i* is great] ?an on ! side next ! sun2 
! magnetic int5sity ought1 !re=e1 to be 
great] 9 ! night ?an 9 ! day4 ,! poles (
 ! great t]re/rial magnets1 or ev5 !    
position ( a magnetic ne$le on !        
surface1 are cont9ually plac$ by ! e>?'s

 rotation 9 a diff]5t relation to ! axes
 ( ! t]ral vortex1 & ! tang5tial curr5t1
 :i* is cont9ually circulat+ ar\nd !    
globe1 has its incl9ation to a giv5     
m]idian 9 a p]petual /ate ( *ange4 ,if  
we conceive t !re is a t5d5cy to =ce !  
ne$le at "r angles to ?is curr5t1 we    
%all h an influ5ce :i* v>ies dur+ ! day1
 dur+ ! ye>1 & dur+ ! "t occupi$ by a   
complete revolution ( ! node4 ,!        
pr9cipal effect1 h[ev]1 ( ! hor>y       
v>iation ( ! ne$le is due to ! radial   
/ream ( ! sun1 :i* n only p5etrates !   
atmosph]e1 b also ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?4 
,its pr9cipal influ5ce is1 h[ev]1 an    
indirect influ5ce1 z we %all endeavor to
 expla94  ,no fact 9 ! sci5ce (         
electro-magnetism is1 p]haps1 bett]     
e/abli%$ ?an ! disposition ( an e!real  
curr5t to place itself at "r angles to !
 magnetic m]idian1 & conv]sely1 :5 !    
curr5t is n free to move1 to place !    
ne$le at "r angles to ! curr5t4 ,n[1 !  
t]re/rial magnet or magnets1 may be     
consid]$ to be surr\nd$ by a body ( e!r 

9 rotation1 :i*1 9 ! e>?1 on its        
surface1 & = "s di/ance f ! surface1 is 
made to con=m to ! g5]al rule1 t is1 to 
circulate at "r angles to ! magnetic    
m]idian4 ,outside ?is aga91 ! e!r m & m 
con=ms to ! position ( ! axis ( !       
vortex1 & ?is position v>y+1 x mu/ ex]t 
"s influ5ce on ! surface curr5ts1 &1    
!re=e1 *ange 9 "s degree ! position ( ! 
magnetic m]idian4 ,! radial /ream comes 
f ! sun 9 p>allel l9es1 & /rikes ! globe
 & its sup]ficial e!real envelope j z we
 h %[n its action on ! atmosph]e2 b 9   
?is la/ case ! magnetic equator is n a  
great circle1 nei!r c we suppose its    
effects to be an accumulation ( a fluid 
:i* is impond]able at po9ts #ij f !     
plane pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! e>? & sun1
 & co9cid5t ) ! plane ( ! c5tral        
m]idian1 & a depress+ effect on t       
m]idian4 ,its precise influ5ce mu/ be1 f
 ! nature ( ! cause1 to deflect !       
circul> curr5t t[>ds ! poles1 9 places  
less ?an #ij f ! m]idian1 & a contr>y   
effect mu/ be produc$ 9 places great]   

?an #ij f ! m]idian4 ,let u assume1 =   
argum5t's sake1 t ! magnetic poles ( !  
e>? correspond to ! poles ( rotation1 ! 
p>allels ( latitude w1 !re=e1 repres5t !
 e!real curr5ts circulat+ ar\nd ! globe4
 ,n[1 at sunrise1 ! radial /ream ( !    
sol> vortex is tang5tial to ! surface1  
&1 !re=e1 c produce no *ange 9 ^!       
curr5ts4 ,z ! sun asc5ds say ab\t #h or 
#i ,a4,m41 ! radial /ream /rik+ only !  
surface ( ! e>? p]p5dicul>ly 9 t place  
:]e ! sun is v]tical 7:i* we w suppose  
at ! equator71 /reams (f on e side1 z ! 
m]idians d f ! pole1 & ! circles (      
latitude 7t is ! e!real curr5ts7 be+    
p>allel to ! equator1 !y are met by !   
radial /ream obliquely1 & deflect$ t[>ds
 ei!r pole4 ,by ?is deflection !y are no
 long] at "r angles to ! m]idians4 ,b1 f
 ! pr9ciple ( reaction above notic$1 !  
magnetic m]idians w place !mselves at "r
 angles to ! curr5t1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! 
magnetic pole w *ange its position on ! 
surface ( ! e>? ) respect to t p>ticul> 
place4 ,b1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 ! m]idians

 are 9 opposite phases at ! same in/ant 
( absolute "t2 !re=e1 ! magnetic poles  
are n po9ts1 b wide areas enclos+ !     
magnetic poles ( all ! c\ntries "u !    
sun4 ,z ?is con=ms to obs]vation1 x is  
wor?y our especial att5tion1 & may be   
und]/ood by ! subjo9$ figure1 9 :i* !   
oblique curves repres5t ! c\rse ( !     
tang5tial curr5t 9 ! diff]5t positions (
 ! sun1 ! p>allel l9es repres5t+ ! sol> 
radial /ream4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd  
,z ! sun ga9s altitude ! action ( !     
radial /ream is at a great] & great]    
angle to ! circul> curr5ts1 & atta9s its
 maximum at noon1 /ill act+1 h[ev]1 aft]
 noon2 b see+ t ! circul> curr5t        
possesses a =ce ( re-action1 t is1 t !  
magnetism ( ! e>? is ev] /riv+ to br+ ^!
 curr5ts to _! natural direction1 an h\r
 or two aft] noon1 ! curr5ts t5d aga9 to
 ! equator1 & ! maximum deflection is   
pass$1 & f9ally ceases a few h\rs aft]  
sunset4 ,n[ let u att5d to :at is go+ on
 on ! opposite side ( ! _w4 ,! radial   
/ream pass+ ov] ! pol> regions1 n[      

produces a contr>y effect2 ! e!real     
atmosph]e ( ! great magnet is accumulat$
 on ! f>!/ side f ! sun1 by ! action ( !
 radial /ream pass+ ov] ! pol> region1 !
 p>allel curr5ts are n[ b5t t[>ds !     
equator1 be+ at a maximum 9 places :]e x
 is an h\r or two pa/ midnight4 ,be=e !y
 7 concave to ! equator1 & n[ !y are    
convex2 ! magnetic m]idian is !re=e     
deflect$ ! contr>y way to :at x 0 9 !   
day "t1 by ! same pr9ciple ( reaction4  
,aft] ! maximum1 say at #d ,a4,m41 !    
deflection gradually ceases1 & !        
magnetic m]idian returns to its mean    
position at #h or #i ,a4,m4 ,^! times1  
h[ev]1 ( maximum & m9imum1 mu/ v>y ) !  
"t ( ! ye>1 or ) ! decl9ation ( ! sun1 )
 ! position ( ! moon 9 h] orbit1 ) !    
p]igee ( ! orbit1 & ) ! place ( ! asc5d+
 node2 !re are also m9or influ5ces :i* h
 an effect1 :i* pres5t in/rum5tal means 
_c r5d] appreciable4  ,:at says         
obs]vation8 ,! ne$le decl9es f its mean 
position 9 ! :ole nor!rn hemisph]e to ! 
we/w>d1 f ab\t #h4cj ,a4,m41 until #a4cj

 ,p4,m42 x !n gradually returns to its  
mean position by #aj ,a4,m4 ,aft] #aj   
,p4,m41 x passes ov] to ! ea/w>d1 &     
atta9s its maximum deflection ab\t ?ree 
or f\r h\rs aft] midnight1 & is f\nd    
aga9 at its mean position ab\t #i ,a4,m4
 ,n[1 ?is is precisely ! direction ( !  
deviation ( ! magnetic m]idian1 ! ne$le 
!re=e only foll[s ! m]idian1 or /ill    
cont9ues to po9t to ! tempor>y magnetic 
pole4 ,& al?\gh we h assum$1 = ! sake ( 
simplicity1 t ! mean magnetic pole      
corresponds to ! pole ( rotation2 9 tru?
 !re are two magnetic poles1 nei!r ( :i*
 correspond2 yet /ill ! g5]al effect w  
be ! same1 al?\gh ! num]ical v]ification
 w be r5d]$ m difficult4  ,9 ! s\!rn    
hemisph]e ! effect is ! rev]se1 7?is    
s\!rn hemisph]e1 h[ev]1 mu/ be consid]$ 
sep>at$ f ! nor!rn by ! magnetic        
equator1 & n by ! geographical "o17 !   
ne$le decl9es to ! ea/w>d 9 ! morn+1 &  
goes ?r\gh ! same *anges1 sub/itut+ ea/ 
= we/1 & we/ = ea/4 ,does obs]vation    
decide ?is to be to be a fact also8 ,mo/

 decid$ly x does2 & ?is alone may be    
consid]$ a positive demon/ration1 t !   
!ory :i* expla9s x is true4 ,! contr>y  
deflection ( ! ne$le 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn 
hemisph]e may be =mally proclaim$ z     
utt]ly beyond ! rea* ( ! common !ory (  
magnetism to expla94 ,?is difficulty    
arises f consid]+ ! ne$le z ! di/urb$   
body in/ead ( ! e>?2 & also f ! fact t !
 effect ( sol> heat mu/ be common to    
ne$les 9 bo? hemisph]es1 & act ^u simil>
 poles1 & consequ5tly ! deflection mu/  
be 9 ! same direction4  ,b a /ill m     
capital feature is pres5t$ by ! discov]y
 ( ,colonel ,sab9e1 t ! deflection is 9 
contr>y directions at ! ,cape ( ,good   
,hope1 at ! epo* ( ! two equ9oxes4 ,?is 
arises f ! great angle made by !        
magnetic m]idian at ?is place1 ) !      
t]re/rial m]idian--! v>iation be+ by    
,b>l['s tables1 #cj to ! we/w>d4 ,! sun 
v>ies 9 decl9ation #dg ?r\gh\t ! ye>4   
,at ! s\!rn sol/ice1 !re=e ! radial     
/ream /rikes ! circul> curr5t on ! s\!rn
 side1 & deflects x t[>ds ! equator1    

r5d]+ ! decl9ation to ! we/w>d 9 !      
morn+2 b at ! nor!rn sol/ice ! radial   
/ream /rikes ! curr5t on its nor!rn     
side1 & ! deflection is ea/w>d 9 !      
morn+4 ,& ! vic9ity ( ! ,cape ( ,good   
,hope is1 p]haps1 ! only "p ( ! _w :]e  
?is anomaly w obta92 z x is necess>y n  
only t ! decl9ation %all be consid]able1
 b also t ! latitude %all n be v great4 
,obs]vation also det]m9es t ! am\nt ( ! 
hor>y v>iation increases ) ! latitude4  
,ne> ! equator1 accord+ to ,humboldt1 x 
sc>cely am\nts to ?ree or f\r m9utes1   
:il/ x is f ?irte5 to f\rte5 m9utes 9 ! 
middle ( ,europe4 ,! !ory expla9s ?is   
also2 = z ! circles rec$e f ! equator1 !
 angles made by _! planes ) ! direction 
( ! radial /ream increases1 & h5ce ! =ce
 ( deflection is great]1 & ! effect is  
proportion$ to ! cause4 ,we h also a    
satisfactory explanation ( ! fact t !re 
has n yet be5 discov]$ a l9e ( no       
v>iation ( hor>y decl9ation z we might  
reasonably anticipate f ! fact t !      
decl9ations are 9 contr>y directions 9 !

 nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,?is is ow+  
to ! ev]-v>y+ decl9ation ( ! sun4 ,!re  
w\ld be su* a l9e1 no d\bt1 if ! axis ( 
! e>? 7 p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! orbit1
 & ! magnetic pole co9cid$ ) ! pole (   
rotation3 = !n ! equator w\ld be su* a  
l9e4   ,,magnetic ,,/orms4  ,b !re are  
also irregul> fluctuations 9 ! direction
 ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,^! dep5d on !     
moon1 & are caus$ by ! passage ( !      
vortices ov] or ne> to ! place (        
obs]vation4 ,! action ( ^! vortices is  
prov$ to be ( v>iable =ce1 :e!r aris+ f 
atmosph]ic conditions1 or due to an     
increas$ activity ( ! e!real m$ium      
?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em1 is at pres5t      
immat]ial4 ,!y d v>y1 & sometimes !     
passage ( a vortex w deflect ! ne$le a  
:ole degree4 ,at o!r times1 !re are     
magnetic /orms ext5d+ ov] a great "p ( !
 e>?'s surface2 b !re is reason to      
suppose1 t ! ext5t ( ^! /orms has be5   
ov] e/imat$4 ,?us1 on ! #be? (          
,septemb]1 #ahda1 a magnetic /orm 0     
obs]v$ 9 ,toronto1 & at ! same "t !re 0 

"o felt at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,!re  
is no great my/]y 9 ?is4 ,if we suppose 
! axis ( ! c5tral vortex1 = in/ance1 to 
h pass$ ,toronto 9 latitude #dc #cc     
nor?1 9 ord9>y positions ( ! moon1 9 h] 
orbit1 ! s\!rn portion ( ! axis w\ld be 
9 #cc or #cd s\? latitude1 & consequ5tly
 w\ld h pass$ ne> ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 
on ! same night4 ,n[1 we c]ta9ly c\ld n 
expect ! nor!rn portion ( ! vortex to be
 int5sely active1 )\t ! s\!rn portion   
be+ 9 ! same /ate ( activity4 ,t ?is is 
! true explanation is prov$ by magnetic 
/orms 9 ! same hemisph]e be+            
comp>atively limit$ 9 ext5t2 z1 accord+ 
to ,gauss & ,web]1 magnetic /orms :i* 7 
simultane\sly felt f ,sicily to ,upsala1
 did n ext5d f ,upsala to ,alt54 ,/ill x
 w\ld n be wond]ful if !y 7 felt ov] a  
va/ area ( ?\s&s ( miles z a consequ5ce 
( great di/urbance 9 ! ela/icity ( ! e!r
 9 ! t]ral vortex2 z ! solid e>? mu/ be 
p]meable to all its motions1 & ?us be   
explicable on ! g5]al pr9ciples we h    
advanc$4  ,b besides ^! v>iations :i* we

 h m5tion$1 !re are *anges /eadily go+  
on1 by :i* ! isodynamic1 isogonic &     
isocl9ic l9es are p]man5tly displac$ on 
! surface ( our planet4 ,^! mu/ be      
attribut$ to *anges ( temp]ature 9 !    
int]ior ( ! globe1 & to ! direction 9 ! 
progress ( subt]ranean fires1 :i* x may 
also be expect$ w *ange ! isogeo!rmal   
l9es4 ,b !re are *anges1 :i* al?\gh (   
long p]iod1 are yet p]iodic1 "o ( :i* is
 obvi\sly due to ! revolution ( ! lun>  
nodes 9 eighte5 & a half ye>s1 & !      
revolution ( ! apogee 9 n9e ye>s4 ,!    
fir/ is cont9ually *ang+ ! obliquity ( !
 axis ( ! vortex1 & !y bo? t5d to limit 
! vortices 9 _! extreme latitudes2 b !  
planet ,jupit] has an indirect influ5ce1
 :i* is probably equal1 if n great]1 ?an
 ! action ( ! moon1 9 *ang+ ! magnetic  
decl9ation4  ,f ! inve/igations (       
,lamont1 x w\ld appe>1 t ! p]iod ( !    
v>iations ( magnetic decl9ation is ab\t 
#aj ye>s1 :ile1 m rec5tly1 ,r4 ,wolfe   
has sugge/$ ! connection betwe5 ?is     
v>iation & ! sol> spots1 & assigns a    

p]iod ( #aa4aa ye>s1 & rem>ks1 t x      
corresponds m exactly ) ! v>iations 9   
magnetic decl9ation ?an ! p]iod ( #aj   
ye>s e/abli%$ by ,lamont4 ,! magnetic   
v>iations accompany ! sol> spots1 n only
 9 _! regul> *anges1 b ev5 9 _! m9or    
irregul>ities3 ?is latt] fact is itself 
suffici5t to prove def9itely ! important
 relations betwe5 !m4#bh  ,z ! planet   
,jupit] ex]ts ! greate/ influ5ce on !   
sun1 9 =c+ ! c5tre f ! me*anical c5tre (
 ! sy/em1 ! longitude ( ! sun w 9 a     
great measure dep5d on ! position ( ?is 
planet2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! sun w g5]ally
 revolve ar\nd ?is c5tre 9 a p]iod ne>ly
 equal to ! p]iod ( ,jupit]4 ,! sid]eal 
p]iod ( ,jupit] is ab\t twelve ye>s1 b !
 action ( ! o!r planets t5d to %ort5 ?is
 p]iod 7at lea/1 t has be5 ! effect = ! 
la/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s71 & br+ x ne>ly 
to ! p]iod assign$ by ,m4 ,wolfe to !   
v>iations 9 ! magnetic decl9ations4 ,z  
?is has its influ5ce on ! radial /ream1 
& ! radial /ream on ! decl9ation1 we see
 at once ! connection betwe5 !m4 ,:5 we 

come to a consid]ation ( ! sol> spots1  
we %all exhibit ?is influ5ce m fully4   
,,aurora ,,borealis4  ,let u n[ exam9e  
ano!r ph5om5on4 ,! ,aurora ,borealis has
 be5 g5]ally consid]$ to be 9 "s way    
connect$ ) ! magnetism ( ! e>?1 & ) !   
position ( ! magnetic pole4 ,x is c]ta9 
t ! appe>ance ( ?is meteor does affect !
 ne$le 9 a way n to be mi/ak51 & 7al?\gh
 n inv>iably7 ! v]tex ( ! lum9\s ar* w  
usually con=m to ! magnetic m]idian4    
,yet 7& ?is is wor?y ( att5tion71 !     
obs]vations made 9 ! ,nor? ,pol>        
,exp$itions#bi appe> to prove1 t 9 !    
imm$iate vic9ity ( ! magnetic pole !    
developm5t ( light is n 9 ! lea/ degree 
m int5se or frequ5t ?an at "s di/ance f 
x4 ,9 fact1 z ! ,am]ican magnetic pole  
is1 z /at$1 9 latitude #gc1 ! c5tral    
vortex w seldom rea* s high1 &1         
consequ5tly1 ! aurora ought at su* times
 to be m frequ5t 9 a l[] latitude4 ,9 a 
late "w by ,m4 de la ,rive1 ?is g5tleman
 expresses ! op9ion1 t ! cause ( !      
aurora is n due to a radiation ( pol>   

magnetism1 b to a purely electrical     
action4#cj ,8 explanation1 h[ev]1 is n s
 satisfactory z 8 op9ion4 ,n[1 we h     
exam9$ num]\s cases ( auroral displays1 
& nev] yet f\nd "o :i* c\ld n be        
legitimately ref]r$ to ! action ( e!real
 vortices4 ,g5]ally1 ! aurora w n be    
visible1 :5 ! upp] surface ( ! atmosph]e
 ( t latitude 9 :i* ! vortex is kn[n to 
be 7reckon+ 9 ! direction ( ! magnetic  
m]idian7 is bel[ ! horizon1 :i* %[s t ! 
brighte/ portion is 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,9   
latitude #da ev51 x may %[ itself :5 !  
vortex is ?ree days nor?1 m frequ5tly :5
 "o or two days nor?2 b :5 ! vortex     
passes c5trally1 or s\?1 x r>ely is se51
 & ?is is ! only difficulty 9 expla9+ x 
by ! !ory4 ,b1 :5 we reflect t ! e!r    
%oots out 9 /raight l9es1 & at an angle 
correspond+ to ! magnetic dip1 we are at
 no loss to p]ceive ! reason ( ?is4 ,if 
ea* m9ute l9e compos+ ! light 7 se5     
endwise1 x w\ld be invisible2 if !re 7  
millions su* 9 ! same position1 !y c\ld 
add no?+ to ! g5]al effect2 b1 :5 view$ 

sideways1 ! case w\ld be diff]5t1 !re   
w\ld be a cont9u$ r$uplication ( ray ^u 
ray1 until 9 ! range ( "s hundr$s (     
miles an effect might be produc$ am\nt+ 
to any degree ( int5sity on record4 ,n[1
 ?is is ! case :5 ! aurora is imm$iately
 ov]head1 x w be invisible to ^? bel[1 b
 may be se5 by p]sons a hundr$ miles    
s\?2 s1 also1 :5 x is to ! s\?1 x is too
 oblique to ! l9e ( vision to be se51   
especially z all ! rays to ! nor?w>d ( !
 obs]v] c contribute no?+ to increase ! 
effect4 ,t x is ( ! nature ( rays v mu* 
diffus$1 c h>dly be d\bt$2 &1 !re=e1 if 
only ( a few miles 9 dep?1 its          
impressions are too fa9t to be s5sible4 
,by ref]r+ to ! record ( ! wea!r 9 !    
second section ( ?is "w1 an auroral     
display w be f\nd on ,july #ab?1 !      
c5tral vortex hav+ pass$ a little to !  
nor?w>d ! same ev5+1 & ! next day pass+ 
s\? desc5d+4 ,on t occasion ! au?or saw 
an incl9$ column1 9 pr(ile1 due ea/1 &  
betwe5 himself & a l9e ( bluffs & timb]1
 ab\t eight miles di/ant2 ,&1 he has n  

any d\bt t ! mass ( rays began :]e he   
/ood4 ,z 9 a %[]1 e drop1 pass+ ?r\gh a 
conical surface1 ^: axis passes ?r\gh ! 
sun & ?r\gh ! eye1 contributes to =m !  
app>5tly di/ant ra9b[4  ,! altitude (   
?is meteor has be5 mu* exagg]at$1       
especially ( ^? r+s or lum9\s ar*es1 :i*
 are (t5 deta*$ completely f ! lum9\s   
bank4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,may1 a bright aurora
 0 visible at ,ottawa1 b ! au?or's      
att5tion 0 engross$ by ! mo/ brilliant  
ar* ( light he _h ev] se54 ,x 0 all ! "t
 s\? ( ! z5i?1 & _h no visible          
connection ) ! aurora nor?4 ,at #i h\rs1
 #ei m9utes1 #cj seconds mean sol> "t1  
,arcturus 0 9 ! exact c5tre ( ! b&1 at  
:i* "t x 0 v bright1 & full #g wide4 ,at
 ! same "t1 ,pr(4 ,g4,w4 ,:eel] obs]v$ !
 aurora 9 ,p]ryville1 9 ! ,/ate (       
,miss\ri1 only #a ( longitude to !      
we/w>d1 b did n see ! ar*4#ca ,!        
diff]5ce ( latitude betwe5 ! two places 
be+ #c #cj1 & ! wea!r1 z he /ates1 cle> 
& /ill1 !re is only "o reason :y he did 
n see ! ar*3 x mu/ h be5 too l[1 & _h   

become m]g$ 9 ! bank ( light4 ,at ! "t  
m5tion$1 ! altitude ( ,arcturus 0 #fh   
#cj1 &1 z ,pr(4 ,:eel] assigns only #aj 
z ! altitude ( ! bank1 ! maximum        
elevation ( ! ar*1 on ! supposition (   
its compos+ a "p ( ! bank1 0 #dc miles4 
,at ,p]ryville1 ! bank & /ream]s _h     
disappe>$ at #aj o'clock4 ,at ,ottawa1 !
 ar* or b[ disappe>$ at #aj h4 #e m41   
diff]+ only ! fraction ( a m9ute f ! "t 
at ,p]ryville2 b1 ! bank 0 /ill visible1
 b l[ & fa9t1 ! greate/ altitude hav+   
be5 ov] #cj4 ,to %[ ! rapid fluctuations
 9 wid? & position ( ?is b[1 we w add a 
few ( ! m9utes tak5 at ! "t ) great c>e1
 9 hopes "s o!r obs]v] _h be5 equally   
precise4 ,:5 fir/ se51 !re 7 ?ree lum9\s
 pat*es1 or elongat$ cl\ds ( light2 "o 9
 ,leo1 "o 9 ,bootes1 & ano!r 9 ,oph9*us1
 all 9 l9e4 ,?is 0 ab\t #i;h4 #aem4 ,!  
times foll[+ are correct to #cj seconds3
     #i;h4 #dbm4 #cjs4 ,b[ complete2 s\?
 edge #b nor? ( ,arcturus4     #i   #de 
#cj   ,nor!rn edge diffuse s\?2 edge    
bright1 & well                  def9$2  

#aj wide 9 z5i?2 nor? edge on ,alphacca4
     #i   #dg   #cj   ,s\? edge #e nor? 
( ,arcturus2 nor? edge close to         
,cor4 ,c>oli4     #i   #ec   #cj        
,ea/]n half compos$ ( f\r deta*$ b&s    
%+l+ ov] ea* o!r4         #eh   #cj     
,arcturus on s\?2 b[ n>r[]4     #i   #ei
   #cj   ,arcturus 9 ! middle ( ! b&2 v 
bright &                  regul> 9      
outl9e1 & wide/ at ! z5i?4    #aj    #j 
#cj   ,arcturus on nor!rn edge2 nor?    
side bett] def9$                  ?an ! 
s\!rn4    #aj    #b    #j   ,arcturus #a
 nor?2 v bright4    #aj    #b   #cj     
,gamma & ,delta ,leonis1 nor!rn edge4   
#aj    #c        ,regulus on s\!rn age2 
gett+ fa9t4    #aj    #e        ,fa/    
fad+ away4    #aj    #e   #cj   ,sc>cely
 visible2 bank 9 nor? fa9t4  ,?is aurora
 0 due to ! inn] vortex asc5d+1 ^: p]iod
 0 at ?is "t #bh days4  ,!re are sev]al 
circum/ances to be obs]v$ 9 ?is case4 ,!
 b[ bright5$ & fad$ simultane\sly ) !   
aurora1 & respect$ ! v]tex ( ! auroral  
bank1 be+ app>5tly conc5tric ) x4 ,! b[1

 !re=e1 dep5ds on ! same cause1 b diff]s
 f ! aurora 9 be+ limit$ to ! surface ( 
! atmosph]e 9 :i* ! vortex has produc$ a
 wave to ! s\?w>d ( its c5tral pa?1 z   
may be und]/ood by inspect+ ,fig4 #b1   
,sec4 #a1--! figure repres5t+ ! pol>    
curr5t ( ! c5tral vortex4 ,on ! #bi? (  
,may1 #ahdj1cb ! au?or saw a simil>     
ph5om5on1 at ! same "t ( night1 & pass+ 
ov] ! same />s s\?w>d until x rea*$ )9  
#e ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 to :i* x 0      
p>allel4 ,?is atmosph]ic wave (f]s a    
great] resi/ance to ! passage ( ! e!r3  
h5ce ! light4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is1 also1
 t :5 ! passage ( a vortex is att5d$ by 
an auroral display !re w be no          
?und]-/orm4 ,!re may be an increase (   
w9d2 b ! atmosph]e at su* times is too  
dry to make a viol5t /orm1 & !re is a   
sil5t re/oration ( ! equilibrium1 by !  
e!r pass+ ?r\gh ! dry atmosph]e1 )\t    
meet+ any cond5sable vapor1 & becom+    
lum9\s on acc\nt ( ! great] resi/ance ( 
! air :5 unmix$ ) vapor4 ,we ?us see    
also ! connection betwe5 ! aurora & !   

l9e> cirri1 & we h a triumphant         
explanation ( ! fact1 t :5 ! obs]v] is  
nor? ( ! nor!rn limit ( ! vortices1 he  
sees ! aurora to ! s\? & n to ! nor?2 =1
 to see x to ! nor?w>d1 he w\ld h to see
 x 9 ! same latitude z x appe>s 9 ! s\?1
 &1 consequ5tly1 h to see across twice !
 complem5t ( ! latitude4 ,we ?us see1   
also1 :y ! temp]ature falls aft] an     
aurora2 =1 ! passage ( electricity 9 any
 %ape1 mu/ h ?is effect on acc\nt ( !   
great specific caloric ( ?is fluid4 ,we 
see1 also1 :y ! aurora %\ld be m frequ5t
 :]e ! magnetic int5sity is greate/ & be
 consequ5tly invisible at ! equator1 &  
:y ! magnetic ne$le is s s5sibly affect$
 at ! "t ( its occurr5ce4 ,we may1      
p]haps1 "h be all[$ to allude to ano!r  
ph5om5on connect$ ) t]re/rial magnetism 
& electricity4   ,,e>?quakes4  ,! awful 
& de/ructive concussions :i* sometimes  
are produc$ at great dep?s b5ea? !      
surface ( ! soil1 w\ld seem to indicate 
t no =ce b t ( electricity is adequate  
to acc\nt = ! almo/ in/antane\s         

desolation ( wide tracts ( ! e>?'s      
surface4 ,b we d n mean to say t !      
action ( ! t]ral vortices1 comb9$ ) !   
int]nal conditions ( our planet1 is !   
only cause2 al?\gh x is f> f improbable 
t ! same activity ( ! e!r1 :i* g5]ates  
?r\gh ^! vortices1 ! full fury ( !      
hurricane 9 ! tropics1 may be           
simultane\sly accompani$ by a           
subt]ranean /orm4 ,& physici/s are too  
ra% to reject ! evid5ce on :i* !        
connection ( ! ph5om5a re/s4  ,9 !      
extract giv5 by ,colonel ,reid1 9 8 ,law
 ( ,/orms1 f ,sir ,george ,rodney's     
(ficial report ( ! great hurricane (    
#aghj1 x is /at$1 t1 ,no?+ b an e>?quake
 c\ld h occasion$ ! f\ndations ( !      
/ronge/ build+s to be r5t2 & ,i am      
conv9c$ t ! viol5ce ( ! w9d mu/ h       
prev5t$ ! inhabitants f feel+ ! e>?quake
 :i* c]ta9ly att5d$ ! /orm4#cc ,aga91 9 
! ,savannah-la-,m> hurricane1 :i*       
occurr$ ! same ye> & mon?1 ! ,annual    
,regi/]1 publi%$ at ,jamaica1 /ates1 t  
at ! same "t1 a sm>t %ock ( an e>?quake 

0 felt4 ,! g5]al s]5ity ( equatorial    
regions is due to ! fact t !y are beyond
 ! limit ( ! vortices1 z 9 ,p]u1 :]e    
nei!r ra9 nor lightn+ nor /orm is ev]   
se54 ,?und] & ra91 )\t /orms1 h[ev]1 are
 common 9 o!r tropical c\ntries1 also   
out ( ! rea* ( ! vortices4 ,b ev5 9 ^?  
p>ts1 7z ! ,antilles17 ly+ 9 ! track (  
^! vortices1 ! wea!r is n z frequ5tly   
di/urb$ z 9 high] latitudes4 ,! /orms ( 
! ,antilles1 :5 !y d occur1 h[ev]1 are  
fe>ful beyond any conception1 %[+ !     
pres5ce ( "s cause1 auxili>y to ! ord9>y
 di/urb+ action ( ! vortices1 :i*1 :5   
simultane\sly occurr+1 adds trem5d\sly  
to _! =ce4  ,t e>?quakes are prec$$     
sometimes by a peculi> haz9ess &        
oppressiv5ess1 simil> to t :i* sometimes
 prec$es a /orm1 is a curr5t op9ion 9   
volcanic c\ntries4 ,& ,humboldt1 :o     
d\bts ! connection1 has to confess t    
sudd5 *anges ( wea!r h succe$$ viol5t   
e>?quakes1 & t dur+ ! great e>?quake (  
,cumana1 he f\nd ! incl9ation ( ! ne$le 
0 dim9i%$ #dh4 ,he also m5tions !       

simultane\s occurr5ce ( %ocks1 f        
e>?quakes1 & a clap ( ?und]1 & !        
agitation ( ! electromet] dur+ !        
e>?quake1 :i* la/$ f ! #b;d ( ,april to 
! #ag? ( ,may1 #ahjh2 b conclud+ t ^!   
indications pres5t$ by cl\ds1 by        
modifications ( atmosph]ic electricity1 
or by calms1 _c be reg>d$ z g5]ally or  
necess>ily connect$ ) e>?quakes1 s9ce 9 
,p]u1 ,canada1 & ,italy1 e>?quakes are  
obs]v$1 along ) ! pure/ & cle>e/ skies1 
& ) ! fre%e/ l& & sea breezes4 ,b if no 
meteorological ph5om5a indicates ! com+ 
e>?quake1 ei!r on ! morn+ ( ! %ock or a 
few days previ\sly1 ! influ5ce ( c]ta9  
p]iods ( ! ye>1 7! v]nal & autumnal     
equ9oxes17 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9y season 
9 ! tropics1 aft] long dr\ght1 _c be    
ov]look$1 ev5 ?\gh ! g5etic connection (
 meteorological processes1 ) ^? go+ on 9
 ! int]ior ( our globe1 is /ill envelop$
 9 obscurity4#cd  ,x is at ! equ9oxes t 
! e>? *anges h] di/ances f ! sun mo/    
rapidly1 & :e!r %e is pass+ f h]        
p]ihelion or f h] aphelion1 ! d5sity ( !

 e!r ext]nally is *ang+ 9 ! subduplicate
 ratio ( ^! di/ances & consequ5tly at ^!
 times !re w be ! greate/ di/urbance ( !
 electric equilibrium4 ,h[ f> our views 
( ! int]nal /ructure ( our globe1       
7consid]$ along a diamet] z a solid     
cru/1 !n a fus$ mass sep>at$ f ! l[]    
ocean by ano!r solid cru/1 & sep>at$ f a
 simil> arrangem5t on ! opposite side by
 an int]pos$ mass ( wat]1 p]haps also   
possess+ a solid nucleus17 may affect   
?is "q1 is difficult to say2 b t ! ag5t 
is electric1 appe>s highly probable2 & v
 rec5tly x has be5 discov]$1 by ,m4     
,ratio ,m5ton1 t a piece ( iron1 susp5d$
 by attraction to a magnet1 w fall on ! 
approa* ( an e>?quake2 ?us indicat+ t ! 
p[] ( ! magnet is tempor>ily weak5$ by !
 action ( "s di/urb+ =ce4   ,,footnotes3
  #bb ,hum4 ,cosmos1 art ,a]olites4  #bc
 ,we %all 9 all cases use ?is           
abbreviation = ! extremely awkw>d ^w    
zodiacal4  #bd ,x is "h assum$1 t all ! 
vortices are at _! apogee at ! same "t1 
&1 consequ5tly1 !y lie 9 diff]5t        

longitudes1 b ! c5tral be+ betwe51 its  
position is tak5 = ! av]age position ( !
 ?ree4  #be ,x is f> f improbable t !   
effect produc$ 9 "o zone ( climate1 may 
be rev]s$ 9 ano!r1 f ! nature ( ! cause4
  #bf ,t ! #aa?1 #ab?1 & #ac? ( ,may    
%\ld rec$e #b 9 temp]ature z det]m9$ by 
,mdl] f obs]vations ( #hf ye>s1 at a "t 
:5 ! p[] ( ! sun s rapidly augm5ts1 is  
/rongly confirmatory ( ! !ory4 ,see     
,cosmos1 p4 #aba4  #bg ,pluck] fir/     
discov]$ t a plate ( t\rmal9e susp5d$ ) 
its axis v]tical1 set axial4  #bh       
,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,m>* & ,april1    
#ahec4  #bi ,humboldt1 ,cosmos p4 #aic1 
,london ed4  #cj ,see ,silliman's       
,j\rnal = ,septemb]1 #ahec4  #ca ,see   
,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,septemb]1 #ahec4 
#cb ,?is 0 ! c5tral vortex asc5d+4  #cc 
,reid's ,law ( ,/orms1 p4 #cej4  #cd    
,humboldt1 ,cosmos1 p4 #bjc4            
,,section ,,f\r?4   ,,! ,,sol> ,,spots4 
,we h yet _m ph5om5a to inve/igate by ! 
aid ( ! !ory1 & we w develop !m 9 t ord]
 :i* w be/ exhibit _! mutual dep5d5ce4  

,! sol> spots h long tr\bl$ a/ronom]s1 &
 to ?is day no satisfactory solution ( !
 "q has be5 propos$2 b we %all n exam9e 
!ories4 ,x is suffici5t t we c expla9 !m
 on ! same g5]al pr9ciples t we h appli$
 to t]re/rial ph5om5a4 ,!re c be b      
little d\bt ab\t ! exi/5ce ( a sol>     
atmosph]e1 &1 reason+ f analogy1 !      
con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! sun mu/ p>take ( !
 nature ( o!r planet>y matt]4 ,t !re are
 bodies 9 our sy/em possess+ ! same     
elem5ts z our e>?1 is prov$ by !        
composition ( meteoric masses1 :i*1 :e!r
 !y are indep5d5t bodies ( ! sy/em1 or  
fragm5ts ( an explod$ planet1 or        
project$ f lun> volcanoes1 is ( little  
consequ5ce2 !y %[ t ! same elem5ts are  
di/ribut$ to o!r bodies ( ! sy/em1      
al?\gh n necess>ily 9 ! same            
proportions4 ,! gase\s matt] ( ! sun's  
atmosph]e may1 !re=e1 be safely consid]$
 z vapors cond5sable by cold1 & !       
=mation ( vortices ov] ! surface ( ?is  
atmosph]e1 br+s d[n ! e!r1 & causes x to
 int]m+le ) ?is atmosph]e4 ,b1 f !      

imm5sely rapid motion ( ! pol> curr5t ( 
! sol> vortex1 ?is e!r may be consid]$  
to ent] ! atmosph]e ( ! sun ) !         
temp]ature ( space4  ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1
 9 comm5t+ on ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,r$field    
be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 conv5$ at  
,newca/le 9 #ahch1ce sugge/$ an analogy 
to t]re/rial hurricanes1 f a suspect$   
rotation & progressive motion 9 ^!      
spots4 ,f _! rapid =mation1 *ange (     
%ape1 & diamet]1 ?is view is all[able1  
&1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! action ( !    
e!real curr5ts1 w acc\nt = all !        
ph5om5a4 ,! nucleus ( ! spot is d5se1 l 
! nucleus ( a /orm on ! e>?1 & surr\nd$ 
by a p5umbon precisely z our /orms are  
fr+$ ) light] cl\ds1 p]mitt+ ! light ( !
 sun to p5etrate4 ,&1 x has be5 obs]v$1 
t ^! spots seem to foll[ "o ano!r 9 l9es
 on ! same p>allel ( sol> latitude 7or  
ne>ly ! same71 exactly z we h det]m9$ ! 
action ( ! vortices on ! surface ( ! e>?
 f obs]vation4 ,^! spots are nev] f\nd 9
 v high latitudes--n mu* above #cj f !  
sol> equator4 ,if we consid] ?is equator

 to be b slightly incl9$ to ! plane ( ! 
vortex1 ?is latitude w\ld be ! g5]al    
position ( ! lat]al sol> vortices1 &1 9 
fact1 be conf9$ pr9cipally to a belt on 
ea* side ( ! equator1 betwe5 #ae & #cj (
 sol> latitude1 r ?an at ! equator      
itself4 ,?is1 x is ne$less to say1 is   
actually ! case4 ,b1 a m capital feature
 /ill has be5 m rec5tly br\ght to light 
by obs]vation1 al?\gh previ\sly famili> 
to ! au?or1 :o1 9 endeavor+ to v]ify !  
!ory1 s]i\sly injur$ 8 sight1 by obs]v+ 
) inadequate in/rum5tal means4 ,?is is !
 p]iodicity ( ! spots4  ,we h already   
obs]v$1 t !re is reason to suppose t !  
action ( ! inn] vortex ( ! e>? is       
probably great] ?an t ( ! out] vortex1  
on acc\nt ( ! conflict+ curr5ts by :i* x
 is caus$4 ,& ! full developm5t ( ?is   
vortex requires1 t ! c5tral vortex or   
me*anical axis ( ! sy/em %all be ne>ly  
tang5tial to ! surface4 ,9 ?is position1
 ! action ( ! c5tral vortex is itself at
 a maximum2 &1 :5 ! planets ( ! sy/em   
are s arrang$ z to produce ?is result1  

we may expect ! greate/ numb] ( spots4  
,if ! axis or c5tral vortex approa*es to
 co9cid5ce ) ! axis ( ! sun1 ! lat]al   
vortices disappe>1 & ! c5tral vortex be+
 !n p]p5dicul> to ! surface1 is r5d]$   
ineffective4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !re w 
be no spots on ! sun's disc4 ,:51 on !  
o!r h&1 all ! planets conspire at ! same
 side to =ce ! sun out f ! me*anical    
c5tre ( ! sy/em1 ! surface is too di/ant
 to be act$ on by ! c5tral vortex1 & !  
lat]al vortices are also ?r[n cle> ( !  
sun's surface1 on acc\nt ( ! great]     
velocity ( ! p>ts ( ! vortex1 9 sweep+  
pa/ ! body ( ! sun4 ,9 ?is case1 !re w  
be b few spots4 ,! case 9 :i* ! axis ( !
 vortex co9cides ) ! axis ( ! sun1 is   
mu* m transi5t ?an ! fir/ position1 &   
h5ce1 al?\gh ! int]val betwe5 ! maxima w
 be tol]ably uni=m1 !re w be an         
irregul>ity betwe5 a p>ticul> maximum1 &
 ! prec$+ & subsequ5t m9imum4  ,! foll[+
 table exhibits ! sol> spots1 z det]m9$ 
by ,s*wabe1 ( ,dessau3    ,ye> (        
obs]vation4   ,gr\ps ( spots obs]v$4    

,numb] ( days4           #ahbf          
#aah                    #bgg            
#ahbg                      #afa         
#bgc           #ahbh                    
#bbe                    #bhb            
#ahbi                      #aii         
#bdd           #ahcj                    
#aij                    #bag            
#ahca                      #adi         
#bci           #ahcb                    
#hd                    #bgj             
#ahcc                       #cc         
#bfg           #ahcd                    
#ea                    #bgc             
#ahce                      #agc         
#bdd           #ahcf                    
#bgb                    #bjj            
#ahcg                      #ccc         
#afh           #ahch                    
#bhb                    #bjb            
#ahci                      #afb         
#bje           #ahdj                    
#aeb                    #bfc            
#ahda                      #ajb         
#bhc           #ahdb                    

#fh                    #cjg             
#ahdc                       #cd         
#cbd  ,previ\s to ! publication ( ?is   
table1 ! au?or _h inf]r$ ! necessity (  
admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( ano!r planet 9 !    
sol> sy/em1 f ! ph5om5on ( :i* we are   
speak+4 ,he f\nd a suffici5t            
correspond5ce betwe5 ! m9ima ( spots to 
confirm ! explanation giv5 by ! !ory1 & 
?is 0 /ill m confirm$ by ! m exact      
det]m9ation ( ,s*wabe2 yet !re 0 a      
little discrepancy 9 ! syn*ron\s values 
( ! ord9ates1 :5 ! !ory 0 graphically   
comp>$ ) ! table4 ,previ\s to ! discov]y
 ( ,neptune1 ! !ory correspond$ mu*     
bett] ?an aft]w>ds1 & z no d\bt c\ld be 
ent]ta9$ t ! anomal\s movem5ts ( ,uranus
 7 caus$ by an ext]ior planet1 he adopt$
 ! notion t !re 7 two planets ext]ior to
 ,uranus1 ^: positions at ! "t 7 su*1 t 
_! me*anical affects on ! sy/em 7 ab\t  
equal & contr>y4 ,consequ5tly1 :5       
,neptune became kn[n1 ! exi/5ce ( ano!r 
planet seem$ a conclusion necess>y to   
adopt4 ,accord+ly1 he calculat$ !       

helioc5tric longitudes & true anomalies1
 & ! values ( radius vector1 = all !    
planets dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 b n hav+  
any planet>y tables1 he cont5t$ himself 
) comput+ = ! ne>e/ degree ( true       
anomaly1 & ! ne>e/ ?\s& miles ( di/ance4
 ,!n by a composition & resolution ( all
 ! =ces1 he d$uc$ ! radius vector ( !   
sun1 & ! longitude ( 8 c5tre1 = ea* pa/ 
ye> ( ! c5tury4 ,x 0 9 view ( a little  
out/&+ discrepancy 9 ! times ( ! m9ima1 
z det]m9$ by !ory & obs]vation1 t he 0  
induc$ to consid] z almo/ c]ta9 !       
exi/5ce ( a !oretical planet1 ^:        
longitude1 9 #ahbh1 0 ab\t #ij1 & ^:    
p]iod is f ! !ory ab\t d\ble t (        
,neptune4 ,& = conv5i5ce ( computation &
 ref]5ce1 he has be5 9 ! habit (        
symboliz+ x by a volcano4 ,! foll[+     
table ( ! radii vectores ( ! sun1 & !   
longitude ( 8 c5tre1 = ! ye>s designat$ 
9 ,s*wabe's table1 is calculat$ f !     
foll[+ data = ea* planet3               
,long4 (   ,planets4    ,masses4        
,mean di/ances4  ,ecc5tricities4        

,p]ihelion4               #a_/afdh      
#did4hjj4jjj      #j4jdha           #aa 
#a_/ccaj       #ijg4afb4jjj      #j4jefa
           #hi              #a_/bcjjj   
#ahbd4bij4jjj      #j4jaff          #afg
              #a_/bjjjj                 
#bhed4jjj4jjj      #j4jjhh            #j
              #a_/bhjjj                 
#ddfd4jjj4jjj                           
,no4 ( spots 9     ,dates4      ,rad4   
vector4 ,sun's long4  ,ord9ates4        
,s*wabe's table4   ,jan4 #a1 #ahbf      
#ebh1jjj       #cbj          #hd        
#aah          #ahbg    #dhj1jjj         
#cci           #cf           #afa       
#ahbh    #dcb1jjj       #ceb         -  
#ab ,max4      #bbe ,max4          #ahbi
    #cig1jjj        #ch         -  #dg  
#aii          #ahcj    #heh1jjj         
#ga         -  #hf           #aij       
#ahca    #cbd1jjj       #ajd         -  
#abj           #adi          #ahcb      
#caa1jjj       #add         - #acc      
#hd          #ahcc    #cjj1jjj          
#ahc         - #add ,m94       #cc ,m94 

#ahcd    #cjg1jjj       #bbj         -  
#acg            #ea          #ahce      
#cch1jjj       #bfc         - #ajf      
#agc          #ahcf    #chj1jjj         
#cjb         -  #ee           #bgb      
#ahcg    #dai1jjj       #ccg            
#be ,max4      #ccc ,max4          #ahch
    #dhh1jjj         #c           #dd   
#bhb          #ahci    #fea1jjj         
#bi          #ajg           #afb        
#ahdj    #fcb1jjj        #ea            
#ahh           #aeb          #ahda      
#fhj1jjj        #hj          #bcf       
#ajb          #ahdb    #gcj1jjj         
#aje          #bhf            #fh       
#ahdc    #afj1jjj       #abh            
#cbb            #cd ,m94          #ahdd 
#ahh1jjj       #aeb          #cci ,m94  
#eb          #ahde    #ggb1jjj          
#agd          #cbh           #aad       
#ahdf    #gbh1jjj       #aif            
#bhd           #aeg          #ahdg      
#ffj1jjj       #bah          #baf       
#ahdh    #efc1jjj       #bdj            
#aai       ,obs]v$4 ,max4          #ahdi

    #ddg1jjj       #bfa            #c   
,max4          #ahej    #cji1jjj        
#bhc         - #ace          #ahea      
#agj1jjj       #cbc         - #bgd      
#aheb     #ec1jjj        #da         -  
#cia ,m94          #ahec    #afg1jjj    
#acc         - #bgg          #ahed      
#cae1jjj       #afj         - #abi      
#ahee    #dge1jjj       #ahc            
#ca ,max4          #ahef    #faa1jjj    
#bjc          #afg          #aheg       
#gbj1jjj       #bbe          #bgf  ,x is
 necess>y to obs]ve "h1 t ! values ( !  
numb]s 9 ,s*wabe's table are ! numb]s = 
! :ole ye>1 &1 !re=e1 ! #a/ ( ,july w\ld
 h be5 a bett] date = ! comp>ison2 b1 z 
! table 0 calculat$ be=e ! au?or 0      
cognizant ( ! fact1 & be+ some:at t$i\s 
to calculate1 he has left x z x 01 viz41
 = ,janu>y #a/ ( ea* ye>4 ,h5ce1 !      
m9imum = #ahdc appe>s z p]ta9+ to #ahdd4
 ,! numb] ( spots ought to be inv]sely z
 ! ord9ates approximately--^! la/ be+   
d]iv$ f ! ,radii ,vectores m9us1 !      
semi-diamet] ( ! sun  #ddd1jjj miles4   

,9 pass+ judgm5t on ?is relation1 x mu/ 
also be borne 9 m9d1 t ! recogniz$      
masses ( ! planets _c be ! true masses1 
if ! !ory be true4 ,bo? sun & planets   
are "u-e/imat$1 yet1 z !y are1 probably1
 all to a c]ta9 degree proportionally   
und]valu$1 x w n vitiate ! above        
calculation mu*4  ,! spots be+ consid]$ 
z sol> /orms1 !y ought also to v>y 9    
numb] at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 accord+ 
to ! longitude ( ! e>? & sun1 & f _!    
transi5t "*1 & ! sl[ rotation ( ! sun1  
!y ought1 cet]is p>ibus1 to be m num]\s 
:5 ! produc+ vortex is ov] a visible    
portion ( ! sun's surface4  ,!          
difficulty ( reconcil+ ! sol> spots1 &  
_! p]iodicity to any kn[n pr9ciple (    
physics1 ought to produce a m tol]ant _s
 among/ ! sci5tific = speculations ev5  
:i* may af=d ! slighte/ promise ( a     
solution1 al?\gh emanat+ f ! humble/    
inquir] aft] tru?4 ,! hypo!sis ( an     
undiscov]$ planet1 ext]ior to ,neptune1 
is ( a nature to />tle ! cautions       
timidity ( _m2 b1 if ! g5]al !ory be    

true1 ?is hypo!sis becomes extremely    
probable4 ,we may n h locat$ x exactly4 
,!re may be ev5 two su* planets1 ^: jo9t
 effect %all be equival5t to "o 9 !     
position we h assign$4 ,!re may ev5 be a
 comet ( great mass1 capable ( produc+  
an effect on ! position ( ! sun's c5tre 
7al?\gh x foll[s f ! !ory t comets h v  
little mass74 ,yet1 9 view ( all ^!     
suppositions1 !re c be b little d\bt t !
 sol> spots are caus$ by ! sol>         
vortices1 & ^! la/ made effective on !  
sun by ! positions ( ! great planets1 &1
 !re=e1 we h indicat$ a new me?od (     
det]m9+ ! exi/5ce & position ( all !    
planets ext]ior to ,neptune4 ,on !      
supposition t !re is only "o m 9 !      
sy/em1 f its d$uc$ di/ance & mass1 x w  
appe> only z a /> ( ! elev5? magnitude1 
&1 consequ5tly1 w only be recognizable  
by its motion1 :i*1 at ! greate/1 w only
 be t5 or elev5 seconds p] day4         
,,masses ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,planets4   
,we h allud$ to ! fact ( ! radial /ream 
( ! sun necess>ily dim9i%+ ! sun's p[]1 

&1 consequ5tly1 dim9i%+ 8 app>5t mass4  
,! radial /ream ( all ! planets w d !   
same1 s t ea* planet ^: mass is d]iv$ f 
! p]iodic times ( ! satellites1 w also  
appe> too small4 ,b1 !re is also a great
 probability t "s modification mu/ be   
made 9 ! word+ ( ! ,newtonian law4 ,!   
exp]im5ts ( ,newton on ! p5dulum1 ) e   
v>iety ( sub/ance1 0 suffici5t          
ju/ification to entitle him to inf]1 t  
in]tia 0 z ! weight ( matt] univ]sally4 
,b1 !re 0 "o condition :i* c\ld n be    
obs]v$ 9 exp]im5t+ on ^! sub/ances1     
viz41 ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature exi/+     
betwe5 ! int]ior & surface ( a planet4  
,we h already express$ ! idea1 t ! cause
 ( gravity has no su* my/]i\s orig9 z to
 transc5d ! p[] ( man to det]m9e x4 ,b  
t1 on ! contr>y1 we are taught by e     
analogy ar\nd u1 z well z by div9e      
precept1 to use ! visible ?+s ( creation
 z /epp+ /ones to ! atta9m5t ( :at is n 
s app>5t4 ,t we h ! volume ( nature     
spread out 9 tempt+ *>act]s1 invit+ u to
 read1 &1 assur$ly1 x is n s spread 9   

mock]y ( man's limit$ p[]s4 ,z sci5ce   
advances1 /range ?+s1 x is true1 are    
br\ght to light1 b ! m rational ! qu]ies
 we prop\nd1 9 e case ! m satisfactory  
are ! answ]s4 ,x is only :5 man consults
 ! oracle 9 irrational t]ms t ! response
 is ambigu\s4 ,al*emy1 ) its unnatural  
transmutations1 has long s9ce vani%$    
be=e ! increas+ light4 ,:y %\ld n       
attraction also8 ,exp]i5ce & exp]im5t1  
if m5 w\ld only foll[ _! indications1   
are consi/5tly en=c+ ! necessity ( eras+
 ^! antiquat$ *im]as f ! book ( k2 &    
inculcat+ ! great tru?1 t ! physical    
univ]se owes all its endless v>iety to  
diff]5ces 9 ! =m1 size1 & d5sity (      
planet>y atoms 9 motion1 accord+ to     
simple me*anical pr9ciples4 ,^!1 comb9$ 
) ! exi/5ce ( an all-p]vad+ m$ium fill+ 
space1 betwe5 :i* & planet>y matt] no   
bond ( union subsi/s1 o!r ?an t :i*     
arises f a cont9ual int]*ange ( motion1 
are ! mat]ials f :i* ! gems ( nature are
 elaborat$4 ,b1 simplicity ( means is   
:at philosophy has ev] be5 reluctant to 

admit1 pref]r+ r ! occult & obscure4    
,if action be equal to reaction1 & all  
nature be vibrat+ ) motion1 ^! motions  
mu/ necess>ily int]f]e1 & "s effect %\ld
 be produc$4 ,a body radiat+ its motion 
on e side into a physical m$ium1        
produces waves4 ,^! waves are a         
me*anical effect1 & ! body p>ts ) "s (  
its motion 9 produc+ !m2 b1 %\ld ano!r  
body be plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 hav+ !   
same motion1 ! oppos+ waves neutralize  
ea* o!r1 & ! bodies lose no motion f _! 
contigu\s sides1 &1 !re=e1 ! reaction f 
! opposite sides acts z a propell+ p[]1 
& ! bodies approa*1 or t5d to approa*   
ea* o!r4 ,if "o body be ( d\ble !       
in]tia1 x moves only half z f> z ! fir/2
 !n1 see+ t ?is atomic motion is        
radiat$1 ! law ( =ce mu/ be directly z !
 mass1 & inv]sely z ! squ>es ( !        
di/ances4 ,!re may be o!r atomic        
vibrations besides ^? :i* we call light1
 heat1 & *emical action1 yet ! jo9t     
effect ( all is inf9itesimally small1 :5
 we disreg>d ! unit$ attraction ( all ! 

atoms ( :i* ! e>? is compos$4 ,!        
attraction ( ! :ole e>? at ! surface    
causes bodies to fall #af feet ! fir/   
second ( "t2 b1 if two sph]es ( ice ( "o
 foot diamet]1 7 plac$ 9 an inf9ite     
space1 un9flu5c$ by o!r matt]1 & only   
#af feet ap>t1 !y w\ld require ne>ly    
#aj1jjj ye>s to fall toge!r by virtue ( 
_! mutual attraction4 ,our conceptions1 
or1 r1 our misconceptions1 conc]n+ ! =ce
 ( gravity1 arises f our =gett+ t e p\nd
 ( matt] on ! e>? contributes its %>e ( 
! =ce :i*1 9 ! aggregate1 is s p[]ful4  
,h5ce1 ! cause we h sugge/$1 is fully   
adequate to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a4 ,:e!r ! 
h>mony ( vibrations betwe5 two bodies   
may n h an influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( 
int]f]5ce1 &1 consequ5tly1 produce "s   
diff]5ce betwe5 ! gravitat+ mass & its  
in]tia1 is a "q :i*1 no d\bt1 w         
ultimately be solv$2 b ?is h>mony (     
vibrations mu/ dep5d1 9 "s degree1 on ! 
atomic weight1 temp]ature1 & int5sity ( 
atomic motion4  ,t a "p ( ! mass ( ! e>?
 is lat5t may be inf]r$ f c]ta9         

consid]ations3 #a/1 f ! discrepancies   
exi/+ 9 ! results obta9$ = ! e>?'s      
compression by ! p5dulum & by actual    
measurem5t2 &1 #b;d1 f ! irregul>ity ( t
 compression 9 p>ticul> latitudes &     
longitudes4 ,! same may also be d$uc$ f 
! diff]5t values ( ! moon's mass z d]iv$
 f diff]5t ph5om5a1 dep5d5t on ! law (  
gravitation4 ,a/ronom]s h hi!rto cov]$  
!mselves ) ! v conv5i5t %ield ( errors (
 obs]vation2 b1 ! p]fection ( mod]n     
in/rum5ts n[ dem& a bett] acc\nt ( all  
out/&+ discrepancies4 ,! _w requires x (
 !m4  ,! mass ( ! moon comes out mu*    
great] by our !ory ?an nutation gives4  
,! mass d$uc$ f ! !ory is only dep5d5t  
on ! relative in]ti ( ! e>? & moon4 ,t  
giv5 by nutation dep5ds on gravity4 ,if1
 !n1 a "p ( ! mass be lat5t1 nutation w 
give too small a value4 ,b1 9 addition  
to ?is1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 d\bt+ ! /rict  
word+ ( ! ,newtonian law1 d]iv+ our     
au?ority f ! v f\ndation /one ( !       
,newtonian !ory4  ,x is well kn[n t     
,newton suspect$ t ! moon 0 reta9$ 9 h] 

orbit by ! same =ce :i* is usually call$
 weight ^u ! surface1 sixte5 ye>s be=e !
 fact 0 confirm$1 by f9d+ a             
correspond5ce 9 ! fall ( ! moon & ! fall
 ( bodies on ! e>?4 ,usually1 9 all     
elem5t>y works1 ?is problem is consid]$ 
accurately solv$4 ,hav+ =m$ a diff]5t   
idea ( ! me*anism ( nature1 ?is fact    
pres5t$ itself z a b>ri] beyond :i* x 0 
impossible to pass1 until suspicions1   
d]iv$ f o!r s\rces1 induc$ ! au?or to   
inquire3 ,:e!r ! ph5om5on did exactly   
accord ) ! !ory8 ,we are aw>e t x is    
easy to place ! moon at su* a di/ance1 t
 ! result %all /rictly correspond ) !   
fact2 b1 f ! p>allax1 z d]iv$ f         
obs]vation 7& if ?is _c be dep5d$ on    
c]ta9ly1 no magnitudes 9 a/ronomy c71 we
 f9d1 t ! moon does n fall f ! tang5t ( 
h] orbit1 z mu* z ! !ory requires4 ,z   
?is is ( vital importance to ! integrity
 ( ! !ory we are advocat+1 we h made !  
computation on ,newton's own data1      
except su* z 7 necess>ily inaccurate at 
! "t he wrote2 & we h done x            

ari?metically1 )\t log>i?mic tables1 t1 
if possible1 no error %\ld creep 9 to   
vitiate ! result4 ,we take ! moon's     
elem5ts f no less an au?ority ?an ,sir  
,john ,h]s*el1 z well z ! value ( !     
e>?'s diamet]4    ,mass ( ! moon        
#a_/hj   ,mean di/ance 9 equatorial     
radii    #ei4ifdce   ,sid]eal p]iod 9   
seconds           #bcfjeia  ,!          
vibrations ( ! p5dulum give ! =ce (     
gravity at ! surface ( ! e>?1 & x is    
f\nd to v>y 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,!     
int5sity 9 any place be+ z ! squ>es ( ! 
numb] ( vibrations 9 a giv5 "t4 ,?is    
inequality dep5ds on ! c5trifugal =ce ( 
rotation1 & on ! sph]oidal figure ( !   
e>? due to t rotation4 ,at ! equator !  
fall ( a heavy body is f\nd to be       
#af4jdebbc feet1 p] second1 & 9 t       
latitude ! squ>es ( ^: s9e is 1 x is    
#af4jfig feet4 ,! effect 9 ?is la/-nam$ 
latitude is ! same z if ! e>? 7 a p]fect
 sph]e4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 express !   
:ole =ce ( gravity1 z ! rotation ( ! e>?
 causes a c5trifugal t5d5cy :i* is a    

maximum at ! equator1 & !re am\nts to   
#a_/bhi ( ! :ole gravitat+ =ce4 ,9 o!r  
latitudes x is dim9i%$ 9 ! ratio ( !    
squ>es ( ! cos9es ( ! latitude2 x !re=e 
becomes #a_/dcd 9 t latitude ! squ>e (  
^: s9e is 4 ,h5ce ! fall p] second      
becomes #af4ajfg feet = ! true gravitat+
 =ce ( ! e>?1 or = t =ce :i* reta9s !   
moon 9 h] orbit4  ,! moon's mean di/ance
 is #ei4ifdce equatorial radii ( ! e>?1 
:i* radius is1 accord+ to ,sir ,john    
,h]s*el1 #bj4ibc4gac feet4 ,h] mean     
di/ance z d]iv$ f ! p>allax is n to be  
consid]$ ! radius vector ( ! orbit1     
inasmu* z ! e>? also describes a small  
orbit ar\nd ! common c5tre ( gravity ( !
 e>? & moon2 nei!r is radius vector to  
be consid]$ z h] di/ance f ?is common   
c5tre2 = ! attract+ p[] is 9 ! c5tre ( !
 e>?4 ,b ! mean di/ance ( ! moon mov+   
ar\nd a movable c5tre1 is to ! same mean
 di/ance :5 ! c5tre ( attraction is     
fix$1 z ! sum ( ! masses ( ! two bodies1
 to ! fir/ ( two mean proportionals     
betwe5 ?is sum & ! l>ge/ ( ! two bodies 

inv]sely4 7,vid4 ,pr94 ,prop4 #fj ,lib4 
,prim47 ,! ratio ( ! masses be+ z above 
#hj to #a ! mean proportional s\ght is  
#hj4fff & 9 ?is ratio mu/ ! moon's mean 
di/ance be dim9i%$ to get ! =ce (       
gravity at ! moon4 ,!re=e z #ha is to   
#hj4fff1 s is #ei4ifdce to #ei4gafeg = !
 moon's di/ance 9 equatorial radii ( !  
e>?4 ,multiply ?is la/ by #bj4ibc1gac to
 br+ ! semi-diamet] ( ! lun> orbit into 
feet  #a4bdi4dib4cgc1 & ?is by          
#f4bhcahe1 ! ratio ( ! circumf]5ce to ! 
radius1 gives #g4hej4gia4gcf feet1 = !  
mean circumf]5ce ( ! lun> orbit4        
,fur!r1 ! mean sid]eal p]iod ( ! moon is
 #bcfjeia seconds & ! #a_/bcfjeia? "p ( 
#g4hej4gia4gcf is ! arc ! moon describes
 9 "o second  #ccbe4ggcha feet1 ! squ>e 
( :i* divid$ by ! diamet] ( ! orbit1    
gives ! fall ( ! moon f ! tang5t or v]s$
 size ( t arc4      #aajfgga4cfhgffdd   
----------------  #j4jjddbfajf feet4    
#bdihihdgdf  ,?is fraction is1 h[ev]1   
too small1 z ! ablatiti\s action ( ! sun
 dim9i%es ! attraction ( ! e>? on !     

moon1 9 ! ratio ( #agh #bi_/dj to #agg  
#bi_/dj4 ,s t we mu/ increase ! fall ( !
 moon 9 ! ratio ( #gaa to #gae1 & h5ce !
 true fall ( ! moon f ! tang5t ( h]     
orbit becomes #j4jjdea feet p] second4  
,we h f\nd ! fall ( a body at ! surface 
( ! e>?1 consid]$ z a sph]e1 #af4ajfg   
feet p] second1 & ! =ce ( gravity       
dim9i%es z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances        
increases4 ,! pol> diamet] ( ! e>? is   
set d[n z #ghii4agj miles1 & !          
equatorial diamet] #gibe4fdh miles2     
!re=e1 ! mean diamet] is #giaf4ahi      
miles4#cf ,s t1 reckon+ 9 mean radii ( !
 e>?1 ! moon's di/ance is #ei4ghgibe1   
:i* squ>$1 is equal to                  
#cegd4eieigehjefbe4 ,at "o mean radius  
di/ance1 t is1 at ! surface1 ! =ce (    
gravity1 or fall p] second1 is z above1 
#af4ajfg feet4 ,divide ?is by ! squ>e ( 
! di/ance1 x is                         
#af4ajfg_/cegd4eieigehjefbe  #j4jjdejeh 
feet = ! =ce ( gravity at ! moon4 ,b1 f 
! prec$+ calculation1 x appe>s1 t ! moon
 only falls #j4jjddeaj feet 9 a second1 

%[+ a defici5cy ( #a_/hb;d "p ( !       
pr9cipal =ce t reta9s ! moon 9 h] orbit1
 be+ m ?an d\ble ! :ole di/urb+ p[] ( ! 
sun1 :i* is only #a_/agh? ( ! e>?'s     
gravity at ! moon2 yet1 on ?is #a_/agh? 
dep5ds ! revolution ( ! lun> apogee &   
nodes1 & all ^? v>iations :i* clo! !    
lun> !ory ) su* =midable difficulties4  
,! moon's mass _c be less ?an #a_/hj1 & 
if we consid] x great]1 z x no d\bt is1 
! results obta9$ w be /ill m discrepant4
 ,mu* ( ?is discrepancy is ow+ to !     
expulsive p[] ( ! radial /ream ( ! t]ral
 vortex2 yet1 x may be suspect$ t !     
effect is too great to be attribut$ to  
?is1 &1 = ?is reason1 we h sugge/$ t !  
fus$ matt] ( ! moon's c5tre may n       
gravitate ) ! same =ce z ! ext]ior p>ts1
 & ?us contribute to increase !         
discrepancy4  ,z !re mu/ be a simil>    
effect produc$ by ! radial /ream ( e    
vortex1 ! masses ( all ! planets w appe>
 too small1 z d]iv$ f _! gravitat+ =ce2 
& ! in]tia ( ! sun w also be great] ?an 
8 app>5t mass2 & if1 9 addition to ?is1 

!re be a portion ( ^! masses lat5t1 we  
%all h an ample explanation ( !         
connection betwe5 ! planet>y d5sities & 
di/ances4 ,we mu/ !re=e inquire :at is !
 p>ticul> law ( =ce :i* gov]ns ! radial 
/ream ( ! sol> vortex4 ,x w be necess>y 
to ent] into ?is "q a little m 9 detail 
?an our limits w ju/ify2 b x is ! resi/+
 influ5ce ( ! e!r1 & its consequ5ces1   
:i* w appe> to pres5t a vuln]able po9t 9
 ! pres5t !ory1 & to be incompatible ) !
 p]fection ( a/ronomical sci5ce4   ,,law
 ,,( ,,d5sity ,,9 ,,sol> ,,vortex4      
,rev]t+ to ! dynamical pr9ciple1 t !    
product ( e p>ticle ( matt] 9 a fluid   
vortex1 mov+ ar\nd a giv5 axis1 by its  
di/ance f ! c5tre & angul> velocity1 mu/
 ev] be a con/ant quantity1 x foll[s t  
if ! e!real m$ium be uni=mly d5se1 !    
p]iodic times ( ! p>ts ( ! vortex w be  
directly z ! di/ances f ! c5tre or axis2
 b ! angul> velocities be+ inv]sely z ! 
times1 ! absolute velocities w be equal 
at all di/ances f ! c5tre4  ,newton1 9  
exam9+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,c>tesian vortices1

 supposes ! case ( a globe 9 motion1    
gradually communicat+ t motion to !     
surr\nd+ fluid1 & f9ds t ! p]iodic times
 w be 9 ! duplicate ratio ( ! di/ances f
 ! c5tre ( ! globe4 ,he & 8 successors h
 always assum$ t x 0 impossible = !     
pr9ciple ( gravity to be true1 & a      
,c>tesian pl5um also2 consequ5tly1 ! "q 
has n be5 fairly treat$4 ,x is true t   
,desc>tes s\ght to expla9 ! motions ( ! 
planets1 by ! me*anical action ( a fluid
 vortex solely2 & to ,newton belongs !  
glori\s honor ( det]m9+1 ! exi/5ce ( a  
c5tripetal =ce1 compet5t to expla9 ^!   
motions ma!matically1 7b n physically17 
& ra%ly reject$ an intelligible pr9ciple
 = a miracul\s virtue4 ,if our !ory be  
true1 ! visible creation dep5ds on !    
exi/5ce ( bo? work+ toge!r 9 h>mony1 & t
 a physical m$ium is absolutely necess>y
 to ! exi/5ce ( gravitation4  ,if space 
be fill$ ) a fluid m$ium1 analogy w\ld  
tea* u t x is 9 motion1 & t !re mu/ be  
inequalities 9 ! direction & velocity ( 
t motion1 & consequ5tly !re mu/ be      

vortices4 ,& if we asc5d into ! hi/ory (
 ! pa/1 we %all f9d ample te/imony t !  
planet>y matt] n[ compos+ ! memb]s ( !  
sol> sy/em1 0 once "o va/ nebul\s cl\d (
 atoms1 p>tak+ ( ! vorticose motion ( ! 
fluid involv+ !m4 ,:e!r ! gradual       
accumulation ( ^! atoms r\nd a c5tral   
nucleus f ! surr\nd+ space1 & ?us hav+  
_! tang5tial motion ( translation       
conv]t$ into vorticose motion1 fir/     
produc$ ! vortex 9 ! e!r2 or :e!r !     
vortex _h previ\sly exi/$1 9 consequ5ce 
( conflict+ curr5ts 9 ! e!r1 & ! scatt]$
 atoms ( space 7 drawn into ! vortex by 
! pol> curr5t1 ?us =m+ a nucleus at !   
c5tre1 z a necess>y result ( ! eddy :i* 
w\ld obta9 !re1 is ( little consequ5ce4 
,! ultimate result w\ld be ! same4 ,a   
nucleus1 once =m$1 w\ld give rise to a  
c5tral =ce1 t5d+ m & m to c\nt]act !    
c5tripulsive p[] ( ! radial /ream2 & 9  
consequ5ce ( ?is cont9ually increas+    
c5tral p[]1 ! heavie/ atoms w\ld be be/ 
enabl$ to )/& ! radial /ream1 :ile !    
light] atoms might be c>ri$ away to !   

out] b\nd>ies ( ! vortex1 to congregate 
at leisure1 &1 aft] ! lapse ( a ?\s&    
ye>s1 to aga9 face ! radial /ream 9 a m 
cond5s$ mass1 & to =ce a passage to ! v 
c5tre ( ! vortex1 9 an almo/ p>abolic   
curve4 ,t space is fill$ ) isolat$ atoms
 or planet>y du/1 is r5d]$ v probable by
 a fact discov]$ by ,/ruve1 t !re is a  
gradual ext9ction 9 ! light ( ! />s1    
am\nt+ to a loss ( #a_/ajg ( ! :ole1 9 !
 di/ance :i* sep>ates ,sirius f ! sun4  
,accord+ to ,/ruve1 ?is c be acc\nt$ =1 
by admitt+ z v probable t space is fill$
 ) an e!r1 capable ( int]cept+ 9 "s     
degree ! light4 ,is x n z probable t ?is
 ext9ction is due to planet>y du/1      
scatt]$ ?r\gh ! pure e!r1 ^: vibrations 
convey ! light1--! mat]ial atoms (      
future worlds1--! debris ( dilapidat$   
comets8 ,does n ! ,scripture tea* ! same
 ?+1 9 ass]t+ t ! heav5s are n clean8   
,! !ory ( vortices has _h _m /aun*      
support]s among/ ^? deeply v]s$ 9 !     
sci5ce ( ! s*ools4 ,! ,b]n\llis propos$ 
sev]al +5i\s hypo!sis1 to free !        

,c>tesian sy/em f ! objections urg$     
aga9/ x1 viz43 t ! velocities ( !       
planets1 9 accordance ) ! ?ree great    
laws ( ,kepl]1 _c be made to correspond 
) ! motion ( a fluid vortex2 b !y1 & all
 o!rs1 gave ! vantage gr\nd to ! def5d]s
 ( ! ,newtonian philosophy1 by seek+ to 
ref] ! pr9ciple ( gravitation to        
conditions dep5d5t on ! d5sity &        
vorticose motion ( ! e!r4 ,:5 we admit t
 ! e!r is impond]able & yet mat]ial1 &  
planet>y matt] subject to ! law (       
gravitation1 ! objections urg$ aga9/ !  
!ory ( vortices become comp>atively     
trivial1 & we %all n /op to refute !m1 b
 proce$ ) ! inve/igation1 & consid] t ! 
e!r is ! orig9al s\rce ( ! planet>y     
motions & arrangem5ts4  ,on !           
supposition t ! e!r is uni=mly d5se1 we 
h %[n t ! p]iodic times w be directly z 
! di/ances f ! axis4 ,if ! d5sity be    
inv]sely z ! di/ances1 ! p]iodic times w
 be equal4 ,if ! d5sity be inv]sely z ! 
squ>e roots ( ! di/ances1 ! times w be  
directly 9 ! same ratio4 ,! celebrat$   

,j4 ,b]n\lli assum$ ?is la/ ratio2 b    
seek+ ! s\rce ( motion 9 ! rotat+ c5tral
 globe1 he 0 l$ into a hypo!sis at      
v>iance ) analogy4 ,! ellipticity ( !   
orbit1 accord+ to ?is view1 0 caus$ by !
 planet oscillat+ ab\t a mean           
position1--s9k+ fir/ into ! d5se        
e!r1--!n1 on acc\nt ( sup]ior buoyancy1 
ris+ into too light a m$ium4 ,ev5 if no 
o!r objection c\ld be urg$ to ?is view1 
! difficulty ( expla9+ :y ! e!r %\ld be 
d5s] ne> ! sun1 w\ld /ill rema94 ,we    
might make o!r suppositions2 = :atev]   
ratio ( ! di/ances we assume = ! d5sity 
( ! m$ium1 ! p]iodic times w be comp\nd$
 ( ^? di/ances & ! assum$ ratio4 ,see+1 
!re=e1 t ! p]iodic times ( ! planets    
obs]ve ! direct ses-plicate ratio ( !   
di/ances1 & t x is consonant to all     
analogy to suppose ! contigu\s p>ts ( ! 
vortex to h ! same ratio1 we f9d t !    
d5sity ( ! e!real m$ium 9 ! sol> vortex1
 is directly z ! squ>e roots ( !        
di/ances f ! axis4  ,aga9/ ?is view1 x  
may be urg$ t if ! in]tia ( ! m$ium is s

 small1 z is suppos$1 & its ela/icity s 
great1 !re c be no cond5sation by       
c5trifugal =ce ( rotation4 ,x is true t 
:5 we say ! e!r is cond5s$ by ?is =ce1  
we speak incorrectly4 ,if 9 an inf9ite  
space ( impond]able fluid a vortex is   
g5]at$1 ! c5tral p>ts are r>efi$1 & !   
ext]ior p>ts are un*ang$4 ,b 9 all f9ite
 vortices !re mu/ be a limit1 outside ( 
:i* ! motion is null1 or p]haps contr>y4
 ,9 ?is case !re may be a cyl9drical r+1
 :]e ! m$ium w be some:at d5s] ?an      
outside4 ,j z 9 wat]1 e little vortex is
 surr\nd$ by a circul> wave1 visible by 
reflection4 ,z ! d5sity ( ! planet      
,neptune appe>s1 f pres5t indications1  
to be a little d5s] ?an ,uranus1 &      
,uranus is d5s] ?an ,saturn1 we may     
conceive t !re is su* a wave 9 ! sol>   
vortex1 ne> :i* rides ?is la/ magnific5t
 planet1 ^: r+ w\ld ?us be an           
appropriate emblem ( ! peculi> position 
occupi$ by ,saturn4 ,?is may be ! case1 
al?\gh ! probability is1 t ! d5sity (   
,saturn is mu* great] ?an x appe>s1 z we

 %all pres5tly expla94  ,9 ord] to %[ t 
!re is no?+ extravagant 9 ! supposition 
( ! d5sity ( ! e!r be+ directly z !     
squ>e roots ( ! di/ances f ! axis1 we w 
take a fluid ^: law ( d5sity is kn[n1 & 
calculate ! effect ( ! c5trifugal =ce1  
consid]$ z a compress+ p[]4 ,let u      
assume our atmosph]e to be #dg miles    
high1 & ! compress+ p[] ( ! e>?'s       
gravity to be #bhi times great] ?an !   
c5trifugal =ce ( ! equator1 & ! p]iodic 
"t ( rotation necess>y to give a        
c5trifugal =ce at ! equator equal to !  
gravitat+ =ce to be #hc m9utes4 ,n[1    
consid]+ ! gravitat+ =ce to be uni=m1 f 
! surface ( ! e>? upw>ds1 & kn[+ f      
obs]vation t at #ah1jjj feet above !    
surface1 ! d5sity ( ! air is only 1 x   
foll[s1 79 accordance ) ! pr9ciple t !  
d5sity is z ! compress+ =ce17 t at #dc  
miles high1 or #ah1jjj feet bel[ !      
surface ( ! atmosph]e1 ! d5sity is only 
#a_/hjjj "p ( ! d5sity at ! surface ( ! 
e>?4 ,let u take ?is d5sity z be+ ne> ! 
limit ( expansion1 & conceive a holl[   

tube1 rea*+ f ! sun to ! orbit (        
,neptune1 & t ?is end ( ! tube is clos$1
 & ! end at ! sun communicates ) an     
inexhau/ible res]voir ( su* an att5uat$ 
gas z composes ! upp]-lay] ( our        
atmosph]e2 & fur!r1 t ! tube is         
inf9itely /rong to resi/ pressure1 )\t  
(f]+ resi/ance to ! passage ( ! air )9 !
 tube2 !n we say1 t1 if ! air )9 ! tube 
be cont9ually act$ on by a =ce equal to 
! mean c5trifugal =ce ( ! sol> vortex1  
reckon+ f ! sun to ! orbit ( ,neptune1 !
 d5sity ( ! air at t extremity ( ! tube1
 w\ld be great] ?an ! d5sity ( a fluid  
=m$ by ! compression ( ! ocean into "o  
s+le drop4 ,= ! c5trifugal =ce ( !      
vortex at #b1cjj1jjj miles f ! c5tre ( !
 sun1 is equal to gravity at ! surface (
 ! e>?1 & tak+ ! mean c5trifugal =ce ( !
 :ole vortex z "o-million? ( ?is la/    
=ce2 s t at #c1ejj1jjj miles f ! surface
 ( ! sun1 ! d5sity ( ! air 9 ! tube     
7suppos+ x ob/ruct$ at t di/ance7 w\ld  
be d\ble ! d5sity ( ! att5uat$ air 9 !  
res]voir4 ,& ! air at ! extremity ( !   

tube rea*+ to ! orbit ( ,neptune1 w\ld  
be z mu* d5s] ?an ! air we brea!1 z a   
numb] express$ by #bgc ) #bci ciph]s    
annex$1 is great] ?an unity4 ,?is is on 
! supposition ( inf9ite compressibility4
 ,n[1 9 ! sol> vortex !re is no physical
 b>ri] to oppose ! passage ( ! e!r f !  
c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 & ! d5sity ( !  
e!real ocean mu/ be consid]$ uni=m1     
except 9 ! int]ior ( ! /ell> vortices1  
:]e x w be r>efi$2 & ! r>efaction w     
dep5d on ! c5trifugal =ce & ! l5g? ( !  
axis ( ! vortex4 ,if ?is axis be v long1
 & ! c5trifugal velocity v great1 ! pol>
 influx w n be suffici5t1 & ! c5tral    
p>ts w be r>efi$4 ,we see1 !re=e1 no    
reason :y ! d5sity ( ! e!r may n be ?ree
 times great] at ,saturn ?an at ! e>?1  
or z ! squ>e roots ( ! di/ances         
directly4   ,,bodes' ,,law ,,(          
,,planet>y ,,di/ances4  ,?us1 9 ! sol>  
vortex1 !re w be two pol> curr5ts meet+ 
at ! sun1 & !nce be+ deflect$ at "r     
angles1 9 planes p>allel to ! c5tral    
plane ( ! vortex1 & /ronge/ 9 t c5tral  

plane4 ,! velocity ( expansion mu/1     
!re=e1 dim9i% f ! div]g5ce ( ! radii1 z 
! di/ances increase2 b 9 advanc+ along  
^! planes1 ! e!r ( ! vortex is          
cont9ually gett+ m d5se1 :i* op]ate by  
absorption or cond5sation on ! radial   
/ream2 s t ! velocity is /ill m dim9i%$1
 & ?is 9 ! ratio ( ! squ>e roots ( !    
di/ances directly4 ,by comb9+ ^! two    
ratios1 we f9d t ! velocity ( ! radial  
/ream w be 9 ! ses-plicate ratio ( !    
di/ances inv]sely4 ,b ! =ce ( ?is /ream 
is n z ! velocity1 b z ! squ>e ( !      
velocity4 ,! =ce ( ! radial /ream is    
consequ5tly z ! cubes ( ! di/ances      
inv]sely1 f ! axis ( ! vortex1 reckon$ 9
 ! same plane4 ,if ! e!r1 h[ev]1 loses 9
 velocity by ! increas+ d5sity ( !      
m$ium1 x becomes also m d5se2 !re=e !   
true =ce ( ! radial /ream w be z its    
d5sity & ! squ>e ( its velocity1 or     
directly z ! squ>e roots ( ! di/ances1 &
 inv]sely z ! cubes ( ! di/ances1 or z !
 #b4e p[] ( ! di/ances inv]sely4  ,if we
 consid] ! c5tral plane ( ! vortex z    

co9cid5t ) ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 & !    
planet>y orbits1 also1 9 ! same plane2 &
 _h ! =ce ( ! radial /ream be5 inv]sely 
z ! squ>e ( ! di/ances1 !re c\ld be no  
di/urbance produc$ by ! action ( !      
radial /ream4 ,x w\ld only c\nt]act !   
gravitation ( ! c5tral body by a c]ta9  
am\nt1 & w\ld be exactly proportion$ at 
all di/ances4 ,z x is1 !re is an out/&+ 
=ce z a di/urb+ =ce1 :i* is 9 ! inv]se  
ratio ( ! squ>e roots ( ! di/ances f !  
sun2 & to ?is is1 no d\bt1 ow+1 9 "p1 ! 
fact1 t ! planet>y di/ances are arrang$ 
9 ! inv]se ord] ( _! d5sities4  ,suppose
 two planets to h ! same diamet] to be  
plac$ 9 ! same orbit1 !y w only be 9    
equilibrium :5 _! d5sities are equal4   
,if _! d5sities are unequal1 ! light]   
planet w cont9ually enl>ge its orbit1   
until ! =ce ( ! radial /ream becomes    
proportional to ! planets' resi/+ en]gy4
 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is on ! hypo!sis t !      
planets are n p]meable by ! radial      
/ream1 :i*1 p]haps1 is m consi/5t )     
analogy ?an ) ! reality4 ,& x is m      

probable t ! mean atomic weight ( a     
planet's elem5ts t5ds m to fix !        
position ( equilibrium = ea*4 ,"u ! law 
( gravity1 a planet may revolve at any  
di/ance f ! sun1 b if we sup]add a      
c5tripulsive =ce1 ^: law is n t (       
gravity1 b yet 9 "s inv]se ratio ( !    
di/ances1 & ?is =ce acts only           
sup]ficially1 x w\ld be possible to make
 up 9 volume :at is want$ 9 d5sity1 & a 
light] planet might ?us be f\nd occupy+ 
! position ( a d5se planet4 ,s ! planet 
,jupit]1 respect+ only 8 resi/+ surface1
 is bett] able to )/& ! =ce ( ! radial  
/ream at ! e>? ?an ! e>? itself4 ,to    
und]/& ?is1 x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d1 
t1 z f> z planet>y matt] is conc]n$1 !  
e>? w\ld revolve 9 ,jupit]'s orbit 9 !  
same p]iodic "t z ,jupit]1 "u ! law (   
gravity3 b t1 9 reality1 ! :ole ( !     
gravitat+ =ce is n effective1 & t !     
equilibrium ( a planet is due to a nice 
balance ( int]f]+ =ces aris+ f !        
planet's physical peculi>ities4 ,z 9 a  
refract+ body1 ! d5sity ( ! e!r may be  

consid]$ inv]sely z ! refraction1 & ?is 
z ! atomic weight ( ! refract+ mat]ial1 
s1 also1 9 a planet1 ! d5sity ( ! e!r w 
be inv]sely 9 ! same ratio ( ! d5sity ( 
! matt] approximately4 ,h5ce1 ! d5sity (
 ! e!r )9 ! planet ,jupit] is great] ?an
 t )9 ! e>?2 &1 on ?is e!real matt]1 !  
sun has no p[] to re/ra9 x 9 its orbit1 
s t ! c5trifugal mom5tum ( ,jupit] w\ld 
be relatively great] ?an ! c5trifugal   
mom5tum ( ! e>?1 7 x also 9 ,jupit]'s   
orbit ) ! same p]iodic "t4 ,h5ce1 to    
make an equilibrium1 ! e>? %\ld revolve 
9 a m$ium ( less d5sity1 t !re may be ! 
same proportion betwe5 ! ext]nal e!r1 & 
! e!r )9 ! e>?1 z !re is betwe5 ! e!r   
ar\nd ,jupit] & ! e!r )92 s t !         
c5trifugal t5d5cy ( ! d5se e!r at       
,jupit] %all c\nt]act ! great] mom5tum (
 ! d5se e!r )9 ,jupit]2 or1 t ! lack (  
c5trifugal mom5tum 9 ! e>? %\ld be r5d]$
 equal to ! c5trifugal mom5tum (        
,jupit]1 by ! defici5cy ( ! c5trifugal  
mom5tum ( ! e!r at ! di/ance ( ! e>?4   
,if !n1 ! diamet]s ( all ! planets 7 !  

same 7suppos+ ! e!r to act only         
sup]ficially71 ! d5sities w\ld be z !   
di/ances inv]sely2#cg = ! =ce due to !  
radial /ream is z ! squ>e roots ( !     
di/ance inv]sely1 & ! =ce due to !      
mom5tum1 if ! d5sity ( ! e!r )9 a planet
 be inv]sely z ! squ>e root ( a planet's
 di/ance1 w also be inv]sely z ! squ>e  
roots ( ! di/ances approximately4 ,we   
(f] ^! views1 h[ev]1 only z sugge/ions  
to o!rs m compet5t to grapple ) ! "q1 z 
promis+ a satisfactory solution (       
,bode's empirical =mula4  ,if !re be a  
wave ( d5s] e!r cyl9drically dispos$    
ar\nd ! vortex at ! di/ance ( ,saturn1  
or betwe5 ,saturn & ,uranus1 we see :y !
 law ( d5sities & di/ances is n         
cont9u\s4 ,=1 if ! law ( d5sity *anges1 
x mu/ be ow+ to su* a r+ or wave4       
,inside ?is wave1 ! two =ces w be       
inv]se2 b outside1 "o w be inv]se1 & !  
o!r direct3 h5ce1 !re %\ld also be a    
*ange 9 ! law ( di/ances4 ,z ?is *ange  
does n take place until we pass ,uranus1
 x may be suspect$ t ! great disp>ity 9 

! d5sity ( ,saturn may be m app>5t ?an  
real4 ,! d5sity ( a planet is ! relation
 betwe5 its mass & volume or ext5sion1  
no matt] :at ! =m ( ! body may be4 ,f   
c]ta9 obs]vations ( ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el--!
 ,titan ( practical a/ronom]s--! figure 
( ,saturn 0 suspect$ to be t ( a squ>e  
figure1 ) ! corn]s r\nd$ (f1 s z to     
leave bo? ! equatorial & pol> zones     
flatt] ?an p]ta9$ to a true sph]oidal   
figure4 ,! exi/5ce ( an unbrok5 r+ ar\nd
 ,saturn1 c]ta9ly atta*es a peculi>ity  
to ?is planet :i* prep>es u to meet o!r 
dep>tures f ! usual ord]4 ,& :5 we      
reflect on ! small d5sity1 & rapid      
rotation1 ! =mation ( ?is r+1 & ! figure
 suspect$ by ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el1 x is    
nei!r impossible nor improbable1 t !re  
may be a cyl9drical vacant space        
surr\nd+ ! axis ( ,saturn1 or at lea/1 t
 8 solid p>ts may be cyl9drical1 & 8    
globul> =m be due to ela/ic gases &     
vapors1 :i* effectually conceal 8 pol>  
op5+s4 ,& also1 by dilat+ & contract+ at
 ! poles1 9 consequ5ce ( incl9ation to !

 radial /ream1 7j z ! e>?'s atmosph]e is
 bulg$ out suffici5tly to affect !      
b>omet] at c]ta9 h\rs e day17 give t    
peculi>ity ( =m 9 c]ta9 positions ( !   
planet 9 its orbit4 ,ju/ice to ,sir ,wm4
 ,h]s*el requires t 8 obs]vations %all n
 be attribut$ to optical illusions4 ,?is
 view1 h[ev]1 :i* may be true 9 ! case (
 ,saturn1 w\ld be absurd :5 appli$ to ! 
e>?1 z has be5 done )9 ! pres5t c5tury4 
,f ^! consid]ations1 x is at lea/       
possible1 t ! d5sity ( ,saturn may be v 
little less1 or ev5 great] ?an ! d5sity 
( ,uranus1 & be 9 h>mony ) ! law (      
di/ances4  ,x is n[ app>5tly            
satisfactorily det]m9$1 t ,neptune is   
d5s] ?an ,uranus1 & ! law be+ *ang$1 we 
mu/ look = transneptunean planets at    
di/ances correspond+ ) ! new law (      
arrangem5t4 ,b !re are o!r modify+      
causes :i* h an influ5ce 9 fix+ !       
precise position ( equilibrium ( a      
planet4 ,ea* planet ( ! sy/em possess+  
rotation1 is surr\nd$ by an e!real      
vortex1 & ea* vortex has its own radial 

/ream1 ! =ce ( :i* 9 oppos+ ! radial    
/ream ( ! sun1 dep5ds on ! diamet] &    
d5sity ( ! planet1 on ! velocity (      
rotation1 on ! incl9ation ( its axis1 & 
on ! d5sity ( ! e!r at ea* p>ticul>     
vortex2 b ! num]ical v]ification ( !    
position ( ea* planet ) ! =ces we h     
m5tion$1 _c be made 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! 
"q4 ,!re is "o fact wor?y ( note1 z be>+
 on ! !ory ( vortices 9 connection ) !  
rotation ( ! planets1 viz43 t obs]vation
 has det]m9$ t ! axial rotation &       
sid]eal revolution ( ! second>ies1 are  
id5tical2 ?us %[+ t !y are )\t vortices1
 & are motionless relative to ! e!r ( ! 
vortex to :i* !y belong4 ,we may also   
adv]t to ! !ory ( ,doctor ,olb]s1 t !   
a/]oidal gr\p1 are ! fragm5ts ( a l>g]  
planet :i* once fill$ ! vacancy betwe5  
,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,al?\gh ?is idea is n   
g5]ally receiv$1 x is ga!r+ /r5g? e ye> 
by ! discov]y ( o!r fragm5ts1 ^: numb]  
n[ am\nts to tw5ty-six4 ,if ! idea be j1
 our !ory (f]s an explanation ( ! great 
diff]5ces obs]vable 9 ! mean di/ances ( 

^! bodies1 & :i* w\ld o!rwise =m a /rong
 objection aga9/ ! hypo!sis4 ,= if ^!   
little planets be fragm5ts1 !re w be    
diff]5ces ( d5sity accord+ z !y belong$ 
to ! c5tral or sup]ficial p>ts ( !      
quondam planet1 & _! mean di/ances mu/  
consequ5tly v>y also4  ,!re are "s o!r  
peculi>ities connect+ ! di/ances &      
d5sities1 to :i* we %all devote a few   
words4 ,9 ! primordial /ate ( ! sy/em1  
:5 ! nebul\s masses agglom]at$ into     
sph]es1 ! diamet] ( ^! nebul\s sph]es   
w\ld be det]m9$ by ! relation exi/+     
betwe5 ! rotation ( ! mass1 & !         
gravitat+ =ce at ! c5tre2 = z long z !  
c5trifugal =ce at ! equator exce$$ !    
gravitat+ =ce1 !re w\ld be a cont9ual   
?r[+ (f ( matt] f ! equator1 z fa/ z x 0
 br\ght f ! poles1 until a balance 0    
produc$4 ,x is also extremely probable1 
7especially if ! elem5t>y compon5ts (   
wat] are z abundant 9 o!r planets z we h
 reason to suppose !m to be on ! e>?17 t
 ! cond5sation ( ! gase\s planets into  
liquids & solids1 0 effect$ 9 a brief   

p]iod ( "t1#ch leav+ ! light] & m ela/ic
 sub/ances z a nebul\s atmosph]e ar\nd  
globes ( semi-fluid matt]1 ^: diamet]s h
 nev] be5 mu* increas$ by ! subsequ5t   
cond5sation ( _! gase\s envelopes4 ,!   
ext5t ( ^! atmosph]es be+ 79 ! way po9t$
 out7 det]m9$ by ! rotation1 _!         
subsequ5t cond5sation has n !re=e *ang$ 
! orig9al rotation ( ! c5tral globe by  
any appreciable quantity4 ,! pres5t     
rotation ( ! planets1 is !re=e compet5t 
to det]m9e ! =m] diamet]s ( ! nebul\s   
planets1 i4e41 ! limit :]e ! pres5t     
c5tral =ce w\ld be balanc$ by !         
c5trifugal =ce ( rotation4 ,if we make !
 calculation = ! planets1 & take = !    
unit ( ea* planet its pres5t diamet]1 we
 %all f9d t !y h cond5s$ f _! orig9al   
nebul\s /ate1 by a quantity dep5d5t on !
 di/ance1 f ! c5tre ( ! sy/em2 & !re=e  
on ! orig9al temp]ature ( ! nebul\s mass
 at t p>ticul> di/ance4 ,let u make !   
calculation = ,jupit] & ! e>?1 & call ! 
orig9al nebul\s planets ! nucleus ( !   
vortex4 ,we f9d ! ,equatorial diamet] ( 

,jupit]'s nucleus 9 equatorial diamet]s 
( ,jupit]  #b4ba1 & ! equatorial diamet]
 ( ! e>?'s nucleus1 9 equatorial        
diamet]s ( ! e>?  #f4ei4 ,n[1 if we take
 ! orig9al temp]ature ( ! nebul\s       
planets to be inv]sely1 z ! squ>es ( !  
di/ances f ! sun1 & _! volumes directly 
z ! cubes ( ! diamet]s 9 ! unit ( ea*1  
we f9d t ^! cubes are to ea* o!r1 9 !   
inv]se ratio ( ! squ>es ( ! planet's    
di/ances2 =1    #b4ba 3 #f4ei 33 #a 3   
#e4b1  %[+ t bo? planets h cond5s$      
equally1 all[+ = ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature
 at ! beg9n+4 ,& we %all f9d1 beg9n+ at 
! sun1 t ! diamet]s ( ! nebul\s planets1
 cet]is p>ibus1 dim9i% outw>ds1 giv+ = !
 nebul\s sun a diamet] ( #af1jjj1jjj    
miles1#ci ?us indicat+ 8 orig9al great  
temp]ature4  ,t ! orig9al nebul\s       
planets did rotate 9 ! same "t z !y d at
 pres5t1 is prov$ by ,saturn's r+2 = if 
we make ! calculation1 ab\t twice !     
diamet] ( ,saturn4 ,n[1 ! diamet] ( !   
planet is ab\t #hj1jjj miles1 :i* w also
 be ! semi-diamet] ( ! nebul\s planet2 &

 ! middle ( ! out] r+ has also a        
semi-diamet] ( #hj1jjj miles2 !re=e1 !  
r+ is ! equatorial portion ( ! orig9al  
nebul\s planet1 & ought1 on ?is !ory1 to
 rotate 9 ! same "t z ,saturn4 ,accord+ 
to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,saturn rotates 9
 #aj h\rs1 #bi m9utes1 & #ag seconds1 & 
! r+ rotates 9 #aj h\rs1 #bi m9utes1 &  
#ag seconds3 yet ?is is n ! p]iodic "t (
 a satellite1 at ! di/ance ( ! middle ( 
! r+2 nei!r ought ! r+s to rotate 9 !   
same "t2 yet z f> z obs]vation c be     
tru/$1 bo? ! inn] & out] r+ d actually  
rotate 9 ! same "t4 ,! tru? is1 ! r+    
rotates too fa/1 if we d]ive its        
c5trifugal =ce f ! analogy ( its        
satellites2 b x is1 no d\bt1 9          
equilibrium2 & ! effective mass (       
,saturn on ! satellites is less ?an !   
true mass1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 radial /ream
 be+ imm5sely increas$ by ! additional  
=ce impress$ on ! e!r1 by ! c5trifugal  
velocity ( ! r+4 ,if ?is be s1 ! mass ( 
,saturn1 d]iv$ f "o ( ! inn] satellites1
 w be less ?an ! same mass d]iv$ f !    

great satellite1 ^: orbit is consid]ably
 incl9$4 ,! analogy we h m5tion$1 betwe5
 ! diamet]s ( ! nebul\s planets & _!    
di/ances1 does n hold good 9 ! case (   
,saturn1 = ! reason already assign$1    
viz43 t ! nebul\s planet 0 probably n a 
globe1 b a cyl9drical r+1 vacant ar\nd !
 axis1 z !re is reason to suppose is !  
case at pres5t4  ,& n[ we h to ask ! "q1
 ,did ! e!r involv$ 9 ! nebul\s planets 
rotate 9 ! same "t8 ,?is does n         
necess>ily foll[4 ,! e!r w und\bt$ly t5d
 to move ) increas+ velocity to ! v     
c5tre ( motion1 obey+ ! great dynamical 
pr9ciple :5 unresi/$4 ,if resi/$1 ! law 
w p]haps be modifi$2 b 9 ?is case1 its  
motion ( translation w be conv]t$ into  
atomic motion or heat1 accord+ to !     
motion lo/ by ! resi/ance ( atomic      
matt]4 ,?is "q has a be>+ on _m         
geological ph5om5a4 ,z reg>ds ! g5]al   
effect1 h[ev]1 ! pres5t velocity ( ! e!r
 circulat+ r\nd ! planets1 may be       
consid]$ mu* great] ?an ! velocities ( !
 planets !mselves4   ,,p]turbations     

,,due ,,to ,,! ,,e!r4  ,9 ^!            
inve/igations x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d
 t ! :ole resi/+ p[] ( ! e!r1 9 di/urb+ 
! planet>y movem5ts1 is b small1 9      
comp>ison ) gravitation4 ,we w1 h[ev]1  
%[ t1 9 ! case ( ! planets1 !re is a    
comp5sation cont9ually made by ?is      
resi/ance1 :i* leaves b a v small out/&+
 balance z a di/urb+ p[]4 ,if we suppose
 all ! planets to move 9 ! c5tral plane 
( ! vortex 9 circul> orbits1 & ! =ce ( !
 radial /ream1 7or t portion :i* is n 9 
accordance ) ! law ( gravitation17 to be
 inv]sely z ! squ>e roots ( ! di/ances f
 ! sun1 x is evid5t1 f :at has be5      
advanc$1 t an equilibrium c\ld /ill     
obta91 by v>iations 9 ! d5sities1       
di/ances & diamet] ( ! planets4         
,suppos+1 aga91 t ! planets /ill move 9 
! same plane1 b 9 elliptical orbits1 & t
 !y are 9 equilibrium at _! mean        
di/ances1 "u ! influ5ce or action ( !   
tang5tial curr5t1 ! radial /ream1 & !   
d5sity ( ! e!r2 we see t ! =ce ( !      
radial /ream is too great at !          

p]ihelion1 & too small at ! aphelion4   
,at ! p]ihelion ! planet is urg$ f ! sun
 & at ! aphelion t[>ds ! sun4 ,! d5sity 
& consequ5t mom5tum is also relatively  
too great at ! p]ihelion1 :i* also urges
 ! planet f ! sun1 & at ! aphelion1     
relatively too small1 :i* urges ! planet
 t[>ds sun2 & ! law is ! same 9 bo?     
cases1 be+ null at ! mean di/ance ( !   
planet1 at a maximum at ! apsides2 x is1
 consequ5tly1 z ! cos9e ( ! planet's    
ecc5tric anomaly at o!r di/ances1 & is  
positive or negative1 accord+ z !       
planet's di/ance is above or bel[ !     
mean4  ,at ! planet's mean di/ance1 !   
circul> velocity ( ! vortex is equal to 
! circul> velocity ( ! planet1 &1 at    
diff]5t di/ances1 is inv]sely 9 !       
sub-duplicate ratio ( ^? di/ances4 ,b ! 
circul> velocity ( a planet 9 ! same    
orbit1 is 9 ! simple ratio ( ! di/ances 
inv]sely4 ,at ! p]ihelion1 ! planet     
!re=e moves fa/] ?an ! e!r ( ! vortex1 &
 at ! aphelion1 sl[]2 & ! diff]5ce is z 
! squ>e roots ( ! di/ances2 b ! =ce (   

resi/ance is z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 &  
is !re=e 9 ! simple ratio ( ! di/ances1 
z we h already f\nd = ! effect ( !      
radial /ream1 & c5trifugal mom5tum ( !  
int]nal e!r4 ,at ! p]ihelion ?is excess 
( tang5tial velocity creates a          
resi/ance1 :i* urges ! planet t[>ds !   
sun1 & at ! aphelion1 ! defici5cy (     
tang5tial velocity urges ! planet f !   
sun1--! maximum effect be+ at ! apsides 
( ! orbit1 & null at ! mean di/ances4 ,9
 o!r positions x is1 !re=e1 z ! cos9es (
 ! ecc5tric anomaly1 z 9 ! =m] case2 b 9
 ?is la/ case x is an addititi\s =ce at 
! p]ihelion1 & an ablatiti\s =ce at !   
aphelion1 :]eas ! fir/ di/urb+ =ce 0 an 
ablatiti\s =ce at ! p]ihelion1 & an     
addititi\s =ce at ! aphelion2 !re=e1 z  
we mu/ suppose ! planet to be 9         
equilibrium at its mean di/ance1 x is 9 
equilibrium at all di/ances4 ,h5ce1 a   
planet mov+ 9 ! c5tral plane ( ! vortex1
 exp]i5ces no di/urbance f ! resi/ance (
 ! e!r4  ,z ! ecc5tricities ( ! planet>y
 orbits are cont9ually *ang+ "u !       

influ5ce ( ! law ( gravitation1 we mu/  
inquire :e!r1 "u ^! circum/ances1 su* a 
*ange w\ld n produce a p]man5t d]angem5t
 by a *ange 9 ! mean =ce ( ! radial     
/ream1 s z to increase or dim9i% ! mean 
di/ance ( ! planet f ! sun4 ,! law ( =ce
 d$uc$ f ! !ory = ! radial /ream is z ! 
#b4e p[] ( ! di/ances inv]sely4 ,b1 by  
divid+ ?is ratio1 we may make !         
inve/igation easi]2 = x is equival5t to 
two =ces1 "o be+ z ! squ>es ( !         
di/ances1 & ano!r z ! squ>e roots ( !   
di/ances4 ,= ! =m] =ce1 we f9d t 9      
orbits hav+ ! same major axis ! mean    
effect w be z ! m9or axis ( ! ellipse   
inv]sely1 s t two planets mov+ 9 diff]5t
 orbits1 b at ! same mean di/ance1      
exp]i5ce a less or great] am\nt (       
c5tripulsive =ce f ?is radial /ream1    
accord+ z _! orbits are ( less or great]
 ecc5tricity1 & ?is 9 ! ratio ( ! m9or  
axis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "u ! influ5ce ( a   
=ce act+ c5tripulsively 9 ! inv]se ratio
 ( ! squ>e roots ( ! di/ances1 we f9d ! 
mean effect to be z ! m9or axis ( !     

ellipse directly1 s t two planets 9     
orbits ( diff]5t ecc5tricity1 b hav+ !  
same major axis1 exp]i5ce a diff]5t     
am\nt f ! action ( ?is radial /ream1 !  
lea/ ecc5tric orbit be+ t :i* receives !
 greate/ mean effect4 ,by comb9+ ^! two 
results1 we get a ratio ( equality2 &1  
consequ5tly1 ! action ( ! radial /ream w
 be ! same = ! same orbit1 :atev] *ange 
may take place 9 ! ecc5tricity1 & ! mean
 di/ance ( ! planet w be un*ang$4 ,a    
little consid]ation w also %[ t ! effect
 ( ! c5trifugal mom5tum due to ! d5sity 
( e!r w also be ! same by *ange (       
ecc5tricity2 = ! positive w always      
balance ! negative effect at ! greate/ &
 lea/ di/ances ( ! planet4 ,! same rem>k
 applies to ! effect ( ! tang5tial      
curr5t1 s t no *ange c be produc$ 9 !   
major axes ( ! planet>y orbits by *ange 
( ecc5tricity1 z an effect ( ! resi/ance
 ( ! e!r4  ,we w n[ suppose a planet's  
orbit to be incl9$ to ! c5tral plane ( !
 vortex1 & 9 ?is case1 also1 we f9d1 t !
 action ( ! radial /ream t5ds to        

increase ! incl9ation 9 "o quadrant z   
mu* z x dim9i%es x 9 ! next quadrant1 s 
t no *ange ( incl9ation w result4 ,b1 if
 ! incl9ation ( ! orbit be *ang$ by     
planet>y p]turbations1 ! mean effect ( !
 radial /ream w also be *ang$1 & ?is w  
tell on ! major axis ( ! orbit1 enl>g+ !
 orbit :5 ! incl9ation dim9i%es1 &      
contract+ x :5 x increases4 ,! *ange (  
incl9ation1 h[ev]1 mu/ be ref]r$ to !   
c5tral plane ( ! vortex4 ,not)/&+ !     
p]fection ( mod]n analysis1 x is        
confess$ t ! recession ( ! moon's nodes 
does yet diff] f ! !ory by its #cej? "p1
 & a simil> discrepancy is f\nd = !     
advance ( ! p]igee4#dj ,?is !ory is yet 
f> too imp]fect to say t ! action ( !   
e!real m$ium w acc\nt = ^!              
discrepancies2 b x c]ta9ly we>s a       
promis+ aspect1 wor?y ! notice (        
a/ronom]s4 ,!re are o!r m9ute           
discordancies betwe5 !ory & obs]vation 9
 _m a/ronomical ph5om5a1 :i* !ory is    
compet5t to remove4 ,"s ( ^! we %all    
notice pres5tly2 &1 x may be rem>k$1 t x

 is 9 ^? m9ute quantities :i*1 9        
a/ronomy1 are usually attribut$ to      
errors ( obs]vation1 t ?is !ory w       
ev5tually f9d ! sure/ evid5ce ( its     
tru?4   ,,kepl]',s ,,?ird ,,law ,,only  
,,approximately ,,true4  ,b x may be    
ask$3 ,if !re be a modify+ =ce 9        
a/ronomy d]iv$ f ano!r s\rce ?an t (    
gravitation1 :y is x t ! elem5ts ( !    
v>i\s memb]s ( ! sy/em d]iv$ solely f   
gravitation %\ld be s p]fect8 ,to ?is x 
may be answ]$1 t al?\gh a/ronom]s h     
endeavor$ to d]ive e movem5t 9 ! heav5s 
f t great pr9ciple1 !y h b p>tially     
succe$$4 ,let u n surr5d] our "r (      
exam9+ ,nature to ! au?ority ( a great  
"n1 nor call any man ma/]1 ei!r 9 moral 
or physical sci5ce4 ,x is well kn[n t   
,kepl]'s law ( ! planet>y di/ances &    
p]iods1 is a direct consequ5ce ( !      
,newtonian ,law ( gravitation1 & t !    
squ>es ( ! p]iodic times ought to be    
proportional to ! cubes ( ! mean        
di/ances4 ,^! times are giv5 accurately 
by ! planets !mselves1 by ! int]val     

elaps+ betwe5 two consecutive passages (
 ! node1 & z 9 ! case ( ! anci5t planets
 we h obs]vations = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s 
pa/1 ^! times are kn[n to ! fraction ( !
 second4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! di/ances    
h[ev]1 dep5ds on ! a/ronom]1 & a tyro 9 
! sci5ce might suppose t ^! di/ances 7  
actually measur$2 & s !y are r\ghly2 b !
 a/ronom] does n dep5d on 8 in/rum5ts1  
he tru/s to analogy1 & ! ma!matical     
p]fection ( a law1 :i* 9 ! ab/ract is   
true2 b :i* he does n "k is rigidly     
exact :5 appli$ to physical ph5om5a4 ,f 
! imm5se di/ance ( ! planets & !        
smallness ( ! e>?1 man is unable to     
comm& a base l9e suffici5tly long1 to   
make ! horizontal p>allax a s5sible     
angle = ! m di/ant planets2 & !re are   
difficulties ( no small magnitude to    
cont5d )1 ) ^? t are ! ne>e/4 ,9 !      
occasional transit ( ,v5us across ! sun1
 h[ev]1 he is pres5t$ ) a means (       
measur+ on an enl>g$ scale1 f :i* !     
di/ance ( ! sun is det]m9$2 & by analogy
 ! di/ance ( all ! planets4 ,ev5 !      

p>allax ( ! sun itself is only correct1 
by suppos+ t ! squ>e ( ! p]iodic "t (   
,v5us is 9 ! same proportion to ! squ>e 
( ! p]iodic "t ( ! e>? z ! cube ( h]    
di/ance is to ! cube ( ! e>?'s di/ance4 
,our next ne>e/ planet is ,m>s1 &       
obs]vations on ?is planet at its        
opposition to ! sun1 inv>iably give a   
l>g] p>allax = ! sun--,v5us giv+ #h4eggf
 :ile ,m>s gives ab\t #aj4 ,x is true t 
! fir/ is obta9$ "u m favorable         
circum/ances2 b ?is does n prove ! la/  
to be incorrect4 ,x is well kn[n t !    
,briti% ,nautical ,almanac conta9s a li/
 ( />s ly+ 9 ! pa? ( ! planet ,m>s ab\t 
opposition1 7= ! v purpose ( obta9+ a   
correct p>allax17 t m9ute diff]5ces (   
decl9ation may be detect$ by simultane\s
 obs]vations 9 places hav+ great        
diff]5ces ( latitude4 ,yet /range to    
say1 ! result is discr$it$ :5 n         
con=mable to ! p>allax giv5 by ,v5us4   
,if !n1 we _c tru/ ! p>allax ( ,m>s1    
=tiori1 h[ c we tru/ ! p>allax (        
,jupit]1 & say t 8 mean di/ance exactly 

corresponds to 8 p]iodic "t8 ,let u     
suppose1 = in/ance1 t ! radius vector ( 
,jupit] fell %ort ( t indicat$ by       
analogy by #aj1jjj miles1 we say t x    
w\ld be extremely difficult1 nay1 utt]ly
 impossible1 to detect x by in/rum5tal  
means4 ,let n a/ronom]s1 !re=e1 be too  
sure t !re is n a modify+ cause1        
indep5d5t ( gravitation1 :i* !y w yet h 
to recognize4 ,! moon's di/ance is ab\t 
"o-f\r? ( a million ( miles1 &          
,neptune's #bhed millions1 or 9 ! ratio 
( #aj1jjj to #a2 yet ev5 ! moon's       
p>allax is n tru/$ 9 det]m9+ h] mass1 h[
 !n %all we det]m9e ! p>allax (         
,neptune8 ,x is !re=e possible t !      
effective action ( ! sun is 9 "s small  
degree diff]5t1 on ! diff]5t planets1   
:e!r due to ! action ( ! e!r1 to !      
simil>ity or dissimil>ity ( mat]ial     
elem5ts1 to ! temp]ature ( ! diff]5t    
bodies1 or to all comb9$1 is a "q yet to
 be consid]$4  ,z ano!r evid5ce ( !     
necessity ( modify+ ! /rict word+ ( !   
,newtonian law1 x is f\nd t ! di/urb+   

action ( ,jupit] on diff]5t bodies1     
gives diff]5t values = ! mass ( ,jupit]4
 ,! mass d$uc$ f ,jupit]'s action on 8  
satellites1 is diff]5t f t d]iv$ f !    
p]turbations ( ,saturn1 & ?is la/ does n
 correspond ) t giv5 by ,juno3 ,ve/a    
also gives a diff]5t mass f ! comet (   
,encke1 & bo? v>y f ! prec$+ values4#da 
,9 ! analytical inve/igation ( planet>y 
di/urbances1 ! di/urb+ =ce is usually   
divid$ into a radial & tang5tial =ce2 ! 
fir/ *ang+ ! law ( gravitation1 to :i*  
law ! elliptic =m ( ! orbit is due4 ,!  
radial di/urb+ =ce1 !re=e1 be+ direct$  
to or f ! c5tre1 c h no influ5ce ov] !  
fir/ law ( ,kepl]1 :i* tea*es t ! radius
 vector ( ea* planet hav+ ! sun z !     
c5tre1 describes equal areas 9 equal    
times4 ,if ! radial di/urb+ =ce be      
ext]ior to ! di/urb$ body1 x w dim9i% ! 
c5tral =ce1 & cause a progressive motion
 9 ! aphelion po9t ( ! orbit4 ,9 ! case 
( ! moon ?is motion is v rapid1 ! apogee
 mak+ an entire revolution 9 #cbcb days4
 ,does ?is1 h[ev]1 correspond ) ! law ( 

gravitation8 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 9     
calculat+ ! effect ( ! sun's di/urb+ =ce
 on ! motion ( ! moon's apogee1 c&idly  
concludes ?us3 ,idoque apsis summa      
s+ulis revolutionibus progr$i5do        
conficit #a #ca #bh4 ,apsis lun e/ duplo
 velocior circit]4 ,z !re 0 a necessity 
= reconcil+ ?is /ubborn fact ) ! !ory1 8
 foll[]s h made up ! defici5cy by       
resort+ to ! tang5tial =ce1 or1 z       
,clairant propos$1 by cont9u+ !         
approximations to t]ms ( a high] ord]1  
or to ! squ>e ( ! di/urb+ =ce4  ,n[1 9 a
 circul> orbit1 ?is tang5tial =ce w     
alt]nately increase & dim9i% ! velocity 
( ! di/urb$ body1 )\t produc+ any       
p]man5t d]angem5t1 ! same result w\ld   
obta9 9 an elliptical orbit1 if !       
position ( ! major axis 7 /ation>y4 ,9 !
 case ( ! moon1 ! apogee is caus$ to    
advance by ! di/urb+ p[] ( ! radial =ce1
 &1 consequ5tly1 an exact comp5sation is
 n effect$3 !re rema9s a small excess ( 
velocity :i* geomet]s h consid]$        
equival5t to a d\bl+ ( ! radial =ce1 & h

 ?us obviat$ ! difficulty4 ,to ^? n     
imbu$ ) ! pr(\nd p5etration ( ! mod]n   
analy/1 !re mu/ ev] appe> a little      
inconsi/5cy 9 ?is result4 ,! major axis 
( a planet's orbit dep5ds solely on !   
velocity ( ! planet at a giv5 di/ance f 
! sun1 & ! tang5tial portion ( !        
di/urbance due to ! sun1 & impress$ ^u !
 moon1 mu/ necess>ily increase & dim9i% 
alt]nately ! velocity ( ! moon1 &       
int]f]e ) ! equable description ( !     
areas4 ,if1 !n1 !re be left out/&+ a    
small excess ( velocity ov] & above !   
elliptical velocity ( ! moon1 at ! end (
 ea* synodical revolution1 9 consequ5ce 
( ! motion impress$ on ! moon's apogee  
by ! radial =ce1 ! legitimate effect    
w\ld be a small enl>gem5t ( ! lun> orbit
 e revolution 9 a rapidly-increas+      
ratio1 until ! moon w\ld at la/ be tak5 
entirely away4 ,9 ! great inequality (  
,jupit] & ,saturn1 ?is tang5tial =ce is 
n comp5sat$ at ea* revolution1 9        
consequ5ce ( cont9ual *anges 9 !        
configuration ( ! two planets at _!     

helioc5tric conjunctions1 ) respect to !
 p]ihelion ( _! orbits1 & ! ne>         
comm5surability ( _! p]iods2 & ! effect 
( ! tang5tial =ce is1 9 ?is case1       
legitimately impress$ on ! major axes ( 
! orbits4 ,b :y 7we may ask7 %\ld n ?is 
also be exp5d$ on ! motion ( ! aphelion 
z well z 9 ! case ( ! moon8 ,a/ronomy c 
make no di/9ctions betwe5 ! orbit ( a   
planet & ! orbit ( a satellite4 ,&1 we  
might also ask1 :y ! tang5tial resi/ance
 to ! comet ( ,encke %\ld n also produce
 a retrograde motion 9 ! apsides ( !    
orbit1 in/ead ( dim9i%+ its p]iod8 ,to !
 honor ( ,newton1 be x rememb]$1 t he   
nev] resort$ to an explanation ( ?is    
ph5om5on1 :i* w\ld vitiate t fundam5tal 
proposition ( 8 !ory1 9 :i* ! major axis
 ( ! orbit is %[n to dep5d on ! velocity
 at any giv5 di/ance f ! focus4  ,"s    
cause1 h[ev]1 exi/s to d\ble ! motion ( 
! apogee1 & t !re is an out/&+ excess ( 
orbital velocity due to ! tang5tial =ce1
 is also true4 ,?is excess may tell 9 ! 
way propos$1 provid$ "s o!r arrangem5t  

exi/s to prev5t a p]man5t dilation ( !  
lun> orbit2 & ?is provision may be f\nd 
9 ! increas+ d5sity ( ! e!r1 :i* prev5ts
 ! moon ov]/epp+ ! b\nds prescrib$ by h]
 own d5sity1 & ! =ce ( ! radial /ream ( 
! t]ral vortex4 ,9 ! case ( ,jupit] &   
,saturn1 _! mutual action is mu* less   
int]f]$ ) by *ange ( d5sity 9 ! e!r 9 ! 
enl>g$ or contract$ orbit1 &1           
consequ5tly1 ! effect is natural4 ,?us1 
we h 9 ! law ( d5sity ( ! e!real m$ium a
 bett] safegu>d to ! /ability ( !       
dynamical balance ( ! sy/em1 ?an 9 !    
pr(\nd & beautiful ,!orems ( ,la        
,grange4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 occur to e "o1 t
 we are n to look = ! same law 9 e      
vortex1 & x w1 !re=e1 appe> z if !      
satellites ( ,jupit]1 ^: !ory is s well 
kn[n1 %\ld r5d] app>5t any deviation    
betwe5 _! p]iodic times & ! p]iodic     
times ( ! contigu\s p>ts ( ! vortex1 :i*
 w\ld obta91 if ! d5sity ( ! e!r 9 !    
,jovian vortex 7 n z ! squ>e roots ( !  
di/ances directly4 ,b1 we h %[n h[ !re c
 be a balance pres]v$1 if ! tang5tial   

resi/ance ( ! vortex %all be equal &    
contr>y at ! diff]5t di/ances at :i* !  
satellites are plac$2 t is1 if ^! two   
=ces %all foll[ ! same law4 ,^! are     
matt]s1 h[ev]1 = future inve/igation4   
,,light ,,& ,,heat4  ,b w n ! admission 
( a vorticose motion ( ! e!real m$ium1  
affect ! ab]ration ( light8 ,x is well  
kn[n t ! "q has be5 moot$1 :e!r !       
velocity ( reflect$ light is ! same z t 
( direct light4 ,! value ( ab]ration    
hav+ be5 consid]$ #bj4be1 f ! eclipses (
 ,jupit]'s satellites1 :ile lat]        
det]m9ations1 f obs]vations on ,pol>is1 
give #bj4de4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t light1 9  
trav]s+ ! c5tral p>ts ( ! sol> vortex1 t
 is1 hav+ to cross ! :ole orbit ( ! e>?1
 %\ld pass ?is di/ance 9 a portion ( "t 
some:at diff]5t to a simil> di/ance     
outside ! e>?'s orbit1 :]e ! d5sity is  
great]1 & consequ5tly induce an error 9 
! ab]ration1 det]m9$ by ! eclipses (    
,jupit]'s satellites4 ,9 ! case (       
,pol>is1 ! circum/ances are m equal2    
/ill1 a diff]5ce ought to be detect$    

betwe5 ! d$uc$ ab]ration 9 summ] & 9    
w9t]1 z1 9 ! fir/ case1 ! light passes  
ne> ! axis ( ! sol> vortex1 :]e 7accord+
 to ! !ory7 a *ange ( d5sity occurs4    
,?is is an important practical "q1 & !  
sugge/ion is wor?y att5tion4 ,n[1 ! "q  
occurs1 w light pass ?r\gh ! r>efi$     
space ) great] velocity ?an ?r\gh ! d5s]
 e!r beyond8 ,f rec5t exp]im5ts1 fir/   
in/itut$ by ,arago1 x is det]m9$ t light
 passes ) less velocity ?r\gh wat] ?an  
?r\gh air2 & "o result ( ^! exp]im5ts is
 ! confirmation !y give to ! !ory (     
,fresnel1 t ! m$ium :i* conveys ! action
 ( light p>tly p>takes ( ! motion ( !   
refract+ body4 ,?is ( itself is a /rong 
confirmation ( ?is !ory ( an e!real     
m$ium4 ,x may also be rem>k$1 t e te/   
appli$ to ! ph5om5on ( light1 adds      
additional /r5g? to ! undulatory !ory1  
at ! exp5se ( ! ,newtonian !ory (       
emission4 ,z light occupies "t 9 trav]s+
 space1 x mu/ foll[ f ! !ory t x does n 
come f ! radiant po9t exactly 9 /raight 
l9es1 inasmu* z ! e!r itself is 9 motion

 tang5tially1--! velocity be+ 9 !       
sub-duplicate ratio ( ! di/ances f ! sun
 inv]sely4  ,may n t s+ul> ph5om5on1--! 
projection ( a /> on ! moon's disc1 at !
 "t ( an occultation1--be due to ?is    
curvature ( ! pa? ( a ray ( light1 by   
consid]+ t ! rays f ! moon h less       
int5sity1 b m me*anical mom5tum1 &      
consequ5tly m p[] to keep a /raight     
direction8 ,let u expla93 we h urg$ t   
light1 z well z heat1 is a me*anical    
effect ( atomic motion1 propagat$ ?r\gh 
an ela/ic m$ium2 t1 cet]is p>ibus1 !    
product ( matt] by its motion is ev] a  
con/ant quantity = equal spaces ?r\gh\t 
! univ]se1--9 a ^w1 t x is1 & mu/       
necess>ily be1 a fundam5tal law (       
nature4 ,all dep>tures f ?is law are    
consequ5ces ( accid5tal arrangem5ts1 :i*
 c only be consid]$ ( tempor>y duration4
 ,our k ( planet>y matt] requires !     
admission ( diff]5ces 9 ! d5sity1 =m1 & 
size ( ultimate atoms1 &1 accord+ to !  
above law1 :5 ! atoms are ( uni=m       
temp]ature or motion1 ! product ( !     

matt] ( ea* by its motion1 :5 r$uc$ to !
 same space1 w be con/ant4 ,! mom5tum ( 
two diff]5t atoms1 !re=e1 we w consid]  
equal1 = ! sake ( illu/ration2 yet ?is  
mom5tum is made up ( two diff]5t        
elem5ts1--matt] & motion4 ,let u        
exagg]ate ! diff]5ce1 & assign a ratio (
 #ajjj to #a4 ,suppose a ball ( iron (  
#ajjj lbs41 re/+ ^u a horizontal plane1 
%\ld be /ruck by ano!r ball ( #a lb41   
hav+ a motion ( #ajjj feet 9 a second1  
&1 9 a second case1 %\ld be /ruck by a  
ball ( #ajjj lbs41 hav+ a velocity ( #a 
foot p] second1 ! mom5tum ( ea* ball is 
simil>2 b exp]i5ce proves t ! motion    
impress$ on ! ball at re/ is n simil>2 !
 pond]\s weight & sl[ motion is f> m    
effective 9 displac+ ?is ball1 = !      
reason t "t is ess5tial to ! di/ribution
 ( ! motion4 ,if ! body to be /ruck be  
small z1 = in/ance1 a nail1 a great]    
motion & less matt] is m effective ?an  
mu* matt] & little motion4 ,h5ce1 we h a
 di/9ction applicable to ! diff]5ce (   
mom5tum ( lum9\s & calorific rays4 ,!   

velocity ( a wave ( s\nd ?r\gh !        
atmosph]e1 is ! same = ! deep-ton$ ?und]
 & ! %rille/ :i/le1--be+ dep5d5t on !   
d5sity ( ! m$ium1 & n on ! s\rce f :i* x
 emanates4 ,s x is 9 ! e!real m$ium4    
,?is view is 9 accordance ) ! exp]im5ts 
( ,m4 ,del>o*e & ,melloni1 on !         
transmission ( light & heat ?r\gh       
diaphan\s bodies--! m calorific rays    
feel+ m & m ! influ5ce ( ?ickness1 %[+ t
 m motion 0 imp>t$ to ! p>ticles ( !    
diaphan\s sub/ance by ! rays possess+ m 
mat]ial mom5tum1 & /ill m :5 !          
temp]ature ( ! radiat+ body 0 l[1       
evid5tly analog\s to ! illu/ration we h 
cit$4 ,light may !re=e be reg>d$ z !    
effect ( ! vibration ( atoms hav+ little
 mass1 & z ?is mass increases1 ! rays   
become m calorific1 & f9ally ! calorific
 effect is ! only evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce2 
z t[>ds ! extreme r$ end ( ! spectrum !y
 cease to be visible1 ow+ to _!         
inability to imp>t _! vibrations to !   
optic n]ve4 ,?is may also influ5ce ! law
 ( gravitation4 ,9 ?is we h also an     

explanation ( ! disp]sion ( light4 ,!   
rays proce$+ f atoms ( small mass hav+  
less mat]ial mom5tum1 are ! mo/         
refrangible1 & ^? possess+ great]       
mat]ial mom5tum1 are ! lea/ refrangible2
 s t in/ead ( pres5t+ a difficulty 9 !  
undulatory !ory ( light1 ?is disp]sion  
is a necess>y consequ5ce ( its fir/     
pr9ciples4  ,x is inf]r$ f ! exp]im5ts  
cit$1 & ! facts asc]ta9$ by !m1 viz43 t 
! velocity ( light 9 wat] is less ?an   
its velocity 9 air2 t ! d5sity ( ! e!r  
is great] 9 ! fir/ case2 b ?is by no    
means foll[s4 ,we h advocat$ ! idea1 t !
 e!real m$ium is less d5se )9 a refract+
 body ?an )\t4 ,we reg>d x z a          
fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,tak+ ! free e!r ( 
heav52 ! vibrations 9 ! d5s] e!r w no   
d\bt be sl[e/2 b )9 a refract+ body we  
mu/ consid] !re is motion lo/1 or light 
absorb$1 & ! "t ( ! transmission is ?us 
increas$4  ,!re has be5 a ph5om5on      
obs]v$ 9 transits ( ,m]cury & ,v5us     
across ! sun1 ( :i* no explanation has  
be5 r5d]$ by a/ronom]s4 ,:5 ^! planets  

are visible on ! sol> disc1 !y are se5  
surr\nd$ by r+s1 z if ! light 0         
int]cept$ & increas$ alt]nately4 ,?is is
 no d\bt due to a small effect (        
int]f]5ce1 caus$ by *ange ( velocity 9  
pass+ ?r\gh ! r>efi$ nucleus ( ^!       
planet>y vortices1 ne> ! body ( !       
planet1 & ?r\gh ! d5s] e!r beyond1 act+ 
fir/ z a concave1 & secondly z a convex 
refract+ body2 always consid]+ t ! ray w
 deviate t[>ds ! side ( lea/ insi/5ce1 &
 ?us int]f]e4  ,t heat is simply atomic 
motion1 & altoge!r me*anical1 is a      
doctr9e :i* ought nev] to h be5         
que/ion$4 ,! int]e/ excit$ by ! bold    
exp]im5ts ( ,ericson1 has caus$ !       
sci5tific to suspect1 t heat c be       
conv]t$ into motion1 & motion into      
heat--a fact :i* ! au?or has consid]$   
too palpable to d5y = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 
,he has ev] reg>d$ matt] & motion z !   
two great pr9ciples ( nature1 ev]       
insep>able1 yet v>i\sly comb9$2 & t )\t 
^! two elem5ts1 we c\ld h no conception 
( any?+ exi/+4  ,x may be ?\ght by "s1  

:o are afraid to foll[ tru? up ! rugg$  
precipices ( ! hill ( k1 t ?is !ory ( an
 int]planet>y pl5um leads to mat]ialism2
 =gett+1 t ,he :o made ! _w1 =m$ x (    
matt]1 & pron\nc$ x v good4 ,we may     
consid] e!real matt]1 9 "o s5se1 pur]   
?an planet>y matt]1 because unaffect$ by
 *emical laws4 ,:e!r /ill pur] matt]    
exi/s1 x is n = u to av] or d5y4 ,!     
,scriptures tea* u t !re is a natural   
body & !re is a spiritual body4 ,beyond 
?is we "k no?+4 ,we1 h[ev]1 believe t ! 
invisible _w ( matt]1 c only be         
compreh5d$ by ! indications ( t :i* is  
visible2 yet :ile humbly endeavor+ to   
connect by "o common tie1 ! v>i\s       
ph5om5a ( matt] & motion1 we prote/     
aga9/ ^? doctr9es :i* tea* ! et]nal     
duration ( ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 z be+   
incompatible ) ! analogies ( ! pa/1 z   
well z ) ! revelations ( ! future4      
,,footnotes3  #ce ,silliman's ,j\rnal1  
vol xxxv41 page #bhc4  #cf ,! real      
diamet] ( ! e>? 9 t latitude1 ^: s9e is 
"o-?ird1 is a little great] ?an ?is2 b !

 true mean is m favorable = ! ,newtonian
 law4  #cg ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! ne>e/     
ratio ( ! d5sities & di/ances4  #ch ,?is
 is an important consid]ation1 z be>+ on
 ! geology ( ! e>?4  #ci ,x is n z      
likely t ! cond5sation ( ! sun 0 s sudd5
 z t ( ! planets1 & !re=e 9 ?is case ?is
 di/ance is only approximate4  #dj      
,me*anique ,cele/e4 ,!ory ( ! ,moon4    
#da ,me*anique ,cele/e4 ,masses ( !     
planets4     ,,section ,,fif?4          
,,comet>y ,,ph5om5a4  ,! planet>y       
arrangem5ts ( ! sol> sy/em are all      
priori indications ( ! !ory ( vortices1 
n only by ! uni=m direction ( ! motions1
 ! circul> orbits 9 :i* ^! motions are  
p]=m$1 ! ne> co9cid5ce ( ! planes ( ^!  
orbits1 & ! uni=m direction ( ! rotation
 ( ! planets !mselves2 b1 also1 by ! law
 ( d5sities & di/ances1 :i* we h already
 attempt$ to expla94 ,9 ! motions (     
comets we f9d no su* agreem5t4 ,^!      
bodies move 9 planes at all possible    
incl9ations 9 orbits extremely          
ecc5trical & )\t any g5]al direction--z 

_m mov+ contr>y to ! direction ( !      
planets z 9 ! opposite direction2 & :5  
we consid] _! great volume1 & _! want ( 
mass1 x appe>s1 at fir/ sight1 t comets 
d pres5t a s]i\s objection to ! !ory4   
,we %all po9t out1 h[ev]1 a numb] (     
facts :i* t5d to invalidate ?is         
objection1 & :i* w ultimately give !    
prepond]ance to ! opposite argum5t4  ,e 
fact indicative ( ! nature ( comets     
proves t ! nuclei are masses ( mat]ial  
gases1 simil>1 p]haps 7at lea/ 9 ! case 
( ! %ort-p]iod comets71 to ! elem5t>y   
gases ( our own planet1 &1 consequ5tly1 
^! masses mu/ be b small4 ,9 ! nasc5t   
/ate ( ! sy/em1 ! radial /ream ( !      
vortex w\ld op]ate z a fan1 purg+ !     
planet>y mat]ials ( ! lea/ pond]able    
atoms1 &1 z x 71 sep>at+ ! :eat f !     
*aff4 ,x is ?us we conceive t ! av]age  
atomic d5sity ( ea* planet has be5 fir/ 
det]m9$ by ! radial /ream1 &1           
subsequ5tly1 t ! solidification ( !     
nebul\s planets has1 by _! atomic       
d5sity1 assign$ to ea* its position 9 ! 

sy/em1 f ! consequ5t relation :i* x     
e/abli%$ betwe5 ! d5sity ( ! e!r )9 !   
planet1 & ! d5sity ( ! e!r ext]nal to x1
 s t1 accord+ to ?is view1 a s+le       
isolat$ atom ( ! same d5sity z ! mean   
atomic d5sity ( ! e>? c\ld 7cet]is      
p>ibus7 revolve 9 an orbit at ! di/ance 
( ! e>?1 & 9 ! same p]iodic "t4 ,?is1   
h[ev]1 is only advanc$ by way (         
illu/ration4  ,! expulsive =ce ( !      
radial /ream w\ld ?us drive (f ?is      
comet>y du/ to di/ances 9 "s inv]se     
ratio ( ! d5sity ( ! atoms2 b1 a limit  
w\ld ultimately be rea*$1 :5 gravitation
 w\ld be relatively ! /ronge/--! la/ =ce
 dim9i%+ only z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances1 &
 ! fir/ dim9i%+ 9 ! comp\nd ratio ( !   
squ>es & ! squ>e roots ( ! di/ances4 ,at
 ! extreme v]ge ( ! sy/em1 ?is comet>y  
matt] w\ld accumulate1 &1 by            
accumulation1 w\ld /ill fur!r ga!r up ! 
scatt]$ atoms--! sweep+s ( ! inn]       
space--&1 9 ?is cond5s$ =m1 w\ld aga9   
visit ! sun 9 an extremely elongat$     
ellipse4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 foll[1 t all 

comets are compos$ ( su* unsub/antial   
mat]ials4 ,!re may be comets mov+ 9     
p>abolas1 or ev5 9 hyp]bolas--bodies :i*
 may h be5 accumulat+ = ages 9 ! unkn[n 
regions ( space1 f> remov$ f ! sun &    
/>s1 drift+ on ! mighty curr5ts ( !     
great e!real ocean1 & ?us br\ght )9 !   
sph]e ( ! sun's attraction2 & ^! bodies 
may h no analogy to ! p]iodical comets (
 our sy/em1 :i* la/ are ^? ) :i* we are 
m imm$iately conc]n$4  ,! p]iodical     
comets kn[n are cle>ly arrang$ into two 
di/9ct classes--"o hav+ a mean di/ance  
betwe5 ,saturn & ,uranus1 ) a p]iod (   
ab\t sev5ty-five ye>s1 & ano!r class1 ^:
 mean di/ance assigns _! position betwe5
 ! small] planets & ,jupit]1 hav+ p]iods
 ( ab\t six ye>s4 ,^! la/ may be        
consid]$ ! sift+s ( ! small] planets1 & 
! fir/ ! refuse ( ! ,saturnian sy/em4 ,9
 ?is light we may look = comets hav+ a  
mean di/ance correspond+ to ! int]vals (
 ! planets1 r ?an to ! di/ances ( !     
planets !mselves4 ,"o rem>kable fact1   
h[ev]1 to be obs]v$ 9 ^! bodies is1 t   

all _! motions are 9 ! same direction z 
! planets1 &1 ) "o exception1 !re is no 
p]iodical comet positively kn[n ^:      
motion is retrograde4  ,! exception we h
 m5tion$ is ! celebrat$ comet ( ,halley1
 ^: p]iod is also ab\t sev5ty-five ye>s4
 ,9 reason+ on ! resi/ance ( ! e!r1 we  
mu/ consid] t ! case c h v little       
analogy ) ! !ory ( projectiles 9 air2   
nor c we e/imate ! in]tia ( an inf9itely
 divisible fluid1 f its resi/+ influ5ce 
on atomic matt]1 by a comp>ison ( !     
resi/ance ( an atomic fluid on an atomic
 solid4 ,analogy w only ju/ify          
comp>isons ( l ) l4 ,! tang5t ( a       
comet's orbit1 also1 c only be tang5tial
 to ! circul> motion ( ! e!r at & ne>   
p]ihelion1 :i* is a v small portion (   
its p]iod ( revolution4 ,z f> z !       
tang5tial resi/ance is conc]n$1 !re=e1 x
 matt]s little :e!r its motion be direct
 or retrograde4 ,if a retrograde comet1 
( %ort p]iod & small ecc5tricity1 7     
discov]$ mov+ also ne> ! c5tral plane ( 
! vortex1 x w\ld pres5t a v s]i\s       

objection1 z be+ indicative ( contr>y   
motions 9 ! nasc5t /ate ( ! sy/em4 ,!re 
is no su* case kn[n4 ,s1 also1 ) !      
incl9ations ( ! orbits2 if ^! be great1 
x matt]s little :e!r ! comet moves 9 "o 
way or ! o!r1 z f> z ! tang5tial curr5t 
( ! vortex is conc]n$4 ,yet1 :5 we      
consid] ! av]age incl9ation ( ! orbit1 &
 n ( its plane1 we f9d t ! major axes ( 
ne>ly all kn[n comet>y orbits are v     
little incl9$ to ! plane ( ! ecliptic4  
,9 ! foll[+ table ( all ! p]iodical     
comets kn[n1 ! incl9ation ( ! major axis
 ( ! orbit is calculat$ to ! ne>e/      
degree2 b all comet>y orbits ) v few    
exceptions1 w be f\nd to respect !      
ecliptic1 & nev] to deviate f> f t      
plane3                                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,designations   ,p]iodic   ,incl9ation  
,motion     ,planet>y       ( ! ,comets4
   times4       (        9 ,orbit4      
,int]vals4                              
,major ,axes                            

----------------------------------------
----------------------------   ,encke   
#ahah  #c ye>s4        #a      ,direct  
,m>s  ,c]es4                            
----------------------------------------
----------------------------   ,de ,vico
   #ahad                  #b            
,direct                    ,fayo        
#ahdc                  #d       ,direct 
,c]es        ,de ,avre/ #ahea    ,f     
#a       ,direct                        
,brors5   #ahdf    five          #g     
,direct        &         ,messi]   #agff
    to            #j       ,direct      
,claus5   #agdc    six           #j     
,direct      ,jupit]4      ,pigott      
#aghc    or            #d       ,direct 
,p\s      #ahai    sev5         #c      
,direct                    ,biela       
#ahbf    ye>s4        #i       ,direct  
,blaupa9  #ahai                  #b     
,direct                    ,lexell      
#aggj                  #a       ,direct 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------   ,p\s     

#ahab                 #ag       ,direct 
,olb]s    #ahaf    ab\t        #dj      
,direct      ,saturn        ,de ,vico   
#ahdf    #ge           #ac       ,direct
        &         ,brors5   #ahdg       
ye>s4       #ab       ,direct           
,uranus4       ,we/phal  #aheb          
#ba       ,direct                       
,halley    #afhb                 #af    
,retrograde                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------  ,f :i* x  
appe>s1 t ! objection aris+ f ! great   
incl9ation ( ! planes ( ^! orbits is mu*
 less important ?an at fir/ x appe>s to 
be4  ,reg>d+ !n1 t a comet's mean       
di/ance dep5ds on its mean atomic       
d5sity1 z 9 ! case ( ! planets1 ! undue 
enl>gem5t ( _! orbits by planet>y       
p]turbations is inadmissible4 ,9 #aggj  
,messi] discov]$ a comet :i* approa*$   
ne>] ! e>? ?an any comet kn[n1 & x 0    
f\nd to move 9 a small ellipse ) a p]iod
 ( five & a half ye>s2 b al?\gh         
repeat$ly s\ght =1 x 0 ! op9ion ( _m1 t 

x has nev] be5 s9ce se54 ,! cause ( ?is 
seem+ anomaly is f\nd by a/ronom]s 9 !  
di/urb+ p[] ( ,jupit]1--ne> :i* planet !
 comet mu/ h pass$ 9 #aggi1 b ! comet 0 
n se5 9 #aggf be=e x pass$ ne> ,jupit]1 
al?\gh a v close se>* 0 kept up ab\t ?is
 "t4 ,n[ !re are two suppositions 9     
ref]5ce to ?is body3 ! comet ei!r mov$ 9
 a l>g] orbit previ\s to #agfg1 & 0 !n  
caus$ by ,jupit] to dim9i% its velocity 
suffici5tly to give x a p]iod ( five & a
 half ye>s1 & t aft] p]ihelion x recov]$
 a portion ( its velocity 9 endeavor+ to
 get back into its natural orbit2 or if 
mov+ 9 ! natural orbit 9 #aggj1 & by    
pass+ ne> ,jupit] 9 #aggi ?is orbit 0   
d]ang$1 ! comet w ultimately return to t
 mean di/ance al?\gh n necess>ily hav+  
elem5ts ev5 approximat+ ^? ( #aggj4 ,9  
#ahdd1 ,septemb] #ae?1 ! au?or discov]$ 
a comet 9 ! con/ellation ,cetus1 7! same
 previ\sly discov]$ by ,de ,vico at     
,home17 & f positions e/imat$ ) ! nak$  
eye approximately det]m9$ ! =m ( its    
orbit & its p]iodic "t to be v simil> to

 ! lo/ comet ( #aggj4 ,^! conclusions 7 
publi%$ 9 a we/]n pap] 9 ,octob] #ahdd1 
on :i* occasion he express$ !           
conviction1 t ?is 0 no o!r ?an ! comet (
 #aggj4 ,z ! "q bore /rongly on 8 !ory  
he paid ! great] att5tion to x1 & _h1   
previ\sly to ?is "t1 (t5 se>*$ 9 hopes (
 f9d+ t v comet4 ,s9ce !n1 ,m4 ,le      
,v]ri] has exam9$ ! "q ( id5tity & giv5 
8 decision aga9/ x2 b ! au?or is /ill   
sangu9e t ! comet ( #ahdd is ! same z t 
( #aggj1 once m settl$ at its natural   
di/ance f ! sun4 ,?is comet returns to  
its p]ihelion on ! #f? ( ,augu/1 #ahee1 
accord+ to ,dr4 ,brnn[1 :51 x is hop$1 !
 "q ( id5tity w be reconsid]$ ) ref]5ce 
to ! au?or's pr9ciples2 &1 t :5         
a/ronom]s become satisfi$ ( ?is1 !y w d 
him ! ju/ice ( ackn[l$g+ t he 0 ! fir/  
:o gave publicity to ! fact1 t ! ,lo/   
,comet 0 f\nd4  ,t comets d exp]i5ce a  
resi/ance1 is und5iable2 b n 9 ! way    
a/ronom]s suppose1 if ^! views be       
correct4 ,! inve/igations ( ,pr(essor   
,encke1 ( ,b]l91 on ! comet :i* be>s 8  

"n1 has det]m9$ ! necessity ( a         
correction1 :i* has be5 appli$ = sev]al 
returns ) app>5t success4 ,b !re is ?is 
peculi>ity ab\t x1 :i* adds /r5g? to our
 !ory3 ,! ,con/ant ( ,resi/ance requires
 a *ange aft] p]ihelion4 ,! necessity = 
?is *ange %[s ! action ( ! radial /ream4
 ,f ! law ( ?is =ce1 7reckon+ on !      
c5tral plane ( ! vortex17 !re is an     
out/&+ portion1 act+ z a di/urb+ p[]1 9 
! sub-duplicate ratio ( ! di/ances      
inv]sely4 ,if we only consid] ! mean or 
av]age effect 9 orbits ne>ly circul>1   
?is =ce may be consid]$ z an ablatiti\s 
=ce at all di/ances bel[ ! mean1        
c\nt]balanc$ by an opposite effect at   
all di/ances above ! mean4 ,b :5 !      
orbits become v ecc5trical1 we mu/      
consid] ?is =ce z mom5t>ily affect+ a   
comet's velocity1 dim9i%+ x z x         
approa*es ! p]ihelion1 & increas+ x :5  
leav+ ! p]ihelion4 ,a resolution ( ?is  
=ce is also requisite = ! comet's       
di/ance above ! c5tral plane ( ! vortex1
 & a correction1 likewise1 = ! int5sity 

( ! =ce e/imat$ 9 t plane4 ,!re is also 
a correction necess>y = ! p]ihelion     
di/ance1 & ano!r = ! tang5tial curr5t2 b
 we are only consid]+ "h ! g5]al effect4
 ,by dim9i%+ ! comet's prop] velocity 9 
its orbit1 if we consid] ! attraction ( 
! sun to rema9 ! same1 ! g5]al effect   
may be 7= ?is dep5ds on ! tang5tial     
portion ( ! resolv$ =ce prepond]at+7 t !
 absolute velocity w be increas$1 & !   
p]iodic "t %ort5$2 b aft] pass+ !       
p]ihelion1 ) ! velocity ( a small]      
orbit1 !re is also sup]add$ to ?is      
already undue velocity1 ! expulsive p[] 
( ! radial /ream1 add+ additional       
velocity to ! comet2 ! orbit is !re=e   
enl>g$1 & ! p]iodic "t increas$4 ,h5ce !
 necessity ( *ang+ ! ,con/ant (         
,resi/ance aft] p]ihelion1 & ?is w      
g5]ally be f\nd necess>y 9 all comet>y  
orbits1 if ?is !ory be true4 ,b ?is "q  
is "o :i* may be emphatically call$ !   
mo/ difficult ( dynamical problems1 & x 
may be long be=e x is fully und]/ood4   
,accord+ to ! calculations ( ,pr(essor  

,encke1 ! comet's p]iod is accel]at$    
ab\t #b h\rs1 #cj m9utes1 at ea* return1
 :i* he consid]s due to a resi/+ m$ium4 
,may x n r be ow+ to ! *ange (          
incl9ation ( ! major axis ( ! orbit1 to 
! c5tral plane ( ! vortex8 ,suppose !   
incl9ation ( ! plane ( ! orbit to rema9 
un*ang$1 & ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit also1
 if ! longitude ( ! p]ihelion co9cides )
 t ( ei!r node1 ! major axis ( ! orbit  
lies 9 ! ecliptic1 & ! comet !n         
exp]i5ces ! greate/ mean effect f !     
radial /ream2 its mean di/ance is !n1   
cet]is p>ibus1 ! greate/4 ,:5 ! angle   
betwe5 ! p]ihelion & ! ne>e/ node       
increases1 ! mean =ce ( ! radial /ream  
is dim9i%$1 & ! mean di/ance is dim9i%$ 
also4 ,:5 ! angle is #ij1 ! effect is   
lea/1 & ! mean di/ance lea/4 ,?is is    
suppos+ ! ecliptic ! c5tral plane ( !   
vortex4 ,:5 ,encke's =mula 0 appli$ to  
,biela's comet1 x 0 inadequate to acc\nt
 = a t5? "p ( ! accel]ation2 & al?\gh   
,biela moves 9 a mu* d5s] m$ium1 & is ( 
less d5se mat]ials1 ev5 ?is tak5 into   

acc\nt w n satisfy ! obs]vations1--mak+ 
no o!r *ange 9 ,encke's =mula4 ,we mu/  
!re=e attribute x to *anges 9 ! elem5ts 
( ! orbits ( ^! comets4 ,n[1 ! effect ( 
resi/ance %\ld also h be5 notic$1 z an  
accel]ation ( ,halley's comet 9 #ahce1  
yet ! p]iod 0 prolong$4 ,to %[1 t our   
!ory ( ! cause ( ^! anomalies           
corresponds ) facts1 we subjo9 ! elem5ts
 9 ! foll[+ tables1 tak5 f ,mr4 ,h9d's  
catalogue3  ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,encke',s
 ,,comet4     ,date (     ,longitude (  
,longitude (   ,diff]5ce (   ,p]ihelion4
  ,p]ihelion4    ne>e/ ,node            
,longitude4     #ahbb       #aeg #aa #dd
   #aed #be  #i     #b #df #ce     #ahbe
       #aeg  #ad  #ca    #aed  #bg  #cj 
#b  #dg   #a     #ahbi       #aeg  #ag  
#ec    #aed  #bi  #cb      #b  #dh  #ba 
#ahcbdb   #aeg  #ba   #a    #aed  #cb   
#i      #b  #da  #eb     #ahce          
#aeg  #bc  #bi    #aed  #cd  #ei      #b
  #dh  #cj     #ahch       #aeg  #bg    
#d    #aed  #cf  #da      #b  #ej  #bc  
#ahdb       #aeg  #bi  #bg    #aed  #ci 

#aj      #b  #ej  #ag     #ahde         
#aeg  #dd  #ba    #aed  #ai  #cc      #c
  #bd  #dh     #ahdh       #aeg  #dg    
#h    #aed  #bb  #ab      #c  #bd  #ef  
#aheb       #aeg  #ea   #b    #aed  #bc 
#ba      #c  #bg  #da  ,9 ?is we see a  
regul> increase ( ! angle1 :i* ought to 
be att5d$ ) a small accel]ation ( !     
comet2 b ! *ange ( incl9ation ( ! orbit 
ought also to be tak5 into consid]ation1
 to get ! mean di/ance ( ! comet above !
 plane ( ! vortex1 &1 by ?is1 ! mean =ce
 ( ! radial /ream4  ,9 ! foll[+ table1 !
 same comp>ison is made = ,biela's      
comet3--  ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,biela',s      
,,comet4     ,date (     ,longitude (   
,longitude (    ,diff]5ce (             
,p]ihelion4  ,p]ihelion4    ne>e/ ,node4
    ,longitude4     #aggb       #aaj #ad
 #ed    #gd  #j  #a     #cf #ad #ec     
#ahjf       #aji  #cb  #bc     #ga  #ae 
#ae      #ch  #ag   #h     #ahbf        
#aji  #de  #ej     #ga  #bh  #ab        
#ch  #ag  #chdc     #ahcb       #aaj    
#ee  #ee     #fh  #ae  #cf      #da  #de

  #ai     #ahdf       #aji   #b  #bj    
#fe  #ed  #ci      #dc   #g  #da        
,betwe5 #ahcb & #ahdf1 ! increase ( !   
angle is twice z great = ,biela z =     
,encke1 & ! angle itself ?r[s ! major   
axis ( ,biela #aj above ! ecliptic1     
:]eas ! angle made by ,encke's major    
axis1 is only ab\t #a2 ! cos9e ( ! fir/ 
angle1 dim9i%es mu* fa/] !re=e1 &       
consequ5tly ! same diff]5ce ( longitude 
betwe5 ! p]ihelion & node1 w cause a    
great] accel]ation ( ,biela2 & accord+  
to ,pr(4 ,encke's !ory1 ,biela w\ld     
require a resi/+ m$ium tw5ty-five times 
great] ?an ! comet ( ,encke to reconcile
 obs]vation ) ! !ory4 ,halley's comet c 
sc>cely be consid]$ to h _h an orbit )  
p]fect elem5ts be=e #ahce4 ,if !y 7 kn[n
 accurately = #agei1 we %\ld no d\bt    
f9d1 t ! angle betwe5 ! node & p]ihelion
 dim9i%$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 #agej &     
#ahce1 z accord+ to ! calculations ( ,m4
 ,ros5b]g1 ! comet 0 six days beh9d its 
"t--a fact fatal to ! common ideas ( a  
resi/+ m$ium2 b ?is am\nt ( error mu/ be

 receiv$ z only approximate4  ,no comet 
t has revisit$ ! sun1 has giv5 a/ronom]s
 m tr\ble ?an ! great comet ( #ahdc4    
,v>i\s orbits h be5 tri$1 elliptical1   
p>abolic & hyp]bolic2 yet none w accord 
) all ! obs]vations4 ,! day be=e ?is    
comet 0 se5 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 x 0 se5 close to ! body ( ! sun at     
,conception1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 yet ?is    
obs]vation1 comb9$ ) ^? foll[+1 w\ld    
give an orbital velocity due to a v     
mod]ate mean di/ance4 ,subsequ5t        
obs]vations be/ accord$ ) a hyp]bolic   
orbit2 & x 0 9 view ( ?is anomaly1 t !  
late ,se>s ,c4 ,walk] consid]$ t ! comet
 came into collision ) ! sun 9 an       
elliptical orbit1 & its debris pass$ (f 
aga9 9 a hyp]bola4 ,t a concussion w\ld 
n add to its velocity is c]ta91 & !     
dep>ture 9 a hyp]bolic orbit w\ld be    
contr>y to ! law ( gravitation4 ,?is    
pr9ciple is ?us /at$ by ,newton3--,9    
p>abola velocitas ubiquo equalis e/     
velocitati corporis revolv5tis 9 circulo
 ad dimidiam di/antiam2 9 ellipsi m9or  

e/ 9 hyp]bola major4 7,vid4 ,pr94 ,lib4 
#a4 ,prop4 #f ,cor4 #g47  ,b z reg>ds ! 
fact1 x is probable t ,mr4 ,walk]'s     
views are correct1 s f> z ! *ange f an  
ellipse to an hyp]bola is consid]$4 ,!  
,conception obs]vation _c be summ>ily   
set aside1 & ,pr(essor ,peirce          
ackn[l$ges1 t ,if x 0 made ) any?+ ( !  
accuracy :i* might be expect$ f ,capta9 
,ray1 x exhibits a decid$ anomaly 9 !   
nature ( ! =ces to :i* ! comet 0        
subject$ dur+ its p]ihelion passage4 ,! 
comet came up to ! sun almo/ 9 a /raight
 l9e aga9/ ! full =ce ( ! radial /ream2 
its velocity mu/ !re=e necess>ily h be5 
dim9i%$4 ,aft] its p]ihelion1 its pa? 0 
directly f ! sun1 & an undue velocity   
w\ld be kept up by ! auxili>y =ce       
impress$ ^u x by ! same radial /ream2 & 
h5ce1 ! lat] obs]vations give orbits mu*
 l>g] ?an ! e>ly ones1 & !re c be no    
*ance ( id5tify+ ?is comet ) any ( its  
=m] appe>ances1 ev5 %\ld its orbit be   
elliptical4 ,?is unexpect$ confirmation 
( ! !ory by ! obs]vation ( ,capt4 ,ray1 

_c easily be surm\nt$4  ,we mu/ n[      
endeavor to expla9 ! physical           
peculi>ities ( comets1 9 accordance ) ! 
pr9ciples laid d[n4 ,! mo/ prom95t      
ph5om5on ( ?is class is ! *ange (       
diamet] ( ! visible nebulosity4 ,x is a 
mo/ s+ul> circum/ance1 b well e/abli%$ z
 a fact1 t a comet contracts 9 its      
dim5sions on approa*+ ! sun1 & exp&s on 
leav+ x4 ,9 #ahbi1 accurate measures 7  
tak5 on diff]5t days1 ( ! diamet] (     
,encke's comet1 & aga9 9 #ahch4 ,! comet
 ( #afah 0 also obs]v$ by ,kepl] ) ?is v
 object1 & also ! comet ( #ahjg2 b )\t  
multiply+ in/ances1 x may be ass]t$ t x 
is "o ( ^? facts 9 comet>y ph5om5a1 to  
:i* !re are no exceptions4 ,accord+ to  
all analogy1 ! v rev]se ( ?is ought to  
obta94 ,if a comet is *iefly vapor\s1 7z
 ?is *ange ( volume w\ld seem to        
indicate17 its approa* to ! sun ought to
 be att5d$ by a correspond+ expansion by
 increase ( temp]ature4 ,:5 ! contr>y is
 obs]v$1 & inv>iably s1 x ought to be   
reg>d$ z an index ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r =ces

 besides gravitation1 increas+ rapidly 9
 ! neighborhood ( ! sun2 = ! di/urb+ p[]
 ( ! sun's attraction w\ld be to enl>ge 
! diamet] ( a comet 9 proportion to its 
proximity4 ,n[1 ! =ce ( ! radial /ream1 
z we h %[n1 is z ! #b4e? p[] ( !        
di/ances inv]sely4 ,if ?is alt]nate     
contraction & expansion be due to !     
action ( ?is =ce1 !re ought to be an    
approximate correspond5ce ( ! law ( !   
effect ) ! law ( ! cause4 ,arago1 9     
speak+ ( ! comet ( #ahbi1 /ates1 t      
betwe5 ! #bh? ( ,octob] & ! #bd? (      
,decemb]1 ! volume ( ! comet 0 r$uc$ z  
#afjjj to #a1 ! *ange ( di/ance 9 !     
meantime only v>y+ ab\t #c to #a4 ,to   
acc\nt = ?is1 a memoir 0 publi%$ on !   
subject by ,m4 ,valz1 9 :i* he supposes 
an atmosph]e ar\nd ! sun1 ^: cond5sation
 increases rapidly f sup]9cumb5t        
pressure2 s t ! deep] ! comet p5etrates 
into ?is atmosph]e ! great] w be !      
pressure1 & ! less ! volume4 ,9 ?is x is
 evid5t1 t ! pond]\s nature ( a resi/+  
m$ium is n yet bani%$ f ! s*ools4 ,9    

comm5t+ on ?is memoir1 ,arago ju/ly     
obs]ves1 t !re w\ld be no difficulty 9  
?is if x c\ld be admitt$ t ! ext]ior    
envelope ( ! nebulosity 7 n p]meable to 
! e!r2 b ?is difficulty seems           
insurm\ntable1 & m]its our s9c]e regret2
 = ,m4 ,valz's +5i\s hypo!sis has laid  
d[n ! law ( v>iation ( ! bulk ( !       
nebulosity1 z well = ! %ort-p]iod comet 
z = t ( #afah1 ) a truly wond]ful       
exactness4 ,n[1 if we make !            
calculation1 we %all f9d t ! diamet] ( !
 nebulosity ( a comet is inv]sely z !   
=ce ( ! radial /ream4 ,?is =ce is       
inv]sely z ! #b4e p[] ( ! di/ances f !  
axis1 & n f ! sun3 x w1 !re=e1 be 9 !   
inv]se ratio ( ! cos9e ( ! comet's      
helioc5tric latitude to radius1 & to ?is
 ratio ! comet's di/ance ought to be    
r$uc$4 ,b1 ?is w only be correct = !    
same plane or = equal di/ances above !  
ecliptic plane1 consid]+ ?is la/ z      
approximately ! c5tral plane ( ! vortex4
 ,f ! pr9ciples already advanc$1 !      
radial /ream is f> m p[]ful on ! c5tral 

plane ?an 9 m remote planes2 !re=e1 if a
 comet1 by increase ( latitude1         
approa*es ne> ! axis1 ?us receiv+ a l>g]
 am\nt ( =ce f ! radial /ream 9 t plane 
?an p]ta9s to its actual di/ance f !    
sun1 x w also receive a less am\nt ( =ce
 9 t plane ?an x w\ld 9 ! c5tral plane  
at ! same di/ance f ! axis4 ,n[1 we d n 
"k ! diff]5ce ( =ce at diff]5t          
elevations above ! c5tral plane ( !     
vortex2 b z ! two diff]5ces due to      
elevation are contr>y 9 _! effects & t5d
 to neutralize ea* o!r1 we %all make !  
calculation z if ! di/ances 7 truly     
reckon$ f ! c5tre ( ! sun4  ,! foll[+   
table is extract$ f ,arago's tract on   
,comets1 & repres5ts ! v>iations ( !    
diamet] ( ,encke's comet at diff]5t     
di/ances f ! sun1--! radius ( ! orbis   
magnus be+ tak5 z unity4    ,times (    
obs]vation1   ,di/ances ( !        ,real
 diamet]s           #ahbh4              
comet f ! sun4  9 radii ( ! e>?4        
,oct4 #bh                #a4dfag        
#gi4d        ,nov4  #g                  

#a4cbag                 #fd4h           
,nov4 #cj                #j4iffh        
#bi4h        ,dec4  #g                  
#j4hdgc                 #ai4i           
,dec4 #ad                #j4gbhe        
#aa4c        ,dec4 #bd                  
#j4fdai                  #c4a  ,9 ord] !
 bett] to comp>e ! diamet]s ) ! =ce1 we 
w r$uce !m by mak+ ! fir/ numb]s equal4 
,di/ances4     ,diamet]s4    ,! #b4e?   
p[]      ,r$uc$                         
( ! ,di/ances4   ,diamet]s4   #a4dfag   
#gi4d            #b4eh             #b4eh
   #a4cbag            #fd4h             
#b4aj             #b4aj   #j4iffh       
#bi4h            #j4ib             #j4ig
   #j4hdgc            #ai4i             
#j4ff             #j4fe   #j4gbhe       
#aa4c            #j4de             #j4cg
   #j4edai             #c4a             
#j4ba             #j4aj  ,?is is a v    
close approximation1 :5 we consid] !    
difficulty ( micrometric measurem5t1 & !
 fact1 t z ! comet gets ne>] to ! sun1 z
 at ! la/ date ( ! table1 ! diamet] is m

 ?an proportionally dim9i%$ by ! fa9t]  
nebulosity becom+ invisible4 ,b1 !re may
 be a reality 9 ! discrepancy app>5t at 
! la/ date1 z ! comet 0 !n v ne> ! plane
 ( ! ecliptic1 & 01 consequ5tly1 expos$ 
to ! m viol5t action ( ! radial /ream4  
,to attempt to expla9 ! modus ag5di is1 
p]haps1 premature4 ,our pr9cipal aim is 
to pione] ! way into ! labyr9?1 & x is  
suffici5t to connect ?is seem+ anomaly )
 ! same g5]al law we h d$uc$ f o!r      
ph5om5a4 ,/ill1 an explanation may be   
giv5 9 /rict accordance ) ! g5]al       
pr9ciples ( ! !ory4  ,admitt+ ! nucleus 
( a comet to be gase\s1 !re is no       
difficulty ab\t ! solution4 ,accord+ to 
,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 />s ( ! smalle/     
magnitude rema9 di/9ctly visible1 ?\gh  
cov]$ by :at appe>s ! d5se/ portion ( _!
 sub/ances2 & s9ce x is an obs]v$ fact1 
t ! l>ge comets :i* h pres5t$ !         
appe>ance ( a nucleus1 h yet exhibit$ no
 phases1 ?\gh we _c d\bt t !y %9e by !  
reflect$ sol> light1 x foll[s t ev5 ^! c
 only be reg>d$ z great masses ( ?9     

vapor4 ,t comets %9e solely by reflect$ 
sol> light1 is a position t we %all     
pres5tly "q2 b t !y are masses ( vapor  
is too evid5t to dispute4 ,accord+ to ! 
same au?ority quot$ above1 ,if ! e>? 7  
r$uc$ to ! "o ?\s&? "p ( its actual     
mass1 its co]cive p[] ov] ! atmosph]e   
w\ld be dim9i%$ 9 ! same proportion1 & 9
 consequ5ce ! latt] w\ld exp& to a ?\s& 
times its actual bulk4 ,if ?is 7 s1 &   
comets compos$ ( ! elem5t>y gases1 "s ( 
!m w\ld h v respectable masses1 z !     
nuclei are frequ5tly n m ?an #e1jjj     
miles 9 diamet]1 & consequ5tly x becomes
 important to exam9e ! pr9ciple4 ,f all 
exp]im5ts ! d5sity ( an ela/ic fluid is 
directly z ! compress+ =ce2 & if a      
cyl9d] rea*$ to ! top ( our atmosph]e1  
compress$ by ! gravitation ( ! e>?1     
consid]$ equal at ea* end ( ! cyl9d]1 x 
w\ld repres5t ! actual compress+ =ce to 
:i* x owes its d5sity4 ,if ! gravitation
 ( ! e>? 7 dim9i%$ "o ?\s& times ?is    
atmosph]ic column w\ld exp& "o ?\s&     
times1#dd 7tak+ no acc\nt ( ! decrease (

 gravitation by increase ( di/ance27 s t
 ! diamet] ( ! arial globe w\ld be      
increas$ to #ajh1jjj miles1 tak+ !      
atmosph]e at #ej miles4 ,b ! m]e        
increas+ ! bulk ( ! atmosph]e #ajjj     
times w\ld increase ! diamet] to little 
m ?an d\ble4 ,ev5 giv+ ! correct        
expansion1 a comet's mass mu/ be mu*    
great] ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 or !     
diamet]s ( ! nuclei w\ld be great] if   
compos$ ( any gas light] ?an atmosph]ic 
air4  ,x is v improbable t a comet is   
compos$ ( only "o elem5t>y gas1 & if (  
_m1 _! specific gravities w v>y2 !      
light]1 ( c\rse1 occupy+ ! ext]ior      
lay]s4 ,) su* a small mass1 !re=e1 !    
upp] portion ( its atmosph]e mu/ be v   
att5uat$4 ,n[ let u rememb] t ! d5sity (
 ! e!r at a comet's aphelion1 is great] 
?an at ! p]ihelion1 9 ! direct ratio ( !
 squ>e roots ( ! di/ances f ! sun ne>ly4
 ,at ! aphelion ! comet l+]s ?r\gh half 
8 p]iod1 giv+ ample "t = ! nucleus to be
 p]meat$ by e!r proportionally d5se ) ! 
surr\nd+ e!r ( ! vortex at t di/ance4   

,?us situat$1 ! comet desc5ds to its    
p]ihelion1 gett+ fa/] & fa/] into a     
m$ium f> less d5se1 & !re mu/           
consequ5tly be an escape f ! nucleus1 or
 9 common p>lance1 ! comet is positively
 electric4 ,?is escap+ e!r1 9 pass+     
?r\gh ! att5uat$ lay]s compos+ ! surface
 ( ! nucleus1 impels ! light] atoms (   
cometic du/ fur!r f ! c5tre1 & z = z ?is
 d\bly att5uat$ atmosph]e ( isolat$     
p>ticles ext5ds1 s f> w ! escap+ e!r be 
r5d]$ lum9\s4 ,x may be object$ "h1 t a 
contr>y effect ought to be produc$ :5 ! 
comet is =sak+1 its p]ihelion2 b !      
objection is premature1 z ! heat receiv$
 f ! sun w h ! same effect 9 increas+ ! 
ela/icity1 z *ange ( d5sity1 & ! comet w
 probably "p ) its int]nal e!r z long z 
x is visible to ! e>?2 & n fully rega9 x
 p]haps1 until aft] x arrives at its    
aphelion4 ,suppose t we admit t a comet 
cont9ues to exp& 9 ! same ratio = all   
di/ances1 z is laid d[n = ! comet (     
,encke :5 ne> its p]ihelion2 x w\ld     
foll[1 t ! comet ( #ahaa1 w\ld h a      

diamet] at its aphelion ( fifty millions
 ( millions ( miles1 t is1 its outside  
w\ld ext5d "o ?\s& times fur!r f ! sun1 
at ! opposite side to t occupi$ by !    
c5tre ( ! comet1 ?an ! di/ance ( !      
comet's c5tre f ! sun1 at its enorm\s   
aphelion di/ance4 ,su* an absurdity %[s 
u t !re is a limit ( expansion due to   
natural causes1 & t if !re 7 no radial  
/ream ! volume ( a comet w\ld be greate/
 :5 ne>e/ ! sun4  ,b :ile ! comet is    
%ort5+ its di/ance & ha/5+ to ! sun 9 ! 
=m ( a huge globul> mass ( diffuse      
light1 x is cont9ually enc\nt]+ ano!r   
=ce1 increas+ 9 a f> m rapid ratio ?an !
 law ( gravitation4 ,at great di/ances f
 ! sun1 ! =ce ( ! radial /ream 0        
insuffici5t to deta* any portion ( !    
comet's atmosph]e2 pres5tly1 h[ev]1 !   
globul> =m is *ang$ to an ellipsoid1 !  
radial /ream beg9s to /rip ! comet ( t  
d\bly att5uat$ atmosph]e ( :i* we h     
spok51 & ! diamet] ( ! comet is dim9i%$1
 m]ely because ! lum9osity ( ! escap+   
e!r is t]m9at$ at ! limit ( t atmosph]e4

 ,mean:ile ! mass ( ! comet has suff]$  
only an inf9itely small dim9ution2 b if 
! p]ihelion di/ance be small1 ! =ce may 
become p[]ful en\gh to deta* ! heavi]   
p>ticles ( ! nucleus1 & ?us a comet may 
suff] 9 mass by ?is d5udat+ process4 ,we
 reg>d1 !re=e1 ! nucleus ( a comet to   
repres5t ! mass ( ! comet & ! coma1 z   
auroral rays pass+ ?r\gh a v att5uat$   
envelope ( deta*$ p>ticles4 ,!          
individual gravitat+ =ce ( ^! p>ticles  
to ! comet's c5tre1 may be !re=e        
consid]$ z inv]sely z ! squ>es ( !      
di/ances1 & directly z ! d5sity ( !     
p>ticles2 & ?is d5sity w1 accord+ to    
analogical reason+1 be z ! di/ances or  
squ>e roots ( ! di/ances2--grant ! la/  
ratio1 & ! gravitat+ =ce ( ! p>ticles   
compos+ ! ext]ior envelope ( a comet1   
becomes inv]sely z ! #b4e? p[] ( !      
di/ances f ! comet's c5tre4#de ,?is be+ 
! law ( ! radial /ream1 x foll[s1 (     
c\rse1 t a comet's diamet] is inv]sely z
 ! =ce ( ! radial /ream4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 
be borne 9 m9d1 t we are speak+ ( !     

atomic d5sity1 & n ( d5sity by          
compression2 = ?is comet>y du/1 :i*     
r5d]s lum9\s ! escap+ e!r ( ! nucleus1  
mu/ be f> too mu* diffus$ to m]it ! "n (
 an ela/ic fluid4 ,may n ! conc5tric    
r+s1 :i* 7 s conspicu\s 9 ! comet (     
#ahaa1 be ow+ to diff]5ces 9 ! gravitat+
 =ces ( su* p>ticles1 sift$1 z x 71 &   
?us arrang$1 accord+ to "s ratio ( !    
di/ances1 by ! c5tripulsive =ce ( !     
electric coma1 leav+ vacant int]vals1   
?r\gh :i* ! e!r pass$ )\t becom+ lum9\s8
 ,?is at lea/ is ! explanation giv5 by  
our !ory4 ,we may1 inde$1 consid] x     
possible t ! escap+ e!r1 :5 v int5se1   
might be r5d]$ lum9\s by pass+ into !   
surr\nd+ e!r1 &1 z x became m diffus$ by
 radiation1 at la/ become invisible4 ,9 
?is case1 z ! law ( radiation is z !    
squ>es ( ! di/ances f ! c5tre inv]sely1 
! rays w\ld be m & m b5t at "r angles1  
or app>5tly %ort5$1 z ! p[] ( ! radial  
/ream increas$1 & ! app>5t diamet]s ( ! 
coma w\ld be dim9i%$ fa/] ?an ! ratio ( 
! #b4e? p[] ( ! di/ances4 ,b :i*ev] view

 we adopt1 ! diamet] w\ld aga9 increase 
9 ! same ratio on leav+ ! sun1 if we    
make all[ance = increase ( temp]ature1 z
 well z = dim9ution ( d5sity1 = ! ord9>y
 di/ance ( a comet's visibility4 ,we1   
h[ev]1 reg>d ! *ange ( diamet]1 z due to
 bo? ^! nodes ( action1 z be/ agree+ ) !
 indications af=d$ by _! tails4  ,f !   
prec$+ rem>ks1 x results t ! d5sity ( ! 
p>ticles produc+ ! nebul\s envelope ( a 
comet1 r5d]s ! v>iations ( diamet] only 
approximate to ! law ( ! radial /ream2 a
 comet's own electric en]gy1 or !       
int5sity ( ! escap+ e!r1 may also modify
 ?is expression1 & _m o!r causes may be 
sugge/$4 ,t ! radial /ream is ! cause1 9
 ! way we h po9t$ out1 is prov$ by !    
positions ( ! major axis ( ! %ort-p]iod 
comet1 mak+ frequ5tly ne>ly a "r angle )
 ! radius vector ( ! orbit 9 #ahbh4 ,a  
soap bubble g5tly bl[n aside1 )\t deta*+
 x f ! pipe1 w af=d a good illu/ration (
 ! mode1 & a confirmation ( ! cause4 ,! 
angles measur$ by ,/ruve1 reckon$ f !   
radius vector1 prolong$ t[>ds ! sun1 are

 subjo9$3    ,novemb] #g        #ii4g   
,decemb] #g       #aed4j   ,novemb] #cj 
#ade 4#c    ,decemb] #ad      #adi 4#d  
,at ?is la/ date1 ! comet 0 gett+ pretty
 close to ! sun4 ,:5 ! angle 0 great]1 z
 on ,novemb] #g?1 ! comet appe>$ to make
 almo/ a "r angle ) ! radius vector2 & 9
 ?is position ( ! e>? & comet1 ! long]  
axis ( ! elliptical comet 0 direct$ to !
 axis ( ! vortex1 z may be v]ifi$ by    
exp]im5t4 ,at ! lat] dates1 ! comet 0 m 
rapidly desc5d+1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! axis
 ( ! comet 0 gett+ m direct$ t[>ds !    
e>?2 s t ! angle increas$ betwe5 ?is    
axis & ! radius vector1 & consequ5tly   
became m co9cid5t ) x4 ,we h n[ to      
consid] ! lum9\s app5dage ( a comet1    
commonly call$ a tail4  ,! v>i\s !ories 
hi!rto propos$ to acc\nt = ?is app5dage 
are liable to grave objections4 ,t x is 
n refract$ light ne$s n a ^w ( comm5t4  
,newton supposes ! tail to p>take ( !   
nature ( vapor1 ris+ f ! sun by its     
extreme levity1 z smoke 9 a *imney1 &   
r5d]$ visible by ! reflect$ light ( !   

sun4 ,b1 h[ vapor %\ld rise t[>ds       
opposition 9 a vacuum1 is utt]ly        
inexplicable4 ,9 speak+ ( ! great] numb]
 ( comets ne> ! sun ?an on ! opposite   
side1 he obs]ves3 ,h9c etiam manife/um  
e/ quod cli resi/5ti de/ituuntur4#df ,& 
aga91 9 ano!r place1 speak+ ( ! tail    
mov+ ) ! same velocity ( ! comet1 he    
says3 ,et h9c rursus colligitur spatia  
cle/ia vi resi/5di de/itui2 utpote 9    
quibus non solum solida planet>um et    
comet>um corpora1 s$ etiam r>issimi     
c&>um vapores motus suos velocissimos   
lib]rim p]agunt ac diutissim cons]vant4 
,on :at pr9ciple1 !re=e1 ,newton reli$  
to cause ! vapors to asc5d1 does n      
appe>4 ,hydrog5 rises 9 our atmosph]e   
because specifically light]4 ,if !re 7  
no atmosph]e1 hydrog5 w\ld n rise1 b    
m]ely exp& on all sides4 ,b1 a comet's  
tail %oots (f into space 9 a /raight l9e
 ( "o hundr$ millions ( miles1 &        
frequ5tly z mu* z t5 millions ( miles 9 
a s+le day1 z 9 ! case ( ! comet (      
#ahdc4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el obs]ves1 t no 

rational or ev5 plausible acc\nt has yet
 be5 r5d]$ ( ^? imm5sely lum9\s         
app5dages :i* !y be> ab\t ) !m1 & :i*   
are kn[n z _! tails4 ,yet1 he believes1 
& a/ronom]s g5]ally believe1 t a comet  
%9es by reflect$ light4 ,?is !ory (     
reflexion is ! incubus :i* clogs ! "q ) 
su* =midable difficulties2 =1 x foll[s1 
t ! reflect+ matt] mu/ come f ! comet4  
,b1 :at wond]ful elem5ts mu/ a comet be 
made (1 to project !mselves into space )
 su* imm5se velocity1 & 9 su* enorm\s   
quantities z to exce$ 9 volume ! body f 
:i* !y emanate _m millions ( times4 ,?is
 !ory may be1 !re=e1 safely reject$4  ,f
 :at we h already advanc$ conc]n+ ! coma
 or nebulosity ( ! comet1 we pass by an 
easy pa? to an explanation ( ! tail4 ,9 
! %ort-p]iod comets1 ! d5sity ( !       
elem5t>y atoms is too great to be deta*$
 9 ! gross f ! nucleus1 or1 r1 ! d5sity 
( ! atoms compos+ ! nucleus is too great
 to p]mit ! radiat+ /ream ( ! comet     
c>ry+ !m to a suffici5t di/ance to be   
deta*$ by ! radial /ream ( ! sun4 ,h5ce1

 ^! comets exhibit b v little tails4 ,we
 may also conceive1 t ! cont9ual sift+s 
:i* ! nucleus und]goes at ea* successive
 p]ihelion passage1 h left b little ( ^?
 light] elem5ts 9 comets ^: mean        
di/ances are s small4 ,yet1 aga91 if by 
any *ance ! ecc5tricity is increas$1 !re
 are two causes--! d5sity ( ! e!r1 & !  
heat ( ! sun--:i* may make a comet      
assume q an impos+ appe>ance :5 app>5tly
 r$uc$ to ! comp>atively passive /ate   
above m5tion$4  ,accord+ to our !ory1   
!n1 ! coma ( a comet is due to !        
ela/icity ( ! e!real m$ium )9 ! nucleus1
 caus$ bo? by ! dim9i%$ pressure ( !    
ext]nal e!r ne> ! sun1 & also by !      
increas$ temp]ature act+ on ! nucleus1 &
 ?us on ! involv$ e!r4 ,! tail1 on !    
contr>y1 is caus$ by ! light] p>ticles (
 ! comet's att5uat$ atmosph]e be+ bl[n  
(f by ! electric bla/ ( ! radial /ream (
 ! sol> vortex1 9 suffici5t quantities  
to r5d] its passage visible4 ,x is n1   
!re=e1 reflect$ light1 b an e!real /ream
 r5d]$ lum9\s by ?is deta*$ matt] /ill  

held 9 *eck by ! gravitat+ =ce ( ! sun1 
^: c5tre ea* p>ticle /ill respects1 &   
endeavors to describe su* an orbit z    
results f its own atomic d5sity1 & !    
resultant action ( bo? ! act+ =ces4 ,f !
 law ( d5sity ( ! e!r1 ! coma ought to  
be brighte/ & ! radiat+ /ream ( !       
comet's nucleus /ronge/ on ! side ( lea/
 pressure3 f ?is cause1 & ! fact t !    
body ( ! comet af=ds a c]ta9 protection 
to ! p>ticles imm$iately beh9d x1 !re w 
be an int]val betwe5 ! comet & ! tail   
less lum9\s1 z is almo/ inv>iably       
obs]v$4 ,we ?us h an explanation ( !    
fact notic$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 t !  
/ructure ( a comet1 z se5 9 section 9 ! 
direction ( its l5g?1 mu/ be t ( a holl[
 envelope ( a p>abolic =m1 enclos+ ne>  
its v]tex ! nucleus or head4 ,we h1     
also1 a satisfactory explanation ( !    
rapid =mation ( ! tail2 ( its be+ wid] &
 fa9t] at its extremity2 ( its          
occasional curvature2 & ( its great]    
l5g? aft] p]ihelion ?an be=e4 ,b1 m     
especially may we po9t to ! explanation 

:i* ?is !ory gives ( ! fact1 t1 cet]is  
p>ibus1 ! long-p]iod comets1 :5 _!      
p]ihelion di/ances are small1 h tails ( 
su* exagg]at$ dim5sions4  ,a comet1 ^:  
mean di/ance is consid]able1 is suppos$ 
by ! !ory to be compos$ ( elem5ts less  
d5se1 &1 dur+ its long soj\rn at its    
aphelion1 x may be also suppos$ t x !re 
receives cont9ual accessions to its     
volume f ! diffus$ sift+s ( ! sy/em1 & f
 ! scatt]$ debris ( o!r comets4 ,on     
approa*+ ! p]ihelion1 ! rapidity ( !    
*ange 9 ! d5sity ( ! e!r 9 a giv5 "t1   
dep5ds on ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit1 & s  
does ! *ange ( temp]ature2 s t1 f bo?   
causes1 bo? ! l5g? ( ! tail & !         
brilliancy ( ! comet measurably dep5ds  
on ! magnitude ( ! p]iod & ( !          
ecc5tricity4  ,if ! nuclei ( comets be  
gase\s z we suppose1 & t ! smalle/ />s  
are visible ?r\gh !m1 x is an outrage on
 common s5se1 to ref] t light1 :i* r5d]s
 a comet visible at noon-day1 )9 six    
m9utes ( space ( ! sun itself1 to !     
reflect$ light ( ! sun4 ,:5 a small />  

has be5 se5 ?r\gh ! nucleus ( a comet1  
)\t any p]ceptible dim9ution ( light1 x 
indicates p]fect transp>5cy2 b !re c be 
no reflection f a p]fectly transp>5t    
body1 & !re=e1 a comet does n %9e by    
reflect$ light4 ,x is true t ,arago     
discov]$ traces ( pol>iz$ light 9 !     
comet ( #ahai1 & also 9 m rec5t comets1 
b !y are m]e traces1 & ,arago himself   
admits1 t !y d n p]mit ! conclusion     
decid$ly t ^! />s %9e only ) a borr[$   
light4 ,b x /ill does n foll[ t a comet 
7ev5 if indep5d5t ( reflect$ light7 is 9
 an inc&esc5t /ate4 ,! auroral light is 
n pol>iz$1 nor any o!r electric light1  
nei!r is x ow+ to a /ate ( inc&esc5ce1  
yet x is lum9\s4 ,! int5se light ( a    
comet at p]ihelion is analog\s to !     
*>coal po9ts ( a galvanic batt]y1 caus$ 
by a rapid curr5t ( e!r f ! nucleus1 &  
assi/$ by ! radial /ream ( ! vortex4    
,?is w acc\nt = ! ph5om5on 9 all its    
%ades ( int5sity1 z well z = ! abs5ce ( 
any p]ceptible phase4 ,x w also acc\nt =
 ! non-combu/ion ( su* comets z ^? ( !  

ye>s #afhj & #ahdc4 ,we %all also be at 
no loss to und]/&1 :y !re is no         
refraction :5 a ray ( light f a />      
passes ?r\gh ! nebulosity ( a comet2 &  
if1 z we may reasonably suppose1 !      
gase\s matt] compos+ ! nucleus be v     
att5uat$1 in/rum5ts are yet too imp]fect
 to det]m9e :e!r ^! also h any refract+ 
p[]4 ,on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 x is safe/ to 
susp5d our judgm5t1 z !re may be comets 
n belong+ to our sy/em1 ) ev5 liquid or 
solid nuclei1 or ( matt] widely diff]5t 
to ^? elem5ts compos+ ! memb]s ( ! sol> 
sy/em4  ,9 addition to :at has be5      
already advanc$ on ?is subject ( a      
comet's light1 we may appeal to !       
well-kn[n fact t ! visibility ( a comet 
is n reciprocally z ! squ>es ( !        
di/ances f ! e>? & sun z x ought to be1 
if %9+ by reflect$ light4 ,9 ,mr4 ,h9d's
 late "w on comets1 ! fact is /at$ t    
,dr4 ,olb]s f\nd t ! comet ( #aghj      
atta9$ its greate/ brightness on ! #h? (
 ,novemb]1 ?irte5 days subsequ5t to its 
discov]y1 :]eas accord+ to ! law (      

reflect$ light1 x %\ld h become         
gradually fa9t] f ! day ( its discov]y2 
& suppos+ ! comet self-lum9\s1 !        
int5sity ( light %\ld h increas$ ea* day
 until ,novemb] #bf?2 yet 9 ! int]val   
betwe5 ! #h? & #bf? ( t mon?1 x grew    
rapidly less4 ,n[ ?is !ory tea*es1 t a  
comet is nei!r self-lum9\s nor dep5d5t  
on ! sun1 b on its di/ance f ! axis ( ! 
vortex1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( elaps$ "t f ! 
p]ihelion1 v>y+ some:at 9 ea* p>ticul>  
case4 ,?is fact is !re=e a v /rong      
argum5t 9 favor ( our !ory4  ,amid/ ! _m
 anomal\s peculi>ities ( comets1 x has  
be5 notic$ t a %ort tail is sometimes   
se5 at "r angles to ! pr9cipal tail1 & 9
 a few cases po9t+ directly t[>ds ! sun4
 ,mu* ( ?is may be ow+ to p]spective1 b 
grant+ ! reality ( ! fact1 x is /ill    
explicable on ! same g5]al pr9ciples4   
,9 speak+ ( ! modify+ causes :i*        
influ5ce ! wea!r1 we m5tion$ ! effect   
due to ! position ( ! sun ) respect to !
 axis ( ! vortex4 ,?is w be f\nd to h a 
s5sible effect on ! action ( ! radial   

/ream4 ,! natural direction ( a comet's 
electric /ream is t[>ds ! axis ( !      
vortex1 & 9 ! c5tral plane ( ! vortex x 
w be also t[>ds ! sun4 ,b ?is /ream is  
met by ! /rong] radial /ream f ! axis1 &
 z ,mr4 ,h9d describes x1 is driv5      
backw>d 9 two /reams pass+ on ei!r side 
( ! head1 & ultimately bl5d+ into "o to 
=m ! tail4 ,n[1 if ! body ( ! sun be    
situat$ betwe5 ! comet & ! axis ( !     
vortex1 x w %ield ! comet f ! action ( !
 radial /ream1 & ?us a tail may really  
po9t t[>ds ! sun4  ,9 #agdd a brilliant 
comet exhibit$ six di/9ct tails spread  
out l a fan1 "s sev5 days aft] its      
p]ihelion passage2 its di/ance f ! sun  
at ! "t n be+ m ?an a ?ird ( ! e>?'s    
di/ance4 ,! comet 0 !n rapidly approa*+ 
! plane ( ! ecliptic1 & if we make !    
calculation = ! position ( ! sun1 we    
%all f9d t ! body ( ! sun 0 on ! same   
side ( ! axis ( ! vortex z ! comet1 & t 
! comet 0 !n situat$ at ! b\nd>ies ( !  
conical space1 enclos$ by ! radial /ream
 9 its deflect$ passage r\nd ! body ( ! 

sun4 ,9 ?is position !re are num]\s     
cross curr5ts ( ! /ream1 & h5ce !       
ph5om5on 9 "q4 ,z ?is fact re/s on !    
te/imony ( "o individual1 & is an       
occurr5ce nev] record$ be=e or s9ce1 _m 
are dispos$ to d\bt ! fact1 yet our !ory
 expla9s ev5 ?is peculi>ity1 & %[s t !re
 is no necessity = impugn+ ! /atem5t (  
,*eseaux4  ,ano!r unexpla9$ ph5om5on is 
! corruscation ( ! tail4 ,x has be5     
attempt$ to explode ?is fact also1 by   
ref]r+ x to conditions ( our own        
atmosph]e2 & x is g5]ally consid]$ !    
argum5t ( ,olb]s1 f\nd$ on ! great l5g? 
( ! tail & ! velocity ( light1 is       
suffici5t to prove t ^! corruscations   
are n actually 9 ! tail4 ,n[1 x is      
und\bt$ly true1 t z light travels less  
?an two hundr$ ?\s& miles 9 a second1 & 
a comet's tail is frequ5tly "o hundr$   
millions long1 x is impossible to see an
 in/antane\s motion along ! :ole l9e ( !
 tail2 b grant+ t !re are su* flick]+s 9
 ! tail z are describ$ by s _m1 x mu/   
necess>ily be1 t ^! flick]+s w be       

visible4 ,x w\ld be wond]ful inde$1 if a
 s]ies ( waves pass+ f ! comet to !     
extremity ( ! tail1 %\ld h _! phases s  
exactly h>moniz+ ) _! respective        
di/ances z to produce a uni=m /eady     
light f a light 9 rapid motion4 ,!      
argum5t1 !re=e1 proves too mu*1 & z x is
 9 ! v nature ( electric light ?us to   
corruscate1 z we see frequ5tly 9 !      
nor!rn lights1 we mu/ be p]mitt$ /ill to
 believe t n only ! tails1 b also !     
heads ( comets d really corruscate z    
describ$4  ,) respect to ! direction ( !
 tail1 a/ronom]s h be5 =c$ to ab&on !   
antiquat$ notion1 t ! tail always po9t$ 
directly f ! sun2 yet !y /ill           
p]t9aci\sly cl+ to ! idea1 t al?\gh ?is 
is n always ! case1 ! tail only deviates
 f ?is direction 9 ! plane ( ! orbit4 ,z
 ?is is a mo/ important "q1 x is        
necess>y =mally to prote/ aga9/ su* a   
conclusion4 ,if ! e>? %\ld happ5 to be 9
 ! plane ( ! comet's orbit & ! tail     
appe>s 9 t plane1 x mu/ ( c\rse be 9 t  
plane really2 b if ! e>? is n 9 ! plane 

( ! comet's orbit1 ! tail is n          
necess>ily 9 ! same plane1 :atev] its   
app>5t direction may indicate4 ,x is    
true !re is a t5d5cy ( e p>ticle ( !    
tail1 mov+ "u ! re/ra9+ influ5ce ( !    
sun's attraction1 to cont9ue 9 ! plane (
 ! orbit2 & 9 c]ta9 positions !re is no 
oblique action aris+ f ! =ce ( ! radial 
/ream to cause x to deviate f t plane2  
yet 9 o!r positions ( ! comet1 ! action 
( ! radial /ream may be oblique1 =c+ x  
out ( t plane1 & /ill su* a direction   
might be assign$ to x z to make x con=m4
 ,9 ! comet ( #ahdc1 ,p4 ,smy! obs]v$ a 
=k$ tail #be long on ,m>* #c;d1 & f !   
end ( ! =k$ tail1 & f its nor? side1 a  
/ream] div]g$ at an angle ( #f or #g to 
! nor?4 ,z ?is 0 contr>y to ! direction 
( ! curvature1 if ! tail _h be5 curv$1 x
 c\ld only arise f a portion be+ driv5  
(f by ! radial /ream1 or b5t t[>ds !    
plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,! curvature obs]v$ 
by o!rs at a lat] date1 0 concave to !  
s\?4 ,t[>ds ! middle & close ( ,m>*1 !  
tail became /raight1 & ) ! above        

exception1 might be consid]$ to move 9 !
 plane ( ! orbit4  ,! celebrat$ comet ( 
,halley1 z obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,bessel 9     
#ahce1 %[$ t a m or less well-def9$ tuft
 ( rays emanat$ f t "p ( ! nucleus :i* 0
 turn$ t[>ds ! sun2 & ! rays be+ b5t    
backw>d =m$ a "p ( ! tail4 ,! nucleus1 )
 its emanations1 pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a
 burn+ rocket1 ! end ( :i* 0 turn$      
sideways by ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,&1 ,bessel  
concludes3 ,t ! cone ( light issu+ f !  
comet deviat$ consid]ably bo? to ! "r & 
left ( ! true direction ( ! sun1 b t x  
always return$ to t direction1 & pass$  
ov] to ! opposite side2 s t ! cone (    
light1 & ! body ( ! comet f :5ce x      
emanat$1 exp]i5c$ a rotatory1 or1 r1 a  
vibrat+ motion 9 ! plane ( ! orbit4 ,x  
is impossible t ,bessel %\ld "h mean t  
?is motion 0 c]ta9ly 9 ! plane ( !      
orbit2 = ! orbit 0 !n view$ sideways1 & 
he _h no means ( asc]ta9+ ! fact4 ,8    
mean+ mu/ be t x 0 app>5tly 9 ! plane ( 
! orbit4 ,if a plane be made to pass    
?r\gh ! e>?1 ! comet1 & ! sun1 ! tail   

might be plac$ 9 any position 9 t plane1
 & yet appe> to be at ! int]section ( ! 
two2 t is1 9 ! plane ( ! comet's orbit4 
,! vibration ( ! tail1 9 ?is case1 is   
ano!r /rong pro( ( ! correctness ( our  
!ory4 ,to make x m intelligible1 we %all
 resort to a diagram4  ,9 ! foll[+      
diagram1 ! comet's orbit1 repres5t$ by !
 dott$ l9e1 is drawn on ! plane ( !     
ecliptic2 x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to be> 9
 m9d1 t x is tilt$ up f ! l9e ( nodes   
,,sn1 at an angle ( #ag #de4 ,! position
 ( ! comet1 ,octob] #i?1 is at ,c1      
approa*+ its p]ihelion2 t ( ! e>? at !  
same "t at ,t2 :ile ,s repres5ts ! sun1 
& ,,sq ! l9e ( equ9oxes4 ,n[1 f a cause 
already expla9$1 ! tail always t5ds to  
lay beh9d ! comet1 9 ! direction        
indicat$ by ! l[] tail 9 ! diagram at   
#a1 &1 if produc$1 w\ld pass to ! left (
 ! sun1 z se5 f ! e>?3 ! =ce ( ! radial 
/ream1 h[ev]1 w n all[ ?is lagg+ ( !    
tail1 & x is /raight5$ out by ?is =ce2  
b1 be+ direct$ to ! axis ( ! vortex1 & n
 to ! sun1 x is n really 9 ! plane ( !  

orbit1 b is se5 9 ! direction ( ! upp]  
tail depict$ 9 ! diagram at #c1 &1 if   
produc$1 w\ld pass to ! "r ( ! sun1 z   
se5 f ,t4 ,n[1 !re is an int]m$iate     
position ( ! tail1 9 :i* x w appe> 9 !  
prolongation ( ! radius vector ,,sc2 ?is
 position is repres5t$ by ! middle or   
c5tral tail ( ! comet at #b1 yet ?is is 
n 9 ! plane ( ! orbit1 x only appe>s to 
be1 z may be readily und]/ood by        
rememb]+ t ! e>? at ?is "t is "u ?is    
plane1 & ! comet is se5 at a consid]able
 elevation above ! plane ( ! ecliptic4  
,:5 ! comet's tail becomes direct$ to ! 
axis ( ! vortex1 or 9 ! app>5t position 
( ,no4 #c1 ! comet1 rapidly c>e]+ on its
 way to ! sun1 aga9 leaves ! tail beh9d1
 & aga9 x is /r5g!n$ out by ! radial    
/ream oscillat+ ab\t ! mean position at 
#b1 z obs]v$ by ,bessel4 ,f ?is1 x      
appe>s1 t !re is no necessity to make   
confusion worse conf\nd$1 by resort+ to 
pol> =ces1 :i* are ab\t z intelligible z
 ! f\ndations ( ! pill>s ( ,atlas4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be  ,x may be      

object$ t ! cont9u$ action ( ! radial   
/ream ) t velocity we h cont5d$ =1 ought
 to keep ! tail inv>iably direct$ f !   
axis ( ! vortex2 b1 :]e !re are two =ces
 or t5d5cies1 z 9 ?is case1 analogy w\ld
 tea* u t a c]ta9 degree ( oscillation  
is a necess>y result4 ,!re may1 also1 be
 slight & transi5t *anges 9 ! direction 
( ! radial /ream4 ,9 ! hurricane !re are
 %ort & fitful bla/s incl9$ to ! g5]al  
direction ( ! w9d1 :i* mu/ arise f !    
in]tia ( ! mov+ mass ( atmosph]e1 caus+ 
tempor>y cond5sations & r>efactions4 ,be
 ?is z x may1 we h assign$ a cause :i*  
satisfies ! ph5om5on1 )\t com+ into     
collision ) a s+le pr9ciple ( cele/ial  
me*anics4  ,pr(4 ,/ruve comp>$ ! tail ( 
?is comet to a flame1 or ray ( fire %ot 
out f ! nucleus1 z f "s eng9e (         
artill]y1 & driv5 on "o side by ! w9d4  
,at ! same "t1 he saw a second emanation
 ne>ly 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is la/ 
might arise f a mom5t>y fluctuation 9 ! 
relative int5sities ( ! electric        
radiation ( ! comet1 & ( ! radial /ream1

 ow+ to ! probable irregul>ities j      
allud$ to4 ,su* & k9dr$ ph5om5a are     
utt]ly inexplicable1 )\t we adopt ! !ory
 we are advocat+4 ,"o o!r feature1 & we 
w leave ! subject4  ,f our explanation (
 ! sol> spots1 we inf]r$ ! exi/5ce (    
ano!r l>ge planet 9 ! sy/em4 ,might n ! 
same effect be produc$ by a comet8 ,or  
may !re n be s _m comets1 ^: great      
elongation1 comb9$ ) ev5 a mod]ate mass1
 may r5d] x impossible to calculate !   
position ( ! sun ) respect to ! c5tral  
axis ( ! vortex1--always consid]+ ?is   
la/ z ! axis ( equilibrium8 ,9 a g5]al  
way1 we might say t ! v numb] ( comets 9
 all directions & all di/ances1 w\ld t5d
 to neutralize ea* o!r's effects2 b we  
are n "u ?is necessity4 ,a comet1 mov+ 9
 a p>abola1 does n belong to ! sy/em or 
to ! rotat+ vortex2 & ! p]iodic comets1 
if ( gase\s elem5ts1 7z seems s         
probable17 mu/1 f ! size ( _! nuclei1   
:i* ! !ory consid]s ! only "p con/itut+ 
_! mass1 h f> less mass ?an ! v smalle/ 
( ! a/]oids1 & consequ5tly c\ld h v     

little effect on ! me*anical balance ( !
 vortex1 ev5 if elongat$ z f> z ! orbit 
( ,neptune4 ,did we "k ! influ5ce ( cold
 9 limit+ ! expansibility ( ! elem5t>y  
gases1 we might approximately det]m9e ! 
mass ( a comet1 f ! size ( its nucleus2 
b ?is is a problem t has nev] yet be5   
solv$2 & a/ronom]s ought to avail       
!mselves ( e indication :i* promises to 
realize ?is great desid]atum4 ,! gr&    
comet ( #aeef is n[ probably approa*+1  
&1 f rec5t inve/igations1 x appe>s t x w
 arrive at its p]ihelion 9              
#aheh1--subject to an error ei!r way (  
ab\t two ye>s4 ,an opportunity may ?us  
be pres5t$ ( det]m9+ ! mass ( "o ( !    
l>ge/ comets on record1 :i* may n aga9  
occur4 ,?is arises f ! possible appulse 
( ! comet to ! planet ,pallas1 ^: mass1 
be+ s small1 w\ld m s5sibly be di/urb$  
by su* an appulse ?an ! e>?4 ,z !       
incl9ations & asc5d+ nodes ( ! two      
orbits approximately co9cide1 & z       
,pallas w be ne> ! comet's pa?1 on !    
approa* ( ! latt] to ! sun1 at ! beg9n+ 

( ! ye> #aheg1 %\ld ! comet become      
visible ab\t t "t1 a v close appulse is 
possible4 ,x is n unlikely1 also1 t if !
 elem5ts ( ,pallas 7 s f> p]fect$ z to  
af=d reliable indications1 t ! ne>      
approa* ( ! comet might ?us be h]ald$ 9 
advance1 & lead to an e>li] detection ( 
its pres5ce4 ,w\ld x n be a wor?y       
contribution to sci5ce1 = "s "o possess+
 ! necess>y leisure1 to give an ephem]is
 ( ! planet = t epo*2 z a v slight *ange
 9 ,mr4 ,h9d's elem5ts ( ! comet1 w\ld  
cause an actual int]section ( ! two     
orbits 9 ab\t helioc5tric longitude     
#aec8 ,! subsequ5t nodal passage (      
,pallas w take place ne> opposition1 &  
be v favorably situat$ = det]m9+ !      
in/ant ( its passage2 &1 ( all !        
elem5ts1 ?is w\ld be m likely to be     
affect$ ?an any o!r4#dg   ,,! ,,zodial  
,,light4  ,a ph5om5on1 ak9 to t :i* we h
 j be5 consid]+1 is pres5t$ by t great  
cone ( diffus$ light :i* accompanies !  
sun1 & :i* 9 tropical climes displays a 
brilliancy seldom witness$ 9 high       

latitudes1 on acc\nt ( its great]       
deviation f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,sir ,john    
,h]s*el conjectures t x may be no o!r   
?an ! d5s] "p ( t m$ium1 :i*1 z we h    
reason to believe1 resi/s ! motion1 (   
comets1--load$1 p]haps1 ) ! actual      
mat]ials ( ! tails ( millions ( ^?      
bodies1 ( :i* !y h be5 /ripp$ 9 _!      
successive p]ihelion passages1 & :i* may
 be sl[ly subsid+ into ! sun4 ,if ^!    
mat]ials h be5 /ripp$1 x is due to "s   
=ce2 & ! same =ce w\ld sc>cely p]mit !m 
to subside into ! sun4 ,once /ripp$1 ^! 
portions mu/ be borne outw>ds1 by !     
radial /ream1 to ! out] v]ge ( ! sy/em4 
,/ill1 !re are1 no d\bt1 d5s] p>ticles (
 matt]1 ( ! av]age atomic d5sity (      
,m]cury & ,v5us1 :i* c ma9ta9 _! gr\nd  
aga9/ ! radial /ream1 & cont9ue to      
circulate ne> ! c5tral plane ( ! vortex1
 9 all t space betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun4 ,b 
if ! zodial light be ! d5s] "p ( t      
m$ium1 :i* a/ronom]s n[ g5]ally         
recognize z a resi/+ m$ium1 h[ happ5s x 
t x %\ld be conf9$ to ! plane ( !       

ecliptic8 ,:y %\ld x n be a globul>     
atmosph]e8 ,"h1 aga91 our !ory /eps 9 ) 
a triumphant explanation2 = :ile x      
p]mits ! accumulation ( su* p>ticles    
ar\nd ! equatorial plane ( ! sun1 x     
all[s no re/+-place v f> remov$ f ?is   
plane4 ,! zodial light1 !re=e1 is n !   
resi/+ m$ium1 b ! passage ( ! radial    
/ream ?r\gh a diffuse nebula ( atoms1   
br\ght d[n ! poles ( ! vortex by ! pol> 
curr5t1 & held 9 *eck along ! c5tral    
plane by gravitation4  ,if ^! atoms     
p>took ( ! velocity ( ! e!r1 !y w\ld n  
be lum9\s2 b be+ held back by           
gravitation1 !y are oppos$ to ! radial  
/ream1 & h5ce ! light4  ,_m />s are also
 nebul\s4 ,9 "s cases we see !          
nebulosity edgewise1 or along !         
equatorial planes ( ! /ell> vortices2 9 
o!rs we look d[n ! poles1 & !           
nebulosities are circul>1 & !re is an   
endless v>iety 9 ! %ape & int5sity ( ?is
 light4 ,b ! univ]se seems full (       
motion1 & we are n ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+1   
because a /> %[s no su* light1 t x is   

)\t rotation4 ,! p>allax ( ! ne>e/ /> is
 only "o second1 ! :ole l5ticul> mass ( 
light :i* surr\nds our sun w\ld !re=e   
only subt5d an angle ( a s+le second at 
! ne>e/ fix$ />4 ,see+ its extreme      
fa9tness1 !re=e1 ! effulg5ce ( ! /> w\ld
 r5d] x totally invisible1 provid$ t x  
c\ld trav]se ! va/ imm5sity ( int]v5+   
space1 )\t feel+ ! influ5ce ( t         
ext9ction1 :i* ,/ruve has prov$ does    
actually dim9i% ! numb] ( visible />s4  
,corruscations & flick]+s h also be5    
notic$ 9 ! zodial light1 & z usual1 !   
le>n$ h sugge/$ atmosph]ic conditions z 
! cause1 in/ead ( tru/+ to ! evid5ce (  
_! own s5ses4 ,h[ prone is philosophy to
 cl+ to t :i* is envelop$ 9 ! mi/ (     
unc]ta9ty1 r ?an embrace ! too simple   
indications ( nature4 ,z if ,god _h only
 int5d$ h] glories to be reveal$ to a   
favor$ few1 & n to mank9d at l>ge4      
,bless$ w be ! day :5 all w appreciate  
_! own p[]s & privileges1 & no long]    
reg>d ! oracles :i* emanate f a         
pr(essional prie/hood1 ^: dicta h s (t5 

t5d$ to d>k5 ! simple c\nsels ( tru?6   
,to set ! "q ( pulsations 9 ! zodial    
light1 z well z 9 ! tails ( comets1 at  
re/1 only requires previ\sly conc]t$    
obs]vations1 9 places n v widely ap>t2 =
 x is sc>cely possible1 t atmosph]ic    
conditions %\ld produce simultane\s     
pulsations 9 two di/ant places4 ,if !   
pulsations are f\nd to be simultane\s1  
!y are real2 if n simultane\s1 !y may   
dep5d on su* conditions2 b f ! nature ( 
! cause1 we %\ld look = !m z mu* 9 !    
zodial light1 z 9 ! aurora borealis1    
reg>d+ ! diff]5t int5sities4  ,!re is   
also reason to suspect t ! nor!rn side  
is always ! brighte/1 bo? 9 spr+ &      
autumn4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,octob] #d?1      
#ahec1 ! light 0 v vivid & well def9$1  
its nor!rn m>g9 graz+ ,regulus & t]m9at+
 at ,m>s1 :i* 0 also to ! nor? ( x4 ,n[1
 al?\gh ! nor!rn side 0 ! brighte/1 !   
great mass ( light 0 to ! s\? ( !       
ecliptic1 z f> d[n z ! cone %ape 0      
pres]v$2 b at #aj f ! horizon1 a /ill   
bright] mass protrud$ f ! cone t[>ds !  

nor?1 :i* 0 all nor? ( ! ecliptic1 & (  
an irregul> =m1 ext5d+ along ! horizon4 
,! "t 0 #d ,a4,m41 & consequ5tly 0 n due
 to any crepuscul> light4 ,an           
explanation ( ! g5]al fact ( ! brighte/ 
light be+ always on ! nor? side1 is giv5
 9 ! pres5t section1 9 connection )     
ano!r ph5om5on4 ,if1 z "s suppose1 !    
light does n rea* to ! sun1 ! annulus   
mu/ at lea/ fill all ! space betwe5     
,v5us & ! e>?1 b x is f> m 9 accordance 
) facts z well z ) our !ory1 to suppose 
x increases 9 d5sity to ! body ( ! sun4 
,obs]vations made at ! obs]vatory ( !   
,briti% ,association1 detect$1 9 #ahej1 
sudd5 bright5+s ( ! light1 altoge!r     
diff]5t f pulsations4 ,! !ory w\ld ref] 
^! to t fitful irregul>ity 9 ! mom5t>y  
int5sity ( ! radial /ream1 :i* gives !  
flick]+ & tremul\s motion to comets'    
tails4 ,b1 ! /eady v>iations 9 !        
int5sity ( ?is light mu/ be due to o!r  
causes4 ,! longitude ( ! sun w "h come 9
 z a modify+ cause2 = ! ob/ruction caus$
 by ! body ( ! sun1 :5 displac$ f ! axis

 ( ! vortex1 mu/ necess>ily ex]cise an  
influ5ce on ! =ce & direction ( ! radial
 /ream4 ,a sudd5 influx ( comet>y matt] 
d[n ! poles ( ! vortex1 9 m ?an usual   
quantities1 w also t5d to bright5 &     
enl>ge ! zodial light2 &1 9 ?is la/     
cause1 we h an explanation n only (     
anci5t obscurations ( ! sol> light1 b1  
also1 ( ^? phosphoresc5t mi/s1 su* z    
occurr$ 9 #agdc & #ahca1 r5d]+ moonless 
nights s light t ! smalle/ pr9t c\ld be 
read at midnight4  ,9 total eclipses ( !
 sun1 ! d5s] portion ( ! zodial light is
 visible z a brilliant corona2 b1 on su*
 occasions1 ! brighte/ />s only are to  
be se51 &1 consequ5tly1 ! fa9t] portions
 ( ! light mu/ be invisible4 ,h9d       
m5tions z _m z t5 />s visible 9 ! total 
eclipse ( #ahdb4 ,accord+ to ! same     
au?ority1 ! color ( ! corona 0 l t>ni%$ 
silv]1 & rays ( light div]g$ 9 e        
direction1 & appe>$ %9+ ?r\gh ! light ( 
! corona 9 ! total eclipse ( #ahea4 ,9  
?is ye> on ! day ( ! eclipse 7,july     
#bh?71 ! longitude ( ! sun 0 ab\t #cdj1 

&1 !re=e1 ! body ( ! sun ob/ruct$ !     
radial /ream z se5 f ! e>? on ! "r side2
 b1 9 #ahdb1 ! longitude ( ! sun 01     
accord+ to our table1 ab\t #aaf1 ! sun's
 c5tre !n be+ #gjj1jjj miles f ! axis ( 
! vortex1 & on ! opposite side ) respect
 to ! e>?2 ! position 01 !re=e1 n s     
favorable = ! appe>ance ( ^! rays :i*1 9
 _m cases1 h giv5 ! appe>ance ( a :irl+ 
motion to ! corona4  ,at ?is date1 ,july
 #g?1 #ahdb1 ! corona1 accord+ to ,pr(4 
,airy1 possibly _h a some:at radial     
appe>ance1 b n suffici5tly m>k$ to      
int]f]e ) ! g5]al annul> /ructure4 ,mr4 
,baily1 on ! contr>y1 says1 ! corona _h 
! appe>ance ( brilliant rays2 &1 at     
,milan1 long jets ( light 7 p>ticul>ly  
notic$4 ,!re c be no d\bt b t ! passage 
( ! radial /ream pa/ ! out] m>g9 ( !    
moon mu/ also give rise to ! same       
ph5om5a z :5 pass+ ! sun1 & 9 ?is we h  
an explanation ( ! fact1 t1 previ\s to !
 mom5t ( fir/ contact1 an appe>ance     
resembl+ a fa9tly-illum9at$ limb ( !    
moon1 has be5 p]ceiv$ ne> ! body ( !    

sun2 z well z ( ^? fla%es ( light :i* h 
be5 obs]v$ 9 ! lun> disc z ! eclipse    
advances4 ,"o important fact1 wor?y (   
note1 is1 t ^! lum9\s /reaks are m ne>ly
 p>allel ?an is due to a radiation f !  
c5tre4 ,^! /reaks h1 also1 be5 se5 b5t  
at "r angles at ! middle ( _! height1 z 
a flame is by means ( a bl[pipe1        
precisely analog\s to comet>y rays be+  
driv5 backw>ds to =m ! tail1 z already  
describ$1 ?us indicat+ a common orig94  
,if ! moon _h an atmosph]e1 we %\ld1 no 
d\bt1 see a great] display2 b1 hav+ no  
rotat+ vortex to protect h] f ! radial  
/ream1 h] atmosph]e mu/ h be5 long s9ce 
/ripp$ (f1 leav+ h] expos$ to ! )]+ w9t]
 bla/ ( ! great /ream ( ! sol> vortex4  
,9 ?is connection1 we may also allude to
 ! appe>ance ( ! moon :5 totally        
eclips$4 ,in/ead ( disappe>+ at ^!      
times1 %e sometimes %9es bright en\gh to
 reveal h] smalle/ spots4 ,?is has be5  
g5]ally ref]r$ to ! refraction ( ! e>?'s
 atmosph]e b5d+ inw>ds ! sol> rays4 ,may
 x n be ow+ to ! brilliancy ( ! sol>    

corona1 :i*1 9 #ahdb1 0 describ$ z s    
int5se t ! eye 0 sc>cely able to support
 x8 ,?is is a f> m palpable cause = !   
production ( ?is ph5om5on1 b ( :i*      
a/ronom]s _c avail !mselves1 z long z !y
 are unc]ta9 ( ! orig9 ( ?is corona4    
,,%oot+ ,,/>s4  ,! cont9ual influx (    
cosmical matt] into ! he>t ( ! vortex 9 
ev]-v>y+ quantities1 & spe$ily disp]s$  
along ! c5tral plane1 accord+ to its    
d5sity1 mu/ necess>ily give rise to     
ano!r ph5om5on to :i* we h n yet allud$4
 ,sc>cely a night passes )\t exhibit+   
?is ph5om5a 9 "s degree1 & x is g5]ally 
suppos$ t ! h\rly av]age ( %oot+ />s is 
f five to t51 tak+ ! :ole ye> r\nd4 ,!  
matt] compos+ ^! meteors we reg>d z     
id5tical ) t mass ( diffus$ atoms :i*   
=ms a /ratum con=m+ to ! c5tral plane ( 
! vortex1 & ^: p>tial resi/ance to !    
radial /ream occasions t lum9osity :i*  
we call ! zodial light4 ,^! atoms may   
coalesce into sph]ical aggregations1    
ei!r z ela/ic gas1 or z planet>y du/1 &1
 pass+ outw>d on ! radial /ream1 w      

occasionally become involv$ 9 ! vortex (
 our own globe2 & be+ drawn inw>ds by ! 
pol> curr5t1 & act$ on by ! e>?'s       
gravity1 be impell$ ) great velocity    
?r\gh ! r>efi$ air ( ! upp] atmosph]e4  
,t meteors are m abundant ab\t ! "t (   
m]idian passage ( a vortex 7or1 p]haps1 
m correctly speak+1 f six to twelve h\rs
 aft]w>ds1 :5 ! curr5t ( re/oration     
p5etrates ! atmosph]e71 well accords ) !
 au?or's obs]vations4 ,x is ab\t ?is "t 
t high w9ds may be look$ =1 accord+ to !
 !ory2 & x has ev] be5 a popul> op9ion1 
t ^! meteors are a sign ( w9dy wea!r4   
,ev5 9 ,virgil's "t1 ! same belief      
prevail$1 z a passage 9 8 ,georgics w\ld
 seem to indicate4     ,sape etiam      
/ellas1 v5to imp5d5te1 videbis          
,prcipites clo labi2 noctisque p] umbram
     ,flamm>um longos  t]go albesc]e    
tractus2  ,virgil 0 a close obs]v] (    
nature1 & comm5ces a /orm ) ! w9d at    
s\?1 ,quo signo cad]5t ,au/ri2 j z we h 
repres5t$ ! usual c\rse :5 ^! vortices  
pass ne> ! obs]v]'s latitude4 ,x is also

 a well-kn[n fact1 t aft] a display (   
meteors1 7& we are n[ speak+ ( ord9>y   
displays1 & n ( ! great %[]s17 !        
temp]ature falls consid]ably4 ,x is n   
uncommon also1 t meteors are m abundant 
dur+ an auroral display1 z !y ought to  
be by ! !ory4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 exempt f  
?is influ5ce ^? solid meteors :i*       
sometimes come into collision ) ! e>?1 &
 aft]w>ds grace ! cab9ets ( ! curi\s4   
,^! bodies may be consid]$ microscopic  
planets1 mov+ 9 /at$ orbits ) planet>y  
velocity1 & be> /rongly on ! explosive  
!ory ( ,olb]s1 z fully detail$ by ,sir  
,david ,brew/]4  ,x is a v rem>kable    
fact1 fir/ notic$ by ,olb]s1 t no fossil
 meteoric /ones h yet be5 discov]$4 ,if 
?is fact be c\pl$ ) ! hypo!sis advanc$  
by ,olb]s1 9 ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( !     
a/]oidal gr\p1 we %\ld h to date t      
trem5d\s cata/rophe s9ce ! deposition ( 
our t]ti>y =mations1 & !re=e x might    
possibly be subsequ5t to ! introduction 
( ! pres5t race into ! _w4 ,may n "s ( !
 leg5d>y my?s ( ! anci5t _w z my/ifi$ by

 ! ,greeks1 h = a f\ndation !           
disappe>ance ( a =m] great planet f !   
sy/em8 ,! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( sev5       
planets is "o ( ! olde/ records (       
antiquity2 b ! e>? ( c\rse w\ld n be    
c\nt$ "o1 & !re=e 9 aft] times1 ! sun 0 
includ$ to make up ! numb]2 j z ! signs 
( ! ,zodiac h be5 expla9$ 9 accordance )
 ! seasons ( f> lat] times ?an we c     
possibly assign = ! inv5tion ( ?is      
division ( ! heav5s4 ,let ^? :o h !     
leisure1 try h[ f> ! contraction &      
dilation ( ! a/]oidal orbits1 to "s     
av]age mean di/ance1 w re/ore !m to a   
common int]section or node1 z ! po9t (  
div]g5ce ( ! diff]5t fragm5ts4 ,! "q is 
int]e/+ 9 _m ( its aspects1 & may yet be
 satisfactorily answ]$4  ,! composition 
( arolites may also be tak5 z           
indications ( ! common orig9 & elem5t>y 
texture ( ! planets1 :e!r !y are        
indep5d5tly =m$ or h orig9ally p]ta9$ to
 a =m] planet2 = no hypo!sis ( telluric 
or sel5ic orig9 yet advanc$1 c /& aga9/ 
! weight ( evid5ce aga9/ x4 ,_!         

fragm5t>y "* r favors ! views ( ,sir    
,david ,brew/]1 & :5 we consid] t !y h  
be5 revolv+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s ) planet>y   
velocity1 & 9 v ecc5tric orbits1 ?r\gh !
 e!r ( space1 cont9ually sca!d by !     
electric bla/ ( ! radial /ream1 _! r\nd$
 angles1 & black glossy cru/ ( an       
app>5tly fus$ envelope1 may be acc\nt$  
=1 )\t difficulty1 f ! non-vitrifi$     
appe>ance ( ! int]ior4 ,! composition ( 
arolites z f> z kn[n1 embrace ne>ly     
"o-?ird ( all kn[n simple sub/ances     
accord+ to ,humboldt1 & are z foll[s3   
iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 manganese1        
*romium1 copp]1 ars5ic1 z9c1 pota%1     
soda1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 & c>bon4  ,! 
!ory we h ?us giv5 ( ! common occurr5ce 
( %oot+ />s1 w r5d] a satisfactory g5]al
 acc\nt ( _! sporadic appe>ance2 b !re  
are o!r ph5om5a ( great] int]e/1 viz43 !
 occasional recurr5ce ( sw>ms ( su*     
meteors1 :i* defy all num]ical e/imates1
 be+ m l a fi]y ra9 ?an any?+ !y c be   
comp>$ to4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ?is 
ph5om5a1 is ! app>5t p]iodicity ( _!    

return4 ,9 ! foll[+ table we h set d[n !
 mo/ rem>kable epo*s m5tion$ by         
,humboldt1 7& no man has devot$ m       
att5tion to ! subject17 z wor?y (       
notice3    ,ab\t ,april      #bb to #be 
,july       #ag to #bf        ,augu/    
#i to #aa        ,novemb]   #ab to #ad  
,novemb]   #bg to #bi        ,decemb]   
#f to #ab  ,besides ^!1 he m5tions two  
%[]s1 f ,arabian au?ority1 9 ,octob]2 "o
 9 ,octob]1 obs]v$ 9 ,bohemia2 "o obs]v$
 by himself1 9 ! ,pacific1 on ,m>* #ae2 
"o ,febru>y #d1 j prec$+ ! t]rible      
e>?quake ( ,riobamba1 9 #agig4 ,! ,*9ese
 annals also conta9 _m %[]s ( />s1 be=e 
! pres5t era comm5c$4 ,"s 7 9 ,m>*1 m 9 
,july1 & o!rs 9 diff]5t mon?s4 ,h[1 !n1 
9 view ( ^! num]\s dates1 c we atta* s  
mu* importance to ! p]iodicity ( ^!     
%[]s8 ,! great %[] ( #ahcc1 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 on ! #ab? & #ac? ( ,novemb]1    
br\ght to m9d ! great %[] at ,cumana1   
obs]v$ by ,humboldt & ,bonpl& j         
?irty-?ree ye>s be=e1 to a day2 & x mu/ 
be confess$ t m ?an ord9>y displays h   

be5 se5 on ?is date4 ,yet1 on ! /r5g? ( 
?is1 e meteoric %[] is suppos$ to be    
p]iodical1 & has result$ 9 a !ory :i*   
becomes m complicat$ z ! ph5om5on is m  
obs]v$1 & c nev] lead to any useful &   
practical results4 ,to cite ! num]\s    
in/ances ( discrepant results1 w\ld only
 encumb] ?is brief notice ) facts nei!r 
int]e/+ to ! g5]al read]1 nor conv9c+ to
 ^? :o hold a contr>y op9ion4 ,! au?or (
 ^! pages has wat*$ = _m ye>s1 &1 9 view
 ( all ! facts1 has conclud$ t ! doctr9e
 ( p]iodicity 7z held by pres5t         
meteorologi/s7 is n t5able4 ,! celebrat$
 ,augu/ %[] fail$1 also1 ?is ye>1 at    
lea/ 9 ?is place1 z = f\r h\rs ea*      
night1 on ! #i?1 #aj?1 & #aa?1 !re 7    
few] bright meteors ?an at ! close (    
,july4  ,pr(essor ,olm/$1 :o has paid   
consid]able att5tion to ! subject1 has  
inde$ attempt$ to connect ! great       
,novemb] %[] ) ! zodial light1 :i* la/  
he consid]s a nebul\s body1 ( an        
elongat$ =m1 ^: ext]nal portions1 at ?is
 "t ( ! ye>1 lie across ! e>?'s pa?4    

7,see ,silliman's ,j\rnal = #ahcg1 vol4 
xxxiii4 ,no4 #b1 p4 #cib47 ,he ev5 gives
 its p]iods1 7ab\t six mon?s17 !        
aphelion ( ! orbit be+ ne> ! e>?'s      
orbit1 & ! p]ihelion )9 ,m]cury's4 ,9   
?is way he attempts to expla9 bo?       
ph5om5a2 b z ! zodial light is se5      
un*ang$ all ! ye> r\nd 9 tropical       
latitudes1 x is n ! k9d ( body suppos$  
by ,olm/$1 & ! !ory adds no?+ to our k4 
,o!rs h imag9$ r+s ( nebul\s matt]1 9   
:i* all ! sep>ate p>ts are mov+ 9 ! same
 orbit ar\nd ! sun1 ) a retrograde      
motion1 & ?is1 ) "s modifications1 is ! 
curr5t !ory ( ! day4 ,! pr9cipal        
argum5ts re/$ on1 = ! support ( ?is     
view1 are d]iv$ f ! great %[] ( #ahcc1 9
 :i* a common radiant po9t 0 obs]v$1 &  
confirm$ subsequ5tly by ! radiant ( o!r 
ye>s1 9 ! same mon? ( ,novemb]4 ,z ?is  
po9t is almo/ tang5tial to ! e>?'s orbit
 at ?is season1 ! e>? meets ! nebul\s r+
 mov+ 9 ! contr>y direction1 & ?us      
conf]s on ^! meteors ! necess>y velocity
 t is ?\ght to be dem&$ by obs]vation4  

,n[1 our !ory gives a totally diff]5t   
explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,we cont5d t a
 retrograde motion ( su* a nebul\s mass1
 is subv]sive ( our :ole !ory2 & we mu/ 
be p]mitt$ to exam9e c]ta9 po9ts1 hi!rto
 disreg>d$ by ^? ent]ta9+ antagoni/     
views4 ,x is suppos$ t ! meteors 9 #ahcc
 fell = eight or n9e h\rs4 ,! orbital   
velocity ( ! e>? is m ?an #a1jjj miles  
p] m9ute1 & ! orbital velocity ( !      
nebul\s zone mu/ h _h a simil> velocity4
 ,dur+ ! n9e h\rs ( meteoric display1   
!re=e1 ! e>? trav]s$ #ejj1jjj miles ( h]
 orbit1 :i* w\ld give #a1jjj1jjj miles =
 ! dep? ( ! nebul\s /ratum4 ,b if ( su* 
va/ ext5t1 h[ happ5$ x t ! only "p ( !  
e>? 9 :i* ^! 7 visible 9 great d5sity1 0
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or a space embrac$    
betwe5 ! latitudes ( #ej & #bj nor?1 & !
 longitudes #fj & #ajj we/1 7& ^! are ! 
wide/ limits17 compris+ only #a_/dj ( ! 
surface ( ! globe8 ,to a calm inquir]1  
?is difficulty seems insurm\ntable4 ,!  
au?or 0 !n 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 on deck !  
greate/ "p ( ! night1--! wea!r f9e1 &   

no?+ unusual visible 9 ! heav5s2 f o!r  
s\rces he has also d]iv$ simil>         
in=mation4 ,yet1 7 ! e>? !n pass+ ?r\gh 
a /ratum ( meteors #a1jjj1jjj miles 9   
ext5t1 x is utt]ly inconceivable t o!r  
portions ( ! e>? escap$4 ,mu* /ress is  
also laid on ! fact t ^! meteors 9      
#ahcc1 pass$ f ea/ to we/ g5]ally1 z !y 
ought to d1 if tang5tial to ! e>? 9 h]  
orbit2 b on ! same ph5om5on occurr+ 9   
#agii1 :5 ! e>? 0 9 precisely ! same "p 
( h] orbit1 ,humboldt says di/9ctly1 !  
direction 7( ! meteors7 0 v regul> f    
nor? to s\?4 ,h[ c\ld ?is possibly      
happ51 & at ! same "t be mov+           
tang5tially to ! orbit8  ,!re is also   
ano!r fact ( importance n duly weigh$ 9 
=m+ su* a !ory4 ,9 #ahcc ! meteors      
evid5tly diff]$ 9 velocity2 "o class1   
consi/+ ( lum9\s po9ts1 pass$ l a %[] ( 
fire ) great velocity to ! we/w>d1 ano!r
 class 7 l l>ge fire-balls ) lum9\s     
tra9s mov+ ) less rapidity1 :ile a ?ird 
class consi/$ ( nebul\s pat*es :i*      
rema9$ /ation>y = a long "t1 & frequ5tly

 emitt+ l>ge /reams ( light4 ,^! la/1 at
 lea/1 d n deport !mselves z planet>y   
bodies mov+ #b1jjj miles p] m9ute4 ,b ! 
fact /ill rema9s1 t unusual displays h  
occurr$ ab\t ! #ab? & #ad? ( ,novemb]2 &
 also z a g5]al ?+ :5 !re are no unusual
 displays1 ! meteors are m abundant ab\t
 ?is "t4 ,let u try if we c reconcile ^!
 facts ) ! !ory ( vortices4  ,we w fir/ 
conf9e our rem>ks to ! increas$ numb] ( 
meteors ab\t ,novemb] #ab? & #ad?4 ,!   
cosmical matt] compos+ ! zodial light1  
or at lea/ ! light] p>ts ( x1 is        
cont9ually driv5 outw>ds by ! radial    
/ream1 j z ! matt] ( a comet's tail is  
/ripp$ f ! nucleus4 ,?is matt] becomes  
involv$ 9 ! t]ral vortex by desc5d+ !   
poles1 & is aga9 pass$ out along !      
equatorial plane4 ,! =m ( ! zodial      
light1 z se5 edgewise1 gives a l5ticul> 
=m = ! /ratum ( planet>y p>ticles       
compos+ x1 & its c5tral plane has be5   
consid]$ z co9cid+ ) ! plane ( ! sun's  
equator4 ,at ! orbit ( ! e>?1 ?is       
l5ticul> space is n>r[$ to a v ?9       

/ratum1 b und\bt$ly rea*es beyond !     
e>?'s orbit ) a rapidly dim9i%+ d5sity4 
,z ! axis ( ! sun is incl9$ ab\t #g to !
 ecliptic1 & ! asc5d+ node is 9 ! #bj?  
degree ( ,gem9i1 ! e>? c only pass ?r\gh
 ! plane ( ! sun's equator ab\t ! #ab? (
 ,decemb] & ! #ab? ( ,june4 ,if1 !re=e1 
! c5tral plane ( ! vortex co9cides ) !  
plane ( ! sun's equator1 meteors ought  
to be m num]\s ab\t ! dates above       
m5tion$4 ,b ! obs]v$ times are on       
,novemb] #ab? & #ac?4 ,n[1 f actual     
measurem5ts1 a computation has be5 made 
by ,m4 ,h\zeau1 t ! elem5ts ( ! zodial  
light are mat]ially diff]5t f ^? ( !    
sun's equator4 ,he fixes ! node ( !     
light 7accord+ to ,mr4 ,h9d7 9 #b       
helioc5tric longitude1 subject to an    
unc]ta9ty ( #ab or #ac1 & its incl9ation
 to ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 #c #ce1       
subject to an unc]ta9ty ( ab\t #b4 ,!   
tru? is1 a/ronom]s h argu$ ! co9cid5ce (
 ! two planes f consid]ations connect+ !
 zodial light ) ! sun's equator1 z if x 
7 a sol> atmosph]e2 b su* an atmosph]e  

is impossible1 & x is high "t su*       
measures %\ld be tak5 z w lead to "s    
c]ta9 conclusion4 ,if 9 ! pres5t /ate ( 
! "q1 we 7 to take ! mean1 we %\ld f9d !
 node 9 ab\t longitude #dj1 :i* is !    
position ( ! e>? on ,novemb] #b;d4 ,b 9 
! abs5ce ( measurem5ts1 we w assume1 = !
 sake ( argum5t1 t ! asc5d+ node ( !    
c5tral plane ( ! vortex 01 9 #ahcc1 9   
#ej helioc5tric longitude1 & consequ5tly
 ! e>? 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! meteoric /ratum  
or c5tral plane ( ! zodial light1 on !  
night ( ,novemb] #ab?4 ,! opposite p]iod
 ( ! ye> is ,may #ab?--a date1 x is     
true1 on :i* no great %[] ( />s is      
record$1 b sporadic meteors are v       
pl5tiful at t "t1 & :at is m important  
to obs]ve is1 t ! #aa?1 #ab?1 & #ac? (  
,may1 are ! ?ree not$ cold days :i* we h
 be=e m5tion$4 ,?us truly indicat+ t !  
e>? is !n 9 or ne> ! c5tral plane ( !   
vortex along :i* ! radial /ream is at   
its maximum ( p[] at any giv5 di/ance f 
! axis4  ,b ! "q occurs1 does ! node (  
?is plane rema9 /ation>y1 & is !re no   

v>iation ( ! incl9ation ( ! axis ( !    
sol> vortex8 ,we h f\nd f obs]vation1 t 
! axis ( ! t]ral vortex is cont9ually   
oscillat+ ab\t a mean position by !     
action ( ! moon2 & reason+ f ?is        
analogy1 & ! con/ant t5d5cy ( a mat]ial 
vortex to pres]ve a dynamical balance1 !
 same t5d5cy mu/ obta9 9 ! sol> vortex  
"u ! action ( ! great planets1 ^: orbits
 d n co9cide ) ! c5tral plane ( !       
vortex4 ,! asc5d+ node ( ,jupit]'s orbit
 is 9 longitude #ih1 ,saturn's #aab1    
,uranus' #gb1 ,neptune's #aca2 s t ?is  
plane does n correspond ) ! plane (     
greate/ in]tia discov]$ by ,la ,place1 &
 f ! non-co9cid5ce ( ^! planes ) !      
c5tral plane ( ! vortex1 mu/ produce !  
same oscillation 9 ! axis ( ! sol>      
vortex1 z ! moon does 9 ! t]ral vortex1 
b to :at am\nt1 obs]vation c alone      
det]m9e4 ,jupit] & ,saturn w ( c\rse    
ex]t ! greate/ influ5ce1 & :5 ^! two    
planets are 9 conjunction1 ! asc5d+ node
 ( ! c5tral plane ( ! vortex w v>y 9    
longitude p]haps suffici5tly to br+ !   

meteoric maximum at ! asc5d+ node into  
,octob] on ! "o h&1 & to ! close (      
,novemb] on ! o!r1 & at ! desc5d+ node  
to ,april #be? on ! "o h&1 & ! close (  
,may on ! o!r4  ,! great %[]s ( />s :i* 
h be5 record$1 mu/ be !re=e consid]$ z  
an accid5tal exagg]ation ( a p]5nial    
ph5om5on1 atta9+ its maximum :5 ! e>?   
passes ?r\gh ! c5tral plane ( ! vortex1 
^: asc5d+ node 9 #ahcc we w suppose 0 9 
longitude #ej4 ,?is !ory w !re=e acc\nt 
= ^? great %[]s :i* h occurr$ ab\t !    
#bd? ( ,april1 z well z ^? occurr+ 9    
,octob] & ,novemb]2 = x is f> m         
consonant to all analogy1 to suppose !  
influx ( planet>y atoms into ! sol>     
vortex to be 9 irregul>1 ?an 9 regul>   
quantities4 ,yet1 :e!r 9 ! "o case or 9 
! o!r1 ! matt] w pass along ! c5tral    
plane ( ! vortex1 ei!r diffusely scatt]$
 or 9 d5s] cl\ds1 & w be enc\nt]$ by !  
e>? :5 ne> ! nodes m frequ5tly ?an at   
o!r times4 ,! ph5om5on ( #ahcc1 may !n  
be attribut$ to ! e>? enc\nt]+ an un=m$ 
comet on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]2 b we mu/    

reflect1 t ! m$ium ( ! vortex is also 9 
motion1 & ! comet>y matt] drift+ along )
 x2 & t ?is motion corresponds ) ! e>?'s
 motion4 ,by becom+ involv$ 9 ! t]ral   
vortex1 x w 9 a measure be c>ri$ along )
 ! e>? 9 h] orbit z a tempor>y occupant 
( ! t]ral vortex4 ,b we are "h met ) !  
objection t ! radiant be+ ne>ly /ation>y
 among/ ! />s1 demon/rat$ conclusively1 
t ! s\rce ( ^! meteors did n p>take ( ! 
e>?'s motion4 ,!re is no difficulty 9   
?is4 ,we suppose z a g5]al ?+1 t !      
meteors desc5d$ to ! surface ( our      
atmosph]e d[n ! axis ( ! vortex 7at lea/
 9 ! greate/ numb]s71 & ! geoc5tric     
longitude ( ?is axis 0 ne>ly ! same dur+
 ! :ole "t ( ! display4 ,we say ne>ly1 =
 ! motion ( ! moon 9 h] orbit 9 n9e     
h\rs1 w\ld *ange ! longitude ( ! axis   
?ree or f\r degrees1 & ?is is ab\t !    
*ange 9 ! position ( ! radiant not$ at !
 "t4 ,?is objection1 !re=e1 falls to !  
gr\nd2 = ! axis ( ! vortex1 al?\gh c>ri$
 along ) ! e>? 9 h] orbit1 0 unaffect$  
by ! e>?'s rotation1 & w\ld !re=e appe> 

ne>ly z /ation>y 9 ! heav5s z ,gamma    
,leonis4 ,b x is aga9 urg$1 t ! moon 0  
ne> conjunction ) ! sun1 & consequ5tly !
 c5tral vortex 0 on ! opposite side ( ! 
globe4 ,?is is true2 b ! out] vortex mu/
 h be5 ne> ! m]idian ab\t ?ree h\rs aft]
 midnight1 or ab\t ! "t :5 ! radiant 0  
v]tical & ! display ! greate/4 ,:5 !    
axis 0 to ! ea/w>d1 ! />s w\ld %oot     
we/w>d1 :5 on ! m]idian1 !y w\ld pass 9 
all directions1 b pr9cipally to ! s\?1  
on acc\nt ( ! incl9ation ( ! axis ( !   
vortex2 b ?is w\ld only be true = places
 situat$ to ! s\?w>d ( ! c5tral         
latitude4 ,dur+ ! great %[] ( />s se5 by
 ,humboldt1 9 ,cumana1 ! direction 0 to 
! s\? uni=mly4 ,n[1 ! latitude ( ,cumana
 is above #aj nor?1 yet /ill too l[ = ! 
g5]al limits ( ! vortices2 b f ! same   
incl9ation ( ! axis 7f #cj to #cf to !  
surface71 ! meteors w\ld pass f> s\? ( !
 limit1 & might ev5 rea* to ! equator4  
,! latitude ( ! out] vortex asc5d+ on   
,novemb] #ab?1 mu/ h be5 ne> ! l9e (    
greate/ display1 f ! position ( ! moon  

at ! "t4 ,we ?us see :y ! ph5om5on 0    
limit$ to s small a fraction ( ! e>?'s  
surface2 :y ^! meteors %\ld be int]m+l$ 
) nebul\s pat*es /ation>y 9 ! heav5s =  
an h\r toge!r1 & :y1 not)/&+ ^! facts1  
!y 7 indep5d5t ( ! e>?'s rotation4  ,we 
h yet ano!r objection to answ]1 viz43 ! 
planet>y velocity ( "s ( ^! bodies4 ,let
 u be und]/ood4 ,! velocity ( a solid   
arolite is due to gravitation1 & is     
planet>y1 on ! o!r h&1 volum9\s         
collections ( comet>y du/ unit$ by      
accid5t1 & rema9+ s by m]e in]tia1 are  
borne passively on ! e!real curr5ts )   
electric velocity1 & probably nev]      
p5etrate f>1 ev5 into ! att5uat$        
atmosph]e1 :i* may be suppos$ 7f ! facts
 connect$ ) ! aurora7 to ext5d f> above 
! d5s] /ratum :i* refracts & reflects   
light1 & f :i* ! assign$ limits ( our   
atmosph]e h be5 d]iv$4  ,x is g5]ally   
consid]$ t sporadic meteors are m num]\s
 9 ! summ] & autumn ?an 9 ! w9t] & spr+1
 & we h1 likewise1 9 ! t5? ( ,augu/1 a  
date :i* corresponds to _m great        

displays & meteoric %[]s1 bo? 9 rec5t & 
remote times4 ,?is w\ld seem to vitiate 
our !ory2 = we _c suppose t !re are two 
c5tral planes 9 ! vortex int]sect+ !    
ecliptic 9 longitude #cbj & #ej4 ,we mu/
 rememb]1 h[ev]1 t z ^! great displays  
are accid5tal1 & z ! /ratum compos+ !   
zodial light is manife/ly ( suffici5t   
?ickness to envelope ! :ole orbit ( !   
e>?1 t x does n necess>ily foll[ t !    
d5se portions to :i* meteoric %[]s are  
due1 %\ld be always conf9$ to ! c5tral  
plane ( ! vortex4 ,&1 besides1 we h     
simil> displays record$ 9 o!r mon?s1 :i*
 invalidates ! !ory ( a regul>ly-recurr+
 ph5om5on4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 only aim at 
expla9+ :y meteors are g5]ally m        
abundant 9 summ] & autumn ?an 9 !       
opposite seasons4  ,! axis ( ! sol>     
vortex1 consid]$ z cyl9drical1 mu/ be   
admitt$ to run out to a great dep? on   
ei!r side f ! sun1 & rea* f> into t     
unoccupi$ space int]v5+ betwe5 our sy/em
 & ! ne>e/ fix$ />s1 & f ^! opposite    
po9ts ! sol> vortex is suppli$ ) t /ream

 ( e!r :i* passes d[n ei!r pole to      
re/ore a p>tial equilibrium 9 ! d5sity (
 ! e!r ( ! vortex1 r>efi$ by c5trifugal 
=ce4 ,z c]ta9 portions ( ! heav5s are   
cr[d$ ) />s1 & o!r p>ts comp>atively    
vacant1 we may expect a simil>          
inequality 9 ! di/ribution ( t cometic  
du/1 :i* causes a c]ta9 am\nt (         
ext9ction 9 ! light ( ! />s1 &1 !re=e1  
see+ t ! two extremities ( ! axis ( !   
sol> vortex are s widely sep>at$1 x w\ld
 n be wond]ful if diff]5t quantities (  
su* matt] 7 br\ght d[n into ! vortex f  
^! extremities4  ,f rec5t obs]vations   
made by ,h4 ,r4 ,birt1 at ! obs]vatory (
 ! ,briti% ,association1 x w\ld appe> t 
! brighte/ portion ( ! zodial light is  
always nor? ( ! ecliptic4 ,o!rs h also  
rem>k$ ! same1 & if we c\ple ?is fact ) 
! sugge/ion j made1 we are ju/ifi$ 9    
suspect+ t a great] quantity ( cometic  
du/ comes d[n ! nor!rn pole ( ! vortex  
?an d[n ! s\!rn4 ,?is matt]1 9 pass+    
outw>d1 does n1 ( c\rse1 imm$iately     
atta9 to ! c5tral plane ( ! vortex1 b is

 m ?ickly di/ribut$ along a plane       
p>allel to ?is plane4 ,& ! same w be    
obs]v$ by t matt] com+ d[n ! s\!rn pole2
 x w be1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 reta9$ 9 a   
plane s\? ( ! c5tral plane1 b /ill      
p>allel ) x4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! great]
 brightness ( ! nor!rn side ( ! zodial  
light4 ,x w\ld1 also1 acc\nt = ! great] 
frequ5cy ( meteors 9 summ] & autumn ?an 
9 ! opposite seasons4 ,f ,may to        
,novemb] ! e>? is above ! c5tral plane (
 ! vortex1 &1 consequ5tly1 on ! nor!rn  
side2 b aft] pass+ ! node 9 ,novemb]1 %e
 is on ! "u or s\!rn side1 & ! meteors  
are less frequ5t4 ,) ?is g5]al          
explanation we %all close4 ,if :at we h 
advanc$ be an approximation to ! tru?1 !
 !ory itself af=ds ample indications (  
:at obs]vations are requisite to prove  
or disprove x2 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 a !ory 
is ( great b5efit1 z sugge/ive ( _m     
que/ions & comb9ations ( facts :i*      
o!rwise might nev] be ?\ght (4  ,we h   
?us tak5 a cursory glance at ! prom95t  
physical ph5om5a ( ! _w1 & attempt$ to  

l9k !m toge!r 9 ! bonds ( "o all-p]vad+ 
pr9ciple4 ,we h fe>lessly tak5 a new    
pa?1 & claim orig9ality = ! :ole1       
disclaim+ all int5tion ( retail+        
second-h& w>es1 or ( compil+ an +5i\s   
!ory f het]og5e\s scraps4 ,if x be true1
 or if x be p>tially true1 let ^?       
pr(essionally engag$ 9 su* pursuits ent]
 ! wide field ( inve/igation we h       
discov]$ = !m2 = if ! :ole !ory be true1
 x only %[s 9 a cle>] light t ! great "w
 :i* has be5 fanci$ s ne> completion is 
sc>cely yet begun2 :ile ! prospect ( an 
ultimate & f9al completion ( ! temple   
:i* s _m zeal\s vot>ies are erect+1 is  
r5d]$ m\rnfully hopeless by !           
contemplation ( :at yet rema9s to be    
p]=m$4  ,,footnotes3  #db ,! orbit ?is  
ye> 0 det]m9$ "u v unfavorable          
circum/ances4  #dc ,accord+ to o!r      
tables1 ?is angle w\ld be mu* great] ?an
 is giv5 9 ,mr4 ,h9d's catalogue4  #dd  
,pr94 ,prop4 xx ,lib4 ,sec4  #de ,)     
ref]5ce to ! resi/+ p[] ( ! atoms4  #df 
,pr94 ,lib4 ,tor4 ,prop1 xxxix41 also   

,prop1 xli4  #dg ,9 mak+ ?is sugge/ion1 
! au?or is well aw>e t ,ephem]ides ( !  
f\r *ief a/]oids h be5 giv5 annually 9 !
 ,gre5wi* ,nautical ,almanac2 b = !     
object propos$ !y are utt]ly useless4 ,w
 any a/ronom] cont5d t ^! ,ephem]ides   
are true to t5 seconds ( arc8 ,if n1 !y 
are useless = ! purpose sugge/$ above1 &
 ! !ory wants revision4 ,& x is evid5t t
 any objection aga9/ its practicability1
 f\nd$ on ! unc]ta9ty ( ! numb] ( !     
a/]oids !mselves1 z has already be5 urg$
 9 answ] to ?is sugge/ion1 is an evid5ce
 t ! objector weigh$ ! subject 9 !      
scales ( 8 imag9ation only4             
,,section ,,six?4   ,,! ,,pol> ,,ice4   
,we %all conclude ^! pages by aga9      
ref]r+ to our !ory ( ! wea!r1 9         
connection ) an ev5t :i* e fri5d (      
humanity & e lov] ( natural sci5ce is   
b\nd deeply to deplore4  ,f ! pres5t    
position ( ! lun> nodes & apogee1 !     
vortices ( our e>? d n asc5d into v high
 latitudes4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples 
laid d[n1 ! frequ5cy ( /orms t5ds to l[]

 ! temp]ature 9 ! w>m regions ( ! e>?1 &
 to elevate x 9 ! pol> regions4 ,let u  
suppose ! nor!rn limit ( ! vortices to  
be 9 latitude #gj4 ,!re w be1 9 ?is     
case1 a great] preval5ce ( nor!rly w9ds 
)9 ?is circle ( latitude1 to supply !   
dra9 to ! s\?w>d1 & ! back curr5ts by   
pass+ above w desc5d at ! pole1 p>tak+ (
 ! temp]ature due to t elevation4 ,! "* 
( ! arctic seasons may !re=e be consid]$
 z p>tly dep5d5t on ! av]age direction (
 ! w9d4 ,suppose aga91 ! extreme limits 
( ! vortices to be ab\t latitude #hj1 ! 
relative areas ( ! two circles are z #d 
to #a2 s t 9 ?is la/ case ! exclusive   
range ( ! nor!rly w9ds is limit$ to     
"o-f\r? ( ! fir/ area4 ,s\? ( #hj ! w9d 
w frequ5tly come f ! s\?1 & by mix+ ) ! 
local atmosph]e ( t latitude1 w t5d to  
ameliorate ! small area to ! nor?w>d4 ,&
 ! great] atmosph]ic commotion :5 conf9$
 to su* a small circle ( latitude1 mu/  
assi/ mat]ially to break up ! pol> ice2 
:i* w\ld t5d /ill m to equalize !       
temp]ature4  ,by ref]r+ to our table1 we

 see t ! mean conjunction ( ! pole ( !  
lun> orbit & ! moon's apogee1 0 9       
longitude #abh on ,april #aj1 #ahdf1 &  
let x be rememb]$ t :5 ! conjunction    
takes place due s\? or 9 longitude #bgj1
 ! vortices atta9 _! greate/ latitude   
nor?4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! conjunction  
takes place due nor? or 9 longitude     
#ij1dh ! nor!rn limits ( ! vortices are 
!n 9 ! l[e/ latitude possible4  ,sir    
,john ,frankl9 sail$ 9 ,may #ahde1 & 0  
c]ta9ly at ! entrance ( ,well+ton s\nd1 
ne> latitude #ge1 ,april #c;d1 #ahdf1 z 
! dates on ! graves te/ify4 ,t season1  
accord+ to ! !ory1 0 a cold "o2 = !     
vortices c\ld n rea* s f> to ! nor?w>d 9
 t ye>1 & consequ5tly !re 7 no /orms1   
prop]ly speak+4 ,x w\ld probably be late
 9 ! summ] ( #ahdf1 be=e ! exp$ition 0  
lib]at$1 & z ! prevail+ w9ds w\ld be f !
 nor?w>d1 he w\ld h little *oice1 b to  
/& to ! we/w>d if ! /ate ( ! ice        
p]mitt$4 ,9 8 in/ructions he 0 to use e 
ef=t to p5etrate to ! s\?w>d & we/w>d ( 
,cape ,walk]1 & he probably con=m$ to !m

 "u ! circum/ances1 & pass$ ! w9t] 9 !  
ice1 9 t neighborhood4 ,& 9 #ahdg we d n
 anticipate1 f ! !ory1 t he w\ld make   
mu* progress we/w>d4  ,9 #ahdh1 ,sir    
,james ,ross 0 s5t out ) ! fir/         
relief-%ip2 b 0 n able to rea* !        
entrance ( ,well+ton *annel because (   
compact ice f !re to ,leopold ,isl&4    
,?is 0 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]--a "t  
:5 ! nor!rn *annels are usually ! mo/   
op54 ,on ! #aa?1 !y ran ! %ips into     
,port ,leopold1 & ! next day ! ice %ut  
!m 9 = ! w9t]4 ,f ! "* ( ! season1 we   
may inf] t if ,frankl9 did n ent]       
,well+ton *annel 9 #ahdg1 z is mo/      
probable1 nei!r did he 9 #ahdh4 ,p]haps 
he 0 n able to get 8 %ips f> to !       
we/w>d1 z we inf] f ! !ory4 ,/ill1 z !  
"t 0 n v protract$1 he w\ld wait        
pati5tly ano!r season & husb& 8         
res\rces4  ,9 #ahdi1 ,sir ,james ,ross  
cut 8 %ips cle> ( ! ice ,augu/ #bh?1 &  
cross$ ov] to ,well+ton *annel1 :]e he  
f\nd ! l&-ice /ill fa/1 %[+ t ?is season
 0 also a bad "o 9 accordance ) ! !ory4 

,on ! #a/ ( ,septemb] he met ! fir/ gale
 ( w9d1 at :i* "t ! ,inn] ,vortex 0 at  
its extreme nor? latitude1 & rapidly    
ext5d+ its limits by ! motion ( !       
p]igee4  ,?is vortex describes a small] 
orbit ?an ei!r ! c5tral or ! out]       
vortex1 & consequ5tly rea*es into high] 
latitudes4 ,b ! "t 0 badly *os51 z !    
:ole s]ies ( ye>s s9ce ,frankl9 left has
 be5 unfavorable = ! e>ly rupture ( !   
ice4 ,sir ,james ,ross hav+ be5 drift$  
out ( ,lanca/] s\nd by ! gale1 f9ally   
bore up = ,engl& t[>ds ! close (        
,septemb] #ahdi4  ,! same ye>1 ! ,nor?  
,/> ) additional supplies 0 work+ up    
,baff9's bay2 b on acc\nt ( ! unusual   
quantities ( ice1 & ! fro/s :i* glu$ !  
floes toge!r1 %e 0 unable to =ce a      
passage ?r\gh ! middle ice1 & w9t]$ on !
 ea/ side ( ,baff9's bay1 9 latitude #gf
 #cc--;h] !rmomet] m>k+ #fd bel[ z]o1 z 
! colde/ ( ! w9t]4 ,9 #ahej1 ! p]igee ( 
! moon atta9$ its nor!rn limit1 b !     
position ( ! node 0 bad2 /ill ?is ye> & 
#ahea1 7 ! be/ ( ! s]ies4 ,! ,nor? ,/>  

succe$$ 9 gett+ out ( ! ice on ! #a/ (  
,augu/--a v e>ly date = t high          
latitude--& on ! #h? _h cross$ ov] to   
,possession bay2 b be+ prev5t$ by !     
l&-ice1 %e bore up = ,pond bay & !re l&$
 ! provisions4 ,! same ye> 7#ahej7      
sev]al vessels ent]$ ,lanca/] s\nd4 ,sir
 ,john ,ross also rea*$ ,melville ,isl&2
 f :i* x is evid5t t ?is season 0 f>    
bett] ?an any prec$+4 ,accord+ to       
,capta9 ,p5ny1 ?is ye> a floe ( ice at  
lea/ two ye>s old1 fill$ ,well+ton      
/rait2 b 0 dim9i%$ 9 bread? at a        
subsequ5t visit4 ,he also saw a b\ndless
 op5 sea f ! we/]n entrance ( ,well+ton 
/rait2 b ( c\rse ! %ips c\ld n rea* x1 =
 ! floe be=e m5tion$4 ,foll[+ !         
indications ( ! !ory1 we consid] x almo/
 c]ta9 t ,frankl9 w5t to ! we/w>d & n   
?r\gh ,well+ton *annel2 t he made b sl[ 
progress until #ahej1 :5 f9d+ ! sea m   
op5 to ! nor?w>d1 & attribut+ x m to    
local influ5ces ?an to any *ange 9 !    
season1 he consid]$ x a bett] c\rse to  
extricate ! exp$ition1 by pu%+ on t[>ds 

,behr+'s /raits ?an to attempt ! froz5  
*annels he _h already pass$ ?r\gh4 ,b ! 
seasons aga9 gett+ worse aft] #ahej1 he 
0 aga9 arre/$ 9 ! pol> bas9 by ! ice &  
isl&s (f ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,am]ica4       
,reg>d+ ! old & new cont95ts z 9 reality
 a connect$ body ( l&1 ) a pol>         
depression1 we may expect t ! great     
range ( ,am]ican m\nta9s is cont9u$ 9 a 
/raight l9e1 f ! m\? ( ! ,mc,kenzie     
riv]1 obliquely across ! ,pol> sea1 &   
connects ) ! ,ural2 & t along ! axis ( !
 *a91 protub]ant masses w em]ge above ! 
sea level1 con/itut+ an ar*ipelago (    
isl&s1 f ,nova ,zembla to ! ,mc,kenzie2 
& t ^! isl&s1 caus+ an accumulation (   
ice1 & arre/+ its g5]al t5d5cy to !     
s\?w>d1 is ! b>ri] :i* ,sir ,john       
,frankl9 0 f9ally /opp$ by1 9 a         
situation :]e he c\ld nei!r advance nor 
return4 ,) ! map be=e u1 & ! data af=d$ 
by =m] voyages1 & guid$ by ^! !oretical 
views1 respect+ ! prevail+ direction ( !
 w9ds & ! "* ( ! seasons1 we %\ld locate
 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 ne> latitude #hj1 &

 longitude #ade1 9 #ahea2 & z ! seasons 
w\ld aft]w>ds become m sev]e1 we may    
consid] t he has n be5 s9ce able to     
*ange 8 locality1 & d>e n des]t 8 %ips4 
,no m]e /rang] c feel a deep] int]e/ ?an
 ! au?or1 9 view ( ! h>d =tunes ( ^!    
h>dy explor]s1 & he w\ld n lightly      
advance su* op9ions1 did he n suppose !y
 7 9 "s degree reliable4 ,9 #ahcb1 he   
himself cross$ ! ,atlantic1 = ! purpose 
( (f]+ himself to ! ,geographical       
,society ( ,london1 int5d+ to be l&$ z  
f> nor?w>d z possible1 ) a s+le         
companion1#di f :i* po9t he purpos$ to  
foll[ ! coa/ l9e on foot1 ) cauti\s     
discretion z to seasons1 confid5t t1 )  
arms & ammunition1 he c\ld support      
himself = _m ye>s4 ,x has always be5 a  
grave error 9 all ^! nor!rn l&          
exp$itions1 t !y h be5 too unwieldy1 too
 mu* encumb]$ ) ! com=ts & luxuries (   
civilization at ! outset1 & too mu*     
load$ ) a philosophical p>aph]nalia1 = a
 pione]+ survey1--& *]i%+ too fondly !  
idea t ! wide %ores ( ! ,arctic sea c\ld

 be explor$ 9 a s+le season4 ,_h !      
,briti% gov]nm5t e/abli%$ a few po/s 9 !
 ,arctic regions 9 ! beg9n+1--"o1 =     
in/ance1 9 ,lanca/] s\nd1 ano!r 9       
,behr+'s ,/raits1 & a ?ird ne> ! m\? ( !
 ,copp]m9e1 volunte]s ( suffici5t       
sci5tific atta9m5ts might h be5 procur$1
 to bani% !mselves to ^! inhospitable   
regions = a t]m ( ye>s1 if assur$ (     
tri5nial supplies2 & 9 ?is way1 by summ]
 boat-p>ties & w9t] exp$itions1 ov] l&  
or ice1 ! explorations c\ld h be5       
gradually ext5d$1 & a great] k ( ! pol> 
regions might h be5 acquir$1 ) an imm5se
 sav+ bo? ( life & money4 ,9 #ahcb !    
au?or's plan 0 d]ang$1 by f9d+ t ,capta9
 ,back 0 ab\t sett+ out 9 que/ ( ,ross1 
:o _h !n be5 "s f\r ye>s abs5t4 ,?is    
(fic] _h all 8 p>ty engag$ :5 ! au?or   
wait$ ^u him 9 ,liv]pool1 & no notice 0 
tak5 ( a modifi$ plan :i* he =w>d$ to ! 
,society at 8 sugge/ion4 ,x 0 !re=e     
ab&on$4  ,! above fact is allud$ to1 9  
ord] to %[ ! au?or's s9c]ity 9 express+ 
8 belief t1 ) a previ\s prep>ation ( m9d

 & body = a soj\rn 9 ^? frigid climes1 a
 suffici5t subsi/5ce may be d]iv$ f !   
c\ntry itself4 ,advantage mu/1 ( c\rse1 
be tak5 ( ! times ( abundance1 & due    
prep>ation made = ! season ( sc>city4   
,av]ag+ ! extremes1 !re is little d\bt b
 t bo? l&1 & air1 & wat]1 af=d an       
abundance ( food = man 9 ! ,arctic zone1
 & t1 :5 spurr$ by necessity1 x is )9 8 
p[] to obta9 x4 ,we ought n !re=e to    
despond1 or give up ef=ts to rescue ^?  
:o h well e>n$ ! sympa?y ( ! _w1 by :at 
!y mu/ h already suff]$4 ,^! nor!rn seas
 w yet be explor$4 ,! v difficulty (    
accompli%+ x1 w itself give x a *>m1 :i*
 9 ?is re/less age w op]ate ) increas+  
p[]4 ,& %\ld ef=ts n[ be relax$1 & 9 "s 
future "t ! evid5ce be br\ght to light t
 "s ( ! p>ty yet exi/$1 long aft] all   
ef=ts to rescue !m _h be5 ab&on$1 ! fact
 w\ld be a d>k spot on ! escut*eon (    
,engl&1 :i* "t c\ld n erase4  ,s9ce ^!  
pages 7 writt51 acc\nts h be5 receiv$ f 
,capta9 ,mc,clure1 ( ,h4 ,m4 %ip        
,inve/igator1 :i* fully confirm ! prec$+

 rem>ks on ! "* ( ! seasons 9 ! ,arctic 
circle2 &1 m rec5tly1 despat*es h be5   
receiv$ f ! discov]y-%ip1 ,amphytrite1 9
 relation to ! pa/ season 9 ,behr+'s    
/raits1 :i* also confirms ! !ory4  ,!   
,inve/igator 7n[ suppos$ to be froz5 up 
9 lat4 #gd #e ,n41 & long #aag #ed      
,w41--! la/ despat* be+ dat$ ,april #aj1
 #ahec7 pass$ r\nd ! nor!rn %ores (     
,am]ica into ! *annels communicat+ )    
,lanca/] s\nd1 9 #ahej1 b 0 unable to   
extricate h]self 9 #aheb1 &1 probably1  
yet rema9s 9 ! h>bor %e made 9 ! w9t] ( 
#ahea1 9 ! position above nam$4 ,no     
trace ( ,sir ,john ,frankl9's exp$ition 
01 h[ev]1 f\nd1 &1 inde$1 accord+ to our
 !ory1 ! ,inve/igator 0 n on ! mo/      
promis+ gr\nd4 ,we cont5d t ,frankl9 has
 p5etrat$ ! pack ( app>5tly p]5nial ice1
 :i* is cont9ually press+ to ! s\?w>d1 &
 block+ up ! passages betwe5 ! nor!rn   
isl&s1 or skirt+ ! coa/ l9e ( ! cont95t2
 :i* pack has s9ce increas$1 &          
effectually /opp$ all egress f ! op5    
c5tral portions ( ! pol> sea4 ,if ,sir  

,john ,frankl9 is ev] he>d f1 ?is pack  
mu/ be p5etrat$1 & a p[]ful /eam] ought 
to be s5t imm$iately by ! ,briti%       
gov]nm5t1 to be ready 9 ,behr+'s /raits 
e>ly en\gh to take advantage ( ! fir/   
op5+s1 & make a bold pu% due nor?1 s z  
to get z spe$ily z possible into ! op5  
wat]s to ! nor? ( ! pack4  ,if ! au?or  
c\ld make himself he>d at ,wa%+ton1 he  
w\ld also urge ! gov]nm5t to lose no "t 
9 foll[+ our own exp$ition "u ,dr4      
,kane1 :o1 if he f9ds a cle> entrance f 
,smi?'s s\nd into ! ,arctic sea1 may be 
induc$ to pu% on1 & endeavor to make 8  
way ?r\gh ! pack t[>ds ,behr+'s /raits1 
& ?us fall into ! same sn>e z ,frankl94 
,accord+ to ! !ory1 ! high] ! passage   
into ! ,arctic sea1 ! less w x be       
incumb]$ ) ice1 &1 consequ5tly1 ,smi?'s 
s\nd is ! be/ bo? to ent] & return by2 &
 _h ! au?or n already sm>t$ en\gh by    
hav+ 8 pr(essions d]id$1 he w\ld h      
submitt$ ^! views to ! patrons ( t      
exp$ition be=e x sail$4  ,! sci5tific _w
 is1 9 reality1 *>geable ) ! disa/r\s   

results ( ,frankl9's exp$ition4 ,! pol> 
bas9 is hemm$ 9 by ! coa/ l9e ( ,europe1
 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 9 ab\t latitude #gj  
nor?1 = ! greate/ "p ( ! entire         
circumf]5ce4 ,& ?is coa/ l9e1 & ! isl&s 
adjac5t1 w cause ! pol> ice to          
accumulate & =m a froz5 belt along ^!   
%ores1 9 consequ5ce ( ! con/ant t5d5cy (
 ! e>?'s rotation to press ! ice to !   
s\?w>d4 ,! fact t an op5 passage exi/s  
betwe5 ?is belt & ! %ore 9 summ] "t1 is 
no objection1 z ! tides1 riv] curr5ts1 &
 w>m l& breezes1 may v well expla9 ?is4 
,! le>n$ h insi/$1 & d yet insi/1 t !   
e>?'s rotation c produce no motions 9 ! 
,arctic sea1 &1 "u ?is delusion1        
,frankl9 has pass$ into ! comp>atively  
op5 wat]s inside ! pack1 p]haps has lo/ 
8 %ips2 yet x is v possible t ! p>ty may
 h escap$1 & d]iv$ a subsi/5ce f ! m    
g5ial wat]s ( ! c5tral portion ( t ocean
 unto ?is day4  ,we h already allud$ to 
! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! ,atlantic & 
,pacific wat]s4 ,x is well kn[n t !     
curr5ts 9 ! ,spitzb]g5 & ,gre5l& seas is

 to ! s\?w>d1 & t ,p>ry1 9 8 attempt to 
rea* ! pole1 0 foil$ by ?is v curr5t1   
frequ5tly sett+ him back 9 tw5ty-f\r    
h\rs m ?an 8 p>ty c\ld travel 9 ! same  
"t ov] ! ice4 ,?r\gh ,baff9's &         
,hudson's bay ! nor!rn wat]s are also   
cont9ually be>+ _! froz5 freight s\?w>d4
 ,we are1 !re=e1 entitl$ to ask1 :at    
supplies ?is imm5se dra98 ,behr+'s      
/raits are only ab\t sixty miles wide1 &
 tw5ty-five fa?oms deep2 ! supply1      
!re=e1 ?r\gh ?is *annel is totally      
inadequate1 yet !re is no o!r *annel    
into ! ,arctic sea :]e ! curr5t is      
inw>d4 ,we h already expla9$ ! reason :y
 ! curr5t ?r\gh ,behr+'s /raits is an   
exception to ! g5]al rule1 yet /ill     
confirm+ ! pr9ciple by ref]r+ x to !    
configuration ( ! l& enclos+ ! ,pacific 
ocean4 ,! :ole s\? ,pacific lies op5 to 
! pole1 & ! in]tia ( ! imm5se mass (    
mobile wat]s press+ nor?w>d1 &          
cont9ually contract$ by ! =m ( !        
,am]ican & ,asiatic coa/s1 is n balanc$ 
by a contr>y impulse ( ! wat]s ( ! nor? 

,pacific1 inasmu* z ?is ocean becomes   
n>r[] z x ext5ds nor?w>d1 & ! only      
passage to ! froz5 ocean is ?r\gh ! n>r[
 /raits ( ,behr+4 ,! axifugal =ce (     
rotation due to ! nor!rn wat]s is1      
!re=e1 ov]borne by ! va/ prepond]ance   
due to ! s\!rn wat]s1 &1 h5ce1 ! nor!rn 
,pacific may be consid]$ z relatively at
 a high] level1 & !re w be a curr5t     
nor?w>d ?r\gh ,behr+'s /raits1 z we f9d 
x4 ,! same cause accumulates ! wat]s "u 
! equator1 ?us giv+ a high] level to !  
,pacific ?an to ! ,atlantic at ! i/hmus 
( ,panama1 :]e ! diff]5ce ( level is    
f\nd by actual measurem5t to be five or 
six feet4 ,?is fact has nev] be=e be5   
expla9$2 b ! cause is too obvi\s to     
admit ( "q4  ,t ! sea is deep] ?an 0    
=m]ly admitt$1 is n[ fully confirm$4 ,we
 h be=e allud$ to ! results obta9$ by   
,capta9 ,d5ham1 ( ,h4 ,m4 %ip ,h]ald1 :o
 f\nd bottom at #g1gjf fa?oms1 or ab\t  
n9e ,engli% miles4 ,n[1 :e!r t sph]ical 
%ell1 :i* we h cont5d$ to be ! true =m (
 ! solid e>?1 be cont9u\s & entire2 or1 

:e!r x may n be want+ 9 localities (    
limit$ ext5t :]e ! ocean w\ld be        
absolutely unfa?omable1 we "k n2 b if   
su* be ! int]nal con/itution ( our      
globe1 !re w be1 no d\bt1 _m *annels (  
communication betwe5 ! int]nal & ext]nal
 ocean1 &1 z a consequ5ce ( ! e>?'s     
rotation1 ! axifugal curr5t ( ! ,arctic 
sea may be suppli$ by an upw>d curr5t f 
! int]ior ( ! globe2 & ?is curr5t may h 
a high] temp]ature ?an ! surface wat]s (
 t sea1 & ?us ! middle portions may1 9  
tru?1 rema9 op5 ! :ole ye> r\nd1 & be   
teem+ ) animal life4 ,accord+ to ,capta9
 ,p5ny's obs]vations 9 #ahej1 :ales &   
o!r nor!rn animals exi/$ to ! we/w>d1   
:]e he saw ! op5 sea /ret* out )\t a    
b\nd be=e him4  ,x has be5 a "q moot$ by
 "s1 t ,frankl9's %ips might be ov]tak51
 at an e>ly /age ( ! voyage1 by a /orm1 
& f\nd]$ amid/ ! ice4 ,! !ory w\ld give 
a negative answ] to ?is "q4 ,/iff gales 
may prevail f> to ! nor? :5 ! vortices d
 n rea* s high2 b no /orm1 prop]ly      
speak+1 w be f\nd f> beyond _! nor!rn   

limit4 ,aft] ! com+ w9t] 7#ahec71 !     
vortices w gradually p5etrate f>!r &    
f>!r to ! nor?w>d1 & ! ye>s #aheg1      
#aheh1 & #ahei1 w be highly favorable = 
nor!rn discov]y1 accompani$1 h[ev]1 ) ! 
necess>y draw-back ( tempe/u\s wea!r4   
,,footnotes3  #dh ,! read] w ( c\rse    
und]/& ^! z cele/ial longitudes1 & !    
latitudes z t]re/rial4  #di ,mr4        
,william ,mc,donald1 ( ,canada4         
,,conclusion4   ,our !ory has ?us ext5d$
 itself beyond ^? limits :i* we at fir/ 
_h drawn1 & our apology mu/ consi/ 9 !  
necessity exi/+ = reconcil+ ! mo/       
rem>kable ph5om5a ( meteorology to its  
pr9ciples4 ,yet1 aft] all1 :at has be5  
said is b an outl9e ( :at rema9s1 b ?is 
outl9e is a "p ( our !ory ( ! wea!r1 & x
 c\ld n well d )\t its aid4 ,9 "s po9ts 
we may n h correctly int]pret$ facts2 b 
! facts rema94 ,! num]ical elem5ts ( !  
!ory may also be 9 error--we "k n2 b we 
?9k t !y are z p]fect z ! _m cont+5cies 
on :i* !y dep5d w p]mit4 ,:at is c]ta9  
h[ev]1 is ( ample value to comp5sate =  

trivial errors4 ,we h hi!rto exp]i5c$ b 
little c\rtesy f ^? intru/$ ) ! keys (  
k1 & _c consequ5tly anticipate a v l5i5t
 v]dict4 ,b we n[ tell !m be=e ! _w1 t  
!y h a duty to p]=m1 & an exam9ation to 
make1 & a decision to come to1 :e!r ^!  
?+s are s4 ,our !ory may be call$ an    
+5i\s speculation1 b ,,we ,,*all5ge ,,! 
,,sci5tific ,,to ,,prove ,,x--,,no?+    
,,else4 ,! !ory furni%es !m ) te/s (    
daily occurr5ce1 to prove or to disprove
 x4 ,by su* a trial we are will+ to be  
judg$2 b let x be conduct$ 9 ! _s       
recomm5d$ 9 ! op5+ address be=e !       
,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( 
,sci5ce1 to expose all false            
developm5ts1 & to d x g5]\sly & )\t     
prejudice2 & to rememb]1 t ! temple (   
sci5ce belongs to no c\ntry or clime4 ,x
 is ! _w's temple1 & all m5 are free (  
its communion4 ,let its beauty n be m>r$
 by writ+ names ^u its walls4#ej ,!     
great objection1 ( friction & resi/ance 
( an all-p]vad+ m$ium1 :i* w be urg$    
aga9/ x1 we reg>d z r ! (fspr+ ( a      

bewild]$ imag9ation1 ?an ( sci5tific    
induction4 ,we c discov] no su*         
consequ5ces z f9al ru9 to our sy/em     
?r\gh its ag5cy2 b ev5 if su* 7         
discov]$1 we may answ]1 t nature n[h]e  
tells u t h] arrangem5ts are et]nal2 b  
r1 t decay is /amp$ ) ! seal ( !        
,almighty on e creat$ ?+4 ,*ange may be 
"o ( ! great laws ( matt] & motion1 &   
yet matt] & motion be inde/ructible4 ,! 
e>? 0 call$ into exi/5ce = a specific   
object1 & :5 t object is accompli%$1 we 
are assur$ t ano!r *ange awaits h]4 ,b  
:5 e>?1 & sun1 & planets1 are aga9      
r$issolv$ into _! primitive /ate1 _!    
atoms w /ill float on ! ev]-roll+ bill[s
 ( ! great e!real ocean1 to be aga9 ca/ 
up1 on ! %ore ( "t1 :5ev] x please? ,him
 to say1 ,let !re be light4             
,,footnotes3  #ej ,pr(4 ,pi]ce's        
,address1 #ahec4     ,,app5dix4   ,s9ce 
! au?or's arrival 9 ,new ,york = !      
purpose ( publi%+ 8 outl9es1 ! ?ird &   
f\r? volume ( ! ,cosmos has be5 plac$ 9 
8 h&s1 conta9+ ! late/ uranological     

discov]ies & speculations4 ,x is n[ m   
?an tw5ty ye>s s9ce he began to         
inve/igate ! subject he has treat$ (1 & 
fifte5 s9ce he fir/ ann\nc$ to ! _w1 t  
he _h satisfactory evid5ce ( 8 !ory be+ 
true4 ,luckily1 p]haps1 he has be5 cut  
(f f ! great /reams ( k2 & he may       
confess t x 0 ) p>donable feel+s (      
gratification t he discov]$ 9 #ahec1 by 
! acquisition ( ! two fir/ volumes ( !  
,cosmos1 t ! philosophic m9d ( ,humboldt
 _h also pond]$ deeply on ! planet>y    
peculi>ities ( size1 d5sity1 di/ance1   
incl9ation ( axes & ecc5tricities (     
orbits1 )\t elicit+ any satisfactory    
relations4  ,f ! t5or ( ! ?ird & f\r?   
volume ( ?is le>n$ summ>y ( sci5tific k1
 x is evid5t t ! "q ( a m$ium fill+     
space is m & m occupy+ ! le>n$ _w2 b !  
au?or is unable to discov] any consi/5t 
!ory respect+ x4 ,! increas+ int]e/     
atta*+ to x1 h[ev]1 is evid5tly prep>+ !
 _w = "s radical *ange 9 preconceiv$    
views4 ,! explanation giv5 by ?is pres5t
 !ory to _m prom95t ph5om5a1 is s       

totally contr>y to t ( ! le>n$ _w1 z to 
leave x unt\*$ by any?+ yet advanc$4    
,:at ! fif? volume ( ! ,cosmos w conta91
 is n yet kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 nei!r has !
 au?or be5 favor$ ) any glimpse ( !     
progress ( sci5ce z develop$ be=e !     
,briti% ,association2 he supposes1      
h[ev]1 t he yet /&s alone 9 ! position  
he has def9$4  ,z a "q ( practical      
importance1 ! read] w f9d 9 ! "w cit$1 !
 v>i\s op9ions ( ! temp]ature ( space4  
,bo? ,f\ri] & ,poisson reg>d ?is z !    
result ( radiat$ heat f ! sun & all !   
/>s1 m9us ! quantity lo/ by absorption 9
 trav]s+ ! regions ( space fill$ )      
e!r4#ea ,b :y %\ld we reg>d ! />s z !   
s\rce ( all motions8 ,:y _c physici/s   
admit ! idea ( an inf9ite space fill$   
7if we may use ! expression7 ) an       
inf9ite m$ium1 possess+ an un*angeable  
mean temp]ature long be=e ! =mation ( a 
s+le />4 ,a /> equal to our sun at !    
di/ance ( ,sirius1 w\ld give ab\t "o    
million ( million times less heat ?an   
our pres5t sun1 :i* is only able to give

 an av]age temp]ature to ! :ole         
globe--ab\t tw5ty degrees above         
freez+--!n let u rememb] t !re are only 
ab\t fifty />s ( ! fir/ & second        
magnitude1 :i* give m light 7& by       
analogy heat also7 ?an all ! re/ ( ! />s
 visible4 ,su* labor$ !ories z ?is (    
,poisson's is a lam5table in/ance ( !   
ab]rations ( human wisdom4  ,we w\ld    
also call ! read]'s att5tion to a late  
conclusion ( ,pr(essor ,dove1 viz43 ,t  
diff]5ces ( temp]ature 9 diff]5t        
longitudes frequ5tly exi/ on ! same     
p>allel ( latitude1 or1 9 o!r words1 are
 lat]ally dispos$4 ,?is may be ?\ght    
adv]se to ! !ory1 b x %\ld be borne 9   
m9d t ! annual mean temp]ature ( ! :ole 
p>allel ( latitude %\ld be tak5 :5      
comp>+ ! temp]atures ( diff]5t ye>s4    
,ano!r fact cit$ 9 ! ,cosmos app>5tly   
adv]se to ! !ory1 is ! idea ent]ta9$ by 
,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 t ! full-moon       
dissipates ! cl\ds4 ,?is "q has be5     
fully exam9$ by ,pr(essor ,loomis be=e !
 ,am]ican ,association1 & he concludes t

 !re is n ! slighte/ f\ndation = !      
ass]tion--tak+ z data ! ,gre5wi*        
obs]vations !mselves4   ,,footnotes3    
#ea ,see ,cosmos1 p4 #da1 vol4 ,,iii4