supplem5tation by ,david ,mc,clamrock ,,summa ,,!ologica ,,"p ,,ii-,,ii 7,secunda ,secundae7 ,translat$ by ,fa!rs ( ! ,engli% ,dom9ican ,prov9ce ,,b5zig] ,,bro!rs ,,new ,,york ,,d$ication ,to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y ,immaculate ,seat ( ,wisdom ,,note ,,to ,,?is ,,electronic ,,edition ,! text ( ?is electronic edition 0 orig9ally produc$ by ,s&ra ,k4 ,p]ry1 ,p]rysburg1 ,ohio1 & made available ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian ,classics ,e!real ,libr>y http3_/_/www4ccel4org4 ,i h elim9at$ unnecess>y =matt+ 9 ! text1 correct$ "s errors 9 transcription1 & add$ ! d$ication1 tables ( cont5ts1 ,prologue1 & ! numb]s ( ! que/ions & articles1 z !y appe>$ 9 ! pr9t$ translation publi%$ by ,b5zig] ,bro!rs4 ,ea* article is n[ designat$ by "p1 "q numb]1 & article numb] 9 brackets1 l ?is3 ,,second ,,article ,i1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,supreme ,good1 ,god1 ,is ! ,cause ( ,evil8 ,9 a few places1 :]e obvi\s errors appe>$ 9 ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition1 ,i h correct$ !m by ref]5ce to a ,lat9 text ( ! ,summa4 ,^! corrections are indicat$ by ,engli% text 9 brackets4 ,= example1 9 ,"p ,i1 ,"q #de1 ,article #b1 ! fir/ s5t5ce 9 ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition beg9s3 ,n only is x impossible t any?+ %\ld be creat$ by ,god4444 ,by ref]5ce to ! ,lat91 non solum non e/ impossibile a ,deo aliquid cre>i 7emphasis add$71 ?is has be5 correct$ to ,n only is x n impossible t any?+ %\ld be creat$ by ,god4444 ,?is electronic edition also diff]s f ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition 9 ! foll[+ details 7z well z ! obvi\s lack ( ! orig9al page numb]s & head]s73 99 ,! repetitive expression ,we proce$ ?us to ! next ,article does n appe> directly bel[ ! title ( ea* article4 99 ,italics are repres5t$ by und]scores at ! beg9n+ & end1 l ?is4 ,quotations & o!r quotable matt]1 h[ev]1 are ord9>ily set (f by quotation m>ks ) no und]scores 9 ?is edition1 9 accordance ) common ,engli% usage1 ev5 :]e !y 7 set 9 italics ) no quotation m>ks 9 ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition4 ,titles ( books are set (f by und]scores :5 !y appe> 9 ! text ) no p>5!ses1 b n :5 ! books are cit$ 9 p>5!ses4 99 ,bible *apt]s & v]ses are cit$ ) arabic num]als sep>at$ by colons1 l ?is3 ,dan4 #g3aj--n l ?is3 ,dan4 vii4 #aj4 ,small roman num]als h be5 reta9$ :]e !y appe> 9 citations to books o!r ?an ! ,bible4 99 ,any matt] t appe>$ 9 a footnote 9 ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition is pres5t$ 9 brackets at ! po9t 9 ! text :]e ! footnote m>k appe>$4 99 ,greek words are pres5t$ 9 ,roman translit]ation4 99 ,p>agraphs are n ind5t$ & are sep>at$ by blank l9es4 99 ,numb]$ topics1 set =? at ! beg9n+ ( ea* "q & at c]ta9 o!r places1 are ord9>ily pres5t$ on a sep>ate l9e = ea* topic4 99 ,titles ( que/ions are 9 all caps4 ,any?+ else 9 ?is electronic edition t does n correspond to ! cont5t ( ! ,b5zig] ,bro!rs edition may be reg>d$ z a defect 9 ?is edition & attribut$ to me 7,david ,mc,clamrock74 ,,cont5ts ,,second ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,"p 7,,qq4 #a-ahi7 ,"q #a4 ,( ,fai? #b4 ,( ! ,act ( ,fai? #c4 ,( ! ,outw>d ,act ( ,fai? #d4 ,( ! ,virtue ,itself ( ,fai? #e4 ,( ,^? ,:o ,h ,fai? #f4 ,( ! ,cause ( ,fai? #g4 ,( ! ,effects ( ,fai? #h4 ,( ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+ #i4 ,( ! ,gift ( ,k #aj4 ,( ,unbelief 9 ,g5]al #aa4 ,( ,h]esy #ab4 ,( ,apo/asy #ac4 ,( ! ,s9 ( ,blasphemy1 9 ,g5]al #ad4 ,( ,blasphemy ,aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ #ae4 ,( ! ,vices ,oppos$ to ,k & ,und]/&+ #af4 ,( ! ,precepts ( ,fai?1 ,k1 & ,und]/&+ #ag4 ,( ,hope1 ,consid]$ 9 ,itself #ah4 ,( ! ,subject ( ,hope #ai4 ,( ! ,gift ( ,fe> #bj4 ,( ,despair #ba4 ,( ,presumption #bb4 ,( ! ,precepts ,relat+ to ,hope & ,fe> #bc4 ,( ,*>ity1 ,consid]$ 9 ,itself #bd4 ,( ! ,subject ( ,*>ity #be4 ,( ! ,object ( ,*>ity #bf4 ,( ! ,ord] ( ,*>ity #bg4 ,( ! ,pr9cipal ,act ( ,*>ity1 ,:i* ,is to ,love #bh4 ,( ,joy #bi4 ,( ,peace #cj4 ,( ,m]cy #ca4 ,( ,b5efic5ce #cb4 ,( ,almsde$s #cc4 ,( ,frat]nal ,correction #cd4 ,( ,hatr$ #ce4 ,( ,slo? #cf4 ,( ,envy #cg4 ,( ,discord1 ,:i* ,is ,contr>y to ,peace #ch4 ,( ,cont5tion #ci4 ,( ,s*ism #dj4 ,( ,w> #da4 ,( ,/rife #db4 ,( ,s$ition #dc4 ,( ,sc&al #dd4 ,( ! ,precepts ( ,*>ity #de4 ,( ! ,gift ( ,wisdom #df4 ,( ,folly ,:i* ,is ,oppos$ to ,wisdom ,,treatise ,,on ,,prud5ce ,,& ,,ju/ice #dg4 ,( ,prud5ce ,consid]$ 9 ,itself #dh4 ,( ! ,p>ts ( ,prud5ce #di4 ,( ,ea* ,quasi-integral ,"p ( ,prud5ce #ej4 ,( ! ,subjective ,p>ts ( ,prud5ce #ea4 ,( ! ,virtues ,:i* ,are ,connect$ ) ,prud5ce #eb4 ,( ! ,gift ( ,c\nsel #ec4 ,( ,imprud5ce #ed4 ,( ,neglig5ce #ee4 ,( ,vices ,oppos$ to ,prud5ce by ,way ( ,resemblance #ef4 ,( ! ,precepts ,relat+ to ,prud5ce #eg4 ,( ,"r #eh4 ,( ,ju/ice #ei4 ,( ,inju/ice #fj4 ,( ,judgm5t #fa4 ,( ! ,p>ts ( ,ju/ice #fb4 ,( ,re/itution #fc4 ,( ,respect ( ,p]sons #fd4 ,( ,murd] #fe4 ,( ,injuries ,committ$ on ! ,p]son #ff4 ,( ,!ft & ,robb]y #fg4 ,( ! ,inju/ice ( a ,judge1 9 ,judg+ #fh4 ,( ,matt]s ,conc]n+ ,unju/ ,accusation #fi4 ,( ,s9s ,committ$ ,aga9/ ,ju/ice on ! ,"p ( ! ,def5dant #gj4 ,( ,inju/ice ) ,reg>d to ! ,p]son ( ! ,witness #ga4 ,( ,inju/ice 9 ,judgm5t on ! ,"p ( ,c\nsel #gb4 ,( ,revil+ #gc4 ,( ,backbit+ #gd4 ,( ,tale-,be>+ #ge4 ,( ,d]ision #gf4 ,( ,curs+ #gg4 ,( ,*eat+1 ,:i* ,is ,committ$ 9 ,buy+ & ,sell+ #gh4 ,( ! ,s9 ( ,usury #gi4 ,( ! ,quasi-integral ,p>ts ( ,ju/ice #hj4 ,( ! ,pot5tial ,p>ts ( ,ju/ice #ha4 ,( ,religion #hb4 ,( ,devotion #hc4 ,( ,pray] #hd4 ,( ,adoration #he4 ,( ,sacrifice #hf4 ,( ,oblations & ,fir/-fruits #hg4 ,( ,ti!s #hh4 ,( ,v[s #hi4 ,( ,oa?s #ij4 ,( ! ,tak+ ( ,god's ,"n by ,way ( ,adjuration #ia4 ,( ,tak+ ! ,div9e ,"n = ! ,purpose ( ,invok+ ,x by ,means ( ,praise #ib4 ,( ,sup]/ition #ic4 ,( ,sup]/ition ,consi/+ 9 ,undue ,wor%ip ( ! ,true ,god #id4 ,( ,idolatry #ie4 ,( ,sup]/ition 9 ,div9ations #if4 ,( ,sup]/ition 9 ,obs]vances #ig4 ,( ! ,temptation ( ,god #ih4 ,( ,p]jury #ii4 ,( ,sacrilege #ajj4 ,on ,simony #aja4 ,( ,piety #ajb4 ,( ,obs]vance1 ,consid]$ 9 ,itself1 & ( ,its ,p>ts #ajc4 ,( ,dulia #ajd4 ,( ,ob$i5ce #aje4 ,( ,disob$i5ce #ajf4 ,( ,?ankfulness or ,gratitude #ajg4 ,( ,+ratitude #ajh4 ,( ,v5geance #aji4 ,( ,tru? #aaj4 ,( ! ,vices ,oppos$ to ,tru?1 & ,fir/ ( ,ly+ #aaa4 ,( ,dissimulation & ,hypocrisy #aab4 ,( ,boa/+ #aac4 ,( ,irony #aad4 ,( ! ,fri5dl9ess ,:i* ,is ,call$ ,affability #aae4 ,( ,flatt]y #aaf4 ,( ,qu>rel+ #aag4 ,( ,lib]ality #aah4 ,( ! ,vices ,oppos$ to ,lib]ality1 & 9 ! ,fir/ ,place1 ( ,covet\sness #aai4 ,( ,prodigality #abj4 ,( ,epikeia or ,equity #aba4 ,( ,piety #abb4 ,( ! ,precepts ( ,ju/ice ,,treatise ,,on ,,=titude ,,& ,,temp]ance #abc4 ,( ,=titude #abd4 ,( ,m>tyrdom #abe4 ,( ,fe> #abf4 ,( ,fe>lessness #abg4 ,( ,d>+ #abh4 ,( ! ,p>ts ( ,=titude #abi4 ,( ,magnanimity #acj4 ,( ,presumption #aca4 ,( ,ambition #acb4 ,( ,va+lory #acc4 ,( ,pusillanimity #acd4 ,( ,magnific5ce #ace4 ,( ,meanness #acf4 ,( ,pati5ce #acg4 ,( ,p]sev]ance #ach4 ,( ! ,vices ,oppos$ to ,p]sev]ance #aci4 ,( ! ,gift ( ,=titude #adj4 ,( ! ,precepts ( ,=titude #ada4 ,( ,temp]ance #adb4 ,( ! ,vices ,oppos$ to ,temp]ance #adc4 ,( ! ,p>ts ( ,temp]ance1 9 ,g5]al #add4 ,( ,%amefac$ness #ade4 ,( ,hone/y #adf4 ,( ,ab/95ce #adg4 ,( ,fa/+ #adh4 ,( ,gluttony #adi4 ,( ,sobriety #aej4 ,( ,drunk5ness #aea4 ,( ,*a/ity #aeb4 ,( ,virg9ity #aec4 ,( ,lu/ #aed4 ,( ! ,p>ts ( ,lu/ #aee4 ,( ,cont95ce #aef4 ,( ,incont95ce #aeg4 ,( ,clem5cy & ,meekness #aeh4 ,( ,ang] #aei4 ,( ,cruelty #afj4 ,( ,mode/y #afa4 ,( ,humility #afb4 ,( ,pride #afc4 ,( ! ,fir/ ,man's ,s9 #afd4 ,( ! ,puni%m5ts ( ! ,fir/ ,man's ,s9 #afe4 ,( ,our ,fir/ ,p>5ts' ,temptation #aff4 ,( ,/udi\sness #afg4 ,( ,curiosity #afh4 ,( ,mode/y z ,consi/+ 9 ! ,outw>d ,movem5ts ( ! ,body #afi4 ,( ,mode/y 9 ! ,outw>d ,app>el #agj4 ,( ! ,precepts ( ,temp]ance ,,treatise ,,on ,,acts ,,:i* ,,p]ta9 ,,especially ,,to ,,c]ta9 ,,m5 #aga4 ,( ,prophecy #agb4 ,( ! ,cause ( ,prophecy #agc4 ,( ! ,mann] 9 ,:i* ,prophetic ,k ,is ,convey$ #agd4 ,( ! ,division ( ,prophecy #age4 ,( ,rapture #agf4 ,( ! ,grace ( ,tongues #agg4 ,( ! ,gratuit\s ,grace ,consi/+ 9 ,words #agh4 ,( ! ,grace ( ,miracles #agi4 ,( ! ,division ( ,life into ,active & ,contemplative #ahj4 ,( ! ,contemplative ,life #aha4 ,( ! ,active ,life #ahb4 ,( ! ,active ,life 9 ,comp>ison ) ! ,contemplative ,life #ahc4 ,( ,man's ,v>i\s ,duties & ,/ates 9 ,g5]al #ahd4 ,( ! ,/ate ( ,p]fection 9 ,g5]al #ahe4 ,( ,?+s ,p]ta9+ to ! ,episcopal ,/ate #ahf4 ,( ,^? ,?+s 9 ,:i* ! ,religi\s ,/ate ,prop]ly ,consi/s #ahg4 ,( ,^? ,?+s ,t ,are ,compet5t to ,religi\s #ahh4 ,( ! ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,religi\s ,life #ahi4 ,( ! ,entrance into ,religi\s ,life ,,summa ,,!ologica ,,second ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,"p ,,ii-,,ii1 ,secunda ,secundae ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,!ological ,,virtues 7,,qq4 #a-df7 ,,"q #a ,,( ,,fai? 7,9 ,t5 ,articles7 ,hav+ to treat n[ ( ! !ological virtues1 we %all beg9 ) ,fai?1 secondly we %all speak ( ,hope1 & ?irdly1 ( ,*>ity4 ,! treatise on ,fai? w be f\rfold3 7#a7 ,( fai? itself2 7#b7 ,( ! correspond+ gifts1 k & und]/&+2 7#c7 ,( ! opposite vices2 7#d7 ,( ! precepts p]ta9+ to ?is virtue4 ,ab\t fai? itself we %all consid]3 7#a7 its object2 7#b7 its act2 7#c7 ! habit ( fai?4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! object ( fai? is ! ,fir/ ,tru?8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! object ( fai? is some?+ complex or incomplex1 i4e4 :e!r x is a ?+ or a proposition8 7#c7 ,:e!r any?+ false c come "u fai?8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! object ( fai? c be any?+ se58 7#e7 ,:e!r x c be any?+ kn[n8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! ?+s to be believ$ %\ld be divid$ into a c]ta9 numb] ( articles8 7#g7 ,:e!r ! same articles are ( fai? = all times8 7#h7 ,( ! numb] ( articles2 7#i7 ,( ! mann] ( embody+ ! articles 9 a symbol2 7#aj7 ,:o has ! "r to propose a symbol ( fai?8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,object ( ,fai? ,is ! ,fir/ ,tru?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! object ( fai? is n ! ,fir/ ,tru?4 ,= x seems t ! object ( fai? is t :i* is propos$ to u to be believ$4 ,n[ n only ?+s p]ta9+ to ! ,godhead1 i4e4 ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 are propos$ to u to be believ$1 b also ?+s conc]n+ ,*ri/'s human nature1 & ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! condition ( creatures4 ,!re=e ! object ( fai? is n only ! ,fir/ ,tru?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fai? & unbelief h ! same object s9ce !y are oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,n[ unbelief c be ab\t all ?+s conta9$ 9 ,holy ,writ1 = :i*ev] "o ( !m a man d5ies1 he is consid]$ an unbeliev]4 ,!re=e fai? also is ab\t all ?+s conta9$ 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,b !re are _m ?+s !re91 conc]n+ man & o!r creatures4 ,!re=e ! object ( fai? is n only ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 b also creat$ tru?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fai? is condivid$ ) *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c74 ,n[ by *>ity we love n only ,god1 :o is ! sov]eign ,good1 b also our neighbor4 ,!re=e ! object ( ,fai? is n only ! ,fir/ ,tru?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii7 t fai? is ab\t ! simple & ev]la/+ tru?4 ,n[ ?is is ! ,fir/ ,tru?4 ,!re=e ! object ( fai? is ! ,fir/ ,tru?4 ,i answ] t1 ,! object ( e cognitive habit includes two ?+s3 fir/1 t :i* is kn[n mat]ially1 & is ! mat]ial object1 s to speak1 &1 secondly1 t :]eby x is kn[n1 :i* is ! =mal aspect ( ! object4 ,?us 9 ! sci5ce ( geometry1 ! conclusions are :at is kn[n mat]ially1 :ile ! =mal aspect ( ! sci5ce is ! mean ( demon/ration1 ?r\gh :i* ! conclusions are kn[n4 ,accord+ly if we consid]1 9 fai?1 ! =mal aspect ( ! object1 x is no?+ else ?an ! ,fir/ ,tru?4 ,= ! fai? ( :i* we are speak+1 does n ass5t to any?+1 except because x is reveal$ by ,god4 ,h5ce ! mean on :i* fai? is bas$ is ! ,div9e ,tru?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid] mat]ially ! ?+s to :i* fai? ass5ts1 !y include n only ,god1 b also _m o!r ?+s1 :i*1 nev]!less1 d n come "u ! ass5t ( fai?1 except z be>+ "s relation to ,god1 9 z mu* z1 to wit1 ?r\gh c]ta9 effects ( ! ,div9e op]ation1 man is help$ on 8 j\rney t[>ds ! enjoym5t ( ,god4 ,consequ5tly f ?is po9t ( view also ! object ( fai? is1 9 a way1 ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 9 z mu* z no?+ comes "u fai? except 9 relation to ,god1 ev5 z ! object ( ! m$ical art is heal?1 = x consid]s no?+ save 9 relation to heal?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?+s conc]n+ ,*ri/'s human nature1 & ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 or any creatures :atev]1 come "u fai?1 9 s f> z by !m we are direct$ to ,god1 & 9 z mu* z we ass5t to !m on acc\nt ( ! ,div9e ,tru?4 ,! same answ] applies to ! ,second ,objection1 z reg>ds all ?+s conta9$ 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*>ity also loves our neighbor on acc\nt ( ,god1 s t its object1 prop]ly speak+1 is ,god1 z we %all %[ fur!r on 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a74 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,object ( ,fai? ,is ,some?+ ,complex1 by ,way ( a ,proposition8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! object ( fai? is n some?+ complex by way ( a proposition4 ,= ! object ( fai? is ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! ,fir/ ,tru? is some?+ simple4 ,!re=e ! object ( fai? is n some?+ complex4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! exposition ( fai? is conta9$ 9 ! symbol4 ,n[ ! symbol does n conta9 propositions1 b ?+s3 = x is n /at$ !re9 t ,god is almighty1 b3 ,i believe 9 ,god 4 4 4 almighty4 ,!re=e ! object ( fai? is n a proposition b a ?+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fai? is succe$$ by vision1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3ab3 ,we see n[ ?r\gh a glass 9 a d>k mann]2 b !n face to face4 ,n[ ,i "k 9 "p2 b !n ,i %all "k ev5 z ,i am kn[n4 ,b ! object ( ! heav5ly vision is some?+ simple1 = x is ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! fai? ( ! wayf>] is also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,fai? is a mean betwe5 sci5ce & op9ion4 ,n[ ! mean is 9 ! same g5us z ! extremes4 ,s9ce1 !n1 sci5ce & op9ion are ab\t propositions1 x seems t fai? is likewise ab\t propositions2 s t its object is some?+ complex4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ?+ kn[n is 9 ! kn[] accord+ to ! mode ( ! kn[]4 ,n[ ! mode prop] to ! human intellect is to "k ! tru? by syn!sis & analysis1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #he1 ,a4 #e74 ,h5ce ?+s t are simple 9 !mselves1 are kn[n by ! intellect ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( complexity1 j z on ! o!r h&1 ! ,div9e intellect kn[s1 )\t any complexity1 ?+s t are complex 9 !mselves4 ,accord+ly ! object ( fai? may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! ?+ itself :i* is believ$1 & ?us ! object ( fai? is some?+ simple1 namely ! ?+ itself ab\t :i* we h fai?4 ,secondly1 on ! "p ( ! believ]1 & 9 ?is respect ! object ( fai? is some?+ complex by way ( a proposition4 ,h5ce 9 ! pa/ bo? op9ions h be5 held ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! object ( fai? on ! "p ( ! ?+ believ$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! symbol m5tions ! ?+s ab\t :i* fai? is1 9 s f> z ! act ( ! believ] is t]m9at$ 9 !m1 z is evid5t f ! mann] ( speak+ ab\t !m4 ,n[ ! act ( ! believ] does n t]m9ate 9 a proposition1 b 9 a ?+4 ,= z 9 sci5ce we d n =m propositions1 except 9 ord] to h k ab\t ?+s ?r\gh _! means1 s is x 9 fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! object ( ! heav5ly vision w be ! ,fir/ ,tru? se5 9 itself1 accord+ to #a ,john #c3b3 ,we "k t :5 ,he %all appe>1 we %all be l to ,him3 because we %all see ,him z ,he is3 h5ce t vision w n be by way ( a proposition b by way ( a simple und]/&+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by fai?1 we d n appreh5d ! ,fir/ ,tru? z x is 9 itself4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,any?+ ,false ,c ,come ,"u ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t some?+ false c come "u fai?4 ,= fai? is condivid$ ) hope & *>ity4 ,n[ some?+ false c come "u hope1 s9ce _m hope to h et]nal life1 :o w n obta9 x4 ,! same may be said ( *>ity1 = _m are lov$ z be+ good1 :o1 nev]!less1 are n good4 ,!re=e some?+ false c be ! object ( fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,abraham believ$ t ,*ri/ w\ld be born1 accord+ to ,john #h3ef3 ,abraham y\r fa!r rejoic$ t he might see ,my day3 he saw x1 & 0 glad4 ,b aft] ! "t ( ,abraham1 ,god might n h tak5 fle%1 = x 0 m]ely because ,he will$ t ,he did1 s t :at ,abraham believ$ ab\t ,*ri/ w\ld h be5 false4 ,!re=e ! object ( fai? c be some?+ false4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! anci5ts believ$ 9 ! future bir? ( ,*ri/1 & _m cont9u$ s to believe1 until !y he>d ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel4 ,n[1 :5 once ,*ri/ 0 born1 ev5 be=e ,he began to prea*1 x 0 false t ,*ri/ 0 yet to be born4 ,!re=e some?+ false c come "u fai?4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is a matt] ( fai?1 t "o %\ld believe t ! true ,body ( ,*ri/ is conta9$ 9 ! ,sacram5t ( ! alt>4 ,b x might happ5 t ! bread 0 n rightly consecrat$1 & t !re 0 n ,*ri/'s true ,body !re1 b only bread4 ,!re=e some?+ false c come "u fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no virtue t p]fects ! intellect is relat$ to ! false1 consid]$ z ! evil ( ! intellect1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b74 ,n[ fai? is a virtue t p]fects ! intellect1 z we %all %[ fur!r on 7,q4 #d1 ,,aa4 #b1 #e74 ,!re=e no?+ false c come "u x4 ,i answ] t1 ,no?+ comes "u any p[]1 habit or act1 except by means ( ! =mal aspect ( ! object3 ?us color _c be se5 except by means ( light1 & a conclusion _c be kn[n save ?r\gh ! mean ( demon/ration4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #a7 t ! =mal aspect ( ! object ( fai? is ! ,fir/ ,tru?2 s t no?+ c come "u fai?1 save 9 s f> z x /&s "u ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 "u :i* no?+ false c /&1 z nei!r c non-be+ /& "u be+1 nor evil "u goodness4 ,x foll[s !re=e t no?+ false c come "u fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce ! true is ! good ( ! intellect1 b n ( ! appetitive p[]1 x foll[s t all virtues :i* p]fect ! intellect1 exclude ! false altoge!r1 because x belongs to ! nature ( a virtue to be> relation to ! good alone4 ,on ! o!r h& ^? virtues :i* p]fect ! appetitive faculty1 d n entirely exclude ! false1 = x is possible to act 9 accordance ) ju/ice or temp]ance1 :ile hav+ a false op9ion ab\t :at "o is do+4 ,!re=e1 z fai? p]fects ! intellect1 :]eas hope & *>ity p]fect ! appetitive "p1 ! comp>ison betwe5 !m fails4 ,nev]!less nei!r c any?+ false come "u hope1 = a man hopes to obta9 et]nal life1 n by 8 own p[] 7s9ce ?is w\ld be an act ( presumption71 b ) ! help ( grace2 & if he p]sev]es !re9 he w obta9 et]nal life surely & infallibly4 ,9 l mann] x belongs to *>ity to love ,god1 :]ev] ,he may be2 s t x matt]s n to *>ity1 :e!r ,god be 9 ! individual :om we love = ,god's sake4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t ,god w\ld n take fle%1 consid]$ 9 itself 0 possible ev5 aft] ,abraham's "t1 b 9 s f> z x /&s 9 ,god's =ekn[l$ge1 x has a c]ta9 necessity ( infallibility1 z expla9$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ad1 ,,aa4 #ac1 #ae73 & x is ?us t x comes "u fai?4 ,h5ce 9 s f> z x comes "u fai?1 x _c be false4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,aft] ,*ri/'s bir?1 to believe 9 ,him1 0 to believe 9 ,*ri/'s bir? at "s "t or o!r4 ,! fix+ ( ! "t1 :]e9 "s 7 deceiv$ 0 n due to _! fai?1 b to a human conjecture4 ,= x is possible = a believ] to h a false op9ion ?r\gh a human conjecture1 b x is q impossible = a false op9ion to be ! outcome ( fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! fai? ( ! believ] is n direct$ to su* & su* accid5ts ( bread1 b to ! fact t ! true body ( ,*ri/ is "u ! appe>ances ( s5sible bread1 :5 x is rightly consecrat$4 ,h5ce if x be n rightly consecrat$1 x does n foll[ t any?+ false comes "u fai?4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,object ( ,fai? ,c ,be ,some?+ ,se58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! object ( fai? is some?+ se54 ,= ,our ,"l said to ,?omas 7,john #bj3bi73 ,because ?\ ha/ se5 ,me1 ,?omas1 ?\ ha/ believ$4 ,!re=e vision & fai? reg>d ! same object4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le1 :ile speak+ ( ! k ( fai?1 says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ab73 ,we see n[ ?r\gh a glass 9 a d>k mann]4 ,!re=e :at is believ$ is se54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fai? is a spiritual light4 ,n[ some?+ is se5 "u e light4 ,!re=e fai? is ( ?+s se54 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,e s5se is a k9d ( sight1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom9i1 ,s]m4 xxxiii74 ,b fai? is ( ?+s he>d1 accord+ to ,rom4 #aj3ag3 ,fai? 4 4 4 come? by he>+4 ,!re=e fai? is ( ?+s se54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aa3a7 t fai? is ! evid5ce ( ?+s t appe> n4 ,i answ] t1 ,fai? implies ass5t ( ! intellect to t :i* is believ$4 ,n[ ! intellect ass5ts to a ?+ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh be+ mov$ to ass5t by its v object1 :i* is kn[n ei!r by itself 7z 9 ! case ( fir/ pr9ciples1 :i* are held by ! habit ( und]/&+71 or ?r\gh some?+ else already kn[n 7z 9 ! case ( conclusions :i* are held by ! habit ( sci5ce74 ,secondly ! intellect ass5ts to some?+1 n ?r\gh be+ suffici5tly mov$ to ?is ass5t by its prop] object1 b ?r\gh an act ( *oice1 :]eby x turns volunt>ily to "o side r ?an to ! o!r3 & if ?is be accompani$ by d\bt or fe> ( ! opposite side1 !re w be op9ion1 :ile1 if !re be c]ta9ty & no fe> ( ! o!r side1 !re w be fai?4 ,n[ ^? ?+s are said to be se5 :i*1 ( !mselves1 move ! intellect or ! s5ses to k ( !m4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t nei!r fai? nor op9ion c be ( ?+s se5 ei!r by ! s5ses or by ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?omas saw "o ?+1 & believ$ ano!r 99,/4 ,gregory3 ,hom4 xxvi 9 ,evang43 he saw ! ,man1 & believ+ ,him to be ,god1 he made pr(ession ( 8 fai?1 say+3 ,my ,"l & my ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? ?+s :i* come "u fai? c be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 p>ticul>2 & ?us !y _c be se5 & believ$ at ! same "t1 z %[n above4 ,secondly1 9 g5]al1 t is1 "u ! common aspect ( cr$ibility2 & 9 ?is way !y are se5 by ! believ]4 ,= he w\ld n believe unless1 on ! evid5ce ( signs1 or ( some?+ simil>1 he saw t !y ought to be believ$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! light ( fai? makes u see :at we believe4 ,= j z1 by ! habits ( ! o!r virtues1 man sees :at is becom+ to him 9 respect ( t habit1 s1 by ! habit ( fai?1 ! human m9d is direct$ to ass5t to su* ?+s z are becom+ to a "r fai?1 & n to ass5t to o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,he>+ is ( words signify+ :at is ( fai?1 b n ( ! ?+s !mselves t are believ$2 h5ce x does n foll[ t ^! ?+s are se54 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,^? ,?+s ,t ,are ( ,fai? ,c ,be an ,object ( ,sci5ce 99,sci5ce is c]ta9 k ( a demon/rat$ conclusion ?r\gh its demon/ration8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ^? ?+s t are ( fai? c be an object ( sci5ce4 ,= :]e sci5ce is lack+ !re is ignorance1 s9ce ignorance is ! opposite ( sci5ce4 ,n[ we are n 9 ignorance ( ^? ?+s we h to believe1 s9ce ignorance ( su* ?+s savors ( unbelief1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #a3ac3 ,i did x ignorantly 9 unbelief4 ,!re=e ?+s t are ( fai? c be an object ( sci5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sci5ce is acquir$ by reasons4 ,n[ sacr$ writ]s employ reasons to inculcate ?+s t are ( fai?4 ,!re=e su* ?+s c be an object ( sci5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s :i* are demon/rat$ are an object ( sci5ce1 s9ce a demon/ration is a syllogism t produces sci5ce4 ,n[ c]ta9 matt]s ( fai? h be5 demon/rat$ by ! philosoph]s1 su* z ! ,exi/5ce & ,unity ( ,god1 & s =?4 ,!re=e ?+s t are ( fai? c be an object ( sci5ce4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 op9ion is fur!r f sci5ce ?an fai? is1 s9ce fai? is said to /& betwe5 op9ion & sci5ce4 ,n[ op9ion & sci5ce c1 9 a way1 be ab\t ! same object1 z /at$ 9 ,po/]4 i4 ,!re=e fai? & sci5ce c be ab\t ! same object also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxvi 9 ,evang47 t :5 a ?+ is manife/1 x is ! object1 n ( fai?1 b ( p]ception4 ,!re=e ?+s t are ( fai? are n ! object ( p]ception1 :]eas :at is an object ( sci5ce is ! object ( p]ception4 ,!re=e !re c be no fai? ab\t ?+s :i* are an object ( sci5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,all sci5ce is d]iv$ f self-evid5t & !re=e se5 pr9ciples2 :]e=e all objects ( sci5ce mu/ ne$s be1 9 a fa%ion1 se54 ,n[ z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 x is impossible t "o & ! same ?+ %\ld be believ$ & se5 by ! same p]son4 ,h5ce x is equally impossible = "o & ! same ?+ to be an object ( sci5ce & ( belief = ! same p]son4 ,x may happ51 h[ev]1 t a ?+ :i* is an object ( vision or sci5ce = "o1 is believ$ by ano!r3 s9ce we hope to see "s day :at we n[ believe ab\t ! ,tr9ity1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3ab3 ,we see n[ ?r\gh a glass 9 a d>k mann]2 b !n face to face3 :i* vision ! angels possess already2 s t :at we believe1 !y see4 ,9 l mann] x may happ5 t :at is an object ( vision or sci5tific k = "o man1 ev5 9 ! /ate ( a wayf>]1 is1 = ano!r man1 an object ( fai?1 because he does n "k x by demon/ration4 ,nev]!less t :i* is propos$ to be believ$ equally by all1 is equally unkn[n by all z an object ( sci5ce3 su* are ! ?+s :i* are ( fai? simply4 ,consequ5tly fai? & sci5ce are n ab\t ! same ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,unbeliev]s are 9 ignorance ( ?+s t are ( fai?1 = nei!r d !y see or "k !m 9 !mselves1 nor d !y "k !m to be cr$ible4 ,! fai?ful1 on ! o!r h&1 "k !m1 n z by demon/ration1 b by ! light ( fai? :i* makes !m see t !y ought to believe !m1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d1 ad #b1 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! reasons employ$ by holy m5 to prove ?+s t are ( fai?1 are n demon/rations2 !y are ei!r p]suasive argum5ts %[+ t :at is propos$ to our fai? is n impossible1 or else !y are pro(s drawn f ! pr9ciples ( fai?1 i4e4 f ! au?ority ( ,holy ,writ1 z ,dionysius decl>es 7,div4 ,nom4 ii74 ,:atev] is bas$ on ^! pr9ciples is z well prov$ 9 ! eyes ( ! fai?ful1 z a conclusion drawn f self-evid5t pr9ciples is 9 ! eyes ( all4 ,h5ce aga91 !ology is a sci5ce1 z we /at$ at ! outset ( ?is "w 7,p4 ,i1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?+s :i* c be prov$ by demon/ration are reckon$ among ! articles ( fai?1 n because !y are believ$ simply by all1 b because !y are a necess>y presupposition to matt]s ( fai?1 s t ^? :o d n kn[n !m by demon/ration mu/ "k !m fir/ ( all by fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,po/]4 i71 sci5ce & op9ion ab\t ! same object c c]ta9ly be 9 diff]5t m51 z we h /at$ above ab\t sci5ce & fai?2 yet x is possible = "o & ! same man to h sci5ce & fai? ab\t ! same ?+ relatively1 i4e4 9 relation to ! object1 b n 9 ! same respect4 ,= x is possible = ! same p]son1 ab\t "o & ! same object1 to "k "o ?+ & to ?9k ano!r3 &1 9 l mann]1 "o may "k by demon/ration ! unity ( ! ,godhead1 &1 by fai?1 ! ,tr9ity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 "o & ! same man1 ab\t ! same object1 & 9 ! same respect1 sci5ce is incompatible ) ei!r op9ion or fai?1 yet = diff]5t reasons4 ,because sci5ce is incompatible ) op9ion ab\t ! same object simply1 = ! reason t sci5ce dem&s t its object %\ld be deem$ impossible to be o!rwise1 :]eas x is ess5tial to op9ion1 t its object %\ld be deem$ possible to be o!rwise4 ,yet t :i* is ! object ( fai?1 on acc\nt ( ! c]ta9ty ( fai?1 is also deem$ impossible to be o!rwise2 & ! reason :y sci5ce & fai? _c be ab\t ! same object & 9 ! same respect is because ! object ( sci5ce is some?+ se5 :]eas ! object ( fai? is ! unse51 z /at$ above4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,^? ,?+s ,t ,are ( ,fai? ,%\ld ,be ,divid$ into ,c]ta9 ,articles8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ^? ?+s t are ( fai? %\ld n be divid$ into c]ta9 articles4 ,= all ?+s conta9$ 9 ,holy ,writ are matt]s ( fai?4 ,b ^!1 by reason ( _! multitude1 _c be r$uc$ to a c]ta9 numb]4 ,!re=e x seems sup]flu\s to di/+ui% c]ta9 articles ( fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 mat]ial diff]5ces c be multipli$ indef9itely1 & !re=e art %\ld take no notice ( !m4 ,n[ ! =mal aspect ( ! object ( fai? is "o & indivisible1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 viz4 ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 s t matt]s ( fai? _c be di/+ui%$ 9 respect ( _! =mal object4 ,!re=e no notice %\ld be tak5 ( a mat]ial division ( matt]s ( fai? into articles4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x has be5 said by "s 99,cf4 ,william ( ,aux]re1 ,summa ,aurea t an article is an indivisible tru? conc]n+ ,god1 exact+ arctans our belief4 ,n[ belief is a volunt>y act1 s9ce1 z ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xxvi 9 ,joan471 no man believes aga9/ 8 w4 ,!re=e x seems t matt]s ( fai? %\ld n be divid$ into articles4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says3 ,an article is a glimpse ( ,div9e tru?1 t5d+ !reto4 ,n[ we c only get a glimpse ( ,div9e tru? by way ( analysis1 s9ce ?+s :i* 9 ,god are "o1 are manifold 9 our intellect4 ,!re=e matt]s ( fai? %\ld be divid$ into articles4 ,i answ] t1 ! ^w article is app>5tly d]iv$ f ! ,greek2 = ! ,greek ar?ron 99,cf4 ,william ( ,aux]re1 ,summa ,aurea :i* ! ,lat9 r5d]s articulus1 signifies a fitt+ toge!r ( di/9ct p>ts3 :]e=e ! small p>ts ( ! body :i* fit toge!r are call$ ! articulations ( ! limbs4 ,likewise1 9 ! ,greek gramm>1 articles are p>ts ( spee* :i* are affix$ to words to %[ _! g5d]1 numb] or case4 ,aga9 9 rhetoric1 articles are p>ts t fit toge!r 9 a s5t5ce1 = ,tully says 7,rhet4 iv7 t an article is compos$ ( words ea* pron\nc$ s+ly & sep>ately1 ?us3 ,y\r passion1 y\r voice1 y\r look1 h /ruck t]ror into y\r foes4 ,h5ce matt]s ( ,*ri/ian fai? are said to conta9 di/9ct articles1 9 s f> z !y are divid$ into p>ts1 & fit toge!r4 ,n[ ! object ( fai? is some?+ unse5 9 connection ) ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,consequ5tly any matt] t1 = a special reason1 is unse51 is a special article2 :]eas :5 sev]al matt]s are kn[n or n kn[n1 "u ! same aspect1 we are n to di/+ui% v>i\s articles4 ,?us "o enc\nt]s "o difficulty 9 see+ t ,god suff]$1 & ano!r 9 see+ t ,he rose aga9 f ! dead1 :]e=e ! article ( ! ,resurrection is di/9ct f ! article ( ! ,passion4 ,b t ,he suff]$1 di$ & 0 buri$1 pres5t ! same difficulty1 s t if "o be accept$1 x is n difficult to accept ! o!rs2 :]e=e all ^! belong to "o article4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s ?+s are propos$ to our belief are 9 !mselves ( fai?1 :ile o!rs are ( fai?1 n 9 !mselves b only 9 relation to o!rs3 ev5 z 9 sci5ces c]ta9 propositions are put =w>d on _! own acc\nt1 :ile o!rs are put =w>d 9 ord] to manife/ o!rs4 ,n[1 s9ce ! *ief object ( fai? consi/s 9 ^? ?+s :i* we hope to see1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aa3b3 ,fai? is ! sub/ance ( ?+s to be hop$ =1 x foll[s t ^? ?+s are 9 !mselves ( fai?1 :i* ord] u directly to et]nal life4 ,su* are ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons 9 ,almighty ,god 99,! ,leon9e ,edition reads3 ,! ,?ree ,p]sons1 ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 etc41 ! my/]y ( ,*ri/'s ,inc>nation1 & ! l3 & ^! are di/9ct articles ( fai?4 ,on ! o!r h& c]ta9 ?+s 9 ,holy ,writ are propos$ to our belief1 n *iefly on _! own acc\nt1 b = ! manife/ation ( ^? m5tion$ above3 = in/ance1 t ,abraham _h two sons1 t a dead man rose aga9 at ! t\* ( ,eliseus' bones1 & ! l1 :i* are relat$ 9 ,holy ,writ = ! purpose ( manife/+ ! ,div9e my/]y or ! ,inc>nation ( ,*ri/3 & su* ?+s %\ld n =m di/9ct articles4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! =mal aspect ( ! object ( fai? c be tak5 9 two ways3 fir/1 on ! "p ( ! ?+ believ$1 & ?us !re is "o =mal aspect ( all matt]s ( fai?1 viz4 ! ,fir/ ,tru?3 & f ?is po9t ( view !re is no di/9ction ( articles4 ,secondly1 ! =mal aspect ( matt]s ( fai?1 c be consid]$ f our po9t ( view2 & ?us ! =mal aspect ( a matt] ( fai? is t x is some?+ unse52 & f ?is po9t ( view !re are v>i\s di/9ct articles ( fai?1 z we saw above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is def9ition ( an article is tak5 f an etymology ( ! ^w z d]iv$ f ! ,lat91 r ?an 9 accordance ) its real mean+1 z d]iv$ f ! ,greek3 h5ce x does n c>ry mu* weight4 ,yet ev5 !n x c\ld be said t al?\gh fai? is exact$ ( no man by a necessity ( co]cion1 s9ce belief is a volunt>y act1 yet x is exact$ ( him by a necessity ( end1 s9ce he t come? to ,god mu/ believe t ,he is1 & )\t fai? x is impossible to please ,god1 z ! ,apo/le decl>es 7,heb4 #aa3f74 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,articles ( ,fai? ,h ,increas$ 9 ,c\rse ( ,"t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! articles ( fai? h n increas$ 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,because1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aa3a71 fai? is ! sub/ance ( ?+s to be hop$ =4 ,n[ ! same ?+s are to be hop$ = at all times4 ,!re=e1 at all times1 ! same ?+s are to be believ$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 developm5t has tak5 place1 9 sci5ces devis$ by man1 on acc\nt ( ! lack ( k 9 ^? :o discov]$ !m1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,metaph4 ii74 ,n[ ! doctr9e ( fai? 0 n devis$ by man1 b 0 deliv]$ to u by ,god1 z /at$ 9 ,eph4 #b3h3 ,x is ! gift ( ,god4 ,s9ce !n !re c be no lack ( k 9 ,god1 x seems t k ( matt]s ( fai? 0 p]fect f ! beg9n+ & did n increase z "t w5t on4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! op]ation ( grace proce$s 9 ord]ly fa%ion no less ?an ! op]ation ( nature4 ,n[ nature always makes a beg9n+ ) p]fect ?+s1 z ,boe?ius /ates 7,de ,consol4 iii74 ,!re=e x seems t ! op]ation ( grace also began ) p]fect ?+s1 s t ^? :o 7 ! fir/ to deliv] ! fai?1 knew x mo/ p]fectly4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 j z ! fai? ( ,*ri/ 0 deliv]$ to u ?r\gh ! apo/les1 s too1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! k ( fai? 0 deliv]$ by ! e>ly fa!rs to ^? :o came lat]1 accord+ to ,deut4 #cb3g3 ,ask ?y fa!r1 & he w decl>e to !e4 ,n[ ! apo/les 7 mo/ fully in/ruct$ ab\t ! my/]ies1 = !y receiv$ !m m fully ?an o!rs1 ev5 z !y receiv$ !m e>li]1 z a gloss says on ,rom4 #h3bc3 ,ourselves also :o h ! fir/ fruits ( ! ,_s4 ,!re=e x seems t k ( matt]s ( fai? has n increas$ z "t w5t on4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xvi 9 ,eze*47 t ! k ( ! holy fa!rs increas$ z "t w5t on 4 4 4 & ! ne>] !y 7 to ,our ,savior's com+1 ! m fully did !y receive ! my/]ies ( salvation4 ,i answ] t1 ,! articles ( fai? /& 9 ! same relation to ! doctr9e ( fai?1 z self-evid5t pr9ciples to a tea*+ bas$ on natural reason4 ,among ^! pr9ciples !re is a c]ta9 ord]1 s t "s are conta9$ implicitly 9 o!rs2 ?us all pr9ciples are r$uc$1 z to _! fir/ pr9ciple1 to ?is "o3 ,! same ?+ _c be affirm$ & d5i$ at ! same "t1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,metaph4 iv1 text4 #i74 ,9 l mann] all ! articles are conta9$ implicitly 9 c]ta9 prim>y matt]s ( fai?1 su* z ,god's exi/5ce1 & ,8 provid5ce ov] ! salvation ( man1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aa3 ,he t come? to ,god1 mu/ believe t ,he is1 & is a rew>d] to !m t seek ,him4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( ,god includes all t we believe to exi/ 9 ,god et]nally1 & 9 ^! our happ9ess consi/s2 :ile belief 9 ,8 provid5ce includes all ^? ?+s :i* ,god disp5ses 9 "t1 = man's salvation1 & :i* are ! way to t happ9ess3 & 9 ?is way1 aga91 "s ( ^? articles :i* foll[ f ^! are conta9$ 9 o!rs3 ?us fai? 9 ! ,r$emption ( mank9d includes belief 9 ! ,inc>nation ( ,*ri/1 ,8 ,passion & s =?4 ,accord+ly we mu/ conclude t1 z reg>ds ! sub/ance ( ! articles ( fai?1 !y h n receiv$ any increase z "t w5t on3 s9ce :atev] ^? :o liv$ lat] h believ$1 0 conta9$1 albeit implicitly1 9 ! fai? ( ^? ,fa!rs :o prec$$ !m4 ,b !re 0 an increase 9 ! numb] ( articles believ$ explicitly1 s9ce to ^? :o liv$ 9 lat] times "s 7 kn[n explicitly :i* 7 n kn[n explicitly by ^? :o liv$ be=e !m4 ,h5ce ! ,"l said to ,moses 7,ex4 #f3b1 #c73 ,i am ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ! ,god ( ,isaac1 ! ,god ( ,jacob 99,vulg43 ',i am ! ,"l t appe>$ to ,abraham1 to ,isaac1 & to ,jacob' 4 4 4 & ,my "n ,adonai ,i did n %[ !m3 ,david also said 7,ps4 #aah3ajj73 ,i h _h und]/&+ above anci5ts3 & ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #c3e7 t ! my/]y ( ,*ri/1 9 o!r g5]ations 0 n kn[n1 z x is n[ reveal$ to ,8 holy apo/les & prophets4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,among m5 ! same ?+s 7 always to be hop$ = f ,*ri/4 ,b z !y did n acquire ?is hope save ?r\gh ,*ri/1 ! fur!r !y 7 remov$ f ,*ri/ 9 po9t ( "t1 ! fur!r !y 7 f obta9+ :at !y hop$ =4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aa3ac73 ,all ^! di$ accord+ to fai?1 n hav+ receiv$ ! promises1 b behold+ !m af> (f4 ,n[ ! fur!r (f a ?+ is ! less di/9ctly is x se52 :]e=e ^? :o 7 nigh to ,*ri/'s adv5t _h a m di/9ct k ( ! good ?+s to be hop$ =4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,progress 9 k occurs 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 be he "o or _m1 :o makes progress 9 k z "t goes on3 & ?is is ! k9d ( progress t takes place 9 sci5ces devis$ by man4 ,secondly1 on ! "p ( ! le>n]2 ?us ! ma/]1 :o has p]fect k ( ! art1 does n deliv] x all at once to 8 disciple f ! v outset1 = he w\ld n be able to take x all 91 b he condesc5ds to ! disciple's capacity & in/ructs him little by little4 ,x is 9 ?is way t m5 made progress 9 ! k ( fai? z "t w5t on4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le 7,gal4 #c3bd7 comp>es ! /ate ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to *ildhood4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,two causes are requisite be=e actual g5]ation c take place1 an ag5t1 namely1 & matt]4 ,9 ! ord] ( ! active cause1 ! m p]fect is naturally fir/2 & 9 ?is way nature makes a beg9n+ ) p]fect ?+s1 s9ce ! imp]fect is n br\ght to p]fection1 except by some?+ p]fect already 9 exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ord] ( ! mat]ial cause1 ! imp]fect comes fir/1 & 9 ?is way nature proce$s f ! imp]fect to ! p]fect4 ,n[ 9 ! manife/ation ( fai?1 ,god is ! active cause1 hav+ p]fect k f all et]nity2 :ile man is lik5$ to matt] 9 receiv+ ! influx ( ,god's action4 ,h5ce1 among m51 ! k ( fai? _h to proce$ f imp]fection to p]fection2 &1 al?\gh "s m5 h be5 aft] ! mann] ( active causes1 ?r\gh be+ doctors ( fai?1 nev]!less ! manife/ation ( ! ,_s is giv5 to su* m5 = ! common good1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab3g2 s t ! k ( fai? 0 imp>t$ to ! ,fa!rs :o 7 in/ructors 9 ! fai?1 s f> z 0 necess>y at ! "t = ! in/ruction ( ! p1 ei!r op5ly or 9 figures4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! ultimate consummation ( grace 0 effect$ by ,*ri/1 :]e=e ! "t ( ,8 com+ is call$ ! "t ( fulness 99,vulg43 'fulness ( "t' 7,gal4 #d3d74 ,h5ce ^? :o 7 ne>e/ to ,*ri/1 :e!r be=e1 l ,john ! ,bapti/1 or aft]1 l ! apo/les1 _h a full] k ( ! my/]ies ( fai?2 = ev5 ) reg>d to man's /ate we f9d t ! p]fection ( manhood comes 9 y\?1 & t a man's /ate is all ! m p]fect1 :e!r be=e or aft]1 ! ne>] x is to ! "t ( 8 y\?4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,articles ( ,fai? ,are ,suitably ,=mulat$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! articles ( fai? are unsuitably =mulat$4 ,= ^? ?+s1 :i* c be kn[n by demon/ration1 d n belong to fai? z to an object ( belief = all1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,n[ x c be kn[n by demon/ration t !re is "o ,god2 h5ce ! ,philosoph] proves ?is 7,metaph4 xii1 text4 #eb7 & _m o!r philosoph]s demon/rat$ ! same tru?4 ,!re=e t !re is "o ,god %\ld n be set d[n z an article ( fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z x is necess>y to fai? t we %\ld believe ,god to be almighty1 s is x too t we %\ld believe ,him to be all-kn[+ & provid5t = all1 ab\t bo? ( :i* po9ts "s h err$4 ,!re=e1 among ! articles ( fai?1 m5tion %\ld h be5 made ( ,god's wisdom & provid5ce1 ev5 z ( ,8 omnipot5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to "k ! ,fa!r is ! same ?+s z to "k ! ,son1 accord+ to ,john #ad3i3 ,he t see? ,me1 see? ! ,fa!r also4 ,!re=e !re ought to be b "o article ab\t ! ,fa!r & ,son1 &1 = ! same reason1 ab\t ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r is no less ?an ! ,p]son ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ !re are sev]al articles ab\t ! ,p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & likewise ab\t ! ,p]son ( ! ,son4 ,!re=e !re %\ld be sev]al articles ab\t ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 j z c]ta9 ?+s are said by appropriation1 ( ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 s too is some?+ appropriat$ to ! ,p]son ( ! ,son1 9 respect ( ,8 ,godhead4 ,n[1 among ! articles ( fai?1 a place is giv5 to a "w appropriat$ to ! ,fa!r1 viz4 ! creation1 & likewise1 a "w appropriat$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 viz4 t ,he spoke by ! prophets4 ,!re=e ! articles ( fai? %\ld conta9 "s "w appropriat$ to ! ,son 9 respect ( ,8 ,godhead4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ! sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/ pres5ts a special difficulty ov] & above ! o!r articles4 ,!re=e x %\ld h be5 m5tion$ 9 a special article3 & consequ5tly x seems t !re is n a suffici5t numb] ( articles4 ,on ! contr>y /&s ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* :o =mulates ! articles ?us4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #d1 #f71 to fai? ^? ?+s 9 !mselves belong1 ! sight ( :i* we %all enjoy 9 et]nal life1 & by :i* we are br\ght to et]nal life4 ,n[ two ?+s are propos$ to u to be se5 9 et]nal life3 viz4 ! secret ( ! ,godhead1 to see :i* is to possess happ9ess2 & ! my/]y ( ,*ri/'s ,inc>nation1 by ,:om we h access to ! glory ( ! sons ( ,god1 accord+ to ,rom4 #e3b4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,john #ag3c73 ,?is is et]nal life3 t !y may "k ,!e1 ! 4 4 4 true ,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/ ,:om ,?\ ha/ s5t4 ,:]e=e ! fir/ di/9ction 9 matt]s ( fai? is t "s conc]n ! maje/y ( ! ,godhead1 :ile o!rs p]ta9 to ! my/]y ( ,*ri/'s human nature1 :i* is ! my/]y ( godl9ess 7#a ,tim4 #c3af74 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! maje/y ( ! ,godhead1 ?ree ?+s are propos$ to our belief3 fir/1 ! unity ( ! ,godhead1 to :i* ! fir/ article ref]s2 secondly1 ! tr9ity ( ! ,p]sons1 to :i* ?ree articles ref]1 correspond+ to ! ?ree ,p]sons2 & ?irdly1 ! works prop] to ! ,godhead1 ! fir/ ( :i* ref]s to ! ord] ( nature1 9 relation to :i* ! article ab\t ! creation is propos$ to u2 ! second ref]s to ! ord] ( grace1 9 relation to :i* all matt]s conc]n+ ! sanctification ( man are includ$ 9 "o article2 :ile ! ?ird ref]s to ! ord] ( glory1 & 9 relation to ?is ano!r article is propos$ to u conc]n+ ! resurrection ( ! dead & life ev]la/+4 ,?us !re are sev5 articles ref]r+ to ! ,godhead4 ,9 l mann]1 ) reg>d to ,*ri/'s human nature1 !re are sev5 articles1 ! fir/ ( :i* ref]s to ,*ri/'s inc>nation or conception2 ! second1 to ,8 virg9al bir?2 ! ?ird1 to ,8 ,passion1 dea? & burial2 ! f\r?1 to ,8 desc5t into hell2 ! fif?1 to ,8 resurrection2 ! six?1 to ,8 asc5sion2 ! sev5?1 to ,8 com+ = ! judgm5t1 s t 9 all !re are f\rte5 articles4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 di/+ui% twelve articles1 six p]ta9+ to ! ,godhead1 & six to ! humanity4 ,= !y include 9 "o article ! ?ree ab\t ! ?ree ,p]sons2 because we h "o k ( ! ?ree ,p]sons3 :ile !y divide ! article ref]r+ to ! "w ( glorification into two1 viz4 ! resurrection ( ! body1 & ! glory ( ! s\l4 ,likewise !y unite ! conception & nativity into "o article4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by fai? we hold _m tru?s ab\t ,god1 :i* ! philosoph]s 7 unable to discov] by natural reason1 = in/ance ,8 provid5ce & omnipot5ce1 & t ,he alone is to be wor%ip$1 all ( :i* are conta9$ 9 ! "o article ( ! unity ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! v "n ( ! ,godhead implies a k9d ( wat*+ ov] ?+s1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #h74 ,n[ 9 be+s hav+ an intellect1 p[] does n "w save by ! w & k4 ,h5ce ,god's omnipot5ce includes1 9 a way1 univ]sal k & provid5ce4 ,= ,he w\ld n be able to d all ,he wills 9 ?+s "h bel[1 unless ,he knew !m1 & ex]cis$ ,8 provid5ce ov] !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,we h b "o k ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 z to ! unity ( ! ,ess5ce1 to :i* ! fir/ article ref]s3 b1 z to ! di/9ction ( ! ,p]sons1 :i* is by ! relations ( orig91 k ( ! ,fa!r does inde$1 9 a way1 include k ( ! ,son1 = ,he w\ld n be ,fa!r1 _h ,he n a ,son2 ! bond :]e( be+ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 !re 0 a suffici5t motive = ^? :o ref]r$ "o article to ! ?ree ,p]sons4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ) reg>d to ea* ,p]son1 c]ta9 po9ts h to be obs]v$1 ab\t :i* "s happ5 to fall into error1 look+ at x 9 ?is way1 we may di/+ui% ?ree articles ab\t ! ?ree ,p]sons4 ,= ,arius believ$ 9 ! omnipot5ce & et]nity ( ! ,fa!r1 b did n believe ! ,son to be co-equal & consub/antial ) ! ,fa!r2 h5ce ! ne$ = an article ab\t ! ,p]son ( ! ,son 9 ord] to settle ?is po9t4 ,9 l mann] x 0 necess>y to appo9t a ?ird article ab\t ! ,p]son ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 aga9/ ,mac$onius4 ,9 ! same way ,*ri/'s conception & bir?1 j z ! resurrection & life ev]la/+1 c f "o po9t ( view be unit$ toge!r 9 "o article1 9 s f> z !y are orda9$ to "o end2 :ile1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 !y c be di/9ct articles1 9 z mu* z ea* "o sep>ately pres5ts a special difficulty4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x belongs to ! ,son & ,holy ,gho/ to be s5t to sanctify ! creature2 & ab\t ?is sev]al ?+s h to be believ$4 ,h5ce x is t !re are m articles ab\t ! ,p]sons ( ! ,son & ,holy ,gho/ ?an ab\t ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 ,:o is nev] s5t1 z we /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #dc1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! sanctification ( a creature by grace1 & its consummation by glory1 is also effect$ by ! gift ( *>ity1 :i* is appropriat$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 & by ! gift ( wisdom1 :i* is appropriat$ to ! ,son3 s t ea* "w belongs by appropriation1 b "u diff]5t aspects1 bo? to ! ,son & to ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,two ?+s may be consid]$ 9 ! sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,"o is ! fact t x is a sacram5t1 & 9 ?is respect x is l ! o!r effects ( sanctify+ grace4 ,! o!r is t ,*ri/'s body is miracul\sly conta9$ !re9 & ?us x is includ$ "u ,god's omnipot5ce1 l all o!r miracles :i* are ascrib$ to ,god's almighty p[]4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,x ,is ,suitable = ! ,articles ( ,fai? to ,be ,embodi$ 9 a ,symbol8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is unsuitable = ! articles ( fai? to be embodi$ 9 a symbol4 ,because ,holy ,writ is ! rule ( fai?1 to :i* no addition or subtraction c lawfully be made1 s9ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #d3b73 ,y %all n add to ! ^w t ,i speak to y1 nei!r %all y take away f x4 ,!re=e x 0 unlawful to make a symbol z a rule ( fai?1 aft] ! ,holy ,writ _h once be5 publi%$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,eph4 #d3e7 !re is b "o fai?4 ,n[ ! symbol is a pr(ession ( fai?4 ,!re=e x is n fitt+ t !re %\ld be m ?an "o symbol4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! confession ( fai?1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! symbol1 conc]ns all ! fai?ful4 ,n[ ! fai?ful are n all compet5t to believe 9 ,god1 b only ^? :o h liv+ fai?4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ = ! symbol ( fai? to be express$ 9 ! words3 ,i believe 9 "o ,god4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! desc5t into hell is "o ( ! articles ( fai?1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #h74 ,b ! desc5t into hell is n m5tion$ 9 ! symbol ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,!re=e ! latt] is express$ inadequately4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,tract4 xxix 9 ,joan47 exp\nd+ ! passage1 ,y believe 9 ,god1 believe also 9 ,me 7,john #ad3a7 says3 ,we believe ,pet] or ,paul1 b we speak only ( believ+ '9' ,god4 ,s9ce !n ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is m]ely a creat$ be+1 x seems unfitt+ to say3 ,9 ! ,"o1 ,holy1 ,ca?olic & ,apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 a symbol is drawn up t x may be a rule ( fai?4 ,n[ a rule ( fai? ought to be propos$ to all1 & t publicly4 ,!re=e e symbol1 besides ! symbol ( ! ,fa!rs1 %\ld be sung at ,mass4 ,!re=e x seems unfitt+ to publi% ! articles ( fai? 9 a symbol4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! univ]sal ,*ur* _c err1 s9ce %e is gov]n$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is ! ,_s ( tru?3 = su* 0 ,our ,"l's promise to ,8 disciples 7,john #af3ac73 ,:5 ,he1 ! ,_s ( tru?1 is come1 ,he w tea* y all tru?4 ,n[ ! symbol is publi%$ by ! au?ority ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*4 ,!re=e x conta9s no?+ defective4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aa3f71 he t come? to ,god1 mu/ believe t ,he is4 ,n[ a man _c believe1 unless ! tru? be propos$ to him t he may believe x4 ,h5ce ! ne$ = ! tru? ( fai? to be collect$ toge!r1 s t x might ! m easily be propos$ to all1 le/ anyone might /ray f ! tru? ?r\gh ignorance ( ! fai?4 ,x is f its be+ a collection ( maxims ( fai? t ! symbol 99,! ,greek symballe9 takes its "n4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! tru? ( fai? is conta9$ 9 ,holy ,writ1 diffusely1 "u v>i\s modes ( expression1 & sometimes obscurely1 s t1 9 ord] to ga!r ! tru? ( fai? f ,holy ,writ1 "o ne$s long /udy & practice1 :i* are unatta9able by all ^? :o require to "k ! tru? ( fai?1 _m ( :om h no "t = /udy1 be+ busy ) o!r affairs4 ,& s x 0 necess>y to ga!r toge!r a cle> summ>y f ! say+s ( ,holy ,writ1 to be propos$ to ! belief ( all4 ,?is inde$ 0 no addition to ,holy ,writ1 b some?+ tak5 f x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! same doctr9e ( fai? is taught 9 all ! symbols4 ,nev]!less1 ! p ne$ m c>eful in/ruction ab\t ! tru? ( fai?1 :5 errors arise1 le/ ! fai? ( simple-m9d$ p]sons be corrupt$ by h]etics4 ,x 0 ?is t gave rise to ! necessity ( =mulat+ sev]al symbols1 :i* n[ise diff] f "o ano!r1 save t on acc\nt ( ! ob/9acy ( h]etics1 "o conta9s m explicitly :at ano!r conta9s implicitly4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! confession ( fai? is drawn up 9 a symbol 9 ! p]son1 z x 71 ( ! :ole ,*ur*1 :i* is unit$ toge!r by fai?4 ,n[ ! fai? ( ! ,*ur* is liv+ fai?2 s9ce su* is ! fai? to be f\nd 9 all ^? :o are ( ! ,*ur* n only outw>dly b also by m]it4 ,h5ce ! confession ( fai? is express$ 9 a symbol1 9 a mann] t is 9 keep+ ) liv+ fai?1 s t ev5 if "s ( ! fai?ful lack liv+ fai?1 !y %\ld endeavor to acquire x4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,no error ab\t ! desc5t into hell _h aris5 among h]etics1 s t !re 0 no ne$ to be m explicit on t po9t4 ,= ?is reason x is n repeat$ 9 ! symbol ( ! ,fa!rs1 b is suppos$ z already settl$ 9 ! symbol ( ! ,apo/les4 ,= a subsequ5t symbol does n cancel a prec$+ "o2 r does x exp\nd x1 z /at$ above 7ad #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,if we say3 ',9' ! holy ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ?is mu/ be tak5 z v]ifi$ 9 s f> z our fai? is direct$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o sanctifies ! ,*ur*2 s t ! s5se is3 ,i believe 9 ! ,holy ,gho/ sanctify+ ! ,*ur*4 ,b x is bett] & m 9 keep+ ) ! common use1 to omit ! '91' & say simply1 ! holy ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 z ,pope ,leo 99,ruf9us1 ,comm4 9 ,sym4 ,apo/4 obs]ves4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,s9ce ! symbol ( ! ,fa!rs is an explanation ( ! symbol ( ! ,apo/les1 & 0 drawn up aft] ! fai? 0 already spread abroad1 & :5 ! ,*ur* 0 already at peace1 x is sung publicly 9 ! ,mass4 ,on ! o!r h& ! symbol ( ! ,apo/les1 :i* 0 drawn up at ! "t ( p]secution1 be=e ! fai? 0 made public1 is said secretly at ,prime & ,compl9e1 z ?\gh x 7 aga9/ ! d>kness ( pa/ & future errors4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,x ,belongs to ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff to ,draw ,up a ,symbol ( ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x does n belong to ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff to draw up a symbol ( fai?4 ,= a new edition ( ! symbol becomes necess>y 9 ord] to expla9 ! articles ( fai?1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #i74 ,n[1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! articles ( fai? 7 m & m expla9$ z "t w5t on1 by reason ( ! tru? ( fai? becom+ cle>] ?r\gh great] ne>ness to ,*ri/1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g74 ,s9ce !n ?is reason ceas$ ) ! adv5t ( ! ,new ,law1 !re is no ne$ = ! articles ( fai? to be m & m explicit4 ,!re=e x does n seem to belong to ! au?ority ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff to draw up a new edition ( ! symbol4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no man has ! p[] to d :at is =bidd5 "u pa9 ( ana!ma by ! univ]sal ,*ur*4 ,n[ x 0 =bidd5 "u pa9 ( ana!ma by ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 to make a new edition ( ! symbol4 ,= x is /at$ 9 ! acts ( ! fir/99 c\ncil ( ,ephesus 7,p4 ii1 ,act4 #f7 t aft] ! symbol ( ! ,nic5e c\ncil _h be5 read ?r\gh1 ! holy synod decre$ t x 0 unlawful to utt]1 write or draw up any o!r cre$1 ?an t :i* 0 def9$ by ! ,fa!rs assembl$ at ,nicaea toge!r ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ?is "u pa9 ( ana!ma4 99,/4 ,?omas wrote 'fir/' 7expung$ by ,nicolai7 to di/+ui% x f ! o!r c\ncil1 ,a4,d4 #dea1 kn[n z ! ,latroc9ium & condemn$ by ! ,pope4 ,! same 0 repeat$ 9 ! acts ( ! c\ncil ( ,*alc$on 7,p4 ii1 ,act4 #e74 ,!re=e x seems t ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff has no au?ority to publi% a new edition ( ! symbol4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,a?anasius 0 n ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 b patri>* ( ,alex&ria1 & yet he publi%$ a symbol :i* is sung 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,!re=e x does n seem to belong to ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff any m ?an to o!r bi%ops1 to publi% a new edition ( ! symbol4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! symbol 0 drawn up by a g5]al c\ncil4 ,n[ su* a c\ncil _c be convok$ o!rwise ?an by ! au?ority ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 z /at$ 9 ! ,decretals 99,di/4 xvii1 ,c4 #d1 #e4 ,!re=e x belongs to ! au?ority ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff to draw up a symbol4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,obj4 #a71 a new edition ( ! symbol becomes necess>y 9 ord] to set aside ! errors t may arise4 ,consequ5tly to publi% a new edition ( ! symbol belongs to t au?ority :i* is emp[]$ to decide matt]s ( fai? f9ally1 s t !y may be held by all ) un%ak5 fai?4 ,n[ ?is belongs to ! au?ority ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 to :om ! m important & m difficult que/ions t arise 9 ! ,*ur* are ref]r$1 z /at$ 9 ! ,decretals 99,di/4 xvii1 ,c4 #e4 ,h5ce our ,"l said to ,pet] :om he made ,sov]eign ,pontiff 7,luke #bb3cb73 ,i h pray$ = !e1 ,pet]1 t ?y fai? fail n1 & ?\1 be+ once conv]t$1 confirm ?y bre?r54 ,! reason ( ?is is t !re %\ld be b "o fai? ( ! :ole ,*ur*1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #a3aj3 ,t y all speak ! same ?+1 & t !re be no s*isms among y3 & ?is c\ld n be secur$ unless any "q ( fai? t may arise be decid$ by him :o presides ov] ! :ole ,*ur*1 s t ! :ole ,*ur* may hold firmly to 8 decision4 ,consequ5tly x belongs to ! sole au?ority ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff to publi% a new edition ( ! symbol1 z d all o!r matt]s :i* conc]n ! :ole ,*ur*1 su* z to convoke a g5]al c\ncil & s =?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! tru? ( fai? is suffici5tly explicit 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ & ! apo/les4 ,b s9ce1 accord+ to #b ,pet4 #c3af1 "s m5 are s evil-m9d$ z to p]v]t ! apo/olic tea*+ & o!r doctr9es & ,scriptures to _! own de/ruction1 x 0 necess>y z "t w5t on to express ! fai? m explicitly aga9/ ! errors :i* arose4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is prohibition & s5t5ce ( ! c\ncil 0 int5d$ = private individuals1 :o h no bus9ess to decide matt]s ( fai?3 = ?is decision ( ! g5]al c\ncil did n take away f a subsequ5t c\ncil ! p[] ( draw+ up a new edition ( ! symbol1 conta9+ n inde$ a new fai?1 b ! same fai? ) great] explicitness4 ,= e c\ncil has tak5 into acc\nt t a subsequ5t c\ncil w\ld exp\nd matt]s m fully ?an ! prec$+ c\ncil1 if ?is became necess>y ?r\gh "s h]esy aris+4 ,consequ5tly ?is belongs to ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 by ^: au?ority ! c\ncil is convok$1 & its decision confirm$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a?anasius drew up a decl>ation ( fai?1 n "u ! =m ( a symbol1 b r by way ( an exposition ( doctr9e1 z appe>s f 8 way ( speak+4 ,b s9ce x conta9$ briefly ! :ole tru? ( fai?1 x 0 accept$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 s z to be consid]$ z a rule ( fai?4 ,s9ce x conta9$ briefly ! :ole tru? ( fai?1 x 0 accept$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 s z to be consid]$ z a rule ( fai?4 ,,"q #b ,,( ,,! ,,act ,,( ,,fai? 7,9 ,t5 ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! act ( fai?1 & 7#a7 ! int]nal act2 7#b7 ! ext]nal act4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is to believe1 :i* is ! int]nal act ( fai?8 7#b7 ,9 h[ _m ways is x express$8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is necess>y = salvation to believe 9 any?+ above natural reason8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is necess>y to believe ^? ?+s t are atta9able by natural reason8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is necess>y = salvation to believe c]ta9 ?+s explicitly8 7#f7 ,:e!r all are equally b\nd to explicit fai?8 7#g7 ,:e!r explicit fai? 9 ,*ri/ is always necess>y = salvation8 7#h7 ,:e!r x is necess>y = salvation to believe 9 ! ,tr9ity explicitly8 7#i7 ,:e!r ! act ( fai? is m]itori\s8 7#aj7 ,:e!r human reason dim9i%es ! m]it ( fai?8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r to ,believe ,is to ,?9k ) ,ass5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t to believe is n to ?9k ) ass5t4 ,because ! ,lat9 ^w cogitatio ?\ght implies a rese>*1 = cogit>e to ?9k seems to be equival5t to coagit>e1 i4e4 to discuss toge!r4 ,n[ ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iv7 t fai? is an ass5t )\t rese>*4 ,!re=e ?9k+ has no place 9 ! act ( fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fai? resides 9 ! reason1 z we %all %[ fur!r on 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ to ?9k is an act ( ! cogitative p[]1 :i* belongs to ! s5sitive faculty1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gh1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e ?\ght has no?+ to d ) fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to believe is an act ( ! intellect1 s9ce its object is tru?4 ,b ass5t seems to be an act n ( ! intellect1 b ( ! w1 ev5 z cons5t is1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ae1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,!re=e to believe is n to ?9k ) ass5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,?is is h[ to believe is def9$ by ,augu/9e 7,de ,pra$e/4 ,sanct4 ii74 ,i answ] t1 ,to ?9k c be tak5 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 9 a g5]al way = any k9d ( actual consid]ation ( ! intellect1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #g73 ,by und]/&+ ,i mean n[ ! faculty :]eby we und]/& :5 ?9k+4 ,secondly1 to ?9k is m /rictly tak5 = t consid]ation ( ! intellect1 :i* is accompani$ by "s k9d ( inquiry1 & :i* prec$es ! intellect's arrival at ! /age ( p]fection t comes ) ! c]titude ( sight4 ,9 ?is s5se ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #af7 t ! ,son ( ,god is n call$ ! ,?\ght1 b ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,:5 our ?\ght realizes :at we "k & takes =m !refrom1 x becomes our ^w4 ,h5ce ! ,^w ( ,god mu/ be und]/ood )\t any ?9k+ on ! "p ( ,god1 = !re is no?+ !re t c take =m1 or be un=m$4 ,9 ?is way ?\ght is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! movem5t ( ! m9d :ile yet delib]at+1 & n yet p]fect$ by ! cle> sight ( tru?4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 su* a movem5t ( ! m9d may be "o ( delib]ation ei!r ab\t univ]sal notions1 :i* belongs to ! intellectual faculty1 or ab\t p>ticul> matt]s1 :i* belongs to ! s5sitive "p1 h5ce x is t to ?9k is tak5 secondly = an act ( ! delib]at+ intellect1 & ?irdly = an act ( ! cogitative p[]4 ,accord+ly1 if to ?9k be und]/ood broadly accord+ to ! fir/ s5se1 !n to ?9k ) ass5t1 does n express completely :at is meant by to believe3 s9ce1 9 ?is way1 a man ?9ks ) ass5t ev5 :5 he consid]s :at he kn[s by sci5ce 99,sci5ce is c]ta9 k ( a demon/rat$ conclusion ?r\gh its demon/ration41 or und]/&s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 to ?9k be und]/ood 9 ! second way1 !n ?is expresses completely ! nature ( ! act ( believ+4 ,= among ! acts belong+ to ! intellect1 "s h a firm ass5t )\t any su* k9d ( ?9k+1 z :5 a man consid]s ! ?+s t he kn[s by sci5ce1 or und]/&s1 = ?is consid]ation is already =m$4 ,b "s acts ( ! intellect h un=m$ ?\ght devoid ( a firm ass5t1 :e!r !y incl9e to nei!r side1 z 9 "o :o d\bts2 or incl9e to "o side r ?an ! o!r1 b on acc\nt ( "s slight motive1 z 9 "o :o suspects2 or incl9e to "o side yet ) fe> ( ! o!r1 z 9 "o :o op9es4 ,b ?is act to believe1 cleaves firmly to "o side1 9 :i* respect belief has some?+ 9 common ) sci5ce & und]/&+2 yet its k does n atta9 ! p]fection ( cle> sight1 :]e9 x agrees ) d\bt1 suspicion & op9ion4 ,h5ce x is prop] to ! believ] to ?9k ) ass5t3 s t ! act ( believ+ is di/+ui%$ f all ! o!r acts ( ! intellect1 :i* are ab\t ! true or ! false4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fai? has n t rese>* ( natural reason :i* demon/rates :at is believ$1 b a rese>* into ^? ?+s :]eby a man is induc$ to believe1 = in/ance t su* ?+s h be5 utt]$ by ,god & confirm$ by miracles4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to ?9k is n tak5 "h = ! act ( ! cogitative p[]1 b = an act ( ! intellect1 z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! intellect ( ! believ] is det]m9$ to "o object1 n by ! reason1 b by ! w1 :]e=e ass5t is tak5 "h = an act ( ! intellect z det]m9$ to "o object by ! w4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,act ( ,fai? ,is ,suitably ,di/+ui%$ ,z ,believ+ ,god1 ,believ+ 9 a ,god & ,believ+ 9 ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! act ( fai? is unsuitably di/+ui%$ z believ+ ,god1 believ+ 9 a ,god1 & believ+ 9 ,god4 ,= "o habit has b "o act4 ,n[ fai? is "o habit s9ce x is "o virtue4 ,!re=e x is unreasonable to say t !re are ?ree acts ( fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is common to all acts ( fai? %\ld n be reckon$ z a p>ticul> k9d ( act ( fai?4 ,n[ to believe ,god is common to all acts ( fai?1 s9ce fai? is f\nd$ on ! ,fir/ ,tru?4 ,!re=e x seems unreasonable to di/+ui% x f c]ta9 o!r acts ( fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* c be said ( unbeliev]s1 _c be call$ an act ( fai?4 ,n[ unbeliev]s c be said to believe 9 a ,god4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be reckon$ an act ( fai?4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 movem5t t[>ds ! end belongs to ! w1 ^: object is ! good & ! end4 ,n[ to believe is an act1 n ( ! w1 b ( ! intellect4 ,!re=e to believe 9 ,god1 :i* implies movem5t t[>ds an end1 %\ld n be reckon$ z a species ( t act4 ,on ! contr>y is ! au?ority ( ,augu/9e :o makes ?is di/9ction 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 ,s]m4 lxi--,tract4 xxix 9 ,joan474 ,i answ] t1 ,! act ( any p[] or habit dep5ds on ! relation ( t p[] or habit to its object4 ,n[ ! object ( fai? c be consid]$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,=1 s9ce to believe is an act ( ! intellect1 9 s f> z ! w moves x to ass5t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c71 ! object ( fai? c be consid]$ ei!r on ! "p ( ! intellect1 or on ! "p ( ! w t moves ! intellect4 ,if x be consid]$ on ! "p ( ! intellect1 !n two ?+s c be obs]v$ 9 ! object ( fai?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a74 ,"o ( ^! is ! mat]ial object ( fai?1 & 9 ?is way an act ( fai? is to believe 9 a ,god2 because1 z /at$ above 7ibid47 no?+ is propos$ to our belief1 except 9 z mu* z x is ref]r$ to ,god4 ,! o!r is ! =mal aspect ( ! object1 = x is ! m$ium on acc\nt ( :i* we ass5t to su* & su* a po9t ( fai?2 & ?us an act ( fai? is to believe ,god1 s9ce1 z /at$ above 7ibid47 ! =mal object ( fai? is ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 to ,:i* man gives 8 adhesion1 s z to ass5t = ,its sake to :atev] he believes4 ,?irdly1 if ! object ( fai? be consid]$ 9 s f> z ! intellect is mov$ by ! w1 an act ( fai? is to believe 9 ,god4 ,= ! ,fir/ ,tru? is ref]r$ to ! w1 ?r\gh hav+ ! aspect ( an end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! ?ree d n d5ote diff]5t acts ( fai?1 b "o & ! same act hav+ diff]5t relations to ! object ( fai?4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,unbeliev]s _c be said to believe 9 a ,god z we und]/& x 9 relation to ! act ( fai?4 ,= !y d n believe t ,god exi/s "u ! conditions t fai? det]m9es2 h5ce !y d n truly imply believe 9 a ,god1 s9ce1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,metaph4 ix1 text4 #bb7 to "k simple ?+s defectively is n to "k !m at all4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a7 ! w moves ! intellect & ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l to ! end3 & 9 ?is respect an act ( fai? is to believe 9 ,god4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,x ,is ,necess>y = ,salvation to ,believe ,any?+ ,above ! ,natural ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unnecess>y = salvation to believe any?+ above ! natural reason4 ,= ! salvation & p]fection ( a ?+ seem to be suffici5tly insur$ by its natural end[m5ts4 ,n[ matt]s ( fai?1 surpass man's natural reason1 s9ce !y are ?+s unse5 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e to believe seems unnecess>y = salvation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is dang]\s = man to ass5t to matt]s1 :]e9 he _c judge :e!r t :i* is propos$ to him be true or false1 accord+ to ,job #ab3aa3 ,do? n ! e> disc]n words8 ,n[ a man _c =m a judgm5t ( ?is k9d 9 matt]s ( fai?1 s9ce he _c trace !m back to fir/ pr9ciples1 by :i* all our judgm5ts are guid$4 ,!re=e x is dang]\s to believe 9 su* matt]s4 ,!re=e to believe is n necess>y = salvation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man's salvation re/s on ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #cf3ci3 ,b ! salvation ( ! j is f ! ,"l4 ,n[ ! invisible ?+s ( ,god are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made2 ,8 et]nal p[] also & ,div9ity1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3bj3 & ^? ?+s :i* are cle>ly se5 by ! und]/&+ are n an object ( belief4 ,!re=e x is n necess>y = man's salvation1 t he %\ld believe c]ta9 ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,heb4 #aa3f73 ,)\t fai? x is impossible to please ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,:]ev] "o nature is subord9ate to ano!r1 we f9d t two ?+s concur t[>ds ! p]fection ( ! l[] nature1 "o ( :i* is 9 respect ( t nature's prop] movem5t1 :ile ! o!r is 9 respect ( ! movem5t ( ! high] nature4 ,?us wat] by its prop] movem5t moves t[>ds ! c5tre 7( ! e>?71 :ile accord+ to ! movem5t ( ! moon1 x moves r\nd ! c5tre by ebb & fl[4 ,9 l mann] ! planets h _! prop] movem5ts f we/ to ea/1 :ile 9 accordance ) ! movem5t ( ! fir/ heav51 !y h a movem5t f ea/ to we/4 ,n[ ! creat$ rational nature alone is imm$iately subord9ate to ,god1 s9ce o!r creatures d n atta9 to ! univ]sal1 b only to some?+ p>ticul>1 :ile !y p>take ( ! ,div9e goodness ei!r 9 be+ only1 z inanimate ?+s1 or also 9 liv+1 & 9 kn[+ s+ul>s1 z plants & animals2 :]eas ! rational nature1 9 z mu* z x appreh5ds ! univ]sal notion ( good & be+1 is imm$iately relat$ to ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( be+4 ,consequ5tly ! p]fection ( ! rational creature consi/s n only 9 :at belongs to x 9 respect ( its nature1 b also 9 t :i* x acquires ?r\gh a sup]natural p>ticipation ( ,div9e goodness4 ,h5ce x 0 said above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h7 t man's ultimate happ9ess consi/s 9 a sup]natural vision ( ,god3 to :i* vision man _c atta9 unless he be taught by ,god1 accord+ to ,john #f3de3 ,e "o t ha? he>d ( ! ,fa!r & ha? le>n$ come? to ,me4 ,n[ man acquires a %>e ( ?is le>n+1 n inde$ all at once1 b by little & little1 accord+ to ! mode ( 8 nature3 & e "o :o le>ns ?us mu/ ne$s believe1 9 ord] t he may acquire sci5ce 9 a p]fect degree2 ?us also ! ,philosoph] rem>ks 7,de ,soph4 ,el5*4 i1 #b7 t x behooves a le>n] to believe4 ,h5ce 9 ord] t a man arrive at ! p]fect vision ( heav5ly happ9ess1 he mu/ fir/ ( all believe ,god1 z a disciple believes ! ma/] :o is tea*+ him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce man's nature is dep5d5t on a high] nature1 natural k does n suffice = its p]fection1 & "s sup]natural k is necess>y1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z man ass5ts to fir/ pr9ciples1 by ! natural light ( 8 intellect1 s does a virtu\s man1 by ! habit ( virtue1 judge aright ( ?+s conc]n+ t virtue2 & 9 ?is way1 by ! light ( fai? :i* ,god be/[s on him1 a man ass5ts to matt]s ( fai? & n to ^? :i* are aga9/ fai?4 ,consequ5tly !re is no dang] or condemnation to !m t are 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & :om ,he has enlight5$ by fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 _m respects fai? p]ceives ! invisible ?+s ( ,god 9 a high] way ?an natural reason does 9 proce$+ to ,god f ,8 creatures4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #c3be73 ,_m ?+s are %[n to !e above ! und]/&+s ( man4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,necess>y to ,believe ,^? ,?+s ,:i* ,c ,be ,prov$ by ,natural ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unnecess>y to believe ^? ?+s :i* c be prov$ by natural reason4 ,= no?+ is sup]flu\s 9 ,god's works1 mu* less ev5 ?an 9 ! works ( nature4 ,n[ x is sup]flu\s to employ o!r means1 :]e "o already suffices4 ,!re=e x w\ld be sup]flu\s to receive by fai?1 ?+s t c be kn[n by natural reason4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s mu/ be believ$1 :i* are ! object ( fai?4 ,n[ sci5ce & fai? are n ab\t ! same object1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e74 ,s9ce !re=e all ?+s t c be kn[n by natural reason are an object ( sci5ce1 x seems t !re is no ne$ to believe :at c be prov$ by natural reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all ?+s kn[able sci5tifically 99,sci5ce is c]ta9 k ( a demon/rat$ conclusion ?r\gh its demon/ration w\ld seem to come "u "o head3 s t if "s ( !m are propos$ to man z objects ( fai?1 9 l mann] ! o!rs %\ld also be believ$4 ,b ?is is n true4 ,!re=e x is n necess>y to believe ^? ?+s :i* c be prov$ by natural reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is necess>y to believe t ,god is "o & incorporeal3 :i* ?+s philosoph]s prove by natural reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is necess>y = man to accept by fai? n only ?+s :i* are above reason1 b also ^? :i* c be kn[n by reason3 & ?is = ?ree motives4 ,fir/1 9 ord] t man may arrive m quickly at ! k ( ,div9e tru?4 ,because ! sci5ce to ^: prov9ce x belongs to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 is ! la/ ( all to (f] itself to human rese>*1 s9ce x presupposes _m o!r sci5ces3 s t x w\ld n by until late 9 life t man w\ld arrive at ! k ( ,god4 ,! second reason is1 9 ord] t ! k ( ,god may be m g5]al4 ,= _m are unable to make progress 9 ! /udy ( sci5ce1 ei!r ?r\gh dullness ( m9d1 or ?r\gh hav+ a numb] ( occupations1 & temporal ne$s1 or ev5 ?r\gh laz9ess 9 le>n+1 all ( :om w\ld be altoge!r depriv$ ( ! k ( ,god1 unless ,div9e ?+s 7 br\ght to _! k "u ! guise ( fai?4 ,! ?ird reason is = ! sake ( c]titude4 ,= human reason is v defici5t 9 ?+s conc]n+ ,god4 ,a sign ( ?is is t philosoph]s 9 _! rese>*es1 by natural inve/igation1 into human affairs1 h fall5 into _m errors1 & h disagre$ among !mselves4 ,& consequ5tly1 9 ord] t m5 might h k ( ,god1 free ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty1 x 0 necess>y = ,div9e matt]s to be deliv]$ to !m by way ( fai?1 be+ told to !m1 z x 71 by ,god ,himself ,:o _c lie4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! rese>*es ( natural reason d n suffice mank9d = ! k ( ,div9e matt]s1 ev5 ( ^? t c be prov$ by reason3 & s x is n sup]flu\s if ^! o!rs be believ$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sci5ce & fai? _c be 9 ! same subject & ab\t ! same object3 b :at is an object ( sci5ce = "o1 c be an object ( fai? = ano!r1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #e74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh all ?+s t c be kn[n by sci5ce are ( "o common sci5tific aspect1 !y d n all alike lead man to beatitude3 h5ce !y are n all equally propos$ to our belief4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,man ,is ,b\nd to ,believe ,any?+ ,explicitly8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man is n b\nd to believe any?+ explicitly4 ,= no man is b\nd to d :at is n 9 8 p[]4 ,n[ x is n 9 man's p[] to believe a ?+ explicitly1 = x is writt5 7,rom4 #aj3ad1 #ae73 ,h[ %all !y believe ,him1 ( :om !y h n he>d8 ,& h[ %all !y he> )\t a prea*]8 ,& h[ %all !y prea* unless !y be s5t8 ,!re=e man is n b\nd to believe any?+ explicitly4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z we are direct$ to ,god by fai?1 s are we by *>ity4 ,n[ man is n b\nd to keep ! precepts ( *>ity1 & x is en\gh if he be ready to fulfil !m3 z is evid5c$ by ! precept ( ,our ,"l 7,matt4 #e3ci73 ,if "o /rike !e on "o ,vulg43 '?y "r' *eek1 turn to him also ! o!r2 & by o!rs ( ! same k9d1 accord+ to ,augu/9e's exposition 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte xix74 ,!re=e nei!r is man b\nd to believe any?+ explicitly1 & x is en\gh if he be ready to believe :atev] ,god proposes to be believ$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! good ( fai? consi/s 9 ob$i5ce1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3e3 ,= ob$i5ce to ! fai? 9 all nations4 ,n[ ! virtue ( ob$i5ce does n require man to keep c]ta9 fix$ precepts1 b x is en\gh t 8 m9d be ready to obey1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aah3fj3 ,i am ready & am n tr\bl$2 t ,i may keep ,?y comm&m5ts4 ,!re=e x seems en\gh = fai?1 too1 t man %\ld be ready to believe :atev] ,god may propose1 )\t 8 believ+ any?+ explicitly4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,heb4 #aa3f73 ,he t come? to ,god1 mu/ believe t ,he is1 & is a rew>d] to !m t seek ,him4 ,i answ] t1 ,! precepts ( ! ,law1 :i* man is b\nd to fulfil1 conc]n acts ( virtue :i* are ! means ( atta9+ salvation4 ,n[ an act ( virtue1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #e7 dep5ds on ! relation ( ! habit to its object4 ,aga9 two ?+s may be consid]$ 9 ! object ( any virtue2 namely1 t :i* is ! prop] & direct object ( t virtue1 & t :i* is accid5tal & consequ5t to ! object prop]ly s call$4 ,?us x belongs prop]ly & directly to ! object ( =titude1 to face ! dang]s ( dea?1 & to *>ge at ! foe ) dang] to oneself1 = ! sake ( ! common good3 yet t1 9 a j w>1 a man be arm$1 or /rike ano!r ) 8 sword1 & s =?1 is r$uc$ to ! object ( =titude1 b indirectly4 ,accord+ly1 j z a virtu\s act is requir$ = ! fulfilm5t ( a precept1 s is x necess>y t ! virtu\s act %\ld t]m9ate 9 its prop] & direct object3 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! precept does n require t a virtu\s act %\ld t]m9ate 9 ^? ?+s :i* h an accid5tal or second>y relation to ! prop] & direct object ( t virtue1 except 9 c]ta9 places & at c]ta9 times4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 say t ! direct object ( fai? is t :]eby man is made "o ( ! ,bless$1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h73 :ile ! indirect & second>y object comprises all ?+s deliv]$ by ,god to u 9 ,holy ,writ1 = in/ance t ,abraham _h two sons1 t ,david 0 ! son ( ,jesse1 & s =?4 ,!re=e1 z reg>ds ! prim>y po9ts or articles ( fai?1 man is b\nd to believe !m1 j z he is b\nd to h fai?2 b z to o!r po9ts ( fai?1 man is n b\nd to believe !m explicitly1 b only implicitly1 or to be ready to believe !m1 9 s f> z he is prep>$ to believe :atev] is conta9$ 9 ! ,div9e ,scriptures4 ,!n alone is he b\nd to believe su* ?+s explicitly1 :5 x is cle> to him t !y are conta9$ 9 ! doctr9e ( fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if we und]/& ^? ?+s alone to be 9 a man's p[]1 :i* we c d )\t ! help ( grace1 !n we are b\nd to d _m ?+s :i* we _c d )\t ! aid ( heal+ grace1 su* z to love ,god & our neighbor1 & likewise to believe ! articles ( fai?4 ,b ) ! help ( grace we c d ?is1 = ?is help to :omsoev] x is giv5 f above x is m]cifully giv52 & f :om x is )held x is ju/ly )held1 z a puni%m5t ( a previ\s1 or at lea/ ( orig9al1 s91 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,corr4 et ,grat4 v1 vi 99,cf4 ,ep4 cxc2 ,de ,pra$4 ,sanct4 viii474 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man is b\nd to love def9itely ^? lovable ?+s :i* are prop]ly & directly ! objects ( *>ity1 namely1 ,god & our neighbor4 ,! objection ref]s to ^? precepts ( *>ity :i* belong1 z a consequ5ce1 to ! objects ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! virtue ( ob$i5ce is seat$1 prop]ly speak+1 9 ! w2 h5ce promptness ( ! w subject to au?ority1 suffices = ! act ( ob$i5ce1 because x is ! prop] & direct object ( ob$i5ce4 ,b ?is or t precept is accid5tal or consequ5t to t prop] & direct object4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,all ,are ,equally ,b\nd to ,h ,explicit ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all are equally b\nd to h explicit fai?4 ,= all are b\nd to ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y = salvation1 z is evid5c$ by ! precepts ( *>ity4 ,n[ x is necess>y = salvation t c]ta9 ?+s %\ld be believ$ explicitly4 ,!re=e all are equally b\nd to h explicit fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "o %\ld be put to te/ 9 matt]s t he is n b\nd to believe4 ,b simple p]sons are sometimes te/$ 9 ref]5ce to ! slighte/ articles ( fai?4 ,!re=e all are b\nd to believe ev]y?+ explicitly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! simple are b\nd to h1 n explicit b only implicit fai?1 _! fai? mu/ ne$s be impli$ 9 ! fai? ( ! le>n$4 ,b ?is seems unsafe1 s9ce x is possible = ! le>n$ to err4 ,!re=e x seems t ! simple %\ld also h explicit fai?2 s t all are1 !re=e1 equally b\nd to h explicit fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,job #a3ad73 ,! ox5 7 pl\gh+1 & ! asses fe$+ beside !m1 because1 z ,gregory exp\nds ?is passage 7,moral4 ii1 #ag71 ! simple1 :o are signifi$ by ! asses1 ought1 9 matt]s ( fai?1 to /ay by ! le>n$1 :o are d5ot$ by ! ox54 ,i answ] t1 ,! unfold+ ( matt]s ( fai? is ! result ( ,div9e revelation3 = matt]s ( fai? surpass natural reason4 ,n[ ,div9e revelation rea*es ^? ( l[] degree ?r\gh ^? :o are ov] !m1 9 a c]ta9 ord]2 to m51 = in/ance1 ?r\gh ! angels1 & to ! l[] angels ?r\gh ! high]1 z ,dionysius expla9s 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv1 vii74 ,9 l mann] !re=e ! unfold+ ( fai? mu/ ne$s rea* m5 ( l[] degree ?r\gh ^? ( high] degree4 ,consequ5tly1 j z ! high] angels1 :o enlight5 ^? :o are bel[ !m1 h a full] k ( ,div9e ?+s ?an ! l[] angels1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,coel4 ,hi]4 xii71 s too1 m5 ( high] degree1 ^: bus9ess x is to tea* o!rs1 are "u obligation to h full] k ( matt]s ( fai?1 & to believe !m m explicitly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! unfold+ ( ! articles ( fai? is n equally necess>y = ! salvation ( all1 s9ce ^? ( high] degree1 ^: duty x is to tea* o!rs1 are b\nd to believe explicitly m ?+s ?an o!rs are4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,simple p]sons %\ld n be put to ! te/ ab\t subtle que/ions ( fai?1 unless !y be suspect$ ( hav+ be5 corrupt$ by h]etics1 :o are wont to corrupt ! fai? ( simple p 9 su* que/ions4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd t !y are free f ob/9acy 9 _! het]odox s5tim5ts1 & t x is due to _! simplicity1 x is no fault ( !irs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! simple h no fai? impli$ 9 t ( ! le>n$1 except 9 s f> z ! latt] adh]e to ! ,div9e tea*+4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #d3af73 ,be ye foll[]s ( me1 z ,i also am ( ,*ri/4 ,h5ce x is n human k1 b ! ,div9e tru? t is ! rule ( fai?3 & if any ( ! le>n$ /ray f ?is rule1 he does n h>m ! fai? ( ! simple ones1 :o ?9k t ! le>n$ believe aright2 unless ! simple hold ob/9ately to _! individual errors1 aga9/ ! fai? ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 :i* _c err1 s9ce ,our ,"l said 7,luke #bb3cb73 ,i h pray$ = !e1 ,pet]1 t ?y fai? fail n4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,x ,is ,necess>y = ! ,salvation ( ,all1 ,t ,!y ,%\ld ,believe ,explicitly 9 ! ,my/]y ( ,*ri/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n necess>y = ! salvation ( all t !y %\ld believe explicitly 9 ! my/]y ( ,*ri/4 ,= man is n b\nd to believe explicitly :at ! angels are ignorant ab\t3 s9ce ! unfold+ ( fai? is ! result ( ,div9e revelation1 :i* rea*es man by means ( ! angels1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f2 ,i1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ev5 ! angels 7 9 ignorance ( ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation3 h5ce1 accord+ to ! comm5t>y ( ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii71 x is !y :o ask 7,ps4 #bc3h73 ,:o is ?is k+ ( glory8 & 7,isa4 #fc3a73 ,:o is ?is t come? f ,edom8 ,!re=e m5 7 n b\nd to believe explicitly 9 ! my/]y ( ,*ri/'s ,inc>nation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is evid5t t ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 "o ( ! tea*]s1 & mo/ nigh to ,*ri/1 ,:o said ( him 7,matt4 #aa3aa7 t !re ha? n ris5 among !m t are born ( wom51 a great] ?an he4 ,n[ ,john ! ,bapti/ does n appe> to h kn[n ! my/]y ( ,*ri/ explicitly1 s9ce he ask$ ,*ri/ 7,matt4 #aa3c73 ,art ,?\ ,he t art to come1 or look we = ano!r8 ,!re=e ev5 ! tea*]s 7 n b\nd to explicit fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 _m g5tiles obta9$ salvation ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( ! angels1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,coel4 ,hi]4 ix74 ,n[ x w\ld seem t ! g5tiles _h nei!r explicit nor implicit fai? 9 ,*ri/1 s9ce !y receiv$ no revelation4 ,!re=e x seems t x 0 n necess>y = ! salvation ( all to believe explicitly 9 ! my/]y ( ,*ri/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,corr4 et ,gratia vii2 ,ep4 cxc73 ,our fai? is s\nd if we believe t no man1 old or "y is deliv]$ f ! contagion ( dea? & ! bonds ( s91 except by ! "o ,m$iator ( ,god & m51 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #e2 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h71 ! object ( fai? includes1 prop]ly & directly1 t ?+ ?r\gh :i* man obta9s beatitude4 ,n[ ! my/]y ( ,*ri/'s ,inc>nation & ,passion is ! way by :i* m5 obta9 beatitude2 = x is writt5 7,acts #d3ab73 ,!re is no o!r "n "u heav5 giv5 to m51 :]eby we mu/ be sav$4 ,!re=e belief ( "s k9d 9 ! my/]y ( ,*ri/'s ,inc>nation 0 necess>y at all times & = all p]sons1 b ?is belief diff]$ accord+ to diff]5ces ( times & p]sons4 ,! reason ( ?is is t be=e ! /ate ( s91 man believ$1 explicitly 9 ,*ri/'s ,inc>nation1 9 s f> z x 0 int5d$ = ! consummation ( glory1 b n z x 0 int5d$ to deliv] man f s9 by ! ,passion & ,resurrection1 s9ce man _h no =ekn[l$ge ( 8 future s94 ,he does1 h[ev]1 seem to h _h =ekn[l$ge ( ! ,inc>nation ( ,*ri/1 f ! fact t he said 7,g54 #b3bd73 ,:]e=e a man %all leave fa!r & "m1 & %all cleave to 8 wife1 ( :i* ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #e3cb7 t ?is is a great sacram5t 4 4 4 9 ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur*1 & x is incr$ible t ! fir/ man 0 ignorant ab\t ?is sacram5t4 ,b aft] s91 man believ$ explicitly 9 ,*ri/1 n only z to ! ,inc>nation1 b also z to ! ,passion & ,resurrection1 :]eby ! human race is deliv]$ f s9 & dea?3 = !y w\ld n1 else1 h =e%ad[$ ,*ri/'s ,passion by c]ta9 sacrifices bo? be=e & aft] ! ,law1 ! mean+ ( :i* sacrifices 0 kn[n by ! le>n$ explicitly1 :ile ! simple folk1 "u ! veil ( ^? sacrifices1 believ$ !m to be orda9$ by ,god 9 ref]5ce to ,*ri/'s com+1 & ?us _! k 0 cov]$ ) a veil1 s to speak4 ,&1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #g71 ! ne>] !y 7 to ,*ri/1 ! m di/9ct 0 _! k ( ,*ri/'s my/]ies4 ,aft] grace _h be5 reveal$1 bo? le>n$ & simple folk are b\nd to explicit fai? 9 ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/1 *iefly z reg>ds ^? :i* are obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur*1 & publicly proclaim$1 su* z ! articles :i* ref] to ! ,inc>nation1 ( :i* we h spok5 above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h74 ,z to o!r m9ute po9ts 9 ref]5ce to ! articles ( ! ,inc>nation1 m5 h be5 b\nd to believe !m m or less explicitly accord+ to ea* "o's /ate & (fice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 0 n entirely hidd5 f ! angels1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,g54 ad lit4 v1 #ai71 yet c]ta9 aspects !re( 7 bett] kn[n to !m :5 ,*ri/ reveal$ !m to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x 0 n ?r\gh ignorance t ,john ! ,bapti/ inquir$ ( ,*ri/'s adv5t 9 ! fle%1 s9ce he _h cle>ly pr(ess$ 8 belief !re91 say+3 ,i saw1 & ,i gave te/imony1 t ?is is ! ,son ( ,god 7,john #a3cd74 ,h5ce he did n say3 ,art ,?\ ,he t ha/ come8 b ,art ,?\ ,he t art to come8 ?us say+ ab\t ! future1 n ab\t ! pa/4 ,likewise x is n to be believ$ t he 0 ignorant ( ,*ri/'s future ,passion1 = he _h already said 7,john #a3ci73 ,behold ! ,lamb ( ,god1 behold ,him :o take? away ! s9s ,vulg43 's9' ( ! _w1 ?us =etell+ ,8 future immolation2 & s9ce o!r prophets _h =etold x1 z may be se5 especially 9 ,isaias #ec4 ,we may !re=e say ) ,gregory 7,hom4 xxvi 9 ,evang47 t he ask$ ?is "q1 be+ 9 ignorance z to :e!r ,*ri/ w\ld desc5d into hell 9 ,8 own ,p]son4 ,b he did n ignore ! fact t ! p[] ( ,*ri/'s ,passion w\ld be ext5d$ to ^? :o 7 deta9$ 9 ,limbo1 accord+ to ,ze*4 #i3aa3 ,?\ also1 by ! blood ( ,?y te/am5t ha/ s5t =? ,?y prison]s out ( ! pit1 :]e9 !re is no wat]2 nor 0 he b\nd to believe explicitly1 be=e its fulfilm5t1 t ,*ri/ 0 to desc5d ?i!r ,himself4 ,x may also be repli$ t1 z ,ambrose obs]ves 9 8 comm5t>y on ,luke #g3ai1 he made ?is inquiry1 n f d\bt or ignorance b f devotion3 or aga91 ) ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 xxxvi 9 ,mat?471 t he inquir$1 n z ?\gh ignorant himself1 b because he wi%$ 8 disciples to be satisfi$ on t po9t1 ?r\gh ,*ri/3 h5ce ! latt] fram$ ,8 answ] s z to in/ruct ! disciples1 by po9t+ to ! signs ( ,8 works4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,_m ( ! g5tiles receiv$ revelations ( ,*ri/1 z is cle> f _! pr$ictions4 ,?us we read 7,job #ai3be73 ,i "k t my ,r$eem] live?4 ,! ,sibyl too =etold c]ta9 ?+s ab\t ,*ri/1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,contra ,fau/4 xiii1 #ae74 ,moreov]1 we read 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,romans1 t at ! "t ( ,con/ant9e ,augu/us & 8 "m ,ir5e a tomb 0 discov]$1 :]e9 lay a man on ^: brea/ 0 a gold5 plate ) ! inscription3 ,*ri/ %all be born ( a virg91 & 9 ,him1 ,i believe4 ,o sun1 dur+ ! lifetime ( ,ir5e & ,con/ant9e1 ?\ %alt see me aga9 99,cf4 ,b>on1 ,annal41 ,a4,d4 #ghj4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "s 7 sav$ )\t receiv+ any revelation1 !y 7 n sav$ )\t fai? 9 a ,m$iator1 =1 ?\gh !y did n believe 9 ,him explicitly1 !y did1 nev]!less1 h implicit fai? ?r\gh believ+ 9 ,div9e provid5ce1 s9ce !y believ$ t ,god w\ld deliv] mank9d 9 :atev] way 0 pleas+ to ,him1 & accord+ to ! revelation ( ! ,_s to ^? :o knew ! tru?1 z /at$ 9 ,job #ce3aa3 ,:o tea*e? u m ?an ! bea/s ( ! e>?4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,x ,is ,necess>y = ,salvation to ,believe ,explicitly 9 ! ,tr9ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x 0 n necess>y = salvation to believe explicitly 9 ! ,tr9ity4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aa3f73 ,he t come? to ,god mu/ believe t ,he is1 & is a rew>d] to !m t seek ,him4 ,n[ "o c believe ?is )\t believ+ 9 ! ,tr9ity4 ,!re=e x 0 n necess>y to believe explicitly 9 ! ,tr9ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r our ,"l said 7,john #ag3e1 #f73 ,fa!r1 ,i h manife/$ ,?y "n to m51 :i* words ,augu/9e exp\nds 7,tract4 cvi7 z foll[s3 ,n ! "n by :i* ,?\ art call$ ,god1 b ! "n :]eby ,?\ art call$ ,my ,fa!r1 & fur!r on he adds3 ,9 t ,he made ?is _w1 ,god is kn[n to all nations2 9 t ,he is n to be wor%ipp$ toge!r ) false gods1 ',god is kn[n 9 ,judea'2 b1 9 t ,he is ! ,fa!r ( ?is ,*ri/1 ?r\gh ,:om ,he takes away ! s9 ( ! _w1 ,he n[ makes kn[n to m5 ?is "n ( ,81 :i* hi!rto !y knew n4 ,!re=e be=e ! com+ ( ,*ri/ x 0 n kn[n t ,pat]nity & ,filiation 7 9 ! ,godhead3 & s ! ,tr9ity 0 n believ$ explicitly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* we are b\nd to believe explicitly ( ,god is ! object ( heav5ly happ9ess4 ,n[ ! object ( heav5ly happ9ess is ! sov]eign good1 :i* c be und]/ood to be 9 ,god1 )\t any di/9ction ( ,p]sons4 ,!re=e x 0 n necess>y to believe explicitly 9 ! ,tr9ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons is express$ 9 _m ways2 ?us at ! v outset ( ,g5esis x is writt5 9 manife/ation ( ! ,tr9ity3 ,let u make man to ,our image & lik5ess 7,g54 #a3bf74 ,!re=e f ! v beg9n+ x 0 necess>y = salvation to believe 9 ! ,tr9ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is impossible to believe explicitly 9 ! my/]y ( ,*ri/1 )\t fai? 9 ! ,tr9ity1 s9ce ! my/]y ( ,*ri/ includes t ! ,son ( ,god took fle%2 t ,he r5ew$ ! _w ?r\gh ! grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 & aga91 t ,he 0 conceiv$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,:]e=e j z1 be=e ,*ri/1 ! my/]y ( ,*ri/ 0 believ$ explicitly by ! le>n$1 b implicitly & "u a veil1 s to speak1 by ! simple1 s too 0 x ) ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,& consequ5tly1 :5 once grace _h be5 reveal$1 all 7 b\nd to explicit fai? 9 ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity3 & all :o are born aga9 9 ,*ri/1 h ?is be/[$ on !m by ! invocation ( ! ,tr9ity1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bh3ai3 ,go+ !re=e tea* ye all nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,explicit fai? 9 ^? two ?+s 0 necess>y at all times & = all p3 b x 0 n suffici5t at all times & = all p4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,be=e ,*ri/'s com+1 fai? 9 ! ,tr9ity lay hidd5 9 ! fai? ( ! le>n$1 b ?r\gh ,*ri/ & ! apo/les x 0 %[n to ! _w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god's sov]eign goodness z we und]/& x n[ ?r\gh its effects1 c be und]/ood )\t ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons3 b z und]/ood 9 itself1 & z se5 by ! ,bless$1 x _c be und]/ood )\t ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons4 ,moreov] ! mission ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons br+s u to heav5ly happ9ess4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r to ,believe ,is ,m]itori\s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t to believe is n m]itori\s4 ,= ! pr9ciple ( all m]it is *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ fai?1 l nature1 is a preamble to *>ity4 ,!re=e1 j z an act ( nature is n m]itori\s1 s9ce we d n m]it by our natural gifts1 s nei!r is an act ( fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 belief is a mean betwe5 op9ion & sci5tific k or ! consid]ation ( ?+s sci5tifically kn[n 99,sci5ce is a c]ta9 k ( a demon/rat$ conclusion ?r\gh its demon/ration44 ,n[ ! consid]ations ( sci5ce are n m]itori\s1 nor on ! o!r h& is op9ion4 ,!re=e belief is n m]itori\s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 he :o ass5ts to a po9t ( fai?1 ei!r has a suffici5t motive = believ+1 or he has n4 ,if he has a suffici5t motive = 8 belief1 ?is does n seem to imply any m]it on 8 "p1 s9ce he is no long] free to believe or n to believe3 :]eas if he has n a suffici5t motive = believ+1 ?is is a m>k ( levity1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ai3d3 ,he t is ha/y to give cr$it1 is light ( he>t1 s t1 seem+ly1 he ga9s no m]it !reby4 ,!re=e to believe is by no means m]itori\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,heb4 #aa3cc7 t ! sa9ts by fai? 4 4 4 obta9$ promises1 :i* w\ld n be ! case if !y did n m]it by believ+4 ,!re=e to believe is m]itori\s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 our actions are m]itori\s 9 s f> z !y proce$ f ! free-w mov$ ) grace by ,god4 ,!re=e e human act proce$+ f ! free-w1 if x be ref]r$ to ,god1 c be m]itori\s4 ,n[ ! act ( believ+ is an act ( ! intellect ass5t+ to ! ,div9e tru? at ! comm& ( ! w mov$ by ! grace ( ,god1 s t x is subject to ! free-w 9 relation to ,god2 & consequ5tly ! act ( fai? c be m]itori\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,nature is comp>$ to *>ity :i* is ! pr9ciple ( m]it1 z matt] to =m3 :]eas fai? is comp>$ to *>ity z ! disposition :i* prec$es ! ultimate =m4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! subject or ! matt] _c act save by virtue ( ! =m1 nor c a prec$+ disposition1 be=e ! adv5t ( ! =m3 b aft] ! adv5t ( ! =m1 bo? ! subject & ! prec$+ disposition act by virtue ( ! =m1 :i* is ! *ief pr9ciple ( action1 ev5 z ! heat ( fire acts by virtue ( ! sub/antial =m ( fire4 ,accord+ly nei!r nature nor fai? c1 )\t *>ity1 produce a m]itori\s act2 b1 :5 accompani$ by *>ity1 ! act ( fai? is made m]itori\s !reby1 ev5 z an act ( nature1 & a natural act ( ! free-w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,two ?+s may be consid]$ 9 sci5ce3 namely ! sci5ti/'s ass5t to a sci5tific fact & 8 consid]ation ( t fact4 ,n[ ! ass5t ( sci5ce is n subject to free-w1 because ! sci5ti/ is oblig$ to ass5t by =ce ( ! demon/ration1 :]e=e sci5tific ass5t is n m]itori\s4 ,b ! actual consid]ation ( :at a man kn[s sci5tifically is subject to 8 free-w1 = x is 9 8 p[] to consid] or n to consid]4 ,h5ce sci5tific consid]ation may be m]itori\s if x be ref]r$ to ! end ( *>ity1 i4e4 to ! honor ( ,god or ! good ( our neighbor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( fai?1 bo? ^! ?+s are subject to ! free-w s t 9 bo? respects ! act ( fai? c be m]itori\s3 :]eas 9 ! case ( op9ion1 !re is no firm ass5t1 s9ce x is weak & infirm1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,po/]4 i1 #cc71 s t x does n seem to proce$ f a p]fect act ( ! w3 & = ?is reason1 z reg>ds ! ass5t1 x does n appe> to be v m]itori\s1 ?\gh x c be z reg>ds ! actual consid]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! believ] has suffici5t motive = believ+1 = he is mov$ by ! au?ority ( ,div9e tea*+ confirm$ by miracles1 &1 :at is m1 by ! inw>d in/9ct ( ! ,div9e invitation3 h5ce he does n believe lightly4 ,he has n1 h[ev]1 suffici5t reason = sci5tific k1 h5ce he does n lose ! m]it4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,reasons 9 ,support ( ,:at ,we ,believe ,less5 ! ,m]it ( ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t reasons 9 support ( :at we believe less5 ! m]it ( fai?4 ,= ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxvi 9 ,evang47 t !re is no m]it 9 believ+ :at is %[n by reason4 ,if1 !re=e1 human reason provides suffici5t pro(1 ! m]it ( fai? is altoge!r tak5 away4 ,!re=e x seems t any k9d ( human reason+ 9 support ( matt]s ( fai?1 dim9i%es ! m]it ( believ+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] less5s ! measure ( virtue1 less5s ! am\nt ( m]it1 s9ce happ9ess is ! rew>d ( virtue1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 i1 #i74 ,n[ human reason+ seems to dim9i% ! measure ( ! virtue ( fai?1 s9ce x is ess5tial to fai? to be ab\t ! unse51 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e74 ,n[ ! m a ?+ is support$ by reasons ! less is x unse54 ,!re=e human reasons 9 support ( matt]s ( fai? dim9i% ! m]it ( fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 contr>y ?+s h contr>y causes4 ,n[ an inducem5t 9 opposition to fai? increases ! m]it ( fai? :e!r x consi/ 9 p]secution inflict$ by "o :o endeavors to =ce a man to r5\nce 8 fai?1 or 9 an argum5t p]suad+ him to d s4 ,!re=e reasons 9 support ( fai? dim9i% ! m]it ( fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,pet4 #c3ae73 ,be+ ready always to satisfy e "o t aske? y a reason ( t fai? 99,vulg43 ',( t hope :i* is 9 y4' ,/4 ,?omas' read+ is app>5tly tak5 f ,b$e4 & hope :i* is 9 y4 ,n[ ! ,apo/le w\ld n give ?is advice1 if x w\ld imply a dim9ution 9 ! m]it ( fai?4 ,!re=e reason does n dim9i% ! m]it ( fai?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #i71 ! act ( fai? c be m]itori\s1 9 s f> z x is subject to ! w1 n only z to ! use1 b also z to ! ass5t4 ,n[ human reason 9 support ( :at we believe1 may /& 9 a tw(old relation to ! w ( ! believ]4 ,fir/1 z prec$+ ! act ( ! w2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a man ei!r has n ! w1 or n a prompt w1 to believe1 unless he be mov$ by human reasons3 & 9 ?is way human reason dim9i%es ! m]it ( fai?4 ,9 ?is s5se x has be5 said above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a2 ,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #f1 ad #b7 t1 9 moral virtues1 a passion :i* prec$es *oice makes ! virtu\s act less praisewor?y4 ,= j z a man ought to p]=m acts ( moral virtue1 on acc\nt ( ! judgm5t ( 8 reason1 & n on acc\nt ( a passion1 s ought he to believe matt]s ( fai?1 n on acc\nt ( human reason1 b on acc\nt ( ! ,div9e au?ority4 ,secondly1 human reasons may be consequ5t to ! w ( ! believ]4 ,= :5 a man's w is ready to believe1 he loves ! tru? he believes1 he ?9ks out & takes to he>t :atev] reasons he c f9d 9 support !re(2 & 9 ?is way human reason does n exclude ! m]it ( fai? b is a sign ( great] m]it4 ,?us aga91 9 moral virtues a consequ5t passion is ! sign ( a m prompt w1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a74 ,we h an indication ( ?is 9 ! words ( ! ,sam>itans to ! woman1 :o is a type ( human reason3 ,we n[ believe1 n = ?y say+ 7,john #d3db74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gregory is ref]r+ to ! case ( a man :o has no w to believe :at is ( fai?1 unless he be induc$ by reasons4 ,b :5 a man has ! w to believe :at is ( fai? on ! au?ority ( ,god alone1 al?\gh he may h reasons 9 demon/ration ( "s ( !m1 e4g4 ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! m]it ( 8 fai? is n1 = t reason1 lo/ or dim9i%$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! reasons :i* are br\ght =w>d 9 support ( ! au?ority ( fai?1 are n demon/rations :i* c br+ intellectual vision to ! human intellect1 :]e=e !y d n cease to be unse54 ,b !y remove ob/acles to fai?1 by %[+ t :at fai? proposes is n impossible2 :]e=e su* reasons d n dim9i% ! m]it or ! measure ( fai?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh demon/rative reasons 9 support ( ! preambles ( fai? 99,! ,leon9e ,edition reads3 '9 support ( matt]s ( fai? :i* are h[ev]1 preambles to ! articles ( fai?1 dim9i%1' etc41 b n ( ! articles ( fai?1 dim9i% ! measure ( fai?1 s9ce !y make ! ?+ believ$ to be se51 yet !y d n dim9i% ! measure ( *>ity1 :i* makes ! w ready to believe !m1 ev5 if !y 7 unse52 & s ! measure ( m]it is n dim9i%$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:atev] is 9 opposition to fai?1 :e!r x consi/ 9 a man's ?\ghts1 or 9 outw>d p]secution1 increases ! m]it ( fai?1 9 s f> z ! w is %[n to be m prompt & firm 9 believ+4 ,h5ce ! m>tyrs _h m m]it ( fai?1 ?r\gh n r5\nc+ fai? on acc\nt ( p]secution2 & ev5 ! wise h great] m]it ( fai?1 ?r\gh n r5\nc+ _! fai? on acc\nt ( ! reasons br\ght =w>d by philosoph]s or h]etics 9 opposition to fai?4 ,on ! o!r h& ?+s t are favorable to fai?1 d n always dim9i% ! promptness ( ! w to believe1 & !re=e !y d n always dim9i% ! m]it ( fai?4 ,,"q #c ,,( ,,! ,,outw>d ,,act ,,( ,,fai? 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! outw>d act1 viz4 ! confession ( fai?3 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r confession is an act ( fai?8 7#b7 ,:e!r confession ( fai? is necess>y = salvation8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,confession ,is an ,act ( ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t confession is n an act ( fai?4 ,= ! same act does n belong to diff]5t virtues4 ,n[ confession belongs to p5ance ( :i* x is a "p4 ,!re=e x is n an act ( fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man is sometimes det]r$ by fe> or "s k9d ( confusion1 f confess+ 8 fai?3 :]e=e ! ,apo/le 7,eph4 #f3ai7 asks = pray]s t x may be grant$ him ) confid5ce1 to make kn[n ! my/]y ( ! gospel4 ,n[ x belongs to =titude1 :i* mod]ates d>+ & fe>1 n to be det]r$ f do+ good on acc\nt ( confusion or fe>4 ,!re=e x seems t confession is n an act ( fai?1 b r ( =titude or con/ancy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z ! ardor ( fai? makes "o confess "o's fai? outw>dly1 s does x make "o d o!r ext]nal good works1 = x is writt5 7,gal4 #e3f7 t fai? 4 4 4 worke? by *>ity4 ,b o!r ext]nal works are n reckon$ acts ( fai?4 ,!re=e nei!r is confession an act ( fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss expla9s ! words ( #b ,!ss4 #a3aa1 & ! "w ( fai? 9 p[] z ref]r+ to confession :i* is a "w prop] to fai?4 ,i answ] t1 ,outw>d actions belong prop]ly to ! virtue to ^: end !y are specifically ref]r$3 ?us fa/+ is ref]r$ specifically to ! end ( ab/95ce1 :i* is to tame ! fle%1 & consequ5tly x is an act ( ab/95ce4 ,n[ confession ( ^? ?+s t are ( fai? is ref]r$ specifically z to its end1 to t :i* conc]ns fai?1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #d3ac3 ,hav+ ! same _s ( fai? 4 4 4 we believe1 & !re=e we speak also4 ,= ! outw>d utt]ance is int5d$ to signify ! inw>d ?\ght4 ,:]e=e1 j z ! inw>d ?\ght ( matt]s ( fai? is prop]ly an act ( fai?1 s too is ! outw>d confession ( !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a ?reefold confession is comm5d$ by ! ,scriptures4 ,"o is ! confession ( matt]s ( fai?1 & ?is is a prop] act ( fai?1 s9ce x is ref]r$ to ! end ( fai? z /at$ above4 ,ano!r is ! confession ( ?anksgiv+ or praise1 & ?is is an act ( latria1 = its purpose is to give outw>d honor to ,god1 :i* is ! end ( latria4 ,! ?ird is ! confession ( s9s1 :i* is orda9$ to ! blott+ out ( s9s1 :i* is ! end ( p5ance1 to :i* virtue x !re=e belongs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t :i* removes an ob/acle is n a direct1 b an indirect1 cause1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 viii1 #d74 ,h5ce =titude :i* removes an ob/acle to ! confession ( fai?1 viz4 fe> or %ame1 is n ! prop] & direct cause ( confession1 b an indirect cause s to speak4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,inw>d fai?1 ) ! aid ( *>ity1 causes all outw>d acts ( virtue1 by means ( ! o!r virtues1 comm&+1 b n elicit+ !m2 :]eas x produces ! act ( confession z its prop] act1 )\t ! help ( any o!r virtue4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,confession ( ,fai? ,is ,necess>y = ,salvation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t confession ( fai? is n necess>y = salvation4 ,=1 seem+ly1 a ?+ is suffici5t = salvation1 if x is a means ( atta9+ ! end ( virtue4 ,n[ ! prop] end ( fai? is ! union ( ! human m9d ) ,div9e tru?1 & ?is c be realiz$ )\t any outw>d confession4 ,!re=e confession ( fai? is n necess>y = salvation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 by outw>d confession ( fai?1 a man reveals 8 fai? to ano!r man4 ,b ?is is unnecess>y save = ^? :o h to in/ruct o!rs 9 ! fai?4 ,!re=e x seems t ! simple folk are n b\nd to confess ! fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] may t5d to sc&alize & di/urb o!rs1 is n necess>y = salvation1 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #aj3cb73 ,be )\t (f5se to ! ,jews & to ! g5tiles & to ! ,*ur* ( ,god4 ,n[ confession ( fai? sometimes causes a di/urbance among unbeliev]s4 ,!re=e x is n necess>y = salvation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #aj3aj73 ,) ! he>t we believe unto ju/ice2 b ) ! m\?1 confession is made unto salvation4 ,i answ] t1 ,?+s t are necess>y = salvation come "u ! precepts ( ! ,div9e law4 ,n[ s9ce confession ( fai? is some?+ affirmative1 x c only fall "u an affirmative precept4 ,h5ce its necessity = salvation dep5ds on h[ x falls "u an affirmative precept ( ! ,div9e law4 ,n[ affirmative precepts z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #e1 ad #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b7 d n b9d = always1 al?\gh !y are always b9d+2 b !y b9d z to place & "t accord+ to o!r due circum/ances1 9 respect ( :i* human acts h to be regulat$ 9 ord] to be acts ( virtue4 ,?us !n x is n necess>y = salvation to confess "o's fai? at all times & 9 all places1 b 9 c]ta9 places & at c]ta9 times1 :51 namely1 by omitt+ to d s1 we w\ld deprive ,god ( due honor1 or our neighbor ( a s]vice t we ought to r5d] him3 = in/ance1 if a man1 on be+ ask$ ab\t 8 fai?1 7 to rema9 sil5t1 s z to make p believe ei!r t he is )\t fai?1 or t ! fai? is false1 or s z to turn o!rs away f ! fai?2 = 9 su* cases z ^!1 confession ( fai? is necess>y = salvation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! end ( fai?1 ev5 z ( ! o!r virtues1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! end ( *>ity1 :i* is ! love ( ,god & our neighbor4 ,consequ5tly :5 ,god's honor & our neighbor's good dem&1 man %\ld n be cont5t$ ) be+ unit$ by fai? to ,god's tru?1 b ought to confess 8 fai? outw>dly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 cases ( necessity :]e fai? is 9 dang]1 e "o is b\nd to proclaim 8 fai? to o!rs1 ei!r to give good example & enc\ragem5t to ! re/ ( ! fai?ful1 or to *eck ! attacks ( unbeliev]s3 b at o!r times x is n ! duty ( all ! fai?ful to in/ruct o!rs 9 ! fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is no?+ comm5dable 9 mak+ a public confession ( "o's fai?1 if x causes a di/urbance among unbeliev]s1 )\t any pr(it ei!r to ! fai? or to ! fai?ful4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #g3f73 ,give n t :i* is holy to dogs1 nei!r ca/ ye y\r pe>ls be=e sw9e 4 4 4 le/ turn+ ^u y1 !y te> y4 ,yet1 if !re is hope ( pr(it to ! fai?1 or if !re be urg5cy1 a man %\ld disreg>d ! di/urbance ( unbeliev]s1 & confess 8 fai? 9 public4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,matt4 #ae3ab7 t :5 ! disciples _h said to ,our ,"l t ! ,ph>isee1 :5 !y he>d ?is ^w1 7 sc&aliz$1 ,he answ]$3 ,let !m alone1 !y are bl9d1 & lead]s ( ! bl9d4 ,,"q #d ,,( ,,! ,,virtue ,,itself ,,( ,,fai? 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! virtue itself ( fai?1 &1 9 ! fir/ place1 fai? itself2 secondly1 ^? :o h fai?2 ?irdly1 ! cause ( fai?2 f\r?ly1 its effects4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is fai?8 7#b7 ,9 :at p[] ( ! s\l does x reside8 7#c7 ,:e!r its =m is *>ity8 7#d7 ,:e!r liv+ 7=mata7 fai? & lifeless 7in=mis7 fai? are "o id5tically8 7#e7 ,:e!r fai? is a virtue8 7#f7 ,:e!r x is "o virtue8 7#g7 ,( its relation to ! o!r virtues2 7#h7 ,( its c]titude z comp>$ ) ! c]titude ( ! intellectual virtues4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,?is ,is a ,fitt+ ,def9ition ( ,fai?3 ,fai? ,is ! ,sub/ance ( ,?+s to ,be ,hop$ ,=1 ! ,evid5ce ( ,?+s ,t ,appe> ,n8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,apo/le gives an unfitt+ def9ition ( fai? 7,heb4 #aa3a7 :5 he says3 ,fai? is ! sub/ance ( ?+s to be hop$ =1 ! evid5ce ( ?+s t appe> n4 ,= no quality is a sub/ance3 :]eas fai? is a quality1 s9ce x is a !ological virtue1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e x is n a sub/ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 diff]5t virtues h diff]5t objects4 ,n[ ?+s to be hop$ = are ! object ( hope4 ,!re=e !y %\ld n be includ$ 9 a def9ition ( fai?1 z ?\gh !y 7 its object4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fai? is p]fect$ by *>ity r ?an by hope1 s9ce *>ity is ! =m ( fai?1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ! def9ition ( fai? %\ld h includ$ ! ?+ to be lov$ r ?an ! ?+ to be hop$ =4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ %\ld n be plac$ 9 diff]5t g5]a4 ,n[ sub/ance & evid5ce are diff]5t g5]a1 & nei!r is subalt]nate to ! o!r4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ to /ate t fai? is bo? sub/ance & evid5ce4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 evid5ce manife/s ! tru? ( ! matt] = :i* x is adduc$4 ,n[ a ?+ is said to be app>5t :5 its tru? is already manife/4 ,!re=e x seems to imply a contradiction to speak ( evid5ce ( ?+s t appe> n3 & s fai? is unfitt+ly def9$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! au?ority ( ! ,apo/le suffices4 ,i answ] t1 ,?\gh "s say t ! above words ( ! ,apo/le are n a def9ition ( fai?1 yet if we consid] ! matt] aright1 ?is def9ition ov]looks none ( ! po9ts 9 ref]5ce to :i* fai? c be def9$1 albeit ! words !mselves are n arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a def9ition1 j z ! philosoph]s t\* on ! pr9ciples ( ! syllogism1 )\t employ+ ! syllogi/ic =m4 ,9 ord] to make ?is cle>1 we mu/ obs]ve t s9ce habits are kn[n by _! acts1 & acts by _! objects1 fai?1 be+ a habit1 %\ld be def9$ by its prop] act 9 relation to its prop] object4 ,n[ ! act ( fai? is to believe1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #b1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c71 :i* is an act ( ! intellect det]m9ate to "o object ( ! w's comm&4 ,h5ce an act ( fai? is relat$ bo? to ! object ( ! w1 i4e4 to ! good & ! end1 & to ! object ( ! intellect1 i4e4 to ! true4 ,& s9ce fai?1 ?r\gh be+ a !ological virtue1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #b71 has "o same ?+ = object & end1 its object & end mu/1 ( necessity1 be 9 proportion to "o ano!r4 ,n[ x has be5 already /at$ 7,q4 #a1 ,,aa4 #a1 #d7 t ! object ( fai? is ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 z unse51 & :atev] we hold on acc\nt !re(3 s t x mu/ ne$s be "u ! aspect ( some?+ unse5 t ! ,fir/ ,tru? is ! end ( ! act ( fai?1 :i* aspect is t ( a ?+ hop$ =1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #h3be73 ,we hope = t :i* we see n3 because to see ! tru? is to possess x4 ,n[ "o hopes n = :at "o has already1 b = :at "o has n1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fg1 ,a4 #d74 ,accord+ly ! relation ( ! act ( fai? to its end :i* is ! object ( ! w1 is indicat$ by ! words3 ,fai? is ! sub/ance ( ?+s to be hop$ =4 ,= we are wont to call by ! "n ( sub/ance1 ! fir/ beg9n+ ( a ?+1 especially :5 ! :ole subsequ5t ?+ is virtually conta9$ 9 ! fir/ beg9n+2 = in/ance1 we might say t ! fir/ self-evid5t pr9ciples are ! sub/ance ( sci5ce1 because1 to wit1 ^! pr9ciples are 9 u ! fir/ beg9n+s ( sci5ce1 ! :ole ( :i* is itself conta9$ 9 !m virtually4 ,9 ?is way !n fai? is said to be ! sub/ance ( ?+s to be hop$ =1 = ! reason t 9 u ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ?+s to be hop$ = is br\ght ab\t by ! ass5t ( fai?1 :i* conta9s virtually all ?+s to be hop$ =4 ,because we hope to be made happy ?r\gh see+ ! unveil$ tru? to :i* our fai? cleaves1 z 0 made evid5t :5 we 7 speak+ ( happ9ess 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,a4 #c74 ,! relation%ip ( ! act ( fai? to ! object ( ! intellect1 consid]$ z ! object ( fai?1 is indicat$ by ! words1 evid5ce ( ?+s t appe> n1 :]e evid5ce is tak5 = ! result ( evid5ce4 ,= evid5ce induces ! intellect to adh]e to a tru?1 :]e=e ! firm adhesion ( ! intellect to ! non-app>5t tru? ( fai? is call$ evid5ce "h4 ,h5ce ano!r read+ has conviction1 because to wit1 ! intellect ( ! believ] is conv9c$ by ,div9e au?ority1 s z to ass5t to :at x sees n4 ,accord+ly if anyone w\ld r$uce ! =ego+ words to ! =m ( a def9ition1 he may say t fai? is a habit ( ! m9d1 :]eby et]nal life is begun 9 u1 mak+ ! intellect ass5t to :at is non-app>5t4 ,9 ?is way fai? is di/+ui%$ f all o!r ?+s p]ta9+ to ! intellect4 ,= :5 we describe x z evid5ce1 we di/+ui% x f op9ion1 suspicion1 & d\bt1 :i* d n make ! intellect adh]e to any?+ firmly2 :5 we g on to say1 ( ?+s t appe> n1 we di/+ui% x f sci5ce & und]/&+1 ! object ( :i* is some?+ app>5t2 & :5 we say t x is ! sub/ance ( ?+s to be hop$ =1 we di/+ui% ! virtue ( fai? f fai? commonly s call$1 :i* has no ref]5ce to ! beatitude we hope =4 ,:atev] o!r def9itions are giv5 ( fai?1 are explanations ( ?is "o giv5 by ! ,apo/le4 ,= :5 ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xl 9 ,joan43 ,,qq4 ,evang4 ii1 qu4 #ci7 t fai? is a virtue :]eby we believe :at we d n see1 & :5 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iv1 #aa7 t fai? is an ass5t )\t rese>*1 & :5 o!rs say t fai? is t c]ta9ty ( ! m9d ab\t abs5t ?+s :i* surpasses op9ion b falls %ort ( sci5ce1 ^! all am\nt to ! same z ! ,apo/le's words3 ,evid5ce ( ?+s t appe> n2 & :5 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 vii7 t fai? is ! solid f\ndation ( ! believ]1 e/abli%+ him 9 ! tru?1 & %[+ =? ! tru? 9 him1 comes to ! same z sub/ance ( ?+s to be hop$ =4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sub/ance "h does n /& = ! supreme g5us condivid$ ) ! o!r g5]a1 b = t lik5ess to sub/ance :i* is f\nd 9 ea* g5us1 inasmu* z ! fir/ ?+ 9 a g5us conta9s ! o!rs virtually & is said to be ! sub/ance !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce fai? p]ta9s to ! intellect z comm&$ by ! w1 x mu/ ne$s be direct$1 z to its end1 to ! objects ( ^? virtues :i* p]fect ! w1 among :i* is hope1 z we %all prove fur!r on 7,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #a74 ,= ?is reason ! def9ition ( fai? includes ! object ( hope4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,love may be ( ! se5 & ( ! unse51 ( ! pres5t & ( ! abs5t4 ,consequ5tly a ?+ to be lov$ is n s adapt$ to fai?1 z a ?+ to be hop$ =1 s9ce hope is always ( ! abs5t & ! unse54 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,sub/ance & evid5ce z includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( fai?1 d n d5ote v>i\s g5]a ( fai?1 nor diff]5t acts1 b diff]5t relation%ips ( "o act to diff]5t objects1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,evid5ce tak5 f ! prop] pr9ciples ( a ?+1 makes x app>5t1 :]eas evid5ce tak5 f ,div9e au?ority does n make a ?+ app>5t 9 itself1 & su* is ! evid5ce ref]r$ to 9 ! def9ition ( fai?4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,fai? ,resides 9 ! ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fai? does n reside 9 ! intellect4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pra$e/4 ,sanct4 v7 t fai? resides 9 ! believ]'s w4 ,n[ ! w is a p[] di/9ct f ! intellect4 ,!re=e fai? does n reside 9 ! intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ass5t ( fai? to believe any?+1 proce$s f ! w obey+ ,god4 ,!re=e x seems t fai? owes all its praise to ob$i5ce4 ,n[ ob$i5ce is 9 ! w4 ,!re=e fai? is 9 ! w1 & n 9 ! intellect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! intellect is ei!r speculative or practical4 ,n[ fai? is n 9 ! speculative intellect1 s9ce ?is is n conc]n$ ) ?+s to be s\ght or avoid$1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #i1 s t x is n a pr9ciple ( op]ation1 :]eas fai? 4 4 4 worke? by *>ity 7,gal4 #e3f74 ,likewise1 nei!r is x 9 ! practical intellect1 ! object ( :i* is "s true1 cont+5t ?+1 t c be made or done4 ,= ! object ( fai? is ! ,et]nal ,tru?1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e fai? does n reside 9 ! intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,fai? is succe$$ by ! heav5ly vision1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3ab3 ,we see n[ ?r\gh a glass 9 a d>k mann]2 b !n face to face4 ,n[ vision is 9 ! intellect4 ,!re=e fai? is likewise4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce fai? is a virtue1 its act mu/ ne$s be p]fect4 ,n[1 = ! p]fection ( an act proce$+ f two active pr9ciples1 ea* ( ^! pr9ciples mu/ be p]fect3 = x is n possible = a ?+ to be sawn well1 unless ! sawy] possess ! art1 & ! saw be well fitt$ = saw+4 ,n[1 9 a p[] ( ! s\l1 :i* is relat$ to opposite objects1 a disposition to act well is a habit1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a1 #b1 #c74 ,:]e=e an act t proce$s f two su* p[]s mu/ be p]fect$ by a habit resid+ 9 ea* ( !m4 ,aga91 x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #b1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b7 t to believe is an act ( ! intellect inasmu* z ! w moves x to ass5t4 ,& ?is act proce$s f ! w & ! intellect1 bo? ( :i* h a natural aptitude to be p]fect$ 9 ?is way4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! act ( fai? is to be p]fect1 !re ne$s to be a habit 9 ! w z well z 9 ! intellect3 ev5 z !re ne$s to be ! habit ( prud5ce 9 ! reason1 besides ! habit ( temp]ance 9 ! concupiscible faculty1 9 ord] t ! act ( t faculty be p]fect4 ,n[1 to believe is imm$iately an act ( ! intellect1 because ! object ( t act is ! true1 :i* p]ta9s prop]ly to ! intellect4 ,consequ5tly fai?1 :i* is ! prop] pr9ciple ( t act1 mu/ ne$s reside 9 ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e takes fai? = ! act ( fai?1 :i* is describ$ z dep5d+ on ! believ]'s w1 9 s f> z 8 intellect ass5ts to matt]s ( fai? at ! comm& ( ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n only does ! w ne$ to be ready to obey b also ! intellect ne$s to be well dispos$ to foll[ ! comm& ( ! w1 ev5 z ! concupiscible faculty ne$s to be well dispos$ 9 ord] to foll[ ! comm& ( reason2 h5ce !re ne$s to be a habit ( virtue n only 9 ! comm&+ w b also 9 ! ass5t+ intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,fai? resides 9 ! speculative intellect1 z evid5c$ by its object4 ,b s9ce ?is object1 :i* is ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 is ! end ( all our desires & actions1 z ,augu/9e proves 7,de ,tr94 i1 #h71 x foll[s t fai? worke? by *>ity j z ! speculative intellect becomes practical by ext5sion 7,de ,anima iii1 #aj74 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is ! ,=m ( ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity is n ! =m ( fai?4 ,= ea* ?+ d]ives its species f its =m4 ,:5 !re=e two ?+s are opposite memb]s ( a division1 "o _c be ! =m ( ! o!r4 ,n[ fai? & *>ity are /at$ to be opposite memb]s ( a division1 z diff]5t species ( virtue 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ac74 ,!re=e *>ity is n ! =m ( fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a =m & ! ?+ ( :i* x is ! =m are 9 "o subject1 s9ce toge!r !y =m "o simply4 ,n[ fai? is 9 ! intellect1 :ile *>ity is 9 ! w4 ,!re=e *>ity is n ! =m ( fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! =m ( a ?+ is a pr9ciple !re(4 ,n[ ob$i5ce1 r ?an *>ity1 seems to be ! pr9ciple ( believ+1 on ! "p ( ! w1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3e3 ,= ob$i5ce to ! fai? 9 all nations4 ,!re=e ob$i5ce r ?an *>ity1 is ! =m ( fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ea* ?+ works ?r\gh its =m4 ,n[ fai? works ?r\gh *>ity4 ,!re=e ! love ( *>ity is ! =m ( fai?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z appe>s f :at has be5 said above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #f71 volunt>y acts take _! species f _! end :i* is ! w's object4 ,n[ t :i* gives a ?+ its species1 is aft] ! mann] ( a =m 9 natural ?+s4 ,:]e=e ! =m ( any volunt>y act is1 9 a mann]1 ! end to :i* t act is direct$1 bo? because x takes its species !refrom1 & because ! mode ( an action %\ld correspond proportionately to ! end4 ,n[ x is evid5t f :at has be5 said 7,a4 #a71 t ! act ( fai? is direct$ to ! object ( ! w1 i4e4 ! good1 z to its end3 & ?is good :i* is ! end ( fai?1 viz4 ! ,div9e ,good1 is ! prop] object ( *>ity4 ,!re=e *>ity is call$ ! =m ( fai? 9 s f> z ! act ( fai? is p]fect$ & =m$ by *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*>ity is call$ ! =m ( fai? because x quick5s ! act ( fai?4 ,n[ no?+ h9d]s "o act f be+ quick5$ by diff]5t habits1 s z to be r$uc$ to v>i\s species 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #f1 #g2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #b7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( human acts 9 g5]al4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is objection is true ( an intr9sic =m4 ,b x is n ?us t *>ity is ! =m ( fai?1 b 9 ! s5se t x quick5s ! act ( fai?1 z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 ob$i5ce1 & hope likewise1 & :atev] o!r virtue might prec$e ! act ( fai?1 is quick5$ by *>ity1 z we %all %[ fur!r on 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #h71 & consequ5tly *>ity is spok5 ( z ! =m ( fai?4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,lifeless ,fai? ,c ,become ,liv+1 or ,liv+ ,fai?1 ,lifeless8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t lifeless fai? does n become liv+1 or liv+ fai? lifeless4 ,=1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3aj1 :5 t :i* is p]fect is come1 t :i* is 9 "p %all be done away4 ,n[ lifeless fai? is imp]fect 9 comp>ison ) liv+ fai?4 ,!re=e :5 liv+ fai? comes1 lifeless fai? is done away1 s t !y are n "o id5tical habit4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a dead ?+ does n become a liv+ ?+4 ,n[ lifeless fai? is dead1 accord+ to ,james #b3bj3 ,fai? )\t works is dead4 ,!re=e lifeless fai? _c become liv+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god's grace1 by its adv5t1 has no less effect 9 a believ] ?an 9 an unbeliev]4 ,n[ by com+ to an unbeliev] x causes ! habit ( fai?4 ,!re=e :5 x comes to a believ]1 :o hi!rto _h ! habit ( lifeless fai?1 x causes ano!r habit ( fai? 9 him4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 z ,boe?ius says 7,9 ,categ4 ,ari/4 i71 accid5ts _c be alt]$4 ,n[ fai? is an accid5t4 ,!re=e ! same fai? _c be at "o "t liv+1 & at ano!r1 lifeless4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ! words1 ,fai? )\t works is dead 7,james #b3bj7 adds1 by :i* x lives once m4 ,!re=e fai? :i* 0 lifeless & )\t =m hi!rto1 becomes =m$ & liv+4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re h be5 v>i\s op9ions on ?is "q4 ,= "s 99,william ( ,aux]re1 ,sum4 ,aur4 ,,iii1 iii1 #ae h said t liv+ & lifeless fai? are di/9ct habits1 b t :5 liv+ fai? comes1 lifeless fai? is done away1 & t1 9 l mann]1 :5 a man s9s mortally aft] hav+ liv+ fai?1 a new habit ( lifeless fai? is infus$ into him by ,god4 ,b x seems unfitt+ t grace %\ld deprive man ( a gift ( ,god by com+ to him1 & t a gift ( ,god %\ld be infus$ into man1 on acc\nt ( a mortal s94 ,consequ5tly o!rs 99,alex&] ( ,hales1 ,sum4 ,!ol4 iii1 #fd h said t liv+ & lifeless fai? are inde$ di/9ct habits1 b t1 all ! same1 :5 liv+ fai? comes ! habit ( lifeless fai? is n tak5 away1 & t x rema9s toge!r ) ! habit ( liv+ fai? 9 ! same subject4 ,yet aga9 x seems unreasonable t ! habit ( lifeless fai? %\ld rema9 inactive 9 a p]son hav+ liv+ fai?4 ,we mu/ !re=e hold diff]5tly t liv+ & lifeless fai? are "o & ! same habit4 ,! reason is t a habit is diff]5tiat$ by t :i* directly p]ta9s to t habit4 ,n[ s9ce fai? is a p]fection ( ! intellect1 t p]ta9s directly to fai?1 :i* p]ta9s to ! intellect4 ,aga91 :at p]ta9s to ! w1 does n p]ta9 directly to fai?1 s z to be able to diff]5tiate ! habit ( fai?4 ,b ! di/9ction ( liv+ f lifeless fai? is 9 respect ( some?+ p]ta9+ to ! w1 i4e4 *>ity1 & n 9 respect ( some?+ p]ta9+ to ! intellect4 ,!re=e liv+ & lifeless fai? are n di/9ct habits4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! say+ ( ! ,apo/le ref]s to ^? imp]fect ?+s f :i* imp]fection is insep>able1 = !n1 :5 ! p]fect comes ! imp]fect mu/ ne$s be done away4 ,?us ) ! adv5t ( cle> vision1 fai? is done away1 because x is ess5tially ( ! ?+s t appe> n4 ,:51 h[ev]1 imp]fection is n insep>able f ! imp]fect ?+1 ! same id5tical ?+ :i* 0 imp]fect becomes p]fect4 ,?us *ildhood is n ess5tial to man & consequ5tly ! same id5tical subject :o 0 a *ild1 becomes a man4 ,n[ lifelessness is n ess5tial to fai?1 b is accid5tal !reto z /at$ above4 ,!re=e lifeless fai? itself becomes liv+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t :i* makes an animal live is insep>able f an animal1 because x is its sub/antial =m1 viz4 ! s\l3 consequ5tly a dead ?+ _c become a liv+ ?+1 & a liv+ & a dead ?+ diff] specifically4 ,on ! o!r h& t :i* gives fai? its =m1 or makes x live1 is n ess5tial to fai?4 ,h5ce !re is no comp>ison4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,grace causes fai? n only :5 fai? beg9s anew to be 9 a man1 b also z long z fai? la/s4 ,= x has be5 said above 7,i1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #i7 t ,god is always work+ man's ju/ification1 ev5 z ! sun is always light+ up ! air4 ,h5ce grace is n less effective :5 x comes to a believ] ?an :5 x comes to an unbeliev]3 s9ce x causes fai? 9 bo?1 9 ! =m] by confirm+ & p]fect+ x1 9 ! latt] by creat+ x anew4 ,we might also reply t x is accid5tal1 namely on acc\nt ( ! disposition ( ! subject1 t grace does n cause fai? 9 "o :o has x already3 j z1 on ! o!r h&1 a second mortal s9 does n take away grace f "o :o has already lo/ x ?r\gh a previ\s mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,:5 liv+ fai? becomes lifeless1 fai? is n *ang$1 b its subject1 ! s\l1 :i* at "o "t has fai? )\t *>ity1 & at ano!r "t1 ) *>ity4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,fai? ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fai? is n a virtue4 ,= virtue is direct$ to ! good1 s9ce x is virtue t makes its subject good1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,b fai? is direct$ to ! true4 ,!re=e fai? is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 infus$ virtue is m p]fect ?an acquir$ virtue4 ,n[ fai?1 on acc\nt ( its imp]fection1 is n plac$ among ! acquir$ intellectual virtues1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vi1 #c74 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 c x be consid]$ an infus$ virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 liv+ & lifeless fai? are ! same species1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,n[ lifeless fai? is n a virtue1 s9ce x is n connect$ ) ! o!r virtues4 ,!re=e nei!r is liv+ fai? a virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! gratuit\s graces & ! fruits are di/9ct f ! virtues4 ,b fai? is numb]$ among ! gratuit\s graces 7#a ,cor4 #ab3i7 & likewise among ! fruits 7,gal4 #e3bc74 ,!re=e fai? is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,man is ju/ifi$ by ! virtues1 s9ce ju/ice is all virtue1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 v1 #a74 ,n[ man is ju/ifi$ by fai? accord+ to ,rom4 #e3a3 ,be+ ju/ifi$ !re=e by fai? let u h peace1 etc4 ,!re=e fai? is a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z %[n above1 x is by human virtue t human acts are r5d]$ good2 h5ce1 any habit t is always ! pr9ciple ( a good act1 may be call$ a human virtue4 ,su* a habit is liv+ fai?4 ,= s9ce to believe is an act ( ! intellect ass5t+ to ! tru? at ! comm& ( ! w1 two ?+s are requir$ t ?is act may be p]fect3 "o ( :i* is t ! intellect %\ld infallibly t5d to its object1 :i* is ! true2 :ile ! o!r is t ! w %\ld be infallibly direct$ to ! la/ end1 on acc\nt ( :i* x ass5ts to ! true3 & bo? ( ^! are to be f\nd 9 ! act ( liv+ fai?4 ,= x belongs to ! v ess5ce ( fai? t ! intellect %\ld ev] t5d to ! true1 s9ce no?+ false c be ! object ( fai?1 z prov$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c73 :ile ! effect ( *>ity1 :i* is ! =m ( fai?1 is t ! s\l ev] has its w direct$ to a good end4 ,!re=e liv+ fai? is a virtue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 lifeless fai? is n a virtue1 because1 ?\gh ! act ( lifeless fai? is duly p]fect on ! "p ( ! intellect1 x has n its due p]fection z reg>ds ! w3 j z if temp]ance be 9 ! concupiscible1 )\t prud5ce be+ 9 ! rational "p1 temp]ance is n a virtue1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a71 because ! act ( temp]ance requires bo? an act ( reason1 & an act ( ! concupiscible faculty1 ev5 z ! act ( fai? requires an act ( ! w1 & an act ( ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! tru? is itself ! good ( ! intellect1 s9ce x is its p]fection3 & consequ5tly fai? has a relation to "s good 9 s f> z x directs ! intellect to ! true4 ,fur!rmore1 x has a relation to ! good consid]$ z ! object ( ! w1 inasmu* z x is =m$ by *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fai? ( :i* ! ,philosoph] speaks is bas$ on human reason+ 9 a conclusion :i* does n foll[1 ( necessity1 f its premisses2 & :i* is subject to be false3 h5ce su* l fai? is n a virtue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fai? ( :i* we are speak+ is bas$ on ! ,div9e ,tru?1 :i* is infallible1 & consequ5tly its object _c be any?+ false2 s t fai? ( ?is k9d c be a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,liv+ & lifeless fai? d n diff] specifically1 z ?\gh !y belong$ to diff]5t species4 ,b !y diff] z p]fect & imp]fect )9 ! same species4 ,h5ce lifeless fai?1 be+ imp]fect1 does n satisfy ! conditions ( a p]fect virtue1 = virtue is a k9d ( p]fection 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ah74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,"s say t fai? :i* is numb]$ among ! gratuit\s graces is lifeless fai?4 ,b ?is is said )\t reason1 s9ce ! gratuit\s graces1 :i* are m5tion$ 9 t passage1 are n common to all ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur*3 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says3 ,!re are div]sities ( graces1 & aga91 ,to "o is giv5 ?is grace & to ano!r t4 ,n[ lifeless fai? is common to all memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 because its lifelessness is n "p ( its sub/ance1 if we consid] x z a gratuit\s gift4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 say t 9 t passage1 fai? d5otes a c]ta9 excell5cy ( fai?1 = in/ance1 con/ancy 9 fai?1 accord+ to a gloss1 or ! ^w ( fai?4 ,fai? is numb]$ among ! fruits1 9 s f> z x gives a c]ta9 pleasure 9 its act by reason ( its c]ta9ty1 :]e=e ! gloss on ! fif? *apt] to ! ,galatians1 :]e ! fruits are enum]at$1 expla9s fai? z be+ c]ta9ty ab\t ! unse54 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,fai? ,is ,"o ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fai? is n "o4 ,= j z fai? is a gift ( ,god accord+ to ,eph4 #b3h1 s also wisdom & k are numb]$ among ,god's gifts accord+ to ,isa4 #aa3b4 ,n[ wisdom & k diff] 9 ?is1 t wisdom is ab\t et]nal ?+s1 & k ab\t temporal ?+s1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ad1 #ae74 ,s9ce1 !n1 fai? is ab\t et]nal ?+s1 & also ab\t "s temporal ?+s1 x seems t fai? is n "o virtue1 b divid$ into sev]al p>ts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 confession is an act ( fai?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ confession ( fai? is n "o & ! same = all3 s9ce :at we confess z pa/1 ! fa!rs ( old confess$ z yet to come1 z appe>s f ,isa4 #g3ad3 ,behold a virg9 %all conceive4 ,!re=e fai? is n "o4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fai? is common to all believ]s 9 ,*ri/4 ,b "o accid5t _c be 9 _m subjects4 ,!re=e all _c h "o fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #d3e73 ,"o ,"l1 "o fai?4 ,i answ] t1 ,if we take fai? z a habit1 we c consid] x 9 two ways4 ,fir/ on ! "p ( ! object1 & ?us !re is "o fai?4 ,because ! =mal object ( fai? is ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 by adh]+ to :i* we believe :atev] is conta9$ 9 ! fai?4 ,secondly1 on ! "p ( ! subject1 & ?us fai? is diff]5tiat$ accord+ z x is 9 v>i\s subjects4 ,n[ x is evid5t t fai?1 j z any o!r habit1 takes its species f ! =mal aspect ( its object1 b is individualiz$ by its subject4 ,h5ce if we take fai? = ! habit :]eby we believe1 x is "o specifically1 b diff]s num]ically accord+ to its v>i\s subjects4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we take fai? = t :i* is believ$1 !n1 aga91 !re is "o fai?1 s9ce :at is believ$ by all is "o same ?+3 = ?\gh ! ?+s believ$1 :i* all agree 9 believ+1 be div]se f "o ano!r1 yet !y are all r$uc$ to "o4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,temporal matt]s :i* are propos$ to be believ$1 d n belong to ! object ( fai?1 except 9 relation to some?+ et]nal1 viz4 ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce !re is "o fai? ( ?+s bo? temporal & et]nal4 ,x is diff]5t ) wisdom & k1 :i* consid] temporal & et]nal matt]s "u _! respective aspects4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is diff]5ce ( pa/ & future arises1 n f any diff]5ce 9 ! ?+ believ$1 b f ! diff]5t relation%ips ( believ]s to ! "o ?+ believ$1 z also we h m5tion$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is objection consid]s num]ical div]sity ( fai?4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,fai? ,is ! ,fir/ ( ! ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fai? is n ! fir/ ( ! virtues4 ,= a gloss on ,luke #ab3d1 ,i say to y ,my fri5ds1 says t =titude is ! f\ndation ( fai?4 ,n[ ! f\ndation prec$es t :i* is f\nd$ !reon4 ,!re=e fai? is n ! fir/ ( ! virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,ps4 #cf1 ,be n emul\s1 says t hope leads on to fai?4 ,n[ hope is a virtue1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e fai? is n ! fir/ ( ! virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x 0 /at$ above 7,a4 #b7 t ! intellect ( ! believ] is mov$1 out ( ob$i5ce to ,god1 to ass5t to matt]s ( fai?4 ,n[ ob$i5ce also is a virtue4 ,!re=e fai? is n ! fir/ virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 n lifeless b liv+ fai? is ! f\ndation1 z a gloss rem>ks on #a ,cor4 #c3aa 99,augu/9e1 ,de ,fide et ,op]4 xvi44 ,n[ fai? is =m$ by *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e x is ow+ to *>ity t fai? is ! f\ndation3 s t *>ity is ! f\ndation yet m ?an fai? is 7= ! f\ndation is ! fir/ "p ( a build+7 & consequ5tly x seems to prec$e fai?4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! ord] ( habits is tak5 f ! ord] ( acts4 ,n[1 9 ! act ( fai?1 ! act ( ! w :i* is p]fect$ by *>ity1 prec$es ! act ( ! intellect1 :i* is p]fect$ by fai?1 z ! cause :i* prec$es its effect4 ,!re=e *>ity prec$es fai?4 ,!re=e fai? is n ! fir/ ( ! virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aa3a7 t fai? is ! sub/ance ( ?+s to be hop$ =4 ,n[ ! sub/ance ( a ?+ is t :i* comes fir/4 ,!re=e fai? is fir/ among ! virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,"o ?+ c prec$e ano!r 9 two ways3 fir/1 by its v nature2 secondly1 by accid5t4 ,fai?1 by its v nature1 prec$es all o!r virtues4 ,= s9ce ! end is ! pr9ciple 9 matt]s ( action1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cd1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a71 ! !ological virtues1 ! object ( :i* is ! la/ end1 mu/ ne$s prec$e all ! o!rs4 ,aga91 ! la/ end mu/ ( necessity be pres5t to ! intellect be=e x is pres5t to ! w1 s9ce ! w has no incl9ation = any?+ except 9 s f> z x is appreh5d$ by ! intellect4 ,h5ce1 z ! la/ end is pres5t 9 ! w by hope & *>ity1 & 9 ! intellect1 by fai?1 ! fir/ ( all ! virtues mu/1 ( necessity1 be fai?1 because natural k _c rea* ,god z ! object ( heav5ly bliss1 :i* is ! aspect "u :i* hope & *>ity t5d t[>ds ,him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s virtues c prec$e fai? accid5tally4 ,= an accid5tal cause prec$es its effect accid5tally4 ,n[ t :i* removes an ob/acle is a k9d ( accid5tal cause1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 viii1 #d73 & 9 ?is s5se c]ta9 virtues may be said to prec$e fai? accid5tally1 9 s f> z !y remove ob/acles to belief4 ,?us =titude removes ! inord9ate fe> t h9d]s fai?2 humility removes pride1 :]eby a man refuses to submit himself to ! tru? ( fai?4 ,! same may be said ( "s o!r virtues1 al?\gh !re are no real virtues1 unless fai? be presuppos$1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,contra ,julian4 iv1 #c74 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,hope _c lead to fai? absolutely4 ,= "o _c hope to obta9 et]nal happ9ess1 unless "o believes ?is possible1 s9ce hope does n t5d to ! impossible1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible = "o to be l$ by hope to p]sev]e 9 fai?1 or to hold firmly to fai?2 & x is 9 ?is s5se t hope is said to lead to fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ob$i5ce is tw(old3 = sometimes x d5otes ! incl9ation ( ! w to fulfil ,god's comm&m5ts4 ,9 ?is way x is n a special virtue1 b is a g5]al condition ( e virtue2 s9ce all acts ( virtue come "u ! precepts ( ! ,div9e law1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,a4 #b72 & ?us x is requisite = fai?4 ,9 ano!r way1 ob$i5ce d5otes an incl9ation to fulfil ! comm&m5ts consid]$ z a duty4 ,9 ?is way x is a special virtue1 & a "p ( ju/ice3 = a man does 8 duty by 8 sup]ior :5 he obeys him3 & ?us ob$i5ce foll[s fai?1 :]eby man kn[s t ,god is 8 sup]ior1 ,:om he mu/ obey4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,to be a f\ndation a ?+ requires n only to come fir/1 b also to be connect$ ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! build+3 s9ce ! build+ w\ld n be f\nd$ on x unless ! o!r p>ts adh]$ to x4 ,n[ ! connect+ bond ( ! spiritual edifice is *>ity1 accord+ to ,col4 #c3ad3 ,above all 4 4 4 ?+s h *>ity :i* is ! bond ( p]fection4 ,consequ5tly fai? )\t *>ity _c be ! f\ndation3 & yet x does n foll[ t *>ity prec$es fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,"s act ( ! w is requir$ be=e fai?1 b n an act ( ! w quick5$ by *>ity4 ,?is latt] act presupposes fai?1 because ! w _c t5d to ,god ) p]fect love1 unless ! intellect possesses "r fai? ab\t ,him4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #d1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,fai? ,is ,m ,c]ta9 ,?an ,sci5ce & ! ,o!r ,intellectual ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fai? is n m c]ta9 ?an sci5ce & ! o!r intellectual virtues4 ,= d\bt is oppos$ to c]titude1 :]e=e a ?+ w\ld seem to be ! m c]ta91 ?r\gh be+ less d\btful1 j z a ?+ is ! :it]1 ! less x has ( an admixture ( black4 ,n[ und]/&+1 sci5ce & also wisdom are free ( any d\bt ab\t _! objects2 :]eas ! believ] may sometimes suff] a movem5t ( d\bt1 & d\bt ab\t matt]s ( fai?4 ,!re=e fai? is no m c]ta9 ?an ! intellectual virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sight is m c]ta9 ?an he>+4 ,b fai? is ?r\gh he>+ accord+ to ,rom4 #aj3ag2 :]eas und]/&+1 sci5ce & wisdom imply "s k9d ( intellectual sight4 ,!re=e sci5ce & und]/&+ are m c]ta9 ?an fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! intellect1 ! m p]fect is ! m c]ta94 ,n[ und]/&+ is m p]fect ?an fai?1 s9ce fai? is ! way to und]/&+1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion 99,! ,septuag9t ( ,isa4 #g3i3 ,if y w n believe1 y %all n und]/& ,vulg43 'cont9ue'3 & ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #a7 t fai? is /r5g!n$ by sci5ce4 ,!re=e x seems t sci5ce or und]/&+ is m c]ta9 ?an fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,!ss4 #b3ae73 ,:5 y _h receiv$ ( u ! ^w ( ! he>+1 i4e4 by fai? 4 4 4 y receiv$ x n z ! ^w ( m51 b1 z x is inde$1 ! ^w ( ,god4 ,n[ no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an ! ^w ( ,god4 ,!re=e sci5ce is n m c]ta9 ?an fai?2 nor is any?+ else4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b7 two ( ! intellectual virtues are ab\t cont+5t matt]1 viz4 prud5ce & art2 to :i* fai? is pref]able 9 po9t ( c]titude1 by reason ( its matt]1 s9ce x is ab\t et]nal ?+s1 :i* nev] *ange1 :]eas ! o!r ?ree intellectual virtues1 viz4 wisdom1 sci5ce 99,9 ,engli% ! correspond+ 'gift' is call$ k & und]/&+1 are ab\t necess>y ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #e1 ad #c74 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t wisdom1 sci5ce & und]/&+ may be tak5 9 two ways3 fir/1 z intellectual virtues1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b1 #c72 secondly1 = ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,if we consid] !m 9 ! fir/ way1 we mu/ note t c]titude c be look$ at 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( its cause1 & ?us a ?+ :i* has a m c]ta9 cause1 is itself m c]ta94 ,9 ?is way fai? is m c]ta9 ?an ^? ?ree virtues1 because x is f\nd$ on ! ,div9e tru?1 :]eas ! a=esaid ?ree virtues are bas$ on human reason4 ,secondly1 c]titude may be consid]$ on ! "p ( ! subject1 & ?us ! m a man's intellect lays hold ( a ?+1 ! m c]ta9 x is4 ,9 ?is way1 fai? is less c]ta91 because matt]s ( fai? are above ! human intellect1 :]eas ! objects ( ! a=esaid ?ree virtues are n4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a ?+ is judg$ simply ) reg>d to its cause1 b relatively1 ) respect to a disposition on ! "p ( ! subject1 x foll[s t fai? is m c]ta9 simply1 :ile ! o!rs are m c]ta9 relatively1 i4e4 = u4 ,likewise if ^! ?ree be tak5 z gifts receiv$ 9 ?is pres5t life1 !y are relat$ to fai? z to _! pr9ciple :i* !y presuppose3 s t aga91 9 ?is way1 fai? is m c]ta94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is d\bt is n on ! side ( ! cause ( fai?1 b on our side1 9 s f> z we d n fully grasp matt]s ( fai? ) our intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal sight is m c]ta9 ?an he>+2 b if 7! au?ority (7 ! p]son f :om we he> greatly surpasses t ( ! se]'s sight1 he>+ is m c]ta9 ?an sight3 ?us a man ( little sci5ce is m c]ta9 ab\t :at he he>s on ! au?ority ( an exp]t 9 sci5ce1 ?an ab\t :at is app>5t to him accord+ to 8 own reason3 & mu* m is a man c]ta9 ab\t :at he he>s f ,god1 ,:o _c be deceiv$1 ?an ab\t :at he sees ) 8 own reason1 :i* c be mi/ak54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! gifts ( und]/&+ & k are m p]fect ?an ! k ( fai? 9 ! po9t ( _! great] cle>ness1 b n 9 reg>d to m c]ta9 adhesion3 because ! :ole c]titude ( ! gifts ( und]/&+ & k1 arises f ! c]titude ( fai?1 ev5 z ! c]titude ( ! k ( conclusions arises f ! c]titude ( premisses4 ,b 9 s f> z sci5ce1 wisdom & und]/&+ are intellectual virtues1 !y are bas$ ^u ! natural light ( reason1 :i* falls %ort ( ! c]titude ( ,god's ^w1 on :i* fai? is f\nd$4 ,,"q #e ,,( ,,^? ,,:o ,,h ,,fai? 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ^? :o h fai?3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re 0 fai? 9 ! angels1 or 9 man1 9 _! orig9al /ate8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! demons h fai?8 7#c7 ,:e!r ^? h]etics :o err 9 "o article1 h fai? 9 o!rs8 7#d7 ,:e!r among ^? :o h fai?1 "o has x m ?an ano!r8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,0 ,fai? 9 ! ,angels1 or 9 ,man1 9 ,_! ,orig9al ,/ate8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re 0 no fai?1 ei!r 9 ! angels1 or 9 man1 9 _! orig9al /ate4 ,= ,hugh ( ,s4 ,victor says 9 8 ,s5t5ces 7,de ,sacram4 i1 #aj7 t man _c see ,god or ?+s t are 9 ,god1 because he closes 8 eyes to contemplation4 ,n[ ! angels1 9 _! orig9al /ate1 be=e !y 7 ei!r confirm$ 9 grace1 or _h fall5 f x1 _h _! eyes op5$ to contemplation1 s9ce !y saw ?+s 9 ! ,^w1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #h74 ,likewise ! fir/ man1 :ile 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 seem+ly _h 8 eyes op5 to contemplation2 = ,hugh ,/4 ,victor says 7,de ,sacram4 i1 #f7 t 9 8 orig9al /ate man knew 8 ,creator1 n by ! m]e outw>d p]ception ( he>+1 b by inw>d inspiration1 n z n[ believ]s seek an abs5t ,god by fai?1 b by see+ ,him cle>ly pres5t to _! contemplation4 ,!re=e !re 0 no fai? 9 ! angels & man 9 _! orig9al /ate4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! k ( fai? is d>k & obscure1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3ac3 ,we see n[ ?r\gh a glass 9 a d>k mann]4 ,n[ 9 _! orig9al /ate !re 0 n obscurity ei!r 9 ! angels or 9 man1 because x is a puni%m5t ( s94 ,!re=e !re c\ld be no fai? 9 ! angels or 9 man1 9 _! orig9al /ate4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #aj3ag7 t fai? 4 4 4 come? by he>+4 ,n[ ?is c\ld n apply to angels & man 9 _! orig9al /ate2 = !n !y c\ld n he> any?+ f ano!r4 ,!re=e1 9 t /ate1 !re 0 no fai? ei!r 9 man or 9 ! angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,heb4 #aa3f73 ,he t come? to ,god1 mu/ believe4 ,n[ ! orig9al /ate ( angels & man 0 "o ( approa* to ,god4 ,!re=e !y _h ne$ ( fai?4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s say t !re 0 no fai? 9 ! angels be=e !y 7 confirm$ 9 grace or fell f x1 & 9 man be=e he s9n$1 by reason ( ! manife/ contemplation t !y _h ( ,div9e ?+s4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 fai? is ! evid5ce ( ?+s t appe> n1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,heb4 #aa3b71 & s9ce by fai? we believe :at we see n1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,tract4 xl 9 ,joan42 ,,qq4 ,evang4 ii1 qu4 #ci71 t manife/ation alone excludes fai?1 :i* r5d]s app>5t or se5 ! pr9cipal object ( fai?4 ,n[ ! pr9cipal object ( fai? is ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 ! sight ( :i* gives ! happ9ess ( heav5 & takes ! place ( fai?4 ,consequ5tly1 z ! angels be=e _! confirmation 9 grace1 & man be=e s91 did n possess ! happ9ess :]eby ,god is se5 9 ,8 ,ess5ce1 x is evid5t t ! k !y possess$ 0 n su* z to exclude fai?4 ,x foll[s !n1 t ! abs5ce ( fai? 9 !m c\ld only be expla9$ by _! be+ altoge!r ignorant ( ! object ( fai?4 ,& if man & ! angels 7 creat$ 9 a purely natural /ate1 z "s 99,/4 ,bonav5ture1 ,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 #bi hold1 p]haps "o might hold t !re 0 no fai? 9 ! angels be=e _! confirmation 9 grace1 or 9 man be=e s91 because ! k ( fai? surpasses n only a man's b ev5 an angel's natural k ab\t ,god4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #a7 t man & ! angels 7 creat$ ) ! gift ( grace1 we mu/ ne$s say t !re 0 9 !m a c]ta9 beg9n+ ( hop$-= happ9ess1 by reason ( grace receiv$ b n yet consummat$1 :i* happ9ess 0 begun 9 _! w by hope & *>ity1 & 9 ! intellect by fai?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #g74 ,consequ5tly we mu/ hold t ! angels _h fai? be=e !y 7 confirm$1 & man1 be=e he s9n$4 ,nev]!less we mu/ obs]ve t 9 ! object ( fai?1 !re is some?+ =mal1 z x 71 namely ! ,fir/ ,tru? surpass+ all ! natural k ( a creature1 & some?+ mat]ial1 namely1 ! ?+ to :i* we ass5t :ile adh]+ to ! ,fir/ ,tru?4 ,) reg>d to ! =m]1 be=e obta9+ ! happ9ess to come1 fai? is common to all :o h k ( ,god1 by adh]+ to ! ,fir/ ,tru?3 :]eas ) reg>d to ! ?+s :i* are propos$ z ! mat]ial object ( fai?1 "s are believ$ by "o1 & kn[n manife/ly by ano!r1 ev5 9 ! pres5t /ate1 z we h %[n above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b74 ,9 ?is respect1 too1 x may be said t ! angels be=e be+ confirm$1 & man1 be=e s91 possess$ manife/ k ab\t c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! ,div9e my/]ies1 :i* n[ we _c "k except by believ+ !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! words ( ,hugh ( ,s4 ,victor are ^? ( a ma/]1 & h ! =ce ( an au?ority1 yet x may be said t ! contemplation :i* removes ! ne$ ( fai? is heav5ly contemplation1 :]eby ! sup]natural tru? is se5 9 its ess5ce4 ,n[ ! angels did n possess ?is contemplation be=e !y 7 confirm$1 nor did man be=e he s9n$3 yet _! contemplation 0 ( a high] ord] ?an ours1 = by its means !y approa*$ ne>] to ,god1 & _h manife/ k ( m ( ! ,div9e effects & my/]ies ?an we c h k (4 ,h5ce fai? 0 n 9 !m s t !y s\ght an abs5t ,god z we seek ,him3 s9ce by ! light ( wisdom ,he 0 m pres5t to !m ?an ,he is to u1 al?\gh ,he 0 n s pres5t to !m z ,he is to ! ,bless$ by ! light ( glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re 0 no d>kness ( s9 or puni%m5t 9 ! orig9al /ate ( man & ! angels1 b !re 0 a c]ta9 natural obscurity 9 ! human & angelic intellect1 9 s f> z e creature is d>kness 9 comp>ison ) ! imm5sity ( ! ,div9e light3 & ?is obscurity suffices = fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! orig9al /ate !re 0 no he>+ any?+ f man speak+ outw>dly1 b !re 0 f ,god inspir+ inw>dly3 ?us ! prophets he>d1 z express$ by ! ,ps4 #hd3i3 ,i w he> :at ! ,"l ,god w speak 9 me4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r 9 ! ,demons ,!re ,is ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! demons h no fai?4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pra$e/4 ,sanct4 v7 t fai? dep5ds on ! believ]'s w3 & ?is is a good w1 s9ce by x man wi%es to believe 9 ,god4 ,s9ce !n no delib]ate w ( ! demons is good1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #b1 ad #e71 x seems t 9 ! demons !re is no fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fai? is a gift ( ,div9e grace1 accord+ to ,eph4 #b3h3 ,by grace y are sav$ ?r\gh fai? 4 4 4 = x is ! gift ( ,god4 ,n[1 accord+ to a gloss on ,osee #c3a1 ,!y look to /range gods1 & love ! husks ( ! grapes1 ! demons lo/ _! gifts ( grace by s9n+4 ,!re=e fai? did n rema9 9 ! demons aft] !y s9n$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 unbelief w\ld seem to be grav] ?an o!r s9s1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,tract4 lxxxix 9 ,joan47 on ,john #ae3bb1 ,if ,i _h n come & spok5 to !m1 !y w\ld n h s93 b n[ !y h no excuse = _! s94 ,n[ ! s9 ( unbelief is 9 "s m54 ,consequ5tly1 if ! demons h fai?1 "s m5 w\ld be guilty ( a s9 grav] ?an t ( ! demons1 :i* seems unreasonable4 ,!re=e 9 ! demons !re is no fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,james #b3ai73 ,! devils 4 4 4 believe & tremble4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #a71 ! believ]'s intellect ass5ts to t :i* he believes1 n because he sees x ei!r 9 itself1 or by resolv+ x to fir/ self-evid5t pr9ciples1 b because 8 w comm&s 8 intellect to ass5t4 ,n[1 t ! w moves ! intellect to ass5t1 may be due to two causes4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh ! w be+ direct$ to ! good1 & 9 ?is way1 to believe is a praisewor?y action4 ,secondly1 because ! intellect is conv9c$ t x ought to believe :at is said1 ?\gh t conviction is n bas$ on objective evid5ce4 ,?us if a prophet1 :ile prea*+ ! ^w ( ,god1 7 to =etell some?+1 & 7 to give a sign1 by rais+ a dead p]son to life1 ! intellect ( a witness w\ld be conv9c$ s z to recognize cle>ly t ,god1 ,:o lie? n1 0 speak+1 al?\gh ! ?+ itself =etold w\ld n be evid5t 9 itself1 & consequ5tly ! ess5ce ( fai? w\ld n be remov$4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t fai? is comm5d$ 9 ! fir/ s5se 9 ! fai?ful ( ,*ri/3 & 9 ?is way fai? is n 9 ! demons1 b only 9 ! second way1 = !y see _m evid5t signs1 :]eby !y recognize t ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* is f ,god1 al?\gh !y d n see ! ?+s !mselves t ! ,*ur* tea*es1 = in/ance t !re are ?ree ,p]sons 9 ,god1 & s =?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! demons are1 9 a way1 compell$ to believe1 by ! evid5ce ( signs1 & s _! w des]ves no praise = _! belief4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fai?1 :i* is a gift ( grace1 incl9es man to believe1 by giv+ him a c]ta9 affection = ! good1 ev5 :5 t fai? is lifeless4 ,consequ5tly ! fai? :i* ! demons h1 is n a gift ( grace4 ,r are !y compell$ to believe ?r\gh _! natural intellectual acum54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! v fact t ! signs ( fai? are s evid5t1 t ! demons are compell$ to believe1 is displeas+ to !m1 s t _! malice is by no means dim9i%$ by _! belief4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,man ,:o ,disbelieves ,"o ,article ( ,fai?1 ,c ,h ,lifeless ,fai? 9 ! ,o!r ,articles8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a h]etic :o disbelieves "o article ( fai?1 c h lifeless fai? 9 ! o!r articles4 ,= ! natural intellect ( a h]etic is n m able ?an t ( a ca?olic4 ,n[ a ca?olic's intellect ne$s ! aid ( ! gift ( fai? 9 ord] to believe any article :atev] ( fai?4 ,!re=e x seems t h]etics _c believe any articles ( fai? )\t ! gift ( lifeless fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z fai? conta9s _m articles1 s does "o sci5ce1 viz4 geometry1 conta9 _m conclusions4 ,n[ a man may possess ! sci5ce ( geometry z to "s geometrical conclusions1 & yet be ignorant ( o!r conclusions4 ,!re=e a man c believe "s articles ( fai? )\t believ+ ! o!rs4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z man obeys ,god 9 believ+ ! articles ( fai?1 s does he also 9 keep+ ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law4 ,n[ a man c obey "s comm&m5ts1 & disobey o!rs4 ,!re=e he c believe "s articles1 & disbelieve o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j z mortal s9 is contr>y to *>ity1 s is disbelief 9 "o article ( fai? contr>y to fai?4 ,n[ *>ity does n rema9 9 a man aft] "o mortal s94 ,!re=e nei!r does fai?1 aft] a man disbelieves "o article4 ,i answ] t1 ,nei!r liv+ nor lifeless fai? rema9s 9 a h]etic :o disbelieves "o article ( fai?4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! species ( e habit dep5ds on ! =mal aspect ( ! object1 )\t :i* ! species ( ! habit _c rema94 ,n[ ! =mal object ( fai? is ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 z manife/$ 9 ,holy ,writ & ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* proce$s f ! ,fir/ ,tru?4 ,consequ5tly :oev] does n adh]e1 z to an infallible & ,div9e rule1 to ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* proce$s f ! ,fir/ ,tru? manife/$ 9 ,holy ,writ1 has n ! habit ( fai?1 b holds t :i* is ( fai? o!rwise ?an by fai?4 ,ev5 s1 x is evid5t t a man ^: m9d holds a conclusion )\t kn[+ h[ x is prov$1 has n sci5tific k1 b m]ely an op9ion ab\t x4 ,n[ x is manife/ t he :o adh]es to ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 z to an infallible rule1 ass5ts to :atev] ! ,*ur* tea*es2 o!rwise1 if1 ( ! ?+s taught by ! ,*ur*1 he holds :at he *ooses to hold1 & rejects :at he *ooses to reject1 he no long] adh]es to ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* z to an infallible rule1 b to 8 own w4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t a h]etic :o ob/9ately disbelieves "o article ( fai?1 is n prep>$ to foll[ ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* 9 all ?+s2 b if he is n ob/9ate1 he is no long] 9 h]esy b only 9 error4 ,!re=e x is cle> t su* a h]etic ) reg>d to "o article has no fai? 9 ! o!r articles1 b only a k9d ( op9ion 9 accordance ) 8 own w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a h]etic does n hold ! o!r articles ( fai?1 ab\t :i* he does n err1 9 ! same way z "o ( ! fai?ful does1 namely by adh]+ simply to ! ,div9e ,tru?1 because 9 ord] to d s1 a man ne$s ! help ( ! habit ( fai?2 b he holds ! ?+s t are ( fai?1 by 8 own w & judgm5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! v>i\s conclusions ( a sci5ce h _! respective means ( demon/ration1 "o ( :i* may be kn[n )\t ano!r1 s t we may "k "s conclusions ( a sci5ce )\t kn[+ ! o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h& fai? adh]es to all ! articles ( fai? by reason ( "o mean1 viz4 on acc\nt ( ! ,fir/ ,tru? propos$ to u 9 ,scriptures1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* :o has ! "r und]/&+ ( !m4 ,h5ce :oev] ab&ons ?is mean is altoge!r lack+ 9 fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! v>i\s precepts ( ! ,law may be ref]r$ ei!r to _! respective proximate motives1 & ?us "o c be kept )\t ano!r2 or to _! prim>y motive1 :i* is p]fect ob$i5ce to ,god1 9 :i* a man fails :5ev] he breaks "o comm&m5t1 accord+ to ,james #b3aj3 ,:osoev] %all 4 4 4 (f5d 9 "o po9t is become guilty ( all4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,fai? ,c ,be ,great] 9 ,"o ,man ,?an 9 ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fai? _c be great] 9 "o man ?an 9 ano!r4 ,= ! quantity ( a habit is tak5 f its object4 ,n[ :oev] has fai? believes ev]y?+ t is ( fai?1 s9ce by fail+ 9 "o po9t1 a man loses 8 fai? altoge!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e x seems t fai? _c be great] 9 "o ?an 9 ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s :i* consi/ 9 some?+ supreme _c be m or less4 ,n[ fai? consi/s 9 some?+ supreme1 because x requires t man %\ld adh]e to ! ,fir/ ,tru? above all ?+s4 ,!re=e fai? _c be m or less4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fai? is to k by grace1 z ! und]/&+ ( pr9ciples is to natural k1 s9ce ! articles ( fai? are ! fir/ pr9ciples ( k by grace1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #g74 ,n[ ! und]/&+ ( pr9ciples is possess$ 9 equal degree by all m54 ,!re=e fai? is possess$ 9 equal degree by all ! fai?ful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:]ev] we f9d great & little1 !re we f9d m or less4 ,n[ 9 ! matt] ( fai? we f9d great & little1 = ,our ,"l said to ,pet] 7,matt4 #ad3ca73 ,o ?\ ( little fai?1 :y did/ ?\ d\bt8 ,& to ! woman he said 7,matt4 #ae3 #bh73 ,o woman1 great is ?y fai?6 ,!re=e fai? c be great] 9 "o ?an 9 ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #d71 ! quantity ( a habit may be consid]$ f two po9ts ( view3 fir/1 on ! "p ( ! object2 secondly1 on ! "p ( its p>ticipation by ! subject4 ,n[ ! object ( fai? may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 respect ( its =mal aspect2 secondly1 9 respect ( ! mat]ial object :i* is propos$ to be believ$4 ,n[ ! =mal object ( fai? is "o & simple1 namely ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce 9 ?is respect !re is no div]sity ( fai? among believ]s1 b x is specifically "o 9 all1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #f74 ,b ! ?+s :i* are propos$ z ! matt] ( our belief are _m & c be receiv$ m or less explicitly2 & 9 ?is respect "o man c believe explicitly m ?+s ?an ano!r1 s t fai? c be great] 9 "o man on acc\nt ( its be+ m explicit4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we consid] fai? f ! po9t ( view ( its p>ticipation by ! subject1 ?is happ5s 9 two ways1 s9ce ! act ( fai? proce$s bo? f ! intellect & f ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #b1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b2 ,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b74 ,consequ5tly a man's fai? may be describ$ z be+ great]1 9 "o way1 on ! "p ( 8 intellect1 on acc\nt ( its great] c]titude & firmness1 &1 9 ano!r way1 on ! "p ( 8 w1 on acc\nt ( 8 great] promptitude1 devotion1 or confid5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a man :o ob/9ately disbelieves a ?+ t is ( fai?1 has n ! habit ( fai?1 & yet he :o does n explicitly believe all1 :ile he is prep>$ to believe all1 has t habit4 ,9 ?is respect1 "o man has great] fai? ?an ano!r1 on ! "p ( ! object1 9 s f> z he believes m ?+s1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is ess5tial to fai? t "o %\ld give ! fir/ place to ! ,fir/ ,tru?4 ,b among ^? :o d ?is1 "s submit to x ) great] c]titude & devotion ?an o!rs2 & 9 ?is way fai? is great] 9 "o ?an 9 ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! und]/&+ ( pr9ciples results f man's v nature1 :i* is equally %>$ by all3 :]eas fai? results f ! gift ( grace1 :i* is n equally 9 all1 z expla9$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #d74 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,nev]!less ! tru? ( pr9ciples is m kn[n to "o ?an to ano!r1 accord+ to ! great] capacity ( intellect4 ,,"q #f ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,fai? 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! cause ( fai?1 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r fai? is infus$ into man by ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r lifeless fai? is a gift ( ,god8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,fai? ,is ,infus$ into ,man by ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fai? is n infus$ into man by ,god4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv7 t sci5ce begets fai? 9 u1 & n\ri%es1 def5ds & /r5g!ns x4 ,n[ ^? ?+s :i* sci5ce begets 9 u seem to be acquir$ r ?an infus$4 ,!re=e fai? does n seem to be 9 u by ,div9e infusion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t to :i* man atta9s by he>+ & see+1 seems to be acquir$ by him4 ,n[ man atta9s to belief1 bo? by see+ miracles1 & by he>+ ! tea*+s ( fai?3 = x is writt5 7,john #d3ec73 ,! fa!r 4 4 4 knew t x 0 at ! same h\r1 t ,jesus said to him1 ,?y son live?2 & himself believ$1 & 8 :ole h\se2 & 7,rom4 #aj3ag7 x is said t fai? is ?r\gh he>+4 ,!re=e man atta9s to fai? by acquir+ x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* dep5ds on a man's w c be acquir$ by him4 ,b fai? dep5ds on ! believ]'s w1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,pra$e/4 ,sanct4 v74 ,!re=e fai? c be acquir$ by man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eph4 #b3h1 #i73 ,by grace y are sav$ ?r\gh fai?1 & t n ( y\rselves 4 4 4 t no man may glory 4 4 4 = x is ! gift ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s are requisite = fai?4 ,fir/1 t ! ?+s :i* are ( fai? %\ld be propos$ to man3 ?is is necess>y 9 ord] t man believe any?+ explicitly4 ,! second ?+ requisite = fai? is ! ass5t ( ! believ] to ! ?+s :i* are propos$ to him4 ,accord+ly1 z reg>ds ! fir/ ( ^!1 fai? mu/ ne$s be f ,god4 ,because ^? ?+s :i* are ( fai? surpass human reason1 h5ce !y d n come to man's k1 unless ,god reveal !m4 ,to "s1 inde$1 !y are reveal$ by ,god imm$iately1 z ^? ?+s :i* 7 reveal$ to ! apo/les & prophets1 :ile to "s !y are propos$ by ,god 9 s5d+ prea*]s ( ! fai?1 accord+ to ,rom4 #aj3ae3 ,h[ %all !y prea*1 unless !y be s5t8 ,z reg>ds ! second1 viz4 man's ass5t to ! ?+s :i* are ( fai?1 we may obs]ve a tw(old cause1 "o ( ext]nal inducem5t1 su* z see+ a miracle1 or be+ p]suad$ by someone to embrace ! fai?3 nei!r ( :i* is a suffici5t cause1 s9ce ( ^? :o see ! same miracle1 or :o he> ! same s]mon1 "s believe1 & "s d n4 ,h5ce we mu/ ass]t ano!r int]nal cause1 :i* moves man inw>dly to ass5t to matt]s ( fai?4 ,! ,pelagians held t ?is cause 0 no?+ else ?an man's free-w3 & consequ5tly !y said t ! beg9n+ ( fai? is f ourselves1 inasmu* z1 to wit1 x is 9 our p[] to be ready to ass5t to ?+s :i* are ( fai?1 b t ! consummation ( fai? is f ,god1 ,:o proposes to u ! ?+s we h to believe4 ,b ?is is false1 =1 s9ce man1 by ass5t+ to matt]s ( fai?1 is rais$ above 8 nature1 ?is mu/ ne$s accrue to him f "s sup]natural pr9ciple mov+ him inw>dly2 & ?is is ,god4 ,!re=e fai?1 z reg>ds ! ass5t :i* is ! *ief act ( fai?1 is f ,god mov+ man inw>dly by grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sci5ce begets & n\ri%es fai?1 by way ( ext]nal p]suasion af=d$ by sci5ce2 b ! *ief & prop] cause ( fai? is t :i* moves man inw>dly to ass5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t aga9 ref]s to ! cause t proposes outw>dly ! ?+s t are ( fai?1 or p]suades man to believe by words or de$s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to believe does inde$ dep5d on ! w ( ! believ]3 b man's w ne$s to be prep>$ by ,god ) grace1 9 ord] t he may be rais$ to ?+s :i* are above 8 nature1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c74 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,lifeless ,fai? ,is a ,gift ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t lifeless fai? is n a gift ( ,god4 ,= x is writt5 7,deut4 #cb3d7 t ! works ( ,god are p]fect4 ,n[ lifeless fai? is some?+ imp]fect4 ,!re=e x is n ! "w ( ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z an act is said to be de=m$ ?r\gh lack+ its due =m1 s too is fai? call$ lifeless 7in=mis7 :5 x lacks ! =m due to x4 ,n[ ! de=m$ act ( s9 is n f ,god1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,!re=e nei!r is lifeless fai? f ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :omsoev] ,god heals1 ,he heals :olly3 = x is writt5 7,john #g3bc73 ,if a man receive circumcision on ! sabba?-day1 t ! law ( ,moses may n be brok52 are y angry at ,me because ,i h heal$ ! :ole man on ! sabba?-day8 ,n[ fai? heals man f unbelief4 ,!re=e :oev] receives f ,god ! gift ( fai?1 is at ! same "t heal$ f all 8 s9s4 ,b ?is is n done except by liv+ fai?4 ,!re=e liv+ fai? alone is a gift ( ,god3 & consequ5tly lifeless fai? is n f ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on #a ,cor4 #ac3b says t ! fai? :i* lacks *>ity is a gift ( ,god4 ,n[ ?is is lifeless fai?4 ,!re=e lifeless fai? is a gift ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,lifelessness is a privation4 ,n[ x mu/ be not$ t privation is sometimes ess5tial to ! species1 :]eas sometimes x is n1 b sup]v5es 9 a ?+ already possess$ ( its prop] species3 ?us privation ( ! due equilibrium ( ! humors is ess5tial to ! species ( sickness1 :ile d>kness is n ess5tial to a diaphan\s body1 b sup]v5es 9 x4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 :5 we assign ! cause ( a ?+1 we int5d to assign ! cause ( t ?+ z exi/+ 9 its prop] species1 x foll[s t :at is n ! cause ( privation1 _c be assign$ z ! cause ( ! ?+ to :i* t privation belongs z be+ ess5tial to its species4 ,= we _c assign z ! cause ( a sickness1 some?+ :i* is n ! cause ( a di/urbance 9 ! humors3 ?\gh we c assign z cause ( a diaphan\s body1 some?+ :i* is n ! cause ( ! d>kness1 :i* is n ess5tial to ! diaphan\s body4 ,n[ ! lifelessness ( fai? is n ess5tial to ! species ( fai?1 s9ce fai? is said to be lifeless ?r\gh lack ( an extr9sic =m1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #d74 ,consequ5tly ! cause ( lifeless fai? is t :i* is ! cause ( fai? /rictly s call$3 & ?is is ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t lifeless fai? is a gift ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,lifeless fai?1 ?\gh x is n simply p]fect ) ! p]fection ( a virtue1 is1 nev]!less1 p]fect ) a p]fection t suffices = ! ess5tial notion ( fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! de=mity ( an act is ess5tial to ! act's species1 consid]$ z a moral act1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #e73 = an act is said to be de=m$ ?r\gh be+ depriv$ ( an intr9sic =m1 viz4 ! due comm5suration ( ! act's circum/ances4 ,h5ce we _c say t ,god is ! cause ( a de=m$ act1 = ,he is n ! cause ( its de=mity1 ?\gh ,he is ! cause ( ! act z su*4 ,we may also reply t de=mity d5otes n only privation ( a due =m1 b also a contr>y disposition1 :]e=e de=mity is comp>$ to ! act1 z falsehood is to fai?4 ,h5ce1 j z ! de=m$ act is n f ,god1 s nei!r is a false fai?2 & z lifeless fai? is f ,god1 s too1 acts t are good g5]ically1 ?\gh n quick5$ by *>ity1 z is frequ5tly ! case 9 s9n]s1 are f ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he :o receives fai? f ,god )\t *>ity1 is heal$ f unbelief1 n entirely 7because ! s9 ( 8 previ\s unbelief is n remov$7 b 9 "p1 namely1 9 ! po9t ( ceas+ f committ+ su* & su* a s94 ,?us x happ5s frequ5tly t a man desi/s f "o act ( s91 ?r\gh ,god caus+ him ?us to desi/1 )\t desi/+ f ano!r act ( s91 ?r\gh ! in/igation ( 8 own malice4 ,& 9 ?is way sometimes x is grant$ by ,god to a man to believe1 & yet he is n grant$ ! gift ( *>ity3 ev5 s ! gift ( prophecy1 or ! l1 is giv5 to "s )\t *>ity4 ,,"q #g ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,fai? 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! effects ( fai?3 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r fe> is an effect ( fai?8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! he>t is purifi$ by fai?8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #g1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,fe> ,is an ,effect ( ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fe> is n an effect ( fai?4 ,= an effect does n prec$e its cause4 ,n[ fe> prec$es fai?3 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #b3h73 ,ye t fe> ! ,"l1 believe 9 ,him4 ,!re=e fe> is n an effect ( fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ is n ! cause ( contr>ies4 ,n[ fe> & hope are contr>ies1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #b73 & fai? begets hope1 z a gloss obs]ves on ,matt4 #a3b4 ,!re=e fe> is n an effect ( fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o contr>y does n cause ano!r4 ,n[ ! object ( fai? is a good1 :i* is ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 :ile ! object ( fe> is an evil1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #db1 ,a4 #a74 ,aga91 acts take _! species f ! object1 accord+ to :at 0 /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e fai? is n a cause ( fe>4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,james #b3ai73 ,! devils 4 4 4 believe & tremble4 ,i answ] t1 ,fe> is a movem5t ( ! appetitive p[]1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #da1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( all appetitive movem5ts is ! good or evil appreh5d$3 & consequ5tly ! pr9ciple ( fe> & ( e appetitive movem5t mu/ be an appreh5sion4 ,aga91 ?r\gh fai? !re arises 9 u an appreh5sion ( c]ta9 p5al evils1 :i* are inflict$ 9 accordance ) ! ,div9e judgm5t4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 fai? is a cause ( ! fe> :]eby "o dreads to be puni%$ by ,god2 & ?is is s]vile fe>4 ,x is also ! cause ( filial fe>1 :]eby "o dreads to be sep>at$ f ,god1 or :]eby "o %r9ks f equall+ oneself to ,him1 & holds ,him 9 rev]5ce1 inasmu* z fai? makes u appreciate ,god z an unfa?omable & supreme good1 sep>ation f :i* is ! greate/ evil1 & to :i* x is wick$ to wi% to be equall$4 ,( ! fir/ fe>1 viz4 s]vile fe>1 lifeless fai? is ! cause1 :ile liv+ fai? is ! cause ( ! second1 viz4 filial fe>1 because x makes man adh]e to ,god & to be subject to ,him by *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fe> ( ,god _c altoge!r prec$e fai?1 because if we knew no?+ at all ab\t ,him1 ) reg>d to rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 conc]n+ :i* fai? tea*es u1 we %\ld n[ise fe> ,him4 ,if1 h[ev]1 fai? be presuppos$ 9 ref]5ce to c]ta9 articles ( fai?1 = example ! ,div9e excell5ce1 !n rev]5tial fe> foll[s1 ! result ( :i* is t man submits 8 intellect to ,god1 s z to believe 9 all ! ,div9e promises4 ,h5ce ! text quot$ cont9ues3 ,& y\r rew>d %all n be made void4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! same ?+ 9 respect ( contr>ies c be ! cause ( contr>ies1 b n "u ! same aspect4 ,n[ fai? begets hope1 9 s f> z x enables u to appreciate ! prize :i* ,god aw>ds to ! j1 :ile x is ! cause ( fe>1 9 s f> z x makes u appreciate ! puni%m5ts :i* ,he int5ds to inflict on s9n]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! prim>y & =mal object ( fai? is ! good :i* is ! ,fir/ ,tru?2 b ! mat]ial object ( fai? includes also c]ta9 evils2 = in/ance1 t x is an evil ei!r n to submit to ,god1 or to be sep>at$ f ,him1 & t s9n]s w suff] p5al evils f ,god3 9 ?is way fai? c be ! cause ( fe>4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #g1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,fai? ,has ! ,effect ( ,purify+ ! ,he>t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fai? does n purify ! he>t4 ,= purity ( ! he>t p]ta9s *iefly to ! affections1 :]eas fai? is 9 ! intellect4 ,!re=e fai? has n ! effect ( purify+ ! he>t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* purifies ! he>t is incompatible ) impurity4 ,b fai? is compatible ) ! impurity ( s91 z may be se5 9 ^? :o h lifeless fai?4 ,!re=e fai? does n purify ! he>t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if fai? 7 to purify ! human he>t 9 any way1 x w\ld *iefly purify ! intellect ( man4 ,n[ x does n purify ! intellect f obscurity1 s9ce x is a veil$ k4 ,!re=e fai? n[ise purifies ! he>t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,pet] said 7,acts #ae3i73 ,purify+ _! he>ts by fai?4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ is impure ?r\gh be+ mix$ ) bas] ?+s3 = silv] is n call$ impure1 :5 mix$ ) gold1 :i* bett]s x1 b :5 mix$ ) lead or t94 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! rational creature is m excell5t ?an all transi5t & corporeal creatures2 s t x becomes impure ?r\gh subject+ itself to transi5t ?+s by lov+ !m4 ,f ?is impurity ! rational creature is purifi$ by means ( a contr>y movem5t1 namely1 by t5d+ to t :i* is above x1 viz4 ,god4 ,! fir/ beg9n+ ( ?is movem5t is fai?3 s9ce he t come? to ,god mu/ believe t ,he is1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aa3f4 ,h5ce ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ! he>t's purify+ is fai?2 & if ?is be p]fect$ ?r\gh be+ quick5$ by *>ity1 ! he>t w be p]fectly purifi$ !reby4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?+s t are 9 ! intellect are ! pr9ciples ( ^? :i* are 9 ! appetite1 9 s f> z ! appreh5d$ good moves ! appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 lifeless fai? excludes a c]ta9 impurity :i* is contr>y to x1 viz4 t ( error1 & :i* consi/s 9 ! human intellect1 adh]+ inord9ately to ?+s bel[ itself1 ?r\gh wi%+ to measure ,div9e ?+s by ! rule ( s5sible objects4 ,b :5 x is quick5$ by *>ity1 !n x is incompatible ) any k9d ( impurity1 because *>ity cov]e? all s9s 7,prov4 #aj3ab74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! obscurity ( fai? does n p]ta9 to ! impurity ( s91 b r to ! natural defect ( ! human intellect1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( life4 ,,"q #h ,,( ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,und]/&+ 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! gifts ( und]/&+ & k1 :i* respond to ! virtue ( fai?4 ,) reg>d to ! gift ( und]/&+ !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r und]/&+ is a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 7#b7 ,:e!r x c be toge!r ) fai? 9 ! same p]son8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! und]/&+ :i* is a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 is only speculative1 or practical also8 7#d7 ,:e!r all :o are 9 a /ate ( grace h ! gift ( und]/&+8 7#e7 ,:e!r ?is gift is to be f\nd 9 ^? :o are )\t grace8 7#f7 ,( ! relation%ip ( ! gift ( und]/&+ to ! o!r gifts4 7#g7 ,:i* ( ! beatitudes corresponds to ?is gift8 7#h7 ,:i* ( ! fruits8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,und]/&+ ,is a ,gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t und]/&+ is n a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= ! gifts ( grace are di/9ct f ! gifts ( nature1 s9ce !y are giv5 9 addition to ! latt]4 ,n[ und]/&+ is a natural habit ( ! s\l1 :]eby self-evid5t pr9ciples are kn[n1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #f4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be reckon$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,div9e gifts are %>$ by creatures accord+ to _! capacity & mode1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,n[ ! mode ( human nature is to "k ! tru?1 n simply 7:i* is a sign ( und]/&+71 b discursively 7:i* is a sign ( reason71 z ,dionysius expla9s 7,div4 ,nom4 vii74 ,!re=e ! ,div9e k :i* is be/[$ on man1 %\ld be call$ a gift ( reason r ?an a gift ( und]/&+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! p[]s ( ! s\l ! und]/&+ is condivid$ ) ! w 7,de ,anima iii1 #i1 #aj74 ,n[ no gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is call$ aft] ! w4 ,!re=e no gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ %\ld receive ! "n ( und]/&+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,isa4 #aa3b73 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l %all re/ ^u him1 ! ,_s ( wisdom ( und]/&+4 ,i answ] t1 ,und]/&+ implies an intimate k1 = intellig]e to und]/& is ! same z intus leg]e to read inw>dly4 ,?is is cle> to anyone :o consid]s ! diff]5ce betwe5 intellect & s5se1 because s5sitive k is conc]n$ ) ext]nal s5sible qualities1 :]eas intellective k p5etrates into ! v ess5ce ( a ?+1 because ! object ( ! intellect is :at a ?+ is1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #f4 ,n[ !re are _m k9ds ( ?+s t are hidd5 )91 to f9d :i* human k has to p5etrate )9 s to speak4 ,?us1 "u ! accid5ts lies hidd5 ! nature ( ! sub/antial reality1 "u words lies hidd5 _! mean+2 "u lik5esses & figures ! tru? !y d5ote lies hidd5 7because ! intelligible _w is enclos$ )9 z comp>$ ) ! s5sible _w1 :i* is p]ceiv$ ext]nally71 & effects lie hidd5 9 _! causes1 & vice v]sa4 ,h5ce we may speak ( und]/&+ ) reg>d to all ^! ?+s4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 human k beg9s ) ! outside ( ?+s z x 71 x is evid5t t ! /rong] ! light ( ! und]/&+1 ! fur!r c x p5etrate into ! he>t ( ?+s4 ,n[ ! natural light ( our und]/&+ is ( f9ite p[]2 :]e=e x c rea* to a c]ta9 fix$ po9t4 ,consequ5tly man ne$s a sup]natural light 9 ord] to p5etrate fur!r /ill s z to "k :at x _c "k by its natural light3 & ?is sup]natural light :i* is be/[$ on man is call$ ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! natural light in/ill$ )9 u1 manife/s only c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* are kn[n naturally4 ,b s9ce man is orda9$ to sup]natural happ9ess1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #b1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h71 man ne$s to rea* to c]ta9 high] tru?s1 = :i* he requires ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! disc\rse ( reason always beg9s f an und]/&+ & ends at an und]/&+2 because we reason by proce$+ f c]ta9 und]/ood pr9ciples1 & ! disc\rse ( reason is p]fect$ :5 we come to und]/& :at hi!rto we ignor$4 ,h5ce ! act ( reason+ proce$s f some?+ previ\sly und]/ood4 ,n[ a gift ( grace does n proce$ f ! light ( nature1 b is add$ !reto z p]fect+ x4 ,:]e=e ?is addition is n call$ reason b und]/&+1 s9ce ! additional light is 9 comp>ison ) :at we "k sup]naturally1 :at ! natural light is 9 reg>d to ^? ?+s :i* we "k f ! fir/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,w d5otes simply a movem5t ( ! appetite )\t indicat+ any excell5ce2 :]eas und]/&+ d5otes a c]ta9 excell5ce ( a k t p5etrates into ! he>t ( ?+s4 ,h5ce ! sup]natural gift is call$ aft] ! und]/&+ r ?an aft] ! w4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+ ,is ,compatible ) ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gift ( und]/&+ is incompatible ) fai?4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #ae7 t ! ?+ :i* is und]/ood is b\nd$ by ! compreh5sion ( him :o und]/&s x4 ,b ! ?+ :i* is believ$ is n compreh5d$1 accord+ to ! ^w ( ! ,apo/le to ! ,philippians #c3ab3 ,n z ?\gh ,i _h already compreh5d$ ,d\ay3 'atta9$'1 or 7 already p]fect4 ,!re=e x seems t fai? & und]/&+ are incompatible 9 ! same subject4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is und]/ood is se5 by ! und]/&+4 ,b fai? is ( ?+s t appe> n1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #d1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e fai? is incompatible ) und]/&+ 9 ! same subject4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 und]/&+ is m c]ta9 ?an sci5ce4 ,b sci5ce & fai? are incompatible 9 ! same subject1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e74 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 c und]/&+ & fai? be 9 ! same subject4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 i1 #ae7 t und]/&+ enlight5s ! m9d conc]n+ ! ?+s x has he>d4 ,n[ "o :o has fai? c be enlight5$ 9 8 m9d conc]n+ :at he has he>d2 ?us x is writt5 7,luke #bd3bg1 #cb7 t ,our ,"l op5$ ! scriptures to ,8 disciples1 t !y might und]/& !m4 ,!re=e und]/&+ is compatible ) fai?4 ,i answ] t1 ,we ne$ to make a tw(old di/9ction "h3 "o on ! side ( fai?1 ! o!r on ! "p ( und]/&+4 ,on ! side ( fai? ! di/9ction to be made is t c]ta9 ?+s1 ( !mselves1 come directly "u fai?1 su* z ! my/]y to ?ree ,p]sons 9 "o ,god1 & ! inc>nation ( ,god ! ,son2 :]eas o!r ?+s come "u fai?1 ?r\gh be+ subord9ate1 9 "o way or ano!r1 to ^? j m5tion$1 = in/ance1 all t is conta9$ 9 ! ,div9e ,scriptures4 ,on ! "p ( und]/&+ ! di/9ction to be obs]v$ is t !re are two ways 9 :i* we may be said to und]/&4 ,9 "o way1 we und]/& a ?+ p]fectly1 :5 we arrive at kn[+ ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ we und]/&1 & ! v tru? consid]$ 9 itself ( ! proposition und]/ood4 ,9 ?is way1 s long z ! /ate ( fai? la/s1 we _c und]/& ^? ?+s :i* are ! direct object ( fai?3 al?\gh c]ta9 o!r ?+s t are subord9ate to fai? c be und]/ood ev5 9 ?is way4 ,9 ano!r way we und]/& a ?+ imp]fectly1 :5 ! ess5ce ( a ?+ or ! tru? ( a proposition is n kn[n z to its quiddity or mode ( be+1 & yet we "k t :atev] be ! outw>d appe>ances1 !y d n contradict ! tru?1 9 s f> z we und]/& t we ought n to dep>t f matt]s ( fai?1 = ! sake ( ?+s t appe> ext]nally4 ,9 ?is way1 ev5 dur+ ! /ate ( fai?1 no?+ h9d]s u f und]/&+ ev5 ^? ?+s :i* are ! direct object ( fai?4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections3 = ! fir/ ?ree argue 9 ref]5ce to p]fect und]/&+1 :ile ! la/ ref]s to ! und]/&+ ( matt]s subord9ate to fai?4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+ ,is ,m]ely ,speculative or ,also ,practical8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t und]/&+1 consid]$ z a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 is n practical1 b only speculative4 ,=1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 i1 #cb71 und]/&+ p5etrates c]ta9 m exalt$ ?+s4 ,b ! practical intellect is occupi$1 n ) exalt$1 b ) inf]ior ?+s1 viz4 s+ul>s1 ab\t :i* actions are conc]n$4 ,!re=e und]/&+1 consid]$ z a gift1 is n practical4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! gift ( und]/&+ is some?+ m excell5t ?an ! intellectual virtue ( und]/&+4 ,b ! intellectual virtue ( und]/&+ is conc]n$ ) none b necess>y ?+s1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #f74 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 is ! gift ( und]/&+ conc]n$ ) none b necess>y matt]s4 ,n[ ! practical intellect is n ab\t necess>y ?+s1 b ab\t ?+s :i* may be o!rwise ?an !y are1 & :i* may result f man's activity4 ,!re=e ! gift ( und]/&+ is n practical4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! gift ( und]/&+ enlight5s ! m9d 9 matt]s :i* surpass natural reason4 ,n[ human activities1 ) :i* ! practical intellect is conc]n$1 d n surpass natural reason1 :i* is ! direct+ pr9ciple 9 matt]s ( action1 z 0 made cle> above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e ! gift ( und]/&+ is n practical4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #aaj3aj73 ,a good und]/&+ to all t d x4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! gift ( und]/&+ is n only ab\t ^? ?+s :i* come "u fai? fir/ & pr9cipally1 b also ab\t all ?+s subord9ate to fai?4 ,n[ good actions h a c]ta9 relation%ip to fai?3 s9ce fai? worke? ?r\gh *>ity1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,gal4 #e3f74 ,h5ce ! gift ( und]/&+ ext5ds also to c]ta9 actions1 n z ?\gh ^! 7 its pr9cipal object1 b 9 s f> z ! rule ( our actions is ! et]nal law1 to :i* ! high] reason1 :i* is p]fect$ by ! gift ( und]/&+1 adh]es by contemplat+ & consult+ x1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #g74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ?+s ) :i* human actions are conc]n$ are n surpass+ly exalt$ consid]$ 9 !mselves1 b1 z ref]r$ to ! rule ( ! et]nal law1 & to ! end ( ,div9e happ9ess1 !y are exalt$ s t !y c be ! matt] ( und]/&+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! excell5ce ( ! gift ( und]/&+ consi/s precisely 9 its consid]+ et]nal or necess>y matt]s1 n only z !y are rules ( human actions1 because a cognitive virtue is ! m excell5t1 accord+ to ! great] ext5t ( its object4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! rule ( human actions is ! human reason & ! et]nal law1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f74 ,n[ ! et]nal law surpasses human reason3 s t ! k ( human actions1 z rul$ by ! et]nal law1 surpasses ! natural reason1 & requires ! sup]natural light ( a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+ ,is 9 ,all ,:o ,are 9 a ,/ate ( ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gift ( und]/&+ is n 9 all :o are 9 a /ate ( grace4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii1 #di7 t ! gift ( und]/&+ is giv5 z a rem$y aga9/ dulness ( m9d4 ,n[ _m :o are 9 a /ate ( grace suff] f dulness ( m9d4 ,!re=e ! gift ( und]/&+ is n 9 all :o are 9 a /ate ( grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ( all ! ?+s t are connect$ ) k1 fai? alone seems to be necess>y = salvation1 s9ce by fai? ,*ri/ dwells 9 our he>ts1 accord+ to ,eph4 #c3ag4 ,n[ ! gift ( und]/&+ is n 9 ev]yone t has fai?2 inde$1 ^? :o h fai? ought to pray t !y may und]/&1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #bg74 ,!re=e ! gift ( und]/&+ is n necess>y = salvation3 &1 consequ5tly1 is n 9 all :o are 9 a /ate ( grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s :i* are common to all :o are 9 a /ate ( grace1 are nev] )drawn f !m4 ,n[ ! grace ( und]/&+ & ( ! o!r gifts sometimes )draws itself pr(itably1 =1 at times1 :5 ! m9d is puff$ up ) und]/&+ sublime ?+s1 x becomes sluggi% & dull 9 base & vile ?+s1 z ,gregory obs]ves 7,moral4 ii1 #di74 ,!re=e ! gift ( und]/&+ is n 9 all :o are 9 a /ate ( grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ha3e73 ,!y h n kn[n or und]/ood1 !y walk on 9 d>kness4 ,b no "o :o is 9 a /ate ( grace walks 9 d>kness1 accord+ to ,john #h3ab3 ,he t foll[e? ,me1 walke? n 9 d>kness4 ,!re=e no "o :o is 9 a /ate ( grace is )\t ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 all :o are 9 a /ate ( grace1 !re mu/ ne$s be rectitude ( ! w1 s9ce grace prep>es man's w = good1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,contra ,julian4 ,pelag4 iv1 #c74 ,n[ ! w _c be rightly direct$ to good1 unless !re be already "s k ( ! tru?1 s9ce ! object ( ! w is good und]/ood1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii1 #g4 ,aga91 j z ! ,holy ,gho/ directs man's w by ! gift ( *>ity1 s z to move x directly to "s sup]natural good2 s also1 by ! gift ( und]/&+1 ,he enlight5s ! human m9d1 s t x kn[s "s sup]natural tru?1 to :i* ! "r w ne$s to t5d4 ,!re=e1 j z ! gift ( *>ity is 9 all ( ^? :o h sanctify+ grace1 s also is ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s :o h sanctify+ grace may suff] dulness ( m9d ) reg>d to ?+s t are n necess>y = salvation2 b ) reg>d to ^? t are necess>y = salvation1 !y are suffici5tly in/ruct$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 accord+ to #a ,john #b3bg3 ,8 unction tea*e? y ( all ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh n all :o h fai? und]/& fully ! ?+s t are propos$ to be believ$1 yet !y und]/& t !y ought to believe !m1 & t !y ought n[ise to deviate f !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,) reg>d to ?+s necess>y = salvation1 ! gift ( und]/&+ nev] )draws f holy p]sons3 b1 9 ord] t !y may h no inc5tive to pride1 x does )draw sometimes ) reg>d to o!r ?+s1 s t _! m9d is unable to p5etrate all ?+s cle>ly4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+ ,is ,f\nd ,also 9 ,^? ,:o ,h ,n ,sanctify+ ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gift ( und]/&+ is f\nd also 9 ^? :o h n sanctify+ grace4 ,= ,augu/9e1 9 exp\nd+ ! words ( ,ps4 #aah3bj3 ,my s\l ha? covet$ to long = ,?y ju/ifications1 says3 ,und]/&+ flies ahead1 & man's w is weak & sl[ to foll[4 ,b 9 all :o h sanctify+ grace1 ! w is prompt on acc\nt ( *>ity4 ,!re=e ! gift ( und]/&+ c be 9 ^? :o h n sanctify+ grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,dan4 #aj3a7 t !re is ne$ ( und]/&+ 9 a prophetic vision1 s t1 seem+ly1 !re is no prophecy )\t ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,b !re c be prophecy )\t sanctify+ grace1 z evid5c$ by ,matt4 #g3bb1 :]e ^? :o say3 ,we h prophesi$ 9 ,?y "n 99,vulg43 ',h we n prophesi$ 9 ,?y "n8'1 are answ]$ ) ! words3 ,i nev] knew y4 ,!re=e ! gift ( und]/&+ c be )\t sanctify+ grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! gift ( und]/&+ responds to ! virtue ( fai?1 accord+ to ,isa4 #g3i1 foll[+ ano!r read+ 99,! ,septuag9t3 ,if y w n believe y %all n und]/&4 ,n[ fai? c be )\t sanctify+ grace4 ,!re=e ! gift ( und]/&+ c be )\t x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,john #f3de73 ,e "o t ha? he>d ( ! ,fa!r1 & ha? le>n$1 come? to ,me4 ,n[ x is by ! intellect1 z ,gregory obs]ves 7,moral4 i1 #cb71 t we le>n or und]/& :at we he>4 ,!re=e :oev] has ! gift ( und]/&+1 come? to ,*ri/1 :i* is impossible )\t sanctify+ grace4 ,!re=e ! gift ( und]/&+ _c be )\t sanctify+ grace4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b7 ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ p]fect ! s\l1 accord+ z x is am5able to ! motion ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,accord+ly !n1 ! intellectual light ( grace is call$ ! gift ( und]/&+1 9 s f> z man's und]/&+ is easily mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! consid]ation ( :i* movem5t dep5ds on a true appreh5sion ( ! end4 ,:]e=e unless ! human intellect be mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ s f> z to h a "r e/imate ( ! end1 x has n yet obta9$ ! gift ( und]/&+1 h[ev] mu* ! ,holy ,gho/ may h enlight5$ x 9 reg>d to o!r tru?s t are preambles to ! fai?4 ,n[ to h a "r e/imate ab\t ! la/ end "o mu/ n be 9 error ab\t ! end1 & mu/ adh]e to x firmly z to ! greate/ good3 & no "o c d ?is )\t sanctify+ grace2 ev5 z 9 moral matt]s a man has a "r e/imate ab\t ! end ?r\gh a habit ( virtue4 ,!re=e no "o has ! gift ( und]/&+ )\t sanctify+ grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by und]/&+ ,augu/9e means any k9d ( intellectual light1 t1 h[ev]1 does n fulfil all ! conditions ( a gift1 unless ! m9d ( man be s f> p]fect$ z to h a "r e/imate ab\t ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! und]/&+ t is requisite = prophecy1 is a k9d ( enlight5m5t ( ! m9d ) reg>d to ! ?+s reveal$ to ! prophet3 b x is n an enlight5m5t ( ! m9d ) reg>d to a "r e/imate ab\t ! la/ end1 :i* belongs to ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,fai? implies m]ely ass5t to :at is propos$ b und]/&+ implies a c]ta9 p]ception ( ! tru?1 :i* p]ception1 except 9 "o :o has sanctify+ grace1 _c reg>d ! end1 z /at$ above4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails betwe5 und]/&+ & fai?4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+ ,is ,di/9ct f ! ,o!r ,gifts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gift ( und]/&+ is n di/9ct f ! o!r gifts4 ,= !re is no di/9ction betwe5 ?+s ^: opposites are n di/9ct4 ,n[ wisdom is contr>y to folly1 und]/&+ is contr>y to dulness1 c\nsel is contr>y to ra%ness1 k is contr>y to ignorance1 z ,gregory /ates 7,moral4 ii1 #di74 ,b !re w\ld seem to be no diff]5ce betwe5 folly1 dulness1 ignorance & ra%ness4 ,!re=e nei!r does und]/&+ diff] f ! o!r gifts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! intellectual virtue ( und]/&+ diff]s f ! o!r intellectual virtues 9 t x is prop] to x to be ab\t self-evid5t pr9ciples4 ,b ! gift ( und]/&+ is n ab\t any self-evid5t pr9ciples1 s9ce ! natural habit ( fir/ pr9ciples suffices 9 respect ( ^? matt]s :i* are naturally self-evid5t3 :ile fai? is suffici5t 9 respect ( su* ?+s z are sup]natural1 s9ce ! articles ( fai? are l fir/ pr9ciples 9 sup]natural k1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #g74 ,!re=e ! gift ( und]/&+ does n diff] f ! o!r intellectual gifts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all intellectual k is ei!r speculative or practical4 ,n[ ! gift ( und]/&+ is relat$ to bo?1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e x is n di/9ct f ! o!r intellectual gifts1 b comprises !m all4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:5 sev]al ?+s are enum]at$ toge!r !y mu/ be1 9 "s way1 di/9ct f "o ano!r1 because di/9ction is ! orig9 ( numb]4 ,n[ ! gift ( und]/&+ is enum]at$ toge!r ) ! o!r gifts1 z appe>s f ,isa4 #aa3b4 ,!re=e ! gift ( und]/&+ is di/9ct f ! o!r gifts4 ,i answ] t1 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! gift ( und]/&+ & ?ree ( ! o!rs1 viz4 piety1 =titude1 & fe>1 is evid5t1 s9ce ! gift ( und]/&+ belongs to ! cognitive p[]1 :ile ! ?ree belong to ! appetitive p[]4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is gift ( und]/&+ & ! rema9+ ?ree1 viz4 wisdom1 k1 & c\nsel1 :i* also belong to ! cognitive p[]1 is n s evid5t4 ,to "s 99,william ( ,aux]re1 ,sum4 ,aur4 ,,iii1 iii1 #h1 x seems t ! gift ( und]/&+ diff]s f ! gifts ( k & c\nsel1 9 t ^! two belong to practical k1 :ile ! gift ( und]/&+ belongs to speculative k2 & t x diff]s f ! gift ( wisdom1 :i* also belongs to speculative k1 9 t wisdom is conc]n$ ) judgm5t1 :ile und]/&+ r5d]s ! m9d apt to grasp ! ?+s t are propos$1 & to p5etrate into _! v he>t4 ,& 9 ?is s5se we h assign$ ! numb] ( ! gifts1 above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #d74 ,b if we consid] ! matt] c>efully1 ! gift ( und]/&+ is conc]n$ n only ) speculative1 b also ) practical matt]s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 & likewise1 ! gift ( k reg>ds bo? matt]s1 z we %all %[ fur!r on 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #c71 & consequ5tly1 we mu/ take _! di/9ction 9 "s o!r way4 ,= all ^! f\r gifts are orda9$ to sup]natural k1 :i*1 9 u1 takes its f\ndation f fai?4 ,n[ fai? is ?r\gh he>+ 7,rom4 #aj3ag74 ,h5ce "s ?+s mu/ be propos$ to be believ$ by man1 n z se51 b z he>d1 to :i* he ass5ts by fai?4 ,b fai?1 fir/ & pr9cipally1 is ab\t ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 second>ily1 ab\t c]ta9 consid]ations conc]n+ creatures1 & fur!rmore ext5ds to ! direction ( human actions1 9 s f> z x works ?r\gh *>ity1 z appe>s f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c74 ,accord+ly on ! "p ( ! ?+s propos$ to fai? = belief1 two ?+s are requisite on our "p3 fir/ t !y be p5etrat$ or grasp$ by ! intellect1 & ?is belongs to ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,secondly1 x is necess>y t man %\ld judge ^! ?+s aright1 t he %\ld e/eem t he ought to adh]e to ^! ?+s1 & to )draw f _! opposites3 & ?is judgm5t1 ) reg>d to ,div9e ?+s belong to ! gift ( wisdom1 b ) reg>d to creat$ ?+s1 belongs to ! gift ( k1 & z to its application to individual actions1 belongs to ! gift ( c\nsel4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! =ego+ diff]5ce betwe5 ^? f\r gifts is cle>ly 9 agreem5t ) ! di/9ction ( ^? ?+s :i* ,gregory assigns z _! opposites4 ,= dulness is contr>y to %>pness1 s9ce an intellect is said1 by comp>ison1 to be %>p1 :5 x is able to p5etrate into ! he>t ( ! ?+s t are propos$ to x4 ,h5ce x is dulness ( m9d t r5d]s ! m9d unable to pi]ce into ! he>t ( a ?+4 ,a man is said to be a fool if he judges wrongly ab\t ! common end ( life1 :]e=e folly is prop]ly oppos$ to wisdom1 :i* makes u judge aright ab\t ! univ]sal cause4 ,ignorance implies a defect 9 ! m9d1 ev5 ab\t any p>ticul> ?+s :atev]1 s t x is contr>y to k1 :i* gives man a "r judgm5t ab\t p>ticul> causes1 viz4 ab\t creatures4 ,ra%ness is cle>ly oppos$ to c\nsel1 :]eby man does n proce$ to action be=e delib]at+ ) 8 reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! gift ( und]/&+ is ab\t ! fir/ pr9ciples ( t k :i* is conf]r$ by grace2 b o!rwise ?an fai?1 because x belongs to fai? to ass5t to !m1 :ile x belongs to ! gift ( und]/&+ to pi]ce ) ! m9d ! ?+s t are said4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! gift ( und]/&+ is relat$ to bo? k9ds ( k1 viz4 speculative & practical1 n z to ! judgm5t1 b z to appreh5sion1 by grasp+ :at is said4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,six? ,beatitude1 ,bless$ ,are ! ,clean ( ,he>t1 etc41 ,responds to ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! six? beatitude1 ,bless$ are ! clean ( he>t1 = !y %all see ,god1 does n respond to ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,because cleanness ( he>t seems to belong *iefly to ! appetite4 ,b ! gift ( und]/&+ belongs1 n to ! appetite1 b r to ! intellectual p[]4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid beatitude does n respond to ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,acts #ae3i73 ,purify+ _! he>ts by fai?4 ,n[ cleanness ( he>t is acquir$ by ! he>t be+ purifi$4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid beatitude is relat$ to ! virtue ( fai? r ?an to ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ p]fect man 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life4 ,b ! sight ( ,god does n belong to ! pres5t life1 s9ce x is t :i* gives happ9ess to ! ,bless$1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e ! six? beatitude :i* comprises ! sight ( ,god1 does n respond to ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #d73 ,! six? "w ( ! ,holy ,gho/ :i* is und]/&+1 is applicable to ! clean ( he>t1 ^: eye be+ purifi$1 !y c see :at eye ha? n se54 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s are conta9$ 9 ! six? beatitude1 z also 9 ! o!rs1 "o by way ( m]it1 viz4 cleanness ( he>t2 ! o!r by way ( rew>d1 viz4 ! sight ( ,god1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d71 & ea* ( ^!1 9 "s way1 responds to ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,= cleanness is tw(old4 ,"o is a preamble & a disposition to see+ ,god1 & consi/s 9 ! he>t be+ cleans$ ( inord9ate affections3 & ?is cleanness ( he>t is effect$ by ! virtues & gifts belong+ to ! appetitive p[]4 ,! o!r cleanness ( he>t is a k9d ( complem5t to ! sight ( ,god2 su* is ! cleanness ( ! m9d t is purg$ ( phantasms & errors1 s z to receive ! tru?s :i* are propos$ to x ab\t ,god1 no long] by way ( corporeal phantasms1 nor infect$ ) h]etical misrepres5tations3 & ?is cleanness is ! result ( ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,aga91 ! sight ( ,god is tw(old4 ,"o is p]fect1 :]eby ,god's ,ess5ce is se53 ! o!r is imp]fect1 :]eby1 ?\gh we see n :at ,god is1 yet we see :at ,he is n2 & :]eby1 ! m p]fectly d we "k ,god 9 ?is life1 ! m we und]/& t ,he surpasses all t ! m9d compreh5ds4 ,ea* ( ^! visions ( ,god belongs to ! gift ( und]/&+2 ! fir/1 to ! gift ( und]/&+ 9 its /ate ( p]fection1 z possess$ 9 heav52 ! second1 to ! gift ( und]/&+ 9 its /ate ( in*oation1 z possess$ by wayf>]s4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections3 = ! fir/ two argum5ts ref] to ! fir/ k9d ( cleanness2 :ile ! ?ird ref]s to ! p]fect vision ( ,god4 ,moreov] ! gifts bo? p]fect u 9 ?is life by way ( in*oation1 & w be fulfill$1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,a4 #b74 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #h1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,fai?1 ,among ! ,fruits1 ,responds to ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t1 among ! fruits1 fai? does n respond to ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,= und]/&+ is ! fruit ( fai?1 s9ce x is writt5 7,isa4 #g3i7 accord+ to ano!r read+ 99,! ,septuag9t3 ,if y w n believe y %all n und]/&1 :]e our v]sion has3 ,if y w n believe1 y %all n cont9ue4 ,!re=e fruit is n ! fruit ( und]/&+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* prec$es is n ! fruit ( :at foll[s4 ,b fai? seems to prec$e und]/&+1 s9ce x is ! f\ndation ( ! entire spiritual edifice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #d1 ,,aa4 #a1 #g74 ,!re=e fai? is n ! fruit ( und]/&+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 m gifts p]ta9 to ! intellect ?an to ! appetite4 ,n[1 among ! fruits1 only "o p]ta9s to ! intellect2 namely1 fai?1 :ile all ! o!rs p]ta9 to ! appetite4 ,!re=e fai?1 seem+ly1 does n p]ta9 to und]/&+ m ?an to wisdom1 k or c\nsel4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! end ( a ?+ is its fruit4 ,n[ ! gift ( und]/&+ seems to be orda9$ *iefly to ! c]titude ( fai?1 :i* c]titude is reckon$ a fruit4 ,= a gloss on ,gal4 #e3bb says t ! fai? :i* is a fruit1 is c]titude ab\t ! unse54 ,!re=e fai?1 among ! fruits1 responds to ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,i answ] t1 ,! fruits ( ! ,_s1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gj1 ,a4 #a71 :5 we 7 discuss+ !m1 are s call$ because !y are some?+ ultimate & delightful1 produc$ 9 u by ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ ! ultimate & delightful has ! nature ( an end1 :i* is ! prop] object ( ! w3 & consequ5tly t :i* is ultimate & delightful ) reg>d to ! w1 mu/ be1 aft] a fa%ion1 ! fruit ( all ! o!r ?+s t p]ta9 to ! o!r p[]s4 ,accord+ly1 !re=e1 to ?is k9d ( gift ( virtue t p]fects a p[]1 we may di/+ui% a d\ble fruit3 "o1 belong+ to ! same p[]2 ! o!r1 ! la/ ( all z x 71 belong+ to ! w4 ,9 ?is way we mu/ conclude t ! fruit :i* prop]ly responds to ! gift ( und]/&+ is fai?1 i4e4 ! c]titude ( fai?2 :ile ! fruit t responds to x la/ ( all is joy1 :i* belongs to ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,und]/&+ is ! fruit ( fai?1 tak5 z a virtue4 ,b we are n tak+ fai? 9 ?is s5se "h1 b = a k9d ( c]titude ( fai?1 to :i* man atta9s by ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fai? _c altoge!r prec$e und]/&+1 = x w\ld be impossible to ass5t by believ+ :at is propos$ to be believ$1 )\t und]/&+ x 9 "s way4 ,h[ev]1 ! p]fection ( und]/&+ foll[s ! virtue ( fai?3 :i* p]fection ( und]/&+ is itself foll[$ by a k9d ( c]ta9ty ( fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fruit ( practical k _c consi/ 9 t v k1 s9ce k ( t k9d is kn[n n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,on ! o!r h&1 speculative k has its fruit 9 its v self1 :i* fruit is ! c]titude ab\t ! ?+ kn[n4 ,h5ce ! gift ( c\nsel1 :i* belongs only to practical k1 has no correspond+ fruit ( its own3 :ile ! gifts ( wisdom1 und]/&+ & k1 :i* c belongs also to speculative k1 h b "o correspond+ fruit1 :i* is c]ta9ly d5ot$ by ! "n ( fai?4 ,! reason :y !re are sev]al fruits p]ta9+ to ! appetitive faculty1 is because1 z already /at$1 ! "* ( end1 :i* ! ^w fruit implies1 p]ta9s to ! appetitive r ?an to ! intellective "p4 ,,"q #i ,,( ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,k 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! gift ( k1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r k is a gift8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is ab\t ,div9e ?+s8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is speculative or practical8 7#d7 ,:i* beatitude responds to x8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,k ,is a ,gift8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t k is n a gift4 ,= ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ surpass ! natural faculty4 ,b k implies an effect ( natural reason3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,po/]4 i1 #b7 t a demon/ration is a syllogism :i* produces k4 ,!re=e k is n a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are common to all holy p]sons1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #h1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #e74 ,n[ ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #a7 t _m ( ! fai?ful lack k ?\gh !y h fai?4 ,!re=e k is n a gift4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! gifts are m p]fect ?an ! virtues1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e "o gift suffices = ! p]fection ( "o virtue4 ,n[ ! gift ( und]/&+ responds to ! virtue ( fai?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #h1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e ! gift ( k does n respond to t virtue1 nor does x appe> to :i* o!r virtue x c respond4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! gifts are p]fections ( virtues1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 x seems t k is n a gift4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,k is reckon$ among ! sev5 gifts 7,isa4 #aa3b74 ,i answ] t1 ,grace is m p]fect ?an nature1 &1 !re=e1 does n fail 9 ^? ?+s :]e9 man c be p]fect$ by nature4 ,n[1 :5 a man1 by 8 natural reason1 ass5ts by 8 intellect to "s tru?1 he is p]fect$ 9 two ways 9 respect ( t tru?3 fir/1 because he grasps x2 secondly1 because he =ms a sure judgm5t on x4 ,accord+ly1 two ?+s are requisite 9 ord] t ! human intellect may p]fectly ass5t to ! tru? ( ! fai?3 "o ( ^! is t he %\ld h a s\nd grasp ( ! ?+s t are propos$ to be believ$1 & ?is p]ta9s to ! gift ( und]/&+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #h1 ,a4 #f73 :ile ! o!r is t he %\ld h a sure & "r judgm5t on !m1 s z to disc]n :at is to be believ$1 f :at is n to be believ$1 & = ?is ! gift ( k is requir$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,c]titude ( k v>ies 9 v>i\s natures1 accord+ to ! v>i\s conditions ( ea* nature4 ,because man =ms a sure judgm5t ab\t a tru? by ! discursive process ( 8 reason3 & s human k is acquir$ by means ( demon/rative reason+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,god1 !re is a sure judgm5t ( tru?1 )\t any discursive process1 by simple intuition1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #g72 :]e=e ,god's k is n discursive1 or argum5tative1 b absolute & simple1 to :i* t k is lik5$ :i* is a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 s9ce x is a p>ticipat$ lik5ess !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a tw(old k may be _h ab\t matt]s ( belief4 ,"o is ! k ( :at "o ought to believe by disc]n+ ?+s to be believ$ f ?+s n to be believ$3 9 ?is way k is a gift & is common to all holy p]sons4 ,! o!r is a k ab\t matt]s ( belief1 :]eby "o kn[s n only :at "o ought to believe1 b also h[ to make ! fai? kn[n1 h[ to induce o!rs to believe1 & confute ^? :o d5y ! fai?4 ,?is k is numb]$ among ! gratuit\s graces1 :i* are n giv5 to all1 b to "s4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e1 aft] ! words quot$1 adds3 ,x is "o ?+ = a man m]ely to "k :at he ought to believe1 & ano!r to "k h[ to disp5se :at he believes to ! godly1 & to def5d x aga9/ ! ungodly4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! gifts are m p]fect ?an ! moral & intellectual virtues2 b !y are n m p]fect ?an ! !ological virtues2 r are all ! gifts orda9$ to ! p]fection ( ! !ological virtues1 z to _! end4 ,h5ce x is n unreasonable if sev]al gifts are orda9$ to "o !ological virtue4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,gift ( ,k ,is ,ab\t ,div9e ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gift ( k is ab\t ,div9e ?+s4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #a7 t k begets1 n\ri%es & /r5g!ns fai?4 ,n[ fai? is ab\t ,div9e ?+s1 because its object is ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! gift ( k also is ab\t ,div9e ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! gift ( k is m excell5t ?an acquir$ k4 ,b !re is an acquir$ k ab\t ,div9e ?+s1 = in/ance1 ! sci5ce ( metaphysics4 ,mu* m !re=e is ! gift ( k ab\t ,div9e ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3bj1 ! invisible ?+s ( ,god 4 4 4 are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made4 ,if !re=e !re is k ab\t creat$ ?+s1 x seems t !re is also k ( ,div9e ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #a73 ,! k ( ,div9e ?+s may be prop]ly call$ wisdom1 & ! k ( human affairs may prop]ly receive ! "n ( k4 ,i answ] t1 ,a sure judgm5t ab\t a ?+ is =m$ *iefly f its cause1 & s ! ord] ( judgm5ts %\ld be accord+ to ! ord] ( causes4 ,= j z ! fir/ cause is ! cause ( ! second1 s ought ! judgm5t ab\t ! second cause to be =m$ ?r\gh ! fir/ cause3 nor is x possible to judge ( ! fir/ cause ?r\gh any o!r cause2 :]e=e ! judgm5t :i* is =m$ ?r\gh ! fir/ cause1 is ! fir/ & mo/ p]fect judgm5t4 ,n[ 9 ^? ?+s :]e we f9d some?+ mo/ p]fect1 ! common "n ( ! g5us is appropriat$ = ^? ?+s :i* fall %ort ( ! mo/ p]fect1 & "s special "n is adapt$ to ! mo/ p]fect ?+1 z is ! case 9 ,logic4 ,= 9 ! g5us ( conv]tible t]ms1 t :i* signifies :at a ?+ is1 is giv5 ! special "n ( def9ition1 b ! conv]tible t]ms :i* fall %ort ( ?is1 reta9 ! common "n1 & are call$ prop] t]ms4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ! ^w k implies c]titude ( judgm5t z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 if ?is c]titude ( ! judgm5t is d]iv$ f ! highe/ cause1 ! k has a special "n1 :i* is wisdom3 = a wise man 9 any bran* ( k is "o :o kn[s ! highe/ cause ( t k9d ( k1 & is able to judge ( all matt]s by t cause3 & a wise man absolutely1 is "o :o kn[s ! cause :i* is absolutely highe/1 namely ,god4 ,h5ce ! k ( ,div9e ?+s is call$ wisdom1 :ile ! k ( human ?+s is call$ k1 ?is be+ ! common "n d5ot+ c]titude ( judgm5t1 & appropriat$ to ! judgm5t :i* is =m$ ?r\gh second causes4 ,accord+ly1 if we take k 9 ?is way1 x is a di/9ct gift f ! gift ( wisdom1 s t ! gift ( k is only ab\t human or creat$ ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh matt]s ( fai? are ,div9e & et]nal1 yet fai? itself is some?+ temporal 9 ! m9d ( ! believ]4 ,h5ce to "k :at "o ought to believe1 belongs to ! gift ( k1 b to "k 9 !mselves ! v ?+s we believe1 by a k9d ( union ) !m1 belongs to ! gift ( wisdom4 ,!re=e ! gift ( wisdom corresponds m to *>ity :i* unites man's m9d to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t takes k 9 ! g5]ic acceptation ( ! t]m3 x is n ?us t k is a special gift1 b accord+ z x is re/rict$ to judgm5ts =m$ ?r\gh creat$ ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a71 e cognitive habit reg>ds =mally ! mean ?r\gh :i* ?+s are kn[n1 & mat]ially1 ! ?+s t are kn[n ?r\gh ! mean4 ,& s9ce t :i* is =mal1 is ( mo/ acc\nt1 x foll[s t ^? sci5ces :i* draw conclusions ab\t physical matt] f ma!matical pr9ciples1 are reckon$ r among ! ma!matical sci5ces1 ?\gh1 z to _! matt] !y h m 9 common ) physical sci5ces3 & = ?is reason x is /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #b t !y are m ak9 to physics4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce man kn[s ,god ?r\gh ,8 creatures1 ?is seems to p]ta9 to k1 to :i* x belongs =mally1 r ?an to wisdom1 to :i* x belongs mat]ially3 &1 conv]sely1 :5 we judge ( creatures accord+ to ,div9e ?+s1 ?is p]ta9s to wisdom r ?an to k4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,gift ( ,k ,is ,practical ,k8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! k1 :i* is numb]$ among ! gifts1 is practical k4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ad7 t k is conc]n$ ) ! actions 9 :i* we make use ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,b ! k :i* is conc]n$ ab\t actions is practical4 ,!re=e ! gift ( k is practical4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 i1 #cb73 ,k is n\ght if x ha? n its use = piety 4 4 4 & piety is v useless if x lacks ! disc]nm5t ( k4 ,n[ x foll[s f ?is au?ority t k directs piety4 ,b ?is _c apply to a speculative sci5ce4 ,!re=e ! gift ( k is n speculative b practical4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are only 9 ! righte\s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #e74 ,b speculative k c be also 9 ! unrighte\s1 accord+ to ,james #d3ag3 ,to him 4 4 4 :o kn[e? to d good1 & do? x n1 to him x is a s94 ,!re=e ! gift ( k is n speculative b practical4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 i1 #cb73 ,k on h] own day prep>es a fea/1 because %e ov]comes ! fa/ ( ignorance 9 ! m9d4 ,n[ ignorance is n entirely remov$1 save by bo? k9ds ( k1 viz4 speculative & practical4 ,!re=e ! gift ( k is bo? speculative & practical4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #h71 ! gift ( k1 l ! gift ( und]/&+1 is orda9$ to ! c]titude ( fai?4 ,n[ fai? consi/s prim>ily & pr9cipally 9 speculation1 9 z mu* z x is f\nd$ on ! ,fir/ ,tru?4 ,b s9ce ! ,fir/ ,tru? is also ! la/ end = ! sake ( :i* our works are done1 h5ce x is t fai? ext5ds to works1 accord+ to ,gal4 #e3f3 ,fai? 4 4 4 worke? by *>ity4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! gift ( k also1 prim>ily & pr9cipally inde$1 reg>ds speculation1 9 s f> z man kn[s :at he ought to hold by fai?2 yet1 second>ily1 x ext5ds to works1 s9ce we are direct$ 9 our actions by ! k ( matt]s ( fai?1 & ( conclusions drawn !refrom4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ( ! gift ( k1 9 s f> z x ext5ds to works2 = action is ascrib$ to k1 yet n action solely1 nor prim>ily3 & 9 ?is way x directs piety4 ,h5ce ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection is cle>4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z we h already /at$ 7,q4 #h1 ,a4 #e7 ab\t ! gift ( und]/&+1 n ev]yone :o und]/&s1 has ! gift ( und]/&+1 b only he t und]/&s ?r\gh a habit ( grace3 & s we mu/ take note1 ) reg>d to ! gift ( k1 t !y alone h ! gift ( k1 :o judge aright ab\t matt]s ( fai? & action1 ?r\gh ! grace be/[$ on !m1 s z nev] to w&] f ! /raight pa? ( ju/ice4 ,?is is ! k ( holy ?+s1 accord+ to ,wis4 #aj3aj3 ,%e conduct$ ! j 4 4 4 ?r\gh ! "r ways 4 4 4 & gave him ! k ( holy ?+s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,?ird ,beatitude1 ,bless$ ,are ,!y ,t ,m\rn1 etc4 ,corresponds to ! ,gift ( ,k8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ?ird beatitude1 ,bless$ are !y t m\rn1 does n correspond to ! gift ( k4 ,=1 ev5 z evil is ! cause ( sorr[ & grief1 s is good ! cause ( joy4 ,n[ k br+s good to light r ?an evil1 s9ce ! latt] is kn[n ?r\gh evil3 = ! /raight l9e rules bo? itself & ! crook$ l9e 7,de ,anima i1 #e74 ,!re=e ! a=esaid beatitude does n suitably correspond to ! gift ( k4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 consid]ation ( tru? is an act ( k4 ,n[ !re is no sorr[ 9 ! consid]ation ( tru?2 r is !re joy1 s9ce x is writt5 7,wis4 #h3af73 ,h] conv]sation ha? no bitt]ness1 nor h] company any t$i\sness1 b joy & gladness4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid beatitude does n suitably correspond ) ! gift ( k4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! gift ( k consi/s 9 speculation1 be=e op]ation4 ,n[1 9 s f> z x consi/s 9 speculation1 sorr[ does n correspond to x1 s9ce ! speculative intellect is n conc]n$ ab\t ?+s to be s\ght or avoid$ 7,de ,anima iii1 #i74 ,!re=e ! a=esaid beatitude is n suitably reckon$ to correspond ) ! gift ( k4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte iv73 ,k befits ! m\rn]1 :o has discov]$ t he has be5 ma/]$ by ! evil :i* he covet$ z ?\gh x 7 good4 ,i answ] t1 ,"r judgm5t ab\t creatures belongs prop]ly to k4 ,n[ x is ?r\gh creatures t man's av]sion f ,god is occasion$1 accord+ to ,wis4 #ad3aa3 ,creatures 4 4 4 are turn$ to an abom9ation 4 4 4 & a sn>e to ! feet ( ! unwise1 ( ^?1 namely1 :o d n judge aright ab\t creatures1 s9ce !y deem ! p]fect good to consi/ 9 !m4 ,h5ce !y s9 by plac+ _! la/ end 9 !m1 & lose ! true good4 ,x is by =m+ a "r judgm5t ( creatures t man becomes aw>e ( ! loss 7( :i* !y may be ! occasion71 :i* judgm5t he ex]cises ?r\gh ! gift ( k4 ,h5ce ! beatitude ( sorr[ is said to correspond to ! gift ( k4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,creat$ goods d n cause spiritual joy1 except 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to ! ,div9e good1 :i* is ! prop] cause ( spiritual joy4 ,h5ce spiritual peace & ! result+ joy correspond directly to ! gift ( wisdom3 b to ! gift ( k !re corresponds1 9 ! fir/ place1 sorr[ = pa/ errors1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 consolation1 s9ce1 by 8 "r judgm5t1 man directs creatures to ! ,div9e good4 ,= ?is reason sorr[ is set =? 9 ?is beatitude1 z ! m]it1 & ! result+ consolation1 z ! rew>d2 :i* is begun 9 ?is life1 & is p]fect$ 9 ! life to come4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man rejoices 9 ! v consid]ation ( tru?2 yet he may sometimes grieve = ! ?+1 ! tru? ( :i* he consid]s3 x is ?us t sorr[ is ascrib$ to k4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no beatitude corresponds to k1 9 s f> z x consi/s 9 speculation1 because man's beatitude consi/s1 n 9 consid]+ creatures1 b 9 contemplat+ ,god4 ,b man's beatitude does consi/ some:at 9 ! "r use ( creatures1 & 9 well-ord]$ love ( !m3 & ?is ,i say ) reg>d to ! beatitude ( a wayf>]4 ,h5ce beatitude relat+ to contemplation is n ascrib$ to k1 b to und]/&+ & wisdom1 :i* are ab\t ,div9e ?+s4 ,,"q #aj ,,( ,,unbelief ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,9 ,twelve ,articles7 ,9 due sequ5ce we mu/ consid] ! contr>y vices3 fir/1 unbelief1 :i* is contr>y to fai?2 secondly1 blasphemy1 :i* is oppos$ to confession ( fai?2 ?irdly1 ignorance & dulness ( m9d1 :i* are contr>y to k & und]/&+4 ,z to ! fir/1 we mu/ consid] 7#a7 unbelief 9 g5]al2 7#b7 h]esy2 7#c7 apo/asy f ! fai?4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are twelve po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r unbelief is a s98 7#b7 ,:at is its subject8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is ! greate/ ( s9s8 7#d7 ,:e!r e action ( unbeliev]s is a s98 7#e7 ,( ! species ( unbelief2 7#f7 ,( _! comp>ison1 "o ) ano!r2 7#g7 ,:e!r we ought to dispute ab\t fai? ) unbeliev]s8 7#h7 ,:e!r !y ought to be compell$ to ! fai?8 7#i7 ,:e!r we ought to h communications ) !m8 7#aj7 ,:e!r unbeliev]s c h au?ority ov] ,*ri/ians8 7#aa7 ,:e!r ! rites ( unbeliev]s %\ld be tol]at$8 7#ab7 ,:e!r ! *ildr5 ( unbeliev]s are to be baptiz$ aga9/ _! p>5ts' w8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,unbelief ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t unbelief is n a s94 ,= e s9 is contr>y to nature1 z ,damasc5e proves 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #d74 ,n[ unbelief seems n to be contr>y to nature2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pra$e/4 ,sanct4 v7 t to be capable to hav+ fai?1 j z to be capable ( hav+ *>ity1 is natural to all m52 :]eas to h fai?1 ev5 z to h *>ity1 belongs to ! grace ( ! fai?ful4 ,!re=e n to h fai?1 :i* is to be an unbeliev]1 is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "o s9s t :i* he _c avoid1 s9ce e s9 is volunt>y4 ,n[ x is n 9 a man's p[] to avoid unbelief1 = he _c avoid x unless he h fai?1 because ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #aj3ad73 ,h[ %all !y believe 9 ,him1 ( ,:om !y h n he>d8 ,& h[ %all !y he> )\t a prea*]8 ,!re=e unbelief does n seem to be a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #d71 !re are sev5 capital s9s1 to :i* all s9s are r$uc$4 ,b unbelief does n seem to be compris$ "u any ( !m4 ,!re=e unbelief is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,vice is oppos$ to virtue4 ,n[ fai? is a virtue1 & unbelief is oppos$ to x4 ,!re=e unbelief is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,unbelief may be tak5 9 two ways3 fir/1 by way ( pure negation1 s t a man be call$ an unbeliev]1 m]ely because he has n ! fai?4 ,secondly1 unbelief may be tak5 by way ( opposition to ! fai?2 9 :i* s5se a man refuses to he> ! fai?1 or despises x1 accord+ to ,isa4 #ec3a3 ,:o ha? believ$ our report8 ,x is ?is t completes ! notion ( unbelief1 & x is 9 ?is s5se t unbelief is a s94 ,if1 h[ev]1 we take x by way ( pure negation1 z we f9d x 9 ^? :o h he>d no?+ ab\t ! fai?1 x be>s ! "*1 n ( s91 b ( puni%m5t1 because su* l ignorance ( ,div9e ?+s is a result ( ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t4 ,if su* l unbeliev]s are damn$1 x is on acc\nt ( o!r s9s1 :i* _c be tak5 away )\t fai?1 b n on acc\nt ( _! s9 ( unbelief4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l said 7,john #ae3bb7 ,if ,i _h n come1 & spok5 to !m1 !y w\ld n h s92 :i* ,augu/9e exp\nds 7,tract4 lxxxix 9 ,joan47 z ref]r+ to ! s9 :]eby !y believ$ n 9 ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to h ! fai? is n "p ( human nature1 b x is "p ( human nature t man's m9d %\ld n ?w>t 8 inn] in/9ct1 & ! outw>d prea*+ ( ! tru?4 ,h5ce1 9 ?is way1 unbelief is contr>y to nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t takes unbelief z d5ot+ a pure negation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,unbelief1 9 s f> z x is a s91 arises f pride1 ?r\gh :i* man is unwill+ to subject 8 intellect to ! rules ( fai?1 & to ! s\nd int]pretation ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 t presumptu\s innovations arise f va+lory4 ,x might also be repli$ t j z ! !ological virtues are n r$uc$ to ! c>d9al virtues1 b prec$e !m1 s too1 ! vices oppos$ to ! !ological virtues are n r$uc$ to ! capital vices4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,unbelief ,is 9 ! ,intellect ,z ,its ,subject8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t unbelief is n 9 ! intellect z its subject4 ,= e s9 is 9 ! w1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,duabus ,anim4 x1 xi74 ,n[ unbelief is a s91 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e unbelief resides 9 ! w & n 9 ! intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 unbelief is s9ful ?r\gh contempt ( ! prea*+ ( ! fai?4 ,b contempt p]ta9s to ! w4 ,!re=e unbelief is 9 ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a gloss 99,augu/9e1 ,en*iridion lx4 on #b ,cor4 #aa3ad ,satan 4 4 4 trans=me? himself into an angel ( light1 says t if a wick$ angel pret5d to be a good angel1 & be tak5 = a good angel1 x is n a dang]\s or an unheal?y error1 if he does or says :at is becom+ to a good angel4 ,?is seems to be because ( ! rectitude ( ! w ( ! man :o adh]es to ! angel1 s9ce 8 int5tion is to adh]e to a good angel4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( unbelief seems to consi/ entirely 9 a p]v]se w3 &1 consequ5tly1 x does n reside 9 ! intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,?+s :i* are contr>y to "o ano!r are 9 ! same subject4 ,n[ fai?1 to :i* unbelief is oppos$1 resides 9 ! intellect4 ,!re=e unbelief also is 9 ! intellect4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 s9 is said to be 9 ! p[] :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ! s9ful act4 ,n[ a s9ful act may h two pr9ciples3 "o is its fir/ & univ]sal pr9ciple1 :i* comm&s all acts ( s92 & ?is is ! w1 because e s9 is volunt>y4 ,! o!r pr9ciple ( ! s9ful act is ! prop] & proximate pr9ciple :i* elicits ! s9ful act3 ?us ! concupiscible is ! pr9ciple ( gluttony & lu/1 :]e=e ^! s9s are said to be 9 ! concupiscible4 ,n[ diss5t1 :i* is ! act prop] to unbelief1 is an act ( ! intellect1 mov$1 h[ev]1 by ! w1 j z ass5t is4 ,!re=e unbelief1 l fai?1 is 9 ! intellect z its proximate subject4 ,b x is 9 ! w z its fir/ mov+ pr9ciple1 9 :i* way e s9 is said to be 9 ! w4 ,h5ce ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection is cle>4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! w's contempt causes ! intellect's diss5t1 :i* completes ! notion ( unbelief4 ,h5ce ! cause ( unbelief is 9 ! w1 :ile unbelief itself is 9 ! intellect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t believes a wick$ angel to be a good "o1 does n diss5t f a matt] ( fai?1 because 8 bodily s5ses are deceiv$1 :ile 8 m9d does n dep>t f a true & "r judgm5t z ! gloss obs]ves 99,augu/9e1 ,en*iridion lx4 ,b1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 to adh]e to ,satan :5 he beg9s to invite "o to 8 abode1 i4e4 wick$ness & error1 is n )\t s94 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,unbelief ,is ! ,greate/ ( ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t unbelief is n ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,bapt4 contra ,donat4 iv1 #bj73 ,i %\ld hesitate to decide :e!r a v wick$ ,ca?olic ought to be pref]r$ to a h]etic1 9 ^: life "o f9ds no?+ repreh5sible beyond ! fact t he is a h]etic4 ,b a h]etic is an unbeliev]4 ,!re=e we ought n to say absolutely t unbelief is ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* dim9i%es or excuses a s9 is n1 seem+ly1 ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,n[ unbelief excuses or dim9i%es s93 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #a3ab1 #ac73 ,i 4 4 4 be=e 0 a blasphem]1 & a p]secutor & contumeli\s2 b ,i obta9$ 4 4 4 m]cy 4 4 4 because ,i did x ignorantly 9 unbelief4 ,!re=e unbelief is n ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! great] s9 des]ves ! great] puni%m5t1 accord+ to ,deut4 #be3b3 ,accord+ to ! measure ( ! s9 %all ! measure also ( ! /ripes be4 ,n[ a great] puni%m5t is due to believ]s ?an to unbeliev]s1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aj3bi3 ,h[ mu* m1 d y ?9k1 he des]ve? worse puni%m5ts1 :o ha? trodd5 "u foot ! ,son ( ,god1 & ha? e/eem$ ! blood ( ! te/am5t unclean1 by :i* he 0 sanctifi$8 ,!re=e unbelief is n ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e1 comm5t+ on ,john #ae3bb1 ,if ,i _h n come1 & spok5 to !m1 !y w\ld n h s91 says 7,tract4 lxxxix 9 ,joan473 ,"u ! g5]al "n1 ,he ref]s to a s+ul>ly great s94 ,= ?is1 viz4 infidelity1 is ! s9 to :i* all o!rs may be trac$4 ,!re=e unbelief is ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,e s9 consi/s =mally 9 av]sion f ,god1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #c74 ,h5ce ! m a s9 sev]s man f ,god1 ! grav] x is4 ,n[ man is m ?an ev] sep>at$ f ,god by unbelief1 because he has n ev5 true k ( ,god3 & by false k ( ,god1 man does n approa* ,him1 b is sev]$ f ,him4 ,nor is x possible = "o :o has a false op9ion ( ,god1 to "k ,him 9 any way at all1 because ! object ( 8 op9ion is n ,god4 ,!re=e x is cle> t ! s9 ( unbelief is great] ?an any s9 t occurs 9 ! p]v]sion ( morals4 ,?is does n apply to ! s9s t are oppos$ to ! !ological virtues1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #cd1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b2 ,q4 #ci1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ h9d]s a s9 t is m grave 9 its g5us f be+ less grave 9 respect ( "s circum/ances4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e hesitat$ to decide betwe5 a bad ,ca?olic1 & a h]etic n s9n+ o!rwise1 because al?\gh ! h]etic's s9 is m grave g5]ically1 x c be less5$ by a circum/ance1 & conv]sely ! s9 ( ! ,ca?olic c1 by "s circum/ance1 be aggravat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,unbelief includes bo? ignorance1 z an accessory !reto1 & resi/ance to matt]s ( fai?1 & 9 ! latt] respect x is a mo/ grave s94 ,9 respect1 h[ev]1 ( ?is ignorance1 x has a c]ta9 reason = excuse1 especially :5 a man s9s n f malice1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,apo/le4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an unbeliev] is m sev]ely puni%$ = 8 s9 ( unbelief ?an ano!r s9n] is = any s9 :atev]1 if we consid] ! k9d ( s94 ,b 9 ! case ( ano!r s91 e4g4 adult]y1 committ$ by a believ]1 & by an unbeliev]1 ! believ]1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 s9s m gravely ?an ! unbeliev]1 bo? on acc\nt ( 8 k ( ! tru? ?r\gh fai?1 & on acc\nt ( ! sacram5ts ( fai? ) :i* he has be5 satiat$1 & :i* he insults by committ+ s94 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,e ,act ( an ,unbeliev] ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ea* act ( an unbeliev] is a s94 ,because a gloss on ,rom4 #ad3bc1 ,all t is n ( fai? is s91 says3 ,! :ole life ( unbeliev]s is a s94 ,n[ ! life ( unbeliev]s consi/s ( _! actions4 ,!re=e e action ( an unbeliev] is a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fai? directs ! int5tion4 ,n[ !re c be no good save :at comes f a "r int5tion4 ,!re=e1 among unbeliev]s1 no action c be good4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :5 t :i* prec$es is corrupt$1 t :i* foll[s is corrupt$ also4 ,n[ an act ( fai? prec$es ! acts ( all ! virtues4 ,!re=e1 s9ce !re is no act ( fai? 9 unbeliev]s1 !y c d no good "w1 b s9 9 e action ( !irs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said ( ,cornelius1 :ile yet an unbeliev] 7,acts #aj3d1 #ca71 t 8 alms 7 acceptable to ,god4 ,!re=e n e action ( an unbeliev] is a s91 b "s ( 8 actions are good4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d7 mortal s9 takes away sanctify+ grace1 b does n :olly corrupt ! good ( nature4 ,s9ce !re=e1 unbelief is a mortal s91 unbeliev]s are )\t grace inde$1 yet "s good ( nature rema9s 9 !m4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t unbeliev]s _c d ^? good works :i* proce$ f grace1 viz4 m]itori\s works2 yet !y c1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 d ^? good works = :i* ! good ( nature suffices4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t !y s9 9 ev]y?+ !y d2 b :5ev] !y d any?+ out ( _! unbelief1 !n !y s94 ,= ev5 z "o :o has ! fai?1 c commit an actual s91 v5ial or ev5 mortal1 :i* he does n ref] to ! end ( fai?1 s too1 an unbeliev] c d a good de$ 9 a matt] :i* he does n ref] to ! end ( 8 unbelief4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! words quot$ mu/ be tak5 to mean ei!r t ! life ( unbeliev]s _c be s9less1 s9ce )\t fai? no s9 is tak5 away1 or t :atev] !y d out ( unbelief1 is a s94 ,h5ce ! same au?ority adds3 ,because e "o t lives or acts accord+ to 8 unbelief1 s9s griev\sly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fai? directs ! int5tion ) reg>d to ! sup]natural la/ end3 b ev5 ! light ( natural reason c direct ! int5tion 9 respect ( a connatural good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,unbelief does n s :olly de/roy natural reason 9 unbeliev]s1 b t "s k ( ! tru? rema9s 9 !m1 :]eby !y are able to d de$s t are g5]ically good4 ,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ,cornelius1 x is to be obs]v$ t he 0 n an unbeliev]1 else 8 works w\ld n h be5 acceptable to ,god1 :om none c please )\t fai?4 ,n[ he _h implicit fai?1 z ! tru? ( ! ,gospel 0 n yet made manife/3 h5ce ,pet] 0 s5t to him to give him full] in/ruction 9 ! fai?4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,sev]al ,species ( ,unbelief8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are n sev]al species ( unbelief4 ,=1 s9ce fai? & unbelief are contr>y to "o ano!r1 !y mu/ be ab\t ! same ?+4 ,n[ ! =mal object ( fai? is ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 :5ce x d]ives its unity1 al?\gh its matt] conta9s _m po9ts ( belief4 ,!re=e ! object ( unbelief also is ! ,fir/ ,tru?2 :ile ! ?+s :i* an unbeliev] disbelieves are ! matt] ( 8 unbelief4 ,n[ ! specific diff]5ce dep5ds n on mat]ial b on =mal pr9ciples4 ,!re=e !re are n sev]al species ( unbelief1 accord+ to ! v>i\s po9ts :i* ! unbeliev] disbelieves4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is possible to /ray f ! tru? ( fai? 9 an inf9ite numb] ( ways4 ,if !re=e ! v>i\s species ( unbelief correspond to ! numb] ( v>i\s errors1 x w\ld seem to foll[ t !re is an inf9ite numb] ( species ( unbelief1 & consequ5tly1 t we ought n to make ^! species ! object ( our consid]ation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ does n belong to diff]5t species4 ,n[ a man may be an unbeliev] ?r\gh err+ ab\t diff]5t po9ts ( tru?4 ,!re=e div]sity ( errors does n make a div]sity ( species ( unbelief3 & s !re are n sev]al species ( unbelief4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,sev]al species ( vice are oppos$ to ea* virtue1 because good happ5s 9 "o way1 b evil 9 _m ways1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 & ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,n[ fai? is a virtue4 ,!re=e sev]al species ( vice are oppos$ to x4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #a71 e virtue consi/s 9 foll[+ "s rule ( human k or op]ation4 ,n[ con=mity to a rule happ5s "o way 9 "o matt]1 :]eas a brea* ( ! rule happ5s 9 _m ways1 s t _m vices are oppos$ to "o virtue4 ,! div]sity ( ! vices t are oppos$ to ea* virtue may be consid]$ 9 two ways1 fir/1 ) reg>d to _! diff]5t relations to ! virtue3 & 9 ?is way !re are det]m9ate species ( vices contr>y to a virtue3 ?us to a moral virtue "o vice is oppos$ by exce$+ ! virtue1 & ano!r1 by fall+ %ort ( ! virtue4 ,secondly1 ! div]sity ( vices oppos$ to "o virtue may be consid]$ 9 respect ( ! corruption ( ! v>i\s conditions requir$ = t virtue4 ,9 ?is way an inf9ite numb] ( vices are oppos$ to "o virtue1 e4g4 temp]ance or =titude1 accord+ to ! inf9ite numb] ( ways 9 :i* ! v>i\s circum/ances ( a virtue may be corrupt$1 s t ! rectitude ( virtue is =sak54 ,= ?is reason ! ,py?agoreans held evil to be inf9ite4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t if unbelief be consid]$ 9 comp>ison to fai?1 !re are sev]al species ( unbelief1 det]m9ate 9 numb]4 ,=1 s9ce ! s9 ( unbelief consi/s 9 resi/+ ! fai?1 ?is may happ5 9 two ways3 ei!r ! fai? is resi/$ be=e x has be5 accept$1 & su* is ! unbelief ( pagans or hea!ns2 or ! ,*ri/ian fai? is resi/$ aft] x has be5 accept$1 & ?is ei!r 9 ! figure1 & su* is ! unbelief ( ! ,jews1 or 9 ! v manife/ation ( tru?1 & su* is ! unbelief ( h]etics4 ,h5ce we may1 9 a g5]al way1 reckon ^! ?ree z species ( unbelief4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! species ( unbelief be di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! v>i\s errors t occur 9 matt]s ( fai?1 !re are n det]m9ate species ( unbelief3 = errors c be multipli$ indef9itely1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de ,ha]esibus74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! =mal aspect ( a s9 c be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 accord+ to ! int5tion ( ! s9n]1 9 :i* case ! ?+ to :i* ! s9n] turns is ! =mal object ( 8 s91 & det]m9es ! v>i\s species ( t s94 ,secondly1 x may be consid]$ z an evil1 & 9 ?is case ! good :i* is =sak5 is ! =mal object ( ! s92 :i* h[ev] does n d]ive its species f ?is po9t ( view1 9 fact x is a privation4 ,we mu/ !re=e reply t ! object ( unbelief is ! ,fir/ ,tru? consid]$ z t :i* unbelief =sakes1 b its =mal aspect1 consid]$ z t to :i* unbelief turns1 is ! false op9ion t x foll[s3 & x is f ?is po9t ( view t unbelief d]ives its v>i\s species4 ,h5ce1 ev5 z *>ity is "o1 because x adh]es to ! ,sov]eign ,good1 :ile !re are v>i\s species ( vice oppos$ to *>ity1 :i* turn away f ! ,sov]eign ,good by turn+ to v>i\s temporal goods1 & also 9 respect ( v>i\s inord9ate relations to ,god1 s too1 fai? is "o virtue ?r\gh adh]+ to ! "o ,fir/ ,tru?1 yet !re are _m species ( unbelief1 because unbeliev]s foll[ _m false op9ions4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! v>i\s species ( unbelief accord+ to v>i\s po9ts 9 :i* errors occur4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce fai? is "o because x believes 9 _m ?+s 9 relation to "o1 s may unbelief1 al?\gh x errs 9 _m ?+s1 be "o 9 s f> z all ^? ?+s are relat$ to "o4 ,yet no?+ h9d]s "o man f err+ 9 v>i\s species ( unbelief1 ev5 z "o man may be subject to v>i\s vices1 & to v>i\s bodily diseases4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,unbelief ( ,pagans or ,hea!ns ,is ,grav] ,?an ,o!r ,k9ds8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! unbelief ( hea!ns or pagans is grav] ?an o!r k9ds4 ,= j z bodily disease is grav] accord+ z x endang]s ! heal? ( a m important memb] ( ! body1 s does s9 appe> to be grav]1 accord+ z x is oppos$ to t :i* holds a m important place 9 virtue4 ,n[ t :i* is mo/ important 9 fai?1 is belief 9 ! unity ( ,god1 f :i* ! hea!ns deviate by believ+ 9 _m gods4 ,!re=e _! unbelief is ! grave/ ( all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 among h]esies1 ! m dete/able are ^? :i* contradict ! tru? ( fai? 9 m num]\s & m important po9ts3 ?us1 ! h]esy ( ,arius1 :o sev]$ ! ,godhead1 0 m dete/able ?an t ( ,ne/orius :o sev]$ ! humanity ( ,*ri/ f ! ,p]son ( ,god ! ,son4 ,n[ ! hea!ns d5y ! fai? 9 m num]\s & m important po9ts ?an ,jews & h]etics2 s9ce !y d n accept ! fai? at all4 ,!re=e _! unbelief is ! grave/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e good dim9i%es evil4 ,n[ !re is "s good 9 ! ,jews1 s9ce !y believe 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z be+ f ,god1 & !re is "s good 9 h]etics1 s9ce !y v5]ate ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!re=e !y s9 less griev\sly ?an hea!ns1 :o receive nei!r ,te/am5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#b ,pet4 #b3ba73 ,x _h be5 bett] = !m n to h kn[n ! way ( ju/ice1 ?an aft] !y h kn[n x1 to turn back4 ,n[ ! hea!ns h n kn[n ! way ( ju/ice1 :]eas h]etics & ,jews h ab&on$ x aft] kn[+ x 9 "s way4 ,!re=e !irs is ! grav] s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #e71 two ?+s may be consid]$ 9 unbelief4 ,"o ( ^! is its relation to fai?3 & f ?is po9t ( view1 he :o resi/s ! fai? aft] accept+ x1 s9s m griev\sly aga9/ fai?1 ?an he :o resi/s x )\t hav+ accept$ x1 ev5 z he :o fails to fulfil :at he has promis$1 s9s m griev\sly ?an if he _h nev] promis$ x4 ,9 ?is way ! unbelief ( h]etics1 :o confess _! belief 9 ! ,gospel1 & resi/ t fai? by corrupt+ x1 is a m griev\s s9 ?an t ( ! ,jews1 :o h nev] accept$ ! ,gospel fai?4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 !y accept$ ! figure ( t fai? 9 ! ,old ,law1 :i* !y corrupt by _! false int]pretations1 _! unbelief is a m griev\s s9 ?an t ( ! hea!ns1 because ! latt] h n accept$ ! ,gospel fai? 9 any way at all4 ,! second ?+ to be consid]$ 9 unbelief is ! corruption ( matt]s ( fai?4 ,9 ?is respect1 s9ce hea!ns err on m po9ts ?an ,jews1 & ^! 9 m po9ts ?an h]etics1 ! unbelief ( hea!ns is m griev\s ?an ! unbelief ( ! ,jews1 & t ( ! ,jews ?an t ( ! h]etics1 except 9 su* cases z t ( ! ,mani*ees1 :o1 9 matt]s ( fai?1 err ev5 m ?an hea!ns d4 ,( ^! two gravities ! fir/ surpasses ! second f ! po9t ( view ( guilt2 s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 unbelief has ! "* ( guilt1 f its resi/+ fai? r ?an f ! m]e abs5ce ( fai?1 = ! latt] z 0 /at$ 7,a4 #a7 seems r to be> ! "* ( puni%m5t4 ,h5ce1 speak+ absolutely1 ! unbelief ( h]etics is ! wor/4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,"o ,ought to ,dispute ) ,unbeliev]s 9 ,public8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o ought n to dispute ) unbeliev]s 9 public4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,tim4 #b3ad73 ,cont5d n 9 words1 = x is to no pr(it1 b to ! subv]t+ ( ! he>]s4 ,b x is impossible to dispute ) unbeliev]s publicly )\t cont5d+ 9 words4 ,!re=e "o ought n to dispute publicly ) unbeliev]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! law ( ,m>tianus ,augu/us confirm$ by ! canons 99,de ,sum4 ,tr94 ,cod4 lib4 i1 leg4 ,nemo expresses itself ?us3 ,x is an insult to ! judgm5t ( ! mo/ religi\s synod1 if anyone v5tures to debate or dispute 9 public ab\t matt]s :i* h once be5 judg$ & dispos$ (4 ,n[ all matt]s ( fai? h be5 decid$ by ! holy c\ncils4 ,!re=e x is an insult to ! c\ncils1 & consequ5tly a grave s9 to presume to dispute 9 public ab\t matt]s ( fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 disputations are conduct$ by means ( argum5ts4 ,b an argum5t is a reason 9 settlem5t ( a dubi\s matt]3 :]eas ?+s t are ( fai?1 be+ mo/ c]ta91 ought n to be a matt] ( d\bt4 ,!re=e "o ought n to dispute 9 public ab\t matt]s ( fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,acts #i3bb1 #bi7 t ,saul increas$ mu* m 9 /r5g?1 & conf\nd$ ! ,jews1 & t he spoke 4 4 4 to ! g5tiles & disput$ ) ! ,greeks4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 disput+ ab\t ! fai?1 two ?+s mu/ be obs]v$3 "o on ! "p ( ! disputant2 ! o!r on ! "p ( 8 he>]s4 ,on ! "p ( ! disputant1 we mu/ consid] 8 int5tion4 ,= if he 7 to dispute z ?\gh he _h d\bts ab\t ! fai?1 & did n hold ! tru? ( fai? = c]ta91 & z ?\gh he int5d$ to probe x ) argum5ts1 )\t d\bt he w\ld s91 z be+ d\btful ( ! fai? & an unbeliev]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is praisewor?y to dispute ab\t ! fai? 9 ord] to confute errors1 or = practice4 ,on ! "p ( ! he>]s we mu/ consid] :e!r ^? :o he> ! disputation are in/ruct$ & firm 9 ! fai?1 or simple & wav]+4 ,z to ^? :o are well in/ruct$ & firm 9 ! fai?1 !re c be no dang] 9 disput+ ab\t ! fai? 9 _! pres5ce4 ,b z to simple-m9d$ p1 we mu/ make a di/9ction2 because ei!r !y are provok$ & mole/$ by unbeliev]s1 = in/ance1 ,jews or h]etics1 or pagans :o /rive to corrupt ! fai? 9 !m1 or else !y are n subject to provocation 9 ?is matt]1 z 9 ^? c\ntries :]e !re are no unbeliev]s4 ,9 ! fir/ case x is necess>y to dispute 9 public ab\t ! fai?1 provid$ !re be ^? :o are equal & adapt$ to ! task ( confut+ errors2 s9ce 9 ?is way simple p are /r5g!n$ 9 ! fai?1 & unbeliev]s are depriv$ ( ! opportunity to deceive1 :ile if ^? :o ought to )/& ! p]v]t]s ( ! tru? ( fai? 7 sil5t1 ?is w\ld t5d to /r5g!n error4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 ii1 #d73 ,ev5 z a ?\ghtless spee* gives rise to error1 s does an indiscreet sil5ce leave ^? 9 error :o might h be5 in/ruct$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! second case x is dang]\s to dispute 9 public ab\t ! fai?1 9 ! pres5ce ( simple p1 ^: fai? = ?is v reason is m firm1 t !y h nev] he>d any?+ diff]+ f :at !y believe4 ,h5ce x is n exp$i5t = !m to he> :at unbeliev]s h to say aga9/ ! fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le does n entirely =bid disputations1 b su* z are inord9ate1 & consi/ ( cont5ti\s words r ?an ( s\nd spee*es4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t law =bade ^? public disputations ab\t ! fai?1 :i* arise f d\bt+ ! fai?1 b n ^? :i* are = ! safegu>d+ !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o ought to dispute ab\t matt]s ( fai?1 n z ?\gh "o d\bt$ ab\t !m1 b 9 ord] to make ! tru? kn[n1 & to confute errors4 ,=1 9 ord] to confirm ! fai?1 x is necess>y sometimes to dispute ) unbeliev]s1 sometimes by def5d+ ! fai?1 accord+ to #a ,pet4 #c3ae3 ,be+ ready always to satisfy ev]yone t aske? y a reason ( t hope & fai? :i* is 9 y 99,vulg43 ',( t hope :i* is 9 y'2 ,/4 ,?omas' read+ is app>5tly tak5 f ,b$e4 ,sometimes aga91 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to conv9ce ^? :o are 9 error1 accord+ to ,titus #a3i3 ,t he may be able to exhort 9 s\nd doctr9e & to conv9ce ! ga9say]s4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,unbeliev]s ,ought to ,be ,compell$ to ! ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t unbeliev]s ought by no means to be compell$ to ! fai?4 ,= x is writt5 7,matt4 #ac3bh7 t ! s]vants ( ! h\sehold]1 9 ^: field cockle _h be5 s[n1 ask$ him3 ,wilt ?\ t we g & ga!r x up8 & t he answ]$3 ,no1 le/ p]haps ga!r+ up ! cockle1 y root up ! :eat also toge!r ) x3 on :i* passage ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xlvi 9 ,mat?473 ,our ,"l says ?is s z to =bid ! slay+ ( m54 ,= x is n "r to slay h]etics1 because if y d y w necess>ily slay _m innoc5t p]sons4 ,!re=e x seems t = ! same reason unbeliev]s ought n to be compell$ to ! fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 we read 9 ! ,decretals 7,di/4 xlv c41 ,de ,judaeis73 ,! holy synod prescribes1 ) reg>d to ! ,jews1 t = ! future1 none are to be compell$ to believe4 ,!re=e1 9 l mann]1 nei!r %\ld unbeliev]s be compell$ to ! fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xxvi 9 ,joan47 t x is possible = a man to d o!r ?+s aga9/ 8 w1 b he _c believe unless he is will+4 ,!re=e x seems t unbeliev]s ought n to be compell$ to ! fai?4 ,obj4 #d3 ,x is said 9 ,god's p]son 7,eze*4 #ah3cb 99,eze*4 #cc3aa73 ,i desire n ! dea? ( ! s9n] ,vulg43 '( him t die?'4 ,n[ we ought to con=m our w to ! ,div9e w1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,,aa4 #i1 #aj74 ,!re=e we %\ld n ev5 wi% unbeliev]s to be put to dea?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,luke #ad3bc73 ,g out into ! highways & h$ges2 & compel !m to come 94 ,n[ m5 ent] into ! h\se ( ,god1 i4e4 into ,holy ,*ur*1 by fai?4 ,!re=e "s ought to be compell$ to ! fai?4 ,i answ] t1 ,among unbeliev]s !re are "s :o h nev] receiv$ ! fai?1 su* z ! hea!ns & ! ,jews3 & ^! are by no means to be compell$ to ! fai?1 9 ord] t !y may believe1 because to believe dep5ds on ! w3 nev]!less !y %\ld be compell$ by ! fai?ful1 if x be possible to d s1 s t !y d n h9d] ! fai?1 by _! blasphemies1 or by _! evil p]suasions1 or ev5 by _! op5 p]secutions4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,*ri/'s fai?ful (t5 wage w> ) unbeliev]s1 n inde$ = ! purpose ( =c+ !m to believe1 because ev5 if !y 7 to conqu] !m1 & take !m prison]s1 !y %\ld /ill leave !m free to believe1 if !y w1 b 9 ord] to prev5t !m f h9d]+ ! fai? ( ,*ri/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are unbeliev]s :o at "s "t h accept$ ! fai?1 & pr(ess$ x1 su* z h]etics & all apo/ates3 su* %\ld be submitt$ ev5 to bodily compulsion1 t !y may fulfil :at !y h promis$1 & hold :at !y1 at "o "t1 receiv$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s h und]/ood ! au?ority quot$ to =bid1 n ! excommunication b ! slay+ ( h]etics1 z appe>s f ! words ( ,*ryso/om4 ,augu/9e too1 says 7,ep4 ad ,v9c5t4 xciii7 ( himself3 ,x 0 once my op9ion t none %\ld be compell$ to union ) ,*ri/1 t we %\ld deal 9 words1 & fight ) argum5ts4 ,h[ev] ?is op9ion ( m9e is undone1 n by words ( contradiction1 b by conv9c+ examples4 ,because fe> ( ! law 0 s pr(itable1 t _m say3 ,?anks be to ! ,"l ,:o has brok5 our *a9s asund]4 ,accord+ly ! mean+ ( ,our ,"l's words1 ,suff] bo? to gr[ until ! h>ve/1 mu/ be ga!r$ f ^? :i* prec$e1 le/ p]haps ga!r+ up ! cockle1 y root ! :eat also toge!r ) x4 ,=1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,ep4 ,p>m54 iii1 #b7 ^! words %[ t :5 ?is is n to be fe>$1 t is to say1 :5 a man's crime is s publicly kn[n1 & s hateful to all1 t he has no def5d]s1 or none su* z might cause a s*ism1 ! sev]ity ( discipl9e %\ld n slack54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? ,jews :o h 9 no way receiv$ ! fai?1 ought n by no means to be compell$ to ! fai?3 if1 h[ev]1 !y h receiv$ x1 !y ought to be compell$ to keep x1 z is /at$ 9 ! same *apt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z tak+ a v[ is a matt] ( w1 & keep+ a v[1 a matt] ( obligation1 s acceptance ( ! fai? is a matt] ( ! w1 :]eas keep+ ! fai?1 :5 once "o has receiv$ x1 is a matt] ( obligation4 ,:]e=e h]etics %\ld be compell$ to keep ! fai?4 ,?us ,augu/9e says to ! ,c\nt ,boniface 7,ep4 clxxxv73 ,:at d ^! p mean by cry+ out cont9ually3 ',we may believe or n believe j z we *oose4 ,:om did ,*ri/ compel8' ,!y %\ld rememb] t ,*ri/ at fir/ compell$ ,paul & aft]w>ds taught ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ,augu/9e says 9 ! same lett]1 none ( u wi%es any h]etic to p]i%4 ,b ! h\se ( ,david did n des]ve to h peace1 unless 8 son ,absalom _h be5 kill$ 9 ! w> :i* he _h rais$ aga9/ 8 fa!r4 ,?us if ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ga!rs toge!r "s ( ! p]dition ( o!rs1 %e heals ! sorr[ ( h] mat]nal he>t by ! deliv]y ( s _m nations4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,communicate ) ,unbeliev]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is lawful to communicate ) unbeliev]s4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #aj3bg73 ,if any ( !m t believe n1 invite y1 & y be will+ to g1 eat ( any?+ t is set be=e y4 ,& ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xxv sup] ,epi/4 ad ,heb473 ,if y wi% to g to d9e ) pagans1 we p]mit x )\t any res]vation4 ,n[ to sit at table ) anyone is to communicate ) him4 ,!re=e x is lawful to communicate ) unbeliev]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #e3ab73 ,:at h ,i to d to judge !m t are )\t8 ,n[ unbeliev]s are )\t4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ,*ur* =bids ! fai?ful to communicate ) c]ta9 p1 x seems t !y ought n to be =bidd5 to communicate ) unbeliev]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a ma/] _c employ 8 s]vant1 unless he communicate ) him1 at lea/ by ^w1 s9ce ! ma/] moves 8 s]vant by comm&4 ,n[ ,*ri/ians c h unbeliev]s1 ei!r ,jews1 or pagans1 or ,s>ac5s1 = s]vants4 ,!re=e !y c lawfully communicate ) !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #g3b1 #c73 ,?\ %alt make no league ) !m1 nor %[ m]cy to !m2 nei!r %alt ?\ make m>riages ) !m3 & a gloss on ,lev4 #ae3ai1 ,! woman :o at ! return ( ! mon?1 etc4 says3 ,x is s necess>y to %un idolatry1 t we %\ld n come 9 t\* ) idolat]s or _! disciples1 nor h any deal+s ) !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,communication ) a p>ticul> p]son is =bidd5 to ! fai?ful1 9 two ways3 fir/1 z a puni%m5t ( ! p]son ) :om !y are =bidd5 to communicate2 secondly1 = ! safety ( ^? :o are =bidd5 to communicate ) o!rs4 ,bo? motives c be ga!r$ f ! ,apo/le's words 7#a ,cor4 #e3f74 ,= aft] he _h pron\nc$ s5t5ce ( excommunication1 he adds z 8 reason3 ,"k y n t a little leav5 corrupts ! :ole lump8 & aft]w>ds he adds ! reason on ! "p ( ! puni%m5t inflict$ by ! s5t5ce ( ! ,*ur* :5 he says 7#a ,cor4 #e3ab73 ,d n y judge !m t are )98 ,accord+ly1 9 ! fir/ way ! ,*ur* does n =bid ! fai?ful to communicate ) unbeliev]s1 :o h n 9 any way receiv$ ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 viz4 ) pagans & ,jews1 because %e has n ! "r to ex]cise spiritual judgm5t ov] !m1 b only temporal judgm5t1 9 ! case :51 :ile dwell+ among ,*ri/ians !y are guilty ( "s misdemeanor1 & are condemn$ by ! fai?ful to "s temporal puni%m5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ?is way1 i4e4 z a puni%m5t1 ! ,*ur* =bids ! fai?ful to communicate ) ^? unbeliev]s :o h =sak5 ! fai? !y once receiv$1 ei!r by corrupt+ ! fai?1 z h]etics1 or by entirely r5\nc+ ! fai?1 z apo/ates1 because ! ,*ur* pron\nces s5t5ce ( excommunication on bo?4 ,) reg>d to ! second way1 x seems t "o ought to di/+ui% accord+ to ! v>i\s conditions ( p]sons1 circum/ances & "t4 ,= "s are firm 9 ! fai?2 & s x is to be hop$ t _! communicat+ ) unbeliev]s w lead to ! conv]sion ( ! latt] r ?an to ! av]sion ( ! fai?ful f ! fai?4 ,^! are n to be =bidd5 to communicate ) unbeliev]s :o h n receiv$ ! fai?1 su* z pagans or ,jews1 especially if !re be "s urg5t necessity = s do+4 ,b 9 ! case ( simple p & ^? :o are weak 9 ! fai?1 ^: p]v]sion is to be fe>$ z a probable result1 !y %\ld be =bidd5 to communicate ) unbeliev]s1 & especially to be on v famili> t]ms ) !m1 or to communicate ) !m )\t necessity4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,*ur* does n ex]cise judgm5t aga9/ unbeliev]s 9 ! po9t ( inflict+ spiritual puni%m5t on !m3 b %e does ex]cise judgm5t ov] "s ( !m 9 ! matt] ( temporal puni%m5t4 ,x is "u ?is head t sometimes ! ,*ur*1 = c]ta9 special s9s1 )draws ! fai?ful f communication ) c]ta9 unbeliev]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is m probability t a s]vant :o is rul$ by 8 ma/]'s comm&s1 w be conv]t$ to ! fai? ( 8 ma/] :o is a believ]1 ?an if ! case 7 ! rev]se3 & s ! fai?ful are n =bidd5 to h unbeliev+ s]vants4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ma/] 7 9 dang]1 ?r\gh communicat+ ) su* a s]vant1 he %\ld s5d him away1 accord+ to ,our ,"l's comm& 7,matt4 #ah3h73 ,if 4 4 4 ?y foot sc&alize !e1 cut x (f1 & ca/ x f !e4 ,) reg>d to ! argum5t 9 ! contr>y 99,! ,leon9e ,edition gives ?is solution be=e ! ,reply ,obj4 #b s5se ! reply is t ! ,"l gave ?is comm& 9 ref]5ce to ^? nations into ^: t]ritory ! ,jews 7 ab\t to ent]4 ,= ! latt] 7 incl9$ to idolatry1 s t x 0 to be fe>$ le/1 ?r\gh frequ5t deal+s ) ^? nations1 !y %\ld be e/rang$ f ! fai?3 h5ce ! text goes on 7,deut4 #g3d73 ,= %e w turn away ?y son f foll[+ ,me4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,unbeliev]s ,may ,h ,au?ority or ,dom9ion ,ov] ! ,fai?ful8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t unbeliev]s may h au?ority or dom9ion ov] ! fai?ful4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #f3a73 ,:osoev] are s]vants "u ! yoke1 let !m c\nt _! ma/]s wor?y ( all honor3 & x is cle> t he is speak+ ( unbeliev]s1 s9ce he adds 7#a ,tim4 #f3b73 ,b !y t h believ+ ma/]s1 let !m n despise !m4 ,moreov] x is writt5 7#a ,pet4 #b3ah73 ,s]vants be subject to y\r ma/]s ) all fe>1 n only to ! good & g5tle1 b also to ! fr[>d4 ,n[ ?is comm& w\ld n be conta9$ 9 ! apo/olic tea*+ unless unbeliev]s c\ld h au?ority ov] ! fai?ful4 ,!re=e x seems t unbeliev]s c h au?ority ov] ! fai?ful4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all ! memb]s ( a pr9ce's h\sehold are 8 subjects4 ,n[ "s ( ! fai?ful 7 memb]s ( unbeliev+ pr9ces' h\seholds1 = we read 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians 7#d3bb73 ,all ! sa9ts salute y1 especially !y t are ( ,caes>'s h\sehold1 ref]r+ to ,n]o1 :o 0 an unbeliev]4 ,!re=e unbeliev]s c h au?ority ov] ! fai?ful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,polit4 i1 #b7 a slave is 8 ma/]'s in/rum5t 9 matt]s conc]n+ ev]yday life1 ev5 z a craftsman's labor] is 8 in/rum5t 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! work+ ( 8 art4 ,n[1 9 su* matt]s1 a believ] c be subject to an unbeliev]1 = he may "w on an unbeliev]'s f>m4 ,!re=e unbeliev]s may h au?ority ov] ! fai?ful ev5 z to dom9ion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,^? :o are 9 au?ority c pron\nce judgm5t on ^? ov] :om !y are plac$4 ,b unbeliev]s _c pron\nce judgm5t on ! fai?ful1 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #f3a73 ,d>e any ( y1 hav+ a matt] aga9/ ano!r1 g to be judg$ be=e ! unju/1 i4e4 unbeliev]s1 & n be=e ! sa9ts8 ,!re=e x seems t unbeliev]s _c h au?ority ov] ! fai?ful4 ,i answ] t1 ,t ?is "q may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 we may speak ( dom9ion or au?ority ( unbeliev]s ov] ! fai?ful z ( a ?+ to be e/abli%$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,?is ought by no means to be all[$1 s9ce x w\ld provoke sc&al & endang] ! fai?1 = subjects are easily influ5c$ by _! sup]iors to comply ) _! comm&s1 unless ! subjects are ( great virtue3 moreov] unbeliev]s hold ! fai? 9 contempt1 if !y see ! fai?ful fall away4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le =bade ! fai?ful to g to law be=e an unbeliev+ judge4 ,& s ! ,*ur* altoge!r =bids unbeliev]s to acquire dom9ion ov] believ]s1 or to h au?ority ov] !m 9 any capacity :atev]4 ,secondly1 we may speak ( dom9ion or au?ority1 z already 9 =ce3 & "h we mu/ obs]ve t dom9ion & au?ority are in/itutions ( human law1 :ile ! di/9ction betwe5 fai?ful & unbeliev]s arises f ! ,div9e law4 ,n[ ! ,div9e law :i* is ! law ( grace1 does n d away ) human law :i* is ! law ( natural reason4 ,:]e=e ! di/9ction betwe5 fai?ful & unbeliev]s1 consid]$ 9 itself1 does n d away ) dom9ion & au?ority ( unbeliev]s ov] ! fai?ful4 ,nev]!less ?is "r ( dom9ion or au?ority c be ju/ly done away ) by ! s5t5ce or ord9ation ( ! ,*ur* :o has ! au?ority ( ,god3 s9ce unbeliev]s 9 virtue ( _! unbelief des]ve to =feit _! p[] ov] ! fai?ful :o are conv]t$ into *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,?is ! ,*ur* does sometimes1 & sometimes n4 ,= among ^? unbeliev]s :o are subject1 ev5 9 temporal matt]s1 to ! ,*ur* & h] memb]s1 ! ,*ur* made ! law t if ! slave ( a ,jew became a ,*ri/ian1 he %\ld =?) receive 8 fre$om1 )\t pay+ any price1 if he %\ld be a v]naculus1 i4e4 born 9 slav]y2 & likewise if1 :5 yet an unbeliev]1 he _h be5 b\ght = 8 s]vice3 if1 h[ev]1 he _h be5 b\ght = sale1 !n he %\ld be (f]$ = sale )9 ?ree mon?s4 ,nor does ! ,*ur* h>m !m 9 ?is1 because s9ce ^? ,jews !mselves are subject to ! ,*ur*1 %e c dispose ( _! possessions1 ev5 z secul> pr9ces h enact$ _m laws to be obs]v$ by _! subjects1 9 favor ( lib]ty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ur* has n appli$ ! above law to ^? unbeliev]s :o are n subject to h] or h] memb]s1 9 temporal matt]s1 al?\gh %e has ! "r to d s3 & ?is1 9 ord] to avoid sc&al1 = z ,our ,"l %[$ 7,matt4 #ag3be1 #bf7 t ,he c\ld be excus$ f pay+ ! tribute1 because ! *ildr5 are free1 yet ,he ord]$ ! tribute to be paid 9 ord] to avoid giv+ sc&al4 ,?us ,paul too1 aft] say+ t s]vants %\ld honor _! ma/]s1 adds1 le/ ! "n ( ! ,"l & ,8 doctr9e be blasphem$4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! au?ority ( ,caes> prec$$ ! di/9ction ( fai?ful f unbeliev]s4 ,h5ce x 0 n cancell$ by ! conv]sion ( "s to ! fai?4 ,moreov] x 0 a good ?+ t !re %\ld be a few ( ! fai?ful 9 ! emp]or's h\sehold1 t !y might def5d ! re/ ( ! fai?ful4 ,?us ! ,bless$ ,seba/ian enc\rag$ ^? :om he saw falt]+ "u torture1 &1 ! :ile1 rema9$ hidd5 "u ! milit>y cloak 9 ! palace ( ,diocletian4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,slaves are subject to _! ma/]s = _! :ole lifetime1 & are subject to _! ov]se]s 9 ev]y?+3 :]eas ! craftsman's labor] is subject to him = c]ta9 special works4 ,h5ce x w\ld be m dang]\s = unbeliev]s to h dom9ion or au?ority ov] ! fai?ful1 ?an t !y %\ld be all[$ to employ !m 9 "s craft4 ,:]e=e ! ,*ur* p]mits ,*ri/ians to "w on ! l& ( ,jews1 because ?is does n entail _! liv+ toge!r ) !m4 ,?us ,solomon bes\ght ! ,k+ ( ,tyre to s5d ma/] workm5 to hew ! trees1 z relat$ 9 #c ,k+s #e3f4 ,yet1 if !re be reason to fe> t ! fai?ful w be p]v]t$ by su* communications & deal+s1 !y %\ld be absolutely =bidd54 ,,elev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ! ,rites ( ,unbeliev]s ,ought to ,be ,tol]at$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t rites ( unbeliev]s ought n to be tol]at$4 ,= x is evid5t t unbeliev]s s9 9 obs]v+ _! rites3 & n to prev5t a s91 :5 "o c1 seems to imply cons5t !re91 z a gloss obs]ves on ,rom4 #a3cb3 ,n only !y t d !m1 b !y also t cons5t to !m t d !m4 ,!re=e x is a s9 to tol]ate _! rites4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! rites ( ! ,jews are comp>$ to idolatry1 because a gloss on ,gal4 #e3a1 ,be n held aga9 "u ! yoke ( bondage1 says3 ,! bondage ( t law 0 n light] ?an t ( idolatry4 ,b x w\ld n be all[able = anyone to obs]ve ! rites ( idolatry1 9 fact ,*ri/ian pr9ces at fir/ caus$ ! temples ( idols to be clos$1 & aft]w>ds1 to be de/roy$1 z ,augu/9e relates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xviii1 #ed74 ,!re=e x foll[s t ev5 ! rites ( ,jews ought n to be tol]at$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 unbelief is ! greate/ ( s9s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,n[ o!r s9s su* z adult]y1 !ft & ! l1 are n tol]at$1 b are puni%able by law4 ,!re=e nei!r ought ! rites ( unbeliev]s to be tol]at$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 99,regi/4 xi1 ,ep4 #ae3 cf4 ,decret41 di/4 xlv1 c41 ,qui s9c]a says1 speak+ ( ! ,jews3 ,!y %\ld be all[$ to obs]ve all _! fea/s1 j z hi!rto !y & _! fa!rs h = ages obs]v$ !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,human gov]nm5t is d]iv$ f ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 & %\ld imitate x4 ,n[ al?\gh ,god is all-p[]ful & supremely good1 nev]!less ,he all[s c]ta9 evils to take place 9 ! univ]se1 :i* ,he might prev5t1 le/1 )\t !m1 great] goods might be =feit$1 or great] evils ensue4 ,accord+ly 9 human gov]nm5t also1 ^? :o are 9 au?ority1 rightly tol]ate c]ta9 evils1 le/ c]ta9 goods be lo/1 or c]ta9 great] evils be incurr$3 ?us ,augu/9e says 7,de ,ord9e ii1 #d73 ,if y d away ) h>lots1 ! _w w be convuls$ ) lu/4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh unbeliev]s s9 9 _! rites1 !y may be tol]at$1 ei!r on acc\nt ( "s good t ensues !refrom1 or because ( "s evil avoid$4 ,?us f ! fact t ! ,jews obs]ve _! rites1 :i*1 ( old1 =e%ad[$ ! tru? ( ! fai? :i* we hold1 !re foll[s ?is good--t our v enemies be> witness to our fai?1 & t our fai? is repres5t$ 9 a figure1 s to speak4 ,= ?is reason !y are tol]at$ 9 ! obs]vance ( _! rites4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rites ( o!r unbeliev]s1 :i* are nei!r tru?ful nor pr(itable are by no means to be tol]at$1 except p]*ance 9 ord] to avoid an evil1 e4g4 ! sc&al or di/urbance t might ensue1 or "s h9drance to ! salvation ( ^? :o if !y 7 unmole/$ might gradually be conv]t$ to ! fai?4 ,= ?is reason ! ,*ur*1 at times1 has tol]at$ ! rites ev5 ( h]etics & pagans1 :5 unbeliev]s 7 v num]\s4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aj1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ! ,*ildr5 ( ,jews & ,o!r ,unbeliev]s ,ought to ,be ,baptiz$ ,aga9/ ,_! ,p>5ts' ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! *ildr5 ( ,jews & ( o!r unbeliev]s ought to be baptiz$ aga9/ _! p>5ts' w4 ,= ! bond ( m>riage is /rong] ?an ! "r ( p>5tal au?ority ov] *ildr51 s9ce ! "r ( p>5tal au?ority c be made to cease1 :5 a son is set at lib]ty2 :]eas ! m>riage bond _c be sev]$ by man1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ai3f3 ,:at 4 4 4 ,god ha? jo9$ toge!r let no man put asund]4 ,& yet ! m>riage bond is brok5 on acc\nt ( unbelief3 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #g3ae73 ,if ! unbeliev] dep>t1 let him dep>t4 ,= a bro!r or si/] is n "u s]vitude 9 su* cases3 & a canon 99,c4 ,uxor legitima1 & ,idololatria1 qu4 i says t if ! unbeliev+ p>tn] is unwill+ to abide ) ! o!r1 )\t insult to _! ,creator1 !n ! o!r p>tn] is n b\nd to cohabitation4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 does unbelief abrogate ! "r ( unbeliev+ p>5ts' au?ority ov] _! *ildr53 & consequ5tly _! *ildr5 may be baptiz$ aga9/ _! p>5ts' w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o is m b\nd to succor a man :o is 9 dang] ( ev]la/+ dea?1 ?an "o :o is 9 dang] ( temporal dea?4 ,n[ x w\ld be a s91 if "o saw a man 9 dang] ( temporal dea? & fail$ to g to 8 aid4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! *ildr5 ( ,jews & o!r unbeliev]s are 9 dang] ( ev]la/+ dea?1 %\ld !y be left to _! p>5ts :o w\ld imbue !m ) _! unbelief1 x seems t !y ought to be tak5 away f !m & baptiz$1 & in/ruct$ 9 ! fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! *ildr5 ( a bondsman are !mselves bondsm51 & "u ! p[] ( 8 ma/]4 ,n[ ! ,jews are bondsm5 ( k+s & pr9ces3 !re=e _! *ildr5 are also4 ,consequ5tly k+s & pr9ces h ! p[] to d :at !y w ) ,jewi% *ildr54 ,!re=e no inju/ice is committ$ if !y baptize !m aga9/ _! p>5ts' wi%es4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 e man belongs m to ,god1 f ,:om he has 8 s\l1 ?an to 8 c>nal fa!r1 f :om he has 8 body4 ,!re=e x is n unju/ if ,jewi% *ildr5 be tak5 away f _! p>5ts1 & consecrat$ to ,god 9 ,baptism4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,baptism avails = salvation m ?an prea*+ does1 s9ce ,baptism removes =?) ! /a9 ( s9 & ! debt ( puni%m5t1 & op5s ! gate ( heav54 ,n[ if dang] ensue ?r\gh n prea*+1 x is imput$ to him :o omitt$ to prea*1 accord+ to ! words ( ,eze*4 #cc3f ab\t ! man :o sees ! sword com+ & s\nds n ! trumpet4 ,mu* m !re=e1 if ,jewi% *ildr5 are lo/ ?r\gh n be+ baptiz$ are !y acc\nt$ guilty ( s91 :o c\ld h baptiz$ !m & did n4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,inju/ice %\ld be done to no man4 ,n[ x w\ld be an inju/ice to ,jews if _! *ildr5 7 to be baptiz$ aga9/ _! w1 s9ce !y w\ld lose ! rights ( p>5tal au?ority ov] _! *ildr5 z soon z ^! 7 ,*ri/ians4 ,!re=e ^! %\ld n be baptiz$ aga9/ _! p>5ts' w4 ,i answ] t1 ,! cu/om ( ! ,*ur* has v great au?ority & ought to be jeal\sly obs]v$ 9 all ?+s1 s9ce ! v doctr9e ( ca?olic doctors d]ives its au?ority f ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce we ought to abide by ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* r ?an by t ( an ,augu/9e or a ,j]ome or ( any doctor :atev]4 ,n[ x 0 nev] ! cu/om ( ! ,*ur* to baptize ! *ildr5 ( ! ,jews aga9/ ! w ( _! p>5ts1 al?\gh at times pa/ !re h be5 _m v p[]ful ca?olic pr9ces l ,con/ant9e & ,!odosius1 ) :om mo/ holy bi%ops h be5 on mo/ fri5dly t]ms1 z ,sylve/] ) ,con/ant9e1 & ,ambrose ) ,!odosius1 :o w\ld c]ta9ly n h fail$ to obta9 ?is favor f !m if x _h be5 at all reasonable4 ,x seems !re=e haz>d\s to repeat ?is ass]tion1 t ! *ildr5 ( ,jews %\ld be baptiz$ aga9/ _! p>5ts' wi%es1 9 contradiction to ! ,*ur*'s cu/om obs]v$ hi!rto4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is cu/om4 ,"o is on acc\nt ( ! dang] to ! fai?4 ,= *ildr5 baptiz$ be=e com+ to ! use ( reason1 aft]w>ds :5 !y come to p]fect age1 might easily be p]suad$ by _! p>5ts to r5\nce :at !y _h unkn[+ly embrac$2 & ?is w\ld be detrim5tal to ! fai?4 ,! o!r reason is t x is aga9/ natural ju/ice4 ,= a *ild is by nature "p ( its fa!r3 ?us1 at fir/1 x is n di/9ct f its p>5ts z to its body1 s long z x is enfold$ )9 its "m's womb2 & lat] on aft] bir?1 & be=e x has ! use ( its free-w1 x is enfold$ 9 ! c>e ( its p>5ts1 :i* is l a spiritual womb1 = s long z man has n ! use ( reason1 he diff]s n f an irrational animal2 s t ev5 z an ox or a horse belongs to someone :o1 accord+ to ! civil law1 c use !m :5 he likes1 z 8 own in/rum5t1 s1 accord+ to ! natural law1 a son1 be=e com+ to ! use ( reason1 is "u 8 fa!r's c>e4 ,h5ce x w\ld be contr>y to natural ju/ice1 if a *ild1 be=e com+ to ! use ( reason1 7 to be tak5 away f its p>5ts' cu/ody1 or any?+ done to x aga9/ its p>5ts' wi%4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z x beg9s to h ! use ( its free-w1 x beg9s to belong to itself1 & is able to look aft] itself1 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! ,div9e or ! natural law1 & !n x %\ld be induc$1 n by compulsion b by p]suasion1 to embrace ! fai?3 x c !n cons5t to ! fai?1 & be baptiz$1 ev5 aga9/ its p>5ts' wi%2 b n be=e x comes to ! use ( reason4 ,h5ce x is said ( ! *ildr5 ( ! fa!rs ( old t !y 7 sav$ 9 ! fai? ( _! p>5ts2 :]eby we are giv5 to und]/& t x is ! p>5ts' duty to look aft] ! salvation ( _! *ildr51 especially be=e !y come to ! use ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! m>riage bond1 bo? husb& & wife h ! use ( ! free-w1 & ea* c ass5t to ! fai? )\t ! o!r's cons5t4 ,b ?is does n apply to a *ild be=e x comes to ! use ( reason3 yet ! comp>ison holds good aft] ! *ild has come to ! use ( reason1 if x is will+ to be conv]t$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no "o %\ld be snat*$ f natural dea? aga9/ ! ord] ( civil law3 = in/ance1 if a man 7 condemn$ by ! judge to temporal dea?1 nobody ought to rescue him by viol5ce3 h5ce no "o ought to break ! ord] ( ! natural law1 :]eby a *ild is 9 ! cu/ody ( its fa!r1 9 ord] to rescue x f ! dang] ( ev]la/+ dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,jews are bondsm5 ( pr9ces by civil bondage1 :i* does n exclude ! ord] ( natural or ,div9e law4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,man is direct$ to ,god by 8 reason1 :]eby he c "k ,him4 ,h5ce a *ild be=e com+ to ! use ( reason1 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 is direct$ to ,god by its p>5ts' reason1 "u ^: c>e x lies by nature3 & x is = !m to dispose ( ! *ild 9 all matt]s relat+ to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! p]il t ensues f ! omission ( prea*+1 ?reat5s only ^? :o are entru/$ ) ! duty ( prea*+4 ,h5ce x _h already be5 said 7,eze*4 #c3ag73 ,i h made !e a wat*man to ! *ildr5 ,vulg43 'h\se' ( ,israel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to provide ! sacram5ts ( salvation = ! *ildr5 ( unbeliev]s is ! duty ( _! p>5ts4 ,h5ce x is !y :om ! dang] ?reat5s1 if ?r\gh be+ depriv$ ( ! sacram5ts _! *ildr5 fail to obta9 salvation4 ,,"q #aa ,,( ,,h]esy 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] h]esy3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r h]esy is a k9d ( unbelief8 7#b7 ,( ! matt] ab\t :i* x is2 7#c7 ,:e!r h]etics %\ld be tol]at$8 7#d7 ,:e!r conv]ts %\ld be receiv$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aa1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,h]esy ,is a ,species ( ,unbelief8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t h]esy is n a species ( unbelief4 ,= unbelief is 9 ! und]/&+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ h]esy w\ld seem n to p]ta9 to ! und]/&+1 b r to ! appetitive p[]2 = ,j]ome says on ,gal4 #e3ai3 99,cf4 ,decretals xxiv1 qu4 iii1 cap4 #bg ,! works ( ! fle% are manife/3 ,h]esy is d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w mean+ *oice1 :]eby a man makes *oice ( t s*ool :i* he deems be/4 ,b *oice is an act ( ! appetitive p[]1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e h]esy is n a species ( unbelief4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 vice takes its species *iefly f its end2 h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #b7 t he :o commits adult]y t he may /eal1 is a ?ief r ?an an adult]]4 ,n[ ! end ( h]esy is temporal pr(it1 especially lord%ip & glory1 :i* belong to ! vice ( pride or covet\sness3 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,util4 ,cr$5di i7 t a h]etic is "o :o ei!r devises or foll[s false & new op9ions1 = ! sake ( "s temporal pr(it1 especially t he may "l & be honor$ above o!rs4 ,!re=e h]esy is a species ( pride r ?an ( unbelief4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce unbelief is 9 ! und]/&+1 x w\ld seem n to p]ta9 to ! fle%4 ,n[ h]esy belongs to ! works ( ! fle%1 = ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #e3ai73 ,! works ( ! fle% are manife/1 :i* are =nication1 uncleanness1 & among ! o!rs1 he adds1 diss5sions1 sects1 :i* are ! same z h]esies4 ,!re=e h]esy is n a species ( unbelief4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,falsehood is contr>y to tru?4 ,n[ a h]etic is "o :o devises or foll[s false or new op9ions4 ,!re=e h]esy is oppos$ to ! tru?1 on :i* fai? is f\nd$2 & consequ5tly x is a species ( unbelief4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w h]esy z /at$ 9 ! fir/ objection d5otes a *oos+4 ,n[ *oice z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #c7 is ab\t ?+s direct$ to ! end1 ! end be+ presuppos$4 ,n[1 9 matt]s ( fai?1 ! w ass5ts to "s tru?1 z to its prop] good1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #c73 :]e=e t :i* is ! *ief tru?1 has ! "* ( la/ end1 :ile ^? :i* are second>y tru?s1 h ! "* ( be+ direct$ to ! end4 ,n[1 :oev] believes1 ass5ts to someone's words2 s t1 9 e =m ( unbelief1 ! p]son to ^: words ass5t is giv5 seems to hold ! *ief place & to be ! end z x 72 :ile ! ?+s by hold+ :i* "o ass5ts to t p]son hold a second>y place4 ,consequ5tly he t holds ! ,*ri/ian fai? aright1 ass5ts1 by 8 w1 to ,*ri/1 9 ^? ?+s :i* truly belong to ,8 doctr9e4 ,accord+ly !re are two ways 9 :i* a man may deviate f ! rectitude ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,fir/1 because he is unwill+ to ass5t to ,*ri/3 & su* a man has an evil w1 s to say1 9 respect ( ! v end4 ,?is belongs to ! species ( unbelief 9 pagans & ,jews4 ,secondly1 because1 ?\gh he int5ds to ass5t to ,*ri/1 yet he fails 9 8 *oice ( ^? ?+s :]e9 he ass5ts to ,*ri/1 because he *ooses n :at ,*ri/ really taught1 b ! sugge/ions ( 8 own m9d4 ,!re=e h]esy is a species ( unbelief1 belong+ to ^? :o pr(ess ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 b corrupt its dogmas4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*oice reg>ds unbelief 9 ! same way z ! w reg>ds fai?1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,vices take _! species f _! proximate end1 :ile1 f _! remote end1 !y take _! g5us & cause4 ,?us 9 ! case ( adult]y committ$ = ! sake ( !ft1 !re is ! species ( adult]y tak5 f its prop] end & object2 b ! ultimate end %[s t ! act ( adult]y is bo? ! result ( ! !ft1 & is includ$ "u x1 z an effect "u its cause1 or a species "u its g5us1 z appe>s f :at we h said ab\t acts 9 g5]al 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #g74 ,:]e=e1 z to ! case 9 po9t also1 ! proximate end ( h]esy is adh]5ce to "o's own false op9ion1 & f ?is x d]ives its species1 :ile its remote end reveals its cause1 viz4 t x arises f pride or covet\sness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z h]esy is s call$ f its be+ a *oos+ 99,f ! ,greek haire91 to cut (f1 s does sect d]ive its "n f its be+ a cutt+ (f 7sec&o71 z ,isidore /ates 7,etym4 viii1 #c74 ,:]e=e h]esy & sect are ! same ?+1 & ea* belongs to ! works ( ! fle%1 n inde$ by reason ( ! act itself ( unbelief 9 respect ( its proximate object1 b by reason ( its cause1 :i* is ei!r ! desire ( an undue end 9 :i* way x arises f pride or covet\sness1 z /at$ 9 ! second objection1 or "s illusion ( ! imag9ation 7:i* gives rise to error1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 9 ,metaph4 iv2 ,ed4 ,did4 iii1 #e71 = ?is faculty has a c]ta9 connection ) ! fle%1 9 z mu* z its act is indep5d5t on a bodily organ4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aa1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,h]esy ,is ,prop]ly ,ab\t ,matt]s ( ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t h]esy is n prop]ly ab\t matt]s ( fai?4 ,= j z !re are h]esies & sects among ,*ri/ians1 s 7 !re among ! ,jews1 & ,ph>isees1 z ,isidore obs]ves 7,etym4 viii1 #c1 #d1 #e74 ,n[ _! diss5sions 7 n ab\t matt]s ( fai?4 ,!re=e h]esy is n ab\t matt]s ( fai?1 z ?\gh !y 7 its prop] matt]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! matt] ( fai? is ! ?+ believ$4 ,n[ h]esy is n only ab\t ?+s1 b also ab\t works1 & ab\t int]pretations ( ,holy ,writ4 ,= ,j]ome says on ,gal4 #e3bj t :oev] exp\nds ! ,scriptures 9 any s5se b t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ by ,:om !y 7 writt51 may be call$ a h]etic1 ?\gh he may n h left ! ,*ur*3 & else:]e he says t h]esies spr+ up f words spok5 amiss4 99,/4 ,?omas quotes ?is say+ else:]e1 9 ,s5t4 iv1 ,d1 #ac1 & ,,iii1 ,q4 #af1 ,a4 #h1 b x is n to be f\nd 9 ,/4 ,j]ome's works4 ,!re=e h]esy is n prop]ly ab\t ! matt] ( fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we f9d ! holy doctors diff]+ ev5 ab\t matt]s p]ta9+ to ! fai?1 = example ,augu/9e & ,j]ome1 on ! "q ab\t ! cessation ( ! legal obs]vances3 & yet ?is 0 )\t any h]esy on _! "p4 ,!re=e h]esy is n prop]ly ab\t ! matt] ( fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says aga9/ ! ,mani*ees 99,cf4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei xviii1 #ea3 ,9 ,*ri/'s ,*ur*1 ^? are h]etics1 :o hold mis*iev\s & errone\s op9ions1 & :5 rebuk$ t !y may ?9k s\ndly & rightly1 (f] a /ubborn resi/ance1 &1 refus+ to m5d _! p]nici\s & deadly doctr9es1 p]si/ 9 def5d+ !m4 ,n[ p]nici\s & deadly doctr9es are none b ^? :i* are contr>y to ! dogmas ( fai?1 :]eby ! j man live? 7,rom4 #a3ag74 ,!re=e h]esy is ab\t matt]s ( fai?1 z ab\t its prop] matt]4 ,i answ] t1 ,we are speak+ ( h]esy n[ z d5ot+ a corruption ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,n[ x does n imply a corruption ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 if a man has a false op9ion 9 matt]s t are n ( fai?1 = in/ance1 9 que/ions ( geometry & s =?1 :i* _c belong to ! fai? by any means2 b only :5 a p]son has a false op9ion ab\t ?+s belong+ to ! fai?4 ,n[ a ?+ may be ( ! fai? 9 two ways1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #e71 9 "o way1 directly & pr9cipally1 e4g4 ! articles ( fai?2 9 ano!r way1 indirectly & second>ily1 e4g4 ^? matt]s1 ! d5ial ( :i* leads to ! corruption ( "s article ( fai?2 & !re may be h]esy 9 ei!r way1 ev5 z !re c be fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z ! h]esies ( ! ,jews & ,ph>isees 7 ab\t op9ions relat+ to ,judaism or ,ph>isaism1 s also h]esies among ,*ri/ians are ab\t matt] t\*+ ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man is said to exp\nd ,holy ,writ 9 ano!r s5se ?an t requir$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 :5 he s di/orts ! mean+ ( ,holy ,writ1 t x is contr>y to :at ! ,holy ,gho/ has reveal$4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,eze*4 #ac3f7 ab\t ! false prophets3 ,!y h p]si/$ to confirm :at !y h said1 viz4 by false int]pretations ( ,scripture4 ,moreov] a man pr(esses 8 fai? by ! words t he utt]s1 s9ce confession is an act ( fai?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e inord9ate words ab\t matt]s ( fai? may lead to corruption ( ! fai?2 & h5ce x is t ,pope ,leo says 9 a lett] to ,prot]ius1 ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria3 ,! enemies ( ,*ri/'s cross lie 9 wait = our e de$ & ^w1 s t1 if we b give !m ! slighte/ pretext1 !y may accuse u m5daci\sly ( agree+ ) ,ne/orius4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 xliii7 & we f9d x /at$ 9 ! ,decretals 7xxiv1 qu4 #c1 c4 ,dixit ,apo/olus73 ,by no means %\ld we accuse ( h]esy ^? :o1 h[ev] false & p]v]se _! op9ion may be1 def5d x )\t ob/9ate f]vor1 & seek ! tru? ) c>eful anxiety1 ready to m5d _! op9ion1 :5 !y h f\nd ! tru?1 because1 to wit1 !y d n make a *oice 9 contradiction to ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,accord+ly1 c]ta9 doctors seem to h diff]$ ei!r 9 matt]s ! hold+ ( :i* 9 ?is or t way is ( no consequ5ce1 s f> z fai? is conc]n$1 or ev5 9 matt]s ( fai?1 :i* 7 n z yet def9$ by ! ,*ur*2 al?\gh if anyone 7 ob/9ately to d5y !m aft] !y _h be5 def9$ by ! au?ority ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 he w\ld be deem$ a h]etic4 ,?is au?ority resides *iefly 9 ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff4 ,= we read 99,decret4 xxiv1 qu4 #a1 c4 ,quoties3 ,:5ev] a "q ( fai? is 9 dispute1 ,i ?9k1 t all our bre?r5 & fell[ bi%ops ought to ref] ! matt] to none o!r ?an ,pet]1 z be+ ! s\rce ( _! "n & honor1 aga9/ ^: au?ority nei!r ,j]ome nor ,augu/9e nor any ( ! holy doctors def5d$ _! op9ion4 ,h5ce ,j]ome says 7,exposit4 ,symbol 99,among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,j]ome73 ,?is1 mo/ bless$ ,pope1 is ! fai? t we h be5 taught 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,if any?+ !re9 has be5 incorrectly or c>elessly express$1 we beg t x may be set aright by y :o hold ! fai? & see ( ,pet]4 ,if h[ev] ?is1 our pr(ession1 be approv$ by ! judgm5t ( y\r apo/le%ip1 :oev] may blame me1 w prove t he himself is ignorant1 or malici\s1 or ev5 n a ca?olic b a h]etic4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aa1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,h]etics ,ought to ,be ,tol]at$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t h]etics ought to be tol]at$4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,tim4 #b3bd1 #be73 ,! s]vant ( ! ,"l mu/ n wrangle 4 4 4 ) mode/y admoni%+ !m t resi/ ! tru?1 if p]adv5ture ,god may give !m rep5tance to "k ! tru?1 & !y may recov] !mselves f ! sn>es ( ! devil4 ,n[ if h]etics are n tol]at$ b put to dea?1 !y lose ! opportunity ( rep5tance4 ,!re=e x seems contr>y to ! ,apo/le's comm&4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is necess>y 9 ! ,*ur* %\ld be tol]at$4 ,n[ h]esies are necess>y 9 ! ,*ur*1 s9ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #aa3ai73 ,!re mu/ be 4 4 4 h]esies1 t !y 4 4 4 :o are reprov$1 may be manife/ among y4 ,!re=e x seems t h]etics %\ld be tol]at$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,ma/] comm&$ 8 s]vants 7,matt4 #ac3cj7 to suff] ! cockle to gr[ until ! h>ve/1 i4e4 ! end ( ! _w1 z a gloss expla9s x4 ,n[ holy m5 expla9 t ! cockle d5otes h]etics4 ,!re=e h]etics %\ld be tol]at$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,titus #c3aj1 #aa73 ,a man t is a h]etic1 aft] ! fir/ & second admonition1 avoid3 kn[+ t he1 t is su* an "o1 is subv]t$4 ,i answ] t1 ,) reg>d to h]etics two po9ts mu/ be obs]v$3 "o1 on _! own side2 ! o!r1 on ! side ( ! ,*ur*4 ,on _! own side !re is ! s91 :]eby !y des]ve n only to be sep>at$ f ! ,*ur* by excommunication1 b also to be sev]$ f ! _w by dea?4 ,= x is a mu* grav] matt] to corrupt ! fai? :i* quick5s ! s\l1 ?an to =ge money1 :i* supports temporal life4 ,:]e=e if =g]s ( money & o!r evil-do]s are =?) condemn$ to dea? by ! secul> au?ority1 mu* m reason is !re = h]etics1 z soon z !y are convict$ ( h]esy1 to be n only excommunicat$ b ev5 put to dea?4 ,on ! "p ( ! ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 !re is m]cy :i* looks to ! conv]sion ( ! w&]]1 :]e=e %e condemns n at once1 b aft] ! fir/ & second admonition1 z ! ,apo/le directs3 aft] t1 if he is yet /ubborn1 ! ,*ur* no long] hop+ = 8 conv]sion1 looks to ! salvation ( o!rs1 by excommunicat+ him & sep>at+ him f ! ,*ur*1 & fur!rmore deliv]s him to ! secul> tribunal to be ext]m9at$ !reby f ! _w by dea?4 ,= ,j]ome comm5t+ on ,gal4 #e3i1 ,a little leav51 says3 ,cut (f ! decay$ fle%1 expel ! mangy %eep f ! fold1 le/ ! :ole h\se1 ! :ole pa/e1 ! :ole body1 ! :ole flock1 burn1 p]i%1 rot1 die4 ,arius 0 b "o sp>k 9 ,alex&ria1 b z t sp>k 0 n at once put out1 ! :ole e>? 0 laid wa/e by its flame4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is v mode/y dem&s t ! h]etic %\ld be admoni%$ a fir/ & second "t3 & if he be unwill+ to retract1 he mu/ be reckon$ z already subv]t$1 z we may ga!r f ! words ( ! ,apo/le quot$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! pr(it t ensues f h]esy is beside ! int5tion ( h]etics1 = x consi/s 9 ! con/ancy ( ! fai?ful be+ put to ! te/1 & makes u %ake (f our sluggi%ness1 & se>* ! ,scriptures m c>efully1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,g54 cont4 ,mani*4 i1 #a74 ,:at !y really int5d is ! corruption ( ! fai?1 :i* is to inflict v great h>m inde$4 ,consequ5tly we %\ld consid] :at !y directly int5d1 & expel !m1 r ?an :at is beside _! int5tion1 & s1 tol]ate !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ,decret4 7xxiv1 qu4 iii1 c4 ,not&um71 to be excommunicat$ is n to be uproot$4 ,a man is excommunicat$1 z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #e3e7 t 8 _s may be sav$ 9 ! day ( ,our ,"l4 ,yet if h]etics be altoge!r uproot$ by dea?1 ?is is n contr>y to ,our ,"l's comm&1 :i* is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! case :5 ! cockle _c be pluck$ up )\t pluck+ up ! :eat1 z we expla9$ above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #h1 ad #a71 :5 treat+ ( unbeliev]s 9 g5]al4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aa1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,*ur* ,%\ld ,receive ,^? ,:o ,return f ,h]esy8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,*ur* ought 9 all cases to receive ^? :o return f h]esy4 ,= x is writt5 7,j]4 #c3a7 9 ! p]son ( ! ,"l3 ,?\ ha/ pro/itut$ ?yself to _m lov]s2 nev]!less return to ,me sai? ! ,"l4 ,n[ ! s5t5ce ( ! ,*ur* is ,god's s5t5ce1 accord+ to ,deut4 #a3ag3 ,y %all he> ! little z well z ! great3 nei!r %all y respect any man's p]son1 because x is ! judgm5t ( ,god4 ,!re=e ev5 ^? :o are guilty ( ! pro/itution ( unbelief :i* is spiritual pro/itution1 %\ld be receiv$ all ! same4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,our ,"l comm&$ ,pet] 7,matt4 #ah3bb7 to =give 8 (f5d+ bro!r n only till sev5 times1 b till sev5ty times sev5 times1 :i* ,j]ome exp\nds z mean+ t a man %\ld be =giv51 z (t5 z he has s9n$4 ,!re=e he ought to be receiv$ by ! ,*ur* z (t5 z he has s9n$ by fall+ back into h]esy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 h]esy is a k9d ( unbelief4 ,n[ o!r unbeliev]s :o wi% to be conv]t$ are receiv$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,!re=e h]etics also %\ld be receiv$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,decretal ,ad abol5dam 7,de ,ha]eticis1 cap4 ix7 says t ^? :o are f\nd to h relaps$ into ! error :i* !y _h already abjur$1 mu/ be left to ! secul> tribunal4 ,!re=e !y %\ld n be receiv$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ob$i5ce to ,our ,"l's in/itution1 ! ,*ur* ext5ds h] *>ity to all1 n only to fri5ds1 b also to foes :o p]secute h]1 accord+ to ,matt4 #e3dd3 ,love y\r enemies2 d good to !m t hate y4 ,n[ x is "p ( *>ity t we %\ld bo? wi% & "w our neighbor's good4 ,aga91 good is tw(old3 "o is spiritual1 namely ! heal? ( ! s\l1 :i* good is *iefly ! object ( *>ity1 s9ce x is ?is *iefly t we %\ld wi% = "o ano!r4 ,consequ5tly1 f ?is po9t ( view1 h]etics :o return aft] fall+ no matt] h[ (t51 are admitt$ by ! ,*ur* to ,p5ance :]eby ! way ( salvation is op5$ to !m4 ,! o!r good is t :i* *>ity consid]s second>ily1 viz4 temporal good1 su* z life ( ! body1 worldly possessions1 good repute1 ecclesia/ical or secul> dignity1 = we are n b\nd by *>ity to wi% o!rs ?is good1 except 9 relation to ! et]nal salvation ( !m & ( o!rs4 ,h5ce if ! pres5ce ( "o ( ^! goods 9 "o individual might be an ob/acle to et]nal salvation 9 _m1 we are n b\nd out ( *>ity to wi% su* a good to t p]son1 r %\ld we desire him to be )\t x1 bo? because et]nal salvation takes prec$5ce ( temporal good1 & because ! good ( ! _m is to be pref]r$ to ! good ( "o4 ,n[ if h]etics 7 always receiv$ on _! return1 9 ord] to save _! lives & o!r temporal goods1 ?is might be prejudicial to ! salvation ( o!rs1 bo? because !y w\ld infect o!rs if !y relaps$ aga91 & because1 if !y escap$ )\t puni%m5t1 o!rs w\ld feel m assur$ 9 laps+ into h]esy4 ,= x is writt5 7,eccles4 #h3aa73 ,= because s5t5ce is n spe$ily pron\nc$ aga9/ ! evil1 ! *ildr5 ( m5 commit evils )\t any fe>4 ,= ?is reason ! ,*ur* n only admits to ,p5ance ^? :o return f h]esy = ! fir/ "t1 b also safegu>ds _! lives1 & sometimes by disp5sation1 re/ores !m to ! ecclesia/ical dignities :i* !y may h _h be=e1 %\ld _! conv]sion appe> to be s9c]e3 we read ( ?is z hav+ frequ5tly be5 done = ! good ( peace4 ,b :5 !y fall aga91 aft] hav+ be5 receiv$1 ?is seems to prove !m to be incon/ant 9 fai?1 :]e=e :5 !y return aga91 !y are admitt$ to ,p5ance1 b are n deliv]$ f ! pa9 ( dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ,god's tribunal1 ^? :o return are always receiv$1 because ,god is a se>*] ( he>ts1 & kn[s ^? :o return 9 s9c]ity4 ,b ! ,*ur* _c imitate ,god 9 ?is1 = %e presumes t ^? :o relapse aft] be+ once receiv$1 are n s9c]e 9 _! return2 h5ce %e does n deb> !m f ! way ( salvation1 b nei!r does %e protect !m f ! s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,our ,"l 0 speak+ to ,pet] ( s9s committ$ aga9/ oneself1 = "o %\ld always =give su* (f5ses & sp>e our bro!r :5 he rep5ts4 ,^! words are n to be appli$ to s9s committ$ aga9/ "o's neighbor or aga9/ ,god1 = x is n left to our discretion to =give su* (f5ses1 z ,j]ome says on ,matt4 #ah3ae1 ,if ?y bro!r %all (f5d aga9/ !e4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is matt] ! law prescribes limits accord+ z ,god's honor or our neighbor's good dem&s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 o!r unbeliev]s1 :o h nev] receiv$ ! fai? are conv]t$1 !y d n z yet %[ signs ( incon/ancy 9 fai?1 z relaps$ h]etics d2 h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,,"q #ab ,,( ,,apo/asy 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] apo/asy3 ab\t :i* !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r apo/asy p]ta9s to unbelief8 7#b7 ,:e!r1 on acc\nt ( apo/asy f ! fai?1 subjects are absolv$ f allegiance to an apo/ate pr9ce8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,apo/asy ,p]ta9s to ,unbelief8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t apo/asy does n p]ta9 to unbelief4 ,= t :i* is ! orig9 ( all s9s1 does n1 seem+ly1 p]ta9 to unbelief1 s9ce _m s9s !re are )\t unbelief4 ,n[ apo/asy seems to be ! orig9 ( e s91 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #aj3ad73 ,! beg9n+ ( ! pride ( man is apo/asy ,d\ay3 'to fall (f' f ,god1 & fur!r on1 7,ecclus4 #aj3ae73 ,pride is ! beg9n+ ( all s94 ,!re=e apo/asy does n p]ta9 to unbelief4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 unbelief is an act ( ! und]/&+3 :]eas apo/asy seems r to consi/ 9 "s outw>d de$ or utt]ance1 or ev5 9 "s inw>d act ( ! w1 = x is writt5 7,prov4 #f3ab-ad73 ,a man t is an apo/ate1 an unpr(itable man walke? ) a p]v]se m\?4 ,he w9ke? ) ! eyes1 presse? ) ! foot1 speake? ) ! f+]4 ,) a wick$ he>t he devise? evil1 & at all times he s[e? discord4 ,moreov] if anyone 7 to h himself circumcis$1 or to wor%ip at ! tomb ( ,mahomet1 he w\ld be deem$ an apo/ate4 ,!re=e apo/asy does n p]ta9 to unbelief4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 h]esy1 s9ce x p]ta9s to unbelief1 is a det]m9ate species ( unbelief4 ,if !n1 apo/asy p]ta9$ to unbelief1 x w\ld foll[ t x is a det]m9ate species ( unbelief1 :i* does n seem to agree ) :at has be5 said 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e apo/asy does n p]ta9 to unbelief4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,john #f3fg73 ,_m ( 8 disciples w5t back1 i4e4 apo/atiz$1 ( :om ,our ,"l _h said previ\sly 7,john #f3fe73 ,!re are "s ( y t believe n4 ,!re=e apo/asy p]ta9s to unbelief4 ,i answ] t1 ,apo/asy d5otes a backslid+ f ,god4 ,?is may happ5 9 v>i\s ways accord+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( union betwe5 man & ,god4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 man is unit$ to ,god by fai?2 secondly1 by hav+ 8 w duly submissive 9 obey+ ,8 comm&m5ts2 ?irdly1 by c]ta9 special ?+s p]ta9+ to sup]]ogation su* z ! religi\s life1 ! cl]ical /ate1 or ,holy ,ord]s4 ,n[ if t :i* foll[s be remov$1 t :i* prec$es1 rema9s1 b ! conv]se does n hold4 ,accord+ly a man may apo/atize f ,god1 by )draw+ f ! religi\s life to :i* he 0 b\nd by pr(ession1 or f ! ,holy ,ord] :i* he _h receiv$3 & ?is is call$ apo/asy f religi\s life or ,ord]s4 ,a man may also apo/atize f ,god1 by rebell+ 9 8 m9d aga9/ ! ,div9e comm&m5ts3 & ?\gh man may apo/atize 9 bo? ! above ways1 he may /ill rema9 unit$ to ,god by fai?4 ,b if he give up ! fai?1 !n he seems to turn away f ,god altoge!r3 & consequ5tly1 apo/asy simply & absolutely is t :]eby a man )draws f ! fai?1 & is call$ apo/asy ( p]fidy4 ,9 ?is way apo/asy1 simply s call$1 p]ta9s to unbelief4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection ref]s to ! second k9d ( apo/asy1 :i* d5otes an act ( ! w 9 rebellion aga9/ ,god's comm&m5ts1 an act t is to be f\nd 9 e mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x belongs to fai? n only t ! he>t %\ld believe1 b also t ext]nal words & de$s %\ld be> witness to ! inw>d fai?1 = confession is an act ( fai?4 ,9 ?is way too1 c]ta9 ext]nal words or de$s p]ta9 to unbelief1 9 s f> z !y are signs ( unbelief1 ev5 z a sign ( heal? is said itself to be heal?y4 ,n[ al?\gh ! au?ority quot$ may be und]/ood z ref]r+ to e k9d ( apo/ate1 yet x applies mo/ truly to an apo/ate f ! fai?4 ,= s9ce fai? is ! fir/ f\ndation ( ?+s to be hop$ =1 & s9ce1 )\t fai? x is impossible to please ,god2 :5 once fai? is remov$1 man reta9s no?+ t may be useful = ! obta9+ ( et]nal salvation1 = :i* reason x is writt5 7,prov4 #f3ab73 ,a man t is an apo/ate1 an unpr(itable man3 because fai? is ! life ( ! s\l1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3ag3 ,! j man live? by fai?4 ,!re=e1 j z :5 ! life ( ! body is tak5 away1 man's e memb] & "p loses its due disposition1 s :5 ! life ( ju/ice1 :i* is by fai?1 is done away1 disord] appe>s 9 all 8 memb]s4 ,fir/1 9 8 m\?1 :]eby *iefly 8 m9d /&s reveal$2 secondly1 9 8 eyes2 ?irdly1 9 ! in/rum5t ( movem5t2 f\r?ly1 9 8 w1 :i* t5ds to evil4 ,! result is t he s[s discord1 endeavor+ to sev] o!rs f ! fai? ev5 z he sev]$ himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! species ( a quality or =m are n div]sifi$ by ! fact ( its be+ ! t]m :]efrom or :]eto ( movem5t3 on ! contr>y1 x is ! movem5t t takes its species f ! t]ms4 ,n[ apo/asy reg>ds unbelief z ! t]m :]eto ( ! movem5t ( )drawal f ! fai?2 :]e=e apo/asy does n imply a special k9d ( unbelief1 b an aggravat+ circum/ance !re(1 accord+ to #b ,pet4 #b3ba3 ,x _h be5 bett] = !m n to "k ! tru? ,vulg43 '! way ( ju/ice'1 ?an aft] !y _h kn[n x1 to turn back4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ab1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r a ,pr9ce ,=feits ,8 ,dom9ion ,ov] ,8 ,subjects1 on ,acc\nt ( ,apo/asy f ! ,fai?1 ,s ,t ,!y ,no ,long] ,owe ,him ,allegiance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a pr9ce does n s =feit 8 dom9ion ov] 8 subjects1 on acc\nt ( apo/asy f ! fai?1 t !y no long] owe him allegiance4 ,= ,ambrose 99,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,sup] ,ps4 #abd3c says t ! ,emp]or ,julian1 ?\gh an apo/ate1 nev]!less _h "u him ,*ri/ian soldi]s1 :o :5 he said to !m1 ,fall into l9e = ! def5se ( ! republic1 7 b\nd to obey4 ,!re=e subjects are n absolv$ f _! allegiance to _! pr9ce on acc\nt ( 8 apo/asy4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an apo/ate f ! fai? is an unbeliev]4 ,n[ we f9d t c]ta9 holy m5 s]v$ unbeliev+ ma/]s2 ?us ,joseph s]v$ ,ph>aoh1 ,daniel s]v$ ,nabu*odonosor1 & ,m>do*ai s]v$ ,assu]us4 ,!re=e apo/asy f ! fai? does n release subjects f allegiance to _! sov]eign4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z by apo/asy f ! fai?1 a man turns away f ,god1 s does e s94 ,consequ5tly if1 on acc\nt ( apo/asy f ! fai?1 pr9ces 7 to lose _! "r to comm& ^? ( _! subjects :o are believ]s1 !y w\ld equally lose x on acc\nt ( o!r s9s3 :i* is evid5tly n ! case4 ,!re=e we ought n to refuse allegiance to a sov]eign on acc\nt ( 8 apo/atiz+ f ! fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ,,vii says 7,c\ncil1 ,roman ,v73 ,hold+ to ! in/itutions ( our holy pr$ecessors1 we1 by our apo/olic au?ority1 absolve f _! oa? ^? :o ?r\gh loyalty or ?r\gh ! sacr$ bond ( an oa? owe allegiance to excommunicat$ p]sons3 & we absolutely =bid !m to cont9ue _! allegiance to su* p]sons1 until ^! %all h made am5ds4 ,n[ apo/ates f ! fai?1 l h]etics1 are excommunicat$1 accord+ to ! ,decretal 99,extra1 ,de ,ha]eticis1 cap4 ,ad abol5dam4 ,!re=e pr9ces %\ld n be obey$ :5 !y h apo/atiz$ f ! fai?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #aj71 unbelief1 9 itself1 is n inconsi/5t ) dom9ion1 s9ce dom9ion is a device ( ! law ( nations :i* is a human law3 :]eas ! di/9ction betwe5 believ]s & unbeliev]s is ( ,div9e "r1 :i* does n annul human "r4 ,nev]!less a man :o s9s by unbelief may be s5t5c$ to ! loss ( 8 "r ( dom9ion1 z also1 sometimes1 on acc\nt ( o!r s9s4 ,n[ x is n )9 ! compet5cy ( ! ,*ur* to puni% unbelief 9 ^? :o h nev] receiv$ ! fai?1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #e3ab73 ,:at h ,i to d to judge !m t are )\t8 ,%e c1 h[ev]1 pass s5t5ce ( puni%m5t on ! unbelief ( ^? :o h receiv$ ! fai?3 & x is fitt+ t !y %\ld be puni%$ by be+ depriv$ ( ! allegiance ( _! subjects3 = ?is same allegiance might conduce to great corruption ( ! fai?1 s9ce1 z 0 /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #b71 a man t is an apo/ate 4 4 4 ) a wick$ he>t devise? evil1 & 4 4 4 s[e? discord1 9 ord] to sev] o!rs f ! fai?4 ,consequ5tly1 z soon z s5t5ce ( excommunication is pass$ on a man on acc\nt ( apo/asy f ! fai?1 8 subjects are ipso facto absolv$ f 8 au?ority & f ! oa? ( allegiance :]eby !y 7 b\nd to him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,at t "t ! ,*ur* 0 b rec5tly in/itut$1 & _h n1 z yet1 ! p[] ( curb+ e>?ly pr9ces2 & s %e all[$ ! fai?ful to obey ,julian ! apo/ate1 9 matt]s t 7 n contr>y to ! fai?1 9 ord] to avoid incurr+ a yet great] dang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ 9 ! article1 x is n a "q ( ^? unbeliev]s :o h nev] receiv$ ! fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,apo/asy f ! fai? sev]s man f ,god altoge!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 :i* is n ! case 9 any o!r s94 ,,"q #ac ,,( ,,! ,,s9 ,,( ,,blasphemy1 ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! s9 ( blasphemy1 :i* is oppos$ to ! confession ( fai?2 & 7#a7 blasphemy 9 g5]al1 7#b7 t blasphemy :i* is call$ ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r blasphemy is oppos$ to ! confession ( fai?8 7#b7 ,:e!r blasphemy is always a mortal s98 7#c7 ,:e!r blasphemy is ! mo/ griev\s s98 7#d7 ,:e!r blasphemy is 9 ! damn$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,blasphemy ,is ,oppos$ to ! ,confession ( ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t blasphemy is n oppos$ to ! confession ( fai?4 ,because to blaspheme is to utt] an affront or insult aga9/ ! ,creator4 ,n[ ?is p]ta9s to ill-w aga9/ ,god r ?an to unbelief4 ,!re=e blasphemy is n oppos$ to ! confession ( fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 on ,eph4 #d3ca1 ,let blasphemy 4 4 4 be put away f y1 a gloss says1 t :i* is committ$ aga9/ ,god or ! sa9ts4 ,b confession ( fai?1 seem+ly1 is n ab\t o!r ?+s ?an ^? p]ta9+ to ,god1 ,:o is ! object ( fai?4 ,!re=e blasphemy is n always oppos$ to ! confession ( fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to "s1 !re are ?ree k9ds ( blasphemy4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is :5 some?+ unfitt+ is affirm$ ( ,god2 ! second is :5 some?+ fitt+ is d5i$ ( ,him2 & ! ?ird1 :5 some?+ prop] to ,god is ascrib$ to a creature1 s t1 seem+ly1 blasphemy is n only ab\t ,god1 b also ab\t ,8 creatures4 ,n[ ! object ( fai? is ,god4 ,!re=e blasphemy is n oppos$ to confession ( fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #a3ab1 #ac73 ,i 4 4 4 be=e 0 a blasphem] & a p]secutor1 & aft]w>ds1 ,i did x ignorantly 9 my unbelief4 ,h5ce x seems t blasphemy p]ta9s to unbelief4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w blasphemy seems to d5ote ! disp>agem5t ( "s surpass+ goodness1 especially t ( ,god4 ,n[ ,god1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 i71 is ! v ess5ce ( true goodness4 ,h5ce :atev] befits ,god1 p]ta9s to ,8 goodness1 & :atev] does n befit ,him1 is f> remov$ f ! p]fection ( goodness :i* is ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,consequ5tly :oev] ei!r d5ies any?+ befitt+ ,god1 or affirms any?+ unbefitt+ ,him1 disp>ages ! ,div9e goodness4 ,n[ ?is may happ5 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ way x may happ5 m]ely 9 respect ( ! op9ion 9 ! intellect2 9 ! second way ?is op9ion is unit$ to a c]ta9 dete/ation 9 ! affections1 ev5 z1 on ! o!r h&1 fai? 9 ,god is p]fect$ by love ( ,him4 ,accord+ly ?is disp>agem5t ( ! ,div9e goodness is ei!r 9 ! intellect alone1 or 9 ! affections also4 ,if x is 9 ?\ght only1 x is blasphemy ( ! he>t1 :]eas if x betrays itself outw>dly 9 spee* x is blasphemy ( ! tongue4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t blasphemy is oppos$ to confession ( fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he t speaks aga9/ ,god1 ) ! int5tion ( revil+ ,him1 disp>ages ! ,div9e goodness1 n only 9 respect ( ! falsehood 9 8 intellect1 b also by reason ( ! wick$ness ( 8 w1 :]eby he dete/s & /rives to h9d] ! honor due to ,god1 & ?is is p]fect blasphemy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 z ,god is prais$ 9 ,8 sa9ts1 9 s f> z praise is giv5 to ! works :i* ,god does 9 ,8 sa9ts1 s does blasphemy aga9/ ! sa9ts1 r$\nd1 z a consequ5ce1 aga9/ ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,prop]ly speak+1 ! s9 ( blasphemy is n 9 ?is way divid$ into ?ree species3 s9ce to affirm unfitt+ ?+s1 or to d5y fitt+ ?+s ( ,god1 diff] m]ely z affirmation & negation4 ,= ?is div]sity does n cause di/9ct species ( habits1 s9ce ! falsehood ( affirmations & negations is made kn[n by ! same k1 & x is ! same ignorance :i* errs 9 ei!r way1 s9ce negatives are prov$ by affirmatives1 accord+ to ,po/]4 i1 #be4 ,aga9 to ascribe to creatures ?+s t are prop] to ,god1 seems to am\nt to ! same z affirm+ some?+ unfitt+ ( ,him1 s9ce :atev] is prop] to ,god is ,god ,himself3 & to ascribe to a creature1 t :i* is prop] to ,god1 is to ass]t t ,god is ! same z a creature4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,blasphemy ,is ,always a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t blasphemy is n always a mortal s94 ,because a gloss on ! words1 ,n[ lay y also all away1 etc4 7,col4 #c3h7 says3 ,aft] prohibit+ great] crimes he =bids less] s9s3 & yet among ! latt] he includes blasphemy4 ,!re=e blasphemy is compris$ among ! less]1 i4e4 v5ial1 s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e mortal s9 is oppos$ to "o ( ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,b1 seem+ly1 blasphemy is n contr>y to any ( !m4 ,!re=e blasphemy is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9s committ$ )\t delib]ation1 are n mortal3 h5ce fir/ movem5ts are n mortal s9s1 because !y prec$e ! delib]ation ( ! reason1 z 0 %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,,aa4 #c1 #aj74 ,n[ blasphemy sometimes occurs )\t delib]ation ( ! reason4 ,!re=e x is n always a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,lev4 #bd3af73 ,he t blaspheme? ! "n ( ! ,"l1 dy+ let him die4 ,n[ ! dea? puni%m5t is n inflict$ except = a mortal s94 ,!re=e blasphemy is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e71 a mortal s9 is "o :]eby a man is sev]$ f ! fir/ pr9ciple ( spiritual life1 :i* pr9ciple is ! *>ity ( ,god4 ,!re=e :atev] ?+s are contr>y to *>ity1 are mortal s9s 9 respect ( _! g5us4 ,n[ blasphemy1 z to its g5us1 is oppos$ to ,div9e *>ity1 because1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 x disp>ages ! ,div9e goodness1 :i* is ! object ( *>ity4 ,consequ5tly blasphemy is a mortal s91 by reason ( its g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is gloss is n to be und]/ood z mean+ t all ! s9s :i* foll[1 are mortal1 b t :]eas all ^? m5tion$ previ\sly are m griev\s s9s1 "s ( ^? m5tion$ aft]w>ds are less griev\s2 & yet among ! latt] "s m griev\s s9s are includ$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 blasphemy is contr>y to ! confession ( fai?1 its prohibition is compris$ "u ! prohibition ( unbelief1 express$ by ! words3 ,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god1 etc4 7,ex4 #bj3a74 ,or else1 x is =bidd5 by ! words3 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( 4 4 4 ,god 9 va9 7,ex4 #bj3g74 ,because he :o ass]ts some?+ false ab\t ,god1 takes ,8 "n 9 va9 ev5 m ?an he :o uses ! "n ( ,god 9 confirmation ( a falsehood4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* blasphemy may occur unaw>es & )\t delib]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ way1 by a man fail+ to adv]t to ! blasphem\s nature ( 8 words1 & ?is may happ5 ?r\gh 8 be+ mov$ sudd5ly by passion s z to break out into words sugge/$ by 8 imag9ation1 )\t he$+ to ! mean+ ( ^? words3 ?is is a v5ial s91 & is n a blasphemy prop]ly s call$4 ,9 ! second way1 by adv]t+ to ! mean+ ( 8 words1 & to _! blasphem\s nature3 9 :i* case he is n excus$ f mortal s91 ev5 z nei!r is he :o1 9 a sudd5 movem5t ( ang]1 kills "o :o is sitt+ beside him4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,s9 ( ,blasphemy ,is ! ,greate/ ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s9 ( blasphemy is n ! greate/ s94 ,=1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,en*iridion xii71 a ?+ is said to be evil because x does h>m4 ,n[ ! s9 ( murd]1 s9ce x de/roys a man's life1 does m h>m ?an ! s9 ( blasphemy1 :i* c d no h>m to ,god4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( murd] is m griev\s ?an t ( blasphemy4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a p]jur] calls ^u ,god to witness to a falsehood1 & ?us seems to ass]t t ,god is false4 ,b n e blasphem] goes s f> z to say t ,god is false4 ,!re=e p]jury is a m griev\s s9 ?an blasphemy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 on ,ps4 #gd3f1 ,lift n up y\r horn on high1 a gloss says3 ,to excuse oneself = s9 is ! greate/ s9 ( all4 ,!re=e blasphemy is n ! greate/ s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,on ,isa4 #ah3b1 ,to a t]rible p1 etc4 a gloss says3 ,9 comp>ison ) blasphemy1 e s9 is slight4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 blasphemy is oppos$ to ! confession ( fai?1 s t x conta9s ! gravity ( unbelief3 :ile ! s9 is aggravat$ if ! w's dete/ation is add$ !reto1 & yet m1 if x breaks out into words1 ev5 z love & confession add to ! praise ( fai?4 ,!re=e1 s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #c71 unbelief is ! greate/ ( s9s 9 respect ( its g5us1 x foll[s t blasphemy also is a v great s91 ?r\gh belong+ to ! same g5us z unbelief & be+ an aggravat$ =m ( t s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if we comp>e murd] & blasphemy z reg>ds ! objects ( ^? s9s1 x is cle> t blasphemy1 :i* is a s9 committ$ directly aga9/ ,god1 is m grave ?an murd]1 :i* is a s9 aga9/ "o's neighbor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we comp>e !m 9 respect ( ! h>m wr\ght by !m1 murd] is ! grav] s91 = murd] does m h>m to "o's neighbor1 ?an blasphemy does to ,god4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! gravity ( a s9 dep5ds on ! int5tion ( ! evil w1 r ?an on ! effect ( ! de$1 z 0 %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #h71 x foll[s t1 z ! blasphem] int5ds to d h>m to ,god's honor1 absolutely speak+1 he s9s m griev\sly t ! murd]]4 ,nev]!less murd] takes prec$5ce1 z to puni%m5t1 among s9s committ$ aga9/ our neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a gloss on ! words1 ,let 4 4 4 blasphemy be put away f y 7,eph4 #d3ca7 says3 ,blasphemy is worse ?an p]jury4 ,! reason is t ! p]jur] does n say or ?9k some?+ false ab\t ,god1 z ! blasphem] does3 b he calls ,god to witness to a falsehood1 n t he deems ,god a false witness1 b 9 ! hope1 z x 71 t ,god w n te/ify to ! matt] by "s evid5t sign4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to excuse oneself = s9 is a circum/ance t aggravates e s91 ev5 blasphemy itself3 & x is call$ ! mo/ griev\s s91 = z mu* z x makes e s9 m griev\s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,damn$ ,blaspheme8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! damn$ d n blaspheme4 ,because "s wick$ m5 are det]r$ f blasphem+ n[1 on acc\nt ( ! fe> ( future puni%m5t4 ,b ! damn$ are und]go+ ^! puni%m5ts1 s t !y abhor !m yet m4 ,!re=e1 mu* m are !y re/ra9$ f blasphem+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9ce blasphemy is a mo/ griev\s s91 x is mo/ dem]itori\s4 ,n[ 9 ! life to come !re is no /ate ( m]it+ or dem]it+4 ,!re=e !re w be no place = blasphemy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,eccles4 #aa3c7 t ! tree 4 4 4 9 :at place soev] x %all fall1 !re %all x be3 :5ce x cle>ly foll[s t1 aft] ?is life1 man acquires nei!r m]it nor s91 :i* he did n already possess 9 ?is life4 ,n[ _m w be damn$ :o 7 n blasphem\s 9 ?is life4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 w !y blaspheme 9 ! life to come4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,apoc4 #af3i73 ,! m5 7 scor*$ ) great heat1 & !y blasphem$ ! "n ( ,god1 ,:o ha? p[] ov] ^! plagues1 & a gloss on ^! words says t ^? :o are 9 hell1 ?\gh aw>e t !y are des]v$ly puni%$1 w nev]!less compla9 t ,god is s p[]ful z to torture !m ?us4 ,n[ ?is w\ld be blasphemy 9 _! pres5t /ate3 & consequ5tly x w also be 9 _! future /ate4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #c71 dete/ation ( ! ,div9e goodness is a necess>y condition ( blasphemy4 ,n[ ^? :o are 9 hell reta9 _! wick$ w :i* is turn$ away f ,god's ju/ice1 s9ce !y love ! ?+s = :i* !y are puni%$1 w\ld wi% to use !m if !y c\ld1 & hate ! puni%m5ts inflict$ on !m = ^? same s9s4 ,!y regret inde$ ! s9s :i* !y h committ$1 n because !y hate !m1 b because !y are puni%$ = !m4 ,accord+ly ?is dete/ation ( ! ,div9e ju/ice is1 9 !m1 ! int]ior blasphemy ( ! he>t3 & x is cr$ible t aft] ! resurrection !y w blaspheme ,god ) ! tongue1 ev5 z ! sa9ts w praise ,him ) _! voices4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! pres5t life m5 are det]r$ f blasphemy ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t :i* !y ?9k !y c escape3 :]eas1 9 hell1 ! damn$ h no hope ( escape1 s t1 9 despair1 !y are borne t[>ds :atev] _! wick$ w sugge/s to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,m]it & dem]it belong to ! /ate ( a wayf>]1 :]e=e good is m]itori\s 9 !m1 :ile evil is dem]itori\s4 ,9 ! bless$1 on ! o!r h&1 good is n m]itori\s1 b is "p ( _! blissful rew>d1 &1 9 l mann]1 9 ! damn$1 evil is n dem]itori\s1 b is "p ( ! puni%m5t ( damnation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:oev] dies 9 mortal s91 be>s ) him a w t dete/s ! ,div9e ju/ice ) reg>d to a c]ta9 ?+1 & 9 ?is respect !re c be blasphemy 9 him4 ,,"q #ad ,,( ,,blasphemy ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,holy ,,gho/ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] 9 p>ticul> blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r blasphemy or ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! same z ! s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice8 7#b7 ,( ! species ( ?is s92 7#c7 ,:e!r x c be =giv58 7#d7 ,:e!r x is possible to beg9 by s9n+ aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ be=e committ+ o!r s9s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,s9 ,aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ ,is ! ,same ,z ! ,s9 ,committ$ ,?r\gh ,c]ta9 ,malice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is n ! same z ! s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,because ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! s9 ( blasphemy1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ab3cb4 ,b n e s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice is a s9 ( blasphemy3 s9ce _m o!r k9ds ( s9 may be committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,!re=e ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is n ! same z ! s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice is condivid$ ) s9 committ$ ?r\gh ignorance1 & s9 committ$ ?r\gh weakness3 :]eas ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is condivid$ ) ! s9 aga9/ ! ,son ( ,man 7,matt4 #ab3cb74 ,!re=e ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is n ! same z ! s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 s9ce ?+s ^: opposites diff]1 are !mselves diff]5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is itself a g5]ic s91 hav+ its own det]m9ate species3 :]eas s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice is n a special k9d ( s91 b a condition or g5]al circum/ance ( s91 :i* c affect any k9d ( s9 at all4 ,!re=e ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is n ! same z ! s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,ma/] says 7,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 #dc7 t to s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is to take pleasure 9 ! malice ( s9 = its own sake4 ,n[ ?is is to s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,!re=e x seems t ! s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice is ! same z ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,i answ] t1 ,?ree mean+s h be5 giv5 to ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= ! e>li] doctors1 viz4 ,a?anasius 7,sup] ,mat?4 xii1 #cb71 ,hil>y 7,c4 xii 9 ,mat?471 ,ambrose 7,sup] ,luc4 xii1 #aj71 ,j]ome 7,sup] ,mat?4 xii71 & ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 xli 9 ,mat?471 say t ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is lit]ally to utt] a blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s1 :e!r by ,holy ,_s we und]/& ! ess5tial "n applicable to ! :ole ,tr9ity1 ea* ,p]son ( :i* is a ,_s & is holy1 or ! p]sonal "n ( "o ( ! ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity1 9 :i* s5se blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is di/9ct f ! blasphemy aga9/ ! ,son ( ,man 7,matt4 #ab3cb71 = ,*ri/ did c]ta9 ?+s 9 respect ( ,8 human nature1 by eat+1 dr9k+1 & su* l actions1 :ile ,he did o!rs 9 respect ( ,8 ,godhead1 by ca/+ out devils1 rais+ ! dead1 & ! l3 :i* ?+s ,he did bo? by ! p[] ( ,8 own ,godhead & by ! op]ation ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ( ,:om ,he 0 full1 accord+ to 8 human nature4 ,n[ ! ,jews began by speak+ blasphemy aga9/ ! ,son ( ,man1 :5 !y said 7,matt4 #aa3ai7 t ,he 0 a glutton 4 4 4 a w9e dr9k]1 & a fri5d ( publicans3 b aft]w>ds !y blasphem$ aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 :5 !y ascrib$ to ! pr9ce ( devils ^? works :i* ,*ri/ did by ! p[] ( ,8 own ,div9e ,nature & by ! op]ation ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,augu/9e1 h[ev] 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 ,s]m4 lxxi71 says t blasphemy or ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 is f9al imp5it5ce :51 namely1 a man p]sev]es 9 mortal s9 until dea?1 & t x is n conf9$ to utt]ance by ^w ( m\?1 b ext5ds to words 9 ?\ght & de$1 n to "o ^w only1 b to _m4 ,n[ ?is ^w1 9 ?is s5se1 is said to be utt]$ aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 because x is contr>y to ! remission ( s9s1 :i* is ! "w ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is ! *>ity bo? ( ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son4 ,nor did ,our ,"l say ?is to ! ,jews1 z ?\gh !y _h s9n$ aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 s9ce !y 7 n yet guilty ( f9al imp5it5ce1 b ,he w>n$ !m1 le/ by simil> utt]ances !y %\ld come to s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/3 & x is 9 ?is s5se t we are to und]/& ,m>k #c3bi1 #cj1 :]e aft] ,our ,"l _h said3 ,b he t %all blaspheme aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 etc4 ! ,evangeli/ adds1 because !y said3 ,he ha? an unclean _s4 ,b o!rs und]/& x diff]5tly1 & say t ! s9 ( blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 is a s9 committ$ aga9/ t good :i* is appropriat$ to ! ,holy ,gho/3 because goodness is appropriat$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 j a p[] is appropriat$ to ! ,fa!r1 & wisdom to ! ,son4 ,h5ce !y say t :5 a man s9s ?r\gh weakness1 x is a s9 aga9/ ! ,fa!r2 t :5 he s9s ?r\gh ignorance1 x is a s9 aga9/ ! ,son2 & t :5 he s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 i4e4 ?r\gh ! v *oos+ ( evil1 z expla9$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gh1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c71 x is a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ ?is may happ5 9 two ways4 ,fir/ by reason ( ! v incl9ation ( a vici\s habit :i* we call malice1 &1 9 ?is way1 to s9 ?r\gh malice is n ! same z to s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,9 ano!r way x happ5s t by reason ( contempt1 t :i* might h prev5t$ ! *oos+ ( evil1 is reject$ or remov$2 ?us hope is remov$ by despair1 & fe> by presumption1 & s on1 z we %all expla9 fur!r on 7,,qq4 #bj1 #ba74 ,n[ all ^! ?+s :i* prev5t ! *oos+ ( s9 are effects ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 u2 s t1 9 ?is s5se1 to s9 ?r\gh malice is to s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z ! confession ( fai? consi/s 9 a prote/ation n only ( words b also ( de$s1 s blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ c be utt]$ 9 ^w1 ?\ght & de$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ?ird int]pretation1 blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is condivid$ ) blasphemy aga9/ ! ,son ( ,man1 =asmu* z ,he is also ! ,son ( ,god1 i4e4 ! p[] ( ,god & ! wisdom ( ,god 7#a ,cor4 #a3bd74 ,:]e=e1 9 ?is s5se1 ! s9 aga9/ ! ,son ( ,man w be t :i* is committ$ ?r\gh ignorance1 or ?r\gh weakness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9 committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 9 s f> z x results f ! incl9ation ( a habit1 is n a special s91 b a g5]al condition ( s93 :]eas1 9 s f> z x results f a special contempt ( an effect ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 u1 x has ! "* ( a special s94 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is a special k9d ( s91 z also accord+ to ! fir/ int]pretation3 :]eas accord+ to ! second1 x is n a species ( s91 because f9al imp5it5ce may be a circum/ance ( any k9d ( s94 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,fitt+ to ,di/+ui% ,six ,k9ds ( ,s9 ,aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unfitt+ to di/+ui% six k9ds ( s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 viz4 despair1 presumption1 imp5it5ce1 ob/9acy1 resi/+ ! kn[n tru?1 envy ( our bro!r's spiritual good1 :i* are assign$ by ! ,ma/] 7,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 #dc74 ,= to d5y ,god's ju/ice or m]cy belongs to unbelief4 ,n[1 by despair1 a man rejects ,god's m]cy1 & by presumption1 ,8 ju/ice4 ,!re=e ea* ( ^! is a k9d ( unbelief r ?an ( ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 imp5it5ce1 seem+ly1 reg>ds pa/ s9s1 :ile ob/9acy reg>ds future s9s4 ,n[ pa/ & future "t d n div]sify ! species ( virtues or vices1 s9ce x is ! same fai? :]eby we believe t ,*ri/ 0 born1 & ^? ( old believ$ t ,he w\ld be born4 ,!re=e ob/9acy & imp5it5ce %\ld n be reckon$ z two species ( s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 grace & tru? came by ,jesus ,*ri/ 7,john #a3ag74 ,!re=e x seem t resi/ance ( ! kn[n tru?1 & envy ( a bro!r's spiritual good1 belong to blasphemy aga9/ ! ,son r ?an aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,b]n>d says 7,de ,disp5s4 et ,praecept4 xi7 t to refuse to obey is to resi/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,moreov] a gloss on ,lev4 #aj3af1 says t a feign$ rep5tance is a blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,aga91 s*ism is1 seem+ly1 directly oppos$ to ! ,holy ,gho/ by ,:om ! ,*ur* is unit$ toge!r4 ,!re=e x seems t ! species ( s9s aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ are insuffici5tly enum]at$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 99,fulg5tius 7,de ,fide ad ,petrum iii7 says t ^? :o despair ( p>don = _! s9s1 or :o )\t m]its presume on ,god's m]cy1 s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 & 7,en*iridion lxxxiii7 t he :o dies 9 a /ate ( ob/9acy is guilty ( ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 & 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 ,s]m4 lxxi7 t imp5it5ce is a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 & 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte xxii71 t to resi/ frat]nal goodness ) ! br&s ( envy is to s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 & 9 8 book ,de unico ,baptismo 7,de ,bap4 contra ,donat4 vi1 #ce7 he says t a man :o spurns ! tru?1 is ei!r envi\s ( 8 bre?r5 to :om ! tru? is reveal$1 or ungrateful to ,god1 by ,^: inspiration ! ,*ur* is taught1 & !re=e1 seem+ly1 s9s aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,i answ] t1 ,! above species are fitt+ly assign$ to ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ tak5 9 ! ?ird s5se1 because !y are di/+ui%$ 9 respect ( ! removal or contempt ( ^? ?+s :]eby a man c be prev5t$ f s9n+ ?r\gh *oice4 ,^! ?+s are ei!r on ! "p ( ,god's judgm5t1 or on ! "p ( ,8 gifts1 or on ! "p ( s94 ,=1 by consid]ation ( ! ,div9e judgm5t1 :]e9 ju/ice is accompani$ ) m]cy1 man is h9d]$ f s9n+ ?r\gh *oice1 bo? by hope1 aris+ f ! consid]ation ( ! m]cy t p>dons s9s & rew>ds good de$s1 :i* hope is remov$ by despair2 & by fe>1 aris+ f ! consid]ation ( ! ,div9e ju/ice t puni%es s9s1 :i* fe> is remov$ by presumption1 :51 namely1 a man presumes t he c obta9 glory )\t m]its1 or p>don )\t rep5tance4 ,god's gifts :]eby we are )drawn f s91 are two3 "o is ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! tru?1 aga9/ :i* !re is ! resi/ance ( ! kn[n tru?1 :51 namely1 a man resi/s ! tru? :i* he has ackn[l$g$1 9 ord] to s9 m freely3 :ile ! o!r is ! assi/ance ( inw>d grace1 aga9/ :i* !re is envy ( a bro!r's spiritual good1 :51 namely1 a man is envi\s n only ( 8 bro!r's p]son1 b also ( ! increase ( ,div9e grace 9 ! _w4 ,on ! "p ( s91 !re are two ?+s :i* may )draw man !refrom3 "o is ! inord9at5ess & %amefulness ( ! act1 ! consid]ation ( :i* is wont to ar\se man to rep5tance = ! s9 he has committ$1 & aga9/ ?is !re is imp5it5ce1 n z d5ot+ p]man5ce 9 s9 until dea?1 9 :i* s5se x 0 tak5 above 7= ?us x w\ld n be a special s91 b a circum/ance ( s971 b z d5ot+ ! purpose ( n rep5t+4 ,! o!r ?+ is ! smallness or brevity ( ! good :i* is s\ght 9 s91 accord+ to ,rom4 #f3ba3 ,:at fruit _h y !re=e !n 9 ^? ?+s1 ( :i* y are n[ a%am$8 ,! consid]ation ( ?is is wont to prev5t man's w f be+ h>d5$ 9 s91 & ?is is remov$ by ob/9acy1 :]eby man h>d5s 8 purpose by cl++ to s94 ,( ^! two x is writt5 7,j]4 #h3f73 ,!re is none t do? p5ance = 8 s91 say+3 ,:at h ,i done8 z reg>ds ! fir/2 &1 ,!y are all turn$ to _! own c\rse1 z a horse ru%+ to ! battle1 z reg>ds ! second4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s9s ( despair & presumption consi/1 n 9 disbeliev+ 9 ,god's ju/ice & m]cy1 b 9 contemn+ !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ob/9acy & imp5it5ce diff] n only 9 respect ( pa/ & future "t1 b also 9 respect ( c]ta9 =mal aspects by reason ( ! div]se consid]ation ( ^? ?+s :i* may be consid]$ 9 s91 z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,grace & tru? 7 ! "w ( ,*ri/ ?r\gh ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ :i* ,he gave to m54 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,to refuse to obey belongs to ob/9acy1 :ile a feign$ rep5tance belongs to imp5it5ce1 & s*ism to ! envy ( a bro!r's spiritual good1 :]eby ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* are unit$ toge!r4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,s9 ,aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ ,c ,be ,=giv58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ c be =giv54 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 ,s]m4 lxxi73 ,we %\ld despair ( no man1 s long z ,our ,"l's pati5ce br+s him back to rep5tance4 ,b if any s9 _c be =giv51 x w\ld be possible to despair ( "s s9n]s4 ,!re=e ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ c be =giv54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no s9 is =giv51 except ?r\gh ! s\l be+ heal$ by ,god4 ,b no disease is incurable to an all-p[]ful physician1 z a gloss says on ,ps4 #ajb3c1 ,:o heale? all ?y diseases4 ,!re=e ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ c be =giv54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! free-w is indiff]5t to ei!r good or evil4 ,n[1 s long z man is a wayf>]1 he c fall away f any virtue1 s9ce ev5 an angel fell f heav51 :]e=e x is writt5 7,job #d3ah1 #ai73 ,9 ,8 angels ,he f\nd wick$ness3 h[ mu* m %all !y t dwell 9 h\ses ( clay8 ,!re=e1 9 l mann]1 a man c return f any s9 to ! /ate ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ c be =giv54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #ab3cb73 ,he t %all speak aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 x %all n be =giv5 him1 nei!r 9 ?is _w1 nor 9 ! _w to come3 & ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #bb7 t s great is ! d[nfall ( ?is s9 t x _c submit to ! humiliation ( ask+ = p>don4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! v>i\s int]pretations ( ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 !re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* x may be said t x _c be =giv54 ,= if by ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ we und]/& f9al imp5it5ce1 x is said to be unp>donable1 s9ce 9 no way is x p>don$3 because ! mortal s9 :]e9 a man p]sev]es until dea? w n be =giv5 9 ! life to come1 s9ce x 0 n remitt$ by rep5tance 9 ?is life4 ,accord+ to ! o!r two int]pretations1 x is said to be unp>donable1 n z ?\gh x is n[ise =giv51 b because1 consid]$ 9 itself1 x des]ves n to be p>don$3 & ?is 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! puni%m5t1 s9ce he t s9s ?r\gh ignorance or weakness1 des]ves less puni%m5t1 :]eas he t s9s ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 c (f] no excuse 9 alleviation ( 8 puni%m5t4 ,likewise ^? :o blasphem$ aga9/ ! ,son ( ,man be=e ,8 ,godhead 0 reveal$1 c\ld h "s excuse1 on acc\nt ( ! weakness ( ! fle% :i* !y p]ceiv$ 9 ,him1 & h5ce1 !y des]v$ less puni%m5t2 :]eas ^? :o blasphem$ aga9/ ,8 v ,godhead1 by ascrib+ to ! devil ! works ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 _h no excuse 9 dim9ution ( _! puni%m5t4 ,:]e=e1 accord+ to ,*ryso/om's comm5t>y 7,hom4 xlii 9 ,mat?471 ! ,jews are said n to be =giv5 ?is s91 nei!r 9 ?is _w nor 9 ! _w to come1 because !y 7 puni%$ = x1 bo? 9 ! pres5t life1 ?r\gh ! ,romans1 & 9 ! life to come1 9 ! pa9s ( hell4 ,?us also ,a?anasius adduces ! example ( _! =efa!rs :o1 fir/ ( all1 wrangl$ ) ,moses on acc\nt ( ! %ortage ( wat] & bread2 & ?is ! ,"l bore ) pati5ce1 because !y 7 to be excus$ on acc\nt ( ! weakness ( ! fle%3 b aft]w>ds !y s9n$ m griev\sly :51 by ascrib+ to an idol ! favors be/[$ by ,god ,:o _h br\ght !m out ( ,egypt1 !y blasphem$1 s to speak1 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 say+ 7,ex4 #cb3d73 ,^! are ?y gods1 ,o ,israel1 t h br\ght !e out ( ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,!re=e ! ,"l bo? inflict$ temporal puni%m5t on !m1 s9ce !re 7 sla9 on t day ab\t ?ree & tw5ty ?\s& m5 7,ex4 #cb3bh71 & ?reat5$ !m ) puni%m5t 9 ! life to come1 say+1 7,ex4 #cb3cd73 ,i1 9 ! day ( rev5ge1 w visit ?is s9 4 4 4 ( !irs4 ,secondly1 ?is may be und]/ood to ref] to ! guilt3 ?us a disease is said to be incurable 9 respect ( ! nature ( ! disease1 :i* removes :atev] might be a means ( cure1 z :5 x takes away ! p[] ( nature1 or causes loa?+ = food & m$ic9e1 al?\gh ,god is able to cure su* a disease4 ,s too1 ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is said to be unp>donable1 by reason ( its nature1 9 s f> z x removes ^? ?+s :i* are a means t[>ds ! p>don ( s9s4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 close ! way ( =giv5ess & heal+ to an all-p[]ful & m]ciful ,god1 ,:o1 sometimes1 by a miracle1 s to speak1 re/ores spiritual heal? to su* m54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we %\ld despair ( no man 9 ?is life1 consid]+ ,god's omnipot5ce & m]cy4 ,b if we consid] ! circum/ances ( s91 "s are call$ 7,eph4 #b3b7 *ildr5 ( despair 99,filios diffid5tiae1 :i* ! ,d\ay v]sion r5d]s *ildr5 ( unbelief44 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! "q on ! "p ( ,god's omnipot5ce1 n on t ( ! circum/ances ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ?is life ! free-w does inde$ ev] rema9 subject to *ange3 yet sometimes x rejects t :]eby1 s f> z x is conc]n$1 x c be turn$ to good4 ,h5ce consid]$ 9 itself ?is s9 is unp>donable1 al?\gh ,god c p>don x4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,man ,c ,s9 ,fir/ ( ,all ,aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man _c s9 fir/ ( all aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 )\t hav+ previ\sly committ$ o!r s9s4 ,= ! natural ord] requires t "o %\ld be mov$ to p]fection f imp]fection4 ,?is is evid5t z reg>ds good ?+s1 accord+ to ,prov4 #d3ah3 ,! pa? ( ! j1 z a %9+ light1 goe? =w>ds & increases ev5 to p]fect day4 ,n[1 9 evil ?+s1 ! p]fect is ! greate/ evil1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #ba74 ,s9ce !n ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! mo/ griev\s s91 x seems t man comes to commit ?is s9 ?r\gh committ+ less] s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is to s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 or ?r\gh *oice4 ,n[ man _c d ?is until he has s9n$ _m times2 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #f1 #i7 t al?\gh a man is able to d unju/ de$s1 yet he _c all at once d !m z an unju/ man does1 viz4 f *oice4 ,!re=e x seems t ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ _c be committ$ except aft] o!r s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 rep5tance & imp5it5ce are ab\t ! same object4 ,b !re is no rep5tance1 except ab\t pa/ s9s4 ,!re=e ! same applies to imp5it5ce :i* is a species ( ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ presupposes o!r s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is easy 9 ! eyes ( ,god on a sudd5 to make a poor man ri* 7,ecclus4 #aa3bc74 ,!re=e1 conv]sely1 x is possible = a man1 accord+ to ! malice ( ! devil :o tempts him1 to be l$ to commit ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s :i* is t aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 9 "o way1 to s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is to s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice4 ,n[ "o may s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice 9 two ways1 z /at$ 9 ! same place3 fir/1 ?r\gh ! incl9ation ( a habit2 b ?is is n1 prop]ly speak+1 to s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 nor does a man come to commit ?is s9 all at once1 9 z mu* z s9ful acts mu/ prec$e s z to cause ! habit t induces to s94 ,secondly1 "o may s9 ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 by contemptu\sly reject+ ! ?+s :]eby a man is )drawn f s94 ,?is is1 prop]ly speak+1 to s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a72 & ?is also1 = ! mo/ "p1 presupposes o!r s9s1 = x is writt5 7,prov4 #ah3c7 t ! wick$ man1 :5 he is come into ! dep? ( s9s1 contemne?4 ,nev]!less x is possible = a man1 9 8 fir/ s9ful act1 to s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ by contempt1 bo? on acc\nt ( 8 free-w1 & on acc\nt ( ! _m previ\s dispositions1 or aga91 ?r\gh be+ vehem5tly mov$ to evil1 :ile b feebly atta*$ to good4 ,h5ce nev] or sc>cely ev] does x happ5 t ! p]fect s9 all at once aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/3 :]e=e ,orig5 says 7,p]i ,ar*on4 i1 #c73 ,i d n ?9k t anyone :o /&s on ! highe/ /ep ( p]fection1 c fail or fall sudd5ly2 ?is c only happ5 by degrees & bit by bit4 ,! same applies1 if ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ be tak5 lit]ally = blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= su* blasphemy z ,our ,"l speaks (1 always proce$s f contemptu\s malice4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ) ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 ,s]m4 lxxi7 we und]/& ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ to d5ote f9al imp5it5ce1 x does n reg>d ! "q 9 po9t1 because ?is s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ requires p]si/5ce 9 s9 until ! end ( life4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,movem5t bo? 9 good & 9 evil is made1 = ! mo/ "p1 f imp]fect to p]fect1 accord+ z man progresses 9 good or evil3 & yet 9 bo? cases1 "o man c beg9 f a great] 7good or evil7 ?an ano!r man does4 ,consequ5tly1 t f :i* a man beg9s c be p]fect 9 good or evil accord+ to its g5us1 al?\gh x may be imp]fect z reg>ds ! s]ies ( good or evil actions :]eby a man progresses 9 good or evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! s9 :i* is committ$ ?r\gh c]ta9 malice1 :5 x proce$s f ! incl9ation ( a habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if by imp5it5ce we und]/& ) ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 ,s]m4 lxxi7 p]si/5ce 9 s9 until ! end1 x is cle> t x presupposes s91 j z rep5tance does4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we take x = habitual imp5it5ce1 9 :i* s5se x is a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 x is evid5t t x c prec$e s93 = x is possible = a man :o has nev] s9n$ to h ! purpose ei!r ( rep5t+ or ( n rep5t+1 if he %\ld happ5 to s94 ,,"q #ae ,,( ,,! ,,vices ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,k ,,& ,,und]/&+ 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to k & und]/&+4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we h treat$ ( ignorance :i* is oppos$ to k1 :5 we 7 discuss+ ! causes ( s9s 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gf71 we mu/ n[ inquire ab\t bl9dness ( m9d & dulness ( s5se1 :i* are oppos$ to ! gift ( und]/&+2 & "u ?is head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r bl9dness ( m9d is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r dulness ( s5se is a s9 di/9ct f bl9dness ( m9d8 7#c7 ,:e!r ^! vices arise f s9s ( ! fle%8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ae1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,bl9dness ( ,m9d ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t bl9dness ( m9d is n a s94 ,because1 seem+ly1 t :i* excuses f s9 is n itself a s94 ,n[ bl9dness ( m9d excuses f s92 = x is writt5 7,john #i3da73 ,if y 7 bl9d1 y %\ld n h s94 ,!re=e bl9dness ( m9d is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 puni%m5t diff]s f guilt4 ,b bl9dness ( m9d is a puni%m5t z appe>s f ,isa4 #f3aj1 ,bl9d ! he>t ( ?is p1 =1 s9ce x is an evil1 x c\ld n be f ,god1 7 x n a puni%m5t4 ,!re=e bl9dness ( m9d is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e s9 is volunt>y1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xiv74 ,n[ bl9dness ( m9d is n volunt>y1 s9ce1 z ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 x71 all love to "k ! respl5d5t tru?1 & z we read 9 ,eccles4 #aa3g1 ! light is sweet & x is delightful = ! eyes to see ! sun4 ,!re=e bl9dness ( m9d is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 reckons bl9dness ( m9d among ! vices aris+ f lu/4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z bodily bl9dness is ! privation ( ! pr9ciple ( bodily sight1 s bl9dness ( m9d is ! privation ( ! pr9ciple ( m5tal or intellectual sight4 ,n[ ?is has a ?reefold pr9ciple4 ,"o is ! light ( natural reason1 :i* light1 s9ce x p]ta9s to ! species ( ! rational s\l1 is nev] =feit f ! s\l1 & yet1 at times1 x is prev5t$ f ex]cis+ its prop] act1 ?r\gh be+ h9d]$ by ! l[] p[]s :i* ! human intellect ne$s 9 ord] to und]/&1 = in/ance 9 ! case ( imbeciles & madm51 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hd1 ,,aa4 #g1 #h74 ,ano!r pr9ciple ( intellectual sight is a c]ta9 habitual light sup]add$ to ! natural light ( reason1 :i* light is sometimes =feit f ! s\l4 ,?is privation is bl9dness1 & is a puni%m5t1 9 s f> z ! privation ( ! light ( grace is a puni%m5t4 ,h5ce x is writt5 conc]n+ "s 7,wis4 #b3ba73 ,_! own malice bl9d$ !m4 ,a ?ird pr9ciple ( intellectual sight is an intelligible pr9ciple1 ?r\gh :i* a man und]/&s o!r ?+s2 to :i* pr9ciple a man may att5d or n att5d4 ,t he does n att5d !reto happ5s 9 two ways4 ,sometimes x is due to ! fact t a man's w is delib]ately turn$ away f ! consid]ation ( t pr9ciple1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ce3d1 ,he w\ld n und]/&1 t he might d well3 :]eas sometimes x is due to ! m9d be+ m busy ab\t ?+s :i* x loves m1 s z to be h9d]$ !reby f consid]+ ?is pr9ciple1 accord+ to ,ps4 #eg3i1 ,fire1 i4e4 ( concupisc5ce1 ha? fall5 on !m & !y %all n see ! sun4 ,9 ei!r ( ^! ways bl9dness ( m9d is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! bl9dness t excuses f s9 is t :i* arises f ! natural defect ( "o :o _c see4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! second k9d ( bl9dness :i* is a puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to und]/& ! tru? is1 9 itself1 belov$ by all2 & yet1 accid5tally x may be hateful to someone1 9 s f> z a man is h9d]$ !reby f hav+ :at he loves yet m4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ae1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,dulness ( ,s5se ,is a ,s9 ,di/9ct f ,bl9dness ( ,m9d8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t dulness ( s5se is n a di/9ct s9 f bl9dness ( m9d4 ,because "o ?+ has "o contr>y4 ,n[ dulness is oppos$ to ! gift ( und]/&+1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 ii1 #di72 & s is bl9dness ( m9d1 s9ce und]/&+ d5otes a pr9ciple ( sight4 ,!re=e dulness ( s5se is ! same z bl9dness ( m9d4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 9 speak+ ( dulness describes x z dulness ( s5se 9 respect ( und]/&+4 ,n[ dulness ( s5se 9 respect ( und]/&+ seems to be ! same z a defect 9 und]/&+1 :i* p]ta9s to bl9dness ( m9d4 ,!re=e dulness ( s5se is ! same z bl9dness ( m9d4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if !y diff] at all1 x seems to be *iefly 9 ! fact t bl9dness ( m9d is volunt>y1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 :ile dulness ( s5se is a natural defect4 ,b a natural defect is n a s93 s t1 accord+ly1 dulness ( s5se w\ld n be a s91 :i* is contr>y to :at ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de71 :]e he reckons x among ! s9s aris+ f gluttony4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,diff]5t causes produce diff]5t effects4 ,n[ ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 t dulness ( s5se arises f gluttony1 & t bl9dness ( m9d arises f lu/4 ,n[ ^! o!rs are diff]5t vices4 ,!re=e ^? are diff]5t vices also4 ,i answ] t1 ,dull is oppos$ to %>p3 & a ?+ is said to be %>p because x c pi]ce2 s t a ?+ is call$ dull ?r\gh be+ obtuse & unable to pi]ce4 ,n[ a bodily s5se1 by a k9d ( metaphor1 is said to pi]ce ! m$ium1 9 s f> z x p]ceives its object f a di/ance or is able by p5etration z x 7 to p]ceive ! smalle/ details or ! inmo/ p>ts ( a ?+4 ,h5ce 9 corporeal ?+s ! s5ses are said to be acute :5 !y c p]ceive a s5sible object f af>1 by sight1 he>+1 or sc5t1 :ile on ! o!r h& !y are said to be dull1 ?r\gh be+ unable to p]ceive1 except s5sible objects t are ne> at h&1 or ( great p[]4 ,n[1 by way ( similitude to bodily s5se1 we speak ( s5se 9 connection ) ! intellect2 & ?is latt] s5se is 9 respect ( c]ta9 primals & extremes1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 ev5 z ! s5ses are cognizant ( s5sible objects z ( c]ta9 pr9ciples ( k4 ,n[ ?is s5se :i* is connect$ ) und]/&+1 does n p]ceive its object ?r\gh a m$ium ( corporeal di/ance1 b ?r\gh c]ta9 o!r m$ia1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 x p]ceives a ?+'s ess5ce ?r\gh a prop]ty !re(1 & ! cause ?r\gh its effect4 ,consequ5tly a man is said to h an acute s5se 9 connection ) 8 und]/&+1 if1 z soon z he appreh5ds a prop]ty or effect ( a ?+1 he und]/&s ! nature or ! ?+ itself1 & if he c succe$ 9 p]ceiv+ its slighte/ details3 :]eas a man is said to h a dull s5se 9 connection ) 8 und]/&+1 if he _c arrive at kn[+ ! tru? ab\t a ?+1 )\t _m explanations2 9 :i* case1 moreov]1 he is unable to obta9 a p]fect p]ception ( ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ! nature ( t ?+4 ,accord+ly dulness ( s5se 9 connection ) und]/&+ d5otes a c]ta9 weakness ( ! m9d z to ! consid]ation ( spiritual goods2 :ile bl9dness ( m9d implies ! complete privation ( ! k ( su* ?+s4 ,bo? are oppos$ to ! gift ( und]/&+1 :]eby a man kn[s spiritual goods by appreh5d+ !m1 & has a subtle p5etration ( _! inmo/ nature4 ,?is dulness has ! "* ( s91 j z bl9dness ( m9d has1 t is1 9 s f> z x is volunt>y1 z evid5c$ 9 "o :o1 ow+ to 8 affection = c>nal ?+s1 dislikes or neglects ! c>eful consid]ation ( spiritual ?+s4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ae1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,bl9dness ( ,m9d & ,dulness ( ,s5se ,arise f ,s9s ( ! ,fle%8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t bl9dness ( m9d & dulness ( s5se d n arise f s9s ( ! fle%4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,retract4 i1 #d7 retracts :at he _h said 9 8 ,soliloquies i1 #a1 ,god ,:o did/ wi% none b ! clean to "k ! tru?1 & says t "o might reply t _m1 ev5 ^? :o are unclean1 "k _m tru?s4 ,n[ m5 become unclean *iefly by s9s ( ! fle%4 ,!re=e bl9dness ( m9d & dulness ( s5se are n caus$ by s9s ( ! fle%4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 bl9dness ( m9d & dulness ( s5se are defects 9 connection ) ! intellective "p ( ! s\l3 :]eas c>nal s9s p]ta9 to ! corruption ( ! fle%4 ,b ! fle% does n act on ! s\l1 b r ! rev]se4 ,!re=e ! s9s ( ! fle% d n cause bl9dness ( m9d & dulness ( s5se4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all ?+s are m passive to :at is ne> !m ?an to :at is remote4 ,n[ spiritual vices are ne>] ! m9d ?an c>nal vices are4 ,!re=e bl9dness ( m9d & dulness ( s5se are caus$ by spiritual r ?an by c>nal vices4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 t dulness ( s5se arises f gluttony & bl9dness ( m9d f lu/4 ,i answ] t1 ,! p]fect intellectual op]ation 9 man consi/s 9 an ab/raction f s5sible phantasms1 :]e=e ! m a man's intellect is fre$ f ^? phantasms1 ! m ?or\ghly w x be able to consid] ?+s intelligible1 & to set 9 ord] all ?+s s5sible4 ,?us ,anaxagoras /at$ t ! intellect requires to be deta*$ 9 ord] to comm&1 & t ! ag5t mu/ h p[] ov] matt]1 9 ord] to be able to move x4 ,n[ x is evid5t t pleasure fixes a man's att5tion on t :i* he takes pleasure 93 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #d1 #e7 t we all d be/ t :i* we take pleasure 9 do+1 :ile z to o!r ?+s1 we d !m ei!r n at all1 or 9 a fa9t-he>t$ fa%ion4 ,n[ c>nal vices1 namely gluttony & lu/1 are conc]n$ ) pleasures ( t\* 9 matt]s ( food & sex2 & ^! are ! mo/ impetu\s ( all pleasures ( ! body4 ,= ?is reason ^! vices cause man's att5tion to be v firmly fix$ on corporeal ?+s1 s t 9 consequ5ce man's op]ation 9 reg>d to intelligible ?+s is weak5$1 m1 h[ev]1 by lu/ ?an by gluttony1 =asmu* z sexual pleasures are m vehem5t ?an ^? ( ! table4 ,:]e=e lu/ gives rise to bl9dness ( m9d1 :i* excludes almo/ entirely ! k ( spiritual ?+s1 :ile dulness ( s5se arises f gluttony1 :i* makes a man weak 9 reg>d to ! same intelligible ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! contr>y virtues1 viz4 ab/95ce & *a/ity1 dispose man v mu* to ! p]fection ( intellectual op]ation4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,dan4 #a3ag7 t to ^! *ildr5 on acc\nt ( _! ab/95ce & cont95cy1 ,god gave k & und]/&+ 9 e book1 & wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh "s :o are ! slaves ( c>nal vices are at times capable ( subtle consid]ations ab\t intelligible ?+s1 on acc\nt ( ! p]fection ( _! natural g5ius1 or ( "s habit sup]add$ !reto1 nev]!less1 on acc\nt ( ! pleasures ( ! body1 x mu/ ne$s happ5 t _! att5tion is frequ5tly )drawn f ?is subtle contemplation3 :]e=e ! unclean c "k "s tru?s1 b _! uncleanness is a clog on _! k4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fle% acts on ! intellective faculties1 n by alt]+ !m1 b by imp$+ _! op]ation 9 ! a=esaid mann]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is ow+ to ! fact t ! c>nal vices are fur!r remov$ f ! m9d1 t !y di/ract ! m9d's att5tion to m remote ?+s1 s t !y h9d] ! m9d's contemplation all ! m4 ,,"q #af ,,( ,,! ,,precepts ,,( ,,fai?1 ,,k ,,& ,,und]/&+ 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! precepts p]ta9+ to ! a=esaid1 & "u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,! precepts conc]n+ fai?2 7#b7 ,! precepts conc]n+ ! gifts ( k & und]/&+4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r 9 ! ,old ,law ,!re ,%\ld ,h ,be5 ,giv5 ,precepts ( ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t1 9 ! ,old ,law1 !re %\ld h be5 giv5 precepts ( fai?4 ,because a precept is ab\t some?+ due & necess>y4 ,n[ x is mo/ necess>y = man t he %\ld believe1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aa3f1 ,)\t fai? x is impossible to please ,god4 ,!re=e !re 0 v great ne$ = precepts ( fai? to be giv54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,new ,te/am5t is conta9$ 9 ! ,old1 z ! reality 9 ! figure1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,a4 #c74 ,n[ ! ,new ,te/am5t conta9s explicit precepts ( fai?1 = in/ance ,john #ad3a3 ,y believe 9 ,god2 believe also 9 ,me4 ,!re=e x seems t "s precepts ( fai? ought to h be5 giv5 9 ! ,old ,law also4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to prescribe ! act ( a virtue comes to ! same z to =bid ! opposite vices4 ,n[ ! ,old ,law conta9$ _m precepts =bidd+ unbelief3 ?us 7,ex4 #bj3c73 ,?\ %alt n h /range gods be=e ,me1 & 7,deut4 #ac3a-c7 !y 7 =bidd5 to he> ! words ( ! prophet or dream] :o might wi% to turn !m away f _! fai? 9 ,god4 ,!re=e precepts ( fai? %\ld h be5 giv5 9 ! ,old ,law also4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 confession is an act ( fai?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! ,old ,law conta9$ precepts ab\t ! confession & ! promulgation ( fai?3 = !y 7 comm&$ 7,ex4 #ab3bg7 t1 :5 _! *ildr5 %\ld ask !m1 !y %\ld tell !m ! mean+ ( ! pas*al obs]vance1 & 7,deut4 #ac3i7 !y 7 comm&$ to slay anyone :o dissem9at$ doctr9e contr>y to fai?4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law %\ld h conta9$ precepts ( fai?4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 all ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,law2 :]e=e ,our ,"l said 7,john #ae3be7 t x 0 writt5 9 ! ,law3 ,!y h hat$ ,me )\t cause1 al?\gh ?is is f\nd writt5 9 ,ps4 #cd & #fh4 ,n[ x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #b3h73 ,ye t fe> ! ,"l1 believe ,him4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law %\ld h conta9$ precepts ( fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #c3bg7 calls ! ,old ,law ! law ( works :i* he contra/s ) ! law ( fai?4 ,!re=e ! ,old ,law ought n to h conta9$ precepts ( fai?4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ma/] does n impose laws on o!rs ?an 8 subjects2 :]e=e ! precepts ( a law presuppose t ev]yone :o receives ! law is subject to ! giv] ( ! law4 ,n[ ! prim>y subjection ( man to ,god is by fai?1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aa3f3 ,he t come? to ,god1 mu/ believe t ,he is4 ,h5ce fai? is presuppos$ to ! precepts ( ! ,law3 = :i* reason 7,ex4 #bj3b7 t :i* is ( fai?1 is set d[n be=e ! legal precepts1 9 ! words1 ,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god1 ,:o br\ght !e out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 &1 likewise 7,deut4 #f3d71 ! words1 ,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l ?y ,vulg43 'our' ,god is "o1 prec$e ! record+ ( ! precepts4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 fai? conta9s _m ?+s subord9ate to ! fai? :]eby we believe t ,god is1 :i* is ! fir/ & *ief ( all articles ( fai?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,,aa4 #a1 #g71 x foll[s t1 if we presuppose fai? 9 ,god1 :]eby man's m9d is subject$ to ,him1 x is possible = precepts to be giv5 ab\t o!r articles ( fai?4 ,?us ,augu/9e exp\nd+ ! words3 ,?is is ,my comm&m5t 7,john #ae3ab7 says 7,tract4 lxxxiii 9 ,joan47 t we h receiv$ _m precepts ( fai?4 ,9 ! ,old ,law1 h[ev]1 ! secret ?+s ( fai? 7 n to be set be=e ! p1 :]e=e1 presuppos+ _! fai? 9 "o ,god1 no o!r precepts ( fai? 7 giv5 9 ! ,old ,law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fai? is necess>y z be+ ! pr9ciple ( spiritual life1 :]e=e x is presuppos$ be=e ! receiv+ ( ! ,law4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 !n ,our ,"l bo? presuppos$ some?+ ( fai?1 namely belief 9 "o ,god1 :5 ,he said3 ,y believe 9 ,god1 & comm&$ some?+1 namely1 belief 9 ! ,inc>nation :]eby "o ,p]son is ,god & man4 ,?is explanation ( fai? belongs to ! fai? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :]e=e ,he add$3 ,believe also 9 ,me4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! prohibitive precepts reg>d s9s1 :i* corrupt virtue4 ,n[ virtue is corrupt$ by any p>ticul> defect1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a1 ,a4 #g1 ad #c74 ,!re=e fai? 9 "o ,god be+ presuppos$1 prohibitive precepts _h to be giv5 9 ! ,old ,law1 s t m5 might be w>n$ (f ^? p>ticul> defects :]eby _! fai? might be corrupt$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,confession ( fai? & ! tea*+ !re( also presuppose man's submission to ,god by fai?3 s t ! ,old ,law c\ld conta9 precepts relat+ to ! confession & tea*+ ( fai?1 r ?an to fai? itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,9 ?is passage aga9 t fai? is presuppos$ :]eby we believe t ,god is2 h5ce x beg9s1 ,ye t fe> ! ,"l1 :i* is n possible )\t fai?4 ,! words :i* foll[--believe ,him--mu/ be ref]r$ to c]ta9 special articles ( fai?1 *iefly to ^? ?+s :i* ,god promises to !m t obey ,him1 :]e=e ! passage concludes--& y\r rew>d %all n be made void4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #af1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,precepts ,ref]r+ to ,k & ,und]/&+ ,7 ,fitt+ly ,set ,d[n 9 ! ,old ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! precepts ref]r+ to k & und]/&+ 7 unfitt+ly set d[n 9 ! ,old ,law4 ,= k & und]/&+ p]ta9 to cognition4 ,n[ cognition prec$es & directs action4 ,!re=e ! precepts ref]r+ to k & und]/&+ %\ld prec$e ! precepts ( ! ,law ref]r+ to action4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! fir/ precepts ( ! ,law are ^? ( ! decalogue1 x seems t precepts ( k & und]/&+ %\ld h be5 giv5 a place among ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 le>n+ prec$es tea*+1 = a man mu/ le>n f ano!r be=e he tea*es ano!r4 ,n[ ! ,old ,law conta9s precepts ab\t tea*+--bo? affirmative precepts z1 = example1 7,deut4 #d3i71 ,?\ %alt tea* !m to ?y sons--& prohibitive precepts1 z1 = in/ance1 7,deut4 #d3b71 ,y %all n add to ! ^w t ,i speak to y1 nei!r %all y take away f x4 ,!re=e x seems t man ought to h be5 giv5 also "s precepts direct+ him to le>n4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 k & und]/&+ seem m necess>y to a prie/ ?an to a k+1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,mala*i #b3g73 ,! lips ( ! prie/ %all keep k1 & !y %all seek ! law at 8 m\?1 & 7,osee #d3f73 ,because ?\ ha/ reject$ k1 ,i w reject !e1 t ?\ %alt n d ! (fice ( prie/hood to ,me4 ,n[ ! k+ is comm&$ to le>n k ( ! ,law 7,deut4 #ag3ah1 #ai74 ,mu* m !re=e %\ld ! ,law h comm&$ ! prie/s to le>n ! ,law4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is n possible :ile asleep to m$itate on ?+s p]ta9+ to k & und]/&+3 moreov] x is h9d]$ by extrane\s occupations4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ly comm&$ 7,deut4 #f3g73 ,?\ %alt m$itate ^u !m sitt+ 9 ?y h\se1 & walk+ on ?y j\rney1 sleep+ & ris+4 ,!re=e ! precepts relat+ to k & und]/&+ are unfitt+ly set d[n 9 ! ,law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #d3f73 ,t1 he>+ all ^! precepts1 !y may say1 ,behold a wise & und]/&+ p4 ,i answ] t1 ,?ree ?+s may be consid]$ 9 relation to k & und]/&+3 fir/1 ! reception !re(2 secondly1 ! use2 & ?irdly1 _! pres]vation4 ,n[ ! reception ( k or und]/&+1 is by means ( tea*+ & le>n+1 & bo? are prescrib$ 9 ! ,law4 ,= x is writt5 7,deut4 #f3f73 ,^! words :i* ,i comm& !e 4 4 4 %all be 9 ?y he>t4 ,?is ref]s to le>n+1 s9ce x is ! duty ( a disciple to apply 8 m9d to :at is said1 :ile ! words t foll[--& ?\ %alt tell !m to ?y *ildr5--ref] to tea*+4 ,! use ( k & und]/&+ is ! m$itation on ^? ?+s :i* "o kn[s or und]/&s4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is1 ! text goes on3 ?\ %alt m$itate ^u !m sitt+ 9 ?y h\se1 etc4 ,_! pres]vation is effect$ by ! memory1 &1 z reg>ds ?is1 ! text cont9ues--& ?\ %alt b9d !m z a sign on ?y h&1 & !y %all be & %all move betwe5 ?y eyes4 ,& ?\ %alt write !m 9 ! entry1 & on ! doors ( ?y h\se4 ,?us ! cont9ual remembrance ( ,god's comm&m5ts is signifi$1 s9ce x is impossible = u to =get ^? ?+s :i* are cont9ually attract+ ! notice ( our s5ses1 :e!r by t\*1 z ^? ?+s we hold 9 our h&s1 or by sight1 z ^? ?+s :i* are ev] be=e our eyes1 or to :i* we are cont9ually return+1 = in/ance1 to ! h\se door4 ,moreov] x is cle>ly /at$ 7,deut4 #d3i73 ,=get n ! words t ?y eyes h se5 & let !m n g out ( ?y he>t all ! days ( ?y life4 ,we read ( ^! ?+s also be+ comm&$ m notably 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 bo? 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospel & 9 t ( ! apo/les4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,deut4 #d3f1 ?is is y\r wisdom & und]/&+ 9 ! sight ( ! nations4 ,by ?is we are giv5 to und]/& t ! wisdom & und]/&+ ( ^? :o believe 9 ,god consi/ 9 ! precepts ( ! ,law4 ,:]e=e ! precepts ( ! ,law _h to be giv5 fir/1 & aft]w>ds m5 _h to be l$ to "k & und]/& !m1 & s x 0 n fitt+ t ! a=esaid precepts %\ld be plac$ among ! precepts ( ! decalogue :i* take ! fir/ place4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re are also 9 ! ,law precepts relat+ to le>n+1 z /at$ above4 ,nev]!less tea*+ 0 comm&$ m expressly ?an le>n+1 because x conc]n$ ! le>n$1 :o 7 n "u any o!r au?ority1 b 7 imm$iately "u ! law1 & to !m ! precepts ( ! ,law 7 giv54 ,on ! o!r h& le>n+ conc]n$ ! p ( l[] degree1 & ^! ! precepts ( ! ,law h to rea* ?r\gh ! le>n$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,k ( ! ,law is s closely b\nd up ) ! prie/ly (fice t be+ *>g$ ) ! (fice implies be+ *>g$ to "k ! ,law3 h5ce !re 0 no ne$ = special precepts to be giv5 ab\t ! tra9+ ( ! prie/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! doctr9e ( ,god's law is n s b\nd up ) ! k+ly (fice1 because a k+ is plac$ ov] 8 p 9 temporal matt]s3 h5ce x is especially comm&$ t ! k+ %\ld be in/ruct$ by ! prie/s ab\t ?+s p]ta9+ to ! law ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,t precept ( ! ,law does n mean t man %\ld m$itate on ,god's law by sleep+1 b dur+ sleep1 i4e4 t he %\ld m$itate on ! law ( ,god :5 he is prep>+ to sleep1 because ?is leads to 8 hav+ bett] phantasms :ile asleep1 9 s f> z our movem5ts pass f ! /ate ( vigil to ! /ate ( sleep1 z ! ,philosoph] expla9s 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac74 ,9 l mann] we are comm&$ to m$itate on ! ,law 9 e action ( ours1 n t we are b\nd to be always actually ?9k+ ab\t ! ,law1 b t we %\ld regulate all our actions accord+ to x4 ,,"q #ag ,,( ,,hope1 ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,itself 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,aft] treat+ ( fai?1 we mu/ consid] hope & 7#a7 hope itself2 7#b7 ! gift ( fe>2 7#c7 ! contr>y vices2 7#d7 ! correspond+ precepts4 ,! fir/ ( ^! po9ts gives rise to a tw(old consid]ation3 7#a7 hope1 consid]$ 9 itself2 7#b7 its subject4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r hope is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r its object is et]nal happ9ess8 7#c7 ,:e!r1 by ! virtue ( hope1 "o man may hope = ano!r's happ9ess8 7#d7 ,:e!r a man may lawfully hope 9 man8 7#e7 ,:e!r hope is a !ological virtue8 7#f7 ,( its di/9ction f ! o!r !ological virtues8 7#g7 ,( its relation to fai?2 7#h7 ,( its relation to *>ity4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,hope ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hope is n a virtue4 ,= no man makes ill use ( a virtue1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ah74 ,b "o may make ill use ( hope1 s9ce ! passion ( hope1 l ! o!r passions1 is subject to a mean & extremes4 ,!re=e hope is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no virtue results f m]its1 s9ce ,god works virtue 9 u )\t u1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,grat4 et ,lib4 ,arb4 xvii74 ,b hope is caus$ by grace & m]its1 accord+ to ! ,ma/] 7,s5t4 iii1 ,d1 #bf74 ,!re=e hope is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 virtue is ! disposition ( a p]fect ?+ 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag1 #ah74 ,b hope is ! disposition ( an imp]fect ?+1 ( "o1 namely1 t lacks :at x hopes to h4 ,!re=e hope is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 i1 #cc7 t ! ?ree daught]s ( ,job signify ^! ?ree virtues1 fai?1 hope & *>ity4 ,!re=e hope is a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 ! virtue ( a ?+ is t :i* makes its subject good1 & its "w good likewise4 ,consequ5tly :]ev] we f9d a good human act1 x mu/ correspond to "s human virtue4 ,n[ 9 all ?+s measur$ & rul$1 ! good is t :i* atta9s its prop] rule3 ?us we say t a coat is good if x nei!r exce$s nor falls %ort ( its prop] measurem5t4 ,b1 z we /at$ above 7,q4 #h1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c7 human acts h a tw(old measure2 "o is proximate & homog5e\s1 viz4 ! reason1 :ile ! o!r is remote & excell+1 viz4 ,god3 :]e=e e human act is good1 :i* atta9s reason or ,god ,himself4 ,n[ ! act ( hope1 :]e( we speak n[1 atta9s ,god4 ,=1 z we h already /at$ 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passion ( hope1 ! object ( hope is a future good1 difficult b possible to obta94 ,n[ a ?+ is possible to u 9 two ways3 fir/1 by ourselves2 secondly1 by means ( o!rs1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii4 ,:]e=e1 9 s f> z we hope = any?+ z be+ possible to u by means ( ! ,div9e assi/ance1 our hope atta9s ,god ,himself1 on ,^: help x leans4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t hope is a virtue1 s9ce x causes a human act to be good & to atta9 its due rule4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! passions1 ! mean ( virtue dep5ds on "r reason be+ atta9$1 :]e9 also consi/s ! ess5ce ( virtue4 ,:]e=e 9 hope too1 ! good ( virtue dep5ds on a man's atta9+1 by hop+1 ! due rule1 viz4 ,god4 ,consequ5tly man _c make ill use ( hope :i* atta9s ,god1 z nei!r c he make ill use ( moral virtue :i* atta9s ! reason1 because to atta9 ?us is to make good use ( virtue4 ,nev]!less1 ! hope ( :i* we speak n[1 is n a passion b a habit ( ! m9d1 z we %all %[ fur!r on 7,a4 #e2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,hope is said to arise f m]its1 z reg>ds ! ?+ hop$ =1 9 s f> z we hope to obta9 happ9ess by means ( grace & m]its2 or z reg>ds ! act ( liv+ hope4 ,! habit itself ( hope1 :]eby we hope to obta9 happ9ess1 does n fl[ f our m]its1 b f grace alone4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he :o hopes is inde$ imp]fect 9 relation to t :i* he hopes to obta91 b has n z yet2 yet he is p]fect1 9 s f> z he already atta9s 8 prop] rule1 viz4 ,god1 on ,^: help he leans4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,et]nal ,happ9ess ,is ! ,prop] ,object ( ,hope8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t et]nal happ9ess is n ! prop] object ( hope4 ,= a man does n hope = t :i* surpasses e movem5t ( ! s\l1 s9ce hope itself is a movem5t ( ! s\l4 ,n[ et]nal happ9ess surpasses e movem5t ( ! human s\l1 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #b3i7 t x ha? n ent]$ into ! he>t ( man4 ,!re=e happ9ess is n ! prop] object ( hope4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pray] is an expression ( hope1 = x is writt5 7,ps4 #cf3e73 ,commit ?y way to ! ,"l1 & tru/ 9 ,him1 & ,he w d x4 ,n[ x is lawful = man to pray ,god n only = et]nal happ9ess1 b also = ! goods1 bo? temporal & spiritual1 ( ! pres5t life1 &1 z evid5c$ by ! ,"l's ,pray]1 to be deliv]$ f evils :i* w no long] be 9 et]nal happ9ess4 ,!re=e et]nal happ9ess is n ! prop] object ( hope4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( hope is some?+ difficult4 ,n[ _m ?+s besides et]nal happ9ess are difficult to man4 ,!re=e et]nal happ9ess is n ! prop] object ( hope4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #f3ai7 t we h hope :i* ent]e? 91 i4e4 make? u to ent] 4 4 4 )9 ! veil1 i4e4 into ! happ9ess ( heav51 accord+ to ! int]pretation ( a gloss on ^! words4 ,!re=e ! object ( hope is et]nal happ9ess4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! hope ( :i* we speak n[1 atta9s ,god by lean+ on ,8 help 9 ord] to obta9 ! hop$ = good4 ,n[ an effect mu/ be proportionate to its cause4 ,:]e=e ! good :i* we ought to hope = f ,god prop]ly & *iefly is ! inf9ite good1 :i* is proportionate to ! p[] ( our div9e help]1 s9ce x belongs to an inf9ite p[] to lead anyone to an inf9ite good4 ,su* a good is et]nal life1 :i* consi/s 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,god ,himself4 ,= we %\ld hope f ,him = no?+ less ?an ,himself1 s9ce ,8 goodness1 :]eby ,he imp>ts good ?+s to ,8 creature1 is no less ?an ,8 ,ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! prop] & pr9cipal object ( hope is et]nal happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,et]nal happ9ess does n ent] into ! he>t ( man p]fectly1 i4e4 s t x be possible = a wayf>] to "k its nature & quality2 yet1 "u ! g5]al notion ( ! p]fect good1 x is possible = x to be appreh5d$ by a man1 & x is 9 ?is way t ! movem5t ( hope t[>ds x arises4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says po9t$ly 7,heb4 #f3ai7 t hope ent]s 91 ev5 )9 ! veil1 because t :i* we hope = is z yet veil$1 s to speak4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,we ought n to pray ,god = any o!r goods1 except 9 ref]5ce to et]nal happ9ess4 ,h5ce hope reg>ds et]nal happ9ess *iefly1 & o!r ?+s1 = :i* we pray ,god1 x reg>ds second>ily & z ref]r$ to et]nal happ9ess3 j z fai? reg>ds ,god pr9cipally1 &1 second>ily1 ^? ?+s :i* are ref]r$ to ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to him t longs = some?+ great1 all less] ?+s seem small2 :]e=e to him t hopes = et]nal happ9ess1 no?+ else appe>s ardu\s1 z comp>$ ) t hope2 al?\gh1 z comp>$ ) ! capability ( ! man :o hopes1 o!r ?+s besides may be ardu\s to him1 s t he may h hope = su* ?+s 9 ref]5ce to its pr9cipal object4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,"o ,man ,may ,hope = ,ano!r's ,et]nal ,happ9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o may hope = ano!r's et]nal happ9ess4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #a3f73 ,be+ confid5t ( ?is v ?+1 t ,he ,:o ha? begun a good "w 9 y1 w p]fect x unto ! day ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,n[ ! p]fection ( t day w be et]nal happ9ess4 ,!re=e "o man may hope = ano!r's et]nal happ9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] we ask ( ,god1 we hope to obta9 f ,him4 ,b we ask ,god to br+ o!rs to et]nal happ9ess1 accord+ to ,james #e3af3 ,pray = "o ano!r t y may be sav$4 ,!re=e we c hope = ano!r's et]nal happ9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hope & despair are ab\t ! same object4 ,n[ x is possible to despair ( ano!r's et]nal happ9ess1 else ,augu/9e w\ld h no reason = say+ 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 ,s]m4 lxxi7 t we %\ld n despair ( anyone s long z he lives4 ,!re=e "o c also hope = ano!r's et]nal salvation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion viii7 t hope is only ( su* ?+s z belong to him :o is suppos$ to hope = !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,we c hope = some?+ 9 two ways3 fir/1 absolutely1 & ?us ! object ( hope is always some?+ ardu\s & p]ta9+ to ! p]son :o hopes4 ,secondly1 we c hope = some?+1 ?r\gh some?+ else be+ presuppos$1 & 9 ?is way its object c be some?+ p]ta9+ to someone else4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is we mu/ obs]ve t love & hope diff] 9 ?is1 t love d5otes union betwe5 lov] & belov$1 :ile hope d5otes a movem5t or a /ret*+ =? ( ! appetite t[>ds an ardu\s good4 ,n[ union is ( ?+s t are di/9ct1 :]e=e love c directly reg>d ! o!r :om a man unites to himself by love1 look+ ^u him z 8 o!r self3 :]eas movem5t is always t[>ds its own t]m :i* is proportionate to ! subject mov$4 ,!re=e hope reg>ds directly "o's own good1 & n t :i* p]ta9s to ano!r4 ,yet if we presuppose ! union ( love ) ano!r1 a man c hope = & desire some?+ = ano!r man1 z = himself2 &1 accord+ly1 he c hope = ano!r's et]nal life1 inasmu* z he is unit$ to him by love1 & j z x is ! same virtue ( *>ity :]eby a man loves ,god1 himself1 & 8 neighbor1 s too x is ! same virtue ( hope1 :]eby a man hopes = himself & = ano!r4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,man ,c ,lawfully ,hope 9 ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o may lawfully hope 9 man4 ,= ! object ( hope is et]nal happ9ess4 ,n[ we are help$ to obta9 et]nal happ9ess by ! patronage ( ! sa9ts1 = ,gregory says 7,dial4 i1 #h7 t pr$e/9ation is fur!r$ by ! sa9ts' pray]s4 ,!re=e "o may hope 9 man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if a man may n hope 9 ano!r man1 x ought n to be reckon$ a s9 9 a man1 t "o %\ld n be able to hope 9 him4 ,yet ?is is reckon$ a vice 9 "s1 z appe>s f ,j]4 #i3d3 ,let e man take he$ ( 8 neighbor1 & let him n tru/ 9 any bro!r ( 84 ,!re=e x is lawful to tru/ 9 a man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 pray] is ! expression ( hope1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #b74 ,b x is lawful to pray to a man = some?+4 ,!re=e x is lawful to tru/ 9 him4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,j]4 #ag3e73 ,curs$ be ! man t tru/e? 9 man4 ,i answ] t1 ,hope1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #g71 reg>ds two ?+s1 viz4 ! good :i* x int5ds to obta91 & ! help by :i* t good is obta9$4 ,n[ ! good :i* a man hopes to obta91 has ! aspect ( a f9al cause1 :ile ! help by :i* "o hopes to obta9 t good1 has ! "* ( an effici5t cause4 ,n[ 9 ea* ( ^! k9ds ( cause we f9d a pr9cipal & a second>y cause4 ,= ! pr9cipal end is ! la/ end1 :ile ! second>y end is t :i* is ref]r$ to an end4 ,9 l mann] ! pr9cipal effici5t cause is ! fir/ ag5t1 :ile ! second>y effici5t cause is ! second>y & in/rum5tal ag5t4 ,n[ hope reg>ds et]nal happ9ess z its la/ end1 & ! ,div9e assi/ance z ! fir/ cause lead+ to happ9ess4 ,accord+ly1 j z x is n lawful to hope = any good save happ9ess1 z "o's la/ end1 b only z some?+ ref]r$ to f9al happ9ess1 s too1 x is unlawful to hope 9 any man1 or any creature1 z ?\gh x 7 ! fir/ cause ( movem5t t[>ds happ9ess4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 lawful to hope 9 a man or a creature z be+ ! second>y & in/rum5tal ag5t ?r\gh :om "o is help$ to obta9 any goods t are orda9$ to happ9ess4 ,x is 9 ?is way t we turn to ! sa9ts1 & t we ask m5 also = c]ta9 ?+s2 & = ?is reason "s are blam$ 9 t !y _c be tru/$ to give help4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,hope ,is a ,!ological ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hope is n a !ological virtue4 ,= a !ological virtue is "o t has ,god = its object4 ,n[ hope has = its object n only ,god b also o!r goods :i* we hope to obta9 f ,god4 ,!re=e hope is n a !ological virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a !ological virtue is n a mean betwe5 two vices1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #d74 ,b hope is a mean betwe5 presumption & despair4 ,!re=e hope is n a !ological virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 expectation belongs to longanimity :i* is a species ( =titude4 ,s9ce1 !n1 hope is a k9d ( expectation1 x seems t hope is n a !ological1 b a moral virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( hope is some?+ ardu\s4 ,b x belongs to magnanimity1 :i* is a moral virtue1 to t5d to ! ardu\s4 ,!re=e hope is a moral1 & n a !ological virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hope is enum]at$ 7#a ,cor4 #ac7 toge!r ) fai? & *>ity1 :i* are !ological virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce specific diff]5ces1 by _! v nature1 divide a g5us1 9 ord] to decide "u :at division we mu/ place hope1 we mu/ obs]ve :5ce x d]ives its "* ( virtue4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 t hope has ! "* ( virtue f ! fact t x atta9s ! supreme rule ( human actions3 & ?is x atta9s bo? z its fir/ effici5t cause1 9 z mu* z x leans on its assi/ance1 & z its la/ f9al cause1 9 z mu* z x expects happ9ess 9 ! enjoym5t !re(4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ,god is ! pr9cipal object ( hope1 consid]$ z a virtue4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! v idea ( a !ological virtue is "o t has ,god = its object1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #a71 x is evid5t t hope is a !ological virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:atev] else hope expects to obta91 x hopes = x 9 ref]5ce to ,god z ! la/ end1 or z ! fir/ effici5t cause1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ?+s measur$ & rul$ ! mean consi/s 9 ! measure or rule be+ atta9$2 if we g beyond ! rule1 !re is excess1 if we fall %ort ( ! rule1 !re is defici5cy4 ,b 9 ! rule or measure itself !re is no su* ?+ z a mean or extremes4 ,n[ a moral virtue is conc]n$ ) ?+s rul$ by reason1 & ^! ?+s are its prop] object2 :]e=e x is prop] to x to foll[ ! mean z reg>ds its prop] object4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a !ological virtue is conc]n$ ) ! ,fir/ ,rule n rul$ by ano!r rule1 & t ,rule is its prop] object4 ,:]e=e x is n prop] = a !ological virtue1 ) reg>d to its prop] object1 to foll[ ! mean1 al?\gh ?is may happ5 to x accid5tally ) reg>d to some?+ t is ref]r$ to its pr9cipal object4 ,?us fai? c h no mean or extremes 9 ! po9t ( tru/+ to ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 9 :i* x is impossible to tru/ too mu*2 :]eas on ! "p ( ! ?+s believ$1 x may h a mean & extremes2 = in/ance "o tru? is a mean betwe5 two falsehoods4 ,s too1 hope has no mean or extremes1 z reg>ds its pr9cipal object1 s9ce x is impossible to tru/ too mu* 9 ! ,div9e assi/ance2 yet x may h a mean & extremes1 z reg>ds ^? ?+s a man tru/s to obta91 9 s f> z he ei!r presumes above 8 capability1 or despairs ( ?+s ( :i* he is capable4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! expectation :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! def9ition ( hope does n imply delay1 z does ! expectation :i* belongs to longanimity4 ,x implies a ref]5ce to ! ,div9e assi/ance1 :e!r t :i* we hope = be delay$ or n4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,magnanimity t5ds to some?+ ardu\s 9 ! hope ( obta9+ some?+ t is )9 "o's p[]1 :]e=e its prop] object is ! do+ ( great ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h& hope1 z a !ological virtue1 reg>ds some?+ ardu\s1 to be obta9$ by ano!r's help1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,hope ,is ,di/9ct f ! ,o!r ,!ological ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hope is n di/9ct f ! o!r !ological virtues4 ,= habits are di/+ui%$ by _! objects1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ ! object ( hope is ! same z ( ! o!r !ological virtues4 ,!re=e hope is n di/9ct f ! o!r !ological virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ! symbol ( fai?1 :]eby we make pr(ession ( fai?1 we say3 ,i expect ! resurrection ( ! dead & ! life ( ! _w to come4 ,n[ expectation ( future happ9ess belongs to hope1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e74 ,!re=e hope is n di/9ct f fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by hope man t5ds to ,god4 ,b ?is belongs prop]ly to *>ity4 ,!re=e hope is n di/9ct f *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,!re _c be numb] )\t di/9ction4 ,n[ hope is numb]$ ) ! o!r !ological virtues3 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 i1 #af7 t ! ?ree virtues are fai?1 hope1 & *>ity4 ,!re=e hope is di/9ct f ! !ological virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,a virtue is said to be !ological f hav+ ,god = ! object to :i* x adh]es4 ,n[ "o may adh]e to a ?+ 9 two ways3 fir/1 = its own sake2 secondly1 because some?+ else is atta9$ !reby4 ,accord+ly *>ity makes u adh]e to ,god = ,8 own sake1 unit+ our m9ds to ,god by ! emotion ( love4 ,on ! o!r h&1 hope & fai? make man adh]e to ,god z to a pr9ciple :]efrom c]ta9 ?+s accrue to u4 ,n[ we d]ive f ,god bo? k ( tru? & ! atta9m5t ( p]fect goodness4 ,accord+ly fai? makes u adh]e to ,god1 z ! s\rce :5ce we d]ive ! k ( tru?1 s9ce we believe t :at ,god tells u is true3 :ile hope makes u adh]e to ,god1 z ! s\rce :5ce we d]ive p]fect goodness1 i4e4 9 s f> z1 by hope1 we tru/ to ! ,div9e assi/ance = obta9+ happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god is ! object ( ^! virtues "u diff]5t aspects1 z /at$ above3 & a diff]5t aspect ( ! object suffices = ! di/9ction ( habits1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,expectation is m5tion$ 9 ! symbol ( fai?1 n z ?\gh x 7 ! prop] act ( fai?1 b because ! act ( hope presupposes ! act ( fai?1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,a4 #g74 ,h5ce an act ( fai? is express$ 9 ! act ( hope4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hope makes u t5d to ,god1 z to a good to be obta9$ f9ally1 & z to a help] /rong to assi/3 :]eas *>ity1 prop]ly speak+1 makes u t5d to ,god1 by unit+ our affections to ,him1 s t we live1 n = ourselves1 b = ,god4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,hope ,prec$es ,fai?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hope prec$es fai?4 ,because a gloss on ,ps4 #cf3c1 ,tru/ 9 ! ,"l1 & d good1 says3 ,hope is ! entrance to fai? & ! beg9n+ ( salvation4 ,b salvation is by fai? :]eby we are ju/ifi$4 ,!re=e hope prec$es fai?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is includ$ 9 a def9ition %\ld prec$e ! ?+ def9$ & be m kn[n4 ,b hope is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( fai? 7,heb4 #aa3a73 ,fai? is ! sub/ance ( ?+s to be hop$ =4 ,!re=e hope prec$es fai?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hope prec$es a m]itori\s act1 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #i3aj73 ,he t pl\ghe? %\ld pl\gh 9 hope 4 4 4 to receive fruit4 ,b ! act ( fai? is m]itori\s4 ,!re=e hope prec$es fai?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #a3b73 ,abraham begot ,isaac1 i4e4 ,fai? begot hope1 accord+ to a gloss4 ,i answ] t1 ,absolutely speak+1 fai? prec$es hope4 ,= ! object ( hope is a future good1 ardu\s b possible to obta94 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 t we may hope1 x is necess>y = ! object ( hope to be propos$ to u z possible4 ,n[ ! object ( hope is1 9 "o way1 et]nal happ9ess1 & 9 ano!r way1 ! ,div9e assi/ance1 z expla9$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,a4 #f1 ad #c73 & bo? ( ^! are propos$ to u by fai?1 :]eby we come to "k t we are able to obta9 et]nal life1 & t = ?is purpose ! ,div9e assi/ance is ready = u1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aa3f3 ,he t come? to ,god1 mu/ believe t ,he is1 & is a rew>d] to !m t seek ,him4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t fai? prec$es hope4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! same gloss obs]ves fur!r on1 hope is call$ ! entrance to fai?1 i4e4 ( ! ?+ believ$1 because by hope we ent] 9 to see :at we believe4 ,or we may reply t x is call$ ! entrance to fai?1 because !reby man beg9s to be e/abli%$ & p]fect$ 9 fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ?+ to be hop$ = is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( fai?1 because ! prop] object ( fai?1 is some?+ n app>5t 9 itself4 ,h5ce x 0 necess>y to express x 9 a circumlocution by some?+ result+ f fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hope does n prec$e e m]itori\s act2 b x suffices = x to accompany or foll[ x4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,*>ity ,prec$es ,hope8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity prec$es hope4 ,= ,ambrose says on ,luke #bg3f1 ,if y _h fai? l to a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 etc43 ,*>ity fl[s f fai?1 & hope f *>ity4 ,b fai? prec$es *>ity4 ,!re=e *>ity prec$es hope4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #i7 t good emotions & affections proce$ f love & holy *>ity4 ,n[ to hope1 consid]$ z an act ( hope1 is a good emotion ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e x fl[s f *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,ma/] says 7,s5t4 iii1 ,d1 #bf7 t hope proce$s f m]its1 :i* prec$e n only ! ?+ hop$ =1 b also hope itself1 :i*1 9 ! ord] ( nature1 is prec$$ by *>ity4 ,!re=e *>ity prec$es hope4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #a3e73 ,! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity f a pure he>t1 & a good consci5ce1 i4e4 f hope1 accord+ to a gloss4 ,!re=e hope prec$es *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,ord] is tw(old4 ,"o is ! ord] ( g5]ation & ( matt]1 9 respect ( :i* ! imp]fect prec$es ! p]fect3 ! o!r is ! ord] ( p]fection & =m1 9 respect ( :i* ! p]fect naturally prec$es ! imp]fect4 ,9 respect ( ! fir/ ord] hope prec$es *>ity3 & ?is is cle> f ! fact t hope & all movem5ts ( ! appetite fl[ f love1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #f1 ad #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #g7 9 ! treatise on ! passions4 ,n[ !re is a p]fect1 & an imp]fect love4 ,p]fect love is t :]eby a man is lov$ 9 himself1 z :5 someone wi%es a p]son "s good = 8 own sake2 ?us a man loves 8 fri5d4 ,imp]fect love is t :]eby a man love some?+1 n = its own sake1 b t he may obta9 t good = himself2 ?us a man loves :at he desires4 ,! fir/ love ( ,god p]ta9s to *>ity1 :i* adh]es to ,god = ,8 own sake2 :ile hope p]ta9s to ! second love1 s9ce he t hopes1 int5ds to obta9 possession ( some?+ = himself4 ,h5ce 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation1 hope prec$es *>ity4 ,= j z a man is l$ to love ,god1 ?r\gh fe> ( be+ puni%$ by ,him = 8 s9s1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,9 primam canon4 ,joan4 ,tract4 ix71 s too1 hope leads to *>ity1 9 z mu* z a man ?r\gh hop+ to be rew>d$ by ,god1 is enc\rag$ to love ,god & obey ,8 comm&m5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ord] ( p]fection *>ity naturally prec$es hope1 :]e=e1 ) ! adv5t ( *>ity1 hope is made m p]fect1 because we hope *iefly 9 our fri5ds4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,ambrose /ates 7,obj4 #a7 t *>ity fl[s f hope3 s t ?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,hope & e movem5t ( ! appetite proce$ f "s k9d ( love1 :]eby ! expect$ good is lov$4 ,b n e k9d ( hope proce$s f *>ity1 b only ! movem5t ( liv+ hope1 viz4 t :]eby man hopes to obta9 good f ,god1 z f a fri5d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,ma/] is speak+ ( liv+ hope1 :i* is naturally prec$$ by *>ity & ! m]its caus$ by *>ity4 ,,"q #ah ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,hope 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! subject ( hope1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! virtue ( hope is 9 ! w z its subject8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is 9 ! bless$8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is 9 ! damn$8 7#d7 ,:e!r !re is c]ta9ty 9 ! hope ( ! wayf>]8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,hope ,is 9 ! ,w ,z ,its ,subject8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hope is n 9 ! w z its subject4 ,= ! object ( hope is an ardu\s good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! ardu\s is ! object1 n ( ! w1 b ( ! irascible4 ,!re=e hope is n 9 ! w b 9 ! irascible4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :]e "o suffices x is sup]flu\s to add ano!r4 ,n[ *>ity suffices = ! p]fect+ ( ! w1 :i* is ! mo/ p]fect ( ! virtues4 ,!re=e hope is n 9 ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! "o same p[] _c ex]cise two acts at ! same "t2 ?us ! intellect _c und]/& _m ?+s simultane\sly4 ,n[ ! act ( hope c be at ! same "t z an act ( *>ity4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! act ( *>ity evid5tly belongs to ! w1 x foll[s t ! act ( hope does n belong to t p[]3 s t1 !re=e1 hope is n 9 ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! s\l is n appreh5sive ( ,god save z reg>ds ! m9d 9 :i* is memory1 intellect & w1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #c1 #f74 ,n[ hope is a !ological virtue hav+ ,god = its object4 ,s9ce !re=e x is nei!r 9 ! memory1 nor 9 ! intellect1 :i* belong to ! cognitive faculty1 x foll[s t x is 9 ! w z its subject4 ,i answ] t1 ,z %[n above 7,i1 ,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #b71 habits are kn[n by _! acts4 ,n[ ! act ( hope is a movem5t ( ! appetitive faculty1 s9ce its object is a good4 ,&1 s9ce !re is a tw(old appetite 9 man1 namely1 ! s5sitive :i* is divid$ into irascible & concupiscible1 & ! intellective appetite1 call$ ! w1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #e71 ^? movem5ts :i* occur 9 ! l[] appetite1 are ) passion1 :ile ^? 9 ! high] appetite are )\t passion1 z %[n above 7,i1 ,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c74 ,n[ ! act ( ! virtue ( hope _c belong to ! s5sitive appetite1 s9ce ! good :i* is ! pr9cipal object ( ?is virtue1 is n a s5sible b a ,div9e good4 ,!re=e hope resides 9 ! high] appetite call$ ! w1 & n 9 ! l[] appetite1 ( :i* ! irascible is a "p4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! object ( ! irascible is an ardu\s s5sible3 :]eas ! object ( ! virtue ( hope is an ardu\s intelligible1 or r sup]9telligible4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,*>ity p]fects ! w suffici5tly ) reg>d to "o act1 :i* is ! act ( lov+3 b ano!r virtue is requir$ 9 ord] to p]fect x ) reg>d to its o!r act1 :i* is t ( hop+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! movem5t ( hope & ! movem5t ( *>ity are mutually relat$1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #h74 ,h5ce !re is no reason :y bo? movem5ts %\ld n belong at ! same "t to ! same p[]3 ev5 z ! intellect c und]/& _m ?+s at ! same "t if !y be relat$ to "o ano!r1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #he1 ,a4 #d74 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r 9 ! ,bless$ ,!re ,is ,hope8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! bless$ !re is hope4 ,= ,*ri/ 0 a p]fect compreh5sor f ! fir/ mom5t ( ,8 conception4 ,n[ ,he _h hope1 s9ce1 accord+ to a gloss1 ! words ( ,ps4 #cj3b1 ,9 ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 h ,i hop$1 are said 9 ,8 p]son4 ,!re=e 9 ! bless$ !re c be hope4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ev5 z ! obta9+ ( happ9ess is an ardu\s good1 s is its cont9uation4 ,n[1 be=e !y obta9 happ9ess1 m5 hope to obta9 x4 ,!re=e1 aft] !y h obta9$ x1 !y c hope to cont9ue 9 its possession4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by ! virtue ( hope1 a man c hope = happ9ess1 n only = himself1 b also = o!rs1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #c74 ,b ! bless$ :o are 9 heav5 hope = ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 else !y w\ld n pray = !m4 ,!re=e !re c be hope 9 !m4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! happ9ess ( ! sa9ts implies n only glory ( ! s\l b also glory ( ! body4 ,n[ ! s\ls ( ! sa9ts 9 heav51 look yet = ! glory ( _! bodies 7,apoc4 #f3aj2 ,augu/9e1 ,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ce74 ,!re=e 9 ! bless$ !re c be hope4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3bd73 ,:at a man see?1 :y do? he hope =8 ,n[ ! bless$ enjoy ! sight ( ,god4 ,!re=e hope has no place 9 !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,if :at gives a ?+ its species be remov$1 ! species is de/roy$1 & t ?+ _c rema9 ! same2 j z :5 a natural body loses its =m1 x does n rema9 ! same specifically4 ,n[ hope takes its species f its pr9cipal object1 ev5 z ! o!r virtues d1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ag1 ,,aa4 #e1 #f2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b73 & its pr9cipal object is et]nal happ9ess z be+ possible to obta9 by ! assi/ance ( ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #b74 ,s9ce !n ! ardu\s possible good _c be an object ( hope except 9 s f> z x is some?+ future1 x foll[s t :5 happ9ess is no long] future1 b pres5t1 x is incompatible ) ! virtue ( hope4 ,consequ5tly hope1 l fai?1 is void$ 9 heav51 & nei!r ( !m c be 9 ! bless$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ,*ri/ 0 a compreh5sor & !re=e bless$ z to ! enjoym5t ( ,god1 nev]!less ,he 01 at ! same "t1 a wayf>]1 z reg>ds ! passibility ( nature1 to :i* ,he 0 /ill subject4 ,h5ce x 0 possible = ,him to hope = ! glory ( impassibility & immortality1 yet n s z to h ! virtue ( hope1 ! pr9cipal object ( :i* is n ! glory ( ! body b ! enjoym5t ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! happ9ess ( ! sa9ts is call$ et]nal life1 because ?r\gh enjoy+ ,god !y become p>tak]s1 z x 71 ( ,god's et]nity :i* surpasses all "t3 s t ! cont9uation ( happ9ess does n diff] 9 respect ( pres5t1 pa/ & future4 ,h5ce ! bless$ d n hope = ! cont9uation ( _! happ9ess 7= z reg>ds ?is !re is no future71 b are 9 actual possession !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s long z ! virtue ( hope la/s1 x is by ! same hope t "o hopes = "o's own happ9ess1 & = t ( o!rs4 ,b :5 hope is void$ 9 ! bless$1 :]eby !y hop$ = _! own happ9ess1 !y hope = ! happ9ess ( o!rs inde$1 yet n by ! virtue ( hope1 b r by ! love ( *>ity4 ,ev5 s1 he t has ,div9e *>ity1 by t same *>ity loves 8 neighbor1 )\t hav+ ! virtue ( *>ity1 b by "s o!r love4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,s9ce hope is a !ological virtue hav+ ,god = its object1 its pr9cipal object is ! glory ( ! s\l1 :i* consi/s 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,god1 & n ! glory ( ! body4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh ! glory ( ! body is some?+ ardu\s 9 comp>ison ) human nature1 yet x is n s = "o :o has ! glory ( ! s\l2 bo? because ! glory ( ! body is a v small ?+ z comp>$ ) ! glory ( ! s\l1 & because "o :o has ! glory ( ! s\l has already ! suffici5t cause ( ! glory ( ! body4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,hope ,is 9 ! ,damn$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is hope 9 ! damn$4 ,= ! devil is damn$ & pr9ce ( ! damn$1 accord+ to ,matt4 #be3da3 ,dep>t 4 4 4 y curs$1 into ev]la/+ fire1 :i* 0 prep>$ = ! devil & 8 angels4 ,b ! devil has hope1 accord+ to ,job #dj3bh1 ,behold 8 hope %all fail him4 ,!re=e x seems t ! damn$ h hope4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z fai? is ei!r liv+ or dead1 s is hope4 ,b lifeless fai? c be 9 ! devils & ! damn$1 accord+ to ,james #b3ai3 ,! devils 4 4 4 believe & tremble4 ,!re=e x seems t lifeless hope also c be 9 ! damn$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 aft] dea? !re accrues to man no m]it or dem]it t he _h n be=e1 accord+ to ,eccles4 #aa3c1 ,if ! tree fall to ! s\?1 or to ! nor?1 9 :at place soev] x %all fall1 !re %all x be4 ,n[ _m :o are damn$1 9 ?is life hop$ & nev] despair$4 ,!re=e !y w hope 9 ! future life also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hope causes joy1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ab3ab1 ,rejoic+ 9 hope4 ,n[ ! damn$ h no joy1 b sorr[ & grief1 accord+ to ,isa4 #fe3ad1 ,my s]vants %all praise = joyfulness ( he>t1 & y %all cry = sorr[ ( he>t1 & %all h[l = grief ( _s4 ,!re=e no hope is 9 ! damn$4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z x is a condition ( happ9ess t ! w %\ld f9d re/ !re91 s is x a condition ( puni%m5t1 t :at is inflict$ 9 puni%m5t1 %\ld g aga9/ ! w4 ,n[ t :i* is n kn[n c nei!r be re/ful nor repugnant to ! w3 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #ag7 t ! angels c\ld n be p]fectly happy 9 _! fir/ /ate be=e _! confirmation1 or unhappy be=e _! fall1 s9ce !y _h no =ekn[l$ge ( :at w\ld happ5 to !m4 ,= p]fect & true happ9ess requires t "o %\ld be c]ta9 ( be+ happy = ev]1 else ! w w\ld n re/4 ,9 l mann]1 s9ce ! ev]la/+ness ( damnation is a necess>y condition ( ! puni%m5t ( ! damn$1 x w\ld n be truly p5al unless x w5t aga9/ ! w2 & ?is w\ld be impossible if !y 7 ignorant ( ! ev]la/+ness ( _! damnation4 ,h5ce x belongs to ! unhappy /ate ( ! damn$1 t !y %\ld "k t !y _c by any means escape f damnation & obta9 happ9ess4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,job #ae3bb73 ,he believe? n t he may return f d>kness to light4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t !y _c appreh5d happ9ess z a possible good1 z nei!r c ! bless$ appreh5d x z a future good4 ,consequ5tly !re is no hope ei!r 9 ! bless$ or 9 ! damn$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 hope c be 9 wayf>]s1 :e!r ( ?is life or 9 purgatory1 because 9 ei!r case !y appreh5d happ9ess z a future possible ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxiii1 #bj7 ?is is said ( ! devil z reg>ds 8 memb]s1 ^: hope w fail utt]ly3 or1 if x be und]/ood ( ! devil himself1 x may ref] to ! hope :]eby he expects to vanqui% ! sa9ts1 9 :i* s5se we read j be=e 7,job #dj3ah73 ,he tru/e? t ! ,jordan may run into 8 m\?3 ?is is n1 h[ev]1 ! hope ( :i* we are speak+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion viii71 fai? is ab\t ?+s1 bad or good1 pa/1 pres5t1 or future1 "o's own or ano!r's2 :]eas hope is only ab\t good ?+s1 future & conc]n+ oneself4 ,h5ce x is possible = lifeless fai? to be 9 ! damn$1 b n hope1 s9ce ! ,div9e goods are n = !m future possible ?+s1 b f> remov$ f !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,lack ( hope 9 ! damn$ does n *ange _! dem]it1 z nei!r does ! void+ ( hope 9 ! bless$ increase _! m]it3 b bo? ^! ?+s are due to ! *ange 9 _! respective /ates4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,c]ta9ty 9 ! ,hope ( a ,wayf>]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no c]ta9ty 9 ! hope ( a wayf>]4 ,= hope resides 9 ! w4 ,b c]ta9ty p]ta9s n to ! w b to ! intellect4 ,!re=e !re is no c]ta9ty 9 hope4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 hope is bas$ on grace & m]its1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ x is impossible 9 ?is life to "k = c]ta9 t we are 9 a /ate ( grace1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e !re is no c]ta9ty 9 ! hope ( a wayf>]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re c be no c]ta9ty ab\t t :i* may fail4 ,n[ _m a hopeful wayf>] fails to obta9 happ9ess4 ,!re=e wayf>]'s hope has no c]ta9ty4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hope is ! c]ta9 expectation ( future happ9ess1 z ! ,ma/] /ates 7,s5t4 iii1 ,d1 #bf73 & ?is may be ga!r$ f #b ,tim4 #a3ab1 ,i "k ,:om ,i h believ$1 & ,i am c]ta9 t ,he is able to keep t :i* ,i h committ$ to ,him4 ,i answ] t1 ,c]ta9ty is f\nd 9 a ?+ 9 two ways1 ess5tially & by p>ticipation4 ,x is f\nd ess5tially 9 ! cognitive p[]2 by p>ticipation 9 :atev] is mov$ infallibly to its end by ! cognitive p[]4 ,9 ?is way we say t nature works ) c]ta9ty1 s9ce x is mov$ by ! ,div9e intellect :i* moves ev]y?+ ) c]ta9ty to its end4 ,9 ?is way too1 ! moral virtues are said to "w ) great] c]ta9ty ?an art1 9 z mu* z1 l a second nature1 !y are mov$ to _! acts by ! reason3 & ?us too1 hope t5ds to its end ) c]ta9ty1 z ?\gh %>+ 9 ! c]ta9ty ( fai? :i* is 9 ! cognitive faculty4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,hope does n tru/ *iefly 9 grace already receiv$1 b on ,god's omnipot5ce & m]cy1 :]eby ev5 he t has n grace1 c obta9 x1 s z to come to et]nal life4 ,n[ :oev] has fai? is c]ta9 ( ,god's omnipot5ce & m]cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t "s :o h hope fail to obta9 happ9ess1 is due to a fault ( ! free w 9 plac+ ! ob/acle ( s91 b n to any defici5cy 9 ,god's p[] or m]cy1 9 :i* hope places its tru/4 ,h5ce ?is does n prejudice ! c]ta9ty ( hope4 ,,"q #ai ,,( ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,fe> 7,9 ,twelve ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! gift ( fe>1 ab\t :i* !re are twelve po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god is to be fe>$8 7#b7 ,( ! division ( fe> into filial1 initial1 s]vile & worldly2 7#c7 ,:e!r worldly fe> is always evil8 7#d7 ,:e!r s]vile fe> is good8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is sub/antially ! same z filial fe>8 7#f7 ,:e!r s]vile fe> dep>ts :5 *>ity comes8 7#g7 ,:e!r fe> is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom8 7#h7 ,:e!r initial fe> is sub/antially ! same z filial fe>8 7#i7 ,:e!r fe> is a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 7#aj7 ,:e!r x gr[s :5 *>ity gr[s8 7#aa7 ,:e!r x rema9s 9 heav58 7#ab7 ,:i* ( ! beatitudes & fruits correspond to x8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,god ,c ,be ,fe>$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god _c be fe>$4 ,= ! object ( fe> is a future evil1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #da1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,b ,god is free ( all evil1 s9ce ,he is goodness itself4 ,!re=e ,god _c be fe>$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fe> is oppos$ to hope4 ,n[ we hope 9 ,god4 ,!re=e we _c fe> ,him at ! same "t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii1 #e71 we fe> ^? ?+s :5ce evil comes to u4 ,b evil comes to u1 n f ,god1 b f ourselves1 accord+ to ,osee #ac3i3 ,de/ruction is ?y own1 ,o ,israel3 ?y help is 4 4 4 9 ,me4 ,!re=e ,god is n to be fe>$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,j]4 #aj3g73 ,:o %all n fe> ,!e1 ,o ,k+ ( nations8 & 7,mala*i #a3f73 ,if ,i be a ma/]1 :]e is ,my fe>8 ,i answ] t1 ,j z hope has two objects1 "o ( :i* is ! future good itself1 t "o expects to obta91 :ile ! o!r is someone's help1 ?r\gh :om "o expects to obta9 :at "o hopes =1 s1 too1 fe> may h two objects1 "o ( :i* is ! v evil :i* a man %r9ks f1 :ile ! o!r is t f :i* ! evil may come4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! fir/ way ,god1 ,:o is goodness itself1 _c be an object ( fe>2 b ,he c be an object ( fe> 9 ! second way1 9 s f> z !re may come to u "s evil ei!r f ,him or 9 relation to ,him4 ,f ,him !re comes ! evil ( puni%m5t1 b ?is is evil n absolutely b relatively1 &1 absolutely speak+1 is a good4 ,because1 s9ce a ?+ is said to be good ?r\gh be+ ord]$ to an end1 :ile evil implies lack ( ?is ord]1 t :i* excludes ! ord] to ! la/ end is altoge!r evil1 & su* is ! evil ( fault4 ,on ! o!r h& ! evil ( puni%m5t is inde$ an evil1 9 s f> z x is ! privation ( "s p>ticul> good1 yet absolutely speak+1 x is a good1 9 s f> z x is orda9$ to ! la/ end4 ,9 relation to ,god ! evil ( fault c come to u1 if we be sep>at$ f ,him3 & 9 ?is way ,god c & ought to be fe>$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is objection consid]s ! object ( fe> z be+ ! evil :i* a man %uns4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ,god1 we may consid] bo? ,8 ju/ice1 9 respect ( :i* ,he puni%es ^? :o s91 & ,8 m]cy1 9 respect ( :i* ,he sets u free3 9 u ! consid]ation ( ,8 ju/ice gives rise to fe>1 b ! consid]ation ( ,8 m]cy gives rise to hope1 s t1 accord+ly1 ,god is ! object ( bo? hope & fe>1 b "u diff]5t aspects4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! evil ( fault is n f ,god z its au?or b f u1 9 = f> z we =sake ,god3 :ile ! evil ( puni%m5t is f ,god z its au?or1 9 s f> z x has "* ( a good1 s9ce x is some?+ j1 ?r\gh be+ inflict$ on u ju/ly2 al?\gh orig9ally ?is is due to ! dem]it ( s93 ?us x is writt5 7,wis4 #a3ac1 #af73 ,god made n dea? 4 4 4 b ! wick$ ) works & words h call$ x to !m4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,fe> ,is ,fitt+ly ,divid$ into ,filial1 ,initial1 ,s]vile & ,worldly ,fe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fe> is unfitt+ly divid$ into filial1 initial1 s]vile & worldly fe>4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ae7 t !re are six k9ds ( fe>1 viz4 laz9ess1 %amefac$ness1 etc4 ( :i* we h treat$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #da1 ,a4 #d71 & :i* are n m5tion$ 9 ! division 9 "q4 ,!re=e ?is division ( fe> seems unfitt+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ea* ( ^! fe>s is ei!r good or evil4 ,b !re is a fe>1 viz4 natural fe>1 :i* is nei!r morally good1 s9ce x is 9 ! demons1 accord+ to ,james #b3ai1 ,! devils 4 4 4 believe & tremble1 nor evil1 s9ce x is 9 ,*ri/1 accord+ to ,mk4 #ad3cc1 ,jesus began to fe> & be heavy4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid division ( fe> is insuffici5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! relation ( son to fa!r diff]s f t ( wife to husb&1 & ?is aga9 f t ( s]vant to ma/]4 ,n[ filial fe>1 :i* is t ( ! son 9 comp>ison ) 8 fa!r1 is di/9ct f s]vile fe>1 :i* is t ( ! s]vant 9 comp>ison ) 8 ma/]4 ,!re=e *a/e fe>1 :i* seems to be t ( ! wife 9 comp>ison ) h] husb&1 ought to be di/+ui%$ f all ^! o!r fe>s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ev5 z s]vile fe> fe>s puni%m5t1 s d initial & worldly fe>4 ,!re=e no di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 !m4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ev5 z concupisc5ce is ab\t "s good1 s is fe> ab\t "s evil4 ,n[ concupisc5ce ( ! eyes1 :i* is ! desire = ?+s ( ?is _w1 is di/9ct f concupisc5ce ( ! fle%1 :i* is ! desire = "o's own pleasure4 ,!re=e worldly fe>1 :]eby "o fe>s to lose ext]nal goods1 is di/9ct f human fe>1 :]eby "o fe>s h>m to "o's own p]son4 ,on ! contr>y /&s ! au?ority ( ! ,ma/] 7,s5t4 iii1 ,d1 #cd74 ,i answ] t1 ,we are speak+ ( fe> n[1 9 s f> z x makes u turn1 s to speak1 to ,god or away f ,him4 ,=1 s9ce ! object ( fe> is an evil1 sometimes1 on acc\nt ( ! evils he fe>s1 man )draws f ,god1 & ?is is call$ human fe>2 :ile sometimes1 on acc\nt ( ! evils he fe>s1 he turns to ,god & adh]es to ,him4 ,?is latt] evil is tw(old1 viz4 evil ( puni%m5t1 & evil ( fault4 ,accord+ly if a man turn to ,god & adh]e to ,him1 ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 x w be s]vile fe>2 b if x be on acc\nt ( fe> ( committ+ a fault1 x w be filial fe>1 = x becomes a *ild to fe> (f5d+ its fa!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be on acc\nt ( bo?1 x w be initial fe>1 :i* is betwe5 bo? ^! fe>s4 ,z to :e!r x is possible to fe> ! evil ( fault1 ! "q has be5 treat$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #db1 ,a4 #c7 :5 we 7 consid]+ ! passion ( fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,damasc5e divides fe> z a passion ( ! s\l3 :]eas ?is division ( fe> is tak5 f its relation to ,god1 z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,moral good consi/s *iefly 9 turn+ to ,god1 :ile moral evil consi/s *iefly 9 turn+ away f ,him3 :]e=e all ! fe>s m5tion$ above imply ei!r moral evil or moral good4 ,n[ natural fe> is presuppos$ to moral good & evil1 & s x is n numb]$ among ^! k9ds ( fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! relation ( s]vant to ma/] is bas$ on ! p[] :i* ! ma/] ex]cises ov] ! s]vant2 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 ! relation ( a son to 8 fa!r or ( a wife to h] husb& is bas$ on ! son's affection t[>ds 8 fa!r to :om he submits himself1 or on ! wife's affection t[>ds h] husb& to :om %e b9ds h]self 9 ! union ( love4 ,h5ce filial & *a/e fe> am\nt to ! same1 because by ! love ( *>ity ,god becomes our ,fa!r1 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3ae1 ,y h receiv$ ! _s ( adoption ( sons1 :]eby we cry3 ,abba 7,fa!r72 & by ?is same *>ity ,he is call$ our sp\se1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #aa3b1 ,i h esp\s$ y to "o husb&1 t ,i may pres5t y z a *a/e virg9 to ,*ri/3 :]eas s]vile fe> has no connection ) ^!1 s9ce x does n include *>ity 9 its def9ition4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^! ?ree fe>s reg>d puni%m5t b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,= worldly or human fe> reg>ds a puni%m5t :i* turns man away f ,god1 & :i* ,god's enemies sometimes inflict or ?reat53 :]eas s]vile & initial fe> reg>d a puni%m5t :]eby m5 are drawn to ,god1 & :i* is inflict$ or ?reat5$ by ,god4 ,s]vile fe> reg>ds ?is puni%m5t *iefly1 :ile initial fe> reg>ds x second>ily4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,x am\nts to ! same :e!r man turns away f ,god ?r\gh fe> ( los+ 8 worldly goods1 or ?r\gh fe> ( =feit+ ! well-be+ ( 8 body1 s9ce ext]nal goods belong to ! body4 ,h5ce bo? ^! fe>s are reckon$ z "o "h1 al?\gh !y fe> diff]5t evils1 ev5 z !y correspond to ! desire ( diff]5t goods4 ,?is div]sity causes a specific div]sity ( s9s1 all ( :i* alike h[ev] lead man away f ,god4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,worldly ,fe> ,is ,always ,evil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t worldly fe> is n always evil4 ,because reg>d = m5 seems to be a k9d ( human fe>4 ,n[ "s are blam$ = hav+ no reg>d = man1 = in/ance1 ! unju/ judge ( :om we read 7,luke #ah3b7 t he fe>$ n ,god1 nor reg>d$ man4 ,!re=e x seems t worldly fe> is n always evil4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 worldly fe> seems to h ref]5ce to ! puni%m5ts inflict$ by ! secul> p[]4 ,n[ su* l puni%m5ts incite u to good actions1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ac3c1 ,wilt ?\ n be afraid ( ! p[]8 ,d t :i* is good1 & ?\ %alt h praise f ! same4 ,!re=e worldly fe> is n always evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems t :at is 9 u naturally1 is n evil1 s9ce our natural gifts are f ,god4 ,n[ x is natural to man to fe> detrim5t to 8 body1 & loss ( 8 worldly goods1 :]eby ! pres5t life is support$4 ,!re=e x seems t worldly fe> is n always evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #aj3bh73 ,fe> ye n !m t kill ! body1 ?us =bidd+ worldly fe>4 ,n[ no?+ b :at is evil is =bidd5 by ,god4 ,!re=e worldly fe> is evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b7 moral acts & habits take _! "n & species f _! objects4 ,n[ ! prop] object ( ! appetite's movem5t is ! f9al good3 s t1 9 consequ5ce1 e appetitive movem5t is bo? specifi$ & nam$ f its prop] end4 ,= if anyone 7 to describe covet\sness z love ( "w because m5 "w on acc\nt ( covet\sness1 ?is description w\ld be incorrect1 s9ce ! covet\s man seeks "w n z end b z a means3 ! end t he seeks is weal?1 :]e=e covet\sness is rightly describ$ z ! desire or ! love ( weal?1 & ?is is evil4 ,accord+ly worldly love is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! love :]eby a man tru/s 9 ! _w z 8 end1 s t worldly love is always evil4 ,n[ fe> is born ( love1 s9ce man fe>s ! loss ( :at he loves1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #cc74 ,n[ worldly fe> is t :i* arises f worldly love z f an evil root1 = :i* reason worldly fe> is always evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"o may h reg>d = m5 9 two ways4 ,fir/ 9 s f> z !re is 9 !m some?+ div9e1 = in/ance1 ! good ( grace or ( virtue1 or at lea/ ( ! natural image ( ,god3 & 9 ?is way ^? are blam$ :o h no reg>d = man4 ,secondly1 "o may h reg>d = m5 z be+ 9 opposition to ,god1 & ?us x is praisewor?y to h no reg>d = m51 accord+ z we read ( ,elias or ,eliseus 7,ecclus4 #dh3ac73 ,9 8 days he fe>$ n ! pr9ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 ! secul> p[] inflicts puni%m5t 9 ord] to )draw m5 f s91 x is act+ z ,god's m9i/]1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ac3d1 ,= he is ,god's m9i/]1 an av5g] to execute wra? ^u him t do? evil4 ,to fe> ! secul> p[] 9 ?is way is "p1 n ( worldly fe>1 b ( s]vile or initial fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is natural = man to %r9k f detrim5t to 8 own body & loss ( worldly goods1 b to =sake ju/ice on t acc\nt is contr>y to natural reason4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a7 t !re are c]ta9 ?+s1 viz4 s9ful de$s1 :i* no fe> %\ld drive u to d1 s9ce to d su* ?+s is worse ?an to suff] any puni%m5t :atev]4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,s]vile ,fe> ,is ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s]vile fe> is n good4 ,= if ! use ( a ?+ is evil1 ! ?+ itself is evil4 ,n[ ! use ( s]vile fe> is evil1 = accord+ to a gloss on ,rom4 #h3ae1 if a man d any?+ ?r\gh fe>1 al?\gh ! de$ be good1 x is n well done4 ,!re=e s]vile fe> is n good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no good gr[s f a s9ful root4 ,n[ s]vile fe> gr[s f a s9ful root1 because :5 comm5t+ on ,job #c3aa1 ,:y did ,i n die 9 ! womb8 ,gregory says 7,moral4 iv1 #be73 ,:5 a man dreads ! puni%m5t :i* confronts him = 8 s9 & no long] loves ! fri5d%ip ( ,god :i* he has lo/1 8 fe> is born ( pride1 n ( humility4 ,!re=e s]vile fe> is evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z m]c5>y love is oppos$ to ! love ( *>ity1 s is s]vile fe>1 app>5tly1 oppos$ to *a/e fe>4 ,b m]c5>y love is always evil4 ,!re=e s]vile fe> is also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no?+ evil is f ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b s]vile fe> is f ! ,holy ,gho/1 s9ce a gloss on ,rom4 #h3ae1 ,y h n receiv$ ! _s ( bondage1 etc4 says3 ,x is ! "o same _s t be/[s two fe>s1 viz4 s]vile & *a/e fe>4 ,!re=e s]vile fe> is n evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is ow+ to its s]vility t s]vile fe> may be evil4 ,= s]vitude is oppos$ to fre$om4 ,s9ce1 !n1 :at is free is cause ( itself 7,metaph4 i1 #b71 a slave is "o :o does n act z cause ( 8 own action1 b z ?\gh mov$ f )\t4 ,n[ :oev] does a ?+ ?r\gh love1 does x ( himself s to speak1 because x is by 8 own incl9ation t he is mov$ to act3 s t x is contr>y to ! v notion ( s]vility t "o %\ld act f love4 ,consequ5tly s]vile fe> z su* is contr>y to *>ity3 s t if s]vility 7 ess5tial to fe>1 s]vile fe> w\ld be evil simply1 ev5 z adult]y is evil simply1 because t :i* makes x contr>y to *>ity belongs to its v species4 ,?is s]vility1 h[ev]1 does n belong to ! species ( s]vile fe>1 ev5 z nei!r does lifelessness to ! species ( lifeless fai?4 ,= ! species ( a moral habit or act is tak5 f ! object4 ,n[ ! object ( s]vile fe> is puni%m5t1 & x is by accid5t t1 ei!r ! good to :i* ! puni%m5t is contr>y1 is lov$ z ! la/ end1 & t consequ5tly ! puni%m5t is fe>$ z ! greate/ evil1 :i* is ! case ) "o :o is devoid ( *>ity1 or t ! puni%m5t is direct$ to ,god z its end1 & t1 consequ5tly1 x is n fe>$ z ! greate/ evil1 :i* is ! case ) "o :o has *>ity4 ,= ! species ( a habit is n de/roy$ ?r\gh its object or end be+ direct$ to a fur!r end4 ,consequ5tly s]vile fe> is sub/antially good1 b is s]vility is evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is say+ ( ,augu/9e is to be appli$ to a man :o does some?+ ?r\gh s]vile fe> z su*1 s t he loves n ju/ice1 & fe>s no?+ b ! puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s]vile fe> z to its sub/ance is n born ( pride1 b its s]vility is1 inasmu* z man is unwill+1 by love1 to subject 8 affections to ! yoke ( ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,m]c5>y love is t :]eby ,god is lov$ = ! sake ( worldly goods1 & ?is is1 ( itself1 contr>y to *>ity1 s t m]c5>y love is always evil4 ,b s]vile fe>1 z to its sub/ance1 implies m]ely fe> ( puni%m5t1 :e!r or n ?is be fe>$ z ! pr9cipal evil4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,s]vile ,fe> ,is ,sub/antially ! ,same ,z ,filial ,fe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s]vile fe> is sub/antially ! same z filial fe>4 ,= filial fe> is to s]vile fe> ! same app>5tly z liv+ fai? is to lifeless fai?1 s9ce ! "o is accompani$ by mortal s9 & ! o!r n4 ,n[ liv+ fai? & lifeless fai? are sub/antially ! same4 ,!re=e s]vile & filial fe> are sub/antially ! same4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 habits are div]sifi$ by _! objects4 ,n[ ! same ?+ is ! object ( s]vile & ( filial fe>1 s9ce !y bo? fe> ,god4 ,!re=e s]vile & filial fe> are sub/antially ! same4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z man hopes to enjoy ,god & to obta9 favors f ,him1 s does he fe> to be sep>at$ f ,god & to be puni%$ by ,him4 ,n[ x is ! same hope :]eby we hope to enjoy ,god1 & to receive o!r favors f ,him1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,!re=e filial fe>1 :]eby we fe> sep>ation f ,god1 is ! same z s]vile fe> :]eby we fe> ,8 puni%m5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,9 prim4 canon4 ,joan4 ,tract4 ix7 says t !re are two fe>s1 "o s]vile1 ano!r filial or *a/e fe>4 ,i answ] t1 ,! prop] object ( fe> is evil4 ,& s9ce acts & habits are div]sifi$ by _! objects1 z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b71 x foll[s ( necessity t diff]5t k9ds ( fe> correspond to diff]5t k9ds ( evil4 ,n[ ! evil ( puni%m5t1 f :i* s]vile fe> %r9ks1 diff]s specifically f evil ( fault1 :i* filial fe> %uns1 z %[n above 7,a4 #b74 ,h5ce x is evid5t t s]vile & filial fe> are n ! same sub/antially b diff] specifically4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,liv+ & lifeless fai? diff]1 n z reg>ds ! object1 s9ce ea* ( !m believes ,god & believes 9 a ,god1 b 9 respect ( some?+ extr9sic1 viz4 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( *>ity1 & s !y d n diff] sub/antially4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s]vile & filial fe> diff] z to _! objects3 & h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s]vile fe> & filial fe> d n reg>d ,god 9 ! same light4 ,= s]vile fe> looks ^u ,god z ! cause ( ! infliction ( puni%m5t1 :]eas filial fe> looks ^u ,him1 n z ! active cause ( guilt1 b r z ! t]m :]efrom x %r9ks to be sep>at$ by guilt4 ,consequ5tly ! id5tity ( object1 viz4 ,god1 does n prove a specific id5tity ( fe>1 s9ce also natural movem5ts diff] specifically accord+ to _! diff]5t relation%ips to "s "o t]m1 = movem5t f :it5ess is n specifically ! same z movem5t t[>ds :it5ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hope looks ^u ,god z ! pr9ciple n only ( ! enjoym5t ( ,god1 b also ( any o!r favor :atev]4 ,?is _c be said ( fe>2 & s !re is no comp>ison4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,s]vile ,fe> ,rema9s ) ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s]vile fe> does n rema9 ) *>ity4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,9 prim4 canon4 ,joan4 ,tract4 ix7 t :5 *>ity takes up its abode1 x drives away fe> :i* _h prep>$ a place = x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts1 by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is giv5 to u 7,rom4 #e3e74 ,n[ :]e ! ,_s ( ! ,"l is1 !re is lib]ty 7#b ,cor4 #c3ag74 ,s9ce !n fre$om excludes s]vitude1 x seems t s]vile fe> is driv5 away :5 *>ity comes4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s]vile fe> is caus$ by self-love1 9 s f> z puni%m5t dim9i%es "o's own good4 ,n[ love ( ,god drives away self-love1 = x makes u despise ourselves3 ?us ,augu/9e te/ifies 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #bh7 t ! love ( ,god unto ! contempt ( self builds up ! city ( ,god4 ,!re=e x seems t s]vile fe> is driv5 out :5 *>ity comes4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s]vile fe> is a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,n[ ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are n =feit$ ?r\gh ! adv5t ( *>ity1 :]eby ! ,holy ,gho/ dwells 9 u4 ,!re=e s]vile fe> is n driv5 out :5 *>ity comes4 ,i answ] t1 ,s]vile fe> proce$s f self-love1 because x is fe> ( puni%m5t :i* is detrim5tal to "o's own good4 ,h5ce ! fe> ( puni%m5t is consi/5t ) *>ity1 9 ! same way z self-love is3 because x comes to ! same t a man love 8 own good & t he fe> to be depriv$ ( x4 ,n[ self-love may /& 9 a ?reefold relation%ip to *>ity4 ,9 "o way x is contr>y to *>ity1 :5 a man places 8 end 9 ! love ( 8 own good4 ,9 ano!r way x is includ$ 9 *>ity1 :5 a man loves himself = ! sake ( ,god & 9 ,god4 ,9 a ?ird way1 x is inde$ di/9ct f *>ity1 b is n contr>y !reto1 z :5 a man loves himself f ! po9t ( view ( 8 own good1 yet n s z to place 8 end 9 ?is 8 own good3 ev5 z "o may h ano!r special love = "o's neighbor1 besides ! love ( *>ity :i* is f\nd$ on ,god1 :5 we love him by reason ( usefulness1 consangu9ity1 or "s o!r human consid]ation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is ref]able to *>ity4 ,accord+ly fe> ( puni%m5t is1 9 "o way1 includ$ 9 *>ity1 because sep>ation f ,god is a puni%m5t1 :i* *>ity %uns exce$+ly2 s t ?is belongs to *a/e fe>4 ,9 ano!r way1 x is contr>y to *>ity1 :5 a man %r9ks f ! puni%m5t t is oppos$ to 8 natural good1 z be+ ! pr9cipal evil 9 opposition to ! good :i* he loves z an end2 & 9 ?is way fe> ( puni%m5t is n consi/5t ) *>ity4 ,9 ano!r way fe> ( puni%m5t is inde$ sub/antially di/9ct f *a/e fe>1 :51 to wit1 a man fe>s a p5al evil1 n because x sep>ates him f ,god1 b because x is hurtful to 8 own good1 & yet he does n place 8 end 9 ?is good1 s t nei!r does he dread ?is evil z be+ ! pr9cipal evil4 ,su* fe> ( puni%m5t is consi/5t ) *>ity2 b x is n call$ s]vile1 except :5 puni%m5t is dread$ z a pr9cipal evil1 z expla9$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #d74 ,h5ce fe> consid]$ z s]vile1 does n rema9 ) *>ity1 b ! sub/ance ( s]vile fe> c rema9 ) *>ity1 ev5 z self-love c rema9 ) *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ( fe> consid]$ z s]vile3 & su* is ! s5se ( ! two o!r objections4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,fe> ,is ! ,beg9n+ ( ,wisdom8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fe> is n ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,= ! beg9n+ ( a ?+ is a "p !re(4 ,b fe> is n a "p ( wisdom1 s9ce fe> is seat$ 9 ! appetitive faculty1 :ile wisdom is 9 ! intellect4 ,!re=e x seems t fe> is n ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is ! beg9n+ ( itself4 ,n[ fe> ( ! ,"l1 t is wisdom1 accord+ to ,job #bh3bh4 ,!re=e x seems t fe> ( ,god is n ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is prior to ! beg9n+4 ,b some?+ is prior to fe>1 s9ce fai? prec$es fe>4 ,!re=e x seems t fe> is n ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 9 ! ,ps4 #aaj3aj3 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may be call$ ! beg9n+ ( wisdom 9 two ways3 9 "o way because x is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom itself z to its ess5ce2 9 ano!r way1 z to its effect4 ,?us ! beg9n+ ( an art z to its ess5ce consi/s 9 ! pr9ciples f :i* t art proce$s1 :ile ! beg9n+ ( an art z to its effect is t :]efrom x beg9s to op]ate3 = in/ance we might say t ! beg9n+ ( ! art ( build+ is ! f\ndation because t is :]e ! build] beg9s 8 "w4 ,n[1 s9ce wisdom is ! k ( ,div9e ?+s1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #de1 ,a4 #a71 x is consid]$ by u 9 "o way1 & 9 ano!r way by philosoph]s4 ,=1 see+ t our life is orda9$ to ! enjoym5t ( ,god1 & is direct$ !reto accord+ to a p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 conf]r$ on u ?r\gh grace1 wisdom1 z we look at x1 is consid]$ n only z be+ cognizant ( ,god1 z x is ) ! philosoph]s1 b also z direct+ human conduct2 s9ce ?is is direct$ n only by ! human law1 b also by ! ,div9e law1 z ,augu/9e %[s 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ad74 ,accord+ly ! beg9n+ ( wisdom z to its ess5ce consi/s 9 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( wisdom1 i4e4 ! articles ( fai?1 & 9 ?is s5se fai? is said to be ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,b z reg>ds ! effect1 ! beg9n+ ( wisdom is ! po9t :]e wisdom beg9s to "w1 & 9 ?is way fe> is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 yet s]vile fe> 9 "o way1 & filial fe>1 9 ano!r4 ,= s]vile fe> is l a pr9ciple dispos+ a man to wisdom f )\t1 9 s f> z he refra9s f s9 ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 & is ?us fa%ion$ = ! effect ( wisdom1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #a3bg1 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l drive? out s94 ,on ! o!r h&1 *a/e or filial fe> is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 z be+ ! fir/ effect ( wisdom4 ,= s9ce ! regulation ( human conduct by ! ,div9e law belongs to wisdom1 9 ord] to make a beg9n+1 man mu/ fir/ ( all fe> ,god & submit himself to ,him3 = ! result w be t 9 all ?+s he w be rul$ by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t proves t fe> is n ! beg9n+ ( wisdom z to ! ess5ce ( wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fe> ( ,god is comp>$ to a man's :ole life t is rul$ by ,god's wisdom1 z ! root to ! tree3 h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #a3be73 ,! root ( wisdom is to fe> ! ,"l1 = ,vulg43 '&' ! bran*es !re( are longliv$4 ,consequ5tly1 z ! root is said to be virtually ! tree1 s ! fe> ( ,god is said to be wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above1 fai? is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom 9 "o way1 & fe>1 9 ano!r4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #be3af73 ,! fe> ( ,god is ! beg9n+ ( love3 & ! beg9n+ ( fai? is to be fa/ jo9$ to x4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,initial ,fe> ,diff]s ,sub/antially f ,filial ,fe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t initial fe> diff]s sub/antially f filial fe>4 ,= filial fe> is caus$ by love4 ,n[ initial fe> is ! beg9n+ ( love1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #be3af1 ,! fe> ( ,god is ! beg9n+ ( love4 ,!re=e initial fe> is di/9ct f filial fe>4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 initial fe> dreads puni%m5t1 :i* is ! object ( s]vile fe>1 s t initial & s]vile fe> w\ld seem to be ! same4 ,b s]vile fe> is di/9ct f filial fe>4 ,!re=e initial fe> also is sub/antially di/9ct f initial fe>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a mean diff]s 9 ! same ratio f bo? ! extremes4 ,n[ initial fe> is ! mean betwe5 s]vile & filial fe>4 ,!re=e x diff]s f bo? filial & s]vile fe>4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,p]fect & imp]fect d n div]sify ! sub/ance ( a ?+4 ,n[ initial & filial fe> diff] 9 respect ( p]fection & imp]fection ( *>ity1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,9 prim4 canon4 ,joan4 ,tract4 ix74 ,!re=e initial fe> does n diff] sub/antially f filial fe>4 ,i answ] t1 ,initial fe> is s call$ because x is a beg9n+ 7initium74 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 bo? s]vile & filial fe> are1 9 "s way1 ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 ea* may be call$ 9 "s way1 initial4 ,x is n 9 ?is s5se1 h[ev]1 t we are to und]/& initial fe> 9 s f> z x is di/9ct f s]vile & filial fe>1 b 9 ! s5se accord+ to :i* x belongs to ! /ate ( beg9n]s1 9 :om !re is a beg9n+ ( filial fe> result+ f a beg9n+ ( *>ity1 al?\gh !y d n possess ! p]fection ( filial fe>1 because !y h n yet atta9$ to ! p]fection ( *>ity4 ,consequ5tly initial fe> /&s 9 ! same relation to filial fe> z imp]fect to p]fect *>ity4 ,n[ p]fect & imp]fect *>ity diff]1 n z to ess5ce b z to /ate4 ,!re=e we mu/ conclude t initial fe>1 z we und]/& x "h1 does n diff] ess5tially f filial fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! fe> :i* is a beg9n+ ( love is s]vile fe>1 :i* is ! h]ald ( *>ity1 j z ! bri/le introduces ! ?read1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,tract4 ix 9 ,ep4 i ,joan474 ,or else1 if x be ref]r$ to initial fe>1 ?is is said to be ! beg9n+ ( love1 n absolutely1 b relatively to ! /ate ( p]fect *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,initial fe> does n dread puni%m5t z its prop] object1 b z hav+ some?+ ( s]vile fe> connect$ ) x3 = ?is s]vile fe>1 z to its sub/ance1 rema9s inde$1 ) *>ity1 its s]vility be+ ca/ aside2 :]eas its act rema9s ) imp]fect *>ity 9 ! man :o is mov$ to p]=m good actions n only ?r\gh love ( ju/ice1 b also ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 ?\gh ?is same act ceases 9 ! man :o has p]fect *>ity1 :i* ca/e? out fe>1 accord+ to #a ,john #d3ah4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,initial fe> is a mean betwe5 s]vile & filial fe>1 n z betwe5 two ?+s ( ! same g5us1 b z ! imp]fect is a mean betwe5 a p]fect be+ & a non-be+1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 ii1 = x is ! same sub/antially z ! p]fect be+1 :ile x diff]s altoge!r f non-be+4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,fe> ,is a ,gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fe> is n a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= no gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is oppos$ to a virtue1 :i* is also f ! ,holy ,gho/2 else ! ,holy ,gho/ w\ld be 9 opposition to ,himself4 ,n[ fe> is oppos$ to hope1 :i* is a virtue4 ,!re=e fe> is n a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is prop] to a !ological virtue to h ,god = its object4 ,b fe> has ,god = its object1 9 s f> z ,god is fe>$4 ,!re=e fe> is n a gift1 b a !ological virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fe> arises f love4 ,b love is reckon$ a !ological virtue4 ,!re=e fe> also is a !ological virtue1 be+ connect$ ) ! same matt]1 z x 74 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii1 #di7 t fe> is be/[$ z a rem$y aga9/ pride4 ,b ! virtue ( humility is oppos$ to pride4 ,!re=e aga91 fe> is a k9d ( virtue4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! gifts are m p]fect ?an ! virtues1 s9ce !y are be/[$ 9 support ( ! virtues z ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii1 #di74 ,n[ hope is m p]fect ?an fe>1 s9ce hope reg>ds good1 :ile fe> reg>ds evil4 ,s9ce1 !n1 hope is a virtue1 x %\ld n be said t fe> is a gift4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l is numb]$ among ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,isa4 #aa3c74 ,i answ] t1 ,fe> is ( sev]al k9ds1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,n[ x is n human fe>1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,gratia et ,lib4 ,arb4 xviii71 t is a gift ( ,god--= x 0 by ?is fe> t ,pet] d5i$ ,*ri/--b t fe> ( :i* x 0 said 7,matt4 #aj3bh73 ,fe> ,him t c de/roy bo? s\l & body into hell4 ,aga9 s]vile fe> is n to be reckon$ among ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ?\gh x is f ,him1 because accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,nat4 et ,grat4 lvii7 x is compatible ) ! w to s93 :]eas ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are incompatible ) ! w to s91 z !y are insep>able f *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #e74 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! fe> ( ,god1 :i* is numb]$ among ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 is filial or *a/e fe>4 ,= x 0 /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c7 t ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are c]ta9 habitual p]fections ( ! s\l's p[]s1 :]eby ^! are r5d]$ am5able to ! motion ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 j z1 by ! moral virtues1 ! appetitive p[]s are r5d]$ am5able to ! motion ( reason4 ,n[ = a ?+ to be am5able to ! motion ( a c]ta9 mov]1 ! fir/ condition requir$ is t x be a non-resi/ant subject ( t mov]1 because resi/ance ( ! movable subject to ! mov] h9d]s ! movem5t4 ,?is is :at filial or *a/e fe> does1 s9ce !reby we rev]e ,god & avoid sep>at+ ourselves f ,him4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #d7 filial fe> holds ! fir/ place1 z x 71 among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 9 ! asc5d+ ord]1 & ! la/ place1 9 ! desc5d+ ord]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,filial fe> is n oppos$ to ! virtue ( hope3 s9ce !reby we fe>1 n t we may fail ( :at we hope to obta9 by ,god's help1 b le/ we )draw ourselves f ?is help4 ,:]e=e filial fe> & hope cl+ toge!r1 & p]fect "o ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! prop] & pr9cipal object ( fe> is ! evil %unn$1 & 9 ?is way1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ,god _c be an object ( fe>4 ,yet ,he is1 9 ?is way1 ! object ( hope & ! o!r !ological virtues1 s9ce1 by ! virtue ( hope1 we tru/ 9 ,god's help1 n only to obta9 any o!r goods1 b1 *iefly1 to obta9 ,god ,himself1 z ! pr9cipal good4 ,! same evid5tly applies to ! o!r !ological virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,f ! fact t love is ! orig9 ( fe>1 x does n foll[ t ! fe> ( ,god is n a di/9ct habit f *>ity :i* is ! love ( ,god1 s9ce love is ! orig9 ( all ! emotions1 & yet we are p]fect$ by diff]5t habits 9 respect ( diff]5t emotions4 ,yet love is m ( a virtue ?an fe> is1 because love reg>ds good1 to :i* virtue is pr9cipally direct$ by reason ( its own nature1 z 0 %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d72 = :i* reason hope is also reckon$ z a virtue2 :]eas fe> pr9cipally reg>ds evil1 ! avoidance ( :i* x d5otes1 :]e=e x is some?+ less ?an a !ological virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,accord+ to ,ecclus4 #aj3ad1 ! beg9n+ ( ! pride ( man is to fall (f f ,god1 t is to refuse submission to ,god1 & ?is is oppos$ to filial fe>1 :i* rev]es ,god4 ,?us fe> cuts (f ! s\rce ( pride = :i* reason x is be/[$ z a rem$y aga9/ pride4 ,yet x does n foll[ t x is ! same z ! virtue ( humility1 b t x is its orig94 ,= ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are ! orig9 ( ! intellectual & moral virtues1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #d71 :ile ! !ological virtues are ! orig9 ( ! gifts1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c74 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fif? ,objection4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,fe> ,decreases ,:5 ,*>ity ,increases8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t fe> decreases :5 *>ity increases4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,9 prim4 canon4 ,joan4 ,tract4 ix73 ,! m *>ity increases1 ! m fe> decreases4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fe> decreases :5 hope increases4 ,b *>ity increases :5 hope increases1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e fe> decreases :5 *>ity increases4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 love implies union1 :]eas fe> implies sep>ation4 ,n[ sep>ation decreases :5 union increases4 ,!re=e fe> decreases :5 ! love ( *>ity increases4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #cf7 t ! fe> ( ,god n only beg9s b also p]fects wisdom1 :]eby we love ,god above all ?+s1 & our neighbor z ourselves4 ,i answ] t1 ,fe> is tw(old1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #d72 "o is filial fe>1 :]eby a son fe>s to (f5d 8 fa!r or to be sep>at$ f him2 ! o!r is s]vile fe>1 :]eby "o fe>s puni%m5t4 ,n[ filial fe> mu/ ne$s increase :5 *>ity increases1 ev5 z an effect increases ) ! increase ( its cause4 ,= ! m "o loves a man1 ! m "o fe>s to (f5d him & to be sep>at$ f him4 ,on ! o!r h& s]vile fe>1 z reg>ds its s]vility1 is entirely ca/ out :5 *>ity comes1 al?\gh ! fe> ( puni%m5t rema9s z to its sub/ance1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f74 ,?is fe> decreases z *>ity increases1 *iefly z reg>ds its act1 s9ce ! m a man loves ,god1 ! less he fe>s puni%m5t2 fir/1 because he ?9ks less ( 8 own good1 to :i* puni%m5t is oppos$2 secondly1 because1 ! fa/] he cl+s1 ! m confid5t he is ( ! rew>d1 &1 consequ5tly ! less fe>ful ( puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e speaks !re ( ! fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is fe> ( puni%m5t t decreases :5 hope increases2 b ) ! increase ( ! latt] filial fe> increases1 because ! m c]ta9ly a man expects to obta9 a good by ano!r's help1 ! m he fe>s to (f5d him or to be sep>at$ f him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,filial fe> does n imply sep>ation f ,god1 b submission to ,him1 & %uns sep>ation f t submission4 ,yet1 9 a way1 x implies sep>ation1 9 ! po9t ( n presum+ to equal oneself to ,him1 & ( submitt+ to ,him1 :i* sep>ation is to be obs]v$ ev5 9 *>ity1 9 s f> z a man loves ,god m ?an himself & m ?an aught else4 ,h5ce ! increase ( ! love ( *>ity implies n a decrease b an increase 9 ! rev]5ce ( fe>4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ,fe> ,rema9s 9 ,heav58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fe> does n rema9 9 heav54 ,= x is writt5 7,prov4 #a3cc73 ,he 4 4 4 %all enjoy abundance1 )\t fe> ( evils1 :i* is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ^? :o already enjoy wisdom 9 ev]la/+ happ9ess4 ,n[ e fe> is ab\t "s evil1 s9ce evil is ! object ( fe>1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #e2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #db1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e !re w be no fe> 9 heav54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 heav5 m5 w be con=m$ to ,god1 accord+ to #a ,john #c3b1 ,:5 ,he %all appe>1 we %all be l to ,him4 ,b ,god fe>s no?+4 ,!re=e1 9 heav51 m5 w h no fe>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hope is m p]fect ?an fe>1 s9ce hope reg>ds good1 & fe>1 evil4 ,n[ hope w n be 9 heav54 ,!re=e nei!r w !re be fe> 9 heav54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ah3aj73 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l is holy1 endur+ = ev] & ev]4 ,i answ] t1 ,s]vile fe>1 or fe> ( puni%m5t1 w by no means be 9 heav51 s9ce su* a fe> is exclud$ by ! security :i* is ess5tial to ev]la/+ happ9ess1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,a4 #d74 ,b ) reg>d to filial fe>1 z x increases ) ! increase ( *>ity1 s is x p]fect$ :5 *>ity is made p]fect2 h5ce1 9 heav51 x w n h q ! same act z x has n[4 ,9 ord] to make ?is cle>1 we mu/ obs]ve t ! prop] object ( fe> is a possible evil1 j z ! prop] object ( hope is a possible good3 & s9ce ! movem5t ( fe> is l "o ( avoidance1 fe> implies avoidance ( a possible ardu\s evil1 = little evils inspire no fe>4 ,n[ z a ?+'s good consi/s 9 its /ay+ 9 its own ord]1 s a ?+'s evil consi/s 9 =sak+ its ord]4 ,aga91 ! ord] ( a rational creature is t x %\ld be "u ,god & above o!r creatures4 ,h5ce1 j z x is an evil = a rational creature to submit1 by love1 to a l[] creature1 s too is x an evil = x1 if x submit n to ,god1 b presumptu\sly revolt aga9/ ,him or contemn ,him4 ,n[ ?is evil is possible to a rational creature consid]$ z to its nature on acc\nt ( ! natural flexibility ( ! free-w2 :]eas 9 ! bless$1 x becomes impossible1 by reason ( ! p]fection ( glory4 ,!re=e ! avoidance ( ?is evil t consi/s 9 non-subjection to ,god1 & is possible to nature1 b impossible 9 ! /ate ( bliss1 w be 9 heav52 :ile 9 ?is life !re is avoidance ( ?is evil z ( some?+ altoge!r possible4 ,h5ce ,gregory1 exp\nd+ ! words ( ,job 7#bf3aa71 ,! pill>s ( heav5 tremble1 & dread at ,8 beck1 says 7,moral4 xvii1 #bi73 ,! heav5ly p[]s t gaze on ,him )\t ceas+1 tremble :ile contemplat+3 b _! awe1 le/ x %\ld be ( a p5al nature1 is "o n ( fe> b ( wond]1 because1 to wit1 !y wond] at ,god's sup]em95ce & incompreh5sibility4 ,augu/9e also 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #i7 9 ?is s5se1 admits fe> 9 heav51 al?\gh he leaves ! "q d\btful4 ,if1 he says1 ?is *a/e fe> t endure? = ev] & ev] is to be 9 ! future life1 x w n be a fe> t is afraid ( an evil :i* might possibly occur1 b a fe> t holds fa/ to a good :i* we _c lose4 ,= :5 we love ! good :i* we h acquir$1 ) an un*angeable love1 )\t d\bt1 if x is all[able to say s1 our fe> is sure ( avoid+ evil4 ,because *a/e fe> d5otes a w t _c cons5t to s91 & :]eby we avoid s9 )\t trembl+ le/1 9 our weakness1 we fall1 & possess ourselves 9 ! tranquillity born ( *>ity4 ,else1 if no k9d ( fe> is possible !re1 p]haps fe> is said to endure = ev] & ev]1 because t :i* fe> w lead u to1 w be ev]la/+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passage quot$ excludes f ! bless$1 ! fe> t d5otes solicitude1 & anxiety ab\t evil1 b n ! fe> :i* is accompani$ by security4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ix7 ! same ?+s are bo? l & unlike ,god4 ,!y are l by reason ( a v>iable imitation ( ! ,inimitable--t is1 because1 s f> z !y c1 !y imitate ,god ,:o _c be imitat$ p]fectly--!y are unlike because !y are ! effects ( a ,cause ( ,:om !y fall %ort inf9itely & immeasurably4 ,h5ce1 if !re be no fe> 9 ,god 7s9ce !re is none above ,him to :om ,he may be subject7 x does n foll[ t !re is none 9 ! bless$1 ^: happ9ess consi/s 9 p]fect subjection to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hope implies a c]ta9 defect1 namely ! futurity ( happ9ess1 :i* ceases :5 happ9ess is pres5t3 :]eas fe> implies a natural defect 9 a creature1 9 s f> z x is inf9itely di/ant f ,god1 & ?is defect w rema9 ev5 9 heav54 ,h5ce fe> w n be ca/ out altoge!r4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ,pov]ty ( ,_s ,is ! ,beatitude ,correspond+ to ! ,gift ( ,fe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pov]ty ( _s is n ! beatitude correspond+ to ! gift ( fe>4 ,= fe> is ! beg9n+ ( ! spiritual life1 z expla9$ above 7,a4 #g73 :]eas pov]ty belongs to ! p]fection ( ! spiritual life1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ai3ba1 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g sell :at ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor4 ,!re=e pov]ty ( _s does n correspond to ! gift ( fe>4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ps4 #aah3abj73 ,pi]ce ,?\ my fle% ) ,?y fe>1 :5ce x seems to foll[ t x belongs to fe> to re/ra9 ! fle%4 ,b ! curb+ ( ! fle% seems to belong r to ! beatitude ( m\rn+4 ,!re=e ! beatitude ( m\rn+ corresponds to ! gift ( fe>1 r ?an ! beatitude ( pov]ty4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! gift ( fe> corresponds to ! virtue ( hope1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #i1 ad #a74 ,n[ ! la/ beatitude :i* is1 ,bless$ are ! peacemak]s1 = !y %all be call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 seems above all to correspond to hope1 because accord+ to ,rom4 #e3b1 we 4 4 4 glory 9 ! hope ( ! glory ( ! sons ( ,god4 ,!re=e t beatitude corresponds to ! gift ( fe>1 r ?an pov]ty ( _s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x 0 /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gj1 ,a4 #b7 t ! fruits correspond to ! beatitudes4 ,n[ none ( ! fruits correspond to ! gift ( fe>4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 does any ( ! beatitudes4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #d73 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l is befitt+ ! humble ( :om x is said3 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s4 ,i answ] t1 ,pov]ty ( _s prop]ly corresponds to fe>4 ,because1 s9ce x belongs to filial fe> to %[ rev]5ce & submission to ,god1 :atev] results f ?is submission belongs to ! gift ( fe>4 ,n[ f ! v fact t a man submits to ,god1 x foll[s t he ceases to seek greatness ei!r 9 himself or 9 ano!r b seeks x only 9 ,god4 ,= t w\ld be inconsi/5t ) p]fect subjection to ,god1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ps4 #ai3h73 ,"s tru/ 9 *>iots & "s 9 horses2 b we w call ^u ! "n ( 4 4 4 our ,god4 ,x foll[s t if a man fe> ,god p]fectly1 he does n1 by pride1 seek greatness ei!r 9 himself or 9 ext]nal goods1 viz4 honors & ri*es4 ,9 ei!r case1 ?is proce$s f pov]ty ( _s1 9 s f> z ! latt] d5otes ei!r ! void+ ( a puff$ up & pr\d _s1 accord+ to ,augu/9e's int]pretation 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #d71 or ! r5unciation ( worldly goods :i* is done 9 _s1 i4e4 by "o's own w1 ?r\gh ! in/igation ( ! ,holy ,_s1 accord+ to ! exp\nd+ ( ,ambrose on ,luke #f3bj & ,j]ome on ,matt4 #e3c4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce a beatitude is an act ( p]fect virtue1 all ! beatitudes belong to ! p]fection ( spiritual life4 ,& ?is p]fection seems to require t :oev] w\ld /rive to obta9 a p]fect %>e ( spiritual goods1 ne$s to beg9 by despis+ e>?ly goods1 :]e=e fe> holds ! fir/ place among ! gifts4 ,p]fection1 h[ev]1 does n consi/ 9 ! r5unciation itself ( temporal goods2 s9ce ?is is ! way to p]fection3 :]eas filial fe>1 to :i* ! beatitude ( pov]ty corresponds1 is consi/5t ) ! p]fection ( wisdom1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #g1 #aj74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! undue exaltation ( man ei!r 9 himself or 9 ano!r is m directly oppos$ to t submission to ,god :i* is ! result ( filial fe>1 ?an is ext]nal pleasure4 ,yet ?is is1 9 consequ5ce1 oppos$ to fe>1 s9ce :oev] fe>s ,god & is subject to ,him1 takes no delight 9 ?+s o!r ?an ,god4 ,nev]!less1 pleasure is n conc]n$1 z exaltation is1 ) ! ardu\s "* ( a ?+ :i* fe> reg>ds3 & s ! beatitude ( pov]ty corresponds to fe> directly1 & ! beatitude ( m\rn+1 consequ5tly4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hope d5otes a movem5t by way ( a relation ( t5d5cy to a t]m1 :]eas fe> implies movem5t by way ( a relation ( )drawal f a t]m3 :]e=e ! la/ beatitude :i* is ! t]m ( spiritual p]fection1 fitt+ly corresponds to hope1 by way ( ultimate object2 :ile ! fir/ beatitude1 :i* implies )drawal f ext]nal ?+s :i* h9d] submission to ,god1 fitt+ly corresponds to fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z reg>ds ! fruits1 x seems t ^? ?+s correspond to ! gift ( fe>1 :i* p]ta9 to ! mod]ate use ( temporal ?+s or to ab/95ce !refrom2 su* are mode/y1 cont95cy & *a/ity4 ,,"q #bj ,,( ,,despair 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! contr>y vices2 7#a7 despair2 7#b7 presumption4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r despair is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x c be )\t unbelief8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is ! greate/ ( s9s8 7#d7 ,:e!r x arises f slo?8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,despair ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t despair is n a s94 ,= e s9 includes conv]sion to a mutable good1 toge!r ) av]sion f ! immutable good1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ai74 ,b despair includes no conv]sion to a mutable good4 ,!re=e x is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* gr[s f a good root1 seems to be no s91 because a good tree _c br+ =? evil fruit 7,matt4 #g3ah74 ,n[ despair seems to gr[ f a good root1 viz4 fe> ( ,god1 or f horror at ! greatness ( "o's own s9s4 ,!re=e despair is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if despair 7 a s91 x w\ld be a s9 also = ! damn$ to despair4 ,b ?is is n imput$ to !m z _! fault b z "p ( _! damnation4 ,!re=e nei!r is x imput$ to wayf>]s z _! fault1 s t x is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t :i* leads m5 to s91 seems n only to be a s9 itself1 b a s\rce ( s9s4 ,n[ su* is despair1 = ! ,apo/le says ( c]ta9 m5 7,eph4 #d3ai73 ,:o1 despair+1 h giv5 !mselves up to lascivi\sness1 unto ! work+ ( all uncleanness & ,vulg43 'unto' covet\sness4 ,!re=e despair is n only a s9 b also ! orig9 ( o!r s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #b7 affirmation & negation 9 ! intellect correspond to se>* & avoidance 9 ! appetite2 :ile tru? & falsehood 9 ! intellect correspond to good & evil 9 ! appetite4 ,consequ5tly e appetitive movem5t :i* is con=m$ to a true intellect1 is good 9 itself1 :ile e appetitive movem5t :i* is con=m$ to a false intellect is evil 9 itself & s9ful4 ,n[ ! true op9ion ( ! intellect ab\t ,god is t f ,him comes salvation to mank9d1 & p>don to s9n]s1 accord+ to ,eze*4 #ah3bc1 ,i desire n ! dea? ( ! s9n]1 b t he %\ld be conv]t$1 & live 99,vulg43 ',is x ,my w t a s9n] %\ld die 4 4 4 & n t he %\ld be conv]t$ & live8' ,cf4 ,eze*4 #cc3aa3 :ile x is a false op9ion t ,he refuses p>don to ! rep5tant s9n]1 or t ,he does n turn s9n]s to ,himself by sanctify+ grace4 ,!re=e1 j z ! movem5t ( hope1 :i* is 9 con=mity ) ! true op9ion1 is praisewor?y & virtu\s1 s ! contr>y movem5t ( despair1 :i* is 9 con=mity ) ! false op9ion ab\t ,god1 is vici\s & s9ful4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 e mortal s9 !re is1 9 "s way1 av]sion f ! immutable good1 & conv]sion to a mutable good1 b n always 9 ! same way4 ,because1 s9ce ! !ological virtues h ,god = _! object1 ! s9s :i* are contr>y to !m1 su* z hatr$ ( ,god1 despair & unbelief1 consi/ pr9cipally 9 av]sion f ! immutable good2 b1 consequ5tly1 !y imply conv]sion to a mutable good1 9 s f> z ! s\l t is a des]t] f ,god1 mu/ necess>ily turn to o!r ?+s4 ,o!r s9s1 h[ev]1 consi/ pr9cipally 9 conv]sion to a mutable good1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 av]sion f ! immutable good3 because ! =nicator int5ds1 n to dep>t f ,god1 b to enjoy c>nal pleasure1 ! result ( :i* is t he dep>ts f ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a ?+ may gr[ f a virtu\s root 9 two ways3 fir/1 directly & on ! "p ( ! virtue itself2 ev5 z an act proce$s f a habit3 & 9 ?is way no s9 c gr[ f a virtu\s root1 = 9 ?is s5se ,augu/9e decl>$ 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ah1 #ai7 t no man makes evil use ( virtue4 ,secondly1 a ?+ proce$s f a virtue indirectly1 or is occasion$ by a virtue1 & 9 ?is way no?+ h9d]s a s9 proce$+ f a virtue3 ?us sometimes m5 pride !mselves ( _! virtues1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,ep4 ccxi73 ,pride lies 9 wait = good works t !y may die4 ,9 ?is way fe> ( ,god or horror ( "o's own s9s may lead to despair1 9 s f> z man makes evil use ( ^? good ?+s1 by all[+ !m to be an occasion ( despair4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! damn$ are outside ! pale ( hope on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( return+ to happ9ess3 h5ce x is n imput$ to !m t !y hope n1 b x is a "p ( _! damnation4 ,ev5 s1 x w\ld be no s9 = a wayf>] to despair ( obta9+ t :i* he _h no natural capacity = obta9+1 or :i* 0 n due to be obta9$ by him2 = in/ance1 if a physician 7 to despair ( heal+ "s sick man1 or if anyone 7 to despair ( ev] becom+ ri*4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,despair ,)\t ,unbelief8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re c be no despair )\t unbelief4 ,= ! c]ta9ty ( hope is d]iv$ f fai?2 & s long z ! cause rema9s ! effect is n done away4 ,!re=e a man _c lose ! c]ta9ty ( hope1 by despair+1 unless 8 fai? be remov$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to pref] "o's own guilt to ,god's m]cy & goodness1 is to d5y ! inf9ity ( ,god's goodness & m]cy1 & s savors ( unbelief4 ,b :oev] despairs1 pref]s 8 own guilt to ! ,div9e m]cy & goodness1 accord+ to ,g54 #d3ac3 ,my iniquity is great] ?an t ,i may des]ve p>don4 ,!re=e :oev] despairs1 is an unbeliev]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] falls into a condemn$ h]esy1 is an unbeliev]4 ,b he t despairs seems to fall into a condemn$ h]esy1 viz4 t ( ! ,novatians1 :o say t !re is no p>don = s9s aft] ,baptism4 ,!re=e x seems t :oev] despairs1 is an unbeliev]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,if we remove t :i* foll[s1 t :i* prec$es rema9s4 ,b hope foll[s fai?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #g74 ,!re=e :5 hope is remov$1 fai? c rema92 s t1 n ev]yone :o despairs1 is an unbeliev]4 ,i answ] t1 ,unbelief p]ta9s to ! intellect1 b despair1 to ! appetite3 & ! intellect is ab\t univ]sals1 :ile ! appetite is mov$ 9 connection ) p>ticul>s1 s9ce ! appetitive movem5t is f ! s\l t[>ds ?+s1 :i*1 9 !mselves1 are p>ticul>4 ,n[ x may happ5 t a man1 :ile hav+ a "r op9ion 9 ! univ]sal1 is n rightly dispos$ z to 8 appetitive movem5t1 8 e/imate be+ corrupt$ 9 a p>ticul> matt]1 because1 9 ord] to pass f ! univ]sal op9ion to ! appetite = a p>ticul> ?+1 x is necess>y to h a p>ticul> e/imate 7,de ,anima iii1 #b71 j z x is impossible to inf] a p>ticul> conclusion f an univ]sal proposition1 except ?r\gh ! hold+ ( a p>ticul> proposition4 ,h5ce x is t a man1 :ile hav+ "r fai?1 9 ! univ]sal1 fails 9 an appetitive movem5t1 9 reg>d to "s p>ticul>1 8 p>ticul> e/imate be+ corrupt$ by a habit or a passion1 j z ! =nicator1 by *oos+ =nication z a good = himself at ?is p>ticul> mom5t1 has a corrupt e/imate 9 a p>ticul> matt]1 al?\gh he reta9s ! true univ]sal e/imate accord+ to fai?1 viz4 t =nication is a mortal s94 ,9 ! same way1 a man :ile reta9+ 9 ! univ]sal1 ! true e/imate ( fai?1 viz4 t !re is 9 ! ,*ur* ! p[] ( =giv+ s9s1 may suff] a movem5t ( despair1 to wit1 t = him1 be+ 9 su* a /ate1 !re is no hope ( p>don1 8 e/imate be+ corrupt$ 9 a p>ticul> matt]4 ,9 ?is way !re c be despair1 j z !re c be o!r mortal s9s1 )\t belief4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! effect is done away1 n only :5 ! fir/ cause is remov$1 b also :5 ! second>y cause is remov$4 ,h5ce ! movem5t ( hope c be done away1 n only by ! removal ( ! univ]sal e/imate ( fai?1 :i* is1 s to say1 ! fir/ cause ( ! c]ta9ty ( hope1 b also by ! removal ( ! p>ticul> e/imate1 :i* is ! second>y cause1 z x 74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if anyone 7 to judge1 9 univ]sal1 t ,god's m]cy is n inf9ite1 he w\ld be an unbeliev]4 ,b he :o despairs judges n ?us1 b t1 = him 9 t /ate1 on acc\nt ( "s p>ticul> disposition1 !re is no hope ( ! ,div9e m]cy4 ,! same answ] applies to ! ,?ird ,objection1 s9ce ! ,novatians d5i$1 9 univ]sal1 t !re is remission ( s9s 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,despair ,is ! ,greate/ ( ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t despair is n ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,= !re c be despair )\t unbelief1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,b unbelief is ! greate/ ( s9s because x ov]?r[s ! f\ndation ( ! spiritual edifice4 ,!re=e despair is n ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a great] evil is oppos$ to a great] good1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 viii1 #aj74 ,b *>ity is great] ?an hope1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3ac4 ,!re=e hatr$ ( ,god is a great] s9 ?an despair4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! s9 ( despair !re is no?+ b inord9ate av]sion f ,god3 :]eas 9 o!r s9s !re is n only inord9ate av]sion f ,god1 b also an inord9ate conv]sion4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( despair is n m b less grave ?an o!r s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,an incurable s9 seems to be mo/ griev\s1 accord+ to ,j]4 #cj3ab3 ,?y bruise is incurable1 ?y w\nd is v griev\s4 ,n[ ! s9 ( despair is incurable1 accord+ to ,j]4 #ae3ah3 ,my w\nd is desp]ate s z to refuse to be heal$4 99,vulg43 ,:y is my w\nd1 etc4 ,!re=e despair is a mo/ griev\s s94 ,i answ] t1 ,^? s9s :i* are contr>y to ! !ological virtues are 9 !mselves m griev\s ?an o!rs3 because1 s9ce ! !ological virtues h ,god = _! object1 ! s9s :i* are oppos$ to !m imply av]sion f ,god directly & pr9cipally4 ,n[ e mortal s9 takes its pr9cipal malice & gravity f ! fact ( its turn+ away f ,god1 = if x 7 possible to turn to a mutable good1 ev5 inord9ately1 )\t turn+ away f ,god1 x w\ld n be a mortal s94 ,consequ5tly a s9 :i*1 fir/ & ( its v nature1 includes av]sion f ,god1 is mo/ griev\s among mortal s9s4 ,n[ unbelief1 despair & hatr$ ( ,god are oppos$ to ! !ological virtues3 & among !m1 if we comp>e hatr$ ( ,god & unbelief to despair1 we %all f9d t1 9 !mselves1 t is1 9 respect ( _! prop] species1 !y are m griev\s4 ,= unbelief is due to a man n believ+ ,god's own tru?2 :ile ! hatr$ ( ,god arises f man's w be+ oppos$ to ,god's goodness itself2 :]eas despair consi/s 9 a man ceas+ to hope = a %>e ( ,god's goodness4 ,h5ce x is cle> t unbelief & hatr$ ( ,god are aga9/ ,god z ,he is 9 ,himself1 :ile despair is aga9/ ,him1 accord+ z ,8 good is p>tak5 ( by u4 ,:]e=e /rictly speak+ x is a m griev\s s9 to disbelieve ,god's tru?1 or to hate ,god1 ?an n to hope to receive glory f ,him4 ,if1 h[ev]1 despair be comp>$ to ! o!r two s9s f our po9t ( view1 !n despair is m dang]\s1 s9ce hope )draws u f evils & induces u to seek = good ?+s1 s t :5 hope is giv5 up1 m5 ru% headlong into s91 & are drawn away f good works4 ,:]e=e a gloss on ,prov4 #bd3aj1 ,if ?\ lose hope be+ we>y 9 ! day ( di/ress1 ?y /r5g? %all be dim9i%$1 says3 ,no?+ is m hateful ?an despair1 = ! man t has x loses 8 con/ancy bo? 9 ! e day toils ( ?is life1 &1 :at is worse1 9 ! battle ( fai?4 ,& ,isidore says 7,de ,sum4 ,bono ii1 #ad73 ,to commit a crime is to kill ! s\l1 b to despair is to fall into hell4 ,& f ?is ! response to ! objections is evid5t4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,despair ,arises f ,slo?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t despair does n arise f slo?4 ,because diff]5t causes d n give rise to "o same effect4 ,n[ despair ( ! future life arises f lu/1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de74 ,!re=e x does n arise f slo?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z despair is contr>y to hope1 s is slo? contr>y to spiritual joy4 ,b spiritual joy arises f hope1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ab3ab1 rejoic+ 9 hope4 ,!re=e slo? arises f despair1 & n vice v]sa4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 contr>y effects h contr>y causes4 ,n[ hope1 ! contr>y ( :i* is despair1 seems to proce$ f ! consid]ation ( ,div9e favors1 especially ! ,inc>nation1 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiii1 #aj73 ,no?+ 0 s necess>y to raise our hope1 ?an t we %\ld be %[n h[ mu* ,god loves u4 ,n[ :at great] pro( c\ld we h ( ?is ?an t ,god's ,son %\ld deign to unite ,himself to our nature8 ,!re=e despair arises r f ! neglect ( ! above consid]ation ?an f slo?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 reckons despair among ! effects ( slo?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a71 ! object ( hope is a good1 difficult b possible to obta9 by oneself or by ano!r4 ,consequ5tly ! hope ( obta9+ happ9ess may be lack+ 9 a p]son 9 two ways3 fir/1 ?r\gh 8 n deem+ x an ardu\s good2 secondly1 ?r\gh 8 deem+ x impossible to obta9 ei!r by himself1 or by ano!r4 ,n[1 ! fact t spiritual goods ta/e good to u no m1 or seem to be goods ( no great acc\nt1 is *iefly due to our affections be+ infect$ ) ! love ( bodily pleasures1 among :i*1 sexual pleasures hold ! fir/ place3 = ! love ( ^? pleasures leads man to h a di/a/e = spiritual ?+s1 & n to hope = !m z ardu\s goods4 ,9 ?is way despair is caus$ by lu/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t a man deems an ardu\s good impossible to obta91 ei!r by himself or by ano!r1 is due to 8 be+ ov] d[nca/1 because :5 ?is /ate ( m9d dom9ates 8 affections1 x seems to him t he w nev] be able to rise to any good4 ,& s9ce slo? is a sadness t ca/s d[n ! _s1 9 ?is way despair is born ( slo?4 ,n[ ?is is ! prop] object ( hope--t ! ?+ is possible1 because ! good & ! ardu\s reg>d o!r passions also4 ,h5ce despair is born ( slo? 9 a m special way3 ?\gh x may arise f lu/1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,rhet4 i1 #aa71 j z hope gives rise to joy1 s1 :5 a man is joyful he has great] hope3 &1 accord+ly1 ^? :o are sorr[ful fall ! m easily into despair1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #b3g3 ,le/ 4 4 4 su* an "o be swall[$ up by ov]mu* sorr[4 ,yet1 s9ce ! object ( hope is good1 to :i* ! appetite t5ds naturally1 & :i* x %uns1 n naturally b only on acc\nt ( "s sup]v5+ ob/acle1 x foll[s t1 m directly1 hope gives bir? to joy1 :ile on ! contr>y despair is born ( sorr[4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is v neglect to consid] ! ,div9e favors arises f slo?4 ,= :5 a man is influ5c$ by a c]ta9 passion he consid]s *iefly ! ?+s :i* p]ta9 to t passion3 s t a man :o is full ( sorr[ does n easily ?9k ( great & joyful ?+s1 b only ( sad ?+s1 unless by a great ef=t he turn 8 ?\ghts away f sadness4 ,,"q #ba ,,( ,,presumption 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] presumption1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is ! object 9 :i* presumption tru/s8 7#b7 ,:e!r presumption is a s98 7#c7 ,to :at is x oppos$8 7#d7 ,f :at vice does x arise8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ba1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,presumption ,tru/s 9 ,god or 9 ,our ,own ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t presumption1 :i* is a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 tru/s1 n 9 ,god1 b 9 our own p[]4 ,= ! less] ! p[]1 ! m griev\sly does he s9 :o tru/s 9 x too mu*4 ,b man's p[] is less ?an ,god's4 ,!re=e x is a m griev\s s9 to presume on human p[] ?an to presume on ! p[] ( ,god4 ,n[ ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is mo/ griev\s4 ,!re=e presumption1 :i* is reckon$ a species ( s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 tru/s to human r ?an to ,div9e p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 o!r s9s arise f ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 = ?is s9 is call$ malice :i* is a s\rce f :i* s9s arise4 ,n[ o!r s9s seem to arise f ! presumption :]eby man presumes on himself r ?an f ! presumption :]eby he presumes on ,god1 s9ce self-love is ! orig9 ( s91 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #bh74 ,!re=e x seems t presumption :i* is a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 relies *iefly on human p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9 arises f ! inord9ate conv]sion to a mutable good4 ,n[ presumption is a s94 ,!re=e x arises f turn+ to human p[]1 :i* is a mutable good1 r ?an f turn+ to ! p[] ( ,god1 :i* is an immutable good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j z1 ?r\gh despair1 a man despises ! ,div9e m]cy1 on :i* hope relies1 s1 ?r\gh presumption1 he despises ! ,div9e ju/ice1 :i* puni%es ! s9n]4 ,n[ ju/ice is 9 ,god ev5 z m]cy is4 ,!re=e1 j z despair consi/s 9 av]sion f ,god1 s presumption consi/s 9 inord9ate conv]sion to ,him4 ,i answ] t1 ,presumption seems to imply immod]ate hope4 ,n[ ! object ( hope is an ardu\s possible good3 & a ?+ is possible to a man 9 two ways3 fir/ by 8 own p[]2 secondly1 by ! p[] ( ,god alone4 ,) reg>d to ei!r hope !re may be presumption ow+ to lack ( mod]ation4 ,z to ! hope :]eby a man relies on 8 own p[]1 !re is presumption if he t5ds to a good z ?\gh x 7 possible to him1 :]eas x surpasses 8 p[]s1 accord+ to ,judi? #f3ae3 ,?\ humble/ !m t presume ( !mselves4 ,?is presumption is contr>y to ! virtue ( magnanimity :i* holds to ! mean 9 ?is k9d ( hope4 ,b z to ! hope :]eby a man relies on ! p[] ( ,god1 !re may be presumption ?r\gh immod]ation1 9 ! fact t a man t5ds to "s good z ?\gh x 7 possible by ! p[] & m]cy ( ,god1 :]eas x is n possible1 = in/ance1 if a man hope to obta9 p>don )\t rep5t+1 or glory )\t m]its4 ,?is presumption is1 prop]ly1 ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 because1 to wit1 by presum+ ?us a man removes or despises ! assi/ance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 :]eby he is )drawn f s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #c7 a s9 :i* is aga9/ ,god is1 9 its g5us1 grav] ?an o!r s9s4 ,h5ce presumption :]eby a man relies on ,god inord9ately1 is a m griev\s s9 ?an ! presumption ( tru/+ 9 "o's own p[]1 s9ce to rely on ! ,div9e p[] = obta9+ :at is unbecom+ to ,god1 is to depreciate ! ,div9e p[]1 & x is evid5t t x is a grav] s9 to detract f ! ,div9e p[] ?an to exagg]ate "o's own4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! presumption :]eby a man presumes inord9ately on ,god1 includes self-love1 :]eby he loves 8 own good inord9ately4 ,= :5 we desire a ?+ v mu*1 we ?9k we c easily procure x ?r\gh o!rs1 ev5 ?\gh we _c4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,presumption on ,god's m]cy implies bo? conv]sion to a mutable good1 9 s f> z x arises f an inord9ate desire ( "o's own good1 & av]sion f ! immutable good1 9 z mu* z x ascribes to ! ,div9e p[] t :i* is unbecom+ to x1 = ?us man turns away f ,god's p[]4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ba1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,presumption ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t presumption is n a s94 ,= no s9 is a reason :y man %\ld be he>d by ,god4 ,yet1 ?r\gh presumption "s are he>d by ,god1 = x is writt5 7,judi? #i3ag73 ,he> me a poor wret* mak+ supplication to ,!e1 & presum+ ( ,?y m]cy4 ,!re=e presumption on ,god's m]cy is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 presumption d5otes excessive hope4 ,b !re _c be excess ( t hope :i* is 9 ,god1 s9ce ,8 p[] & m]cy are inf9ite4 ,!re=e x seems t presumption is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is a s9 does n excuse f s93 = ! ,ma/] says 7,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 #bb7 t ,adam s9n$ less1 because he s9n$ 9 ! hope ( p>don1 :i* seems to indicate presumption4 ,!re=e presumption is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is reckon$ a species ( s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #a7 ) reg>d to despair1 e appetitive movem5t t is con=m$ to a false intellect1 is evil 9 itself & s9ful4 ,n[ presumption is an appetitive movem5t1 s9ce x d5otes an inord9ate hope4 ,moreov] x is con=m$ to a false intellect1 j z despair is3 = j z x is false t ,god does n p>don ! rep5tant1 or t ,he does n turn s9n]s to rep5tance1 s is x false t ,he grants =giv5ess to ^? :o p]sev]e 9 _! s9s1 & t ,he gives glory to ^? :o cease f good works3 & x is to ?is e/imate t ! movem5t ( presumption is con=m$4 ,consequ5tly presumption is a s91 b less grave ?an despair1 s9ce1 on acc\nt ( ,8 inf9ite goodness1 x is m prop] to ,god to h m]cy & to sp>e1 ?an to puni%3 = ! =m] becomes ,god 9 ,himself1 ! latt] becomes ,him by reason ( our s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,presumption sometimes /&s = hope1 because ev5 ! "r hope :i* we h 9 ,god seems to be presumption1 if x be measur$ accord+ to man's e/ate3 yet x is n1 if we look at ! imm5sity ( ! goodness ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,presumption does n d5ote excessive hope1 z ?\gh man hop$ too mu* 9 ,god2 b ?r\gh man hop+ to obta9 f ,god some?+ unbecom+ to ,him2 :i* is ! same z to hope too little 9 ,him1 s9ce x implies a depreciation ( ,8 p[]2 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to s9 ) ! int5tion ( p]sev]+ 9 s9 & ?r\gh ! hope ( be+ p>don$1 is presumptu\s1 & ?is does n dim9i%1 b increases s94 ,to s91 h[ev]1 ) ! hope ( obta9+ p>don "s "t1 & ) ! int5tion ( refra9+ f s9 & ( rep5t+ ( x1 is n presumptu\s1 b dim9i%es s91 because ?is seems to indicate a w less h>d5$ 9 s94 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ba1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,presumption ,is ,m ,oppos$ to ,fe> ,?an to ,hope8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t presumption is m oppos$ to fe> ?an to hope4 ,because inord9ate fe> is oppos$ to "r fe>4 ,n[ presumption seems to p]ta9 to inord9ate fe>1 = x is writt5 7,wis4 #ag3aj73 ,a tr\bl$ consci5ce always presumes ,d\ay3 '=eca/e?' griev\s ?+s1 & 7,wis4 #ag3aa7 t fe> is a help to presumption 99,vulg43 ',fe> is no?+ else b a yield+ up ( ! succ\rs f ?\ght4'4 ,!re=e presumption is oppos$ to fe> r ?an to hope4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 contr>ies are mo/ di/ant f "o ano!r4 ,n[ presumption is m di/ant f fe> ?an f hope1 because presumption implies movem5t to some?+1 j z hope does1 :]eas fe> d5otes movem5t f a ?+4 ,!re=e presumption is contr>y to fe> r ?an to hope4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 presumption excludes fe> altoge!r1 :]eas x does n exclude hope altoge!r1 b only ! rectitude ( hope4 ,s9ce !re=e contr>ies de/roy "o ano!r1 x seems t presumption is contr>y to fe> r ?an to hope4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:5 two vices are oppos$ to "o ano!r !y are contr>y to ! same virtue1 z timidity & audacity are oppos$ to =titude4 ,n[ ! s9 ( presumption is contr>y to ! s9 ( despair1 :i* is directly oppos$ to hope4 ,!re=e x seems t presumption also is m directly oppos$ to hope4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e /ates 7,contra ,julian4 iv1 #c71 e virtue n only has a contr>y vice manife/ly di/9ct f x1 z tem]ity is oppos$ to prud5ce1 b also a sort ( k9dr$ vice1 alike1 n 9 tru? b only 9 its deceitful appe>ance1 z cunn+ is oppos$ to prud5ce4 ,?is agrees ) ! ,philosoph] :o says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #h7 t a virtue seems to h m 9 common ) "o ( ! contr>y vices ?an ) ! o!r1 z temp]ance ) ins5sibility1 & =titude ) audacity4 ,accord+ly presumption appe>s to be manife/ly oppos$ to fe>1 especially s]vile fe>1 :i* looks at ! puni%m5t aris+ f ,god's ju/ice1 ! remission ( :i* presumption hopes =2 yet by a k9d ( false lik5ess x is m oppos$ to hope1 s9ce x d5otes an inord9ate hope 9 ,god4 ,& s9ce ?+s are m directly oppos$ :5 !y belong to ! same g5us1 ?an :5 !y belong to diff]5t g5]a1 x foll[s t presumption is m directly oppos$ to hope ?an to fe>4 ,= !y bo? reg>d & rely on ! same object1 hope inord9ately1 presumption inord9ately4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z hope is misus$ 9 speak+ ( evils1 & prop]ly appli$ 9 speak+ ( good1 s is presumption3 x is 9 ?is way t inord9ate fe> is call$ presumption4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,contr>ies are ?+s t are mo/ di/ant f "o ano!r )9 ! same g5us4 ,n[ presumption & hope d5ote a movem5t ( ! same g5us1 :i* c be ei!r ord9ate or inord9ate4 ,h5ce presumption is m directly oppos$ to hope ?an to fe>1 s9ce x is oppos$ to hope 9 respect ( its specific diff]5ce1 z an inord9ate ?+ to an ord9ate "o1 :]eas x is oppos$ to fe>1 9 respect ( its g5]ic diff]5ce1 :i* is ! movem5t ( hope4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,presumption is oppos$ to fe> by a g5]ic contr>iety1 & to ! virtue ( hope by a specific contr>iety4 ,h5ce presumption excludes fe> altoge!r ev5 g5]ically1 :]eas x does n exclude hope except by reason ( its diff]5ce1 by exclud+ its ord9at5ess4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ba1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,presumption ,arises f ,va+lory8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t presumption does n arise f va+lory4 ,= presumption seems to rely mo/ ( all on ! ,div9e m]cy4 ,n[ m]cy 7mis]icordia7 reg>ds unhapp9ess 7mis]iam7 :i* is contr>y to glory4 ,!re=e presumption does n arise f va+lory4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 presumption is oppos$ to despair4 ,n[ despair arises f sorr[1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b74 ,s9ce !re=e opposites h opposite causes1 presumption w\ld seem to arise f pleasure1 & consequ5tly f s9s ( ! fle%1 :i* give ! mo/ absorb+ pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! vice ( presumption consi/s 9 t5d+ to "s impossible good1 z ?\gh x 7 possible4 ,n[ x is ow+ to ignorance t "o deems an impossible ?+ to be possible4 ,!re=e presumption arises f ignorance r ?an f va+lory4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 t presumption ( novelties is a daught] ( va+lory4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 presumption is tw(old2 "o :]eby a man relies on 8 own p[]1 :5 he attempts some?+ beyond 8 p[]1 z ?\gh x 7 possible to him4 ,su* l presumption cle>ly arises f va+lory2 = x is ow+ to a great desire = glory1 t a man attempts ?+s beyond 8 p[]1 & especially novelties :i* call = great] admiration4 ,h5ce ,gregory /ates explicitly t presumption ( novelties is a daught] ( va+lory4 ,! o!r presumption is an inord9ate tru/ 9 ! ,div9e m]cy or p[]1 consi/+ 9 ! hope ( obta9+ glory )\t m]its1 or p>don )\t rep5tance4 ,su* l presumption seems to arise directly f pride1 z ?\gh man ?\ght s mu* ( himself z to e/eem t ,god w\ld n puni% him or exclude him f glory1 h[ev] mu* he might be a s9n]4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,"q #bb ,,( ,,! ,,precepts ,,relat+ ,,to ,,hope ,,& ,,fe> 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! precepts relat+ to hope & fe>3 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,! precepts relat+ to hope2 7#b7 ,! precepts relat+ to fe>4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,%\ld ,be a ,precept ( ,hope8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no precept %\ld be giv5 relat+ to ! virtue ( hope4 ,= :5 an effect is suffici5tly procur$ by "o cause1 !re is no ne$ to induce x by ano!r4 ,n[ man is suffici5tly induc$ by 8 natural incl9ation to hope = good4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ ( a precept ( ! ,law to induce him to d ?is4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9ce precepts are giv5 ab\t acts ( virtue1 ! *ief precepts are ab\t ! acts ( ! *ief virtues4 ,n[ ! *ief ( all ! virtues are ! ?ree !ological virtues1 viz4 hope1 fai? & *>ity4 ,consequ5tly1 z ! *ief precepts ( ! ,law are ^? ( ! decalogue1 to :i* all o!rs may be r$uc$1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,a4 #c71 x seems t if any precept ( hope 7 giv51 x %\ld be f\nd among ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,b x is n to be f\nd !re4 ,!re=e x seems t ! ,law %\ld conta9 no precept ( hope4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to prescribe an act ( virtue is equival5t to a prohibition ( ! act ( ! opposite vice4 ,n[ no precept is to be f\nd =bidd+ despair :i* is contr>y to hope4 ,!re=e x seems t ! ,law %\ld conta9 no precept ( hope4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says on ,john #ae3ab1 ,?is is ,my comm&m5t1 t y love "o ano!r 7,tract4 lxxxiii 9 ,joan473 ,h[ _m ?+s are comm&$ u ab\t fai?6 ,h[ _m relat+ to hope6 ,!re=e x is fitt+ t "s precepts %\ld be giv5 ab\t hope4 ,i answ] t1 ,among ! precepts conta9$ 9 ,holy ,writ1 "s belong to ! sub/ance ( ! ,law1 o!rs are preambles to ! ,law4 ,! preambles to ! ,law are ^? )\t :i* no law is possible3 su* are ! precepts relat+ to ! act ( fai? & ! act ( hope1 because ! act ( fai? incl9es man's m9d s t he believes ! ,au?or ( ! ,law to be ,"o to ,:om he owes submission1 :ile1 by ! hope ( a rew>d1 he is induc$ to obs]ve ! precepts4 ,! precepts t belong to ! sub/ance ( ! ,law are ^? :i* relate to "r conduct & are impos$ on man already subject & ready to obey3 :]e=e :5 ! ,law 0 giv5 ^! precepts 7 set =? f ! v outset "u ! =m ( a comm&4 ,yet ! precepts ( hope & fai? 7 n to be giv5 "u ! =m ( a comm&1 s9ce1 unless man already believ$ & hop$1 x w\ld be useless to give him ! ,law3 b1 j z ! precept ( fai? _h to be giv5 "u ! =m ( an ann\ncem5t or rem9d]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a71 s too1 ! precept ( hope1 9 ! fir/ promulgation ( ! ,law1 _h to be giv5 "u ! =m ( a promise4 ,= he :o promises rew>ds to !m t obey him1 by t v fact1 urges !m to hope3 h5ce all ! promises conta9$ 9 ! ,law are incitem5ts to hope4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 :5 once ! ,law has be5 giv51 x is = a wise man to induce m5 n only to obs]ve ! precepts1 b also1 & mu* m1 to safegu>d ! f\ndation ( ! ,law1 !re=e1 aft] ! fir/ promulgation ( ! ,law1 ,holy ,writ holds out to man _m inducem5ts to hope1 ev5 by way ( w>n+ or comm&1 & n m]ely by way ( promise1 z 9 ! ,law2 = in/ance1 9 ! ,ps4 #fa3i3 ,hope ,d\ay3 ',tru/' 9 ,him all ye congregation ( ! p1 & 9 _m o!r passages ( ! ,scriptures4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,nature incl9es u to hope = ! good :i* is proportionate to human nature2 b = man to hope = a sup]natural good he _h to be induc$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,div9e law1 p>tly by promises1 p>tly by admonitions & comm&s4 ,nev]!less !re 0 ne$ = precepts ( ! ,div9e law to be giv5 ev5 = ^? ?+s to :i* natural reason incl9es u1 su* z ! acts ( ! moral virtues1 = sake ( insur+ a great] /ability1 especially s9ce ! natural reason ( man 0 cl\d$ by ! lu/s ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! precepts ( ! law ( ! decalogue belong to ! fir/ promulgation ( ! ,law3 h5ce !re 0 no ne$ = a precept ( hope among ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 & x 0 en\gh to induce m5 to hope by ! inclusion ( c]ta9 promises1 z 9 ! case ( ! fir/ & f\r? comm&m5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ^? obs]vances to :i* man is b\nd z "u a duty1 x is en\gh t he receive an affirmative precept z to :at he has to d1 :]e9 is impli$ ! prohibition ( :at he mu/ avoid do+3 ?us he is giv5 a precept conc]n+ ! honor due to p>5ts1 b n a prohibition aga9/ di%onor+ !m1 except by ! law inflict+ puni%m5t on ^? :o di%onor _! p>5ts4 ,& s9ce 9 ord] to be sav$ x is man's duty to hope 9 ,god1 he _h to be induc$ to d s by "o ( ! above ways1 affirmatively1 s to speak1 :]e9 is impli$ ! prohibition ( ! opposite4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,%\ld ,h ,be5 ,giv5 a ,precept ( ,fe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t1 9 ! ,law1 !re %\ld n h be5 giv5 a precept ( fe>4 ,= ! fe> ( ,god is ab\t ?+s :i* are a preamble to ! ,law1 s9ce x is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,n[ ?+s :i* are a preamble to ! ,law d n come "u a precept ( ! ,law4 ,!re=e no precept ( fe> %\ld be giv5 9 ! ,law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 giv5 ! cause1 ! effect is also giv54 ,n[ love is ! cause ( fe>1 s9ce e fe> proce$s f "s k9d ( love1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #cc74 ,!re=e giv5 ! precept ( love1 x w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s to comm& fe>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 presumption1 9 a way1 is oppos$ to fe>4 ,b ! ,law conta9s no prohibition aga9/ presumption4 ,!re=e x seems t nei!r %\ld any precept ( fe> h be5 giv54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #aj3ab73 ,& n[1 ,israel1 :at do? ! ,"l ?y ,god require ( !e1 b t ?\ fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god8 ,b ,he requires ( u t :i* ,he comm&s u to d4 ,!re=e x is a matt] ( precept t man %\ld fe> ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,fe> is tw(old1 s]vile & filial4 ,n[ j z man is induc$1 by ! hope ( rew>ds1 to obs]ve precepts ( law1 s too is he induc$ !reto by ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 :i* fe> is s]vile4 ,& j z accord+ to :at has be5 said 7,a4 #a71 9 ! promulgation ( ! ,law !re 0 no ne$ = a precept ( ! act ( hope1 & m5 7 to be induc$ !reto by promises1 s nei!r 0 !re ne$ = a precept1 "u =m ( comm&1 ( fe> :i* reg>ds puni%m5t1 & m5 7 to be induc$ !reto by ! ?reat ( puni%m5t3 & ?is 0 realiz$ bo? 9 ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 & aft]w>ds1 9 due sequ5ce1 9 ! second>y precepts ( ! ,law4 ,yet1 j z wise m5 & ! prophets :o1 consequ5tly1 /rove to /r5g!n man 9 ! obs]vance ( ! ,law1 deliv]$ _! tea*+ ab\t hope "u ! =m ( admonition or comm&1 s too did !y 9 ! matt] ( fe>4 ,on ! o!r h& filial fe> :i* %[s rev]5ce to ,god1 is a sort ( g5us 9 respect ( ! love ( ,god1 & a k9d ( pr9ciple ( all obs]vances connect$ ) rev]5ce = ,god4 ,h5ce precepts ( filial fe> are giv5 9 ! ,law1 ev5 z precepts ( love1 because ea* is a preamble to ! ext]nal acts prescrib$ by ! ,law & to :i* ! precepts ( ! decalogue ref]4 ,h5ce 9 ! passage quot$ 9 ! argum5t ,on ! contr>y1 man is requir$ to h fe>1 to walk 9 ,god's ways1 by wor%ipp+ ,him1 & to love ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,filial fe> is a preamble to ! ,law1 n z ?\gh x 7 extr9sic !reto1 b z be+ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,law1 j z love is4 ,h5ce precepts are giv5 ( bo?1 s9ce !y are l g5]al pr9ciples ( ! :ole ,law4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,f love proce$s filial fe> z also o!r good works t are done f *>ity4 ,h5ce1 j z aft] ! precept ( *>ity1 precepts are giv5 ( ! o!r acts ( virtue1 s at ! same "t precepts are giv5 ( fe> & ( ! love ( *>ity1 j z1 9 demon/rative sci5ces1 x is n en\gh to lay d[n ! fir/ pr9ciples1 unless ! conclusions also are giv5 :i* foll[ f !m proximately or remotely4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,inducem5t to fe> suffices to exclude presumption1 ev5 z inducem5t to hope suffices to exclude despair1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,,"q #bc ,,( ,,*>ity1 ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,itself 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,9 prop] sequ5ce1 we mu/ consid] *>ity2 & 7#a7 *>ity itself2 7#b7 ! correspond+ gift ( wisdom4 ,! fir/ consid]ation w be fivefold3 7#a7 ,*>ity itself2 7#b7 ,! object ( *>ity2 7#c7 ,its acts2 7#d7 ,! opposite vices2 7#e7 ,! precepts relat+ !reto4 ,! fir/ ( ^! consid]ations w be tw(old3 7#a7 ,*>ity1 consid]$ z reg>ds itself2 7#b7 ,*>ity1 consid]$ 9 its relation to its subject4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r *>ity is fri5d%ip8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is some?+ creat$ 9 ! s\l8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a special virtue8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is "o virtue8 7#f7 ,:e!r x is ! greate/ ( ! virtues8 7#g7 ,:e!r any true virtue is possible )\t x8 7#h7 ,:e!r x is ! =m ( ! virtues8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is ,fri5d%ip8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity is n fri5d%ip4 ,= no?+ is s appropriate to fri5d%ip z to dwell ) "o's fri5d1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #e74 ,n[ *>ity is ( man t[>ds ,god & ! angels1 ^: dwell+ ,d\ay3 'conv]sation' is n ) m5 7,dan4 #b3aa74 ,!re=e *>ity is n fri5d%ip4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no fri5d%ip )\t return ( love 7,e?ic4 viii1 #b74 ,b *>ity ext5ds ev5 to "o's enemies1 accord+ to ,matt4 #e3dd3 ,love y\r enemies4 ,!re=e *>ity is n fri5d%ip4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #c7 !re are ?ree k9ds ( fri5d%ip1 direct$ respectively t[>ds ! delightful1 ! useful1 or ! virtu\s4 ,n[ *>ity is n ! fri5d%ip = ! useful or delightful2 = ,j]ome says 9 8 lett] to ,paul9us :i* is to be f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,bible3 ,true fri5d%ip cem5t$ by ,*ri/1 is :]e m5 are drawn toge!r1 n by h\sehold int]e/s1 n by m]e bodily pres5ce1 n by crafty & cajol+ flatt]y1 b by ! fe> ( ,god1 & ! /udy ( ! ,div9e ,scriptures4 ,no m is x fri5d%ip = ! virtu\s1 s9ce by *>ity we love ev5 s9n]s1 :]eas fri5d%ip bas$ on ! virtu\s is only = virtu\s m5 7,e?ic4 viii74 ,!re=e *>ity is n fri5d%ip4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,john #ae3ae73 ,i w n n[ call y s]vants 4 4 4 b ,my fri5ds4 ,n[ ?is 0 said to !m by reason ( no?+ else ?an *>ity4 ,!re=e *>ity is fri5d%ip4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #b1 #c7 n e love has ! "* ( fri5d%ip1 b t love :i* is toge!r ) b5evol5ce1 :51 to wit1 we love someone s z to wi% good to him4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we d n wi% good to :at we love1 b wi% its good = ourselves1 7?us we are said to love w9e1 or a horse1 or ! l71 x is love n ( fri5d%ip1 b ( a k9d ( concupisc5ce4 ,= x w\ld be absurd to speak ( hav+ fri5d%ip = w9e or = a horse4 ,yet nei!r does well-wi%+ suffice = fri5d%ip1 = a c]ta9 mutual love is requisite1 s9ce fri5d%ip is betwe5 fri5d & fri5d3 & ?is well-wi%+ is f\nd$ on "s k9d ( communication4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce !re is a communication betwe5 man & ,god1 inasmu* z ,he communicates ,8 happ9ess to u1 "s k9d ( fri5d%ip mu/ ne$s be bas$ on ?is same communication1 ( :i* x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #a3i73 ,god is fai?ful3 by ,:om y are call$ unto ! fell[%ip ( ,8 ,son4 ,! love :i* is bas$ on ?is communication1 is *>ity3 :]e=e x is evid5t t *>ity is ! fri5d%ip ( man = ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man's life is tw(old4 ,!re is 8 outw>d life 9 respect ( 8 s5sitive & corporeal nature3 & ) reg>d to ?is life !re is no communication or fell[%ip betwe5 u & ,god or ! angels4 ,! o!r is man's spiritual life 9 respect ( 8 m9d1 & ) reg>d to ?is life !re is fell[%ip betwe5 u & bo? ,god & ! angels1 imp]fectly inde$ 9 ?is pres5t /ate ( life1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,phil4 #c3bj73 ,our conv]sation is 9 heav54 ,b ?is conv]sation w be p]fect$ 9 heav51 :5 ,8 s]vants %all s]ve ,him1 & !y %all see ,8 face 7,apoc4 #bb3c1 #d74 ,!re=e *>ity is imp]fect "h1 b w be p]fect$ 9 heav54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fri5d%ip ext5ds to a p]son 9 two ways3 fir/ 9 respect ( himself1 & 9 ?is way fri5d%ip nev] ext5ds b to "o's fri5ds3 secondly1 x ext5ds to someone 9 respect ( ano!r1 z1 :5 a man has fri5d%ip = a c]ta9 p]son1 = 8 sake he loves all belong+ to him1 be !y *ildr51 s]vants1 or connect$ ) him 9 any way4 ,inde$ s mu* d we love our fri5ds1 t = _! sake we love all :o belong to !m1 ev5 if !y hurt or hate u2 s t1 9 ?is way1 ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity ext5ds ev5 to our enemies1 :om we love out ( *>ity 9 relation to ,god1 to ,:om ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity is *iefly direct$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fri5d%ip t is bas$ on ! virtu\s is direct$ to none b a virtu\s man z ! pr9cipal p]son1 b = 8 sake we love ^? :o belong to him1 ev5 ?\gh !y be n virtu\s3 9 ?is way *>ity1 :i* above all is fri5d%ip bas$ on ! virtu\s1 ext5ds to s9n]s1 :om1 out ( *>ity1 we love = ,god's sake4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is ,some?+ ,creat$ 9 ! ,s\l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity is n some?+ creat$ 9 ! s\l4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 viii1 #g73 ,he t love? 8 neighbor1 consequ5tly1 love? love itself4 ,n[ ,god is love4 ,!re=e x foll[s t he loves ,god 9 ! fir/ place4 ,aga9 he says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ag73 ,x 0 said3 ,god is ,*>ity1 ev5 z x 0 said3 ,god is a ,_s4 ,!re=e *>ity is n some?+ creat$ 9 ! s\l1 b is ,god ,himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god is ! life ( ! s\l spiritually j z ! s\l is ! life ( ! body1 accord+ to ,deut4 #cj3bj3 ,he is ?y life4 ,n[ ! s\l by itself quick5s ! body4 ,!re=e ,god quick5s ! s\l by ,himself4 ,b ,he quick5s x by *>ity1 accord+ to #a ,john #c3ad3 ,we "k t we h pass$ f dea? to life1 because we love ! bre?r54 ,!re=e ,god is *>ity itself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no creat$ ?+ is ( inf9ite p[]2 on ! contr>y e creature is vanity4 ,b *>ity is n vanity1 inde$ x is oppos$ to vanity2 & x is ( inf9ite p[]1 s9ce x br+s ! human s\l to ! inf9ite good4 ,!re=e *>ity is n some?+ creat$ 9 ! s\l4 ,on ! *>ity1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 iii1 #aj73 ,by *>ity ,i mean ! movem5t ( ! s\l t[>ds ! enjoym5t ( ,god = ,8 own sake4 ,b a movem5t ( ! s\l is some?+ creat$ 9 ! s\l4 ,!re=e *>ity is some?+ creat$ 9 ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,ma/] looks ?or\ghly into ?is "q 9 ,q4 #ag ( ! ,fir/ ,book1 & concludes t *>ity is n some?+ creat$ 9 ! s\l1 b is ! ,holy ,gho/ ,himself dwell+ 9 ! m9d4 ,nor does he mean to say t ?is movem5t ( love :]eby we love ,god is ! ,holy ,gho/ ,himself1 b t ?is movem5t is f ! ,holy ,gho/ )\t any int]m$i>y habit1 :]eas o!r virtu\s acts are f ! ,holy ,gho/ by means ( ! habits ( o!r virtues1 = in/ance ! habit ( fai? or hope or ( "s o!r virtue3 & ?is he said on acc\nt ( ! excell5ce ( *>ity4 ,b if we consid] ! matt] aright1 ?is w\ld be1 on ! contr>y1 detrim5tal to *>ity4 ,= :5 ! ,holy ,gho/ moves ! human m9d ! movem5t ( *>ity does n proce$ f ?is motion 9 su* a way t ! human m9d be m]ely mov$1 )\t be+ ! pr9ciple ( ?is movem5t1 z :5 a body is mov$ by "s extr9sic motive p[]4 ,= ?is is contr>y to ! nature ( a volunt>y act1 ^: pr9ciple ne$s to be 9 itself1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,a4 #a73 s t x w\ld foll[ t to love is n a volunt>y act1 :i* involves a contradiction1 s9ce love1 ( its v nature1 implies an act ( ! w4 ,likewise1 nei!r c x be said t ! ,holy ,gho/ moves ! w 9 su* a way to ! act ( lov+1 z ?\gh ! w 7 an in/rum5t1 = an in/rum5t1 ?\gh x be a pr9ciple ( action1 nev]!less has n ! p[] to act or n to act1 = !n aga9 ! act w\ld cease to be volunt>y & m]itori\s1 :]eas x has be5 /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #d7 t ! love ( *>ity is ! root ( m]it3 &1 giv5 t ! w is mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ to ! act ( love1 x is necess>y t ! w also %\ld be ! effici5t cause ( t act4 ,n[ no act is p]fectly produc$ by an active p[]1 unless x be connatural to t p[] by reason ( "s =m :i* is ! pr9ciple ( t action4 ,:]e=e ,god1 ,:o moves all ?+s to _! due ends1 be/[$ on ea* ?+ ! =m :]eby x is incl9$ to ! end appo9t$ to x by ,him2 & 9 ?is way ,he ord]e? all ?+s sweetly 7,wis4 #h3a74 ,b x is evid5t t ! act ( *>ity surpasses ! nature ( ! p[] ( ! w1 s t1 !re=e1 unless "s =m be sup]add$ to ! natural p[]1 incl9+ x to ! act ( love1 ?is same act w\ld be less p]fect ?an ! natural acts & ! acts ( ! o!r p[]s2 nor w\ld x be easy & pleasurable to p]=m4 ,& ?is is evid5tly untrue1 s9ce no virtue has su* a /rong incl9ation to its act z *>ity has1 nor does any virtue p]=m its act ) s great pleasure4 ,!re=e x is mo/ necess>y t1 = u to p]=m ! act ( *>ity1 !re %\ld be 9 u "s habitual =m sup]add$ to ! natural p[]1 incl9+ t p[] to ! act ( *>ity1 & caus+ x to act ) ease & pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,div9e ,ess5ce ,itself is *>ity1 ev5 z ,x is wisdom & goodness4 ,:]e=e j z we are said to be good ) ! goodness :i* is ,god1 & wise ) ! wisdom :i* is ,god 7s9ce ! goodness :]eby we are =mally good is a p>ticipation ( ,div9e goodness1 & ! wisdom :]eby we are =mally wise1 is a %>e ( ,div9e wisdom71 s too1 ! *>ity :]eby =mally we love our neighbor is a p>ticipation ( ,div9e *>ity4 ,= ?is mann] ( speak+ is common among ! ,platoni/s1 ) ^: doctr9es ,augu/9e 0 imbu$2 & ! lack ( adv]t+ to ?is has be5 to "s an occasion ( error4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god is effectively ! life bo? ( ! s\l by *>ity1 & ( ! body by ! s\l3 b =mally *>ity is ! life ( ! s\l1 ev5 z ! s\l is ! life ( ! body4 ,consequ5tly we may conclude f ?is t j z ! s\l is imm$iately unit$ to ! body1 s is *>ity to ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*>ity works =mally4 ,n[ ! efficacy ( a =m dep5ds on ! p[] ( ! ag5t1 :o in/ills ! =m1 :]e=e x is evid5t t *>ity is n vanity4 ,b because x produces an inf9ite effect1 s9ce1 by ju/ify+ ! s\l1 x unites x to ,god1 ?is proves ! inf9ity ( ! ,div9e p[]1 :i* is ! au?or ( *>ity4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity is n a virtue4 ,= *>ity is a k9d ( fri5d%ip4 ,n[ philosoph]s d n reckon fri5d%ip a virtue1 z may be ga!r$ f ,e?ic4 viii1 #a2 nor is x numb]$ among ! virtues :e!r moral or intellectual4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 is *>ity a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue is ! ultimate limit ( p[] 7,de ,coelo et ,mundo i1 #aa74 ,b *>ity is n some?+ ultimate1 ?is applies r to joy & peace4 ,!re=e x seems t *>ity is n a virtue1 & t ?is %\ld be said r ( joy & peace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e virtue is an accid5tal habit4 ,b *>ity is n an accid5tal habit1 s9ce x is a m excell5t ?+ ?an ! s\l itself3 :]eas no accid5t is m excell5t ?an its subject4 ,!re=e *>ity is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 xi73 ,*>ity is a virtue :i*1 :5 our affections are p]fectly ord]$1 unites u to ,god1 = by x we love ,him4 ,i answ] t1 ,human acts are good accord+ z !y are regulat$ by _! due rule & measure4 ,:]e=e human virtue :i* is ! pr9ciple ( all man's good acts consi/s 9 foll[+ ! rule ( human acts1 :i* is tw(old1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #a71 viz4 human reason & ,god4 ,consequ5tly j z moral virtue is def9$ z be+ 9 accord ) "r reason1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f1 s too1 ! nature ( virtue consi/s 9 atta9+ ,god1 z also /at$ above ) reg>d to fai?1 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #e7 & hope 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e1 x foll[s t *>ity is a virtue1 =1 s9ce *>ity atta9s ,god1 x unites u to ,god1 z evid5c$ by ! au?ority ( ,augu/9e quot$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii7 does n d5y t fri5d%ip is a virtue1 b affirms t x is ei!r a virtue or ) a virtue4 ,= we might say t x is a moral virtue ab\t works done 9 respect ( ano!r p]son1 b "u a diff]5t aspect f ju/ice4 ,= ju/ice is ab\t works done 9 respect ( ano!r p]son1 "u ! aspect ( ! legal due1 :]eas fri5d%ip consid]s ! aspect ( a fri5dly & moral duty1 or r t ( a gratuit\s favor1 z ! ,philosoph] expla9s 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ac74 ,nev]!less x may be admitt$ t x is n a virtue di/9ct ( itself f ! o!r virtues4 ,= its praisewor?9ess & virtu\sness are d]iv$ m]ely f its object1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z x is bas$ on ! moral goodness ( ! virtues4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t n e fri5d%ip is praisewor?y & virtu\s1 z 9 ! case ( fri5d%ip bas$ on pleasure or utility4 ,:]e=e fri5d%ip = ! virtu\s is some?+ consequ5t to virtue r ?an a virtue4 ,moreov] !re is no comp>ison ) *>ity s9ce x is n f\nd$ pr9cipally on ! virtue ( a man1 b on ! goodness ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x belongs to ! same virtue to love a man & to rejoice ab\t him1 s9ce joy results f love1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b7 9 ! treatise on ! passions3 :]e=e love is reckon$ a virtue1 r ?an joy1 :i* is an effect ( love4 ,& :5 virtue is describ$ z be+ some?+ ultimate1 we mean t x is la/1 n 9 ! ord] ( effect1 b 9 ! ord] ( excess1 j z "o hundr$ p\nds exce$ sixty4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e accid5t is inf]ior to sub/ance if we consid] its be+1 s9ce sub/ance has be+ 9 itself1 :ile an accid5t has its be+ 9 ano!r3 b consid]$ z to its species1 an accid5t :i* results f ! pr9ciples ( its subject is inf]ior to its subject1 ev5 z an effect is inf]ior to its cause2 :]eas an accid5t t results f a p>ticipation ( "s high] nature is sup]ior to its subject1 9 s f> z x is a lik5ess ( t high] nature1 ev5 z light is sup]ior to ! diaphan\s body4 ,9 ?is way *>ity is sup]ior to ! s\l1 9 z mu* z x is a p>ticipation ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity is n a special virtue4 ,= ,j]ome says3 ,let me briefly def9e all virtue z ! *>ity :]eby we love ,god 99,! ref]5ce %\ld be to ,augu/9e1 ,ep4 clxvii3 & ,augu/9e says 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 xv7 99,de ,civ4 ,dei xv1 #bb t virtue is ! ord] ( love4 ,n[ no special virtue is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( virtue 9 g5]al4 ,!re=e *>ity is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* ext5ds to all works ( virtue1 _c be a special virtue4 ,b *>ity ext5ds to all works ( virtue1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3d3 ,*>ity is pati5t1 is k9d1 etc42 inde$ x ext5ds to all human actions1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #af3ad3 ,let all y\r ?+s be done 9 *>ity4 ,!re=e *>ity is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! precepts ( ! ,law ref] to acts ( virtue4 ,n[ ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]fect4 ,human4 ,ju/it4 v7 t1 ,?\ %alt love is a g5]al comm&m5t1 & ,?\ %alt n covet1 a g5]al prohibition4 ,!re=e *>ity is a g5]al virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no?+ g5]al is enum]at$ toge!r ) :at is special4 ,b *>ity is enum]at$ toge!r ) special virtues1 viz4 hope & fai?1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3ac3 ,& n[ !re rema9 fai?1 hope1 *>ity1 ^! ?ree4 ,!re=e *>ity is a special virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,acts & habits are specifi$ by _! objects1 z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ ! prop] object ( love is ! good1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #a71 s t :]ev] !re is a special aspect ( good1 !re is a special k9d ( love4 ,b ! ,div9e good1 inasmu* z x is ! object ( happ9ess1 has a special aspect ( good1 :]e=e ! love ( *>ity1 :i* is ! love ( t good1 is a special k9d ( love4 ,!re=e *>ity is a special virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*>ity is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( e virtue1 n z be+ ess5tially e virtue1 b because e virtue dep5ds on x 9 a way1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,,aa4 #g1 #h74 ,9 ?is way prud5ce is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! moral virtues1 z expla9$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 vi1 f ! fact t !y dep5d on prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! virtue or art :i* is conc]n$ ab\t ! la/ end1 comm&s ! virtues or arts :i* are conc]n$ ab\t o!r ends :i* are second>y1 ?us ! milit>y art comm&s ! art ( horse-rid+ 7,e?ic4 i74 ,accord+ly s9ce *>ity has = its object ! la/ end ( human life1 viz4 ev]la/+ happ9ess1 x foll[s t x ext5ds to ! acts ( a man's :ole life1 by comm&+ !m1 n by elicit+ imm$iately all acts ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! precept ( love is said to be a g5]al comm&1 because all o!r precepts are r$uc$ !reto z to _! end1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #a3e3 ,! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is ,"o ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity is n "o virtue4 ,= habits are di/9ct accord+ to _! objects4 ,n[ !re are two objects ( *>ity--,god & our neighbor--:i* are inf9itely di/ant f "o ano!r4 ,!re=e *>ity is n "o virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 diff]5t aspects ( ! object div]sify a habit1 ev5 ?\gh t object be "o 9 reality1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #f2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,n[ !re are _m aspects "u :i* ,god is an object ( love1 because we are debtors to ,8 love by reason ( ea* "o ( ,8 favors4 ,!re=e *>ity is n "o virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity comprises fri5d%ip = our neighbor4 ,b ! ,philosoph] reckons sev]al species ( fri5d%ip 7,e?ic4 viii1 #c1 #aa1 #ab74 ,!re=e *>ity is n "o virtue1 b is divid$ into a numb] ( v>i\s species4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j z ,god is ! object ( fai?1 s is ,he ! object ( *>ity4 ,n[ fai? is "o virtue by reason ( ! unity ( ! ,div9e tru?1 accord+ to ,eph4 #d3e3 ,"o fai?4 ,!re=e *>ity also is "o virtue by reason ( ! unity ( ! ,div9e goodness4 ,i answ] t1 ,*>ity1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 is a k9d ( fri5d%ip ( man = ,god4 ,n[ ! diff]5t species ( fri5d%ip are diff]5tiat$1 fir/ ( all1 9 respect ( a div]sity ( end1 & 9 ?is way !re are ?ree species ( fri5d%ip1 namely fri5d%ip = ! useful1 = ! delightful1 & = ! virtu\s2 secondly1 9 respect ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( communion on :i* fri5d%ips are bas$2 ?us !re is "o species ( fri5d%ip betwe5 k9sm51 & ano!r betwe5 fell[ citiz5s or fell[ travell]s1 ! =m] be+ bas$ on natural communion1 ! latt] on civil communion or on ! comrade%ip ( ! road1 z ! ,philosoph] expla9s 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ab74 ,n[ *>ity _c be diff]5tiat$ 9 ei!r ( ^! ways3 = its end is "o1 namely1 ! goodness ( ,god2 & ! fell[%ip ( ev]la/+ happ9ess1 on :i* ?is fri5d%ip is bas$1 is also "o4 ,h5ce x foll[s t *>ity is simply "o virtue1 & n divid$ into sev]al species4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t w\ld hold1 if ,god & our neighbor 7 equally objects ( *>ity4 ,b ?is is n true3 = ,god is ! pr9cipal object ( *>ity1 :ile our neighbor is lov$ out ( *>ity = ,god's sake4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god is lov$ by *>ity = ,8 own sake3 :]e=e *>ity reg>ds pr9cipally b "o aspect ( lovabl5ess1 namely ,god's goodness1 :i* is ,8 sub/ance1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aje3a3 ,give glory to ! ,"l = ,he is good4 ,o!r reasons t inspire u ) love = ,him1 or :i* make x our duty to love ,him1 are second>y & result f ! fir/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,human fri5d%ip ( :i* ! ,philosoph] treats has v>i\s ends & v>i\s =ms ( fell[%ip4 ,?is does n apply to *>ity1 z /at$ above3 :]e=e ! comp>ison fails4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is ! ,mo/ ,excell5t ( ! ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity is n ! mo/ excell5t ( ! virtues4 ,because ! high] p[] has ! high] virtue ev5 z x has a high] op]ation4 ,n[ ! intellect is high] ?an ! w1 s9ce x directs ! w4 ,!re=e1 fai?1 :i* is 9 ! intellect1 is m excell5t ?an *>ity :i* is 9 ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ?+ by :i* ano!r works seems ! less excell5t ( ! two1 ev5 z a s]vant1 by :om 8 ma/] works1 is b5ea? 8 ma/]4 ,n[ fai? 4 4 4 worke? by *>ity1 accord+ to ,gal4 #e3f4 ,!re=e fai? is m excell5t ?an *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is by way ( addition to ano!r seems to be ! m p]fect ( ! two4 ,n[ hope seems to be some?+ additional to *>ity3 = ! object ( *>ity is good1 :]eas ! object ( hope is an ardu\s good4 ,!re=e hope is m excell5t ?an *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ac73 ,! great] ( ^! is *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce good1 9 human acts1 dep5ds on _! be+ regulat$ by ! due rule1 x mu/ ne$s be t human virtue1 :i* is a pr9ciple ( good acts1 consi/s 9 atta9+ ! rule ( human acts4 ,n[ ! rule ( human acts is tw(old1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 namely1 human reason & ,god3 yet ,god is ! fir/ rule1 :]eby1 ev5 human reason mu/ be regulat$4 ,consequ5tly ! !ological virtues1 :i* consi/ 9 atta9+ ?is fir/ rule1 s9ce _! object is ,god1 are m excell5t ?an ! moral1 or ! intellectual virtues1 :i* consi/ 9 atta9+ human reason3 & x foll[s t among ! !ological virtues !mselves1 ! fir/ place belongs to t :i* atta9s ,god mo/4 ,n[ t :i* is ( itself always ranks be=e t :i* is by ano!r4 ,b fai? & hope atta9 ,god inde$ 9 s f> z we d]ive f ,him ! k ( tru? or ! acquisition ( good1 :]eas *>ity atta9s ,god ,himself t x may re/ 9 ,him1 b n t some?+ may accrue to u f ,him4 ,h5ce *>ity is m excell5t ?an fai? or hope1 &1 consequ5tly1 ?an all ! o!r virtues1 j z prud5ce1 :i* by itself atta9s reason1 is m excell5t ?an ! o!r moral virtues1 :i* atta9 reason 9 s f> z x appo9ts ! mean 9 human op]ations or passions4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! op]ation ( ! intellect is complet$ by ! ?+ und]/ood be+ 9 ! intellectual subject1 s t ! excell5ce ( ! intellectual op]ation is assess$ accord+ to ! measure ( ! intellect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! op]ation ( ! w & ( e appetitive p[] is complet$ 9 ! t5d5cy ( ! appetite t[>ds a ?+ z its t]m1 :]e=e ! excell5ce ( ! appetitive op]ation is gaug$ accord+ to ! ?+ :i* is ! object ( ! op]ation4 ,n[ ^? ?+s :i* are b5ea? ! s\l are m excell5t 9 ! s\l ?an !y are 9 !mselves1 because a ?+ is conta9$ accord+ to ! mode ( ! conta9] 7,de ,causis xii74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?+s t are above ! s\l1 are m excell5t 9 !mselves ?an !y are 9 ! s\l4 ,consequ5tly x is bett] to "k ?an to love ! ?+s t are b5ea? u2 = :i* reason ! ,philosoph] gave ! pref]5ce to ! intellectual virtues ov] ! moral virtues 7,e?ic4 x1 #g1 #h73 :]eas ! love ( ! ?+s t are above u1 especially ( ,god1 ranks be=e ! k ( su* ?+s4 ,!re=e *>ity is m excell5t ?an fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fai? works by love1 n in/rum5tally1 z a ma/] by 8 s]vant1 b z by its prop] =m3 h5ce ! argum5t does n prove4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! same good is ! object ( *>ity & ( hope3 b *>ity implies union ) t good1 :]eas hope implies di/ance !refrom4 ,h5ce *>ity does n reg>d t good z be+ ardu\s1 z hope does1 s9ce :at is already unit$ has n ! "* ( ardu\s3 & ?is %[s t *>ity is m p]fect ?an hope4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,any ,true ,virtue ,is ,possible ,)\t ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re c be true virtue )\t *>ity4 ,= x is prop] to virtue to produce a good act4 ,n[ ^? :o h n *>ity1 d "s good actions1 z :5 !y clo! ! nak$1 or fe$ ! hungry & s =?4 ,!re=e true virtue is possible )\t *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is n possible )\t fai?1 s9ce x comes ( an unfeign$ fai?1 z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #a3e74 ,n[1 9 unbeliev]s1 !re c be true *a/ity1 if !y curb _! concupisc5ces1 & true ju/ice1 if !y judge rightly4 ,!re=e true virtue is possible )\t *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sci5ce & art are virtues1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 vi4 ,b !y are to be f\nd 9 s9n]s :o lack *>ity4 ,!re=e true virtue c be )\t *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3c73 ,if ,i %\ld di/ribute all my goods to ! poor1 & if ,i %\ld deliv] my body to be burn$1 & h n *>ity1 x pr(ite? me no?+4 ,& yet true virtue is v pr(itable1 accord+ to ,wis4 #h3g3 ,%e tea*e? temp]ance1 & prud5ce1 & ju/ice1 & =titude1 :i* are su* ?+s z m5 c h no?+ m pr(itable 9 life4 ,!re=e no true virtue is possible )\t *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,virtue is ord]$ to ! good1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ ! good is *iefly an end1 = ?+s direct$ to ! end are n said to be good except 9 relation to ! end4 ,accord+ly1 j z ! end is tw(old1 ! la/ end1 & ! proximate end1 s also1 is good tw(old1 "o1 ! ultimate & univ]sal good1 ! o!r proximate & p>ticul>4 ,! ultimate & pr9cipal good ( man is ! enjoym5t ( ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #gb3bh3 ,x is good = me to adh]e to ,god1 & to ?is good man is ord]$ by *>ity4 ,man's second>y &1 z x 71 p>ticul> good may be tw(old3 "o is truly good1 because1 consid]$ 9 itself1 x c be direct$ to ! pr9cipal good1 :i* is ! la/ end2 :ile ! o!r is good app>5tly & n truly1 because x leads u away f ! f9al good4 ,accord+ly x is evid5t t simply true virtue is t :i* is direct$ to man's pr9cipal good2 ?us also ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag7 t virtue is ! disposition ( a p]fect ?+ to t :i* is be/3 & 9 ?is way no true virtue is possible )\t *>ity4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we take virtue z be+ ord]$ to "s p>ticul> end1 !n we speak ( virtue be+ :]e !re is no *>ity1 9 s f> z x is direct$ to "s p>ticul> good4 ,b if ?is p>ticul> good is n a true1 b an app>5t good1 x is n a true virtue t is ord]$ to su* a good1 b a c\nt]feit virtue4 ,ev5 s1 z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,julian4 iv1 #c71 ! prud5ce ( ! mis]1 :]eby he devises v>i\s roads to ga91 is no true virtue2 nor ! mis]'s ju/ice1 :]eby he scorns ! prop]ty ( ano!r ?r\gh fe> ( sev]e puni%m5t2 nor ! mis]'s temp]ance1 :]eby he curbs 8 desire = exp5sive pleasures2 nor ! mis]'s =titude1 :]eby z ,horace1 says1 'he braves ! sea1 he crosses m\nta9s1 he goes ?r\gh fire1 9 ord] to avoid pov]ty' 7,epis4 lib1 #a2 ,ep4 i1 #de74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is p>ticul> good be a true good1 = in/ance ! welf>e ( ! /ate1 or ! l1 x w inde$ be a true virtue1 imp]fect1 h[ev]1 unless x be ref]r$ to ! f9al & p]fect good4 ,accord+ly no /rictly true virtue is possible )\t *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! act ( "o lack+ *>ity may be ( two k9ds2 "o is 9 accordance ) 8 lack ( *>ity1 z :5 he does some?+ t is ref]r$ to t :]eby he lacks *>ity4 ,su* an act is always evil3 ?us ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,julian4 iv1 #c7 t ! actions :i* an unbeliev] p]=ms z an unbeliev]1 are always s9ful1 ev5 :5 he clo!s ! nak$1 or does any l ?+1 & directs x to 8 unbelief z end4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r act ( "o lack+ *>ity1 n 9 accordance ) 8 lack ( *>ity1 b 9 accordance ) 8 possession ( "s o!r gift ( ,god1 :e!r fai?1 or hope1 or ev5 8 natural good1 :i* is n completely tak5 away by s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #b74 ,9 ?is way x is possible = an act1 )\t *>ity1 to be g5]ically good1 b n p]fectly good1 because x lacks its due ord] to ! la/ end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce ! end is 9 practical matt]s1 :at ! pr9ciple is 9 speculative matt]s1 j z !re c be no /rictly true sci5ce1 if a "r e/imate ( ! fir/ indemon/rable pr9ciple be lack+1 s1 !re c be no /rictly true ju/ice1 or *a/ity1 )\t t due ord]+ to ! end1 :i* is effect$ by *>ity1 h[ev] rightly a man may be affect$ ab\t o!r matt]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sci5ce & art ( _! v nature imply a relation to "s p>ticul> good1 & n to ! ultimate good ( human life1 z d ! moral virtues1 :i* make man good simply1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #c74 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is ! ,=m ( ! ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity is n ! true =m ( ! virtues4 ,because ! =m ( a ?+ is ei!r exempl> or ess5tial4 ,n[ *>ity is n ! exempl> =m ( ! o!r virtues1 s9ce x w\ld foll[ t ! o!r virtues are ( ! same species z *>ity3 nor is x ! ess5tial =m ( ! o!r virtues1 s9ce !n x w\ld n be di/9ct f !m4 ,!re=e x is 9 no way ! =m ( ! virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is comp>$ to ! o!r virtues z _! root & f\ndation1 accord+ to ,eph4 #c3ag3 ,root$ & f\nd$ 9 *>ity4 ,n[ a root or f\ndation is n ! =m1 b r ! matt] ( a ?+1 s9ce x is ! fir/ "p 9 ! mak+4 ,!re=e *>ity is n ! =m ( ! virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 =mal1 f9al1 & effici5t causes d n co9cide ) "o ano!r 7,phys4 ii1 #g74 ,n[ *>ity is call$ ! end & ! "m ( ! virtues4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be call$ _! =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose 99,lomb>d1 ,s5t4 iii1 ,d1 #bc says t *>ity is ! =m ( ! virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 morals ! =m ( an act is tak5 *iefly f ! end4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! pr9cipal ( moral acts is ! w1 ^: object & =m1 s to speak1 are ! end4 ,n[ ! =m ( an act always foll[s f a =m ( ! ag5t4 ,consequ5tly1 9 morals1 t :i* gives an act its ord] to ! end1 mu/ ne$s give ! act its =m4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 9 accordance ) :at has be5 said 7,a4 #g71 t x is *>ity :i* directs ! acts ( all o!r virtues to ! la/ end1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 also gives ! =m to all o!r acts ( virtue3 & x is precisely 9 ?is s5se t *>ity is call$ ! =m ( ! virtues1 = ^! are call$ virtues 9 relation to in=m$ acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*>ity is call$ ! =m ( ! o!r virtues n z be+ _! exempl> or _! ess5tial =m1 b r by way ( effici5t cause1 9 s f> z x sets ! =m on all1 9 ! a=esaid mann]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,*>ity is comp>$ to ! f\ndation or root 9 s f> z all o!r virtues draw _! su/5ance & n\ri%m5t !refrom1 & n 9 ! s5se t ! f\ndation & root h ! "* ( a mat]ial cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*>ity is said to be ! end ( o!r virtues1 because x directs all o!r virtues to its own end4 ,& s9ce a "m is "o :o conceives )9 h]self & by ano!r1 *>ity is call$ ! "m ( ! o!r virtues1 because1 by comm&+ !m1 x conceives ! acts ( ! o!r virtues1 by ! desire ( ! la/ end4 ,,"q #bd ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,*>ity 7,9 ,twelve ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] *>ity 9 relation to its subject1 "u :i* head !re are twelve po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r *>ity is 9 ! w z its subject8 7#b7 ,:e!r *>ity is caus$ 9 man by prec$+ acts or by a ,div9e infusion8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is infus$ accord+ to ! capacity ( our natural gifts8 7#d7 ,:e!r x increases 9 ! p]son :o has x8 7#e7 ,:e!r x increases by addition8 7#f7 ,:e!r x increases by e act8 7#g7 ,:e!r x increases indef9itely8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! *>ity ( a wayf>] c be p]fect8 7#i7 ,( ! v>i\s degrees ( *>ity2 7#aj7 ,:e!r *>ity c dim9i%8 7#aa7 ,:e!r *>ity c be lo/ aft] x has be5 possess$8 7#ab7 ,:e!r x is lo/ ?r\gh "o mortal s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,w ,is ! ,subject ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! w is n ! subject ( *>ity4 ,= *>ity is a k9d ( love4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,topic4 ii1 #c7 love is 9 ! concupiscible "p4 ,!re=e *>ity is also 9 ! concupiscible & n 9 ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is ! =emo/ ( ! virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #f74 ,b ! reason is ! subject ( virtue4 ,!re=e x seems t *>ity is 9 ! reason & n 9 ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity ext5ds to all human acts1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #af3ad3 ,let all y\r ?+s be done 9 *>ity4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( human acts is ! free-w4 ,!re=e x seems t *>ity is *iefly 9 ! free-w z its subject & n 9 ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! object ( *>ity is ! good1 :i* is also ! object ( ! w4 ,!re=e *>ity is 9 ! w z its subject4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hj1 ,a4 #b71 ! appetite is tw(old1 namely ! s5sitive1 & ! intellective :i* is call$ ! w1 ! object ( ea* is ! good1 b 9 diff]5t ways3 = ! object ( ! s5sitive appetite is a good appreh5d$ by s5se1 :]eas ! object ( ! intellective appetite or w is good "u ! univ]sal aspect ( good1 accord+ z x c be appreh5d$ by ! intellect4 ,n[ ! object ( *>ity is n a s5sible good1 b ! ,div9e good :i* is kn[n by ! intellect alone4 ,!re=e ! subject ( *>ity is n ! s5sitive1 b ! intellective appetite1 i4e4 ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! concupiscible is a "p ( ! s5sitive1 n ( ! intellective appetite1 z prov$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b73 :]e=e ! love :i* is 9 ! concupiscible1 is ! love ( s5sible good3 nor c ! concupiscible rea* to ! ,div9e good :i* is an intelligible good2 ! w alone c4 ,consequ5tly ! concupiscible _c be ! subject ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii1 #i71 ! w also is 9 ! reason3 :]e=e *>ity is n exclud$ f ! reason ?r\gh be+ 9 ! w4 ,yet *>ity is regulat$1 n by ! reason1 z human virtues are1 b by ,god's wisdom1 & transc5ds ! rule ( human reason1 accord+ to ,eph4 #c3ai3 ,! *>ity ( ,*ri/1 :i* surpasse? all k4 ,h5ce x is n 9 ! reason1 ei!r z its subject1 l prud5ce is1 or z its rule1 l ju/ice & temp]ance are1 b only by a c]ta9 k9%ip ( ! w to ! reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hc1 ,a4 #d71 ! free-w is n a di/9ct p[] f ! w4 ,yet *>ity is n 9 ! w consid]$ z free-w1 ! act ( :i* is to *oose4 ,= *oice is ( ?+s direct$ to ! end1 :]eas ! w is ( ! end itself 7,e?ic4 iii1 #b74 ,h5ce *>ity1 ^: object is ! la/ end1 %\ld be describ$ z resid+ 9 ! w r ?an 9 ! free-w4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is ,caus$ 9 ,u by ,infusion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity is n caus$ 9 u by infusion4 ,= t :i* is common to all creatures1 is 9 man naturally4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 ! ,div9e good1 :i* is ! object ( *>ity1 is = all an object ( dilection & love4 ,!re=e *>ity is 9 u naturally1 & n by infusion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m lovable a ?+ is ! easi] x is to love x4 ,n[ ,god is supremely lovable1 s9ce ,he is supremely good4 ,!re=e x is easi] to love ,him ?an o!r ?+s4 ,b we ne$ no infus$ habit 9 ord] to love o!r ?+s4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 d we ne$ "o 9 ord] to love ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #a3e73 ,! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity f a pure he>t1 & a good consci5ce1 & an unfeign$ fai?4 ,n[ ^! ?ree h ref]5ce to human acts4 ,!re=e *>ity is caus$ 9 u f prec$+ acts1 & n f infusion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3e73 ,! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is giv5 to u4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a71 *>ity is a fri5d%ip ( man = ,god1 f\nd$ ^u ! fell[%ip ( ev]la/+ happ9ess4 ,n[ ?is fell[%ip is 9 respect1 n ( natural1 b ( gratuit\s gifts1 =1 accord+ to ,rom4 #f3bc1 ! grace ( ,god is life ev]la/+3 :]e=e *>ity itself surpasses our natural facilities4 ,n[ t :i* surpasses ! faculty ( nature1 _c be natural or acquir$ by ! natural p[]s1 s9ce a natural effect does n transc5d its cause4 ,!re=e *>ity c be 9 u nei!r naturally1 nor ?r\gh acquisition by ! natural p[]s1 b by ! infusion ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is ! love ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 & ! p>ticipation ( ,:om 9 u is creat$ *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,dionysius is speak+ ( ! love ( ,god1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! fell[%ip ( natural goods1 :]e=e x is 9 all naturally4 ,on ! o!r h&1 *>ity is f\nd$ on a sup]natural fell[%ip1 s ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z ,god is supremely kn[able 9 ,himself yet n to u1 on acc\nt ( a defect 9 our k :i* dep5ds on s5sible ?+s1 s too1 ,god is supremely lovable 9 ,himself1 9 z mu* z ,he is ! object ( happ9ess4 ,b ,he is n supremely lovable to u 9 ?is way1 on acc\nt ( ! incl9ation ( our appetite t[>ds visible goods4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t = u to love ,god above all ?+s 9 ?is way1 x is necess>y t *>ity be infus$ into our he>ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 x is said t 9 u *>ity proce$s f a pure he>t1 & a good consci5ce1 & an unfeign$ fai?1 ?is mu/ be ref]r$ to ! act ( *>ity :i* is ar\s$ by ^! ?+s4 ,or aga91 ?is is said because ! a=esaid acts dispose man to receive ! infusion ( *>ity4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! say+ ( ,augu/9e 7,tract4 ix 9 prim4 canon4 ,joan473 ,fe> leads to *>ity1 & ( a gloss on ,matt4 #a3b3 ,fai? begets hope1 & hope *>ity4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is ,infus$ ,accord+ to ! ,capacity ( ,our ,natural ,gifts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity is infus$ accord+ to ! capacity ( our natural gifts4 ,= x is writt5 7,matt4 #be3ae7 t ,he gave to e "o accord+ to 8 own virtue ,d\ay3 'prop] ability'4 ,n[1 9 man1 none b natural virtue prec$es *>ity1 s9ce !re is no virtue )\t *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #g74 ,!re=e ,god infuses *>ity into man accord+ to ! measure ( 8 natural virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 among ?+s orda9$ t[>ds "o ano!r1 ! second is proportionate to ! fir/3 ?us we f9d 9 natural ?+s t ! =m is proportionate to ! matt]1 & 9 gratuit\s gifts1 t glory is proportionate to grace4 ,n[1 s9ce *>ity is a p]fection ( nature1 x is comp>$ to ! capacity ( nature z second to fir/4 ,!re=e x seems t *>ity is infus$ accord+ to ! capacity ( nature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 m5 & angels p>take ( happ9ess accord+ to ! same measure1 s9ce happ9ess is alike 9 bo?1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bb3cj & ,luke #bj3cf4 ,n[ *>ity & o!r gratuit\s gifts are be/[$ on ! angels1 accord+ to _! natural capacity1 z ! ,ma/] tea*es 7,s5t4 ii1 ,d1 #c74 ,!re=e ! same app>5tly applies to man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,john #c3h73 ,! ,_s brea!? :]e ,he w1 & 7#a ,cor4 #ab3aa73 ,all ^! ?+s "o & ! same ,_s worke?1 divid+ to e "o accord+ z ,he w4 ,!re=e *>ity is giv51 n accord+ to our natural capacity1 b accord+ z ! ,_s wills to di/ribute ,8 gifts4 ,i answ] t1 ,! quantity ( a ?+ dep5ds on ! prop] cause ( t ?+1 s9ce ! m univ]sal cause produces a great] effect4 ,n[1 s9ce *>ity surpasses ! proportion ( human nature1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b7 x dep5ds1 n on any natural virtue1 b on ! sole grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,:o infuses *>ity4 ,:]e=e ! quantity ( *>ity dep5ds nei!r on ! condition ( nature nor on ! capacity ( natural virtue1 b only on ! w ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,:o divides ,8 gifts accord+ z ,he w4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #d3g73 ,to e "o ( u is giv5 grace accord+ to ! measure ( ! giv+ ( ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! virtue 9 accordance ) :i* ,god gives ,8 gifts to ea* "o1 is a disposition or previ\s prep>ation or ef=t ( ! "o :o receives grace4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ =e/alls ev5 ?is disposition or ef=t1 by mov+ man's m9d ei!r m or less1 accord+ z ,he w4 ,:]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7,col4 #a3ab73 ,:o ha? made u wor?y to be p>tak]s ( ! lot ( ! sa9ts 9 light4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! =m does n surpass ! proportion ( ! matt]4 ,9 l mann] grace & glory are ref]r$ to ! same g5us1 = grace is no?+ else ?an a beg9n+ ( glory 9 u4 ,b *>ity & nature d n belong to ! same g5us1 s t ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! angel's is an intellectual nature1 & x is consi/5t ) 8 condition t he %\ld be borne :olly :i!rsoev] he is borne1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #f74 ,h5ce !re 0 a great] ef=t 9 ! high] angels1 bo? = good 9 ^? :o p]sev]$1 & = evil 9 ^? :o fell1 & consequ5tly ^? ( ! high] angels :o rema9$ /eadfa/ became bett] ?an ! o!rs1 & ^? :o fell became worse4 ,b man's is a rational nature1 ) :i* x is consi/5t to be sometimes 9 pot5tiality & sometimes 9 act3 s t x is n necess>ily borne :olly :i!rsoev] x is borne1 & :]e !re are great] natural gifts !re may be less ef=t1 & vice v]sa4 ,?us ! comp>ison fails4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,*>ity ,c ,increase8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity _c increase4 ,= no?+ increases save :at has quantity4 ,n[ quantity is tw(old1 namely dim5sive & virtual4 ,! =m] does n befit *>ity :i* is a spiritual p]fection1 :ile virtual quantity reg>ds ! objects 9 respect ( :i* *>ity does n increase1 s9ce ! slighte/ *>ity loves all t is to be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,!re=e *>ity does n increase4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* consi/s 9 some?+ extreme receives no increase4 ,b *>ity consi/s 9 some?+ extreme1 be+ ! greate/ ( ! virtues1 & ! supreme love ( ! greate/ good4 ,!re=e *>ity _c increase4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 increase is a k9d ( movem5t4 ,!re=e :]ev] !re is increase !re is movem5t1 & if !re be increase ( ess5ce !re is movem5t ( ess5ce4 ,n[ !re is no movem5t ( ess5ce save ei!r by corruption or g5]ation4 ,!re=e *>ity _c increase ess5tially1 unless x happ5 to be g5]at$ anew or corrupt$1 :i* is unreasonable4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 lxxiv 9 ,joan47 99,cf4 ,ep4 clxxxv4 t *>ity m]its increase t by increase x may m]it p]fection4 ,i answ] t1 ,! *>ity ( a wayf>] c increase4 ,= we are call$ wayf>]s by reason ( our be+ on ! way to ,god1 ,:o is ! la/ end ( our happ9ess4 ,9 ?is way we advance z we get nigh to ,god1 ,:o is approa*$1 n by /eps ( ! body b by ! affections ( ! s\l 99,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,tract4 9 ,joan4 xxxii3 & ?is approa* is ! result ( *>ity1 s9ce x unites man's m9d to ,god4 ,consequ5tly x is ess5tial to ! *>ity ( a wayf>] t x c increase1 = if x c\ld n1 all fur!r advance along ! way w\ld cease4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le calls *>ity ! way1 :5 he says 7#a ,cor4 #ab3ca73 ,i %[ unto y yet a m excell5t way4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*>ity is n subject to dim5sive1 b only to virtual quantity3 & ! latt] dep5ds n only on ! numb] ( objects1 namely :e!r !y be 9 great] numb] or ( great] excell5ce1 b also on ! int5sity ( ! act1 namely :e!r a ?+ is lov$ m1 or less2 x is 9 ?is way t ! virtual quantity ( *>ity increases4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,*>ity consi/s 9 an extreme ) reg>d to its object1 9 s f> z its object is ! ,supreme ,good1 & f ?is x foll[s t *>ity is ! mo/ excell5t ( ! virtues4 ,yet n e *>ity consi/s 9 an extreme1 z reg>ds ! int5sity ( ! act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s h said t *>ity does n increase 9 its ess5ce1 b only z to its radication 9 its subject1 or accord+ to its f]vor4 ,b ^! p did n "k :at !y 7 talk+ ab\t4 ,= s9ce *>ity is an accid5t1 its be+ is to be 9 some?+4 ,s t an ess5tial increase ( *>ity means no?+ else b t x is yet m 9 its subject1 :i* implies a great] radication 9 its subject4 ,fur!rmore1 *>ity is ess5tially a virtue orda9$ to act1 s t an ess5tial increase ( *>ity implies ability to produce an act ( m f]v5t love4 ,h5ce *>ity increases ess5tially1 n by beg9n+ anew1 or ceas+ to be 9 its subject1 z ! objection imag9es1 b by beg9n+ to be m & m 9 its subject4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,*>ity ,increases by ,addition8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity increases by addition4 ,= j z increase may be 9 respect ( bodily quantity1 s may x be accord+ to virtual quantity4 ,n[ increase 9 bodily quantity results f addition2 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,g5]4 i1 #e7 t increase is addition to pre-exi/+ magnitude4 ,!re=e ! increase ( *>ity :i* is accord+ to virtual quantity is by addition4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is a k9d ( spiritual light 9 ! s\l1 accord+ to #a ,john #b3aj3 ,he t love? 8 bro!r abide? 9 ! light4 ,n[ light increases 9 ! air by addition2 ?us ! light 9 a h\se increases :5 ano!r c&le is lit4 ,!re=e *>ity also increases 9 ! s\l by addition4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! increase ( *>ity is ,god's "w1 ev5 z ! caus+ ( x1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #i3aj3 ,he w increase ! gr[? ( ! fruits ( y\r ju/ice4 ,n[ :5 ,god fir/ infuses *>ity1 ,he puts some?+ 9 ! s\l t 0 n !re be=e4 ,!re=e also1 :5 ,he increases *>ity1 ,he puts some?+ !re :i* 0 n !re be=e4 ,!re=e *>ity increases by addition4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*>ity is a simple =m4 ,n[ no?+ great] results f ! addition ( "o simple ?+ to ano!r1 z prov$ 9 ,phys4 iii1 text4 #ei1 & ,metaph4 ii1 #d4 ,!re=e *>ity does n increase by addition4 ,i answ] t1 ,e addition is ( some?+ to some?+ else3 s t 9 e addition we mu/ at lea/ presuppose t ! ?+s add$ toge!r are di/9ct be=e ! addition4 ,consequ5tly if *>ity be add$ to *>ity1 ! add$ *>ity mu/ be presuppos$ z di/9ct f *>ity to :i* x is add$1 n necess>ily by a di/9ction ( reality1 b at lea/ by a di/9ction ( ?\ght4 ,= ,god is able to increase a bodily quantity by add+ a magnitude :i* did n exi/ be=e1 b 0 creat$ at t v mom5t2 :i* magnitude1 ?\gh n pre-exi/5t 9 reality1 is nev]!less capable ( be+ di/+ui%$ f ! quantity to :i* x is add$4 ,:]e=e if *>ity be add$ to *>ity we mu/ presuppose ! di/9ction1 at lea/ logical1 ( ! "o *>ity f ! o!r4 ,n[ di/9ction among =ms is tw(old3 specific & num]ic4 ,specific di/9ction ( habits foll[s div]sity ( objects1 :ile num]ic di/9ction foll[s di/9ction ( subjects4 ,consequ5tly a habit may receive increase ?r\gh ext5d+ to objects to :i* x did n ext5d be=e3 ?us ! sci5ce ( geometry increases 9 "o :o acquires k ( geometrical matt]s :i* he ignor$ hi!rto4 ,b ?is _c be said ( *>ity1 = ev5 ! slighte/ *>ity ext5ds to all t we h to love by *>ity4 ,h5ce ! addition :i* causes an increase ( *>ity _c be und]/ood1 z ?\gh ! add$ *>ity 7 presuppos$ to be di/9ct specifically f t to :i* x is add$4 ,x foll[s !re=e t if *>ity be add$ to *>ity1 we mu/ presuppose a num]ical di/9ction betwe5 !m1 :i* foll[s a di/9ction ( subjects3 ?us :it5ess receives an increase :5 "o :ite ?+ is add$ to ano!r1 al?\gh su* an increase does n make a ?+ :it]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n apply to ! case 9 po9t1 s9ce ! subject ( *>ity is none o!r ?an ! rational m9d1 s t su* l an increase ( *>ity c\ld only take place by "o rational m9d be+ add$ to ano!r2 :i* is impossible4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if x 7 possible1 ! result w\ld be a great] lov]1 b n a m lov+ "o4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t *>ity c by no means increase by addition ( *>ity to *>ity1 z "s h held to be ! case4 ,accord+ly *>ity increases only by its subject p>tak+ ( *>ity m & m subject !reto4 ,= ?is is ! prop] mode ( increase 9 a =m t is int5sifi$1 s9ce ! be+ ( su* a =m consi/s :olly 9 its adh]+ to its subject4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce ! magnitude ( a ?+ foll[s on its be+1 to say t a =m is great] is ! same z to say t x is m 9 its subject1 & n t ano!r =m is add$ to x3 = ?is w\ld be ! case if ! =m1 ( itself1 _h any quantity1 & n 9 comp>ison ) its subject4 ,!re=e *>ity increases by be+ int5sifi$ 9 its subject1 & ?is is = *>ity to increase 9 its ess5ce2 & n by *>ity be+ add$ to *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,bodily quantity has some?+ z quantity1 & some?+ else1 9 s f> z x is an accid5tal =m4 ,z quantity1 x is di/+ui%able 9 respect ( position or numb]1 & 9 ?is way we h ! increase ( magnitude by addition1 z may be se5 9 animals4 ,b 9 s f> z x is an accid5tal =m1 x is di/+ui%able only 9 respect ( its subject1 & 9 ?is way x has its prop] increase1 l o!r accid5tal =ms1 by way ( int5sity 9 its subject1 = in/ance 9 ?+s subject to r>efaction1 z is prov$ 9 ,phys4 iv1 #i4 ,9 l mann] sci5ce1 z a habit1 has its quantity f its objects1 & accord+ly x increases by addition1 :5 a man kn[s m ?+s2 & aga91 z an accid5tal =m1 x has a c]ta9 quantity ?r\gh be+ 9 its subject1 & 9 ?is way x increases 9 a man :o kn[s ! same sci5tific tru?s ) great] c]ta9ty n[ ?an be=e4 ,9 ! same way *>ity has a tw(old quantity2 b ) reg>d to t :i* x has f its object1 x does n increase1 z /at$ above3 h5ce x foll[s t x increases solely by be+ int5sifi$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! addition ( light to light c be und]/ood ?r\gh ! light be+ int5sifi$ 9 ! air on acc\nt ( !re be+ sev]al lum9>ies giv+ light3 b ?is di/9ction does n apply to ! case 9 po9t1 s9ce !re is b "o lum9>y %$d+ =? ! light ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! infusion ( *>ity d5otes a *ange to ! /ate ( hav+ *>ity f ! /ate ( n hav+ x1 s t some?+ mu/ ne$s come :i* 0 n !re be=e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! increase ( *>ity d5otes a *ange to m hav+ f less hav+1 s t !re is ne$1 n = any?+ to be !re t 0 n !re be=e1 b = some?+ to be m !re t previ\sly 0 less !re4 ,?is is :at ,god does :5 ,he increases *>ity1 t is ,he makes x to h a great] hold on ! s\l1 & ! lik5ess ( ! ,holy ,gho/ to be m p]fectly p>ticipat$ by ! s\l4 ,,six? ,,article ,:e!r ,*>ity ,increases ,?r\gh ,e ,act ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity increases ?r\gh e act ( *>ity4 ,= t :i* c d :at is m1 c d :at is less4 ,b e act ( *>ity c m]it ev]la/+ life2 & ?is is m ?an a simple addition ( *>ity1 s9ce x includes ! p]fection ( *>ity4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 does e act ( *>ity increase *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z ! habits ( acquir$ virtue are eng5d]$ by acts1 s too an increase ( *>ity is caus$ by an act ( *>ity4 ,n[ ea* virtu\s act conduces to ! eng5d]+ ( virtue4 ,!re=e also ea* virtu\s act ( *>ity conduces to ! increase ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory 99,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,s]m4 ii 9 ,fe/o ,purif4 says t to /& /ill 9 ! way to ,god is to g back4 ,n[ no man goes back :5 he is mov$ by an act ( *>ity4 ,!re=e :oev] is mov$ by an act ( *>ity goes =w>d 9 ! way to ,god4 ,!re=e *>ity increases ?r\gh e act ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! effect does n surpass ! p[] ( its cause4 ,b an act ( *>ity is sometimes done ) tepidity or slackness4 ,!re=e x does n conduce to a m excell5t *>ity1 r does x dispose "o to a l[] degree4 ,i answ] t1 ,! spiritual increase ( *>ity is some:at l ! increase ( a body4 ,n[ bodily increase 9 animals & plants is n a cont9u\s movem5t1 s t1 to wit1 if a ?+ increase s mu* 9 s mu* "t1 x ne$ to increase proportionally 9 ea* "p ( t "t1 z happ5s 9 local movem5t2 b = a c]ta9 space ( "t nature works by dispos+ = ! increase1 )\t caus+ any actual increase1 & aft]w>ds br+s into effect t to :i* x _h dispos$1 by giv+ ! animal or plant an actual increase4 ,9 l mann] *>ity does n actually increase ?r\gh e act ( *>ity1 b ea* act ( *>ity disposes to an increase ( *>ity1 9 s f> z "o act ( *>ity makes man m ready to act aga9 accord+ to *>ity1 & ?is read9ess increas+1 man breaks out into an act ( m f]v5t love1 & /rives to advance 9 *>ity1 & !n 8 *>ity increases actually4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,e act ( *>ity m]its ev]la/+ life1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n to be be/[$ !n & !re1 b at its prop] "t4 ,9 l mann] e act ( *>ity m]its an increase ( *>ity2 yet ?is increase does n take place at once1 b :5 we /rive = t increase4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 :5 an acquir$ virtue is be+ eng5d]$1 ea* act does n complete ! =mation ( ! virtue1 b conduces t[>ds t effect by dispos+ to x1 :ile ! la/ act1 :i* is ! mo/ p]fect1 & acts 9 virtue ( all ^? t prec$$ x1 r$uces ! virtue into act1 j z :5 _m drops holl[ out a /one4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man advances 9 ! way to ,god1 n m]ely by actual increase ( *>ity1 b also by be+ dispos$ to t increase4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,*>ity ,increases ,indef9itely8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity does n increase indef9itely4 ,= e movem5t is t[>ds "s end & t]m1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 ii1 text4 #h1 #i4 ,b ! increase ( *>ity is a movem5t4 ,!re=e x t5ds to an end & t]m4 ,!re=e *>ity does n increase indef9itely4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no =m surpasses ! capacity ( its subject4 ,b ! capacity ( ! rational creature :o is ! subject ( *>ity is f9ite4 ,!re=e *>ity _c increase indef9itely4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e f9ite ?+ c1 by cont9ual increase1 atta9 to ! quantity ( ano!r f9ite ?+ h[ev] mu* great]1 unless ! am\nt ( its increase be ev] less & less4 ,?us ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,phys4 iii1 #f7 t if we divide a l9e into an indef9ite numb] ( p>ts1 & take ^! p>ts away & add !m indef9itely to ano!r l9e1 we %all nev] arrive at any def9ite quantity result+ f ^? two l9es1 viz4 ! "o f :i* we subtract$ & ! "o to :i* we add$ :at 0 subtract$4 ,b ?is does n occur 9 ! case 9 po9t3 because !re is no ne$ = ! second increase ( *>ity to be less ?an ! fir/1 s9ce r is x probable t x w\ld be equal or great]4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! *>ity ( ! bless$ is some?+ f9ite1 if ! *>ity ( ! wayf>] c increase indef9itely1 x w\ld foll[ t ! *>ity ( ! way c equal ! *>ity ( heav52 :i* is absurd4 ,!re=e ! wayf>]'s *>ity _c increase indef9itely4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #c3ab73 ,n z ?\gh ,i _h already atta9$1 or 7 already p]fect2 b ,i foll[ aft]1 if ,i may1 by any means appreh5d1 on :i* words a gloss says3 ,ev5 if he has made great progress1 let none ( ! fai?ful say3 ',en\gh4' ,= :osoev] says ?is1 leaves ! road be=e com+ to 8 de/9ation4 ,!re=e ! wayf>]'s *>ity c ev] increase m & m4 ,i answ] t1 ,a t]m to ! increase ( a =m may be fix$ 9 ?ree ways3 fir/ by reason ( ! =m itself hav+ a fix$ measure1 & :5 ?is has be5 rea*$ x is no long] possible to g any fur!r 9 t =m1 b if any fur!r advance is made1 ano!r =m is atta9$4 ,an example ( ?is is pal5ess1 ! b\nds ( :i* may1 by cont9ual alt]ation1 be pass$1 ei!r s t :it5ess ensues1 or s t blackness results4 ,secondly1 on ! "p ( ! ag5t1 ^: p[] does n ext5d to a fur!r increase ( ! =m 9 its subject4 ,?irdly1 on ! "p ( ! subject1 :i* is n capable ( ult]ior p]fection4 ,n[1 9 none ( ^! ways1 is a limit impos$ to ! increase ( man's *>ity1 :ile he is 9 ! /ate ( ! wayf>]4 ,= *>ity itself consid]$ z su* has no limit to its increase1 s9ce x is a p>ticipation ( ! inf9ite *>ity :i* is ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,9 l mann] ! cause ( ! increase ( *>ity1 viz4 ,god1 is possess$ ( inf9ite p[]4 ,fur!rmore1 on ! "p ( its subject1 no limit to ?is increase c be det]m9$1 because :5ev] *>ity increases1 !re is a correspond+ increas$ ability to receive a fur!r increase4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t x is n possible to fix any limits to ! increase ( *>ity 9 ?is life4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! increase ( *>ity is direct$ to an end1 :i* is n 9 ?is1 b 9 a future life4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! capacity ( ! rational creature is increas$ by *>ity1 because ! he>t is enl>g$ !reby1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #f3aa3 ,our he>t is enl>g$2 s t x /ill rema9s capable ( receiv+ a fur!r increase4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t holds good 9 ^? ?+s :i* h ! same k9d ( quantity1 b n 9 ^? :i* h diff]5t k9ds3 ?us h[ev] mu* a l9e may increase x does n rea* ! quantity ( a sup]ficies4 ,n[ ! quantity ( a wayf>]'s *>ity :i* foll[s ! k ( fai? is n ( ! same k9d z ! quantity ( ! *>ity ( ! bless$1 :i* foll[s op5 vision4 ,h5ce ! argum5t does n prove4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,*>ity ,c ,be ,p]fect 9 ,?is ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity _c be p]fect 9 ?is life4 ,= ?is w\ld h be5 ! case ) ! apo/les be=e all o!rs4 ,yet x 0 n s1 s9ce ! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #c3ab73 ,n z ?\gh ,i _h already atta9$1 or 7 already p]fect4 ,!re=e *>ity _c be p]fect 9 ?is life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #cf7 t :atev] k9dles *>ity qu5*es cupidity1 b :]e *>ity is p]fect1 cupidity is done away altoge!r4 ,b ?is _c be 9 ?is _w1 :]e9 x is impossible to live )\t s91 accord+ to #a ,john #a3h3 ,if we say t we h no s91 we deceive ourselves4 ,n[ all s9 arises f "s inord9ate cupidity4 ,!re=e *>ity _c be p]fect 9 ?is life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is already p]fect _c be p]fect$ any m4 ,b 9 ?is life *>ity c always increase1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g74 ,!re=e *>ity _c be p]fect 9 ?is life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,9 prim4 canon4 ,joan4 ,tract4 v7 ,*>ity is p]fect$ by be+ /r5g!n$2 & :5 x has be5 br\ght to p]fection1 x exclaims1 ',i desire to be dissolv$ & to be ) ,*ri/4' ,n[ ?is is possible 9 ?is life1 z 9 ! case ( ,paul4 ,!re=e *>ity c be p]fect 9 ?is life4 ,i answ] t1 ,! p]fection ( *>ity may be und]/ood 9 two ways3 fir/ ) reg>d to ! object lov$1 secondly ) reg>d to ! p]son :o loves4 ,) reg>d to ! object lov$1 *>ity is p]fect1 if ! object be lov$ z mu* z x is lovable4 ,n[ ,god is z lovable z ,he is good1 & ,8 goodness is inf9ite1 :]e=e ,he is inf9itely lovable4 ,b no creature c love ,him inf9itely s9ce all creat$ p[] is f9ite4 ,consequ5tly no creature's *>ity c be p]fect 9 ?is way2 ! *>ity ( ,god alone c1 :]eby ,he loves ,himself4 ,on ! "p ( ! p]son :o loves1 *>ity is p]fect1 :5 he loves z mu* z he c4 ,?is happ5s 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 s t a man's :ole he>t is always actually borne t[>ds ,god3 ?is is ! p]fection ( ! *>ity ( heav51 & is n possible 9 ?is life1 :]e91 by reason ( ! weakness ( human life1 x is impossible to ?9k always actually ( ,god1 & to be mov$ by love t[>ds ,him4 ,secondly1 s t man makes an e>ne/ endeavor to give 8 "t to ,god & ,div9e ?+s1 :ile scorn+ o!r ?+s except 9 s f> z ! ne$s ( ! pres5t life dem&4 ,?is is ! p]fection ( *>ity t is possible to a wayf>]2 b is n common to all :o h *>ity4 ,?irdly1 s t a man gives 8 :ole he>t to ,god habitually1 viz4 by nei!r ?9k+ nor desir+ any?+ contr>y to ! love ( ,god2 & ?is p]fection is common to all :o h *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le d5ies t he has ! p]fection ( heav51 :]e=e a gloss on ! same passage says t he 0 a p]fect wayf>]1 b _h n yet a*iev$ ! p]fection to :i* ! way leads4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is is said on acc\nt ( v5ial s9s1 :i* are contr>y1 n to ! habit1 b to ! act ( *>ity3 h5ce !y are incompatible1 n ) ! p]fection ( ! way1 b ) t ( heav54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! p]fection ( ! way is n p]fection simply1 :]e=e x c always increase4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is ,rightly ,di/+ui%$ into ,?ree ,degrees1 ,beg9n+1 ,progress1 & ,p]fection8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unfitt+ to di/+ui% ?ree degrees ( *>ity1 beg9n+1 progress1 & p]fection4 ,= !re are _m degrees betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( *>ity & its ultimate p]fection4 ,!re=e x is n "r to put only "o4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *>ity beg9s to progress z soon z x beg9s to be4 ,!re=e we ought n to di/+ui% betwe5 *>ity z progress+ & z beg9n+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ?is _w1 h[ev] p]fect a man's *>ity may be1 x c increase1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g74 ,n[ = *>ity to increase is to progress4 ,!re=e p]fect *>ity ought n to be di/+ui%$ f progress+ *>ity3 & s ! a=esaid degrees are unsuitably assign$ to *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,9 prim4 canon4 ,joan4 ,tract4 v7 ,z soon z *>ity is born x takes food1 :i* ref]s to beg9n]s1 aft] tak+ food1 x waxes /rong1 :i* ref]s to ^? :o are progress+1 & :5 x has become /rong x is p]fect$1 :i* ref]s to ! p]fect4 ,!re=e !re are ?ree degrees ( *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,! spiritual increase ( *>ity may be consid]$ 9 respect ( a c]ta9 lik5ess to ! gr[? ( ! human body4 ,= al?\gh ?is latt] gr[? may be divid$ into _m p>ts1 yet x has c]ta9 fix$ divisions accord+ to ^? p>ticul> actions or pursuits to :i* man is br\ght by ?is same gr[?4 ,?us we speak ( a man be+ an infant until he has ! use ( reason1 aft] :i* we di/+ui% ano!r /ate ( man :]e9 he beg9s to speak & to use 8 reason1 :ile !re is aga9 a ?ird /ate1 t ( pub]ty :5 he beg9s to acquire ! p[] ( g5]ation1 & s on until he arrives at p]fection4 ,9 l mann] ! div]s degrees ( *>ity are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! diff]5t pursuits to :i* man is br\ght by ! increase ( *>ity4 ,= at fir/ x is incumb5t on man to occupy himself *iefly ) avoid+ s9 & resi/+ 8 concupisc5ces1 :i* move him 9 opposition to *>ity3 ?is conc]ns beg9n]s1 9 :om *>ity has to be f$ or fo/]$ le/ x be de/roy$3 9 ! second place man's *ief pursuit is to aim at progress 9 good1 & ?is is ! pursuit ( ! pr(ici5t1 ^: *ief aim is to /r5g!n _! *>ity by add+ to x3 :ile man's ?ird pursuit is to aim *iefly at union ) & enjoym5t ( ,god3 ?is belongs to ! p]fect :o desire to be dissolv$ & to be ) ,*ri/4 ,9 l mann] we obs]ve 9 local motion t at fir/ !re is )drawal f "o t]m1 !n approa* to ! o!r t]m1 & ?irdly1 re/ 9 ?is t]m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ^! di/9ct degrees :i* c be disc]n$ 9 ! increase ( *>ity1 are compris$ 9 ! a=esaid ?ree1 ev5 z e division ( cont9u\s ?+s is includ$ 9 ^! ?ree--! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & ! end1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,de ,coelo i1 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ^? :o are beg9n]s 9 *>ity may progress1 yet ! *ief c>e t besets !m is to resi/ ! s9s :i* di/urb !m by _! onslaught4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 :5 !y come to feel ?is onslaught less1 !y beg9 to t5d to p]fection ) great] security2 yet ) "o h& do+ ! "w1 & ) ! o!r hold+ ! sword z relat$ 9 #b ,esdr4 #d3ag ab\t ^? :o built up ,j]usalem4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 ! p]fect make progress 9 *>ity3 yet ?is is n _! *ief c>e1 b _! aim is pr9cipally direct$ t[>ds union ) ,god4 ,& ?\gh bo? ! beg9n] & ! pr(ici5t seek ?is1 yet _! solicitude is *iefly ab\t o!r ?+s1 ) ! beg9n]1 ab\t avoid+ s91 ) ! pr(ici5t1 ab\t progress+ 9 virtue4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,*>ity ,c ,decrease8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity c decrease4 ,= contr>ies by _! nature affect ! same subject4 ,n[ increase & decrease are contr>ies4 ,s9ce !n *>ity increases1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 x seems t x c also decrease4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e1 speak+ to ,god1 says 7,confess4 x7 ,he loves ,!e less1 :o loves aught besides ,!e3 & 7,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #cf7 he says t :at k9dles *>ity qu5*es cupidity4 ,f ?is x seems to foll[ t1 on ! contr>y1 :at ar\ses cupidity qu5*es *>ity4 ,b cupidity1 :]eby a man loves some?+ besides ,god1 c increase 9 man4 ,!re=e *>ity c decrease4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #ab7 ,god makes ! j man1 by ju/ify+ him1 b 9 su* a way1 t if ! man turns away f ,god1 he no long] reta9s ! effect ( ! ,div9e op]ation4 ,f ?is we may ga!r t :5 ,god pres]ves *>ity 9 man1 ,he works 9 ! same way z :5 ,he fir/ infuses *>ity into him4 ,n[ at ! fir/ infusion ( *>ity ,god infuses less *>ity into him t prep>es himself less4 ,!re=e also 9 pres]v+ *>ity1 ,he pres]ves less *>ity 9 him t prep>es himself less4 ,!re=e *>ity c decrease4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ,scripture1 *>ity is comp>$ to fire1 accord+ to ,cant #h3f3 ,! lamps !re(1 i4e4 ( *>ity1 are fire & flames4 ,n[ fire ev] m\nts upw>d s long z x la/s4 ,!re=e z long z *>ity endures1 x c asc5d1 b _c desc5d1 i4e4 decrease4 ,i answ] t1 ,! quantity :i* *>ity has 9 comp>ison ) its prop] object1 _c decrease1 ev5 z nei!r c x increase1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d1 ad #b74 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x increases 9 t quantity :i* x has 9 comp>ison ) its subject1 "h is ! place to consid] :e!r x c decrease 9 ?is way4 ,n[1 if x decrease1 ?is mu/ ne$s be ei!r ?r\gh an act1 or by ! m]e cessation f act4 ,x is true t virtues acquir$ ?r\gh acts decrease & sometimes cease altoge!r ?r\gh cessation f act1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ec1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says1 9 ref]5ce to fri5d%ip 7,e?ic4 viii1 #e7 t want ( int]c\rse1 i4e4 ! neglect to call ^u or speak ) "o's fri5ds1 has de/roy$ _m a fri5d%ip4 ,n[ ?is is because ! safe-keep+ ( a ?+ dep5ds on its cause1 & ! cause ( human virtue is a human act1 s t :5 human acts cease1 ! virtue acquir$ !reby decreases & at la/ ceases altoge!r4 ,yet ?is does n occur to *>ity1 because x is n ! result ( human acts1 b is caus$ by ,god alone1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,h5ce x foll[s t ev5 :5 its act ceases1 x does n = ?is reason decrease1 or cease altoge!r1 unless ! cessation involves a s94 ,! consequ5ce is t a decrease ( *>ity _c be caus$ except ei!r by ,god or by "s s9ful act4 ,n[ no defect is caus$ 9 u by ,god1 except by way ( puni%m5t1 9 s f> z ,he )draws ,8 grace 9 puni%m5t ( s94 ,h5ce ,he does n dim9i% *>ity except by way ( puni%m5t3 & ?is puni%m5t is due on acc\nt ( s94 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t if *>ity decrease1 ! cause ( ?is decrease mu/ be s9 ei!r effectively or by way ( m]it4 ,b mortal s9 does n dim9i% *>ity1 9 ei!r ( ^! ways1 b de/roys x entirely1 bo? effectively1 because e mortal s9 is contr>y to *>ity1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,a4 #ab71 & by way ( m]it1 s9ce :51 by s9n+ mortally1 a man acts aga9/ *>ity1 he des]ves t ,god %\ld )draw *>ity f him4 ,9 l mann]1 nei!r c v5ial s9 dim9i% *>ity ei!r effectively or by way ( m]it4 ,n effectively1 because x does n t\* *>ity1 s9ce *>ity is ab\t ! la/ end1 :]eas v5ial s9 is a disord] ab\t ?+s direct$ to ! end3 & a man's love = ! end is none ! less ?r\gh 8 committ+ an inord9ate act z reg>ds ! ?+s direct$ to ! end4 ,?us sick p sometimes1 ?\gh !y love heal? mu*1 are irregul> 9 keep+ to _! diet3 & ?us aga91 9 speculative sci5ces1 ! false op9ions t are d]iv$ f ! pr9ciples1 d n dim9i% ! c]titude ( ! pr9ciples4 ,s too1 v5ial s9 does n m]it dim9ution ( *>ity2 = :5 a man (f5ds 9 a small matt] he does n des]ve to be mulct$ 9 a great matt]4 ,= ,god does n turn away f man1 m ?an man turns away f ,him3 :]e=e he t is out ( ord] 9 respect ( ?+s direct$ to ! end1 does n des]ve to be mulct$ 9 *>ity :]eby he is ord]$ to ! la/ end4 ,! consequ5ce is t *>ity c by no means be dim9i%$1 if we speak ( direct causality1 yet :atev] disposes to its corruption may be said to conduce indirectly to its dim9ution1 & su* are v5ial s9s1 or ev5 ! cessation f ! practice ( works ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,contr>ies affect ! same subject :5 t subject /&s 9 equal relation to bo?4 ,b *>ity does n /& 9 equal relation to increase & decrease4 ,= x c h a cause ( increase1 b n ( decrease1 z /at$ above4 ,h5ce ! argum5t does n prove4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,cupidity is tw(old1 "o :]eby man places 8 end 9 creatures1 & ?is kills *>ity altoge!r1 s9ce x is its poison1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,confess4 x74 ,?is makes u love ,god less 7i4e4 less ?an we ought to love ,him by *>ity71 n inde$ by dim9i%+ *>ity b by de/roy+ x altoge!r4 ,x is ?us t we mu/ und]/& ! say+3 ,he loves ,!e less1 :o loves aught beside ,!e1 = he adds ^! words1 :i* he love? n = ,!e4 ,?is does n apply to v5ial s91 b only to mortal s93 s9ce t :i* we love 9 v5ial s91 is lov$ = ,god's sake habitually ?\gh n actually4 ,!re is ano!r cupidity1 t ( v5ial s91 :i* is always dim9i%$ by *>ity3 & yet ?is cupidity _c dim9i% *>ity1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a movem5t ( ! free-w is requisite 9 ! infusion ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e t :i* dim9i%es ! int5sity ( ! free-w conduces dispositively to a dim9ution 9 ! *>ity to be infus$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no movem5t ( ! free-w is requir$ = ! safe-keep+ ( *>ity1 else x w\ld n rema9 9 u :ile we sleep4 ,h5ce *>ity does n decrease on acc\nt ( an ob/acle on ! "p ( ! int5sity ( ! free-w's movem5t4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ,we ,c ,lose ,*>ity ,:5 ,once ,we ,h ,x8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we _c lose *>ity :5 once we h x4 ,= if we lose x1 ?is c only be ?r\gh s94 ,n[ he :o has *>ity _c s91 = x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3i73 ,:osoev] is born ( ,god1 committe? n s92 = ,8 se$ abide? 9 him1 & he _c s91 because he is born ( ,god4 ,b none save ! *ildr5 ( ,god h *>ity1 = x is ?is :i* di/+ui%es ! *ildr5 ( ,god f ! *ildr5 ( p]dition1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ag74 ,!re=e he t has *>ity _c lose x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 viii1 #g7 t if love be n true1 x %\ld n be call$ love4 ,n[1 z he says aga9 9 a lett] to ,c\nt ,julian1 *>ity :i* c fail 0 nev] true4 99,! quotation is f ,de ,salut>ibus ,docum5tis ad quemdam comitem1 vii41 among ! works ( ,paul ( ,friuli1 m commonly kn[n z ,paul ! ,deacon1 a monk ( ,monte ,cass9o4 ,!re=e x 0 no *>ity at all4 ,!re=e1 :5 once we h *>ity1 we _c lose x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 9 a homily = ,p5teco/ 7,9 ,evang4 xxx7 t ,god's love works great ?+s :]e x is2 if x ceases to "w x is n *>ity4 ,n[ no man loses *>ity by do+ great ?+s4 ,!re=e if *>ity be !re1 x _c be lo/4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! free-w is n incl9$ to s9 unless by "s motive = s9n+4 ,n[ *>ity excludes all motives = s9n+1 bo? self-love & cupidity1 & all su* ?+s4 ,!re=e *>ity _c be lo/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,apoc4 #b3d73 ,i h some:at aga9/ !e1 because ?\ ha/ left ?y fir/ *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,holy ,gho/ dwells 9 u by *>ity1 z %[n above 7,a4 #b2 ,,qq4 #bc1 #bd74 ,we c1 accord+ly1 consid] *>ity 9 ?ree ways3 fir/ on ! "p ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o moves ! s\l to love ,god1 & 9 ?is respect *>ity is incompatible ) s9 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o does unfail+ly :atev] ,he wills to d4 ,h5ce x is impossible = ^! two ?+s to be true at ! same "t--t ! ,holy ,gho/ %\ld w to move a c]ta9 man to an act ( *>ity1 & t ?is man1 by s9n+1 %\ld lose *>ity4 ,= ! gift ( p]sev]ance is reckon$ among ! bless+s ( ,god :]eby :oev] is deliv]$1 is mo/ c]ta9ly deliv]$1 z ,augu/9e says 9 8 book on ! ,pr$e/9ation ( ! sa9ts 7,de ,dono ,p]sev4 xiv74 ,secondly1 *>ity may be consid]$ z su*1 & ?us x is incapable ( any?+ t is aga9/ its nature4 ,:]e=e *>ity _c s9 at all1 ev5 z nei!r c heat cool1 nor unrighte\sness d good1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #bd74 ,?irdly1 *>ity c be consid]$ on ! "p ( its subject1 :i* is *angeable on acc\nt ( ! free-w4 ,moreov] *>ity may be comp>$ ) ?is subject1 bo? f ! g5]al po9t ( view ( =m 9 comp>ison ) matt]1 & f ! specific po9t ( view ( habit z comp>$ ) p[]4 ,n[ x is natural = a =m to be 9 its subject 9 su* a way t x c be lo/1 :5 x does n entirely fill ! pot5tiality ( matt]3 ?is is evid5t 9 ! =ms ( ?+s g5]at$ & corrupt$1 because ! matt] ( su* ?+s receives "o =m 9 su* a way1 t x reta9s ! pot5tiality to ano!r =m1 z ?\gh its pot5tiality 7 n completely satisfi$ ) ! "o =m4 ,h5ce ! "o =m may be lo/ by ! o!r be+ receiv$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! =m ( a cele/ial body :i* entirely fills ! pot5tiality ( its matt]1 s t ! latt] does n reta9 ! pot5tiality to ano!r =m1 is 9 its subject insep>ably4 ,accord+ly ! *>ity ( ! bless$1 because x entirely fills ! pot5tiality ( ! rational m9d1 s9ce e actual movem5t ( t m9d is direct$ to ,god1 is possess$ by its subject insep>ably3 :]eas ! *>ity ( ! wayf>] does n s fill ! pot5tiality ( its subject1 because ! latt] is n always actually direct$ to ,god3 s t :5 x is n actually direct$ to ,god1 some?+ may occur :]eby *>ity is lo/4 ,x is prop] to a habit to incl9e a p[] to act1 & ?is belongs to a habit1 9 s f> z x makes :atev] is suitable to x1 to seem good1 & :atev] is unsuitable1 to seem evil4 ,= z ! ta/e judges ( savors accord+ to its disposition1 ev5 s does ! human m9d judge ( ?+s to be done1 accord+ to its habitual disposition4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #e7 t su* z a man is1 s does ! end appe> to him4 ,accord+ly *>ity is insep>able f its possessor1 :]e t :i* p]ta9s to *>ity _c appe> o!rwise ?an good1 & t is 9 heav51 :]e ,god is se5 9 ,8 ,ess5ce1 :i* is ! v ess5ce ( goodness4 ,!re=e ! *>ity ( heav5 _c be lo/1 :]eas ! *>ity ( ! way c1 because 9 ?is /ate ,god is n se5 9 ,8 ,ess5ce1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passage quot$ speaks f ! po9t ( view ( ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 by ,^: safegu>d+1 ^? :om ,he wills to move are r5d]$ immune f s91 z mu* z ,he wills4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! *>ity :i* c fail by reason ( itself is no true *>ity2 = ?is w\ld be ! case1 7 its love giv5 only = a "t1 & aft]w>ds 7 to cease1 :i* w\ld be inconsi/5t ) true love4 ,if1 h[ev]1 *>ity be lo/ ?r\gh ! *angeabl5ess ( ! subject1 & aga9/ ! purpose ( *>ity includ$ 9 its act1 ?is is n contr>y to true *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! love ( ,god ev] works great ?+s 9 its purpose1 :i* is ess5tial to *>ity2 b x does n always "w great ?+s 9 its act1 on acc\nt ( ! condition ( its subject4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,*>ity by reason ( its act excludes e motive = s9n+4 ,b x happ5s sometimes t *>ity is n act+ actually1 & !n x is possible = a motive to int]v5e = s9n+1 & if we cons5t to ?is motive1 we lose *>ity4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ,*>ity ,is ,lo/ ,?r\gh ,"o ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity is n lo/ ?r\gh "o mortal s94 ,= ,orig5 says 7,p]i ,ar*on i73 ,:5 a man :o has m\nt$ to ! /age ( p]fection1 is satiat$1 ,i d n ?9k t he w become empty or fall away sudd5ly2 b he mu/ ne$s d s gradually & by little & little4 ,b man falls away by los+ *>ity4 ,!re=e *>ity is n lo/ ?r\gh only "o mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,pope ,leo 9 a s]mon on ! ,passion 7lx7 addresses ,pet] ?us3 ,our ,"l saw 9 !e n a conqu]$ fai?1 n an av]t$ love1 b con/ancy %ak54 ,te>s ab\nd$ :]e love nev] fail$1 & ! words utt]$ 9 trepidation 7 wa%$ away by ! f\nt ( *>ity4 ,f ?is ,b]n>d 99,william ( ,/4 ,?i]ry1 ,de ,nat4 et ,dig4 ,amoris4 vi4 drew 8 ass]tion t *>ity 9 ,pet] 0 n qu5*$1 b cool$4 ,b ,pet] s9n$ mortally 9 d5y+ ,*ri/4 ,!re=e *>ity is n lo/ ?r\gh "o mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is /rong] ?an an acquir$ virtue4 ,n[ a habit ( acquir$ virtue is n de/roy$ by "o contr>y s9ful act4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 is *>ity de/roy$ by "o contr>y mortal s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 *>ity d5otes love ( ,god & our neighbor4 ,n[1 seem+ly1 "o may commit a mortal s91 & yet reta9 ! love ( ,god & "o's neighbor2 because an inord9ate affection = ?+s direct$ to ! end1 does n remove ! love = ! end1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #aj74 ,!re=e *>ity t[>ds ,god c endure1 ?\gh !re be a mortal s9 ?r\gh an inord9ate affection = "s temporal good4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( a !ological virtue is ! la/ end4 ,n[ ! o!r !ological virtues1 namely fai? & hope1 are n done away by "o mortal s91 9 fact !y rema9 ?\gh lifeless4 ,!re=e *>ity c rema9 )\t a =m1 ev5 :5 a mortal s9 has be5 committ$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,by mortal s9 man becomes des]v+ ( et]nal dea?1 accord+ to ,rom4 #f3bc3 ,! wages ( s9 is dea?4 ,on ! o!r h& :oev] has *>ity is des]v+ ( et]nal life1 = x is writt5 7,john #ad3ba73 ,he t love? ,me1 %all be lov$ by ,my ,fa!r3 & ,i w love ,him1 & w manife/ ,myself to him1 9 :i* manife/ation ev]la/+ life consi/s1 accord+ to ,john #ag3c3 ,?is is et]nal life2 t !y may "k ,!e ! 4 4 4 true ,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/ ,:om ,?\ ha/ s5t4 ,n[ no man c be wor?y1 at ! same "t1 ( et]nal life & ( et]nal dea?4 ,!re=e x is impossible = a man to h *>ity ) a mortal s94 ,!re=e *>ity is de/roy$ by "o mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,t "o contr>y is remov$ by ! o!r contr>y sup]v5+4 ,n[ e mortal s9 is contr>y to *>ity by its v nature1 :i* consi/s 9 man's lov+ ,god above all ?+s1 & subject+ himself to ,him entirely1 by ref]r+ all t is 8 to ,god4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial to *>ity t man %\ld s love ,god z to wi% to submit to ,him 9 all ?+s1 & always to foll[ ! rule ( ,8 comm&m5ts2 s9ce :atev] is contr>y to ,8 comm&m5ts is manife/ly contr>y to *>ity1 & !re=e by its v nature is capable ( de/roy+ *>ity4 ,if inde$ *>ity 7 an acquir$ habit dep5d5t on ! p[] ( its subject1 x w\ld n necess>ily be remov$ by "o mortal s91 = act is directly contr>y1 n to habit b to act4 ,n[ ! endurance ( a habit 9 its subject does n require ! endurance ( its act1 s t :5 a contr>y act sup]v5es ! acquir$ habit is n at once done away4 ,b *>ity1 be+ an infus$ habit1 dep5ds on ! action ( ,god ,:o infuses x1 ,:o /&s 9 relation to ! infusion & safekeep+ ( *>ity1 z ! sun does to ! diffusion ( light 9 ! air1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #aj1 ,obj4 #c74 ,consequ5tly1 j z ! light w\ld cease at once 9 ! air1 7 an ob/acle plac$ to its be+ lit up by ! sun1 ev5 s *>ity ceases at once to be 9 ! s\l ?r\gh ! plac+ ( an ob/acle to ! outp\r+ ( *>ity by ,god into ! s\l4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ?r\gh e mortal s9 :i* is contr>y to ,god's comm&m5ts1 an ob/acle is plac$ to ! outp\r+ ( *>ity1 s9ce f ! v fact t a man *ooses to pref] s9 to ,god's fri5d%ip1 :i* requires t we %\ld obey ,8 w1 x foll[s t ! habit ( *>ity is lo/ at once ?r\gh "o mortal s94 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #ab7 t man is enlight5$ by ,god's pres5ce1 b he is d>k5$ at once by ,god's abs5ce1 because di/ance f ,him is effect$ n by *ange ( place b by av]sion ( ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is say+ ( ,orig5 may be und]/ood1 9 "o way1 t a man :o is 9 ! /ate ( p]fection1 does n sudd5ly g s f> z to commit a mortal s91 b is dispos$ !reto by "s previ\s neglig5ce1 = :i* reason v5ial s9s are said to be dispositions to mortal s91 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #c74 ,nev]!less he falls1 & loses *>ity ?r\gh ! "o mortal s9 if he commits x4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 he adds3 ,if "s slight slip %\ld occur1 & he recov] himself quickly he does n appe> to fall altoge!r1 we may reply 9 ano!r way1 t :5 he speaks ( a man be+ empti$ & fall+ away altoge!r1 he means "o :o falls s z to s9 ?r\gh malice2 & ?is does n occur 9 a p]fect man all at once4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,*>ity may be lo/ 9 two ways2 fir/1 directly1 by actual contempt1 &1 9 ?is way1 ,pet] did n lose *>ity4 ,secondly1 indirectly1 :5 a s9 is committ$ aga9/ *>ity1 ?r\gh "s passion ( desire or fe>2 x 0 by s9n+ aga9/ *>ity 9 ?is way1 t ,pet] lo/ *>ity2 yet he soon recov]$ x4 ,! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is evid5t f :at has be5 said4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,n e inord9ate affection = ?+s direct$ to ! end1 i4e41 = creat$ goods1 con/itutes a mortal s91 b only su* z is directly contr>y to ! ,div9e w2 & !n ! inord9ate affection is contr>y to *>ity1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,*>ity d5otes union ) ,god1 :]eas fai? & hope d n4 ,n[ e mortal s9 consi/s 9 av]sion f ,god1 z /at$ above 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #ab74 ,consequ5tly e mortal s9 is contr>y to *>ity1 b n to fai? & hope1 b only c]ta9 det]m9ate s9s1 :i* de/roy ! habit ( fai? or ( hope1 ev5 z *>ity is de/roy$ by e moral s94 ,h5ce x is evid5t t *>ity _c rema9 lifeless1 s9ce x is itself ! ultimate =m reg>d+ ,god "u ! aspect ( la/ end z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #h74 ,,"q #be ,,( ,,! ,,object ,,( ,,*>ity 7,,twelve ,,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! object ( *>ity2 :i* consid]ation w be tw(old3 7#a7 ,! ?+s we ought to love out ( *>ity3 7#b7 ,! ord] 9 :i* !y ought to be lov$4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are twelve po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r we %\ld love ,god alone1 out ( *>ity1 or %\ld we love our neighbor also8 7#b7 ,:e!r *>ity %\ld be lov$ out ( *>ity8 7#c7 ,:e!r irrational creatures ought to be lov$ out ( *>ity8 7#d7 ,:e!r "o may love oneself out ( *>ity8 7#e7 ,:e!r "o's own body8 7#f7 ,:e!r s9n]s %\ld be lov$ out ( *>ity8 7#g7 ,:e!r s9n]s love !mselves8 7#h7 ,:e!r we %\ld love our enemies out ( *>ity8 7#i7 ,:e!r we are b\nd to %[ !m tok5s ( fri5d%ip8 7#aj7 ,:e!r we ought to love ! angels out ( *>ity8 7#aa7 ,:e!r we ought to love ! demons8 7#ab7 ,h[ to enum]ate ! ?+s we are b\nd to love out ( *>ity4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,love ( ,*>ity ,/ops at ,god1 or ,ext5ds to ,our ,neighbor8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! love ( *>ity /ops at ,god & does n ext5d to our neighbor4 ,= z we owe ,god love1 s d we owe ,him fe>1 accord+ ,deut4 #aj3ab3 ,& n[ ,israel1 :at do? ! ,"l ?y ,god require ( !e1 b t ?\ fe> 4 4 4 & love ,him8 ,n[ ! fe> ) :i* we fe> man1 & :i* is call$ human fe>1 is di/9ct f ! fe> ) :i* we fe> ,god1 & :i* is ei!r s]vile or filial1 z is evid5t f :at has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e also ! love ) :i* we love ,god1 is di/9ct f ! love ) :i* we love our neighbor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #h7 t to be lov$ is to be honor$4 ,n[ ! honor due to ,god1 :i* is kn[n z latria1 is di/9ct f ! honor due to a creature1 & kn[n z dulia4 ,!re=e aga9 ! love :]e) we love ,god1 is di/9ct f t ) :i* we love our neighbor4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hope begets *>ity1 z a gloss /ates on ,matt4 #a3b4 ,n[ hope is s due to ,god t x is repreh5sible to hope 9 man1 accord+ to ,j]4 #ag3e3 ,curs$ be ! man t tru/e? 9 man4 ,!re=e *>ity is s due to ,god1 z n to ext5d to our neighbor4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,john #d3ba73 ,?is comm&m5t we h f ,god1 t he1 :o love? ,god1 love also 8 bro!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #c7 habits are n diff]5tiat$ except _! acts be ( diff]5t species4 ,= e act ( ! "o species belongs to ! same habit4 ,n[ s9ce ! species ( an act is d]iv$ f its object1 consid]$ "u its =mal aspect1 x foll[s ( necessity t x is specifically ! same act t t5ds to an aspect ( ! object1 & t t5ds to ! object "u t aspect3 ?us x is specifically ! same visual act :]eby we see ! light1 & :]eby we see ! color "u ! aspect ( light4 ,n[ ! aspect "u :i* our neighbor is to be lov$1 is ,god1 s9ce :at we ought to love 9 our neighbor is t he may be 9 ,god4 ,h5ce x is cle> t x is specifically ! same act :]eby we love ,god1 & :]eby we love our neighbor4 ,consequ5tly ! habit ( *>ity ext5ds n only to ! love ( ,god1 b also to ! love ( our neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we may fe> our neighbor1 ev5 z we may love him1 9 two ways3 fir/1 on acc\nt ( some?+ t is prop] to him1 z :5 a man fe>s a tyrant on acc\nt ( 8 cruelty1 or loves him by reason ( 8 own desire to get some?+ f him4 ,su* l human fe> is di/9ct f ! fe> ( ,god1 & ! same applies to love4 ,secondly1 we fe> a man1 or love him on acc\nt ( :at he has ( ,god2 z :5 we fe> ! secul> p[] by reason ( its ex]cis+ ! m9i/ry ( ,god = ! puni%m5t ( evildo]s1 & love x = its ju/ice3 su* l fe> ( man is n di/9ct f fe> ( ,god1 z nei!r is su* l love4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,love reg>ds good 9 g5]al1 :]eas honor reg>ds ! honor$ p]son's own good1 = x is giv5 to a p]son 9 recognition ( 8 own virtue4 ,h5ce love is n diff]5tiat$ specifically on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s degrees ( goodness 9 v>i\s p]sons1 s long z x is ref]r$ to "o good common to all1 :]eas honor is di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! good belong+ to individuals4 ,consequ5tly we love all our neighbors ) ! same love ( *>ity1 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to "o good common to !m all1 :i* is ,god2 :]eas we give v>i\s honors to v>i\s p1 accord+ to ea* "o's own virtue1 & likewise to ,god we give ! s+ul> honor ( latria on acc\nt ( ,8 s+ul> virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is wrong to hope 9 man z ?\gh he 7 ! pr9cipal au?or ( salvation1 b n1 to hope 9 man z help+ u m9i/]ially "u ,god4 ,9 l mann] x w\ld be wrong if a man lov$ 8 neighbor z ?\gh he 7 8 la/ end1 b n1 if he lov$ him = ,god's sake2 & ?is is :at *>ity does4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,we ,%\ld ,love ,*>ity ,out ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity ne$ n be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,= ! ?+s to be lov$ out ( *>ity are conta9$ 9 ! two precepts ( *>ity 7,matt4 #bb3cg-ci73 & nei!r ( !m includes *>ity1 s9ce *>ity is nei!r ,god nor our neighbor4 ,!re=e *>ity ne$ n be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is f\nd$ on ! fell[%ip ( happ9ess1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a74 ,b *>ity _c p>ticipate 9 happ9ess4 ,!re=e *>ity ne$ n be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is a k9d ( fri5d%ip1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a74 ,b no man c h fri5d%ip = *>ity or = an accid5t1 s9ce su* ?+s _c return love = love1 :i* is ess5tial to fri5d%ip1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 viii4 ,!re=e *>ity ne$ n be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 viii1 #h73 ,he t loves 8 neighbor1 mu/1 9 consequ5ce1 love love itself4 ,b we love our neighbor out ( *>ity4 ,!re=e x foll[s t *>ity also is lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,*>ity is love4 ,n[ love1 by reason ( ! nature ( ! p[] ^: act x is1 is capable ( reflect+ on itself2 = s9ce ! object ( ! w is ! univ]sal good1 :atev] has ! aspect ( good1 c be ! object ( an act ( ! w3 & s9ce to w is itself a good1 man c w himself to w4 ,ev5 s ! intellect1 ^: object is ! true1 und]/&s t x und]/&s1 because ?is aga9 is some?+ true4 ,love1 h[ev]1 ev5 by reason ( its own species1 is capable ( reflect+ on itself1 because x is a spontane\s movem5t ( ! lov] t[>ds ! belov$1 :]e=e f ! mom5t a man loves1 he loves himself to love4 ,yet *>ity is n love simply1 b has ! nature ( fri5d%ip1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ by fri5d%ip a ?+ is lov$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 z ! fri5d = :om we h fri5d%ip1 & to :om we wi% good ?+s3 secondly1 z ! good :i* we wi% to a fri5d4 ,x is 9 ! latt] & n 9 ! =m] way t *>ity is lov$ out ( *>ity1 because *>ity is ! good :i* we desire = all ^? :om we love out ( *>ity4 ,! same applies to happ9ess1 & to ! o!r virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god & our neighbor are ^? ) :om we are fri5ds1 b love ( !m includes ! lov+ ( *>ity1 s9ce we love bo? ,god & our neighbor1 9 s f> z we love ourselves & our neighbor to love ,god1 & ?is is to love *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,*>ity is itself ! fell[%ip ( ! spiritual life1 :]eby we arrive at happ9ess3 h5ce x is lov$ z ! good :i* we desire = all :om we love out ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s fri5d%ip z ref]r$ to ^? ) :om we are fri5ds4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,irrational ,creatures ,also ,ought to ,be ,lov$ ,out ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t irrational creatures also ought to be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,= x is *iefly by *>ity t we are con=m$ to ,god4 ,n[ ,god loves irrational creatures out ( *>ity1 = ,he loves all ?+s t are 7,wis4 #aa3be71 & :atev] ,he loves1 ,he loves by ,himself ,:o is *>ity4 ,!re=e we also %\ld love irrational creatures out ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is ref]r$ to ,god pr9cipally1 & ext5ds to o!r ?+s z ref]able to ,god4 ,n[ j z ! rational creature is ref]able to ,god1 9 z mu* z x be>s ! resemblance ( image1 s too1 are ! irrational creatures1 9 z mu* z !y be> ! resemblance ( a trace 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #de1 ,a4 #g4 ,!re=e *>ity ext5ds also to irrational creatures4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z ! object ( *>ity is ,god4 s is ! object ( fai?4 ,n[ fai? ext5ds to irrational creatures1 s9ce we believe t heav5 & e>? 7 creat$ by ,god1 t ! fi%es & birds 7 br\ght =? out ( ! wat]s1 & animals t walk1 & plants1 out ( ! e>?4 ,!re=e *>ity ext5ds also to irrational creatures4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! love ( *>ity ext5ds to none b ,god & our neighbor4 ,b ! ^w neighbor _c be ext5d$ to irrational creatures1 s9ce !y h no fell[%ip ) man 9 ! rational life4 ,!re=e *>ity does n ext5d to irrational creatures4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to :at has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #a7 *>ity is a k9d ( fri5d%ip4 ,n[ ! love ( fri5d%ip is tw(old3 fir/1 !re is ! love = ! fri5d to :om our fri5d%ip is giv51 secondly1 ! love = ^? good ?+s :i* we desire = our fri5d4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/1 no irrational creature c be lov$ out ( *>ity2 & = ?ree reasons4 ,two ( ^! reasons ref] 9 a g5]al way to fri5d%ip1 :i* _c h an irrational creature = its object3 fir/ because fri5d%ip is t[>ds "o to :om we wi% good ?+s1 :ile1 prop]ly speak+1 we _c wi% good ?+s to an irrational creature1 because x is n compet5t1 prop]ly speak+1 to possess good1 ?is be+ prop] to ! rational creature :i*1 ?r\gh its free-w1 is ! ma/] ( its disposal ( ! good x possesses4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #f7 t we d n speak ( good or evil befall+ su* l ?+s1 except metaphorically4 ,secondly1 because all fri5d%ip is bas$ on "s fell[%ip 9 life2 s9ce no?+ is s prop] to fri5d%ip z to live toge!r1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,e?ic4 viii1 #e74 ,n[ irrational creatures c h no fell[%ip 9 human life :i* is regulat$ by reason4 ,h5ce fri5d%ip ) irrational creatures is impossible1 except metaphorically speak+4 ,! ?ird reason is prop] to *>ity1 = *>ity is bas$ on ! fell[%ip ( ev]la/+ happ9ess1 to :i* ! irrational creature _c atta94 ,!re=e we _c h ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity t[>ds an irrational creature4 ,nev]!less we c love irrational creatures out ( *>ity1 if we reg>d !m z ! good ?+s t we desire = o!rs1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z we wi% = _! pres]vation1 to ,god's honor & man's use2 ?us too does ,god love !m out ( *>ity4 ,:]e=e ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection is evid5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! lik5ess by way ( trace does n conf] ! capacity = ev]la/+ life1 :]eas ! lik5ess ( image does3 & s ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,fai? c ext5d to all t is 9 any way true1 :]eas ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity ext5ds only to su* ?+s z h a natural capacity = ev]la/+ life2 :]e=e ! comp>ison fails4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,man ,ought to ,love ,himself ,out ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man is n b\nd to love himself out ( *>ity4 ,= ,gregory says 9 a homily 7,9 ,evang4 xvii7 t !re c be no *>ity betwe5 less ?an two4 ,!re=e no man has *>ity t[>ds himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fri5d%ip1 by its v nature1 implies mutual love & equality 7,e?ic4 viii1 #b1 #g71 :i* _c be ( "o man t[>ds himself4 ,b *>ity is a k9d ( fri5d%ip1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e a man _c h *>ity t[>ds himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 any?+ relat+ to *>ity _c be blamewor?y1 s9ce *>ity deale? n p]v]sely 7#a ,cor4 #bc3d74 ,n[ a man des]ves to be blam$ = lov+ himself1 s9ce x is writt5 7#b ,tim4 #c3a1 #b73 ,9 ! la/ days %all come dang]\s times1 m5 %all be lov]s ( !mselves4 ,!re=e a man _c love himself out ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,lev4 #ai3ah73 ,?\ %alt love ?y fri5d z ?yself4 ,n[ we love our fri5ds out ( *>ity4 ,!re=e we %\ld love ourselves too out ( *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce *>ity is a k9d ( fri5d%ip1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a71 we may consid] *>ity f two /&po9ts3 fir/1 "u ! g5]al notion ( fri5d%ip1 & 9 ?is way we mu/ hold t1 prop]ly speak+1 a man is n a fri5d to himself1 b some?+ m ?an a fri5d1 s9ce fri5d%ip implies union1 = ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t love is a unitive =ce1 :]eas a man is "o ) himself :i* is m ?an be+ unit$ to ano!r4 ,h5ce1 j z unity is ! pr9ciple ( union1 s ! love ) :i* a man loves himself is ! =m & root ( fri5d%ip4 ,= if we h fri5d%ip ) o!rs x is because we d unto !m z we d unto ourselves1 h5ce we read 9 ,e?ic4 ix1 #d1 #h1 t ! orig9 ( fri5dly relations ) o!rs lies 9 our relations to ourselves4 ,?us too ) reg>d to pr9ciples we h some?+ great] ?an sci5ce1 namely und]/&+4 ,secondly1 we may speak ( *>ity 9 respect ( its specific nature1 namely z d5ot+ man's fri5d%ip ) ,god 9 ! fir/ place1 &1 consequ5tly1 ) ! ?+s ( ,god1 among :i* ?+s is man himself :o has *>ity4 ,h5ce1 among ^! o!r ?+s :i* he loves out ( *>ity because !y p]ta9 to ,god1 he loves also himself out ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gregory speaks !re ( *>ity "u ! g5]al notion ( fri5d%ip3 & ! ,second ,objection is to be tak5 9 ! same s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? :o love !mselves are to be blam$1 9 s f> z !y love !mselves z reg>ds _! s5sitive nature1 :i* !y humor4 ,?is is n to love oneself truly accord+ to "o's rational nature1 s z to desire = oneself ! good ?+s :i* p]ta9 to ! p]fection ( reason3 & 9 ?is way *iefly x is ?r\gh *>ity t a man loves himself4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r a ,man ,ought to ,love ,8 ,body ,out ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man ought n to love 8 body out ( *>ity4 ,= we d n love "o ) :om we are unwill+ to associate4 ,b ^? :o h *>ity %un ! society ( ! body1 accord+ to ,rom4 #g3bd3 ,:o %all deliv] me f ! body ( ?is dea?8 & ,phil4 #a3bc3 ,hav+ a desire to be dissolv$ & to be ) ,*ri/4 ,!re=e our bodies are n to be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity is bas$ on fell[%ip 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,god4 ,b ! body c h no %>e 9 t enjoym5t4 ,!re=e ! body is n to be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce *>ity is a k9d ( fri5d%ip x is t[>ds ^? :o are capable ( lov+ 9 return4 ,b our body _c love u out ( *>ity4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bc1 #bf7 t !re are f\r ?+s t we %\ld love out ( *>ity1 & among !m he reckons our own body4 ,i answ] t1 ,our bodies c be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 respect ( _! nature1 secondly1 9 respect ( ! corruption ( s9 & its puni%m5t4 ,n[ ! nature ( our body 0 creat$1 n by an evil pr9ciple1 z ! ,mani*eans pret5d1 b by ,god4 ,h5ce we c use x = ,god's s]vice1 accord+ to ,rom4 #f3ac3 ,pres5t 4 4 4 y\r memb]s z in/rum5ts ( ju/ice unto ,god4 ,consequ5tly1 out ( ! love ( *>ity ) :i* we love ,god1 we ought to love our bodies also1 b we ought n to love ! evil effects ( s9 & ! corruption ( puni%m5t2 we ought r1 by ! desire ( *>ity1 to long = ! removal ( su* ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le did n %r9k f ! society ( 8 body1 z reg>ds ! nature ( ! body1 9 fact 9 ?is respect he 0 lo? to be depriv$ !re(1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #e3d3 ,we w\ld n be unclo!d1 b clo!d ov]4 ,he did1 h[ev]1 wi% to escape f ! ta9t ( concupisc5ce1 :i* rema9s 9 ! body1 & f ! corruption ( ! body :i* weighs d[n ! s\l1 s z to h9d] x f see+ ,god4 ,h5ce he says expressly3 ,f ! body ( ?is dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh our bodies are unable to enjoy ,god by kn[+ & lov+ ,him1 yet by ! works :i* we d ?r\gh ! body1 we are able to atta9 to ! p]fect k ( ,god4 ,h5ce f ! enjoym5t 9 ! s\l !re ov]fl[s a c]ta9 happ9ess into ! body1 viz41 ! flu% ( heal? & incorruption1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,ep4 ad ,dioscor4 cxviii74 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! body has1 9 a fa%ion1 a %>e ( happ9ess1 x c be lov$ ) ! love ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,mutual love is f\nd 9 ! fri5d%ip :i* is = ano!r1 b n 9 t :i* a man has = himself1 ei!r 9 respect ( 8 s\l1 or 9 respect ( 8 body4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,we ,ought to ,love ,s9n]s ,out ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought n to love s9n]s out ( *>ity4 ,= x is writt5 7,ps4 #aah3aac73 ,i h hat$ ! unju/4 ,b ,david _h p]fect *>ity4 ,!re=e s9n]s %\ld be hat$ r ?an lov$1 out ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 love is prov$ by de$s z ,gregory says 9 a homily = ,p5teco/ 7,9 ,evang4 xxx74 ,b good m5 d no works ( ! unju/3 on ! contr>y1 !y d su* z w\ld appe> to be works ( hate1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ajj3h3 ,9 ! morn+ ,i put to dea? all ! wick$ ( ! l&3 & ,god comm&$ 7,ex4 #bb3ah73 ,wiz>ds ?\ %alt n suff] to live4 ,!re=e s9n]s %\ld n be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is "p ( fri5d%ip t "o %\ld desire & wi% good ?+s = "o's fri5ds4 ,n[ ! sa9ts1 out ( *>ity1 desire evil ?+s = ! wick$1 accord+ to ,ps4 #i3ah3 ,may ! wick$ be turn$ into hell 99,d\ay & ,a4 ,v43 ',! wick$ %all be1' etc4 ,see ,reply to ?is ,objection44 ,!re=e s9n]s %\ld n be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is prop] to fri5ds to rejoice 91 & w ! same ?+s4 ,n[ *>ity does n make u w :at s9n]s w1 nor to rejoice 9 :at gives !m joy1 b r ! contr>y4 ,!re=e s9n]s %\ld n be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x is prop] to fri5ds to associate toge!r1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 viii4 ,b we ought n to associate ) s9n]s1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #f3ag3 ,g ye out f among !m4 ,!re=e we %\ld n love s9n]s out ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #cj7 t :5 x is said3 ',?\ %alt love ?y neighbor1' x is evid5t t we ought to look ^u e man z our neighbor4 ,n[ s9n]s d n cease to be m51 = s9 does n de/roy nature4 ,!re=e we ought to love s9n]s out ( *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s may be consid]$ 9 ! s9n]3 8 nature & 8 guilt4 ,accord+ to 8 nature1 :i* he has f ,god1 he has a capacity = happ9ess1 on ! fell[%ip ( :i* *>ity is bas$1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c2 ,q4 #bc1 ,,aa4 #a1 #e71 :]e=e we ought to love s9n]s1 out ( *>ity1 9 respect ( _! nature4 ,on ! o!r h& _! guilt is oppos$ to ,god1 & is an ob/acle to happ9ess4 ,:]e=e1 9 respect ( _! guilt :]eby !y are oppos$ to ,god1 all s9n]s are to be hat$1 ev5 "o's fa!r or "m or k9dr$1 accord+ to ,luke #ab3bf4 ,= x is our duty to hate1 9 ! s9n]1 8 be+ a s9n]1 & to love 9 him1 8 be+ a man capable ( bliss2 & ?is is to love him truly1 out ( *>ity1 = ,god's sake4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! prophet hat$ ! unju/1 z su*1 & ! object ( 8 hate 0 _! inju/ice1 :i* 0 _! evil4 ,su* hatr$ is p]fect1 ( :i* he himself says 7,ps4 #ach3bb73 ,i h hat$ !m ) a p]fect hatr$4 ,n[ hatr$ ( a p]son's evil is equival5t to love ( 8 good4 ,h5ce also ?is p]fect hatr$ belongs to *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 ix1 #c71 :5 our fri5ds fall into s91 we ought n to d5y !m ! am5ities ( fri5d%ip1 s long z !re is hope ( _! m5d+ _! ways1 & we ought to help !m m readily to rega9 virtue ?an to recov] money1 _h !y lo/ x1 = z mu* z virtue is m ak9 ?an money to fri5d%ip4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y fall into v great wick$ness1 & become incurable1 we ought no long] to %[ !m fri5dl9ess4 ,x is = ?is reason t bo? ,div9e & human laws comm& su* l s9n]s to be put to dea?1 because !re is great] likelihood ( _! h>m+ o!rs ?an ( _! m5d+ _! ways4 ,nev]!less ! judge puts ?is into effect1 n out ( hatr$ = ! s9n]s1 b out ( ! love ( *>ity1 by reason ( :i* he pref]s ! public good to ! life ( ! individual4 ,moreov] ! dea? inflict$ by ! judge pr(its ! s9n]1 if he be conv]t$1 unto ! expiation ( 8 crime2 &1 if he be n conv]t$1 x pr(its s z to put an end to ! s91 because ! s9n] is ?us depriv$ ( ! p[] to s9 any m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,su* l imprecations :i* we come across 9 ,holy ,writ1 may be und]/ood 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 by way ( pr$iction1 n by way ( wi%1 s t ! s5se is3 ,may ! wick$ be1 t is1 ,! wick$ %all be1 turn$ into hell4 ,secondly1 by way ( wi%1 yet s t ! desire ( ! wi%] is n ref]r$ to ! man's puni%m5t1 b to ! ju/ice ( ! puni%]1 accord+ to ,ps4 #eg3aa3 ,! j %all rejoice :5 he %all see ! rev5ge1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,wis4 #a3ac1 n ev5 ,god ha? pleasure 9 ! de/ruction ( ! wick$ ,vulg43 'liv+' :5 ,he puni%es !m1 b ,he rejoices 9 ,8 ju/ice1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aj3h3 ,! ,"l is j & ha? lov$ ju/ice4 ,?irdly1 s t ?is desire is ref]r$ to ! removal ( ! s91 & n to ! puni%m5t itself1 to ! effect1 namely1 t ! s9 be de/roy$1 b t ! man may live4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,we love s9n]s out ( *>ity1 n s z to w :at !y w1 or to rejoice 9 :at gives !m joy1 b s z to make !m w :at we w1 & rejoice 9 :at rejoices u4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,j]4 #ae3ai73 ,!y %all be turn$ to !e1 & ?\ %alt n to be turn$ to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! weak %\ld avoid associat+ ) s9n]s1 on acc\nt ( ! dang] 9 :i* !y /& ( be+ p]v]t$ by !m4 ,b x is comm5dable = ! p]fect1 ( ^: p]v]sion !re is no fe>1 to associate ) s9n]s t !y may conv]t !m4 ,= ?us did ,our ,"l eat & dr9k ) s9n]s z relat$ by ,matt4 #i3aa-ac4 ,yet all %\ld avoid ! society ( s9n]s1 z reg>ds fell[%ip 9 s92 9 ?is s5se x is writt5 7#b ,cor4 #f3ag73 ,g out f among !m 4 4 4 & t\* n ! unclean ?+1 i4e4 by cons5t+ to s94 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,s9n]s ,love ,!mselves8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9n]s love !mselves4 ,= t :i* is ! pr9ciple ( s91 is mo/ ( all 9 ! s9n]4 ,n[ love ( self is ! pr9ciple ( s91 s9ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #bh7 t x builds up ! city ( ,babylon4 ,!re=e s9n]s mo/ ( all love !mselves4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9 does n de/roy nature4 ,n[ x is 9 keep+ ) nature t e man %\ld love himself3 :]e=e ev5 irrational creatures naturally desire _! own good1 = in/ance1 ! pres]vation ( _! be+1 & s =?4 ,!re=e s9n]s love !mselves4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 good is belov$ by all1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,n[ _m s9n]s reckon !mselves to be good4 ,!re=e _m s9n]s love !mselves4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #aj3f73 ,he t love? iniquity1 hate? 8 own s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,love ( self is common to all1 9 "o way2 9 ano!r way x is prop] to ! good2 9 a ?ird way1 x is prop] to ! wick$4 ,= x is common to all = ea* "o to love :at he ?9ks himself to be4 ,n[ a man is said to be a ?+1 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 respect ( 8 sub/ance & nature1 &1 ?is way all ?9k !mselves to be :at !y are1 t is1 compos$ ( a s\l & body4 ,9 ?is way too1 all m51 bo? good & wick$1 love !mselves1 9 s f> z !y love _! own pres]vation4 ,secondly1 a man is said to be some?+ 9 respect ( "s pr$om9ance1 z ! sov]eign ( a /ate is spok5 ( z be+ ! /ate1 & s1 :at ! sov]eign does1 ! /ate is said to d4 ,9 ?is way1 all d n ?9k !mselves to be :at !y are4 ,= ! reason+ m9d is ! pr$om9ant "p ( man1 :ile ! s5sitive & corporeal nature takes ! second place1 ! =m] ( :i* ! ,apo/le calls ! inw>d man1 & ! latt]1 ! outw>d man 7#b ,cor4 #d3af74 ,n[ ! good look ^u _! rational nature or ! inw>d man z be+ ! *ief ?+ 9 !m1 :]e=e 9 ?is way !y ?9k !mselves to be :at !y are4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wick$ reckon _! s5sitive & corporeal nature1 or ! outw>d man1 to hold ! fir/ place4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce !y "k n !mselves aright1 !y d n love !mselves aright1 b love :at !y ?9k !mselves to be4 ,b ! good "k !mselves truly1 & !re=e truly love !mselves4 ,! ,philosoph] proves ?is f five ?+s t are prop] to fri5d%ip4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 e fri5d wi%es 8 fri5d to be & to live2 secondly1 he desires good ?+s = him2 ?irdly1 he does good ?+s to him2 f\r?ly1 he takes pleasure 9 8 company2 fif?ly1 he is ( "o m9d ) him1 rejoic+ & sorr[+ 9 almo/ ! same ?+s4 ,9 ?is way ! good love !mselves1 z to ! inw>d man1 because !y wi% ! pres]vation !re( 9 its integrity1 !y desire good ?+s = him1 namely spiritual goods1 inde$ !y d _! be/ to obta9 !m1 & !y take pleasure 9 ent]+ into _! own he>ts1 because !y f9d !re good ?\ghts 9 ! pres5t1 ! memory ( pa/ good1 & ! hope ( future good1 all ( :i* are s\rces ( pleasure4 ,likewise !y exp]i5ce no cla%+ ( wills1 s9ce _! :ole s\l t5ds to "o ?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wick$ h no wi% to be pres]v$ 9 ! integrity ( ! inw>d man1 nor d !y desire spiritual goods = him1 nor d !y "w = t end1 nor d !y take pleasure 9 _! own company by ent]+ into _! own he>ts1 because :atev] !y f9d !re1 pres5t1 pa/ & future1 is evil & horrible2 nor d !y agree ) !mselves1 on acc\nt ( ! gnaw+s ( consci5ce1 accord+ to ,ps4 #di3ba3 ,i w reprove !e & set be=e ?y face4 ,9 ! same mann] x may be %[n t ! wick$ love !mselves1 z reg>ds ! corruption ( ! outw>d man1 :]eas ! good d n love !mselves ?us4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! love ( self :i* is ! pr9ciple ( s9 is t :i* is prop] to ! wick$1 & rea*es to ! contempt ( ,god1 z /at$ 9 ! passage quot$1 because ! wick$ s desire ext]nal goods z to despise spiritual goods4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh natural love is n altoge!r =feit$ by wick$ m51 yet x is p]v]t$ 9 !m1 z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! wick$ h "s %>e ( self-love1 9 s f> z !y ?9k !mselves good4 ,yet su* love ( self is n true b app>5t3 & ev5 ?is is n possible 9 ^? :o are v wick$4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,*>ity ,requires ,t ,we ,%\ld ,love ,our ,enemies8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity does n require u to love our enemies4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion lxxiii7 t ?is great good1 namely1 ! love ( our enemies1 is n s univ]sal 9 its application1 z ! object ( our petition :5 we say3 ,=give u our trespasses4 ,n[ no "o is =giv5 s9 )\t he h *>ity1 because1 accord+ to ,prov4 #aj3ab1 *>ity cov]e? all s9s4 ,!re=e *>ity does n require t we %\ld love our enemies4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *>ity does n d away ) nature4 ,n[ ev]y?+1 ev5 an irrational be+1 naturally hates its contr>y1 z a lamb hates a wolf1 & wat] fire4 ,!re=e *>ity does n make u love our enemies4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity do? no?+ p]v]sely 7#a ,cor4 #ac3d74 ,n[ x seems p]v]se to love "o's enemies1 z x w\ld be to hate "o's fri5ds3 h5ce ,joab upbraid$ ,david by say+ 7#b ,k+s #ai3f73 ,?\ love/ !m t hate !e1 & ?\ hate/ !m t love !e4 ,!re=e *>ity does n make u love our enemies4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #d3dd73 ,love y\r enemies4 ,i answ] t1 ,love ( "o's enemies may be und]/ood 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 z ?\gh we 7 to love our enemies z su*3 ?is is p]v]se1 & contr>y to *>ity1 s9ce x implies love ( t :i* is evil 9 ano!r4 ,secondly love ( "o's enemies may mean t we love !m z to _! nature1 b 9 g5]al3 & 9 ?is s5se *>ity requires t we %\ld love our enemies1 namely1 t 9 lov+ ,god & our neighbor1 we %\ld n exclude our enemies f ! love giv5 to our neighbor 9 g5]al4 ,?irdly1 love ( "o's enemies may be consid]$ z specially direct$ to !m1 namely1 t we %\ld h a special movem5t ( love t[>ds our enemies4 ,*>ity does n require ?is absolutely1 because x does n require t we %\ld h a special movem5t ( love to e individual man1 s9ce ?is w\ld be impossible4 ,nev]!less *>ity does require ?is1 9 respect ( our be+ prep>$ 9 m9d1 namely1 t we %\ld be ready to love our enemies individually1 if ! necessity 7 to occur4 ,t man %\ld actually d s1 & love 8 enemy = ,god's sake1 )\t x be+ necess>y = him to d s1 belongs to ! p]fection ( *>ity4 ,= s9ce man loves 8 neighbor1 out ( *>ity1 = ,god's sake1 ! m he loves ,god1 ! m does he put enmities aside & %[ love t[>ds 8 neighbor3 ?us if we lov$ a c]ta9 man v mu*1 we w\ld love 8 *ildr5 ?\gh !y 7 unfri5dly t[>ds u4 ,?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ,augu/9e speaks 9 ! passage quot$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,objection1 ! ,reply to :i* is !re=e evid5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev]y?+ naturally hates its contr>y z su*4 ,n[ our enemies are contr>y to u1 z enemies1 :]e=e ?is itself %\ld be hateful to u1 = _! enmity %\ld displease u4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 contr>y to u1 z m5 & capable ( happ9ess3 & x is z su* t we are b\nd to love !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is wrong to love "o's enemies z su*3 *>ity does n d ?is1 z /at$ above4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,x ,is ,necess>y = ,salvation ,t ,we ,%\ld ,%[ ,our ,enemies ! ,signs & ,effects ( ,love8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *>ity dem&s ( a man to %[ 8 enemy ! signs or effects ( love4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3ah73 ,let u n love 9 ^w nor 9 tongue1 b 9 de$ & 9 tru?4 ,n[ a man loves 9 de$ by %[+ ! "o he loves signs & effects ( love4 ,!re=e *>ity requires t a man %[ 8 enemies su* signs & effects ( love4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,our ,"l said 9 ! same brea? 7,matt4 #e3dd73 ,love y\r enemies1 &1 ,d good to !m t hate y4 ,n[ *>ity dem&s t we love our enemies4 ,!re=e x dem&s also t we %\ld d good to !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 n only ,god b also our neighbor is ! object ( *>ity4 ,n[ ,gregory says 9 a homily = ,p5teco/ 7,9 ,evang4 xxx71 t love ( ,god _c be idle = :]ev] x is x does great ?+s1 & if x ceases to "w1 x is no long] love4 ,h5ce *>ity t[>ds our neighbor _c be )\t produc+ works4 ,b *>ity requires u to love our neighbor )\t exception1 ?\gh he be an enemy4 ,!re=e *>ity requires u to %[ ! signs & effects ( love t[>ds our enemies4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,matt4 #e3dd1 ,d good to !m t hate y1 says3 ,to d good to "o's enemies is ! height ( p]fection 99,augu/9e1 ,en*iridion lxxiii4 ,n[ *>ity does n require u to d t :i* belongs to its p]fection4 ,!re=e *>ity does n require u to %[ ! signs & effects ( love to our enemies4 ,i answ] t1 ,! effects & signs ( *>ity are ! result ( inw>d love1 & are 9 proportion ) x4 ,n[ x is absolutely necess>y1 = ! fulfilm5t ( ! precept1 t we %\ld inw>dly love our enemies 9 g5]al1 b n individually1 except z reg>ds ! m9d be+ prep>$ to d s1 z expla9$ above 7,a4 #h74 ,we mu/ accord+ly apply ?is to ! %[+ ( ! effects & signs ( love4 ,= "s ( ! signs & favors ( love are %[n to our neighbors 9 g5]al1 z :5 we pray = all ! fai?ful1 or = a :ole p1 or :5 anyone be/[s a favor on a :ole community3 & ! fulfilm5t ( ! precept requires t we %\ld %[ su* l favors or signs ( love t[>ds our enemies4 ,= if we did n s1 x w\ld be a pro( ( v5geful spite1 & contr>y to :at is writt5 7,lev4 #ai3ah73 ,seek n rev5ge1 nor be m9dful ( ! injury ( ?y citiz5s4 ,b !re are o!r favors or signs ( love1 :i* "o %[s to c]ta9 p]sons 9 p>ticul>3 & x is n necess>y = salvation t we %[ our enemies su* l favors & signs ( love1 except z reg>ds be+ ready 9 our m9ds1 = in/ance to come to _! assi/ance 9 a case ( urg5cy1 accord+ to ,prov4 #be3ba3 ,if ?y enemy be hungry1 give him to eat2 if he ?ir/1 give him 4 4 4 dr9k4 ,outside cases ( urg5cy1 to %[ su* l favors to an enemy belongs to ! p]fection ( *>ity1 :]eby we n only bew>e1 z 9 duty b\nd1 ( be+ ov]come by evil1 b also wi% to ov]come evil by good 99,rom4 #ab3ba1 :i* belongs to p]fection3 = !n we n only bew>e ( be+ drawn into hatr$ on acc\nt ( ! hurt done to u1 b purpose to induce our enemy to love u on acc\nt ( our k9dl9ess4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,we ,ought to ,love ! ,angels ,out ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we are n b\nd to love ! angels out ( *>ity4 ,=1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i71 *>ity is a tw(old love3 ! love ( ,god & ( our neighbor4 ,n[ love ( ! angels is n conta9$ 9 ! love ( ,god1 s9ce !y are creat$ sub/ances2 nor is x1 seem+ly1 conta9$ 9 ! love ( our neighbor1 s9ce !y d n belong ) u to a common species4 ,!re=e we are n b\nd to love !m out ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 dumb animals h m 9 common ) u ?an ! angels h1 s9ce !y belong to ! same proximate g5us z we d4 ,b we h n *>ity t[>ds dumb animals1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 h we t[>ds ! angels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is s prop] to fri5ds z companion%ip ) "o ano!r 7,e?ic4 viii1 #e74 ,b ! angels are n our companions2 we _c ev5 see !m4 ,!re=e we are unable to give !m ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #cj73 ,if ! "n ( neighbor is giv5 ei!r to ^? :om we pity1 or to ^? :o pity u1 x is evid5t t ! precept b9d+ u to love our neighbor includes also ! holy angels f :om we receive _m m]ciful favors4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a71 ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity is f\nd$ ^u ! fell[%ip ( ev]la/+ happ9ess1 9 :i* m5 %>e 9 common ) ! angels4 ,= x is writt5 7,matt4 #bb3cj7 t 9 ! resurrection 4 4 4 m5 %all be z ! angels ( ,god 9 heav54 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity ext5ds also to ! angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our neighbor is n only "o :o is unit$ to u 9 a common species1 b also "o :o is unit$ to u by %>+ 9 ! bless+s p]ta9+ to ev]la/+ life1 & x is on ! latt] fell[%ip t ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity is f\nd$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,dumb animals are unit$ to u 9 ! proximate g5us1 by reason ( _! s5sitive nature2 :]eas we are p>tak]s ( ev]la/+ happ9ess1 by reason n ( our s5sitive nature b ( our rational m9d :]e9 we associate ) ! angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! companion%ip ( ! angels does n consi/ 9 outw>d fell[%ip1 :i* we h 9 respect ( our s5sitive nature2 x consi/s 9 a fell[%ip ( ! m9d1 imp]fect inde$ 9 ?is life1 b p]fect 9 heav51 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,,elev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ,we ,are ,b\nd to ,love ! ,demons ,out ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought to love ! demons out ( *>ity4 ,= ! angels are our neighbors by reason ( _! fell[%ip ) u 9 a rational m9d4 ,b ! demons also %>e 9 our fell[%ip ?us1 s9ce natural gifts1 su* z life & und]/&+1 rema9 9 !m unimpair$1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e we ought to love ! demons out ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! demons diff] f ! bless$ angels 9 ! matt] ( s91 ev5 z s9n]s f j m54 ,n[ ! j man loves ! s9n] out ( *>ity4 ,!re=e he ought to love ! demons also out ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we ought1 out ( *>ity1 to love1 z be+ our neighbors1 ^? f :om we receive favors1 z appe>s f ! passage ( ,augu/9e quot$ above 7,a4 #i74 ,n[ ! demons are useful to u 9 _m ?+s1 = by tempt+ u !y "w cr[ns = u1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #ag74 ,!re=e we ought to love ! demons out ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,isa4 #bh3ah73 ,y\r league ) dea? %all be aboli%$1 & y\r cov5ant ) hell %all n /&4 ,n[ ! p]fection ( a peace & cov5ant is ?r\gh *>ity4 ,!re=e we ought n to h *>ity = ! demons :o live 9 hell & compass dea?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #f71 9 ! s9n]1 we are b\nd1 out ( *>ity1 to love 8 nature1 b to hate 8 s94 ,b ! "n ( demon is giv5 to designate a nature de=m$ by s91 :]e=e demons %\ld n be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,)\t h[ev] lay+ /ress on ! ^w1 ! "q z to :e!r ! spirits call$ demons ought to be lov$ out ( *>ity1 mu/ be answ]$ 9 accordance ) ! /atem5t made above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c71 t a ?+ may be lov$ out ( *>ity 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 a ?+ may be lov$ z ! p]son :o is ! object ( fri5d%ip1 & ?us we _c h ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity t[>ds ! demons4 ,= x is an ess5tial "p ( fri5d%ip t "o %\ld be a well-wi%] t[>ds "o's fri5d2 & x is impossible = u1 out ( *>ity1 to desire ! good ( ev]la/+ life1 to :i* *>ity is ref]r$1 = ^? spirits :om ,god has condemn$ et]nally1 s9ce ?is w\ld be 9 opposition to our *>ity t[>ds ,god :]eby we approve ( ,8 ju/ice4 ,secondly1 we love a ?+ z be+ t :i* we desire to be endur+ z ano!r's good4 ,9 ?is way we love irrational creatures out ( *>ity1 9 z mu* z we wi% !m to endure1 to give glory to ,god & be useful to man1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c73 & 9 ?is way too we c love ! nature ( ! demons ev5 out ( *>ity1 9 z mu* z we desire ^? spirits to endure1 z to _! natural gifts1 unto ,god's glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! possession ( ev]la/+ happ9ess is n impossible = ! angelic m9d z x is = ! m9d ( a demon2 consequ5tly ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity :i* is bas$ on ! fell[%ip ( ev]la/+ life1 r ?an on ! fell[%ip ( nature1 is possible t[>ds ! angels1 b n t[>ds ! demons4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ?is life1 m5 :o are 9 s9 reta9 ! possibility ( obta9+ ev]la/+ happ9ess3 n s ^? :o are lo/ 9 hell1 :o1 9 ?is respect1 are 9 ! same case z ! demons4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t ! demons are useful to u is due n to _! int5tion b to ! ord]+ ( ,div9e provid5ce2 h5ce ?is leads u to be fri5ds1 n ) !m1 b ) ,god1 ,:o turns _! p]v]se int5tion to our pr(it4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ,f\r ,?+s ,are ,rightly ,reckon$ ,z to ,be ,lov$ ,out ( ,*>ity1 ,viz4 ,god1 ,our ,neighbor1 ,our ,body & ,ourselves8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ^! f\r ?+s are n rightly reckon$ z to be lov$ out ( *>ity1 to wit3 ,god1 our neighbor1 our body1 & ourselves4 ,=1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,tract4 sup] ,joan4 lxxxiii71 he t love? n ,god1 love? n himself4 ,h5ce love ( oneself is includ$ 9 ! love ( ,god4 ,!re=e love ( oneself is n di/9ct f ! love ( ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a "p ought n to be condivid$ ) ! :ole4 ,b our body is "p ( ourselves4 ,!re=e x ought n to be condivid$ ) ourselves z a di/9ct object ( love4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z a man has a body1 s has 8 neighbor4 ,s9ce !n ! love ) :i* a man loves 8 neighbor1 is di/9ct f ! love ) :i* a man loves himself1 s ! love ) :i* a man loves 8 neighbor's body1 ought to be di/9ct f ! love ) :i* he loves 8 own body4 ,!re=e ^! f\r ?+s are n rightly di/+ui%$ z objects to be lov$ out ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bc73 ,!re are f\r ?+s to be lov$2 "o :i* is above u1 namely ,god1 ano!r1 :i* is ourselves1 a ?ird :i* is nigh to u1 namely our neighbor1 & a f\r? :i* is b5ea? u1 namely our own body4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,,aa4 #a1 #e71 ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity is bas$ on ! fell[%ip ( happ9ess4 ,n[1 9 ?is fell[%ip1 "o ?+ is consid]$ z ! pr9ciple f :i* happ9ess fl[s1 namely ,god2 a second is t :i* directly p>takes ( happ9ess1 namely m5 & angels2 a ?ird is a ?+ to :i* happ9ess comes by a k9d ( ov]fl[1 namely ! human body4 ,n[ ! s\rce f :i* happ9ess fl[s is lovable by reason ( its be+ ! cause ( happ9ess3 t :i* is a p>tak] ( happ9ess1 c be an object ( love = two reasons1 ei!r ?r\gh be+ id5tifi$ ) ourselves1 or ?r\gh be+ associat$ ) u 9 p>tak+ ( happ9ess1 & 9 ?is respect1 !re are two ?+s to be lov$ out ( *>ity1 9 z mu* z man loves bo? himself & 8 neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! diff]5t relations betwe5 a lov] & ! v>i\s ?+s lov$ make a diff]5t k9d ( lovabl5ess4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ! relation betwe5 ! human lov] & ,god is diff]5t f 8 relation to himself1 ^! two are reckon$ z di/9ct objects ( love1 = ! love ( ! "o is ! cause ( ! love ( ! o!r1 s t ! =m] love be+ remov$ ! latt] is tak5 away4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! subject ( *>ity is ! rational m9d t c be capable ( obta9+ happ9ess1 to :i* ! body does n rea* directly1 b only by a k9d ( ov]fl[4 ,h5ce1 by 8 reasonable m9d :i* holds ! fir/ place 9 him1 man1 out ( *>ity1 loves himself 9 "o way1 & 8 own body 9 ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man loves 8 neighbor1 bo? z to 8 s\l & z to 8 body1 by reason ( a c]ta9 fell[%ip 9 happ9ess4 ,:]e=e1 on ! "p ( 8 neighbor1 !re is only "o reason = lov+ him2 & our neighbor's body is n reckon$ z a special object ( love4 ,,"q #bf ,,( ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,*>ity 7,9 ,?irte5 ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! ord] ( *>ity1 "u :i* head !re are ?irte5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is an ord] 9 *>ity8 7#b7 ,:e!r man ought to love ,god m ?an 8 neighbor8 7#c7 ,:e!r m ?an himself8 7#d7 ,:e!r he ought to love himself m ?an 8 neighbor8 7#e7 ,:e!r man ought to love 8 neighbor m ?an 8 own body8 7#f7 ,:e!r he ought to love "o neighbor m ?an ano!r8 7#g7 ,:e!r he ought to love m1 a neighbor :o is bett]1 or "o :o is m closely unit$ to him8 7#h7 ,:e!r he ought to love m1 "o :o is ak9 to him by blood1 or "o :o is unit$ to him by o!r ties8 7#i7 ,:e!r1 out ( *>ity1 a man ought to love 8 son m ?an 8 fa!r8 7#aj7 ,:e!r he ought to love 8 "m m ?an 8 fa!r8 7#aa7 ,:e!r he ought to love 8 wife m ?an 8 fa!r or "m8 7#ab7 ,:e!r we ought to love ^? :o are k9d to u m ?an ^? :om we are k9d to8 7#ac7 ,:e!r ! ord] ( *>ity endures 9 heav58 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,ord] 9 ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no ord] 9 *>ity4 ,= *>ity is a virtue4 ,b no ord] is assign$ to ! o!r virtues4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 %\ld any ord] be assign$ to *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z ! object ( fai? is ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 s is ! object ( *>ity ! ,sov]eign ,good4 ,n[ no ord] is appo9t$ = fai?1 b all ?+s are believ$ equally4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 ought !re to be any ord] 9 *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is 9 ! w3 :]eas ord]+ belongs1 n to ! w1 b to ! reason4 ,!re=e no ord] %\ld be ascrib$ to *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,cant #b3d73 ,he br\ght me into ! cell> ( w9e1 he set 9 ord] *>ity 9 me4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #af71 ! t]ms be=e & aft] are us$ 9 ref]5ce to "s pr9ciple4 ,n[ ord] implies t c]ta9 ?+s are1 9 "s way1 be=e or aft]4 ,h5ce :]ev] !re is a pr9ciple1 !re mu/ ne$s be also ord] ( "s k9d4 ,b x has be5 said above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #be1 ,a4 #ab7 t ! love ( *>ity t5ds to ,god z to ! pr9ciple ( happ9ess1 on ! fell[%ip ( :i* ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity is bas$4 ,consequ5tly !re mu/ ne$s be "s ord] 9 ?+s lov$ out ( *>ity1 :i* ord] is 9 ref]5ce to ! fir/ pr9ciple ( t love1 :i* is ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*>ity t5ds t[>ds ! la/ end consid]$ z la/ end3 & ?is does n apply to any o!r virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #f74 ,n[ ! end has ! "* ( pr9ciple 9 matt]s ( appetite & action1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #g1 ad #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,:]e=e *>ity1 above all1 implies relation to ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple1 & consequ5tly1 9 *>ity above all1 we f9d an ord] 9 ref]5ce to ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fai? p]ta9s to ! cognitive p[]1 ^: op]ation dep5ds on ! ?+ kn[n be+ 9 ! kn[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 *>ity is 9 an appetitive p[]1 ^: op]ation consi/s 9 ! s\l t5d+ to ?+s !mselves4 ,n[ ord] is to be f\nd 9 ?+s !mselves1 & fl[s f !m into our k4 ,h5ce ord] is m appropriate to *>ity ?an to fai?4 ,& yet !re is a c]ta9 ord] 9 fai?1 9 s f> z x is *iefly ab\t ,god1 & second>ily ab\t ?+s ref]r$ to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ord] belongs to reason z ! faculty t ord]s1 & to ! appetitive p[] z to ! faculty :i* is ord]$4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ord] is /at$ to be 9 *>ity4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,ought to ,be ,lov$ ,m ,?an ,our ,neighbor8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god ought n to be lov$ m ?an our neighbor4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,john #d3bj73 ,he t love? n 8 bro!r :om he see?1 h[ c he love ,god1 ,:om he see? n8 ,:5ce x seems to foll[ t ! m a ?+ is visible ! m lovable x is1 s9ce lov+ beg9s ) see+1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ix1 #e1 #ab4 ,n[ ,god is less visible ?an our neighbor4 ,!re=e ,he is less lovable1 out ( *>ity1 ?an our neighbor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 lik5ess causes love1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ac3ai3 ,e bea/ love? its l4 ,n[ man be>s m lik5ess to 8 neighbor ?an to ,god4 ,!re=e man loves 8 neighbor1 out ( *>ity1 m ?an he loves ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at *>ity loves 9 a neighbor1 is ,god1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bb1 #bg74 ,n[ ,god is n great] 9 ,himself ?an ,he is 9 our neighbor4 ,!re=e ,he is n m to be lov$ 9 ,himself ?an 9 our neighbor4 ,!re=e we ought n to love ,god m ?an our neighbor4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a ?+ ought to be lov$ m1 if o!rs ought to be hat$ on its acc\nt4 ,n[ we ought to hate our neighbor = ,god's sake1 if1 to wit1 he leads u a/ray f ,god1 accord+ to ,luke #ad3bf3 ,if any man come to ,me & hate n 8 fa!r1 & "m1 & wife1 end *ildr51 & bre?r51 & si/]s 4 4 4 he _c be ,my disciple4 ,!re=e we ought to love ,god1 out ( *>ity1 m ?an our neighbor4 ,i answ] t1 ,ea* k9d ( fri5d%ip reg>ds *iefly ! subject 9 :i* we *iefly f9d ! good on ! fell[%ip ( :i* t fri5d%ip is bas$3 ?us civil fri5d%ip reg>ds *iefly ! rul] ( ! /ate1 on :om ! entire common good ( ! /ate dep5ds2 h5ce to him be=e all1 ! citiz5s owe fidelity & ob$i5ce4 ,n[ ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity is bas$ on ! fell[%ip ( happ9ess1 :i* consi/s ess5tially 9 ,god1 z ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple1 :5ce x fl[s to all :o are capable ( happ9ess4 ,!re=e ,god ought to be lov$ *iefly & be=e all out ( *>ity3 = ,he is lov$ z ! cause ( happ9ess1 :]eas our neighbor is lov$ z receiv+ toge!r ) u a %>e ( happ9ess f ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a ?+ is a cause ( love 9 two ways3 fir/1 z be+ ! reason = lov+4 ,9 ?is way good is ! cause ( love1 s9ce ea* ?+ is lov$ accord+ to its measure ( goodness4 ,secondly1 a ?+ causes love1 z be+ a way to acquire love4 ,x is 9 ?is way t see+ is ! cause ( lov+1 n z ?\gh a ?+ 7 lovable accord+ z x is visible1 b because by see+ a ?+ we are l$ to love x4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t :at is m visible is m lovable1 b t z an object ( love we meet ) x be=e o!rs3 & t is ! s5se ( ! ,apo/le's argum5t4 ,=1 s9ce our neighbor is m visible to u1 he is ! fir/ lovable object we meet )1 because ! s\l le>ns1 f ^? ?+s x kn[s1 to love :at x kn[s n1 z ,gregory says 9 a homily 7,9 ,evang4 xi74 ,h5ce x c be argu$ t1 if any man loves n 8 neighbor1 nei!r does he love ,god1 n because 8 neighbor is m lovable1 b because he is ! fir/ ?+ to dem& our love3 & ,god is m lovable by reason ( ,8 great] goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! lik5ess we h to ,god prec$es & causes ! lik5ess we h to our neighbor3 because f ! v fact t we %>e along ) our neighbor 9 some?+ receiv$ f ,god1 we become l to our neighbor4 ,h5ce by reason ( ?is lik5ess we ought to love ,god m ?an we love our neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,consid]$ 9 ,8 sub/ance1 ,god is equally 9 all1 9 :omsoev] ,he may be1 = ,he is n less5$ by be+ 9 any?+4 ,& yet our neighbor does n possess ,god's goodness equally ) ,god1 = ,god has x ess5tially1 & our neighbor by p>ticipation4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,out ( ,*>ity1 ,man ,is ,b\nd to ,love ,god ,m ,?an ,himself8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man is n b\nd1 out ( *>ity1 to love ,god m ?an himself4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #h7 t a man's fri5dly relations ) o!rs arise f 8 fri5dly relations ) himself4 ,n[ ! cause is /rong] ?an its effect4 ,!re=e man's fri5d%ip t[>ds himself is great] ?an 8 fri5d%ip = anyone else4 ,!re=e he ought to love himself m ?an ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o loves a ?+ 9 s f> z x is "o's own good4 ,n[ ! reason = lov+ a ?+ is m lov$ ?an ! ?+ itself :i* is lov$ = t reason1 ev5 z ! pr9ciples :i* are ! reason = kn[+ a ?+ are m kn[n4 ,!re=e man loves himself m ?an any o!r good lov$ by him4 ,!re=e he does n love ,god m ?an himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a man loves ,god z mu* z he loves to enjoy ,god4 ,b a man loves himself z mu* z he loves to enjoy ,god2 s9ce ?is is ! highe/ good a man c wi% = himself4 ,!re=e man is n b\nd1 out ( *>ity1 to love ,god m ?an himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bb73 ,if ?\ oughte/ to love ?yself1 n = ?y own sake1 b = ! sake ( ,him 9 ,:om is ! righte/ end ( ?y love1 let no o!r man take (f5se if him also ?\ love/ = ,god's sake4 ,n[ ! cause ( a ?+ be+ su* is yet m s4 ,!re=e man ought to love ,god m ?an himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,! good we receive f ,god is tw(old1 ! good ( nature1 & ! good ( grace4 ,n[ ! fell[%ip ( natural goods be/[$ on u by ,god is ! f\ndation ( natural love1 9 virtue ( :i* n only man1 s long z 8 nature rema9s unimpair$1 loves ,god above all ?+s & m ?an himself1 b also e s+le creature1 ea* 9 its own way1 i4e4 ei!r by an intellectual1 or by a rational1 or by an animal1 or at lea/ by a natural love1 z /ones d1 = in/ance1 & o!r ?+s b]eft ( k1 because ea* "p naturally loves ! common good ( ! :ole m ?an its own p>ticul> good4 ,?is is evid5c$ by its op]ation1 s9ce ! pr9cipal incl9ation ( ea* "p is t[>ds common action conducive to ! good ( ! :ole4 ,x may also be se5 9 civic virtues :]eby sometimes ! citiz5s suff] damage ev5 to _! own prop]ty & p]sons = ! sake ( ! common good4 ,:]e=e mu* m is ?is realiz$ ) reg>d to ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity :i* is bas$ on ! fell[%ip ( ! gifts ( grace4 ,!re=e man ought1 out ( *>ity1 to love ,god1 ,:o is ! common good ( all1 m ?an himself3 s9ce happ9ess is 9 ,god z 9 ! univ]sal & f\nta9 pr9ciple ( all :o are able to h a %>e ( t happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ ( fri5dly relations t[>ds ano!r p]son 9 :om ! good1 :i* is ! object ( fri5d%ip1 resides 9 "s re/rict$ way2 & n ( fri5dly relations ) ano!r 9 :om ! a=esaid good resides 9 totality4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! "p does inde$ love ! good ( ! :ole1 z becomes a "p1 n h[ev] s z to ref] ! good ( ! :ole to itself1 b r itself to ! good ( ! :ole4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t a man wi%es to enjoy ,god p]ta9s to t love ( ,god :i* is love ( concupisc5ce4 ,n[ we love ,god ) ! love ( fri5d%ip m ?an ) ! love ( concupisc5ce1 because ! ,div9e good is great] 9 itself1 ?an our %>e ( good 9 enjoy+ ,him4 ,h5ce1 out ( *>ity1 man simply loves ,god m ?an himself4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,out ( ,*>ity1 ,man ,ought to ,love ,himself ,m ,?an ,8 ,neighbor8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man ought n1 out ( *>ity1 to love himself m ?an 8 neighbor4 ,= ! pr9cipal object ( *>ity is ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #be1 ,,aa4 #a1 #ab74 ,n[ sometimes our neighbor is m closely unit$ to ,god ?an we are ourselves4 ,!re=e we ought to love su* a "o m ?an ourselves4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m we love a p]son1 ! m we avoid injur+ him4 ,n[ a man1 out ( *>ity1 submits to injury = 8 neighbor's sake1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ab3bf3 ,he t neglecte? a loss = ! sake ( a fri5d1 is j4 ,!re=e a man ought1 out ( *>ity1 to love 8 neighbor m ?an himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ac3e7 *>ity seeke? n its own4 ,n[ ! ?+ we love mo/ is ! "o ^: good we seek mo/4 ,!re=e a man does n1 out ( *>ity1 love himself m ?an 8 neighbor4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,lev4 #ai3ah1 ,matt4 #bb3ci73 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor 7,lev4 #ai3ah3 'fri5d'7 z ?yself4 ,:5ce x seems to foll[ t man's love = himself is ! model ( 8 love = ano!r4 ,b ! model exce$s ! copy4 ,!re=e1 out ( *>ity1 a man ought to love himself m ?an 8 neighbor4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two ?+s 9 man1 8 spiritual nature & 8 corporeal nature4 ,& a man is said to love himself by reason ( 8 lov+ himself ) reg>d to 8 spiritual nature1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #g73 s t accord+ly1 a man ought1 out ( *>ity1 to love himself m ?an he loves any o!r p]son4 ,?is is evid5t f ! v reason = lov+3 s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,,aa4 #a1 #ab71 ,god is lov$ z ! pr9ciple ( good1 on :i* ! love ( *>ity is f\nd$2 :ile man1 out ( *>ity1 loves himself by reason ( 8 be+ a p>tak] ( ! a=esaid good1 & loves 8 neighbor by reason ( 8 fell[%ip 9 t good4 ,n[ fell[%ip is a reason = love accord+ to a c]ta9 union 9 relation to ,god4 ,:]e=e j z unity surpasses union1 ! fact t man himself has a %>e ( ! ,div9e good1 is a m pot5t reason = lov+ ?an t ano!r %\ld be a p>tn] ) him 9 t %>e4 ,!re=e man1 out ( *>ity1 ought to love himself m ?an 8 neighbor3 9 sign :]e(1 a man ought n to give way to any evil ( s91 :i* c\nt]acts 8 %>e ( happ9ess1 n ev5 t he may free 8 neighbor f s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! love ( *>ity takes its quantity n only f its object :i* is ,god1 b also f ! lov]1 :o is ! man t has *>ity1 ev5 z ! quantity ( any action dep5ds 9 "s way on ! subject4 ,:]e=e1 ?\gh a bett] neighbor is ne>] to ,god1 yet because he is n z ne> to ! man :o has *>ity1 z ?is man is to himself1 x does n foll[ t a man is b\nd to love 8 neighbor m ?an himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man ought to be> bodily injury = 8 fri5d's sake1 & precisely 9 s do+ he loves himself m z reg>ds 8 spiritual m9d1 because x p]ta9s to ! p]fection ( virtue1 :i* is a good ( ! m9d4 ,9 spiritual matt]s1 h[ev]1 man ought n to suff] injury by s9n+1 9 ord] to free 8 neighbor f s91 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule 7,ep4 ccxi71 ! say+1 '*>ity seeks n h] own1' means t x pref]s ! common to ! private good4 ,n[ ! common good is always m lovable to ! individual ?an 8 private good1 ev5 z ! good ( ! :ole is m lovable to ! "p1 ?an ! latt]'s own p>tial good1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r a ,man ,ought to ,love ,8 ,neighbor ,m ,?an ,8 ,own ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man is n b\nd to love 8 neighbor m ?an 8 own body4 ,= 8 neighbor includes 8 neighbor's body4 ,if !re=e a man ought to love 8 neighbor m ?an 8 own body1 x foll[s t he ought to love 8 neighbor's body m ?an 8 own4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a man ought to love 8 own s\l m ?an 8 neighbor's1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,n[ a man's own body is ne>] to 8 s\l ?an 8 neighbor4 ,!re=e we ought to love our body m ?an our neighbor4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a man imp]ils t :i* he loves less = ! sake ( :at he loves m4 ,n[ e man is n b\nd to imp]il 8 own body = 8 neighbor's safety3 ?is belongs to ! p]fect1 accord+ to ,john #ae3ac3 ,great] love ?an ?is no man ha?1 t a man lay d[n 8 life = 8 fri5ds4 ,!re=e a man is n b\nd1 out ( *>ity1 to love 8 neighbor m ?an 8 own body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bg7 t we ought to love our neighbor m ?an our own body4 ,i answ] t1 ,out ( *>ity we ought to love m t :i* has m fully ! reason = be+ lov$ out ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #be1 ,a4 #ab74 ,n[ fell[%ip 9 ! full p>ticipation ( happ9ess :i* is ! reason = lov+ "o's neighbor1 is a great] reason = lov+1 ?an ! p>ticipation ( happ9ess by way ( ov]fl[1 :i* is ! reason = lov+ "o's own body4 ,!re=e1 z reg>ds ! welf>e ( ! s\l we ought to love our neighbor m ?an our own body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ix1 #h7 a ?+ seems to be t :i* is pr$om9ant 9 x3 s t :5 we say t we ought to love our neighbor m ?an our own body1 ?is ref]s to 8 s\l1 :i* is 8 pr$om9ant "p4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,our body is ne>] to our s\l ?an our neighbor1 z reg>ds ! con/itution ( our own nature3 b z reg>ds ! p>ticipation ( happ9ess1 our neighbor's s\l is m closely associat$ ) our own s\l1 ?an ev5 our own body is4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e man is imm$iately conc]n$ ) ! c>e ( 8 own body1 b n ) 8 neighbor's welf>e1 except p]haps 9 cases ( urg5cy3 :]e=e *>ity does n necess>ily require a man to imp]il 8 own body = 8 neighbor's welf>e1 except 9 a case :]e he is "u obligation to d s2 & if a man ( 8 own accord (f] himself = t purpose1 ?is belongs to ! p]fection ( *>ity4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,we ,ought to ,love ,"o ,neighbor ,m ,?an ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought n to love "o neighbor m ?an ano!r4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bh73 ,"o ought to love all m5 equally4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 "o _c d good to all1 we ought to consid] ^? *iefly :o by reason ( place1 "t or any o!r circum/ance1 by a k9d ( *ance1 are m closely unit$ to u4 ,!re=e "o neighbor ought n to be lov$ m ?an ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :]e !re is "o & ! same reason = lov+ sev]al1 !re %\ld be no inequality ( love4 ,n[ !re is "o & ! same reason = lov+ all "o's neighbors1 :i* reason is ,god1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bg74 ,!re=e we ought to love all our neighbors equally4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to love a man is to wi% him good ?+s1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii1 #d74 ,n[ to all our neighbors we wi% an equal good1 viz4 ev]la/+ life4 ,!re=e we ought to love all our neighbors equally4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,"o's obligation to love a p]son is proportionate to ! gravity ( ! s9 "o commits 9 act+ aga9/ t love4 ,n[ x is a m griev\s s9 to act aga9/ ! love ( c]ta9 neighbors1 ?an aga9/ ! love ( o!rs4 ,h5ce ! comm&m5t 7,lev4 #aj3i71 ,he t curse? 8 fa!r or "m1 dy+ let him die1 :i* does n apply to ^? :o curs$ o!rs ?an ! above4 ,!re=e we ought to love "s neighbors m ?an o!rs4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re h be5 two op9ions on ?is "q3 = "s h said t we ought1 out ( *>ity1 to love all our neighbors equally1 z reg>ds our affection1 b n z reg>ds ! outw>d effect4 ,!y held t ! ord] ( love is to be und]/ood z apply+ to outw>d favors1 :i* we ought to conf] on ^? :o are connect$ ) u 9 pref]5ce to ^? :o are unconnect$1 & n to ! inw>d affection1 :i* ought to be giv5 equally to all includ+ our enemies4 ,b ?is is unreasonable4 ,= ! affection ( *>ity1 :i* is ! incl9ation ( grace1 is n less ord]ly ?an ! natural appetite1 :i* is ! incl9ation ( nature1 = bo? incl9ations fl[ f ,div9e wisdom4 ,n[ we obs]ve 9 ! physical ord] t ! natural incl9ation 9 ea* ?+ is proportionate to ! act or movem5t t is becom+ to ! nature ( t ?+3 ?us 9 e>? ! incl9ation ( gravity is great] ?an 9 wat]1 because x is becom+ to e>? to be b5ea? wat]4 ,consequ5tly ! incl9ation also ( grace :i* is ! effect ( *>ity1 mu/ ne$s be proportionate to ^? actions :i* h to be p]=m$ outw>dly1 s t1 to wit1 ! affection ( our *>ity be m int5se t[>ds ^? to :om we ought to behave ) great] k9dness4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 say t1 ev5 z reg>ds ! affection we ought to love "o neighbor m ?an ano!r4 ,! reason is t1 s9ce ! pr9ciple ( love is ,god1 & ! p]son :o loves1 x mu/ ne$s be t ! affection ( love increases 9 proportion to ! ne>ness to "o or ! o!r ( ^? pr9ciples4 ,= z we /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 :]ev] we f9d a pr9ciple1 ord] dep5ds on relation to t pr9ciple4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,love c be unequal 9 two ways3 fir/ on ! "p ( ! good we wi% our fri5d4 ,9 ?is respect we love all m5 equally out ( *>ity3 because we wi% !m all "o same g5]ic good1 namely ev]la/+ happ9ess4 ,secondly love is said to be great] ?r\gh its action be+ m int5se3 & 9 ?is way we ought n to love all equally4 ,or we may reply t we h unequal love = c]ta9 p]sons 9 two ways3 fir/1 ?r\gh our lov+ "s & n lov+ o!rs4 ,z reg>ds b5efic5ce we are b\nd to obs]ve ?is inequality1 because we _c d good to all3 b z reg>ds b5evol5ce1 love ought n to be ?us unequal4 ,! o!r inequality arises f our lov+ "s m ?an o!rs3 & ,augu/9e does n mean to exclude ! latt] inequality1 b ! =m]1 z is evid5t f :at he says ( b5efic5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,our neighbors are n all equally relat$ to ,god2 "s are ne>] to ,him1 by reason ( _! great] goodness1 & ^? we ought1 out ( *>ity1 to love m ?an ^? :o are n s ne> to ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! quantity ( love on ! "p ( ! good :i* we wi% our fri5ds4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,we ,ought to ,love ,^? ,:o ,are ,bett] ,m ,?an ,^? ,:o ,are ,m ,closely ,unit$ ,u8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought to love ^? :o are bett] m ?an ^? :o are m closely unit$ to u4 ,= t :i* is 9 no way hateful seems m lovable ?an t :i* is hateful = "s reason3 j z a ?+ is all ! :it] = hav+ less black mix$ ) x4 ,n[ ^? :o are connect$ ) u are hateful = "s reason1 accord+ to ,luke #ad3bf3 ,if any man come to ,me1 & hate n 8 fa!r1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h& good m5 are n hateful = any reason4 ,!re=e x seems t we ought to love ^? :o are bett] m ?an ^? :o are m closely connect$ ) u4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 by *>ity above all1 man is lik5$ to ,god4 ,b ,god loves m ! bett] man4 ,!re=e man also1 out ( *>ity1 ought to love ! bett] man m ?an "o :o is m closely unit$ to him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 e fri5d%ip1 t ought to be lov$ mo/ :i* has mo/ to d ) ! f\ndation ( t fri5d%ip3 =1 by natural fri5d%ip we love mo/ ^? :o are connect$ ) u by nature1 our p>5ts = in/ance1 or our *ildr54 ,n[ ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity is f\nd$ ^u ! fell[%ip ( happ9ess1 :i* has m to d ) bett] m5 ?an ) ^? :o are m closely unit$ to u4 ,!re=e1 out ( *>ity1 we ought to love bett] m5 m ?an ^? :o are m closely connect$ ) u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,tim4 #e3h73 ,if any man h n c>e ( 8 own & especially ( ^? ( 8 h\se1 he ha? d5i$ ! fai?1 & is worse ?an an infidel4 ,n[ ! inw>d affection ( *>ity ought to correspond to ! outw>d effect4 ,!re=e *>ity reg>ds ^? :o are ne>] to u be=e ^? :o are bett]4 ,i answ] t1 ,e act %\ld be proportionate bo? to its object & to ! ag5t4 ,b f its object x takes its species1 :ile1 f ! p[] ( ! ag5t x takes ! mode ( its int5sity3 ?us movem5t has its species f ! t]m to :i* x t5ds1 :ile ! int5sity ( its spe$ arises f ! disposition ( ! ?+ mov$ & ! p[] ( ! mov]4 ,accord+ly love takes its species f its object1 b its int5sity is due to ! lov]4 ,n[ ! object ( *>ity's love is ,god1 & man is ! lov]4 ,!re=e ! specific div]sity ( ! love :i* is 9 accordance ) *>ity1 z reg>ds ! love ( our neighbor1 dep5ds on 8 relation to ,god1 s t1 out ( *>ity1 we %\ld wi% a great] good to "o :o is ne>] to ,god2 = ?\gh ! good :i* *>ity wi%es to all1 viz4 ev]la/+ happ9ess1 is "o 9 itself1 yet x has v>i\s degrees accord+ to v>i\s %>es ( happ9ess1 & x belongs to *>ity to wi% ,god's ju/ice to be ma9ta9$1 9 accordance ) :i* bett] m5 h a full] %>e ( happ9ess4 ,& ?is reg>ds ! species ( love2 = !re are diff]5t species ( love accord+ to ! diff]5t goods t we wi% = ^? :om we love4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! int5sity ( love is measur$ ) reg>d to ! man :o loves1 & accord+ly man loves ^? :o are m closely unit$ to him1 ) m int5se affection z to ! good he wi%es = !m1 ?an he loves ^? :o are bett] z to ! great] good he wi%es = !m4 ,aga9 a fur!r diff]5ce mu/ be obs]v$ "h3 = "s neighbors are connect$ ) u by _! natural orig91 a connection :i* _c be sev]$1 s9ce t orig9 makes !m to be :at !y are4 ,b ! goodness ( virtue1 :]e9 "s are close to ,god1 c come & g1 increase & decrease1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #bd1 ,,aa4 #d1 #aj1 #aa74 ,h5ce x is possible = "o1 out ( *>ity1 to wi% ?is man :o is m closely unit$ to "o1 to be bett] ?an ano!r1 & s rea* a high] degree ( happ9ess4 ,moreov] !re is yet ano!r reason = :i*1 out ( *>ity1 we love m ^? :o are m ne>ly connect$ ) u1 s9ce we love !m 9 m ways4 ,=1 t[>ds ^? :o are n connect$ ) u we h no o!r fri5d%ip ?an *>ity1 :]eas = ^? :o are connect$ ) u1 we h c]ta9 o!r fri5d%ips1 accord+ to ! way 9 :i* !y are connect$4 ,n[ s9ce ! good on :i* e o!r fri5d%ip ( ! virtu\s is bas$1 is direct$1 z to its end1 to ! good on :i* *>ity is bas$1 x foll[s t *>ity comm&s ea* act ( ano!r fri5d%ip1 ev5 z ! art :i* is ab\t ! end comm&s ! art :i* is ab\t ! means4 ,consequ5tly ?is v act ( lov+ someone because he is ak9 or connect$ ) u1 or because he is a fell[-c\ntryman or = any l reason t is ref]able to ! end ( *>ity1 c be comm&$ by *>ity1 s t1 out ( *>ity bo? elicit+ & comm&+1 we love 9 m ways ^? :o are m ne>ly connect$ ) u4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we are comm&$ to hate1 9 our k9dr$1 n _! k9%ip1 b only ! fact ( _! be+ an ob/acle betwe5 u & ,god4 ,9 ?is respect !y are n ak9 b ho/ile to u1 accord+ to ,micah #g3f3 ,a m5's enemies are !y ( 8 own h\sehold4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,*>ity con=ms man to ,god proportionately1 by mak+ man comport himself t[>ds :at is 81 z ,god does t[>ds :at is ,84 ,= we may1 out ( *>ity1 w c]ta9 ?+s z becom+ to u :i* ,god does n w1 because x becomes ,him n to w !m1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #aj71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! goodness ( ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*>ity elicits ! act ( love n only z reg>ds ! object1 b also z reg>ds ! lov]1 z /at$ above4 ,! result is t ! man :o is m ne>ly unit$ to u is m lov$4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,we ,ought to ,love ,m ,^? ,:o ,are ,connect$ ) ,u by ,ties ( ,blood8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought n to love m ^? :o are m closely unit$ to u by ties ( blood4 ,= x is writt5 7,prov4 #ah3bd73 ,a man amiable 9 society1 %all be m fri5dly ?an a bro!r4 ,aga91 ,val]ius ,maximus says 7,fact4 et ,dict4 ,memor4 iv #g73 ,! ties ( fri5d%ip are mo/ /rong & 9 no way yield to ! ties ( blood4 ,moreov] x is q c]ta9 & und5iable1 t z to ! latt]1 ! lot ( bir? is =tuit\s1 :]eas we contract ! =m] by an untrammell$ w1 & a solid pl$ge4 ,!re=e we ought n to love m ?an o!rs ^? :o are unit$ to u by ties ( blood4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(ficiis i1 #g73 ,i love n less y :om ,i h begott5 9 ! ,gospel1 ?an if ,i _h begott5 y 9 w$lock1 = nature is no m eag] to love ?an grace4 ,surely we ought to love ^? :om we expect to be ) u = ev] m ?an ^? :o w be ) u only 9 ?is _w4 ,!re=e we %\ld n love our k9dr$ m ?an ^? :o are o!rwise connect$ ) u4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,love is prov$ by de$s1 z ,gregory /ates 7,hom4 9 ,evang4 xxx74 ,n[ we are b\nd to d acts ( love to o!rs ?an our k9dr$3 ?us 9 ! army a man mu/ obey 8 (fic] r ?an 8 fa!r4 ,!re=e we are n b\nd to love our k9dr$ mo/ ( all4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! comm&m5ts ( ! decalogue conta9 a special precept ab\t ! honor due to our p>5ts 7,ex4 #bj3ab74 ,!re=e we ought to love m specially ^? :o are unit$ to u by ties ( blood4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #g71 we ought out ( *>ity to love ^? :o are m closely unit$ to u m1 bo? because our love = !m is m int5se1 & because !re are m reasons = lov+ !m4 ,n[ int5sity ( love arises f ! union ( lov] & belov$3 & !re=e we %\ld measure ! love ( diff]5t p]sons accord+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( union1 s t a man is m lov$ 9 matt]s t\*+ t p>ticul> union 9 respect ( :i* he is lov$4 ,&1 aga91 9 comp>+ love to love we %\ld comp>e "o union ) ano!r4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t fri5d%ip among blood relations is bas$ ^u _! connection by natural orig91 ! fri5d%ip ( fell[-citiz5s on _! civic fell[%ip1 & ! fri5d%ip ( ^? :o are fight+ side by side on ! comrade%ip ( battle4 ,:]e=e 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to nature we %\ld love our k9dr$ mo/1 9 matt]s conc]n+ relations betwe5 citiz5s1 we %\ld pref] our fell[-citiz5s1 & on ! battlefield our fell[-soldi]s4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #b7 t x is our duty to r5d] to ea* class ( p su* respect z is natural & appropriate4 ,?is is 9 fact ! pr9ciple ^u :i* we seem to act1 = we invite our relations to a w$d+ 4 4 4 ,x w\ld seem to be a special duty to af=d our p>5ts ! means ( liv+ 4 4 4 & to honor !m4 ,! same applies to o!r k9ds ( fri5d%ip4 ,if h[ev] we comp>e union ) union1 x is evid5t t ! union aris+ f natural orig9 is prior to1 & m /able ?an1 all o!rs1 because x is some?+ affect+ ! v sub/ance1 :]eas o!r unions sup]v5e & may cease altoge!r4 ,!re=e ! fri5d%ip ( k9dr$ is m /able1 :ile o!r fri5d%ips may be /rong] 9 respect ( t :i* is prop] to ea* ( !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 z mu* z ! fri5d%ip ( comrades orig9ates ?r\gh _! own *oice1 love ( ?is k9d takes prec$5ce ( ! love ( k9dr$ 9 matt]s :]e we are free to d z we *oose1 = in/ance 9 matt]s ( action4 ,yet ! fri5d%ip ( k9dr$ is m /able1 s9ce x is m natural1 & prepond]ates ov] o!rs 9 matt]s t\*+ nature3 consequ5tly we are m behold5 to !m 9 ! provid+ ( necess>ies4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ambrose is speak+ ( love ) reg>d to favors respect+ ! fell[%ip ( grace1 namely1 moral in/ruction4 ,= 9 ?is matt]1 a man ought to provide = 8 spiritual *ildr5 :om he has begott5 spiritually1 m ?an = ! sons ( 8 body1 :om he is b\nd to support 9 bodily su/5ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fact t 9 ! battle a man obeys 8 (fic] r ?an 8 fa!r proves1 t he loves 8 fa!r less1 n simply b relatively1 i4e4 z reg>ds ! love :i* is bas$ on fell[%ip 9 battle4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r a ,man ,ought1 ,out ( ,*>ity1 to ,love ,8 ,*ildr5 ,m ,?an ,8 ,fa!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t a man ought1 out ( *>ity1 to love 8 *ildr5 m ?an 8 fa!r4 ,= we ought to love ^? m to :om we are m b\nd to d good4 ,n[ we are m b\nd to d good to our *ildr5 ?an to our p>5ts1 s9ce ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #ab3ad73 ,nei!r ought ! *ildr5 to lay up = ! p>5ts1 b ! p>5ts = ! *ildr54 ,!re=e a man ought to love 8 *ildr5 m ?an 8 p>5ts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 grace p]fects nature4 ,b p>5ts naturally love _! *ildr5 m ?an ^! love !m1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ab74 ,!re=e a man ought to love 8 *ildr5 m ?an 8 p>5ts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man's affections are con=m$ to ,god by *>ity4 ,b ,god loves ,8 *ildr5 m ?an !y love ,him4 ,!re=e we also ought to love our *ildr5 m ?an our p>5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose 99,orig51 ,hom4 ii 9 ,cant4 says3 ,we ought to love ,god fir/1 !n our p>5ts1 !n our *ildr51 & la/ly ^? ( our h\sehold4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d1 ad #a2 ,a4 #g71 ! degrees ( love may be measur$ f two /&po9ts4 ,fir/1 f t ( ! object4 ,9 ?is respect ! bett] a ?+ is1 & ! m l to ,god1 ! m is x to be lov$3 & 9 ?is way a man ought to love 8 fa!r m ?an 8 *ildr51 because1 to wit1 he loves 8 fa!r z 8 pr9ciple1 9 :i* respect he is a m exalt$ good & m l ,god4 ,secondly1 ! degrees ( love may be measur$ f ! /&po9t ( ! lov]1 & 9 ?is respect a man loves m t :i* is m closely connect$ ) him1 9 :i* way a man's *ildr5 are m lovable to him ?an 8 fa!r1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 viii74 ,fir/1 because p>5ts love _! *ildr5 z be+ "p ( !mselves1 :]eas ! fa!r is n "p ( 8 son1 s t ! love ( a fa!r = 8 *ildr51 is m l a man's love = himself4 ,secondly1 because p>5ts "k bett] t s & s is _! *ild ?an vice v]sa4 ,?irdly1 because *ildr5 are ne>] to _! p>5ts1 z be+ "p ( !m1 ?an _! p>5ts are to !m to :om !y /& 9 ! relation ( a pr9ciple4 ,f\r?ly1 because p>5ts h lov$ long]1 = ! fa!r beg9s to love 8 *ild at once1 :]eas ! *ild beg9s to love 8 fa!r aft] a lapse ( "t2 & ! long] love la/s1 ! /rong] x is1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #i3ad3 ,=sake n an old fri5d1 = ! new w n be l to him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! debt due to a pr9ciple is submission ( respect & honor1 :]eas t due to ! effect is "o ( influ5ce & c>e4 ,h5ce ! duty ( *ildr5 to _! p>5ts consi/s *iefly 9 honor3 :ile t ( p>5ts to _! *ildr5 is especially "o ( c>e4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is natural = a man z fa!r to love 8 *ildr5 m1 if we consid] !m z closely connect$ ) him3 b if we consid] :i* is ! m exalt$ good1 ! son naturally loves 8 fa!r m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #cb71 ,god loves u = our good & = ,8 honor4 ,:]e=e s9ce our fa!r is relat$ to u z pr9ciple1 ev5 z ,god is1 x belongs prop]ly to ! fa!r to receive honor f 8 *ildr51 & to ! *ildr5 to be provid$ by _! p>5ts ) :at is good = !m4 ,nev]!less 9 cases ( necessity ! *ild is b\nd out ( ! favors receiv$ to provide = 8 p>5ts be=e all4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r a ,man ,ought to ,love ,8 ,"m ,m ,?an ,8 ,fa!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man ought to love 8 "m m ?an 8 fa!r4 ,=1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,g5]4 ,animal4 i1 #bj71 ! female produces ! body 9 g5]ation4 ,n[ man receives 8 s\l1 n f 8 fa!r1 b f ,god by creation1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #aah74 ,!re=e a man receives m f 8 "m ?an f 8 fa!r3 & consequ5tly he ought to love h] m ?an him4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :]e great] love is giv51 great] love is due4 ,n[ a "m loves h] *ild m ?an ! fa!r does3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #g7 t mo!rs h great] love = _! *ildr54 ,= ! "m labors m 9 *ild-be>+1 & %e kn[s m surely ?an ! fa!r :o are h] *ildr54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 love %\ld be m fond t[>ds ^? :o h labor$ = u m1 accord+ to ,rom4 #af3f3 ,salute ,m>y1 :o ha? labor$ mu* among y4 ,n[ ! "m labors m ?an ! fa!r 9 giv+ bir? & education to h] *ild2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #g3bi73 ,=get n ! groan+s ( ?y "m4 ,!re=e a man ought to love 8 "m m ?an 8 fa!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome says on ,eze*4 #dd3be t man ought to love ,god ! ,fa!r ( all1 & !n 8 own fa!r1 & m5tions ! "m aft]w>ds4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 mak+ su* comp>isons z ?is1 we mu/ take ! answ] 9 ! /rict s5se1 s t ! pres5t "q is :e!r ! fa!r z fa!r1 ought to be lov$ m ?an ! "m z "m4 ,! reason is t virtue & vice may make su* a diff]5ce 9 su* l matt]s1 t fri5d%ip may be dim9i%$ or de/roy$1 z ! ,philosoph] rem>ks 7,e?ic4 viii1 #g74 ,h5ce ,ambrose 99,orig51 ,hom4 ii 9 ,cant4 says3 ,good s]vants %\ld be pref]r$ to wick$ *ildr54 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 ! fa!r %\ld be lov$ m ?an ! "m4 ,= fa!r & "m are lov$ z pr9ciples ( our natural orig94 ,n[ ! fa!r is pr9ciple 9 a m excell5t way ?an ! "m1 because he is ! active pr9ciple1 :ile ! "m is a passive & mat]ial pr9ciple4 ,consequ5tly1 /rictly speak+1 ! fa!r is to be lov$ m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! begett+ ( man1 ! "m supplies ! =mless matt] ( ! body2 & ! latt] receives its =m ?r\gh ! =mative p[] t is 9 ! sem5 ( ! fa!r4 ,& ?\gh ?is p[] _c create ! rational s\l1 yet x disposes ! matt] ( ! body to receive t =m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is applies to ano!r k9d ( love4 ,= ! fri5d%ip betwe5 lov] & lov] diff]s specifically f ! fri5d%ip betwe5 *ild & p>5t3 :ile ! fri5d%ip we are speak+ ( "h1 is t :i* a man owes 8 fa!r & "m ?r\gh be+ begott5 ( !m4 ,! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is evid5t4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r a ,man ,ought to ,love ,8 ,wife ,m ,?an ,8 ,fa!r & ,"m8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man ought to love 8 wife m ?an 8 fa!r & "m4 ,= no man leaves a ?+ = ano!r unless he love ! latt] m4 ,n[ x is writt5 7,g54 #b3bd7 t a man %ell leave fa!r & "m on acc\nt ( 8 wife4 ,!re=e a man ought to love 8 wife m ?an 8 fa!r & "m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #e3cc7 t a husb& %\ld love 8 wife z himself4 ,n[ a man ought to love himself m ?an 8 p>5ts4 ,!re=e he ought to love 8 wife also m ?an 8 p>5ts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 love %\ld be great] :]e !re are m reasons = lov+4 ,n[ !re are m reasons = love 9 ! fri5d%ip ( a man t[>ds 8 wife4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ab7 t 9 ?is fri5d%ip !re are ! motives ( utility1 pleasure1 & also ( virtue1 if husb& & wife are virtu\s4 ,!re=e a man's love = 8 wife ought to be great] ?an 8 love = 8 p>5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ,eph4 #e3bh1 m5 ought to love _! wives z _! own bodies4 ,n[ a man ought to love 8 body less ?an 8 neighbor1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e73 & among 8 neighbors he %\ld love 8 p>5ts mo/4 ,!re=e he ought to love 8 p>5ts m ?an 8 wife4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #i71 ! degrees ( love may be tak5 f ! good 7:i* is lov$71 or f ! union betwe5 ^? :o love4 ,on ! "p ( ! good :i* is ! object lov$1 a man %\ld love 8 p>5ts m ?an 8 wife1 because he loves !m z 8 pr9ciples & consid]$ z a m exalt$ good4 ,b on ! "p ( ! union1 ! wife ought to be lov$ m1 because %e is unit$ ) h] husb&1 z "o fle%1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ai3f3 ,!re=e n[ !y are n two1 b "o fle%4 ,consequ5tly a man loves 8 wife m int5sely1 b 8 p>5ts ) great] rev]5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a man does n 9 all respects leave 8 fa!r & "m = ! sake ( 8 wife3 = 9 c]ta9 cases a man ought to succor 8 p>5ts r ?an 8 wife4 ,he does h[ev] leave all 8 k9sfolk1 & cleaves to 8 wife z reg>ds ! union ( c>nal connection & co-habitation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! words ( ! ,apo/le d n mean t a man ought to love 8 wife equally ) himself1 b t a man's love = himself is ! reason = 8 love ( 8 wife1 s9ce %e is "o ) him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re are also sev]al reasons = a man's love = 8 fa!r2 & ^!1 9 a c]ta9 respect1 namely1 z reg>ds good1 are m weighty ?an ^? = :i* a man loves 8 wife2 al?\gh ! latt] outweigh ! =m] z reg>ds ! clos5ess ( ! union4 ,z to ! argum5t 9 ! contr>y s5se1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t 9 ! words quot$1 ! p>ticle z d5otes n equality ( love b ! motive ( love4 ,= ! pr9cipal reason :y a man loves 8 wife is h] be+ unit$ to him 9 ! fle%4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r a ,man ,ought to ,love ,m ,8 ,b5efactor ,?an ,"o ,he ,has ,b5efit$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man ought to love 8 b5efactor m ?an "o he has b5efit$4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,cate*4 ,rud4 iv73 ,no?+ w incite ano!r m to love y ?an t y love him fir/3 = he mu/ h a h>d he>t inde$1 :o n only refuses to love1 b decl9es to return love already giv54 ,n[ a man's b5efactor =e/alls him 9 ! k9dly de$s ( *>ity4 ,!re=e we ought to love our b5efactors above all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m griev\sly we s9 by ceas+ to love a man or by work+ aga9/ him1 ! m ought we to love him4 ,n[ x is a m griev\s s9 to cease lov+ a b5efactor or to "w aga9/ him1 ?an to cease lov+ "o to :om "o has hi!rto done k9dly actions4 ,!re=e we ought to love our b5efactors m ?an ^? to :om we are k9d4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ( all ?+s lovable1 ,god is to be lov$ mo/1 & !n "o's fa!r1 z ,j]ome says 99,comm5t4 9 ,eze*iel xliv1 #be4 ,n[ ^! are our greate/ b5efactors4 ,!re=e a b5efactor %\ld be lov$ above all o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #g71 t b5efactors seem to love recipi5ts ( _! b5efactions1 r ?an vice v]sa4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #i1 #aa71 a ?+ is lov$ m 9 two ways3 fir/ because x has ! "* ( a m excell5t good1 secondly by reason ( a clos] connection4 ,9 ! fir/ way we ought to love our b5efactor mo/1 because1 s9ce he is a pr9ciple ( good to ! man he has b5efit$1 he has ! "* ( a m excell5t good1 z /at$ above ) reg>d to "o's fa!r 7,a4 #i74 ,9 ! second way1 h[ev]1 we love ^? m :o h receiv$ b5efactions f u1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,e?ic4 ix1 #g7 by f\r argum5ts4 ,fir/ because ! recipi5t ( b5efactions is ! h&iwork ( ! b5efactor1 s t we are wont to say ( a man3 ,he 0 made by s & s4 ,n[ x is natural to a man to love 8 own "w 7?us x is to be obs]v$ t poets love _! own poems73 & ! reason is t we love to be & to live1 & ^! are made manife/ 9 our action4 ,secondly1 because we all naturally love t 9 :i* we see our own good4 ,n[ x is true t ! b5efactor has "s good ( 8 9 ! recipi5t ( 8 b5efaction1 & ! recipi5t "s good 9 ! b5efactor2 b ! b5efactor sees 8 virtu\s good 9 ! recipi5t1 :ile ! recipi5t sees 8 useful good 9 ! b5efactor4 ,n[ x gives m pleasure to see "o's virtu\s good ?an "o's useful good1 bo? because x is m endur+1--= usefulness quickly flits by1 & ! pleasure ( call+ a ?+ to m9d is n l ! pleasure ( hav+ x pres5t--& because x is m pleasant to recall virtu\s goods ?an ! pr(it we h d]iv$ f o!rs4 ,?irdly1 because is x ! lov]'s "p to act1 s9ce he wills & works ! good ( ! belov$1 :ile ! belov$ takes a passive "p 9 receiv+ good1 s t to love surpasses be+ lov$1 = :i* reason ! great] love is on ! "p ( ! b5efactor4 ,f\r?ly because x is m difficult to give ?an to receive favors3 & we are mo/ fond ( ?+s :i* h co/ u mo/ tr\ble1 :ile we almo/ despise :at comes easy to u4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is "s ?+ 9 ! b5efactor t incites ! recipi5t to love him3 :]eas ! b5efactor loves ! recipi5t1 n ?r\gh be+ incit$ by him1 b ?r\gh be+ mov$ !reto ( 8 own accord3 & :at we d ( our own accord surpasses :at we d ?r\gh ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! love ( ! b5efici>y = ! b5efactor is m ( a duty1 :]e=e ! contr>y is ! great] s94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! love ( ! b5efactor = ! b5efici>y is m spontane\s1 :]e=e x is quick] to act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god also loves u m ?an we love ,him1 & p>5ts love _! *ildr5 m ?an ^! love !m4 ,yet x does n foll[ t we love all :o h receiv$ good f u1 m ?an any ( our b5efactors4 ,= we pref] su* b5efactors z ,god & our p>5ts1 f :om we h receiv$ ! greate/ favors1 to ^? on :om we h be/[$ less] b5efits4 ,,?irte5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bf1 ,art4 #ac ,:e!r ! ,ord] ( ,*>ity ,endures 9 ,heav58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ord] ( *>ity does n endure 9 heav54 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xlviii73 ,p]fect *>ity consi/s 9 lov+ great] goods m1 & less] goods less4 ,n[ *>ity w be p]fect 9 heav54 ,!re=e a man w love ^? :o are bett] m ?an ei!r himself or ^? :o are connect$ ) him4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 we love m him to :om we wi% a great] good4 ,n[ ea* "o 9 heav5 wi%es a great] good = ^? :o h m good1 else 8 w w\ld n be con=m$ 9 all ?+s to ,god's w3 & !re to be bett] is to h m good4 ,!re=e 9 heav5 ea* "o loves m ^? :o are bett]1 & consequ5tly he loves o!rs m ?an himself1 & "o :o is n connect$ ) him1 m ?an "o :o is4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 heav5 love w be entirely = ,god's sake1 = !n w be fulfill$ ! words ( #a ,cor4 #ae3bh3 ,t ,god may be all 9 all4 ,!re=e he :o is ne>] ,god w be lov$ m1 s t a man w love a bett] man m ?an himself1 & "o :o is n connect$ ) him1 m ?an "o :o is4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,nature is n done away1 b p]fect$1 by glory4 ,n[ ! ord] ( *>ity giv5 above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c1 #d7 is d]iv$ f nature3 s9ce all ?+s naturally love !mselves m ?an o!rs4 ,!re=e ?is ord] ( *>ity w endure 9 heav54 ,i answ] t1 ,! ord] ( *>ity mu/ ne$s rema9 9 heav51 z reg>ds ! love ( ,god above all ?+s4 ,= ?is w be realiz$ simply :5 man %all enjoy ,god p]fectly4 ,b1 z reg>ds ! ord] betwe5 man himself & o!r m51 a di/9ction w\ld seem to be necess>y1 because1 z we /at$ above 7,,aa4 #g1 #i71 ! degrees ( love may be di/+ui%$ ei!r 9 respect ( ! good :i* a man desires = ano!r1 or accord+ to ! int5sity ( love itself4 ,9 ! fir/ way a man w love bett] m5 m ?an himself1 & ^? :o are less good1 less ?an himself3 because1 by reason ( ! p]fect con=mity ( ! human to ! ,div9e w1 ea* ( ! bless$ w desire ev]yone to h :at is due to him accord+ to ,div9e ju/ice4 ,nor w t be a "t = advanc+ by means ( m]it to a yet great] rew>d1 z happ5s n[ :ile x is possible = a man to desire bo? ! virtue & ! rew>d ( a bett] man1 :]eas !n ! w ( ea* "o w re/ )9 ! limits det]m9$ by ,god4 ,b 9 ! second way a man w love himself m ?an ev5 8 bett] neighbors1 because ! int5sity ( ! act ( love arises on ! "p ( ! p]son :o loves1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #g1 #i74 ,moreov] x is = ?is t ! gift ( *>ity is be/[$ by ,god on ea* "o1 namely1 t he may fir/ ( all direct 8 m9d to ,god1 & ?is p]ta9s to a man's love = himself1 & t1 9 ! second place1 he may wi% o!r ?+s to be direct$ to ,god1 & ev5 "w = t end accord+ to 8 capacity4 ,z to ! ord] to be obs]v$ among our neighbors1 a man w simply love ^? :o are bett]1 accord+ to ! love ( *>ity4 ,because ! entire life ( ! bless$ consi/s 9 direct+ _! m9ds to ,god1 :]e=e ! entire ord]+ ( _! love w be rul$ ) respect to ,god1 s t ea* "o w love m & reckon to be ne>] to himself ^? :o are ne>] to ,god4 ,= !n "o man w no long] succor ano!r1 z he ne$s to 9 ! pres5t life1 :]e9 ea* man has to succor ^? :o are closely connect$ ) him r ?an ^? :o are n1 no matt] :at be ! nature ( _! di/ress3 h5ce x is t 9 ?is life1 a man1 by ! incl9ation ( *>ity1 loves m ^? :o are m closely unit$ to him1 = he is "u a great] obligation to be/[ on !m ! effect ( *>ity4 ,x w h[ev] be possible 9 heav5 = a man to love 9 sev]al ways "o :o is connect$ ) him1 s9ce ! causes ( virtu\s love w n be bani%$ f ! m9d ( ! bless$4 ,yet all ^! reasons are incomp>ably surpass$ by t :i* is tak5 f nighness to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t %\ld be grant$ z to ^? :o are connect$ toge!r2 b z reg>ds man himself1 he ought to love himself s mu* ! m ?an o!rs1 z 8 *>ity is m p]fect1 s9ce p]fect entire reason ( 8 love1 = ,god is man's *>ity directs man to ,god p]fectly1 & ?is belongs to love ( oneself1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! ord] ( *>ity 9 respect ( ! degree ( good "o wills ! p]son "o loves4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god w be to ea* "o ! entire reason ( 8 love1 = ,god is man's entire good4 ,= if we make ! impossible supposition t ,god 7 n man's good1 ,he w\ld n be man's reason = lov+4 ,h5ce x is t 9 ! ord] ( love man %\ld love himself m ?an all else aft] ,god4 ,,"q #bg ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,act ,,( ,,*>ity1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,to ,,love 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! act ( *>ity1 & 7#a7 ! pr9cipal act ( *>ity1 :i* is to love1 7#b7 ! o!r acts or effects :i* foll[ f t act4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:i* is ! m prop] to *>ity1 to love or to be lov$8 7#b7 ,:e!r to love consid]$ z an act ( *>ity is ! same z goodwill8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,god %\ld be lov$ = ,8 own sake8 7#d7 ,:e!r ,god c be lov$ imm$iately 9 ?is life8 7#e7 ,:e!r ,god c be lov$ :olly8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! love ( ,god is accord+ to measure8 7#g7 ,:i* is ! bett]1 to love "o's fri5d1 or "o's enemy8 7#h7 ,:i* is ! bett]1 to love ,god1 or "o's neighbor8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r to ,be ,lov$ ,is ,m ,prop] to ,*>ity ,?an to ,love8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is m prop] to *>ity to be lov$ ?an to love4 ,= ! bett] *>ity is to be f\nd 9 ^? :o are !mselves bett]4 ,b ^? :o are bett] %\ld be m lov$4 ,!re=e to be lov$ is m prop] to *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is to be f\nd 9 m subjects seems to be m 9 keep+ ) nature1 &1 = t reason1 bett]4 ,n[1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #h71 _m w\ld r be lov$ ?an love1 & lov]s ( flatt]y always ab\nd4 ,!re=e x is bett] to be lov$ ?an to love1 & consequ5tly x is m 9 keep+ ) *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! cause ( any?+ be+ su* is yet m s4 ,n[ m5 love because !y are lov$1 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,cate*4 ,rud4 iv7 t no?+ incites ano!r m to love y ?an t y love him fir/4 ,!re=e *>ity consi/s 9 be+ lov$ r ?an 9 lov+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #h7 t fri5d%ip consi/s 9 lov+ r ?an 9 be+ lov$4 ,n[ *>ity is a k9d ( fri5d%ip4 ,!re=e x consi/s 9 lov+ r ?an 9 be+ lov$4 ,i answ] t1 ,to love belongs to *>ity z *>ity4 ,=1 s9ce *>ity is a virtue1 by its v ess5ce x has an incl9ation to its prop] act4 ,n[ to be lov$ is n ! act ( ! *>ity ( ! p]son lov$2 = ?is act is to love3 & to be lov$ is compet5t to him z com+ "u ! common notion ( good1 9 s f> z ano!r t5ds t[>ds 8 good by an act ( *>ity4 ,h5ce x is cle> t to love is m prop] to *>ity ?an to be lov$3 = t :i* befits a ?+ by reason ( itself & its ess5ce is m compet5t to x ?an t :i* is befitt+ to x by reason ( some?+ else4 ,?is c be exemplifi$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 ! fact t fri5ds are m comm5d$ = lov+ ?an = be+ lov$1 inde$1 if !y be lov$ & yet love n1 !y are blam$4 ,secondly1 because a "m1 ^: love is ! greate/1 seeks r to love ?an to be lov$3 = "s wom51 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 viii1 #h7 entru/ _! *ildr5 to a nurse2 !y d love !m inde$1 yet seek n to be lov$ 9 return1 if !y happ5 n to be lov$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a bett] man1 ?r\gh be+ bett]1 is m lovable2 b ?r\gh hav+ m p]fect *>ity1 loves m4 ,he loves m1 h[ev]1 9 proportion to ! p]son he loves4 ,= a bett] man does n love t :i* is b5ea? him less ?an x ought to be lov$3 :]eas he :o is less good fails to love "o :o is bett]1 z mu* z he ought to be lov$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #h71 m5 wi% to be lov$ 9 z mu* z !y wi% to be honor$4 ,= j z honor is be/[$ on a man 9 ord] to be> witness to ! good :i* is 9 him1 s by be+ lov$ a man is %[n to h "s good1 s9ce good alone is lovable4 ,accord+ly m5 seek to be lov$ & to be honor$1 = ! sake ( some?+ else1 viz4 to make kn[n ! good :i* is 9 ! p]son lov$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o h *>ity seek to love = ! sake ( lov+1 z ?\gh ?is 7 itself ! good ( *>ity1 ev5 z ! act ( any virtue is t virtue's good4 ,h5ce x is m prop] to *>ity to wi% to love ?an to wi% to be lov$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s love on acc\nt ( be+ lov$1 n s t to be lov$ is ! end ( _! lov+1 b because x is a k9d ( way lead+ a man to love4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r to ,love ,consid]$ ,z an ,act ( ,*>ity ,is ! ,same ,z ,goodwill8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t to love1 consid]$ z an act ( *>ity1 is no?+ else ?an goodwill4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #d7 t to love is to wi% a p]son well2 & ?is is goodwill4 ,!re=e ! act ( *>ity is no?+ b goodwill4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! act belongs to ! same subject z ! habit4 ,n[ ! habit ( *>ity is 9 ! p[] ( ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! act ( *>ity is also an act ( ! w4 ,b x t5ds to good only1 & ?is is goodwill4 ,!re=e ! act ( *>ity is no?+ else ?an goodwill4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] reckons five ?+s p]ta9+ to fri5d%ip 7,e?ic4 ix1 #d71 ! fir/ ( :i* is t a man %\ld wi% 8 fri5d well2 ! second1 t he %\ld wi% him to be & to live2 ! ?ird1 t he %\ld take pleasure 9 8 company2 ! f\r?1 t he %\ld make *oice ( ! same ?+s2 ! fif?1 t he %\ld grieve & rejoice ) him4 ,n[ ! fir/ two p]ta9 to goodwill4 ,!re=e goodwill is ! fir/ act ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #e7 t goodwill is nei!r fri5d%ip nor love1 b ! beg9n+ ( fri5d%ip4 ,n[ *>ity is fri5d%ip1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e goodwill is n ! same z to love consid]$ z an act ( *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,goodwill prop]ly speak+ is t act ( ! w :]eby we wi% well to ano!r4 ,n[ ?is act ( ! w diff]s f actual love1 consid]$ n only z be+ 9 ! s5sitive appetite b also z be+ 9 ! intellective appetite or w4 ,= ! love :i* is 9 ! s5sitive appetite is a passion4 ,n[ e passion seeks its object ) a c]ta9 eag]ness4 ,& ! passion ( love is n ar\s$ sudd5ly1 b is born ( an e>ne/ consid]ation ( ! object lov$2 :]e=e ! ,philosoph]1 %[+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 goodwill & ! love :i* is a passion1 says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #e7 t goodwill does n imply impetuosity or desire1 t is to say1 has n an eag] incl9ation1 because x is by ! sole judgm5t ( 8 reason t "o man wi%es ano!r well4 ,aga9 su* l love arises f previ\s acqua9tance1 :]eas goodwill sometimes arises sudd5ly1 z happ5s to u if we look on at a box+-mat*1 & we wi% "o ( ! box]s to w94 ,b ! love1 :i* is 9 ! intellective appetite1 also diff]s f goodwill1 because x d5otes a c]ta9 union ( affections betwe5 ! lov] & ! belov$1 9 z mu* z ! lov] deems ! belov$ z some:at unit$ to him1 or belong+ to him1 & s t5ds t[>ds him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 goodwill is a simple act ( ! w1 :]eby we wi% a p]son well1 ev5 )\t presuppos+ ! a=esaid union ( ! affections ) him4 ,accord+ly1 to love1 consid]$ z an act ( *>ity1 includes goodwill1 b su* dilection or love adds union ( affections1 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #e7 t goodwill is a beg9n+ ( fri5d%ip4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph]1 by ?us def9+ to love1 does n describe x fully1 b m5tions only t "p ( its def9ition 9 :i* ! act ( love is *iefly manife/$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to love is inde$ an act ( ! w t5d+ to ! good1 b x adds a c]ta9 union ) ! belov$1 :i* union is n d5ot$ by goodwill4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! ?+s m5tion$ by ! ,philosoph] belong to fri5d%ip because !y arise f a man's love = himself1 z he says 9 ! same passage1 9 s f> z a man does all ^! ?+s 9 respect ( 8 fri5d1 ev5 z he does !m to himself3 & ?is belongs to ! a=esaid union ( ! affections4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,out ( ,*>ity ,god ,ought to ,be ,lov$ = ,himself8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god is lov$ out ( *>ity1 n = ,himself b = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,= ,gregory says 9 a homily 7,9 ,evang4 xi73 ,! s\l le>ns f ! ?+s x kn[s1 to love ^? x kn[s n1 :]e by ?+s unkn[n he means ! intelligible & ! ,div9e1 & by ?+s kn[n he indicates ! objects ( ! s5ses4 ,!re=e ,god is to be lov$ = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 love foll[s k4 ,b ,god is kn[n ?r\gh some?+ else1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3bj3 ,! invisible ?+s ( ,god are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made4 ,!re=e ,he is also lov$ on acc\nt ( some?+ else & n = ,himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hope begets *>ity z a gloss says on ,matt4 #a3a1 & fe> leads to *>ity1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,fir/ ,canonical ,epi/le ( ,john 7,9 prim4 canon4 ,joan4 ,tract4 ix74 ,n[ hope looks =w>d to obta9 some?+ f ,god1 :ile fe> %uns some?+ :i* c be inflict$ by ,god4 ,!re=e x seems t ,god is to be lov$ on acc\nt ( "s good we hope =1 or "s evil to be fe>$4 ,!re=e ,he is n to be lov$ = ,himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i71 to enjoy is to cleave to some?+ = its own sake4 ,n[ ,god is to be enjoy$ z he says 9 ! same book4 ,!re=e ,god is to be lov$ = ,himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,! preposition = d5otes a relation ( causality4 ,n[ !re are f\r k9ds ( cause1 viz41 f9al1 =mal1 effici5t1 & mat]ial1 to :i* a mat]ial disposition also is to be r$uc$1 ?\gh x is n a cause simply b relatively4 ,accord+ to ^! f\r diff]5t causes "o ?+ is said to be lov$ = ano!r4 ,9 respect ( ! f9al cause1 we love m$ic9e1 = in/ance1 = heal?2 9 respect ( ! =mal cause1 we love a man = 8 virtue1 because1 to wit1 by 8 virtue he is =mally good & !re=e lovable2 9 respect ( ! effici5t cause1 we love c]ta9 m5 because1 = in/ance1 !y are ! sons ( su* & su* a fa!r2 & 9 respect ( ! disposition :i* is r$ucible to ! g5us ( a mat]ial cause1 we speak ( lov+ some?+ = t :i* dispos$ u to love x1 e4g4 we love a man = ! favors receiv$ f him1 al?\gh aft] we h begun to love our fri5d1 we no long] love him = 8 favors1 b = 8 virtue4 ,accord+ly1 z reg>ds ! fir/ ?ree ways1 we love ,god1 n = any?+ else1 b = ,himself4 ,= ,he is n direct$ to any?+ else z to an end1 b is ,himself ! la/ end ( all ?+s2 nor does ,he require to receive any =m 9 ord] to be good1 = ,8 v sub/ance is ,8 goodness1 :i* is itself ! exempl> ( all o!r good ?+s2 nor aga9 does goodness accrue to ,him f aught else1 b f ,him to all o!r ?+s4 ,9 ! f\r? way1 h[ev]1 ,he c be lov$ = some?+ else1 because we are dispos$ by c]ta9 ?+s to advance 9 ,8 love1 = in/ance1 by favors be/[$ by ,him1 by ! rew>ds we hope to receive f ,him1 or ev5 by ! puni%m5ts :i* we are m9d$ to avoid ?r\gh ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,f ! ?+s x kn[s ! s\l le>ns to love :at x kn[s n1 n z ?\gh ! ?+s x kn[s 7 ! reason = its lov+ ?+s x kn[s n1 ?r\gh be+ ! =mal1 f9al1 or effici5t cause ( ?is love1 b because ?is k disposes man to love ! unkn[n4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,k ( ,god is inde$ acquir$ ?r\gh o!r ?+s1 b aft] ,he is kn[n1 ,he is no long] kn[n ?r\gh !m1 b ?r\gh ,himself1 accord+ to ,john #d3db3 ,we n[ believe1 n = ?y say+3 = we ourselves h he>d ,him1 & "k t ?is is inde$ ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hope & fe> lead to *>ity by way ( a c]ta9 disposition1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #ai1 ,,aa4 #d1 #g1 #aj74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,god ,c ,be ,lov$ ,imm$iately 9 ,?is ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god _c be lov$ imm$iately 9 ?is life4 ,= ! unkn[n _c be lov$ z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 x1 #a74 ,n[ we d n "k ,god imm$iately 9 ?is life1 s9ce we see n[ ?r\gh a glass1 9 a d>k mann] 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ab74 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 d we love ,him imm$iately4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he :o _c d :at is less1 _c d :at is m4 ,n[ x is m to love ,god ?an to "k ,him1 s9ce he :o is jo9$ to ,god by love1 is "o _s ) ,him 7#a ,cor4 #f3ag74 ,b man _c "k ,god imm$iately4 ,!re=e mu* less c he love ,him imm$iately4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man is sev]$ f ,god by s91 accord+ to ,isa4 #ei3b3 ,y\r iniquities h divid$ betwe5 y & y\r ,god4 ,n[ s9 is 9 ! w r ?an 9 ! intellect4 ,!re=e man is less able to love ,god imm$iately ?an to "k ,him imm$iately4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,k ( ,god1 ?r\gh be+ m$iate1 is said to be enigmatic1 & falls away 9 heav51 z /at$ 9 #a ,cor4 #ac3ab4 ,b *>ity does n fall away z /at$ 9 ! same passage 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ab74 ,!re=e ! *>ity ( ! way adh]es to ,god imm$iately4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g71 ! act ( a cognitive p[] is complet$ by ! ?+ kn[n be+ 9 ! kn[]1 :]eas ! act ( an appetitive p[] consi/s 9 ! appetite be+ incl9$ t[>ds ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! movem5t ( ! appetitive p[] is t[>ds ?+s 9 respect ( _! own condition1 :]eas ! act ( a cognitive p[] foll[s ! mode ( ! kn[]4 ,n[ 9 itself ! v ord] ( ?+s is su*1 t ,god is kn[able & lovable = ,himself1 s9ce ,he is ess5tially tru? & goodness itself1 :]eby o!r ?+s are kn[n & lov$3 b ) reg>d to u1 s9ce our k is d]iv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 ^? ?+s are kn[able fir/ :i* are ne>] to our s5ses1 & ! la/ t]m ( k is t :i* is mo/ remote f our s5ses4 ,accord+ly1 we mu/ ass]t t to love :i* is an act ( ! appetitive p[]1 ev5 9 ?is /ate ( life1 t5ds to ,god fir/1 & fl[s on f ,him to o!r ?+s1 & 9 ?is s5se *>ity loves ,god imm$iately1 & o!r ?+s ?r\gh ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) reg>d to k1 x is ! rev]se1 s9ce we "k ,god ?r\gh o!r ?+s1 ei!r z a cause ?r\gh its effects1 or by way ( pre-em95ce or negation z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 i2 cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #ab74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! unkn[n _c be lov$1 x does n foll[ t ! ord] ( k is ! same z ! ord] ( love1 s9ce love is ! t]m ( k1 & consequ5tly1 love c beg9 at once :]e k ends1 namely 9 ! ?+ itself :i* is kn[n ?r\gh ano!r ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce to love ,god is some?+ great] ?an to "k ,him1 especially 9 ?is /ate ( life1 x foll[s t love ( ,god presupposes k ( ,god4 ,& because ?is k does n re/ 9 creatures1 b1 ?r\gh !m1 t5ds to some?+ else1 love beg9s !re1 & !nce goes on to o!r ?+s by a circul> movem5t s to speak2 = k beg9s f creatures1 t5ds to ,god1 & love beg9s ) ,god z ! la/ end1 & passes on to creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,av]sion f ,god1 :i* is br\ght ab\t by s91 is remov$ by *>ity1 b n by k alone3 h5ce *>ity1 by lov+ ,god1 unites ! s\l imm$iately to ,him ) a *a9 ( spiritual union4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,god c be lov$ :olly8 99,cf4 ,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #b ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god _c be lov$ :olly4 ,= love foll[s k4 ,n[ ,god _c be :olly kn[n by u1 s9ce ?is w\ld imply compreh5sion ( ,him4 ,!re=e ,he _c be :olly lov$ by u4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 love is a k9d ( union1 z ,dionysius %[s 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,b ! he>t ( man _c be :olly unit$ to ,god1 because ,god is great] ?an our he>t 7#a ,john #c3bj74 ,!re=e ,god _c be lov$ :olly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god loves ,himself :olly4 ,if !re=e ,he be lov$ :olly by ano!r1 ?is "o w love ,him z mu* z ,god loves ,himself4 ,b ?is is unreasonable4 ,!re=e ,god _c be :olly lov$ by a creature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #f3e73 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) ?y :ole he>t4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce love may be consid]$ z some?+ betwe5 lov] & belov$1 :5 we ask :e!r ,god c be :olly lov$1 ! "q may be und]/ood 9 ?ree ways1 fir/ s t ! qualification :olly be ref]r$ to ! ?+ lov$1 & ?us ,god is to be lov$ :olly1 s9ce man %\ld love all t p]ta9s to ,god4 ,secondly1 x may be und]/ood z ?\gh :olly qualifi$ ! lov]3 & ?us aga9 ,god ought to be lov$ :olly1 s9ce man ought to love ,god ) all 8 might1 & to ref] all he has to ! love ( ,god1 accord+ to ,deut4 #f3e3 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) ?y :ole he>t4 ,?irdly1 x may be und]/ood by way ( comp>ison ( ! lov] to ! ?+ lov$1 s t ! mode ( ! lov] equal ! mode ( ! ?+ lov$4 ,?is is impossible3 =1 s9ce a ?+ is lovable 9 proportion to its goodness1 ,god is inf9itely lovable1 s9ce ,8 goodness is inf9ite4 ,n[ no creature c love ,god inf9itely1 because all p[] ( creatures1 :e!r x be natural or infus$1 is f9ite4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections1 because ! fir/ ?ree objections consid] ! "q 9 ?is ?ird s5se1 :ile ! la/ takes x 9 ! second s5se4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r 9 ,lov+ ,god ,we ,ought to ,obs]ve ,any ,mode8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought to obs]ve "s mode 9 lov+ ,god4 ,= ! notion ( good consi/s 9 mode1 species & ord]1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,nat4 ,boni iii1 iv74 ,n[ ! love ( ,god is ! be/ ?+ 9 man1 accord+ to ,col4 #c3ad3 ,above all 4 4 4 ?+s1 h *>ity4 ,!re=e !re ought to be a mode ( ! love ( ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 viii73 ,pri!e1 tell me :i* is ! mode ( love4 ,= ,i fe> le/ ,i burn ) ! desire & love ( my ,"l1 m or less ?an ,i ought4 ,b x w\ld be useless to seek ! mode ( ! ,div9e love1 unless !re 7 "o4 ,!re=e !re is a mode ( ! love ( ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iv1 #c71 ! measure :i* nature appo9ts to a ?+1 is its mode4 ,n[ ! measure ( ! human w1 z also ( ext]nal action1 is ! reason4 ,!re=e j z x is necess>y = ! reason to appo9t a mode to ! ext]ior effect ( *>ity1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ab3a3 ,y\r reasonable s]vice1 s also ! int]ior love ( ,god requires a mode4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,b]n>d says 7,de ,dilig4 ,deum #a7 t ,god is ! cause ( our lov+ ,god2 ! measure is to love ,him )\t measure4 ,i answ] t1 ,z appe>s f ! words ( ,augu/9e quot$ above 7,obj4 #c7 mode signifies a det]m9ation ( measure2 :i* det]m9ation is to be f\nd bo? 9 ! measure & 9 ! ?+ measur$1 b n 9 ! same way4 ,= x is f\nd 9 ! measure ess5tially1 because a measure is ( itself ! det]m9+ & modify+ rule ( o!r ?+s2 :]eas 9 ! ?+s measur$1 x is f\nd relatively1 t is 9 s f> z !y atta9 to ! measure4 ,h5ce !re c be no?+ unmodifi$ 9 ! measure :]eas ! ?+ measur$ is unmodifi$ if x fails to atta9 to ! measure1 :e!r by defici5cy or by excess4 ,n[ 9 all matt]s ( appetite & action ! measure is ! end1 because ! prop] reason = all t we desire or d %\ld be tak5 f ! end1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,phys4 ii1 #i74 ,!re=e ! end has a mode by itself1 :ile ! means take _! mode f be+ proportionate to ! end4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,polit4 i1 #c71 9 e art1 ! desire = ! end is endless & unlimit$1 :]eas !re is a limit to ! means3 ?us ! physician does n put limits to heal?1 b makes x z p]fect z he possibly c2 b he puts a limit to m$ic9e1 = he does n give z mu* m$ic9e z he c1 b accord+ z heal? dem&s s t if he give too mu* or too little1 ! m$ic9e w\ld be immod]ate4 ,aga91 ! end ( all human actions & affections is ! love ( ,god1 :]eby pr9cipally we atta9 to our la/ end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #f71 :]e=e ! mode 9 ! love ( ,god1 mu/ n be tak5 z 9 a ?+ measur$ :]e we f9d too mu* or too little1 b z 9 ! measure itself1 :]e !re _c be excess1 & :]e ! m ! rule is atta9$ ! bett] x is1 s t ! m we love ,god ! bett] our love is4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t :i* is s by its ess5ce takes prec$5ce ( t :i* is s ?r\gh ano!r1 :]e=e ! goodness ( ! measure :i* has ! mode ess5tially1 takes prec$5ce ( ! goodness ( ! ?+ measur$1 :i* has its mode ?r\gh some?+ else2 & s too1 *>ity1 :i* has a mode z a measure has1 /&s be=e ! o!r virtues1 :i* h a mode ?r\gh be+ measur$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e adds 9 ! same passage1 ! measure ( our love = ,god is to love ,him ) our :ole he>t1 t is to love ,him z mu* z ,he c be lov$1 & ?is belongs to ! mode :i* is prop] to ! measure4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an affection1 ^: object is subject to reason's judgm5t1 %\ld be measur$ by reason4 ,b ! object ( ! ,div9e love :i* is ,god surpasses ! judgm5t ( reason1 :]e=e x is n measur$ by reason b transc5ds x4 ,nor is !re p>ity betwe5 ! int]ior act & ext]nal acts ( *>ity4 ,= ! int]ior act ( *>ity has ! "* ( an end1 s9ce man's ultimate good consi/s 9 8 s\l cleav+ to ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #gb3bh3 ,x is good = me to adh]e to my ,god2 :]eas ! ext]ior acts are z means to ! end1 & s h to be measur$ bo? accord+ to *>ity & accord+ to reason4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,x ,is ,m ,m]itori\s to ,love an ,enemy ,?an to ,love a ,fri5d8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem m m]itori\s to love an enemy ?an to love a fri5d4 ,= x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3df73 ,if y love !m t love y1 :at rew>d %all y h8 ,!re=e x is n des]v+ ( rew>d to love "o's fri5d3 :]eas1 z ! same passage proves1 to love "o's enemy is des]v+ ( a rew>d4 ,!re=e x is m m]itori\s to love "o's enemy ?an to love "o's fri5d4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an act is ! m m]itori\s ?r\gh proce$+ f a great] *>ity4 ,b x belongs to ! p]fect *ildr5 ( ,god to love _! enemies1 :]eas ^? also :o h imp]fect *>ity love _! fri5ds4 ,!re=e x is m m]itori\s to love "o's enemy ?an to love "o's fri5d4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :]e !re is m ef=t = good1 !re seems to be m m]it1 s9ce e man %all receive 8 own rew>d accord+ to 8 own labor 7#a ,cor4 #c3h74 ,n[ a man has to make a great] ef=t to love 8 enemy ?an to love 8 fri5d1 because x is m difficult4 ,!re=e x seems m m]itori\s to love "o's enemy ?an to love "o's fri5d4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! bett] an action is1 ! m m]itori\s x is4 ,n[ x is bett] to love "o's fri5d1 s9ce x is bett] to love a bett] man1 & ! fri5d :o loves y is bett] ?an ! enemy :o hates y4 ,!re=e x is m m]itori\s to love "o's fri5d ?an to love "o's enemy4 ,i answ] t1 ,god is ! reason = our lov+ our neighbor out ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a74 ,:5 !re=e x is ask$ :i* is bett] or m m]itori\s1 to love "o's fri5d or "o's enemy1 ^! two loves may be comp>$ 9 two ways1 fir/1 on ! "p ( our neighbor :om we love1 secondly1 on ! "p ( ! reason = :i* we love him4 ,9 ! fir/ way1 love ( "o's fri5d surpasses love ( "o's enemy1 because a fri5d is bo? bett] & m closely unit$ to u1 s t he is a m suitable matt] ( love & consequ5tly ! act ( love t passes ov] ?is matt]1 is bett]1 & !re=e its opposite is worse1 = x is worse to hate a fri5d ?an an enemy4 ,9 ! second way1 h[ev]1 x is bett] to love "o's enemy ?an "o's fri5d1 & ?is = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because x is possible to love "o's fri5d = ano!r reason ?an ,god1 :]eas ,god is ! only reason = lov+ "o's enemy4 ,secondly1 because if we suppose t bo? are lov$ = ,god1 our love = ,god is prov$ to be all ! /rong] ?r\gh c>ry+ a man's affections to ?+s :i* are fur!/ f him1 namely1 to ! love ( 8 enemies1 ev5 z ! p[] ( a furnace is prov$ to be ! /rong]1 accord+ z x ?r[s its heat to m di/ant objects4 ,h5ce our love = ,god is prov$ to be s mu* ! /rong]1 z ! m difficult are ! ?+s we accompli% = its sake1 j z ! p[] ( fire is s mu* ! /rong]1 z x is able to set fire to a less inflammable matt]4 ,yet j z ! same fire acts ) great] =ce on :at is ne> ?an on :at is di/ant1 s too1 *>ity loves ) great] f]vor ^? :o are unit$ to u ?an ^? :o are f> remov$2 & 9 ?is respect ! love ( fri5ds1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is m ard5t & bett] ?an ! love ( "o's enemy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! words ( ,our ,"l mu/ be tak5 9 _! /rict s5se3 because ! love ( "o's fri5ds is n m]itori\s 9 ,god's sight :5 we love !m m]ely because !y are our fri5ds3 & ?is w\ld seem to be ! case :5 we love our fri5ds 9 su* a way t we love n our enemies4 ,on ! o!r h& ! love ( our fri5ds is m]itori\s1 if we love !m = ,god's sake1 & n m]ely because !y are our fri5ds4 ,! ,reply to ! o!r ,objections is evid5t f :at has be5 said 9 ! article1 because ! two argum5ts t foll[ consid] ! reason = lov+1 :ile ! la/ consid]s ! "q on ! "p ( ^? :o are lov$4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bg1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,x ,is ,m ,m]itori\s to ,love ,"o's ,neighbor ,?an to ,love ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is m m]itori\s to love "o's neighbor ?an to love ,god4 ,= ! m m]itori\s ?+ w\ld seem to be :at ! ,apo/le pref]r$4 ,n[ ! ,apo/le pref]r$ ! love ( our neighbor to ! love ( ,god1 accord+ to ,rom4 #i3c3 ,i wi%$ myself to be an ana!ma f ,*ri/ = my bre?r54 ,!re=e x is m m]itori\s to love "o's neighbor ?an to love ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 a c]ta9 s5se x seems to be less m]itori\s to love "o's fri5d1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g74 ,n[ ,god is our *ief fri5d1 s9ce ,he ha? fir/ lov$ u 7#a ,john #d3aj74 ,!re=e x seems less m]itori\s to love ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is m difficult seems to be m virtu\s & m]itori\s s9ce virtue is ab\t t :i* is difficult & good 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c74 ,n[ x is easi] to love ,god ?an to love "o's neighbor1 bo? because all ?+s love ,god naturally1 & because !re is no?+ unlovable 9 ,god1 & ?is _c be said ( "o's neighbor4 ,!re=e x is m m]itori\s to love "o's neighbor ?an to love ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t on acc\nt ( :i* a ?+ is su*1 is yet m s4 ,n[ ! love ( "o's neighbor is n m]itori\s1 except by reason ( 8 be+ lov$ = ,god's sake4 ,!re=e ! love ( ,god is m m]itori\s ?an ! love ( our neighbor4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is comp>ison may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by consid]+ bo? loves sep>ately3 & !n1 )\t d\bt1 ! love ( ,god is ! m m]itori\s1 because a rew>d is due to x = its own sake1 s9ce ! ultimate rew>d is ! enjoym5t ( ,god1 to ,:om ! movem5t ( ! ,div9e love t5ds3 h5ce a rew>d is promis$ to him t loves ,god 7,john #ad3ba73 ,he t love? ,me1 %all be lov$ ( ,my ,fa!r1 & ,i w 4 4 4 manife/ ,myself to him4 ,secondly1 ! comp>ison may be und]/ood to be betwe5 ! love ( ,god alone on ! "o side1 & ! love ( "o's neighbor = ,god's sake1 on ! o!r4 ,9 ?is way love ( our neighbor includes love ( ,god1 :ile love ( ,god does n include love ( our neighbor4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison w be betwe5 p]fect love ( ,god1 ext5d+ also to our neighbor1 & inadequate & imp]fect love ( ,god1 = ?is comm&m5t we h f ,god1 t he1 :o love? ,god1 love also 8 bro!r 7#a ,john #d3ba74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to "o gloss1 ! ,apo/le did n desire ?is1 viz4 to be sev]$ f ,*ri/ = 8 bre?r51 :5 he 0 9 a /ate ( grace1 b _h =m]ly desir$ x :5 he 0 9 a /ate ( unbelief1 s t we %\ld n imitate him 9 ?is respect4 ,we may also reply1 ) ,*ryso/om 7,de ,compunct4 i1 #h7 99,hom4 xvi 9 ,ep4 ad ,rom4 t ?is does n prove ! ,apo/le to h lov$ 8 neighbor m ?an ,god1 b t he lov$ ,god m ?an himself4 ,= he wi%$ to be depriv$ = a "t ( ! ,div9e fruition :i* p]ta9s to love ( "o self1 9 ord] t ,god might be honor$ 9 8 neighbor1 :i* p]ta9s to ! love ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man's love = 8 fri5ds is sometimes less m]itori\s 9 s f> z he loves !m = _! sake1 s z to fall %ort ( ! true reason = ! fri5d%ip ( *>ity1 :i* is ,god4 ,h5ce t ,god be lov$ = ,8 own sake does n dim9i% ! m]it1 b is ! entire reason = m]it4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! good has1 m ?an ! difficult1 to d ) ! reason ( m]it & virtue4 ,!re=e x does n foll[ t :atev] is m difficult is m m]itori\s1 b only :at is m difficult1 & at ! same "t bett]4 ,,"q #bh ,,( ,,joy 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! effects :i* result f ! pr9cipal act ( *>ity :i* is love1 & 7#a7 ! int]ior effects1 7#b7 ! ext]ior effects4 ,z to ! fir/1 ?ree ?+s h to be consid]$3 7#a7 ,joy1 7#b7 ,peace1 7#c7 ,m]cy4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r joy is an effect ( *>ity8 7#b7 ,:e!r ?is k9d ( joy is compatible ) sorr[8 7#c7 ,:e!r ?is joy c be full8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a virtue8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,joy ,is ,effect$ 9 ,u by ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t joy is n effect$ 9 u by *>ity4 ,= ! abs5ce ( :at we love causes sorr[ r ?an joy4 ,b ,god1 ,:om we love by *>ity1 is abs5t f u1 s long z we are 9 ?is /ate ( life1 s9ce :ile we are 9 ! body1 we are abs5t f ! ,"l 7#b ,cor4 #e3f74 ,!re=e *>ity causes sorr[ 9 u r ?an joy4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is *iefly ?r\gh *>ity t we m]it happ9ess4 ,n[ m\rn+1 :i* p]ta9s to sorr[1 is reckon$ among ^? ?+s :]eby we m]it happ9ess1 accord+ to ,matt4 #e3e3 ,bless$ are !y t m\rn1 = !y %all be com=t$4 ,!re=e sorr[1 r ?an joy1 is an effect ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is a virtue di/9ct f hope1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #f74 ,n[ joy is ! effect ( hope1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ab3ab3 ,rejoic+ 9 hope4 ,!re=e x is n ! effect ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #e3e73 ,! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is giv5 to u4 ,b joy is caus$ 9 u by ! ,holy ,gho/ accord+ to ,rom4 #ad3ag3 ,! k+dom ( ,god is n meat & dr9k1 b ju/ice & peace1 & joy 9 ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e *>ity is a cause ( joy4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions1 joy & sorr[ proce$ f love1 b 9 contr>y ways4 ,= joy is caus$ by love1 ei!r ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( ! ?+ lov$1 or because ! prop] good ( ! ?+ lov$ exi/s & endures 9 x2 & ! latt] is ! case *iefly 9 ! love ( b5evol5ce1 :]eby a man rejoices 9 ! well-be+ ( 8 fri5d1 ?\gh he be abs5t4 ,on ! o!r h& sorr[ arises f love1 ei!r ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( ! ?+ lov$1 or because ! lov$ object to :i* we wi% well1 is depriv$ ( its good or afflict$ ) "s evil4 ,n[ *>ity is love ( ,god1 ,^: good is un*angeable1 s9ce ,he is ,8 goodness1 & f ! v fact t ,he is lov$1 ,he is 9 ^? :o love ,him by ,8 mo/ excell5t effect1 accord+ to #a ,john #d3af3 ,he t abide? 9 *>ity1 abide? 9 ,god1 & ,god 9 him4 ,!re=e spiritual joy1 :i* is ab\t ,god1 is caus$ by *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s long z we are 9 ! body1 we are said to be abs5t f ! ,"l1 9 comp>ison ) t pres5ce :]eby ,he is pres5t to "s by ! vision ( sight2 :]e=e ! ,apo/le goes on to say 7#b ,cor4 #e3f73 ,= we walk by fai? & n by sight4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 9 ?is life1 ,he is pres5t to ^? :o love ,him1 by ! indwell+ ( ,8 grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! m\rn+ t m]its happ9ess1 is ab\t ^? ?+s t are contr>y to happ9ess4 ,:]e=e x am\nts to ! same t *>ity causes ?is m\rn+1 & ?is spiritual joy ab\t ,god1 s9ce to rejoice 9 a c]ta9 good am\nts to ! same z to grieve = ?+s t are contr>y to x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re c be spiritual joy ab\t ,god 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 :5 we rejoice 9 ! ,div9e good consid]$ 9 itself2 secondly1 :5 we rejoice 9 ! ,div9e good z p>ticipat$ by u4 ,! =m] joy is ! bett]1 & proce$s f *>ity *iefly3 :ile ! latt] joy proce$s f hope also1 :]eby we look =w>d to enjoy ! ,div9e good1 al?\gh ?is enjoym5t itself1 :e!r p]fect or imp]fect1 is obta9$ accord+ to ! measure ( "o's *>ity4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,spiritual ,joy1 ,:i* ,results f ,*>ity1 ,is ,compatible ) an ,admixture ( ,sorr[8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! spiritual joy t results f *>ity is compatible ) an admixture ( sorr[4 ,= x belongs to *>ity to rejoice 9 our neighbor's good1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3d1 #f3 ,*>ity 4 4 4 rejoice? n 9 iniquity1 b rejoice? ) ! tru?4 ,b ?is joy is compatible ) an admixture ( sorr[1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ab3ae3 ,rejoice ) !m t rejoice1 weep ) !m t weep4 ,!re=e ! spiritual joy ( *>ity is compatible ) an admixture ( sorr[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 9 ,evang4 xxxiv71 p5ance consi/s 9 deplor+ pa/ s9s1 & 9 n committ+ aga9 ^? we h deplor$4 ,b !re is no true p5ance )\t *>ity4 ,!re=e ! joy ( *>ity has an admixture ( sorr[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is ?r\gh *>ity t man desires to be ) ,*ri/ accord+ to ,phil4 #a3bc3 ,hav+ a desire to be dissolv$ & to be ) ,*ri/4 ,n[ ?is desire gives rise1 9 man1 to a c]ta9 sadness1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aai3e3 ,woe is me t my soj\rn+ is prolong$6 ,!re=e ! joy ( *>ity admits ( a season+ ( sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! joy ( *>ity is joy ab\t ! ,div9e wisdom4 ,n[ su* l joy has no admixture ( sorr[1 accord+ to ,wis4 #h3af3 ,h] conv]sation ha? no bitt]ness4 ,!re=e ! joy ( *>ity is incompatible ) an admixture ( sorr[4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c71 a tw(old joy 9 ,god arises f *>ity4 ,"o1 ! m excell5t1 is prop] to *>ity2 & ) ?is joy we rejoice 9 ! ,div9e good consid]$ 9 itself4 ,?is joy ( *>ity is incompatible ) an admixture ( sorr[1 ev5 z ! good :i* is its object is incompatible ) any admixture ( evil3 h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #d3d73 ,rejoice 9 ! ,"l always4 ,! o!r is ! joy ( *>ity :]eby we rejoice 9 ! ,div9e good z p>ticipat$ by u4 ,?is p>ticipation c be h9d]$ by any?+ contr>y to x1 :]e=e1 9 ?is respect1 ! joy ( *>ity is compatible ) an admixture ( sorr[1 9 s f> z a man grieves = t :i* h9d]s ! p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e good1 ei!r 9 u or 9 our neighbor1 :om we love z ourselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our neighbor does n weep save on acc\nt ( "s evil4 ,n[ e evil implies lack ( p>ticipation 9 ! sov]eign good3 h5ce *>ity makes u weep ) our neighbor 9 s f> z he is h9d]$ f p>ticipat+ 9 ! ,div9e good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,our s9s divide betwe5 u & ,god1 accord+ to ,isa4 #ei3b2 :]e=e ?is is ! reason :y we grieve = our pa/ s9s1 or = ^? ( o!rs1 9 s f> z !y h9d] u f p>ticipat+ 9 ! ,div9e good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh 9 ?is unhappy abode we p>ticipate1 aft] a fa%ion1 9 ! ,div9e good1 by k & love1 yet ! unhapp9ess ( ?is life is an ob/acle to a p]fect p>ticipation 9 ! ,div9e good3 h5ce ?is v sorr[1 :]eby a man grieves = ! delay ( glory1 is connect$ ) ! h9drance to a p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e good4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,spiritual ,joy ,:i* ,proce$s f ,*>ity1 ,c ,be ,fill$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! spiritual joy :i* proce$s f *>ity _c be fill$4 ,= ! m we rejoice 9 ,god1 ! m is our joy 9 ,him fill$4 ,b we c nev] rejoice 9 ,him z mu* z x is meet t we %\ld rejoice 9 ,god1 s9ce ,8 goodness :i* is inf9ite1 surpasses ! creature's joy :i* is f9ite4 ,!re=e joy 9 ,god c nev] be fill$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is fill$ _c be increas$4 ,b ! joy1 ev5 ( ! bless$1 c be increas$1 s9ce "o's joy is great] ?an ano!r's4 ,!re=e joy 9 ,god _c be fill$ 9 a creature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 compreh5sion seems to be no?+ else ?an ! fulness ( k4 ,n[1 j z ! cognitive p[] ( a creature is f9ite1 s is its appetitive p[]4 ,s9ce !re=e ,god _c be compreh5d$ by any creature1 x seems t no creature's joy 9 ,god c be fill$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said to ,8 disciples 7,john #ae3aa73 ,t ,my joy may be 9 y1 & y\r joy may be fill$4 ,i answ] t1 ,fulness ( joy c be und]/ood 9 two ways2 fir/1 on ! "p ( ! ?+ rejoic$ 91 s t "o rejoice 9 x z mu* z x is meet t "o %\ld rejoice 9 x1 & ?us ,god's joy alone 9 ,himself is fill$1 because x is inf9ite2 & ?is is condignly due to ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god3 b ! joy ( any creature mu/ ne$s be f9ite4 ,secondly1 fulness ( joy may be und]/ood on ! "p ( ! "o :o rejoices4 ,n[ joy is comp>$ to desire1 z re/ to movem5t1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions3 & re/ is full :5 !re is no m movem5t4 ,h5ce joy is full1 :5 !re rema9s no?+ to be desir$4 ,b z long z we are 9 ?is _w1 ! movem5t ( desire does n cease 9 u1 because x /ill rema9s possible = u to approa* ne>] to ,god by grace1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #bd1 ,,aa4 #d1 #g74 ,:5 once1 h[ev]1 p]fect happ9ess has be5 atta9$1 no?+ w rema9 to be desir$1 because !n !re w be full enjoym5t ( ,god1 :]e9 man w obta9 :atev] he _h desir$1 ev5 ) reg>d to o!r goods1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ajb3e3 ,:o satisfie? ?y desire ) good ?+s4 ,h5ce desire w be at re/1 n only our desire = ,god1 b all our desires3 s t ! joy ( ! bless$ is full to p]fection--inde$ ov]-full1 s9ce !y w obta9 m ?an !y 7 capable ( desir+3 = nei!r ha? x ent]$ into ! he>t ( man1 :at ?+s ,god ha? prep>$ = !m t love ,him 7#a ,cor4 #b3i74 ,?is is :at is meant by ! words ( ,luke #f3ch3 ,good measure & press$ d[n1 & %ak5 toge!r1 & runn+ ov] %all !y give into y\r bosom4 ,yet1 s9ce no creature is capable ( ! joy condignly due to ,god1 x foll[s t ?is p]fectly full joy is n tak5 into man1 b1 on ! contr>y1 man ent]s into x1 accord+ to ,matt4 #be3ba3 ,ent] into ! joy ( ?y ,"l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t takes ! fulness ( joy 9 ref]5ce to ! ?+ 9 :i* we rejoice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 ea* "o atta9s to happ9ess he w rea* ! t]m appo9t$ to him by ,div9e pr$e/9ation1 & no?+ fur!r w rema9 to :i* he may t5d1 al?\gh by rea*+ t t]m1 "s w approa* ne>] to ,god ?an o!rs4 ,h5ce ea* "o's joy w be full ) reg>d to himself1 because 8 desire w be fully set at re/2 yet "o's joy w be great] ?an ano!r's1 on acc\nt ( a full] p>ticipation ( ! ,div9e happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,compreh5sion d5otes fulness ( k 9 respect ( ! ?+ kn[n1 s t x is kn[n z mu* z x c be4 ,!re is h[ev] a fulness ( k 9 respect ( ! kn[]1 j z we h said ( joy4 ,:]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7,col4 #a3i73 ,t y may be fill$ ) ! k ( ,8 w1 9 all wisdom & spiritual und]/&+4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,joy ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t joy is a virtue4 ,= vice is contr>y to virtue4 ,n[ sorr[ is set d[n z a vice1 z 9 ! case ( slo? & envy4 ,!re=e joy also %\ld be acc\nt$ a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z love & hope are passions1 ! object ( :i* is good1 s also is joy4 ,n[ love & hope are reckon$ to be virtues4 ,!re=e joy also %\ld be reckon$ a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! precepts ( ! ,law are ab\t acts ( virtue4 ,b we are comm&$ to rejoice 9 ! ,"l1 accord+ to ,phil4 #d3d3 ,rejoice 9 ! ,"l always4 ,!re=e joy is a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is n numb]$ among ! !ological virtues1 nor among ! moral1 nor among ! intellectual virtues1 z is evid5t f :at has be5 said above 7,i-,,ii1 ,,qq4 #eg1 #fj1 #fb74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d71 virtue is an op]ative habit1 :]e=e by its v nature x has an incl9ation to a c]ta9 act4 ,n[ x may happ5 t f ! same habit !re proce$ sev]al ord9ate & homog5e\s acts1 ea* ( :i* foll[s f ano!r4 ,& s9ce ! subsequ5t acts d n proce$ f ! virtu\s habit except ?r\gh ! prec$+ act1 h5ce x is t ! virtue is def9$ & nam$ 9 ref]5ce to t prec$+ act1 al?\gh ^? o!r acts also proce$ f ! virtue4 ,n[ x is evid5t f :at we h said ab\t ! passions 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d7 t love is ! fir/ affection ( ! appetitive p[]1 & t desire & joy foll[ f x4 ,h5ce ! same virtu\s habit incl9es u to love & desire ! belov$ good1 & to rejoice 9 x4 ,b 9 z mu* z love is ! fir/ ( ^! acts1 t virtue takes its "n1 n f joy1 nor f desire1 b f love1 & is call$ *>ity4 ,h5ce joy is n a virtue di/9ct f *>ity1 b an act1 or effect1 ( *>ity3 = :i* reason x is numb]$ among ! ,fruits 7,gal4 #e3bb74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! sorr[ :i* is a vice is caus$ by inord9ate self-love1 & ?is is n a special vice1 b a g5]al s\rce ( ! vices1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #d72 s t x 0 necess>y to acc\nt c]ta9 p>ticul> sorr[s z special vices1 because !y d n arise f a special1 b f a g5]al vice4 ,on ! o!r h& love ( ,god is acc\nt$ a special virtue1 namely *>ity1 to :i* joy mu/ be ref]r$1 z its prop] act1 z /at$ above 7"h & ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,hope proce$s f love ev5 z joy does1 b hope adds1 on ! "p ( ! object1 a special "*1 viz4 difficult1 & possible to obta92 = :i* reason x is acc\nt$ a special virtue4 ,on ! o!r h& joy does n add to love any special aspect1 t might cause a special virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,law prescribes joy1 z be+ an act ( *>ity1 albeit n its fir/ act4 ,,"q #bi ,,( ,,peace 7,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ,peace1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r peace is ! same z concord8 7#b7 ,:e!r all ?+s desire peace8 7#c7 ,:e!r peace is an effect ( *>ity8 7#d7 ,:e!r peace is a virtue8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,peace ,is ! ,same ,z ,concord8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t peace is ! same z concord4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ac73 ,peace among m5 is well ord]$ concord4 ,n[ we are speak+ "h ( no o!r peace ?an t ( m54 ,!re=e peace is ! same z concord4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 concord is union ( wills4 ,n[ ! nature ( peace consi/s 9 su* l union1 = ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 xi7 t peace unites all1 & makes !m ( "o m9d4 ,!re=e peace is ! same z concord4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s ^: opposites are id5tical are !mselves id5tical4 ,n[ ! "o same ?+ is oppos$ to concord & peace1 viz4 diss5sion2 h5ce x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #af3cc73 ,god is n ! ,god ( diss5sion b ( peace4 ,!re=e peace is ! same z concord4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,!re c be concord 9 evil betwe5 wick$ m54 ,b !re is no peace to ! wick$ 7,isa4 #dh3bb74 ,!re=e peace is n ! same z concord4 ,i answ] t1 ,peace includes concord & adds some?+ !reto4 ,h5ce :]ev] peace is1 !re is concord1 b !re is n peace1 :]ev] !re is concord1 if we give peace its prop] mean+4 ,= concord1 prop]ly speak+1 is betwe5 "o man & ano!r1 9 s f> z ! wills ( v>i\s he>ts agree toge!r 9 cons5t+ to ! same ?+4 ,n[ ! he>t ( "o man may happ5 to t5d to div]se ?+s1 & ?is 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 respect ( ! div]se appetitive p[]s3 ?us ! s5sitive appetite t5ds sometimes to t :i* is oppos$ to ! rational appetite1 accord+ to ,gal4 #e3ag3 ,! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! _s4 ,secondly1 9 s f> z "o & ! same appetitive p[] t5ds to div]se objects ( appetite1 :i* x _c obta9 all at ! same "t3 s t !re mu/ ne$s be a cla%+ ( ! movem5ts ( ! appetite4 ,n[ ! union ( su* movem5ts is ess5tial to peace1 because man's he>t is n at peace1 s long z he has n :at he wants1 or if1 hav+ :at he wants1 !re /ill rema9s some?+ = him to want1 & :i* he _c h at ! same "t4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is union is n ess5tial to concord3 :]e=e concord d5otes union ( appetites among v>i\s p]sons1 :ile peace d5otes1 9 addition to ?is union1 ! union ( ! appetites ev5 9 "o man4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ !re ( t peace :i* is betwe5 "o man & ano!r1 & he says t ?is peace is concord1 n inde$ any k9d ( concord1 b t :i* is well ord]$1 ?r\gh "o man agree+ ) ano!r 9 respect ( some?+ befitt+ to bo? ( !m4 ,= if "o man concord ) ano!r1 n ( 8 own accord1 b ?r\gh be+ =c$1 z x 71 by ! fe> ( "s evil t besets him1 su* concord is n really peace1 because ! ord] ( ea* concordant is n obs]v$1 b is di/urb$ by "s fe>-inspir+ cause4 ,= ?is reason he premises t peace is tranquillity ( ord]1 :i* tranquillity consi/s 9 all ! appetitive movem5ts 9 "o man be+ set at re/ toge!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if "o man cons5t to ! same ?+ toge!r ) ano!r man1 8 cons5t is nev]!less n p]fectly unit$ to himself1 unless at ! same "t all 8 appetitive movem5ts be 9 agreem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a tw(old diss5sion is oppos$ to peace1 namely diss5sion betwe5 a man & himself1 & diss5sion betwe5 "o man & ano!r4 ,! latt] alone is oppos$ to concord4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,all ,?+s ,desire ,peace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n all ?+s desire peace4 ,=1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 xi71 peace unites cons5t4 ,b !re _c be unity ( cons5t 9 ?+s :i* are devoid ( k4 ,!re=e su* ?+s _c desire peace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! appetite does n t5d to opposite ?+s at ! same "t4 ,n[ _m desire w> & diss5sion4 ,!re=e all m5 d n desire peace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 good alone is an object ( appetite4 ,b a c]ta9 peace is1 seem+ly1 evil1 else ,our ,"l w\ld n h said 7,matt4 #aj3cd73 ,i came n to s5d peace4 ,!re=e all ?+s d n desire peace4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 t :i* all desire is1 seem+ly1 ! sov]eign good :i* is ! la/ end4 ,b ?is is n true ( peace1 s9ce x is atta9able ev5 by a wayf>]2 else ,our ,"l w\ld va9ly comm& 7,mk4 #i3di73 ,h peace among y4 ,!re=e all ?+s d n desire peace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ab1 #ad7 t all ?+s desire peace3 & ,dionysius says ! same 7,div4 ,nom4 xi74 ,i answ] t1 ,f ! v fact t a man desires a c]ta9 ?+ x foll[s t he desires to obta9 :at he desires1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 to remove :atev] may be an ob/acle to 8 obta9+ x4 ,n[ a man may be h9d]$ f obta9+ ! good he desires1 by a contr>y desire ei!r ( 8 own or ( "s o!r1 & bo? are remov$ by peace1 z /at$ above4 ,h5ce x foll[s ( necessity t :oev] desires any?+ desires peace1 9 s f> z he :o desires any?+1 desires to atta91 ) tranquillity & )\t h9drance1 to t :i* he desires3 & ?is is :at is meant by peace :i* ,augu/9e def9es 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ac7 ! tranquillity ( ord]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,peace d5otes union n only ( ! intellective or rational appetite1 or ( ! animal appetite1 9 bo? ( :i* cons5t may be f\nd1 b also ( ! natural appetite4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says t peace is ! cause ( cons5t & ( connaturalness1 :]e cons5t d5otes ! union ( appetites proce$+ f k1 & connaturalness1 ! union ( natural appetites4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 ^? :o seek w> & diss5sion1 desire no?+ b peace1 :i* !y deem !mselves n to h4 ,= z we /at$ above1 !re is no peace :5 a man concords ) ano!r man c\nt] to :at he w\ld pref]4 ,consequ5tly m5 seek by means ( w> to break ?is concord1 because x is a defective peace1 9 ord] t !y may obta9 peace1 :]e no?+ is contr>y to _! w4 ,h5ce all w>s are wag$ t m5 may f9d a m p]fect peace ?an t :i* !y _h h]et(ore4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,peace gives calm & unity to ! appetite4 ,n[ j z ! appetite may t5d to :at is good simply1 or to :at is good app>5tly1 s too1 peace may be ei!r true or app>5t4 ,!re c be no true peace except :]e ! appetite is direct$ to :at is truly good1 s9ce e evil1 ?\gh x may appe> good 9 a way1 s z to calm ! appetite 9 "s respect1 has1 nev]!less _m defects1 :i* cause ! appetite to rema9 re/less & di/urb$4 ,h5ce true peace is only 9 good m5 & ab\t good ?+s4 ,! peace ( ! wick$ is n a true peace b a semblance !re(1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,wis4 #ad3bb73 ,:]eas !y liv$ 9 a great w> ( ignorance1 !y call s _m & s great evils peace4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,s9ce true peace is only ab\t good ?+s1 z ! true good is possess$ 9 two ways1 p]fectly & imp]fectly1 s !re is a tw(old true peace4 ,"o is p]fect peace4 ,x consi/s 9 ! p]fect enjoym5t ( ! sov]eign good1 & unites all "o's desires by giv+ !m re/ 9 "o object4 ,?is is ! la/ end ( ! rational creature1 accord+ to ,ps4 #adg3c3 ,:o ha? plac$ peace 9 ?y bord]s4 ,! o!r is imp]fect peace1 :i* may be _h 9 ?is _w1 = ?\gh ! *ief movem5t ( ! s\l f9ds re/ 9 ,god1 yet !re are c]ta9 ?+s )9 & )\t :i* di/urb ! peace4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,peace ,is ! ,prop] ,effect ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t peace is n ! prop] effect ( *>ity4 ,= "o _c h *>ity )\t sanctify+ grace4 ,b "s h peace :o h n sanctify+ grace1 ?us hea!ns sometimes h peace4 ,!re=e peace is n ! effect ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if a c]ta9 ?+ is caus$ by *>ity1 its contr>y is n compatible ) *>ity4 ,b diss5sion1 :i* is contr>y to peace1 is compatible ) *>ity1 = we f9d t ev5 holy doctors1 su* z ,j]ome & ,augu/9e1 diss5t$ 9 "s ( _! op9ions4 ,we also read t ,paul & ,b>nabas diss5t$ f "o ano!r 7,acts #ae74 ,!re=e x seems t peace is n ! effect ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ is n ! prop] effect ( diff]5t ?+s4 ,n[ peace is ! effect ( ju/ice1 accord+ to ,isa4 #cb3ag3 ,& ! "w ( ju/ice %all be peace4 ,!re=e x is n ! effect ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #aah3afe73 ,mu* peace h !y t love ,?y ,law4 ,i answ] t1 ,peace implies a tw(old union1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,! fir/ is ! result ( "o's own appetites be+ direct$ to "o object2 :ile ! o!r results f "o's own appetite be+ unit$ ) ! appetite ( ano!r3 & ea* ( ^! unions is effect$ by *>ity--! fir/1 9 s f> z man loves ,god ) 8 :ole he>t1 by ref]r+ all ?+s to ,him1 s t all 8 desires t5d to "o object--! second1 9 s f> z we love our neighbor z ourselves1 ! result be+ t we wi% to fulfil our neighbor's w z ?\gh x 7 ours3 h5ce x is reckon$ a sign ( fri5d%ip if p make *oice ( ! same ?+s 7,e?ic4 ix1 #d71 & ,tully says 7,de ,amicitia7 t fri5ds l & dislike ! same ?+s 7,sallu/1 ,catil947 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,)\t s9 no "o falls f a /ate ( sanctify+ grace1 = x turns man away f 8 due end by mak+ him place 8 end 9 some?+ undue3 s t 8 appetite does n cleave *iefly to ! true f9al good1 b to "s app>5t good4 ,h5ce1 )\t sanctify+ grace1 peace is n real b m]ely app>5tapp>5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #f7 fri5ds ne$ n agree 9 op9ion1 b only ^u su* goods z conduce to life1 & especially ^u su* z are important2 because diss5sion 9 small matt]s is sc>cely acc\nt$ diss5sion4 ,h5ce no?+ h9d]s ^? :o h *>ity f hold+ diff]5t op9ions4 ,nor is ?is an ob/acle to peace1 because op9ions conc]n ! intellect1 :i* prec$es ! appetite t is unit$ by peace4 ,9 l mann] if !re be concord z to goods ( importance1 diss5sion ) reg>d to "s t are ( little acc\nt is n contr>y to *>ity3 = su* a diss5sion proce$s f a diff]5ce ( op9ion1 because "o man ?9ks t ! p>ticul> good1 :i* is ! object ( diss5sion1 belongs to ! good ab\t :i* !y agree1 :ile ! o!r ?9ks t x does n4 ,accord+ly su* l diss5sion ab\t v slight matt]s & ab\t op9ions is inconsi/5t ) a /ate ( p]fect peace1 :]e9 ! tru? w be kn[n fully1 & e desire fulfill$2 b x is n inconsi/5t ) ! imp]fect peace ( ! wayf>]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,peace is ! "w ( ju/ice indirectly1 9 s f> z ju/ice removes ! ob/acles to peace3 b x is ! "w ( *>ity directly1 s9ce *>ity1 accord+ to its v nature1 causes peace4 ,= love is a unitive =ce z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 & peace is ! union ( ! appetite's incl9ations4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #bi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,peace ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t peace is a virtue4 ,= no?+ is a matt] ( precept1 unless x be an act ( virtue4 ,b !re are precepts ab\t keep+ peace1 = example3 ,h peace among y 7,mk4 #i3di74 ,!re=e peace is a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 we d n m]it except by acts ( virtue4 ,n[ x is m]itori\s to keep peace1 accord+ to ,matt4 #e3i3 ,bless$ are ! peacemak]s1 = !y %all be call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,!re=e peace is a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 vices are oppos$ to virtues4 ,b diss5sions1 :i* are contr>y to peace1 are numb]$ among ! vices 7,gal4 #e3bj74 ,!re=e peace is a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,virtue is n ! la/ end1 b ! way !reto4 ,b peace is ! la/ end1 9 a s5se1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #aa74 ,!re=e peace is n a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #d71 :5 a numb] ( acts all proce$+ uni=mly f an ag5t1 foll[ "o f ! o!r1 !y all arise f ! same virtue1 nor d !y ea* h a virtue f :i* !y proce$1 z may be se5 9 corporeal ?+s4 ,=1 ?\gh fire by heat+1 bo? liquefies & r>efies1 !re are n two p[]s 9 fire1 "o ( liquefaction1 ! o!r ( r>efaction3 & fire produces all su* actions by its own p[] ( calefaction4 ,s9ce !n *>ity causes peace precisely because x is love ( ,god & ( our neighbor1 z %[n above 7,a4 #c71 !re is no o!r virtue except *>ity ^: prop] act is peace1 z we h also said 9 ref]5ce to joy 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we are comm&$ to keep peace because x is an act ( *>ity2 & = ?is reason too x is a m]itori\s act4 ,h5ce x is plac$ among ! beatitudes1 :i* are acts ( p]fect virtue1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c74 ,x is also numb]$ among ! fruits1 9 s f> z x is a f9al good1 hav+ spiritual sweetness4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sev]al vices are oppos$ to "o virtue 9 respect ( its v>i\s acts3 s t n only is hatr$ oppos$ to *>ity1 9 respect ( its act :i* is love1 b also slo? & envy1 9 respect ( joy1 & diss5sion 9 respect ( peace4 ,,"q #cj ,,( ,,m]cy99 99,! "o ,lat9 ^w mis]icordia signifies ei!r pity or m]cy4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two is t pity may /& ei!r = ! act or = ! virtue1 :]eas m]cy /&s only = ! virtue4 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ g on to consid] ,m]cy1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r evil is ! cause ( m]cy on ! "p ( ! p]son piti$8 7#b7 ,to :om does x belong to pity8 7#c7 ,:e!r m]cy is a virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is ! greate/ ( virtues8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,evil ,is ,prop]ly ! ,motive ( ,m]cy8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t1 prop]ly speak+1 evil is n ! motive ( m]cy4 ,=1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #a1 ad #d2 ,i1 ,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #f71 fault is an evil r ?an puni%m5t4 ,n[ fault provokes indignation r ?an m]cy4 ,!re=e evil does n excite m]cy4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 cruelty & h>%ness seem to excel o!r evils4 ,n[ ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #h7 t h>%ness does n call = pity b drives x away4 ,!re=e evil1 z su*1 is n ! motive ( m]cy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 signs ( evils are n true evils4 ,b signs ( evils excite "o to m]cy1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii1 #h74 ,!re=e evil1 prop]ly speak+1 is n an inc5tive to m]cy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #b7 t m]cy is a k9d ( sorr[4 ,n[ evil is ! motive ( sorr[4 ,!re=e x is ! motive ( m]cy4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #e71 m]cy is he>tfelt sympa?y = ano!r's di/ress1 impell+ u to succor him if we c4 ,= m]cy takes its "n mis]icordia f d5ot+ a man's compassionate he>t 7mis]um cor7 = ano!r's unhapp9ess4 ,n[ unhapp9ess is oppos$ to happ9ess3 & x is ess5tial to beatitude or happ9ess t "o %\ld obta9 :at "o wi%es2 =1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xiii1 #e71 happy is he :o has :atev] he desires1 & desires no?+ amiss4 ,h5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 x belongs to unhapp9ess t a man %\ld suff] :at he wi%es n4 ,n[ a man wi%es a ?+ 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 by 8 natural appetite2 ?us all m5 naturally wi% to be & to live3 secondly1 a man wi%es a ?+ f delib]ate *oice3 ?irdly1 a man wi%es a ?+1 n 9 itself1 b 9 its cause1 ?us1 if a man wi%es to eat :at is bad = him1 we say t1 9 a way1 he wi%es to be ill4 ,accord+ly ! motive ( m]cy1 be+ some?+ p]ta9+ to mis]y1 is1 9 ! fir/ way1 any?+ contr>y to ! w's natural appetite1 namely corruptive or di/ress+ evils1 ! contr>y ( :i* man desires naturally1 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #h7 t pity is sorr[ = a visible evil1 :e!r corruptive or di/ress+4 ,secondly1 su* l evils are yet m provocative ( pity if !y are contr>y to delib]ate *oice1 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #h7 t evil excites our pity :5 x is ! result ( an accid5t1 z :5 some?+ turns out ill1 :]eas we hop$ well ( x4 ,?irdly1 !y cause yet great] pity1 if !y are entirely contr>y to ! w1 z :5 evil befalls a man :o has always /riv5 to d well3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #h7 t we pity mo/ ! di/ress ( "o :o suff]s undes]v$ly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is ess5tial to fault t x be volunt>y2 & 9 ?is respect x des]ves puni%m5t r ?an m]cy4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 fault may be1 9 a way1 a puni%m5t1 ?r\gh hav+ some?+ connect$ ) x t is aga9/ ! s9n]'s w1 x may1 9 ?is respect1 call = m]cy4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we pity & commis]ate s9n]s4 ,?us ,gregory says 9 a homily 7,hom4 9 ,evang4 xxxiv7 t true godl9ess is n disda9ful b compassionate1 & aga9 x is writt5 7,matt4 #i3cf7 t ,jesus see+ ! multitudes1 _h compassion on !m3 because !y 7 di/ress$1 & ly+ l %eep t h no %eph]d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce pity is sympa?y = ano!r's di/ress1 x is direct$1 prop]ly speak+1 t[>ds ano!r1 & n to oneself1 except figuratively1 l ju/ice1 accord+ z a man is consid]$ to h v>i\s p>ts 7,e?ic4 v1 #aa74 ,?us x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cj3bd73 ,h pity on ?y own s\l1 pleas+ ,god 99,cf4 ,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a4 ,accord+ly j z1 prop]ly speak+1 a man does n pity himself1 b suff]s 9 himself1 z :5 we suff] cruel treatm5t 9 ourselves1 s too1 9 ! case ( ^? :o are s closely unit$ to u1 z to be "p ( ourselves1 su* z our *ildr5 or our p>5ts1 we d n pity _! di/ress1 b suff] z = our own sores2 9 :i* s5se ! ,philosoph] says t h>%ness drives pity away4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z pleasure results f hope & memory ( good ?+s1 s does sorr[ arise f ! prospect or ! recollection ( evil ?+s2 ?\gh n s ke5ly z :5 !y are pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,h5ce ! signs ( evil move u to pity1 9 s f> z !y repres5t z pres5t1 ! evil t excites our pity4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,reason = ,tak+ ,pity ,is a ,defect 9 ! ,p]son ,:o ,pities8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! reason = tak+ pity is n a defect 9 ! p]son :o takes pity4 ,= x is prop] to ,god to be m]ciful1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ps4 #add3i73 ,8 t5d] m]cies are ov] all ,8 works4 ,b !re is no defect 9 ,god4 ,!re=e a defect _c be ! reason = tak+ pity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if a defect is ! reason = tak+ pity1 ^? 9 :om !re is mo/ defect1 mu/ ne$s take mo/ pity4 ,b ?is is false3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #h7 t ^? :o are 9 a desp]ate /ate are pitiless4 ,!re=e x seems t ! reason = tak+ pity is n a defect 9 ! p]son :o pities4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to be treat$ ) contempt is to be defective4 ,b ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #h7 t ^? :o are dispos$ to contumely are pitiless4 ,!re=e ! reason = tak+ pity1 is n a defect 9 ! p]son :o pities4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,pity is a k9d ( sorr[4 ,b a defect is ! reason ( sorr[1 :]e=e ^? :o are 9 bad heal? give way to sorr[ m easily1 z we %all say fur!r on 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,!re=e ! reason :y "o takes pity is a defect 9 oneself4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce pity is grief = ano!r's di/ress1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 f ! v fact t a p]son takes pity on anyone1 x foll[s t ano!r's di/ress grieves him4 ,& s9ce sorr[ or grief is ab\t "o's own ills1 "o grieves or sorr[s = ano!r's di/ress1 9 s f> z "o looks ^u ano!r's di/ress z "o's own4 ,n[ ?is happ5s 9 two ways3 fir/1 ?r\gh union ( ! affections1 :i* is ! effect ( love4 ,=1 s9ce he :o loves ano!r looks ^u 8 fri5d z ano!r self1 he c\nts 8 fri5d's hurt z 8 own1 s t he grieves = 8 fri5d's hurt z ?\gh he 7 hurt himself4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ix1 #d7 reckons griev+ ) "o's fri5d z be+ "o ( ! signs ( fri5d%ip1 & ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ab3ae73 ,rejoice ) !m t rejoice1 weep ) !m t weep4 ,secondly1 x happ5s ?r\gh real union1 = in/ance :5 ano!r's evil comes ne> to u1 s z to pass to u f him4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #h7 t m5 pity su* z are ak9 to !m1 & ! l1 because x makes !m realize t ! same may happ5 to !mselves4 ,?is also expla9s :y ! old & ! wise :o consid] t !y may fall ^u evil times1 z also feeble & timor\s p]sons1 are m incl9$ to pity3 :]eas ^? :o deem !mselves happy1 & s f> p[]ful z to ?9k !mselves 9 no dang] ( suff]+ any hurt1 are n s incl9$ to pity4 ,accord+ly a defect is always ! reason = tak+ pity1 ei!r because "o looks ^u ano!r's defect z "o's own1 ?r\gh be+ unit$ to him by love1 or on acc\nt ( ! possibility ( suff]+ 9 ! same way4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god takes pity on u ?r\gh love alone1 9 z mu* z ,he loves u z belong+ to ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o are already 9 inf9ite di/ress1 d n fe> to suff] m1 :]e=e !y are )\t pity4 ,9 l mann] ?is applies to ^? also :o are 9 great fe>1 = !y are s int5t on _! own passion1 t !y pay no att5tion to ! suff]+ ( o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? :o are dispos$ to contumely1 :e!r ?r\gh hav+ be5 contemn$1 or because !y wi% to contemn o!rs1 are incit$ to ang] & d>+1 :i* are manly passions & ar\se ! human _s to attempt difficult ?+s4 ,h5ce !y make a man ?9k t he is go+ to suff] some?+ 9 ! future1 s t :ile !y are dispos$ 9 t way !y are pitiless1 accord+ to ,prov4 #bg3d3 ,ang] ha? no m]cy1 nor fury :5 x breake? =?4 ,= ! same reason ! pr\d are )\t pity1 because !y despise o!rs1 & ?9k !m wick$1 s t !y acc\nt !m z suff]+ des]v$ly :atev] !y suff]4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,hom4 9 ,evang4 xxxiv7 t false godl9ess1 i4e4 ( ! pr\d1 is n compassionate b disda9ful4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,m]cy ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t m]cy is n a virtue4 ,= ! *ief "p ( virtue is *oice z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ii1 #e74 ,n[ *oice is ! desire ( :at has be5 already c\nsell$ 7,e?ic4 iii1 #b74 ,!re=e :atev] h9d]s c\nsel _c be call$ a virtue4 ,b m]cy h9d]s c\nsel1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,sallu/ 7,catil9473 ,all ^? t take c\nsel ab\t matt]s ( d\bt1 %\ld be free f 4 4 4 ang] 4 4 4 & m]cy1 because ! m9d does n easily see aright1 :5 ^! ?+s /& 9 ! way4 ,!re=e m]cy is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ contr>y to virtue is praisewor?y4 ,b nemesis is contr>y to m]cy1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii1 #i71 & yet x is a praisewor?y passion 7,rhet4 ii1 #i74 ,!re=e m]cy is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 joy & peace are n special virtues1 because !y result f *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ m]cy1 also1 results f *>ity2 = x is out ( *>ity t we weep ) !m t weep1 z we rejoice ) !m t rejoice4 ,!re=e m]cy is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 s9ce m]cy belongs to ! appetitive p[]1 x is n an intellectual virtue1 &1 s9ce x has n ,god = its object1 nei!r is x a !ological virtue4 ,moreov] x is n a moral virtue1 because nei!r is x ab\t op]ations1 = ?is belongs to ju/ice2 nor is x ab\t passions1 s9ce x is n r$uc$ to "o ( ! twelve means m5tion$ by ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g74 ,!re=e m]cy is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #e73 ,cic]o 9 prais+ ,caes> expresses himself mu* bett] & 9 a fa%ion at once m humane & m 9 accordance ) religi\s feel+1 :5 he says3 ',( all ?y virtues none is m m>vel\s or m graceful ?an ?y m]cy4' ,!re=e m]cy is a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,m]cy signifies grief = ano!r's di/ress4 ,n[ ?is grief may d5ote1 9 "o way1 a movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite1 9 :i* case m]cy is n a virtue b a passion2 :]eas1 9 ano!r way1 x may d5ote a movem5t ( ! intellective appetite1 9 z mu* z "o p]son's evil is displeas+ to ano!r4 ,?is movem5t may be rul$ 9 accordance ) reason1 & 9 accordance ) ?is movem5t regulat$ by reason1 ! movem5t ( ! l[] appetite may be regulat$4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #e7 t ?is movem5t ( ! m9d 7viz4 m]cy7 obeys ! reason1 :5 m]cy is v\*saf$ 9 su* a way t ju/ice is safegu>d$1 :e!r we give to ! ne$y or =give ! rep5tant4 ,& s9ce x is ess5tial to human virtue t ! movem5ts ( ! s\l %\ld be regulat$ by reason1 z 0 %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ei1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e71 x foll[s t m]cy is a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! words ( ,sallu/ are to be und]/ood z apply+ to ! m]cy :i* is a passion unregulat$ by reason3 = ?us x imp$es ! c\nsell+ ( reason1 by mak+ x w&] f ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ !re ( pity & nemesis1 consid]$1 bo? ( !m1 z passions4 ,!y are contr>y to "o ano!r on ! "p ( _! respective e/imation ( ano!r's evils1 = :i* pity grieves1 9 s f> z x e/eems someone to suff] undes]v$ly1 :]eas nemesis rejoices1 9 s f> z x e/eems someone to suff] des]v$ly1 & grieves1 if ?+s g well ) ! undes]v+3 bo? ( ^! are praisewor?y & come f ! same disposition ( "* 7,rhet4 ii1 #i74 ,prop]ly speak+1 h[ev]1 x is envy :i* is oppos$ to pity1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #cf1 ,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,joy & peace add no?+ to ! aspect ( good :i* is ! object ( *>ity1 :]e=e !y d n require any o!r virtue besides *>ity4 ,b m]cy reg>ds a c]ta9 special aspect1 namely ! mis]y ( ! p]son piti$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,m]cy1 consid]$ z a virtue1 is a moral virtue hav+ relation to ! passions1 & x is r$uc$ to ! mean call$ nemesis1 because !y bo? proce$ f ! same "* 7,rhet4 ii1 #i74 ,n[ ! ,philosoph] proposes ^! means n z virtues1 b z passions1 because1 ev5 z passions1 !y are praisewor?y4 ,yet no?+ prev5ts !m f proce$+ f "s elective habit1 9 :i* case !y assume ! "* ( a virtue4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,m]cy ,is ! ,greate/ ( ! ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t m]cy is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,= ! wor%ip ( ,god seems a mo/ virtu\s act4 ,b m]cy is pref]r$ be=e ! wor%ip ( ,god1 accord+ to ,osee #f3f & ,matt4 #ab3g3 ,i h desir$ m]cy & n sacrifice4 ,!re=e m]cy is ! greate/ virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 on ! words ( #a ,tim4 #d3h3 ,godl9ess is pr(itable to all ?+s1 a gloss says3 ,! sum total ( a ,*ri/ian's rule ( life consi/s 9 m]cy & godl9ess4 ,n[ ! ,*ri/ian rule ( life embraces e virtue4 ,!re=e ! sum total ( all virtues is conta9$ 9 m]cy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,virtue is t :i* makes its subject good1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph]4 ,!re=e ! m a virtue makes a man l ,god1 ! bett] is t virtue3 s9ce man is ! bett] = be+ m l ,god4 ,n[ ?is is *iefly ! result ( m]cy1 s9ce ( ,god is x said 7,ps4 #add3i7 t ,8 t5d] m]cies are ov] all ,8 works1 & 7,luke #f3cf7 ,our ,"l said3 ,be ye 4 4 4 m]ciful1 z y\r ,fa!r also is m]ciful4 ,!re=e m]cy is ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le aft] say+ 7,col4 #c3ab73 ,put ye on 4 4 4 z ! elect ( ,god 4 4 4 ! b[els ( m]cy1 etc41 adds 7,col4 #c3ad73 ,above all ?+s h *>ity4 ,!re=e m]cy is n ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,a virtue may take prec$5ce ( o!rs 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 itself2 secondly1 9 comp>ison ) its subject4 ,9 itself1 m]cy takes prec$5ce ( o!r virtues1 = x belongs to m]cy to be b\ntiful to o!rs1 &1 :at is m1 to succor o!rs 9 _! wants1 :i* p]ta9s *iefly to "o :o /&s above4 ,h5ce m]cy is acc\nt$ z be+ prop] to ,god3 & !re9 ,8 omnipot5ce is decl>$ to be *iefly manife/$ 99,collect1 ,t5? ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) reg>d to its subject1 m]cy is n ! greate/ virtue1 unless t subject be great] ?an all o!rs1 surpass$ by none & excell+ all3 s9ce = him t has anyone above him x is bett] to be unit$ to t :i* is above ?an to supply ! defect ( t :i* is b5ea?4 99,! quality ( m]cy is n /ra9$4_/',tis mightie/ 9 ! mightie/3 x becomes_/,! ?ron$ mon>* bett] ?an 8 cr[n4 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc5e i44 ,h5ce1 z reg>ds man1 :o has ,god above him1 *>ity :i* unites him to ,god1 is great] ?an m]cy1 :]eby he supplies ! defects ( 8 neighbor4 ,b ( all ! virtues :i* relate to our neighbor1 m]cy is ! greate/1 ev5 z its act surpasses all o!rs1 s9ce x belongs to "o :o is high] & bett] to supply ! defect ( ano!r1 9 s f> z ! latt] is defici5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we wor%ip ,god by ext]nal sacrifices & gifts1 n = ,8 own pr(it1 b = t ( ourselves & our neighbor4 ,= ,he ne$s n our sacrifices1 b wi%es !m to be (f]$ to ,him1 9 ord] to ar\se our devotion & to pr(it our neighbor4 ,h5ce m]cy1 :]eby we supply o!rs' defects is a sacrifice m acceptable to ,him1 z conduc+ m directly to our neighbor's well-be+1 accord+ to ,heb4 #ac3af3 ,d n =get to d good & to imp>t1 = by su* sacrifices ,god's favor is obta9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! sum total ( ! ,*ri/ian religion consi/s 9 m]cy1 z reg>ds ext]nal works3 b ! inw>d love ( *>ity1 :]eby we are unit$ to ,god prepond]ates ov] bo? love & m]cy = our neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*>ity lik5s u to ,god by unit+ u to ,him 9 ! bond ( love3 :]e=e x surpasses m]cy1 :i* lik5s u to ,god z reg>ds simil>ity ( works4 ,,"q #ca ,,( ,,b5efic5ce 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! outw>d acts or effects ( *>ity1 7#a7 ,b5efic5ce1 7#b7 ,almsde$s1 :i* are a "p ( b5efic5ce1 7#c7 ,frat]nal correction1 :i* is a k9d ( alms4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r b5efic5ce is an act ( *>ity8 7#b7 ,:e!r we ought to be b5efic5t to all8 7#c7 ,:e!r we ought to be m b5efic5t to ^? :o are m closely unit$ to u8 7#d7 ,:e!r b5efic5ce is a special virtue8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,b5efic5ce ,is an ,act ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t b5efic5ce is n an act ( *>ity4 ,= *>ity is *iefly direct$ to ,god4 ,n[ we _c b5efit ,god1 accord+ to ,job #ce3g3 ,:at %alt ?\ give ,him8 or :at %all ,he receive ( ?y h&8 ,!re=e b5efic5ce is n an act ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 b5efic5ce consi/s *iefly 9 mak+ gifts4 ,b ?is belongs to lib]ality4 ,!re=e b5efic5ce is an act ( lib]ality & n ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at a man gives1 he gives ei!r z be+ due1 or z n due4 ,b a b5efit conf]r$ z be+ due belongs to ju/ice :ile a b5efit conf]r$ z n due1 is gratuit\s1 & 9 ?is respect is an act ( m]cy4 ,!re=e e b5efit conf]r$ is ei!r an act ( ju/ice1 or an act ( m]cy4 ,!re=e x is n an act ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*>ity is a k9d ( fri5d%ip1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! ,philosoph] reckons among ! acts ( fri5d%ip 7,e?ic4 ix1 #a7 do+ good1 i4e4 be+ b5efic5t1 to "o's fri5ds4 ,!re=e x is an act ( *>ity to d good to o!rs4 ,i answ] t1 ,b5efic5ce simply means do+ good to someone4 ,?is good may be consid]$ 9 two ways1 fir/ "u ! g5]al aspect ( good1 & ?is belongs to b5efic5ce 9 g5]al1 & is an act ( fri5d%ip1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( *>ity3 because ! act ( love includes goodwill :]eby a man wi%es 8 fri5d well1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ ! w c>ries into effect if possible1 ! ?+s x wills1 s t1 consequ5tly1 ! result ( an act ( love is t a man is b5efic5t to 8 fri5d4 ,!re=e b5efic5ce 9 its g5]al acceptation is an act ( fri5d%ip or *>ity4 ,b if ! good :i* "o man does ano!r1 be consid]$ "u "s special aspect ( good1 !n b5efic5ce w assume a special "* & w belong to "s special virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 love moves ^?1 :om x unites1 to a mutual relation%ip3 x turns ! inf]ior to ! sup]ior to be p]fect$ !reby2 x moves ! sup]ior to wat* ov] ! inf]ior3 & 9 ?is respect b5efic5ce is an effect ( love4 ,h5ce x is n = u to b5efit ,god1 b to honor ,him by obey+ ,him1 :ile x is = ,him1 out ( ,8 love1 to be/[ good ?+s on u4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,two ?+s mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ! be/[al ( gifts4 ,"o is ! ?+ giv5 outw>dly1 :ile ! o!r is ! inw>d passion t a man has 9 ! delight ( ri*es4 ,x belongs to lib]ality to mod]ate ?is inw>d passion s z to avoid excessive desire & love = ri*es2 = ?is makes a man m ready to "p ) 8 weal?4 ,h5ce1 if a man makes "s great gift1 :ile yet desir+ to keep x = himself1 8 is n a lib]al giv+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z reg>ds ! outw>d gift1 ! act ( b5efic5ce belongs 9 g5]al to fri5d%ip or *>ity4 ,h5ce x does n detract f a man's fri5d%ip1 if1 ?r\gh love1 he give 8 fri5d some?+ he w\ld l to keep = himself2 r does ?is prove ! p]fection ( 8 fri5d%ip4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z fri5d%ip or *>ity sees1 9 ! b5efit be/[$1 ! g5]al aspect ( good1 s does ju/ice see !re9 ! aspect ( debt1 :ile pity consid]s ! reliev+ ( di/ress or defect4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,we ,ought to ,d ,good to ,all8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we are n b\nd to d good to all4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bh7 t we are unable to d good to ev]yone4 ,n[ virtue does n incl9e "o to ! impossible4 ,!re=e x is n necess>y to d good to all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ab3e7 ,give to ! good1 & receive n a s9n]4 ,b _m m5 are s9n]s4 ,!re=e we ne$ n d good to all4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,*>ity deale? n p]v]sely 7#a ,cor4 #ac3d74 ,n[ to d good to "s is to deal p]v]sely3 = in/ance if "o 7 to d good to an enemy ( ! common weal1 or if "o 7 to d good to an excommunicat$ p]son1 s9ce1 by do+ s1 he w\ld be hold+ communion ) him4 ,!re=e1 s9ce b5efic5ce is an act ( *>ity1 we ought n to d good to all4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #f3aj73 ,:il/ we h "t1 let u "w good to all m54 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a71 b5efic5ce is an effect ( love 9 s f> z love moves ! sup]ior to wat* ov] ! inf]ior4 ,n[ degrees among m5 are n un*angeable z among angels1 because m5 are subject to _m fail+s1 s t he :o is sup]ior 9 "o respect1 is or may be inf]ior 9 ano!r4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! love ( *>ity ext5ds to all1 b5efic5ce also %\ld ext5d to all1 b accord+ z "t & place require3 because all acts ( virtue mu/ be modifi$ ) a view to _! due circum/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,absolutely speak+ x is impossible to d good to e s+le "o3 yet x is true ( ea* individual t "o may be b\nd to d good to him 9 "s p>ticul> case4 ,h5ce *>ity b9ds u1 ?\gh n actually do+ good to someone1 to be prep>$ 9 m9d to d good to anyone if we h "t to sp>e4 ,!re is h[ev] a good t we c d to all1 if n to ea* individual1 at lea/ to all 9 g5]al1 z :5 we pray = all1 = unbeliev]s z well z = ! fai?ful4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 a s9n] !re are two ?+s1 8 guilt & 8 nature4 ,accord+ly we are b\nd to succor ! s9n] z to ! ma9t5ance ( 8 nature1 b n s z to abet 8 s91 = ?is w\ld be to d evil r ?an good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! excommunicat$ & ! enemies ( ! common weal are depriv$ ( all b5efic5ce1 9 s f> z ?is prev5ts !m f do+ evil de$s4 ,yet if _! nature be 9 urg5t ne$ ( succor le/ x fail1 we are b\nd to help !m3 = in/ance1 if !y be 9 dang] ( dea? ?r\gh hung] or ?ir/1 or suff] "s l di/ress1 unless ?is be accord+ to ! ord] ( ju/ice4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,we ,ought to ,d ,good to ,^? ,r ,:o ,are ,m ,closely ,unit$ to ,u8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we are n b\nd to d good to ^? r :o are m closely unit$ to u4 ,= x is writt5 7,luke #ad3ab73 ,:5 ?\ make/ a d9n] or a supp]1 call n ?y fri5ds1 nor ?y bre?r51 nor ?y k9sm54 ,n[ ^! are ! mo/ closely unit$ to u4 ,!re=e we are n b\nd to d good to ^? r :o are m closely unit$ to u1 b pref]ably to /rang]s & to ^? :o are 9 want3 h5ce ! text goes on3 ,b1 :5 ?\ make/ a fea/1 call ! poor1 ! maim$1 etc4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to help ano!r 9 ! battle is an act ( v great goodness4 ,b a soldi] on ! battlefield is b\nd to help a fell[-soldi] :o is a /rang] r ?an a k9sman :o is a foe4 ,!re=e 9 do+ acts ( k9dness we are n b\nd to give ! pref]5ce to ^? :o are mo/ closely unit$ to u4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we %\ld pay :at is due be=e conf]r+ gratuit\s favors4 ,b x is a man's duty to be good to ^? :o h be5 good to him4 ,!re=e we ought to d good to our b5efactors r ?an to ^? :o are closely unit$ to u4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a man ought to love 8 p>5ts m ?an 8 *ildr51 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #i74 ,yet a man ought to be m b5efic5t to 8 *ildr51 s9ce nei!r ought ! *ildr5 to lay up = ! p>5ts1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #ab3ad4 ,!re=e we are n b\nd to be m b5efic5t to ^? :o are m closely unit$ to u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bh73 ,s9ce "o _c d good to all1 we ought to consid] ^? *iefly :o by reason ( place1 "t or any o!r circum/ance1 by a k9d ( *ance are m closely unit$ to u4 ,i answ] t1 ,grace & virtue imitate ! ord] ( nature1 :i* is e/abli%$ by ,div9e wisdom4 ,n[ ! ord] ( nature is su* t e natural ag5t p\rs =? its activity fir/ & mo/ ( all on ! ?+s :i* are ne>e/ to x3 ?us fire heats mo/ :at is next to x4 ,9 l mann] ,god p\rs =? ! gifts ( ,8 goodness fir/ & mo/ pl5tifully on ! sub/ances :i* are ne>e/ to ,him1 z ,dionysius decl>es 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii74 ,b ! be/[al ( b5efits is an act ( *>ity t[>ds o!rs4 ,!re=e we ought to be mo/ b5efic5t t[>ds ^? :o are mo/ closely connect$ ) u4 ,n[ "o man's connection ) ano!r may be measur$ 9 ref]5ce to ! v>i\s matt]s 9 :i* m5 are engag$ toge!r2 7?us ! int]c\rse ( k9sm5 is 9 natural matt]s1 t ( fell[-citiz5s is 9 civic matt]s1 t ( ! fai?ful is 9 spiritual matt]s1 & s =?73 & v>i\s b5efits %\ld be conf]r$ 9 v>i\s ways accord+ to ^! v>i\s connections1 because we ought 9 pref]5ce to be/[ on ea* "o su* b5efits z p]ta9 to ! matt] 9 :i*1 speak+ simply1 he is mo/ closely connect$ ) u4 ,& yet ?is may v>y accord+ to ! v>i\s requirem5ts ( "t1 place1 or matt] 9 h&3 because 9 c]ta9 cases "o ought1 = in/ance1 to succor a /rang]1 9 extreme necessity1 r ?an "o's own fa!r1 if he is n 9 su* urg5t ne$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our ,"l did n absolutely =bid u to invite our fri5ds & k9sm5 to eat ) u1 b to invite !m s t !y may invite u 9 return1 s9ce t w\ld be an act n ( *>ity b ( cupidity4 ,! case may occur1 h[ev]1 t "o ought r to invite /rang]s1 on acc\nt ( _! great] want4 ,= x mu/ be und]/ood t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 "o ought to succor ^? r :o are mo/ closely connect$ ) u4 ,& if ( two1 "o be m closely connect$1 & ! o!r 9 great] want1 x is n possible to decide1 by any g5]al rule1 :i* ( !m we ought to help r ?an ! o!r1 s9ce !re are v>i\s degrees ( want z well z ( connection3 & ! matt] requires ! judgm5t ( a prud5t man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! common good ( _m is m ,godlike ?an ! good ( an individual4 ,:]e=e x is a virtu\s action = a man to endang] ev5 8 own life1 ei!r = ! spiritual or = ! temporal common good ( 8 c\ntry4 ,s9ce !re=e m5 engage toge!r 9 w>like acts 9 ord] to safegu>d ! common weal1 ! soldi] :o ) ?is 9 view succors 8 comrade1 succors him n z a private individual1 b ) a view to ! welf>e ( 8 c\ntry z a :ole3 :]e=e x is n a matt] = wond] if a /rang] be pref]r$ to "o :o is a blood relation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a ?+ may be due 9 two ways4 ,!re is "o :i* %\ld be reckon$1 n among ! goods ( ! debtor1 b r z belong+ to ! p]son to :om x is due3 = in/ance1 a man may h ano!r's goods1 :e!r 9 money or 9 k9d1 ei!r because he has /ol5 !m1 or because he has receiv$ !m on loan or 9 deposit or 9 "s o!r way4 ,9 ?is case a man ought to pay :at he owes1 r ?an b5efit 8 connections out ( x1 unless p]*ance ! case be s urg5t t x w\ld be lawful = him to take ano!r's prop]ty 9 ord] to relieve ! "o :o is 9 ne$4 ,yet1 aga91 ?is w\ld n apply if ! cr$itor 7 9 equal di/ress3 9 :i* case1 h[ev]1 ! claims on ei!r side w\ld h to be weigh$ ) reg>d to su* o!r conditions z a prud5t man w\ld take into consid]ation1 because1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t p>ticul> cases1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ix1 #b71 x is impossible to lay d[n a g5]al rule4 ,! o!r k9d ( due is "o :i* is reckon$ among ! goods ( ! debtor & n ( ! cr$itor2 = in/ance1 a ?+ may be due1 n because ju/ice requires x1 b on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 moral equity1 z 9 ! case ( b5efits receiv$ gratis4 ,n[ no b5efactor conf]s a b5efit equal to t :i* a man receives f 8 p>5ts3 :]e=e 9 pay+ back b5efits receiv$1 we %\ld give ! fir/ place to our p>5ts be=e all o!rs1 unless1 on ! o!r side1 !re be su* weighti] motives1 z ne$ or "s o!r circum/ance1 = in/ance ! common good ( ! ,*ur* or /ate4 ,9 o!r cases we mu/ take to acc\nt ! connection & ! b5efit receiv$2 & "h aga9 no g5]al rule c laid d[n4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,p>5ts are l sup]iors1 & s a p>5t's love t5ds to conf]r+ b5efits1 :ile ! *ildr5's love t5ds to honor _! p>5ts4 ,nev]!less 9 a case ( extreme urg5cy x w\ld be lawful to ab&on "o's *ildr5 r ?an "o's p>5ts1 to ab&on :om x is by no means lawful1 on acc\nt ( ! obligation we lie "u t[>ds !m = ! b5efits we h receiv$ f !m1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 iii1 #ad74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,b5efic5ce ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t b5efic5ce is a special virtue4 ,= precepts are direct$ to virtue1 s9ce lawgiv]s purpose to make m5 virtu\s 7,e?ic4 i #i1 #ac2 ii1 #a74 ,n[ b5efic5ce & love are prescrib$ z di/9ct f "o ano!r1 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #d3dd73 ,love y\r enemies1 d good to !m t hate y4 ,!re=e b5efic5ce is a virtue di/9ct f *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 vices are oppos$ to virtues4 ,n[ !re are oppos$ to b5efic5ce c]ta9 vices :]eby a hurt is inflict$ on our neighbor1 = in/ance1 rap9e1 !ft & s =?4 ,!re=e b5efic5ce is a special virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is n divid$ into sev]al species3 :]eas !re w\ld seem to be sev]al k9ds ( b5efic5ce1 accord+ to ! v>i\s k9ds ( b5efits4 ,!re=e b5efic5ce is a di/9ct virtue f *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! int]nal & ! ext]nal act d n require diff]5t virtues4 ,n[ b5efic5ce & goodwill diff] only z ext]nal & int]nal act1 s9ce b5efic5ce is ! execution ( goodwill4 ,!re=e z goodwill is n a di/9ct virtue f *>ity1 s nei!r is b5efic5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,virtues diff] accord+ to ! diff]5t aspects ( _! objects4 ,n[ ! =mal aspect ( ! object ( *>ity & ( b5efic5ce is ! same1 s9ce bo? virtues reg>d ! common aspect ( good1 z expla9$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e b5efic5ce is n a di/9ct virtue f *>ity1 b d5otes an act ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,precepts are giv51 n ab\t habits b ab\t acts ( virtue3 :]e=e di/9ction ( precept d5otes di/9ction1 n ( habits1 b ( acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 z all b5efits conf]r$ on our neighbor1 if we consid] !m "u ! common aspect ( good1 are to be trac$ to love1 s all hurts consid]$ "u ! common aspect ( evil1 are to be trac$ to hatr$4 ,b if we consid] ^! same ?+s "u c]ta9 special aspects ( good or ( evil1 !y are to be trac$ to c]ta9 special virtues or vices1 & 9 ?is way also !re are v>i\s k9ds ( b5efits4 ,h5ce ! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is evid5t4 ,,"q #cb ,,( ,,almsde$s 7,9 ,t5 ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] almsde$s1 "u :i* head !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r almsgiv+ is an act ( *>ity8 7#b7 ,( ! diff]5t k9ds ( alms2 7#c7 ,:i* alms are ( great] acc\nt1 spiritual or corporal8 7#d7 ,:e!r corporal alms h a spiritual effect8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! giv+ ( alms is a matt] ( precept8 7#f7 ,:e!r corporal alms %\ld be giv5 out ( ! ?+s we ne$8 7#g7 ,:e!r corporal alms %\ld be giv5 out ( ill-gott5 goods8 7#h7 ,:o c give alms8 7#i7 ,to :om %\ld we give alms8 7#aj7 ,h[ %\ld alms be giv58 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,almsgiv+ ,is an ,act ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t almsgiv+ is n an act ( *>ity4 ,= )\t *>ity "o _c d acts ( *>ity4 ,n[ x is possible to give alms )\t hav+ *>ity1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3c3 ,if ,i %\ld di/ribute all my goods to fe$ ! poor 4 4 4 & h n *>ity1 x pr(ite? me no?+4 ,!re=e almsgiv+ is n an act ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 almsde$s are reckon$ among works ( satisfaction1 accord+ to ,dan4 #d3bd3 ,r$eem ?\ ?y s9s ) alms4 ,n[ satisfaction is an act ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e almsgiv+ is an act ( ju/ice & n ( *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! (f]+ ( sacrifices to ,god is an act ( religion4 ,b almsgiv+ is (f]+ a sacrifice to ,god1 accord+ to ,heb4 #ac3af3 ,d n =get to d good & to imp>t1 = by su* sacrifices ,god's favor is obta9$4 ,!re=e almsgiv+ is n an act ( *>ity1 b ( religion4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t to give = a good purpose is an act ( lib]ality4 ,n[ ?is is especially true ( almsgiv+4 ,!re=e almsgiv+ is n an act ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 #b ,john #c3ag3 ,he t ha? ! sub/ance ( ?is _w1 & %all see 8 bro!r 9 ne$1 & %all put up 8 b[els f him1 h[ do? ! *>ity ( ,god abide 9 him8 ,i answ] t1 ,ext]nal acts belong to t virtue :i* reg>ds ! motive = do+ ^? acts4 ,n[ ! motive = giv+ alms is to relieve "o :o is 9 ne$4 ,:]e=e "s h def9$ alms z be+ a de$ :]eby some?+ is giv5 to ! ne$y1 out ( compassion & = ,god's sake1 :i* motive belongs to m]cy1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cj1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,h5ce x is cle> t almsgiv+ is1 prop]ly speak+1 an act ( m]cy4 ,?is appe>s 9 its v "n1 = 9 ,greek 7eleemosyne7 x is d]iv$ f hav+ m]cy 7elee97 ev5 z ! ,lat9 mis]atio is4 ,& s9ce m]cy is an effect ( *>ity1 z %[n above 7,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #b1 ,a4 #c1 ,obj4 #c71 x foll[s t almsgiv+ is an act ( *>ity ?r\gh ! m$ium ( m]cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,an act ( virtue may be tak5 9 two ways3 fir/ mat]ially1 ?us an act ( ju/ice is to d :at is j2 & su* an act ( virtue c be )\t ! virtue1 s9ce _m1 )\t hav+ ! habit ( ju/ice1 d :at is j1 l$ by ! natural light ( reason1 or ?r\gh fe>1 or 9 ! hope ( ga94 ,secondly1 we speak ( a ?+ be+ an act ( ju/ice =mally1 & ?us an act ( ju/ice is to d :at is j1 9 ! same way z a j man1 i4e4 ) read9ess & delight1 & su* an act ( virtue _c be )\t ! virtue4 ,accord+ly almsgiv+ c be mat]ially )\t *>ity1 b to give alms =mally1 i4e4 = ,god's sake1 ) delight & read9ess1 & altoge!r z "o ought1 is n possible )\t *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no?+ h9d]s ! prop] elicit$ act ( "o virtue be+ comm&$ by ano!r virtue z comm&+ x & direct+ x to ?is o!r virtue's end4 ,x is 9 ?is way t almsgiv+ is reckon$ among works ( satisfaction 9 s f> z pity = ! "o 9 di/ress is direct$ to ! satisfaction = 8 s92 & 9 s f> z x is direct$ to placate ,god1 x has ! "* ( a sacrifice1 & ?us x is comm&$ by religion4 ,:]e=e ! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection is evid5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,almsgiv+ belongs to lib]ality1 9 s f> z lib]ality removes an ob/acle to t act1 :i* might arise f excessive love ( ri*es1 ! result ( :i* is t "o cl+s to !m m ?an "o ought4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,almsde$s ,are ,suitably ,enum]at$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! diff]5t k9ds ( almsde$s are unsuitably enum]at$4 ,= we reckon sev5 corporal almsde$s1 namely1 to fe$ ! hungry1 to give dr9k to ! ?ir/y1 to clo! ! nak$1 to h>bor ! h>borless1 to visit ! sick1 to ransom ! captive1 to bury ! dead2 all ( :i* are express$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se3 ,to visit1 to qu5*1 to fe$1 to ransom1 clo!1 h>bor or bury4 ,aga9 we reckon sev5 spiritual alms1 namely1 to in/ruct ! ignorant1 to c\nsel ! d\btful1 to com=t ! sorr[ful1 to reprove ! s9n]1 to =give injuries1 to be> ) ^? :o tr\ble & annoy u1 & to pray = all1 :i* are all conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se3 ,to c\nsel1 reprove1 console1 to p>don1 =be>1 & to pray1 yet s t c\nsel includes bo? advice & in/ruction4 ,& x seems t ^! v>i\s almsde$s are unsuitably enum]at$4 ,= ! purpose ( almsde$s is to succor our neighbor4 ,b a dead man pr(its no?+ by be+ buri$1 else ,our ,"l w\ld n h spok5 truly :5 ,he said 7,matt4 #aj3bh73 ,be n afraid ( !m :o kill ! body1 & aft] t h no m t !y c d4 99,! quotation is f ,luke #ab3d4 ,?is expla9s :y ,our ,"l1 9 enum]at+ ! works ( m]cy1 made no m5tion ( ! burial ( ! dead 7,matt4 #be3ce1 #cf74 ,!re=e x seems t ^! almsde$s are unsuitably enum]at$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! purpose ( giv+ alms is to relieve our neighbor's ne$4 ,n[ !re are _m ne$s ( human life o!r ?an ^? m5tion$ above1 = in/ance1 a bl9d man ne$s a lead]1 a lame man ne$s someone to lean on1 a poor man ne$s ri*es4 ,!re=e ^! almsde$s are unsuitably enum]at$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 almsgiv+ is a "w ( m]cy4 ,b ! repro( ( ! wrong-do] savors1 app>5tly1 ( sev]ity r ?an ( m]cy4 ,!re=e x ought n to be reckon$ among ! spiritual almsde$s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 almsgiv+ is int5d$ = ! supply ( a defect4 ,b no man is )\t ! defect ( ignorance 9 "s matt] or o!r4 ,!re=e1 app>5tly1 ea* "o ought to in/ruct anyone :o is ignorant ( :at he kn[s himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,nom4 9 ,evang4 ix73 ,let him t ha? und]/&+ bew>e le/ he )hold 8 k2 let him t ha? abundance ( weal?1 wat* le/ he slack5 8 m]ciful b\nty2 let him :o is a s]vant to art be mo/ solicit\s to %>e 8 skill & pr(it ) 8 neighbor2 let him :o has an opportunity ( speak+ ) ! weal?y1 fe> le/ he be condemn$ = reta9+ 8 tal5t1 if :5 he has ! *ance he plead n ) him ! cause ( ! poor4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid almsde$s are suitably enum]at$ 9 respect ( ^? ?+s :]e( m5 h abundance or insuffici5cy4 ,i answ] t1 ,! a=esaid di/9ction ( almsde$s is suitably tak5 f ! v>i\s ne$s ( our neighbor3 "s ( :i* affect ! s\l1 & are reliev$ by spiritual almsde$s1 :ile o!rs affect ! body1 & are reliev$ by corporal almsde$s4 ,= corporal ne$ occurs ei!r dur+ ?is life or aft]w>ds4 ,if x occurs dur+ ?is life1 x is ei!r a common ne$ 9 respect ( ?+s ne$$ by all1 or x is a special ne$ occurr+ ?r\gh "s accid5t sup]v5+4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! ne$ is ei!r int]nal or ext]nal4 ,int]nal ne$ is tw(old3 "o :i* is reliev$ by solid food1 viz4 hung]1 9 respect ( :i* we h to fe$ ! hungry2 :ile ! o!r is reliev$ by liquid food1 viz4 ?ir/1 & 9 respect ( ?is we h to give dr9k to ! ?ir/y4 ,! common ne$ ) reg>d to ext]nal help is tw(old2 "o 9 respect ( clo?+1 & z to ?is we h to clo! ! nak$3 :ile ! o!r is 9 respect ( a dwell+ place1 & z to ?is we h to h>bor ! h>borless4 ,aga9 if ! ne$ be special1 x is ei!r ! result ( an int]nal cause1 l sickness1 & !n we h to visit ! sick1 or x results f an ext]nal cause1 & !n we h to ransom ! captive4 ,aft] ?is life we give burial to ! dead4 ,9 l mann] spiritual ne$s are reliev$ by spiritual acts 9 two ways1 fir/ by ask+ = help f ,god1 & 9 ?is respect we h pray]1 :]eby "o man prays = o!rs2 secondly1 by giv+ human assi/ance1 & ?is 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 9 ord] to relieve a defici5cy on ! "p ( ! intellect1 & if ?is defici5cy be 9 ! speculative intellect1 ! rem$y is appli$ by in/ruct+1 & if 9 ! practical intellect1 ! rem$y is appli$ by c\nsell+4 ,secondly1 !re may be a defici5cy on ! "p ( ! appetitive p[]1 especially by way ( sorr[1 :i* is rem$i$ by com=t+4 ,?irdly1 ! defici5cy may be due to an inord9ate act2 & ?is may be ! subject ( a ?reefold consid]ation4 ,fir/1 9 respect ( ! s9n]1 inasmu* z ! s9 proce$s f 8 inord9ate w1 & ?us ! rem$y takes ! =m ( repro(4 ,secondly1 9 respect ( ! p]son s9n$ aga9/2 & if ! s9 be committ$ aga9/ ourselves1 we apply ! rem$y by p>don+ ! injury1 :ile1 if x be committ$ aga9/ ,god or our neighbor1 x is n 9 our p[] to p>don1 z ,j]ome obs]ves 7,sup] ,mat?4 xviii1 #ae74 ,?irdly1 9 respect ( ! result ( ! inord9ate act1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! s9n] is an annoyance to ^? :o live ) him1 ev5 beside 8 int5tion2 9 :i* case ! rem$y is appli$ by be>+ ) him1 especially ) reg>d to ^? :o s9 out ( weakness1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ae3a3 ,we t are /rong]1 ought to be> ! infirmities ( ! weak1 & n only z reg>ds _! be+ infirm & consequ5tly tr\blesome on acc\nt ( _! unruly actions1 b also by be>+ any o!r burd5s ( !irs ) !m1 accord+ to ,gal4 #f3b3 ,be> ye "o ano!r's burd5s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,burial does n pr(it a dead man z ?\gh 8 body c\ld be capable ( p]ception aft] dea?4 ,9 ?is s5se ,our ,"l said t ^? :o kill ! body h no m t !y c d2 & = ?is reason ,he did n m5tion ! burial ( ! dead ) ! o!r works ( m]cy1 b ^? only :i* are m cle>ly necess>y4 ,nev]!less x does conc]n ! deceas$ :at is done ) 8 body3 bo? t he may live 9 ! memory ( man ^: respect he =feits if he rema9 )\t burial1 & z reg>ds a man's fondness = 8 own body :ile he 0 yet liv+1 a fondness :i* k9dly p]sons %\ld imitate aft] 8 dea?4 ,x is ?us t "s are prais$ = bury+ ! dead1 z ,tobias1 & ^? :o buri$ ,our ,"l2 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,cura pro ,mort4 iii74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all o!r ne$s are r$uc$ to ^!1 = bl9dness & lam5ess are k9ds ( sickness1 s t to lead ! bl9d1 & to support ! lame1 come to ! same z visit+ ! sick4 ,9 l mann] to assi/ a man aga9/ any di/ress t is due to an extr9sic cause comes to ! same z ! ransom ( captives4 ,& ! weal? ) :i* we relieve ! poor is s\ght m]ely = ! purpose ( reliev+ ! a=esaid ne$s3 h5ce !re 0 no reason = special m5tion ( ?is p>ticul> ne$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! repro( ( ! s9n]1 z to ! ex]cise ( ! act ( reprov+1 seems to imply ! sev]ity ( ju/ice1 b1 z to ! int5tion ( ! reprov]1 :o wi%es to free a man f ! evil ( s91 x is an act ( m]cy & lov+k9dness1 accord+ to ,prov4 #bg3f3 ,bett] are ! w\nds ( a fri5d1 ?an ! deceitful kisses ( an enemy4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,nesci5ce is n always a defect1 b only :5 x is ab\t :at "o ought to "k1 & x is a "p ( almsgiv+ to supply ?is defect by in/ruction4 ,9 do+ ?is h[ev] we %\ld obs]ve ! due circum/ances ( p]sons1 place & "t1 ev5 z 9 o!r virtu\s acts4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,corporal ,alms ,are ( ,m ,acc\nt ,?an ,spiritual ,alms8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t corporal alms are ( m acc\nt ?an spiritual alms4 ,= x is m praisewor?y to give an alms to "o :o is 9 great] want1 s9ce an almsde$ is to be prais$ because x relieves "o :o is 9 ne$4 ,n[ ! body :i* is reliev$ by corporal alms1 is by nature m ne$y ?an ! _s :i* is reliev$ by spiritual alms4 ,!re=e corporal alms are ( m acc\nt4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an alms is less praisewor?y & m]itori\s if ! k9dness is comp5sat$1 :]e=e ,our ,"l says 7,luke #ad3ab73 ,:5 ?\ make/ a d9n] or a supp]1 call n ?y neighbors :o are ri*1 le/ p]haps !y also invite !e aga94 ,n[ !re is always comp5sation 9 spiritual almsde$s1 s9ce he :o prays = ano!r1 pr(its !reby1 accord+ to ,ps4 #cd3ac3 ,my pray] %all be turn$ into my bosom3 & he :o tea*es ano!r1 makes progress 9 k1 :i* _c be said ( corporal almsde$s4 ,!re=e corporal almsde$s are ( m acc\nt ?an spiritual almsde$s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an alms is to be comm5d$ if ! ne$y "o is com=t$ by x3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,job #ca3bj73 ,if 8 sides h n bless$ me1 & ! ,apo/le says to ,philemon 7v]se #g73 ,! b[els ( ! sa9ts h be5 refre%$ by !e1 bro!r4 ,n[ a corporal alms is sometimes m welcome to a ne$y man ?an a spiritual alms4 ,!re=e bodily almsde$s are ( m acc\nt ?an spiritual almsde$s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #bj7 on ! words1 ,give to him t aske? ( !e 7,matt4 #e3db73 ,y %\ld give s z to injure nei!r y\rself nor ano!r1 & :5 y refuse :at ano!r asks y mu/ n lose sight ( ! claims ( ju/ice1 & s5d him away empty2 at times inde$ y w give :at is bett] ?an :at is ask$ =1 if y reprove him t asks unju/ly4 ,n[ repro( is a spiritual alms4 ,!re=e spiritual almsde$s are pref]able to corporal almsde$s4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two ways ( comp>+ ^! almsde$s4 ,fir/1 simply2 & 9 ?is respect1 spiritual almsde$s hold ! fir/ place1 = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! (f]+ is m excell5t1 s9ce x is a spiritual gift1 :i* surpasses a corporal gift1 accord+ to ,prov4 #d3b3 ,i w give y a good gift1 =sake n ,my ,law4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( ! object succor$1 because ! _s is m excell5t ?an ! body1 :]e=e1 ev5 z a man 9 look+ aft] himself1 ought to look to 8 s\l m ?an to 8 body1 s ought he 9 look+ aft] 8 neighbor1 :om he ought to love z himself4 ,?irdly1 z reg>ds ! acts !mselves by :i* our neighbor is succor$1 because spiritual acts are m excell5t ?an corporal acts1 :i* are1 9 a fa%ion1 s]vile4 ,secondly1 we may comp>e !m ) reg>d to "s p>ticul> case1 :5 "s corporal alms excels "s spiritual alms3 = in/ance1 a man 9 hung] is to be f$ r ?an in/ruct$1 & z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,topic4 iii1 #b71 = a ne$y man money is bett] ?an philosophy1 al?\gh ! latt] is bett] simply4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is bett] to give to "o :o is 9 great] want1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 b if he :o is less ne$y is bett]1 & is 9 want ( bett] ?+s1 x is bett] to give to him3 & x is ?us 9 ! case 9 po9t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,comp5sation does n detract f m]it & praise if x be n int5d$1 ev5 z human glory1 if n int5d$1 does n detract f virtue4 ,?us ,sallu/ says ( ,cato 7,catil9471 t ! less he s\ght fame1 ! m he became fam\s3 & ?us x is ) spiritual almsde$s4 ,nev]!less ! int5tion ( ga9+ spiritual goods does n detract f m]it1 z ! int5tion ( ga9+ corporal goods4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! m]it ( an almsgiv] dep5ds on t 9 :i* ! w ( ! recipi5t re/s reasonably1 & n on t 9 :i* x re/s :5 x is inord9ate4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,corporal ,almsde$s ,h a ,spiritual ,effect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t corporal almsde$s h n a spiritual effect4 ,= no effect exce$s its cause4 ,b spiritual goods exce$ corporal goods4 ,!re=e corporal almsde$s h no spiritual effect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s9 ( simony consi/s 9 giv+ ! corporal = ! spiritual1 & x is to be utt]ly avoid$4 ,!re=e "o ought n to give alms 9 ord] to receive a spiritual effect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to multiply ! cause is to multiply ! effect4 ,if !re=e corporal almsde$s cause a spiritual effect1 ! great] ! alms1 ! great] ! spiritual pr(it1 :i* is contr>y to :at we read 7,luke #ba3c7 ( ! wid[ :o ca/ two brass mites into ! treasury1 & 9 ,our ,"l's own words ca/ 9 m ?an 4 4 4 all4 ,!re=e bodily almsde$s h no spiritual effect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ag3ah73 ,! alms ( a man 4 4 4 %all pres]ve ! grace ( a man z ! apple ( ! eye4 ,i answ] t1 ,corporal almsde$s may be consid]$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to _! sub/ance1 & 9 ?is way !y h m]ely a corporal effect1 inasmu* z !y supply our neighbor's corporal ne$s4 ,secondly1 !y may be consid]$ ) reg>d to _! cause1 9 s f> z a man gives a corporal alms out ( love = ,god & 8 neighbor1 & 9 ?is respect !y br+ =? a spiritual fruit1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #bi3ac1 #ad3 ,lose ?y money = ?y bro!r 4 4 4 place ?y treasure 9 ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & x %all br+ !e m pr(it ?an gold4 ,?irdly1 ) reg>d to ! effect1 & 9 ?is way aga91 !y h a spiritual fruit1 inasmu* z our neighbor1 :o is succor$ by a corporal alms1 is mov$ to pray = 8 b5efactor2 :]e=e ! above text goes on 7,ecclus4 #bi3ae73 ,%ut up alms 9 ! he>t ( ! poor1 & x %all obta9 help = !e f all evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s corporal almsde$s z to _! sub/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he :o gives an alms does n int5d to buy a spiritual ?+ ) a corporal ?+1 = he kn[s t spiritual ?+s inf9itely surpass corporal ?+s1 b he int5ds to m]it a spiritual fruit ?r\gh ! love ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! wid[ :o gave less 9 quantity1 gave m 9 proportion2 & ?us we ga!r t ! f]vor ( h] *>ity1 :5ce corporal almsde$s d]ive _! spiritual efficacy1 0 great]4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,almsgiv+ ,is a ,matt] ( ,precept8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t almsgiv+ is n a matt] ( precept4 ,= ! c\nsels are di/9ct f ! precepts4 ,n[ almsgiv+ is a matt] ( c\nsel1 accord+ to ,dan4 #d3bd3 ,let my c\nsel be acceptable to ! ,k+2 ,vulg43 'to !e1 &' r$eem ?\ ?y s9s ) alms4 ,!re=e almsgiv+ is n a matt] ( precept4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is lawful = ev]yone to use & to keep :at is 8 own4 ,yet by keep+ x he w n give alms4 ,!re=e x is lawful n to give alms3 & consequ5tly almsgiv+ is n a matt] ( precept4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is a matt] ( precept b9ds ! transgressor at "s "t or o!r "u pa9 ( mortal s91 because positive precepts are b9d+ = "s fix$ "t4 ,!re=e1 if almsgiv+ 7 a matt] ( precept1 x w\ld be possible to po9t to "s fix$ "t :5 a man w\ld commit a mortal s9 unless he gave an alms4 ,b x does n appe> h[ ?is c be s1 because x c always be deem$ probable t ! p]son 9 ne$ c be reliev$ 9 "s o!r way1 & t :at we w\ld sp5d 9 almsgiv+ might be ne$ful to ourselves ei!r n[ or 9 "s future "t4 ,!re=e x seems t almsgiv+ is n a matt] ( precept4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 e comm&m5t is r$ucible to ! precepts ( ! ,decalogue4 ,b ^! precepts conta9 no ref]5ce to almsgiv+4 ,!re=e almsgiv+ is n a matt] ( precept4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no man is puni%$ et]nally = omitt+ to d :at is n a matt] ( precept4 ,b "s are puni%$ et]nally = omitt+ to give alms1 z is cle> f ,matt4 #be3da-dc4 ,!re=e almsgiv+ is a matt] ( precept4 ,i answ] t1 ,z love ( our neighbor is a matt] ( precept1 :atev] is a necess>y condition to ! love ( our neighbor is a matt] ( precept also4 ,n[ ! love ( our neighbor requires t n only %\ld we be our neighbor's well-wi%]s1 b also 8 well-do]s1 accord+ to #a ,john #c3ah3 ,let u n love 9 ^w1 nor 9 tongue1 b 9 de$1 & 9 tru?4 ,& 9 ord] to be a p]son's well-wi%] & well-do]1 we ought to succor 8 ne$s3 ?is is done by almsgiv+4 ,!re=e almsgiv+ is a matt] ( precept4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 precepts are ab\t acts ( virtue1 x foll[s t all almsgiv+ mu/ be a matt] ( precept1 9 s f> z x is necess>y to virtue1 namely1 9 s f> z x is dem&$ by "r reason4 ,n[ "r reason dem&s t we %\ld take into consid]ation some?+ on ! "p ( ! giv]1 & some?+ on ! "p ( ! recipi5t4 ,on ! "p ( ! giv]1 x mu/ be not$ t he %\ld give ( 8 surplus1 accord+ to ,luke #aa3da3 ,t :i* rema9e?1 give alms4 ,?is surplus is to be tak5 9 ref]5ce n only to himself1 s z to d5ote :at is unnecess>y to ! individual1 b also 9 ref]5ce to ^? ( :om he has *>ge 79 :i* case we h ! expression necess>y to ! p]son 99,! (ficial necessities ( a p]son 9 position tak+ ! ^w p]son z expressive ( dignity74 ,because ea* "o mu/ fir/ ( all look aft] himself & !n aft] ^? ov] :om he has *>ge1 & aft]w>ds ) :at rema9s relieve ! ne$s ( o!rs4 ,?us nature fir/1 by its nutritive p[]1 takes :at x requires = ! upkeep ( "o's own body1 & aft]w>ds yields ! residue = ! =mation ( ano!r by ! p[] ( g5]ation4 ,on ! "p ( ! recipi5t x is requisite t he %\ld be 9 ne$1 else !re w\ld be no reason = giv+ him alms3 yet s9ce x is n possible = "o individual to relieve ! ne$s ( all1 we are n b\nd to relieve all :o are 9 ne$1 b only ^? :o c\ld n be succor$ if we n did succor !m4 ,= 9 su* cases ! words ( ,ambrose apply1 ,fe$ him t dies ( hung]3 if ?\ ha/ n f$ him1 ?\ ha/ sla9 him 99,cf4 ,canon ,pasce1 di/4 lxxxvi1 :5ce ! words1 z quot$1 are tak54 ,accord+ly we are b\nd to give alms ( our surplus1 z also to give alms to "o ^: ne$ is extreme3 o!rwise almsgiv+1 l any o!r great] good1 is a matt] ( c\nsel4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,daniel spoke to a k+ :o 0 n subject to ,god's ,law1 :]e=e su* ?+s z 7 prescrib$ by ! ,law :i* he did n pr(ess1 _h to be c\nsell$ to him4 ,or he may h be5 speak+ 9 ref]5ce to a case 9 :i* almsgiv+ 0 n a matt] ( precept4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! temporal goods :i* ,god grants u1 are ours z to ! own]%ip1 b z to ! use ( !m1 !y belong n to u alone b also to su* o!rs z we are able to succor out ( :at we h ov] & above our ne$s4 ,h5ce ,basil says 99,hom4 sup] ,luc4 xii1 #ah3 ,if y ackn[l$ge !m1 viz4 y\r temporal goods1 z com+ f ,god1 is ,he unju/ because ,he apportions !m unequally8 ,:y are y ri* :ile ano!r is poor1 unless x be t y may h ! m]it ( a good /ew>d%ip1 & he ! rew>d ( pati5ce8 ,x is ! hungry man's bread t y )hold1 ! nak$ man's cloak t y h /or$ away1 ! %oe ( ! b>efoot t y h left to rot1 ! money ( ! ne$y t y h buri$ und]gr\nd3 & s y injure z _m z y might help4 ,ambrose expresses himself 9 ! same way4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is a "t :5 we s9 mortally if we omit to give alms2 on ! "p ( ! recipi5t :5 we see t 8 ne$ is evid5t & urg5t1 & t he is n likely to be succor$ o!rwise--on ! "p ( ! giv]1 :5 he has sup]flu\s goods1 :i* he does n ne$ = ! "t be+1 z f> z he c judge ) probability4 ,nor ne$ he consid] e case t may possibly occur 9 ! future1 = ?is w\ld be to ?9k ab\t ! morr[1 :i* ,our ,"l =bade u to d 7,matt4 #f3cd71 b he %\ld judge :at is sup]flu\s & :at necess>y1 accord+ z ?+s probably & g5]ally occur4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,all succor giv5 to our neighbor is r$uc$ to ! precept ab\t honor+ our p>5ts4 ,= ?us does ! ,apo/le int]pret x 7#a ,tim4 #d3h7 :]e he says3 ,dutifulness99 ,d\ay3 ',godl9ess' is pr(itable to all ?+s1 hav+ promise ( ! life t n[ is1 & ( t :i* is to come1 & he says ?is because ! precept ab\t honor+ our p>5ts conta9s ! promise1 t ?\ maye/ be longliv$ ^u ! l& 7,ex4 #bj3ab73 & dutifulness comprises all k9ds ( almsgiv+4 99,pietas1 :5ce our ,engli% ^w ,piety4 ,cf4 also inf4 ,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #b4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,"o ,ought to ,give ,alms ,out ( ,:at ,"o ,ne$s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o ought n to give alms out ( :at "o ne$s4 ,= ! ord] ( *>ity %\ld be obs]v$ n only z reg>ds ! effect ( our b5efactions b also z reg>ds our int]ior affections4 ,n[ x is a s9 to contrav5e ! ord] ( *>ity1 because ?is ord] is a matt] ( precept4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! ord] ( *>ity requires t a man %\ld love himself m ?an 8 neighbor1 x seems t he w\ld s9 if he depriv$ himself ( :at he ne$$1 9 ord] to succor 8 neighbor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] gives away :at he ne$s himself1 squ&]s 8 own sub/ance1 & t is to be a prodigal1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a74 ,b no s9ful de$ %\ld be done4 ,!re=e we %\ld n give alms out ( :at we ne$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #e3h73 ,if any man h n c>e ( 8 own1 & especially ( ^? ( 8 h\se1 he ha? d5i$ ! fai?1 & is worse ?an an infidel4 ,n[ if a man gives ( :at he ne$s = himself or = 8 *>ge1 he seems to detract f ! c>e he %\ld h = himself or 8 *>ge4 ,!re=e x seems t :oev] gives alms f :at he ne$s1 s9s gravely4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #ai3ba73 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g1 sell :at ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor4 ,n[ he t gives all he has to ! poor1 gives n only :at he ne$s n1 b also :at he ne$s4 ,!re=e a man may give alms out ( :at he ne$s4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ is necess>y 9 two ways3 fir/1 because )\t x some?+ is impossible1 & x is altoge!r wrong to give alms out ( :at is necess>y to u 9 ?is s5se2 = in/ance1 if a man f\nd himself 9 ! pres5ce ( a case ( urg5cy1 & _h m]ely suffici5t to support himself & 8 *ildr51 or o!rs "u 8 *>ge1 he w\ld be ?r[+ away 8 life & t ( o!rs if he 7 to give away 9 alms1 :at 0 !n necess>y to him4 ,yet ,i say ?is )\t prejudice to su* a case z might happ51 suppos+ t by depriv+ himself ( necess>ies a man might help a great p]sonage1 & a support ( ! ,*ur* or ,/ate1 s9ce x w\ld be a praisewor?y act to endang] "o's life & ! lives ( ^? :o are "u our *>ge = ! deliv]y ( su* a p]son1 s9ce ! common good is to be pref]r$ to "o's own4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is said to be necess>y1 if a man _c )\t x live 9 keep+ ) 8 social /ation1 z reg>ds ei!r himself or ^? ( :om he has *>ge4 ,! necess>y consid]$ ?us is n an inv>iable quantity1 = "o might add mu* m to a man's prop]ty1 & yet n g beyond :at he ne$s 9 ?is way1 or "o might take mu* f him1 & he w\ld /ill h suffici5t = ! dec5cies ( life 9 keep+ ) 8 own position4 ,accord+ly x is good to give alms ( ?is k9d ( necess>y2 & x is a matt] n ( precept b ( c\nsel4 ,yet x w\ld be inord9ate to deprive oneself ( "o's own1 9 ord] to give to o!rs to su* an ext5t t ! residue w\ld be insuffici5t = "o to live 9 keep+ ) "o's /ation & ! ord9>y occurr5ces ( life3 = no man ought to live unbecom+ly4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ?ree exceptions to ! above rule4 ,! fir/ is :5 a man *anges 8 /ate ( life1 = in/ance1 by ent]+ religion1 = !n he gives away all 8 possessions = ,*ri/'s sake1 & does ! de$ ( p]fection by transf]r+ himself to ano!r /ate4 ,secondly1 :5 t :i* he deprives himself (1 ?\gh x be requir$ = ! dec5cies ( life1 c nev]!less easily be recov]$1 s t he does n suff] extreme inconv5i5ce4 ,?irdly1 :5 he is 9 pres5ce ( extreme indig5ce 9 an individual1 or great ne$ on ! "p ( ! common weal4 ,= 9 su* cases x w\ld seem praisewor?y to =ego ! requirem5ts ( "o's /ation1 9 ord] to provide = a great] ne$4 ,! objections may be easily solv$ f :at has be5 said4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,"o ,may ,give ,alms ,out ( ,ill-gott5 ,goods8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o may give alms out ( ill-gott5 goods4 ,= x is writt5 7,luke #af3i73 ,make unto y fri5ds ( ! mammon ( iniquity4 ,n[ mammon signifies ri*es4 ,!re=e x is lawful to make unto oneself spiritual fri5ds by giv+ alms out ( ill-gott5 ri*es4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all fil?y lucre seems to be ill-gott54 ,b ! pr(its f :or$om are fil?y lucre2 :]e=e x 0 =bidd5 7,deut4 #bc3ah7 to (f] !refrom sacrifices or oblations to ,god3 ,?\ %alt n (f] ! hire ( a /rumpet 4 4 4 9 ! h\se ( 4 4 4 ?y ,god4 ,9 l mann] ga9s f games ( *ance are ill-gott51 =1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a71 we take su* l ga9s f our fri5ds to :om we ought r to give4 ,& mo/ ( all are ! pr(its f simony ill-gott51 s9ce !reby ! ,holy ,gho/ is wrong$4 ,nev]!less out ( su* ga9s x is lawful to give alms4 ,!re=e "o may give alms out ( ill-gott5 goods4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 great] evils %\ld be avoid$ m ?an less] evils4 ,n[ x is less s9ful to keep back ano!r's prop]ty ?an to commit murd]1 ( :i* a man is guilty if he fails to succor "o :o is 9 extreme ne$1 z appe>s f ! words ( ,ambrose :o says 7,cf4 ,canon ,pasce di/4 lxxxvi1 :5ce ! words1 z quot$1 are tak573 ,fe$ him t dies ( hung]1 if ?\ ha/ n f$ him1 ?\ ha/ sla9 him4 ,!re=e1 9 c]ta9 cases1 x is lawful to give alms ( ill-gott5 goods4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 xxxv1 #b73 ,give alms f y\r j labors4 ,= y w n bribe ,*ri/ y\r judge1 n to he> y ) ! poor :om y rob 4 4 4 ,give n alms f int]e/ & usury3 ,i speak to ! fai?ful to :om we disp5se ! ,body ( ,*ri/4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may be ill-gott5 9 ?ree ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place a ?+ is ill-gott5 if x be due to ! p]son f :om x is gott51 & may n be kept by ! p]son :o has obta9$ possession ( x2 z 9 ! case ( rap9e1 !ft & usury1 & ( su* ?+s a man may n give alms s9ce he is b\nd to re/ore !m4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is ill-gott51 :5 he t has x may n keep x1 & yet he may n return x to ! p]son f :om he receiv$ x1 because he receiv$ x unju/ly1 :ile ! latt] gave x unju/ly4 ,?is happ5s 9 simony1 :]e9 bo? giv] & receiv] contrav5e ! ju/ice ( ! ,div9e ,law1 s t re/itution is to be made n to ! giv]1 b by giv+ alms4 ,! same applies to all simil> cases ( illegal giv+ & receiv+4 ,?irdly1 a ?+ is ill-gott51 n because ! tak+ 0 unlawful1 b because x is ! outcome ( some?+ unlawful1 z 9 ! case ( a woman's pr(its f :or$om4 ,?is is fil?y lucre prop]ly s call$1 because ! practice ( :or$om is fil?y & aga9/ ! ,law ( ,god1 yet ! woman does n act unju/ly or unlawfully 9 tak+ ! money4 ,consequ5tly x is lawful to keep & to give 9 alms :at is ?us acquir$ by an unlawful action4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 #b71 ,"s h misund]/ood ?is say+ ( ,our ,"l1 s z to take ano!r's prop]ty & give !re( to ! poor1 ?9k+ t !y are fulfill+ ! comm&m5t by s do+4 ,?is int]pretation mu/ be am5d$4 ,yet all ri*es are call$ ri*es ( iniquity1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,quae/4 ,ev4 ii1 #cd1 because ri*es are n unju/ save = ^? :o are !mselves unju/1 & put all _! tru/ 9 !m4 ,or1 accord+ to ,ambrose 9 8 comm5t>y on ,luke #af3i1 ,make unto y\rselves fri5ds1 etc41 ,he calls mammon unju/1 because x draws our affections by ! v>i\s allurem5ts ( weal?4 ,or1 because among ! _m ance/ors ^: prop]ty y inh]it1 !re is "o :o took ! prop]ty ( o!rs unju/ly1 al?\gh y "k no?+ ab\t x1 z ,basil says 9 a homily 7,hom4 sup] ,luc4 ,a1 #e74 ,or1 all ri*es are /yl$ ri*es ( iniquity1 i4e41 ( inequality1 because !y are n di/ribut$ equally among all1 "o be+ 9 ne$1 & ano!r 9 afflu5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,we h already expla9$ h[ alms may be giv5 out ( ! pr(its ( :or$om4 ,yet sacrifices & oblations 7 n made !refrom at ! alt>1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! sc&al1 & ?r\gh rev]5ce = sacr$ ?+s4 ,x is also lawful to give alms out ( ! pr(its ( simony1 because !y are n due to him :o paid1 inde$ he des]ves to lose !m4 ,b z to ! pr(its f games ( *ance1 !re w\ld seem to be some?+ unlawful z be+ contr>y to ! ,div9e ,law1 :5 a man w9s f "o :o _c ali5ate 8 prop]ty1 su* z m9ors1 lunatics & s =?1 or :5 a man1 ) ! desire ( mak+ money out ( ano!r man1 entices him to play1 & w9s f him by *eat+4 ,9 ^! cases he is b\nd to re/itution1 & consequ5tly _c give away 8 ga9s 9 alms4 ,!n aga9 !re w\ld seem to be some?+ unlawful z be+ aga9/ ! positive civil law1 :i* altoge!r =bids any su* pr(its4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a civil law does n b9d all1 b only ^? :o are subject to t law1 & moreov] may be abrogat$ ?r\gh desuetude1 x foll[s t all su* z are b\nd by ^! laws are b\nd to make re/itution ( su* ga9s1 unless p]*ance ! contr>y cu/om prevail1 or unless a man w9 f "o :o entic$ him to play1 9 :i* case he is n b\nd to re/itution1 because ! los] does n des]ve to be paid back3 & yet he _c lawfully keep :at he has won1 s long z t positive law is 9 =ce1 :]e=e 9 ?is case he ought to give x away 9 alms4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ?+s are common prop]ty 9 a case ( extreme necessity4 ,h5ce "o :o is 9 su* dire /raits may take ano!r's goods 9 ord] to succor himself1 if he c f9d no "o :o is will+ to give him some?+4 ,= ! same reason a man may reta9 :at belongs to ano!r1 & give alms !re(2 or ev5 take some?+ if !re be no o!r way ( succor+ ! "o :o is 9 ne$4 ,if h[ev] ?is be possible )\t dang]1 he mu/ ask ! own]'s cons5t1 & !n succor ! poor man :o is 9 extreme necessity4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,"o ,:o ,is ,"u ,ano!r's ,p[] ,c ,give ,alms8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o :o is "u ano!r's p[] c give alms4 ,= religi\s are "u ! p[] ( _! prelates to :om !y h v[$ ob$i5ce4 ,n[ if x 7 unlawful = !m to give alms1 !y w\ld lose by ent]+ ! /ate ( religion1 = z ,ambrose 99,! quotation is f ! works ( ,ambrosia/]4 ,cf4 ,index to ecclesia/ical au?orities quot$ by ,/4 ,?omas says on #a ,tim4 #d3h3 ',dutifulness ,d\ay3 'godl9ess' is pr(itable to all ?+s'3 ,! sum total ( ! ,*ri/ian religion consi/s 9 do+ "o's duty by all1 & ! mo/ cr$itable way ( do+ ?is is to give alms4 ,!re=e ^? :o are 9 ano!r's p[] c give alms4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a wife is "u h] husb&'s p[] 7,g54 #c3af74 ,b a wife c give alms s9ce %e is h] husb&'s p>tn]2 h5ce x is relat$ ( ! ,bless$ ,lucy t %e gave alms )\t ! k ( h] betro!d 99,sponsus4 ,! matrimonial in/itutions ( ! ,romans 7 s entirely diff]5t f ours t sponsus is no long] accurately r5d]$ ei!r husb& or betro!d4 ,!re=e a p]son is n prev5t$ f giv+ alms1 by be+ "u ano!r's p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! subjection ( *ildr5 to _! p>5ts is f\nd$ on nature1 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #f3a73 ,*ildr51 obey y\r p>5ts 9 ! ,"l4 ,b1 app>5tly1 *ildr5 may give alms out ( _! p>5ts' prop]ty4 ,= x is _! own1 s9ce !y are ! heirs2 :]e=e1 s9ce !y c employ x = "s bodily use1 x seems t mu* m c !y use x 9 giv+ alms s z to pr(it _! s\ls4 ,!re=e ^? :o are "u ano!r's p[] c give alms4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 s]vants are "u _! ma/]'s p[]1 accord+ to ,titus #b3i3 ,exhort s]vants to be ob$i5t to _! ma/]s4 ,n[ !y may lawfully d any?+ t w pr(it _! ma/]s3 & ?is w\ld be especially ! case if !y gave alms = !m4 ,!re=e ^? :o are "u ano!r's p[] c give alms4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,alms %\ld n be giv5 out ( ano!r's prop]ty2 & ea* "o %\ld give alms out ( ! j pr(it ( 8 own labor z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 xxxv1 #b74 ,n[ if ^? :o are subject to anyone 7 to give alms1 ?is w\ld be out ( ano!r's prop]ty4 ,!re=e ^? :o are "u ano!r's p[] _c give alms4 ,i answ] t1 ,anyone :o is "u ano!r's p[] mu/1 z su*1 be rul$ 9 accordance ) ! p[] ( 8 sup]ior3 = ! natural ord] dem&s t ! inf]ior %\ld be rul$ accord+ to its sup]ior4 ,!re=e 9 ^? matt]s 9 :i* ! inf]ior is subject to 8 sup]ior1 8 m9i/rations mu/ be subject to ! sup]ior's p]mission4 ,accord+ly he t is "u ano!r's p[] mu/ n give alms ( any?+ 9 respect ( :i* he is subject to t o!r1 except 9 s f> z he has be5 commission$ by 8 sup]ior4 ,b if he has some?+ 9 respect ( :i* he is n "u ! p[] ( 8 sup]ior1 he is no long] subject to ano!r 9 its reg>d1 be+ indep5d5t 9 respect ( t p>ticul> ?+1 & he c give alms !refrom4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if a monk be disp5s$ ?r\gh be+ commission$ by 8 sup]ior1 he c give alms f ! prop]ty ( 8 mona/]y1 9 accordance ) ! t]ms ( 8 commission2 b if he has no su* disp5sation1 s9ce he has no?+ ( 8 own1 he _c give alms )\t 8 abbot's p]mission ei!r express or presum$ = "s probable reason3 except 9 a case ( extreme necessity1 :5 x w\ld be lawful = him to commit a !ft 9 ord] to give an alms4 ,nor does x foll[ t he is worse (f ?an be=e1 because1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,eccles4 ,dogm4 lxxi1 x is a good ?+ to give "o's prop]ty to ! poor little by little1 b x is bett] /ill to give all at once 9 ord] to foll[ ,*ri/1 & be+ fre$ f c>e1 to be ne$y ) ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a wife1 :o has o!r prop]ty besides h] d[ry :i* is = ! support ( ! burd5s ( m>riage1 :e!r t prop]ty be ga9$ by h] own indu/ry or by any o!r lawful means1 c give alms1 out ( t prop]ty1 )\t ask+ h] husb&'s p]mission3 yet su* alms %\ld be mod]ate1 le/ ?r\gh giv+ too mu* %e impov]i% h] husb&4 ,o!rwise %e ought n to give alms )\t ! express or presum$ cons5t ( h] husb&1 except 9 cases ( necessity z /at$1 9 ! case ( a monk1 9 ! prec$+ ,reply4 ,= ?\gh ! wife be h] husb&'s equal 9 ! m>riage act1 yet 9 matt]s ( h\sekeep+1 ! head ( ! woman is ! man1 z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #aa3c74 ,z reg>ds ,bless$ ,lucy1 %e _h a betro!d1 n a husb&1 :]e=e %e c\ld give alms ) h] "m's cons5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:at belongs to ! *ildr5 belongs also to ! fa!r3 :]e=e ! *ild _c give alms1 except 9 su* small quantity t "o may presume ! fa!r to be will+3 unless1 p]*ance1 ! fa!r au?orize 8 *ild to dispose ( any p>ticul> prop]ty4 ,! same applies to s]vants4 ,h5ce ! ,reply to ! ,f\r? ,objection is cle>4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,"o ,ought to ,give ,alms to ,^? ,r ,:o ,are ,m ,closely ,unit$ to ,u8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o ought n to give alms to ^? r :o are m closely unit$ to u4 ,= x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ab3d1 #f73 ,give to ! m]ciful & uphold n ! s9n] 4 4 4 ,d good to ! humble & give n to ! ungodly4 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t ^? :o are closely unit$ to u are s9ful & ungodly4 ,!re=e we ought n to give alms to !m 9 pref]5ce to o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 alms %\ld be giv5 t we may receive an et]nal rew>d 9 return1 accord+ to ,matt4 #f3ah3 ,& ?y ,fa!r ,:o see? 9 secret1 w repay !e4 ,n[ ! et]nal rew>d is ga9$ *iefly by ! alms :i* are giv5 to ! sa9ts1 accord+ to ,luke #af3i3 ,make unto y fri5ds ( ! mammon ( iniquity1 t :5 y %all fail1 !y may receive y into ev]la/+ dwell+s1 :i* passage ,augu/9e exp\nds 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 xxxv1 #a73 ,:o %all h ev]la/+ dwell+s unless ! sa9ts ( ,god8 ,& :o are !y t %all be receiv$ by !m into _! dwell+s1 if n ^? :o succor !m 9 _! ne$s8 ,!re=e alms %\ld be giv5 to ! m holy p]sons r ?an to ^? :o are m closely unit$ to u4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man is m closely unit$ to himself4 ,b a man _c give himself an alms4 ,!re=e x seems t we are n b\nd to give alms to ^? :o are mo/ closely unit$ to u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #e3h73 ,if any man h n c>e ( 8 own1 & especially ( ^? ( 8 h\se1 he ha? d5i$ ! fai?1 & is worse ?an an infidel4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bh71 x falls to u by lot1 z x 71 to h to look to ! welf>e ( ^? :o are m closely unit$ to u4 ,nev]!less 9 ?is matt] we mu/ employ discretion1 accord+ to ! v>i\s degrees ( connection1 hol9ess & utility4 ,= we ought to give alms to "o :o is mu* holi] & 9 great] want1 & to "o :o is m useful to ! common weal1 r ?an to "o :o is m closely unit$ to u1 especially if ! latt] be n v closely unit$1 & has no special claim on our c>e !n & !re1 & :o is n 9 v urg5t ne$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we ought n to help a s9n] z su*1 t is by enc\rag+ him to s91 b z man1 t is by support+ 8 nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,almsde$s des]ve on two c\nts to receive an et]nal rew>d4 ,fir/ because !y are root$ 9 *>ity1 & 9 ?is respect an almsde$ is m]itori\s 9 s f> z x obs]ves ! ord] ( *>ity1 :i* requires t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 we %\ld1 9 pref]5ce1 help ^? :o are m closely connect$ ) u4 ,:]e=e ,ambrose says 7,de ,(ficiis i1 #cj73 ,x is ) comm5dable lib]ality t y =get n y\r k9dr$1 if y "k !m to be 9 ne$1 = x is bett] t y %\ld y\rself help y\r own family1 :o w\ld be a%am$ to beg help f o!rs4 ,secondly1 almsde$s des]ve to be rew>d$ et]nally1 ?r\gh ! m]it ( ! recipi5t1 :o prays = ! giv]1 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ,augu/9e is speak+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce almsde$s are works ( m]cy1 j z a man does n1 prop]ly speak+1 pity himself1 b only by a k9d ( comp>ison1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cj1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 s too1 prop]ly speak+1 no man gives himself an alms1 unless he act 9 ano!r's p]son2 ?us :5 a man is appo9t$ to di/ribute alms1 he c take some?+ = himself1 if he be 9 want1 on ! same gr\nd z :5 he gives to o!rs4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,alms ,%\ld ,be ,giv5 9 ,abundance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t alms %\ld n be giv5 9 abundance4 ,= we ought to give alms to ^? *iefly :o are mo/ closely connect$ ) u4 ,b we ought n to give to !m 9 su* a way t !y are likely to become ri*] !reby1 z ,ambrose says 7,de ,(ficiis i1 #cj74 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld we give abundantly to o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(ficiis i1 #cj73 ,we %\ld n lavi% our weal? on o!rs all at once1 we %\ld dole x out by degrees4 ,b to give abundantly is to give lavi%ly4 ,!re=e alms %\ld n be giv5 9 abundance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #h3ac73 ,n t o!rs %\ld be eas$1 i4e4 %\ld live on y )\t work+ !mselves1 & y bur!n$1 i4e4 impov]i%$4 ,b ?is w\ld be ! result if alms 7 giv5 9 abundance4 ,!re=e we ought n to give alms abundantly4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,tob4 #d3ic73 ,if ?\ h mu*1 give abundantly4 ,i answ] t1 ,alms may be consid]$ abundant 9 relation ei!r to ! giv]1 or to ! recipi5t3 9 relation to ! giv]1 :5 t :i* a man gives is great z comp>$ ) 8 means4 ,to give ?us is praisewor?y1 :]e=e ,our ,"l 7,luke #ba3c1 #d7 comm5d$ ! wid[ because ( h] want1 %e ca/ 9 all ! liv+ t %e _h4 ,nev]!less ^? conditions mu/ be obs]v$ :i* 7 laid d[n :5 we spoke ( giv+ alms out ( "o's necess>y goods 7,a4 #i74 ,on ! "p ( ! recipi5t1 an alms may be abundant 9 two ways2 fir/1 by reliev+ 8 ne$ suffici5tly1 & 9 ?is s5se x is praisewor?y to give alms3 secondly1 by reliev+ 8 ne$ m ?an suffici5tly2 ?is is n praisewor?y1 & x w\ld be bett] to give to sev]al t are 9 ne$1 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3c73 ,if ,i %\ld di/ribute 4 4 4 to fe$ ! poor1 on :i* words a gloss comm5ts3 ,?us we are w>n$ to be c>eful 9 giv+ alms1 & to give1 n to "o only1 b to _m1 t we may pr(it _m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s abundance ( alms z exce$+ ! ne$s ( ! recipi5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! passage quot$ consid]s abundance ( alms on ! "p ( ! giv]2 b ! s5se is t ,god does n wi% a man to lavi% all 8 weal? at once1 except :5 he *anges 8 /ate ( life1 :]e=e he goes on to say3 ,except we imitate ,eliseus :o slew 8 ox5 & f$ ! poor ) :at he _h1 s t no h\sehold c>es might keep him back 7#c ,k+s #ai3ba74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! passage quot$ ! words1 n t o!rs %\ld be eas$ or refre%$1 ref] to t abundance ( alms :i* surpasses ! ne$ ( ! recipi5t1 to :om "o %\ld give alms n t he may h an easy life1 b t he may h relief4 ,nev]!less we mu/ br+ discretion to be> on ! matt]1 on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s conditions ( m51 "s ( :om are m da9tily nurtur$1 & ne$ f9] food & clo?+4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,(ficiis i1 #cj73 ,:5 y give an alms to a man1 y %\ld take into consid]ation 8 age & 8 weakness2 & sometimes ! %ame :i* proclaims 8 good bir?2 & aga9 t p]haps he has fall5 f ri*es to indig5ce ?r\gh no fault ( 8 own4 ,) reg>d to ! words t foll[1 & y burd5$1 !y ref] to abundance on ! "p ( ! giv]4 ,yet1 z a gloss says on ! same passage1 he says ?is1 n because x w\ld be bett] to give 9 abundance1 b because he fe>s = ! weak1 & he admoni%es !m s to give t !y lack n = !mselves4 ,,"q #cc ,,( ,,frat]nal ,,correction 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ,frat]nal ,correction1 "u :i* head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r frat]nal correction is an act ( *>ity8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a matt] ( precept8 7#c7 ,:e!r ?is precept b9ds all1 or only sup]iors8 7#d7 ,:e!r ?is precept b9ds ! subject to correct 8 sup]ior8 7#e7 ,:e!r a s9n] may correct anyone8 7#f7 ,:e!r "o ought to correct a p]son :o becomes worse ?r\gh be+ correct$8 7#g7 ,:e!r secret correction %\ld prec$e d5\ncem5t8 7#h7 ,:e!r witnesses %\ld be call$ be=e d5\ncem5t8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,frat]nal ,correction ,is an ,act ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t frat]nal correction is n an act ( *>ity4 ,= a gloss on ,matt4 #ah3ae1 ,if ?y bro!r %all (f5d aga9/ !e1 says t a man %\ld reprove 8 bro!r out ( zeal = ju/ice4 ,b ju/ice is a di/9ct virtue f *>ity4 ,!re=e frat]nal correction is an act1 n ( *>ity1 b ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 frat]nal correction is giv5 by secret admonition4 ,n[ admonition is a k9d ( c\nsel1 :i* is an act ( prud5ce1 = a prud5t man is "o :o is ( good c\nsel 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e74 ,!re=e frat]nal correction is an act1 n ( *>ity1 b ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 contr>y acts d n belong to ! same virtue4 ,n[ x is an act ( *>ity to be> ) a s9n]1 accord+ to ,gal4 #f3b3 ,be> ye "o ano!r's burd5s1 & s y %all fulfil ! law ( ,*ri/1 :i* is ! law ( *>ity4 ,!re=e x seems t ! correction ( a s9n+ bro!r1 :i* is contr>y to be>+ ) him1 is n an act ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,to correct ! wrongdo] is a spiritual almsde$4 ,b almsde$s are works ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e frat]nal correction is an act ( *>ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,! correction ( ! wrongdo] is a rem$y :i* %\ld be employ$ aga9/ a man's s94 ,n[ a man's s9 may be consid]$ 9 two ways1 fir/ z be+ h>mful to ! s9n]1 secondly z conduc+ to ! h>m ( o!rs1 by hurt+ or sc&aliz+ !m1 or by be+ detrim5tal to ! common good1 ! ju/ice ( :i* is di/urb$ by t man's s94 ,consequ5tly ! correction ( a wrongdo] is tw(old1 "o :i* applies a rem$y to ! s9 consid]$ z an evil ( ! s9n] himself4 ,?is is frat]nal correction prop]ly s call$1 :i* is direct$ to ! am5dm5t ( ! s9n]4 ,n[ to d away ) anyone's evil is ! same z to procure 8 good3 & to procure a p]son's good is an act ( *>ity1 :]eby we wi% & d our fri5d well4 ,consequ5tly frat]nal correction also is an act ( *>ity1 because !reby we drive out our bro!r's evil1 viz4 s91 ! removal ( :i* p]ta9s to *>ity r ?an ! removal ( an ext]nal loss1 or ( a bodily injury1 9 s mu* z ! contr>y good ( virtue is m ak9 to *>ity ?an ! good ( ! body or ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,!re=e frat]nal correction is an act ( *>ity r ?an ! heal+ ( a bodily infirmity1 or ! reliev+ ( an ext]nal bodily ne$4 ,!re is ano!r correction :i* applies a rem$y to ! s9 ( ! wrongdo]1 consid]$ z hurtful to o!rs1 & especially to ! common good4 ,?is correction is an act ( ju/ice1 ^: conc]n x is to safegu>d ! rectitude ( ju/ice betwe5 "o man & ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is gloss speaks ( ! second correction :i* is an act ( ju/ice4 ,or if x speaks ( ! fir/ correction1 !n x takes ju/ice z d5ot+ a g5]al virtue1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #e71 9 :i* s5se aga9 all s9 is iniquity 7#a ,john #c3d71 ?r\gh be+ contr>y to ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #ab71 prud5ce regulates :atev] is direct$ to ! end1 ab\t :i* ?+s c\nsel & *oice are conc]n$4 ,nev]!less :51 guid$ by prud5ce1 we p]=m "s action aright :i* is direct$ to ! end ( "s virtue1 su* z temp]ance or =titude1 t action belongs *iefly to ! virtue to ^: end x is direct$4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! admonition :i* is giv5 9 frat]nal correction is direct$ to ! removal ( a bro!r's s91 :i* removal p]ta9s to *>ity1 x is evid5t t ?is admonition is *iefly an act ( *>ity1 :i* virtue comm&s x1 s to speak1 b second>ily an act ( prud5ce1 :i* executes & directs ! action4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,frat]nal correction is n oppos$ to =be>ance ) ! weak1 on ! contr>y x results f x4 ,= a man be>s ) a s9n]1 9 s f> z he is n di/urb$ aga9/ him1 & reta9s 8 goodwill t[>ds him3 ! result be+ t he /rives to make him d bett]4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,frat]nal ,correction ,is a ,matt] ( ,precept8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t frat]nal correction is n a matt] ( precept4 ,= no?+ impossible is a matt] ( precept1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,j]ome 99,pelagius1 ,expos4 ,symb4 ad ,damas3 ,accurs$ be he :o says t ,god has comm&$ any?+ impossible4 ,n[ x is writt5 7,eccles4 #g3ad73 ,consid] ! works ( ,god1 t no man c correct :om ,he ha? despis$4 ,!re=e frat]nal correction is n a matt] ( precept4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all ! precepts ( ! ,div9e ,law are r$uc$ to ! precepts ( ! ,decalogue4 ,b frat]nal correction does n come "u any precept ( ! ,decalogue4 ,!re=e x is n a matt] ( precept4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! omission ( a ,div9e precept is a mortal s91 :i* has no place 9 a holy man4 ,yet holy & spiritual m5 are f\nd to omit frat]nal correction3 s9ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #i73 ,n only ^? ( l[ degree1 b also ^? ( high position1 refra9 f reprov+ o!rs1 mov$ by a guilty cupidity1 n by ! claims ( *>ity4 ,!re=e frat]nal correction is n a matt] ( precept4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is a matt] ( precept is some?+ due4 ,if1 !re=e1 frat]nal correction is a matt] ( precept1 x is due to our bre?r5 t we correct !m :5 !y s94 ,n[ :5 a man owes anyone a mat]ial due1 su* z ! paym5t ( a sum ( money1 he mu/ n be cont5t t 8 cr$itor come to him1 b he %\ld seek him out1 t he may pay him 8 due4 ,h5ce we %\ld h to g seek+ = ^? :o ne$ correction1 9 ord] t we might correct !m2 :i* appe>s to be inconv5i5t1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! great numb] ( s9n]s1 = ^: correction "o man c\ld n suffice1 & because religi\s w\ld h to leave ! cloi/] 9 ord] to reprove m51 :i* w\ld be unbecom+4 ,!re=e frat]nal correction is n a matt] ( precept4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 xvi1 #d73 ,y become worse ?an ! s9n] if y fail to correct him4 ,b ?is w\ld n be s unless1 by ?is neglect1 "o omitt$ to obs]ve "s precept4 ,!re=e frat]nal correction is a matt] ( precept4 ,i answ] t1 ,frat]nal correction is a matt] ( precept4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t :ile ! negative precepts ( ! ,law =bid s9ful acts1 ! positive precepts inculcate acts ( virtue4 ,n[ s9ful acts are evil 9 !mselves1 & _c become good1 no matt] h[1 or :51 or :]e1 !y are done1 because ( _! v nature !y are connect$ ) an evil end1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f3 :]e=e negative precepts b9d always & = all times4 ,on ! o!r h&1 acts ( virtue mu/ n be done anyh[1 b by obs]v+ ! due circum/ances1 :i* are requisite 9 ord] t an act be virtu\s2 namely1 t x be done :]e1 :51 & h[ x ought to be done4 ,& s9ce ! disposition ( :atev] is direct$ to ! end dep5ds on ! =mal aspect ( ! end1 ! *ief ( ^! circum/ances ( a virtu\s act is ?is aspect ( ! end1 :i* 9 ?is case is ! good ( virtue4 ,if !re=e su* a circum/ance be omitt$ f a virtu\s act1 z entirely takes away ! good ( virtue1 su* an act is contr>y to a precept4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! circum/ance omitt$ f a virtu\s act be su* z n to de/roy ! virtue altoge!r1 ?\gh x does n p]fectly atta9 ! good ( virtue1 x is n aga9/ a precept4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #i7 says t if we dep>t b little f ! mean1 x is n contr>y to ! virtue1 :]eas if we dep>t mu* f ! mean virtue is de/roy$ 9 its act4 ,n[ frat]nal correction is direct$ to a bro!r's am5dm5t3 s t x is a matt] ( precept1 9 s f> z x is necess>y = t end1 b n s z we h to correct our err+ bro!r at all places & times4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 all good de$s man's action is n efficaci\s )\t ! ,div9e assi/ance3 & yet man mu/ d :at is 9 8 p[]4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,correp4 et ,gratia xv73 ,s9ce we ignore :o is pr$e/9$ & :o is n1 *>ity %\ld s guide our feel+s1 t we wi% all to be sav$4 ,consequ5tly we ought to d our bre?r5 ! k9dness ( correct+ !m1 ) ! hope ( ,god's help4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #e1 ad #d71 all ! precepts ab\t r5d]+ s]vice to our neighbor are r$uc$ to ! precept ab\t ! honor due to p>5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,frat]nal correction may be omitt$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 m]itori\sly1 :5 out ( *>ity "o omits to correct someone4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #i73 ,if a man refra9s f *id+ & reprov+ wrongdo]s1 because he awaits a suitable "t = s do+1 or because he fe>s le/1 if he does s1 !y may become worse1 or h9d]1 oppress1 or turn away f ! fai?1 o!rs :o are weak & ne$ to be in/ruct$ 9 a life ( goodness & virtue1 ?is does n seem to result f covet\sness1 b to be c\nsell$ by *>ity4 ,secondly1 frat]nal correction may be omitt$ 9 su* a way t "o commits a mortal s91 namely1 :5 7z he says 9 ! same passage7 "o fe>s :at p may ?9k1 or le/ "o may suff] griev\s pa9 or dea?2 provid$1 h[ev]1 t ! m9d is s dom9at$ by su* ?+s1 t x gives !m ! pref]5ce to frat]nal *>ity4 ,?is w\ld seem to be ! case :5 a man reckons t he might probably )draw "s wrongdo] f s91 & yet omits to d s1 ?r\gh fe> or covet\sness4 ,?irdly1 su* an omission is a v5ial s91 :5 ?r\gh fe> or covet\sness1 a man is lo? to correct 8 bro!r's faults1 & yet n to su* a degree1 t if he saw cle>ly t he c\ld )draw him f s91 he w\ld /ill =be> f s do+1 ?r\gh fe> or covet\sness1 because 9 8 own m9d he pref]s frat]nal *>ity to ^! ?+s4 ,x is 9 ?is way t holy m5 sometimes omit to correct wrongdo]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,we are b\nd to pay t :i* is due to "s fix$ & c]ta9 p]son1 :e!r x be a mat]ial or a spiritual good1 )\t wait+ = him to come to u1 b by tak+ prop] /eps to f9d him4 ,:]e=e j z he t owes money to a cr$itor %\ld seek him1 :5 ! "t comes1 s z to pay him :at he owes1 s he t has spiritual *>ge ( "s p]son is b\nd to seek him out1 9 ord] to reprove him = a s94 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are n b\nd to seek someone on :om to be/[ su* favors z are due1 n to any c]ta9 p]son1 b to all our neighbors 9 g5]al1 :e!r ^? favors be mat]ial or spiritual goods1 b x suffices t we be/[ !m :5 ! opportunity occurs2 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bh71 we mu/ look ^u ?is z a matt] ( *ance4 ,= ?is reason he says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 xvi1 #a7 t ,our ,"l w>ns u n to be li/less 9 reg>d ( "o ano!r's s9s3 n inde$ by be+ on ! look\t = some?+ to d5\nce1 b by correct+ :at we see3 else we %\ld become spies on ! lives ( o!rs1 :i* is aga9/ ! say+ ( ,prov4 #bd3ai3 ,lie n 9 wait1 nor seek aft] wick$ness 9 ! h\se ( ! j1 nor spoil 8 re/4 ,x is evid5t f ?is t !re is no ne$ = religi\s to leave _! cloi/] 9 ord] to rebuke evil-do]s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,frat]nal ,correction ,belongs ,only to ,prelates8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t frat]nal correction belongs to prelates alone4 ,= ,j]ome 99,orig51 ,hom4 vii 9 ,joan4 says3 ,let prie/s endeavor to fulfil ?is say+ ( ! ,gospel3 ',if ?y bro!r s9 aga9/ !e1' etc4 ,n[ prelates hav+ *>ge ( o!rs 7 usually designat$ "u ! "n ( prie/s4 ,!re=e x seems t frat]nal correction belongs to prelates alone4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 frat]nal correction is a spiritual alms4 ,n[ corporal almsgiv+ belongs to ^? :o are plac$ above o!rs 9 temporal matt]s1 i4e4 to ! ri*4 ,!re=e frat]nal correction belongs to ^? :o are plac$ above o!rs 9 spiritual matt]s1 i4e4 to prelates4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :5 "o man reproves ano!r he moves him by 8 rebuke to some?+ bett]4 ,n[ 9 ! physical ord] ! inf]ior is mov$ by ! sup]ior4 ,!re=e 9 ! ord] ( virtue also1 :i* foll[s ! ord] ( nature1 x belongs to prelates alone to correct inf]iors4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,di/4 xxiv1 qu4 #c1 ,c4 ,tam ,sac]dotes73 ,bo? prie/s & all ! re/ ( ! fai?ful %\ld be mo/ solicit\s = ^? :o p]i%1 s t _! repro( may ei!r correct _! s9ful ways1 or1 if !y be incorrigible1 cut !m (f f ! ,*ur*4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 correction is tw(old4 ,"o is an act ( *>ity1 :i* seeks 9 a special way ! recov]y ( an err+ bro!r by means ( a simple w>n+3 su* l correction belongs to anyone :o has *>ity1 be he subject or prelate4 ,b !re is ano!r correction :i* is an act ( ju/ice purpos+ ! common good1 :i* is procur$ n only by w>n+ "o's bro!r1 b also1 sometimes1 by puni%+ him1 t o!rs may1 ?r\gh fe>1 desi/ f s94 ,su* a correction belongs only to prelates1 ^: bus9ess x is n only to admoni%1 b also to correct by means ( puni%m5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 z reg>ds t frat]nal correction :i* is common to all1 prelates h a grave responsibility1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #i73 = j z a man ought to be/[ temporal favors on ^? especially ( :om he has temporal c>e1 s too ought he to conf] spiritual favors1 su* z correction1 tea*+ & ! l1 on ^? :o are entru/$ to 8 spiritual c>e4 ,!re=e ,j]ome does n mean t ! precept ( frat]nal correction conc]ns prie/s only1 b t x conc]ns !m *iefly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z he :o has ! means :]e) to give corporal assi/ance is ri* 9 ?is respect1 s he ^: reason is gift$ ) a sane judgm5t1 s z to be able to correct ano!r's wrong-do+1 is1 9 ?is respect1 to be look$ on z a sup]ior4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 9 ! physical ord] c]ta9 ?+s act mutually on "o ano!r1 ?r\gh be+ 9 "s respect high] ?an "o ano!r1 9 s f> z ea* is some:at 9 act1 & some:at 9 pot5tiality ) reg>d to ano!r4 ,9 l mann] "o man c correct ano!r 9 s f> z he has a sane judgm5t 9 a matt] :]e9 ! o!r s9s1 ?\gh he is n 8 sup]ior simply4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,man ,is ,b\nd to ,correct ,8 ,prelate8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no man is b\nd to correct 8 prelate4 ,= x is writt5 7,ex4 #ai3ab73 ,! bea/ t %all t\* ! m\nt %all be /on$1 99,vulg43 ',ev]yone t %all t\* ! m\nt1 dy+ he %all die4' & 7#b ,k+s #f3g7 x is relat$ t ! ,"l /ruck ,oza = t\*+ ! ark4 ,n[ ! m\nt & ! ark signify our prelates4 ,!re=e prelates %\ld n be correct$ by _! subjects4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,gal4 #b3aa1 ,i )/ood him to ! face1 adds3 z an equal4 ,!re=e1 s9ce a subject is n equal to 8 prelate1 he ought n to correct him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxiii1 #h7 t "o ought n to presume to reprove ! conduct ( holy m51 unless "o ?9ks bett] ( oneself4 ,b "o ought n to ?9k bett] ( oneself ?an ( "o's prelate4 ,!re=e "o ought n to correct "o's prelate4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule3 ,%[ m]cy n only to y\rselves1 b also to him :o1 be+ 9 ! high] position among y1 is !re=e 9 great] dang]4 ,b frat]nal correction is a "w ( m]cy4 ,!re=e ev5 prelates ought to be correct$4 ,i answ] t1 ,a subject is n compet5t to adm9i/] to 8 prelate ! correction :i* is an act ( ju/ice ?r\gh ! co]cive nature ( puni%m5t3 b ! frat]nal correction :i* is an act ( *>ity is )9 ! compet5cy ( ev]yone 9 respect ( any p]son t[>ds :om he is b\nd by *>ity1 provid$ !re be some?+ 9 t p]son :i* requires correction4 ,n[ an act :i* proce$s f a habit or p[] ext5ds to :atev] is conta9$ "u ! object ( t p[] or habit3 ?us vision ext5ds to all ?+s compris$ 9 ! object ( sight4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a virtu\s act ne$s to be mod]at$ by due circum/ances1 x foll[s t :5 a subject corrects 8 prelate1 he ought to d s 9 a becom+ mann]1 n ) impud5ce & h>%ness1 b ) g5tl5ess & respect4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #e3a73 ,an anci5t man rebuke n1 b entreat him z a fa!r4 ,:]e=e ,dionysius f9ds fault ) ! monk ,demophilus 7,ep4 viii71 = rebuk+ a prie/ ) insol5ce1 by /rik+ & turn+ him out ( ! *ur*4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a subject t\*es 8 prelate inord9ately :5 he upbraids him ) insol5ce1 z also :5 he speaks ill ( him3 & ?is is signifi$ by ,god's condemnation ( ^? :o t\*$ ! m\nt & ! ark4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to )/& anyone 9 public exce$s ! mode ( frat]nal correction1 & s ,paul w\ld n h )/ood ,pet] !n1 unless he 7 9 "s way 8 equal z reg>ds ! def5se ( ! fai?4 ,b "o :o is n an equal c reprove privately & respectfully4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le 9 writ+ to ! ,colossians 7#d3ag7 tells !m to admoni% _! prelate3 ,say to ,ar*ippus3 ,fulfil ?y m9i/ry 99,vulg43 ',take he$ to ! m9i/ry :i* ?\ ha/ receiv$ 9 ! ,"l1 t ?\ fulfil x4' ,cf4 #b ,tim4 #d3e4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t if ! fai? 7 endang]$1 a subject ought to rebuke 8 prelate ev5 publicly4 ,h5ce ,paul1 :o 0 ,pet]'s subject1 rebuk$ him 9 public1 on acc\nt ( ! imm95t dang] ( sc&al conc]n+ fai?1 &1 z ! gloss ( ,augu/9e says on ,gal4 #b3aa1 ,pet] gave an example to sup]iors1 t if at any "t !y %\ld happ5 to /ray f ! /raight pa?1 !y %\ld n disda9 to be reprov$ by _! subjects4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to presume oneself to be simply bett] ?an "o's prelate1 w\ld seem to savor ( presumptu\s pride2 b !re is no presumption 9 ?9k+ oneself bett] 9 "s respect1 because1 9 ?is life1 no man is )\t "s fault4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t :5 a man reproves 8 prelate *>itably1 x does n foll[ t he ?9ks himself any bett]1 b m]ely t he (f]s 8 help to "o :o1 be+ 9 ! high] position among y1 is !re=e 9 great] dang]1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 9 8 ,rule quot$ above4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r a ,s9n] ,ought to ,reprove a ,wrongdo]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a s9n] ought to reprove a wrongdo]4 ,= no man is excus$ f obey+ a precept by hav+ committ$ a s94 ,b frat]nal correction is a matt] ( precept1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x seems t a man ought n to =be> f su* l correction = ! reason t he has committ$ a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 spiritual almsde$s are ( m acc\nt ?an corporal almsde$s4 ,n[ "o :o is 9 s9 ought n to ab/a9 f adm9i/]+ corporal alms4 ,mu* less !re=e ought he1 on acc\nt ( a previ\s s91 to refra9 f correct+ wrongdo]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7#a ,john #a3h73 ,if we say t we h no s91 we deceive ourselves4 ,!re=e if1 on acc\nt ( a s91 a man is h9d]$ f reprov+ 8 bro!r1 !re w be none to reprove ! wrongdo]4 ,b ! latt] proposition is unreasonable3 !re=e ! =m] is also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,de ,summo ,bono iii1 #cb73 ,he t is subject to vice %\ld n correct ! vices ( o!rs4 ,aga9 x is writt5 7,rom4 #b3a73 ,:]e9 ?\ judge/ ano!r1 ?\ condemne/ ?yself4 ,= ?\ do/ ! same ?+s :i* ?\ judge/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #b71 to correct a wrongdo] belongs to a man1 9 s f> z 8 reason is gift$ ) "r judgm5t4 ,n[ s91 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 does n de/roy ! good ( nature s z to deprive ! s9n]'s reason ( all "r judgm5t1 & 9 ?is respect he may be compet5t to f9d fault ) o!rs = committ+ s94 ,nev]!less a previ\s s9 proves some:at ( a h9drance to ?is correction1 = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/ because ?is previ\s s9 r5d]s a man unwor?y to rebuke ano!r2 & especially is he unwor?y to correct ano!r = a less] s91 if he himself has committ$ a great]4 ,h5ce ,j]ome says on ! words1 ,:y see/ ?\ ! mote8 etc4 7,matt4 #g3c73 ,he is speak+ ( ^? :o1 :ile !y are !mselves guilty ( mortal s91 h no pati5ce ) ! less] s9s ( _! bre?r54 ,secondly1 su* l correction becomes unseemly1 on acc\nt ( ! sc&al :i* ensues !refrom1 if ! corrector's s9 be well kn[n1 because x w\ld seem t he corrects1 n out ( *>ity1 b m = ! sake ( o/5tation4 ,h5ce ! words ( ,matt4 #g3d1 ,h[ saye/ ?\ to ?y bro!r8 etc4 are exp\nd$ by ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xvii 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om ?us3 ,t is--',) :at object8' ,out ( *>ity1 ?9k y1 t y may save y\r neighbor8 ,no1 because y w\ld look aft] y\r own salvation fir/4 ,:at y want is1 n to save o!rs1 b to hide y\r evil de$s ) good tea*+1 & to seek to be prais$ by m5 = y\r k4 ,?irdly1 on acc\nt ( ! rebuk]'s pride2 :51 = in/ance1 a man ?9ks lightly ( 8 own s9s1 &1 9 8 own he>t1 sets himself above 8 neighbor1 judg+ ! latt]'s s9s ) h>% sev]ity1 z ?\gh he himself 7 a j man4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ai73 ,to reprove ! faults ( o!rs is ! duty ( good & k9dly m53 :5 a wick$ man rebukes anyone1 8 rebuke is ! latt]'s acquittal4 ,& s1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ai73 ,:5 we h to f9d fault ) anyone1 we %\ld ?9k :e!r we 7 nev] guilty ( 8 s92 & !n we mu/ rememb] t we are m51 & might h be5 guilty ( x2 or t we once _h x on our consci5ce1 b h x no long]3 & !n we %\ld be?9k ourselves t we are all weak1 9 ord] t our repro( may be ! outcome1 n ( hatr$1 b ( pity4 ,b if we f9d t we are guilty ( ! same s91 we mu/ n rebuke him1 b groan ) him1 & invite him to rep5t ) u4 ,x foll[s f ?is t1 if a s9n] reprove a wrongdo] ) humility1 he does n s91 nor does he br+ a fur!r condemnation on himself1 al?\gh !reby he proves himself des]v+ ( condemnation1 ei!r 9 8 bro!r's or 9 8 own consci5ce1 on acc\nt ( 8 previ\s s94 ,h5ce ! ,replies to ! ,objections are cle>4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,"o ,ought to ,=be> f ,correct+ ,someone1 ,?r\gh ,fe> ,le/ ,he ,become ,worse8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o ought n to =be> f correct+ someone ?r\gh fe> le/ he become worse4 ,= s9 is weakness ( ! s\l1 accord+ to ,ps4 #f3c3 ,h m]cy on me1 ,o ,"l1 = ,i am weak4 ,n[ he t has *>ge ( a sick p]son1 mu/ n cease to take c>e ( him1 ev5 if he be fracti\s or contemptu\s1 because !n ! dang] is great]1 z 9 ! case ( madm54 ,mu* m1 !re=e %\ld "o correct a s9n]1 no matt] h[ badly he takes x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,j]ome vital tru?s are n to be =egone on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,n[ ,god's comm&m5ts are vital tru?s4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 frat]nal correction is a matt] ( precept1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 x seems t x %\ld n be =egone = fe> ( sc&aliz+ ! p]son to be correct$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #c3h7 we %\ld n d evil t good may come ( x4 ,!re=e1 9 l mann]1 good %\ld n be omitt$ le/ evil befall4 ,n[ frat]nal correction is a good ?+4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be omitt$ = fe> le/ ! p]son correct$ become worse4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #i3h73 ,rebuke n a scorn] le/ he hate !e1 :]e a gloss rem>ks3 ,y mu/ n fe> le/ ! scorn] insult y :5 y rebuke him3 r %\ld y be> 9 m9d t by mak+ him hate y1 y may make him worse4 ,!re=e "o ought to =ego frat]nal correction1 :5 we fe> le/ we may make a man worse4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c7 ! correction ( ! wrongdo] is tw(old4 ,"o1 :i* belongs to prelates1 & is direct$ to ! common good1 has co]cive =ce4 ,su* correction %\ld n be omitt$ le/ ! p]son correct$ be di/urb$1 bo? because if he is unwill+ to am5d 8 ways ( 8 own accord1 he %\ld be made to cease s9n+ by be+ puni%$1 & because1 if he be incorrigible1 ! common good is safegu>d$ 9 ?is way1 s9ce ! ord] ( ju/ice is obs]v$1 & o!rs are det]r$ by "o be+ made an example (4 ,h5ce a judge does n desi/ f pron\nc+ s5t5ce ( condemnation aga9/ a s9n]1 = fe> ( di/urb+ him or 8 fri5ds4 ,! o!r frat]nal correction is direct$ to ! am5dm5t ( ! wrongdo]1 :om x does n co]ce1 b m]ely admoni%es4 ,consequ5tly :5 x is deem$ probable t ! s9n] w n take ! w>n+1 & w become worse1 su* frat]nal correction %\ld be =egone1 because ! means %\ld be regulat$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! doctor uses =ce t[>ds a madman1 :o is unwill+ to submit to 8 treatm5t2 & ?is may be comp>$ ) ! correction adm9i/]$ by prelates1 :i* has co]cive p[]1 b n ) simple frat]nal correction4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,frat]nal correction is a matt] ( precept1 9 s f> z x is an act ( virtue1 & x w be a virtu\s act 9 s f> z x is proportionate to ! end4 ,consequ5tly :5ev] x is a h9drance to ! end1 = in/ance :5 a man becomes worse ?r\gh x1 x is long] a vital tru?1 nor is x a matt] ( precept4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:atev] is direct$ to an end1 becomes good ?r\gh be+ direct$ to ! end4 ,h5ce :5ev] frat]nal correction h9d]s ! end1 namely ! am5dm5t ( our bro!r1 x is no long] good1 s t :5 su* a correction is omitt$1 good is n omitt$ le/ evil %\ld befall4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,precept ( ,frat]nal ,correction ,dem&s ,t a ,private ,admonition ,%\ld ,prec$e ,d5unciation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! precept ( frat]nal correction does n dem& t a private admonition %\ld prec$e d5unciation4 ,=1 9 works ( *>ity1 we %\ld above all foll[ ! example ( ,god1 accord+ to ,eph4 #e3a1 #b3 ,be ye foll[]s ( ,god1 z mo/ de> *ildr51 & walk 9 love4 ,n[ ,god sometimes puni%es a man = a s91 )\t previ\sly w>n+ him 9 secret4 ,!re=e x seems t !re is no ne$ = a private admonition to prec$e d5unciation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,m5dacio xv71 we le>n f ! de$s ( holy m5 h[ we ought to und]/& ! comm&m5ts ( ,holy ,writ4 ,n[ among ! de$s ( holy m5 we f9d t a hidd5 s9 is publicly d5\nc$1 )\t any previ\s admonition 9 private4 ,?us we read 7,g54 #cg3b7 t ,joseph accus$ 8 bre?r5 to 8 fa!r ( a mo/ wick$ crime3 & 7,acts #e3d1 #i7 t ,pet] publicly d5\nc$ ,ananias & ,saphira :o _h secretly by fraud kept back ! price ( ! l&1 )\t be=eh& admoni%+ !m 9 private3 nor d we read t ,our ,"l admoni%$ ,judas 9 secret be=e d5\nc+ him4 ,!re=e ! precept does n require t secret admonition %\ld prec$e public d5unciation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is a grav] matt] to accuse ?an to d5\nce4 ,n[ "o may g to ! l5g? ( accus+ a p]son publicly1 )\t previ\sly admoni%+ him 9 secret3 = x is decid$ 9 ! ,decretal 7,cap4 ,qualit]1 xiv1 ,de ,accusationibus7 t no?+ else ne$ prec$e accusation except inscription4 99,! accus] 0 b\nd by ,roman ,law to endorse 7se inscrib]e7 ! writ ( accusation4 ,! effect ( ?is endorsem5t or inscription 0 t ! accus] b\nd himself1 if he fail$ to prove ! accusation1 to suff] ! same puni%m5t z ! accus$ w\ld h to suff] if prov$ guilty4 ,!re=e x seems t ! precept does n require t a secret admonition %\ld prec$e public d5unciation4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x does n seem probable t ! cu/oms obs]v$ by religi\s 9 g5]al are contr>y to ! precepts ( ,*ri/4 ,n[ x is cu/om>y among religi\s ord]s to proclaim ?is or t "o = a fault1 )\t any previ\s secret admonition4 ,!re=e x seems t ?is admonition is n requir$ by ! precept4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 religi\s are b\nd to obey _! prelates4 ,n[ a prelate sometimes comm&s ei!r all 9 g5]al1 or someone 9 p>ticul>1 to tell him if !y "k ( any?+ t requires correction4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !y are b\nd to tell !m ?is1 ev5 be=e any secret admonition4 ,!re=e ! precept does n require secret admonition be=e public d5unciation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 xvi1 #d7 on ! words1 ,rebuke him betwe5 !e & him alone 7,matt4 #ah3ae73 ,aim+ at 8 am5dm5t1 :ile avoid+ 8 disgrace3 s9ce p]haps f %ame he might beg9 to def5d 8 s92 & him :om y ?\ght to make a bett] man1 y make worse4 ,n[ we are b\nd by ! precept ( *>ity to bew>e le/ our bro!r become worse4 ,!re=e ! ord] ( frat]nal correction comes "u ! precept4 ,i answ] t1 ,) reg>d to ! public d5unciation ( s9s x is necess>y to make a di/9ction3 because s9s may be ei!r public or secret4 ,9 ! case ( public s9s1 a rem$y is requir$ n only = ! s9n]1 t he may become bett]1 b also = o!rs1 :o "k ( 8 s91 le/ !y be sc&aliz$4 ,:]e=e su* l s9s %\ld be d5\nc$ 9 public1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,tim4 #e3bj73 ,!m t s9 reprove be=e all1 t ! re/ also may h fe>1 :i* is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to public s9s1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 xvi1 #g74 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( secret s9s1 ! words ( ,our ,"l seem to apply 7,matt4 #ah3ae73 ,if ?y bro!r %all (f5d aga9/ !e1 etc4 ,= if he (f5d !e publicly 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs1 he no long] s9s aga9/ !e alone1 b also aga9/ o!rs :om he di/urbs4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a man's neighbor may take (f5se ev5 at 8 secret s9s1 x seems t we mu/ make yet a fur!r di/9ction4 ,= c]ta9 secret s9s are hurtful to our neighbor ei!r 9 8 body or 9 8 s\l1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a man plots secretly to betray 8 c\ntry to its enemies1 or :5 a h]etic secretly turns o!r m5 away f ! fai?4 ,& s9ce he t s9s ?us 9 secret1 s9s n only aga9/ y 9 p>ticul>1 b also aga9/ o!rs1 x is necess>y to take /eps to d5\nce him at once1 9 ord] to prev5t him do+ su* h>m1 unless by *ance y 7 firmly p]suad$ t ?is evil result w\ld be prev5t$ by admoni%+ him secretly4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are o!r s9s :i* injure none b ! s9n]1 & ! p]son s9n$ aga9/1 ei!r because he alone is hurt by ! s9n]1 or at lea/ because he alone kn[s ab\t 8 s91 & !n our "o purpose %\ld be to succor our s9n+ bro!r3 & j z ! physician ( ! body re/ores ! sick man to heal?1 if possible1 )\t cutt+ (f a limb1 b1 if ?is be unavoidable1 cuts (f a limb :i* is lea/ indisp5sable1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! life ( ! :ole body1 s too he :o desires 8 bro!r's am5dm5t %\ld1 if possible1 s am5d him z reg>ds 8 consci5ce1 t he keep 8 good "n4 ,= a good "n is useful1 fir/ ( all to ! s9n] himself1 n only 9 temporal matt]s :]e9 a man suff]s _m losses1 if he lose 8 good "n1 b also 9 spiritual matt]s1 because _m are re/ra9$ f s9n+1 ?r\gh fe> ( di%onor1 s t :5 a man f9ds 8 honor lo/1 he puts no curb on 8 s9n+4 ,h5ce ,j]ome says on ,matt4 #ah3ae3 ,if he s9 aga9/ !e1 ?\ %\ld/ rebuke him 9 private1 le/ he p]si/ 9 8 s9 if he %\ld once become %ameless or unaba%$4 ,secondly1 we ought to safegu>d our s9n+ bro!r's good "n1 bo? because ! di%onor ( "o leads to ! di%onor ( o!rs1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,augu/9e 7,ep4 ad pleb4 ,hippon5s4 lxxviii73 ,:5 a few ( ^? :o be> a "n = hol9ess are report$ falsely or prov$ 9 tru? to h done any?+ wrong1 p w seek by busily repeat+ x to make x believ$ ( all3 & also because :5 "o man's s9 is made public o!rs are incit$ to s9 likewise4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 "o's consci5ce %\ld be pref]r$ to a good "n1 ,our ,"l wi%$ t we %\ld publicly d5\nce our bro!r & s deliv] 8 consci5ce f s91 ev5 ?\gh he %\ld =feit 8 good "n4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t ! precept requires a secret admonition to prec$e public d5unciation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:atev] is hidd51 is kn[n to ,god1 :]e=e hidd5 s9s are to ! judgm5t ( ,god1 j :at public s9s are to ! judgm5t ( man4 ,nev]!less ,god does rebuke s9n]s sometimes by secretly admoni%+ !m1 s to speak1 ) an inw>d inspiration1 ei!r :ile !y wake or :ile !y sleep1 accord+ to ,job #cc3ae-ag3 ,by a dream 9 a vision by night1 :5 deep sleep falle? ^u m5 4 4 4 !n ,he op5e? ! e>s ( m51 & tea*+ in/ructe? !m 9 :at !y are to le>n1 t ,he may )draw a man f ! ?+s he is do+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,our ,"l z ,god knew ! s9 ( ,judas z ?\gh x 7 public1 :]e=e ,he c\ld h made x kn[n at once4 ,yet ,he did n1 b w>n$ ,judas ( 8 s9 9 words t 7 obscure4 ,! s9 ( ,ananias & ,saphira 0 d5\nc$ by ,pet] act+ z ,god's executor1 by ,^: revelation he knew ( _! s94 ,) reg>d to ,joseph x is probable t he w>n$ 8 bre?r51 ?\gh ,scripture does n say s4 ,or we may say t ! s9 0 public ) reg>d to 8 bre?r51 :]e=e x is /at$ 9 ! plural t he accus$ 8 bre?r54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 !re is dang] to a great numb] ( p1 ^? words ( ,our ,"l d n apply1 because !n ?y bro!r does n s9 aga9/ !e alone4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,proclamations made 9 ! *apt] ( religi\s are ab\t little faults :i* d n affect a man's good "n1 :]e=e !y are rem9d]s ( =gott5 faults r ?an accusations or d5unciations4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y %\ld be ( su* a nature z to injure our bro!r's good "n1 x w\ld be contr>y to ,our ,"l's precept1 to d5\nce a bro!r's fault 9 ?is mann]4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,a prelate is n to be obey$ contr>y to a ,div9e precept1 accord+ to ,acts #e3bi3 ,we ought to obey ,god r !n m54 ,!re=e :5 a prelate comm&s anyone to tell him any?+ t he kn[s to ne$ correction1 ! comm& rightly und]/ood supports ! safegu>d+ ( ! ord] ( frat]nal correction1 :e!r ! comm& be address$ to all 9 g5]al1 or to "s p>ticul> individual4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a prelate 7 to issue a comm& 9 express opposition to ?is ord] in/itut$ by ,our ,"l1 bo? w\ld s91 ! "o comm&+1 & ! "o obey+ him1 z disobey+ ,our ,"l's comm&4 ,consequ5tly he ought n to be obey$1 because a prelate is n ! judge ( secret ?+s1 b ,god alone is1 :]e=e he has no p[] to comm& any?+ 9 respect ( hidd5 matt]s1 except 9 s f> z !y are made kn[n ?r\gh c]ta9 signs1 z by ill-repute or suspicion2 9 :i* cases a prelate c comm& j z a judge1 :e!r secul> or ecclesia/ical1 c b9d a man "u oa? to tell ! tru?4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cc1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,be=e ! ,public ,d5unciation ,witnesses ,ought to ,be ,br\ght ,=w>d8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t be=e ! public d5unciation witnesses ought n to be br\ght =w>d4 ,= secret s9s ought n to be made kn[n to o!rs1 because by s do+ a man w\ld betray 8 bro!r's s9s in/ead ( correct+ !m1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 xvi1 #g74 ,n[ by br++ =w>d witnesses "o makes kn[n a bro!r's s9 to o!rs4 ,!re=e 9 ! case ( secret s9s "o ought n to br+ witnesses =w>d be=e ! public d5unciation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man %\ld love 8 neighbor z himself4 ,n[ no man br+s 9 witnesses to prove 8 own secret s94 ,nei!r !re=e ought "o to br+ =w>d witnesses to prove ! secret s9 ( our bro!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 witnesses are br\ght =w>d to prove some?+4 ,b witnesses af=d no pro( 9 secret matt]s4 ,!re=e x is useless to br+ witnesses =w>d 9 su* cases4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule t be=e br++ x to ! notice ( witnesses 4 4 4 x %\ld be put be=e ! sup]ior4 ,n[ to br+ a matt] be=e a sup]ior or a prelate is to tell ! ,*ur*4 ,!re=e witnesses %\ld n be br\ght =w>d be=e ! public d5unciation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #ah3af73 ,take ) !e "o or two m1 t 9 ! m\? ( two1 etc4 ,i answ] t1 ,! "r way to g f "o extreme to ano!r is to pass ?r\gh ! middle space4 ,n[ ,our ,"l wi%$ ! beg9n+ ( frat]nal correction to be hidd51 :5 "o bro!r corrects ano!r betwe5 ?is "o & himself alone1 :ile ,he wi%$ ! end to be public1 :5 su* a "o w\ld be d5\nc$ to ! ,*ur*4 ,consequ5tly x is befitt+ t a citation ( witnesses %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ! two extremes1 s t at fir/ ! bro!r's s9 be indicat$ to a few1 :o w be ( use )\t be+ a h9drance1 & ?us 8 s9 be am5d$ )\t di%onor+ him be=e ! public4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s h und]/ood ! ord] ( frat]nal correction to dem& t we %\ld fir/ ( all rebuke our bro!r secretly1 & t if he li/5s1 x is well2 b if he li/5 n1 & 8 s9 be altoge!r hidd51 !y say t we %\ld g no fur!r 9 ! matt]1 :]eas if x has already begun to rea* ! e>s ( sev]al by v>i\s signs1 we ought to prosecute ! matt]1 accord+ to ,our ,"l's comm&4 ,b ?is is contr>y to :at ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule t we are b\nd to reveal a bro!r's s91 if x w cause a worse corruption 9 ! he>t4 ,:]e=e we mu/ say o!rwise t :5 ! secret admonition has be5 giv5 once or sev]al times1 z long z !re is probable hope ( 8 am5dm5t1 we mu/ cont9ue to admoni% him 9 private1 b z soon z we are able to judge ) any probability t ! secret admonition is ( no avail1 we mu/ take fur!r /eps1 h[ev] secret ! s9 may be1 & call witnesses1 unless p]haps x 7 ?\ght probable t ?is w\ld n conduce to our bro!r's am5dm5t1 & t he w\ld become worse3 because on t acc\nt "o ought to ab/a9 altoge!r f correct+ him1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man ne$s no witnesses t he may am5d 8 own s93 yet !y may be necess>y t we may am5d a bro!r's s94 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re may be ?ree reasons = cit+ witnesses4 ,fir/1 to %[ t ! de$ 9 "q is a s91 z ,j]ome says3 secondly1 to prove t ! de$ 0 done1 if repeat$1 z ,augu/9e says 7loc4 cit473 ?irdly1 to prove t ! man :o rebuk$ 8 bro!r1 has done :at he c\ld1 z ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 9 ,mat?4 lx74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,augu/9e means t ! matt] ought to be made kn[n to ! prelate be=e x is /at$ to ! witnesses1 9 s f> z ! prelate is a private individual :o is able to be ( m use ?an o!rs1 b n t x is to be told him z to ! ,*ur*1 i4e4 z hold+ ! position ( judge4 ,,"q #cd ,,( ,,hatr$ 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to *>ity3 7#a7 hatr$1 :i* is oppos$ to love2 7#b7 slo? & envy1 :i* are oppos$ to ! joy ( *>ity2 7#c7 discord & s*ism1 :i* are contr>y to peace2 7#d7 (f5se & sc&al1 :i* are contr>y to b5efic5ce & frat]nal correction4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is possible to hate ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r hatr$ ( ,god is ! greate/ ( s9s8 7#c7 ,:e!r hatr$ ( "o's neighbor is always a s98 7#d7 ,:e!r x is ! greate/ ( all s9s aga9/ our neighbor8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is a capital s98 7#f7 ,f :at capital s9 does x arise8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is ,possible = ,anyone to ,hate ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no man c hate ,god4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! fir/ good & beautiful is an object ( love & dilection to all4 ,b ,god is goodness & beauty itself4 ,!re=e ,he is hat$ by none4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ,apocryphal books ( #c ,esdras #d3cf1 #ci x is writt5 t all ?+s call ^u tru? 4 4 4 & 7all m57 d well l ( h] works4 ,n[ ,god is ! v tru? accord+ to ,john #ad3f4 ,!re=e all love ,god1 & none c hate ,him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hatr$ is a k9d ( av]sion4 ,b accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 i7 ,god draws all ?+s to ,himself4 ,!re=e none c hate ,him4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #gc3bc73 ,! pride ( !m t hate ,!e asc5de? cont9ually1 & 7,john #ae3bd73 ,b n[ !y h bo? se5 & hat$ bo? ,me & ,my ,fa!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #a71 hatr$ is a movem5t ( ! appetitive p[]1 :i* p[] is n set 9 motion save by some?+ appreh5d$4 ,n[ ,god c be appreh5d$ by man 9 two ways2 fir/1 9 ,himself1 z :5 ,he is se5 9 ,8 ,ess5ce2 secondly1 9 ,8 effects1 :51 to wit1 ! invisible ?+s ( ,god 4 4 4 are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made 7,rom4 #a3bj74 ,n[ ,god 9 ,8 ,ess5ce is goodness itself1 :i* no man c hate--= x is natural to good to be lov$4 ,h5ce x is impossible = "o :o sees ,god 9 ,8 ,ess5ce1 to hate ,him4 ,moreov] "s ( ,8 effects are su* t !y c n[ise be contr>y to ! human w1 s9ce to be1 to live1 to und]/&1 :i* are effects ( ,god1 are desirable & lovable to all4 ,:]e=e aga9 ,god _c be an object ( hatr$ if we consid] ,him z ! ,au?or ( su* l effects4 ,"s ( ,god's effects1 h[ev]1 are contr>y to an inord9ate w1 su* z ! infliction ( puni%m5t1 & ! prohibition ( s9 by ! ,div9e ,law4 ,su* l effects are repugnant to a w debas$ by s91 & z reg>ds ! consid]ation ( !m1 ,god may be an object ( hatr$ to "s1 9 s f> z !y look ^u ,him z =bidd+ s91 & inflict+ puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t is true ( ^? :o see ,god's ,ess5ce1 :i* is ! v ess5ce ( goodness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t is true 9 s f> z ,god is appreh5d$ z ! cause ( su* effects z are naturally belov$ ( all1 among :i* are ! works ( ,tru? :o reveals h]self to m54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god draws all ?+s to ,himself1 9 s f> z ,he is ! s\rce ( be+1 s9ce all ?+s1 9 z mu* z !y are1 t5d to be l ,god1 ,:o is ,be+ itself4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,hatr$ ( ,god ,is ! ,greate/ ( ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hatr$ ( ,god is n ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,= ! mo/ griev\s s9 is ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 s9ce x _c be =giv51 accord+ to ,matt4 #ab3cb4 ,n[ hatr$ ( ,god is n reckon$ among ! v>i\s k9ds ( s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 z may be se5 f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e hatr$ ( ,god is n ! mo/ griev\s s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9 consi/s 9 )draw+ oneself f ,god4 ,n[ an unbeliev] :o has n ev5 k ( ,god seems to be fur!r away f ,him ?an a believ]1 :o ?\gh he hate ,god1 nev]!less kn[s ,him4 ,!re=e x seems t ! s9 ( unbelief is grav] ?an ! s9 ( hatr$ aga9/ ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god is an object ( hatr$1 only by reason ( ^? ( ,8 effects t are contr>y to ! w3 ! *ief ( :i* is puni%m5t4 ,b hatr$ ( puni%m5t is n ! mo/ griev\s s94 ,!re=e hatr$ ( ,god is n ! mo/ griev\s s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! be/ is opposite to ! wor/1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #aj74 ,b hatr$ ( ,god is contr>y to ! love ( ,god1 :]e9 man's be/ consi/s4 ,!re=e hatr$ ( ,god is man's wor/ s94 ,i answ] t1 ,! defect 9 s9 consi/s 9 its av]sion f ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #c73 & ?is av]sion w\ld n h ! "* ( guilt1 7 x n volunt>y4 ,h5ce ! nature ( guilt consi/s 9 a volunt>y av]sion f ,god4 ,n[ ?is volunt>y av]sion f ,god is directly impli$ 9 ! hatr$ ( ,god1 b 9 o!r s9s1 by p>ticipation & indirectly4 ,= j z ! w cleaves directly to :at x loves1 s does x directly %un :at x hates4 ,h5ce :5 a man hates ,god1 8 w is directly av]t$ f ,god1 :]eas 9 o!r s9s1 =nication = in/ance1 a man turns away f ,god1 n directly1 b indirectly1 9 s f>1 namely1 z he desires an inord9ate pleasure1 to :i* av]sion f ,god is connect$4 ,n[ t :i* is s by itself1 always takes prec$5ce ( t :i* is s by ano!r4 ,:]e=e hatr$ ( ,god is m griev\s ?an o!r s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxv1 #aa71 x is "o ?+ n to d good ?+s1 & ano!r to hate ! giv] ( good ?+s1 ev5 z x is "o ?+ to s9 indelib]ately1 & ano!r to s9 delib]ately4 ,?is implies t to hate ,god1 ! giv] ( all good ?+s1 is to s9 delib]ately1 & ?is is a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t hatr$ ( ,god is *iefly a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 9 s f> z ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ d5otes a special k9d ( s93 & yet x is n reckon$ among ! k9ds ( s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 because x is univ]sally f\nd 9 e k9d ( t s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 unbelief is n s9ful unless x be volunt>y3 :]e=e ! m volunt>y x is1 ! m x is s9ful4 ,n[ x becomes volunt>y by ! fact t a man hates ! tru? t is propos$ to him4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t unbelief d]ives its s9fulness f hatr$ ( ,god1 ,^: tru? is ! object ( fai?2 & h5ce j z a cause is great] ?an its effect1 s hatr$ ( ,god is a great] s9 ?an unbelief4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n ev]yone :o hates 8 puni%m5t1 hates ,god ! au?or ( puni%m5ts4 ,= _m hate ! puni%m5ts inflict$ on !m1 & yet !y be> !m pati5tly out ( rev]5ce = ! ,div9e ju/ice4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 x7 t ,god comm&s u to be> ) p5al evils1 n to love !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to break out into hatr$ ( ,god :5 ,he inflicts ^? puni%m5ts1 is to hate ,god's v ju/ice1 & t is a mo/ griev\s s94 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxv1 #aa73 ,ev5 z sometimes x is m griev\s to love s9 ?an to d x1 s is x m wick$ to hate ju/ice ?an n to h done x4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r hatr$ ( "o's neighbor is always a s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hatr$ ( "o's neighbor is n always a s94 ,= no s9 is comm&$ or c\nsell$ by ,god1 accord+ to ,prov4 #h3h3 ,all ,my words are j1 !re is no?+ wick$ nor p]v]se 9 !m4 ,n[1 x is writt5 7,luke #ad3bf73 ,if any man come to ,me1 & hate n 8 fa!r & "m 4 4 4 he _c be ,my disciple4 ,!re=e hatr$ ( "o's neighbor is n always a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ :]e9 we imitate ,god c be a s94 ,b x is 9 imitation ( ,god t we hate c]ta9 p3 = x is writt5 7,rom4 #a3cj73 ,detractors1 hateful to ,god4 ,!re=e x is possible to hate c]ta9 p )\t committ+ a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ t is natural is a s91 = s9 is a w&]+ away f :at is accord+ to nature1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #d1 #cj2 iv1 #bj74 ,n[ x is natural to a ?+ to hate :atev] is contr>y to x1 & to aim at its undo+4 ,!re=e x seems t x is n a s9 to hate "o's ,i enemy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,john #b3i73 ,he t 4 4 4 hate? 8 bro!r1 is 9 d>kness4 ,n[ spiritual d>kness is s94 ,!re=e !re _c be hatr$ ( "o's neighbor )\t s94 ,i answ] t1 ,hatr$ is oppos$ to love1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #b72 s t hatr$ ( a ?+ is evil accord+ z ! love ( t ?+ is good4 ,n[ love is due to our neighbor 9 respect ( :at he holds f ,god1 i4e4 9 respect ( nature & grace1 b n 9 respect ( :at he has ( himself & f ! devil1 i4e4 9 respect ( s9 & lack ( ju/ice4 ,consequ5tly x is lawful to hate ! s9 9 "o's bro!r1 & :atev] p]ta9s to ! defect ( ,div9e ju/ice1 b we _c hate our bro!r's nature & grace )\t s94 ,n[ x is "p ( our love = our bro!r t we hate ! fault & ! lack ( good 9 him1 s9ce desire = ano!r's good is equival5t to hatr$ ( 8 evil4 ,consequ5tly ! hatr$ ( "o's bro!r1 if we consid] x simply1 is always s9ful4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by ! comm&m5t ( ,god 7,ex4 #bj3ab7 we mu/ honor our p>5ts--z unit$ to u 9 nature & k9%ip4 ,b we mu/ hate !m 9 s f> z !y prove an ob/acle to our atta9+ ! p]fection ( ,div9e ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god hates ! s9 :i* is 9 ! detractor1 n 8 nature3 s t we c hate detractors )\t committ+ a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,m5 are n oppos$ to u 9 respect ( ! goods :i* !y h receiv$ f ,god3 :]e=e1 9 ?is respect1 we %\ld love !m4 ,b !y are oppos$ to u1 9 s f> z !y %[ ho/ility t[>ds u1 & ?is is s9ful 9 !m4 ,9 ?is respect we %\ld hate !m1 = we %\ld hate 9 !m ! fact t !y are ho/ile to u4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,hatr$ ( ,our ,neighbor ,is ! ,mo/ ,griev\s ,s9 ,aga9/ ,our ,neighbor8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hatr$ ( our neighbor is ! mo/ griev\s s9 aga9/ our neighbor4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3ae73 ,:osoev] hate? 8 bro!r is a murd]]4 ,n[ murd] is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s aga9/ our neighbor4 ,!re=e hatr$ is also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 wor/ is oppos$ to be/4 ,n[ ! be/ ?+ we give our neighbor is love1 s9ce all o!r ?+s are ref]able to love4 ,!re=e hatr$ is ! wor/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a ?+ is said to be evil1 because x hurts1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,en*iridion xii74 ,n[ !re are s9s by :i* a man hurts 8 neighbor m ?an by hatr$1 e4g4 !ft1 murd] & adult]y4 ,!re=e hatr$ is n ! mo/ griev\s s94 ,moreov]1 ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 x 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om comm5t+ on ,matt4 #e3ai1 ,he t %all break "o ( ^! lea/ comm&m5ts1 says3 ,! comm&m5ts ( ,moses1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y1 c\nt = little 9 _! rew>d1 b !y c\nt = mu* if !y be disobey$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! comm&m5ts ( ,*ri/ su* z1 ,?\ %alt n be angry1 ,?\ %alt n desire1 are reckon$ great 9 _! rew>d1 b little 9 ! transgression4 ,n[ hatr$ is an int]nal movem5t l ang] & desire4 ,!re=e hatr$ ( "o's bro!r is a less griev\s s9 ?an murd]4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9s committ$ aga9/ our neighbor are evil on two c\nts2 fir/ by reason ( ! disord] 9 ! p]son :o s9s1 secondly by reason ( ! hurt inflict$ on ! p]son s9n$ aga9/4 ,on ! fir/ c\nt1 hatr$ is a m griev\s s9 ?an ext]nal actions t hurt our neighbor1 because hatr$ is a disord] ( man's w1 :i* is ! *ief "p ( man1 & :]e9 is ! root ( s91 s t if a man's outw>d actions 7 to be inord9ate1 )\t any disord] 9 8 w1 !y w\ld n be s9ful1 = in/ance1 if he 7 to kill a man1 ?r\gh ignorance or out ( zeal = ju/ice3 & if !re be any?+ s9ful 9 a man's outw>d s9s aga9/ 8 neighbor1 x is all to be trac$ to 8 inw>d hatr$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z reg>ds ! hurt inflict$ on 8 neighbor1 a man's outw>d s9s are worse ?an 8 inw>d hatr$4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,hatr$ ,is a ,capital ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hatr$ is a capital s94 ,= hatr$ is directly oppos$ to *>ity4 ,n[ *>ity is ! =emo/ among ! virtues1 & ! "m ( all o!rs4 ,!re=e hatr$ is ! *ief ( ! capital s9s1 & ! orig9 ( all o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9s arise 9 u on acc\nt ( ! incl9ations ( our passions1 accord+ to ,rom4 #g3e3 ,! passions ( s9s 4 4 4 did "w 9 our memb]s to br+ =? fruit unto dea?4 ,n[ all o!r passions ( ! s\l seem to arise f love & hatr$1 z 0 %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e hatr$ %\ld be reckon$ "o ( ! capital s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 vice is a moral evil4 ,n[ hatr$ reg>ds evil m ?an any o!r passion does4 ,!re=e x seems t hatr$ %\ld be reckon$ a capital s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi7 does n reckon hatr$ among ! sev5 capital s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 a capital vice is "o f :i* o!r vices arise mo/ frequ5tly4 ,n[ vice is contr>y to man's nature1 9 z mu* z he is a rational animal3 & :5 a ?+ acts contr>y to its nature1 t :i* is natural to x is corrupt$ little by little4 ,consequ5tly x mu/ fir/ ( all fail 9 t :i* is less 9 accordance ) its nature1 & la/ ( all 9 t :i* is mo/ 9 accordance ) its nature1 s9ce :at is fir/ 9 con/ruction is la/ 9 de/ruction4 ,n[ t :i*1 fir/ & =emo/1 is mo/ natural to man1 is ! love ( :at is good1 & especially love ( ! ,div9e good1 & ( 8 neighbor's good4 ,:]e=e hatr$1 :i* is oppos$ to ?is love1 is n ! fir/ b ! la/ ?+ 9 ! d[nfall ( virtue result+ f vice3 & !re=e x is n a capital vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ 9 ,phys4 vii1 text4 #ah1 ! virtue ( a ?+ consi/s 9 its be+ well dispos$ 9 accordance ) its nature4 ,h5ce :at is fir/ & =emo/ 9 ! virtues mu/ be fir/ & =emo/ 9 ! natural ord]4 ,h5ce *>ity is reckon$ ! =emo/ ( ! virtues1 & = ! same reason hatr$ _c be fir/ among ! vices1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,hatr$ ( ! evil t is contr>y to "o's natural good1 is ! fir/ ( ! s\l's passions1 ev5 z love ( "o's natural good is4 ,b hatr$ ( "o's connatural good _c be fir/1 b is some?+ la/1 because su* l hatr$ is a pro( ( an already corrupt$ nature1 ev5 z love ( an extrane\s good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,evil is tw(old4 ,"o is a true evil1 = ! reason t x is incompatible ) "o's natural good1 & ! hatr$ ( su* an evil may h priority ov] ! o!r passions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r :i* is n a true1 b an app>5t evil1 :i*1 namely1 is a true & connatural good1 & yet is reckon$ evil on acc\nt ( ! corruption ( nature3 & ! hatr$ ( su* an evil mu/ ne$s come la/4 ,?is hatr$ is vici\s1 b ! =m] is n4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cd1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,hatr$ ,arises f ,envy8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t hatr$ does n arise f envy4 ,= envy is sorr[ = ano!r's good4 ,n[ hatr$ does n arise f sorr[1 =1 on ! contr>y1 we grieve = ! pres5ce ( ! evil we hate4 ,!re=e hatr$ does n arise f envy4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 hatr$ is oppos$ to love4 ,n[ love ( our neighbor is ref]r$ to our love ( ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e hatr$ ( our neighbor is ref]r$ to our hatr$ ( ,god4 ,b hatr$ ( ,god does n arise f envy1 = we d n envy ^? :o are v f> remov$ f u1 b r ^? :o seem to be ne> u1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii74 ,!re=e hatr$ does n arise f envy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to "o effect !re is "o cause4 ,n[ hatr$ is caus$ by ang]1 = ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule t ang] gr[s into hatr$4 ,!re=e hatr$ does n arise f envy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 t out ( envy come? hatr$4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #e71 hatr$ ( 8 neighbor is a man's la/ /ep 9 ! pa? ( s91 because x is oppos$ to ! love :i* he naturally has = 8 neighbor4 ,n[ if a man decl9es f t :i* is natural1 x is because he int5ds to avoid t :i* is naturally an object to be %unn$4 ,n[ e animal naturally avoids sorr[1 j z x desires pleasure1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vii1 x74 ,accord+ly j z love arises f pleasure1 s does hatr$ arise f sorr[4 ,= j z we are mov$ to love :atev] gives u pleasure1 9 z mu* z = t v reason x assumes ! aspect ( good2 s we are mov$ to hate :atev] displeases u1 9 s f> z = ?is v reason x assumes ! aspect ( evil4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce envy is sorr[ = our neighbor's good1 x foll[s t our neighbor's good becomes hateful to u1 s t out ( envy come? hatr$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce ! appetitive p[]1 l ! appreh5sive p[]1 reflects on its own acts1 x foll[s t !re is a k9d ( circul> movem5t 9 ! actions ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,& s accord+ to ! fir/ =w>d c\rse ( ! appetitive movem5t1 love gives rise to desire1 :5ce foll[s pleasure :5 "o has obta9$ :at "o desir$4 ,& s9ce ! v fact ( tak+ pleasure 9 ! good "o loves is a k9d ( good1 x foll[s t pleasure causes love4 ,& 9 ! same way sorr[ causes hatr$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,love & hatr$ are ess5tially diff]5t1 = ! object ( love is good1 :i* fl[s f ,god to creatures1 :]e=e love is due to ,god 9 ! fir/ place1 & to our neighbor aft]w>ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 hatr$ is ( evil1 :i* has no place 9 ,god ,himself1 b only 9 ,8 effects1 = :i* reason x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 t ,god is n an object ( hatr$1 except 9 s f> z ,he is consid]$ 9 relation to ,8 effects1 & consequ5tly hatr$ is direct$ to our neighbor be=e be+ direct$ to ,god4 ,!re=e1 s9ce envy ( our neighbor is ! "m ( hatr$ ( our neighbor1 x becomes1 9 consequ5ce1 ! cause ( hatr$ t[>ds ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no?+ prev5ts a ?+ aris+ f v>i\s causes 9 v>i\s respects1 & accord+ly hatr$ may arise bo? f ang] & f envy4 ,h[ev] x arises m directly f envy1 :i* looks ^u ! v good ( our neighbor z displeas+ & !re=e hateful1 :]eas hatr$ arises f ang] by way ( increase4 ,= at fir/1 ?r\gh ang]1 we desire our neighbor's evil accord+ to a c]ta9 measure1 t is 9 s f> z t evil has ! aspect ( v5geance3 b aft]w>ds1 ?r\gh ! cont9uance ( ang]1 man goes s f> z absolutely to desire 8 neighbor's evil1 :i* desire is "p ( hatr$4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t hatr$ is caus$ by envy =mally z reg>ds ! aspect ( ! object1 b dispositively by ang]4 ,,"q #ce ,,( ,,slo? 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to ! joy ( *>ity4 ,?is joy is ei!r ab\t ! ,div9e good1 & !n its contr>y is slo?1 or ab\t our neighbor's good1 & !n its contr>y is envy4 ,:]e=e we mu/ consid] 7#a7 ,slo? & 7#b7 ,envy4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r slo? is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special vice8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a capital s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,slo? ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t slo? is n a s94 ,= we are nei!r prais$ nor blam$ = our passions1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #e74 ,n[ slo? is a passion1 s9ce x is a k9d ( sorr[1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ad71 & z we /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e slo? is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no bodily fail+ t occurs at fix$ times is a s94 ,b slo? is l ?is1 = ,cassian says 7,de ,in/it4 ,mona/4 x1 99,de ,in/itutione ,ca5obiorum73 ,! monk is tr\bl$ ) slo? *iefly ab\t ! six? h\r3 x is l an int]mitt5t fev]1 & inflicts ! s\l ( ! "o x lays l[ ) burn+ fires at regul> & fix$ int]vals4 ,!re=e slo? is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* proce$s f a good root is1 seem+ly1 no s94 ,n[ slo? proce$s f a good root1 = ,cassian says 7,de ,in/it4 ,mona/4 x7 t slo? arises f ! fact t we sigh at be+ depriv$ ( spiritual fruit1 & ?9k t o!r mona/]ies & ^? :i* are a long way (f are mu* bett] ?an ! "o we dwell 93 all ( :i* seems to po9t to humility4 ,!re=e slo? is n a s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 all s9 is to be avoid$1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ba3b3 ,flee f s9s z f ! face ( a s]p5t4 ,n[ ,cassian says 7,de ,in/it4 ,mona/4 x73 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! onslaught ( slo? is n to be evad$ by flight b to be conqu]$ by resi/ance4 ,!re=e slo? is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] is =bidd5 9 ,holy ,writ is a s94 ,n[ su* is slo? 7ac$ia73 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #f3bf73 ,b[ d[n ?y %\ld]1 & be> h]1 namely spiritual wisdom1 & be n griev$ 7ac$i]is7 ) h] b&s4 ,!re=e slo? is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,slo?1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ad7 is an oppressive sorr[1 :i*1 to wit1 s weighs ^u man's m9d1 t he wants to d no?+2 ?us acid ?+s are also cold4 ,h5ce slo? implies a c]ta9 we>9ess ( "w1 z appe>s f a gloss on ,ps4 #ajf3ah1 ,_! s\l abhorr$ all mann] ( meat1 & f ! def9ition ( "s :o say t slo? is a sluggi%ness ( ! m9d :i* neglects to beg9 good4 ,n[ ?is sorr[ is always evil1 sometimes 9 itself1 sometimes 9 its effect4 ,= sorr[ is evil 9 itself :5 x is ab\t t :i* is app>5tly evil b good 9 reality1 ev5 z1 on ! o!r h&1 pleasure is evil if x is ab\t t :i* seems to be good b is1 9 tru?1 evil4 ,s9ce1 !n1 spiritual good is a good 9 v tru?1 sorr[ ab\t spiritual good is evil 9 itself4 ,& yet t sorr[ also :i* is ab\t a real evil1 is evil 9 its effect1 if x s oppresses man z to draw him away entirely f good de$s4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #b3g7 did n wi% ^? :o rep5t$ to be swall[$ up ) ov]mu* sorr[4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce slo?1 z we und]/& x "h1 d5otes sorr[ = spiritual good1 x is evil on two c\nts1 bo? 9 itself & 9 po9t ( its effect4 ,consequ5tly x is a s91 = by s9 we mean an evil movem5t ( ! appetite1 z appe>s f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,passions are n s9ful 9 !mselves2 b !y are blamewor?y 9 s f> z !y are appli$ to some?+ evil1 j z !y des]ve praise 9 s f> z !y are appli$ to some?+ good4 ,:]e=e sorr[1 9 itself1 calls nei!r = praise nor = blame3 :]eas mod]ate sorr[ = evil calls = praise1 :ile sorr[ = good1 & aga9 immod]ate sorr[ = evil1 call = blame4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t slo? is said to be a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! passions ( ! s5sitive appetite may ei!r be v5ial s9s 9 !mselves1 or incl9e ! s\l to mortal s94 ,& s9ce ! s5sitive appetite has a bodily organ1 x foll[s t on acc\nt ( "s bodily transmutation a man becomes apt to commit "s p>ticul> s94 ,h5ce x may happ5 t c]ta9 s9s may become m insi/5t1 ?r\gh c]ta9 bodily transmutations occurr+ at c]ta9 fix$ times4 ,n[ all bodily effects1 ( !mselves1 dispose "o to sorr[2 & ?us x is t ^? :o fa/ are h>ass$ by slo? t[>ds mid-day1 :5 !y beg9 to feel ! want ( food1 & to be p>*$ by ! sun's heat4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is a sign ( humility if a man does n ?9k too mu* ( himself1 ?r\gh obs]v+ 8 own faults2 b if a man contemns ! good ?+s he has receiv$ f ,god1 ?is1 f> f be+ a pro( ( humility1 %[s him to be ungrateful3 & f su* l contempt results slo?1 because we sorr[ = ?+s t we reckon evil & wor?less4 ,accord+ly we ought to ?9k mu* ( ! goods ( o!rs1 9 su* a way z n to disp>age ^? we h receiv$ ourselves1 because if we did !y w\ld give u sorr[4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,s9 is ev] to be %unn$1 b ! assaults ( s9 %\ld be ov]come1 sometimes by flight1 sometimes by resi/ance2 by flight :5 a cont9u$ ?\ght increases ! inc5tive to s91 z 9 lu/2 = :i* reason x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #f3ah73 ,fly =nication2 by resi/ance1 :5 p]sev]ance 9 ! ?\ght dim9i%es ! inc5tive to s91 :i* inc5tive arises f "s trivial consid]ation4 ,?is is ! case ) slo?1 because ! m we ?9k ab\t spiritual goods1 ! m pleas+ !y become to u1 & =?) slo? dies away4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,slo? ,is a ,special ,vice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t slo? is n a special vice4 ,= t :i* is common to all vices does n con/itute a special k9d ( vice4 ,b e vice makes a man sorr[ful ab\t ! opposite spiritual good3 = ! lu/ful man is sorr[ful ab\t ! good ( cont95ce1 & ! glutton ab\t ! good ( ab/95ce4 ,s9ce !n slo? is sorr[ = spiritual good1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 x seems t slo? is n a special s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 slo?1 ?r\gh be+ a k9d ( sorr[1 is oppos$ to joy4 ,n[ joy is n acc\nt$ "o special virtue4 ,!re=e slo? %\ld n be reckon$ a special vice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce spiritual good is a g5]al k9d ( object1 :i* virtue seeks1 & vice %uns1 x does n con/itute a special virtue or vice1 unless x be det]m9$ by "s addition4 ,n[ no?+1 seem+ly1 except toil1 c det]m9e x to slo?1 if ?is be a special vice2 because ! reason :y a man %uns spiritual goods1 is t !y are toilsome1 :]e=e slo? is a k9d ( we>9ess3 :ile dislike ( toil1 & love ( bodily repose seem to be due to ! same cause1 viz4 idl5ess4 ,h5ce slo? w\ld be no?+ b laz9ess1 :i* seems untrue1 = idl5ess is oppos$ to c>efulness1 :]eas slo? is oppos$ to joy4 ,!re=e slo? is n a special vice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 di/+ui%es slo? f ! o!r vices4 ,!re=e x is a special vice4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce slo? is sorr[ = spiritual good1 if we take spiritual good 9 a g5]al way1 slo? w n be a special vice1 because1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #a71 e vice %uns ! spiritual good ( its opposite virtue4 ,aga9 x _c be said t slo? is a special vice1 9 s f> z x %uns spiritual good1 z toilsome1 or tr\blesome to ! body1 or z a h9drance to ! body's pleasure1 = ?is aga9 w\ld n sev] slo? f c>nal vices1 :]eby a man seeks bodily com=t & pleasure4 ,:]e=e we mu/ say t a c]ta9 ord] exi/s among spiritual goods1 s9ce all ! spiritual goods t are 9 ! acts ( ea* virtue are direct$ to "o spiritual good1 :i* is ! ,div9e good1 ab\t :i* !re is a special virtue1 viz4 *>ity4 ,h5ce x is prop] to ea* virtue to rejoice 9 its own spiritual good1 :i* consi/s 9 its own act1 :ile x belongs specially to *>ity to h t spiritual joy :]eby "o rejoices 9 ! ,div9e good4 ,9 l mann] ! sorr[ :]eby "o is displeas$ at ! spiritual good :i* is 9 ea* act ( virtue1 belongs1 n to any special vice1 b to e vice1 b sorr[ 9 ! ,div9e good ab\t :i* *>ity rejoices1 belongs to a special vice1 :i* is call$ slo?4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,slo? ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t slo? is n a mortal s94 ,= e mortal s9 is contr>y to a precept ( ! ,div9e ,law4 ,b slo? seems contr>y to no precept1 z "o may see by go+ ?r\gh ! precepts ( ! ,decalogue4 ,!re=e slo? is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ! same g5us1 a s9 ( de$ is no less griev\s ?an a s9 ( ?\ght4 ,n[ x is n a mortal s9 to refra9 9 de$ f "s spiritual good :i* leads to ,god1 else x w\ld be a mortal s9 n to obs]ve ! c\nsels4 ,!re=e x is n a mortal s9 to refra9 9 ?\ght f su* l spiritual works4 ,!re=e slo? is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no mortal s9 is to be f\nd 9 a p]fect man4 ,b slo? is to be f\nd 9 a p]fect man3 = ,cassian says 7,de ,in/it4 ,ca5ob4 x1 l7 t slo? is well kn[n to ! solit>y1 & is a mo/ vexati\s & p]si/5t foe to ! h]mit4 ,!re=e slo? is n always a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#b ,cor4 #g3bj73 ,! sorr[ ( ! _w worke? dea?4 ,b su* is slo?2 = x is n sorr[ accord+ to ,god1 :i* is contra/$ ) sorr[ ( ! _w4 ,!re=e x is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 mortal s9 is s call$ because x de/roys ! spiritual life :i* is ! effect ( *>ity1 :]eby ,god dwells 9 u4 ,:]e=e any s9 :i* by its v nature is contr>y to *>ity is a mortal s9 by reason ( its g5us4 ,& su* is slo?1 because ! prop] effect ( *>ity is joy 9 ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #a71 :ile slo? is sorr[ ab\t spiritual good 9 z mu* z x is a ,div9e good4 ,!re=e slo? is a mortal s9 9 respect ( its g5us4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ ) reg>d to all s9s t are mortal 9 respect ( _! g5us1 t !y are n mortal1 save :5 !y atta9 to _! p]fection4 ,because ! consummation ( s9 is 9 ! cons5t ( reason3 = we are speak+ n[ ( human s9s consi/+ 9 human acts1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is ! reason4 ,:]e=e if ! s9 be a m]e beg9n+ ( s9 9 ! s5suality alone1 )\t atta9+ to ! cons5t ( reason1 x is a v5ial s9 on acc\nt ( ! imp]fection ( ! act4 ,?us 9 ! g5us ( adult]y1 ! concupisc5ce t goes no fur!r ?an ! s5suality is a v5ial s91 :]eas if x rea* to ! cons5t ( reason1 x is a mortal s94 ,s too1 ! movem5t ( slo? is sometimes 9 ! s5suality alone1 by reason ( ! opposition ( ! fle% to ! _s1 & !n x is a v5ial s92 :]eas sometimes x rea*es to ! reason1 :i* cons5ts 9 ! dislike1 horror & dete/ation ( ! ,div9e good1 on acc\nt ( ! fle% utt]ly prevail+ ov] ! _s4 ,9 ?is case x is evid5t t slo? is a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,slo? is oppos$ to ! precept ab\t hall[+ ! ,sabba? day4 ,= ?is precept1 9 s f> z x is a moral precept1 implicitly comm&s ! m9d to re/ 9 ,god3 & sorr[ ( ! m9d ab\t ! ,div9e good is contr>y !reto4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,slo? is n an av]sion ( ! m9d f any spiritual good1 b f ! ,div9e good1 to :i* ! m9d is oblig$ to adh]e4 ,:]e=e if a man is sorry because someone =ces him to d acts ( virtue t he is n b\nd to d1 ?is is n a s9 ( slo?2 b :5 he is sorry to h to d some?+ = ,god's sake4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,imp]fect movem5ts ( slo? are to be f\nd 9 holy m51 b !y d n rea* to ! cons5t ( reason4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,slo? ,%\ld ,be ,acc\nt$ a ,capital ,vice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t slo? ought n to be acc\nt$ a capital vice4 ,= a capital vice is "o t moves a man to s9ful acts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cd1 ,a4 #e74 ,n[ slo? does n move "o to action1 b on ! contr>y )draws "o f x4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be acc\nt$ a capital s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a capital s9 is "o to :i* daught]s are assign$4 ,n[ ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 assigns six daught]s to slo?1 viz4 malice1 spite1 fa9t-he>t$ness1 despair1 sluggi%ness 9 reg>d to ! comm&m5ts1 w&]+ ( ! m9d aft] unlawful ?+s4 ,n[ ^! d n seem 9 reality to arise f slo?4 ,= spite is1 seem+ly ! same z hatr$1 :i* arises f envy1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cd1 ,a4 #f72 malice is a g5us :i* conta9s all vices1 &1 9 l mann]1 a w&]+ ( ! m9d aft] unlawful ?+s is to be f\nd 9 e vice2 sluggi%ness ab\t ! comm&m5ts seems to be ! same z slo?1 :ile fa9t-he>t$ness & despair may arise f any s94 ,!re=e slo? is n rightly acc\nt$ a capital s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore di/+ui%es ! vice ( slo? f ! vice ( sorr[1 say+ 7,de ,summo ,bono ii1 #cg7 t 9 s f> z a man %irks 8 duty because x is di/a/eful & burd5some1 x is sorr[1 & 9 s f> z he is incl9$ to undue repose1 x is slo?3 & ( sorr[ he says t x gives rise to spite1 fa9t-he>t$ness1 bitt]ness1 despair1 :]eas he /ates t f slo? sev5 ?+s arise1 viz4 idl5ess1 dr[s9ess1 uneas9ess ( ! m9d1 re/lessness ( ! body1 in/ability1 loquacity1 curiosity4 ,!re=e x seems t ei!r ,gregory or ,isidore has wrongly assign$ slo? z a capital s9 toge!r ) its daught]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! same ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 /ates t slo? is a capital s91 & has ! daught]s a=esaid4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 a capital vice is "o :i* easily gives rise to o!rs z be+ _! f9al cause4 ,n[ j z we d _m ?+s on acc\nt ( pleasure1 bo? 9 ord] to obta9 x1 & ?r\gh be+ mov$ to d some?+ "u ! impulse ( pleasure1 s aga9 we d _m ?+s on acc\nt ( sorr[1 ei!r t we may avoid x1 or ?r\gh be+ exasp]at$ into do+ some?+ "u pressure !re(4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce slo? is a k9d ( sorr[1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #h71 x is fitt+ly reckon$ a capital s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,slo? by weigh+ on ! m9d1 h9d]s u f do+ ?+s t cause sorr[3 nev]!less x induces ! m9d to d c]ta9 ?+s1 ei!r because !y are 9 h>mony ) sorr[1 su* z weep+1 or because !y are a means ( avoid+ sorr[4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,gregory fitt+ly assigns ! daught]s ( slo?4 ,= s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #e1 #f7 no man c be a long "t 9 company ) :at is pa9ful & unpleasant1 x foll[s t some?+ arises f sorr[ 9 two ways3 fir/1 t man %uns :atev] causes sorr[2 secondly1 t he passes to o!r ?+s t give him pleasure3 ?us ^? :o f9d no joy 9 spiritual pleasures1 h rec\rse to pleasures ( ! body1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 x1 #f74 ,n[ 9 ! avoidance ( sorr[ ! ord] obs]v$ is t man at fir/ flies f unpleasant objects1 & secondly he ev5 /ruggles aga9/ su* ?+s z cause sorr[4 ,n[ spiritual goods :i* are ! object ( ! sorr[ ( slo?1 are bo? end & means4 ,avoidance ( ! end is ! result ( despair1 :ile avoidance ( ^? goods :i* are ! means to ! end1 9 matt]s ( difficulty :i* come "u ! c\nsels1 is ! effect ( fa9t-he>t$ness1 & 9 matt]s ( common righte\sness1 is ! effect ( sluggi%ness ab\t ! comm&m5ts4 ,! /ruggle aga9/ spiritual goods t cause sorr[ is sometimes ) m5 :o lead o!rs to spiritual goods1 & ?is is call$ spite2 & sometimes x ext5ds to ! spiritual goods !mselves1 :5 a man goes s f> z to dete/ !m1 & ?is is prop]ly call$ malice4 ,9 s f> z a man has rec\rse to et]nal objects ( pleasure1 ! daught] ( slo? is call$ w&]+ aft] unlawful ?+s4 ,f ?is x is cle> h[ to reply to ! objections aga9/ ea* ( ! daught]s3 = malice does n d5ote "h t :i* is g5]ic to all vices1 b mu/ be und]/ood z expla9$4 ,nor is spite tak5 z synonym\s ) hatr$1 b = a k9d ( indignation1 z /at$ above3 & ! same applies to ! o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 sorr[ & slo? is also giv5 by ,cassian 7,de ,in/it4 ,ca5ob4 x1 #a74 ,b ,gregory m fitt+ly 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 calls slo? a k9d ( sorr[1 because1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 sorr[ is n a di/9ct vice1 9 s f> z a man %irks a di/a/eful & burd5some "w1 or sorr[s on acc\nt ( any o!r cause :atev]1 b only 9 s f> z he is sorry on acc\nt ( ! ,div9e good1 :i* sorr[ belongs ess5tially to slo?2 s9ce slo? seeks undue re/ 9 s f> z x spurns ! ,div9e good4 ,moreov] ! ?+s :i* ,isidore reckons to arise f slo? & sorr[1 are r$uc$ to ^? m5tion$ by ,gregory3 = bitt]ness :i* ,isidore /ates to be ! result ( sorr[1 is an effect ( spite4 ,idl5ess & dr[s9ess are r$uc$ to sluggi%ness ab\t ! precepts3 = "s are idle & omit !m altoge!r1 :ile o!rs are dr[sy & fulfil !m ) neglig5ce4 ,all ! o!r five :i* he reckons z effects ( slo?1 belong to ! w&]+ ( ! m9d aft] unlawful ?+s4 ,?is t5d5cy to w&]1 if x reside 9 ! m9d itself t is desir\s ( ru%+ aft] v>i\s ?+s )\t rhyme or reason1 is call$ uneas9ess ( ! m9d1 b if x p]ta9s to ! imag9ative p[]1 x is call$ curiosity2 if x affect ! spee* x is call$ loquacity2 & 9 s f> z x affects a body t *anges place1 x is call$ re/lessness ( ! body1 :51 to wit1 a man %[s ! un/ead9ess ( 8 m9d1 by ! inord9ate movem5ts ( memb]s ( 8 body2 :ile if x causes ! body to move f "o place to ano!r1 x is call$ in/ability2 or in/ability may d5ote *angeabl5ess ( purpose4 ,,"q #cf ,,( ,,envy 7,,f\r ,,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] envy1 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is envy8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a s98 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a capital s91 & :i* are its daught]s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,envy ,is a ,k9d ( ,sorr[8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t envy is n a k9d ( sorr[4 ,= ! object ( envy is a good1 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #df7 ( ! envi\s man t self-inflict$ pa9 w\nds ! p9+ _s1 :i* is rack$ by ! prosp]ity ( ano!r4 ,!re=e envy is n a k9d ( sorr[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 lik5ess is a cause1 n ( sorr[ b r ( pleasure4 ,b lik5ess is a cause ( envy3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #aj73 ,m5 are envi\s ( su* z are l !m 9 g5us1 9 k1 9 /ature1 9 habit1 or 9 reputation4 ,!re=e envy is n a k9d ( sorr[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sorr[ is caus$ by a defect1 :]e=e ^? :o are 9 great defect are incl9$ to sorr[1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #c7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions4 ,n[ ^? :o lack little1 & :o love honors1 & :o are consid]$ wise1 are envi\s1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,rhet4 ii1 #aj74 ,!re=e envy is n a k9d ( sorr[4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 sorr[ is oppos$ to pleasure4 ,n[ opposite effects h n "o & ! same cause4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! recollection ( goods once possess$ is a cause ( pleasure1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #c7 x w n be a cause ( sorr[4 ,b x is a cause ( envy2 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #aj7 t we envy ^? :o h or h _h ?+s t befitt$ ourselves1 or :i* we possess$ at "s "t4 ,!re=e slo? is n a k9d ( sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ad7 calls envy a species ( sorr[1 & says t envy is sorr[ = ano!r's good4 ,i answ] t1 ,! object ( a man's sorr[ is 8 own evil4 ,n[ x may happ5 t ano!r's good is appreh5d$ z "o's own evil1 & 9 ?is way sorr[ c be ab\t ano!r's good4 ,b ?is happ5s 9 two ways3 fir/1 :5 a man is sorry ab\t ano!r's good1 9 s f> z x ?reat5s to be an occasion ( h>m to himself1 z :5 a man grieves = 8 enemy's prosp]ity1 = fe> le/ he may d him "s h>m3 su* l sorr[ is n envy1 b r an effect ( fe>1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii1 #i74 ,secondly1 ano!r's good may be reckon$ z be+ "o's own evil1 9 s f> z x conduces to ! less5+ ( "o's own good "n or excell5ce4 ,x is 9 ?is way t envy grieves = ano!r's good3 & consequ5tly m5 are envi\s ( ^? goods 9 :i* a good "n consi/s1 & ab\t :i* m5 l to be honor$ & e/eem$1 z ! ,philosoph] rem>ks 7,rhet4 ii1 #aj74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ h9d]s :at is good = "o f be+ reckon$ z evil = ano!r3 & 9 ?is way x is possible = sorr[ to be ab\t good1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce envy is ab\t ano!r's good "n 9 s f> z x dim9i%es ! good "n a man desires to h1 x foll[s t a man is envi\s ( ^? only :om he wi%es to rival or surpass 9 reputation4 ,b ?is does n apply to p :o are f> remov$ f "o ano!r3 = no man1 unless he be out ( 8 m9d1 endeavors to rival or surpass 9 reputation ^? :o are f> above him4 ,?us a common] does n envy ! k+1 nor does ! k+ envy a common] :om he is f> above4 ,:]e=e a man envies n ^? :o are f> remov$ f him1 :e!r 9 place1 "t1 or /ation1 b ^? :o are ne> him1 & :om he /rives to rival or surpass4 ,= x is aga9/ our w t ^! %\ld be 9 bett] repute ?an we are1 & t gives rise to sorr[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 lik5ess causes pleasure 9 s f> z x is 9 agreem5t ) ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a man does n /rive = ma/]y 9 matt]s :]e he is v defici5t2 s t he does n envy "o :o surpasses him 9 su* matt]s1 unless he surpass him by little1 = !n x seems to him t ?is is n beyond him1 & s he makes an ef=t2 :]e=e1 if 8 ef=t fails ?r\gh ! o!r's reputation surpass+ 81 he grieves4 ,h5ce x is t ^? :o love to be honor$ are m envi\s2 & 9 l mann] ! fa9t-he>t$ are envi\s1 because all ?+s are great to !m1 & :atev] good may befall ano!r1 !y reckon t !y !mselves h be5 be/$ 9 some?+ great4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,job #e3b73 ,envy slaye? ! little "o1 & ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #df7 t we c envy ^? only :om we ?9k bett] 9 "s respect ?an ourselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,recollection ( pa/ goods 9 s f> z we h _h !m1 causes pleasure2 9 s f> z we h lo/ !m1 causes sorr[2 & 9 s f> z o!rs h !m1 causes envy1 because t1 above all1 seems to belittle our reputation4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii7 t ! old envy ! "y1 & ^? :o h sp5t mu* 9 ord] to get some?+1 envy ^? :o h got x by sp5d+ little1 because !y grieve t !y h lo/ _! goods1 & t o!rs h acquir$ goods4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,envy ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t envy is n a s94 ,= ,j]ome says to ,laeta ab\t ! education ( h] daught] 7,ep4 cvii73 ,let h] h companions1 s t %e may le>n toge!r ) !m1 envy !m1 & be nettl$ :5 !y are prais$4 ,b no "o %\ld be advis$ to commit a s94 ,!re=e envy is n a s94 ,objection #b3 ,fur!r1 ,envy is sorr[ = ano!r's good1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ad74 ,b ?is is sometimes praisewor?y3 = x is writt5 7,prov4 #bi3b73 ,:5 ! wick$ %all be> rule1 ! p %all m\rn4 ,!re=e envy is n always a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 envy d5otes a k9d ( zeal4 ,b !re is a good zeal1 accord+ to ,ps4 #fh3aj3 ,! zeal ( ,?y h\se ha? eat5 me up4 ,!re=e envy is n always a s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 puni%m5t is condivid$ ) fault4 ,b envy is a k9d ( puni%m5t3 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #df73 ,:5 ! f\l sore ( envy corrupts ! vanqui%$ he>t1 ! v ext]ior itself %[s h[ =cibly ! m9d is urg$ by madness4 ,= pal5ess seizes ! complexion1 ! eyes are weigh$ d[n1 ! _s is inflam$1 :ile ! limbs are *ill$1 !re is fr5zy 9 ! he>t1 !re is gna%+ ) ! tee?4 ,!re=e envy is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,gal4 #e3bf73 ,let u n be made desir\s ( va+lory1 provok+ "o ano!r1 envy+ "o ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 envy is sorr[ = ano!r's good4 ,n[ ?is sorr[ may come ab\t 9 f\r ways4 ,fir/1 :5 a man grieves = ano!r's good1 ?r\gh fe> t x may cause h>m ei!r to himself1 or to "s o!r goods4 ,?is sorr[ is n envy1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 & may be void ( s94 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxii1 #aa73 ,x v (t5 happ5s t )\t *>ity be+ lo/1 bo? ! de/ruction ( an enemy rejoices u1 & aga9 8 glory1 )\t any s9 ( envy1 sadd5s u1 s9ce1 :5 he falls1 we believe t "s are des]v$ly set up1 & :5 he prosp]s1 we dread le/ _m suff] unju/ly4 ,secondly1 we may grieve ov] ano!r's good1 n because he has x1 b because ! good :i* he has1 we h n3 & ?is1 prop]ly speak+1 is zeal1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #i74 ,& if ?is zeal be ab\t virtu\s goods1 x is praisewor?y1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ad3a3 ,be zeal\s = spiritual gifts3 :ile1 if x be ab\t temporal goods1 x may be ei!r s9ful or s9less4 ,?irdly1 "o may grieve ov] ano!r's good1 because he :o happ5s to h t good is unwor?y ( x4 ,su* sorr[ z ?is _c be occasion$ by virtu\s goods1 :i* make a man righte\s1 b1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates1 is ab\t ri*es1 & ^? ?+s :i* c accrue to ! wor?y & ! unwor?y2 & he calls ?is sorr[ nemesis 99,! ne>e/ equival5t is indignation4 ,! use ( ! ^w nemesis to signify rev5ge does n repres5t ! orig9al ,greek41 say+ t x belongs to good morals4 ,b he says ?is because he consid]$ temporal goods 9 !mselves1 9 s f> z !y may seem great to ^? :o look n to et]nal goods3 :]eas1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( fai?1 temporal goods t accrue to ^? :o are unwor?y1 are s dispos$ accord+ to ,god's j ord9ance1 ei!r = ! correction ( ^? m51 or = _! condemnation1 & su* goods are z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! goods to come1 :i* are prep>$ = good m54 ,:]e=e sorr[ ( ?is k9d is =bidd5 9 ,holy ,writ1 accord+ to ,ps4 #cf3a3 ,be n emul\s ( evil do]s1 nor envy !m t "w iniquity1 & else:]e 7,ps4 #gb3b1 #c73 ,my /eps _h well nigh slipp$1 = ,i 0 envi\s ( ! wick$1 :5 ,i saw ! prosp]ity ( s9n]s 99,d\ay3 'because ,i _h a zeal on occasion ( ! wick$1 see+ ! prosp]ity ( s9n]s'4 ,f\r?ly1 we grieve ov] a man's good1 9 s f> z 8 good surpasses ours2 ?is is envy prop]ly speak+1 & is always s9ful1 z also ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii1 #aj71 because to d s is to grieve ov] :at %\ld make u rejoice1 viz4 ov] our neighbor's good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,envy !re d5otes ! zeal ) :i* we ought to /rive to progress ) ^? :o are bett] ?an we are4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s sorr[ = ano!r's good 9 ! fir/ s5se giv5 above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,envy diff]s f zeal1 z /at$ above4 ,h5ce a c]ta9 zeal may be good1 :]eas envy is always evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,no?+ h9d]s a s9 f be+ p5al accid5tally1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #b7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( s9s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,envy ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t envy is n a mortal s94 ,= s9ce envy is a k9d ( sorr[1 x is a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,n[ !re is no mortal s9 9 ! s5suality1 b only 9 ! reason1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab7 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #d4 ,!re=e envy is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re _c be mortal s9 9 infants4 ,b envy c be 9 !m1 = ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 i73 ,i myself h se5 & kn[n ev5 a baby envi\s1 x c\ld n speak1 yet x turn$ pale & look$ bitt]ly on its fo/]-bro!r4 ,!re=e envy is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e mortal s9 is contr>y to "s virtue4 ,b envy is contr>y1 n to a virtue b to nemesis1 :i* is a passion1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,rhet4 ii1 #i74 ,!re=e envy is n a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,job #e3b73 ,envy slaye? ! little "o4 ,n[ no?+ slays spiritually1 except mortal s94 ,!re=e envy is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,envy is a mortal s91 9 respect ( its g5us4 ,= ! g5us ( a s9 is tak5 f its object2 & envy accord+ to ! aspect ( its object is contr>y to *>ity1 :5ce ! s\l d]ives its spiritual life1 accord+ to #a ,john #c3ad3 ,we "k t we h pass$ f dea? to life1 because we love ! bre?r54 ,n[ ! object bo? ( *>ity & ( envy is our neighbor's good1 b by contr>y movem5ts1 s9ce *>ity rejoices 9 our neighbor's good1 :ile envy grieves ov] x1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e x is evid5t t envy is a mortal s9 9 respect ( its g5us4 ,nev]!less1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e1 ad #a71 9 e k9d ( mortal s9 we f9d c]ta9 imp]fect movem5ts 9 ! s5suality1 :i* are v5ial s9s3 su* are ! fir/ movem5t ( concupisc5ce1 9 ! g5us ( adult]y1 & ! fir/ movem5t ( ang]1 9 ! g5us ( murd]1 & s 9 ! g5us ( envy we f9d sometimes ev5 9 p]fect m5 c]ta9 fir/ movem5ts1 :i* are v5ial s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! movem5t ( envy 9 s f> z x is a passion ( ! s5suality1 is an imp]fect ?+ 9 ! g5us ( human acts1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is ! reason1 s t envy ( t k9d is n a mortal s94 ,! same applies to ! envy ( little *ildr5 :o h n ! use ( reason3 :]e=e ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection is manife/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,rhet4 ii1 #i71 envy is contr>y bo? to nemesis & to pity1 b = diff]5t reasons4 ,= x is directly contr>y to pity1 _! pr9cipal objects be+ contr>y to "o ano!r1 s9ce ! envi\s man grieves ov] 8 neighbor's good1 :]eas ! pitiful man grieves ov] 8 neighbor's evil1 s t ! envi\s h no pity1 z he /ates 9 ! same passage1 nor is ! pitiful man envi\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 envy is contr>y to nemesis on ! "p ( ! man ^: good grieves ! envi\s man1 = nemesis is sorr[ = ! good ( ! undes]v+ accord+ to ,ps4 #gb3c3 ,i 0 envi\s ( ! wick$1 :5 ,i saw ! prosp]ity ( s9n]s 99,d\ay3 because ,i _h a zeal on occasion ( ! wick$1 see+ ! prosp]ity ( s9n]s1 :]eas ! envi\s grieves ov] ! good ( ^? :o are des]v+ ( x4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! =m] contr>iety is m direct ?an ! latt]4 ,n[ pity is a virtue1 & an effect prop] to *>ity3 s t envy is contr>y to pity & *>ity4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,envy ,is a ,capital ,vice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t envy is n a capital vice4 ,= ! capital vices are di/9ct f _! daught]s4 ,n[ envy is ! daught] ( va+lory2 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #aj7 t ^? :o love honor & glory are m envi\s4 ,!re=e envy is n a capital vice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! capital vices seem to be less grave ?an ! o!r vices :i* arise f !m4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de73 ,! lead+ vices seem to worm _! way into ! deceiv$ m9d "u "s k9d ( pretext1 b ^? :i* foll[ !m provoke ! s\l to all k9ds ( outrage1 & confuse ! m9d ) _! wild outcry4 ,n[ envy is seem+ly a mo/ grave s91 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #df73 ,?\gh 9 e evil ?+ t is done1 ! v5om ( our old enemy is infus$ into ! he>t ( man1 yet 9 ?is wick$ness ! s]p5t /irs 8 :ole b[els & dis*>ges ! bane ( spite fitt$ to ent] deep into ! m9d4 ,!re=e envy is n a capital s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems t its daught]s are unfitt+ly assign$ by ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de71 :o says t f envy arise hatr$1 tale-be>+1 detraction1 joy at our neighbor's mis=tunes1 & grief = 8 prosp]ity4 ,= joy at our neighbor's mis=tunes & grief = 8 prosp]ity seem to be ! same z envy1 z appe>s f :at has be5 said above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ^! %\ld n be assign$ z daught]s ( envy4 ,on ! contr>y /&s ! au?ority ( ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 :o /ates t envy is a capital s9 & assigns ! a=esaid daught]s !reto4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z slo? is grief = a ,div9e spiritual good1 s envy is grief = our neighbor's good4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #d7 t slo? is a capital vice = ! reason t x incites man to d c]ta9 ?+s1 ) ! purpose ei!r ( avoid+ sorr[ or ( satisfy+ its dem&s4 ,:]e=e envy is acc\nt$ a capital vice = ! same reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de71 ! capital vices are s closely ak9 to "o ano!r t "o spr+s f ! o!r4 ,= ! fir/ (fspr+ ( pride is va+lory1 :i* by corrupt+ ! m9d x occupies begets envy1 s9ce :ile x craves = ! p[] ( an empty "n1 x rep9es = fe> le/ ano!r %\ld acquire t p[]4 ,consequ5tly ! notion ( a capital vice does n exclude its orig9at+ f ano!r vice1 b x dem&s t x %\ld h "s pr9cipal reason = be+ itself ! orig9 ( sev]al k9ds ( s94 ,h[ev] x is p]haps because envy manife/ly arises f va+lory1 t x is n reckon$ a capital s91 ei!r by ,isidore 7,de ,summo ,bono7 or by ,cassian 7,de ,in/it4 ,ca5ob4 v1 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x does n foll[ f ! passage quot$ t envy is ! greate/ ( s9s1 b t :5 ! devil tempts u to envy1 he is entic+ u to t :i* has its *ief place 9 8 he>t1 = z quot$ fur!r on 9 ! same passage1 by ! envy ( ! devil1 dea? came into ! _w 7,wis4 #b3bd74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a k9d ( envy :i* is acc\nt$ among ! mo/ griev\s s9s1 viz4 envy ( ano!r's spiritual good1 :i* envy is a sorr[ = ! increase ( ,god's grace1 & n m]ely = our neighbor's good4 ,h5ce x is acc\nt$ a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 because !reby a man envies1 z x 71 ! ,holy ,gho/ ,himself1 ,:o is glorifi$ 9 ,8 works4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! numb] ( envy's daught]s may be und]/ood = ! reason t 9 ! /ruggle ar\s$ by envy !re is some?+ by way ( beg9n+1 some?+ by way ( middle1 & some?+ by way ( t]m4 ,! beg9n+ is t a man /rives to l[] ano!r's reputation1 & ?is ei!r secretly1 & !n we h tale-be>+1 or op5ly1 & !n we h detraction4 ,! middle consi/s 9 ! fact t :5 a man aims at defam+ ano!r1 he is ei!r able to d s1 & !n we h joy at ano!r's mis=tune1 or he is unable1 & !n we h grief at ano!r's prosp]ity4 ,! t]m is hatr$ itself1 because j z good :i* delights causes love1 s does sorr[ cause hatr$1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cd1 ,a4 #f74 ,grief at ano!r's prosp]ity is 9 "o way ! v same z envy1 :51 to ,wit1 a man grieves ov] ano!r's prosp]ity1 9 s f> z x gives ! latt] a good "n1 b 9 ano!r way x is a daught] ( envy1 9 s f> z ! envi\s man sees 8 neighbor prosp] not)/&+ 8 ef=ts to prev5t x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 joy at ano!r's mis=tune is n directly ! same z envy1 b is a result !re(1 because grief ov] our neighbor's good :i* is envy1 gives rise to joy 9 8 evil4 ,,"q #cg ,,( ,,discord1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,contr>y ,,to ,,peace 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! s9s contr>y to peace1 & fir/ we %all consid] discord :i* is 9 ! he>t1 secondly cont5tion1 :i* is on ! lips1 ?irdly1 ^? ?+s :i* consi/ 9 de$s1 viz4 s*ism1 qu>rell+1 w>1 & s$ition4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r discord is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a daught] ( va+lory8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,discord ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t discord is n a s94 ,= to disaccord ) man is to sev] oneself f ano!r's w4 ,b ?is does n seem to be a s91 because ,god's w alone1 & n our neighbor's1 is ! rule ( our own w4 ,!re=e discord is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] induces ano!r to s91 s9s also himself4 ,b x appe>s n to be a s9 to incite o!rs to discord1 = x is writt5 7,acts #bc3f7 t ,paul1 kn[+ t ! "o "p 7 ,sadducees1 & ! o!r ,ph>isees1 cri$ out 9 ! c\ncil3 ,m5 bre?r51 ,i am a ,ph>isee1 ! son ( ,ph>isees1 conc]n+ ! hope & resurrection ( ! dead ,i am call$ 9 "q4 ,& :5 he _h s said1 !re arose a diss5sion betwe5 ! ,ph>isees & ! ,sadducees4 ,!re=e discord is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s91 especially mortal s91 is n to be f\nd 9 a holy man4 ,b discord is to be f\nd ev5 among holy m51 = x is writt5 7,acts #ae3ci73 ,!re arose a diss5sion betwe5 ,paul & ,b>nabas1 s t !y dep>t$ "o f ano!r4 ,!re=e discord is n a s91 & lea/ ( all a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,diss5sions1 t is1 discords1 are reckon$ among ! works ( ! fle% 7,gal4 #e3bj71 ( :i* x is said aft]w>ds 7,gal4 #e3ba7 t !y :o d su* ?+s %all n obta9 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,n[ no?+1 save mortal s91 excludes man f ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,!re=e discord is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,discord is oppos$ to concord4 ,n[1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bi1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c7 concord results f *>ity1 9 z mu* z *>ity directs _m he>ts toge!r to "o ?+1 :i* is *iefly ! ,div9e good1 second>ily1 ! good ( our neighbor4 ,:]e=e discord is a s91 9 s f> z x is oppos$ to ?is concord4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t ?is concord is de/roy$ by discord 9 two ways3 fir/1 directly2 secondly1 accid5tally4 ,n[1 human acts & movem5ts are said to be direct :5 !y are accord+ to "o's int5tion4 ,:]e=e a man directly disaccords ) 8 neighbor1 :5 he kn[+ly & int5tionally diss5ts f ! ,div9e good & 8 neighbor's good1 to :i* he ought to cons5t4 ,?is is a mortal s9 9 respect ( its g5us1 because x is contr>y to *>ity1 al?\gh ! fir/ movem5ts ( su* discord are v5ial s9s by reason ( _! be+ imp]fect acts4 ,! accid5tal 9 human acts is t :i* occurs beside ! int5tion4 ,h5ce :5 sev]al int5d a good p]ta9+ to ,god's honor1 or our neighbor's pr(it1 :ile "o deems a c]ta9 ?+ good1 & ano!r ?9ks contr>iwise1 ! discord is 9 ?is case accid5tally contr>y to ! ,div9e good or t ( our neighbor4 ,su* l discord is nei!r s9ful nor aga9/ *>ity1 unless x be accompani$ by an error ab\t ?+s necess>y to salvation1 or by undue ob/9acy1 s9ce x has also be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #bi1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c1 ad #b7 t ! concord :i* is an effect ( *>ity1 is union ( wills n ( op9ions4 ,x foll[s f ?is t discord is sometimes ! s9 ( "o p>ty only1 = in/ance1 :5 "o wills a good :i* ! o!r kn[+ly resi/s2 :ile sometimes x implies s9 9 bo? p>ties1 z :5 ea* diss5ts f ! o!r's good1 & loves 8 own4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"o man's w consid]$ 9 itself is n ! rule ( ano!r man's w2 b 9 s f> z our neighbor's w adh]es to ,god's w1 x becomes 9 consequ5ce1 a rule regulat$ accord+ to its prop] measure4 ,:]e=e x is a s9 to disaccord ) su* a w1 because by t v fact "o disaccords ) ! ,div9e rule4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z a man's w t adh]es to ,god is a "r rule1 to disaccord ) :i* is a s91 s too a man's w t is oppos$ to ,god is a p]v]se rule1 to disaccord ) :i* is good4 ,h5ce to cause a discord1 :]eby a good concord result+ f *>ity is de/roy$1 is a grave s93 :]e=e x is writt5 7,prov4 #f3af73 ,six ?+s !re are1 :i* ! ,"l hate?1 & ! sev5? ,8 s\l dete/e?1 :i* sev5? is /at$ 7,prov4 #f3ai7 to be him t s[e? discord among bre?r54 ,on ! o!r h&1 to ar\se a discord :]eby an evil concord 7i4e4 concord 9 an evil w7 is de/roy$1 is praisewor?y4 ,9 ?is way ,paul 0 to be comm5d$ = s[+ discord among ^? :o concord$ toge!r 9 evil1 because ,our ,"l also said ( ,himself 7,matt4 #aj3cd73 ,i came n to s5d peace1 b ! sword4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! discord betwe5 ,paul & ,b>nabas 0 accid5tal & n direct3 because ea* int5d$ "s good1 yet ! "o ?\ght "o ?+ good1 :ile ! o!r ?\ght some?+ else1 :i* 0 ow+ to human defici5cy3 = t controv]sy 0 n ab\t ?+s necess>y to salvation4 ,moreov] all ?is 0 orda9$ by ,div9e provid5ce1 on acc\nt ( ! good :i* w\ld ensue4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,discord ,is a ,daught] ( ,va+lory8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t discord is n a daught] ( va+lory4 ,= ang] is a vice di/9ct f va+lory4 ,n[ discord is app>5tly ! daught] ( ang]1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ae3ah3 ,a passionate man /irre? up /rifes4 ,!re=e x is n a daught] ( va+lory4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e exp\nd+ ! words ( ,john #g3ci1 ,z yet ! ,_s 0 n giv51 says 7,tract4 xxxii7 ,malice sev]s1 *>ity unites4 ,n[ discord is m]ely a sep>ation ( wills4 ,!re=e discord arises f malice1 i4e4 envy1 r ?an f va+lory4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] gives rise to _m evils1 w\ld seem to be a capital vice4 ,n[ su* is discord1 because ,j]ome 9 comm5t+ on ,matt4 #ab3be1 ,e k+dom divid$ aga9/ itself %all be made desolate1 says3 ,j z concord makes small ?+s ?rive1 s discord br+s ! greate/ ?+s to ru94 ,!re=e discord %\ld itself be reckon$ a capital vice1 r ?an a daught] ( va+lory4 ,on ! contr>y /&s ! au?ority ( ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de74 ,i answ] t1 ,discord d5otes a c]ta9 disunion ( wills1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z "o man's w holds fa/ to "o ?+1 :ile ! o!r man's w holds fa/ to some?+ else4 ,n[ if a man's w holds fa/ to its own gr\nd1 ?is is due to ! act t he pref]s :at is 8 own to t :i* belongs to o!rs1 & if he d ?is inord9ately1 x is due to pride & va+lory4 ,!re=e discord1 :]eby a man holds to 8 own way ( ?9k+1 & dep>ts f t ( o!rs1 is reckon$ to be a daught] ( va+lory4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,/rife is n ! same z discord1 = /rife consi/s 9 ext]nal de$s1 :]e=e x is becom+ t x %\ld arise f ang]1 :i* incites ! m9d to hurt "o's neighbor2 :]eas discord consi/s 9 a div]g5ce 9 ! movem5ts ( wills1 :i* arises f pride or va+lory1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 discord we may consid] t :i* is ! t]m :]efrom1 i4e4 ano!r's w f :i* we rec$e1 & 9 ?is respect x arises f envy2 & aga9 we may consid] t :i* is ! t]m :i!r1 i4e4 some?+ ( our own to :i* we cl+1 & 9 ?is respect x is caus$ by va+lory4 ,& s9ce 9 e mom5t ! t]m :i!r is m important ?an ! t]m :]efrom 7because ! end is ( m acc\nt ?an ! beg9n+71 discord is acc\nt$ a daught] ( va+lory r ?an ( envy1 ?\gh x may arise f bo? = diff]5t reasons1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! reason :y concord makes small ?+s ?rive1 :ile discord br+s ! greate/ to ru91 is because ! m unit$ a =ce is1 ! /rong] x is1 :ile ! m disunit$ x is ! weak] x becomes 7,de ,causis xvii74 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ?is is "p ( ! prop] effect ( discord :i* is a disunion ( wills1 & 9 no way indicates t o!r vices arise f discord1 z ?\gh x 7 a capital vice4 ,,"q #ch ,,( ,,cont5tion 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] cont5tion1 9 respect ( :i* !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r cont5tion is a mortal s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a daught] ( va+lory8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ch1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,cont5tion ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cont5tion is n a mortal s94 ,= !re is no mortal s9 9 spiritual m53 & yet cont5tion is to be f\nd 9 !m1 accord+ to ,luke #bb3bd3 ,& !re 0 also a /rife among/ ! disciples ( ,jesus1 :i* ( !m %\ld 4 4 4 be ! greate/4 ,!re=e cont5tion is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no well dispos$ man %\ld be pleas$ t 8 neighbor commit a mortal s94 ,b ! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #a3ag73 ,"s out ( cont5tion prea* ,*ri/1 & aft]w>ds he says 7,phil4 #a3ah73 ,9 ?is also ,i rejoice1 yea1 & w rejoice4 ,!re=e cont5tion is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x happ5s t p cont5d ei!r 9 ! c\rts or 9 disputations1 )\t any spiteful purpose1 & ) a good int5tion1 z1 = example1 ^? :o cont5d by disput+ ) h]etics4 ,h5ce a gloss on #a ,k+s #ad3a1 ,x came to pass "o day1 etc4 says3 ,ca?olics d n raise cont5tions ) h]etics1 unless !y are fir/ *all5g$ to dispute4 ,!re=e cont5tion is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,job seems to h cont5d$ ) ,god1 accord+ to ,job #ci3cb3 ,%all he t cont5de? ) ,god be s easily sil5c$8 ,& yet ,job 0 n guilty ( mortal s91 s9ce ! ,"l said ( him 7,job #db3g73 ,y h n spok5 ! ?+ t is "r be=e me1 z my s]vant ,job ha?4 ,!re=e cont5tion is n always a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is aga9/ ! precept ( ! ,apo/le :o says 7#b ,tim4 #b3ad73 ,cont5d n 9 words4 ,moreov] 7,gal4 #e3bj7 cont5tion is includ$ among ! works ( ! fle%1 & z /at$ !re 7,gal4 #e3ba7 !y :o d su* ?+s %all n obta9 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,n[ :atev] excludes a man f ! k+dom ( ,god & is aga9/ a precept1 is a mortal s94 ,!re=e cont5tion is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,to cont5d is to t5d aga9/ "s "o4 ,:]e=e j z discord d5otes a contr>iety ( wills1 s cont5tion signifies contr>iety ( spee*4 ,= ?is reason :5 a man contra/s v>i\s contr>y ?+s 9 a spee*1 ?is is call$ cont5tio1 :i* ,tully calls "o ( ! rhetorical colors 7,de ,rhet4 ad ,h]54 iv71 :]e he says t x consi/s 9 develop+ a spee* f contr>y ?+s1 = in/ance3 ,adulation has a pleasant beg9n+1 & a mo/ bitt] end4 ,n[ contr>iety ( spee* may be look$ at 9 two ways3 fir/ ) reg>d to ! int5tion ( ! cont5ti\s p>ty1 secondly1 ) reg>d to ! mann] ( cont5d+4 ,z to ! int5tion1 we mu/ consid] :e!r he cont5ds aga9/ ! tru?1 & !n he is to be blam$1 or aga9/ falsehood1 & !n he %\ld be prais$4 ,z to ! mann]1 we mu/ consid] :e!r 8 mann] ( cont5d+ is 9 keep+ ) ! p]sons & ! matt] 9 dispute1 = !n x w\ld be praisewor?y1 h5ce ,tully says 7,de ,rhet4 ad ,h]54 iii7 t cont5tion is a %>p spee* suitable = pro( & refutation--or :e!r x exce$s ! dem&s ( ! p]sons & matt] 9 dispute1 9 :i* case x is blamewor?y4 ,accord+ly if we take cont5tion z d5ot+ a disclaim] ( ! tru? & an inord9ate mann]1 x is a mortal s94 ,?us ,ambrose 99,cf4 ,gloss4 ,ord4 9 ,rom4 i1 #bi def9es cont5tion3 ,cont5tion is a disclaim] ( ! tru? ) clamor\s confid5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 cont5tion d5ote a disav[al ( :at is false1 ) ! prop] measure ( acrimony1 x is praisewor?y3 :]eas1 if x d5ote a disav[al ( falsehood1 toge!r ) an inord9ate mann]1 x c be a v5ial s91 unless ! cont5tion be conduct$ s inord9ately1 z to give sc&al to o!rs4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le aft] say+ 7#b ,tim4 #b3ad73 ,cont5d n 9 words1 adds1 = x is to no pr(it1 b to ! subv]t+ ( ! he>]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! disciples ( ,*ri/ cont5d$ toge!r1 n ) ! int5tion ( disclaim+ ! tru?1 s9ce ea* "o /ood up = :at he ?\ght 0 true4 ,yet !re 0 inord9at5ess 9 _! cont5tion1 because !y cont5d$ ab\t a matt] :i* !y ought n to h cont5d$ ab\t1 viz4 ! primacy ( honor2 = !y 7 n spiritual m5 z yet1 z a gloss says on ! same passage2 & = ?is reason ,our ,"l *eck$ !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o prea*$ ,*ri/ out ( cont5tion1 7 to be blam$1 because1 al?\gh !y did n ga9say ! tru? ( fai?1 b prea*$ x1 yet !y did ga9say ! tru?1 by ! fact t !y ?\ght !y w\ld raise affliction to ! ,apo/le :o 0 prea*+ ! tru? ( fai?4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le rejoic$ n 9 _! cont5tion1 b 9 ! fruit t w\ld result !refrom1 namely t ,*ri/ w\ld be made kn[n--s9ce evil is sometimes ! occasion ( good results4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,cont5tion is complete & is a mortal s9 :51 9 cont5d+ be=e a judge1 a man ga9says ! tru? ( ju/ice1 or 9 a disputation1 int5ds to impugn ! true doctr9e4 ,9 ?is s5se ,ca?olics d n cont5d aga9/ h]etics1 b ! rev]se4 ,b :51 :e!r 9 c\rt or 9 a disputation1 x is incomplete1 i4e4 9 respect ( ! acrimony ( spee*1 x is n always a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,cont5tion "h d5otes an ord9>y dispute4 ,= ,job _h said 7#ac3c73 ,i w speak to ! ,almighty1 & ,i desire to reason ) ,god3 yet he int5d$ n to impugn ! tru?1 b to def5d x1 & 9 seek+ ! tru? ?us1 he _h no wi% to be inord9ate 9 m9d or 9 spee*4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ch1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,cont5tion ,is a ,daught] ( ,va+lory8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cont5tion is n a daught] ( va+lory4 ,= cont5tion is ak9 to zeal1 :]e=e x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #c3c73 ,:]eas !re is among y zeal ,d\ay3 'envy+' & cont5tion1 are y n c>nal1 & walk accord+ to m58 ,n[ zeal p]ta9s to envy4 ,!re=e cont5tion arises r f envy4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 cont5tion is accompani$ by rais+ ( ! voice4 ,b ! voice is rais$ on acc\nt ( ang]1 z ,gregory decl>es 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ad74 ,!re=e cont5tion too arises f ang]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 among o!r ?+s k seems to be ! matt] ( pride & va+lory1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #h3a3 ,k puffe? up4 ,n[ cont5tion is (t5 due to lack ( k1 & by k we d n impugn ! tru?1 we "k x4 ,!re=e cont5tion is n a daught] ( va+lory4 ,on ! contr>y /&s ! au?ority ( ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ad74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #cg1 ,a4 #b71 discord is a daught] ( va+lory1 because ea* ( ! disaccord+ p>ties cl+s to 8 own op9ion1 r ?an acquiesce ) ! o!r4 ,n[ x is prop] to pride & va+lory to seek "o's own glory4 ,& j z p are discordant :5 !y hold to _! own op9ion 9 _! he>ts1 s are !y cont5ti\s :5 ea* def5ds 8 own op9ion by words4 ,consequ5tly cont5tion is reckon$ a daught] ( va+lory = ! same reason z discord4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,cont5tion1 l discord1 is ak9 to envy 9 s f> z a man sev]s himself f ! "o ) :om he is discordant1 or ) :om he cont5ds1 b 9 s f> z a cont5ti\s man holds to some?+1 x is ak9 to pride & va+lory1 because1 to wit1 he cl+s to 8 own op9ion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! cont5tion ( :i* we are speak+ puts on a l\d voice1 = ! purpose ( impugn+ ! tru?1 s t x is n ! *ief "p ( cont5tion4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t cont5tion arises f ! same s\rce z ! rais+ ( ! voice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pride & va+lory are occasion$ *iefly by goods ev5 ^? t are contr>y to !m1 = in/ance1 :5 a man is pr\d ( 8 humility3 = :5 a ?+ arises 9 ?is way1 x does s n directly b accid5tally1 9 :i* way no?+ h9d]s "o contr>y f aris+ out ( ano!r4 ,h5ce !re is no reason :y ! p] se & direct effects ( pride or va+lory1 %\ld n result f ! contr>ies ( ^? ?+s :i* are ! occasion ( pride4 ,,"q #ci ,,( ,,s*ism 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices contr>y to peace1 :i* belong to de$s3 su* are s*ism1 /rife1 s$ition1 & w>4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ab\t s*ism1 !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r s*ism is a special s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is grav] ?an unbelief8 7#c7 ,( ! p[] ex]cis$ by s*ismatics2 7#d7 ,( ! puni%m5t inflict$ on !m4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,s*ism ,is a ,special ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s*ism is n a special s94 ,= s*ism1 z ,pope ,pelagius ,i says 7,epi/4 ad ,victor4 et ,pancrat471 d5otes a division4 ,b e s9 causes a division1 accord+ to ,isa4 #ei3 ,y\r s9s h divid$ betwe5 y & y\r ,god4 ,!re=e s*ism is n a special s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a man is app>5tly a s*ismatic if he disobeys ! ,*ur*4 ,b e s9 makes a man disobey ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 because s91 accord+ to ,ambrose 7,de ,p>ad4 viii7 is disob$i5ce aga9/ ! heav5ly comm&m5ts4 ,!re=e e s9 is a s*ism4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 h]esy also divides a man f ! unity ( fai?4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ^w s*ism d5otes a division1 x w\ld seem n to diff]1 z a special s91 f ! s9 ( unbelief4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,contra ,fau/4 xx1 #c2 ,contra ,crescon4 ii1 #d7 di/+ui%es betwe5 s*ism & h]esy1 = he says t a s*ismatic is "o :o holds ! same fai?1 & practises ! same wor%ip1 z o!rs1 & takes pleasure 9 ! m]e disunion ( ! community1 :]eas a h]etic is "o :o holds ano!r fai? f t ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,!re=e s*ism is n a g5]ic s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,isidore says 7,etym4 viii1 #c71 s*ism takes its "n f be+ a scission ( m9ds1 & scission is oppos$ to unity4 ,:]e=e ! s9 ( s*ism is "o t is directly & ess5tially oppos$ to unity4 ,= 9 ! moral1 z 9 ! physical ord]1 ! species is n con/itut$ by t :i* is accid5tal4 ,n[1 9 ! moral ord]1 ! ess5tial is t :i* is int5d$1 & t :i* results beside ! int5tion1 is1 z x 71 accid5tal4 ,h5ce ! s9 ( s*ism is1 prop]ly speak+1 a special s91 = ! reason t ! s*ismatic int5ds to sev] himself f t unity :i* is ! effect ( *>ity3 because *>ity unites n only "o p]son to ano!r ) ! bond ( spiritual love1 b also ! :ole ,*ur* 9 unity ( _s4 ,accord+ly s*ismatics prop]ly s call$ are ^? :o1 wilfully & int5tionally sep>ate !mselves f ! unity ( ! ,*ur*2 = ?is is ! *ief unity1 & ! p>ticul> unity ( sev]al individuals among !mselves is subord9ate to ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 ev5 z ! mutual adaptation ( ea* memb] ( a natural body is subord9ate to ! unity ( ! :ole body4 ,n[ ! unity ( ! ,*ur* consi/s 9 two ?+s2 namely1 9 ! mutual connection or communion ( ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & aga9 9 ! subord9ation ( all ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* to ! "o head1 accord+ to ,col4 #b3ah1 #ai3 ,puff$ up by ! s5se ( 8 fle%1 & n hold+ ! ,head1 f :i* ! :ole body1 by jo9ts & b&s1 be+ suppli$ ) n\ri%m5t & compact$1 gr[e? unto ! increase ( ,god4 ,n[ ?is ,head is ,*ri/ ,himself1 ,^: vic]eg5t 9 ! ,*ur* is ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff4 ,:]e=e s*ismatics are ^? :o refuse to submit to ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 & to hold communion ) ^? memb]s ( ! ,*ur* :o ackn[l$ge 8 supremacy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! division betwe5 man & ,god t results f s9 is n int5d$ by ! s9n]3 x happ5s beside 8 int5tion z a result ( 8 turn+ inord9ately to a mutable good1 & s x is n s*ism prop]ly s call$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ess5ce ( s*ism consi/s 9 rebelli\sly disobey+ ! comm&m5ts3 & ,i say rebelli\sly1 s9ce a s*ismatic bo? ob/9ately scorns ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 & refuses to submit to h] judgm5t4 ,b e s9n] does n d ?is1 :]e=e n e s9 is a s*ism4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,h]esy & s*ism are di/+ui%$ 9 respect ( ^? ?+s to :i* ea* is oppos$ ess5tially & directly4 ,= h]esy is ess5tially oppos$ to fai?1 :ile s*ism is ess5tially oppos$ to ! unity ( ecclesia/ical *>ity4 ,:]e=e j z fai? & *>ity are diff]5t virtues1 al?\gh :oev] lacks fai? lacks *>ity1 s too s*ism & h]esy are diff]5t vices1 al?\gh :oev] is a h]etic is also a s*ismatic1 b n conv]sely4 ,?is is :at ,j]ome says 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians 99,9 ,ep4 ad ,tit4 iii1 #aj3 ,i consid] ! diff]5ce betwe5 s*ism & h]esy to be t h]esy holds false doctr9e :ile s*ism sev]s a man f ! ,*ur*4 ,nev]!less1 j z ! loss ( *>ity is ! road to ! loss ( fai?1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #a3f3 ,f :i* ?+s1 i4e4 *>ity & ! l1 "s go+ a/ray1 are turn$ aside into va9 babbl+1 s too1 s*ism is ! road to h]esy4 ,:]e=e ,j]ome adds 7,9 ,ep4 ad ,tit4 iii1 #aj7 t at ! outset x is possible1 9 a c]ta9 respect1 to f9d a diff]5ce betwe5 s*ism & h]esy3 yet !re is no s*ism t does n devise "s h]esy = itself1 t x may appe> to h _h a reason = sep>at+ f ! ,*ur*4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,s*ism ,is a ,grav] ,s9 ,?an ,unbelief8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s*ism is a grav] s9 ?an unbelief4 ,= ! grav] s9 meets ) a grav] puni%m5t1 accord+ to ,deut4 #be3b3 ,accord+ to ! measure ( ! s9 %all ! measure also ( ! /ripes be4 ,n[ we f9d ! s9 ( s*ism puni%$ m sev]ely ?an ev5 ! s9 ( unbelief or idolatry3 = we read 7,ex4 #cb3bh7 t "s 7 sla9 by ! swords ( _! fell[ m5 on acc\nt ( idolatry3 :]eas ( ! s9 ( s*ism we read 7,num4 #af3cj73 ,if ! ,"l d a new ?+1 & ! e>? op5+ h] m\? swall[ !m d[n1 & all ?+s t belong to !m1 & !y g d[n alive into hell1 y %all "k t !y h blasphem$ ! ,"l ,god4 ,moreov] ! t5 tribes :o 7 guilty ( s*ism 9 revolt+ f ! rule ( ,david 7 mo/ sev]ely puni%$ 7#d ,k+s #ag74 ,!re=e ! s9 ( s*ism is grav] ?an ! s9 ( unbelief4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,! good ( ! multitude is great] & m godlike ?an ! good ( ! individual1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 i1 #b74 ,n[ s*ism is oppos$ to ! good ( ! multitude1 namely1 ecclesia/ical unity1 :]eas unbelief is contr>y to ! p>ticul> good ( "o man1 namely ! fai? ( an individual4 ,!re=e x seems t s*ism is a grav] s9 ?an unbelief4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a great] good is oppos$ to a great] evil1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #aj74 ,n[ s*ism is oppos$ to *>ity1 :i* is a great] virtue ?an fai? to :i* unbelief is oppos$1 z %[n above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e s*ism is a grav] s9 ?an unbelief4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t :i* results f an addition to some?+ else surpasses t ?+ ei!r 9 good or 9 evil4 ,n[ h]esy results f some?+ be+ add$ to s*ism1 = x adds corrupt doctr9e1 z ,j]ome decl>es 9 ! passage quot$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,!re=e s*ism is a less griev\s s9 ?an unbelief4 ,i answ] t1 ,! gravity ( a s9 c be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 accord+ to ! species ( t s91 secondly1 accord+ to its circum/ances4 ,& s9ce p>ticul> circum/ances are inf9ite 9 numb]1 s too !y c be v>i$ 9 an inf9ite numb] ( ways3 :]e=e if "o 7 to ask 9 g5]al :i* ( two s9s is ! grav]1 ! "q mu/ be und]/ood to ref] to ! gravity d]iv$ f ! s9's g5us4 ,n[ ! g5us or species ( a s9 is tak5 f its object1 z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e ! s9 :i* is oppos$ to ! great] good is1 9 respect ( its g5us1 m griev\s1 = in/ance a s9 committ$ aga9/ ,god is grav] ?an a s9 committ$ aga9/ "o's neighbor4 ,n[ x is evid5t t unbelief is a s9 committ$ aga9/ ,god ,himself1 accord+ z ,he is ,himself ! ,fir/ ,tru?1 on :i* fai? is f\nd$2 :]eas s*ism is oppos$ to ecclesia/ical unity1 :i* is a p>ticipat$ good1 & a less] good ?an ,god ,himself4 ,:]e=e x is manife/ t ! s9 ( unbelief is g5]ically m griev\s ?an ! s9 ( s*ism1 al?\gh x may happ5 t a p>ticul> s*ismatic s9s m griev\sly ?an a p>ticul> unbeliev]1 ei!r because 8 contempt is great]1 or because 8 s9 is a s\rce ( great] dang]1 or = "s simil> reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x _h already be5 decl>$ to t p by ! law :i* !y _h receiv$ t !re 0 "o ,god1 & t no o!r ,god 0 to be wor%ipp$ by !m2 & ! same _h be5 confirm$ among !m by _m k9ds ( signs4 ,consequ5tly !re 0 no ne$ = ^? :o s9n$ aga9/ ?is fai? by fall+ into idolatry1 to be puni%$ 9 an unwont$ mann]3 x 0 en\gh t !y %\ld be puni%$ 9 ! usual way4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 n s well kn[n among !m t ,moses 0 always to be _! rul]1 & s x behoov$ ^? :o rebell$ aga9/ 8 au?ority to be puni%$ 9 a miracul\s & unwont$ mann]4 ,we may also reply by say+ t ! s9 ( s*ism 0 sometimes m sev]ely puni%$ 9 t p1 because !y 7 incl9$ to s$itions & s*isms4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,esdra #d3ae73 ,?is city s9ce days gone by has rebell$ aga9/ its k+s3 & s$itions & w>s 7 rais$ !re9 99,vulg43 ',?is city is a rebelli\s city1 & hurtful to ! k+s & prov9ces1 & 4 4 4 w>s 7 rais$ !re9 ( old'4 ,n[ sometimes a m sev]e puni%m5t is inflict$ = an habitual s9 7z /at$ above1 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #b1 ad #i71 because puni%m5ts are m$ic9es int5d$ to keep man away f s93 s t :]e !re is great] pron5ess to s91 a m sev]e puni%m5t ought to be inflict$4 ,z reg>ds ! t5 tribes1 !y 7 puni%$ n only = ! s9 ( s*ism1 b also = t ( idolatry z /at$ 9 ! passage quot$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z ! good ( ! multitude is great] ?an ! good ( a unit 9 t multitude1 s is x less ?an ! extr9sic good to :i* t multitude is direct$1 ev5 z ! good ( a rank 9 ! army is less ?an ! good ( ! comm&]-9-*ief4 ,9 l mann] ! good ( ecclesia/ical unity1 to :i* s*ism is oppos$1 is less ?an ! good ( ,div9e tru?1 to :i* unbelief is oppos$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*>ity has two objects2 "o is its pr9cipal object & is ! ,div9e goodness1 ! o!r is its second>y object & is our neighbor's good4 ,n[ s*ism & o!r s9s aga9/ our neighbor1 are oppos$ to *>ity 9 respect ( its second>y good1 :i* is less ?an ! object ( fai?1 = ?is is ,god ,himself2 & s ^! s9s are less griev\s ?an unbelief4 ,on ! o!r h&1 hatr$ ( ,god1 :i* is oppos$ to *>ity 9 respect ( its pr9cipal object1 is n less griev\s ?an unbelief4 ,nev]!less ( all s9s committ$ by man aga9/ 8 neighbor1 ! s9 ( s*ism w\ld seem to be ! greate/1 because x is oppos$ to ! spiritual good ( ! multitude4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,s*ismatics ,h ,any ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s*ismatics h "s p[]4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,donat4 i1 #a73 ,j z ^? :o come back to ! ,*ur* aft] be+ baptiz$1 are n baptiz$ aga91 s ^? :o return aft] be+ orda9$1 are n orda9$ aga94 ,n[ ,ord] is a k9d ( p[]4 ,!re=e s*ismatics h "s p[] s9ce !y reta9 _! ,ord]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,unico ,bapt4 99,de ,bap4 contra ,donat4 vi1 #e73 ,"o :o is sep>at$ c conf] a sacram5t ev5 z he c h x4 ,b ! p[] ( conf]r+ a sacram5t is a v great p[]4 ,!re=e s*ismatics :o are sep>at$ f ! ,*ur*1 h a spiritual p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,pope ,urban ,,ii 99,c\ncil ( ,piac5za1 cap4 x2 cf4 ,c4 ,ord9ationes1 ix1 qu4 #a says3 ,we comm& t p]sons consecrat$ by bi%ops :o 7 !mselves consecrat$ accord+ to ! ,ca?olic rite1 b h sep>at$ !mselves by s*ism f ! ,roman ,*ur*1 %\ld be receiv$ m]cifully & t _! ,ord]s %\ld be ackn[l$g$1 :5 !y return to ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 provid$ !y be ( comm5dable life & k4 ,b ?is w\ld n be s1 unless spiritual p[] 7 reta9$ by s*ismatics4 ,!re=e s*ismatics h spiritual p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,cyprian says 9 a lett] 7,ep4 lii1 quot$ vii1 qu4 #a1 c4 ,novatianus73 ,he :o obs]ves nei!r unity ( _s nor ! concord ( peace1 & sev]s himself f ! bonds ( ! ,*ur*1 & f ! fell[%ip ( h] prie/s1 _c h episcopal p[] or honor4 ,i answ] t1 ,spiritual p[] is tw(old1 ! "o sacram5tal1 ! o!r a p[] ( jurisdiction4 ,! sacram5tal p[] is "o t is conf]r$ by "s k9d ( consecration4 ,n[ all ! consecrations ( ! ,*ur* are immovable s long z ! consecrat$ ?+ rema9s3 z appe>s ev5 9 inanimate ?+s1 s9ce an alt>1 once consecrat$1 is n consecrat$ aga9 unless x has be5 brok5 up4 ,consequ5tly su* a p[] z ?is rema9s1 z to its ess5ce1 9 ! man :o has receiv$ x by consecration1 z long z he lives1 ev5 if he fall into s*ism or h]esy3 & ?is is prov$ f ! fact t if he come back to ! ,*ur*1 he is n consecrat$ anew4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! l[] p[] ought n to ex]cise its act1 except 9 s f> z x is mov$ by ! high] p[]1 z may be se5 also 9 ! physical ord]1 x foll[s t su* p]sons lose ! use ( _! p[]1 s t x is n lawful = !m to use x4 ,yet if !y use x1 ?is p[] has its effect 9 sacram5tal acts1 because !re9 man acts only z ,god's in/rum5t1 s t sacram5tal effects are n preclud$ on acc\nt ( any fault :atev] 9 ! p]son :o conf]s ! sacram5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p[] ( jurisdiction is t :i* is conf]r$ by a m]e human appo9tm5t4 ,su* a p[] z ?is does n adh]e to ! recipi5t immovably3 s t x does n rema9 9 h]etics & s*ismatics2 & consequ5tly !y nei!r absolve nor excommunicate1 nor grant indulg5ce1 nor d any?+ ( ! k9d1 & if !y d1 x is invalid4 ,accord+ly :5 x is said t su* l p]sons h no spiritual p[]1 x is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ ei!r to ! second p[]1 or if x be ref]r$ to ! fir/ p[]1 n z ref]r+ to ! ess5ce ( ! p[]1 b to its lawful use4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ci1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,"r ,t ,s*ismatics ,%\ld ,be ,puni%$ ) ,excommunication8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s*ismatics are n rightly puni%$ ) excommunication4 ,= excommunication deprives a man *iefly ( a %>e 9 ! sacram5ts4 ,b ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,donat4 vi1 #e7 t ,baptism c be receiv$ f a s*ismatic4 ,!re=e x seems t excommunication is n a fitt+ puni%m5t = s*ismatics4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is ! duty ( ,*ri/'s fai?ful to lead back ^? :o h gone a/ray1 :]e=e x is writt5 aga9/ c]ta9 p]sons 7,eze*4 #cd3d73 ,t :i* 0 driv5 away y h n br\ght aga91 nei!r h y s\ght t :i* 0 lo/4 ,n[ s*ismatics are m easily br\ght back by su* z may hold communion ) !m4 ,!re=e x seems t !y ought n to be excommunicat$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a d\ble puni%m5t is n inflict$ = "o & ! same s91 accord+ to ,nahum #a3i3 ,god w n judge ! same twice 99,septuag9t v]sion4 ,n[ "s receive a temporal puni%m5t = ! s9 ( s*ism1 accord+ to #bc1 qu4 #e 99,gratianus1 ,decretum1 ,p4 ,,ii1 causa ,,xxiii1 qu4 #e1 c4 #dd1 ,quali nos 7,,rp ,i1 #idc71 :]e x is /at$3 ,bo? div9e & e>?ly laws h laid d[n t ^? :o are sev]$ f ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 & di/urb h] peace1 mu/ be puni%$ by ! secul> p[]4 ,!re=e !y ought n to be puni%$ ) excommunication4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,num4 #af3bf73 ,dep>t f ! t5ts ( ^! wick$ m51 ^?1 to wit1 :o _h caus$ ! s*ism1 & t\* no?+ ( !irs1 le/ y be involv$ 9 _! s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ,wis4 #aa3aa1 ,by :at ?+s a man s9ne?1 by ! same also he %\ld be puni%$ ,vulg43 'he is torm5t$'4 ,n[ a s*ismatic1 z %[n above 7,a4 #a71 commits a tw(old s93 fir/ by sep>at+ himself f communion ) ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & 9 ?is respect ! fitt+ puni%m5t = s*ismatics is t !y be excommunicat$4 ,secondly1 !y refuse submission to ! head ( ! ,*ur*1 :]e=e1 s9ce !y are unwill+ to be controll$ by ! ,*ur*'s spiritual p[]1 x is j t !y %\ld be compell$ by ! secul> p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is n lawful to receive ,baptism f a s*ismatic1 save 9 a case ( necessity1 s9ce x is bett] = a man to quit ?is life1 m>k$ ) ! sign ( ,*ri/1 no matt] f :om he may receive x1 :e!r f a ,jew or a pagan1 ?an depriv$ ( t m>k1 :i* is be/[$ 9 ,baptism4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,excommunication does n =bid ! int]c\rse :]eby a p]son by salut>y admonitions leads back to ! unity ( ! ,*ur* ^? :o are sep>at$ f h]4 ,inde$ ?is v sep>ation br+s !m back some:at1 because ?r\gh confusion at _! sep>ation1 !y are sometimes l$ to d p5ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! puni%m5ts ( ! pres5t life are m$ic9al1 & !re=e :5 "o puni%m5t does n suffice to compel a man1 ano!r is add$3 j z physicians employ sev]al bodily m$ic9es :5 "o has no effect4 ,9 l mann] ! ,*ur*1 :5 excommunication does n suffici5tly re/ra9 c]ta9 m51 employs ! compulsion ( ! secul> arm4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o puni%m5t suffices1 ano!r %\ld n be employ$4 ,,"q #dj ,,( ,,w> 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] w>1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r "s k9d ( w> is lawful8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful = cl]ics to fight8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is lawful = bellig]5ts to lay ambu%es8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is lawful to fight on holy days8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is ,always ,s9ful to ,wage ,w>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is always s9ful to wage w>4 ,because puni%m5t is n inflict$ except = s94 ,n[ ^? :o wage w> are ?reat5$ by ,our ,"l ) puni%m5t1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bf3eb3 ,all t take ! sword %all p]i% ) ! sword4 ,!re=e all w>s are unlawful4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is contr>y to a ,div9e precept is a s94 ,b w> is contr>y to a ,div9e precept1 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3ci73 ,b ,i say to y n to resi/ evil2 & 7,rom4 #ab3ai73 ,n rev5g+ y\rselves1 my de>ly belov$1 b give place unto wra?4 ,!re=e w> is always s9ful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+1 except s91 is contr>y to an act ( virtue4 ,b w> is contr>y to peace4 ,!re=e w> is always a s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ex]cise ( a lawful ?+ is itself lawful1 z is evid5t 9 sci5tific ex]cises4 ,b w>like ex]cises :i* take place 9 t\rnam5ts are =bidd5 by ! ,*ur*1 s9ce ^? :o are sla9 9 ^! trials are depriv$ ( ecclesia/ical burial4 ,!re=e x seems t w> is a s9 9 itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 9 a s]mon on ! son ( ! c5turion 99,ep4 ad ,m>cel4 cxxxviii3 ,if ! ,*ri/ian ,religion =bade w> altoge!r1 ^? :o s\ght salut>y advice 9 ! ,gospel w\ld r h be5 c\nsell$ to ca/ aside _! arms1 & to give up soldi]+ altoge!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y 7 told3 ',d viol5ce to no man 4 4 4 & be cont5t ) y\r pay' 99,luke #c3ad4 ,if he comm&$ !m to be cont5t ) _! pay1 he did n =bid soldi]+4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ord] = a w> to be j1 ?ree ?+s are necess>y4 ,fir/1 ! au?ority ( ! sov]eign by ^: comm& ! w> is to be wag$4 ,= x is n ! bus9ess ( a private individual to decl>e w>1 because he c seek = r$ress ( 8 rights f ! tribunal ( 8 sup]ior4 ,moreov] x is n ! bus9ess ( a private individual to summon toge!r ! p1 :i* has to be done 9 w>time4 ,& z ! c>e ( ! common weal is committ$ to ^? :o are 9 au?ority1 x is _! bus9ess to wat* ov] ! common weal ( ! city1 k+dom or prov9ce subject to !m4 ,& j z x is lawful = !m to h rec\rse to ! sword 9 def5d+ t common weal aga9/ int]nal di/urbances1 :5 !y puni% evil-do]s1 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #ac3d73 ,he be>e? n ! sword 9 va93 = he is ,god's m9i/]1 an av5g] to execute wra? ^u him t do? evil2 s too1 x is _! bus9ess to h rec\rse to ! sword ( w> 9 def5d+ ! common weal aga9/ ext]nal enemies4 ,h5ce x is said to ^? :o are 9 au?ority 7,ps4 #ha3d73 ,rescue ! poor3 & deliv] ! ne$y out ( ! h& ( ! s9n]2 & = ?is reason ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #ge73 ,! natural ord] conducive to peace among mortals dem&s t ! p[] to decl>e & c\nsel w> %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o hold ! supreme au?ority4 ,secondly1 a j cause is requir$1 namely t ^? :o are attack$1 %\ld be attack$ because !y des]ve x on acc\nt ( "s fault4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 9 ,hept41 qu4 x1 sup] ,jos473 ,a j w> is wont to be describ$ z "o t av5ges wrongs1 :5 a nation or /ate has to be puni%$1 = refus+ to make am5ds = ! wrongs inflict$ by its subjects1 or to re/ore :at x has seiz$ unju/ly4 ,?irdly1 x is necess>y t ! bellig]5ts %\ld h a rightful int5tion1 s t !y int5d ! advancem5t ( good1 or ! avoidance ( evil4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 99,! words quot$ are to be f\nd n 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e's works1 b ,c4 ,apud4 ,caus4 xxiii1 qu4 #a73 ,true religion looks ^u z peaceful ^? w>s t are wag$ n = motives ( aggr&izem5t1 or cruelty1 b ) ! object ( secur+ peace1 ( puni%+ evil-do]s1 & ( uplift+ ! good4 ,= x may happ5 t ! w> is decl>$ by ! legitimate au?ority1 & = a j cause1 & yet be r5d]$ unlawful ?r\gh a wick$ int5tion4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #gd73 ,! passion = inflict+ h>m1 ! cruel ?ir/ = v5geance1 an unpacific & rel5tless _s1 ! fev] ( revolt1 ! lu/ ( p[]1 & su* l ?+s1 all ^! are rightly condemn$ 9 w>4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #gj73 ,to take ! sword is to arm oneself 9 ord] to take ! life ( anyone1 )\t ! comm& or p]mission ( sup]ior or lawful au?ority4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to h rec\rse to ! sword 7z a private p]son7 by ! au?ority ( ! sov]eign or judge1 or 7z a public p]son7 ?r\gh zeal = ju/ice1 & by ! au?ority1 s to speak1 ( ,god1 is n to take ! sword1 b to use x z commission$ by ano!r1 :]e=e x does n des]ve puni%m5t4 ,& yet ev5 ^? :o make s9ful use ( ! sword are n always sla9 ) ! sword1 yet !y always p]i% ) _! own sword1 because1 unless !y rep5t1 !y are puni%$ et]nally = _! s9ful use ( ! sword4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,su* l precepts1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #ai71 %\ld always be borne 9 read9ess ( m9d1 s t we be ready to obey !m1 &1 if necess>y1 to refra9 f resi/ance or self-def5se4 ,nev]!less x is necess>y sometimes = a man to act o!rwise = ! common good1 or = ! good ( ^? ) :om he is fight+4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ad ,m>cell94 cxxxviii73 ,^? :om we h to puni% ) a k9dly sev]ity1 x is necess>y to h&le 9 _m ways aga9/ _! w4 ,= :5 we are /ripp+ a man ( ! lawlessness ( s91 x is good = him to be vanqui%$1 s9ce no?+ is m hopeless ?an ! happ9ess ( s9n]s1 :5ce arises a guilty impunity1 & an evil w1 l an int]nal enemy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? :o wage w> ju/ly aim at peace1 & s !y are n oppos$ to peace1 except to ! evil peace1 :i* ,our ,"l came n to s5d ^u e>? 7,matt4 #aj3cd74 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ad ,bonif4 clxxxix73 ,we d n seek peace 9 ord] to be at w>1 b we g to w> t we may h peace4 ,be peaceful1 !re=e1 9 w>r+1 s t y may vanqui% ^? :om y w> aga9/1 & br+ !m to ! prosp]ity ( peace4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,manly ex]cises 9 w>like feats ( arms are n all =bidd51 b ^? :i* are inord9ate & p]il\s1 & end 9 slay+ or plund]+4 ,9 old5 times w>like ex]cises pres5t$ no su* dang]1 & h5ce !y 7 call$ ex]cises ( arms or bloodless w>s1 z ,j]ome /ates 9 an epi/le 99,ref]5ce incorrect3 cf4 ,veget41 ,de ,re ,milit4 i4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = ,cl]ics & ,bi%ops to ,fight8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem lawful = cl]ics & bi%ops to fight4 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 w>s are lawful & j 9 s f> z !y protect ! poor & ! entire common weal f suff]+ at ! h&s ( ! foe4 ,n[ ?is seems to be above all ! duty ( prelates1 = ,gregory says 7,hom4 9 ,ev4 xiv73 ,! wolf comes ^u ! %eep1 :5 any unju/ & rapaci\s man oppresses ^? :o are fai?ful & humble4 ,b he :o 0 ?\ght to be ! %eph]d1 & 0 n1 leave? ! %eep1 & flie?1 = he fe>s le/ ! wolf hurt him1 & d>es n /& up aga9/ 8 inju/ice4 ,!re=e x is lawful = prelates & cl]ics to fight4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,pope ,leo ,,iv writes 7xxiii1 qu4 #h1 c4 ,igitur73 ,z unt[>d tid+s _h frequ5tly come f ! ,s>ac5 side1 "s said t ! ,s>ac5s w\ld come to ! port ( ,rome secretly & cov]tly2 = :i* reason we comm&$ our p to ga!r toge!r1 & ord]$ !m to g d[n to ! sea%ore4 ,!re=e x is lawful = bi%ops to fight4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 app>5tly1 x comes to ! same :e!r a man does a ?+ himself1 or cons5ts to its be+ done by ano!r1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3cb3 ,!y :o d su* ?+s1 are wor?y ( dea?1 & n only !y t d !m1 b !y also t cons5t to !m t d !m4 ,n[ ^?1 above all1 seem to cons5t to a ?+1 :o induce o!rs to d x4 ,b x is lawful = bi%ops & cl]ics to induce o!rs to fight3 = x is writt5 7xxiii1 qu4 #h1 c4 ,hortatu7 t ,*>les w5t to w> ) ! ,lomb>ds at ! in/ance & entreaty ( ,adrian1 bi%op ( ,rome4 ,!re=e !y also are all[$ to fight4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is "r & m]itori\s 9 itself1 is lawful = prelates & cl]ics4 ,n[ x is sometimes "r & m]itori\s to make w>1 = x is writt5 7xxiii1 qu4 #h1 c4 ,omni timore7 t if a man die = ! true fai?1 or to save 8 c\ntry1 or 9 def5se ( ,*ri/ians1 ,god w give him a heav5ly rew>d4 ,!re=e x is lawful = bi%ops & cl]ics to fight4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x 0 said to ,pet] z repres5t+ bi%ops & cl]ics 7,matt4 #af3eb73 ,put up aga9 ?y sword into ! scabb>d ,vulg43 'its place' 99,scabb>d is ! read+ 9 ,john #ah3aa4 ,!re=e x is n lawful = !m to fight4 ,i answ] t1 ,sev]al ?+s are requisite = ! good ( a human society3 & a numb] ( ?+s are done bett] & quick] by a numb] ( p]sons ?an by "o1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,polit4 i1 #a71 :ile c]ta9 occupations are s inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r1 t !y _c be fitt+ly ex]cis$ at ! same "t2 :]e=e ^? :o are deput$ to important duties are =bidd5 to occupy !mselves ) ?+s ( small importance4 ,?us accord+ to human laws1 soldi]s :o are deput$ to w>like pursuits are =bidd5 to engage 9 comm]ce 99,cod4 xii1 #ce1 ,de ,re ,milit44 ,n[ w>like pursuits are altoge!r incompatible ) ! duties ( a bi%op & a cl]ic1 = two reasons4 ,! fir/ reason is a g5]al "o1 because1 to wit1 w>like pursuits are full ( unre/1 s t !y h9d] ! m9d v mu* f ! contemplation ( ,div9e ?+s1 ! praise ( ,god1 & pray]s = ! p1 :i* belong to ! duties ( a cl]ic4 ,:]e=e j z comm]cial ent]prises are =bidd5 to cl]ics1 because !y unsettle ! m9d too mu*1 s too are w>like pursuits1 accord+ to #b ,tim4 #b3d3 ,no man be+ a soldi] to ,god1 entangle? himself ) secul> bus9ess4 ,! second reason is a special "o1 because1 to wit1 all ! cl]ical ,ord]s are direct$ to ! m9i/ry ( ! alt>1 on :i* ! ,passion ( ,*ri/ is repres5t$ sacram5tally1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #aa3bf3 ,z (t5 z y %all eat ?is bread1 & dr9k ! *alice1 y %all %[ ! dea? ( ! ,"l1 until ,he come4 ,:]e=e x is unbecom+ = !m to slay or %$ blood1 & x is m fitt+ t !y %\ld be ready to %$ _! own blood = ,*ri/1 s z to imitate 9 de$ :at !y portray 9 _! m9i/ry4 ,= ?is reason x has be5 decre$ t ^? :o %$ blood1 ev5 )\t s91 become irregul>4 ,n[ no man :o has a c]ta9 duty to p]=m1 c lawfully d t :i* r5d]s him unfit = t duty4 ,:]e=e x is altoge!r unlawful = cl]ics to fight1 because w> is direct$ to ! %$d+ ( blood4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,prelates ought to )/& n only ! wolf :o br+s spiritual dea? ^u ! flock1 b also ! pillag] & ! oppressor :o "w bodily h>m2 n1 h[ev]1 by hav+ rec\rse !mselves to mat]ial arms1 b by means ( spiritual weapons1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #aj3d73 ,! weapons ( our w>f>e are n c>nal1 b mighty ?r\gh ,god4 ,su* are salut>y w>n+s1 dev\t pray]s1 &1 = ^? :o are ob/9ate1 ! s5t5ce ( excommunication4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prelates & cl]ics may1 by ! au?ority ( _! sup]iors1 take "p 9 w>s1 n inde$ by tak+ up arms !mselves1 b by af=d+ spiritual help to ^? :o fight ju/ly1 by exhort+ & absolv+ !m1 & by o!r l spiritual helps4 ,?us 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,jo%ua #f3d7 ! prie/s 7 comm&$ to s\nd ! sacr$ trumpets 9 ! battle4 ,x 0 = ?is purpose t bi%ops or cl]ics 7 fir/ all[$ to g to ! front3 & x is an abuse ( ?is p]mission1 if any ( !m take up arms !mselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b7 e p[]1 art or virtue t reg>ds ! end1 has to dispose t :i* is direct$ to ! end4 ,n[1 among ! fai?ful1 c>nal w>s %\ld be consid]$ z hav+ = _! end ! ,div9e spiritual good to :i* cl]ics are deput$4 ,:]e=e x is ! duty ( cl]ics to dispose & c\nsel o!r m5 to engage 9 j w>s4 ,= !y are =bidd5 to take up arms1 n z ?\gh x 7 a s91 b because su* an occupation is unbecom+ _! p]sonality4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh x is m]itori\s to wage a j w>1 nev]!less x is r5d]$ unlawful = cl]ics1 by reason ( _! be+ deput$ to works m m]itori\s /ill4 ,?us ! m>riage act may be m]itori\s2 & yet x becomes repreh5sible 9 ^? :o h v[$ virg9ity1 because !y are b\nd to a yet great] good4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q41 #dj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,lay ,ambu%es 9 ,w>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is unlawful to lay ambu%es 9 w>4 ,= x is writt5 7,deut4 #af3bj73 ,?\ %alt foll[ ju/ly aft] t :i* is j4 ,b ambu%es1 s9ce !y are a k9d ( deception1 seem to p]ta9 to inju/ice4 ,!re=e x is unlawful to lay ambu%es ev5 9 a j w>4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ambu%es & deception seem to be oppos$ to fai?fulness ev5 z lies are4 ,b s9ce we are b\nd to keep fai? ) all m51 x is wrong to lie to anyone1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,contra ,m5d4 xv74 ,!re=e1 z "o is b\nd to keep fai? ) "o's enemy1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,ep4 ad ,bonif4 clxxxix71 x seems t x is unlawful to lay ambu%es = "o's enemies4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,matt4 #g3ab73 ,:atsoev] y w\ld t m5 %\ld d to y1 d y also to !m3 & we ought to obs]ve ?is 9 all our deal+s ) our neighbor4 ,n[ our enemy is our neighbor4 ,!re=e1 s9ce no man wi%es ambu%es or deceptions to be prep>$ = himself1 x seems t no "o ought to c>ry on w> by lay+ ambu%es4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 9 ,hept4 qu4 x sup] ,jos73 ,provid$ ! w> be j1 x is no conc]n ( ju/ice :e!r x be c>ri$ on op5ly or by ambu%es3 & he proves ?is by ! au?ority ( ! ,"l1 ,:o comm&$ ,jo%ua to lay ambu%es = ! city ( ,hai 7,jo%ua #h3b74 ,i answ] t1 ,! object ( lay+ ambu%es is 9 ord] to deceive ! enemy4 ,n[ a man may be deceiv$ by ano!r's ^w or de$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh be+ told some?+ false1 or ?r\gh ! break+ ( a promise1 & ?is is always unlawful4 ,no "o ought to deceive ! enemy 9 ?is way1 = !re are c]ta9 rights ( w> & cov5ants1 :i* ought to be obs]v$ ev5 among enemies1 z ,ambrose /ates 7,de ,(ficiis i74 ,secondly1 a man may be deceiv$ by :at we say or d1 because we d n decl>e our purpose or mean+ to him4 ,n[ we are n always b\nd to d ?is1 s9ce ev5 9 ! ,sacr$ ,doctr9e _m ?+s h to be conceal$1 especially f unbeliev]s1 le/ !y d]ide x1 accord+ to ,matt4 #g3f3 ,give n t :i* is holy1 to dogs4 ,:]e=e mu* m ought ! plan ( campaign to be hidd5 f ! enemy4 ,= ?is reason among o!r ?+s t a soldi] has to le>n is ! art ( conceal+ 8 purpose le/ x come to ! enemy's k1 z /at$ 9 ! ,book on ,/rategy 99,/ratagematum i1 #a by ,front9us4 ,su* l concealm5t is :at is meant by an ambu% :i* may be lawfully employ$ 9 a j w>4 ,nor c ^! ambu%es be prop]ly call$ deceptions1 nor are !y contr>y to ju/ice or to a well-ord]$ w4 ,= a man w\ld h an inord9ate w if he 7 unwill+ t o!rs %\ld hide any?+ f him4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,fight on ,holy ,days8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful to fight on holy days4 ,= holy days are in/itut$ t we may give our "t to ! ?+s ( ,god4 ,h5ce !y are includ$ 9 ! keep+ ( ! ,sabba? prescrib$ ,ex4 #bj3h3 = sabba? is int]pret$ re/4 ,b w>s are full ( unre/4 ,!re=e by no means is x lawful to fight on holy days4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 c]ta9 p]sons are reproa*$ 7,isa4 #eh3c7 because on fa/-days !y exact$ :at 0 ow+ to !m1 7 guilty ( /rife1 & ( smit+ ) ! fi/4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 is x unlawful to fight on holy days4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no ill de$ %\ld be done to avoid temporal h>m4 ,b fight+ on a holy day seems 9 itself to be an ill de$4 ,!re=e no "o %\ld fight on a holy day ev5 ?r\gh ! ne$ ( avoid+ temporal h>m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,mac4 #b3da73 ,! ,jews rightly det]m9$ 4 4 4 say+3 ,:osoev] %all come up aga9/ u to fight on ! ,sabba?-day1 we w fight aga9/ him4 ,i answ] t1 ,! obs]vance ( holy days is no h9drance to ^? ?+s :i* are orda9$ to man's safety1 ev5 t ( 8 body4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l argu$ ) ! ,jews1 say+ 7,john #g3bc73 ,are y angry at ,me because ,i h heal$ ! :ole man on ! ,sabba?-day8 ,h5ce physicians may lawfully att5d to _! pati5ts on holy days4 ,n[ !re is mu* m reason = safegu>d+ ! common weal 7:]eby _m are sav$ f be+ sla91 & innum]able evils bo? temporal & spiritual prev5t$71 ?an ! bodily safety ( an individual4 ,!re=e1 = ! purpose ( safegu>d+ ! common weal ( ! fai?ful1 x is lawful to c>ry on a w> on holy days1 provid$ !re be ne$ = do+ s3 because x w\ld be to tempt ,god1 if not)/&+ su* a ne$1 "o 7 to *oose to refra9 f fight+4 ,h[ev]1 z soon z ! ne$ ceases1 x is no long] lawful to fight on a holy day1 = ! reasons giv53 :]e=e ?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,"q #da ,,( ,,/rife 7,9 ,two ,articles7 99,/rife "h d5otes fight+ betwe5 individuals ,we mu/ n[ consid] /rife1 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r /rife is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a daught] ( ang]8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #da1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,/rife ,is ,always a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t /rife is n always a s94 ,= /rife seems a k9d ( cont5tion3 h5ce ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 t ! ^w rixosus qu>relsome is d]iv$ f ! sn>l+ rictu ( a dog1 because ! qu>relsome man is ev] ready to contradict2 he delights 9 brawl+1 & provokes cont5tion4 ,n[ cont5tion is n always a s94 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 is /rife4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is relat$ 7,g54 #bf3ba7 t ! s]vants ( ,isaac digg$ ano!r well1 & = t !y qu>rell$ likewise4 ,n[ x is n cr$ible t ! h\sehold ( ,isaac qu>rell$ publicly1 )\t be+ reprov$ by him1 suppos+ x 7 a s94 ,!re=e /rife is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 /rife seems to be a w> betwe5 individuals4 ,b w> is n always s9ful4 ,!re=e /rife is n always a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,/rifes 99,! ,d\ay v]sion has 'qu>rels' are reckon$ among ! works ( ! fle% 7,gal4 #e3bj71 & !y :o d su* ?+s %all n obta9 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,!re=e /rifes are n only s9ful1 b !y are ev5 mortal s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,:ile cont5tion implies a contradiction ( words1 /rife d5otes a c]ta9 contradiction ( de$s4 ,:]e=e a gloss on ,gal4 #e3bj says t /rifes are :5 p]sons /rike "o ano!r ?r\gh ang]4 ,h5ce /rife is a k9d ( private w>1 because x takes place betwe5 private p]sons1 be+ decl>$ n by public au?ority1 b r by an inord9ate w4 ,!re=e /rife is always s9ful4 ,9 fact x is a mortal s9 9 ! man :o attacks ano!r unju/ly1 = x is n )\t mortal s9 t "o inflicts h>m on ano!r ev5 if ! de$ be done by ! h&s4 ,b 9 him :o def5ds himself1 x may be )\t s91 or x may sometimes involve a v5ial s91 or sometimes a mortal s92 & ?is dep5ds on 8 int5tion & on 8 mann] ( def5d+ himself4 ,= if 8 sole int5tion be to )/& ! injury done to him1 & he def5d himself ) due mod]ation1 x is no s91 & "o _c say prop]ly t !re is /rife on 8 "p4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 8 self-def5se be inspir$ by v5geance & hatr$1 x is always a s94 ,x is a v5ial s91 if a slight movem5t ( hatr$ or v5geance obtrude itself1 or if he does n mu* exce$ mod]ation 9 def5d+ himself3 b x is a mortal s9 if he makes = 8 assailant ) ! fix$ int5tion ( kill+ him1 or inflict+ griev\s h>m on him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,/rife is n j ! same z cont5tion3 & !re are ?ree ?+s 9 ! passage quot$ f ,isidore1 :i* express ! inord9ate nature ( /rife4 ,fir/1 ! qu>relsome man is always ready to fight1 & ?is is convey$ by ! words1 ev] ready to contradict1 t is to say1 :e!r ! o!r man says or does well or ill4 ,secondly1 he delights 9 qu>rell+ itself1 & s ! passage proce$s1 & delights 9 brawl+4 ,?irdly1 he provokes o!rs to qu>rel1 :]e=e x goes on1 & provokes cont5tion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s5se ( ! text is n t ! s]vants ( ,isaac qu>rell$1 b t ! inhabitants ( t c\ntry qu>rell$ ) !m3 :]e=e ^! s9n$1 & n ! s]vants ( ,isaac1 :o bore ! calumny 99,cf4 ,g54 #bf3bj4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ord] = a w> to be j x mu/ be decl>$ by au?ority ( ! gov]n+ p[]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a72 :]eas /rife proce$s f a private feel+ ( ang] or hatr$4 ,= if ! s]vants ( a sov]eign or judge1 9 virtue ( _! public au?ority1 attack c]ta9 m5 & ^! def5d !mselves1 x is n ! =m] :o are said to be guilty ( /rife1 b ^? :o resi/ ! public au?ority4 ,h5ce x is n ! assailants 9 ?is case :o are guilty ( /rife & commit s91 b ^? :o def5d !mselves inord9ately4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #da1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,/rife ,is a ,daught] ( ,ang]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t /rife is n a daught] ( ang]4 ,= x is writt5 7,james #d3a73 ,:5ce are w>s & cont5tions8 ,are !y n 4 4 4 f y\r concupisc5ces1 :i* w> 9 y\r memb]s8 ,b ang] is n 9 ! concupiscible faculty4 ,!re=e /rife is a daught]1 n ( ang]1 b ( concupisc5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #bh3be73 ,he t boa/e? & puffe? up himself1 /irre? up qu>rels4 ,n[ /rife is app>5tly ! same z qu>rel4 ,!re=e x seems t /rife is a daught] ( pride or va+lory :i* makes a man boa/ & puff himself up4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #ah3f73 ,! lips ( a fool int]m$dle ) /rife4 ,n[ folly diff]s f ang]1 = x is oppos$1 n to meekness1 b to wisdom or prud5ce4 ,!re=e /rife is n a daught] ( ang]4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #aj3ab73 ,hatr$ /irre? up /rifes4 ,b hatr$ arises f envy1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag74 ,!re=e /rife is n a daught] ( ang]1 b ( envy4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #ag3ai73 ,he t /udie? discords1 s[e? ,vulg43 'love?' qu>rels4 ,b discord is a daught] ( va+lory1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cg1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e /rife is also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag7 t ang] gives rise to /rife2 & x is writt5 7,prov4 #ae3ah2 #bi3bb73 ,a passionate man /irre? up /rifes4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 /rife d5otes an antagonism ext5d+ to de$s1 :5 "o man designs to h>m ano!r4 ,n[ !re are two ways 9 :i* "o man may int5d to h>m ano!r4 ,9 "o way x is z ?\gh he int5d$ absolutely ! o!r's hurt1 :i* 9 ?is case is ! outcome ( hatr$1 = ! int5tion ( hatr$ is direct$ to ! hurt ( "o's enemy ei!r op5ly or secretly4 ,9 ano!r way a man int5ds to hurt ano!r :o kn[s & )/&s 8 int5tion4 ,?is is :at we mean by /rife1 & belongs prop]ly to ang] :i* is ! desire ( v5geance3 = ! angry man is n cont5t to hurt secretly ! object ( 8 ang]1 he ev5 wi%es him to feel ! hurt & "k t :at he suff]s is 9 rev5ge = :at he has done1 z may be se5 f :at has be5 said above ab\t ! passion ( ang] 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,a4 #f1 ad #b74 ,!re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 /rife arises f ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 all ! irascible passions arise f ^? ( ! concupiscible faculty1 s t :atev] is ! imm$iate outcome ( ang]1 arises also f concupisc5ce z f its fir/ root4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,boa/+ & puff+ up ( self :i* are ! result ( ang] or va+lory1 are n ! direct b ! occasional cause ( qu>rels or /rife1 because1 :5 a man res5ts ano!r be+ pref]r$ to him1 8 ang] is ar\s$1 & !n 8 ang] results 9 qu>rel & /rife4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ang]1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #c7 h9d]s ! judgm5t ( ! reason1 s t x be>s a lik5ess to folly4 ,h5ce !y h a common effect1 s9ce x is due to a defect 9 ! reason t a man designs to hurt ano!r inord9ately4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh /rife sometimes arises f hatr$1 x is n ! prop] effect !re(1 because :5 "o man hates ano!r x is beside 8 int5tion to hurt him 9 a qu>relsome & op5 mann]1 s9ce sometimes he seeks to hurt him secretly4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he sees himself prevail+1 he endeavors to h>m him ) /rife & qu>rel4 ,b to hurt a man 9 a qu>rel is ! prop] effect ( ang]1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,/rifes give rise to hatr$ & discord 9 ! he>ts ( ^? :o are guilty ( /rife1 & s he t /udies1 i4e41 int5ds to s[ discord among o!rs1 causes !m to qu>rel among !mselves4 ,ev5 s any s9 may comm& ! act ( ano!r s91 by direct+ x to its own end4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 prove t /rife is ! daught] ( va+lory prop]ly & directly4 ,,"q #db ,,( ,,s$ition 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] s$ition1 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is a special s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,s$ition ,is a ,special ,s9 ,di/9ct f ,o!r ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s$ition is n a special s9 di/9ct f o!r s9s4 ,=1 accord+ to ,isidore 7,etym4 x71 a s$iti\s man is "o :o s[s diss5t among m9ds1 & begets discord4 ,n[1 by provok+ ! commission ( a s91 a man s9s by no o!r k9d ( s9 ?an t :i* he provok$4 ,!re=e x seems t s$ition is n a special s9 di/9ct f discord4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s$ition d5otes a k9d ( division4 ,n[ s*ism takes its "n f scission1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ci1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e1 seem+ly1 ! s9 ( s$ition is n di/9ct f t ( s*ism4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e special s9 t is di/9ct f o!r s9s1 is ei!r a capital vice1 or arises f "s capital vice4 ,n[ s$ition is reckon$ nei!r among ! capital vices1 nor among ^? vices :i* arise f !m1 z appe>s f ,moral4 xxxi1 #de1 :]e bo? k9ds ( vice are enum]at$4 ,!re=e s$ition is n a special s91 di/9ct f o!r s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s$itions are m5tion$ z di/9ct f o!r s9s 7#b ,cor4 #ab3bj74 ,i answ] t1 ,s$ition is a special s91 hav+ some?+ 9 common ) w> & /rife1 & diff]+ some:at f !m4 ,x has some?+ 9 common ) !m1 9 s f> z x implies a c]ta9 antagonism1 & x diff]s f !m 9 two po9ts4 ,fir/1 because w> & /rife d5ote actual aggression on ei!r side1 :]eas s$ition may be said to d5ote ei!r actual aggression1 or ! prep>ation = su* aggression4 ,h5ce a gloss on #b ,cor4 #ab3bj says t s$itions are tumults t5d+ to fight1 :51 to wit1 a numb] ( p make prep>ations ) ! int5tion ( fight+4 ,secondly1 !y diff] 9 t w> is1 prop]ly speak+1 c>ri$ on aga9/ ext]nal foes1 be+ z x 7 betwe5 "o p & ano!r1 :]eas /rife is betwe5 "o individual & ano!r1 or betwe5 few p on "o side & few on ! o!r side1 :ile s$ition1 9 its prop] s5se1 is betwe5 mutually diss5ti5t p>ts ( "o p1 z :5 "o "p ( ! /ate rises 9 tumult aga9/ ano!r "p4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce s$ition is oppos$ to a special k9d ( good1 namely ! unity & peace ( a p1 x is a special k9d ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a s$iti\s man is "o :o incites o!rs to s$ition1 & s9ce s$ition d5otes a k9d ( discord1 x foll[s t a s$iti\s man is "o :o creates discord1 n ( any k9d1 b betwe5 ! p>ts ( a multitude4 ,& ! s9 ( s$ition is n only 9 him :o s[s discord1 b also 9 ^? :o diss5t f "o ano!r inord9ately4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s$ition diff]s f s*ism 9 two respects4 ,fir/1 because s*ism is oppos$ to ! spiritual unity ( ! multitude1 viz4 ecclesia/ical unity1 :]eas s$ition is contr>y to ! temporal or secul> unity ( ! multitude1 = in/ance ( a city or k+dom4 ,secondly1 s*ism does n imply any prep>ation = a mat]ial fight z s$ition does1 b only = a spiritual diss5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s$ition1 l s*ism1 is conta9$ "u discord1 s9ce ea* is a k9d ( discord1 n betwe5 individuals1 b betwe5 ! p>ts ( a multitude4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #db1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,s$ition ,is ,always a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s$ition is n always a mortal s94 ,= s$ition d5otes a tumult t5d+ to fight1 accord+ to ! gloss quot$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b fight+ is n always a mortal s91 inde$ x is sometimes j & lawful1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a74 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 c s$ition be )\t a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s$ition is a k9d ( discord1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,n[ discord c be )\t mortal s91 & sometimes )\t any s9 at all4 ,!re=e s$ition c be also4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is praisewor?y to deliv] a multitude f a tyrannical rule4 ,yet ?is _c easily be done )\t "s diss5sion 9 ! multitude1 if "o "p ( ! multitude seeks to reta9 ! tyrant1 :ile ! re/ /rive to de?rone him4 ,!re=e !re c be s$ition )\t mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le =bids s$itions toge!r ) o!r ?+s t are mortal s9s 7#b ,cor4 #ab3bj74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b71 s$ition is contr>y to ! unity ( ! multitude1 viz4 ! p ( a city or k+dom4 ,n[ ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ii1 #ba7 t wise m5 und]/& ! ^w p to designate n any cr[d ( p]sons1 b ! assembly ( ^? :o are unit$ toge!r 9 fell[%ip recogniz$ by law & = ! common good4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t ! unity to :i* s$ition is oppos$ is ! unity ( law & common good3 :5ce x foll[s manife/ly t s$ition is oppos$ to ju/ice & ! common good4 ,!re=e by reason ( its g5us x is a mortal s91 & its gravity w be all ! great] accord+ z ! common good :i* x assails surpasses ! private good :i* is assail$ by /rife4 ,accord+ly ! s9 ( s$ition is fir/ & *iefly 9 its au?ors1 :o s9 mo/ griev\sly2 & secondly x is 9 ^? :o are l$ by !m to di/urb ! common good4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o def5d ! common good1 & )/& ! s$iti\s p>ty1 are n !mselves s$iti\s1 ev5 z nei!r is a man to be call$ qu>relsome because he def5ds himself1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #da1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is lawful to fight1 provid$ x be = ! common good1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a74 ,b s$ition runs c\nt] to ! common good ( ! multitude1 s t x is always a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,discord f :at is n evid5tly good1 may be )\t s91 b discord f :at is evid5tly good1 _c be )\t s93 & s$ition is discord ( ?is k9d1 = x is contr>y to ! unity ( ! multitude1 :i* is a manife/ good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a tyrannical gov]nm5t is n j1 because x is direct$1 n to ! common good1 b to ! private good ( ! rul]1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,polit4 iii1 #e2 ,e?ic4 viii1 #aj74 ,consequ5tly !re is no s$ition 9 di/urb+ a gov]nm5t ( ?is k9d1 unless inde$ ! tyrant's rule be di/urb$ s inord9ately1 t 8 subjects suff] great] h>m f ! consequ5t di/urbance ?an f ! tyrant's gov]nm5t4 ,inde$ x is ! tyrant r t is guilty ( s$ition1 s9ce he enc\rages discord & s$ition among 8 subjects1 t he may "l ov] !m m securely2 = ?is is tyranny1 be+ conducive to ! private good ( ! rul]1 & to ! injury ( ! multitude4 ,,"q #dc ,,( ,,sc&al 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,x rema9s = u to consid] ! vices :i* are oppos$ to b5efic5ce1 among :i* "s come "u ! head ( inju/ice1 ^?1 to wit1 :]eby "o h>ms "o's neighbor unju/ly4 ,b sc&al seems to be specially oppos$ to *>ity4 ,accord+ly we mu/ "h consid] sc&al1 "u :i* head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is sc&al8 7#b7 ,:e!r sc&al is a s98 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a special s98 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#e7 ,:e!r ! p]fect c be sc&aliz$8 7#f7 ,:e!r !y c give sc&al8 7#g7 ,:e!r spiritual goods are to be =egone on acc\nt ( sc&al8 7#h7 ,:e!r temporal ?+s are to be =egone on acc\nt ( sc&al8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,sc&al ,is ,fitt+ly ,def9$ ,z ,be+ ,some?+ ,less ,rightly ,said or ,done ,t ,occasions ,spiritual ,d[nfall8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sc&al is unfitt+ly def9$ z some?+ less rightly said or done t occasions spiritual d[nfall4 ,= sc&al is a s9 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,a4 #b74 ,n[1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #bg71 a s9 is a ^w1 de$1 or desire contr>y to ! law ( ,god4 ,!re=e ! def9ition giv5 above is insuffici5t1 s9ce x omits ?\ght or desire4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9ce among virtu\s or "r acts "o is m virtu\s or m "r ?an ano!r1 t "o alone :i* has p]fect rectitude w\ld n seem to be a less "r "o4 ,if1 !re=e1 sc&al is some?+ less rightly said or done1 x foll[s t e virtu\s act except ! be/ ( all1 is a sc&al4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an occasion is an accid5tal cause4 ,b no?+ accid5tal %\ld ent] a def9ition1 because x does n specify ! ?+ def9$4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+1 9 def9+ sc&al1 to say t x is an occasion4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :atev] a man does may be ! occasion ( ano!r's spiritual d[nfall1 because accid5tal causes are indet]m9ate4 ,consequ5tly1 if sc&al is some?+ t occasions ano!r's spiritual d[nfall1 any de$ or ^w c be a sc&al3 & ?is seems unreasonable4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 a man occasions 8 neighbor's spiritual d[nfall :5 he (f5ds or weak5s him4 ,n[ sc&al is condivid$ ) (f5se & weakness1 = ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ad3ba73 ,x is good n to eat fle%1 & n to dr9k w9e1 nor any?+ :]eby ?y bro!r is (f5d$ or sc&aliz$1 or weak5$4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid def9ition ( sc&al is unfitt+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome 9 exp\nd+ ,matt4 #ae3ab1 ,do/ ?\ "k t ! ,ph>isees1 :5 !y he>d ?is ^w1 etc4 says3 ,:5 we read ',:osoev] %all sc&alize1' ! s5se is ',:osoev] %all1 by de$ or ^w1 occasion ano!r's spiritual d[nfall4' ,i answ] t1 ,z ,j]ome obs]ves ! ,greek sk&alon may be r5d]$ (f5se1 d[nfall1 or a /umbl+ aga9/ some?+4 ,= :5 a body1 :ile mov+ along a pa?1 meets ) an ob/acle1 x may happ5 to /umble aga9/ x1 & be dispos$ to fall d[n3 su* an ob/acle is a sk&alon4 ,9 l mann]1 :ile go+ along ! spiritual way1 a man may be dispos$ to a spiritual d[nfall by ano!r's ^w or de$1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z "o man by 8 injunction1 inducem5t or example1 moves ano!r to s92 & ?is is sc&al prop]ly s call$4 ,n[ no?+ by its v nature disposes a man to spiritual d[nfall1 except t :i* has "s lack ( rectitude1 s9ce :at is p]fectly "r1 secures man aga9/ a fall1 in/ead ( conduc+ to 8 d[nfall4 ,sc&al is1 !re=e1 fitt+ly def9$ z some?+ less rightly done or said1 t occasions ano!r's spiritual d[nfall4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ?\ght or desire ( evil lies hidd5 9 ! he>t1 :]e=e x does n sugge/ itself to ano!r man z an ob/acle conduc+ to 8 spiritual d[nfall3 h5ce x _c come "u ! head ( sc&al4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a ?+ is said to be less "r1 n because some?+ else surpasses x 9 rectitude1 b because x has "s lack ( rectitude1 ei!r ?r\gh be+ evil 9 itself1 su* z s91 or ?r\gh hav+ an appe>ance ( evil4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 if a man 7 to sit at meat 9 ! idol's temple 7#a ,cor4 #h3aj71 ?\gh ?is is n s9ful 9 itself1 provid$ x be done ) no evil int5tion1 yet1 s9ce x has a c]ta9 appe>ance ( evil1 & a semblance ( wor%ipp+ ! idol1 x might occasion ano!r man's spiritual d[nfall4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,!ss4 #e3bb73 ,f all appe>ance ( evil refra9 y\rselves4 ,sc&al is !re=e fitt+ly describ$ z some?+ done less rightly1 s z to comprise bo? :atev] is s9ful 9 itself1 & all t has an appe>ance ( evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ge1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hj1 ,a4 #a71 no?+ c be a suffici5t cause ( a man's spiritual d[nfall1 :i* is s91 save 8 own w4 ,:]e=e ano!r man's words or de$s c only be an imp]fect cause1 conduc+ some:at to t d[nfall4 ,= ?is reason sc&al is said to af=d n a cause1 b an occasion1 :i* is an imp]fect1 & n always an accid5tal cause4 ,nor is !re any reason :y c]ta9 def9itions %\ld n make m5tion ( ?+s t are accid5tal1 s9ce :at is accid5tal to "o1 may be prop] to some?+ else3 ?us ! accid5tal cause is m5tion$ 9 ! def9ition ( *ance 7,phys4 ii1 #e74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,ano!r's words or de$ may be ! cause ( ano!r's s9 9 two ways1 directly & accid5tally4 ,directly1 :5 a man ei!r int5ds1 by 8 evil ^w or de$1 to lead ano!r man into s91 or1 if he does n s int5d1 :5 8 de$ is ( su* a nature z to lead ano!r into s93 = in/ance1 :5 a man publicly commits a s9 or does some?+ t has an appe>ance ( s94 ,9 ?is case he t does su* an act does1 prop]ly speak+1 af=d an occasion ( ano!r's spiritual d[nfall1 :]e=e 8 act is call$ active sc&al4 ,"o man's ^w or de$ is ! accid5tal cause ( ano!r's s91 :5 he nei!r int5ds to lead him into s91 nor does :at is ( a nature to lead him into s91 & yet ?is o!r "o1 ?r\gh be+ ill-dispos$1 is l$ into s91 = in/ance1 into envy ( ano!r's good1 & !n he :o does ?is righte\s act1 does n1 s f> z he is conc]n$1 af=d an occasion ( ! o!r's d[nfall1 b x is ?is o!r "o :o takes ! occasion accord+ to ,rom4 #g3h3 ,s9 tak+ occasion by ! comm&m5t wr\ght 9 me all mann] ( concupisc5ce4 ,:]e=e ?is is passive1 )\t active sc&al1 s9ce he t acts rightly does n1 = 8 own "p1 af=d ! occasion ( ! o!r's d[nfall4 ,sometimes !re=e x happ5s t !re is active sc&al 9 ! "o toge!r ) passive sc&al 9 ! o!r1 z :5 "o commits a s9 be+ induc$ !reto by ano!r2 sometimes !re is active )\t passive sc&al1 = in/ance :5 "o1 by ^w or de$1 provokes ano!r to s91 & ! latt] does n cons5t2 & sometimes !re is passive )\t active sc&al1 z we h already said4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,weakness d5otes pron5ess to sc&al2 :ile (f5se signifies res5tm5t aga9/ ! p]son :o commits a s91 :i* res5tm5t may be sometimes )\t spiritual d[nfall2 & sc&al is ! /umbl+ t results 9 d[nfall4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,sc&al ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sc&al is n a s94 ,= s9s d n occur f necessity1 s9ce all s9 is volunt>y1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,n[ x is writt5 7,matt4 #ah3g73 ,x mu/ ne$s be t sc&als come4 ,!re=e sc&al is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no s9 arises f a s5se ( dutifulness1 because a good tree _c br+ =? evil fruit 7,matt4 #g3ah74 ,b sc&al may come f a s5se ( dutifulness1 = ,our ,"l said to ,pet] 7,matt4 #af3bc73 ,?\ art a sc&al unto ,me1 9 ref]5ce to :i* words ,j]ome says t ! ,apo/le's error 0 due to 8 s5se ( dutifulness1 & su* is nev] inspir$ by ! devil4 ,!re=e sc&al is n always a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sc&al d5otes a /umbl+4 ,b he t /umbles does n always fall4 ,!re=e sc&al1 :i* is a spiritual fall1 c be )\t s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,sc&al is some?+ less rightly said or done4 ,n[ any?+ t lacks rectitude is a s94 ,!re=e sc&al is always ) s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z already said 7,a4 #a1 ad #d71 sc&al is ( two k9ds1 passive sc&al 9 ! p]son sc&aliz$1 & active sc&al 9 ! p]son :o gives sc&al1 & s occasions a spiritual d[nfall4 ,accord+ly passive sc&al is always a s9 9 ! p]son sc&aliz$2 = he is n sc&aliz$ except 9 s f> z he succumbs to a spiritual d[nfall1 & t is a s94 ,yet !re c be passive sc&al1 )\t s9 on ! "p ( ! p]son ^: action has occasion$ ! sc&al1 z = in/ance1 :5 a p]son is sc&aliz$ at ano!r's good de$4 ,9 l mann] active sc&al is always a s9 9 ! p]son :o gives sc&al1 s9ce ei!r :at he does is a s91 or if x only h ! appe>ance ( s91 x %\ld always be left undone out ( t love = our neighbor :i* b9ds ea* "o to be solicit\s = 8 neighbor's spiritual welf>e2 s t if he p]si/ 9 do+ x he acts aga9/ *>ity4 ,yet !re c be active sc&al )\t s9 on ! "p ( ! p]son sc&aliz$1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! words1 ,x mu/ ne$s be t sc&als come1 are to be und]/ood to convey1 n ! absolute1 b ! conditional necessity ( sc&al2 9 :i* s5se x is necess>y t :atev] ,god =esees or =etells mu/ happ51 provid$ x be tak5 conjo9tly ) su* =ekn[l$ge1 z expla9$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #ac1 ad #c2 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #f1 ad #b74 ,or we may say t ! necessity ( sc&als occurr+ is a necessity ( end1 because !y are useful 9 ord] t !y 4 4 4 :o are reprov$ may be made manife/ 7#a ,cor4 #aa3ai74 ,or sc&als mu/ ne$s occur1 see+ ! condition ( man :o fails to %ield himself f s94 ,?us a physician on see+ a man p>tak+ ( unsuitable food might say t su* a man mu/ ne$s injure 8 heal?1 :i* is to be und]/ood on ! condition t he does n *ange 8 diet4 ,9 l mann] x mu/ ne$s be t sc&als come1 s long z m5 fail to *ange _! evil mode ( liv+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 t passage sc&al d5otes any k9d ( h9drance3 = ,pet] wi%$ to h9d] ,our ,"l's ,passion out ( a s5se ( dutifulness t[>ds ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no man /umbles spiritually1 )\t be+ kept back some:at f advanc+ 9 ,god's way1 & t is at lea/ a v5ial s94 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,sc&al ,is a ,special ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sc&al is n a special s94 ,= sc&al is some?+ said or done less rightly4 ,b ?is applies to e k9d ( s94 ,!re=e e s9 is a sc&al1 & consequ5tly1 sc&al is n a special s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e special k9d ( s91 or e special k9d ( inju/ice1 may be f\nd sep>ately f o!r k9ds1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #c1 #e4 ,b sc&al is n to be f\nd sep>ately f o!r s9s4 ,!re=e x is n a special k9d ( s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e special s9 is con/itut$ by some?+ :i* specifies ! moral act4 ,b ! notion ( sc&al consi/s 9 its be+ some?+ done 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs3 & ! fact ( a s9 be+ committ$ op5ly1 ?\gh x is an aggravat+ circum/ance1 does n seem to con/itute ! species ( a s94 ,!re=e sc&al is n a special s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a special virtue has a special s9 oppos$ to x4 ,b sc&al is oppos$ to a special virtue1 viz4 *>ity4 ,= x is writt5 7,rom4 #ad3ae73 ,if1 because ( ?y meat1 ?y bro!r be griev$1 ?\ walke/ n n[ accord+ to *>ity4 ,!re=e sc&al is a special s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 sc&al is tw(old1 active & passive4 ,passive sc&al _c be a special s91 because ?r\gh ano!r's ^w or de$ a man may fall into any k9d ( s93 & ! fact t a man takes occasion to s9 f ano!r's ^w or de$1 does n con/itute a special k9d ( s91 because x does n imply a special de=mity 9 opposition to a special virtue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 active sc&al may be und]/ood 9 two ways1 directly & accid5tally4 ,! sc&al is accid5tal :5 x is beside ! ag5t's int5tion1 z :5 a man does n int5d1 by 8 inord9ate de$ or ^w1 to occasion ano!r's spiritual d[nfall1 b m]ely to satisfy 8 own w4 ,9 su* a case ev5 active sc&al is n a special s91 because a species is n con/itut$ by t :i* is accid5tal4 ,active sc&al is direct :5 a man int5ds1 by 8 inord9ate ^w or de$1 to draw ano!r into s91 & !n x becomes a special k9d ( s9 on acc\nt ( ! int5tion ( a special k9d ( end1 because moral actions take _! species f _! end1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #d1 #f74 ,h5ce1 j z !ft & murd] are special k9ds ( s91 on acc\nt ( _! d5ot+ ! int5tion ( do+ a special injury to "o's neighbor3 s too1 sc&al is a special k9d ( s91 because !reby a man int5ds a special h>m to 8 neighbor1 & x is directly oppos$ to frat]nal correction1 :]eby a man int5ds ! removal ( a special k9d ( h>m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,any s9 may be ! matt] ( active sc&al1 b x may d]ive ! =mal aspect ( a special s9 f ! end int5d$1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,active sc&al c be f\nd sep>ate f o!r s9s1 z :5 a man sc&alizes 8 neighbor by a de$ :i* is n a s9 9 itself1 b has an appe>ance ( evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sc&al does n d]ive ! species ( a special s9 f ! circum/ance 9 "q1 b f ! int5tion ( ! end1 z /at$ above4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,sc&al ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sc&al is a mortal s94 ,= e s9 t is contr>y to *>ity is a mortal s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #ab2 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #c74 ,b sc&al is contr>y to *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,!re=e sc&al is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no s91 save mortal s91 des]ves ! puni%m5t ( et]nal damnation4 ,b sc&al des]ves ! puni%m5t ( et]nal damnation1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ah3f3 ,he t %all sc&alize "o ( ^! little ones1 t believe 9 ,me1 x 7 bett] = him t a mill-/one %\ld be hang$ ab\t 8 neck1 & t he %\ld be dr[n$ 9 ! dep? ( ! sea4 ,=1 z ,j]ome says on ?is passage1 x is mu* bett] to receive a brief puni%m5t = a fault1 ?an to await ev]la/+ torm5ts4 ,!re=e sc&al is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e s9 committ$ aga9/ ,god is a mortal s91 because mortal s9 alone turns man away f ,god4 ,n[ sc&al is a s9 aga9/ ,god1 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #h3ab73 ,:5 y w\nd ! weak consci5ce ( ! bre?r5 99,vulg43 ',:5 y s9 ?us aga9/ ! bre?r5 & w\nd _! weak consci5ce'1 y s9 aga9/ ,*ri/4 ,!re=e sc&al is always a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x may be a v5ial s9 to lead a p]son into v5ial s93 & yet ?is w\ld be to give sc&al4 ,!re=e sc&al may be a v5ial s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 sc&al d5otes a /umbl+ :]eby a p]son is dispos$ to a spiritual d[nfall4 ,consequ5tly passive sc&al may sometimes be a v5ial s91 :5 x consi/s 9 a /umbl+ & no?+ m2 = in/ance1 :5 a p]son is di/urb$ by a movem5t ( v5ial s9 occasion$ by ano!r's inord9ate ^w or de$3 :ile sometimes x is a mortal s91 :5 ! /umbl+ results 9 a d[nfall1 = in/ance1 :5 a p]son goes s f> z to commit a mortal s9 ?r\gh ano!r's inord9ate ^w or de$4 ,active sc&al1 if x be accid5tal1 may sometimes be a v5ial s92 = in/ance1 :51 ?r\gh a slight indiscretion1 a p]son ei!r commits a v5ial s91 or does some?+ t is n a s9 9 itself1 b has "s appe>ance ( evil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is sometimes a mortal s91 ei!r because a p]son commits a mortal s91 or because he has su* contempt = 8 neighbor's spiritual welf>e t he decl9es1 = ! sake ( procur+ x1 to =ego do+ :at he wi%es to d4 ,b 9 ! case ( active direct sc&al1 z :5 a p]son int5ds to lead ano!r into s91 if he int5ds to lead him into mortal s91 8 own s9 w be mortal2 & 9 l mann] if he int5ds by committ+ a mortal s9 himself1 to lead ano!r into v5ial s92 :]eas if he int5ds1 by committ+ a v5ial s91 to lead ano!r into v5ial s91 !re w be a v5ial s9 ( sc&al4 ,& ?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,passive ,sc&al ,may ,happ5 ,ev5 to ! ,p]fect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t passive sc&al may happ5 ev5 to ! p]fect4 ,= ,*ri/ 0 supremely p]fect3 & yet ,he said to ,pet] 7,matt4 #af3bc73 ,?\ art a sc&al to ,me4 ,mu* m !re=e c o!r p]fect m5 suff] sc&al4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sc&al d5otes an ob/acle :i* is put 9 a p]son's spiritual way4 ,n[ ev5 p]fect m5 c be h9d]$ 9 _! progress along ! spiritual way1 accord+ to #a ,!ss4 #b3ah3 ,we w\ld h come to y1 ,i ,paul inde$1 once & aga92 b ,satan ha? h9d]$ u4 ,!re=e ev5 p]fect m5 c suff] sc&al4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev5 p]fect m5 are liable to v5ial s9s1 accord+ to #a ,john #a3h3 ,if we say t we h no s91 we deceive ourselves4 ,n[ passive sc&al is n always a mortal s91 b is sometimes v5ial1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,!re=e passive sc&al may be f\nd 9 p]fect m54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome1 9 comm5t+ on ,matt4 #ah3f1 ,he t %all sc&alize "o ( ^! little ones1 says3 ,obs]ve t x is ! little "o t is sc&aliz$1 = ! eld]s d n take sc&al4 ,i answ] t1 ,passive sc&al implies t ! m9d ( ! p]son :o takes sc&al is unsettl$ 9 its adh]5ce to good4 ,n[ no man c be unsettl$1 :o adh]es firmly to some?+ immovable4 ,! eld]s1 i4e4 ! p]fect1 adh]e to ,god alone1 ,^: goodness is un*angeable1 = ?\gh !y adh]e to _! sup]iors1 !y d s only 9 s f> z ^! adh]e to ,*ri/1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #d3af3 ,be ye foll[]s ( me1 z ,i also am ( ,*ri/4 ,:]e=e1 h[ev] mu* o!rs may appe> to !m to conduct !mselves ill 9 ^w or de$1 !y !mselves d n /ray f _! righte\sness1 accord+ to ,ps4 #abd3a3 ,!y t tru/ 9 ! ,"l %all be z ,m\nt ,sion3 he %all n be mov$ = ev] t dwelle? 9 ,j]usalem4 ,!re=e sc&al is n f\nd 9 ^? :o adh]e to ,god p]fectly by love1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aah3afe3 ,mu* peace h !y t love ,?y law1 & to !m !re is no /umbl+-block 7sc&alum74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #b71 9 ?is passage1 sc&al is us$ 9 a broad s5se1 to d5ote any k9d ( h9drance4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l said to ,pet]3 ,?\ art a sc&al to ,me1 because he 0 endeavor+ to weak5 ,our ,"l's purpose ( und]go+ ,8 ,passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,p]fect m5 may be h9d]$ 9 ! p]=mance ( ext]nal actions4 ,b !y are n h9d]$ by ! words or de$s ( o!rs1 f t5d+ to ,god 9 ! int]nal acts ( ! w1 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3ch1 #ci3 ,nei!r dea?1 nor life 4 4 4 %all be able to sep>ate u f ! love ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,p]fect m5 sometimes fall into v5ial s9s ?r\gh ! weakness ( ! fle%2 b !y are n sc&aliz$ 7tak+ sc&al 9 its true s5se71 by ! words or de$s ( o!rs1 al?\gh !re c be an approa* to sc&al 9 !m1 accord+ to ,ps4 #gb3b3 ,my feet 7 almo/ mov$4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,active ,sc&al ,c ,be ,f\nd 9 ! ,p]fect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t active sc&al c be f\nd 9 ! p]fect4 ,= passion is ! effect ( action4 ,n[ "s are sc&aliz$ passively by ! words or de$s ( ! p]fect1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ae3ab3 ,do/ ?\ "k t ! ,ph>isees1 :5 !y he>d ?is ^w1 7 sc&aliz$8 ,!re=e active sc&al c be f\nd 9 ! p]fect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,pet]1 aft] receiv+ ! ,holy ,gho/1 0 9 ! /ate ( ! p]fect4 ,yet aft]w>ds he sc&aliz$ ! g5tiles3 = x is writt5 7,gal4 #b3ad73 ,:5 ,i saw t !y walk$ n uprightly unto ! tru? ( ! ,gospel1 ,i said to ,cephas1 i4e4 ,pet]1 be=e !m all3 ,if ?\ be+ a ,jew1 live/ aft] ! mann] ( ! g5tiles1 & n z ! ,jews d1 h[ do/ ?\ compel ! g5tiles to live z d ! ,jews8 ,!re=e active sc&al c be 9 ! p]fect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 active sc&al is sometimes a v5ial s94 ,b v5ial s9s may be 9 p]fect m54 ,!re=e active sc&al may be 9 p]fect m54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,active sc&al is m oppos$ to p]fection1 ?an passive sc&al4 ,b passive sc&al _c be 9 ! p]fect4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 c active sc&al be 9 !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,active sc&al1 prop]ly s call$1 occurs :5 a man says or does a ?+ :i* 9 itself is ( a nature to occasion ano!r's spiritual d[nfall1 & t is only :5 :at he says or does is inord9ate4 ,n[ x belongs to ! p]fect to direct all _! actions accord+ to ! rule ( reason1 z /at$ 9 #a ,cor4 #ad3dj3 ,let all ?+s be done dec5tly & accord+ to ord]2 & !y are c>eful to d ?is 9 ^? matt]s *iefly :]e9 n only w\ld !y d wrong1 b w\ld also be to o!rs an occasion ( wrongdo+4 ,& if inde$ !y fail 9 ?is mod]ation 9 su* words or de$s z come to ! k ( o!rs1 ?is has its orig9 9 human weakness :]e9 !y fall %ort ( p]fection4 ,yet !y d n fall %ort s f> z to /ray f> f ! ord] ( reason1 b only a little & 9 "s slight matt]3 & ?is is n s grave t anyone c reasonably take !refrom an occasion = committ+ s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,passive sc&al is always due to "s active sc&al2 yet ?is active sc&al is n always 9 ano!r1 b 9 ! v p]son :o is sc&aliz$1 because1 to wit1 he sc&alizes himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,augu/9e 7,ep4 xxviii1 xl1 lxxxii7 & ( ,paul also1 ,pet] s9n$ & 0 to be blam$1 9 )draw+ f ! g5tiles 9 ord] to avoid ! sc&al ( ! ,jews1 because he did ?is some:at imprud5tly1 s t ! g5tiles :o _h be5 conv]t$ to ! fai? 7 sc&aliz$4 ,nev]!less ,pet]'s action 0 n s grave a s9 z to give o!rs suffici5t gr\nd = sc&al4 ,h5ce !y 7 guilty ( passive sc&al1 :ile !re 0 no active sc&al 9 ,pet]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! v5ial s9s ( ! p]fect consi/ *iefly 9 sudd5 movem5ts1 :i* be+ hidd5 _c give sc&al4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y commit any v5ial s9s ev5 9 _! ext]nal words or de$s1 ^! are s slight z to be insuffici5t 9 !mselves to give sc&al4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,spiritual ,goods ,%\ld ,be ,=egone on ,acc\nt ( ,sc&al8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t spiritual goods ought to be =egone on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,contra ,ep4 ,p>m54 iii1 #b7 tea*es t puni%m5t = s9 %\ld cease1 :5 ! p]il ( s*ism is fe>$4 ,b puni%m5t ( s9s is a spiritual good1 s9ce x is an act ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e a spiritual good is to be =egone on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,sacr$ ,doctr9e is a mo/ spiritual ?+4 ,yet "o ought to desi/ !refrom on acc\nt ( sc&al1 accord+ to ,matt4 #g3f3 ,give n t :i* is holy to dogs1 nei!r ca/ ye y\r pe>ls be=e sw9e le/ 4 4 4 turn+ ^u y1 !y te> y4 ,!re=e a spiritual good %\ld be =egone on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ce frat]nal correction is an act ( *>ity1 x is a spiritual good4 ,yet sometimes x is omitt$ out ( *>ity1 9 ord] to avoid giv+ sc&al to o!rs1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #i74 ,!re=e a spiritual good %\ld be =egone on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome 99,hugh de ,s4 ,*]41 ,9 ,mat?4 xviii2 9 ,luc4 xvii1 #b says t 9 ord] to avoid sc&al we %\ld =ego :atev] x is possible to omit )\t prejudice to ! ?reefold tru?1 i4e4 ! tru? ( life1 ( ju/ice & ( doctr9e4 ,n[ ! obs]vance ( ! c\nsels1 & ! be/[al ( alms may (t5 be omitt$ )\t prejudice to ! a=esaid ?reefold tru?1 else :oev] omitt$ !m w\ld always be guilty ( s91 & yet su* ?+s are ! greate/ ( spiritual works4 ,!re=e spiritual works %\ld be omitt$ on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! avoidance ( any s9 is a spiritual good1 s9ce any s9 br+s spiritual h>m to ! s9n]4 ,n[ x seems t "o ought sometimes to commit a v5ial s9 9 ord] to avoid sc&aliz+ "o's neighbor1 = in/ance1 :5 by s9n+ v5ially1 "o w\ld prev5t someone else f committ+ a mortal s93 because "o is b\nd to h9d] ! damnation ( "o's neighbor z mu* z "o c )\t prejudice to "o's own salvation1 :i* is n preclud$ by a v5ial s94 ,!re=e "o ought to =ego a spiritual good 9 ord] to avoid sc&al4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 ,sup] ,eze*4 vii73 ,if p are sc&aliz$ at ! tru?1 x is bett] to all[ ! bir? ( sc&al1 ?an to ab&on ! tru?4 ,n[ spiritual goods belong1 above all o!rs1 to ! tru?4 ,!re=e spiritual goods are n to be =egone on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,i answ] t1 ,:]eas sc&al is tw(old1 active & passive1 ! pres5t "q does n apply to active sc&al1 = s9ce active sc&al is some?+ said or done less rightly1 no?+ ought to be done t implies active sc&al4 ,! "q does1 h[ev]1 apply to passive sc&al1 & accord+ly we h to see :at ought to be =egone 9 ord] to avoid sc&al4 ,n[ a di/9ction mu/ be made 9 spiritual goods4 ,= "s ( !m are necess>y = salvation1 & _c be =egone )\t mortal s93 & x is evid5t t no man ought to commit a mortal s91 9 ord] to prev5t ano!r f s9n+1 because accord+ to ! ord] ( *>ity1 a man ought to love 8 own spiritual welf>e m ?an ano!r's4 ,!re=e "o ought n to =ego t :i* is necess>y = salvation1 9 ord] to avoid giv+ sc&al4 ,aga9 a di/9ction seems necess>y among spiritual ?+s :i* are n necess>y = salvation3 because ! sc&al :i* arises f su* ?+s sometimes proce$s f malice1 = in/ance :5 a man wi%es to h9d] ^? spiritual goods by /irr+ up sc&al4 ,?is is ! sc&al ( ! ,ph>isees1 :o 7 sc&aliz$ at ,our ,"l's tea*+3 & ,our ,"l tea*es 7,matt4 #ae3ad7 t we ought to treat su* l sc&al ) contempt4 ,sometimes sc&al proce$s f weakness or ignorance1 & su* is ! sc&al ( little ones4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is k9d ( sc&al1 spiritual goods ought to be ei!r conceal$1 or sometimes ev5 def]r$ 7if ?is c be done )\t incurr+ imm$iate dang]71 until ! matt] be+ expla9$ ! sc&al cease4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! sc&al cont9ue aft] ! matt] has be5 expla9$1 x w\ld seem to be due to malice1 & !n x w\ld no long] be "r to =ego t spiritual good 9 ord] to avoid su* l sc&al4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! infliction ( puni%m5t x is n ! puni%m5t itself t is ! end 9 view1 b its m$ic9al prop]ties 9 *eck+ s92 :]e=e puni%m5t p>takes ( ! nature ( ju/ice1 9 s f> z x *ecks s94 ,b if x is evid5t t ! infliction ( puni%m5t w result 9 m num]\s & m griev\s s9s be+ committ$1 ! infliction ( puni%m5t w no long] be a "p ( ju/ice4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,augu/9e is speak+1 :51 to wit1 ! excommunication ( a few ?reat5s to br+ ab\t ! dang] ( a s*ism1 = 9 t case x w\ld be contr>y to ! tru? ( ju/ice to pron\nce excommunication4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,) reg>d to a man's doctr9e two po9ts mu/ be consid]$1 namely1 ! tru? :i* is taught1 & ! act ( tea*+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is necess>y = salvation1 to wit1 t he ^: duty x is to tea* %\ld n tea* :at is contr>y to ! tru?1 & t he %\ld tea* ! tru? accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( times & p]sons3 :]e=e on no acc\nt ought he to suppress ! tru? & tea* error 9 ord] to avoid any sc&al t might ensue4 ,b ! act itself ( tea*+ is "o ( ! spiritual almsde$s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #b71 & s ! same is to be said ( x z ( ! o!r works ( m]cy1 ( :i* we %all speak fur!r on 7ad #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #a71 frat]nal correction aims at ! correction ( a bro!r1 :]e=e x is to be reckon$ among spiritual goods 9 s f> z ?is end c be obta9$1 :i* is n ! case if ! bro!r be sc&aliz$ ?r\gh be+ correct$4 ,& s1 if ! correction be omitt$ 9 ord] to avoid sc&al1 no spiritual good is =egone4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! tru? ( life1 ( doctr9e1 & ( ju/ice comprises n only :atev] is necess>y = salvation1 b also :atev] is a means ( obta9+ salvation m p]fectly1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab3ca3 ,be zeal\s = ! bett] gifts4 ,:]e=e nei!r ! c\nsels nor ev5 ! works ( m]cy are to be altoge!r omitt$ 9 ord] to avoid sc&al2 b sometimes !y %\ld be conceal$ or def]r$1 on acc\nt ( ! sc&al ( ! little ones1 z /at$ above4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! obs]vance ( ! c\nsels & ! fulfilm5t ( ! works ( m]cy are necess>y = salvation4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! case ( ^? :o h v[$ to keep ! c\nsels1 & ( ^? ^: duty x is to relieve ! wants ( o!rs1 ei!r 9 temporal matt]s 7z by fe$+ ! hungry71 or 9 spiritual matt]s 7z by in/ruct+ ! ignorant71 :e!r su* duties arise f _! be+ enjo9$ z 9 ! case ( prelates1 or f ! ne$ on ! "p ( ! p]son 9 want2 & !n ! same applies to ^! ?+s z to o!rs t are necess>y = salvation4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,"s h said t "o ought to commit a v5ial s9 9 ord] to avoid sc&al4 ,b ?is implies a contradiction1 s9ce if x ought to be done1 x is no long] evil or s9ful1 = a s9 _c be a matt] ( *oice4 ,x may happ5 h[ev] t1 on acc\nt ( "s circum/ance1 some?+ is n a v5ial s91 ?\gh x w\ld be 7 x n = t circum/ance3 ?us an idle ^w is a v5ial s91 :5 x is utt]$ uselessly2 yet if x be utt]$ = a reasonable cause1 x is nei!r idle nor s9ful4 ,& ?\gh v5ial s9 does n deprive a man ( grace :i* is 8 means ( salvation1 yet1 9 s f> z x disposes him to mortal s91 x t5ds to ! loss ( salvation4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dc1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,temporal ,goods ,%\ld ,be ,=egone on ,acc\nt ( ,sc&al8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t temporal goods %\ld be =egone on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,= we ought to love our neighbor's spiritual welf>e :i* is h9d]$ by sc&al1 m ?an any temporal goods :atev]4 ,b we =ego :at we love less = ! sake ( :at we love m4 ,!re=e we %\ld =ego temporal goods 9 ord] to avoid sc&aliz+ our neighbor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,j]ome's rule 99,cf4 ,a4 #g1 ,obj4 #d1 :atev] c be =egone )\t prejudice to ! ?reefold tru?1 %\ld be omitt$ 9 ord] to avoid sc&al4 ,n[ temporal goods c be =egone )\t prejudice to ! ?reefold tru?4 ,!re=e !y %\ld be =egone 9 ord] to avoid sc&al4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no temporal good is m necess>y ?an food4 ,b we ought to =ego tak+ food on acc\nt ( sc&al1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ad3ae3 ,de/roy n him ) ?y meat = :om ,*ri/ di$4 ,mu* m !re=e %\ld all o!r temporal goods be =egone on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! mo/ fitt+ way ( safegu>d+ & recov]+ temporal goods is ! c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,b x is unlawful to h rec\rse to ju/ice1 especially if sc&al ensues3 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3dj73 ,if a man w cont5d ) !e 9 judgm5t1 & take away ?y coat1 let g ?y cloak also unto him2 & 7#a ,cor4 #f3g73 ,already inde$ !re is pla9ly a fault among y1 t y h lawsuits "o ) ano!r4 ,:y d y n r take wrong8 :y d y n r suff] y\rselves to be defraud$8 ,!re=e x seems t we ought to =ego temporal goods on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 we ought1 seem+ly1 to =ego lea/ ( all ^? temporal goods :i* are connect$ ) spiritual goods3 & yet we ought to =ego !m on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,= ! ,apo/le :ile s[+ spiritual ?+s did n accept a temporal /ip5d le/ he %\ld give any h9drance to ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ z we read #a ,cor4 #i3ab4 ,= a l reason ! ,*ur* does n dem& ti!s 9 c]ta9 c\ntries1 9 ord] to avoid sc&al4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 ought we to =ego o!r temporal goods 9 ord] to avoid sc&al4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,bless$ ,?omas ( ,cant]bury dem&$ ! re/itution ( ,*ur* prop]ty1 not)/&+ t ! k+ took sc&al f 8 do+ s4 ,i answ] t1 ,a di/9ction mu/ be made 9 temporal goods3 = ei!r !y are ours1 or !y are consign$ to u to take c>e ( !m = someone else2 ?us ! goods ( ! ,*ur* are consign$ to prelates1 & ! goods ( ! community are entru/$ to all su* p]sons z h au?ority ov] ! common weal4 ,9 ?is latt] case ! c>e ( su* ?+s 7z ( ?+s held 9 deposit7 devolves ( necessity on ^? p]sons to :om !y are entru/$1 :]e=e1 ev5 z o!r ?+s t are necess>y = salvation1 !y are n to be =egone on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z reg>ds ^? temporalities ( :i* we h ! dom9ion1 sometimes1 on acc\nt ( sc&al1 we are b\nd to =ego !m1 & sometimes we are n s b\nd1 :e!r we =ego !m by giv+ !m up1 if we h !m 9 our possession1 or by omitt+ to claim !m1 if !y are 9 ! possession ( o!rs4 ,= if ! sc&al arise !refrom ?r\gh ! ignorance or weakness ( o!rs 79 :i* case1 z /at$ above1 ,a4 #g1 x is sc&al ( ! little ones7 we mu/ ei!r =ego su* temporalities altoge!r1 or ! sc&al mu/ be abat$ by "s o!r means1 namely1 by "s k9d ( admonition4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #bj73 ,?\ %\ld/ give s z to injure nei!r ?yself nor ano!r1 z mu* z ?\ can/ l5d1 & if ?\ refuse/ :at is ask$1 ?\ mu/ yet be j to him1 inde$ ?\ wilt give him some?+ bett] ?an he asks1 if ?\ reprove him t asks unju/ly4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 sc&al arises f malice4 ,?is is sc&al ( ! ,ph>isees3 & we ought n to =ego temporal goods = ! sake ( ^? :o /ir up sc&als ( ?is k9d1 = ?is w\ld bo? be h>mful to ! common good1 s9ce x w\ld give wick$ m5 an opportunity ( plund]1 & w\ld be injuri\s to ! plund]]s !mselves1 :o w\ld rema9 9 s9 z long z !y 7 9 possession ( ano!r's prop]ty4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ac73 ,sometimes we ought to suff] ^? :o rob u ( our temporalities1 :ile sometimes we %\ld resi/ !m1 z f> z equity all[s1 9 ! hope n only t we may safegu>d our prop]ty1 b also le/ ^? :o take :at is n !irs may lose !mselves4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if x 7 p]missible = wick$ m5 to rob o!r p ( _! prop]ty1 ?is w\ld t5d to ! detrim5t ( ! tru? ( life & ju/ice4 ,!re=e we are n always b\nd to =ego our temporal goods 9 ord] to avoid sc&al4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,apo/le _h no int5tion ( c\nsell+ total ab/95ce f food on acc\nt ( sc&al1 because our welf>e requires t we %\ld take food3 b he int5d$ to c\nsel ab/95ce f a p>ticul> k9d ( food1 9 ord] to avoid sc&al1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #h3ac3 ,i w nev] eat fle%1 le/ ,i %\ld sc&alize my bro!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #ai7 ?is precept ( ,our ,"l is to be und]/ood ( ! prep>$ness ( ! m9d1 namely1 t man %\ld be prep>$1 if x be exp$i5t1 to suff] be+ h>m$ or defraud$1 r ?an g to law4 ,b sometimes x is n exp$i5t1 z /at$ above 7ad #b74 ,! same applies to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! sc&al :i* ! ,apo/le avoid$1 arose f an error ( ! g5tiles :o 7 n us$ to ?is paym5t4 ,h5ce x behoov$ him to =ego x = ! "t be+1 s t !y might be taught fir/ ( all t su* a paym5t 0 a duty4 ,= a l reason ! ,*ur* refra9s f dem&+ ti!s 9 ^? c\ntries :]e x is n cu/om>y to pay !m4 ,,"q #dd ,,( ,,! ,,precepts ,,( ,,*>ity 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! ,precepts ( ,*>ity1 "u :i* !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r precepts %\ld be giv5 ab\t *>ity8 7#b7 ,:e!r !re %\ld be "o or two8 7#c7 ,:e!r two suffice8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is fitt+ly prescrib$ t we %\ld love ,god1 ) ?y :ole he>t8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is fitt+ly add$3 ,) ?y :ole m9d1 etc48 7#f7 ,:e!r x is possible to fulfil ?is precept 9 ?is life8 7#g7 ,( ! precept3 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself2 7#h7 ,:e!r ! ord] ( *>ity is includ$ 9 ! precept8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,any ,precept ,%\ld ,be ,giv5 ,ab\t ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no precept %\ld be giv5 ab\t *>ity4 ,= *>ity imposes ! mode on all acts ( virtue1 s9ce x is ! =m ( ! virtues z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #h71 :ile ! precepts are ab\t ! virtues !mselves4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! common say+1 ! mode is n includ$ 9 ! precept4 ,!re=e no precepts %\ld be giv5 ab\t *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *>ity1 :i* is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,rom4 #e3e71 makes u free1 s9ce :]e ! ,_s ( ! ,"l is1 !re is lib]ty 7#b ,cor4 #c3ag74 ,n[ ! obligation t arises f a precept is oppos$ to lib]ty1 s9ce x imposes a necessity4 ,!re=e no precept %\ld be giv5 ab\t *>ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is ! =emo/ among all ! virtues1 to :i* ! precepts are direct$1 z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ajj1 ,a4 #i74 ,if1 !re=e1 any precepts 7 giv5 ab\t *>ity1 !y %\ld h a place among ! *ief precepts :i* are ^? ( ! decalogue4 ,b !y h no place !re4 ,!re=e no precepts %\ld be giv5 ab\t *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] ,god requires ( u is includ$ 9 a precept4 ,n[ ,god requires t man %\ld love ,him1 accord+ to ,deut4 #aj3ab4 ,!re=e x behoov$ precepts to be giv5 ab\t ! love ( *>ity1 :i* is ! love ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #a71 a precept implies ! notion ( some?+ due4 ,h5ce a ?+ is a matt] ( precept1 9 s f> z x is some?+ due4 ,n[ a ?+ is due 9 two ways1 = its own sake1 & = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,9 e affair1 x is ! end t is due = its own sake1 because x has ! "* ( a good = its own sake3 :ile t :i* is direct$ to ! end is due = ! sake ( some?+ else3 ?us = a physician1 x is due = its own sake1 t he %\ld heal1 :ile x is due = ! sake ( some?+ else t he %\ld give a m$ic9e 9 ord] to heal4 ,n[ ! end ( ! spiritual life is t man be unit$ to ,god1 & ?is union is effect$ by *>ity1 :ile all ?+s p]ta9+ to ! spiritual life are orda9$ to ?is union1 z to _! end4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #a3e73 ,! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity f a pure he>t1 & a good consci5ce1 & an unfeign$ fai?4 ,= all ! virtues1 ab\t ^: acts ! precepts are giv51 are direct$ ei!r to ! free+ ( ! he>t f ! :irl ( ! passions--su* are ! virtues t regulate ! passions--or at lea/ to ! possession ( a good consci5ce--su* are ! virtues t regulate op]ations--or to ! hav+ ( a "r fai?--su* are ^? :i* p]ta9 to ! wor%ip ( ,god3 & ^! ?ree ?+s are requir$ ( man t he may love ,god4 ,= an impure he>t is )drawn f lov+ ,god1 on acc\nt ( ! passion t incl9es x to e>?ly ?+s2 an evil consci5ce gives man a horror = ,god's ju/ice1 ?r\gh fe> ( ,8 puni%m5ts2 & an untrue fai? draws man's affections to an untrue repres5tation ( ,god1 & sep>ates him f ! tru? ( ,god4 ,n[ 9 e g5us t :i* is = its own sake takes prec$5ce ( t :i* is = ! sake ( ano!r1 :]e=e ! greate/ precept is t ( *>ity1 z /at$ 9 ,matt4 #bb3ci4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,a4 #aj7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! comm&m5ts1 ! mode ( love does n come "u ^? precepts :i* are ab\t ! o!r acts ( virtue3 = in/ance1 ?is precept1 ,honor ?y fa!r & ?y "m1 does n prescribe t ?is %\ld be done out ( *>ity4 ,! act ( love does1 h[ev]1 fall "u special precepts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! obligation ( a precept is n oppos$ to lib]ty1 except 9 "o ^: m9d is av]t$ f t :i* is prescrib$1 z may be se5 9 ^? :o keep ! precepts ?r\gh fe> alone4 ,b ! precept ( love _c be fulfill$ save ( "o's own w1 :]e=e x is n oppos$ to *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ! precepts ( ! decalogue are direct$ to ! love ( ,god & ( our neighbor3 & !re=e ! precepts ( *>ity _h n to be enum]at$ among ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 s9ce !y are includ$ 9 all ( !m4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,%\ld ,h ,be5 ,giv5 ,two ,precepts ( ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re %\ld n h be5 giv5 two precepts ( *>ity4 ,= ! precepts ( ! ,law are direct$ to virtue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #c74 ,n[ *>ity is "o virtue1 z %[n above 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e only "o precept ( *>ity %\ld h be5 giv54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bb1 #bg71 *>ity loves none b ,god 9 our neighbor4 ,n[ we are suffici5tly direct$ to love ,god by ! precept1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god4 ,!re=e !re 0 no ne$ to add ! precept ab\t lov+ our neighbor4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 diff]5t s9s are oppos$ to diff]5t precepts4 ,b x is n a s9 to put aside ! love ( our neighbor1 provid$ we put n aside ! love ( ,god2 inde$1 x is writt5 7,luke #ae3bf73 ,if any man come to ,me1 & hate n 8 fa!r1 & "m 4 4 4 he _c be ,my disciple4 ,!re=e ! precept ( ! love ( ,god is n di/9ct f ! precept ( ! love ( our neighbor4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3h73 ,he t love? 8 neighbor ha? fulfill$ ! ,law4 ,b a law is n fulfill$ unless all its precepts be obs]v$4 ,!re=e all ! precepts are includ$ 9 ! love ( our neighbor3 & consequ5tly ! "o precept ( ! love ( our neighbor suffices4 ,!re=e !re %\ld n be two precepts ( *>ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,john #d3ba73 ,?is comm&m5t we h f ,god1 t he :o love? ,god1 love also 8 bro!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ia1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #id1 ,a4 #b7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! comm&m5ts1 ! precepts are to ! ,law :at propositions are to speculative sci5ces1 = 9 ^! latt]1 ! conclusions are virtually conta9$ 9 ! fir/ pr9ciples4 ,h5ce :oev] kn[s ! pr9ciples z to _! entire virtual ext5t has no ne$ to h ! conclusions put sep>ately be=e him4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 "s :o "k ! pr9ciples are unable to consid] all t is virtually conta9$ !re91 x is necess>y1 = _! sake1 t sci5tific conclusions %\ld be trac$ to _! pr9ciples4 ,n[ 9 practical matt]s :]e9 ! precepts ( ! ,law direct u1 ! end has ! "* ( pr9ciple1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #g1 ad #b2 ,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a73 & ! love ( ,god is ! end to :i* ! love ( our neighbor is direct$4 ,!re=e x behoov$ u to receive precepts n only ( ! love ( ,god b also ( ! love ( our neighbor1 on acc\nt ( ^? :o are less intellig5t1 :o d n easily und]/& t "o ( ^! precepts is includ$ 9 ! o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh *>ity is "o virtue1 yet x has two acts1 "o ( :i* is direct$ to ! o!r z to its end4 ,n[ precepts are giv5 ab\t acts ( virtue1 & s !re _h to be sev]al precepts ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god is lov$ 9 our neighbor1 z ! end is lov$ 9 t :i* is direct$ to ! end2 & yet !re 0 ne$ = an explicit precept ab\t bo?1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! means d]ive _! goodness f _! relation to ! end1 & accord+ly av]sion f ! means d]ives its malice f ! same s\rce & f no o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,love ( our neighbor includes love ( ,god1 z ! end is includ$ 9 ! means1 & vice v]sa3 & yet x behoov$ ea* precept to be giv5 explicitly1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,two ,precepts ( ,*>ity ,suffice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t two precepts ( *>ity d n suffice4 ,= precepts are giv5 ab\t acts ( virtue4 ,n[ acts are di/+ui%$ by _! objects4 ,s9ce1 !n1 man is b\nd to love f\r ?+s out ( *>ity1 namely1 ,god1 himself1 8 neighbor & 8 own body1 z %[n above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #ab2 ,q4 #bf71 x seems t !re ought to be f\r precepts ( *>ity1 s t two are n suffici5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 love is n ! only act ( *>ity1 b also joy1 peace & b5efic5ce4 ,b precepts %\ld be giv5 ab\t ! acts ( ! virtues4 ,!re=e two precepts ( *>ity d n suffice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 virtue consi/s n only 9 do+ good b also 9 avoid+ evil4 ,n[ we are l$ by ! positive precepts to d good1 & by ! negative precepts to avoid evil4 ,!re=e !re ought to h be5 n only positive1 b also negative precepts ab\t *>ity2 & s two precepts ( *>ity are n suffici5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #bb3dj73 ,on ^! two comm&m5ts dep5de? ! :ole ,law & ! prophets4 ,i answ] t1 ,*>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a71 is a k9d ( fri5d%ip4 ,n[ fri5d%ip is betwe5 "o p]son & ano!r1 :]e=e ,gregory says 7,hom4 9 ,ev4 xvii73 ,*>ity is n possible betwe5 less ?an two3 & x has be5 expla9$ h[ "o may love oneself out ( *>ity 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ s9ce good is ! object ( dilection & love1 & s9ce good is ei!r an end or a means1 x is fitt+ t !re %\ld be two precepts ( *>ity1 "o :]eby we are induc$ to love ,god z our end1 & ano!r :]eby we are l$ to love our neighbor = ,god's sake1 z = ! sake ( our end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bc71 ?\gh f\r ?+s are to be lov$ out ( *>ity1 !re 0 no ne$ ( a precept z reg>ds ! second & f\r?1 i4e4 love ( oneself & ( "o's own body4 ,= h[ev] mu* a man may /ray f ! tru?1 ! love ( himself & ( 8 own body always rema9s 9 him4 ,& yet ! mode ( ?is love _h to be prescrib$ to man1 namely1 t he %\ld love himself & 8 own body 9 an ord9ate mann]1 & ?is is done by 8 lov+ ,god & 8 neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #c71 ! o!r acts ( *>ity result f ! act ( love z effects f _! cause4 ,h5ce ! precepts ( love virtually include ! precepts ab\t ! o!r acts4 ,& yet we f9d t1 = ! sake ( ! lagg>ds1 special precepts 7 giv5 ab\t ea* act--ab\t joy 7,phil4 #d3d73 ,rejoice 9 ! ,"l always--ab\t peace 7,heb4 #ab3ad73 ,foll[ peace ) all m5--ab\t b5efic5ce 7,gal4 #f3aj73 ,:il/ we h "t1 let u "w good to all m5--& ,holy ,writ conta9s precepts ab\t ea* ( ! p>ts ( b5efic5ce1 z may be se5 by anyone :o consid]s ! matt] c>efully4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to d good is m ?an to avoid evil1 & !re=e ! positive precepts virtually include ! negative precepts4 ,nev]!less we f9d explicit precepts aga9/ ! vices contr>y to *>ity3 =1 aga9/ hatr$ x is writt5 7,lev4 #ab3ag73 ,?\ %alt n hate ?y bro!r 9 ?y he>t2 aga9/ slo? 7,ecclus4 #f3bf73 ,be n griev$ ) h] b&s2 aga9/ envy 7,gal4 #e3bf73 ,let u n be made desir\s ( va+lory1 provok+ "o ano!r1 envy+ "o ano!r2 aga9/ discord 7#a ,cor4 #a3aj73 ,t y all speak ! same ?+1 & t !re be no s*isms among y2 & aga9/ sc&al 7,rom4 #ad3ac73 ,t y put n a /umbl+-block or a sc&al 9 y\r bro!r's way4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,fitt+ly ,comm&$ ,t ,man ,%\ld ,love ,god ) ,8 ,:ole ,he>t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is unfitt+ly comm&$ t man %\ld love ,god ) 8 :ole he>t4 ,= ! mode ( a virtu\s act is n a matt] ( precept1 z %[n above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,a4 #i74 ,n[ ! words ) ?y :ole he>t signify ! mode ( ! love ( ,god4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ly comm&$ t man %\ld love ,god ) 8 :ole he>t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,a ?+ is :ole & p]fect :5 x lacks no?+ 7,phys4 iii1 #f74 ,if !re=e x is a matt] ( precept t ,god be lov$ ) ! :ole he>t1 :oev] does some?+ n p]ta9+ to ! love ( ,god1 acts c\nt] to ! precept1 & consequ5tly s9s mortally4 ,n[ a v5ial s9 does n p]ta9 to ! love ( ,god4 ,!re=e a v5ial s9 is a mortal s91 :i* is absurd4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to love ,god ) "o's :ole he>t belongs to p]fection1 s9ce accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 iii1 text4 #fd71 to be :ole is to be p]fect4 ,b t :i* belongs to p]fection is n a matt] ( precept1 b a matt] ( c\nsel4 ,!re=e we ought n to be comm&$ to love ,god ) our :ole he>t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #f3e73 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) ?y :ole he>t4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce precepts are giv5 ab\t acts ( virtue1 an act is a matt] ( precept accord+ z x is an act ( virtue4 ,n[ x is requisite = an act ( virtue t n only %\ld x fall on its own matt]1 b also t x %\ld be endu$ ) its due circum/ances1 :]eby x is adapt$ to t matt]4 ,b ,god is to be lov$ z ! la/ end1 to :i* all ?+s are to be ref]r$4 ,!re=e "s k9d ( totality 0 to be indicat$ 9 connection ) ! precept ( ! love ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! comm&m5t t prescribes an act ( virtue does n prescribe ! mode :i* t virtue d]ives f ano!r & high] virtue1 b x does prescribe ! mode :i* belongs to its own prop] virtue1 & ?is mode is signifi$ 9 ! words ) ?y :ole he>t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to love ,god ) "o's :ole he>t has a tw(old signification4 ,fir/1 actually1 s t a man's :ole he>t be always actually direct$ to ,god3 ?is is ! p]fection ( heav54 ,secondly1 9 ! s5se t a man's :ole he>t be habitually direct$ to ,god1 s t x cons5t to no?+ contr>y to ! love ( ,god1 & ?is is ! p]fection ( ! way4 ,v5ial s9 is n contr>y to ?is latt] p]fection1 because x does n de/roy ! habit ( *>ity1 s9ce x does n t5d to a contr>y object1 b m]ely h9d]s ! use ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t p]fection ( *>ity to :i* ! c\nsels are direct$1 is betwe5 ! two p]fections m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ reply3 & x consi/s 9 man r5\nc+1 z mu* z possible1 temporal ?+s1 ev5 su* z are lawful1 because !y occupy ! m9d & h9d] ! actual movem5t ( ! he>t t[>ds ,god4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r to ! ,words1 ,?\ ,%alt ,love ! ,"l ,?y ,god ) ,?y ,:ole ,he>t1 ,x ,0 ,fitt+ to ,add & ) ,?y ,:ole ,s\l1 & ) ,?y ,:ole ,/r5g?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x 0 unfitt+ to ! words1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god1 ) ?y :ole he>t1 to add1 & ) ?y :ole s\l1 & ) ?y :ole /r5g? 7,deut4 #f3e74 ,= he>t does n mean "h a "p ( ! body1 s9ce to love ,god is n a bodily action3 & !re=e he>t is to be tak5 "h 9 a spiritual s5se4 ,n[ ! he>t und]/ood spiritually is ei!r ! s\l itself or "p ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e x is sup]flu\s to m5tion bo? he>t & s\l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a man's /r5g? :e!r spiritual or corporal dep5ds on ! he>t4 ,!re=e aft] ! words1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) ?y :ole he>t1 x 0 unnecess>y to add1 ) all ?y /r5g?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ,matt4 #bb3cg we read3 ,) all ?y m9d1 :i* words d n occur "h4 ,!re=e x seems t ?is precept is unfitt+ly word$ 9 ,deut4 #f4 ,on ! contr>y /&s ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is precept is diff]5tly word$ 9 v>i\s places3 =1 z we said 9 ! fir/ objection1 9 ,deut4 #f ?ree po9ts are m5tion$3 ) ?y :ole he>t1 & ) ?y :ole s\l1 & ) ?y :ole /r5g?4 ,9 ,matt4 #bb we f9d two ( ^! m5tion$1 viz4 ) ?y :ole he>t & ) ?y :ole s\l1 :ile ) ?y :ole /r5g? is omitt$1 b ) ?y :ole m9d is add$4 ,yet 9 ,m>k #ab we f9d all f\r1 viz4 ) ?y :ole he>t1 & ) ?y :ole s\l1 & ) ?y :ole m9d1 & ) ?y :ole =ce :i* is ! same z /r5g?4 ,moreov]1 ^! f\r are indicat$ 9 ,luke #aj1 :]e 9 place ( /r5g? or =ce we read ) all ?y might4 99,/4 ,?omas is expla9+ ! ,lat9 text :i* reads ex tota =titud9e tua 7,deut471 ex tota virtue tua 7,mk471 & ex omnibus viribus tuis 7,luke71 al?\gh ! ,greek 9 all ?ree cases has ex holes tes is*yos1 :i* ! ,d\ay r5d]s ) ?y :ole /r5g?4 ,accord+ly ^! f\r h to be expla9$1 s9ce ! fact t "o ( !m is omitt$ "h or !re is due to "o imply+ ano!r4 ,we mu/ !re=e obs]ve t love is an act ( ! w :i* is "h d5ot$ by ! he>t1 because j z ! bodily he>t is ! pr9ciple ( all ! movem5ts ( ! body1 s too ! w1 especially z reg>ds ! int5tion ( ! la/ end :i* is ! object ( *>ity1 is ! pr9ciple ( all ! movem5ts ( ! s\l4 ,n[ !re are ?ree pr9ciples ( action t are mov$ by ! w1 namely1 ! intellect :i* is signifi$ by ! m9d1 ! l[] appetitive p[]1 signifi$ by ! s\l2 & ! ext]ior executive p[] signifi$ by /r5g?1 =ce or might4 ,accord+ly we are comm&$ to direct our :ole int5tion to ,god1 & ?is is signifi$ by ! words ) ?y :ole he>t2 to submit our intellect to ,god1 & ?is is express$ 9 ! words ) ?y :ole m9d2 to regulate our appetite accord+ to ,god1 9 ! words ) ?y :ole s\l2 & to obey ,god 9 our ext]nal actions1 & ?is is to love ,god ) our :ole /r5g?1 =ce or might4 ,*ryso/om 99,! quotation is f an anonym\s au?or's unf9i%$ "w 7,opus imp]f4 ,hom4 xlii1 9 ,mat?47 :i* is includ$ 9 ,*ryso/om's works1 on ! o!r h&1 takes he>t & s\l 9 ! contr>y s5se2 & ,augu/9e 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bb7 ref]s he>t to ! ?\ght1 s\l to ! mann] ( life1 & m9d to ! intellect4 ,aga9 "s expla9 ) ?y :ole he>t z d5ot+ ! intellect1 ) ?y :ole s\l z signify+ ! w1 ) ?y m9d z po9t+ to ! memory4 ,& aga91 accord+ to ,gregory ( ,nyssa 7,de ,hom4 ,opif4 viii71 he>t signifies ! vegetative s\l1 s\l ! s5sitive1 & m9d ! intellective s\l1 because our n\ri%m5t1 s5sation1 & und]/&+ ought all to be ref]r$ by u to ,god4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,x ,is ,possible 9 ,?is ,life to ,fulfil ,?is ,precept ( ! ,love ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ?is life x is possible to fulfil ?is precept ( ! love ( ,god4 ,= accord+ to ,j]ome 99,pelagius1 ,exposit4 ,ca?4 ,fid4 accurs$ is he :o says t ,cod has comm&$ any?+ impossible4 ,b ,god gave ?is comm&m5t1 z is cle> f ,deut4 #f3e4 ,!re=e x is possible to fulfil ?is precept 9 ?is life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] does n fulfil a precept s9s mortally1 s9ce accord+ to ,ambrose 7,de ,p>ad4 viii7 s9 is no?+ else ?an a transgression ( ! ,div9e ,law1 & disob$i5ce ( ! heav5ly comm&m5ts4 ,if !re=e ?is precept _c be fulfill$ by wayf>]s1 x foll[s t 9 ?is life no man c be )\t mortal s91 & ?is is aga9/ ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #a3h73 7,:o also7 w confirm y unto ! end )\t crime1 & 7#a ,tim4 #c3aj73 ,let !m m9i/]1 hav+ no crime4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 precepts are giv5 9 ord] to direct man 9 ! way ( salvation1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ah3i3 ,! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l is lightsome1 enlight5+ ! eyes4 ,n[ x is useless to direct anyone to :at is impossible4 ,!re=e x is n impossible to fulfill ?is precept 9 ?is life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]fect4 ,ju/it4 viii73 ,9 ! fulness ( heav5ly *>ity ?is precept w be fulfill$3 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god1 etc4 ,= z long z any c>nal concupisc5ce rema9s1 t c be re/ra9$ by cont95ce1 man _c love ,god ) all 8 he>t4 ,i answ] t1 ,a precept c be fulfill$ 9 two ways2 p]fectly1 & imp]fectly4 ,a precept is fulfill$ p]fectly1 :5 ! end int5d$ by ! au?or ( ! precept is rea*$2 yet x is fulfill$1 imp]fectly h[ev]1 :5 al?\gh ! end int5d$ by its au?or is n rea*$1 nev]!less ! ord] to t end is n dep>t$ f4 ,?us if ! comm&] ( an army ord] 8 soldi]s to fight1 8 comm& w be p]fectly obey$ by ^? :o fight & conqu] ! foe1 :i* is ! comm&]'s int5tion2 yet x is fulfill$1 albeit imp]fectly1 by ^? :o fight )\t ga9+ ! victory1 provid$ !y d no?+ contr>y to milit>y discipl9e4 ,n[ ,god int5ds by ?is precept t man %\ld be entirely unit$ to ,him1 & ?is w be realiz$ 9 heav51 :5 ,god w be all 9 all1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ae3bh4 ,h5ce ?is precept w be obs]v$ fully & p]fectly 9 heav52 yet x is fulfill$1 ?\gh imp]fectly1 on ! way4 ,nev]!less on ! way "o man w fulfil x m p]fectly ?an ano!r1 & s mu* ! m1 z he approa*es by "s k9d ( lik5ess to ! p]fection ( heav54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t proves t ! precept c be fulfill$ aft] a fa%ion on ! way1 b n p]fectly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 z ! soldi] :o fights legitimately )\t conqu]+ is n blam$ nor des]ves to be puni%$ = ?is1 s too he t does n fulfil ?is precept on ! way1 b does no?+ aga9/ ! love ( ,god1 does n s9 mortally4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]fect4 ,ju/it4 viii71 :y %\ld n ?is p]fection be prescrib$ to man1 al?\gh no man atta9s x 9 ?is life8 ,= "o _c run /raight unless "o kn[s :i!r to run4 ,& h[ w\ld "o "k ?is if no precept po9t$ x out4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,precept ( ,love ( ,our ,neighbor ,is ,fitt+ly ,express$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! precept ( ! love ( our neighbor is unfitt+ly express$4 ,= ! love ( *>ity ext5ds to all m51 ev5 to our enemies1 z may be se5 9 ,matt4 #e3dd4 ,b ! ^w neighbor d5otes a k9d ( nighness :i* does n seem to exi/ t[>ds all m54 ,!re=e x seems t ?is precept is unfitt+ly express$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ix1 #h7 ! orig9 ( our fri5dly relations ) o!rs lies 9 our relation to ourselves1 :5ce x seems to foll[ t love ( self is ! orig9 ( "o's love = "o's neighbor4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple is great] ?an t :i* results f x4 ,!re=e man ought n to love 8 neighbor z himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man loves himself1 b n 8 neighbor1 naturally4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ t he %\ld be comm&$ to love 8 neighbor z himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #bb3ci73 ,! second comm&m5t is l to ?is3 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is precept is fitt+ly express$1 = x indicates bo? ! reason = lov+ & ! mode ( love4 ,! reason = lov+ is indicat$ 9 ! ^w neighbor1 because ! reason :y we ought to love o!rs out ( *>ity is because !y are nigh to u1 bo? z to ! natural image ( ,god1 & z to ! capacity = glory4 ,nor does x matt] :e!r we say neighbor1 or bro!r accord+ to #a ,john #d3ba1 or fri5d1 accord+ to ,lev4 #ai3ah1 because all ^! words express ! same aff9ity4 ,! mode ( love is indicat$ 9 ! words z ?yself4 ,?is does n mean t a man mu/ love 8 neighbor equally z himself1 b 9 l mann] z himself1 & ?is 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! end1 namely1 t he %\ld love 8 neighbor = ,god's sake1 ev5 z he loves himself = ,god's sake1 s t 8 love = 8 neighbor is a holy love4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! rule ( love1 namely1 t a man %\ld n give way to 8 neighbor 9 evil1 b only 9 good ?+s1 ev5 z he ought to gratify 8 w 9 good ?+s alone1 s t 8 love = 8 neighbor may be a righte\s love4 ,?irdly1 z reg>ds ! reason = lov+1 namely1 t a man %\ld love 8 neighbor1 n = 8 own pr(it1 or pleasure1 b 9 ! s5se ( wi%+ 8 neighbor well1 ev5 z he wi%es himself well1 s t 8 love = 8 neighbor may be a true love3 s9ce :5 a man loves 8 neighbor = 8 own pr(it or pleasure1 he does n love 8 neighbor truly1 b loves himself4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,ord] ( ,*>ity ,is ,includ$ 9 ! ,precept8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! ord] ( *>ity is n includ$ 9 ! precept4 ,= :oev] transgresses a precept does a wrong4 ,b if man loves "s "o z mu* z he ought1 & loves any o!r man m1 he wrongs no man4 ,!re=e he does n transgress ! precept4 ,!re=e ! ord] ( *>ity is n includ$ 9 ! precept4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is a matt] ( precept is suffici5tly deliv]$ to u 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,n[ ! ord] ( *>ity :i* 0 giv5 above 7,q4 #bf7 is n[h]e indicat$ 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,!re=e x is n includ$ 9 ! precept4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ord] implies "s k9d ( di/9ction4 ,b ! love ( our neighbor is prescrib$ )\t any di/9ction1 9 ! words1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,!re=e ! ord] ( *>ity is n includ$ 9 ! precept4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] ,god works 9 u by ,8 grace1 ,he tea*es u fir/ ( all by ,8 ,law1 accord+ to ,j]4 #ca3cc3 ,i w give ,my ,law 9 _! he>t 99,vulg43 '9 _! b[els1 & ,i w write x 9 _! he>t'4 ,n[ ,god causes 9 u ! ord] ( *>ity1 accord+ to ,cant4 #b3d3 ,he set 9 ord] *>ity 9 me4 ,!re=e ! ord] ( *>ity comes "u ! precept ( ! ,law4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d1 ad #a71 ! mode :i* is ess5tial to an act ( virtue comes "u ! precept :i* prescribes t virtu\s act4 ,n[ ! ord] ( *>ity is ess5tial to ! virtue1 s9ce x is bas$ on ! proportion ( love to ! ?+ belov$1 z %[n above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #ab2 ,q4 #bf1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! ord] ( *>ity mu/ come "u ! precept4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a man gratifies m ! p]son he loves m1 s t if he lov$ less "o :om he ought to love m1 he w\ld wi% to gratify m "o :om he ought to gratify less1 & s he w\ld d an inju/ice to ! "o he ought to love m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ord] ( ^? f\r ?+s we h to love out ( *>ity is express$ 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,= :5 we are comm&$ to love ,god ) our :ole he>t1 we are giv5 to und]/& t we mu/ love ,him above all ?+s4 ,:5 we are comm&$ to love our neighbor z ourselves1 ! love ( self is set be=e love ( our neighbor4 ,9 l mann] :]e we are comm&$ 7#a ,john #c3af7 to lay d[n our s\ls1 i4e4 ! life ( our bodies1 = ! bre?r51 we are giv5 to und]/& t a man ought to love 8 neighbor m ?an 8 own body2 & aga9 :5 we are comm&$ 7,gal4 #f3aj7 to "w good 4 4 4 especially to ^? :o are ( ! h\sehold ( ! fai?1 & :5 a man is blam$ 7#a ,tim4 #e3h7 if he h n c>e ( 8 own1 & especially ( ^? ( 8 h\se1 x means t we ought to love mo/ ^? ( our neighbors :o are m virtu\s or m closely unit$ to u4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x foll[s f ! v words1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor t ^? :o are ne>] to u are to be lov$ m4 ,,"q #de ,,( ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,wisdom 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! gift ( wisdom :i* corresponds to *>ity2 & fir/ly1 wisdom itself1 secondly1 ! opposite vice4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r wisdom %\ld be reckon$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 7#b7 ,:at is its subject8 7#c7 ,:e!r wisdom is only speculative or also practical8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! wisdom t is a gift is compatible ) mortal s98 7#e7 ,:e!r x is 9 all ^? :o h sanctify+ grace8 7#f7 ,:i* beatitude corresponds to x8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,wisdom ,%\ld ,be ,reckon$ ,among ! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t wisdom ought n to be reckon$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= ! gifts are m p]fect ?an ! virtues1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #h74 ,n[ virtue is direct$ to ! good alone1 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ai7 t no man makes bad use ( ! virtues4 ,mu* m !re=e are ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ direct$ to ! good alone4 ,b wisdom is direct$ to evil also1 = x is writt5 7,james #c3ae7 t a c]ta9 wisdom is e>?ly1 s5sual1 devili%4 ,!re=e wisdom %\ld n be reckon$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ad7 wisdom is ! k ( ,div9e ?+s4 ,n[ t k ( ,div9e ?+s :i* man c acquire by 8 natural end[m5ts1 belongs to ! wisdom :i* is an intellectual virtue1 :ile ! sup]natural k ( ,div9e ?+s belongs to fai? :i* is a !ological virtue1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #e2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e wisdom %\ld be call$ a virtue r ?an a gift4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,job #bh3bh73 ,behold ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 t is wisdom1 & to dep>t f evil1 t is und]/&+4 ,& 9 ?is passage accord+ to ! r5d]+ ( ! ,septuag9t :i* ,augu/9e foll[s 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ad2 xiv1 #a7 we read3 ,behold piety1 t is wisdom4 ,n[ bo? fe> & piety are gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e wisdom %\ld n be reckon$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z ?\gh x 7 di/9ct f ! o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,isa4 #aa3b73 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l %all re/ ^u ,him2 ! _s ( wisdom & ( und]/&+4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 i3 #b71 x belongs to wisdom to consid] ! highe/ cause4 ,by means ( t cause we are able to =m a mo/ c]ta9 judgm5t ab\t o!r causes1 & accord+ !reto all ?+s %\ld be set 9 ord]4 ,n[ ! highe/ cause may be und]/ood 9 two ways1 ei!r simply or 9 "s p>ticul> g5us4 ,accord+ly he t kn[s ! highe/ cause 9 any p>ticul> g5us1 & by its means is able to judge & set 9 ord] all ! ?+s t belong to t g5us1 is said to be wise 9 t g5us1 = in/ance 9 m$ic9e or ar*itecture1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #c3aj3 ,z a wise ar*itect1 ,i h laid a f\ndation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o kn[s ! cause t is simply ! highe/1 :i* is ,god1 is said to be wise simply1 because he is able to judge & set 9 ord] all ?+s accord+ to ,div9e rules4 ,n[ man obta9s ?is judgm5t ?r\gh ! ,holy ,gho/1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #b3ae3 ,! spiritual man judge? all ?+s1 because z /at$ 9 ! same *apt] 7#a ,cor4 #b3aj71 ! ,_s se>*e? all ?+s1 yea ! deep ?+s ( ,god4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t wisdom is a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a ?+ is said to be good 9 two s5ses3 fir/ 9 ! s5se t x is truly good & simply p]fect1 secondly1 by a k9d ( lik5ess1 be+ p]fect 9 wick$ness2 ?us we speak ( a good or a p]fect ?ief1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,metaph4 v1 text4 #ba74 ,& j z ) reg>d to ^? ?+s :i* are truly good1 we f9d a highe/ cause1 namely ! sov]eign good :i* is ! la/ end1 by kn[+ :i*1 man is said to be truly wise1 s too 9 evil ?+s some?+ is to be f\nd to :i* all o!rs are to be ref]r$ z to a la/ end1 by kn[+ :i*1 man is said to be wise unto evil do+1 accord+ to ,j]4 #d3bb3 ,!y are wise to d evils1 b to d good !y h no k4 ,n[ :oev] turns away f 8 due end1 mu/ ne$s fix on "s undue end1 s9ce e ag5t acts = an end4 ,:]e=e1 if he fixes 8 end 9 ext]nal e>?ly ?+s1 8 wisdom is call$ e>?ly1 if 9 ! goods ( ! body1 x is call$ s5sual wisdom1 if 9 "s excell5ce1 x is call$ devili% wisdom because x imitates ! devil's pride1 ( :i* x is writt5 7,job #da3be73 ,he is k+ ov] all ! *ildr5 ( pride4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! wisdom :i* is call$ a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 diff]s f t :i* is an acquir$ intellectual virtue1 = ! latt] is atta9$ by human ef=t1 :]eas ! latt] is desc5d+ f above 7,james #c3ae74 ,9 l mann] x diff]s f fai?1 s9ce fai? ass5ts to ! ,div9e tru? 9 itself1 :]eas x belongs to ! gift ( wisdom to judge accord+ to ! ,div9e tru?4 ,h5ce ! gift ( wisdom presupposes fai?1 because a man judges well :at he kn[s 7,e?ic4 i1 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z piety :i* p]ta9s to ! wor%ip ( ,god is a manife/ation ( fai?1 9 s f> z we make pr(ession ( fai? by wor%ipp+ ,god1 s too1 piety manife/s wisdom4 ,= ?is reason piety is /at$ to be wisdom1 & s is fe>1 = ! same reason1 because if a man fe> & wor%ip ,god1 ?is %[s t he has a "r judgm5t ab\t ,div9e ?+s4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,wisdom ,is 9 ! ,intellect ,z ,its ,subject8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t wisdom is n 9 ! intellect z its subject4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 cxx7 t wisdom is ! *>ity ( ,god4 ,n[ *>ity is 9 ! w z its subject1 & n 9 ! intellect1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e wisdom is n 9 ! intellect z its subject4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #f3bc73 ,! wisdom ( doctr9e is accord+ to h] "n1 = wisdom 7sapi5tia7 may be describ$ z sweet-ta/+ sci5ce 7sapida sci5tia71 & ?is w\ld seem to reg>d ! appetite1 to :i* x belongs to ta/e spiritual pleasure or sweetness4 ,!re=e wisdom is 9 ! appetite r ?an 9 ! intellect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! intellective p[] is suffici5tly p]fect$ by ! gift ( und]/&+4 ,n[ x is sup]flu\s to require two ?+s :]e "o suffices = ! purpose4 ,!re=e wisdom is n 9 ! intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii1 #di7 t wisdom is contr>y to folly4 ,b folly is 9 ! intellect4 ,!re=e wisdom is also4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 wisdom d5otes a c]ta9 rectitude ( judgm5t accord+ to ! ,et]nal ,law4 ,n[ rectitude ( judgm5t is tw(old3 fir/1 on acc\nt ( p]fect use ( reason1 secondly1 on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 connaturality ) ! matt] ab\t :i* "o has to judge4 ,?us1 ab\t matt]s ( *a/ity1 a man aft] inquir+ ) 8 reason =ms a "r judgm5t1 if he has le>nt ! sci5ce ( morals1 :ile he :o has ! habit ( *a/ity judges ( su* matt]s by a k9d ( connaturality4 ,accord+ly x belongs to ! wisdom t is an intellectual virtue to pron\nce "r judgm5t ab\t ,div9e ?+s aft] reason has made its inquiry1 b x belongs to wisdom z a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ to judge aright ab\t !m on acc\nt ( connaturality ) !m3 ?us ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ii7 t ,hi]o!us is p]fect 9 ,div9e ?+s1 = he n only le>ns1 b is pati5t (1 ,div9e ?+s4 ,n[ ?is sympa?y or connaturality = ,div9e ?+s is ! result ( *>ity1 :i* unites u to ,god1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #f3ag3 ,he :o is jo9$ to ! ,"l1 is "o _s4 ,consequ5tly wisdom :i* is a gift1 has its cause 9 ! w1 :i* cause is *>ity1 b x has its ess5ce 9 ! intellect1 ^: act is to judge aright1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ( wisdom z to its cause1 :5ce also wisdom 7sapi5tia7 takes its "n1 9 s f> z x d5otes a c]ta9 sweetness 7saporem74 ,h5ce ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection is evid5t1 t is if ?is be ! true mean+ ( ! text quot$4 ,=1 app>5tly ?is is n ! case1 because su* an exposition ( ! text w\ld only fit ! ,lat9 ^w = wisdom1 :]eas x does n apply to ! ,greek & p]haps n 9 o!r languages4 ,h5ce x w\ld seem t 9 ! text quot$ wisdom /&s = ! r5[n ( doctr9e1 = :i* x is prais$ by all4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! intellect ex]cises a tw(old act1 p]ception & judgm5t4 ,! gift ( und]/&+ reg>ds ! =m]2 ! gift ( wisdom reg>ds ! latt] accord+ to ! ,div9e ideas1 ! gift ( k1 accord+ to human ideas4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,wisdom ,is ,m]ely ,speculative1 or ,practical ,also8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t wisdom is n practical b m]ely speculative4 ,= ! gift ( wisdom is m excell5t ?an ! wisdom :i* is an intellectual virtue4 ,b wisdom1 z an intellectual virtue1 is m]ely speculative4 ,mu* m !re=e is wisdom1 z a gift1 speculative & n practical4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! practical intellect is ab\t matt]s ( op]ation :i* are cont+5t4 ,b wisdom is ab\t ,div9e ?+s :i* are et]nal & necess>y4 ,!re=e wisdom _c be practical4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi1 #cg7 t 9 contemplation we seek ! ,beg9n+ :i* is ,god1 b 9 action we labor "u a mighty bundle ( wants4 ,n[ wisdom reg>ds ! vision ( ,div9e ?+s1 9 :i* !re is no toil+ "u a load1 s9ce accord+ to ,wis4 #h3af1 h] conv]sation ha? no bitt]ness1 nor h] company any t$i\sness4 ,!re=e wisdom is m]ely contemplative1 & n practical or active4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,col4 #d3e73 ,walk ) wisdom t[>ds !m t are )\t4 ,n[ ?is p]ta9s to action4 ,!re=e wisdom is n m]ely speculative1 b also practical4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ad71 ! high] "p ( ! reason is ! prov9ce ( wisdom1 :ile ! l[] "p is ! doma9 ( k4 ,n[ ! high] reason accord+ to ! same au?ority 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #g7 is int5t on ! consid]ation & consultation ( ! heav5ly1 i4e4 ,div9e1 types 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #i2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #g2 x consid]s !m1 9 s f> z x contemplates ,div9e ?+s 9 !mselves1 & x consults !m1 9 s f> z x judges ( human acts by ,div9e ?+s1 & directs human acts accord+ to ,div9e rules4 ,accord+ly wisdom z a gift1 is n m]ely speculative b also practical4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! high] a virtue is1 ! great] ! numb] ( ?+s to :i* x ext5ds1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,causis1 prop4 x1 xvii4 ,:]e=e f ! v fact t wisdom z a gift is m excell5t ?an wisdom z an intellectual virtue1 s9ce x atta9s to ,god m intimately by a k9d ( union ( ! s\l ) ,him1 x is able to direct u n only 9 contemplation b also 9 action4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,div9e ?+s are inde$ necess>y & et]nal 9 !mselves1 yet !y are ! rules ( ! cont+5t ?+s :i* are ! subject-matt] ( human actions4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a ?+ is consid]$ 9 itself be=e be+ comp>$ ) some?+ else4 ,:]e=e to wisdom belongs fir/ ( all contemplation :i* is ! vision ( ! ,beg9n+1 & aft]w>ds ! direction ( human acts accord+ to ! ,div9e rules4 ,nor f ! direction ( wisdom does !re result any bitt]ness or toil 9 human acts2 on ! contr>y ! result ( wisdom is to make ! bitt] sweet1 & labor a re/4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,wisdom ,c ,be ,)\t ,grace1 & ) ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t wisdom c be )\t grace & ) mortal s94 ,= sa9ts glory *iefly 9 su* ?+s z are incompatible ) mortal s91 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #a3ab3 ,our glory is ?is1 ! te/imony ( our consci5ce4 ,n[ "o ought n to glory 9 "o's wisdom1 accord+ to ,j]4 #i3bc3 ,let n ! wise man glory 9 8 wisdom4 ,!re=e wisdom c be )\t grace & ) mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 wisdom d5otes k ( ,div9e ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ "o 9 mortal s9 may h k ( ! ,div9e tru?1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3ah3 7,^? m5 t7 deta9 ! tru? ( ,god 9 inju/ice4 ,!re=e wisdom is compatible ) mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ah7 :ile speak+ ( *>ity3 ,no?+ surpasses ?is gift ( ,god1 x is ?is alone t divides ! *ildr5 ( ! et]nal k+dom f ! *ildr5 ( et]nal p]dition4 ,b wisdom is di/9ct f *>ity4 ,!re=e x does n divide ! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom f ! *ildr5 ( p]dition4 ,!re=e x is compatible ) mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,wis4 #a3d73 ,wisdom w n ent] into a malici\s s\l1 nor dwell 9 a body subject to s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! wisdom :i* is a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 enables u to judge aright ( ,div9e ?+s1 or ( o!r ?+s accord+ to ,div9e rules1 by reason ( a c]ta9 connaturalness or union ) ,div9e ?+s1 :i* is ! effect ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #e74 ,h5ce ! wisdom ( :i* we are speak+ presupposes *>ity4 ,n[ *>ity is incompatible ) mortal s91 z %[n above 7,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #ab74 ,!re=e x foll[s t ! wisdom ( :i* we are speak+ _c be toge!r ) mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! words are to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to worldly wisdom1 or to wisdom 9 ,div9e ?+s acquir$ ?r\gh human reasons4 ,9 su* wisdom ! sa9ts d n glory1 accord+ to ,prov4 #cj3b3 ,! wisdom ( m5 is n ) ,me3 ,b !y d glory 9 ,div9e wisdom accord+ to #a ,cor4 #a3cj3 7,:o7 ( ,god is made unto u wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s1 n ! wisdom ( :i* we speak b t :i* is acquir$ by ! /udy & rese>* ( reason1 & is compatible ) mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh wisdom is di/9ct f *>ity1 x presupposes x1 & = t v reason divides ! *ildr5 ( p]dition f ! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,wisdom ,is 9 ,all ,:o ,h ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t wisdom is n 9 all :o h grace4 ,= x is m to h wisdom ?an to he> wisdom4 ,n[ x is only = ! p]fect to he> wisdom1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #b3f3 ,we speak wisdom among ! p]fect4 ,s9ce !n n all :o h grace are p]fect1 x seems t mu* less all :o h grace h wisdom4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,! wise man sets ?+s 9 ord]1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,metaph4 i1 #b73 & x is writt5 7,james #c3ag7 t ! wise man judges )\t dissimulation 99,vulg43 ',! wisdom t is f above 4 4 4 is 4 4 4 )\t judg+1 )\t dissimulation'4 ,n[ x is n = all t h grace1 to judge1 or put o!rs 9 ord]1 b only = ^? 9 au?ority4 ,!re=e wisdom is n 9 all t h grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,wisdom is a rem$y aga9/ folly1 z ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii1 #di74 ,n[ _m t h grace are naturally fooli%1 = in/ance madm5 :o are baptiz$ or ^? :o )\t be+ guilty ( mortal s9 h become insane4 ,!re=e wisdom is n 9 all t h grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:oev] is )\t mortal s91 is belov$ ( ,god2 s9ce he has *>ity1 :]eby he loves ,god1 & ,god loves !m t love ,him 7,prov4 #h3ag74 ,n[ x is writt5 7,wis4 #g3bh7 t ,god love? none b him t dwelle? ) wisdom4 ,!re=e wisdom is 9 all ^? :o h *>ity & are )\t mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,! wisdom ( :i* we are speak+1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 d5otes a c]ta9 rectitude ( judgm5t 9 ! contemplation & consultation ( ,div9e ?+s1 & z to bo? ( ^! m5 obta9 v>i\s degrees ( wisdom ?r\gh union ) ,div9e ?+s4 ,= ! measure ( "r judgm5t atta9$ by "s1 :e!r 9 ! contemplation ( ,div9e ?+s or 9 direct+ human affairs accord+ to ,div9e rules1 is no m ?an suffices = _! salvation4 ,?is measure is want+ to none :o is )\t mortal s9 ?r\gh hav+ sanctify+ grace1 s9ce if nature does n fail 9 necess>ies1 mu* less does grace fail3 :]e=e x is writt5 7#a ,john #b3bg73 7,87 unction tea*e? y ( all ?+s4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 receive a high] degree ( ! gift ( wisdom1 bo? z to ! contemplation ( ,div9e ?+s 7by bo? kn[+ m exalt$ my/]ies & be+ able to imp>t ?is k to o!rs7 & z to ! direction ( human affairs accord+ to ,div9e rules 7by be+ able to direct n only !mselves b also o!rs accord+ to ^? rules74 ,?is degree ( wisdom is n common to all t h sanctify+ grace1 b belongs r to ! gratuit\s graces1 :i* ! ,holy ,gho/ disp5ses z ,he w1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab3h3 ,to "o inde$ by ! ,_s is giv5 ! ^w ( wisdom1 etc4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le speaks !re ( wisdom1 z ext5d+ to ! hidd5 my/]ies ( ,div9e ?+s1 z inde$ he says himself 7#b ,cor4 #a3g73 ,we speak ! wisdom ( ,god 9 a my/]y1 a wisdom :i* is hidd54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh x belongs to ^? alone :o are 9 au?ority to direct & judge o!r m51 yet e man is compet5t to direct & judge 8 own actions1 z ,dionysius decl>es 7,ep4 ad ,demophil474 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,baptiz$ idiots1 l little *ildr51 h ! habit ( wisdom1 :i* is a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 b !y h n ! act1 on acc\nt ( ! bodily imp$im5t :i* h9d]s ! use ( reason 9 !m4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,sev5? ,beatitude ,corresponds to ! ,gift ( ,wisdom8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! sev5? beatitude does n correspond to ! gift ( wisdom4 ,= ! sev5? beatitude is3 ,bless$ are ! peacemak]s1 = !y %all be call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,n[ bo? ^! ?+s belong to *>ity3 s9ce ( peace x is writt5 7,ps4 #aah3afe73 ,mu* peace h !y t love ,?y law1 &1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3e71 ! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/ ,:o is giv5 to u1 & ,:o is ! ,_s ( adoption ( sons1 :]eby we cry3 ,abba ,fa!r 7,rom4 #h3ae74 ,!re=e ! sev5? beatitude ought to be ascrib$ to *>ity r ?an to wisdom4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is decl>$ by its proximate effect r ?an by its remote effect4 ,n[ ! proximate effect ( wisdom seems to be *>ity1 accord+ to ,wis4 #g3bg3 ,?r\gh nations %e conveye? h]self into holy s\ls2 %e make? ! fri5ds ( ,god & prophets3 :]eas peace & ! adoption ( sons seem to be remote effects1 s9ce !y result f *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ! beatitude correspond+ to wisdom %\ld be det]m9$ 9 respect ( ! love ( *>ity r ?an 9 respect ( peace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,james #c3ag73 ,! wisdom1 t is f above1 fir/ inde$ is *a/e1 !n peaceable1 mode/1 easy to be p]suad$1 cons5t+ to ! good1 full ( m]cy & good fruits1 judg+ )\t dissimulation 99,vulg43 ')\t judg+1 )\t dissimulation'4 ,!re=e ! beatitude correspond+ to wisdom %\ld n ref] to peace r ?an to ! o!r effects ( heav5ly wisdom4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #d7 t wisdom is becom+ to peacemak]s1 9 :om !re is no movem5t ( rebellion1 b only ob$i5ce to reason4 ,i answ] t1 ,! sev5? beatitude is fitt+ly ascrib$ to ! gift ( wisdom1 bo? z to ! m]it & z to ! rew>d4 ,! m]it is d5ot$ 9 ! words1 ,bless$ are ! peacemak]s4 ,n[ a peacemak] is "o :o makes peace1 ei!r 9 himself1 or 9 o!rs3 & 9 bo? cases ?is is ! result ( sett+ 9 due ord] ^? ?+s 9 :i* peace is e/abli%$1 = peace is ! tranquillity ( ord]1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ac74 ,n[ x belongs to wisdom to set ?+s 9 ord]1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,metaph4 i1 #b71 :]e=e peaceabl5ess is fitt+ly ascrib$ to wisdom4 ,! rew>d is express$ 9 ! words1 !y %all be call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,n[ m5 are call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god 9 s f> z !y p>ticipate 9 ! lik5ess ( ! only-begott5 & natural ,son ( ,god1 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3bi1 ,:om ,he =eknew 4 4 4 to be made con=mable to ! image ( ,8 ,son1 ,:o is ,wisdom ,begott54 ,h5ce by p>ticipat+ 9 ! gift ( wisdom1 man atta9s to ! son%ip ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x belongs to *>ity to be at peace1 b x belongs to wisdom to make peace by sett+ ?+s 9 ord]4 ,likewise ! ,holy ,gho/ is call$ ! ,_s ( adoption 9 s f> z we receive f ,him ! lik5ess ( ! natural ,son1 ,:o is ! ,begott5 ,wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^! words ref] to ! ,uncreat$ ,wisdom1 :i* 9 ! fir/ place unites itself to u by ! gift ( *>ity1 & consequ5tly reveals to u ! my/]ies ! k ( :i* is infus$ wisdom4 ,h5ce1 ! infus$ wisdom :i* is a gift1 is n ! cause b ! effect ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c7 x belongs to wisdom1 z a gift1 n only to contemplate ,div9e ?+s1 b also to regulate human acts4 ,n[ ! fir/ ?+ to be effect$ 9 ?is direction ( human acts is ! removal ( evils oppos$ to wisdom3 :]e=e fe> is said to be ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 because x makes u %un evil1 :ile ! la/ ?+ is l an end1 :]eby all ?+s are r$uc$ to _! "r ord]2 & x is ?is t con/itutes peace4 ,h5ce ,james said ) reason t ! wisdom t is f above 7& ?is is ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/7 fir/ inde$ is *a/e1 because x avoids ! corruption ( s91 & !n peaceable1 :]e9 lies ! ultimate effect ( wisdom1 = :i* reason peace is numb]$ among ! beatitudes4 ,z to ! ?+s t foll[1 !y decl>e 9 becom+ ord] ! means :]eby wisdom leads to peace4 ,= :5 a man1 by *a/ity1 avoids ! corruption ( s91 ! fir/ ?+ he has to d is1 z f> z he c1 to be mod]ate 9 all ?+s1 & 9 ?is respect wisdom is said to be mode/4 ,secondly1 9 ^? matt]s 9 :i* he is n suffici5t by himself1 he %\ld be guid$ by ! advice ( o!rs1 & z to ?is we are told fur!r t wisdom is easy to be p]suad$4 ,^! two are conditions requir$ t man may be at peace ) himself4 ,b 9 ord] t man may be at peace ) o!rs x is fur!rmore requir$1 fir/ t he %\ld n be oppos$ to _! good2 ?is is :at is meant by cons5t+ to ! good4 ,secondly1 t he %\ld br+ to 8 neighbor's defici5cies1 sympa?y 9 8 he>t1 & succor 9 8 actions1 & ?is is d5ot$ by ! words full ( m]cy & good fruits4 ,?irdly1 he %\ld /rive 9 all *>ity to correct ! s9s ( o!rs1 & ?is is indicat$ by ! words judg+ )\t dissimulation 99,vulg43 ',! wisdom t is f above 4 4 4 is 4 4 4 )\t judg+1 )\t dissimulation'1 le/ he %\ld purpose to sate 8 hatr$ "u cov] ( correction4 ,,"q #df ,,( ,,folly ,,:i* ,,is ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,wisdom 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] folly :i* is oppos$ to wisdom2 & "u ?is head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r folly is contr>y to wisdom8 7#b7 ,:e!r folly is a s98 7#c7 ,to :i* capital s9 is x r$ucible8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,folly ,is ,contr>y to ,wisdom8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t folly is n contr>y to wisdom4 ,= seem+ly unwisdom is directly oppos$ to wisdom4 ,b folly does n seem to be ! same z unwisdom1 = ! latt] is app>5tly ab\t ,div9e ?+s alone1 :]eas folly is ab\t bo? ,div9e & human ?+s4 ,!re=e folly is n contr>y to wisdom4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o contr>y is n ! way to arrive at ! o!r4 ,b folly is ! way to arrive at wisdom1 = x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #c3ah73 ,if any man among y seem to be wise 9 ?is _w1 let him become a fool1 t he may be wise4 ,!re=e folly is n oppos$ to wisdom4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o contr>y is n ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,b wisdom is ! cause ( folly2 = x is writt5 7,j]4 #aj3ad73 ,e man is become a fool = k1 & wisdom is a k9d ( k4 ,moreov]1 x is writt5 7,isa4 #dg3aj73 ,?y wisdom & ?y k1 ?is ha? deceiv$ !e4 ,n[ x belongs to folly to be deceiv$4 ,!re=e folly is n contr>y to wisdom4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 x1 "u ! lett] ,s7 t a fool is "o :om %ame does n incite to sorr[1 & :o is unconc]n$ :5 he is injur$4 ,b ?is p]ta9s to spiritual wisdom1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 x1 #di74 ,!re=e folly is n oppos$ to wisdom4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii1 #bf7 t ! gift ( wisdom is giv5 z a rem$y aga9/ folly4 ,i answ] t1 ,/ultitia 7,folly7 seems to take its "n f /upor2 :]e=e ,isidore says 7loc4 cit473 ,a fool is "o :o ?r\gh dullness 7/uporem7 rema9s unmov$4 ,& folly diff]s f fatuity1 accord+ to ! same au?ority 7,etym4 x71 9 t folly implies apa?y 9 ! he>t & dullness 9 ! s5ses1 :ile fatuity d5otes entire privation ( ! spiritual s5se4 ,!re=e folly is fitt+ly oppos$ to wisdom4 ,= sapi5s 7wise7 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 is s nam$ f sapor 7savor71 because j z ! ta/e is quick to di/+ui% betwe5 savors ( meats1 s is a wise man 9 disc]n+ ?+s & causes4 ,:]e=e x is manife/ t folly is oppos$ to wisdom z its contr>y1 :ile fatuity is oppos$ to x z a pure negation3 s9ce ! fatu\s man lacks ! s5se ( judgm5t1 :ile ! fool has ! s5se1 ?\gh dull$1 :]eas ! wise man has ! s5se acute & p5etrat+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,isidore 7,etym4 x71 unwisdom is contr>y to wisdom because x lacks ! savor ( discretion & s5se2 s t unwisdom is seem+ly ! same z folly4 ,yet a man w\ld appe> to be a fool *iefly ?r\gh "s defici5cy 9 ! v]dict ( t judgm5t1 :i* is accord+ to ! highe/ cause1 = if a man fails 9 judgm5t ab\t "s trivial matt]1 he is n = t reason call$ a fool4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z !re is an evil wisdom1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #de1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a71 call$ worldly wisdom1 because x takes = ! highe/ cause & la/ end "s worldly good1 s too !re is a good folly oppos$ to ?is evil wisdom1 :]eby man despises worldly ?+s3 & x is ( ?is folly t ! ,apo/le speaks4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is ! wisdom ( ! _w t deceives & makes u fooli% 9 ,god's sight1 z is evid5t f ! ,apo/le's words 7#a ,cor4 #c3ai74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,to be unconc]n$ :5 "o is injur$ is sometimes due to ! fact t "o has no ta/e = worldly ?+s1 b only = heav5ly ?+s4 ,h5ce ?is belongs n to worldly b to ,div9e wisdom1 z ,gregory decl>es 7,moral4 x1 #di74 ,sometimes h[ev] x is ! result ( a man's be+ simply /upid ab\t ev]y?+1 z may be se5 9 idiots1 :o d n disc]n :at is injuri\s to !m1 & ?is belongs to folly simply4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,folly ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t folly is n a s94 ,= no s9 arises 9 u f nature4 ,b "s are fools naturally4 ,!re=e folly is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,e s9 is volunt>y1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xiv74 ,b folly is n volunt>y4 ,!re=e x is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e s9 is contr>y to a ,div9e precept4 ,b folly is n contr>y to any precept4 ,!re=e folly is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #a3cb73 ,! prosp]ity ( fools %all de/roy !m4 ,b no man is de/roy$ save = s94 ,!re=e folly is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,folly1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 d5otes dullness ( s5se 9 judg+1 & *iefly z reg>ds ! highe/ cause1 :i* is ! la/ end & ! sov]eign good4 ,n[ a man may 9 ?is respect contract dullness 9 judgm5t 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 f a natural indisposition1 z 9 ! case ( idiots1 & su* l folly is no s94 ,secondly1 by plung+ 8 s5se into e>?ly ?+s1 :]eby 8 s5se is r5d]$ incapable ( p]ceiv+ ,div9e ?+s1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #b3ad1 ,! s5sual man p]ceive? n ^! ?+s t are ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 ev5 z sweet ?+s h no savor = a man ^: ta/e is infect$ ) an evil humor3 & su* l folly is a s94 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?\gh no man wi%es to be a fool1 yet he wi%es ^? ?+s ( :i* folly is a consequ5ce1 viz4 to )draw 8 s5se f spiritual ?+s & to plunge x into e>?ly ?+s4 ,! same ?+ happ5s 9 reg>d to o!r s9s2 = ! lu/ful man desires pleasure1 )\t :i* !re is no s91 al?\gh he does n desire s9 simply1 = he w\ld wi% to enjoy ! pleasure )\t s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,folly is oppos$ to ! precepts ab\t ! contemplation ( tru?1 ( :i* we h spok5 above 7,q4 #af7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( k & und]/&+4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,folly ,is a ,daught] ( ,lu/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t folly is n a daught] ( lu/4 ,= ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 enum]ates ! daught]s ( lu/1 among :i* h[ev] he makes no m5tion ( folly4 ,!re=e folly does n proce$ f lu/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #c3ai73 ,! wisdom ( ?is _w is fooli%ness ) ,god4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 x1 #bi7 ! wisdom ( ?is _w consi/s 9 cov]+ ! he>t ) crafty devices2 & ?is savors ( duplicity4 ,!re=e folly is a daught] ( duplicity r ?an ( lu/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ang] especially is ! cause ( fury & madness 9 "s p]sons2 & ?is p]ta9s to folly4 ,!re=e folly arises f ang] r ?an f lu/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #g3bb73 ,imm$iately he foll[e? h]1 i4e4 ! h>lot 4 4 4 n kn[+ t he is drawn l a fool to bonds4 ,i answ] t1 ,z already /at$ 7,a4 #b71 folly1 9 s f> z x is a s91 is caus$ by ! spiritual s5se be+ dull$1 s z to be incapable ( judg+ spiritual ?+s4 ,n[ man's s5se is plung$ into e>?ly ?+s *iefly by lu/1 :i* is ab\t ! greate/ ( pleasures2 & ^! absorb ! m9d m ?an any o!rs4 ,!re=e ! folly :i* is a s91 arises *iefly f lu/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is "p ( folly t a man %\ld h a di/a/e = ,god & ,8 gifts4 ,h5ce ,gregory m5tions two daught]s ( lu/1 p]ta9+ to folly1 namely1 hatr$ ( ,god & despair ( ! life to come2 ?us he divides folly into two p>ts z x 74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^! words ( ! ,apo/le are to be und]/ood1 n causally b ess5tially1 because1 to wit1 worldly wisdom itself is folly ) ,god4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t :atev] belongs to worldly wisdom1 is a cause ( ?is folly4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ang] by reason ( its ke5ness1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dh1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c1 #d71 produces a great *ange 9 ! nature ( ! body1 :]e=e x conduces v mu* to ! folly :i* results f a bodily imp$im5t4 ,on ! o!r h& ! folly :i* is caus$ by a spiritual imp$im5t1 viz4 by ! m9d be+ plung$ into e>?ly ?+s1 arises *iefly f lu/1 z /at$ above4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,c>d9al ,,virtues 7,,qq4 #dg-agj7 ,,"q #dg ,,( ,,prud5ce1 ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,itself 7,9 ,sixte5 ,articles7 ,aft] treat+ ( ! !ological virtues1 we mu/ 9 due sequ5ce consid] ! c>d9al virtues4 ,9 ! fir/ place we %all consid] prud5ce 9 itself2 secondly1 its p>ts2 ?irdly1 ! correspond+ gift2 f\r?ly1 ! contr>y vices2 fif?ly1 ! precepts conc]n+ prud5ce4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are sixte5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r prud5ce is 9 ! w or 9 ! reason8 7#b7 ,if 9 ! reason1 :e!r x is only 9 ! practical1 or also 9 ! speculative reason8 7#c7 ,:e!r x takes cognizance ( s+ul>s8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is virtue8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is a special virtue8 7#f7 ,:e!r x appo9ts ! end to ! moral virtues8 7#g7 ,:e!r x fixes ! mean 9 ! moral virtues8 7#h7 ,:e!r its prop] act is comm&8 7#i7 ,:e!r solicitude or wat*fulness belongs to prud5ce8 7#aj7 ,:e!r prud5ce ext5ds to ! gov]n+ ( _m8 7#aa7 ,:e!r ! prud5ce :i* reg>ds private good is ! same 9 species z t :i* reg>ds ! common good8 7#ab7 ,:e!r prud5ce is 9 subjects1 or only 9 _! rul]s8 7#ac7 ,:e!r prud5ce is 9 ! wick$8 7#ad7 ,:e!r prud5ce is 9 all good m58 7#ae7 ,:e!r prud5ce is 9 u naturally8 7#af7 ,:e!r prud5ce is lo/ by =getfulness8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,is 9 ! ,cognitive or 9 ! ,appetitive ,faculty8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce is n 9 ! cognitive b 9 ! appetitive faculty4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 xv73 ,prud5ce is love *oos+ wisely betwe5 ! ?+s t help & ^? t h9d]4 ,n[ love is n 9 ! cognitive1 b 9 ! appetitive faculty4 ,!re=e prud5ce is 9 ! appetitive faculty4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z appe>s f ! =ego+ def9ition x belongs to prud5ce to *oose wisely4 ,b *oice is an act ( ! appetitive faculty1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e prud5ce is n 9 ! cognitive b 9 ! appetitive faculty4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 t 9 art x is bett] to err volunt>ily ?an involunt>ily1 :]eas 9 ! case ( prud5ce1 z ( ! virtues1 x is worse4 ,n[ ! moral virtues1 ( :i* he is treat+ !re1 are 9 ! appetitive faculty1 :]eas art is 9 ! reason4 ,!re=e prud5ce is 9 ! appetitive r ?an 9 ! rational faculty4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #fa73 ,prud5ce is ! k ( :at to seek & :at to avoid4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,isidore says 7,etym4 x73 ,a prud5t man is "o :o sees z x 7 f af>1 = 8 sight is ke51 & he =esees ! ev5t ( unc]ta9ties4 ,n[ sight belongs n to ! appetitive b to ! cognitive faculty4 ,:]e=e x is manife/ t prud5ce belongs directly to ! cognitive1 & n to ! s5sitive faculty1 because by ! latt] we "k no?+ b :at is )9 rea* & (f]s itself to ! s5ses3 :ile to obta9 k ( ! future f k ( ! pres5t or pa/1 :i* p]ta9s to prud5ce1 belongs prop]ly to ! reason1 because ?is is done by a process ( comp>ison4 ,x foll[s !re=e t prud5ce1 prop]ly speak+1 is 9 ! reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #d7 ! w moves all ! faculties to _! acts4 ,n[ ! fir/ act ( ! appetitive faculty is love1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,accord+ly prud5ce is said to be love1 n inde$ ess5tially1 b 9 s f> z love moves to ! act ( prud5ce4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e goes on to say t prud5ce is love disc]n+ aright t :i* helps f t :i* h9d]s u 9 t5d+ to ,god4 ,n[ love is said to disc]n because x moves ! reason to disc]n4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! prud5t man consid]s ?+s af> (f1 9 s f> z !y t5d to be a help or a h9drance to t :i* has to be done at ! pres5t "t4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ^? ?+s :i* prud5ce consid]s /& 9 relation to ?is o!r1 z 9 relation to ! end4 ,n[ ( ^? ?+s t are direct$ to ! end !re is c\nsel 9 ! reason1 & *oice 9 ! appetite1 ( :i* two1 c\nsel belongs m prop]ly to prud5ce1 s9ce ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e1 #g1 #i7 t a prud5t man takes good c\nsel4 ,b z *oice presupposes c\nsel1 s9ce x is ! desire = :at has be5 already c\nsell$ 7,e?ic4 iii1 #b71 x foll[s t *oice c also be ascrib$ to prud5ce indirectly1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z prud5ce directs ! *oice by means ( c\nsel4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! wor? ( prud5ce consi/s n 9 ?\ght m]ely1 b 9 its application to action1 :i* is ! end ( ! practical reason4 ,:]e=e if any defect occur 9 ?is1 x is mo/ contr>y to prud5ce1 s9ce1 ! end be+ ( mo/ import 9 ev]y?+1 x foll[s t a defect :i* t\*es ! end is ! wor/ ( all4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] goes on to say 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 t prud5ce is some?+ m ?an a m]ely rational habit1 su* z art is1 s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #d7 x includes application to action1 :i* application is an act ( ! w4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,belongs to ! ,practical ,reason ,alone or ,also to ! ,speculative ,reason8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce belongs n only to ! practical1 b also to ! speculative reason4 ,= x is writt5 7,prov4 #aj3bc73 ,wisdom is prud5ce to a man4 ,n[ wisdom consi/s *iefly 9 contemplation4 ,!re=e prud5ce does also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bd73 ,prud5ce is conc]n$ ) ! que/ ( tru?1 & fills u ) ! desire ( full] k4 ,n[ ?is belongs to ! speculative reason4 ,!re=e prud5ce resides also 9 ! speculative reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] assigns art & prud5ce to ! same "p ( ! s\l 7,e?ic4 vi1 #a74 ,n[ art may be n only practical b also speculative1 z 9 ! case ( ! lib]al arts4 ,!re=e prud5ce also is bo? practical & speculative4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 t prud5ce is "r reason appli$ to action4 ,n[ ?is belongs to none b ! practical reason4 ,!re=e prud5ce is 9 ! practical reason only4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 a prud5t man is "o :o is capable ( tak+ good c\nsel4 ,n[ c\nsel is ab\t ?+s t we h to d 9 relation to "s end3 & ! reason t deals ) ?+s to be done = an end is ! practical reason4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t prud5ce resides only 9 ! practical reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #de1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c71 wisdom consid]s ! absolutely highe/ cause3 s t ! consid]ation ( ! highe/ cause 9 any p>ticul> g5us belongs to wisdom 9 t g5us4 ,n[ 9 ! g5us ( human acts ! highe/ cause is ! common end ( all human life1 & x is ?is end t prud5ce int5ds4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 t j z he :o reasons well = ! realization ( a p>ticul> end1 su* z victory1 is said to be prud5t1 n absolutely1 b 9 a p>ticul> g5us1 namely w>f>e1 s he t reasons well ) reg>d to "r conduct z a :ole1 is said to be prud5t absolutely4 ,:]e=e x is cle> t prud5ce is wisdom ab\t human affairs3 b n wisdom absolutely1 because x is n ab\t ! absolutely highe/ cause1 = x is ab\t human good1 & ?is is n ! be/ ?+ ( all4 ,& s x is /at$ significantly t prud5ce is wisdom = man1 b n wisdom absolutely4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ambrose1 & ,tully also 7,de ,inv5t4 ii1 #ec7 take ! ^w prud5ce 9 a broad s5se = any human k1 :e!r speculative or practical4 ,& yet x may also be repli$ t ! act itself ( ! speculative reason1 9 s f> z x is volunt>y1 is a matt] ( *oice & c\nsel z to its ex]cise2 & consequ5tly comes "u ! direction ( prud5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z reg>ds its specification 9 relation to its object :i* is ! necess>y true1 x comes "u nei!r c\nsel nor prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e application ( "r reason 9 ! "w ( production belongs to art3 b to prud5ce belongs only ! application ( "r reason 9 matt]s ( c\nsel1 :i* are ^? :]e9 !re is no fix$ way ( obta9+ ! end1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #c4 ,s9ce !n1 ! speculative reason makes ?+s su* z syllogisms1 propositions & ! l1 :]e9 ! process foll[s c]ta9 & fix$ rules1 consequ5tly 9 respect ( su* ?+s x is possible to h ! ess5tials ( art1 b n ( prud5ce2 & s we f9d su* a ?+ z a speculative art1 b n a speculative prud5ce4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,takes ,cognizance ( ,s+ul>s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce does n take cognizance ( s+ul>s4 ,= prud5ce is 9 ! reason1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,b reason deals ) univ]sals1 accord+ to ,phys4 i1 #e4 ,!re=e prud5ce does n take cognizance except ( univ]sals4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s+ul>s are inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,b ! reason _c compreh5d an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s4 ,!re=e prud5ce :i* is "r reason1 is n ab\t s+ul>s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 p>ticul>s are kn[n by ! s5ses4 ,b prud5ce is n 9 a s5se1 = _m p]sons :o h ke5 outw>d s5ses are devoid ( prud5ce4 ,!re=e prud5ce does n take cognizance ( s+ul>s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #g7 t prud5ce does n deal ) univ]sals only1 b ne$s to take cognizance ( s+ul>s also4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c71 to prud5ce belongs n only ! consid]ation ( ! reason1 b also ! application to action1 :i* is ! end ( ! practical reason4 ,b no man c conv5i5tly apply "o ?+ to ano!r1 unless he kn[s bo? ! ?+ to be appli$1 & ! ?+ to :i* x has to be appli$4 ,n[ actions are 9 s+ul> matt]s3 & s x is necess>y = ! prud5t man to "k bo? ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( reason1 & ! s+ul>s ab\t :i* actions are conc]n$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,reason fir/ & *iefly is conc]n$ ) univ]sals1 & yet x is able to apply univ]sal rules to p>ticul> cases3 h5ce ! conclusions ( syllogisms are n only univ]sal1 b also p>ticul>1 because ! intellect by a k9d ( reflection ext5ds to matt]1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,anima iii4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is because ! inf9ite numb] ( s+ul>s _c be compreh5d$ by human reason1 t our c\nsels are unc]ta9 7,wis4 #i3ad74 ,nev]!less exp]i5ce r$uces ! inf9ity ( s+ul>s to a c]ta9 f9ite numb] :i* occur z a g5]al rule1 & ! k ( ^! suffices = human prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #h71 prud5ce does n reside 9 ! ext]nal s5ses :]eby we "k s5sible objects1 b 9 ! int]ior s5se1 :i* is p]fect$ by memory & exp]i5ce s z to judge promptly ( p>ticul> cases4 ,?is does n mean h[ev] t prud5ce is 9 ! int]ior s5se z 9 its pr9cipal subject1 = x is *iefly 9 ! reason1 yet by a k9d ( application x ext5ds to ?is s5se4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce is n a virtue4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #ac7 t prud5ce is ! sci5ce ( :at to desire & :at to avoid4 ,n[ sci5ce is condivid$ ) virtue1 z appe>s 9 ! ,pr$icam5ts 7vi74 ,!re=e prud5ce is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no virtue ( a virtue3 b !re is a virtue ( art1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e73 :]e=e art is n a virtue4 ,n[ !re is prud5ce 9 art1 = x is writt5 7#b ,p>alip4 ii1 #ad7 conc]n+ ,hiram1 t he knew to grave all sort ( grav+1 & to devise +5i\sly 7prud5t]7 all t !re may be ne$ ( 9 ! "w4 ,!re=e prud5ce is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no virtue c be immod]ate4 ,b prud5ce is immod]ate1 else x w\ld be useless to say 7,prov4 #bc3d73 ,set b\nds to ?y prud5ce4 ,!re=e prud5ce is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory /ates 7,moral4 ii1 #di7 t prud5ce1 temp]ance1 =titude & ju/ice are f\r virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #a7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( virtues 9 g5]al1 virtue is t :i* makes its possessor good1 & 8 "w good likewise4 ,n[ good may be und]/ood 9 a tw(old s5se3 fir/1 mat]ially1 = ! ?+ t is good1 secondly1 =mally1 "u ! aspect ( good4 ,good1 "u ! aspect ( good1 is ! object ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,h5ce if any habits rectify ! consid]ation ( reason1 )\t reg>d+ ! rectitude ( ! appetite1 !y h less ( ! nature ( a virtue s9ce !y direct man to good mat]ially1 t is to say1 to ! ?+ :i* is good1 b )\t consid]+ x "u ! aspect ( good4 ,on ! o!r h& ^? virtues :i* reg>d ! rectitude ( ! appetite1 h m ( ! nature ( virtue1 because !y consid] ! good n only mat]ially1 b also =mally1 9 o!r words1 !y consid] t :i* is good "u ! aspect ( good4 ,n[ x belongs to prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c2 ,a4 #c7 to apply "r reason to action1 & ?is is n done )\t a "r appetite4 ,h5ce prud5ce has ! nature ( virtue n only z ! o!r intellectual virtues h x1 b also z ! moral virtues h x1 among :i* virtues x is enum]at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e !re takes sci5ce 9 ! broad s5se = any k9d ( "r reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,philosoph] says t !re is a virtue ( art1 because art does n require rectitude ( ! appetite2 :]e=e 9 ord] t a man may make "r use ( 8 art1 he ne$s to h a virtue :i* w rectify 8 appetite4 ,prud5ce h[ev] has no?+ to d ) ! matt] ( art1 because art is bo? direct$ to a p>ticul> end1 & has fix$ means ( obta9+ t end4 ,& yet1 by a k9d ( comp>ison1 a man may be said to act prud5tly 9 matt]s ( art4 ,moreov] 9 c]ta9 arts1 on acc\nt ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! means = obta9+ ! end1 !re is ne$ = c\nsel1 z = in/ance 9 ! arts ( m$ic9e & navigation1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #c4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is say+ ( ! wise man does n mean t prud5ce itself %\ld be mod]ate1 b t mod]ation mu/ be impos$ on o!r ?+s accord+ to prud5ce4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce is n a special virtue4 ,= no special virtue is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( virtue 9 g5]al1 s9ce virtue is def9$ 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 an elective habit t foll[s a mean appo9t$ by reason 9 relation to ourselves1 ev5 z a wise man decides4 ,n[ "r reason is reason 9 accordance ) prud5ce1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #ac4 ,!re=e prud5ce is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #ac7 t ! effect ( moral virtue is "r action z reg>ds ! end1 & t ( prud5ce1 "r action z reg>ds ! means4 ,n[ 9 e virtue c]ta9 ?+s h to be done z means to ! end4 ,!re=e prud5ce is 9 e virtue1 & consequ5tly is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a special virtue has a special object4 ,b prud5ce has n a special object1 = x is "r reason appli$ to action 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e72 & all works ( virtue are actions4 ,!re=e prud5ce is n a special virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is di/9ct f & numb]$ among ! o!r virtues1 = x is writt5 7,wis4 #h3g73 ,%e tea*e? temp]ance & prud5ce1 ju/ice & =titude4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce acts & habits take _! species f _! objects1 z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b71 any habit t has a correspond+ special object1 di/9ct f o!r objects1 mu/ ne$s be a special habit1 & if x be a good habit1 x mu/ be a special virtue4 ,n[ an object is call$ special1 n m]ely accord+ to ! consid]ation ( its matt]1 b r accord+ to its =mal aspect1 z expla9$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,because "o & ! same ?+ is ! subject matt] ( ! acts ( diff]5t habits1 & also ( diff]5t p[]s1 accord+ to its diff]5t =mal aspects4 ,n[ a yet great] diff]5ce ( object is requisite = a diff]5ce ( p[]s ?an = a diff]5ce ( habits1 s9ce sev]al habits are f\nd 9 ! same p[]1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #a74 ,consequ5tly any diff]5ce 9 ! aspect ( an object1 t requires a diff]5ce ( p[]s1 w a =tiori require a diff]5ce ( habits4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t s9ce prud5ce is 9 ! reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 x is diff]5tiat$ f ! o!r intellectual virtues by a mat]ial diff]5ce ( objects4 ,wisdom1 k & und]/&+ are ab\t necess>y ?+s1 :]eas art & prud5ce are ab\t cont+5t ?+s1 art be+ conc]n$ ) ?+s made1 t is1 ) ?+s produc$ 9 ext]nal matt]1 su* z a h\se1 a knife & s =?2 & prud5ce1 be+ conc]n$ ) ?+s done1 t is1 ) ?+s t h _! be+ 9 ! do] himself1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #d74 ,on ! o!r h& prud5ce is diff]5tiat$ f ! moral virtues accord+ to a =mal aspect di/9ctive ( p[]s1 i4e4 ! intellective p[]1 :]e9 is prud5ce1 & ! appetitive p[]1 :]e9 is moral virtue4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t prud5ce is a special virtue1 di/9ct f all o!r virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is is n a def9ition ( virtue 9 g5]al1 b ( moral virtue1 ! def9ition ( :i* fitt+ly includes an intellectual virtue1 viz41 prud5ce1 :i* has ! same matt] 9 common ) moral virtue2 because1 j z ! subject ( moral virtue is some?+ t p>takes ( reason1 s moral virtue has ! aspect ( virtue1 9 s f> z x p>takes ( intellectual virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t proves t prud5ce helps all ! virtues1 & works 9 all ( !m2 b ?is does n suffice to prove t x is n a special virtue2 = no?+ prev5ts a c]ta9 g5us f conta9+ a species :i* is op]ative 9 e o!r species ( t same g5us1 ev5 z ! sun has an influ5ce ov] all bodies4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?+s done are inde$ ! matt] ( prud5ce1 9 s f> z !y are ! object ( reason1 t is1 consid]$ z true3 b !y are ! matt] ( ! moral virtues1 9 s f> z !y are ! object ( ! appetitive p[]1 t is1 consid]$ z good4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,appo9ts ! ,end to ,moral ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce appo9ts ! end to moral virtues4 ,s9ce prud5ce is 9 ! reason1 :ile moral virtue is 9 ! appetite1 x seems t prud5ce /&s 9 relation to moral virtue1 z reason to ! appetite4 ,n[ reason appo9ts ! end to ! appetitive p[]4 ,!re=e prud5ce appo9ts ! end to ! moral virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man surpasses irrational be+s by 8 reason1 b he has o!r ?+s 9 common ) !m4 ,accord+ly ! o!r p>ts ( man are 9 relation to 8 reason1 :at man is 9 relation to irrational creatures4 ,n[ man is ! end ( irrational creatures1 accord+ to ,polit4 i1 #c4 ,!re=e all ! o!r p>ts ( man are direct$ to reason z to _! end4 ,b prud5ce is "r reason appli$ to action1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e all actions are direct$ to prud5ce z _! end4 ,!re=e prud5ce appo9ts ! end to all moral virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ! virtue1 art1 or p[] t is conc]n$ ab\t ! end1 to comm& ! virtues or arts t are conc]n$ ab\t ! means4 ,n[ prud5ce disposes ( ! o!r moral virtues1 & comm&s !m4 ,!re=e x appo9ts _! end to !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #ab7 t moral virtue ensures ! rectitude ( ! int5tion ( ! end1 :ile prud5ce ensures ! rectitude ( ! means4 ,!re=e x does n belong to prud5ce to appo9t ! end to moral virtues1 b only to regulate ! means4 ,i answ] t1 ,! end ( moral virtues is human good4 ,n[ ! good ( ! human s\l is to be 9 accord ) reason1 z ,dionysius decl>es 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,:]e=e ! ends ( moral virtue mu/ ( necessity pre-exi/ 9 ! reason4 ,n[1 j z1 9 ! speculative reason1 !re are c]ta9 ?+s naturally kn[n1 ab\t :i* is und]/&+1 & c]ta9 ?+s ( :i* we obta9 k ?r\gh !m1 viz4 conclusions1 ab\t :i* is sci5ce1 s 9 ! practical reason1 c]ta9 ?+s pre-exi/1 z naturally kn[n pr9ciples1 & su* are ! ends ( ! moral virtues1 s9ce ! end is 9 practical matt]s :at pr9ciples are 9 speculative matt]s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #g1 ad #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #c72 :ile c]ta9 ?+s are 9 ! practical reason by way ( conclusions1 & su* are ! means :i* we ga!r f ! ends !mselves4 ,ab\t ^! is prud5ce1 :i* applies univ]sal pr9ciples to ! p>ticul> conclusions ( practical matt]s4 ,consequ5tly x does n belong to prud5ce to appo9t ! end to moral virtues1 b only to regulate ! means4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,natural reason kn[n by ! "n ( synd]esis appo9ts ! end to moral virtues1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #ab73 b prud5ce does n d ?is = ! reason giv5 above4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! end conc]ns ! moral virtues1 n z ?\gh !y appo9t$ ! end1 b because !y t5d to ! end :i* is appo9t$ by natural reason4 ,9 ?is !y are help$ by prud5ce1 :i* prep>es ! way = !m1 by dispos+ ! means4 ,h5ce x foll[s t prud5ce is m excell5t ?an ! moral virtues1 & moves !m3 yet synd]esis moves prud5ce1 j z ! und]/&+ ( pr9ciples moves sci5ce4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,x ,belongs to ,prud5ce to ,f9d ! ,mean 9 ,moral ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x does n belong to prud5ce to f9d ! mean 9 moral virtues4 ,= ! a*ievem5t ( ! mean is ! end ( moral virtues4 ,b prud5ce does n appo9t ! end to moral virtues1 z %[n above 7,a4 #f74 ,!re=e x does n f9d ! mean 9 !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* ( itself has be+1 w\ld seem to h no cause1 b its v be+ is its cause1 s9ce a ?+ is said to h be+ by reason ( its cause4 ,n[ to foll[ ! mean belongs to moral virtue by reason ( itself1 z "p ( its def9ition1 z %[n above 7,a4 #e1 ,obj4 #a74 ,!re=e prud5ce does n cause ! mean 9 moral virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce works aft] ! mann] ( reason4 ,b moral virtue t5ds to ! mean aft] ! mann] ( nature1 because1 z ,tully /ates 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec71 virtue is a habit l a second nature 9 accord ) reason4 ,!re=e prud5ce does n appo9t ! mean to moral virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ! =ego+ def9ition ( moral virtue 7,a4 #e1 ,obj4 #a7 x is /at$ t x foll[s a mean appo9t$ by reason 4 4 4 ev5 z a wise man decides4 ,i answ] t1 ,! prop] end ( ea* moral virtue consi/s precisely 9 con=mity ) "r reason4 ,= temp]ance int5ds t man %\ld n /ray f reason = ! sake ( 8 concupisc5ces2 =titude1 t he %\ld n /ray f ! "r judgm5t ( reason ?r\gh fe> or d>+4 ,moreov] ?is end is appo9t$ to man accord+ to natural reason1 s9ce natural reason dictates to ea* "o t he %\ld act accord+ to reason4 ,b x belongs to ! rul+ ( prud5ce to decide 9 :at mann] & by :at means man %all obta9 ! mean ( reason 9 8 de$s4 ,= ?\gh ! atta9m5t ( ! mean is ! end ( a moral virtue1 yet ?is mean is f\nd by ! "r disposition ( ^! ?+s t are direct$ to ! end4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z a natural ag5t makes =m to be 9 matt]1 yet does n make t :i* is ess5tial to ! =m to belong to x1 s too1 prud5ce appo9ts ! mean 9 passions & op]ations1 & yet does n make ! se>*+ ( ! mean to belong to virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,moral virtue aft] ! mann] ( nature int5ds to atta9 ! mean4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! mean z su* is n f\nd 9 all matt]s aft] ! same mann]1 x foll[s t ! incl9ation ( nature :i* ev] works 9 ! same mann]1 does n suffice = ?is purpose1 & s ! rul+ ( prud5ce is requir$4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,comm& ,is ! ,*ief ,act ( ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t comm& is n ! *ief act ( prud5ce4 ,= comm& reg>ds ! good to be ensu$4 ,n[ ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #i7 /ates t x is an act ( prud5ce to avoid ambu%es4 ,!re=e comm& is n ! *ief act ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 t ! prud5t man takes good c\nsel4 ,n[ to take c\nsel & to comm& seem to be diff]5t acts1 z appe>s f :at has be5 said above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e comm& is n ! *ief act ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems to belong to ! w to comm& & to rule1 s9ce ! w has ! end = its object1 & moves ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,n[ prud5ce is n 9 ! w1 b 9 ! reason4 ,!re=e comm& is n an act ( prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #aj7 t prud5ce comm&s4 ,i answ] t1 ,prud5ce is "r reason appli$ to action1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,h5ce t :i* is ! *ief act ( reason 9 reg>d to action mu/ ne$s be ! *ief act ( prud5ce4 ,n[ !re are ?ree su* acts4 ,! fir/ is to take c\nsel1 :i* belongs to discov]y1 = c\nsel is an act ( inquiry1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #a74 ,! second act is to judge ( :at "o has discov]$1 & ?is is an act ( ! speculative reason4 ,b ! practical reason1 :i* is direct$ to action1 goes fur!r1 & its ?ird act is to comm&1 :i* act consi/s 9 apply+ to action ! ?+s c\nsell$ & judg$4 ,& s9ce ?is act approa*es ne>] to ! end ( ! practical reason1 x foll[s t x is ! *ief act ( ! practical reason1 & consequ5tly ( prud5ce4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is we f9d t ! p]fection ( art consi/s 9 judg+ & n 9 comm&+3 :]e=e he :o s9s volunt>ily aga9/ 8 craft is reput$ a bett] craftsman ?an he :o does s involunt>ily1 because ! =m] seems to d s f "r judgm5t1 & ! latt] f a defective judgm5t4 ,on ! o!r h& x is ! rev]se 9 prud5ce1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #e1 = x is m imprud5t to s9 volunt>ily1 s9ce ?is is to be lack+ 9 ! *ief act ( prud5ce1 viz4 comm&1 ?an to s9 involunt>ily4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! act ( comm& ext5ds bo? to ! ensu+ ( good & to ! avoidance ( evil4 ,nev]!less ,augu/9e ascribes ! avoidance ( ambu%es to prud5ce1 n z its *ief act1 b z an act ( prud5ce t does n cont9ue 9 heav54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,good c\nsel is requir$ 9 ord] t ! good ?+s discov]$ may be appli$ to action3 :]e=e comm& belongs to prud5ce :i* takes good c\nsel4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,simply to move belongs to ! w3 b comm& d5otes motion toge!r ) a k9d ( ord]+1 :]e=e x is an act ( ! reason1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #a74 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,solicitude ,belongs to ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t solicitude does n belong to prud5ce4 ,= solicitude implies disquiet1 :]e=e ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 t a solicit\s man is a re/less man4 ,n[ motion belongs *iefly to ! appetitive p[]3 :]e=e solicitude does also4 ,b prud5ce is n 9 ! appetitive p[]1 b 9 ! reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e solicitude does n belong to prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! c]ta9ty ( tru? seems oppos$ to solicitude1 :]e=e x is relat$ 7#a ,k+s #i3bj7 t ,samuel said to ,saul3 ,z = ! asses :i* 7 lo/ ?ree days ago1 be n solicit\s1 because !y are f\nd4 ,n[ ! c]ta9ty ( tru? belongs to prud5ce1 s9ce x is an intellectual virtue4 ,!re=e solicitude is 9 opposition to prud5ce r ?an belong+ to x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 ! magnanim\s man is sl[ & leisurely4 ,n[ sl[ness is contr>y to solicitude4 ,s9ce !n prud5ce is n oppos$ to magnanimity1 = good is n oppos$ to good1 z /at$ 9 ! ,pr$icam5ts 7viii7 x w\ld seem t solicitude does n belong to prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,pet4 #d3g73 ,be prud5t 4 4 4 & wat* 9 pray]s4 ,b wat*fulness is ! same z solicitude4 ,!re=e solicitude belongs to prud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ,isidore 7,etym4 x71 a man is said to be solicit\s ?r\gh be+ %rewd 7sol]s7 & al]t 7citus71 9 s f> z a man ?r\gh a c]ta9 %rewdness ( m9d is on ! al]t to d :atev] has to be done4 ,n[ ?is belongs to prud5ce1 ^: *ief act is a comm& ab\t :at has be5 already c\nsell$ & judg$ 9 matt]s ( action4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #i7 t "o %\ld be quick 9 c>ry+ out ! c\nsel tak51 b sl[ 9 tak+ c\nsel4 ,h5ce x is t solicitude belongs prop]ly to prud5ce1 & = ?is reason ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 xxiv7 t prud5ce keeps mo/ c>eful wat* & w>d1 le/ by degrees we be deceiv$ unaw>es by evil c\nsel4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,movem5t belongs to ! appetitive p[] z to ! pr9ciple ( movem5t1 9 accordance h[ev]1 ) ! direction & comm& ( reason1 :]e9 solicitude consi/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #c71 equal c]ta9ty %\ld n be s\ght 9 all ?+s1 b 9 ea* matt] accord+ to its prop] mode4 ,& s9ce ! matt] ( prud5ce is ! cont+5t s+ul>s ab\t :i* are human actions1 ! c]ta9ty ( prud5ce _c be s great z to be devoid ( all solicitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! magnanim\s man is said to be sl[ & leisurely n because he is solicit\s ab\t no?+1 b because he is n ov]-solicit\s ab\t _m ?+s1 & is tru/ful 9 matt]s :]e he ought to h tru/1 & is n ov]-solicit\s ab\t !m3 = ov]-mu* fe> & di/ru/ are ! cause ( ov]-solicitude1 s9ce fe> makes u take c\nsel1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #b7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passion ( fe>4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,solicitude ,belongs to ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce does n ext5d to ! gov]n+ ( _m1 b only to ! gov]nm5t ( oneself4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t virtue direct$ to ! common good is ju/ice4 ,b prud5ce diff]s f ju/ice4 ,!re=e prud5ce is n direct$ to ! common good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he seems to be prud5t1 :o seeks & does good = himself4 ,n[ ^? :o seek ! common good (t5 neglect _! own4 ,!re=e !y are n prud5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce is specifically di/9ct f temp]ance & =titude4 ,b temp]ance & =titude seem to be relat$ only to a man's own good4 ,!re=e ! same applies to prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #bd3de73 ,:o1 ?9ke/ ?\1 is a fai?ful & prud5t ,d\ay3 'wise' s]vant :om 8 "l ha? appo9t$ ov] 8 family8 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #h7 "s h held t prud5ce does n ext5d to ! common good1 b only to ! good ( ! individual1 & ?is because !y ?\ght t man is n b\nd to seek o!r ?an 8 own good4 ,b ?is op9ion is oppos$ to *>ity1 :i* seeke? n h] own 7#a ,cor4 #ac3e73 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says ( himself 7#a ,cor4 #aj3cc73 ,n seek+ t :i* is pr(itable to myself1 b to _m1 t !y may be sav$4 ,moreov] x is contr>y to "r reason1 :i* judges ! common good to be bett] ?an ! good ( ! individual4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce x belongs to prud5ce rightly to c\nsel1 judge1 & comm& conc]n+ ! means ( obta9+ a due end1 x is evid5t t prud5ce reg>ds n only ! private good ( ! individual1 b also ! common good ( ! multitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ !re ( moral virtue4 ,n[ j z e moral virtue t is direct$ to ! common good is call$ legal ju/ice1 s ! prud5ce t is direct$ to ! common good is call$ political prud5ce1 = ! latt] /&s 9 ! same relation to legal ju/ice1 z prud5ce simply s call$ to moral virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he t seeks ! good ( ! _m1 seeks 9 consequ5ce 8 own good1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! individual good is impossible )\t ! common good ( ! family1 /ate1 or k+dom4 ,h5ce ,val]ius ,maximus says 99,fact4 et ,dict4 ,memor4 iv1 #f ( ! anci5t ,romans t !y w\ld r be poor 9 a ri* empire ?an ri* 9 a poor empire4 ,secondly1 because1 s9ce man is a "p ( ! home & /ate1 he mu/ ne$s consid] :at is good = him by be+ prud5t ab\t ! good ( ! _m4 ,= ! good disposition ( p>ts dep5ds on _! relation to ! :ole2 ?us ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iii1 #h7 t any "p :i* does n h>monize ) its :ole1 is (f5sive4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 temp]ance & =titude c be direct$ to ! common good1 h5ce !re are precepts ( law conc]n+ !m z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #a3 m s1 h[ev]1 prud5ce & ju/ice1 s9ce ^! belong to ! rational faculty :i* directly reg>ds ! univ]sal1 j z ! s5sitive "p reg>ds s+ul>s4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,ab\t ,"o's ,own ,good ,is ,specifically ! ,same ,z ,t ,:i* ,ext5ds to ! ,common ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t prud5ce ab\t "o's own good is ! same specifically z t :i* ext5ds to ! common good4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #h7 t political prud5ce1 & prud5ce are ! same habit1 yet _! ess5ce is n ! same4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 iii1 #b7 t virtue is ! same 9 a good man & 9 a good rul]4 ,n[ political prud5ce is *iefly 9 ! rul]1 9 :om x is ar*itectonic1 z x 74 ,s9ce !n prud5ce is a virtue ( a good man1 x seems t prud5ce & political prud5ce are ! same habit4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a habit is n div]sifi$ 9 species or ess5ce by ?+s :i* are subord9ate to "o ano!r4 ,b ! p>ticul> good1 :i* belongs to prud5ce simply s call$1 is subord9ate to ! common good1 :i* belongs to political prud5ce4 ,!re=e prud5ce & political prud5ce diff] nei!r specifically nor ess5tially4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,political prud5ce1 :i* is direct$ to ! common good ( ! /ate1 dome/ic economy :i* is ( su* ?+s z relate to ! common good ( ! h\sehold or family1 & mona/ic economy :i* is conc]n$ ) ?+s affect+ ! good ( "o p]son1 are all di/9ct sci5ces4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] !re are diff]5t k9ds ( prud5ce1 correspond+ to ! above diff]5ces ( matt]4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #e2 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a71 ! species ( habits diff] accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( object consid]$ 9 its =mal aspect4 ,n[ ! =mal aspect ( all ?+s direct$ to ! end1 is tak5 f ! end itself1 z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,prolog42 ,q4 #ajb1 ,a4 #a71 :]e=e ! species ( habits diff] by _! relation to diff]5t ends4 ,aga9 ! individual good1 ! good ( ! family1 & ! good ( ! city & k+dom are diff]5t ends4 ,:]e=e !re mu/ ne$s be diff]5t species ( prud5ce correspond+ to ^! diff]5t ends1 s t "o is prud5ce simply s call$1 :i* is direct$ to "o's own good2 ano!r1 dome/ic prud5ce :i* is direct$ to ! common good ( ! home2 & a ?ird1 political prud5ce1 :i* is direct$ to ! common good ( ! /ate or k+dom4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] means1 n t political prud5ce is sub/antially ! same habit z any k9d ( prud5ce1 b t x is ! same z ! prud5ce :i* is direct$ to ! common good4 ,?is is call$ prud5ce 9 respect ( ! common notion ( prud5ce1 i4e4 z be+ "r reason appli$ to action1 :ile x is call$ political1 z be+ direct$ to ! common good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,polit4 iii1 #b71 x belongs to a good man to be able to rule well & to obey well1 :]e=e ! virtue ( a good man includes also t ( a good rul]4 ,yet ! virtue ( ! rul] & ( ! subject diff]s specifically1 ev5 z ! virtue ( a man & ( a woman1 z /at$ by ! same au?ority 7,polit4 iii1 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 diff]5t ends1 "o ( :i* is subord9ate to ! o!r1 div]sify ! species ( a habit1 ?us = in/ance1 habits direct$ to rid+1 soldi]+1 & civic life1 diff] specifically al?\gh _! ends are subord9ate to "o ano!r4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh ! good ( ! individual is subord9ate to ! good ( ! _m1 t does n prev5t ?is diff]5ce f mak+ ! habits diff] specifically2 b x foll[s t ! habit :i* is direct$ to ! la/ end is above ! o!r habits & comm&s !m4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,is 9 ,subjects1 or ,only 9 ,_! ,rul]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce is n 9 subjects b only 9 _! rul]s4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 iii1 #b7 t prud5ce alone is ! virtue prop] to a rul]1 :ile o!r virtues are common to subjects & rul]s1 & ! prud5ce ( ! subject is n a virtue b a true op9ion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is /at$ 9 ,polit4 i1 #e t a slave is n compet5t to take c\nsel4 ,b prud5ce makes a man take good c\nsel 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e74 ,!re=e prud5ce is n befitt+ slaves or subjects4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce ex]cises comm&1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #h74 ,b comm& is n 9 ! compet5cy ( slaves or subjects b only ( rul]s4 ,!re=e prud5ce is n 9 subjects b only 9 rul]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #h7 t !re are two k9ds ( political prud5ce1 "o ( :i* is legislative & belongs to rul]s1 :ile ! o!r reta9s ! common "n political1 & is ab\t individual actions4 ,n[ x belongs also to subjects to p]=m ^! individual actions4 ,!re=e prud5ce is n only 9 rul]s b also 9 subjects4 ,i answ] t1 ,prud5ce is 9 ! reason4 ,n[ rul+ & gov]n+ belong prop]ly to ! reason2 & !re=e x is prop] to a man to reason & be prud5t 9 s f> z he has a %>e 9 rul+ & gov]n+4 ,b x is evid5t t ! subject z subject1 & ! slave z slave1 are n compet5t to rule & gov]n1 b r to be rul$ & gov]n$4 ,!re=e prud5ce is n ! virtue ( a slave z slave1 nor ( a subject z subject4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 e man1 = z mu* z he is rational1 has a %>e 9 rul+ accord+ to ! judgm5t ( reason1 he is proportionately compet5t to h prud5ce4 ,:]e=e x is manife/ t prud5ce is 9 ! rul] aft] ! mann] ( a ma/]craft 7,e?ic4 vi1 #h71 b 9 ! subjects1 aft] ! mann] ( a h&icraft4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! say+ ( ! ,philosoph] is to be und]/ood /rictly1 namely1 t prud5ce is n ! virtue ( a subject z su*4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a slave is n capable ( tak+ c\nsel1 9 s f> z he is a slave 7= ?us he is ! in/rum5t ( 8 ma/]71 b he does take c\nsel 9 s f> z he is a rational animal4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,by prud5ce a man comm&s n only o!rs1 b also himself1 9 s f> z ! reason is said to comm& ! l[] p[]s4 ,,?irte5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #ac ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,c ,be 9 ,s9n]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re c be prud5ce 9 s9n]s4 ,= our ,"l said 7,luke #af3h73 ,! *ildr5 ( ?is _w are m prud5t ,d\ay3 'wis]' 9 _! g5]ation ?an ! *ildr5 ( light4 ,n[ ! *ildr5 ( ?is _w are s9n]s4 ,!re=e !re be prud5ce 9 s9n]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fai? is a m excell5t virtue ?an prud5ce4 ,b !re c be fai? 9 s9n]s4 ,!re=e !re c be prud5ce also4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 vi1 #g1 we say t to be ( good c\nsel is ! "w ( prud5t man especially4 ,n[ _m s9n]s c take good c\nsel4 ,!re=e s9n]s c h prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 vi1 #ab7 t x is impossible = a man be prud5t unless he be good4 ,n[ no s9n] is a good man4 ,!re=e no s9n] is prud5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,prud5ce is ?reefold4 ,!re is a false prud5ce1 :i* takes its "n f its lik5ess to true prud5ce4 ,= s9ce a prud5t man is "o :o disposes well ( ! ?+s t h to be done = a good end1 :oev] disposes well ( su* ?+s z are fitt+ = an evil end1 has false prud5ce1 9 f> z t :i* he takes = an end1 is good1 n 9 tru? b 9 appe>ance4 ,?us man is call$ a good robb]1 & 9 ?is way may speak ( a prud5t robb]1 by way ( simil>ity1 because he devises fitt+ ways ( committ+ robb]y4 ,?is is ! prud5ce ( :i* ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #h3f73 ,! prud5ce ,d\ay3 'wisdom' ( ! fle% is dea?1 because1 to wit1 x places its ultimate end 9 ! pleasures ( ! fle%4 ,! second prud5ce is inde$ true prud5ce1 because x devises fitt+ ways ( obta9+ a good end2 & yet x is imp]fect1 f a tw(old s\rce4 ,fir/1 because ! good :i* x takes = an end1 is n ! common end ( all human life1 b ( "s p>ticul> affair2 ?us :5 a man devises fitt+ ways ( conduct+ bus9ess or ( sail+ a %ip1 he is call$ a prud5t bus9essman1 or a prud5t sailor2 secondly1 because he fails 9 ! *ief act ( prud5ce1 z :5 a man takes c\nsel aright1 & =ms a good judgm5t1 ev5 ab\t ?+s conc]n+ life z a :ole1 b fails to make an effective comm&4 ,! ?ird prud5ce is bo? true & p]fect1 = x takes c\nsel1 judges & comm&s aright 9 respect ( ! good end ( man's :ole life3 & ?is alone is prud5ce simply s-call$1 & _c be 9 s9n]s1 :]eas ! fir/ prud5ce is 9 s9n]s alone1 :ile imp]fect prud5ce is common to good & wick$ m51 especially t :i* is imp]fect ?r\gh be+ direct$ to a p>ticul> end1 s9ce t :i* is imp]fect on acc\nt ( a fail+ 9 ! *ief act1 is only 9 ! wick$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is say+ ( our ,"l is to be und]/ood ( ! fir/ prud5ce1 :]e=e x is n said t !y are prud5t absolutely1 b t !y are prud5t 9 _! g5]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! nature ( fai? consi/s n 9 con=mity ) ! appetite = c]ta9 "r actions1 b 9 k alone4 ,on ! o!r h& prud5ce implies a relation to a "r appetite4 ,fir/ because its pr9ciples are ! ends 9 matt]s ( action2 & ( su* ends "o =ms a "r e/imate ?r\gh ! habits ( moral virtue1 :i* rectify ! appetite3 :]e=e )\t ! moral virtues !re is no prud5ce1 z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #e72 secondly because prud5ce comm&s "r actions1 :i* does n happ5 unless ! appetite be "r4 ,:]e=e ?\gh fai? on acc\nt ( its object is m excell5t ?an prud5ce1 yet prud5ce1 by its v nature1 is m oppos$ to s91 :i* arises f a disord] ( ! appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9n]s c take good c\nsel = an evil end1 or = "s p>ticul> good1 b !y d n p]fectly take good c\nsel = ! end ( _! :ole life1 s9ce !y d n c>ry t c\nsel into effect4 ,h5ce !y lack prud5ce :i* is direct$ to ! good only2 & yet 9 !m1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #ab7 !re is clev]ness1 99de9otike i4e4 natural dilig5ce :i* may be direct$ to bo? good & evil2 or cunn+1 99pan\rgia :i* is direct$ only to evil1 & :i* we h /at$ above1 to be false prud5ce or prud5ce ( ! fle%4 ,,f\rte5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #ad ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,is 9 ,all ,:o ,h ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce is n 9 all :o h grace4 ,prud5ce requires dilig5ce1 t "o may =esee aright :at has to be done4 ,b _m :o h grace h n ?is dilig5ce4 ,!re=e n all :o h grace h prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a prud5t man is "o :o takes good c\nsel1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #h1 ,obj4 #b2 ,a4 #ac1 ,obj4 #c74 ,yet _m h grace :o d n take good c\nsel1 & ne$ to be guid$ by ! c\nsel ( o!rs4 ,!re=e n all :o h grace1 h prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,topic4 iii1 #b7 t "y p are n obvi\sly prud5t4 ,yet _m "y p h grace4 ,!re=e prud5ce is n to be f\nd 9 all :o h grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no man has grace unless he be virtu\s4 ,n[ no man c be virtu\s )\t prud5ce1 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii1 #df7 t ! o!r virtues _c be virtues at all unless !y effect prud5tly :at !y desire to accompli%4 ,!re=e all :o h grace h prud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,! virtues mu/ ne$s be connect$ toge!r1 s t :oev] has "o has all1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ :oev] has grace has *>ity1 s t he mu/ ne$s h all ! o!r virtues1 & h5ce1 s9ce prud5ce is a virtue1 z %[n above 7,a4 #d71 he mu/1 ( necessity1 h prud5ce also4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,dilig5ce is tw(old3 "o is m]ely suffici5t ) reg>d to ?+s necess>y = salvation2 & su* dilig5ce is giv5 to all :o h grace1 :om ,8 unction tea*e? ( all ?+s 7#a ,john #b3bg74 ,!re is also ano!r dilig5ce :i* is m ?an suffici5t1 :]eby a man is able to make provision bo? = himself & = o!rs1 n only 9 matt]s necess>y = salvation1 b also 9 all ?+s relat+ to human life2 & su* dilig5ce z ?is is n 9 all :o h grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o require to be guid$ by ! c\nsel ( o!rs1 are able1 if !y h grace1 to take c\nsel = !mselves 9 ?is po9t at lea/1 t !y require ! c\nsel ( o!rs & c disc]n good f evil c\nsel4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,acquir$ prud5ce is caus$ by ! ex]cise ( acts1 :]e=e its acquisition dem&s exp]i5ce & "t 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a71 h5ce x _c be 9 ! "y1 nei!r 9 habit nor 9 act4 ,on ! o!r h& gratuit\s prud5ce is caus$ by div9e infusion4 ,:]e=e1 9 *ildr5 :o h be5 baptiz$ b h n come to ! use ( reason1 !re is prud5ce z to habit b n z to act1 ev5 z 9 idiots2 :]eas 9 ^? :o h come to ! use ( reason1 x is also z to act1 ) reg>d to ?+s necess>y = salvation4 ,?is by practice m]its increase1 until x becomes p]fect1 ev5 z ! o!r virtues4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #e3ad7 t /rong meat is = ! p]fect1 = !m :o by cu/om h _! s5ses ex]cis$ to ! disc]n+ ( good & evil4 ,,fifte5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #ae ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,is 9 ,u by ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce is 9 u by nature4 ,! ,philosoph] says t ?+s connect$ ) prud5ce seem to be natural1 namely synesis1 gnome 99synesis & gnome1 ,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #f & ! l1 b n ^? :i* are connect$ ) speculative wisdom4 ,n[ ?+s belong+ to ! same g5us h ! same k9d ( orig94 ,!re=e prud5ce also is 9 u f nature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! *anges ( age are accord+ to nature4 ,n[ prud5ce results f age1 accord+ to ,job #ab3ab3 ,9 ! anci5t is wisdom1 & 9 l5g? ( days prud5ce4 ,!re=e prud5ce is natural4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce is m consi/5t ) human nature ?an ) t ( dumb animals4 ,n[ !re are in/ances ( a c]ta9 natural prud5ce 9 dumb animals1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,hi/4 ,anim4 viii1 #a74 ,!re=e prud5ce is natural4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a7 t intellectual virtue is bo? orig9at$ & fo/]$ by tea*+2 x !re=e dem&s exp]i5ce & "t4 ,n[ prud5ce is an intellectual virtue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,!re=e prud5ce is 9 u1 n by nature1 b by tea*+ & exp]i5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,z %[n above 7,a4 #c71 prud5ce includes k bo? ( univ]sals1 & ( ! s+ul> matt]s ( action to :i* prud5ce applies ! univ]sal pr9ciples4 ,accord+ly1 z reg>ds ! k ( univ]sals1 ! same is to be said ( prud5ce z ( speculative sci5ce1 because ! prim>y univ]sal pr9ciples ( ei!r are kn[n naturally1 z %[n above 7,a4 #f73 except t ! common pr9ciples ( prud5ce are m connatural to man2 = z ! ,philosoph] rem>ks 7,e?ic4 x1 #g7 ! life :i* is accord+ to ! speculative reason is bett] ?an t :i* is accord+ to man3 :]eas ! second>y univ]sal pr9ciples1 :e!r ( ! speculative or ( ! practical reason1 are n inh]it$ f nature1 b are acquir$ by discov]y ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 or ?r\gh tea*+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z reg>ds ! k ( p>ticul>s :i* are ! matt] ( action1 we mu/ make a fur!r di/9ction1 because ?is matt] ( action is ei!r an end or ! means to an end4 ,n[ ! "r ends ( human life are fix$2 :]e=e !re c be a natural incl9ation 9 respect ( ^! ends2 ?us x has be5 /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #a7 t "s1 f a natural incl9ation1 h c]ta9 virtues :]eby !y are incl9$ to "r ends2 & consequ5tly !y also h naturally a "r judgm5t ab\t su* l ends4 ,b ! means to ! end1 9 human conc]ns1 f> f be+ fix$1 are ( manifold v>iety accord+ to ! v>iety ( p]sons & affairs4 ,:]e=e s9ce ! incl9ation ( nature is ev] to some?+ fix$1 ! k ( ^? means _c be 9 man naturally1 al?\gh1 by reason ( 8 natural disposition1 "o man has a great] aptitude ?an ano!r 9 disc]n+ !m1 j z x happ5s ) reg>d to ! conclusions ( speculative sci5ces4 ,s9ce !n prud5ce is n ab\t ! ends1 b ab\t ! means1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #e71 x foll[s t prud5ce is n f nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is speak+ !re ( ?+s relat+ to prud5ce1 9 s f> z !y are direct$ to ends4 ,:]e=e he _h said be=e 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e1 #aa7 t !y are ! pr9ciples ( ! ou h5eka 99,lit]ally1 '= ! sake ( :i*' 7are ! means71 namely1 ! end2 & s he does n m5tion eub\lia among !m1 because x takes c\nsel ab\t ! means4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prud5ce is r 9 ! old1 n only because _! natural disposition calms ! movem5t ( ! s5sitive passions1 b also because ( _! long exp]i5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 9 dumb animals !re are fix$ ways ( obta9+ an end1 :]e=e we obs]ve t all ! animals ( a same species act 9 l mann]4 ,b ?is is impossible 9 man1 on acc\nt ( 8 reason1 :i* takes cognizance ( univ]sals1 & consequ5tly ext5ds to an inf9ity ( s+ul>s4 ,,sixte5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,art4 #af ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,c ,be ,lo/ ,?r\gh ,=getfulness8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce c be lo/ ?r\gh =getfulness4 ,= s9ce sci5ce is ab\t necess>y ?+s1 x is m c]ta9 ?an prud5ce :i* is ab\t cont+5t matt]s ( action4 ,b sci5ce is lo/ by =getfulness4 ,mu* m !re=e is prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c7 ! same ?+s1 b by a contr>y process1 eng5d] & corrupt virtue4 ,n[ ! eng5d]+ ( prud5ce requires exp]i5ce :i* is made up ( _m memories1 z he /ates at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,metaphysics 7i1 #a74 ,!re=e s9ce =getfulness is contr>y to memory1 x seems t prud5ce c be lo/ ?r\gh =getfulness4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re is no prud5ce )\t k ( univ]sals4 ,b k ( univ]sals c be lo/ ?r\gh =getfulness4 ,!re=e prud5ce c also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 t =getfulness is possible to art b n to prud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,=getfulness reg>ds k only1 :]e=e "o c =get art & sci5ce1 s z to lose !m altoge!r1 because !y belong to ! reason4 ,b prud5ce consi/s n 9 k alone1 b also 9 an act ( ! appetite1 because z /at$ above 7,a4 #h71 its pr9cipal act is "o ( comm&1 :]eby a man applies ! k he has1 to ! purpose ( appetition & op]ation4 ,h5ce prud5ce is n tak5 away directly by =getfulness1 b r is corrupt$ by ! passions4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 t pleasure & sorr[ p]v]t ! e/imate ( prud5ce3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,dan4 #ac3ef73 ,beauty ha? deceiv$ !e1 & lu/ ha? subv]t$ ?y he>t1 & 7,ex4 #bc3h73 ,nei!r %alt ?\ take bribes :i* bl9d ev5 ! prud5t ,d\ay3 'wise'4 ,nev]!less =getfulness may h9d] prud5ce1 9 s f> z ! latt]'s comm& dep5ds on k :i* may be =gott54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sci5ce is 9 ! reason only3 h5ce ! comp>ison fails1 z /at$ above 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ec1 ,a4 #a4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! exp]i5ce requir$ by prud5ce results n f memory alone1 b also f ! practice ( comm&+ aright4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,prud5ce consi/s *iefly1 n 9 ! k ( univ]sals1 b 9 apply+ !m to action1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e =gett+ ! k ( univ]sals does n de/roy ! pr9cipal "p ( prud5ce1 b h9d]s x some:at1 z /at$ above4 ,,"q #dh ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,prud5ce 7,9 ,"o ,article7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! p>ts ( prud5ce1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:i* are ! p>ts ( prud5ce8 7#b7 ,( its integral p>ts2 7#c7 ,( its subjective p>ts2 7#d7 ,( its pot5tial p>ts4 ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #dh1 ,art4 ,:e!r ,?ree ,p>ts ( ,prud5ce ,are ,fitt+ly ,assign$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! p>ts ( prud5ce are assign$ unfitt+ly4 ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec7 assigns ?ree p>ts ( prud5ce1 namely1 memory1 und]/&+ & =esight4 ,macrobius 7,9 ,somn4 ,scip4 i7 foll[+ ! op9ion ( ,plot9us ascribes to prud5ce six p>ts1 namely1 reason+1 und]/&+1 circumspection1 =esight1 docility & caution4 ,ari/otle says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #i1 #aj1 #aa7 t good c\nsel1 synesis & gnome belong to prud5ce4 ,aga9 "u ! head ( prud5ce he m5tions conjecture1 %rewdness1 s5se & und]/&+4 ,& ano!r ,greek philosoph] 99,&ronicus2 ,cf4 ,q4 #hj1 ,obj4 #d says t t5 ?+s are connect$ ) prud5ce1 namely1 good c\nsel1 %rewdness1 =esight1 regnative 99,regnativa1 milit>y1 political & dome/ic prud5ce1 dialectics1 rhetoric & physics4 ,!re=e x seems t "o or ! o!r enum]ation is ei!r excessive or defici5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce is specifically di/9ct f sci5ce4 ,b politics1 economics1 logic1 rhetoric1 physics are sci5ces4 ,!re=e !y are n p>ts ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! p>ts d n exce$ ! :ole4 ,n[ ! intellective memory or intellig5ce1 reason1 s5se & docility1 belong n only to prud5ce b also to all ! cognitive habits4 ,!re=e !y %\ld n be set d[n z p>ts ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 j z c\nsell+1 judg+ & comm&+ are acts ( ! practical reason1 s also is us+1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e1 j z eubulia :i* ref]s to c\nsel1 is connect$ ) prud5ce1 & synesis & gnome :i* ref] to judgm5t1 s also ought some?+ to h be5 assign$ correspond+ to use4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 solicitude p]ta9s to prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #i74 ,!re=e solicitude also %\ld h be5 m5tion$ among ! p>ts ( prud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,p>ts are ( ?ree k9ds1 namely1 integral1 z wall1 ro(1 & f\ndations are p>ts ( a h\se2 subjective1 z ox & lion are p>ts ( animal2 & pot5tial1 z ! nutritive & s5sitive p[]s are p>ts ( ! s\l4 ,accord+ly1 p>ts c be assign$ to a virtue 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 9 lik5ess to integral p>ts1 s t ! ?+s :i* ne$ to concur = ! p]fect act ( a virtue1 are call$ ! p>ts ( t virtue4 ,9 ?is way1 out ( all ! ?+s m5tion$ above1 eight may be tak5 z p>ts ( prud5ce1 namely1 ! six assign$ by ,macrobius2 ) ! addition ( a sev5?1 viz4 memory m5tion$ by ,tully2 & eu/o*ia or %rewdness m5tion$ by ,ari/otle4 ,= ! s5se ( prud5ce is also call$ und]/&+3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #aa73 ,( su* ?+s "o ne$s to h ! s5se1 & ?is is und]/&+4 ,( ^! eight1 five belong to prud5ce z a cognitive virtue1 namely1 memory1 reason+1 und]/&+1 docility & %rewdness3 :ile ! ?ree o!rs belong !reto1 z comm&+ & apply+ k to action1 namely1 =esight1 circumspection & caution4 ,! reason ( _! diff]5ce is se5 f ! fact t ?ree ?+s may be obs]v$ 9 ref]5ce to k4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 k itself1 :i*1 if x be ( ! pa/1 is call$ memory1 if ( ! pres5t1 :e!r cont+5t or necess>y1 is call$ und]/&+ or intellig5ce4 ,secondly1 ! acquir+ ( k1 :i* is caus$ ei!r by tea*+1 to :i* p]ta9s docility1 or by discov]y1 & to ?is belongs to eu/o*ia1 i4e4 a happy conjecture1 ( :i* %rewdness is a "p1 :i* is a quick conjecture ( ! middle t]m1 z /at$ 9 ,po/]4 i1 #i4 ,?irdly1 ! use ( k1 9 z mu* z we proce$ f ?+s kn[n to k or judgm5t ( o!r ?+s1 & ?is belongs to reason+4 ,& ! reason1 9 ord] to comm& aright1 requires to h ?ree conditions4 ,fir/1 to ord] t :i* is befitt+ ! end1 & ?is belongs to =esight2 secondly1 to att5d to ! circum/ances ( ! matt] 9 h&1 & ?is belongs to circumspection2 ?irdly1 to avoid ob/acles1 & ?is belongs to caution4 ,! subjective p>ts ( a virtue are its v>i\s species4 ,9 ?is way ! p>ts ( prud5ce1 if we take !m prop]ly1 are ! prud5ce :]eby a man rules himself1 & ! prud5ce :]eby a man gov]ns a multitude1 :i* diff] specifically z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #aa74 ,aga91 ! prud5ce :]eby a multitude is gov]n$1 is divid$ into v>i\s species accord+ to ! v>i\s k9ds ( multitude4 ,!re is ! multitude :i* is unit$ toge!r = "s p>ticul> purpose2 ?us an army is ga!r$ toge!r to fight1 & ! prud5ce t gov]ns ?is is call$ milit>y4 ,!re is also ! multitude t is unit$ toge!r = ! :ole ( life2 su* is ! multitude ( a home or family1 & ?is is rul$ by dome/ic prud5ce3 & su* aga9 is ! multitude ( a city or k+dom1 ! rul+ pr9ciple ( :i* is regnative prud5ce 9 ! rul]1 & political prud5ce1 simply s call$1 9 ! subjects4 ,if1 h[ev]1 prud5ce be tak5 9 a wide s5se1 z includ+ also speculative k1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b7 !n its p>ts include dialectics1 rhetoric & physics1 accord+ to ?ree me?ods ( prud5ce 9 ! sci5ces4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! atta9+ ( sci5ce by demon/ration1 :i* belongs to physics 7if physics be und]/ood to comprise all demon/rative sci5ces74 ,! second me?od is to arrive at an op9ion ?r\gh probable premises1 & ?is belongs to dialectics4 ,! ?ird me?od is to employ conjectures 9 ord] to induce a c]ta9 suspicion1 or to p]suade some:at1 & ?is belongs to rhetoric4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t ^! ?ree belong also to prud5ce prop]ly s call$1 s9ce x argues sometimes f necess>y premises1 sometimes f probabilities1 & sometimes f conjectures4 ,! pot5tial p>ts ( a virtue are ! virtues connect$ ) x1 :i* are direct$ to c]ta9 second>y acts or matt]s1 n hav+1 z x 71 ! :ole p[] ( ! pr9cipal virtue4 ,9 ?is way ! p>ts ( prud5ce are good c\nsel1 :i* conc]ns c\nsel1 synesis1 :i* conc]ns judgm5t 9 matt]s ( ord9>y occurr5ce1 & gnome1 :i* conc]ns judgm5t 9 matt]s ( exception to ! law3 :ile prud5ce is ab\t ! *ief act1 viz4 t ( comm&+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! v>i\s enum]ations diff]1 ei!r because diff]5t k9ds ( p>ts are assign$1 or because t :i* is m5tion$ 9 "o enum]ation includes sev]al m5tion$ 9 ano!r enum]ation4 ,?us ,tully includes caution & circumspection "u =esight1 & reason+1 docility & %rewdness "u und]/&+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"h dome/ic & civic prud5ce are n to be tak5 z sci5ces1 b z k9ds ( prud5ce4 ,z to ! o!r ?ree1 ! reply may be ga!r$ f :at has be5 said4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ^! ?+s are reckon$ p>ts ( prud5ce1 n by tak+ !m altoge!r1 b 9 s f> z !y are connect$ ) ?+s p]ta9+ to prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,"r comm& & "r use always g toge!r1 because ! reason's comm& is foll[$ by ob$i5ce on ! "p ( ! l[] p[]s1 :i* p]ta9 to use4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,solicitude is includ$ "u =esight4 ,,"q #di ,,( ,,ea* ,,quasi-,,integral ,,"p ,,( ,,prud5ce 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ea* quasi-integral "p ( prud5ce1 & "u ?is head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,memory2 7#b7 ,und]/&+ or ,intellig5ce2 7#c7 ,docility2 7#d7 ,%rewdness2 7#e7 ,reason2 7#f7 ,=esight2 7#g7 ,circumspection2 7#h7 ,caution4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,memory ,is a ,"p ( ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t memory is n a "p ( prud5ce4 ,= memory1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,de ,memor4 et ,rem94 i71 is 9 ! s5sitive "p ( ! s\l3 :]eas prud5ce is 9 ! rational "p 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e74 ,!re=e memory is n a "p ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce is acquir$ & p]fect$ by exp]i5ce1 :]eas memory is 9 u f nature4 ,!re=e memory is n a "p ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 memory reg>ds ! pa/1 :]eas prud5ce reg>ds future matt]s ( action1 ab\t :i* c\nsel is conc]n$1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #b1 #g4 ,!re=e memory is n a "p ( prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec7 places memory among ! p>ts ( prud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,prud5ce reg>ds cont+5t matt]s ( action1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #e74 ,n[ 9 su* l matt]s a man c be direct$1 n by ^? ?+s t are simply & necess>ily true1 b by ^? :i* occur 9 ! majority ( cases3 because pr9ciples mu/ be proportionate to _! conclusions1 & l mu/ be conclud$ f l 7,e?ic4 vi 99,anal4 ,po/4 i4 #cb74 ,b we ne$ exp]i5ce to discov] :at is true 9 ! majority ( cases3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a7 t intellectual virtue is eng5d]$ & fo/]$ by exp]i5ce & "t4 ,n[ exp]i5ce is ! result ( _m memories z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 i1 #a1 & !re=e prud5ce requires ! memory ( _m ?+s4 ,h5ce memory is fitt+ly acc\nt$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,,aa4 #c1 #f71 prud5ce applies univ]sal k to p>ticul>s :i* are objects ( s5se3 h5ce _m ?+s belong+ to ! s5sitive faculties are requisite = prud5ce1 & memory is "o ( !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z aptitude = prud5ce is 9 our nature1 :ile its p]fection comes ?r\gh practice or grace1 s too1 z ,tully says 9 8 ,rhetoric 99,ad ,h]5n4 de ,arte ,rhet4 iii1 #af1 #bd1 memory n only arises f nature1 b is also aid$ by art & dilig5ce4 ,!re are f\r ?+s :]eby a man p]fects 8 memory4 ,fir/1 :5 a man wi%es to rememb] a ?+1 he %\ld take "s suitable yet some:at unwont$ illu/ration ( x1 s9ce ! unwont$ /rikes u m1 & s makes a great] & /rong] impression on ! m9d2 ! m9d2 & ?is expla9s :y we rememb] bett] :at we saw :5 we 7 *ildr54 ,n[ ! reason = ! necessity ( f9d+ ^! illu/rations or images1 is t simple & spiritual impressions easily slip f ! m9d1 unless !y be ti$ z x 7 to "s corporeal image1 because human k has a great] hold on s5sible objects4 ,= ?is reason memory is assign$ to ! s5sitive "p ( ! s\l4 ,secondly1 :atev] a man wi%es to reta9 9 8 memory he mu/ c>efully consid] & set 9 ord]1 s t he may pass easily f "o memory to ano!r4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,memor4 et ,rem94 ii73 ,sometimes a place br+s memories back to u3 ! reason be+ t we pass quickly f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,?irdly1 we mu/ be anxi\s & e>ne/ ab\t ! ?+s we wi% to rememb]1 because ! m a ?+ is impress$ on ! m9d1 ! less x is liable to slip out ( x4 ,:]e=e ,tully says 9 8 ,rhetoric 99,ad ,h]5n4 de ,arte ,rhet4 iii4 t anxiety pres]ves ! figures ( images entire4 ,f\r?ly1 we %\ld (t5 reflect on ! ?+s we wi% to rememb]4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,memoria i7 t reflection pres]ves memories1 because z he rem>ks 7,de ,memoria ii7 cu/om is a second nature3 :]e=e :5 we reflect on a ?+ frequ5tly1 we quickly call x to m9d1 ?r\gh pass+ f "o ?+ to ano!r by a k9d ( natural ord]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x behooves u to argue1 z x 71 ab\t ! future f ! pa/2 :]e=e memory ( ! pa/ is necess>y 9 ord] to take good c\nsel = ! future4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,und]/&+99 ,is a ,"p ( ,prud5ce8 99,o!rwise intuition2 ,ari/otle's ^w is n\s ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t und]/&+ is n a "p ( prud5ce4 ,:5 two ?+s are memb]s ( a division1 "o is n "p ( ! o!r4 ,b intellectual virtue is divid$ into und]/&+ & prud5ce1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 vi1 #c4 ,!re=e und]/&+ %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 und]/&+ is numb]$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & corresponds to fai?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #h1 ,,aa4 #a1 #h74 ,b prud5ce is a virtue o!r ?an fai?1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #d1 ,a4 #h2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e und]/&+ does n p]ta9 to prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce is ab\t s+ul> matt]s ( action 7,e?ic4 vi1 #g73 :]eas und]/&+ takes cognizance ( univ]sal & immat]ial objects 7,de ,anima iii1 #d74 ,!re=e und]/&+ is n a "p ( prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully 99,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec acc\nts intellig5ce a "p ( prud5ce1 & ,macrobius 99,9 ,somn4 ,scip4 i1 #h m5tions und]/&+1 :i* comes to ! same4 ,i answ] t1 ,und]/&+ d5otes "h1 n ! intellectual p[]1 b ! "r e/imate ab\t "s f9al pr9ciple1 :i* is tak5 z self-evid5t3 ?us we are said to und]/& ! fir/ pr9ciples ( demon/rations4 ,n[ e d$uction ( reason proce$s f c]ta9 /atem5ts :i* are tak5 z prim>y3 :]e=e e process ( reason+ mu/ ne$s proce$ f "s und]/&+4 ,!re=e s9ce prud5ce is "r reason appli$ to action1 ! :ole process ( prud5ce mu/ ne$s h its s\rce 9 und]/&+4 ,h5ce x is t und]/&+ is reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! reason+ ( prud5ce t]m9ates1 z 9 a conclusion1 9 ! p>ticul> matt] ( action1 to :i*1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,,aa4 #c1 #f71 x applies ! k ( "s univ]sal pr9ciple4 ,n[ a s+ul> conclusion is argu$ f a univ]sal & a s+ul> proposition4 ,:]e=e ! reason+ ( prud5ce mu/ proce$ f a tw(old und]/&+4 ,! "o is cognizant ( univ]sals1 & ?is belongs to ! und]/&+ :i* is an intellectual virtue1 :]eby we "k naturally n only speculative pr9ciples1 b also practical univ]sal pr9ciples1 su* z ,"o %\ld d evil to no man1 z %[n above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #f74 ,! o!r und]/&+1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #aa1 is cognizant ( an extreme1 i4e4 ( "s prim>y s+ul> & cont+5t practical matt]1 viz4 ! m9or premiss1 :i* mu/ ne$s be s+ul> 9 ! syllogism ( prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,,aa4 #c1 #f74 ,n[ ?is prim>y s+ul> is "s s+ul> end1 z /at$ 9 ! same place4 ,:]e=e ! und]/&+ :i* is a "p ( prud5ce is a "r e/imate ( "s p>ticul> end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! und]/&+ :i* is a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 is a quick insight into div9e ?+s1 z %[n above 7,q4 #h1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,x is 9 ano!r s5se t x is acc\nt$ a "p ( prud5ce1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! "r e/imate ab\t a p>ticul> end is call$ bo? und]/&+1 9 s f> z its object is a pr9ciple1 & s5se1 9 s f> z its object is a p>ticul>4 ,?is is :at ! ,philosoph] means :5 he says 7,e?ic4 v1 #aa73 ,( su* ?+s we ne$ to h ! s5se1 & ?is is und]/&+4 ,b ?is is to be und]/ood z ref]r+1 n to ! p>ticul> s5se :]eby we "k prop] s5sibles1 b to ! int]ior s5se1 :]eby we judge ( a p>ticul>4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,docility ,%\ld ,be ,acc\nt$ a ,"p ( ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t docility %\ld n be acc\nt$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,= t :i* is a necess>y condition ( e intellectual virtue1 %\ld n be appropriat$ to "o ( !m4 ,b docility is requisite = e intellectual virtue4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be acc\nt$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* p]ta9s to a human virtue is 9 our p[]1 s9ce x is = ?+s t are 9 our p[] t we are prais$ or blam$4 ,n[ x is n 9 our p[] to be docile1 = ?is is befitt+ to "s ?r\gh _! natural disposition4 ,!re=e x is n a "p ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 docility is 9 ! disciple3 :]eas prud5ce1 s9ce x makes precepts1 seems r to belong to tea*]s1 :o are also call$ preceptors4 ,!re=e docility is n a "p ( prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,macrobius 99,9 ,somn4 ,scip4 i1 #h foll[+ ! op9ion ( ,plot9us places docility among ! p>ts ( prud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #a2 ,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #c7 prud5ce is conc]n$ ) p>ticul> matt]s ( action1 & s9ce su* matt]s are ( inf9ite v>iety1 no "o man c consid] !m all suffici5tly2 nor c ?is be done quickly1 = x requires l5g? ( "t4 ,h5ce 9 matt]s ( prud5ce man /&s 9 v great ne$ ( be+ taught by o!rs1 especially by old folk :o h acquir$ a sane und]/&+ ( ! ends 9 practical matt]s4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #aa73 ,x is "r to pay no less att5tion to ! undemon/rat$ ass]tions & op9ions ( su* p]sons z are exp]i5c$1 old] ?an we are1 & prud5t1 ?an to _! demon/rations1 = _! exp]i5ce gives !m an insight into pr9ciples4 ,?us x is writt5 7,prov4 #c3e73 ,lean n on ?y own prud5ce1 & 7,ecclus4 #f3ce73 ,/& 9 ! multitude ( ! anci5ts 7i4e4 ! old m571 t are wise1 & jo9 ?yself f ?y he>t to _! wisdom4 ,n[ x is a m>k ( docility to be ready to be taught3 & consequ5tly docility is fitt+ly reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh docility is useful = e intellectual virtue1 yet x belongs to prud5ce *iefly1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man has a natural aptitude = docility ev5 z = o!r ?+s connect$ ) prud5ce4 ,yet 8 own ef=ts c\nt = mu* t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( p]fect docility3 & he mu/ c>efully1 frequ5tly & rev]5tly apply 8 m9d to ! tea*+s ( ! le>n$1 nei!r neglect+ !m ?r\gh laz9ess1 nor despis+ !m ?r\gh pride4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,by prud5ce man makes precepts n only = o!rs1 b also = himself1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #ab1 ad #c74 ,h5ce z /at$ 7,e?ic4 vi1 #aa71 ev5 9 subjects1 !re is place = prud5ce2 to :i* docility p]ta9s4 ,& yet ev5 ! le>n$ %\ld be docile 9 "s respects1 s9ce no man is altoge!r self-suffici5t 9 matt]s ( prud5ce1 z /at$ above4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,%rewdness ,is ,"p ( ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t %rewdness is n a "p ( prud5ce4 ,= %rewdness consi/s 9 easily f9d+ ! middle t]m = demon/rations1 z /at$ 9 ,po/]4 i1 #cd4 ,n[ ! reason+ ( prud5ce is n a demon/ration s9ce x deals ) cont+5cies4 ,!re=e %rewdness does n p]ta9 to prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 good c\nsel p]ta9s to prud5ce accord+ to ,e?ic4 vi1 #e1 #g1 #i4 ,n[ !re is no place 9 good c\nsel = %rewdness 99,e?ic4 vi1 #i2 ,po/]4 i1 #cd :i* is a k9d ( eu/o*ia1 i4e4 a happy conjecture3 = ! latt] is unreason+ & rapid1 :]eas c\nsel ne$s to be sl[1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #i4 ,!re=e %rewdness %\ld n be acc\nt$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 %rewdness z /at$ above 7,q4 #dh7 is a happy conjecture4 ,n[ x belongs to rhetoricians to make use ( conjectures4 ,!re=e %rewdness belongs to rhetoric r ?an to prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 x73 ,a solicit\s man is "o :o is %rewd & al]t 7sol]s citus74 ,b solicitude belongs to prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #i74 ,!re=e %rewdness does also4 ,i answ] t1 ,prud5ce consi/s 9 a "r e/imate ab\t matt]s ( action4 ,n[ a "r e/imate or op9ion is acquir$ 9 two ways1 bo? 9 practical & 9 speculative matt]s1 fir/ by discov]+ x oneself1 secondly by le>n+ x f o!rs4 ,n[ j z docility consi/s 9 a man be+ well dispos$ to acquire a "r op9ion f ano!r man1 s %rewdness is an apt disposition to acquire a "r e/imate by oneself1 yet s t %rewdness be tak5 = eu/o*ia1 ( :i* x is a "p4 ,= eu/o*ia is a happy conjecture ab\t any matt]1 :ile %rewdness is an easy & rapid conjecture 9 f9d+ ! middle t]m 7,po/]4 i1 #cd74 ,nev]!less ! philosoph] 99,&ronicus2 ,cf4 ,q4 #dh1 ,obj4 #a :o calls %rewdness a "p ( prud5ce1 takes x = eu/o*ia1 9 g5]al1 h5ce he says3 ,%rewdness is a habit :]eby congruities are discov]$ rapidly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,%rewdness is conc]n$ ) ! discov]y ( ! middle t]m n only 9 demon/rative1 b also 9 practical syllogisms1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 two m5 are se5 to be fri5ds !y are reckon$ to be enemies ( a ?ird "o1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,po/]4 i1 #cd74 ,9 ?is way %rewdness belongs to prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,philosoph] adduces ! true reason 7,e?ic4 vi1 #i7 to prove t eub\lia1 i4e4 good c\nsel1 is n eu/o*ia1 :i* is comm5d$ = grasp+ quickly :at %\ld be done4 ,n[ a man may take good c\nsel1 ?\gh he be long & sl[ 9 s do+1 & yet ?is does n disc\nt ! utility ( a happy conjecture 9 tak+ good c\nsel3 inde$ x is sometimes a necessity1 :51 = in/ance1 some?+ has to be done )\t w>n+4 ,x is = ?is reason t %rewdness is fitt+ly reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,rhetoric also reasons ab\t practical matt]s1 :]e=e no?+ h9d]s ! same ?+ belong+ bo? to rhetoric & prud5ce4 ,nev]!less1 conjecture is tak5 "h n only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is employ$ by rhetoricians1 b also z applicable to all matt]s :atsoev] :]e9 man is said to conjecture ! tru?4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,reason ,%\ld ,be ,reckon$ a ,"p ( ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t reason %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,= ! subject ( an accid5t is n a "p !re(4 ,b prud5ce is 9 ! reason z its subject 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e74 ,!re=e reason %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is common to _m1 %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( any "o ( !m2 or if x be s reckon$1 x %\ld be reckon$ a "p ( t "o to :i* x *iefly belongs4 ,n[ reason is necess>y 9 all ! intellectual virtues1 & *iefly 9 wisdom & sci5ce1 :i* employ a demon/rative reason4 ,!re=e reason %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 reason z a p[] does n diff] ess5tially f ! intellig5ce1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #h74 ,if !re=e intellig5ce be reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce1 x is sup]flu\s to add reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,macrobius 99,9 ,somn4 ,scip4 i1 foll[+ ! op9ion ( ,plot9us1 numb]s reason among ! p>ts ( prud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,! "w ( prud5ce is to take good c\nsel1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #g4 ,n[ c\nsel is a rese>* proce$+ f c]ta9 ?+s to o!rs4 ,b ?is is ! "w ( reason4 ,:]e=e x is requisite = prud5ce t man %\ld be an apt reason]4 ,& s9ce ! ?+s requir$ = ! p]fection ( prud5ce are call$ requisite or quasi-integral p>ts ( prud5ce1 x foll[s t reason %\ld be numb]$ among ^! p>ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,reason d5otes "h1 n ! p[] ( reason1 b its good use4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! c]titude ( reason comes f ! intellect4 ,yet ! ne$ ( reason is f a defect 9 ! intellect1 s9ce ^? ?+s 9 :i* ! intellective p[] is 9 full vigor1 h no ne$ = reason1 = !y compreh5d ! tru? by _! simple insight1 z d ,god & ! angels4 ,on ! o!r h& p>ticul> matt]s ( action1 :]e9 prud5ce guides1 are v f> f ! condition ( ?+s intelligible1 & s mu* ! f>!r1 z !y are less c]ta9 & fix$4 ,?us matt]s ( art1 ?\gh !y are s+ul>1 are nev]!less m fix$ & c]ta91 :]e=e 9 _m ( !m !re is no room = c\nsel on acc\nt ( _! c]titude1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #c4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh 9 c]ta9 o!r intellectual virtues reason is m c]ta9 ?an 9 prud5ce1 yet prud5ce above all requires t man be an apt reason]1 s t he may rightly apply univ]sals to p>ticul>s1 :i* latt] are v>i\s & unc]ta94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh intellig5ce & reason are n diff]5t p[]s1 yet !y are nam$ aft] diff]5t acts4 ,= intellig5ce takes its "n f be+ an intimate p5etration ( ! tru? 99,cf4 ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #h1 ,a4 #a1 :ile reason is s call$ f be+ inquisitive & discursive4 ,h5ce ea* is acc\nt$ a "p ( reason z expla9$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #b1 #c74 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,=esight99 ,%\ld ,be ,acc\nt$ a ,"p ( ,prud5ce8 99,provid5tia1 :i* may be translat$ ei!r provid5ce or =esight4 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t =esight %\ld n be acc\nt$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,= no?+ is "p ( itself4 ,n[ =esight seems to be ! same z prud5ce1 because accord+ to ,isidore 7,etym4 x71 a prud5t man is "o :o sees f af> 7porro vid5s73 & ?is is also ! d]ivation ( provid5tia 7=esight71 accord+ to ,boe?ius 7,de ,consol4 v74 ,!re=e =esight is n a "p ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce is only practical1 :]eas =esight may be also speculative1 because see+1 :5ce we h ! ^w to =esee1 has m to d ) speculation ?an op]ation4 ,!re=e =esight is n a "p ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! *ief act ( prud5ce is to comm&1 :ile its second>y act is to judge & to take c\nsel4 ,b none ( ^! seems to be prop]ly impli$ by =esight4 ,!re=e =esight is n "p ( prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y /&s ! au?ority ( ,tully & ,macrobius1 :o numb] =esight among ! p>ts ( prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dh74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b1 ,,aa4 #f1 #ac71 prud5ce is prop]ly ab\t ! means to an end1 & its prop] "w is to set !m 9 due ord] to ! end4 ,& al?\gh c]ta9 ?+s are necess>y = an end1 :i* are subject to div9e provid5ce1 yet no?+ is subject to human provid5ce except ! cont+5t matt]s ( actions :i* c be done by man = an end4 ,n[ ! pa/ has become a k9d ( necessity1 s9ce :at has be5 done _c be undone4 ,9 l mann]1 ! pres5t z su*1 has a k9d ( necessity1 s9ce x is necess>y t ,socrates sit1 s long z he sits4 ,consequ5tly1 future cont+5ts1 9 s f> z !y c be direct$ by man to ! end ( human life1 are ! matt] ( prud5ce3 & ea* ( ^! ?+s is impli$ 9 ! ^w =esight1 = x implies ! notion ( some?+ di/ant1 to :i* t :i* occurs 9 ! pres5t has to be direct$4 ,!re=e =esight is "p ( prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5ev] _m ?+s are requisite = a unity1 "o ( !m mu/ ne$s be ! pr9cipal to :i* all ! o!rs are subord9ate4 ,h5ce 9 e :ole "o "p mu/ be =mal & pr$om9ant1 :5ce ! :ole has unity4 ,accord+ly =esight is ! pr9cipal ( all ! p>ts ( prud5ce1 s9ce :atev] else is requir$ = prud5ce1 is necess>y precisely t "s p>ticul> ?+ may be rightly direct$ to its end4 ,h5ce x is t ! v "n ( prud5ce is tak5 f =esight 7provid5tia7 z f its pr9cipal "p4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,speculation is ab\t univ]sal & necess>y ?+s1 :i*1 9 !mselves1 are n di/ant1 s9ce !y are ev]y:]e & always1 ?\gh !y are di/ant f u1 9 s f> z we fail to "k !m4 ,h5ce =esight does n apply prop]ly to speculative1 b only to practical matt]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"r ord] to an end :i* is includ$ 9 ! notion ( =esight1 conta9s rectitude ( c\nsel1 judgm5t & comm&1 )\t :i* no "r ord] to ! end is possible4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,circumspection ,c ,be a ,"p ( ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t circumspection _c be a "p ( prud5ce4 ,= circumspection seems to signify look+ at "o's surr\nd+s4 ,b ^! are ( inf9ite numb]1 & _c be consid]$ by ! reason :]e9 is prud5ce4 ,!re=e circumspection %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 circum/ances seem to be ! conc]n ( moral virtues r ?an ( prud5ce4 ,b circumspection seems to d5ote no?+ b att5tion to circum/ances4 ,!re=e circumspection app>5tly belongs to ! moral virtues r ?an to prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] c see ?+s af> (f c mu* m see ?+s t are ne>4 ,n[ =esight enables a man to look on di/ant ?+s4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ to acc\nt circumspection a "p ( prud5ce 9 addition to =esight4 ,on ! contr>y /&s ! au?ority ( ,macrobius1 quot$ above 7,q4 #dh74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #f71 x belongs to prud5ce *iefly to direct some?+ aright to an end2 & ?is is n done aright unless bo? ! end be good1 & ! means good & suitable4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #c7 is ab\t s+ul> matt]s ( action1 :i* conta9 _m comb9ations ( circum/ances1 x happ5s t a ?+ is good 9 itself & suitable to ! end1 & nev]!less becomes evil or unsuitable to ! end1 by reason ( "s comb9ation ( circum/ances4 ,?us to %[ signs ( love to someone seems1 consid]$ 9 itself1 to be a fitt+ way to ar\se love 9 8 he>t1 yet if pride or suspicion ( flatt]y arise 9 8 he>t1 x w no long] be a means suitable to ! end4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( circumspection 9 prud5ce1 viz4 ( comp>+ ! means ) ! circum/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?\gh ! numb] ( possible circum/ances be inf9ite1 ! numb] ( actual circum/ances is n2 & ! judgm5t ( reason 9 matt]s ( action is influ5c$ by ?+s :i* are few 9 numb]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,circum/ances are ! conc]n ( prud5ce1 because prud5ce has to fix !m2 on ! o!r h& !y are ! conc]n ( moral virtues1 9 s f> z moral virtues are p]fect$ by ! fix+ ( circum/ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z x belongs to =esight to look on t :i* is by its nature suitable to an end1 s x belongs to circumspection to consid] :e!r x be suitable to ! end 9 view ( ! circum/ances4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! pres5ts a difficulty ( its own1 & !re=e ea* is reckon$ a di/9ct "p ( prud5ce4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #di1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,caution ,%\ld ,be ,reckon$ a ,"p ( ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t caution %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,= :5 no evil is possible1 no caution is requir$4 ,n[ no man makes evil use ( virtue1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ai74 ,!re=e caution does n belong to prud5ce :i* directs ! virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to =esee good & to avoid evil belong to ! same faculty1 j z ! same art gives heal? & cures ill-heal?4 ,n[ x belongs to =esight to =esee good1 & consequ5tly1 also to avoid evil4 ,!re=e caution %\ld n be acc\nt$ a "p ( prud5ce1 di/9ct f =esight4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no prud5t man /rives = ! impossible4 ,b no man c take precautions aga9/ all possible evils4 ,!re=e caution does n belong to prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #e3ae73 ,see h[ y walk cauti\sly ,d\ay3 'circumspectly'4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ?+s ) :i* prud5ce is conc]n$1 are cont+5t matt]s ( action1 :]e91 ev5 z false is f\nd ) true1 s is evil m+l$ ) good1 on acc\nt ( ! great v>iety ( ^! matt]s ( action1 :]e9 good is (t5 h9d]$ by evil1 & evil has ! appe>ance ( good4 ,:]e=e prud5ce ne$s caution1 s t we may h su* a grasp ( good z to avoid evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,caution is requir$ 9 moral acts1 t we may be on our gu>d1 n aga9/ acts ( virtue1 b aga9/ ! h9drance ( acts ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is ! same 9 idea1 to ensue good & to avoid ! opposite evil1 b ! avoidance ( outw>d h9drances is diff]5t 9 idea4 ,h5ce caution diff]s f =esight1 al?\gh !y bo? belong to ! "o virtue ( prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,( ! evils :i* man has to avoid1 "s are ( frequ5t occurr5ce2 ! l c be grasp$ by reason1 & aga9/ !m caution is direct$1 ei!r t !y may be avoid$ altoge!r1 or t !y may d less h>m4 ,o!rs !re are t occur r>ely & by *ance1 & ^!1 s9ce !y are inf9ite 9 numb]1 _c be grasp$ by reason1 nor is man able to take precautions aga9/ !m1 al?\gh by ex]cis+ prud5ce he is able to prep>e aga9/ all ! surprises ( *ance1 s z to suff] less h>m !reby4 ,,"q #ej ,,( ,,! ,,subjective ,,p>ts ,,( ,,prud5ce 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/1 9 due sequ5ce1 consid] ! subjective p>ts ( prud5ce4 ,& s9ce we h already spok5 ( ! prud5ce ) :i* a man rules himself 7,q4 #dg1 seqq471 x rema9s = u to discuss ! species ( prud5ce :]eby a multitude is gov]n$4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r a species ( prud5ce is regnative8 7#b7 ,:e!r political & 7#c7 dome/ic economy are species ( prud5ce8 7#d7 ,:e!r milit>y prud5ce is8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r a ,species ( ,prud5ce ,is ,regnative8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t regnative %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( prud5ce4 ,= regnative prud5ce is direct$ to ! pres]vation ( ju/ice1 s9ce accord+ to ,e?ic4 v1 #f ! pr9ce is ! gu>dian ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e regnative prud5ce belongs to ju/ice r ?an to prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,polit4 iii1 #e7 a k+dom 7regnum7 is "o ( six species ( gov]nm5t4 ,b no species ( prud5ce is ascrib$ to ! o!r five =ms ( gov]nm5t1 :i* are ari/ocracy1 polity1 also call$ timocracy 99,cf4 ,e?ic4 viii1 #aj1 tyranny1 olig>*y & democracy4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld a regnative species be ascrib$ to a k+dom4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 lawgiv+ belongs n only to k+s1 b also to c]ta9 o!rs plac$ 9 au?ority1 & ev5 to ! p1 accord+ to ,isidore 7,etym4 v74 ,n[ ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #h7 reckons a "p ( prud5ce to be legislative4 ,!re=e x is n becom+ to sub/itute regnative prud5ce 9 its place4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 iii1 #aa7 t prud5ce is a virtue :i* is prop] to ! pr9ce4 ,!re=e a special k9d ( prud5ce is regnative4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,,aa4 #h1 #aj71 x belongs to prud5ce to gov]n & comm&1 s t :]ev] 9 human acts we f9d a special k9d ( gov]nance & comm&1 !re mu/ be a special k9d ( prud5ce4 ,n[ x is evid5t t !re is a special & p]fect k9d ( gov]nance 9 "o :o has to gov]n n only himself b also ! p]fect community ( a city or k+dom2 because a gov]nm5t is ! m p]fect accord+ z x is m univ]sal1 ext5ds to m matt]s1 & atta9s a high] end4 ,h5ce prud5ce 9 its special & mo/ p]fect s5se1 belongs to a k+ :o is *>g$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( a city or k+dom3 = :i* reason a species ( prud5ce is reckon$ to be regnative4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all matt]s connect$ ) moral virtue belong to prud5ce z _! guide1 :]e=e "r reason 9 accord ) prud5ce is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( moral virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #e1 ad #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #b1 ad #d74 ,= ?is reason also ! execution ( ju/ice 9 s f> z x is direct$ to ! common good1 :i* is "p ( ! k+ly (fice1 ne$s ! guidance ( prud5ce4 ,h5ce ^! two virtues--prud5ce & ju/ice--belong mo/ prop]ly to a k+1 accord+ to ,j]4 #bc3e3 ,a k+ %all reign & %all be wise1 & %all execute ju/ice & judgm5t 9 ! e>?4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 direction belongs r to ! k+1 & execution to 8 subjects1 regnative prud5ce is reckon$ a species ( prud5ce :i* is directive1 r ?an to ju/ice :i* is executive4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a k+dom is ! be/ ( all gov]nm5ts1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 viii1 #aj3 :]e=e ! species ( prud5ce %\ld be d5om9at$ r f a k+dom1 yet s z to compreh5d "u regnative all o!r rightful =ms ( gov]nm5t1 b n p]v]se =ms :i* are oppos$ to virtue1 & :i*1 accord+ly1 d n p]ta9 to prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,philosoph] names regnative prud5ce aft] ! pr9cipal act ( a k+ :i* is to make laws1 & al?\gh ?is applies to ! o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ?is is only 9 s f> z !y h a %>e ( k+ly gov]nm5t4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,political ,prud5ce ,is ,fitt+ly ,acc\nt$ a ,"p ( ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t political prud5ce is n fitt+ly acc\nt$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,= regnative is a "p ( political prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b a "p %\ld n be reckon$ a species ) ! :ole4 ,!re=e political prud5ce %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! species ( habits are di/+ui%$ by _! v>i\s objects4 ,n[ :at ! rul] has to comm& is ! same z :at ! subject has to execute4 ,!re=e political prud5ce z reg>ds ! subjects1 %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( prud5ce di/9ct f regnative prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ea* subject is an individual p]son4 ,n[ ea* individual p]son c direct himself suffici5tly by prud5ce commonly s call$4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ ( a special k9d ( prud5ce call$ political4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #h7 t ( ! prud5ce :i* is conc]n$ ) ! /ate "o k9d is a ma/]-prud5ce & is call$ legislative2 ano!r k9d be>s ! common "n political1 & deals ) individuals4 ,i answ] t1 ,a slave is mov$ by 8 ma/]1 & a subject by 8 rul]1 by comm&1 b o!rwise ?an z irrational & inanimate be+s are set 9 motion by _! mov]s4 ,= irrational & inanimate be+s are mov$ only by o!rs & d n put !mselves 9 motion1 s9ce !y h no free-w :]eby to be ma/]s ( _! own actions1 :]e=e ! rectitude ( _! gov]nm5t is n 9 _! p[] b 9 ! p[] ( _! mov]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m5 :o are slaves or subjects 9 any s5se1 are mov$ by ! comm&s ( o!rs 9 su* a way t !y move !mselves by _! free-w2 :]e=e "s k9d ( rectitude ( gov]nm5t is requir$ 9 !m1 s t !y may direct !mselves 9 obey+ _! sup]iors2 & to ?is belongs t species ( prud5ce :i* is call$ political4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above1 regnative is ! mo/ p]fect species ( prud5ce1 :]e=e ! prud5ce ( subjects1 :i* falls %ort ( regnative prud5ce1 reta9s ! common "n ( political prud5ce1 ev5 z 9 logic a conv]tible t]m :i* does n d5ote ! ess5ce ( a ?+ reta9s ! "n ( prop]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a diff]5t aspect ( ! object div]sifies ! species ( a habit1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #e74 ,n[ ! same actions are consid]$ by ! k+1 b "u a m g5]al aspect1 z by 8 subjects :o obey3 s9ce _m obey "o k+ 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts4 ,h5ce regnative prud5ce is comp>$ to ?is political prud5ce ( :i* we are speak+1 z ma/]craft to h&icraft4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man directs himself by prud5ce commonly s call$1 9 relation to 8 own good1 b by political prud5ce1 ( :i* we speak1 he directs himself 9 relation to ! common good4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,"p ( ,prud5ce ,%\ld ,be ,reckon$ to ,be ,dome/ic8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t dome/ic %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,=1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 prud5ce is direct$ to a good life 9 g5]al3 :]eas dome/ic prud5ce is direct$ to a p>ticul> end1 viz4 weal?1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 i1 #a4 ,!re=e a species ( prud5ce is n dome/ic4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #ac7 prud5ce is only 9 good p4 ,b dome/ic prud5ce may be also 9 wick$ p1 s9ce _m s9n]s are provid5t 9 gov]n+ _! h\sehold4 ,!re=e dome/ic prud5ce %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z 9 a k+dom !re is a rul] & subject1 s also is !re 9 a h\sehold4 ,if !re=e dome/ic l political is a species ( prud5ce1 !re %\ld be a pat]nal correspond+ to regnative prud5ce4 ,n[ !re is no su* prud5ce4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld dome/ic prud5ce be acc\nt$ a species ( prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vi1 #h7 t !re are v>i\s k9ds ( prud5ce 9 ! gov]nm5t ( a multitude1 "o ( :i* is dome/ic1 ano!r legislative1 & ano!r political4 ,i answ] t1 ,diff]5t aspects ( an object1 9 respect ( univ]sality & p>ticul>ity1 or ( totality & p>tiality1 div]sify arts & virtues2 & 9 respect ( su* div]sity "o act ( virtue is pr9cipal z comp>$ ) ano!r4 ,n[ x is evid5t t a h\sehold is a mean betwe5 ! individual & ! city or k+dom1 s9ce j z ! individual is "p ( ! h\sehold1 s is ! h\sehold "p ( ! city or k+dom4 ,& !re=e1 j z prud5ce commonly s call$ :i* gov]ns ! individual1 is di/9ct f political prud5ce1 s mu/ dome/ic prud5ce be di/9ct f bo?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ri*es are comp>$ to dome/ic prud5ce1 n z its la/ end1 b z its in/rum5t1 z /at$ 9 ,polit4 i1 #c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! end ( political prud5ce is a good life 9 g5]al z reg>ds ! conduct ( ! h\sehold4 ,9 ,e?ic4 i1 #a ! ,philosoph] speaks ( ri*es z ! end ( political prud5ce1 by way ( example & 9 accordance ) ! op9ion ( _m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"s s9n]s may be provid5t 9 c]ta9 matt]s ( detail conc]n+ ! disposition ( _! h\sehold1 b n 9 reg>d to a good life 9 g5]al z reg>ds ! conduct ( ! h\sehold1 = :i* above all a virtu\s life is requir$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fa!r has 9 8 h\sehold an au?ority l t ( a k+1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 viii1 #aj1 b he has n ! full p[] ( a k+1 :]e=e pat]nal gov]nm5t is n reckon$ a di/9ct species ( prud5ce1 l regnative prud5ce4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ej1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,milit>y ,prud5ce ,%\ld ,be ,reckon$ a ,"p ( ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t milit>y prud5ce %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( prud5ce4 ,= prud5ce is di/9ct f art1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 vi1 #c4 ,n[ milit>y prud5ce seems to be ! art ( w>f>e1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h74 ,!re=e milit>y prud5ce %\ld n be acc\nt$ a species ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z milit>y bus9ess is conta9$ "u political affairs1 s too are _m o!r matt]s1 su* z ^? ( tradesm51 craftsm51 & s =?4 ,b !re are no species ( prud5ce correspond+ to o!r affairs 9 ! /ate4 ,nei!r !re=e %\ld any be assign$ to milit>y bus9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! soldi]s' brav]y c\nts = a great deal 9 w>f>e4 ,!re=e milit>y prud5ce p]ta9s to =titude r ?an to prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #bd3f73 ,w> is manag$ by due ord]+1 & !re %all be safety :]e !re are _m c\nsels4 ,n[ x belongs to prud5ce to take c\nsel4 ,!re=e !re is great ne$ 9 w>f>e = t species ( prud5ce :i* is call$ milit>y4 ,i answ] t1 ,:atev] ?+s are done accord+ to art or reason1 %\ld be made to con=m to ^? :i* are 9 accordance ) nature1 & are e/abli%$ by ! ,div9e ,reason4 ,n[ nature has a tw(old t5d5cy3 fir/1 to gov]n ea* ?+ 9 itself1 secondly1 to )/& outw>d assailants & corruptives3 & = ?is reason %e has provid$ animals n only ) ! concupiscible faculty1 :]eby !y are mov$ to t :i* is conducive to _! well-be+1 b also ) ! irascible p[]1 :]eby ! animal )/&s an assailant4 ,!re=e 9 ^? ?+s also :i* are 9 accordance ) reason1 !re %\ld be n only political prud5ce1 :i* disposes 9 a suitable mann] su* ?+s z belong to ! common good1 b also a milit>y prud5ce1 :]eby ho/ile attacks are repell$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,milit>y prud5ce may be an art1 9 s f> z x has c]ta9 rules = ! "r use ( c]ta9 ext]nal ?+s1 su* z arms & horses1 b 9 s f> z x is direct$ to ! common good1 x belongs r to prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,o!r matt]s 9 ! /ate are direct$ to ! pr(it ( individuals1 :]eas ! bus9ess ( soldi]+ is direct$ to ! s]vice belongs to =titude1 b ! direction1 protection ( ! entire common good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! execution ( milit>y s]vice belongs to =titude1 b ! direction1 especially 9 s f> z x conc]ns ! comm&]-9-*ief1 belongs to prud5ce4 ,,"q #ea ,,( ,,! ,,virtues ,,:i* ,,are ,,connect$ ,,) ,,prud5ce 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,9 due sequ5ce1 we mu/ consid] ! virtues t are connect$ ) prud5ce1 & :i* are its quasi-pot5tial p>ts4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r eub\lia is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special virtue1 di/9ct f prud5ce8 7#c7 ,:e!r synesis is a special virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r gnome is a special virtue8 99,^! ?ree ,greek words may be r5d]$ z ! faculties ( delib]at+ well 7eub\lia71 ( judg+ well accord+ to common law 7synesis71 & ( judg+ well accord+ to g5]al law 7gnome71 respectively4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ea1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,eub\lia ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t eub\lia is n a virtue4 ,=1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ah1 #ai7 no man makes evil use ( virtue4 ,n[ "s make evil use ( eub\lia or good c\nsel1 ei!r ?r\gh devis+ crafty c\nsels 9 ord] to a*ieve evil ends1 or ?r\gh committ+ s9 9 ord] t !y may a*ieve good ends1 z ^? :o rob t !y may give alms4 ,!re=e eub\lia is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue is a p]fection1 accord+ to ,phys4 vii4 ,b eub\lia is conc]n$ ) c\nsel1 :i* implies d\bt & rese>*1 & ^! are m>ks ( imp]fection4 ,!re=e eub\lia is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 virtues are connect$ ) "o ano!r1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe74 ,n[ eub\lia is n connect$ ) ! o!r virtues1 s9ce _m s9n]s take good-c\nsel1 & _m godly m5 are sl[ 9 tak+ c\nsel4 ,!re=e eub\lia is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #i7 eub\lia is a "r c\nsell+4 ,n[ ! p]fection ( virtue consi/s 9 "r reason4 ,!re=e eub\lia is a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #d7 ! nature ( a human virtue consi/s 9 mak+ a human act good4 ,n[ among ! acts ( man1 x is prop] to him to take c\nsel1 s9ce ?is d5otes a rese>* ( ! reason ab\t ! actions he has to p]=m & :]e( human life consi/s1 = ! speculative life is above man1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x4 ,b eub\lia signifies goodness ( c\nsel1 = x is d]iv$ f ! eu1 good1 & b\le1 c\nsel1 be+ a good c\nsel or r a disposition to take good c\nsel4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t eub\lia is a human virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is no good c\nsel ei!r 9 delib]at+ = an evil end1 or 9 discov]+ evil means = atta9+ a good end1 ev5 z 9 speculative matt]s1 !re is no good reason+ ei!r 9 com+ to a false conclusion1 or 9 com+ to a true conclusion f false premisses ?r\gh employ+ an unsuitable middle t]m4 ,h5ce bo? ! a=esaid processes are contr>y to eub\lia1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 vi1 #i74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh virtue is ess5tially a p]fection1 x does n foll[ t :atev] is ! matt] ( a virtue implies p]fection4 ,= man ne$s to be p]fect$ by virtues 9 all 8 p>ts1 & ?is n only z reg>ds ! acts ( reason1 ( :i* c\nsel is "o1 b also z reg>ds ! passions ( ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* are /ill m imp]fect4 ,x may also be repli$ t human virtue is a p]fection accord+ to ! mode ( man1 :o is unable by simple insight to compreh5d ) c]ta9ty ! tru? ( ?+s1 especially 9 matt]s ( action :i* are cont+5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 no s9n] z su* is eub\lia to be f\nd3 s9ce all s9 is contr>y to tak+ good c\nsel4 ,= good c\nsel requires n only ! discov]y or devis+ ( fit means = ! end1 b also o!r circum/ances4 ,su* are suitable "t1 s t "o be nei!r too sl[ nor too quick 9 tak+ c\nsel1 & ! mode ( tak+ c\nsel1 s t "o be firm 9 ! c\nsel tak51 & o!r l due circum/ances1 :i* s9n]s fail to obs]ve :5 !y s94 ,on ! o!r h&1 e virtu\s man takes good c\nsel 9 ^? ?+s :i* are direct$ to ! end ( virtue1 al?\gh p]haps he does n take good c\nsel 9 o!r p>ticul> matt]s1 = in/ance 9 matt]s ( trade1 or w>f>e1 or ! l4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ea1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,eub\lia ,is a ,special ,virtue1 ,di/9ct f ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t eub\lia is n a di/9ct virtue f prud5ce4 ,=1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e71 ! prud5t man is1 seem+ly1 "o :o takes good c\nsel4 ,n[ ?is belongs to eub\lia z /at$ above4 ,!re=e eub\lia is n di/9ct f prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 human acts to :i* human virtues are direct$1 are specifi$ *iefly by _! end1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #d1 #f74 ,n[ eub\lia & prud5ce are direct$ to ! same end1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #i1 n inde$ to "s p>ticul> end1 b to ! common end ( all life4 ,!re=e eub\lia is n a di/9ct virtue f prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 speculative sci5ces1 rese>* & decision belong to ! same sci5ce4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] ^! belong to ! same virtue 9 practical matt]s4 ,n[ rese>* belongs to eub\lia1 :ile decision belongs to prud5ce4 ,!re eub\lia is n a di/9ct virtue f prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,prud5ce is preceptive1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 vi1 #aj4 ,b ?is does n apply to eub\lia4 ,!re=e eub\lia is a di/9ct virtue f prud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 virtue is prop]ly direct$ to an act :i* x r5d]s good2 & consequ5tly virtues mu/ diff] accord+ to diff]5t acts1 especially :5 !re is a diff]5t k9d ( goodness 9 ! acts4 ,=1 if v>i\s acts conta9$ ! same k9d ( goodness1 !y w\ld belong to ! same virtue3 ?us ! goodness ( love1 desire & joy dep5ds on ! same1 :]e=e all ^! belong to ! same virtue ( *>ity4 ,n[ acts ( ! reason t are orda9$ to action are div]se1 nor h !y ! same k9d ( goodness3 s9ce x is ow+ to diff]5t causes t a man acquires good c\nsel1 good judgm5t1 or good comm&1 inasmu* z ^! are sometimes sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,consequ5tly eub\lia :i* makes man take good c\nsel mu/ ne$s be a di/9ct virtue f prud5ce1 :i* makes man comm& well4 ,& s9ce c\nsel is direct$ to comm& z to t :i* is pr9cipal1 s eub\lia is direct$ to prud5ce z to a pr9cipal virtue1 )\t :i* x w\ld be no virtue at all1 ev5 z nei!r are ! moral virtues )\t prud5ce1 nor ! o!r virtues )\t *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x belongs to prud5ce to take good c\nsel by comm&+ x1 to eub\lia by elicit+ x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,diff]5t acts are direct$ 9 diff]5t degrees to ! "o end :i* is a good life 9 g5]al 99,e?ic4 vi1 #e3 = c\nsel comes fir/1 judgm5t foll[s1 & comm& comes la/4 ,! la/ nam$ has an imm$iate relation to ! la/ end3 :]eas ! o!r two acts are relat$ !reto remotely4 ,nev]!less ^! h c]ta9 proximate ends ( _! own1 ! end ( c\nsel be+ ! discov]y ( :at has to be done1 & ! end ( judgm5t1 c]ta9ty4 ,h5ce ?is proves n t eub\lia is n a di/9ct virtue f prud5ce1 b t x is subord9ate !reto1 z a second>y to a pr9cipal virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 9 speculative matt]s ! rational sci5ce ( dialectics1 :i* is direct$ to rese>* & discov]y1 is di/9ct f demon/rative sci5ce1 :i* decides ! tru?4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ea1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,synesis ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t synesis is n a virtue4 ,virtues are n 9 u by nature1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ii1 #a4 ,b synesis is natural to "s1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vi1 #aa74 ,!re=e synesis is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ 9 ! same book 7#aj71 synesis is no?+ b a faculty ( judg+4 ,b judgm5t )\t comm& c be ev5 9 ! wick$4 ,s9ce !n virtue is only 9 ! good1 x seems t synesis is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re is nev] a defective comm&1 unless !re be a defective judgm5t1 at lea/ 9 a p>ticul> matt] ( action2 = x is 9 ?is t e wick$ man errs4 ,if !re=e synesis be reckon$ a virtue direct$ to good judgm5t1 x seems t !re is no ne$ = any o!r virtue direct$ to good comm&3 & consequ5tly prud5ce w\ld be sup]flu\s1 :i* is n reasonable4 ,!re=e synesis is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,judgm5t is m p]fect ?an c\nsel4 ,b eub\lia1 or good c\nsel1 is a virtue4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 is synesis a virtue1 z be+ good judgm5t4 ,i answ] t1 synesis signifies a "r judgm5t1 n inde$ ab\t speculative matt]s1 b ab\t p>ticul> practical matt]s1 ab\t :i* also is prud5ce4 ,h5ce 9 ,greek "s1 9 respect ( synesis are said to be synetoi1 i4e4 p]sons ( s5se1 or eusynetoi1 i4e4 m5 ( good s5se1 j z on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o lack ?is virtue are call$ asynetoi1 i4e4 s5seless4 ,n[1 diff]5t acts :i* _c be ascrib$ to ! same cause1 mu/ correspond to diff]5t virtues4 ,& x is evid5t t goodness ( c\nsel & goodness ( judgm5t are n r$ucible to ! same cause1 = _m c take good c\nsel1 )\t hav+ good s5se s z to judge well4 ,ev5 s1 9 speculative matt]s "s are good at rese>*1 ?r\gh _! reason be+ quick at argu+ f "o ?+ to ano!r 7:i* seems to be due to a disposition ( _! p[] ( imag9ation1 :i* has a facility 9 =m+ phantasms71 & yet su* p]sons sometimes lack good judgm5t 7& ?is is due to a defect 9 ! intellect aris+ *iefly f a defective disposition ( ! common s5se :i* fails to judge aright74 ,h5ce !re is ne$1 besides eub\lia1 = ano!r virtue1 :i* judges well1 & ?is is call$ synesis4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"r judgm5t consi/s 9 ! cognitive p[] appreh5d+ a ?+ j z x is 9 reality1 & ?is is due to ! "r disposition ( ! appreh5sive p[]4 ,?us if a mirror be well dispos$ ! =ms ( bodies are reflect$ 9 x j z !y are1 :]eas if x be ill dispos$1 ! images !re9 appe> di/ort$ & mis%ap54 ,n[ t ! cognitive p[] be well dispos$ to receive ?+s j z !y are 9 reality1 is radically due to nature1 b1 z to its consummation1 is due to practice or to a gift ( grace1 & ?is 9 two ways4 ,fir/ directly1 on ! "p ( ! cognitive p[] itself1 = in/ance1 because x is imbu$1 n ) di/ort$1 b ) true & correct ideas3 ?is belongs to synesis :i* 9 ?is respect is a special virtue4 ,secondly indirectly1 ?r\gh ! good disposition ( ! appetitive p[]1 ! result be+ t "o judges well ( ! objects ( appetite3 & ?us a good judgm5t ( virtue results f ! habits ( moral virtue2 b ?is judgm5t is ab\t ! ends1 :]eas synesis is r ab\t ! means4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 wick$ m5 !re may be "r judgm5t ( a univ]sal pr9ciple1 b _! judgm5t is always corrupt 9 ! p>ticul> matt] ( action1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #ac74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sometimes aft] judg+ aright we delay to execute or execute neglig5tly or inord9ately4 ,h5ce aft] ! virtue :i* judges aright !re is a fur!r ne$ ( a f9al & pr9cipal virtue1 :i* comm&s aright1 & ?is is prud5ce4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ea1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,gnome ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t gnome is n a special virtue di/9ct f synesis4 ,= a man is said1 9 respect ( synesis1 to h good judgm5t4 ,n[ no man c be said to h good judgm5t1 unless he judge aright 9 all ?+s4 ,!re=e synesis ext5ds to all matt]s ( judgm5t1 & consequ5tly !re is no o!r virtue ( good judgm5t call$ gnome4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 judgm5t is midway betwe5 c\nsel & precept4 ,n[ !re is only "o virtue ( good c\nsel1 viz4 eub\lia1 & only "o virtue ( good comm&1 viz4 prud5ce4 ,!re=e !re is only "o virtue ( good judgm5t1 viz4 synesis4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 r>e occurr5ces :]e9 !re is ne$ to dep>t f ! common law1 seem = ! mo/ "p to happ5 by *ance1 & ) su* ?+s reason is n conc]n$1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #e4 ,n[ all ! intellectual virtues dep5d on "r reason4 ,!re=e !re is no intellectual virtue ab\t su* matt]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] concludes 7,e?ic4 vi1 #aa7 t gnome is a special virtue4 ,i answ] t cognitive habits diff] accord+ to high] & l[] pr9ciples3 ?us 9 speculative matt]s wisdom consid]s high] pr9ciples ?an sci5ce does1 & consequ5tly is di/+ui%$ f x2 & s mu/ x be also 9 practical matt]s4 ,n[ x is evid5t t :at is beside ! ord] ( a l[] pr9ciple or cause1 is sometimes r$ucible to ! ord] ( a high] pr9ciple2 ?us mon/r\s bir?s ( animals are beside ! ord] ( ! active sem9al =ce1 & yet !y come "u ! ord] ( a high] pr9ciple1 namely1 ( a heav5ly body1 or high] /ill1 ( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,h5ce by consid]+ ! active sem9al =ce "o c\ld n pron\nce a sure judgm5t on su* mon/rosities1 & yet ?is is possible if we consid] ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t some?+ has to be done :i* is n cov]$ by ! common rules ( actions1 = in/ance 9 ! case ( ! enemy ( "o's c\ntry1 :5 x w\ld be wrong to give him back 8 deposit1 or 9 o!r simil> cases4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to judge ( su* matt]s accord+ to high] pr9ciples ?an ! common laws1 accord+ to :i* synesis judges3 & correspond+ to su* high] pr9ciples x is necess>y to h a high] virtue ( judgm5t1 :i* is call$ gnome1 & :i* d5otes a c]ta9 discrim9ation 9 judgm5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,synesis judges rightly ab\t all actions t are cov]$ by ! common rules3 b c]ta9 ?+s h to be judg$ beside ^! common rules1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,judgm5t ab\t a ?+ %\ld be =m$ f ! prop] pr9ciples !re(1 :]eas rese>* is made by employ+ also common pr9ciples4 ,:]e=e also 9 speculative matt]s1 dialectics :i* aims at rese>* proce$s f common pr9ciples2 :ile demon/ration :i* t5ds to judgm5t1 proce$s f prop] pr9ciples4 ,h5ce eub\lia to :i* ! rese>* ( c\nsel belongs is "o = all1 b n s synesis ^: act is judicial4 ,comm& consid]s 9 all matt]s ! "o aspect ( good1 :]e=e prud5ce also is only "o4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x belongs to ,div9e ,provid5ce alone to consid] all ?+s t may happ5 beside ! common c\rse4 ,on ! o!r h&1 among m51 he :o is mo/ disc]n+ c judge a great] numb] ( su* ?+s by 8 reason3 ?is belongs to gnome1 :i* d5otes a c]ta9 discrim9ation 9 judgm5t4 ,,"q #eb ,,( ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,c\nsel 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! gift ( c\nsel :i* corresponds to prud5ce4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r c\nsel %\ld be reckon$ among ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! gift ( c\nsel corresponds to prud5ce8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! gift ( c\nsel rema9s 9 heav58 7#d7 ,:e!r ! fif? beatitude1 ,bless$ are ! m]ciful1 etc4 corresponds to ! gift ( c\nsel8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,c\nsel ,%\ld ,be ,reckon$ ,among ! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t c\nsel %\ld n be reckon$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are giv5 z a help to ! virtues1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 ii1 #di74 ,n[ = ! purpose ( tak+ c\nsel1 man is suffici5tly p]fect$ by ! virtue ( prud5ce1 or ev5 ( eub\lia1 z is evid5t f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b2 ,q4 #ea1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e c\nsel %\ld n be reckon$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ & ! gratuit\s graces seems to be t ! latt] are n giv5 to all1 b are divid$ among v>i\s p1 :]eas ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are giv5 to all :o h ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b c\nsel seems to be "o ( ^? ?+s :i* are giv5 by ! ,holy ,gho/ specially to c]ta9 p]sons1 accord+ to #a ,macc4 #b3fe3 ,behold 4 4 4 y\r bro!r ,simon is a man ( c\nsel4 ,!re=e c\nsel %\ld be numb]$ among ! gratuit\s graces r ?an among ! sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,rom4 #h3ad73 ,:osoev] are l$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 !y are ! sons ( ,god4 ,b c\nsell+ is n consi/5t ) be+ l$ by ano!r4 ,s9ce !n ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are mo/ befitt+ ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 :o h receiv$ ! _s ( adoption ( sons1 x w\ld seem t c\nsel %\ld n be numb]$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,isa4 #aa3b73 7,! ,_s ( ! ,"l7 %all re/ ^u him 4 4 4 ! _s ( c\nsel1 & ( =titude4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #a71 ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are dispositions :]eby ! s\l is r5d]$ am5able to ! motion ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ ,god moves ev]y?+ accord+ to ! mode ( ! ?+ mov$3 ?us ,he moves ! corporeal creature ?r\gh "t & place1 & ! spiritual creature ?r\gh "t1 b n ?r\gh place1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,g54 ad lit4 viii1 #bj1 #bb74 ,aga91 x is prop] to ! rational creature to be mov$ ?r\gh ! rese>* ( reason to p]=m any p>ticul> action1 & ?is rese>* is call$ c\nsel4 ,h5ce ! ,holy ,gho/ is said to move ! rational creature by way ( c\nsel1 :]e=e c\nsel is reckon$ among ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,prud5ce or eub\lia1 :e!r acquir$ or infus$1 directs man 9 ! rese>* ( c\nsel accord+ to pr9ciples t ! reason c grasp2 h5ce prud5ce or eub\lia makes man take good c\nsel ei!r = himself or = ano!r4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 human reason is unable to grasp ! s+ul> & cont+5t ?+s :i* may occur1 ! result is t ! ?\ghts ( mortal m5 are fe>ful1 & our c\nsels unc]ta9 7,wis4 #i3ad74 ,h5ce 9 ! rese>* ( c\nsel1 man requires to be direct$ by ,god :o compreh5ds all ?+s3 & ?is is done ?r\gh ! gift ( c\nsel1 :]eby man is direct$ z ?\gh c\nsel$ by ,god1 j z1 9 human affairs1 ^? :o are unable to take c\nsel = !mselves1 seek c\nsel f ^? :o are wis]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t a man be ( su* good c\nsel z to c\nsel o!rs1 may be due to a gratuit\s grace2 b t a man be c\nsell$ by ,god z to :at he ought to d 9 matt]s necess>y = salvation is common to all holy p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! *ildr5 ( ,god are mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ accord+ to _! mode1 )\t prejudice to _! free-w :i* is ! faculty ( w & reason 99,s5t4 iii1 ,d1 #bd4 ,accord+ly ! gift ( c\nsel is befitt+ ! *ildr5 ( ,god 9 s f> z ! reason is in/ruct$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ ab\t :at we h to d4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,gift ( ,c\nsel ,corresponds to ! ,virtue ( ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gift ( c\nsel does n fitt+ly correspond to ! virtue ( prud5ce4 ,= ! highe/ po9t ( t :i* is und]nea? t\*es t :i* is above1 z ,dionysius obs]ves 7,div4 ,nom4 vii71 ev5 z a man comes into contact ) ! angel 9 respect ( 8 intellect4 ,n[ c>d9al virtues are inf]ior to ! gifts1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #h74 ,s9ce1 !n1 c\nsel is ! fir/ & l[e/ act ( prud5ce1 :ile comm& is its highe/ act1 & judgm5t comes betwe51 x seems t ! gift correspond+ to prud5ce is n c\nsel1 b r a gift ( judgm5t or comm&4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o gift suffices to help "o virtue1 s9ce ! high] a ?+ is ! m "o x is1 z prov$ 9 ,de ,causis4 ,n[ prud5ce is help$ by ! gift ( k1 :i* is n only speculative b also practical1 z %[n above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ! gift ( c\nsel does n correspond to ! virtue ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs prop]ly to prud5ce to direct1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #h74 ,b x belongs to ! gift ( c\nsel t man %\ld be direct$ by ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! gift ( c\nsel does n correspond to ! virtue ( prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! gift ( c\nsel is ab\t :at has to be done = ! sake ( ! end4 ,n[ prud5ce is ab\t ! same matt]4 ,!re=e !y correspond to "o ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,a l[] pr9ciple ( movem5t is help$ *iefly1 & is p]fect$ ?r\gh be+ mov$ by a high] pr9ciple ( movem5t1 z a body ?r\gh be+ mov$ by a _s4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! rectitude ( human reason is comp>$ to ! ,div9e ,reason1 z a l[] motive pr9ciple to a high]3 = ! ,et]nal ,reason is ! supreme rule ( all human rectitude4 ,consequ5tly prud5ce1 :i* d5otes rectitude ( reason1 is *iefly p]fect$ & help$ ?r\gh be+ rul$ & mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ?is belongs to ! gift ( c\nsel1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! gift ( c\nsel corresponds to prud5ce1 z help+ & p]fect+ x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to judge & comm& belongs n to ! ?+ mov$1 b to ! mov]4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce 9 ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! position ( ! human m9d is ( "o mov$ r ?an ( a mov]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #a71 x foll[s t x w\ld be unfitt+ to call ! gift correspond+ to prud5ce by ! "n ( comm& or judgm5t r ?an ( c\nsel :]eby x is possible to signify t ! c\nsell$ m9d is mov$ by ano!r c\nsell+ x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! gift ( k does n directly correspond to prud5ce1 s9ce x deals ) speculative matt]s3 yet by a k9d ( ext5sion x helps x4 ,on ! o!r h& ! gift ( c\nsel corresponds to prud5ce directly1 because x is conc]n$ ab\t ! same ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! mov] t is mov$1 moves ?r\gh be+ mov$4 ,h5ce ! human m9d1 f ! v fact t x is direct$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 is enabl$ to direct itself & o!rs4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,gift ( ,c\nsel ,rema9s 9 ,heav58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gift ( c\nsel does n rema9 9 heav54 ,= c\nsel is ab\t :at has to be done = ! sake ( an end4 ,b 9 heav5 no?+ w h to be done = ! sake ( an end1 s9ce !re man possesses ! la/ end4 ,!re=e ! gift ( c\nsel is n 9 heav54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 c\nsel implies d\bt1 = x is absurd to take c\nsel 9 matt]s t are evid5t1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c74 ,n[ all d\bt w cease 9 heav54 ,!re=e !re is no c\nsel 9 heav54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! sa9ts 9 heav5 are mo/ con=m$ to ,god1 accord+ to #a ,john #c3b1 ,:5 ,he %all appe>1 we %all be l to ,him4 ,b c\nsel is n becom+ to ,god1 accord+ to ,rom4 #aa3cd1 ,:o ha? be5 ,8 c\nsellor8 ,!re=e nei!r to ! sa9ts 9 heav5 is ! gift ( c\nsel becom+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xvii1 #ab73 ,:5 ei!r ! guilt or ! righte\sness ( ea* nation is br\ght into ! debate ( ! heav5ly ,c\rt1 ! gu>dian ( t nation is said to h won 9 ! conflict1 or n to h won4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #a71 ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are connect$ ) ! motion ( ! rational creature by ,god4 ,n[ we mu/ obs]ve two po9ts conc]n+ ! motion ( ! human m9d by ,god4 ,fir/1 t ! disposition ( t :i* is mov$1 diff]s :ile x is be+ mov$ f its disposition :5 x is 9 ! t]m ( movem5t4 ,inde$ if ! mov] is ! pr9ciple ( ! movem5t alone1 :5 ! movem5t ceases1 ! action ( ! mov] ceases z reg>ds ! ?+ mov$1 s9ce x has already rea*$ ! t]m ( movem5t1 ev5 z a h\se1 aft] x is built1 ceases be+ built by ! build]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! mov] is cause n only ( ! movem5t1 b also ( ! =m to :i* ! movem5t t5ds1 !n ! action ( ! mov] does n cease ev5 aft] ! =m has be5 atta9$3 ?us ! sun light5s ! air ev5 aft] x is light5$4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 ,god causes 9 u virtue & k1 n only :5 we fir/ acquire !m1 b also z long z we p]sev]e 9 !m3 & x is ?us t ,god causes 9 ! bless$ a k ( :at is to be done1 n z ?\gh !y 7 ignorant1 b by cont9u+ t k 9 !m4 ,nev]!less !re are ?+s :i* ! bless$1 :e!r angels or m51 d n "k3 su* ?+s are n ess5tial to bless$ness1 b conc]n ! gov]nm5t ( ?+s accord+ to ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,z reg>ds ^!1 we mu/ make a fur!r obs]vation1 namely1 t ,god moves ! m9d ( ! bless$ 9 "o way1 & ! m9d ( ! wayf>]1 9 ano!r4 ,= ,god moves ! m9d ( ! wayf>] 9 matt]s ( action1 by soo?+ ! pre-exi/+ anxiety ( d\bt2 :]eas !re is simple nesci5ce 9 ! m9d ( ! bless$ z reg>ds ! ?+s !y d n "k4 ,f ?is nesci5ce ! angel's m9d is cleans$1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii71 nor does !re prec$e 9 !m any rese>* ( d\bt1 = !y simply turn to ,god2 & ?is is to take c\nsel ( ,god1 = z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 v1 #ai7 ! angels take c\nsel ( ,god ab\t ?+s b5ea? !m3 :]e=e ! in/ruction :i* !y receive f ,god 9 su* matt]s is call$ c\nsel4 ,accord+ly ! gift ( c\nsel is 9 ! bless$1 9 s f> z ,god pres]ves 9 !m ! k t !y h1 & enlight5s !m 9 _! nesci5ce ( :at has to be done4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 9 ! bless$ !re are acts direct$ to an end1 or result+1 z x 71 f _! atta9m5t ( ! end1 su* z ! acts ( prais+ ,god1 or ( help+ on o!rs to ! end :i* !y !mselves h atta9$1 = example ! m9i/rations ( ! angels1 & ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts4 ,9 ?is respect ! gift ( c\nsel f9ds a place 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,d\bt belongs to c\nsel accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( life1 b n to t c\nsel :i* takes place 9 heav54 ,ev5 s nei!r h ! !ological virtues q ! same acts 9 heav5 z on ! way ?i!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,c\nsel is 9 ,god1 n z receiv+ b z giv+ x3 & ! sa9ts 9 heav5 are con=m$ to ,god1 z receiv]s to ! s\rce :5ce !y receive4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,fif? ,beatitude1 ,:i* ,is ,t ( ,m]cy1 ,corresponds to ! ,gift ( ,c\nsel8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! fif? beatitude1 :i* is t ( m]cy1 does n correspond to ! gift ( c\nsel4 ,= all ! beatitudes are acts ( virtue1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ we are direct$ by c\nsel 9 all acts ( virtue4 ,!re=e ! fif? beatitude does n correspond m ?an any o!r to c\nsel4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 precepts are giv5 ab\t matt]s necess>y = salvation1 :ile c\nsel is giv5 ab\t matt]s :i* are n necess>y = salvation4 ,n[ m]cy is necess>y = salvation1 accord+ to ,james #b3ac1 ,judgm5t )\t m]cy to him t ha? n done m]cy4 ,on ! o!r h& pov]ty is n necess>y = salvation1 b belongs to ! life ( p]fection1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ai3ba4 ,!re=e ! beatitude ( pov]ty corresponds to ! gift ( c\nsel1 r ?an to ! beatitude ( m]cy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! fruits result f ! beatitudes1 = !y d5ote a c]ta9 spiritual delight result+ f p]fect acts ( virtue4 ,n[ none ( ! fruits correspond to ! gift ( c\nsel1 z appe>s f ,gal4 #e3bb1 #bc4 ,!re=e nei!r does ! beatitude ( m]cy correspond to ! gift ( c\nsel4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 iv73 ,c\nsel is befitt+ ! m]ciful1 because ! "o rem$y is to be deliv]$ f evils s great1 to p>don1 & to give4 ,i answ] t1 ,c\nsel is prop]ly ab\t ?+s useful = an end4 ,h5ce su* ?+s z are ( mo/ use = an end1 %\ld above all correspond to ! gift ( c\nsel4 ,n[ su* is m]cy1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #d3h1 ,godl9ess 99,pietas1 :5ce our ,engli% ^w pity1 :i* is ! same z m]cy2 see note on ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #a is pr(itable to all ?+s4 ,!re=e ! beatitude ( m]cy specially corresponds to ! gift ( c\nsel1 n z elicit+ b z direct+ m]cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh c\nsel directs 9 all ! acts ( virtue1 x does s 9 a special way 9 works ( m]cy1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,c\nsel consid]$ z a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ guides u 9 all matt]s t are direct$ to ! end ( et]nal life :e!r !y be necess>y = salvation or n1 & yet n e "w ( m]cy is necess>y = salvation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,fruit d5otes some?+ ultimate4 ,n[ ! ultimate 9 practical matt]s consi/s n 9 k b 9 an action :i* is ! end4 ,h5ce no?+ p]ta9+ to practical k is numb]$ among ! fruits1 b only su* ?+s z p]ta9 to action1 9 :i* practical k is ! guide4 ,among ^! we f9d goodness & b5ignity :i* correspond to m]cy4 ,,"q #ec ,,( ,,imprud5ce 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to prud5ce4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,julian4 iv1 #c73 ,!re are vices oppos$ to e virtue1 n only vices t are 9 manife/ opposition to virtue1 z tem]ity is oppos$ to prud5ce1 b also vices :i* h a k9d ( k9%ip & n a true b a spuri\s lik5ess to virtue2 ?us 9 opposition to prud5ce we h craft9ess4 ,accord+ly we mu/ consid] fir/ ( all ^? vices :i* are 9 evid5t opposition to prud5ce1 ^? namely :i* are due to a defect ei!r ( prud5ce or ( ^? ?+s :i* are requisite = prud5ce1 & secondly ^? vices :i* h a false resemblance to prud5ce1 ^? namely :i* are due to abuse ( ! ?+s requir$ = prud5ce4 ,& s9ce solicitude p]ta9s to prud5ce1 ! fir/ ( ^! consid]ations w be tw(old3 7#a7 ,( imprud5ce2 7#b7 ,( neglig5ce :i* is oppos$ to solicitude4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,conc]n+ imprud5ce1 :e!r x is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special s98 7#c7 ,( precipitation or tem]ity2 7#d7 ,( ?\ghtlessness2 7#e7 ,( incon/ancy2 7#f7 ,conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ^! vices4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ec1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,imprud5ce ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t imprud5ce is n a s94 ,= e s9 is volunt>y1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 99,de ,v]a ,relig4 xiv2 :]eas imprud5ce is n volunt>y1 s9ce no man wi%es to be imprud5t4 ,!re=e imprud5ce is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 none b orig9al s9 comes to man ) 8 bir?4 ,b imprud5ce comes to man ) 8 bir?1 :]e=e ! "y are imprud5t2 & yet x is n orig9al s9 :i* is oppos$ to orig9al ju/ice4 ,!re=e imprud5ce is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e s9 is tak5 away by rep5tance4 ,b imprud5ce is n tak5 away by rep5tance4 ,!re=e imprud5ce is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! spiritual treasure ( grace is n tak5 away save by s94 ,b x is tak5 away by imprud5ce1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ba3bj1 ,!re is a treasure to be desir$1 & oil 9 ! dwell+ ( ! j1 & ! imprud5t ,d\ay3 'fooli%' man %all sp5d x4 ,!re=e imprud5ce is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,imprud5ce may be tak5 9 two ways1 fir/1 z a privation1 secondly1 z a contr>y4 ,prop]ly speak+ x is n tak5 z a negation1 s z m]ely to signify ! abs5ce ( prud5ce1 = ?is c be )\t any s94 ,tak5 z a privation1 imprud5ce d5otes lack ( t prud5ce :i* a man c & ought to h1 & 9 ?is s5se imprud5ce is a s9 by reason ( a man's neglig5ce 9 /riv+ to h prud5ce4 ,imprud5ce is tak5 z a contr>y1 9 s f> z ! movem5t or act ( reason is 9 opposition to prud5ce3 = in/ance1 :]eas ! "r reason ( prud5ce acts by tak+ c\nsel1 ! imprud5t man despises c\nsel1 & ! same applies to ! o!r conditions :i* require consid]ation 9 ! act ( prud5ce4 ,9 ?is way imprud5ce is a s9 9 respect ( prud5ce consid]$ "u its prop] aspect1 s9ce x is n possible = a man to act aga9/ prud5ce1 except by infr++ ! rules on :i* ! "r reason ( prud5ce dep5ds4 ,:]e=e1 if ?is %\ld happ5 ?r\gh av]sion f ! ,div9e ,law1 x w be a mortal s91 z :5 a man acts precipitately ?r\gh contempt & rejection ( ! ,div9e tea*+3 :]eas if he act beside ! ,law & )\t contempt1 & )\t detrim5t to ?+s necess>y = salvation1 x w be a v5ial s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no man desires ! de=mity ( imprud5ce1 b ! ra% man wills ! act ( imprud5ce1 because he wi%es to act precipitately4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 t he :o s9s will+ly aga9/ prud5ce is less to be comm5d$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t takes imprud5ce 9 ! negative s5se4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ h[ev] t lack ( prud5ce or ( any o!r virtue is includ$ 9 ! lack ( orig9al ju/ice :i* p]fect$ ! entire s\l4 ,accord+ly all su* lack ( virtue may be ascrib$ to orig9al s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,rep5tance re/ores infus$ prud5ce1 & ?us ! lack ( ?is prud5ce ceases2 b acquir$ prud5ce is n re/or$ z to ! habit1 al?\gh ! contr>y act is tak5 away1 :]e9 prop]ly speak+ ! s9 ( imprud5ce consi/s4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ec1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,imprud5ce ,is a ,special ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t imprud5ce is n a special s94 ,= :oev] s9s1 acts aga9/ "r reason1 i4e4 aga9/ prud5ce4 ,b imprud5ce consi/s 9 act+ aga9/ prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e imprud5ce is n a special s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce is m ak9 to moral action ?an k is4 ,b ignorance :i* is oppos$ to k1 is reckon$ "o ( ! g5]al causes ( s94 ,mu* m !re=e %\ld imprud5ce be reckon$ among ^? causes4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9 consi/s 9 ! corruption ( ! circum/ances ( virtue1 :]e=e ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t evil results f ea* s+le defect4 ,n[ _m ?+s are requisite = prud5ce2 = in/ance1 reason1 intellig5ce1 docility1 & s on1 z /at$ above 7,,qq4 #dh1 #di74 ,!re=e !re are _m species ( imprud5ce1 s t x is n a special s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,imprud5ce is oppos$ to prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ prud5ce is a special virtue4 ,!re=e imprud5ce too is "o special vice4 ,i answ] t1 ,a vice or s9 may be /yl$ g5]al 9 two ways2 fir/1 absolutely1 because1 to wit1 x is g5]al 9 respect ( all s9s2 secondly1 because x is g5]al 9 respect ( c]ta9 vices1 :i* are its species4 ,9 ! fir/ way1 a vice may be said to be g5]al on two c\nts3 fir/1 ess5tially1 because x is pr$icat$ ( all s9s3 & 9 ?is way imprud5ce is n a g5]al s91 z nei!r is prud5ce a g5]al virtue3 s9ce x is conc]n$ ) special acts1 namely ! v acts ( reason3 secondly1 by p>ticipation2 & 9 ?is way imprud5ce is a g5]al s93 =1 j z all ! virtues h a %>e ( prud5ce1 9 s f> z x directs !m1 s h all vices & s9s a %>e ( imprud5ce1 because no s9 c occur1 )\t "s defect 9 an act ( ! direct+ reason1 :i* defect belongs to imprud5ce4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a s9 be call$ g5]al1 n simply b 9 "s p>ticul> g5us1 t is1 z conta9+ sev]al species ( s91 !n imprud5ce is a g5]al s94 ,= x conta9s v>i\s species 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 by opposition to ! v>i\s subjective p>ts ( prud5ce1 = j z we di/+ui% ! prud5ce t guides ! individual1 f o!r k9ds t gov]n communities1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dh2 ,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #g71 s also we di/+ui% v>i\s k9ds ( imprud5ce4 ,secondly1 9 respect ( ! quasi-pot5tial p>ts ( prud5ce1 :i* are virtues connect$ ) x1 & correspond to ! sev]al acts ( reason4 ,?us1 by defect ( c\nsel to :i* eub\lia corresponds1 precipitation or tem]ity is a species ( imprud5ce2 by defect ( judgm5t1 to :i* synesis 7judg+ well accord+ to common law7 & gnome 7judg+ well accord+ to g5]al law7 ref]1 !re is ?\ghtlessness2 :ile incon/ancy & neglig5ce correspond to ! comm& :i* is ! prop] act ( prud5ce4 ,?irdly1 ?is may be tak5 by opposition to ^? ?+s :i* are requisite = prud5ce1 :i* are ! quasi-integral p>ts ( prud5ce4 ,s9ce h[ev] all ^! ?+s are int5d$ = ! direction ( ! a=esaid ?ree acts ( reason1 x foll[s t all ! opposite defects are r$ucible to ! f\r p>ts m5tion$ above4 ,?us incauti\sness & incircumspection are includ$ 9 ?\ghtlessness2 lack ( docility1 memory1 or reason is ref]able to precipitation2 improvid5ce1 lack ( intellig5ce & ( %rewdness1 belong to neglig5ce & incon/ancy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s g5]ality by p>ticipation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce k is fur!r remov$ f morality ?an prud5ce is1 accord+ to _! respective prop] natures1 x foll[s t ignorance has ! nature ( mortal s91 n ( itself1 b on acc\nt ei!r ( a prec$+ neglig5ce1 or ( ! consequ5t result1 & = ?is reason x is reckon$ "o ( ! g5]al causes ( s94 ,on ! o!r h& imprud5ce1 by its v nature1 d5otes a moral vice2 & = ?is reason x c be call$ a special s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 v>i\s circum/ances are corrupt$ = ! same motive1 ! species ( s9 is n multipli$3 ?us x is ! same species ( s9 to take :at is n "o's own1 :]e "o ought n1 & :5 "o ought n4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re be v>i\s motives1 !re are v>i\s species3 = in/ance1 if "o man 7 to take ano!r's prop]ty f :]e he ought n1 s z to wrong a sacr$ place1 ?is w\ld con/itute ! species call$ sacrilege1 :ile if ano!r 7 to take ano!r's prop]ty :5 he ought n1 m]ely ?r\gh ! lu/ ( possession1 ?is w\ld be a case ( simple av>ice4 ,h5ce ! lack ( ^? ?+s :i* are requisite = prud5ce1 does n con/itute a div]sity ( species1 except 9 s f> z !y are direct$ to diff]5t acts ( reason1 z /at$ above4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ec1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,precipitation ,is a ,s9 ,includ$ 9 ,imprud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t precipitation is n a s9 includ$ 9 imprud5ce4 ,imprud5ce is oppos$ to ! virtue ( prud5ce2 :]eas precipitation is oppos$ to ! gift ( c\nsel1 accord+ to ,gregory1 :o says 7,moral4 ii1 #di7 t ! gift ( c\nsel is giv5 z a rem$y to precipitation4 ,!re=e precipitation is n a s9 conta9$ "u imprud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 precipitation seem+ly p]ta9s to ra%ness4 ,n[ ra%ness implies presumption1 :i* p]ta9s to pride4 ,!re=e precipitation is n a vice conta9$ "u imprud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 precipitation seems to d5ote inord9ate ha/e4 ,n[ s9 happ5s 9 c\nsell+ n only ?r\gh be+ ov] ha/y b also ?r\gh be+ ov] sl[1 s t ! opportunity = action passes by1 & ?r\gh corruption ( o!r circum/ances1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #i4 ,!re=e !re is no reason = reckon+ precipitation z a s9 conta9$ "u imprud5ce1 r ?an sl[ness1 or some?+ else ( ! k9d p]ta9+ to inord9ate c\nsel4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #d3ai73 ,! way ( ! wick$ is d>ksome1 !y "k n :]e !y fall4 ,n[ ! d>ksome ways ( ungodl9ess belong to imprud5ce4 ,!re=e imprud5ce leads a man to fall or to be precipitate4 ,i answ] t1 ,precipitation is ascrib$ metaphorically to acts ( ! s\l1 by way ( similitude to bodily movem5t4 ,n[ a ?+ is said to be precipitat$ z reg>ds bodily movem5t1 :5 x is br\ght d[n f above by ! impulse ei!r ( its own movem5t or ( ano!r's1 & n 9 ord]ly fa%ion by degrees4 ,n[ ! summit ( ! s\l is ! reason1 & ! base is rea*$ 9 ! action p]=m$ by ! body2 :ile ! /eps t int]v5e by :i* "o ought to desc5d 9 ord]ly fa%ion are memory ( ! pa/1 intellig5ce ( ! pres5t1 %rewdness 9 consid]+ ! future outcome1 reason+ :i* comp>es "o ?+ ) ano!r1 docility 9 accept+ ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,he t takes c\nsel desc5ds by ^! /eps 9 due ord]1 :]eas if a man is ru%$ into action by ! impulse ( 8 w or ( a passion1 )\t tak+ ^! /eps1 x w be a case ( precipitation4 ,s9ce !n inord9ate c\nsel p]ta9s to imprud5ce1 x is evid5t t ! vice ( precipitation is conta9$ "u imprud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,rectitude ( c\nsel belongs to ! gift ( c\nsel & to ! virtue ( prud5ce2 albeit 9 diff]5t ways1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eb1 ,a4 #b71 & consequ5tly precipitation is oppos$ to bo?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?+s are said to be done ra%ly :5 !y are n direct$ by reason3 & ?is may happ5 9 two ways2 fir/ ?r\gh ! impulse ( ! w or ( a passion1 secondly ?r\gh contempt ( ! direct+ rule2 & ?is is :at is meant by ra%ness prop]ly speak+1 :]e=e x appe>s to proce$ f t root ( pride1 :i* refuses to submit to ano!r's rul+4 ,b precipitation ref]s to bo?1 s t ra%ness is conta9$ "u precipitation1 al?\gh precipitation ref]s r to ! fir/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,_m ?+s h to be consid]$ 9 ! rese>* ( reason2 h5ce ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 vi1 #i7 t "o %\ld be sl[ 9 tak+ c\nsel4 ,h5ce precipitation is m directly oppos$ to rectitude ( c\nsel ?an ov] sl[ness is1 = ! latt] be>s a c]ta9 lik5ess to "r c\nsel4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ec1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,?\ghtlessness ,is a ,special ,s9 ,includ$ 9 ,imprud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ?\ghtlessness is n a special s9 includ$ 9 imprud5ce4 ,= ! ,div9e law does n incite u to any s91 accord+ to ,ps4 #ah3h1 ,! law ( ! ,"l is unspott$2 & yet x incites u to be ?\ghtless1 accord+ to ,matt4 #aj3ai1 ,take no ?\ght h[ or :at to speak4 ,!re=e ?\ghtlessness is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] takes c\nsel mu/ ne$s give ?\ght to _m ?+s4 ,n[ precipitation is due to a defect ( c\nsel & !re=e to a defect ( ?\ght4 ,!re=e precipitation is conta9$ "u ?\ghtlessness3 & consequ5tly ?\ghtlessness is n a special s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce consi/s 9 acts ( ! practical reason1 viz4 c\nsel1 judgm5t ab\t :at has be5 c\nsell$1 & comm& 99,cf4 ,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #h4 ,n[ ?\ght prec$es all ^! acts1 s9ce x belongs also to ! speculative intellect4 ,!re=e ?\ghtlessness is n a special s9 conta9$ "u imprud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #d3be73 ,let ?y eyes look /raight on1 & let ?9e eye-lids g be=e ?y /eps4 ,n[ ?is p]ta9s to prud5ce1 :ile ! contr>y p]ta9s to ?\ghtlessness4 ,!re=e ?\ghtlessness is a special s9 conta9$ "u imprud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,?\ght signifies ! act ( ! intellect 9 consid]+ ! tru? ab\t some?+4 ,n[ j z rese>* belongs to ! reason1 s judgm5t belongs to ! intellect4 ,:]e=e 9 speculative matt]s a demon/rative sci5ce is said to ex]cise judgm5t1 9 s f> z x judges ! tru? ( ! results ( rese>* by trac+ ^? results back to ! fir/ indemon/rable pr9ciples4 ,h5ce ?\ght p]ta9s *iefly to judgm5t2 & consequ5tly ! lack ( "r judgm5t belongs to ! vice ( ?\ghtlessness1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z "o fails to judge rightly ?r\gh contempt or neglect ( ^? ?+s on :i* a "r judgm5t dep5ds4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ?\ghtlessness is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our ,"l did n =bid u to take ?\ght1 :5 we h ! opportunity1 ab\t :at we ought to d or say1 b1 9 ! words quot$1 ,he enc\rages ,8 disciples1 s t :5 !y _h no opportunity ( tak+ ?\ght1 ei!r ?r\gh lack ( k or ?r\gh a sudd5 call1 !y %\ld tru/ 9 ! guidance ( ,god alone1 because z we "k n :at to d1 we c only turn our eyes to ,god1 accord+ to #b ,p>al4 #bj3ab3 else if man1 in/ead ( do+ :at he c1 7 to be cont5t ) await+ ,god's assi/ance1 he w\ld seem to tempt ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all ?\ght ab\t ^? ?+s ( :i* c\nsel takes cognizance1 is direct$ to ! =mation ( a "r judgm5t1 :]e=e ?is ?\ght is p]fect$ 9 judgm5t4 ,consequ5tly ?\ghtlessness is above all oppos$ to ! rectitude ( judgm5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?\ghtlessness is to be tak5 "h 9 relation to a det]m9ate matt]1 namely1 t ( human action1 :]e9 m ?+s h to be ?\ght ab\t = ! purpose ( "r judgm5t1 ?an 9 speculative matt]s1 because actions are ab\t s+ul>s4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ec1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,incon/ancy ,is a ,vice ,conta9$ ,"u ,imprud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t incon/ancy is n a vice conta9$ "u imprud5ce4 ,= incon/ancy consi/s seem+ly 9 a lack ( p]sev]ance 9 matt]s ( difficulty4 ,b p]sev]ance 9 difficult matt]s belongs to =titude4 ,!re=e incon/ancy is oppos$ to =titude r ?an to prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,james #c3af73 ,:]e jeal\sy ,d\ay3 'envy' & cont5tion are1 !re are incon/ancy & e evil "w4 ,b jeal\sy p]ta9s to envy4 ,!re=e incon/ancy p]ta9s n to imprud5ce b to envy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a man w\ld seem to be incon/ant :o fails to p]sev]e 9 :at he has propos$ to d4 ,n[ ?is is a m>k ( incont95cy 9 pleasurable matt]s1 & ( effem9acy or squeami%ness 9 unpleasant matt]s1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 vii1 #a4 ,!re=e incon/ancy does n p]ta9 to imprud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x belongs to prud5ce to pref] ! great] good to ! less]4 ,!re=e to =sake ! great] good belongs to imprud5ce4 ,n[ ?is is incon/ancy4 ,!re=e incon/ancy belongs to imprud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,incon/ancy d5otes )drawal f a def9ite good purpose4 ,n[ ! orig9 ( ?is )drawal is 9 ! appetite1 = a man does n )draw f a previ\s good purpose1 except on acc\nt ( some?+ be+ inord9ately pleas+ to him3 nor is ?is )drawal complet$ except ?r\gh a defect ( reason1 :i* is deceiv$ 9 reject+ :at be=e x _h rightly accept$4 ,& s9ce x c resi/ ! impulse ( ! passions1 if x fail to d ?is1 x is due to its own weakness 9 n /&+ to ! good purpose x has conceiv$2 h5ce incon/ancy1 z to its completion1 is due to a defect 9 ! reason4 ,n[ j z all rectitude ( ! practical reason belongs 9 "s degree to prud5ce1 s all lack ( t rectitude belongs to imprud5ce4 ,consequ5tly incon/ancy1 z to its completion1 belongs to imprud5ce4 ,& j z precipitation is due to a defect 9 ! act ( c\nsel1 & ?\ghtlessness to a defect 9 ! act ( judgm5t1 s incon/ancy arises f a defect 9 ! act ( comm&4 ,= a man is /at$ to be incon/ant because 8 reason fails 9 comm&+ :at has be5 c\nsell$ & judg$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! good ( prud5ce is %>$ by all ! moral virtues1 & accord+ly p]sev]ance 9 good belongs to all moral virtues1 *iefly1 h[ev]1 to =titude1 :i* suff]s a great] impulse to ! contr>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,envy & ang]1 :i* are ! s\rce ( cont5tion1 cause incon/ancy on ! "p ( ! appetite1 to :i* p[] ! orig9 ( incon/ancy is due1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,cont95cy & p]sev]ance seem to be n 9 ! appetitive p[]1 b 9 ! reason4 ,= ! cont95t man suff]s evil concupisc5ces1 & ! p]sev]+ man suff]s griev\s sorr[s 7:i* po9ts to a defect 9 ! appetitive p[]72 b reason /&s firm1 9 ! cont95t man1 aga9/ concupisc5ce1 & 9 ! p]sev]+ man1 aga9/ sorr[4 ,h5ce cont95cy & p]sev]ance seem to be species ( con/ancy :i* p]ta9s to reason2 & to ?is p[] incon/ancy p]ta9s also4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ec1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,a=esaid ,vices ,arise f ,lu/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! a=esaid vices d n arise f lu/4 ,= incon/ancy arises f envy1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e1 ad #b74 ,b envy is a di/9ct vice f lu/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,james #a3h73 ,a d\ble-m9d$ man is incon/ant 9 all 8 ways4 ,n[ duplicity does n seem to p]ta9 to lu/1 b r to deceitfulness1 :i* is a daught] ( covet\sness1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de74 ,!re=e ! a=esaid vices d n arise f lu/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! a=esaid vices are connect$ ) "s defect ( reason4 ,n[ spiritual vices are m ak9 to ! reason ?an c>nal vices4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid vices arise f spiritual vices r ?an f c>nal vices4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory decl>es 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 t ! a=esaid vices arise f lu/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 pleasure above all corrupts ! e/imate ( prud5ce1 & *iefly sexual pleasure :i* absorbs ! m9d1 & draws x to s5sible delight4 ,n[ ! p]fection ( prud5ce & ( e intellectual virtue consi/s 9 ab/raction f s5sible objects4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce ! a=esaid vices involve a defect ( prud5ce & ( ! practical reason1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #e71 x foll[s t !y arise *iefly f lu/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,envy & ang] cause incon/ancy by draw+ away ! reason to some?+ else2 :]eas lu/ causes incon/ancy by de/roy+ ! judgm5t ( reason entirely4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 t ! man :o is incont95t ?r\gh ang] li/5s to reason1 yet n p]fectly1 :]eas he :o is incont95t ?r\gh lu/ does n li/5 to x at all4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,duplicity also is some?+ result+ f lu/1 j z incon/ancy is1 if by duplicity we und]/& fluctuation ( ! m9d f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,h5ce ,t]5ce says 7,eunu*4 act #a1 sc4 #a7 t love leads to w>1 & likewise to peace & truce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,c>nal vices de/roy ! judgm5t ( reason s mu* ! m z !y lead u away f reason4 ,,"q #ed ,,( ,,neglig5ce 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] neglig5ce1 "u :i* head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r neglig5ce is a special s98 7#b7 ,to :i* virtue is x oppos$8 7#c7 ,:e!r neglig5ce is a mortal s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,neglig5ce ,is a ,special ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t neglig5ce is n a special s94 ,= neglig5ce is oppos$ to dilig5ce4 ,b dilig5ce is requir$ 9 e virtue4 ,!re=e neglig5ce is n a special s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is common to e s9 is n a special s94 ,n[ neglig5ce is common to e s91 because he :o s9s neglects t :i* )draws him f s91 & he :o p]sev]es 9 s9 neglects to be contrite = 8 s94 ,!re=e neglig5ce is n a special s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e special s9 has a det]m9ate matt]4 ,b neglig5ce seems to h no det]m9ate matt]3 s9ce x is nei!r ab\t evil or indiff]5t ?+s 7= no man is accus$ ( neglig5ce if he omit !m71 nor ab\t good ?+s1 = if ^! be done neglig5tly1 !y are no long] good4 ,!re=e x seems t neglig5ce is n a special vice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s9s committ$ ?r\gh neglig5ce1 are di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* are committ$ ?r\gh contempt4 ,i answ] t1 ,neglig5ce d5otes lack ( due solicitude4 ,n[ e lack ( a due act is s9ful3 :]e=e x is evid5t t neglig5ce is a s91 & t x mu/ ne$s h ! "* ( a special s9 accord+ z solicitude is ! act ( a special virtue4 ,= c]ta9 s9s are special ?r\gh be+ ab\t a special matt]1 z lu/ is ab\t sexual matt]s1 :ile "s vices are special on acc\nt ( _! hav+ a special k9d ( act :i* ext5ds to all k9ds ( matt]1 & su* are all vices affect+ an act ( reason1 s9ce e act ( reason ext5ds to any k9d ( moral matt]4 ,s9ce !n solicitude is a special act ( reason1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #i71 x foll[s t neglig5ce1 :i* d5otes lack ( solicitude1 is a special s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,dilig5ce seems to be ! same z solicitude1 because ! m we love 7diligimus7 a ?+ ! m solicit\s are we ab\t x4 ,h5ce dilig5ce1 no less ?an solicitude1 is requir$ = e virtue1 9 s f> z due acts ( reason are requisite = e virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 e s9 !re mu/ ne$s be a defect affect+ an act ( reason1 = in/ance a defect 9 c\nsel or ! l4 ,h5ce j z precipitation is a special s9 on acc\nt ( a special act ( reason :i* is omitt$1 namely c\nsel1 al?\gh x may be f\nd 9 any k9d ( s92 s neglig5ce is a special s9 on acc\nt ( ! lack ( a special act ( reason1 namely solicitude1 al?\gh x is f\nd m or less 9 all s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,prop]ly speak+ ! matt] ( neglig5ce is a good t "o ought to d1 n t x is a good :5 x is done neglig5tly1 b because on acc\nt ( neglig5ce x incurs a lack ( goodness1 :e!r a due act be entirely omitt$ ?r\gh lack ( solicitude1 or "s due circum/ance be omitt$4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,neglig5ce ,is ,oppos$ to ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t neglig5ce is n oppos$ to prud5ce4 ,= neglig5ce seems to be ! same z idl5ess or laz9ess1 :i* belongs to slo?1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de74 ,n[ slo? is n oppos$ to prud5ce1 b to *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e neglig5ce is n oppos$ to prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e s9 ( omission seems to be due to neglig5ce4 ,b s9s ( omission are n oppos$ to prud5ce1 b to ! executive moral virtues4 ,!re=e neglig5ce is n oppos$ to prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 imprud5ce relates to "s act ( reason4 ,b neglig5ce does n imply a defect ( c\nsel1 = t is precipitation1 nor a defect ( judgm5t1 s9ce t is ?\ghtlessness1 nor a defect ( comm&1 because t is incon/ancy4 ,!re=e neglig5ce does n p]ta9 to imprud5ce4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,eccles4 #g3ai73 ,he t fe>e? ,god1 neglecte? no?+4 ,b e s9 is exclud$ by ! opposite virtue4 ,!re=e neglig5ce is oppos$ to fe> r ?an to prud5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bj3g73 ,a babbl] & a fool 7imprud5s7 w reg>d no "t4 ,n[ ?is is due to neglig5ce4 ,!re=e neglig5ce is oppos$ to prud5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,neglig5ce is directly oppos$ to solicitude4 ,n[ solicitude p]ta9s to ! reason1 & rectitude ( solicitude to prud5ce4 ,h5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 neglig5ce p]ta9s to imprud5ce4 ,?is appe>s f its v "n1 because1 z ,isidore obs]ves 7,etym4 x7 a neglig5t man is "o :o fails to *oose 7nec elig5s73 & ! "r *oice ( ! means belongs to prud5ce4 ,!re=e neglig5ce p]ta9s to imprud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,neglig5ce is a defect 9 ! int]nal act1 to :i* *oice also belongs3 :]eas idl5ess & laz9ess d5ote sl[ness ( execution1 yet s t idl5ess d5otes sl[ness 9 sett+ ab\t ! execution1 :ile laz9ess d5otes remissness 9 ! execution itself4 ,h5ce x is becom+ t laz9ess %\ld arise f slo?1 :i* is an oppressive sorr[1 i4e4 h9d]+1 ! m9d f action 99,cf4 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #h4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,omission reg>ds ! ext]nal act1 = x consi/s 9 fail+ to p]=m an act :i* is due4 ,h5ce x is oppos$ to ju/ice1 & is an effect ( neglig5ce1 ev5 z ! execution ( a j de$ is ! effect ( "r reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,neglig5ce reg>ds ! act ( comm&1 :i* solicitude also reg>ds4 ,yet ! neglig5t man fails 9 reg>d to ?is act o!rwise ?an ! incon/ant man3 = ! incon/ant man fails 9 comm&+1 be+ h9d]$ z x 71 by some?+1 :]eas ! neglig5t man fails ?r\gh lack ( a prompt w4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! fe> ( ,god helps u to avoid all s9s1 because accord+ to ,prov4 #ae3bg1 by ! fe> ( ! ,"l ev]yone decl9e? f evil4 ,h5ce fe> makes u avoid neglig5ce1 yet n z ?\gh neglig5ce 7 directly oppos$ to fe>1 b because fe> incites man to acts ( reason4 ,:]e=e also x has be5 /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #b7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions1 t fe> makes u take c\nsel4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,neglig5ce ,c ,be a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t neglig5ce _c be a mortal s94 ,= a gloss ( ,gregory 99,moral4 ix4 #cd on ,job #i3bh1 ,i fe>$ all my works1 etc4 says t too little love ( ,god aggravates ! =m]1 viz4 neglig5ce4 ,b :]ev] !re is mortal s91 ! love ( ,god is done away ) altoge!r4 ,!re=e neglig5ce is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,ecclus4 #g3cd1 ,= ?y neglig5ces purify ?yself ) a few1 says3 ,?\gh ! (f]+ be small x cleanses ! neglig5ces ( _m s9s4 ,n[ ?is w\ld n be1 if neglig5ce 7 a mortal s94 ,!re=e neglig5ce is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "u ! law c]ta9 sacrifices 7 prescrib$ = mortal s9s1 z appe>s f ! book ( ,leviticus4 ,yet no sacrifice 0 prescrib$ = neglig5ce4 ,!re=e neglig5ce is n a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #ai3af73 ,he t neglecte? 8 own life ,vulg43 'way' %all die4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #c71 neglig5ce arises out ( a c]ta9 remissness ( ! w1 ! result be+ a lack ( solicitude on ! "p ( ! reason 9 comm&+ :at x %\ld comm&1 or z x %\ld comm&4 ,accord+ly neglig5ce may happ5 to be a mortal s9 9 two ways4 ,fir/ on ! "p ( t :i* is omitt$ ?r\gh neglig5ce4 ,if ?is be ei!r an act or a circum/ance necess>y = salvation1 x w be a mortal s94 ,secondly on ! "p ( ! cause3 = if ! w be s remiss ab\t ,div9e ?+s1 z to fall away altoge!r f ! *>ity ( ,god1 su* neglig5ce is a mortal s91 & ?is is ! case *iefly :5 neglig5ce is due to contempt4 ,b if neglig5ce consi/s 9 ! omission ( an act or circum/ance t is n necess>y = salvation1 x is n a mortal b a v5ial s91 provid$ ! neglig5ce arise1 n f contempt1 b f "s lack ( f]vor1 to :i* v5ial s9 is an occasional ob/acle4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man may be said to love ,god less 9 two ways4 ,fir/ ?r\gh lack ( ! f]vor ( *>ity1 & ?is causes ! neglig5ce t is a v5ial s93 secondly ?r\gh lack ( *>ity itself1 9 :i* s5se we say t a man loves ,god less :5 he loves ,him ) a m]ely natural love2 & ?is causes ! neglig5ce t is a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! same au?ority 7gloss71 a small (f]+ made ) a humble m9d & out ( pure love1 cleanses man n only f v5ial b also f mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 neglig5ce consi/s 9 ! omission ( t :i* is necess>y = salvation1 x is drawn to ! o!r m manife/ g5us ( s94 ,because ^? s9s t consi/ ( inw>d actions1 are m hidd51 :]e=e no special sacrifices 7 prescrib$ = !m 9 ! ,law1 s9ce ! (f]+ ( sacrifices 0 a k9d ( public confession ( s91 :]eas hidd5 s9s %\ld n be confess$ 9 public4 ,,"q #ee ,,( ,,vices ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,prud5ce ,,by ,,way ,,( ,,resemblance 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ^? vices oppos$ to prud5ce1 :i* h a resemblance !reto4 ,"u ?is head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r prud5ce ( ! fle% is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#c7 ,:e!r craft9ess is a special s98 7#d7 ,( guile2 7#e7 ,( fraud2 7#f7 ,( solicitude ab\t temporal ?+s2 7#g7 ,( solicitude ab\t ! future2 7#h7 ,( ! orig9 ( ^! vices4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,prud5ce ( ! ,fle% ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce ( ! fle% is n a s94 ,= prud5ce is m excell5t ?an ! o!r moral virtues1 s9ce x gov]ns !m all4 ,b no ju/ice or temp]ance is s9ful4 ,nei!r !re=e is any prud5ce a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is n a s9 to act prud5tly = an end :i* x is lawful to love4 ,b x is lawful to love ! fle%1 = no man ev] hat$ 8 own fle% 7,eph4 #e3bi74 ,!re=e prud5ce ( ! fle% is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z man is tempt$ by ! fle%1 s too is he tempt$ by ! _w & ! devil4 ,b no prud5ce ( ! _w1 or ( ! devil is acc\nt$ a s94 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld any prud5ce ( ! fle% be acc\nt$ among s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no man is an enemy to ,god save = wick$ness accord+ to ,wis4 #ad3i1 ,to ,god ! wick$ & 8 wick$ness are hateful alike4 ,n[ x is writt5 7,rom4 #h3g73 ,! prud5ce ,vulg43 'wisdom' ( ! fle% is an enemy to ,god4 ,!re=e prud5ce ( ! fle% is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #ac71 prud5ce reg>ds ?+s :i* are direct$ to ! end ( life z a :ole4 ,h5ce prud5ce ( ! fle% signifies prop]ly ! prud5ce ( a man :o looks ^u c>nal goods z ! la/ end ( 8 life4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ?is is a s91 because x involves a disord] 9 man ) respect to 8 la/ end1 :i* does n consi/ 9 ! goods ( ! body1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e prud5ce ( ! fle% is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ju/ice & temp]ance include 9 _! v nature t :i* ranks !m among ! virtues1 viz4 equality & ! curb+ ( concupisc5ce2 h5ce !y are nev] tak5 9 a bad s5se4 ,on ! o!r h& prud5ce is s call$ f =esee+ 7provid5do71 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #di1 ,a4 #f71 :i* c ext5d to evil ?+s also4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh prud5ce is tak5 simply 9 a good s5se1 yet1 if some?+ be add$1 x may be tak5 9 a bad s5se3 & x is ?us t prud5ce ( ! fle% is said to be a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fle% is on acc\nt ( ! s\l1 z matt] is on acc\nt ( ! =m1 & ! in/rum5t on acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal ag5t4 ,h5ce ! fle% is lov$ lawfully1 if x be direct$ to ! good ( ! s\l z its end4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a man place 8 la/ end 9 a good ( ! fle%1 8 love w be inord9ate & unlawful1 & x is ?us t ! prud5ce ( ! fle% is direct$ to ! love ( ! fle%4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! devil tempts u1 n ?r\gh ! good ( ! appetible object1 b by way ( sugge/ion4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce prud5ce implies direction to "s appetible end1 we d n speak ( prud5ce ( ! devil1 z ( a prud5ce direct$ to "s evil end1 :i* is ! aspect "u :i* ! _w & ! fle% tempt u1 9 s f> z worldly or c>nal goods are propos$ to our appetite4 ,h5ce we speak ( c>nal & aga9 ( worldly prud5ce1 accord+ to ,luke #af3h1 ,! *ildr5 ( ?is _w are m prud5t ,d\ay3 'wis]' 9 _! g5]ation1 etc4 ,! ,apo/le includes all 9 ! prud5ce ( ! fle%1 because we covet ! ext]nal ?+s ( ! _w on acc\nt ( ! fle%4 ,we may also reply t s9ce prud5ce is 9 a c]ta9 s5se call$ wisdom1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a71 we may di/+ui% a ?reefold prud5ce correspond+ to ! ?ree k9ds ( temptation4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,james #c3ae7 t !re is a wisdom :i* is e>?ly1 s5sual & devili%1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #de1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( wisdom4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,prud5ce ( ! ,fle% ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce ( ! fle% is a mortal s94 ,= x is a mortal s9 to rebel aga9/ ! ,div9e law1 s9ce ?is implies contempt ( ,god4 ,n[ ! prud5ce ,d\ay3 'wisdom' ( ! fle% 4 4 4 is n subject to ! law ( ,god 7,rom4 #h3g74 ,!re=e prud5ce ( ! fle% is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is a mortal s94 ,n[ prud5ce ( ! fle% seems to be a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 = x _c be subject to ! law ( ,god 7,rom4 #h3g71 & s x seems to be an unp>donable s91 :i* is prop] to ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e prud5ce ( ! fle% is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! greate/ evil is oppos$ to ! greate/ good1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 viii1 #aj4 ,n[ prud5ce ( ! fle% is oppos$ to t prud5ce :i* is ! *ief ( ! moral virtues4 ,!re=e prud5ce ( ! fle% is *ief among mortal s9s1 s t x is itself a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t :i* dim9i%es a s9 has n ( itself ! nature ( a mortal s94 ,n[ ! ?\ghtful que/ ( ?+s p]ta9+ to ! c>e ( ! fle%1 :i* seems to p]ta9 to c>nal prud5ce1 dim9i%es s9 99,cf4 ,prov4 #f3cj4 ,!re=e prud5ce ( ! fle% has n ( itself ! nature ( a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a2 ,a4 #ac71 a man is said to be prud5t 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 simply1 i4e4 9 relation to ! end ( life z a :ole4 ,secondly1 relatively1 i4e4 9 relation to "s p>ticul> end2 ?us a man is said to be prud5t 9 bus9ess or some?+ else ( ! k9d4 ,accord+ly if prud5ce ( ! fle% be tak5 z correspond+ to prud5ce 9 its absolute signification1 s t a man place ! la/ end ( 8 :ole life 9 ! c>e ( ! fle%1 x is a mortal s91 because he turns away f ,god by s do+1 s9ce he _c h sev]al la/ ends1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #e74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 prud5ce ( ! fle% be tak5 z correspond+ to p>ticul> prud5ce1 x is a v5ial s94 ,= x happ5s sometimes t a man has an inord9ate affection = "s pleasure ( ! fle%1 )\t turn+ away f ,god by a mortal s92 9 :i* case he does n place ! end ( 8 :ole life 9 c>nal pleasure4 ,to apply oneself to obta9 ?is pleasure is a v5ial s9 & p]ta9s to prud5ce ( ! fle%4 ,b if a man actually ref]s ! c>e ( ! fle% to a good end1 z :5 "o is c>eful ab\t "o's food 9 ord] to su/a9 "o's body1 ?is is no long] prud5ce ( ! fle%1 because !n "o uses ! c>e ( ! fle% z a means to an end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le is speak+ ( t c>nal prud5ce :]eby a man places ! end ( 8 :ole life 9 ! goods ( ! fle%1 & ?is is a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prud5ce ( ! fle% does n imply a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= :5 x is /at$ t x _c be subject to ! law ( ,god1 ?is does n mean t he :o has prud5ce ( ! fle%1 _c be conv]t$ & submit to ! law ( ,god1 b t c>nal prud5ce itself _c be subject to ,god's law1 ev5 z nei!r c inju/ice be j1 nor heat cold1 al?\gh t :i* is hot may become cold4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e s9 is oppos$ to prud5ce1 j z prud5ce is %>$ by e virtue4 ,b x does n foll[ t e s9 oppos$ to prud5ce is mo/ grave1 b only :5 x is oppos$ to prud5ce 9 "s v grave matt]4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,craft9ess ,is a ,special ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t craft9ess is n a special s94 ,= ! words ( ,holy ,writ d n induce anyone to s92 & yet !y induce u to be crafty1 accord+ to ,prov4 #a3d1 ,to give craft9ess ,d\ay3 'subtlety' to little ones4 ,!re=e craft9ess is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #ac3af73 ,! crafty ,d\ay3 'prud5t' man do? all ?+s ) c\nsel4 ,!re=e1 he does s ei!r = a good or = an evil end4 ,if = a good end1 !re is no s9 seem+ly1 & if = an evil end1 x w\ld seem to p]ta9 to c>nal or worldly prud5ce4 ,!re=e craft9ess is n a special s9 di/9ct f prud5ce ( ! fle%4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory exp\nd+ ! words ( ,job #ab1 ,! simplicity ( ! j man is laugh$ to scorn1 says 7,moral4 x1 #bi73 ,! wisdom ( ?is _w is to hide "o's ?\ghts by artifice1 to conceal "o's mean+ by words1 to repres5t error z tru?1 to make out ! tru? to be false1 & fur!r on he adds3 ,?is prud5ce is acquir$ by ! "y1 x is le>nt at a price by *ildr54 ,n[ ! above ?+s seem to belong to craft9ess4 ,!re=e craft9ess is n di/9ct f c>nal or worldly prud5ce1 & consequ5tly x seems n to be a special s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #d3b73 ,we r5\nce ! hidd5 ?+s ( di%one/y1 n walk+ 9 craft9ess1 nor adult]at+ ! ^w ( ,god4 ,!re=e craft9ess is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,prud5ce is "r reason appli$ to action1 j z sci5ce is "r reason appli$ to k4 ,9 speculative matt]s "o may s9 aga9/ rectitude ( k 9 two ways3 9 "o way :5 ! reason is l$ to a false conclusion t appe>s to be true2 9 ano!r way :5 ! reason proce$s f false premises1 t appe> to be true1 ei!r to a true or to a false conclusion4 ,ev5 s a s9 may be aga9/ prud5ce1 ?r\gh hav+ "s resemblance !reto1 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 :5 ! purpose ( ! reason is direct$ to an end :i* is good n 9 tru? b 9 appe>ance1 & ?is p]ta9s to prud5ce ( ! fle%2 secondly1 :51 9 ord] to obta9 a c]ta9 end1 :e!r good or evil1 a man uses means t are n true b fictiti\s & c\nt]feit1 & ?is belongs to ! s9 ( craft9ess4 ,?is is consequ5tly a s9 oppos$ to prud5ce1 & di/9ct f prud5ce ( ! fle%4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,contra ,julian4 iv1 #c7 j z prud5ce is sometimes improp]ly tak5 9 a bad s5se1 s is craft9ess sometimes tak5 9 a good s5se1 & ?is on acc\nt ( _! mutual resemblance4 ,prop]ly speak+1 h[ev]1 craft9ess is tak5 9 a bad s5se1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #ab4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,craft9ess c take c\nsel bo? = a good end & = an evil end3 nor %\ld a good end be pursu$ by means t are false & c\nt]feit b by su* z are true4 ,h5ce craft9ess is a s9 if x be direct$ to a good end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"u worldly prud5ce ,gregory includ$ ev]y?+ t c p]ta9 to false prud5ce1 s t x comprises craft9ess also4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,guile ,is a ,s9 ,p]ta9+ to ,craft9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t guile is n a s9 p]ta9+ to craft9ess4 ,= s91 especially mortal1 has no place 9 p]fect m54 ,yet a c]ta9 guile is to be f\nd 9 !m1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #ab3af1 ,be+ crafty ,i caught y by guile4 ,!re=e guile is n always a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 guile seems to p]ta9 *iefly to ! tongue1 accord+ to ,ps4 #e3aa1 ,!y dealt deceitfully ) _! tongues4 ,n[ craft9ess l prud5ce is 9 ! v act ( reason4 ,!re=e guile does n p]ta9 to craft9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #ab3bj73 ,guile ,d\ay3 ',deceit' is 9 ! he>t ( !m t ?9k evil ?+s4 ,b ! ?\ght ( evil ?+s does n always p]ta9 to craft9ess4 ,!re=e guile does n seem to belong to craft9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,craft9ess aims at ly+ 9 wait1 accord+ to ,eph4 #d3ad1 ,by cunn+ craft9ess by :i* !y lie 9 wait to deceive3 & guile aims at ?is also4 ,!re=e guile p]ta9s to craft9ess4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 x belongs to craft9ess to adopt ways t are n true b c\nt]feit & app>5tly true1 9 ord] to atta9 "s end ei!r good or evil4 ,n[ ! adopt+ ( su* ways may be subject$ to a tw(old consid]ation2 fir/1 z reg>ds ! process ( ?9k+ !m out1 & ?is belongs prop]ly to craft9ess1 ev5 z ?9k+ out "r ways to a due end belongs to prud5ce4 ,secondly ! adopt+ ( su* l ways may be consid]$ ) reg>d to _! actual execution1 & 9 ?is way x belongs to guile4 ,h5ce guile d5otes a c]ta9 execution ( craft9ess1 & accord+ly belongs !reto4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z craft9ess is tak5 prop]ly 9 a bad s5se1 & improp]ly 9 a good s5se1 s too is guile :i* is ! execution ( craft9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! execution ( craft9ess ) ! purpose ( deceiv+1 is effect$ fir/ & =emo/ by words1 :i* hold ! *ief place among ^? signs :]eby a man signifies some?+ to ano!r man1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #c71 h5ce guile is ascrib$ *iefly to spee*4 ,yet guile may happ5 also 9 de$s1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ajd3be1 ,& to deal deceitfully ) 8 s]vants4 ,guile is also 9 ! he>t1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ai3bc1 ,8 int]ior is full ( deceit1 b ?is is to devise deceits1 accord+ to ,ps4 #cg3ac3 ,!y /udi$ deceits all ! day long4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:oev] purposes to d "s evil de$1 mu/ ne$s devise c]ta9 ways ( atta9+ 8 purpose1 & = ! mo/ "p he devises deceitful ways1 :]eby ! m easily to obta9 8 end4 ,nev]!less x happ5s sometimes t evil is done op5ly & by viol5ce )\t craft9ess & guile2 b z ?is is m difficult1 x is ( less frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,fraud ,p]ta9s to ,craft9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fraud does n p]ta9 to craft9ess4 ,= a man does n des]ve praise if he all[s himself to be deceiv$1 :i* is ! object ( craft9ess2 & yet a man des]ves praise = all[+ himself to be defraud$1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #f3a1 ,:y d y n r suff] y\rselves to be defraud$8 ,!re=e fraud does n belong to craft9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fraud seems to consi/ 9 unlawfully tak+ or receiv+ ext]nal ?+s1 = x is writt5 7,acts #e3a7 t a c]ta9 man nam$ ,ananias ) ,saphira 8 wife1 sold a piece ( l&1 & by fraud kept back "p ( ! price ( ! l&4 ,n[ x p]ta9s to inju/ice or illib]ality to take possession ( or reta9 ext]nal ?+s unju/ly4 ,!re=e fraud does n belong to craft9ess :i* is oppos$ to prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no man employs craft9ess aga9/ himself4 ,b ! frauds ( "s are aga9/ !mselves1 = x is writt5 7,prov4 #a3ah7 conc]n+ "s t !y practice frauds ,d\ay3 'deceits' aga9/ _! own s\ls4 ,!re=e fraud does n belong to craft9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! object ( fraud is to deceive1 accord+ to ,job #ac3i1 ,%all he be deceiv$ z a man1 ) y\r fraudul5t ,d\ay3 'deceitful' deal+s8 ,n[ craft9ess is direct$ to ! same object4 ,!re=e fraud p]ta9s to craft9ess4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z guile consi/s 9 ! execution ( craft9ess1 s also does fraud4 ,b !y seem to diff] 9 ! fact t guile belongs 9 g5]al to ! execution ( craft9ess1 :e!r ?is be effect$ by words1 or by de$s1 :]eas fraud belongs m prop]ly to ! execution ( craft9ess by de$s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le does n c\nsel ! fai?ful to be deceiv$ 9 _! k1 b to be> pati5tly ! effect ( be+ deceiv$1 & to endure wrongs inflict$ on !m by fraud4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! execution ( craft9ess may be c>ri$ out by ano!r vice1 j z ! execution ( prud5ce by ! virtues3 & accord+ly no?+ h9d]s fraud f p]ta9+ to covet\sness or illib]ality4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? :o commit frauds1 d n design any?+ aga9/ !mselves or _! own s\ls2 x is ?r\gh ,god's j judgm5t t :at !y plot aga9/ o!rs1 recoils on !mselves1 accord+ to ,ps4 #g3af1 ,he is fall5 into ! hole he made4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,be ,solicit\s ,ab\t ,temporal ,matt]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem lawful to be solicit\s ab\t temporal matt]s4 ,because a sup]ior %\ld be solicit\s = 8 subjects1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ab3h1 ,he t rule?1 ) solicitude4 ,n[ accord+ to ! ,div9e ord]+1 man is plac$ ov] temporal ?+s1 accord+ to ,ps4 #h3h1 ,?\ ha/ subject$ all ?+s "u 8 feet1 etc4 ,!re=e man %\ld be solicit\s ab\t temporal ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ev]yone is solicit\s ab\t ! end = :i* he works4 ,n[ x is lawful = a man to "w = ! temporal ?+s :]eby he su/a9s life1 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,!ss4 #c3aj73 ,if any man w n "w1 nei!r let him eat4 ,!re=e x is lawful to be solicit\s ab\t temporal ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 solicitude ab\t works ( m]cy is praisewor?y1 accord+ to #b ,tim4 #a3ag1 ,:5 he 0 come to ,rome1 he c>efully s\ght me4 ,n[ solicitude ab\t temporal ?+s is sometimes connect$ ) works ( m]cy2 = in/ance1 :5 a man is solicit\s to wat* ov] ! int]e/s ( orphans & poor p]sons4 ,!re=e solicitude ab\t temporal ?+s is n unlawful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #f3ca73 ,be n solicit\s 4 4 4 say+1 ,:at %all we eat1 or :at %all we dr9k1 or :]e) %all we be clo!d8 ,& yet su* ?+s are v necess>y4 ,i answ] t1 ,solicitude d5otes an e>ne/ endeavor to obta9 some?+4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! endeavor is m e>ne/ :5 !re is fe> ( failure1 s t !re is less solicitude :5 success is assur$4 ,accord+ly solicitude ab\t temporal ?+s may be unlawful 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/ on ! "p ( ! object ( solicitude2 t is1 if we seek temporal ?+s z an end4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,op]ibus ,mona*4 xxvi73 ,:5 ,our ,"l said3 ',be n solicit\s1 ' etc4 4 4 4 ,he int5d$ to =bid !m ei!r to make su* ?+s _! end1 or = ! sake ( ^! ?+s to d :atev] !y 7 comm&$ to d 9 prea*+ ! ,gospel4 ,secondly1 solicitude ab\t temporal ?+s may be unlawful1 ?r\gh too mu* e>ne/ness 9 endeavor+ to obta9 temporal ?+s1 ! result be+ t a man is drawn away f spiritual ?+s :i* ought to be ! *ief object ( 8 se>*1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,matt4 #ac3bb7 t ! c>e ( ?is _w 4 4 4 *okes up ! ^w4 ,?irdly1 ?r\gh ov] mu* fe>1 :51 to wit1 a man fe>s to lack necess>y ?+s if he d :at he ought to d4 ,n[ our ,"l gives ?ree motives = lay+ aside ?is fe>4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! yet great] favors be/[$ by ,god on man1 indep5d5tly ( 8 solicitude1 viz4 8 body & s\l 7,matt4 #f3bf72 secondly1 on acc\nt ( ! c>e ) :i* ,god wat*es ov] animals & plants )\t ! assi/ance ( man1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( _! nature2 ?irdly1 because ( ,div9e provid5ce1 ?r\gh ignorance ( :i* ! g5tiles are solicit\s 9 seek+ temporal goods be=e all o!rs4 ,consequ5tly ,he concludes t we %\ld be solicit\s mo/ ( all ab\t spiritual goods1 hop+ t temporal goods also may be grant$ u accord+ to our ne$s1 if we d :at we ought to d4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,temporal goods are subject$ to man t he may use !m accord+ to 8 ne$s1 n t he may place 8 end 9 !m & be ov] solicit\s ab\t !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! solicitude ( a man :o ga9s 8 bread by bodily labor is n sup]flu\s b proportionate2 h5ce ,j]ome says on ,matt4 #f3ca1 ,be n solicit\s1 t labor is necess>y1 b solicitude mu/ be bani%$1 namely sup]flu\s solicitude :i* unsettles ! m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! works ( m]cy solicitude ab\t temporal ?+s is direct$ to *>ity z its end1 :]e=e x is n unlawful1 unless x be sup]flu\s4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,we ,%\ld ,be ,solicit\s ,ab\t ! ,future8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we %\ld be solicit\s ab\t ! future4 ,= x is writt5 7,prov4 #f3f-h73 ,g to ! ant1 ,o slugg>d1 & consid] h] ways & le>n wisdom2 :i*1 al?\gh %e ha? no guide1 nor ma/] 4 4 4 provide? h] meat = h]self 9 ! summ]1 & ga!re? h] food 9 ! h>ve/4 ,n[ ?is is to be solicit\s ab\t ! future4 ,!re=e solicitude ab\t ! future is praisewor?y4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 solicitude p]ta9s to prud5ce4 ,b prud5ce is *iefly ab\t ! future1 s9ce its pr9cipal "p is =esight ( future ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #di1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a74 ,!re=e x is virtu\s to be solicit\s ab\t ! future4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] puts some?+ by t he may keep x = ! morr[1 is solicit\s ab\t ! future4 ,n[ we read 7,john #ab3f7 t ,*ri/ _h a bag = keep+ ?+s 91 :i* ,judas c>ri$1 & 7,acts #d3cd-cg7 t ! ,apo/les kept ! price ( ! l&1 :i* _h be5 laid at _! feet4 ,!re=e x is lawful to be solicit\s ab\t ! future4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #f3cd73 ,be n 4 4 4 solicit\s = tomorr[2 :]e tomorr[ /&s = ! future1 z ,j]ome says 9 8 comm5t>y on ?is passage4 ,i answ] t1 ,no "w c be virtu\s1 unless x be ve/$ ) its due circum/ances1 & among ^! is ! due "t1 accord+ to ,eccles4 #h3f1 ,!re is a "t & opportunity = e bus9ess2 :i* applies n only to ext]nal de$s b also to int]nal solicitude4 ,= e "t has its own fitt+ prop] solicitude2 ?us solicitude ab\t ! crops belongs to ! summ] "t1 & solicitude ab\t ! v9tage to ! "t ( autumn4 ,accord+ly if a man 7 solicit\s ab\t ! v9tage dur+ ! summ]1 he w\ld be ne$lessly =e/all+ ! solicitude belong+ to a future "t4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l =bids su* l excessive solicitude1 say+3 ,be 4 4 4 n solicit\s = tomorr[1 :]e=e ,he adds1 = ! morr[ w be solicit\s = itself1 t is to say1 ! morr[ w h its own solicitude1 :i* w be burd5 en\gh = ! s\l4 ,?is is :at ,he means by add+3 ,suffici5t = ! day is ! evil !re(1 namely1 ! burd5 ( solicitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ant is solicit\s at a befitt+ "t1 & x is ?is t is propos$ = our example4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,due =esight ( ! future belongs to prud5ce4 ,b x w\ld be an inord9ate =esight or solicitude ab\t ! future1 if a man 7 to seek temporal ?+s1 to :i* ! t]ms pa/ & future apply1 z ends1 or if he 7 to seek !m 9 excess ( ! ne$s ( ! pres5t life1 or if he 7 to =e/all ! "t = solicitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ag71 :5 we see a s]vant ( ,god tak+ ?\ght le/ he lack ^! ne$ful ?+s1 we mu/ n judge him to be solicit\s = ! morr[1 s9ce ev5 ,our ,"l deign$ = our example to h a purse1 & we read 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les t !y procur$ ! necess>y means ( livelihood 9 view ( ! future on acc\nt ( a ?reat5$ fam9e4 ,h5ce ,our ,"l does n condemn ^? :o accord+ to human cu/om1 provide !mselves ) su* ?+s1 b ^? :o oppose !mselves to ,god = ! sake ( ^! ?+s4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,^! ,vices ,arise f ,covet\sness8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ^! vices d n arise f covet\sness4 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dc1 ,a4 #f7 lu/ is ! *ief cause ( lack ( rectitude 9 ! reason4 ,n[ ^! vices are oppos$ to "r reason1 i4e4 to prud5ce4 ,!re=e !y arise *iefly f lu/2 especially s9ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 t ,v5us is full ( guile & h] girdle is _m color$ & t he :o is incont95t 9 desire acts ) cunn+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^! vices be> a c]ta9 resemblance to prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #ac74 ,n[1 s9ce prud5ce is 9 ! reason1 ! m spiritual vices seem to be m ak9 !reto1 su* z pride & va+lory4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid vices seem to arise f pride r ?an f covet\sness4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 m5 make use ( /ratagems n only 9 lay+ hold ( o!r p's goods1 b also 9 plott+ murd]s1 ! =m] ( :i* p]ta9s to covet\sness1 & ! latt] to ang]4 ,n[ ! use ( /ratagems p]ta9s to craft9ess1 guile1 & fraud4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid vices arise n only f covet\sness1 b also f ang]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 /ates t fraud is a daught] ( covet\sness4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c2 ,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #ac71 c>nal prud5ce & craft9ess1 z well z guile & fraud1 be> a c]ta9 resemblance to prud5ce 9 "s k9d ( use ( ! reason4 ,n[ among all ! moral virtues x is ju/ice :]e9 ! use ( "r reason appe>s *iefly1 = ju/ice is 9 ! rational appetite4 ,h5ce ! undue use ( reason appe>s *iefly 9 ! vices oppos$ to ju/ice1 ! *ief ( :i* is covet\sness4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid vices arise *iefly f covet\sness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,on acc\nt ( ! vehem5ce ( pleasure & ( concupisc5ce1 lu/ entirely suppresses ! reason f ex]cis+ its act3 :]eas 9 ! a=esaid vices !re is "s use ( reason1 albeit inord9ate4 ,h5ce ^! vices d n arise directly f lu/4 ,:5 ! ,philosoph] says t ,v5us is full ( guile1 he is ref]r+ to a c]ta9 resemblance1 9 s f> z %e c>ries man away sudd5ly1 j z he is mov$ 9 deceitful actions1 yet n by means ( craft9ess b r by ! vehem5ce ( concupisc5ce & pleasure2 :]e=e he adds t ,v5us do? coz5 ! wits ( ! wise/ man 99,cf4 ,iliad xiv1 #bad-bag4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to d any?+ by /ratagem seems to be due to pusillanimity3 because a magnanim\s man wi%es to act op5ly1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c74 ,:]e=e1 z pride resembles or apes magnanimity1 x foll[s t ! a=esaid vices :i* make use ( fraud & guile1 d n arise directly f pride1 b r f covet\sness1 :i* seeks its own pr(it & sets little by excell5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ang]'s movem5t is sudd51 h5ce x acts ) precipitation1 & )\t c\nsel1 contr>y to ! use ( ! a=esaid vices1 ?\gh ^! use c\nsel inord9ately4 ,t m5 use /ratagems 9 plott+ murd]s1 arises n f ang] b r f hatr$1 because ! angry man desires to h>m manife/ly1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii1 #b1 #c7 99,cf4 ,e?ic4 vii1 #f4 ,,"q #ef ,,( ,,! ,,precepts ,,relat+ ,,to ,,prud5ce 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! precepts relat+ to prud5ce1 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,! precepts ( prud5ce2 7#b7 ,! precepts relat+ to ! opposite vices4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ef1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,precepts ( ! ,decalogue ,%\ld ,h ,includ$ a ,precept ( ,prud5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! precepts ( ! decalogue %\ld h includ$ a precept ( prud5ce4 ,= ! *ief precepts %\ld include a precept ( ! *ief virtue4 ,n[ ! *ief precepts are ^? ( ! decalogue4 ,s9ce !n prud5ce is ! *ief ( ! moral virtues1 x seems t ! precepts ( ! decalogue %\ld h includ$ a precept ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospel conta9s ! ,law especially ) reg>d to ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,n[ ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospel conta9s a precept ( prud5ce 7,matt4 #aj3af73 ,be ye 4 4 4 prud5t ,d\ay3 'wise' z s]p5ts4 ,!re=e ! precepts ( ! decalogue %\ld h includ$ a precept ( prud5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! o!r lessons ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are direct$ to ! precepts ( ! decalogue3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,mala*4 #d3d73 ,rememb] ! law ( ,moses ,my s]vant1 :i* ,i comm&$ him 9 ,horeb4 ,n[ ! o!r lessons ( ! ,old ,te/am5t include precepts ( prud5ce2 = in/ance 7,prov4 #c3e73 ,lean n ^u ?y own prud5ce2 & fur!r on 7,prov4 #d3be73 ,let ?9e eyelids g be=e ?y /eps4 ,!re=e ! ,law also %\ld h conta9$ a precept ( prud5ce1 especially among ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,! contr>y h[ev] appe>s to anyone :o goes ?r\gh ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,a4 #c2 ,a4 #e1 ad #a7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( precepts1 ! comm&m5ts ( ! decalogue be+ giv5 to ! :ole p1 are a matt] ( common k to all1 z com+ "u ! purview ( natural reason4 ,n[ =emo/ among ! ?+s dictat$ by natural reason are ! ends ( human life1 :i* are to ! practical ord] :at naturally kn[n pr9ciples are to ! speculative ord]1 z %[n above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #f74 ,n[ prud5ce is n ab\t ! end1 b ab\t ! means1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #f74 ,h5ce x 0 n fitt+ t ! precepts ( ! decalogue %\ld include a precept relat+ directly to prud5ce4 ,& yet all ! precepts ( ! decalogue are relat$ to prud5ce1 9 s f> z x directs all virtu\s acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh prud5ce is simply =emo/ among all ! moral virtues1 yet ju/ice1 m ?an any o!r virtue1 reg>ds its object "u ! aspect ( some?+ due1 :i* is a necess>y condition = a precept1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,,aa4 #a1 #e74 ,h5ce x behoov$ ! *ief precepts ( ! ,law1 :i* are ^? ( ! decalogue1 to ref] to ju/ice r ?an to prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,gospel is ! doctr9e ( p]fection4 ,!re=e x ne$$ to in/ruct man p]fectly 9 all matt]s relat+ to "r conduct1 :e!r ends or means3 :]e=e x behoov$ ! ,gospel tea*+ to conta9 precepts also ( prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z ! re/ ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is direct$ to ! precepts ( ! decalogue z its end1 s x behoov$ man to be in/ruct$ by ! subsequ5t lessons ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ab\t ! act ( prud5ce :i* is direct$ to ! means4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ef1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,prohibitive ,precepts ,relat+ to ! ,vices ,oppos$ to ,prud5ce ,are ,fitt+ly ,prop\nd$ 9 ! ,old ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! prohibitive precepts relat+ to ! vices oppos$ to prud5ce are unfitt+ly prop\nd$ 9 ! ,old ,law4 ,= su* vices z imprud5ce & its p>ts :i* are directly oppos$ to prud5ce are n less oppos$ !reto1 ?an ^? :i* be> a c]ta9 resemblance to prud5ce1 su* z craft9ess & vices connect$ ) x4 ,n[ ! latt] vices are =bidd5 9 ! ,law3 = x is writt5 7,lev4 #ai3ac73 ,?\ %alt n calumniate ?y neighbor1 & 7,deut4 #be3ac73 ,?\ %alt n h div]s weights 9 ?y bag1 a great] & a less4 ,!re=e !re %\ld h also be5 prohibitive precepts ab\t ! vices directly oppos$ to prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is room = fraud 9 o!r ?+s ?an 9 buy+ & sell+4 ,!re=e ! ,law unfitt+ly =bade fraud solely 9 buy+ & sell+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re is ! same reason = prescrib+ an act ( virtue z = prohibit+ ! act ( a contr>y vice4 ,b acts ( prud5ce are n prescrib$ 9 ! ,law4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld any contr>y vices h be5 =bidd5 9 ! ,law4 ,! contr>y1 h[ev]1 appe>s f ! precepts ( ! ,law :i* are quot$ 9 ! fir/ objection4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ju/ice1 above all1 reg>ds ! aspect ( some?+ due1 :i* is a necess>y condition = a precept1 because ju/ice t5ds to r5d] t :i* is due to ano!r1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ craft9ess1 z to its execution1 is committ$ *iefly 9 matt]s ( ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #h73 & s x 0 fitt+ t ! ,law %\ld conta9 precepts =bidd+ ! execution ( craft9ess1 9 s f> z ?is p]ta9s to inju/ice1 z :5 a man uses guile & fraud 9 calumniat+ ano!r or 9 /eal+ 8 goods4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? vices t are manife/ly oppos$ to prud5ce1 d n p]ta9 to inju/ice 9 ! same way z ! execution ( craft9ess1 & s !y are n =bidd5 9 ! ,law1 z fraud & guile are1 :i* latt] p]ta9 to inju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all guile & fraud committ$ 9 matt]s ( inju/ice1 c be und]/ood to be =bidd5 9 ! prohibition ( calumny 7,lev4 #ai3ac74 ,yet fraud & guile are wont to be practic$ *iefly 9 buy+ & sell+1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #bf3bh1 ,a huck/] %all n be ju/ifi$ f ! s9s ( ! lips3 & x is = ?is reason t ! ,law conta9$ a special precept =bidd+ fraudul5t buy+ & sell+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ! precepts ( ! ,law t relate to acts ( ju/ice p]ta9 to ! execution ( prud5ce1 ev5 z ! precepts prohibitive ( /eal+1 calumny & fraudul5t sell+ p]ta9 to ! execution ( craft9ess4 ,,"q #eg ,,( ,,"r 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,aft] consid]+ prud5ce we mu/ 9 due sequ5ce consid] ju/ice1 ! consid]ation ( :i* w be f\rfold3 7#a7 ,( ju/ice2 7#b7 ,( its p>ts2 7#c7 ,( ! correspond+ gift2 7#d7 ,( ! precepts relat+ to ju/ice4 ,f\r po9ts w h to be consid]$ ab\t ju/ice3 7#a7 ,"r2 7#b7 ,ju/ice itself2 7#c7 ,inju/ice2 7#d7 ,judgm5t4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r "r is ! object ( ju/ice8 7#b7 ,:e!r "r is fitt+ly divid$ into natural & positive "r8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! "r ( nations is ! same z natural "r8 7#d7 ,:e!r "r ( dom9ion & pat]nal "r are di/9ct species8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,"r ,is ! ,object ( ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "r is n ! object ( ju/ice4 ,= ! juri/ ,celsus says 99,dige/4 i1 #a2 ,de ,j4 et ,jure #a t "r is ! art ( goodness & equality4 ,n[ art is n ! object ( ju/ice1 b is by itself an intellectual virtue4 ,!re=e "r is n ! object ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,law1 accord+ to ,isidore 7,etym4 v1 #c71 is a k9d ( "r4 ,n[ law is ! object n ( ju/ice b ( prud5ce1 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] 99,e?ic4 vi1 #h reckons legislative z "o ( ! p>ts ( prud5ce4 ,!re=e "r is n ! object ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice1 be=e all1 subjects man to ,god3 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 xv7 t ju/ice is love s]v+ ,god alone1 & consequ5tly gov]n+ aright all ?+s subject to man4 ,n[ "r 7jus7 does n p]ta9 to ,div9e ?+s1 b only to human affairs1 = ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #b7 t fas is ! ,div9e law1 & jus1 ! human law4 ,!re=e "r is n ! object ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #b7 t jus 7"r7 is s call$ because x is j4 ,n[ ! j is ! object ( ju/ice1 = ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t all are agre$ 9 giv+ ! "n ( ju/ice to ! habit :i* makes m5 capable ( do+ j actions4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is prop] to ju/ice1 z comp>$ ) ! o!r virtues1 to direct man 9 8 relations ) o!rs3 because x d5otes a k9d ( equality1 z its v "n implies2 inde$ we are wont to say t ?+s are adju/$ :5 !y are made equal1 = equality is 9 ref]5ce ( "o ?+ to "s o!r4 ,on ! o!r h& ! o!r virtues p]fect man 9 ^? matt]s only :i* befit him 9 relation to himself4 ,accord+ly t :i* is "r 9 ! works ( ! o!r virtues1 & to :i* ! int5tion ( ! virtue t5ds z to its prop] object1 dep5ds on its relation to ! ag5t only1 :]eas ! "r 9 a "w ( ju/ice1 besides its relation to ! ag5t1 is set up by its relation to o!rs4 ,because a man's "w is said to be j :5 x is relat$ to "s o!r by way ( "s k9d ( equality1 = in/ance ! paym5t ( ! wage due = a s]vice r5d]$4 ,& s a ?+ is said to be j1 z hav+ ! rectitude ( ju/ice1 :5 x is ! t]m ( an act ( ju/ice1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! way 9 :i* x is done by ! ag5t3 :]eas 9 ! o!r virtues no?+ is decl>$ to be "r unless x is done 9 a c]ta9 way by ! ag5t4 ,= ?is reason ju/ice has its own special prop] object ov] & above ! o!r virtues1 & ?is object is call$ ! j1 :i* is ! same z "r4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t "r is ! object ( ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is usual = words to be di/ort$ f _! orig9al signification s z to mean some?+ else3 ?us ! ^w m$ic9e 0 fir/ employ$ to signify a rem$y us$ = cur+ a sick p]son1 & !n x 0 drawn to signify ! art by :i* ?is is done4 ,9 l mann] ! ^w jus 7"r7 0 fir/ ( all us$ to d5ote ! j ?+ itself1 b aft]w>ds x 0 transf]r$ to designate ! art :]eby x is kn[n :at is j1 & fur!r to d5ote ! place :]e ju/ice is adm9i/]$1 ?us a man is said to appe> 9 jure 99,9 ,engli% we speak ( a c\rt ( law1 a b>ri/] at law1 etc41 & yet fur!r1 we say ev5 t a man1 :o has ! (fice ( ex]cis+ ju/ice1 adm9i/]s ! jus ev5 if 8 s5t5ce be unju/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z !re pre-exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ! craftsman an expression ( ! ?+s to be made ext]nally by 8 craft1 :i* expression is call$ ! rule ( 8 craft1 s too !re pre-exi/s 9 ! m9d an expression ( ! p>ticul> j "w :i* ! reason det]m9es1 & :i* is a k9d ( rule ( prud5ce4 ,if ?is rule be express$ 9 writ+ x is call$ a law1 :i* accord+ to ,isidore 7,etym4 v1 #a7 is a writt5 decree3 & s law is n ! same z "r1 b an expression ( "r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce ju/ice implies equality1 & s9ce we _c (f] ,god an equal return1 x foll[s t we _c make ,him a p]fectly j repaym5t4 ,= ?is reason ! ,div9e law is n prop]ly call$ jus b fas1 because1 to wit1 ,god is satisfi$ if we accompli% :at we c4 ,nev]!less ju/ice t5ds to make man repay ,god z mu* z he c1 by subject+ 8 m9d to ,him entirely4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,"r ,is ,fitt+ly ,divid$ into ,natural ,"r & ,positive ,"r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "r is n fitt+ly divid$ into natural "r & positive "r4 ,= t :i* is natural is un*angeable1 & is ! same = all4 ,n[ no?+ ( ! k9d is to be f\nd 9 human affairs1 s9ce all ! rules ( human "r fail 9 c]ta9 cases1 nor d !y obta9 =ce ev]y:]e4 ,!re=e !re is no su* ?+ z natural "r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is call$ positive :5 x proce$s f ! human w4 ,b a ?+ is n j1 simply because x proce$s f ! human w1 else a man's w c\ld n be unju/4 ,s9ce !n ! j & ! "r are ! same1 x seems t !re is no positive "r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,div9e "r is n natural "r1 s9ce x transc5ds human nature4 ,9 l mann]1 nei!r is x positive "r1 s9ce x is bas$ n on human1 b on ,div9e au?ority4 ,!re=e "r is unfitt+ly divid$ into natural & positive4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #g7 t political ju/ice is p>tly natural & p>tly legal1 i4e4 e/abli%$ by law4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 ! "r or ! j is a "w t is adju/$ to ano!r p]son accord+ to "s k9d ( equality4 ,n[ a ?+ c be adju/$ to a man 9 two ways3 fir/ by its v nature1 z :5 a man gives s mu* t he may receive equal value 9 return1 & ?is is call$ natural "r4 ,9 ano!r way a ?+ is adju/$ or comm5surat$ to ano!r p]son1 by agreem5t1 or by common cons5t1 :51 to wit1 a man deems himself satisfi$1 if he receive s mu*4 ,?is c be done 9 two ways3 fir/ by private agreem5t1 z t :i* is confirm$ by an agreem5t betwe5 private individuals2 secondly1 by public agreem5t1 z :5 ! :ole community agrees t some?+ %\ld be deem$ z ?\gh x 7 adju/$ & comm5surat$ to ano!r p]son1 or :5 ?is is decre$ by ! pr9ce :o is plac$ ov] ! p1 & acts 9 its /ead1 & ?is is call$ positive "r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t :i* is natural to "o ^: nature is un*angeable1 mu/ ne$s be su* always & ev]y:]e4 ,b man's nature is *angeable1 :]e=e t :i* is natural to man may sometimes fail4 ,?us ! re/itution ( a deposit to ! depositor is 9 accordance ) natural equality1 & if human nature 7 always "r1 ?is w\ld always h to be obs]v$2 b s9ce x happ5s sometimes t man's w is unrighte\s !re are cases 9 :i* a deposit %\ld n be re/or$1 le/ a man ( unrighte\s w make evil use ( ! ?+ deposit$3 z :5 a madman or an enemy ( ! common weal dem&s ! return ( 8 weapons4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! human w c1 by common agreem5t1 make a ?+ to be j provid$ x be n1 ( itself1 contr>y to natural ju/ice1 & x is 9 su* matt]s t positive "r has its place4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #g7 t 9 ! case ( ! legal j1 x does n matt] 9 ! fir/ in/ance :e!r x takes "o =m or ano!r1 x only matt]s :5 once x is laid d[n4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a ?+ is1 ( itself1 contr>y to natural "r1 ! human w _c make x j1 = in/ance by decree+ t x is lawful to /eal or to commit adult]y4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,isa4 #aj3a73 ,woe to !m t make wick$ laws4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,div9e "r is t :i* is promulgat$ by ,god4 ,su* ?+s are p>tly ^? t are naturally j1 yet _! ju/ice is hidd5 to man1 & p>tly are made j by ,god's decree4 ,h5ce also ,div9e "r may be divid$ 9 respect ( ^! two ?+s1 ev5 z human "r is4 ,= ! ,div9e law comm&s c]ta9 ?+s because !y are good1 & =bids o!rs1 because !y are evil1 :ile o!rs are good because !y are prescrib$1 & o!rs evil because !y are =bidd54 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,"r ( ,nations ,is ! ,same ,z ! ,natural ,"r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! "r ( nations is ! same z ! natural "r4 ,= all m5 d n agree save 9 t :i* is natural to !m4 ,n[ all m5 agree 9 ! "r ( nations2 s9ce ! juri/ 99,ulpian3 ,dige/4 i1 #a2 ,de ,j4 et ,jure i ! "r ( nations is t :i* is 9 use among all nations4 ,!re=e ! "r ( nations is ! natural "r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 slav]y among m5 is natural1 = "s are naturally slaves accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,polit4 i1 #b74 ,n[ slav]y belongs to ! "r ( nations1 z ,isidore /ates 7,etym4 v1 #d74 ,!re=e ! "r ( nations is a natural "r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "r z /at$ above 7,a4 #b7 is divid$ into natural & positive4 ,n[ ! "r ( nations is n a positive "r1 s9ce all nations nev] agre$ to decree any?+ by common agreem5t4 ,!re=e ! "r ( nations is a natural "r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #d7 t "r is ei!r natural1 or civil1 or "r ( nations1 & consequ5tly ! "r ( nations is di/9ct f natural "r4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! natural "r or j is t :i* by its v nature is adju/$ to or comm5surate ) ano!r p]son4 ,n[ ?is may happ5 9 two ways2 fir/1 accord+ z x is consid]$ absolutely3 ?us a male by 8 v nature is comm5surate ) ! female to beget (fspr+ by h]1 & a p>5t is comm5surate ) ! (fspr+ to n\ri% x4 ,secondly a ?+ is naturally comm5surate ) ano!r p]son1 n accord+ z x is consid]$ absolutely1 b accord+ to some?+ resultant f x1 = in/ance ! possession ( prop]ty4 ,= if a p>ticul> piece ( l& be consid]$ absolutely1 x conta9s no reason :y x %\ld belong to "o man m ?an to ano!r1 b if x be consid]$ 9 respect ( its adaptability to cultivation1 & ! unmole/$ use ( ! l&1 x has a c]ta9 comm5suration to be ! prop]ty ( "o & n ( ano!r man1 z ! ,philosoph] %[s 7,polit4 ii1 #b74 ,n[ x belongs n only to man b also to o!r animals to appreh5d a ?+ absolutely3 :]e=e ! "r :i* we call natural1 is common to u & o!r animals accord+ to ! fir/ k9d ( comm5suration4 ,b ! "r ( nations falls %ort ( natural "r 9 ?is s5se1 z ! juri/ 99,dige/4 i1 #a2 ,de ,j4 et ,jure i says because ! latt] is common to all animals1 :ile ! =m] is common to m5 only4 ,on ! o!r h& to consid] a ?+ by comp>+ x ) :at results f x1 is prop] to reason1 :]e=e ?is same is natural to man 9 respect ( natural reason :i* dictates x4 ,h5ce ! juri/ ,gaius says 7,dige/4 i1 #a2 ,de ,j4 et ,jure i1 #i73 :atev] natural reason decrees among all m51 is obs]v$ by all equally1 & is call$ ! "r ( nations4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,consid]$ absolutely1 ! fact t ?is p>ticul> man %\ld be a slave r ?an ano!r man1 is bas$1 n on natural reason1 b on "s resultant utility1 9 t x is useful to ?is man to be rul$ by a wis] man1 & to ! latt] to be help$ by ! =m]1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,polit4 i1 #b74 ,:]e=e slav]y :i* belongs to ! "r ( nations is natural 9 ! second way1 b n 9 ! fir/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce natural reason dictates matt]s :i* are accord+ to ! "r ( nations1 z imply+ a proximate equality1 x foll[s t !y ne$ no special in/itution1 = !y are in/itut$ by natural reason itself1 z /at$ by ! au?ority quot$ above4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,pat]nal ,"r & ,"r ( ,dom9ion ,%\ld ,be ,di/+ui%$ ,z ,special ,species8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pat]nal "r & "r ( dom9ion %\ld n be di/+ui%$ z special species4 ,= x belongs to ju/ice to r5d] to ea* "o :at is 81 z ,ambrose /ates 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bd74 ,n[ "r is ! object ( ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e "r belongs to ea* "o equally2 & we ought n to di/+ui% ! rights ( fa!rs & ma/]s z di/9ct species4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! law is an expression ( :at is j1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,n[ a law looks to ! common good ( a city or k+dom1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b71 b n to ! private good ( an individual or ev5 ( "o h\sehold4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = a special "r ( dom9ion or pat]nal "r1 s9ce ! ma/] & ! fa!r p]ta9 to a h\sehold1 z /at$ 9 ,polit4 i1 #b4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re are _m o!r diff]5ces ( degrees among m51 = in/ance "s are soldi]s1 "s are prie/s1 "s are pr9ces4 ,!re=e "s special k9d ( "r %\ld be allott$ to !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #f7 di/+ui%es "r ( dom9ion1 pat]nal "r & s on z species di/9ct f civil "r4 ,i answ] t1 ,"r or j dep5ds on comm5suration ) ano!r p]son4 ,n[ ano!r has a tw(old signification4 ,fir/1 x may d5ote some?+ t is o!r simply1 z t :i* is altoge!r di/9ct2 z1 = example1 two m5 nei!r ( :om is subject to ! o!r1 & bo? ( :om are subjects ( ! rul] ( ! /ate2 & betwe5 ^! accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #f7 !re is ! j simply4 ,secondly a ?+ is said to be o!r f some?+ else1 n simply1 b z belong+ 9 "s way to t some?+ else3 & 9 ?is way1 z reg>ds human affairs1 a son belongs to 8 fa!r1 s9ce he is "p ( him some:at1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 viii1 #ab1 & a slave belongs to 8 ma/]1 because he is 8 in/rum5t1 z /at$ 9 ,polit4 i1 #b 99,cf4 ,e?ic4 viii1 #aa4 ,h5ce a fa!r is n comp>$ to 8 son z to ano!r simply1 & s betwe5 !m !re is n ! j simply1 b a k9d ( j1 call$ pat]nal4 ,9 l mann] nei!r is !re ! j simply1 betwe5 ma/] & s]vant1 b t :i* is call$ dom9ative4 ,a wife1 ?\gh %e is some?+ belong+ to ! husb&1 s9ce %e /&s relat$ to him z to h] own body1 z ! ,apo/le decl>es 7,eph4 #e3bh71 is nev]!less m di/9ct f h] husb&1 ?an a son f 8 fa!r1 or a slave f 8 ma/]3 = %e is receiv$ into a k9d ( social life1 t ( matrimony1 :]e=e accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #f7 !re is m scope = ju/ice betwe5 husb& & wife ?an betwe5 fa!r & son1 or ma/] & slave1 because1 z husb& & wife h an imm$iate relation to ! community ( ! h\sehold1 z /at$ 9 ,polit4 i1 #b1 #e1 x foll[s t betwe5 !m !re is dome/ic ju/ice r ?an civic4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x belongs to ju/ice to r5d] to ea* "o 8 "r1 ! di/9ction betwe5 individuals be+ presuppos$3 = if a man gives himself 8 due1 ?is is n /rictly call$ j4 ,& s9ce :at belongs to ! son is 8 fa!r's1 & :at belongs to ! slave is 8 ma/]'s1 x foll[s t prop]ly speak+ !re is n ju/ice ( fa!r to son1 or ( ma/] to slave4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a son1 z su*1 belongs to 8 fa!r1 & a slave1 z su*1 belongs to 8 ma/]2 yet ea*1 consid]$ z a man1 is some?+ hav+ sep>ate exi/5ce & di/9ct f o!rs4 ,h5ce 9 s f> z ea* ( !m is a man1 !re is ju/ice t[>ds !m 9 a way3 & = ?is reason too !re are c]ta9 laws regulat+ ! relations ( fa!r to 8 son1 & ( a ma/] to 8 slave2 b 9 s f> z ea* is some?+ belong+ to ano!r1 ! p]fect idea ( "r or j is want+ to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all o!r diff]5ces betwe5 "o p]son & ano!r 9 a /ate1 h an imm$iate relation to ! community ( ! /ate & to its rul]1 :]e=e !re is j t[>ds !m 9 ! p]fect s5se ( ju/ice4 ,?is j h[ev] is di/+ui%$ accord+ to v>i\s (fices1 h5ce :5 we speak ( milit>y1 or magi/]ial1 or prie/ly "r1 x is n z ?\gh su* rights fell %ort ( ! simply "r1 z :5 we speak ( pat]nal "r1 or "r ( dom9ion1 b = ! reason t some?+ prop] is due to ea* class ( p]son 9 respect ( 8 p>ticul> (fice4 ,,"q #eh ,,( ,,ju/ice 7,9 ,twelve ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ju/ice4 ,"u ?is head !re are twelve po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is ju/ice8 7#b7 ,:e!r ju/ice is always t[>ds ano!r8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is 9 ! w z its subject8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is a g5]al virtue8 7#f7 ,:e!r1 z a g5]al virtue1 x is ess5tially ! same z e virtue8 7#g7 ,:e!r !re is a p>ticul> ju/ice8 7#h7 ,:e!r p>ticul> ju/ice has a matt] ( its own8 7#i7 ,:e!r x is ab\t passions1 or ab\t op]ations only8 7#aj7 ,:e!r ! mean ( ju/ice is ! real mean8 7#aa7 ,:e!r ! act ( ju/ice is to r5d] to ev]yone 8 own8 7#ab7 ,:e!r ju/ice is ! *ief ( ! moral virtues8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,ju/ice ,is ,fitt+ly ,def9$ ,z ,be+ ! ,p]petual & ,con/ant ,w to ,r5d] to ,ea* ,"o ,8 ,"r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t lawy]s h unfitt+ly def9$ ju/ice z be+ ! p]petual & con/ant w to r5d] to ea* "o 8 "r 99,dige/4 i1 #a2 ,de ,j4 et ,jure #aj4 ,=1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #a71 ju/ice is a habit :i* makes a man capable ( do+ :at is j1 & ( be+ j 9 action & 9 int5tion4 ,n[ w d5otes a p[]1 or also an act4 ,!re=e ju/ice is unfitt+ly def9$ z be+ a w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 rectitude ( ! w is n ! w2 else if ! w 7 its own rectitude1 x w\ld foll[ t no w is unrighte\s4 ,yet1 accord+ to ,anselm 7,de ,v]itate xii71 ju/ice is rectitude4 ,!re=e ju/ice is n ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no w is p]petual save ,god's4 ,if !re=e ju/ice is a p]petual w1 9 ,god alone w !re be ju/ice4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is p]petual is con/ant1 s9ce x is un*angeable4 ,!re=e x is ne$less 9 def9+ ju/ice1 to say t x is bo? p]petual & con/ant4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ! sov]eign to give ea* "o 8 "r4 ,!re=e1 if ju/ice gives ea* "o 8 "r1 x foll[s t x is 9 none b ! sov]eign3 :i* is absurd4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 xv7 t ju/ice is love s]v+ ,god alone4 ,!re=e x does n r5d] to ea* "o 8 "r4 ,i answ] t1 ,! a=esaid def9ition ( ju/ice is fitt+ if und]/ood aright4 ,= s9ce e virtue is a habit t is ! pr9ciple ( a good act1 a virtue mu/ ne$s be def9$ by means ( ! good act be>+ on ! matt] prop] to t virtue4 ,n[ ! prop] matt] ( ju/ice consi/s ( ^? ?+s t belong to our int]c\rse ) o!r m51 z %all be %[n fur!r on 7,a4 #b74 ,h5ce ! act ( ju/ice 9 relation to its prop] matt] & object is indicat$ 9 ! words1 ,r5d]+ to ea* "o 8 "r1 s9ce1 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 x71 a man is said to be j because he respects ! rights 7jus7 ( o!rs4 ,n[ 9 ord] t an act be>+ ^u any matt] :atev] be virtu\s1 x requires to be volunt>y1 /able1 & firm1 because ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #d7 t 9 ord] = an act to be virtu\s x ne$s fir/ ( all to be done kn[+ly1 secondly to be done by *oice1 & = a due end1 ?irdly to be done immovably4 ,n[ ! fir/ ( ^! is includ$ 9 ! second1 s9ce :at is done ?r\gh ignorance is involunt>y 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a74 ,h5ce ! def9ition ( ju/ice m5tions fir/ ! w1 9 ord] to %[ t ! act ( ju/ice mu/ be volunt>y2 & m5tion is made aft]w>ds ( its con/ancy & p]petuity 9 ord] to indicate ! firmness ( ! act4 ,accord+ly1 ?is is a complete def9ition ( ju/ice2 save t ! act is m5tion$ in/ead ( ! habit1 :i* takes its species f t act1 because habit implies relation to act4 ,& if anyone w\ld r$uce x to ! prop] =m ( a def9ition1 he might say t ju/ice is a habit :]eby a man r5d]s to ea* "o 8 due by a con/ant & p]petual w3 & ?is is ab\t ! same def9ition z t giv5 by ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #e7 :o says t ju/ice is a habit :]eby a man is said to be capable ( do+ j actions 9 accordance ) 8 *oice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,w "h d5otes ! act1 n ! p[]3 & x is cu/om>y among writ]s to def9e habits by _! acts3 ?us ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 9 ,joan4 xl7 t fai? is to believe :at "o sees n4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ju/ice is ! same z rectitude1 n ess5tially b causally2 = x is a habit :i* rectifies ! de$ & ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w may be call$ p]petual 9 two ways4 ,fir/ on ! "p ( ! w's act :i* endures = ev]1 & ?us ,god's w alone is p]petual4 ,secondly on ! "p ( ! subject1 because1 to wit1 a man wills to d a c]ta9 ?+ always1 & ?is is a necess>y condition ( ju/ice4 ,= x does n satisfy ! conditions ( ju/ice t "o wi% to obs]ve ju/ice 9 "s p>ticul> matt] = ! "t be+1 because "o c\ld sc>cely f9d a man will+ to act unju/ly 9 e case2 & x is requisite t "o %\ld h ! w to obs]ve ju/ice at all times & 9 all cases4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,s9ce p]petual does n imply p]petuity ( ! act ( ! w1 x is n sup]flu\s to add con/ant3 = :ile ! p]petual w d5otes ! purpose ( obs]v+ ju/ice always1 con/ant signifies a firm p]sev]ance 9 ?is purpose4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,a judge r5d]s to ea* "o :at belongs to him1 by way ( comm& & direction1 because a judge is ! p]sonification ( ju/ice1 & ! sov]eign is its gu>dian 7,e?ic4 v1 #d74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! subjects r5d] to ea* "o :at belongs to him1 by way ( execution4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,j z love ( ,god includes love ( our neighbor1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a71 s too ! s]vice ( ,god includes r5d]+ to ea* "o 8 due4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,ju/ice ,is ,always ,t[>ds ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ju/ice is n always t[>ds ano!r4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #c3bb7 t ! ju/ice ( ,god is by fai? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,n[ fai? does n conc]n ! deal+s ( "o man ) ano!r4 ,nei!r !re=e does ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 xv71 x belongs to ju/ice t man %\ld direct to ! s]vice ( ,god 8 au?ority ov] ! ?+s t are subject to him4 ,n[ ! s5sitive appetite is subject to man1 accord+ to ,g54 #d3g1 :]e x is writt53 ,! lu/ !re(1 viz4 ( s91 %all be "u !e1 & ?\ %alt h dom9ion ov] x4 ,!re=e x belongs to ju/ice to h dom9ion ov] "o's own appetite3 s t ju/ice is t[>ds oneself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ju/ice ( ,god is et]nal4 ,b no?+ else is co-et]nal ) ,god4 ,!re=e ju/ice is n ess5tially t[>ds ano!r4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 man's deal+s ) himself ne$ to be rectifi$ no less ?an 8 deal+s ) ano!r4 ,n[ man's deal+s are rectifi$ by ju/ice1 accord+ to ,prov4 #aa3e1 ,! ju/ice ( ! upright %all make 8 way prosp]\s4 ,!re=e ju/ice is ab\t our deal+s n only ) o!rs1 b also ) ourselves4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully says 7,de ,(ficiis i1 #g7 t ! object ( ju/ice is to keep m5 toge!r 9 society & mutual int]c\rse4 ,n[ ?is implies relation%ip ( "o man to ano!r4 ,!re=e ju/ice is conc]n$ only ab\t our deal+s ) o!rs4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #a7 s9ce ju/ice by its "n implies equality1 x d5otes ess5tially relation to ano!r1 = a ?+ is equal1 n to itself1 b to ano!r4 ,& =asmu* z x belongs to ju/ice to rectify human acts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,a4 #a7 ?is o!rness :i* ju/ice dem&s mu/ ne$s be betwe5 be+s capable ( action4 ,n[ actions belong to supposits 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #b & :oles &1 prop]ly speak+1 n to p>ts & =ms or p[]s1 = we d n say prop]ly t ! h& /rikes1 b a man ) 8 h&1 nor t heat makes a ?+ hot1 b fire by heat1 al?\gh su* expressions may be employ$ metaphorically4 ,h5ce1 ju/ice prop]ly speak+ dem&s a di/9ction ( supposits1 & consequ5tly is only 9 "o man t[>ds ano!r4 ,nev]!less 9 "o & ! same man we may speak metaphorically ( 8 v>i\s pr9ciples ( action su* z ! reason1 ! irascible1 & ! concupiscible1 z ?\gh !y 7 s _m ag5ts3 s t metaphorically 9 "o & ! same man !re is said to be ju/ice 9 s f> z ! reason comm&s ! irascible & concupiscible1 & ^! obey reason2 & 9 g5]al 9 s f> z to ea* "p ( man is ascrib$ :at is becom+ to x4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #aa7 calls ?is metaphorical ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ju/ice :i* fai? works 9 u1 is t :]eby ! ungodly is ju/ifi$3 x consi/s 9 ! due coord9ation ( ! p>ts ( ! s\l1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,a4 #a7 :]e we 7 treat+ ( ! ju/ification ( ! ungodly4 ,n[ ?is belongs to metaphorical ju/ice1 :i* may be f\nd ev5 9 a man :o lives all by himself4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god's ju/ice is f et]nity 9 respect ( ! et]nal w & purpose 7& x is *iefly 9 ?is t ju/ice consi/s72 al?\gh x is n et]nal z reg>ds its effect1 s9ce no?+ is co-et]nal ) ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,man's deal+s ) himself are suffici5tly rectifi$ by ! rectification ( ! passions by ! o!r moral virtues4 ,b 8 deal+s ) o!rs ne$ a special rectification1 n only 9 relation to ! ag5t1 b also 9 relation to ! p]son to :om !y are direct$4 ,h5ce ab\t su* deal+s !re is a special virtue1 & ?is is ju/ice4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,ju/ice ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ju/ice is n a virtue4 ,= x is writt5 7,luke #ag3aj73 ,:5 y %all h done all ^! ?+s t are comm&$ y1 say3 ,we are unpr(itable s]vants2 we h done t :i* we ought to d4 ,n[ x is n unpr(itable to d a virtu\s de$3 = ,ambrose says 7,de ,(ficiis ii1 #f73 ,we look to a pr(it t is e/imat$ n by pecuni>y ga9 b by ! acquisition ( godl9ess4 ,!re=e to d :at "o ought to d1 is n a virtu\s de$4 ,& yet x is an act ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e ju/ice is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is done ( necessity1 is n m]itori\s4 ,b to r5d] to a man :at belongs to him1 z ju/ice requires1 is ( necessity4 ,!re=e x is n m]itori\s4 ,yet x is by virtu\s actions t we ga9 m]it4 ,!re=e ju/ice is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e moral virtue is ab\t matt]s ( action4 ,n[ ^? ?+s :i* are wr\ght ext]nally are n ?+s conc]n+ behavior b conc]n+ h&icraft1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 ix7 99,didot ed41 viii1 #h4 ,!re=e s9ce x belongs to ju/ice to produce ext]nally a de$ t is j 9 itself1 x seems t ju/ice is n a moral virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii1 #di7 t ! entire /ructure ( good works is built on f\r virtues1 viz4 temp]ance1 prud5ce1 =titude & ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,a human virtue is "o :i* r5d]s a human act & man himself good 99,e?ic4 ii1 #f1 & ?is c be appli$ to ju/ice4 ,= a man's act is made good ?r\gh atta9+ ! rule ( reason1 :i* is ! rule :]eby human acts are regulat$4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ju/ice regulates human op]ations1 x is evid5t t x r5d]s man's op]ations good1 &1 z ,tully decl>es 7,de ,(ficiis i1 #g71 good m5 are s call$ *iefly f _! ju/ice1 :]e=e1 z he says aga9 7,de ,(ficiis i1 #g7 ! lu/] ( virtue appe>s above all 9 ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 a man does :at he ought1 he br+s no ga9 to ! p]son to :om he does :at he ought1 b only ab/a9s f do+ him a h>m4 ,he does h[ev] pr(it himself1 9 s f> z he does :at he ought1 spontane\sly & readily1 & ?is is to act virtu\sly4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,wis4 #h3g7 t ,div9e wisdom tea*e? temp]ance1 & prud5ce1 & ju/ice1 & =titude1 :i* are su* ?+s z m5 7i4e4 virtu\s m57 c h no?+ m pr(itable 9 life4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,necessity is tw(old4 ,"o arises f con/ra9t1 & ?is removes m]it1 s9ce x runs c\nt] to ! w4 ,! o!r arises f ! obligation ( a comm&1 or f ! necessity ( obta9+ an end1 :51 to wit1 a man is unable to a*ieve ! end ( virtue )\t do+ "s p>ticul> ?+4 ,! latt] necessity does n remove m]it1 :5 a man does volunt>ily t :i* is necess>y 9 ?is way4 ,x does h[ev] exclude ! cr$it ( sup]]ogation1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #i3af1 ,if ,i prea* ! ,gospel1 x is no glory to me1 = a necessity lie? ^u me4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ju/ice is conc]n$ ab\t ext]nal ?+s1 n by mak+ !m1 :i* p]ta9s to art1 b by us+ !m 9 our deal+s ) o!r m54 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,ju/ice ,is 9 ! ,w ,z ,its ,subject8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ju/ice is n 9 ! w z its subject4 ,= ju/ice is sometimes call$ tru?4 ,b tru? is n 9 ! w1 b 9 ! intellect4 ,!re=e ju/ice is n 9 ! w z its subject4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice is ab\t our deal+s ) o!rs4 ,n[ x belongs to ! reason to direct "o ?+ 9 relation to ano!r4 ,!re=e ju/ice is n 9 ! w z its subject b 9 ! reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice is n an intellectual virtue1 s9ce x is n direct$ to k2 :]e=e x foll[s t x is a moral virtue4 ,n[ ! subject ( moral virtue is ! faculty :i* is rational by p>ticipation1 viz4 ! irascible & ! concupiscible1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac74 ,!re=e ju/ice is n 9 ! w z its subject1 b 9 ! irascible & concupiscible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,anselm says 7,de ,v]it4 xii7 t ju/ice is rectitude ( ! w obs]v$ = its own sake4 ,i answ] t1 ,! subject ( a virtue is ! p[] ^: act t virtue aims at rectify+4 ,n[ ju/ice does n aim at direct+ an act ( ! cognitive p[]1 = we are n said to be j ?r\gh kn[+ some?+ aright4 ,h5ce ! subject ( ju/ice is n ! intellect or reason :i* is a cognitive p[]4 ,b s9ce we are said to be j ?r\gh do+ some?+ aright1 & because ! proximate pr9ciple ( action is ! appetitive p[]1 ju/ice mu/ ne$s be 9 "s appetitive p[] z its subject4 ,n[ ! appetite is tw(old2 namely1 ! w :i* is 9 ! reason & ! s5sitive appetite :i* foll[s on s5sitive appreh5sion1 & is divid$ into ! irascible & ! concupiscible1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b74 ,aga9 ! act ( r5d]+ 8 due to ea* man _c proce$ f ! s5sitive appetite1 because s5sitive appreh5sion does n g s f> z to be able to consid] ! relation ( "o ?+ to ano!r2 b ?is is prop] to ! reason4 ,!re=e ju/ice _c be 9 ! irascible or concupiscible z its subject1 b only 9 ! w3 h5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 def9es ju/ice by an act ( ! w1 z may be se5 above 7,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce ! w is ! rational appetite1 :5 ! rectitude ( ! reason :i* is call$ tru? is impr9t$ on ! w on acc\nt ( its nighness to ! reason1 ?is impr9t reta9s ! "n ( tru?2 & h5ce x is t ju/ice sometimes goes by ! "n ( tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! w is borne t[>ds its object consequ5tly on ! appreh5sion ( reason3 :]e=e1 s9ce ! reason directs "o ?+ 9 relation to ano!r1 ! w c w "o ?+ 9 relation to ano!r1 & ?is belongs to ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n only ! irascible & concupiscible p>ts are rational by p>ticipation1 b ! entire appetitive faculty1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #ac1 because all appetite is subject to reason4 ,n[ ! w is conta9$ 9 ! appetitive faculty1 :]e=e x c be ! subject ( moral virtue4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,ju/ice ,is a ,g5]al ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ju/ice is n a g5]al virtue4 ,= ju/ice is specifi$ ) ! o!r virtues1 accord+ to ,wis4 #h3g1 ,%e tea*e? temp]ance & prud5ce1 & ju/ice1 & =titude4 ,n[ ! g5]al is n specifi$ or reckon$ toge!r ) ! species conta9$ "u ! same g5]al4 ,!re=e ju/ice is n a g5]al virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ju/ice is acc\nt$ a c>d9al virtue1 s are temp]ance & =titude4 ,n[ nei!r temp]ance nor =titude is reckon$ to be a g5]al virtue4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld ju/ice 9 any way be reckon$ a g5]al virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice is always t[>ds o!rs1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,b a s9 committ$ aga9/ "o's neighbor _c be a g5]al s91 because x is condivid$ ) s9 committ$ aga9/ oneself4 ,!re=e nei!r is ju/ice a g5]al virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t ju/ice is e virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b7 directs man 9 8 relations ) o!r m54 ,n[ ?is may happ5 9 two ways3 fir/ z reg>ds 8 relation ) individuals1 secondly z reg>ds 8 relations ) o!rs 9 g5]al1 9 s f> z a man :o s]ves a community1 s]ves all ^? :o are includ$ 9 t community4 ,accord+ly ju/ice 9 its prop] acceptation c be direct$ to ano!r 9 bo? ^! s5ses4 ,n[ x is evid5t t all :o are includ$ 9 a community1 /& 9 relation to t community z p>ts to a :ole2 :ile a "p1 z su*1 belongs to a :ole1 s t :atev] is ! good ( a "p c be direct$ to ! good ( ! :ole4 ,x foll[s !re=e t ! good ( any virtue1 :e!r su* virtue direct man 9 relation to himself1 or 9 relation to c]ta9 o!r individual p]sons1 is ref]able to ! common good1 to :i* ju/ice directs3 s t all acts ( virtue c p]ta9 to ju/ice1 9 s f> z x directs man to ! common good4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ju/ice is call$ a g5]al virtue4 ,& s9ce x belongs to ! law to direct to ! common good1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b71 x foll[s t ! ju/ice :i* is 9 ?is way /yl$ g5]al1 is call$ legal ju/ice1 because !reby man is 9 h>mony ) ! law :i* directs ! acts ( all ! virtues to ! common good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ju/ice is specifi$ or enum]at$ ) ! o!r virtues1 n z a g5]al b z a special virtue1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,,aa4 #g1 #ab74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,temp]ance & =titude are 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 viz4 9 ! concupiscible & irascible4 ,n[ ^! p[]s are appetitive ( c]ta9 p>ticul> goods1 ev5 z ! s5ses are cognitive ( p>ticul>s4 ,on ! o!r h& ju/ice is 9 ! intellective appetite z its subject1 :i* c h ! univ]sal good z its object1 k :]e( belongs to ! intellect4 ,h5ce ju/ice c be a g5]al virtue r ?an temp]ance or =titude4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?+s ref]able to oneself are ref]able to ano!r1 especially 9 reg>d to ! common good4 ,:]e=e legal ju/ice1 9 s f> z x directs to ! common good1 may be call$ a g5]al virtue3 & 9 l mann] inju/ice may be call$ a g5]al s92 h5ce x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3d7 t all s9 is iniquity4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,ju/ice1 ,z a ,g5]al ,virtue1 ,is ,ess5tially ! ,same ,z ,all ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ju/ice1 z a g5]al virtue1 is ess5tially ! same z all virtue4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t virtue & legal ju/ice are ! same z all virtue1 b diff] 9 _! mode ( be+4 ,n[ ?+s t diff] m]ely 9 _! mode ( be+ or logically d n diff] ess5tially4 ,!re=e ju/ice is ess5tially ! same z e virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e virtue t is n ess5tially ! same z all virtue is a "p ( virtue4 ,n[ ! a=esaid ju/ice1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v4 #a7 is n a "p b ! :ole ( virtue4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid ju/ice is ess5tially ! same z all virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ess5ce ( a virtue does n *ange ?r\gh t virtue direct+ its act to "s high] end ev5 z ! habit ( temp]ance rema9s ess5tially ! same ev5 ?\gh its act be direct$ to a ,div9e good4 ,n[ x belongs to legal ju/ice t ! acts ( all ! virtues are direct$ to a high] end1 namely ! common good ( ! multitude1 :i* transc5ds ! good ( "o s+le individual4 ,!re=e x seems t legal ju/ice is ess5tially all virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 e good ( a "p c be direct$ to ! good ( ! :ole1 s t if x be n ?us direct$ x w\ld seem )\t use or purpose4 ,b t :i* is 9 accordance ) virtue _c be s4 ,!re=e x seems t !re c be no act ( any virtue1 t does n belong to g5]al ju/ice1 :i* directs to ! common good2 & s x seems t g5]al ju/ice is ess5tially ! same z all virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t _m are able to be virtu\s 9 matt]s affect+ !mselves1 b are unable to be virtu\s 9 matt]s relat+ to o!rs1 & 7,polit4 iii1 #b7 t ! virtue ( ! good man is n /rictly ! same z ! virtue ( ! good citiz54 ,n[ ! virtue ( a good citiz5 is g5]al ju/ice1 :]eby a man is direct$ to ! common good4 ,!re=e g5]al ju/ice is n ! same z virtue 9 g5]al1 & x is possible to h "o )\t ! o!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ is said to be g5]al 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by pr$ication3 ?us animal is g5]al 9 relation to man & horse & ! l3 & 9 ?is s5se t :i* is g5]al mu/ ne$s be ess5tially ! same z ! ?+s 9 relation to :i* x is g5]al1 = ! reason t ! g5us belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! species1 & =ms "p ( its def9ition4 ,secondly a ?+ is said to be g5]al virtually2 ?us a univ]sal cause is g5]al 9 relation to all its effects1 ! sun1 = in/ance1 9 relation to all bodies t are illum9$1 or transmut$ by its p[]2 & 9 ?is s5se !re is no ne$ = t :i* is g5]al to be ess5tially ! same z ^? ?+s 9 relation to :i* x is g5]al1 s9ce cause & effect are n ess5tially ! same4 ,n[ x is 9 ! latt] s5se t1 accord+ to :at has be5 said 7,a4 #e71 legal ju/ice is said to be a g5]al virtue1 9 z mu*1 to wit1 z x directs ! acts ( ! o!r virtues to its own end1 & ?is is to move all ! o!r virtues by its comm&2 = j z *>ity may be call$ a g5]al virtue 9 s f> z x directs ! acts ( all ! virtues to ! ,div9e good1 s too is legal ju/ice1 9 s f> z x directs ! acts ( all ! virtues to ! common good4 ,accord+ly1 j z *>ity :i* reg>ds ! ,div9e good z its prop] object1 is a special virtue 9 respect ( its ess5ce1 s too legal ju/ice is a special virtue 9 respect ( its ess5ce1 9 s f> z x reg>ds ! common good z its prop] object4 ,& ?us x is 9 ! sov]eign pr9cipally & by way ( a ma/]craft1 :ile x is second>ily & adm9i/ratively 9 8 subjects4 ,h[ev] ! "n ( legal ju/ice c be giv5 to e virtue1 9 s f> z e virtue is direct$ to ! common good by ! a=esaid legal ju/ice1 :i* ?\gh special ess5tially is nev]!less virtually g5]al4 ,speak+ 9 ?is way1 legal ju/ice is ess5tially ! same z all virtue1 b diff]s !refrom logically3 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ,philosoph] speaks4 ,:]e=e ! ,replies to ! ,fir/ & ,second ,objections are manife/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t aga9 takes legal ju/ice = ! virtue comm&$ by legal ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,e virtue /rictly speak+ directs its act to t virtue's prop] end3 t x %\ld happ5 to be direct$ to a fur!r end ei!r always or sometimes1 does n belong to t virtue consid]$ /rictly1 = x ne$s "s high] virtue to direct x to t end4 ,consequ5tly !re mu/ be "o supreme virtue ess5tially di/9ct f e o!r virtue1 :i* directs all ! virtues to ! common good2 & ?is virtue is legal ju/ice4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,!re ,is a ,p>ticul> ,besides a ,g5]al ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is n a p>ticul> besides a g5]al ju/ice4 ,= !re is no?+ sup]flu\s 9 ! virtues1 z nei!r is !re 9 nature4 ,n[ g5]al ju/ice directs man suffici5tly 9 all 8 relations ) o!r m54 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = a p>ticul> ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! species ( a virtue does n v>y accord+ to "o & _m4 ,b legal ju/ice directs "o man to ano!r 9 matt]s relat+ to ! multitude1 z %[n above 7,,aa4 #e1 #f74 ,!re=e !re is n ano!r species ( ju/ice direct+ "o man to ano!r 9 matt]s relat+ to ! individual4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 betwe5 ! individual & ! g5]al public /&s ! h\sehold community4 ,consequ5tly1 if 9 addition to g5]al ju/ice !re is a p>ticul> ju/ice correspond+ to ! individual1 = ! same reason !re %\ld be a dome/ic ju/ice direct+ man to ! common good ( a h\sehold3 & yet ?is is n ! case4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld !re be a p>ticul> besides a legal ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*ryso/om 9 8 comm5t>y on ,matt4 #e3f1 ,bless$ are !y t hung] & ?ir/ aft] ju/ice1 says 7,hom4 xv 9 ,mat?473 ,by ju/ice ,he signifies ei!r ! g5]al virtue1 or ! p>ticul> virtue :i* is oppos$ to covet\sness4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #f71 legal ju/ice is n ess5tially ! same z e virtue1 & besides legal ju/ice :i* directs man imm$iately to ! common good1 !re is a ne$ = o!r virtues to direct him imm$iately 9 matt]s relat+ to p>ticul> goods3 & ^! virtues may be relative to himself or to ano!r individual p]son4 ,accord+ly1 j z 9 addition to legal ju/ice !re is a ne$ = p>ticul> virtues to direct man 9 relation to himself1 su* z temp]ance & =titude1 s too besides legal ju/ice !re is ne$ = p>ticul> ju/ice to direct man 9 8 relations to o!r individuals4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,legal ju/ice does inde$ direct man suffici5tly 9 8 relations t[>ds o!rs4 ,z reg>ds ! common good x does s imm$iately1 b z to ! good ( ! individual1 x does s m$iately4 ,:]e=e !re is ne$ = p>ticul> ju/ice to direct a man imm$iately to ! good ( ano!r individual4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! common good ( ! realm & ! p>ticul> good ( ! individual diff] n only 9 respect ( ! _m & ! few1 b also "u a =mal aspect4 ,= ! aspect ( ! common good diff]s f ! aspect ( ! individual good1 ev5 z ! aspect ( :ole diff]s f t ( "p4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #a7 t !y are wrong :o ma9ta9 t ! ,/ate & ! home & ! l diff] only z _m & few & n specifically4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! h\sehold community1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,polit4 i1 #b71 diff]s 9 respect ( a ?reefold fell[%ip2 namely ( husb& & wife1 fa!r & son1 ma/] & slave1 9 ea* ( :i* "o p]son is1 z x 71 "p ( ! o!r4 ,:]e=e betwe5 su* p]sons !re is n ju/ice simply1 b a species ( ju/ice1 viz4 dome/ic ju/ice1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #f4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,p>ticul> ,ju/ice ,has a ,special ,matt]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t p>ticul> ju/ice has no special matt]4 ,because a gloss on ,g54 #b3ad1 ,! f\r? riv] is ,euphrates1 says3 ,euphrates signifies 'fruitful'2 nor is x /at$ ?r\gh :at c\ntry x fl[s1 because ju/ice p]ta9s to all ! p>ts ( ! s\l4 ,n[ ?is w\ld n be ! case1 if ju/ice _h a special matt]1 s9ce e special matt] belongs to a special p[]4 ,!re=e p>ticul> ju/ice has no special matt]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #fa7 t ! s\l has f\r virtues :]eby1 9 ?is life1 x lives spiritually1 viz4 temp]ance1 prud5ce1 =titude & ju/ice2 & he says t ! f\r? is ju/ice1 :i* p]vades all ! virtues4 ,!re=e p>ticul> ju/ice1 :i* is "o ( ! f\r c>d9al virtues1 has no special matt]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice directs man suffici5tly 9 matt]s relat+ to o!rs4 ,n[ a man c be direct$ to o!rs 9 all matt]s relat+ to ?is life4 ,!re=e ! matt] ( ju/ice is g5]al & n special4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] reckons 7,e?ic4 v1 #b7 p>ticul> ju/ice to be specially ab\t ^? ?+s :i* belong to social life4 ,i answ] t1 ,:atev] c be rectifi$ by reason is ! matt] ( moral virtue1 = ?is is def9$ 9 ref]5ce to "r reason1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,n[ ! reason c rectify n only ! int]nal passions ( ! s\l1 b also ext]nal actions1 & also ^? ext]nal ?+s ( :i* man c make use4 ,& yet x is 9 respect ( ext]nal actions & ext]nal ?+s by means ( :i* m5 c communicate ) "o ano!r1 t ! relation ( "o man to ano!r is to be consid]$2 :]eas x is 9 respect ( int]nal passions t we consid] man's rectitude 9 himself4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce ju/ice is direct$ to o!rs1 x is n ab\t ! entire matt] ( moral virtue1 b only ab\t ext]nal actions & ?+s1 "u a c]ta9 special aspect ( ! object1 9 s f> z "o man is relat$ to ano!r ?r\gh !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is true t ju/ice belongs ess5tially to "o "p ( ! s\l1 :]e x resides z 9 its subject2 & ?is is ! w :i* moves by its comm& all ! o!r p>ts ( ! s\l2 & accord+ly ju/ice belongs to all ! p>ts ( ! s\l1 n directly b by a k9d ( diffusion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 ! c>d9al virtues may be tak5 9 two ways3 fir/ z special virtues1 ea* hav+ a det]m9ate matt]2 secondly1 z c]ta9 g5]al modes ( virtue4 ,9 ?is latt] s5se ,augu/9e speaks 9 ! passage quot$3 = he says t prud5ce is k ( :at we %\ld seek & avoid1 temp]ance is ! curb on ! lu/ = fleet+ pleasures1 =titude is /r5g? ( m9d 9 be>+ ) pass+ trials1 ju/ice is ! love ( ,god & our neighbor :i* p]vades ! o!r virtues1 t is to say1 is ! common pr9ciple ( ! entire ord] betwe5 "o man & ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a man's int]nal passions :i* are a "p ( moral matt]1 are n 9 !mselves direct$ to ano!r man1 :i* belongs to ! specific nature ( ju/ice2 yet _! effects1 i4e4 ext]nal actions1 are capable ( be+ direct$ to ano!r man4 ,consequ5tly x does n foll[ t ! matt] ( ju/ice is g5]al4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,ju/ice ,is ,ab\t ! ,passions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ju/ice is ab\t ! passions4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c7 t moral virtue is ab\t pleasure & pa94 ,n[ pleasure or delight1 & pa9 are passions1 z /at$ above 99,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #a :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions4 ,!re=e ju/ice1 be+ a moral virtue1 is ab\t ! passions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice is ! means ( rectify+ a man's op]ations 9 relation to ano!r man4 ,n[ su* l op]ations _c be rectifi$ unless ! passions be rectifi$1 because x is ow+ to disord] ( ! passions t !re is disord] 9 ! a=esaid op]ations3 ?us sexual lu/ leads to adult]y1 & ov]mu* love ( money leads to !ft4 ,!re=e ju/ice mu/ ne$s be ab\t ! passions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev5 z p>ticul> ju/ice is t[>ds ano!r p]son s is legal ju/ice4 ,n[ legal ju/ice is ab\t ! passions1 else x w\ld n ext5d to all ! virtues1 "s ( :i* are evid5tly ab\t ! passions4 ,!re=e ju/ice is ab\t ! passions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t ju/ice is ab\t op]ations4 ,i answ] t1 ,! true answ] to ?is "q may be ga!r$ f a tw(old s\rce4 ,fir/ f ! subject ( ju/ice1 i4e4 f ! w1 ^: movem5ts or acts are n passions1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #d71 = x is only ! s5sitive appetite ^: movem5ts are call$ passions4 ,h5ce ju/ice is n ab\t ! passions1 z are temp]ance & =titude1 :i* are 9 ! irascible & concupiscible p>ts4 ,secondly1 on he "p ( ! matt]1 because ju/ice is ab\t man's relations ) ano!r1 & we are n direct$ imm$iately to ano!r by ! int]nal passions4 ,!re=e ju/ice is n ab\t ! passions4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e moral virtue is ab\t pleasure & pa9 z its prop] matt]1 s9ce =titude is ab\t fe> & d>+3 b e moral virtue is direct$ to pleasure & pa91 z to ends to be acquir$1 =1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #aa71 pleasure & pa9 are ! pr9cipal end 9 respect ( :i* we say t ?is is an evil1 & t a good3 & 9 ?is way too !y belong to ju/ice1 s9ce a man is n j unless he rejoice 9 j actions 7,e?ic4 i1 #h74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ext]nal op]ations are z x 7 betwe5 ext]nal ?+s1 :i* are _! matt]1 & int]nal passions1 :i* are _! orig94 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t !re is a defect 9 "o ( ^!1 )\t !re be+ a defect 9 ! o!r4 ,?us a man may /eal ano!r's prop]ty1 n ?r\gh ! desire to h ! ?+1 b ?r\gh ! w to hurt ! man2 or vice v]sa1 a man may covet ano!r's prop]ty )\t wi%+ to /eal x4 ,accord+ly ! direct+ ( op]ations 9 s f> z !y t5d t[>ds ext]nal ?+s1 belongs to ju/ice1 b 9 s f> z !y arise f ! passions1 x belongs to ! o!r moral virtues :i* are ab\t ! passions4 ,h5ce ju/ice h9d]s !ft ( ano!r's prop]ty1 9 s f> z /eal+ is contr>y to ! equality t %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 ext]nal ?+s1 :ile lib]ality h9d]s x z result+ f an immod]ate desire = weal?4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ext]nal op]ations take _! species1 n f ! int]nal passions b f ext]nal ?+s z be+ _! objects1 x foll[s t1 ext]nal op]ations are ess5tially ! matt] ( ju/ice r ?an ( ! o!r moral virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! common good is ! end ( ea* individual memb] ( a community1 j z ! good ( ! :ole is ! end ( ea* "p4 ,on ! o!r h& ! good ( "o individual is n ! end ( ano!r individual3 :]e=e legal ju/ice :i* is direct$ to ! common good1 is m capable ( ext5d+ to ! int]nal passions :]eby man is dispos$ 9 "s way or o!r 9 himself1 ?an p>ticul> ju/ice :i* is direct$ to ! good ( ano!r individual3 al?\gh legal ju/ice ext5ds *iefly to o!r virtues 9 ! po9t ( _! ext]nal op]ations1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z ! law comm&s u to p]=m ! actions ( a c\rage\s p]son 4 4 4 ! actions ( a temp]ate p]son 4 4 4 & ! actions ( a g5tle p]son 7,e?ic4 v1 #e74 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ! ,mean ( ,ju/ice ,is ! ,real ,mean8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! mean ( ju/ice is n ! real mean4 ,= ! g5]ic nature rema9s entire 9 ea* species4 ,n[ moral virtue is def9$ 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 to be an elective habit :i* obs]ves ! mean fix$1 9 our reg>d1 by reason4 ,!re=e ju/ice obs]ves ! rational & n ! real mean4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ?+s t are good simply1 !re is nei!r excess nor defect1 & consequ5tly nei!r is !re a mean2 z is cle>ly ! case ) ! virtues1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ii1 #f4 ,n[ ju/ice is ab\t ?+s t are good simply1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v4 ,!re=e ju/ice does n obs]ve ! real mean4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! reason :y ! o!r virtues are said to obs]ve ! rational & n ! real mean1 is because 9 _! case ! mean v>ies accord+ to diff]5t p]sons1 s9ce :at is too mu* = "o is too little = ano!r 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,n[ ?is is also ! case 9 ju/ice3 = "o :o /rikes a pr9ce does n receive ! same puni%m5t z "o :o /rikes a private individual4 ,!re=e ju/ice also obs]ves1 n ! real1 b ! rational mean4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f2 v1 #d7 t ! mean ( ju/ice is to be tak5 accord+ to ari?metical proportion1 s t x is ! real mean4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #i2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #d71 ! o!r moral virtues are *iefly conc]n$ ) ! passions1 ! regulation ( :i* is gaug$ entirely by a comp>ison ) ! v man :o is ! subject ( ^? passions1 9 s f> z 8 ang] & desire are ve/$ ) _! v>i\s due circum/ances4 ,h5ce ! mean 9 su* l virtues is measur$ n by ! proportion ( "o ?+ to ano!r1 b m]ely by comp>ison ) ! virtu\s man himself1 s t ) !m ! mean is only t :i* is fix$ by reason 9 our reg>d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! matt] ( ju/ice is ext]nal op]ation1 9 s f> z an op]ation or ! ?+ us$ 9 t op]ation is duly proportionate to ano!r p]son1 :]e=e ! mean ( ju/ice consi/s 9 a c]ta9 proportion ( equality betwe5 ! ext]nal ?+ & ! ext]nal p]son4 ,n[ equality is ! real mean betwe5 great] & less1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x 99,didot ed41 ix1 #e2 ,cf4 ,e?ic4 v1 #d3 :]e=e ju/ice obs]ves ! real mean4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is real mean is also ! rational mean1 :]e=e ju/ice satisfies ! conditions ( a moral virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,we may speak ( a ?+ be+ good simply 9 two ways4 ,fir/ a ?+ may be good 9 e way3 ?us ! virtues are good2 & !re is nei!r mean nor extremes 9 ?+s t are good simply 9 ?is s5se4 ,secondly a ?+ is said to be good simply ?r\gh be+ good absolutely i4e4 9 its nature1 al?\gh x may become evil ?r\gh be+ abus$4 ,su* are ri*es & honors2 & 9 ! l x is possible to f9d excess1 defici5cy & mean1 z reg>ds m5 :o c use !m well or ill3 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ju/ice is ab\t ?+s t are good simply4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! injury inflict$ be>s a diff]5t proportion to a pr9ce f t :i* x be>s to a private p]son3 :]e=e ea* injury requires to be equaliz$ by v5geance 9 a diff]5t way3 & ?is implies a real & n m]ely a rational div]sity4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ! ,act ( ,ju/ice ,is to ,r5d] to ,ea* ,"o ,8 ,own8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! act ( ju/ice is n to r5d] to ea* "o 8 own4 ,= ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #i7 ascribes to ju/ice ! act ( succor+ ! ne$y4 ,n[ 9 succor+ ! ne$y we give !m :at is n !irs b ours4 ,!re=e ! act ( ju/ice does n consi/ 9 r5d]+ to ea* "o 8 own4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #g7 t b5efic5ce :i* we may call k9dness or lib]ality1 belongs to ju/ice4 ,n[ x p]ta9s to lib]ality to give to ano!r ( "o's own1 n ( :at is 84 ,!re=e ! act ( ju/ice does n consi/ 9 r5d]+ to ea* "o 8 own4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ju/ice n only to di/ribute ?+s duly1 b also to repress injuri\s actions1 su* z murd]1 adult]y & s =?4 ,b ! r5d]+ to ea* "o ( :at is 8 seems to belong solely to ! di/ribution ( ?+s4 ,!re=e ! act ( ju/ice is n suffici5tly describ$ by say+ t x consi/s 9 r5d]+ to ea* "o 8 own4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bd73 ,x is ju/ice t r5d]s to ea* "o :at is 81 & claims n ano!r's prop]ty2 x disreg>ds its own pr(it 9 ord] to pres]ve ! common equity4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #h1 #aj71 ! matt] ( ju/ice is an ext]nal op]ation 9 s f> z ei!r x or ! ?+ we use by x is made proportionate to "s o!r p]son to :om we are relat$ by ju/ice4 ,n[ ea* man's own is t :i* is due to him accord+ to equality ( proportion4 ,!re=e ! prop] act ( ju/ice is no?+ else ?an to r5d] to ea* "o 8 own4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce ju/ice is a c>d9al virtue1 o!r second>y virtues1 su* z m]cy1 lib]ality & ! l are connect$ ) x1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #hj1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e to succor ! ne$y1 :i* belongs to m]cy or pity1 & to be lib]ally b5efic5t1 :i* p]ta9s to lib]ality1 are by a k9d ( r$uction ascrib$ to ju/ice z to _! pr9cipal virtue4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 v1 #d71 9 matt]s ( ju/ice1 ! "n ( pr(it is ext5d$ to :atev] is excessive1 & :atev] is defici5t is call$ loss4 ,! reason = ?is is t ju/ice is fir/ ( all & m commonly ex]cis$ 9 volunt>y int]*anges ( ?+s1 su* z buy+ & sell+1 :]e9 ^? expressions are prop]ly employ$2 & yet !y are transf]r$ to all o!r matt]s ( ju/ice4 ,! same applies to ! r5d]+ to ea* "o ( :at is 8 own4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #eh1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ,ju/ice ,/&s ,=emo/ ,among ,all ,moral ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ju/ice does n /& =emo/ among all ! moral virtues4 ,because x belongs to ju/ice to r5d] to ea* "o :at is 81 :]eas x belongs to lib]ality to give ( "o's own1 & ?is is m virtu\s4 ,!re=e lib]ality is a great] virtue ?an ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is adorn$ by a less excell5t ?+ ?an itself4 ,n[ magnanimity is ! ornam5t bo? ( ju/ice & ( all ! virtues1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 iv1 #c4 ,!re=e magnanimity is m excell5t ?an ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 virtue is ab\t t :i* is difficult & good1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #c4 ,b =titude is ab\t m difficult ?+s ?an ju/ice is1 s9ce x is ab\t dang]s ( dea?1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 iii1 #f4 ,!re=e =titude is m excell5t ?an ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #g73 ,ju/ice is ! mo/ respl5d5t ( ! virtues1 & gives its "n to a good man4 ,i answ] t1 ,if we speak ( legal ju/ice1 x is evid5t t x /&s =emo/ among all ! moral virtues1 = z mu* z ! common good transc5ds ! individual good ( "o p]son4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 v1 #a7 t ! mo/ excell5t ( ! virtues w\ld seem to be ju/ice1 & m glori\s ?an ei!r ! ev5+ or ! morn+ />4 ,b1 ev5 if we speak ( p>ticul> ju/ice1 x excels ! o!r moral virtues = two reasons4 ,! fir/ reason may be tak5 f ! subject1 because ju/ice is 9 ! m excell5t "p ( ! s\l1 viz4 ! rational appetite or w1 :]eas ! o!r moral virtues are 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 :]eunto app]ta9 ! passions :i* are ! matt] ( ! o!r moral virtues4 ,! second reason is tak5 f ! object1 because ! o!r virtues are comm5dable 9 respect ( ! sole good ( ! virtu\s p]son himself1 :]eas ju/ice is praisewor?y 9 respect ( ! virtu\s p]son be+ well dispos$ t[>ds ano!r1 s t ju/ice is some:at ! good ( ano!r p]son1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #a4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #i73 ,! greate/ virtues mu/ ne$s be ^? :i* are mo/ pr(itable to o!r p]sons1 because virtue is a faculty ( do+ good to o!rs4 ,= ?is reason ! greate/ honors are accord$ ! brave & ! j1 s9ce brav]y is useful to o!rs 9 w>f>e1 & ju/ice is useful to o!rs bo? 9 w>f>e & 9 "t ( peace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! lib]al man gives ( 8 own1 yet he does s 9 s f> z he takes into consid]ation ! good ( 8 own virtue1 :ile ! j man gives to ano!r :at is 81 ?r\gh consid]ation ( ! common good4 ,moreov] ju/ice is obs]v$ t[>ds all1 :]eas lib]ality _c ext5d to all4 ,aga9 lib]ality :i* gives ( a man's own is bas$ on ju/ice1 :]eby "o r5d]s to ea* man :at is 84 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 magnanimity is add$ to ju/ice x increases ! latt]'s goodness2 & yet )\t ju/ice x w\ld n ev5 be a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh =titude is ab\t ! mo/ difficult ?+s1 x is n ab\t ! be/1 = x is only useful 9 w>f>e1 :]eas ju/ice is useful bo? 9 w> & 9 peace1 z /at$ above4 ,,"q #ei ,,( ,,inju/ice 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] inju/ice1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r inju/ice is a special vice8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is prop] to ! unju/ man to d unju/ de$s8 7#c7 ,:e!r "o c suff] inju/ice will+ly8 7#d7 ,:e!r inju/ice is a mortal s9 accord+ to its g5us8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,inju/ice ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t inju/ice is n a special vice4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3d73 ,all s9 is iniquity 99,vulg43 ',:osoev] committe? s91 committe? also iniquity2 & s9 is iniquity'4 ,n[ iniquity w\ld seem to be ! same z inju/ice1 because ju/ice is a k9d ( equality1 s t inju/ice is app>5tly ! same z inequality or iniquity4 ,!re=e inju/ice is n a special s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no special s9 is contr>y to all ! virtues4 ,b inju/ice is contr>y to all ! virtues3 = z reg>ds adult]y x is oppos$ to *a/ity1 z reg>ds murd] x is oppos$ to meekness1 & 9 l mann] z reg>ds ! o!r s9s4 ,!re=e inju/ice is n a special s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 inju/ice is oppos$ to ju/ice :i* is 9 ! w4 ,b e s9 is 9 ! w1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,duabus ,anim4 x74 ,!re=e inju/ice is n a special s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,inju/ice is contr>y to ju/ice4 ,b ju/ice is a special virtue4 ,!re=e inju/ice is a special vice4 ,i answ] t1 ,inju/ice is tw(old4 ,fir/ !re is illegal inju/ice :i* is oppos$ to legal ju/ice3 & ?is is ess5tially a special vice1 9 s f> z x reg>ds a special object1 namely ! common good :i* x contemns2 & yet x is a g5]al vice1 z reg>ds ! int5tion1 s9ce contempt ( ! common good may lead to all k9ds ( s94 ,?us too all vices1 z be+ repugnant to ! common good1 h ! "* ( inju/ice1 z ?\gh !y arose f inju/ice1 9 accord ) :at has be5 said above ab\t ju/ice 7,q4 #eh1 ,,aa4 #e1 #f74 ,secondly we speak ( inju/ice 9 ref]5ce to an inequality betwe5 "o p]son & ano!r1 :5 "o man wi%es to h m goods1 ri*es = example1 or honors1 & less evils1 su* z toil & losses1 & ?us inju/ice has a special matt] & is a p>ticul> vice oppos$ to p>ticul> ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 z legal ju/ice is ref]r$ to human common good1 s ,div9e ju/ice is ref]r$ to ! ,div9e good1 to :i* all s9 is repugnant1 & 9 ?is s5se all s9 is said to be iniquity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 p>ticul> ju/ice is indirectly oppos$ to all ! virtues2 9 s f>1 to wit1 z ev5 ext]nal acts p]ta9 bo? to ju/ice & to ! o!r moral virtues1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t ways z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #i1 ad #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w1 l ! reason1 ext5ds to all moral matt]s1 i4e4 passions & ^? ext]nal op]ations t relate to ano!r p]son4 ,on ! o!r h& ju/ice p]fects ! w solely 9 ! po9t ( its ext5d+ to op]ations t relate to ano!r3 & ! same applies to inju/ice4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r a ,man ,is ,call$ ,unju/ ,?r\gh ,do+ an ,unju/ ,?+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man is call$ unju/ ?r\gh do+ an unju/ ?+4 ,= habits are specifi$ by _! objects1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ ! prop] object ( ju/ice is ! j1 & ! prop] object ( inju/ice is ! unju/4 ,!re=e a man %\ld be call$ j ?r\gh do+ a j ?+1 & unju/ ?r\gh do+ an unju/ ?+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 v1 #i7 t !y hold a false op9ion :o ma9ta9 t x is 9 a man's p[] to d sudd5ly an unju/ ?+1 & t a j man is no less capable ( do+ :at is unju/ ?an an unju/ man4 ,b ?is op9ion w\ld n be false unless x 7 prop] to ! unju/ man to d :at is unju/4 ,!re=e a man is to be deem$ unju/ f ! fact t he does an unju/ ?+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e virtue be>s ! same relation to its prop] act1 & ! same applies to ! contr>y vices4 ,b :oev] does :at is intemp]ate1 is said to be intemp]ate4 ,!re=e :oev] does an unju/ ?+1 is said to be unju/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #f7 t a man may d an unju/ ?+ )\t be+ unju/4 ,i answ] t1 ,ev5 z ! object ( ju/ice is some?+ equal 9 ext]nal ?+s1 s too ! object ( inju/ice is some?+ unequal1 ?r\gh m or less be+ assign$ to "s p]son ?an is due to him4 ,to ?is object ! habit ( inju/ice is comp>$ by means ( its prop] act :i* is call$ an inju/ice4 ,accord+ly x may happ5 9 two ways t a man :o does an unju/ ?+1 is n unju/3 fir/1 on acc\nt ( a lack ( correspond5ce betwe5 ! op]ation & its prop] object4 ,= ! op]ation takes its species & "n f its direct & n f its indirect object3 & 9 ?+s direct$ to an end ! direct is t :i* is int5d$1 & ! indirect is :at is beside ! int5tion4 ,h5ce if a man d t :i* is unju/1 )\t int5d+ to d an unju/ ?+1 = in/ance if he d x ?r\gh ignorance1 be+ unaw>e t x is unju/1 prop]ly speak+ he does an unju/ ?+1 n directly1 b only indirectly1 &1 z x 71 do+ mat]ially t :i* is unju/3 h5ce su* an op]ation is n call$ an inju/ice4 ,secondly1 ?is may happ5 on acc\nt ( a lack ( proportion betwe5 ! op]ation & ! habit4 ,= an inju/ice may sometimes arise f a passion1 = in/ance1 ang] or desire1 & sometimes f *oice1 = in/ance :5 ! inju/ice itself is ! direct object ( "o's complac5cy4 ,9 ! latt] case prop]ly speak+ x arises f a habit1 because :5ev] a man has a habit1 :atev] befits t habit is1 ( itself1 pleasant to him4 ,accord+ly1 to d :at is unju/ int5tionally & by *oice is prop] to ! unju/ man1 9 :i* s5se ! unju/ man is "o :o has ! habit ( inju/ice3 b a man may d :at is unju/1 un9t5tionally or ?r\gh passion1 )\t hav+ ! habit ( inju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a habit is specifi$ by its object 9 its direct & =mal acceptation1 n 9 its mat]ial & indirect acceptation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n easy = any man to d an unju/ ?+ f *oice1 z ?\gh x 7 pleas+ = its own sake & n = ! sake ( some?+ else3 ?is is prop] to "o :o has ! habit1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 v1 #i74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! object ( temp]ance is n some?+ e/abli%$ ext]nally1 z is ! object ( ju/ice3 ! object ( temp]ance1 i4e4 ! temp]ate ?+1 dep5ds entirely on proportion to ! man himself4 ,consequ5tly :at is accid5tal & un9t5tional _c be said to be temp]ate ei!r mat]ially or =mally4 ,9 l mann] nei!r c x be call$ intemp]ate3 & 9 ?is respect !re is dissimil>ity betwe5 ju/ice & ! o!r moral virtues2 b z reg>ds ! proportion betwe5 op]ation & habit1 !re is simil>ity 9 all respects4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,we ,c ,suff] ,inju/ice ,will+ly8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o c suff] inju/ice will+ly4 ,= inju/ice is inequality1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,n[ a man by injur+ himself1 dep>ts f equality1 ev5 z by injur+ ano!r4 ,!re=e a man c d an inju/ice to himself1 ev5 z to ano!r4 ,b :oev] does himself an inju/ice1 does s involunt>ily4 ,!re=e a man c volunt>ily suff] inju/ice especially if x be inflict$ by himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no man is puni%$ by ! civil law1 except = hav+ committ$ "s inju/ice4 ,n[ suicides 7 =m]ly puni%$ accord+ to ! law ( ! /ate by be+ depriv$ ( an honorable burial1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 v1 #aa74 ,!re=e a man c d himself an inju/ice1 & consequ5tly x may happ5 t a man suff]s inju/ice volunt>ily4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no man does an inju/ice save to "o :o suff]s t inju/ice4 ,b x may happ5 t a man does an inju/ice to "o :o wi%es x1 = in/ance if he sell him a ?+ = m ?an x is wor?4 ,!re=e a man may happ5 to suff] an inju/ice volunt>ily4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,to suff] an inju/ice & to d an inju/ice are contr>ies4 ,n[ no man does an inju/ice aga9/ 8 w4 ,!re=e on ! o!r h& no man suff]s an inju/ice except aga9/ 8 w4 ,i answ] t1 ,action by its v nature proce$s f an ag5t1 :]eas passion z su* is f ano!r3 :]e=e ! same ?+ 9 ! same respect _c be bo? ag5t & pati5t1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 iii1 #a2 viii1 #e4 ,n[ ! prop] pr9ciple ( action 9 man is ! w1 :]e=e man does prop]ly & ess5tially :at he does volunt>ily1 & on ! o!r h& a man suff]s prop]ly :at he suff]s aga9/ 8 w1 s9ce 9 s f> z he is will+1 he is a pr9ciple 9 himself1 & s1 consid]$ ?us1 he is active r ?an passive4 ,accord+ly we mu/ conclude t prop]ly & /rictly speak+ no man c d an inju/ice except volunt>ily1 nor suff] an inju/ice save involunt>ily2 b t accid5tally & mat]ially s to speak1 x is possible = t :i* is unju/ 9 itself ei!r to be done involunt>ily 7z :5 a man does any?+ un9t5tionally71 or to be suff]$ volunt>ily 7z :5 a man volunt>ily gives to ano!r m ?an he owes him74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 "o man gives volunt>ily to ano!r t :i* he does n owe him1 he causes nei!r inju/ice nor inequality4 ,= a man's own]%ip dep5ds on 8 w1 s !re is no disproportion if he =feit some?+ ( 8 own free-w1 ei!r by 8 own or by ano!r's action4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an individual p]son may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to himself2 & ?us1 if he inflict an injury on himself1 x may come "u ! head ( "s o!r k9d ( s91 intemp]ance = in/ance or imprud5ce1 b n inju/ice2 because inju/ice no less ?an ju/ice1 is always ref]r$ to ano!r p]son4 ,secondly1 ?is or t man may be consid]$ z belong+ to ! ,/ate z "p !re(1 or z belong+ to ,god1 z ,8 creature & image2 & ?us a man :o kills himself1 does an injury n inde$ to himself1 b to ! ,/ate & to ,god4 ,:]e=e he is puni%$ 9 accordance ) bo? ,div9e & human law1 ev5 z ! ,apo/le decl>es 9 respect ( ! =nicator 7#a ,cor4 #c3ag73 ,if any man violate ! temple ( ,god1 him %all ,god de/roy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,suff]+ is ! effect ( ext]nal action4 ,n[ 9 ! po9t ( do+ & suff]+ inju/ice1 ! mat]ial elem5t is t :i* is done ext]nally1 consid]$ 9 itself1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 & ! =mal & ess5tial elem5t is on ! "p ( ! w ( ag5t & pati5t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,accord+ly we mu/ reply t inju/ice suff]$ by "o man & inju/ice done by ano!r man always accompany "o ano!r1 9 ! mat]ial s5se4 ,b if we speak 9 ! =mal s5se a man c d an inju/ice ) ! int5tion ( do+ an inju/ice1 & yet ! o!r man does n suff] an inju/ice1 because he suff]s volunt>ily2 & on ! o!r h& a man c suff] an inju/ice if he suff] an inju/ice aga9/ 8 w1 :ile ! man :o does ! injury unkn[+ly1 does an inju/ice1 n =mally b only mat]ially4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ei1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,:oev] ,does an ,inju/ice ,s9s ,mortally8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n ev]yone :o does an inju/ice s9s mortally4 ,= v5ial s9 is oppos$ to mortal s94 ,n[ x is sometimes a v5ial s9 to d an injury3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #h7 9 ref]5ce to ^? :o act unju/ly3 ,:atev] !y d n m]ely 9 ignorance b ?r\gh ignorance is a v5ial matt]4 ,!re=e n ev]yone t does an inju/ice s9s mortally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he :o does an inju/ice 9 a small matt]1 dep>ts b slightly f ! mean4 ,n[ ?is seems to be insignificant & %\ld be acc\nt$ among ! lea/ ( evils1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 ii1 #i74 ,!re=e n ev]yone t does an inju/ice s9s mortally4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *>ity is ! "m ( all ! virtues 99,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,s5t4 iii1 ,d4 #bc1 & x is ?r\gh be+ contr>y !reto t a s9 is call$ mortal4 ,b n all ! s9s contr>y to ! o!r virtues are mortal4 ,!re=e nei!r is x always a mortal s9 to d an inju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] is contr>y to ! law ( ,god is a mortal s94 ,n[ :oev] does an inju/ice does t :i* is contr>y to ! law ( ,god1 s9ce x am\nts ei!r to !ft1 or to adult]y1 or to murd]1 or to some?+ ( ! k9d1 z w be %[n fur!r on 7,q4 #fd1 seqq474 ,!re=e :oev] does an inju/ice s9s mortally4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #e71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! di/9ction ( s9s1 a mortal s9 is "o t is contr>y to *>ity :i* gives life to ! s\l4 ,n[ e injury inflict$ on ano!r p]son is ( itself contr>y to *>ity1 :i* moves u to w ! good ( ano!r4 ,& s s9ce inju/ice always consi/s 9 an injury inflict$ on ano!r p]son1 x is evid5t t to d an inju/ice is a mortal s9 accord+ to its g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is say+ ( ! ,philosoph] is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ignorance ( fact1 :i* he calls ignorance ( p>ticul> circum/ances 99,e?ic4 iii1 #a1 & :i* des]ves p>don1 & n to ignorance ( ! law :i* does n excuse3 & he :o does an inju/ice ?r\gh ignorance1 does no inju/ice except accid5tally1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b7 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he :o does an inju/ice 9 small matt]s falls %ort ( ! p]fection ( an unju/ de$1 9 s f> z :at he does may be deem$ n altoge!r contr>y to ! w ( ! p]son :o suff]s !refrom3 = in/ance1 if a man take an apple or "s su* ?+ f ano!r man1 9 :i* case x is probable t ! latt] is n hurt or displeas$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s9s :i* are contr>y to ! o!r virtues are n always hurtful to ano!r p]son1 b imply a disord] affect+ human passions2 h5ce !re is no comp>ison4 ,,"q #fj ,,( ,,judgm5t 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,9 due sequ5ce we mu/ consid] judgm5t1 "u :i* head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r judgm5t is an act ( ju/ice8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful to judge8 7#c7 ,:e!r judgm5t %\ld be bas$ on suspicions8 7#d7 ,:e!r d\bts %\ld be int]pret$ favorably8 7#e7 ,:e!r judgm5t %\ld always be giv5 accord+ to ! writt5 law8 7#f7 ,:e!r judgm5t is p]v]t$ by be+ usurp$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,judgm5t ,is an ,act ( ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t judgm5t is n an act ( ju/ice4 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #c7 t ev]yone judges well ( :at he kn[s1 s t judgm5t w\ld seem to belong to ! cognitive faculty4 ,n[ ! cognitive faculty is p]fect$ by prud5ce4 ,!re=e judgm5t belongs to prud5ce r ?an to ju/ice1 :i* is 9 ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #d74 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #b3ae73 ,! spiritual man judge? all ?+s4 ,n[ man is made spiritual *iefly by ! virtue ( *>ity1 :i* is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/ ,:o is giv5 to u 7,rom4 #e3e74 ,!re=e judgm5t belongs to *>ity r ?an to ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to e virtue to judge aright ( its prop] matt]1 because ! virtu\s man is ! rule & measure 9 ev]y?+1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #d74 ,!re=e judgm5t does n belong to ju/ice any m ?an to ! o!r moral virtues4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 judgm5t w\ld seem to belong only to judges4 ,b ! act ( ju/ice is to be f\nd 9 e j man4 ,s9ce !n judges are n ! only j m51 x seems t judgm5t is n ! prop] act ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ic3ae73 ,until ju/ice be turn$ into judgm5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,judgm5t prop]ly d5otes ! act ( a judge z su*4 ,n[ a judge 7judex7 is s call$ because he ass]ts ! "r 7jus dic5s7 & "r is ! object ( ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #a74 ,consequ5tly ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w judgm5t is a /atem5t or decision ( ! j or "r4 ,n[ to decide rightly ab\t virtu\s de$s proce$s1 prop]ly speak+1 f ! virtu\s habit2 ?us a *a/e p]son decides rightly ab\t matt]s relat+ to *a/ity4 ,!re=e judgm5t1 :i* d5otes a "r decision ab\t :at is j1 belongs prop]ly to ju/ice4 ,= ?is reason ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #d7 t m5 h rec\rse to a judge z to "o :o is ! p]sonification ( ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ^w judgm5t1 f its orig9al mean+ ( a "r decision ab\t :at is j1 has be5 ext5d$ to signify a "r decision 9 any matt] :e!r speculative or practical4 ,n[ a "r judgm5t 9 any matt] requires two ?+s4 ,! fir/ is ! virtue itself t pron\nces judgm5t3 & 9 ?is way1 judgm5t is an act ( reason1 because x belongs to ! reason to pron\nce or def9e4 ,! o!r is ! disposition ( ! "o :o judges1 on :i* dep5ds 8 aptness = judg+ aright4 ,9 ?is way1 9 matt]s ( ju/ice1 judgm5t proce$s f ju/ice1 ev5 z 9 matt]s ( =titude1 x proce$s f =titude4 ,accord+ly judgm5t is an act ( ju/ice 9 s f> z ju/ice incl9es "o to judge aright1 & ( prud5ce 9 s f> z prud5ce pron\nces judgm5t3 :]e=e synesis :i* belongs to prud5ce is said to judge rightly1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! spiritual man1 by reason ( ! habit ( *>ity1 has an incl9ation to judge aright ( all ?+s accord+ to ! ,div9e rules2 & x is 9 con=mity ) ^! t he pron\nces judgm5t ?r\gh ! gift ( wisdom3 ev5 z ! j man pron\nces judgm5t ?r\gh ! virtue ( prud5ce con=mably ) ! rul+ ( ! law4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! o!r virtues regulate man 9 himself1 :]eas ju/ice regulates man 9 8 deal+s ) o!rs1 z %[n above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ man is ma/] 9 ?+s conc]n+ himself1 b n 9 matt]s relat+ to o!rs4 ,consequ5tly :]e ! o!r virtues are 9 "q1 !re is no ne$ = judgm5t o!r ?an t ( a virtu\s man1 tak+ judgm5t 9 its broad] s5se1 z expla9$ above 7ad #a74 ,b 9 matt]s ( ju/ice1 !re is fur!r ne$ = ! judgm5t ( a sup]ior1 :o is able to reprove bo?1 & to put 8 h& betwe5 bo? 99,job #i3cc4 ,h5ce judgm5t belongs m specifically to ju/ice ?an to any o!r virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,ju/ice is 9 ! sov]eign z a ma/]-virtue 99,cf4 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #f1 comm&+ & prescrib+ :at is j2 :ile x is 9 ! subjects z an executive & adm9i/rative virtue4 ,h5ce judgm5t1 :i* d5otes a decision ( :at is j1 belongs to ju/ice1 consid]$ z exi/+ *iefly 9 "o :o has au?ority4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,judge8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful to judge4 ,= no?+ is puni%$ except :at is unlawful4 ,n[ ^? :o judge are ?reat5$ ) puni%m5t1 :i* ^? :o judge n w escape1 accord+ to ,matt4 #g3a1 ,judge n1 & ye %all n be judg$4 ,!re=e x is unlawful to judge4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,rom4 #ad3d73 ,:o art ?\ t judge/ ano!r man's s]vant8 ,to 8 own "l he /&e? or falle?4 ,n[ ,god is ! ,"l ( all4 ,!re=e to no man is x lawful to judge4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no man is s9less1 accord+ to #a ,john #a3h1 ,if we say t we h no s91 we deceive ourselves4 ,n[ x is unlawful = a s9n] to judge1 accord+ to ,rom4 #b3a1 ,?\ art inexcusable1 ,o man1 :osoev] ?\ art1 t judge/2 = :]e9 ?\ judge/ ano!r1 ?\ condemne/ ?yself1 = ?\ do/ ! same ?+s :i* ?\ judge/4 ,!re=e to no man is x lawful to judge4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #af3ah73 ,?\ %alt appo9t judges & magi/rates 9 all ?y gates 4 4 4 t !y may judge ! p ) j judgm5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,judgm5t is lawful 9 s f> z x is an act ( ju/ice4 ,n[ x foll[s f :at has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a1 #c7 t ?ree conditions are requisite = a judgm5t to be an act ( ju/ice3 fir/1 t x proce$ f ! incl9ation ( ju/ice2 secondly1 t x come f "o :o is 9 au?ority2 ?irdly1 t x be pron\nc$ accord+ to ! "r rul+ ( prud5ce4 ,if any "o ( ^! be lack+1 ! judgm5t w be faulty & unlawful4 ,fir/1 :5 x is contr>y to ! rectitude ( ju/ice1 & !n x is call$ p]v]t$ or unju/3 secondly1 :5 a man judges ab\t matt]s :]e9 he has no au?ority1 & ?is is call$ judgm5t by usurpation3 ?irdly1 :5 ! reason lacks c]ta9ty1 z :5 a man1 )\t any solid motive1 =ms a judgm5t on "s d\btful or hidd5 matt]1 & !n x is call$ judgm5t by suspicion or ra% judgm5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ^! words our ,"l =bids ra% judgm5t :i* is ab\t ! inw>d int5tion1 or o!r unc]ta9 ?+s1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ah74 ,or else ,he =bids judgm5t ab\t ,div9e ?+s1 :i* we ought n to judge1 b simply believe1 s9ce !y are above u1 z ,hil>y decl>es 9 8 comm5t>y on ,matt4 #e4 ,or aga9 accord+ to ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xvii 9 ,mat?4 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 ,he =bids ! judgm5t :i* proce$s n f b5evol5ce b f bitt]ness ( he>t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a judge is appo9t$ z ,god's s]vant2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #a3af73 ,judge t :i* is j1 & fur!r on 7,deut4 #a3ag71 because x is ! judgm5t ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? :o /& guilty ( griev\s s9s %\ld n judge ^? :o are guilty ( ! same or less] s9s1 z ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xxiv says on ! words ( ,matt4 #g3a1 ,judge n4 ,above all does ?is hold :5 su* s9s are public1 because !re w\ld be an occasion ( sc&al aris+ 9 ! he>ts ( o!rs4 ,if h[ev] !y are n public b hidd51 & !re be an urg5t necessity = ! judge to pron\nce judgm5t1 because x is 8 duty1 he c reprove or judge ) humility & fe>4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ai73 ,if we f9d t we are guilty ( ! same s9 z ano!r man1 we %\ld groan toge!r ) him1 & invite him to /rive aga9/ x toge!r ) u4 ,& yet x is n ?r\gh act+ ?us t a man condemns himself s z to des]ve to be condemn$ once aga91 b :51 9 condemn+ ano!r1 he %[s himself to be equally des]v+ ( condemnation on acc\nt ( ano!r or a l s94 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,x ,is ,unlawful to ,=m a ,judgm5t f ,suspicions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n unlawful to =m a judgm5t f suspicions4 ,= suspicion is seem+ly an unc]ta9 op9ion ab\t an evil1 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vi1 #c7 t suspicion is ab\t bo? ! true & ! false4 ,n[ x is impossible to h any b an unc]ta9 op9ion ab\t cont+5t s+ul>s4 ,s9ce !n human judgm5t is ab\t human acts1 :i* are ab\t s+ul> & cont+5t matt]s1 x seems t no judgm5t w\ld be lawful1 if x 7 n lawful to judge f suspicions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a man does 8 neighbor an injury by judg+ him unlawfully4 ,b an evil suspicion consi/s 9 no?+ m ?an a man's op9ion1 & consequ5tly does n seem to p]ta9 to ! injury ( ano!r man4 ,!re=e judgm5t bas$ on suspicion is n unlawful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if x is unlawful1 x mu/ ne$s be r$ucible to an inju/ice1 s9ce judgm5t is an act ( ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ an inju/ice is always a mortal s9 accord+ to its g5us1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e a judgm5t bas$ on suspicion w\ld always be a mortal s91 if x 7 unlawful4 ,b ?is is false1 because we _c avoid suspicions1 accord+ to a gloss ( ,augu/9e 7,tract4 xc 9 ,joan47 on #a ,cor4 #d3e1 ,judge n be=e ! "t4 ,!re=e a judgm5t bas$ on suspicion w\ld seem n to be unlawful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xvii 9 ,mat?4 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om 9 comm5t on ! words ( ,matt4 #g3a1 ,judge n1 etc41 says3 ,by ?is comm&m5t our ,"l does n =bid ,*ri/ians to reprove o!rs f k9dly motives1 b t ,*ri/ian %\ld despise ,*ri/ian by boa/+ 8 own righte\sness1 by hat+ & condemn+ o!rs = ! mo/ "p on m]e suspicion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii71 suspicion d5otes evil ?9k+ bas$ on slight indications1 & ?is is due to ?ree causes4 ,fir/1 f a man be+ evil 9 himself1 & f ?is v fact1 z ?\gh consci\s ( 8 own wick$ness1 he is prone to ?9k evil ( o!rs1 accord+ to ,eccles4 #aj3c1 ,! fool :5 he walke? 9 ! way1 :]eas he himself is a fool1 e/eeme? all m5 fools4 ,secondly1 ?is is due to a man be+ ill-dispos$ t[>ds ano!r3 = :5 a man hates or despises ano!r1 or is angry ) or envi\s ( him1 he is l$ by slight indications to ?9k evil ( him1 because ev]yone easily believes :at he desires4 ,?irdly1 ?is is due to long exp]i5ce3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #ac7 t old p are v suspici\s1 = !y h (t5 exp]i5c$ ! faults ( o!rs4 ,! fir/ two causes ( suspicion evid5tly connote p]v]sity ( ! affections1 :ile ! ?ird dim9i%es ! nature ( suspicion1 9 z mu* z exp]i5ce leads to c]ta9ty :i* is contr>y to ! nature ( suspicion4 ,consequ5tly suspicion d5otes a c]ta9 am\nt ( vice1 & ! fur!r x goes1 ! m vici\s x is4 ,n[ !re are ?ree degrees ( suspicion4 ,! fir/ degree is :5 a man beg9s to d\bt ( ano!r's goodness f slight indications4 ,?is is a v5ial & a light s92 = x belongs to human temptation )\t :i* no man c g ?r\gh ?is life1 accord+ to a gloss on #a ,cor4 #d3e1 ,judge n be=e ! "t4 ,! second degree is :5 a man1 f slight indications1 e/eems ano!r man's wick$ness z c]ta94 ,?is is a mortal s91 if x be ab\t a grave matt]1 s9ce x _c be )\t contempt ( "o's neighbor4 ,h5ce ! same gloss goes on to say3 ,if !n we _c avoid suspicions1 because we are human1 we mu/ nev]!less re/ra9 our judgm5t1 & refra9 f =m+ a def9ite & fix$ op9ion4 ,! ?ird degree is :5 a judge goes s f> z to condemn a man on suspicion3 ?is p]ta9s directly to inju/ice1 & consequ5tly is a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s k9d ( c]ta9ty is f\nd 9 human acts1 n inde$ ! c]ta9ty ( a demon/ration1 b su* z is befitt+ ! matt] 9 po9t1 = in/ance :5 a ?+ is prov$ by suitable witnesses4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,f ! v fact t a man ?9ks evil ( ano!r )\t suffici5t cause1 he despises him unduly1 & !re=e does him an injury4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce ju/ice & inju/ice are ab\t ext]nal op]ations1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,,aa4 #h1 #aj1 #aa2 ,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c71 ! judgm5t ( suspicion p]ta9s directly to inju/ice :5 x is betray$ by ext]nal action1 & !n x is a mortal s91 z /at$ above4 ,! int]nal judgm5t p]ta9s to ju/ice1 9 s f> z x is relat$ to ! ext]nal judgm5t1 ev5 z ! int]nal to ! ext]nal act1 = in/ance z desire is relat$ to =nication1 or ang] to murd]4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,d\bts ,%\ld ,be ,int]pret$ = ! ,be/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t d\bts %\ld n be int]pret$ = ! be/4 ,because we %\ld judge f :at happ5s = ! mo/ "p4 ,b x happ5s = ! mo/ "p t evil is done1 s9ce ! numb] ( fools is inf9ite 7,eccles4 #a3ae71 = ! imag9ation & ?\ght ( man's he>t are prone to evil f 8 y\? 7,g54 #h3ba74 ,!re=e d\bts %\ld be int]pret$ = ! wor/ r ?an = ! be/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bg7 t he leads a godly & j life :o is s\nd 9 8 e/imate ( ?+s1 & turns nei!r to ?is side nor to t4 ,n[ he :o int]prets a d\btful po9t = ! be/1 turns to "o side4 ,!re=e ?is %\ld n be done4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man %\ld love 8 neighbor z himself4 ,n[ ) reg>d to himself1 a man %\ld int]pret d\btful matt]s = ! wor/1 accord+ to ,job #i3bh1 ,i fe>$ all my works4 ,!re=e x seems t d\btful matt]s affect+ "o's neighbor %\ld be int]pret$ = ! wor/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,rom4 #ad3c1 ,he t eate? n1 let him n judge him t eate?1 says3 ,d\bts %\ld be int]pret$ 9 ! be/ s5se4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #b71 f ! v fact t a man ?9ks ill ( ano!r )\t suffici5t cause1 he injures & despises him4 ,n[ no man ought to despise or 9 any way injure ano!r man )\t urg5t cause3 &1 consequ5tly1 unless we h evid5t indications ( a p]son's wick$ness1 we ought to deem him good1 by int]pret+ = ! be/ :atev] is d\btful ab\t him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he :o int]prets d\btful matt]s = ! be/1 may happ5 to be deceiv$ m (t5 ?an n2 yet x is bett] to err frequ5tly ?r\gh ?9k+ well ( a wick$ man1 ?an to err less frequ5tly ?r\gh hav+ an evil op9ion ( a good man1 because 9 ! latt] case an injury is inflict$1 b n 9 ! =m]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is "o ?+ to judge ( ?+s & ano!r to judge ( m54 ,= :5 we judge ( ?+s1 !re is no "q ( ! good or evil ( ! ?+ ab\t :i* we are judg+1 s9ce x w take no h>m no matt] :at k9d ( judgm5t we =m ab\t x2 b !re is "q ( ! good ( ! p]son :o judges1 if he judge truly1 & ( 8 evil if he judge falsely because ! true is ! good ( ! intellect1 & ! false is its evil1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #b1 :]e=e ev]yone %\ld /rive to make 8 judgm5t accord ) ?+s z !y are4 ,on ! o!r h& :5 we judge ( m51 ! good & evil 9 our judgm5t is consid]$ *iefly on ! "p ( ! p]son ab\t :om judgm5t is be+ =m$2 = he is deem$ wor?y ( honor f ! v fact t he is judg$ to be good1 & des]v+ ( contempt if he is judg$ to be evil4 ,= ?is reason we ought1 9 ?is k9d ( judgm5t1 to aim at judg+ a man good1 unless !re is evid5t pro( ( ! contr>y4 ,& ?\gh we may judge falsely1 our judgm5t 9 ?9k+ well ( ano!r p]ta9s to our good feel+ & n to ! evil ( ! intellect1 ev5 z nei!r does x p]ta9 to ! intellect's p]fection to "k ! tru? ( cont+5t s+ul>s 9 !mselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o may int]pret some?+ = ! wor/ or = ! be/ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by a k9d ( supposition2 & ?us1 :5 we h to apply a rem$y to "s evil1 :e!r our own or ano!r's1 9 ord] = ! rem$y to be appli$ ) great] c]ta9ty ( a cure1 x is exp$i5t to take ! wor/ = grant$1 s9ce if a rem$y be efficaci\s aga9/ a worse evil1 mu* m is x efficaci\s aga9/ a less] evil4 ,secondly we may int]pret some?+ = ! be/ or = ! wor/1 by decid+ or det]m9+1 & 9 ?is case :5 judg+ ( ?+s we %\ld try to int]pret ea* ?+ accord+ z x is1 & :5 judg+ ( p]sons1 to int]pret ?+s = ! be/ z /at$ above4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,we ,%\ld ,always ,judge ,accord+ to ! ,writt5 ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought n always to judge accord+ to ! writt5 law4 ,= we ought always to avoid judg+ unju/ly4 ,b writt5 laws sometimes conta9 inju/ice1 accord+ to ,isa4 #aj3a1 ,woe to !m t make wick$ laws1 & :5 !y write1 write inju/ice4 ,!re=e we ought n always to judge accord+ to ! writt5 law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 judgm5t has to be =m$ ab\t individual happ5+s4 ,b no writt5 law c cov] ea* & e individual happ5+1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 v1 #aj74 ,!re=e x seems t we are n always b\nd to judge accord+ to ! writt5 law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a law is writt5 9 ord] t ! lawgiv]'s int5tion may be made cle>4 ,b x happ5s sometimes t ev5 if ! lawgiv] himself 7 pres5t he w\ld judge o!rwise4 ,!re=e we ought n always to judge accord+ to ! writt5 law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxxi73 ,9 ^! e>?ly laws1 ?\gh m5 judge ab\t !m :5 !y are mak+ !m1 :5 once !y are e/abli%$ & pass$1 ! judges may judge no long] ( !m1 b accord+ to !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 judgm5t is no?+ else b a decision or det]m9ation ( :at is j4 ,n[ a ?+ becomes j 9 two ways3 fir/ by ! v nature ( ! case1 & ?is is call$ natural "r1 secondly by "s agreem5t betwe5 m51 & ?is is call$ positive "r1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ laws are writt5 = ! purpose ( manife/+ bo? ^! rights1 b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,= ! writt5 law does inde$ conta9 natural "r1 b x does n e/abli% x1 = ! latt] d]ives its =ce1 n f ! law b f nature3 :]eas ! writt5 law bo? conta9s positive "r1 & e/abli%es x by giv+ x =ce ( au?ority4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to judge accord+ to ! writt5 law1 else judgm5t w\ld fall %ort ei!r ( ! natural or ( ! positive "r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z ! writt5 law does n give =ce to ! natural "r1 s nei!r c x dim9i% or annul its =ce1 because nei!r c man's w *ange nature4 ,h5ce if ! writt5 law conta9s any?+ contr>y to ! natural "r1 x is unju/ & has no b9d+ =ce4 ,= positive "r has no place except :]e x matt]s n1 accord+ to ! natural "r1 :e!r a ?+ be done 9 "o way or 9 ano!r2 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,:]e=e su* docum5ts are to be call$1 n laws1 b r corruptions ( law1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #b73 & consequ5tly judgm5t %\ld n be deliv]$ accord+ to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 z unju/ laws by _! v nature are1 ei!r always or = ! mo/ "p1 contr>y to ! natural "r1 s too laws t are rightly e/abli%$1 fail 9 "s cases1 :5 if !y 7 obs]v$ !y w\ld be contr>y to ! natural "r4 ,:]e=e 9 su* cases judgm5t %\ld be deliv]$1 n accord+ to ! lett] ( ! law1 b accord+ to equity :i* ! lawgiv] has 9 view4 ,h5ce ! juri/ says 99,dige/4 i1 #c2 ,de leg4 s5atusque consult4 #be3 ,by no reason ( law1 or favor ( equity1 is x all[able = u to int]pret h>%ly1 & r5d] burd5some1 ^? useful measures :i* h be5 enact$ = ! welf>e ( man4 ,9 su* cases ev5 ! lawgiv] himself w\ld decide o!rwise2 & if he _h =ese5 ! case1 he might h provid$ = x by law4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,judgm5t ,is ,r5d]$ ,p]v]se by ,be+ ,usurp$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t judgm5t is n r5d]$ p]v]se by be+ usurp$4 ,= ju/ice is rectitude 9 matt]s ( action4 ,n[ tru? is n impair$1 no matt] :o tells x1 b x may suff] f ! p]son :o ought to accept x4 ,!re=e aga9 ju/ice loses no?+1 no matt] :o decl>es :at is j1 & ?is is :at is meant by judgm5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to judgm5t to puni% s9s4 ,n[ x is relat$ to ! praise ( "s t !y puni%$ s9s )\t hav+ au?ority ov] ^? :om !y puni%$2 su* z ,moses 9 slay+ ! ,egyptian 7,ex4 #b3ab71 & ,ph9ees ! son ( ,eleaz> 9 slay+ ,zambri ! son ( ,salu 7,num4 #be3g-ad71 & x 0 reput$ to him unto ju/ice 7,ps4 #aje3ca74 ,!re=e usurpation ( judgm5t p]ta9s n to inju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 spiritual p[] is di/9ct f temporal4 ,n[ prelates hav+ spiritual p[] sometimes int]f]e 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! secul> p[]4 ,!re=e usurp$ judgm5t is n unlawful4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ev5 z ! judge requires au?ority 9 ord] to judge aright1 s also does he ne$ ju/ice & k1 z %[n above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a1 #c2 ,a4 #b74 ,b a judgm5t is n describ$ z unju/1 if he :o judges lacks ! habit ( ju/ice or ! k ( ! law4 ,nei!r !re=e is x always unju/ to judge by usurpation1 i4e4 )\t au?ority4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #ad3d73 ,:o art ?\ t judge/ ano!r man's s]vant8 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce judgm5t %\ld be pron\nc$ accord+ to ! writt5 law1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e71 he t pron\nces judgm5t1 int]prets1 9 a way1 ! lett] ( ! law1 by apply+ x to "s p>ticul> case4 ,n[ s9ce x belongs to ! same au?ority to int]pret & to make a law1 j z a law _c be made save by public au?ority1 s nei!r c a judgm5t be pron\nc$ except by public au?ority1 :i* ext5ds ov] ^? :o are subject to ! community4 ,:]e=e ev5 z x w\ld be unju/ = "o man to =ce ano!r to obs]ve a law t 0 n approv$ by public au?ority1 s too x is unju/1 if a man compels ano!r to submit to a judgm5t t is pron\nc$ by o!r ?an ! public au?ority4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 ! tru? is decl>$ !re is no obligation to accept x1 & ea* "o is free to receive x or n1 z he wi%es4 ,on ! o!r h& judgm5t implies an obligation1 :]e=e x is unju/ = anyone to be judg$ by "o :o has no public au?ority4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,moses seems to h sla9 ! ,egyptian by au?ority receiv$ z x 71 by div9e inspiration2 ?is seems to foll[ f ,acts #g3bd1 #be1 :]e x is said t /rik+ ! ,egyptian 4 4 4 he ?\ght t 8 bre?r5 und]/ood t ,god by 8 h& w\ld save ,israel ,vulg43 '!m'4 ,or x may be repli$ t ,moses slew ! ,egyptian 9 ord] to def5d ! man :o 0 unju/ly attack$1 )\t himself exce$+ ! limits ( a blameless def5ce4 ,:]e=e ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #cf7 t :oev] does n w>d (f a bl[ f a fell[ man :5 he c1 is z mu* 9 fault z ! /rik]2 & he quotes ! example ( ,moses4 ,aga9 we may reply ) ,augu/9e 7,,qq4 ,exod4 qu4 #b7 99,cf4 ,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #gj t j z ! soil gives pro( ( its f]tility by produc+ useless h]bs be=e ! useful se$s h gr[n1 s ?is de$ ( ,moses 0 s9ful al?\gh x gave a sign ( great f]tility1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z x 0 a sign ( ! p[] :]eby he 0 to deliv] 8 p4 ,) reg>d to ,ph9ees ! reply is t he did ?is out ( zeal = ,god by ,div9e inspiration2 or because ?\gh n z yet high-prie/1 he 0 nev]!less ! high-prie/'s son1 & ?is judgm5t 0 8 conc]n z ( ! o!r judges1 to :om ?is 0 comm&$ 99,ex4 #bb3bj2 ,lev4 #bj2 ,deut4 #ac1 #ag4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! secul> p[] is subject to ! spiritual1 ev5 z ! body is subject to ! s\l4 ,consequ5tly ! judgm5t is n usurp$ if ! spiritual au?ority int]f]es 9 ^? temporal matt]s t are subject to ! spiritual au?ority or :i* h be5 committ$ to ! spiritual by ! temporal au?ority4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! habits ( k & ju/ice are p]fections ( ! individual1 & consequ5tly _! abs5ce does n make a judgm5t to be usurp$1 z 9 ! abs5ce ( public au?ority :i* gives a judgm5t its co]cive =ce4 ,,"q #fa ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ju/ice 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! p>ts ( ju/ice2 7#a7 ! subjective p>ts1 :i* are ! species ( ju/ice1 i4e4 di/ributive & commutative ju/ice2 7#b7 ! quasi-integral p>ts2 7#c7 ! quasi-pot5tial p>ts1 i4e4 ! virtues connect$ ) ju/ice4 ,! fir/ consid]ation w be tw(old3 7#a7 ,! p>ts ( ju/ice2 7#b7 _! opposite vices4 ,& s9ce re/itution w\ld seem to be an act ( commutative ju/ice1 we mu/ consid] 7#a7 ! di/9ction betwe5 commutative & di/ributive ju/ice2 7#b7 re/itution4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re are two species ( ju/ice1 viz4 di/ributive & commutative8 7#b7 ,:e!r 9 ei!r case ! mean is take 9 ! same way8 7#c7 ,:e!r _! matt] is uni=m or manifold8 7#d7 ,:e!r 9 any ( ^! species ! j is ! same z c\nt]-passion8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,two ,species ( ,ju/ice ,are ,suitably ,assign$1 ,viz4 ,commutative & ,di/ributive8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! two species ( ju/ice are unsuitably assign$1 viz4 di/ributive & commutative4 ,t :i* is hurtful to ! _m _c be a species ( ju/ice1 s9ce ju/ice is direct$ to ! common good4 ,n[ x is hurtful to ! common good ( ! _m1 if ! goods ( ! community are di/ribut$ among _m1 bo? because ! goods ( ! community w\ld be exhau/$1 & because ! morals ( m5 w\ld be corrupt$4 ,= ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 ii1 #ae73 ,he :o receives becomes worse1 & ! m ready to expect t he w receive aga94 ,!re=e di/ribution does n belong to any species ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! act ( ju/ice is to r5d] to ea* "o :at is 8 own1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #b74 ,b :5 ?+s are di/ribut$1 a man does n receive :at 0 81 b becomes possess$ ( some?+ :i* belong$ to ! community4 ,!re=e ?is does n p]ta9 to ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice is n only 9 ! sov]eign1 b also 9 ! subject1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #f74 ,b x belongs exclusively to ! sov]eign to di/ribute4 ,!re=e di/ribution does n always belong to ju/ice4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,di/ributive ju/ice reg>ds common goods 7,e?ic4 v1 #d74 ,n[ matt]s reg>d+ ! community p]ta9 to legal ju/ice4 ,!re=e di/ributive ju/ice is a "p1 n ( p>ticul>1 b ( legal ju/ice4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 unity or multitude d n *ange ! species ( a virtue4 ,n[ commutative ju/ice consi/s 9 r5d]+ some?+ to "o p]son1 :ile di/ributive ju/ice consi/s 9 giv+ some?+ to _m4 ,!re=e !y are n diff]5t species ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] assigns two p>ts to ju/ice & says 7,e?ic4 v1 #b7 t "o directs di/ributions1 ! o!r1 commutations4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,,aa4 #g1 #h71 p>ticul> ju/ice is direct$ to ! private individual1 :o is comp>$ to ! community z a "p to ! :ole4 ,n[ a tw(old ord] may be consid]$ 9 relation to a "p4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ! ord] ( "o "p to ano!r1 to :i* corresponds ! ord] ( "o private individual to ano!r4 ,?is ord] is direct$ by commutative ju/ice1 :i* is conc]n$ ab\t ! mutual deal+s betwe5 two p]sons4 ,9 ! second place !re is ! ord] ( ! :ole t[>ds ! p>ts1 to :i* corresponds ! ord] ( t :i* belongs to ! community 9 relation to ea* s+le p]son4 ,?is ord] is direct$ by di/ributive ju/ice1 :i* di/ributes common goods proportionately4 ,h5ce !re are two species ( ju/ice1 di/ributive & commutative4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z a private individual is prais$ = mod]ation 9 8 b\nty1 & blam$ = excess !re91 s too ought mod]ation to be obs]v$ 9 ! di/ribution ( common goods1 :]e9 di/ributive ju/ice directs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 z "p & :ole are some:at ! same1 s too t :i* p]ta9s to ! :ole1 p]ta9s some:at to ! "p also3 s t :5 ! goods ( ! community are di/ribut$ among a numb] ( individuals ea* "o receives t :i*1 9 a way1 is 8 own4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! act ( di/ribut+ ! goods ( ! community1 belongs to none b ^? :o ex]cise au?ority ov] ^? goods2 & yet di/ributive ju/ice is also 9 ! subjects to :om ^? goods are di/ribut$ 9 s f> z !y are cont5t$ by a j di/ribution4 ,moreov] di/ribution ( common goods is sometimes made n to ! /ate b to ! memb]s ( a family1 & su* di/ribution c be made by au?ority ( a private individual4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,movem5t takes its species f ! t]m :]eunto4 ,h5ce x belongs to legal ju/ice to direct to ! common good ^? matt]s :i* conc]n private individuals3 :]eas on ! contr>y x belongs to p>ticul> ju/ice to direct ! common good to p>ticul> individuals by way ( di/ribution4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,di/ributive & commutative ju/ice diff] n only 9 respect ( unity & multitude1 b also 9 respect ( diff]5t k9ds ( due3 because common prop]ty is due to an individual 9 "o way1 & 8 p]sonal prop]ty 9 ano!r way4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,mean ,is to ,be ,obs]v$ 9 ! ,same ,way 9 ,di/ributive ,z 9 ,commutative ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! mean 9 di/ributive ju/ice is to be obs]v$ 9 ! same way z 9 commutative ju/ice4 ,= ea* ( ^! is a k9d ( p>ticul> ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! mean is tak5 9 ! same way 9 all ! p>ts ( temp]ance or =titude4 ,!re=e ! mean %\ld also be obs]v$ 9 ! same way 9 bo? di/ributive & commutative ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! =m ( a moral virtue consi/s 9 obs]v+ ! mean :i* is det]m9$ 9 accordance ) reason4 ,s9ce1 !n1 "o virtue has "o =m1 x seems t ! mean = bo? %\ld be ! same4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ord] to obs]ve ! mean 9 di/ributive ju/ice we h to consid] ! v>i\s des]ts ( p]sons4 ,n[ a p]son's des]ts are consid]$ also 9 commutative ju/ice1 = in/ance1 9 puni%m5ts2 ?us a man :o /rikes a pr9ce is puni%$ m ?an "o :o /rikes a private individual4 ,!re=e ! mean is obs]v$ 9 ! same way 9 bo? k9ds ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #c1 #d7 t ! mean 9 di/ributive ju/ice is obs]v$ accord+ to geometrical proportion1 :]eas 9 commutative ju/ice x foll[s ari?metical proportion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 9 di/ributive ju/ice some?+ is giv5 to a private individual1 9 s f> z :at belongs to ! :ole is due to ! "p1 & 9 a quantity t is proportionate to ! importance ( ! position ( t "p 9 respect ( ! :ole4 ,consequ5tly 9 di/ributive ju/ice a p]son receives all ! m ( ! common goods1 accord+ z he holds a m prom95t position 9 ! community4 ,?is prom95ce 9 an ari/ocratic community is gaug$ accord+ to virtue1 9 an olig>*y accord+ to weal?1 9 a democracy accord+ to lib]ty1 & 9 v>i\s ways accord+ to v>i\s =ms ( community4 ,h5ce 9 di/ributive ju/ice ! mean is obs]v$1 n accord+ to equality betwe5 ?+ & ?+1 b accord+ to proportion betwe5 ?+s & p]sons3 9 su* a way t ev5 z "o p]son surpasses ano!r1 s t :i* is giv5 to "o p]son surpasses t :i* is allott$ to ano!r4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #c1 #d7 t ! mean 9 ! latt] case foll[s geometrical proportion1 :]e9 equality dep5ds n on quantity b on proportion4 ,= example we say t #f is to #d z #c is to #b1 because 9 ei!r case ! proportion equals #a2 s9ce ! great] numb] is ! sum ( ! less] plus its half3 :]eas ! equality ( excess is n "o ( quantity1 because #f exce$s #d by #b1 :ile #c exce$s #b by #a4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 commutations some?+ is paid to an individual on acc\nt ( some?+ ( 8 t has be5 receiv$1 z may be se5 *iefly 9 sell+ & buy+1 :]e ! notion ( commutation is f\nd prim>ily4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to equalize ?+ ) ?+1 s t ! "o p]son %\ld pay back to ! o!r j s mu* z he has become ri*] out ( t :i* belong$ to ! o!r4 ,! result ( ?is w be equality accord+ to ! ari?metical mean :i* is gaug$ accord+ to equal excess 9 quantity4 ,?us #e is ! mean betwe5 #f & #d1 s9ce x exce$s ! latt] & is exce$$ by ! =m]1 by #a4 ,accord+ly if1 at ! />t1 bo? p]sons h #e1 & "o ( !m receives #a out ( ! o!r's belong+s1 ! "o t is ! receiv]1 w h #f1 & ! o!r w be left ) #d3 & s !re w be ju/ice if bo? be br\ght back to ! mean1 #a be+ tak5 f him t has #f1 & giv5 to him t has #d1 = !n bo? w h #e :i* is ! mean4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! o!r moral virtues ! rational1 n ! real mean1 is to be foll[$3 b ju/ice foll[s ! real mean2 :]e=e ! mean1 9 ju/ice1 dep5ds on ! div]sity ( ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,equality is ! g5]al =m ( ju/ice1 :]e9 di/ributive & commutative ju/ice agree3 b 9 "o we f9d equality ( geometrical proportion1 :]eas 9 ! o!r we f9d equality ( ari?metical proportion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 actions & passions a p]son's /ation affects ! quantity ( a ?+3 = x is a great] injury to /rike a pr9ce ?an a private p]son4 ,h5ce 9 di/ributive ju/ice a p]son's /ation is consid]$ 9 itself1 :]eas 9 commutative ju/ice x is consid]$ 9 s f> z x causes a div]sity ( ?+s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,is a ,diff]5t ,matt] = ,bo? ,k9ds ( ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is n a diff]5t matt] = bo? k9ds ( ju/ice4 ,div]sity ( matt] causes div]sity ( virtue1 z 9 ! case ( =titude & temp]ance4 ,!re=e1 if di/ributive & commutative ju/ice h diff]5t matt]s1 x w\ld seem t !y are n compris$ "u ! same virtue1 viz4 ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! di/ribution t has to d ) di/ributive ju/ice is "o ( weal? or ( honors1 or ( :atev] c be di/ribut$ among ! memb]s ( ! community 7,e?ic4 v1 #b71 :i* v ?+s are ! subject matt] ( commutations betwe5 "o p]son & ano!r1 & ?is belongs to commutative ju/ice4 ,!re=e ! matt]s ( di/ributive & commutative ju/ice are n di/9ct4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! matt] ( di/ributive ju/ice diff]s f t ( commutative ju/ice1 = ! reason t !y diff] specifically1 :]e !re is no specific diff]5ce1 !re ought to be no div]sity ( matt]4 ,n[ ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #b7 reckons commutative ju/ice z "o species1 & yet ?is has _m k9ds ( matt]4 ,!re=e ! matt] ( ^! species ( ju/ice is1 seem+ly1 n ( _m k9ds4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #b t "o k9d ( ju/ice directs di/ributions1 & ano!r commutations4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ea1 ,,aa4 #h1 #aj71 ju/ice is ab\t c]ta9 ext]nal op]ations1 namely di/ribution & commutation4 ,^! consi/ 9 ! use ( c]ta9 ext]nals1 :e!r ?+s1 p]sons or ev5 works3 ( ?+s1 z :5 "o man takes f or re/ores to ano!r t :i* is 82 ( p]sons1 z :5 a man does an injury to ! v p]son ( ano!r1 = in/ance by /rik+ or insult+ him1 or ev5 by %[+ respect = him2 & ( works1 z :5 a man ju/ly exacts a "w ( ano!r1 or does a "w = him4 ,accord+ly1 if we take = ! matt] ( ea* k9d ( ju/ice ! ?+s !mselves ( :i* ! op]ations are ! use1 ! matt] ( di/ributive & commutative ju/ice is ! same1 s9ce ?+s c be di/ribut$ out ( ! common prop]ty to individuals1 & be ! subject ( commutation betwe5 "o p]son & ano!r2 & aga9 !re is a c]ta9 di/ribution & paym5t ( labori\s works4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we take = ! matt] ( bo? k9ds ( ju/ice ! pr9cipal actions !mselves1 :]eby we make use ( p]sons1 ?+s1 & works1 !re is !n a diff]5ce ( matt] betwe5 !m4 ,= di/ributive ju/ice directs di/ributions1 :ile commutative ju/ice directs commutations t c take place betwe5 two p]sons4 ,( ^! "s are involunt>y1 "s volunt>y4 ,!y are involunt>y :5 anyone uses ano!r man's *attel1 p]son1 or "w aga9/ 8 w1 & ?is may be done secretly by fraud1 or op5ly by viol5ce4 ,9 ei!r case ! (f5ce may be committ$ aga9/ ! o!r man's *attel or p]son1 or aga9/ a p]son connect$ ) him4 ,if ! (f5ce is aga9/ 8 *attel & ?is be tak5 secretly1 x is call$ !ft1 if op5ly1 x is call$ robb]y4 ,if x be aga9/ ano!r man's p]son1 x may affect ei!r ! v sub/ance ( 8 p]son1 or 8 dignity4 ,if x be aga9/ ! sub/ance ( 8 p]son1 a man is injur$ secretly if he is trea*]\sly sla91 /ruck or poison$1 & op5ly1 if he is publicly sla91 imprison$1 /ruck or maim$4 ,if x be aga9/ 8 p]sonal dignity1 a man is injur$ secretly by false witness1 detractions & s =?1 :]eby he is depriv$ ( 8 good "n1 & op5ly1 by be+ accus$ 9 a c\rt ( law1 or by public insult4 ,if x be aga9/ a p]sonal connection1 a man is injur$ 9 ! p]son ( 8 wife1 secretly 7= ! mo/ "p7 by adult]y1 9 ! p]son ( 8 slave1 if ! latt] be induc$ to leave 8 ma/]3 :i* ?+s c also be done op5ly4 ,! same applies to o!r p]sonal connections1 & :atev] injury may be committ$ aga9/ ! pr9cipal1 may be committ$ aga9/ !m also4 ,adult]y1 h[ev]1 & induc+ a slave to leave 8 ma/] are prop]ly injuries aga9/ ! p]son2 yet ! latt]1 s9ce a slave is 8 ma/]'s *attel1 is ref]r$ to !ft4 ,volunt>y commutations are :5 a man volunt>ily transf]s 8 *attel to ano!r p]son4 ,& if he transf] x simply s t ! recipi5t incurs no debt1 z 9 ! case ( gifts1 x is an act1 n ( ju/ice b ( lib]ality4 ,a volunt>y transf] belongs to ju/ice 9 s f> z x includes ! notion ( debt1 & ?is may occur 9 _m ways4 ,fir/ :5 "o man simply transf]s 8 ?+ to ano!r 9 ex*ange = ano!r ?+1 z happ5s 9 sell+ & buy+4 ,secondly :5 a man transf]s 8 ?+ to ano!r1 t ! latt] may h ! use ( x ) ! obligation ( return+ x to its own]4 ,if he grant ! use ( a ?+ gratuit\sly1 x is call$ usufruct 9 ?+s t be> fruit2 & simply borr[+ on loan 9 ?+s t be> no fruit1 su* z money1 pott]y1 etc42 b if n ev5 ! use is grant$ gratis1 x is call$ lett+ or hir+4 ,?irdly1 a man transf]s 8 ?+ ) ! int5tion ( recov]+ x1 n = ! purpose ( its use1 b t x may be kept safe1 z 9 a deposit1 or "u "s obligation1 z :5 a man pl$ges 8 prop]ty1 or :5 "o man /&s security = ano!r4 ,9 all ^! actions1 :e!r volunt>y or involunt>y1 ! mean is tak5 9 ! same way accord+ to ! equality ( repaym5t4 ,h5ce all ^! actions belong to ! "o same species ( ju/ice1 namely commutative ju/ice4 ,& ?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,j ,is ,absolutely ! ,same ,z ,retaliation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! j is absolutely ! same z retaliation4 ,= ! judgm5t ( ,god is absolutely j4 ,n[ ! judgm5t ( ,god is su* t a man has to suff] 9 proportion ) 8 de$s1 accord+ to ,matt4 #g3b3 ,) :at measure y judge1 y %all be judg$3 & ) :at measure y mete1 x %all be measur$ to y aga94 ,!re=e ! j is absolutely ! same z retaliation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ei!r k9d ( ju/ice some?+ is giv5 to someone accord+ to a k9d ( equality4 ,9 di/ributive ju/ice ?is equality reg>ds p]sonal dignity1 :i* w\ld seem to dep5d *iefly on :at a p]son has done = ! good ( ! community2 :ile 9 commutative ju/ice x reg>ds ! ?+ 9 :i* a p]son has suff]$ loss4 ,n[ 9 respect ( ei!r equality !re is retaliation 9 respect ( ! de$ committ$4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! j is absolutely ! same z retaliation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! *ief argum5t aga9/ retaliation is bas$ on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! volunt>y & ! involunt>y2 = he :o does an injury involunt>ily is less sev]ely puni%$4 ,n[ volunt>y & involunt>y tak5 9 relation to ourselves1 d n div]sify ! mean ( ju/ice s9ce ?is is ! real mean & does n dep5d on u4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! j is absolutely ! same z retaliation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] proves 7,e?ic4 v1 #e7 t ! j is n always ! same z retaliation4 ,i answ] t1 ,retaliation 7contrapassum7 d5otes equal passion repaid = previ\s action2 & ! expression applies mo/ prop]ly to injuri\s passions & actions1 :]eby a man h>ms ! p]son ( 8 neighbor2 = in/ance if a man /rike1 t he be /ruck back4 ,?is k9d ( j is laid d[n 9 ! ,law 7,ex4 #ba3bc1 #bd73 ,he %all r5d] life = life1 eye = eye1 etc4 ,& s9ce also to take away :at belongs to ano!r is to d an unju/ ?+1 x foll[s t secondly retaliation consi/s 9 ?is also1 t :osoev] causes loss to ano!r1 %\ld suff] loss 9 8 belong+s4 ,?is j loss is also f\nd 9 ! ,law 7,ex4 #bb3a73 ,if any man /eal an ox or a %eep1 & kill or sell x1 he %all re/ore five ox5 = "o ox & f\r %eep = "o %eep4 ,?irdly retaliation is transf]r$ to volunt>y commutations1 :]e action & passion are on bo? sides1 al?\gh volunt>9ess detracts f ! nature ( passion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #c74 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 repaym5t mu/ be made on a basis ( equality accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( commutative ju/ice1 namely t ! me$ ( passion be equal to ! action4 ,n[ !re w\ld n always be equality if passion 7 9 ! same species z ! action4 ,because1 9 ! fir/ place1 :5 a p]son injures ! p]son ( "o :o is great]1 ! action surpasses any passion ( ! same species t he might und]go1 :]e=e he t /rikes a pr9ce1 is n only /ruck back1 b is mu* m sev]ely puni%$4 ,9 l mann] :5 a man despoils ano!r ( 8 prop]ty aga9/ ! latt]'s w1 ! action surpasses ! passion if he be m]ely depriv$ ( t ?+1 because ! man :o caus$ ano!r's loss1 himself w\ld lose no?+1 & s he is puni%$ by mak+ re/itution sev]al times ov]1 because n only did he injure a private individual1 b also ! common weal1 ! security ( ^: protection he has infr+$4 ,nor aga9 w\ld !re be equality ( passion 9 volunt>y commutations1 7 "o always to ex*ange "o's *attel = ano!r man's1 because x might happ5 t ! o!r man's *attel is mu* great] ?an our own3 s t x becomes necess>y to equalize passion & action 9 commutations accord+ to a c]ta9 proportionate comm5suration1 = :i* purpose money 0 inv5t$4 ,h5ce retaliation is 9 accordance ) commutative ju/ice3 b !re is no place = x 9 di/ributive ju/ice1 because 9 di/ributive ju/ice we d n consid] ! equality betwe5 ?+ & ?+ or betwe5 passion & action 7:5ce ! expression contrapassum71 b accord+ to proportion betwe5 ?+s & p]sons1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is =m ( ! ,div9e judgm5t is 9 accordance ) ! conditions ( commutative ju/ice1 9 s f> z rew>ds are apportion$ to m]its1 & puni%m5ts to s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 a man :o has s]v$ ! community is paid = 8 s]vices1 ?is is to be ref]r$ to commutative1 n di/ributive1 ju/ice4 ,because di/ributive ju/ice consid]s ! equality1 n betwe5 ! ?+ receiv$ & ! ?+ done1 b betwe5 ! ?+ receiv$ by "o p]son & ! ?+ receiv$ by ano!r accord+ to ! respective conditions ( ^? p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 ! injuri\s action is volunt>y1 ! injury is aggravat$ & consequ5tly is consid]$ z a great] ?+4 ,h5ce x requires a great] puni%m5t 9 repaym5t1 by reason ( a diff]5ce1 n on our "p1 b on ! "p ( ! ?+4 ,,"q #fb ,,( ,,re/itution 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] re/itution1 "u :i* head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,( :at is x an act8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is always ( necessity = salvation to re/ore :at "o has tak5 away8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is necess>y to re/ore m ?an has be5 tak5 away8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is necess>y to re/ore :at "o has n tak5 away8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is necess>y to make re/itution to ! p]son f :om some?+ has be5 tak58 7#f7 ,:e!r ! p]son :o has tak5 some?+ away is b\nd to re/ore x8 7#g7 ,:e!r any o!r p]son is b\nd to re/itution8 7#h7 ,:e!r "o is b\nd to re/ore at once8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,re/itution ,is an ,act ( ,commutative ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t re/itution is n an act ( commutative ju/ice4 ,= ju/ice reg>ds ! notion ( :at is due4 ,n[ "o may re/ore1 ev5 z "o may give1 t :i* is n due4 ,!re=e re/itution is n ! act ( any "p ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* has pass$ away & is no m _c be re/or$4 ,n[ ju/ice & inju/ice are ab\t c]ta9 actions & passions1 :i* are un5dur+ & transitory4 ,!re=e re/itution w\ld n seem to be ! act ( a "p ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 re/itution is repaym5t ( some?+ tak5 away4 ,n[ some?+ may be tak5 away f a man n only 9 commutation1 b also 9 di/ribution1 z :51 9 di/ribut+1 "o gives a man less ?an 8 due4 ,!re=e re/itution is n m an act ( commutative ?an ( di/ributive ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,re/itution is oppos$ to tak+ away4 ,n[ x is an act ( commutative inju/ice to take away :at belongs to ano!r4 ,!re=e to re/ore x is an act ( t ju/ice :i* directs commutations4 ,i answ] t1 ,to re/ore is seem+ly ! same z to re9/ate a p]son 9 ! possession or dom9ion ( 8 ?+1 s t 9 re/itution we consid] ! equality ( ju/ice att5d+ ! paym5t ( "o ?+ = ano!r1 & ?is belongs to commutative ju/ice4 ,h5ce re/itution is an act ( commutative ju/ice1 occasion$ by "o p]son hav+ :at belongs to ano!r1 ei!r ) 8 cons5t1 = in/ance on loan or deposit1 or aga9/ 8 w1 z 9 robb]y or !ft4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t :i* is n due to ano!r is n 8 prop]ly speak+1 al?\gh x may h be5 8 at "s "t3 :]e=e x is a m]e gift r ?an a re/itution1 :5 anyone r5d]s to ano!r :at is n due to him4 ,x is h[ev] some:at l a re/itution1 s9ce ! ?+ itself is mat]ially ! same2 yet x is n ! same 9 respect ( ! =mal aspect ( ju/ice1 :i* consid]s t ?+ z belong+ to ?is p>ticul> man3 & s x is n re/itution prop]ly s call$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 s f> z ! ^w re/itution d5otes some?+ done ov] aga91 x implies id5tity ( object4 ,h5ce x w\ld seem orig9ally to h appli$ *iefly to ext]nal ?+s1 :i* c pass f "o p]son to ano!r1 s9ce !y rema9 ! same bo? sub/antially & 9 respect ( ! "r ( dom9ion4 ,b1 ev5 z ! t]m commutation has pass$ f su* l ?+s to ^? actions & passions :i* conf] rev]5ce or injury1 h>m or pr(it on ano!r p]son1 s too ! t]m re/itution is appli$1 to ?+s :i* ?\gh !y be transitory 9 reality1 yet rema9 9 _! effect2 :e!r ?is t\* 8 body1 z :5 ! body is hurt by be+ /ruck1 or 8 reputation1 z :5 a man rema9s defam$ or di%onor$ by injuri\s words4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,comp5sation is made by ! di/ributor to ! man to :om less 0 giv5 ?an 8 due1 by comp>ison ( ?+ ) ?+1 :5 ! latt] receives s mu* ! m accord+ z he receiv$ less ?an 8 due3 & consequ5tly x p]ta9s to commutative ju/ice4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,re/itution ( ,:at ,has ,be5 ,tak5 ,away ,is ,necess>y = ,salvation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n necess>y to re/ore :at has be5 tak5 away4 ,= t :i* is impossible is n necess>y = salvation4 ,b sometimes x is impossible to re/ore :at has be5 tak51 z :5 a man has tak5 limb or life4 ,!re=e x does n seem necess>y = salvation to re/ore :at "o has tak5 f ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! commission ( a s9 is n necess>y = salvation1 = !n a man w\ld be 9 a dilemma4 ,b sometimes x is impossible1 )\t s91 to re/ore :at has be5 tak51 z :5 "o has tak5 away ano!r's good "n by tell+ ! tru?4 ,!re=e x is n necess>y = salvation to re/ore :at "o has tak5 f ano!r4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is done _c be undone4 ,n[ sometimes a man loses 8 p]sonal honor by be+ unju/ly insult$4 ,!re=e t :i* has be5 tak5 f him _c be re/or$ to him3 s t x is n necess>y = salvation to re/ore :at "o has tak54 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 to prev5t a p]son f obta9+ a good ?+ is seem+ly ! same z to take x away f him1 s9ce to lack little is almo/ ! same z to lack no?+ at all1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,phys4 ii1 #e74 ,n[ :5 anyone prev5ts a man f obta9+ a b5efice or ! l1 seem+ly he is n b\nd to re/ore ! b5efice1 s9ce ?is w\ld be sometimes impossible4 ,!re=e x is n necess>y = salvation to re/ore :at "o has tak54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ad ,mac$4 cxliii73 ,unless a man re/ore :at he has purlo9$1 8 s9 is n =giv54 ,i answ] t1 ,re/itution z /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 is an act ( commutative ju/ice1 & ?is dem&s a c]ta9 equality4 ,:]e=e re/itution d5otes ! return ( ! ?+ unju/ly tak52 s9ce x is by giv+ x back t equality is ree/abli%$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be tak5 away ju/ly1 !re w be equality1 & s !re w be no ne$ = re/itution1 = ju/ice consi/s 9 equality4 ,s9ce !re=e ! safegu>d+ ( ju/ice is necess>y = salvation1 x foll[s t x is necess>y = salvation to re/ore :at has be5 tak5 unju/ly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 x is impossible to repay ! equival5t1 x suffices to repay :at "o c1 z 9 ! case ( honor due to ,god & our p>5ts1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ad74 ,:]e=e :5 t :i* has be5 tak5 _c be re/or$ 9 equival5t1 comp5sation %\ld be made z f> z possible3 = in/ance if "o man has depriv$ ano!r ( a limb1 he mu/ make comp5sation ei!r 9 money or 9 honor1 ! condition ( ei!r p>ty be+ duly consid]$ accord+ to ! judgm5t ( a good man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* "o may take away ano!r's good "n4 ,fir/1 by say+ :at is true1 & ?is ju/ly1 z :5 a man reveals ano!r's s91 :ile obs]v+ ! "r ord] ( s do+1 & !n he is n b\nd to re/itution4 ,secondly1 by say+ :at is untrue & unju/ly1 & !n he is b\nd to re/ore t man's good "n1 by confess+ t he told an untru?4 ,?irdly1 by say+ :at is true1 b unju/ly1 z :5 a man reveals ano!r's s9 contr>ily to ! "r ord] ( s do+1 & !n he is b\nd to re/ore 8 good "n z f> z he c1 & yet )\t tell+ an untru?2 = in/ance by say+ t he spoke ill1 or t he defam$ him unju/ly2 or if he be unable to re/ore 8 good "n1 he mu/ comp5sate him o!rwise1 ! same z 9 o!r cases1 z /at$ above 7ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! action ( ! man :o has defam$ ano!r _c be undone1 b x is possible1 by %[+ him def]5ce1 to undo its effect1 viz4 ! l[]+ ( ! o!r man's p]sonal dignity 9 ! op9ion ( o!r m54 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,!re are sev]al ways ( prev5t+ a man f obta9+ a b5efice4 ,fir/1 ju/ly3 = in/ance1 if hav+ 9 view ! honor ( ,god or ! good ( ! ,*ur*1 "o procures its be+ conf]r$ on a m wor?y subject1 & !n !re is no obligation :atev] to make re/itution or comp5sation4 ,secondly1 unju/ly1 if ! int5tion is to injure ! p]son :om "o h9d]s1 ?r\gh hatr$1 rev5ge or ! l4 ,9 ?is case1 if be=e ! b5efice has be5 def9itely assign$ to anyone1 "o prev5ts its be+ conf]r$ on a wor?y subject by c\nsel+ t x be n conf]r$ on him1 "o is b\nd to make "s comp5sation1 aft] tak+ acc\nt ( ! circum/ances ( p]sons & ?+s accord+ to ! judgm5t ( a prud5t p]son3 b "o is n b\nd 9 equival5t1 because t man _h n obta9$ ! b5efice & might h be5 prev5t$ 9 _m ways f obta9+ x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! b5efice _h already be5 assign$ to a c]ta9 p]son1 & someone1 = "s undue cause procures its revocation1 x is ! same z ?\gh he _h depriv$ a man ( :at he already possess$1 & consequ5tly he w\ld be b\nd to comp5sation 9 equival5t1 9 proportion1 h[ev]1 to 8 means4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,x ,suffices to ,re/ore ! ,exact ,am\nt ,tak58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n suffici5t to re/ore ! exact am\nt tak54 ,= x is writt5 7,ex4 #bb3a73 ,if a man %all /eal an ox or a %eep & kill or sell x1 he %all re/ore five ox5 = "o ox1 & f\r %eep = "o %eep4 ,n[ ev]yone is b\nd to keep ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,div9e law4 ,!re=e a ?ief is b\nd to re/ore f\r- or fivefold4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,:at ?+s soev] 7 writt51 7 writt5 = our le>n+ 7,rom4 #ae3d74 ,n[ ,za*aeus said 7,luke #ai3h7 to our ,"l3 ,if ,i h wrong$ any man ( any ?+1 ,i re/ore him f\rfold4 ,!re=e a man is b\nd to re/ore sev]al times ov] ! am\nt he has tak5 unju/ly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o c be unju/ly depriv$ ( :at he is n b\nd to give4 ,n[ a judge ju/ly deprives a ?ief ( m ?an ! am\nt ( 8 !ft1 "u ! head ( damages4 ,!re=e a man is b\nd to pay x1 & consequ5tly x is n suffici5t to re/ore ! exact am\nt4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,re/itution re-e/abli%es equality :]e an unju/ tak+ has caus$ inequality4 ,n[ equality is re/or$ by repay+ ! exact am\nt tak54 ,!re=e !re is no obligation to re/ore m ?an ! exact am\nt tak54 ,i answ] t1 ,:5 a man takes ano!r's ?+ unju/ly1 two ?+s mu/ be consid]$4 ,"o is ! inequality on ! "p ( ! ?+1 :i* inequality is sometimes void ( inju/ice1 z is ! case 9 loans4 ,! o!r is ! s9 ( inju/ice1 :i* is consi/5t ) equality on ! "p ( ! ?+1 z :5 a p]son int5ds to use viol5ce b fails4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 ! rem$y is appli$ by mak+ re/itution1 s9ce !reby equality is re-e/abli%$2 & = ?is x is en\gh t a man re/ore j s mu* z he has belong+ to ano!r4 ,b z reg>ds ! s91 ! rem$y is appli$ by puni%m5t1 ! infliction ( :i* belongs to ! judge3 & s1 until a man is condemn$ by ! judge1 he is n b\nd to re/ore m ?an he took1 b :5 once he is condemn$1 he is b\nd to pay ! p5alty4 ,h5ce x is cle> h[ to answ] ! ,fir/ ,objection3 because ?is law fixes ! puni%m5t to be inflict$ by ! judge4 ,nor is ?is comm&m5t to be kept n[1 because s9ce ! com+ ( ,*ri/ no man is b\nd to keep ! judicial precepts1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,a4 #c74 ,nev]!less ! same might be det]m9$ by human law1 & !n ! same answ] w\ld apply4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,za*aeus said ?is be+ will+ to d m ?an he 0 b\nd to d2 h5ce he _h said already3 ,behold 4 4 4 ! half ( my goods ,i give to ! poor4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,by condemn+ ! man ju/ly1 ! judge c exact m by way ( damages2 & yet ?is 0 n due be=e ! s5t5ce4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,man ,is ,b\nd to ,re/ore ,:at ,he ,has ,n ,tak58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man is b\nd to re/ore :at he has n tak54 ,= he t has inflict$ a loss on a man is b\nd to remove t loss4 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t ! loss su/a9$ is great] ?an ! ?+ tak53 = in/ance1 if y dig up a man's se$s1 y inflict on ! s[] a loss equal to ! com+ h>ve/1 & ?us y w\ld seem to be b\nd to make re/itution accord+ly4 ,!re=e a man is b\nd to re/ore :at he has n tak54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he :o reta9s 8 cr$itor's money beyond ! /at$ "t1 w\ld seem to occasion 8 loss ( all 8 possible pr(its f t money1 & yet he does n really take !m4 ,!re=e x seems t a man is b\nd to re/ore :at he did n take4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 human ju/ice is d]iv$ f ,div9e ju/ice4 ,n[ a man is b\nd to re/ore to ,god m ?an he has receiv$ f ,him1 accord+ to ,matt4 #be3bf1 ,?\ knewe/ t ,i reap :]e ,i s[ n1 & ga!r :]e ,i h n /rew$4 ,!re=e x is j t "o %\ld re/ore to a man also1 some?+ t "o has n tak54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,re/itution belongs to ju/ice1 because x re-e/abli%es equality4 ,b if "o 7 to re/ore :at "o did n take1 !re w\ld n be equality4 ,!re=e x is n j to make su* a re/itution4 ,i answ] t1 ,:oev] br+s a loss ^u ano!r p]son1 seem+ly1 takes f him ! am\nt ( ! loss1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #d7 loss is s call$ f a man hav+ less99 ?an 8 due4 99,! d]ivation is m app>5t 9 ,engli% ?an 9 ,lat91 :]e damnum /&s = loss1 & m9us = less4 ,ari/otle m]ely says t to h m ?an y\r own is call$ ga91 & to h less ?an y />t$ ) is call$ loss4 ,!re=e a man is b\nd to make re/itution accord+ to ! loss he has br\ght ^u ano!r4 ,n[ a man suff]s a loss 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by be+ depriv$ ( :at he actually has2 & a loss ( ?is k9d is always to be made good by repaym5t 9 equival5t3 = in/ance if a man damnifies ano!r by de/roy+ 8 h\se he is b\nd to pay him ! value ( ! h\se4 ,secondly1 a man may damnify ano!r by prev5t+ him f obta9+ :at he 0 on ! way to obta94 ,a loss ( ?is k9d ne$ n be made good 9 equival5t2 because to h a ?+ virtually is less ?an to h x actually1 & to be on ! way to obta9 a ?+ is to h x m]ely virtually or pot5tially1 & s 7 he to be indemnifi$ by receiv+ ! ?+ actually1 he w\ld be paid1 n ! exact value tak5 f him1 b m1 & ?is is n necess>y = salvation1 z /at$ above4 ,h[ev] he is b\nd to make "s comp5sation1 accord+ to ! condition ( p]sons & ?+s4 ,f ?is we see h[ to answ] ! ,fir/ & ,second ,objections3 because ! s[] ( ! se$ 9 ! field1 has ! h>ve/1 n actually b only virtually4 ,9 l mann] he t has money has ! pr(it n yet actually b only virtually3 & bo? may be h9d]$ 9 _m ways4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god requires no?+ f u b :at ,he ,himself has s[n 9 u4 ,h5ce ?is say+ is to be und]/ood z express+ ei!r ! %ameful ?\ght ( ! lazy s]vant1 :o deem$ t he _h receiv$ no?+ f ! o!r1 or ! fact t ,god expects f u ! fruit ( ,8 gifts1 :i* fruit is f ,him & f u1 al?\gh ! gifts !mselves are f ,god )\t u4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,re/itution ,mu/ ,always ,be ,made to ! ,p]son f ,:om a ,?+ ,has ,be5 ,tak58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t re/itution ne$ n always be made to ! p]son f :om a ?+ has be5 tak54 ,= x is n lawful to injure anyone4 ,n[ x w\ld sometimes be injuri\s to ! man himself1 or to o!rs1 7 "o to re/ore to him :at has be5 tak5 f him2 if1 = in/ance1 "o 7 to return a madman 8 sword4 ,!re=e re/itution ne$ n always be made to ! p]son f :om a ?+ has be5 tak54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if a man has giv5 a ?+ unlawfully1 he does n des]ve to recov] x4 ,n[ sometimes a man gives unlawfully t :i* ano!r accepts unlawfully1 z 9 ! case ( ! giv] & receiv] :o are guilty ( simony4 ,!re=e x is n always necess>y to make re/itution to ! p]son f :om "o has tak5 some?+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no man is b\nd to d :at is impossible4 ,n[ x is sometimes impossible to make re/itution to ! p]son f :om a ?+ has be5 tak51 ei!r because he is dead1 or because he is too f> away1 or because he is unkn[n to u4 ,!re=e re/itution ne$ n always be made to ! p]son f :om a ?+ has be5 tak54 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 we owe m comp5sation to "o f :om we h receiv$ a great] favor4 ,n[ we h receiv$ great] favors f o!rs 7our p>5ts = in/ance7 ?an f a l5d] or depositor4 ,!re=e sometimes we ought to succor "s o!r p]son r ?an make re/itution to "o f :om we h tak5 some?+4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x is useless to re/ore a ?+ :i* rev]ts to ! re/or] by be+ re/or$4 ,n[ if a prelate has unju/ly tak5 some?+ f ! ,*ur* & makes re/itution to ! ,*ur*1 x rev]ts into 8 h&s1 s9ce he is ! gu>dian ( ! ,*ur*'s prop]ty4 ,!re=e he ought n to re/ore to ! ,*ur* f :om he has tak53 & s re/itution %\ld n always be made to ! p]son f :om some?+ has be5 tak5 away4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #ac3g73 ,r5d] 4 4 4 to all m5 _! dues2 tribute to :om tribute is due1 cu/om to :om cu/om4 ,i answ] t1 ,re/itution re-e/abli%es ! equality ( commutative ju/ice1 :i* equality consi/s 9 ! equaliz+ ( ?+ to ?+1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #aj74 ,n[ ?is equaliz+ ( ?+s is impossible1 unless he t has less ?an 8 due receive :at is lack+ to him3 & = ?is to be done1 re/itution mu/ be made to ! p]son f :om a ?+ has be5 tak54 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 ! ?+ to be re/or$ appe>s to be griev\sly injuri\s to ! p]son to :om x is to be re/or$1 or to "s o!r1 x %\ld n be re/or$ to him !re & !n1 because re/itution is direct$ to ! good ( ! p]son to :om x is made1 s9ce all possessions come "u ! head ( ! useful4 ,yet he :o reta9s ano!r's prop]ty mu/ n appropriate x1 b mu/ ei!r res]ve x1 t he may re/ore x at a fitt+ "t1 or h& x ov] to ano!r to keep x m securely4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a p]son may give a ?+ unlawfully 9 two ways4 ,fir/ ?r\gh ! giv+ itself be+ illicit & aga9/ ! law1 z is ! case :5 a man gives a ?+ simoniacally4 ,su* a man des]ves to lose :at he gave1 :]e=e re/itution %\ld n be made to him3 &1 s9ce ! receiv] act$ aga9/ ! law 9 receiv+1 he mu/ n reta9 ! price1 b mu/ use x = "s pi\s object4 ,secondly a man gives unlawfully1 ?r\gh giv+ = an unlawful purpose1 albeit ! giv+ itself is n unlawful1 z :5 a woman receives paym5t = =nication3 :]e=e %e may keep :at %e has receiv$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 %e has extort$ ov]mu* by fraud or deceit1 %e w\ld be b\nd to re/itution4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ! p]son to :om re/itution is due is unkn[n altoge!r1 re/itution mu/ be made z f> z possible1 = in/ance by giv+ an alms = 8 spiritual welf>e 7:e!r he be dead or liv+73 b n )\t previ\sly mak+ a c>eful inquiry ab\t 8 p]son4 ,if ! p]son to :om re/itution is due be dead1 re/itution %\ld be made to 8 heir1 :o is look$ ^u z "o ) him4 ,if he be v f> away1 :at is due to him %\ld be s5t to him1 especially if x be ( great value & c easily be s5t3 else x %\ld be deposit$ 9 a safe place to be kept = him1 & ! own] %\ld be advis$ ( ! fact4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a man is b\nd1 out ( 8 own prop]ty1 to succor 8 p>5ts1 or ^? f :om he has receiv$ great] b5efits2 b he ought n to comp5sate a b5efactor out ( :at belongs to o!rs2 & he w\ld be do+ ?is if he 7 to comp5sate "o ) :at is due to ano!r4 ,exception mu/ be made 9 cases ( extreme ne$1 = !n he c\ld & %\ld ev5 take :at belongs to ano!r 9 ord] to succor a p>5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* a prelate c rob ! ,*ur* ( h] prop]ty4 ,fir/ by lay+ h&s on ,*ur* prop]ty :i* is committ$1 n to him b to ano!r2 = in/ance1 if a bi%op appropriates ! prop]ty ( ! *apt]4 ,9 su* a case x is cle> t he is b\nd to re/itution1 by h&+ x ov] to ^? :o are its lawful own]s4 ,secondly by transf]r+ to ano!r p]son 7= in/ance a relative or a fri5d7 ,*ur* prop]ty committ$ to himself3 9 :i* case he mu/ make re/itution to ! ,*ur*1 & h x "u 8 own c>e1 s z to h& x ov] to 8 successor4 ,?irdly1 a prelate may lay h&s on ,*ur* prop]ty1 m]ely 9 int5tion1 :51 to wit1 he beg9s to h a m9d to hold x z 8 own & n 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur*3 9 :i* case he mu/ make re/itution by r5\nc+ 8 int5tion4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,he ,t ,has ,tak5 a ,?+ ,is ,always ,b\nd to ,re/itution8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t he :o has tak5 a ?+ is n always b\nd to re/ore x4 ,re/itution re-e/abli%es ! equality ( ju/ice1 by tak+ away f him t has m & giv+ to him t has less4 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t he :o has tak5 t :i* belongs to ano!r1 no long] has x1 ?r\gh its hav+ pass$ into ano!r's h&s4 ,!re=e x %\ld be re/or$1 n by ! p]son t took x1 b by ! "o t has x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no man is b\nd to reveal 8 own crime4 ,b by mak+ re/itution a man w\ld sometimes reveal 8 crime1 z 9 ! case ( !ft4 ,!re=e he t has tak5 a ?+ is n always b\nd to re/itution4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ %\ld n be re/or$ sev]al times4 ,n[ sometimes sev]al p]sons take a ?+ at ! same "t1 & "o ( !m re/ores x 9 its entirety4 ,!re=e he t takes a ?+ is n always b\nd to re/itution4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,he t has s9n$ is b\nd to satisfaction4 ,n[ re/itution belongs to satisfaction4 ,!re=e he t has tak5 a ?+ is b\nd to re/ore x4 ,i answ] t1 ,) reg>d to a man :o has tak5 ano!r's prop]ty1 two po9ts mu/ be consid]$3 ! ?+ tak51 & ! tak+4 ,by reason ( ! ?+ tak51 he is b\nd to re/ore x z long z he has x 9 8 possession1 s9ce ! ?+ t he has 9 addition to :at is 81 %\ld be tak5 away f him1 & giv5 to him :o lacks x accord+ to ! =m ( commutative ju/ice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tak+ ( ! ?+ t is ano!r's prop]ty1 may be ?reefold4 ,= sometimes x is injuri\s1 i4e4 aga9/ ! w ( ! own]1 z 9 !ft & robb]y3 9 :i* case ! ?ief is b\nd to re/itution n only by reason ( ! ?+1 b also by reason ( ! injuri\s action1 ev5 ?\gh ! ?+ is no long] 9 8 possession4 ,= j z a man :o /rikes ano!r1 ?\gh he ga9 no?+ !reby1 is b\nd to comp5sate ! injur$ p]son1 s too he t is guilty ( !ft or robb]y1 is b\nd to make comp5sation = ! loss incurr$1 al?\gh he be no bett] (f2 & 9 addition he mu/ be puni%$ = ! inju/ice committ$4 ,secondly1 a man takes ano!r's prop]ty = 8 own pr(it b )\t committ+ an injury1 i4e4 ) ! cons5t ( ! own]1 z 9 ! case ( a loan3 & !n1 ! tak] is b\nd to re/itution1 n only by reason ( ! ?+1 b also by reason ( ! tak+1 ev5 if he has lo/ ! ?+3 = he is b\nd to comp5sate ! p]son :o has done him a favor1 & he w\ld n be do+ s if ! latt] 7 to lose !reby4 ,?irdly1 a man takes ano!r's prop]ty )\t injury to ! latt] or pr(it to himself1 z 9 ! case ( a deposit2 :]e=e he t takes a ?+ ?us1 incurs no obligation on acc\nt ( ! tak+1 9 fact by tak+ he grants a favor2 b he is b\nd to re/itution on acc\nt ( ! ?+ tak54 ,consequ5tly if ?is ?+ be tak5 f him )\t any fault on 8 "p1 he is n b\nd to re/itution1 al?\gh he w\ld be1 if he 7 to lose ! ?+ ?r\gh a griev\s fault on 8 "p4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! *ief end ( re/itution is1 n t he :o has m ?an 8 due may cease to h x1 b t he :o has less ?an 8 due may be comp5sat$4 ,:]e=e !re is no place = re/itution 9 ^? ?+s :i* "o man may receive f ano!r )\t loss to ! latt]1 z :5 a p]son takes a light f ano!r's c&le4 ,consequ5tly al?\gh he t has tak5 some?+ f ano!r1 may h ceas$ to h :at he took1 ?r\gh hav+ transf]r$ x to ano!r1 yet s9ce t o!r is depriv$ ( :at is 81 bo? are b\nd to re/itution1 he t took ! ?+1 on acc\nt ( ! injuri\s tak+1 & he t has x1 on acc\nt ( ! ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh a man is n b\nd to reveal 8 crime to o!r m51 yet is he b\nd to reveal x to ,god 9 confession2 & s he may make re/itution ( ano!r's prop]ty ?r\gh ! prie/ to :om he confesses4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce re/itution is *iefly direct$ to ! comp5sation = ! loss incurr$ by ! p]son f :om a ?+ has be5 tak5 unju/ly1 x /&s to reason t :5 he has receiv$ suffici5t comp5sation f "o1 ! o!rs are n b\nd to any fur!r re/itution 9 8 reg>d3 r ought !y to refund ! p]son :o has made re/itution1 :o1 nev]!less1 may excuse !m f s do+4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,re/itution ,is ,b9d+ on ,^? ,:o ,h ,n ,tak58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t re/itution is n b9d+ on ^? :o h n tak54 ,= re/itution is a puni%m5t ( ! tak]4 ,n[ none %\ld be puni%$ except ! "o :o s9n$4 ,!re=e none are b\nd to re/itution save ! "o :o has tak54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice does n b9d "o to increase ano!r's prop]ty4 ,n[ if re/itution 7 b9d+ n only on ! man :o takes a ?+ b also on all ^? :o coop]ate ) him 9 any way :atev]1 ! p]son f :om ! ?+ 0 tak5 w\ld be ! ga9]1 bo? because he w\ld receive re/itution _m times ov]1 & because sometimes a p]son coop]ates t[>ds a ?+ be+ tak5 away f someone1 )\t its be+ tak5 away 9 effect4 ,!re=e ! o!rs are n b\nd to re/itution4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no man is b\nd to expose himself to dang]1 9 ord] to safegu>d ano!r's prop]ty4 ,n[ sometimes a man w\ld expose himself to ! dang] ( dea?1 7 he to betray a ?ief1 or )/& him4 ,!re=e "o is n b\nd to re/itution1 ?r\gh n betray+ or )/&+ a ?ief4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #a3cb73 ,!y :o d su* ?+s are wor?y ( dea?1 & n only !y t d !m1 b also !y t cons5t to !m t d !m4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] !y t cons5t are b\nd to re/itution4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #f71 a p]son is b\nd to re/itution n only on acc\nt ( someone else's prop]ty :i* he has tak51 b also on acc\nt ( ! injuri\s tak+4 ,h5ce :oev] is cause ( an unju/ tak+ is b\nd to re/itution4 ,?is happ5s 9 two ways1 directly & indirectly4 ,directly1 :5 a man induces ano!r to take1 & ?is 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! tak+1 by mov+ a man to take1 ei!r by express comm&1 c\nsel1 or cons5t1 or by prais+ a man = 8 c\rage 9 ?iev+4 ,secondly1 on ! "p ( ! tak]1 by giv+ him %elt] or any o!r k9d ( assi/ance4 ,?irdly1 on ! "p ( ! ?+ tak51 by tak+ "p 9 ! !ft or robb]y1 z a fell[ evil-do]4 ,indirectly1 :5 a man does n prev5t ano!r f evil-do+ 7provid$ he be able & b\nd to prev5t him71 ei!r by omitt+ ! comm& or c\nsel :i* w\ld h9d] him f ?iev+ or robb+1 or by omitt+ to d :at w\ld h h9d]$ him1 or by %elt]+ him aft] ! de$4 ,all ^! are express$ z foll[s3 ,by comm&1 by c\nsel1 by cons5t1 by flatt]y1 by receiv+1 by p>ticipation1 by sil5ce1 by n prev5t+1 by n d5\nc+4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t 9 five ( ^! cases ! coop]ator is always b\nd to re/itution4 ,fir/1 9 ! case ( comm&3 because he t comm&s is ! *ief mov]1 :]e=e he is b\nd to re/itution pr9cipally4 ,secondly1 9 ! case ( cons5t2 namely ( "o )\t ^: cons5t ! robb]y _c take place4 ,?irdly1 9 ! case ( receiv+2 :51 to wit1 a man is a receiv] ( ?ieves1 & gives !m assi/ance4 ,f\r?ly1 9 ! case ( p>ticipation2 :5 a man takes "p 9 ! !ft & 9 ! booty4 ,fif?ly1 he :o does n prev5t ! !ft1 :]eas he is b\nd to d s2 = in/ance1 p]sons 9 au?ority :o are b\nd to safegu>d ju/ice on e>?1 are b\nd to re/itution1 if by _! neglect ?ieves prosp]1 because _! sal>y is giv5 to !m 9 paym5t ( _! pres]v+ ju/ice "h bel[4 ,9 ! o!r cases m5tion$ above1 a man is n always b\nd to re/itution3 because c\nsel & flatt]y are n always ! efficaci\s cause ( robb]y4 ,h5ce ! c\nsellor or flatt]] is b\nd to re/itution1 only :5 x may be judg$ ) probability t ! unju/ tak+ result$ f su* causes4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n only is he b\nd to re/itution :o commits ! s91 b also he :o is 9 any way cause ( ! s91 :e!r by c\nsell+1 or by comm&+1 or 9 any o!r way :atev]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he is b\nd *iefly to re/itution1 :o is ! pr9cipal 9 ! de$2 fir/ ( all1 ! comm&]2 secondly1 ! executor1 & 9 due sequ5ce1 ! o!rs3 yet s t1 if "o ( !m make re/itution1 ano!r is n b\nd to make re/itution to ! same p]son4 ,yet ^? :o are pr9cipals 9 ! de$1 & :o took possession ( ! ?+1 are b\nd to comp5sate ^? :o h already made re/itution4 ,:5 a man comm&s an unju/ tak+ t does n foll[1 no re/itution has to be made1 s9ce its end is *iefly to re/ore ! prop]ty ( ! p]son :o has be5 unju/ly injur$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t fails to d5\nce a ?ief or does n )/& or repreh5d him is n always b\nd to re/itution1 b only :5 he is oblig$1 9 virtue ( 8 (fice1 to d s3 z 9 ! case ( e>?ly pr9ces :o d n incur any great dang] !reby2 = !y are inve/$ ) public au?ority1 9 ord] t !y may ma9ta9 ju/ice4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r a ,man ,is ,b\nd to ,imm$iate ,re/itution1 or ,may ,he ,put ,x ,(f8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man is n b\nd to imm$iate re/itution1 & c lawfully delay to re/ore4 ,= affirmative precepts d n b9d = always4 ,n[ ! necessity ( mak+ re/itution is b9d+ ?r\gh an affirmative precept4 ,!re=e a man is n b\nd to imm$iate re/itution4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no man is b\nd to d :at is impossible4 ,b x is sometimes impossible to make re/itution at once4 ,!re=e no man is b\nd to imm$iate re/itution4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 re/itution is an act ( virtue1 viz4 ( ju/ice4 ,n[ "t is "o ( ! circum/ances requisite = virtu\s acts4 ,s9ce !n ! o!r circum/ances are n det]m9ate = acts ( virtue1 b are det]m9able accord+ to ! dictate ( prud5ce1 x seems t nei!r 9 re/itution is !re any fix$ "t1 s t a man be b\nd to re/ore at once4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,all matt]s ( re/itution seem to come "u "o head4 ,n[ a man :o hires ! s]vices ( a wage-e>n]1 mu/ n delay comp5sation1 z appe>s f ,lev4 #ai3ac1 ,! wages ( him t ha? be5 hir$ by !e %all n abide ) !e until ! morn+4 ,!re=e nei!r is x lawful1 9 o!r cases ( re/itution1 to delay1 & re/itution %\ld be made at once4 ,i answ] t1 ,ev5 z x is a s9 aga9/ ju/ice to take ano!r's prop]ty1 s also is x to )hold x1 s9ce1 to )hold ! prop]ty ( ano!r aga9/ ! own]'s w1 is to deprive him ( ! use ( :at belongs to him1 & to d him an injury4 ,n[ x is cle> t x is wrong to rema9 9 s9 ev5 = a %ort "t2 & "o is b\nd to r5\nce "o's s9 at once1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ba3b1 ,flee f s9 z f ! face ( a s]p5t4 ,consequ5tly "o is b\nd to imm$iate re/itution1 if possible1 or to ask = a respite f ! p]son :o is emp[]$ to grant ! use ( ! ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! precept ab\t ! mak+ ( re/itution is affirmative 9 =m1 x implies a negative precept =bidd+ u to )hold ano!r's prop]ty4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 "o is unable to re/ore at once1 ?is v inability excuses "o f imm$iate re/itution3 ev5 z a p]son is altoge!r excus$ f mak+ re/itution if he is altoge!r unable to make x4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 b\nd ei!r himself or ?r\gh ano!r to ask ! p]son to :om he owes comp5sation to grant him a remission or a respite4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5ev] ! omission ( a circum/ance is contr>y to virtue t circum/ance mu/ be look$ ^u z det]m9ate1 & we are b\nd to obs]ve x3 & s9ce delay ( re/itution involves a s9 ( unju/ det5tion :i* is oppos$ to j det5tion1 x /&s to reason t ! "t is det]m9ate 9 ! po9t ( re/itution be+ imm$iate4 ,,"q #fc ,,( ,,respect ,,( ,,p]sons 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to ! a=esaid p>ts ( ju/ice4 ,fir/ we %all consid] respect ( p]sons :i* is oppos$ to di/ributive ju/ice2 secondly we %all consid] ! vices oppos$ to commutative ju/ice4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r respect ( p]sons is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x takes place 9 ! disp5sation ( spiritualities8 7#c7 ,:e!r x takes place 9 %[+ honor8 7#d7 ,:e!r x takes place 9 judicial s5t5ces8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,respect ( ,p]sons ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t respect ( p]sons is n a s94 ,= ! ^w p]son includes a ref]5ce to p]sonal dignity 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #bi1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b4 ,n[ x belongs to di/ributive ju/ice to consid] p]sonal dignity4 ,!re=e respect ( p]sons is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 human affairs p]sons are ( m importance ?an ?+s1 s9ce ?+s are = ! b5efit ( p]sons & n conv]sely4 ,b respect ( ?+s is n a s94 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 is respect ( p]sons4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no inju/ice or s9 c be 9 ,god4 ,yet ,god seems to respect p]sons1 s9ce ( two m5 circum/anc$ alike ,he sometimes upraises "o by grace1 & leaves ! o!r 9 s91 accord+ to ,matt4 #bd3dj3 ,two %all be 9 a b$ ,vulg43 'field' 99',b$' is ! read+ ( ,luke #ag3cd1 "o %all be tak51 & "o %all be left4 ,!re=e respect ( p]sons is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no?+ b s9 is =bidd5 9 ! ,div9e law4 ,n[ respect ( p]sons is =bidd51 ,deut4 #a3ag3 ,nei!r %all y respect any man's p]son4 ,!re=e respect ( p]sons is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,respect ( p]sons is oppos$ to di/ributive ju/ice4 ,= ! equality ( di/ributive ju/ice consi/s 9 allott+ v>i\s ?+s to v>i\s p]sons 9 proportion to _! p]sonal dignity4 ,accord+ly1 if "o consid]s t p]sonal prop]ty by reason ( :i* ! ?+ allott$ to a p>ticul> p]son is due to him1 ?is is respect n ( ! p]son b ( ! cause4 ,h5ce a gloss on ,eph4 #f3i1 ,!re is no respect ( p]sons ) ,god ,vulg43 ',him'1 says t a j judge reg>ds causes1 n p]sons4 ,= in/ance if y promote a man to a pr(essor%ip on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ suffici5t k1 y consid] ! due cause1 n ! p]son2 b if1 9 conf]r+ some?+ on someone1 y consid] 9 him n ! fact t :at y give him is proportionate or due to him1 b ! fact t he is ?is p>ticul> man 7e4g4 ,pet] or ,m>t971 !n !re is respect ( ! p]son1 s9ce y give him some?+ n = "s cause t r5d]s him wor?y ( x1 b simply because he is ?is p]son4 ,& any circum/ance t does n am\nt to a reason :y ?is man be wor?y ( ?is gift1 is to be ref]r$ to 8 p]son3 = in/ance if a man promote someone to a prelacy or a pr(essor%ip1 because he is ri* or because he is a relative ( 81 x is respect ( p]sons4 ,x may happ51 h[ev]1 t a circum/ance ( p]son makes a man wor?y z reg>ds "o ?+1 b n z reg>ds ano!r3 ?us consangu9ity makes a man wor?y to be appo9t$ heir to an e/ate1 b n to be *os5 = a position ( ecclesia/ical au?ority3 :]e=e consid]ation ( ! same circum/ance ( p]son w am\nt to respect ( p]sons 9 "o matt] & n 9 ano!r4 ,x foll[s1 accord+ly1 t respect ( p]sons is oppos$ to di/ributive ju/ice 9 t x fails to obs]ve due proportion4 ,n[ no?+ b s9 is oppos$ to virtue3 & !re=e respect ( p]sons is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 di/ributive ju/ice we consid] ^? circum/ances ( a p]son :i* result 9 dignity or "r1 :]eas 9 respect ( p]sons we consid] circum/ances t d n s result4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,p]sons are r5d]$ proportionate to & wor?y ( ?+s :i* are di/ribut$ among !m1 by reason ( c]ta9 ?+s p]ta9+ to circum/ances ( p]son1 :]e=e su* conditions ought to be consid]$ z ! prop] cause4 ,b :5 we consid] ! p]sons !mselves1 t :i* is n a cause is consid]$ z ?\gh x 72 & s x is cle> t al?\gh p]sons are m wor?y1 absolutely speak+1 yet !y are n m wor?y 9 ?is reg>d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is a tw(old giv+4 ,"o belongs to ju/ice1 & occurs :5 we give a man 8 due3 9 su* l giv+s respect ( p]sons takes place4 ,! o!r giv+ belongs to lib]ality1 :5 "o gives gratis t :i* is n a man's due3 su* is ! be/[al ( ! gifts ( grace1 :]eby s9n]s are *os5 by ,god4 ,9 su* a giv+ !re is no place = respect ( p]sons1 because anyone may1 )\t inju/ice1 give ( 8 own z mu* z he w1 & to :om he w1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bj3ad1 #ae1 ,is x n lawful = me to d :at ,i w8 4 4 4 ,take :at is ?9e1 & g ?y way4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,respect ( ,p]sons ,takes ,place 9 ! ,disp5sation ( ,spiritual ,goods8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t respect ( p]sons does n take place 9 ! disp5sation ( spiritual goods4 ,= x w\ld seem to savor ( respect ( p]sons if a man conf]s ecclesia/ical dignity or b5efice on acc\nt ( consangu9ity1 s9ce consangu9ity is n a cause :]eby a man is r5d]$ wor?y ( an ecclesia/ical b5efice4 ,yet ?is app>5tly is n a s91 = ecclesia/ical prelates are wont to d s4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( respect ( p]sons does n take place 9 ! conf]r+ ( spiritual goods4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to give pref]5ce to a ri* man r ?an to a poor man seems to p]ta9 to respect ( p]sons1 accord+ to ,james #b3b1 #c4 ,nev]!less disp5sations to m>ry )9 =bidd5 degrees are m readily grant$ to ! ri* & p[]ful ?an to o!rs4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( respect ( p]sons seems n to take place 9 ! disp5sation ( spiritual goods4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to juri/s 99,cap4 ,cum dilectus4 x suffices to *oose a good man1 & x is n requisite t "o *oose ! bett] man4 ,b x w\ld seem to savor ( respect ( p]sons to *oose "o :o is less good = a high] position4 ,!re=e respect ( p]sons is n a s9 9 spiritual matt]s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! law ( ! ,*ur* 7,cap4 ,cum dilectus47 ! p]son to be *os5 %\ld be a memb] ( ! flock4 ,n[ ?is w\ld seem to imply respect ( p]sons1 s9ce sometimes m compet5t p]sons w\ld be f\nd else:]e4 ,!re=e respect ( p]sons is n a s9 9 spiritual matt]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,james #b3a73 ,h n ! fai? ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ 4 4 4 ) respect ( p]sons4 ,on ^! words a gloss ( ,augu/9e says3 ,:o is !re t w\ld tol]ate ! promotion ( a ri* man to a position ( honor 9 ! ,*ur*1 to ! exclusion ( a poor man m le>n$ & holi]8 99,augu/9e1 ,ep4 ad ,hi]on4 clxvii4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 respect ( p]sons is a s91 9 s f> z x is contr>y to ju/ice4 ,n[ ! grav] ! matt] 9 :i* ju/ice is transgress$1 ! m griev\s ! s93 s t1 spiritual ?+s be+ ( great] import ?an temporal1 respect ( p]sons is a m griev\s s9 9 disp5s+ spiritualities ?an 9 disp5s+ temporalities4 ,& s9ce x is respect ( p]sons :5 some?+ is allott$ to a p]son out ( proportion to 8 des]ts1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t a p]son's wor?9ess may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 simply & absolutely3 & 9 ?is way ! man :o ab\nds ! m 9 ! spiritual gifts ( grace is ! m wor?y4 ,secondly1 9 relation to ! common good2 = x happ5s at times t ! less holy & less le>n$ man may conduce m to ! common good1 on acc\nt ( worldly au?ority or activity1 or some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,& s9ce ! disp5sation ( spiritualities is direct$ *iefly to ! common good1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab3g1 ,! manife/ation ( ! ,_s is giv5 to e man unto pr(it1 x foll[s t 9 ! disp5sation ( spiritualities ! simply less good are sometimes pref]r$ to ! bett]1 )\t respect ( p]sons1 j z ,god sometimes be/[s gratuit\s graces on ! less wor?y4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we mu/ make a di/9ction ) reg>d to a prelate's k9sfolk3 = sometimes !y are less wor?y1 bo? absolutely speak+1 & 9 relation to ! common good3 & !n if !y are pref]r$ to ! m wor?y1 !re is a s9 ( respect ( p]sons 9 ! disp5sation ( spiritual goods1 :]e( ! ecclesia/ical sup]ior is n ! own]1 ) p[] to give !m away z he w1 b ! disp5s]1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #d3a1 ,let a man s acc\nt ( u z ( ! m9i/]s ( ,*ri/1 & ! disp5s]s ( ! my/]ies ( ,god4 ,sometimes h[ev] ! prelate's k9sfolk are z wor?y z o!rs1 & !n )\t respect ( p]sons he c lawfully give pref]5ce to 8 k9dr$ s9ce !re is at lea/ ?is advantage1 t he c tru/ ! m 9 _! be+ ( "o m9d ) him 9 conduct+ ! bus9ess ( ! ,*ur*4 ,yet he w\ld h to =ego s do+ = fe> ( sc&al1 if anyone might take an example f him & give ! goods ( ! ,*ur* to _! k9dr$ )\t reg>d to _! des]ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,disp5sations = contract+ m>riage came into use = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ treaties ( peace3 & ?is is m necess>y = ! common good 9 relation to p]sons ( /&+1 s t !re is no respect ( p]sons 9 grant+ disp5sations m readily to su* p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ord] t an election be n rebutt$ 9 a c\rt ( law1 x suffices to elect a good man1 nor is x necess>y to elect ! bett] man1 because o!rwise e election might h a flaw4 ,b z reg>ds ! consci5ce ( an elector1 x is necess>y to elect "o :o is bett]1 ei!r absolutely speak+1 or 9 relation to ! common good4 ,= if x is possible to h "o :o is m compet5t = a po/1 & yet ano!r be pref]r$1 x is necess>y to h "s cause = ?is4 ,if ?is cause h any?+ to d ) ! matt] 9 po9t1 he :o is elect$ w1 9 ?is respect1 be m compet5t2 & if t :i* is tak5 = cause h no?+ to d ) ! matt]1 x w cle>ly be respect ( p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! man :o is tak5 f among ! memb]s ( a p>ticul> ,*ur*1 is g5]ally speak+ m useful z reg>ds ! common good1 s9ce he loves m ! ,*ur* :]e9 he 0 br\ght up4 ,= ?is reason x 0 comm&$ 7,deut4 #ag3ae73 ,?\ maye/ n make a man ( ano!r nation k+1 :o is n ?y bro!r4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,respect ( ,p]sons ,takes ,place 9 ,%[+ ,honor & ,respect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t respect ( p]sons does n take place 9 %[+ honor & respect4 ,= honor is app>5tly no?+ else ?an rev]5ce %[n to a p]son 9 recognition ( 8 virtue1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 i1 #e74 ,n[ prelates & pr9ces %\ld be honor$ al?\gh !y be wick$1 ev5 z our p>5ts1 ( :om x is writt5 7,ex4 #bj3ab73 ,honor ?y fa!r & ?y "m4 ,aga9 ma/]s1 ?\gh !y be wick$1 %\ld be honor$ by _! s]vants1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #f3a3 ,:oev] are s]vants "u ! yoke1 let !m c\nt _! ma/]s wor?y ( all honor4 ,!re=e x seems t x is n a s9 to respect p]sons 9 %[+ honor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is comm&$ 7,lev4 #ai3cb73 ,rise up be=e ! ho>y head1 &1 honor ! p]son ( ! ag$ man4 ,b ?is seems to savor ( respect ( p]sons1 s9ce sometimes old m5 are n virtu\s2 accord+ to ,dan4 #ac3e3 ,iniquity came out f ! anci5ts ( ! p 99,vulg43 ',iniquity came out ( ,babylon f ! anci5t judges1 t seem$ to gov]n ! p4'4 ,!re=e x is n a s9 to respect p]sons 9 %[+ honor4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 on ! words ( ,james #b3a1 ,h n ! fai? 4 4 4 ) respect ( p]sons1 a gloss ( ,augu/9e 99,ep4 ad ,hi]on4 clxvii4 says3 ,if ! say+ ( ,james1 ',if !re %all come into y\r assembly a man hav+ a gold5 r+1' etc41 ref] to our daily meet+s1 :o s9s n "h1 if h[ev] he s9 at all8 ,yet x is respect ( p]sons to honor ! ri* = _! ri*es1 = ,gregory says 9 a homily 7xxviii 9 ,evang473 ,our pride is blunt$1 s9ce 9 m5 we honor1 n ! nature :]e9 !y are made to ,god's image1 b weal?1 s t1 weal? n be+ a due cause ( honor1 ?is w savor ( respect ( p]sons4 ,!re=e x is n a s9 to respect p]sons 9 %[+ honor4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,james #b3a1 says3 ,:oev] honors ! ri* = _! ri*es1 s9s1 & 9 l mann]1 if a man be honor$ = o!r causes t d n r5d] him wor?y ( honor4 ,n[ ?is savors ( respect ( p]sons4 ,!re=e x is a s9 to respect p]sons 9 %[+ honor4 ,i answ] t1 ,to honor a p]son is to recognize him z hav+ virtue1 :]e=e virtue alone is ! due cause ( a p]son be+ honor$4 ,n[ x is to be obs]v$ t a p]son may be honor$ n only = 8 own virtue1 b also = ano!r's3 ?us pr9ces & prelates1 al?\gh !y be wick$1 are honor$ z /&+ 9 ,god's place1 & z repres5t+ ! community ov] :i* !y are plac$1 accord+ to ,prov4 #bf3h1 ,z he t ca/e? a /one into ! heap ( ,m]cury1 s is he t give? honor to a fool4 ,=1 s9ce ! g5tiles ascrib$ ! keep+ ( acc\nts to ,m]cury1 ! heap ( ,m]cury signifies ! ca/+ up ( an acc\nt1 :5 a m]*ant sometimes sub/itutes a pebble 99,lapillus or calculus :5ce ! ,engli% ^w 'calculate' = "o hundr$ m>ks4 ,s too1 is a fool honor$ if he /& 9 ,god's place or repres5t ! :ole community3 & 9 ! same way p>5ts & ma/]s %\ld be honor$1 on acc\nt ( _! hav+ a %>e ( ! dignity ( ,god ,:o is ! ,fa!r & ,"l ( all4 ,! ag$ %\ld be honor$1 because old age is a sign ( virtue1 ?\gh ?is sign fail at times3 :]e=e1 accord+ to ,wis4 #d3h1 #i1 v5]able old age is n t ( long "t1 nor c\nt$ by ! numb] ( ye>s2 b ! und]/&+ ( a man is gray hairs1 & a spotless life is old age4 ,! ri* ought to be honor$ by reason ( _! occupy+ a high] position 9 ! community3 b if !y be honor$ m]ely = _! weal?1 x w be ! s9 ( respect ( p]sons4 ,h5ce ! ,replies to ! ,objections are cle>4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,s9 ( ,respect ( ,p]sons ,takes ,place 9 ,judicial ,s5t5ces8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s9 ( respect ( p]sons does n take place 9 judicial s5t5ces4 ,= respect ( p]sons is oppos$ to di/ributive ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a73 :]eas judicial s5t5ces seem to p]ta9 *iefly to commutative ju/ice4 ,!re=e respect ( p]sons does n take place 9 judicial s5t5ces4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 p5alties are inflict$ accord+ to a s5t5ce4 ,n[ x is n a s9 to respect p]sons 9 pron\nc+ p5alties1 s9ce a heavi] puni%m5t is inflict$ on "o :o injures ! p]son ( a pr9ce ?an on "o :o injures ! p]son ( o!rs4 ,!re=e respect ( p]sons does n take place 9 judicial s5t5ces4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #d3aj73 ,9 judg+ be m]ciful to ! fa!rless4 ,b ?is seems to imply respect ( ! p]son ( ! ne$y4 ,!re=e 9 judicial s5t5ces respect ( p]sons is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #ah3e73 ,x is n good to accept ! p]son 9 judgm5t 99,vulg43 ',x is n good to accept ! p]son ( ! wick$1 to decl9e f ! tru? ( judgm5t4'4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #a71 judgm5t is an act ( ju/ice1 9 z mu* z ! judge re/ores to ! equality ( ju/ice1 ^? ?+s :i* may cause an opposite inequality4 ,n[ respect ( p]sons involves a c]ta9 inequality1 9 s f> z some?+ is allott$ to a p]son out ( t proportion to him 9 :i* ! equality ( ju/ice consi/s4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t judgm5t is r5d]$ corrupt by respect ( p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a judgm5t may be look$ at 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 view ( ! ?+ judg$1 & 9 ?is way judgm5t is common to commutative & di/ributive ju/ice3 because x may be decid$ by judgm5t h[ "s common good is to be di/ribut$ among _m1 & h[ "o p]son is to re/ore to ano!r :at he has tak5 f him4 ,secondly1 x may be consid]$ 9 view ( ! =m ( judgm5t1 9 z mu* z1 ev5 9 commutative ju/ice1 ! judge takes f "o & gives to ano!r1 & ?is belongs to di/ributive ju/ice4 ,9 ?is way respect ( p]sons may take place 9 any judgm5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 a p]son is m sev]ely puni%$ on acc\nt ( a crime committ$ aga9/ a great] p]son1 !re is no respect ( p]sons1 because ! v diff]5ce ( p]sons causes1 9 t case1 a div]sity ( ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #aj1 ad #c2 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 pron\nc+ judgm5t "o ought to succor ! ne$y z f> z possible1 yet )\t prejudice to ju/ice3 else ! say+ ( ,ex4 #bc3c w\ld apply3 ,nei!r %alt ?\ favor a poor man 9 judgm5t4 ,,"q #fd ,,( ,,murd] 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,9 due sequ5ce we mu/ consid] ! vices oppos$ to commutative ju/ice4 ,we mu/ consid] 7#a7 ^? s9s t are committ$ 9 relation to involunt>y commutations2 7#b7 ^? t are committ$ ) reg>d to volunt>y commutations4 ,s9s are committ$ 9 relation to involunt>y commutations by do+ an injury to "o's neighbor aga9/ 8 w3 & ?is c be done 9 two ways1 namely by de$ or by ^w4 ,by de$ :5 "o's neighbor is injur$ ei!r 9 8 own p]son1 or 9 a p]son connect$ ) him1 or 9 8 possessions4 ,we mu/ !re=e consid] ^! po9ts 9 due ord]1 & 9 ! fir/ place we %all consid] murd] :]eby a man inflicts ! greate/ injury on 8 neighbor4 ,"u ?is head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is a s9 to kill dumb animals or ev5 plants8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful to kill a s9n]8 7#c7 ,:e!r ?is is lawful to a private individual1 or to a public p]son only8 7#d7 ,:e!r ?is is lawful to a cl]ic8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is lawful to kill oneself8 7#f7 ,:e!r x is lawful to kill a j man8 7#g7 ,:e!r x is lawful to kill a man 9 self-def5se8 7#h7 ,:e!r accid5tal homicide is a mortal s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is ,unlawful to ,kill ,any ,liv+ ,?+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful to kill any liv+ ?+4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3b73 ,!y t resi/ ! ord9ance ( ,god pur*ase to !mselves damnation 99,vulg43 ',he t resi/e? ! p[]1 resi/e? ! ord9ance ( ,god3 & !y t resi/1 pur*ase !mselves damnation4'4 ,n[ ,div9e provid5ce has orda9$ t all liv+ ?+s %\ld be pres]v$1 accord+ to ,ps4 #adf3h1 #i1 ,:o make? grass to gr[ on ! m\nta9s 4 4 4 ,:o give? to bea/s _! food4 ,!re=e x seems unlawful to take ! life ( any liv+ ?+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 murd] is a s9 because x deprives a man ( life4 ,n[ life is common to all animals & plants4 ,h5ce = ! same reason x is app>5tly a s9 to slay dumb animals & plants4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ,div9e law a special puni%m5t is n appo9t$ save = a s94 ,n[ a special puni%m5t _h to be inflict$1 accord+ to ! ,div9e law1 on "o :o kill$ ano!r man's ox or %eep 7,ex4 #bb3a74 ,!re=e ! slay+ ( dumb animals is a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #bj73 ,:5 we he> x said1 ',?\ %alt n kill1' we d n take x z ref]r+ to trees1 = !y h no s5se1 nor to irrational animals1 because !y h no fell[%ip ) u4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! words1 ',?\ %alt n kill' ref] to ! kill+ ( a man4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re is no s9 9 us+ a ?+ = ! purpose = :i* x is4 ,n[ ! ord] ( ?+s is su* t ! imp]fect are = ! p]fect1 ev5 z 9 ! process ( g5]ation nature proce$s f imp]fection to p]fection4 ,h5ce x is t j z 9 ! g5]ation ( a man !re is fir/ a liv+ ?+1 !n an animal1 & la/ly a man1 s too ?+s1 l ! plants1 :i* m]ely h life1 are all alike = animals1 & all animals are = man4 ,:]e=e x is n unlawful if man use plants = ! good ( animals1 & animals = ! good ( man1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,polit4 i1 #c74 ,n[ ! mo/ necess>y use w\ld seem to consi/ 9 ! fact t animals use plants1 & m5 use animals1 = food1 & ?is _c be done unless ^! be depriv$ ( life3 :]e=e x is lawful bo? to take life f plants = ! use ( animals1 & f animals = ! use ( m54 ,9 fact ?is is 9 keep+ ) ! comm&m5t ( ,god ,himself3 = x is writt5 7,g54 #a3bi1 #cj73 ,behold ,i h giv5 y e h]b 4 4 4 & all trees 4 4 4 to be y\r meat1 & to all bea/s ( ! e>?3 & aga9 7,g54 #i3c73 ,ev]y?+ t move? & live? %all be meat to y4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ! ,div9e ord9ance ! life ( animals & plants is pres]v$ n = !mselves b = man4 ,h5ce1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #bj71 by a mo/ j ord9ance ( ! ,creator1 bo? _! life & _! dea? are subject to our use4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,dumb animals & plants are devoid ( ! life ( reason :]eby to set !mselves 9 motion2 !y are mov$1 z x 7 by ano!r1 by a k9d ( natural impulse1 a sign ( :i* is t !y are naturally enslav$ & accommodat$ to ! uses ( o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t kills ano!r's ox1 s9s1 n ?r\gh kill+ ! ox1 b ?r\gh injur+ ano!r man 9 8 prop]ty4 ,:]e=e ?is is n a species ( ! s9 ( murd] b ( ! s9 ( !ft or robb]y4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,kill ,s9n]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful to kill m5 :o h s9n$4 ,= our ,"l 9 ! p>able 7,matt4 #ac7 =bade ! uproot+ ( ! cockle :i* d5otes wick$ m5 accord+ to a gloss4 ,n[ :atev] is =bidd5 by ,god is a s94 ,!re=e x is a s9 to kill a s9n]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 human ju/ice is con=m$ to ,div9e ju/ice4 ,n[ accord+ to ,div9e ju/ice s9n]s are kept back = rep5tance1 accord+ to ,eze*4 #cc3aa1 ,i desire n ! dea? ( ! wick$1 b t ! wick$ turn f 8 way & live4 ,!re=e x seems altoge!r unju/ to kill s9n]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is n lawful1 = any good end :atev]1 to d t :i* is evil 9 itself1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,contra ,m5dac4 vii7 & ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,n[ to kill a man is evil 9 itself1 s9ce we are b\nd to h *>ity t[>ds all m51 & we wi% our fri5ds to live & to exi/1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ix1 #d4 ,!re=e x is n[ise lawful to kill a man :o has s9n$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #bb3ah73 ,wiz>ds ?\ %alt n suff] to live2 & 7,ps4 #ajj3h73 ,9 ! morn+ ,i put to dea? all ! wick$ ( ! l&4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 x is lawful to kill dumb animals1 9 s f> z !y are naturally direct$ to man's use1 z ! imp]fect is direct$ to ! p]fect4 ,n[ e "p is direct$ to ! :ole1 z imp]fect to p]fect1 :]e=e e "p is naturally = ! sake ( ! :ole4 ,= ?is reason we obs]ve t if ! heal? ( ! :ole body dem&s ! excision ( a memb]1 ?r\gh its be+ decay$ or infecti\s to ! o!r memb]s1 x w be bo? praisewor?y & advantage\s to h x cut away4 ,n[ e individual p]son is comp>$ to ! :ole community1 z "p to :ole4 ,!re=e if a man be dang]\s & infecti\s to ! community1 on acc\nt ( "s s91 x is praisewor?y & advantage\s t he be kill$ 9 ord] to safegu>d ! common good1 s9ce a little leav5 corrupte? ! :ole lump 7#a ,cor4 #e3f74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our ,"l comm&$ !m to =be> f uproot+ ! cockle 9 ord] to sp>e ! :eat1 i4e4 ! good4 ,?is occurs :5 ! wick$ _c be sla9 )\t ! good be+ kill$ ) !m1 ei!r because ! wick$ lie hidd5 among ! good1 or because !y h _m foll[]s1 s t !y _c be kill$ )\t dang] to ! good1 z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,p>m54 iii1 #b74 ,:]e=e our ,"l tea*es t we %\ld r all[ ! wick$ to live1 & t v5geance is to be delay$ until ! la/ judgm5t1 r ?an t ! good be put to dea? toge!r ) ! wick$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! good incur no dang]1 b r are protect$ & sav$ by ! slay+ ( ! wick$1 !n ! latt] may be lawfully put to dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ord] ( ,8 wisdom1 ,god sometimes slays s9n]s =?) 9 ord] to deliv] ! good1 :]eas sometimes ,he all[s !m "t to rep5t1 accord+ z ,he kn[s :at is exp$i5t = ,8 elect4 ,?is also does human ju/ice imitate accord+ to its p[]s2 = x puts to dea? ^? :o are dang]\s to o!rs1 :ile x all[s "t = rep5tance to ^? :o s9 )\t griev\sly h>m+ o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,by s9n+ man dep>ts f ! ord] ( reason1 & consequ5tly falls away f ! dignity ( 8 manhood1 9 s f> z he is naturally free1 & exi/s = himself1 & he falls into ! slavi% /ate ( ! bea/s1 by be+ dispos$ ( accord+ z he is useful to o!rs4 ,?is is express$ 9 ,ps4 #dh3ba3 ,man1 :5 he 0 9 honor1 did n und]/&2 he ha? be5 comp>$ to s5seless bea/s1 & made l to !m1 & ,prov4 #aa3bi3 ,! fool %all s]ve ! wise4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh x be evil 9 itself to kill a man s long z he pres]ve 8 dignity1 yet x may be good to kill a man :o has s9n$1 ev5 z x is to kill a bea/4 ,= a bad man is worse ?an a bea/1 & is m h>mful1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,polit4 i1 #a & ,e?ic4 vii1 #f74 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = a ,private ,individual to ,kill a ,man ,:o ,has ,s9n$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem lawful = a private individual to kill a man :o has s9n$4 ,= no?+ unlawful is comm&$ 9 ! ,div9e law4 ,yet1 on acc\nt ( ! s9 ( ! molt5 calf1 ,moses comm&$ 7,ex4 #cb3bg73 ,let e man kill 8 bro!r1 & fri5d1 & neighbor4 ,!re=e x is lawful = private individuals to kill a s9n]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #c71 man1 on acc\nt ( s91 is comp>$ to ! bea/s4 ,n[ x is lawful = any private individual to kill a wild bea/1 especially if x be h>mful4 ,!re=e = ! same reason1 x is lawful = any private individual to kill a man :o has s9n$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a man1 ?\gh a private individual1 des]ves praise = do+ :at is useful = ! common good4 ,n[ ! slay+ ( evildo]s is useful = ! common good1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x is des]v+ ( praise if ev5 private individuals kill evil-do]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i7 99,c4 ,quicumque p]cutit1 caus4 xxiii1 qu4 #h3 ,a man :o1 )\t ex]cis+ public au?ority1 kills an evil-do]1 %all be judg$ guilty ( murd]1 & all ! m1 s9ce he has d>$ to usurp a p[] :i* ,god has n giv5 him4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 x is lawful to kill an evildo] 9 s f> z x is direct$ to ! welf>e ( ! :ole community1 s t x belongs to him alone :o has *>ge ( ! community's welf>e4 ,?us x belongs to a physician to cut (f a decay$ limb1 :5 he has be5 entru/$ ) ! c>e ( ! heal? ( ! :ole body4 ,n[ ! c>e ( ! common good is entru/$ to p]sons ( rank hav+ public au?ority3 :]e=e !y alone1 & n private individuals1 c lawfully put evildo]s to dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! p]son by ^: au?ority a ?+ is done really does ! ?+ z ,dionysius decl>es 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iii74 ,h5ce accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #ba71 ,he slays n :o owes 8 s]vice to "o :o comm&s him1 ev5 z a sword is m]ely ! in/rum5t to him t wields x4 ,:]e=e ^? :o1 at ! ,"l's comm&1 slew _! neighbors & fri5ds1 w\ld seem n to h done ?is !mselves1 b r ,he by ^: au?ority !y act$ ?us3 j z a soldi] slays ! foe by ! au?ority ( 8 sov]eign1 & ! execution] slays ! robb] by ! au?ority ( ! judge4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a bea/ is by nature di/9ct f man1 :]e=e 9 ! case ( a wild bea/ !re is no ne$ = an au?ority to kill x2 :]eas1 9 ! case ( dome/ic animals1 su* au?ority is requir$1 n = _! sake1 b on acc\nt ( ! own]'s loss4 ,on ! o!r h& a man :o has s9n$ is n by nature di/9ct f good m52 h5ce a public au?ority is requisite 9 ord] to condemn him to dea? = ! common good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is lawful = any private individual to d any?+ = ! common good1 provid$ x h>m nobody3 b if x be h>mful to "s o!r1 x _c be done1 except by virtue ( ! judgm5t ( ! p]son to :om x p]ta9s to decide :at is to be tak5 f ! p>ts = ! welf>e ( ! :ole4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = ,cl]ics to ,kill ,evil-do]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem lawful = cl]ics to kill evil-do]s4 ,= cl]ics especially %\ld fulfil ! precept ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #d3af73 ,be ye foll[]s ( me z ,i also am ( ,*ri/1 :]eby we are call$ ^u to imitate ,god & ,8 sa9ts4 ,n[ ! v ,god :om we wor%ip puts evildo]s to dea?1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ace3aj1 ,:o smote ,egypt ) _! fir/born4 ,aga9 ,moses made ! ,levites slay tw5ty-?ree ?\s& m5 on acc\nt ( ! wor%ip ( ! calf 7,ex4 #cb71 ! prie/ ,ph9ees slew ! ,israelite :o w5t 9 to ! woman ( ,madian 7,num4 #be71 ,samuel kill$ ,agag k+ ( ,amalec 7#a ,k+s #ae71 ,elias slew ! prie/s ( ,baal 7#c ,k+s #ah71 ,ma?a?ias kill$ ! man :o w5t up to ! alt> to sacrifice 7#a ,mac4 #b72 &1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,pet] kill$ ,ananias & ,saphira 7,acts #e74 ,!re=e x seems t ev5 cl]ics may kill evil-do]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 spiritual p[] is great] ?an ! secul> & is m unit$ to ,god4 ,n[ ! secul> p[] z ,god's m9i/] lawfully puts evil-do]s to dea?1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ac3d4 ,mu* m !re=e may cl]ics1 :o are ,god's m9i/]s & h spiritual p[]1 put evil-do]s to dea?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :osoev] lawfully accepts an (fice1 may lawfully ex]cise ! functions ( t (fice4 ,n[ x belongs to ! pr9cely (fice to slay evildo]s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ^? cl]ics :o are e>?ly pr9ces may lawfully slay malefactors4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,tim4 #c3b1 #c73 ,x behoove? 4 4 4 a bi%op to be )\t crime 99,vulg43 'blameless4' ',)\t crime' is ! read+ 9 ,tit4 #a3g 4 4 4 n giv5 to w9e1 no /rik]4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is unlawful = cl]ics to kill1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because !y are *os5 = ! m9i/ry ( ! alt>1 :]eon is repres5t$ ! ,passion ( ,*ri/ sla9 ,:o1 :5 ,he 0 /ruck did n /rike ,vulg43 ',:5 ,he suff]$1 ,he ?reat5$ n' 7#a ,pet4 #b3bc74 ,!re=e x becomes n cl]ics to /rike or kill3 = m9i/]s %\ld imitate _! ma/]1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #aj3b1 ,z ! judge ( ! p is himself1 s also are 8 m9i/]s4 ,! o!r reason is because cl]ics are entru/$ ) ! m9i/ry ( ! ,new ,law1 :]e9 no puni%m5t ( dea? or ( bodily maim+ is appo9t$3 :]e=e !y %\ld ab/a9 f su* ?+s 9 ord] t !y may be fitt+ m9i/]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god works 9 all ?+s )\t exception :atev] is "r1 yet 9 ea* "o accord+ to its mode4 ,:]e=e ev]yone %\ld imitate ,god 9 t :i* is specially becom+ to him4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ,god slays evildo]s ev5 corporally1 x does n foll[ t all %\ld imitate ,him 9 ?is4 ,z reg>ds ,pet]1 he did n put ,ananias & ,saphira to dea? by 8 own au?ority or ) 8 own h&1 b publi%$ _! dea? s5t5ce pron\nc$ by ,god4 ,! ,prie/s or ,levites ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 ! m9i/]s ( ! ,old ,law1 :i* appo9t$ corporal p5alties1 s t x 0 fitt+ = !m to slay ) _! own h&s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! m9i/ry ( cl]ics is conc]n$ ) bett] ?+s ?an corporal slay+s1 namely ) ?+s p]ta9+ to spiritual welf>e1 & s x is n fitt+ = !m to m$dle ) m9or matt]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ecclesia/ical prelates accept ! (fice ( e>?ly pr9ces1 n t !y may inflict capital puni%m5t !mselves1 b t ?is may be c>ri$ into effect by o!rs 9 virtue ( _! au?ority4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,kill ,oneself8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem lawful = a man to kill himself4 ,= murd] is a s9 9 s f> z x is contr>y to ju/ice4 ,b no man c d an inju/ice to himself1 z is prov$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #aa4 ,!re=e no man s9s by kill+ himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is lawful1 = "o :o ex]cises public au?ority1 to kill evil-do]s4 ,n[ he :o ex]cises public au?ority is sometimes an evil-do]4 ,!re=e he may lawfully kill himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is lawful = a man to suff] spontane\sly a less] dang] t he may avoid a great]3 ?us x is lawful = a man to cut (f a decay$ limb ev5 f himself1 t he may save 8 :ole body4 ,n[ sometimes a man1 by kill+ himself1 avoids a great] evil1 = example an unhappy life1 or ! %ame ( s94 ,!re=e a man may kill himself4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,samson kill$ himself1 z relat$ 9 ,judges #af1 & yet he is numb]$ among ! sa9ts 7,heb4 #aa74 ,!re=e x is lawful = a man to kill himself4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x is relat$ 7#b ,mac4 #ad3db7 t a c]ta9 ,razias kill$ himself1 *oos+ to die nobly r ?an to fall into ! h&s ( ! wick$1 & to suff] abuses unbecom+ 8 noble bir?4 ,n[ no?+ t is done nobly & bravely is unlawful4 ,!re=e suicide is n unlawful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #bj73 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! words ',?\ %alt n kill' ref] to ! kill+ ( a man--n ano!r man2 !re=e1 n ev5 ?yself4 ,= he :o kills himself1 kills no?+ else ?an a man4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is altoge!r unlawful to kill oneself1 = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because ev]y?+ naturally loves itself1 ! result be+ t ev]y?+ naturally keeps itself 9 be+1 & resi/s corruptions s f> z x c4 ,:]e=e suicide is contr>y to ! incl9ation ( nature1 & to *>ity :]eby e man %\ld love himself4 ,h5ce suicide is always a mortal s91 z be+ contr>y to ! natural law & to *>ity4 ,secondly1 because e "p1 z su*1 belongs to ! :ole4 ,n[ e man is "p ( ! community1 & s1 z su*1 he belongs to ! community4 ,h5ce by kill+ himself he injures ! community1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 v1 #aa74 ,?irdly1 because life is ,god's gift to man1 & is subject to ,8 p[]1 ,:o kills & makes to live4 ,h5ce :oev] takes 8 own life1 s9s aga9/ ,god1 ev5 z he :o kills ano!r's slave1 s9s aga9/ t slave's ma/]1 & z he :o usurps to himself judgm5t ( a matt] n entru/$ to him4 ,= x belongs to ,god alone to pron\nce s5t5ce ( dea? & life1 accord+ to ,deut4 #cb3ci1 ,i w kill & ,i w make to live4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,murd] is a s91 n only because x is contr>y to ju/ice1 b also because x is oppos$ to *>ity :i* a man %\ld h t[>ds himself3 9 ?is respect suicide is a s9 9 relation to oneself4 ,9 relation to ! community & to ,god1 x is s9ful1 by reason also ( its opposition to ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o :o ex]cises public au?ority may lawfully put to dea? an evil-do]1 s9ce he c pass judgm5t on him4 ,b no man is judge ( himself4 ,:]e=e x is n lawful = "o :o ex]cises public au?ority to put himself to dea? = any s9 :atev]3 al?\gh he may lawfully commit himself to ! judgm5t ( o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man is made ma/] ( himself ?r\gh 8 free-w3 :]e=e he c lawfully dispose ( himself z to ^? matt]s :i* p]ta9 to ?is life :i* is rul$ by man's free-w4 ,b ! passage f ?is life to ano!r & happi] "o is subject n to man's free-w b to ! p[] ( ,god4 ,h5ce x is n lawful = man to take 8 own life t he may pass to a happi] life1 nor t he may escape any unhapp9ess :atsoev] ( ! pres5t life1 because ! ultimate & mo/ fe>some evil ( ?is life is dea?1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 iii1 #f74 ,!re=e to br+ dea? ^u oneself 9 ord] to escape ! o!r afflictions ( ?is life1 is to adopt a great] evil 9 ord] to avoid a less]4 ,9 l mann] x is unlawful to take "o's own life on acc\nt ( "o's hav+ committ$ a s91 bo? because by s do+ "o does oneself a v great injury1 by depriv+ oneself ( ! "t ne$ful = rep5tance1 & because x is n lawful to slay an evildo] except by ! s5t5ce ( ! public au?ority4 ,aga9 x is unlawful = a woman to kill h]self le/ %e be violat$1 because %e ought n to commit on h]self ! v great s9 ( suicide1 to avoid ! less] s9 ( ano!r4 ,= %e commits no s9 9 be+ violat$ by =ce1 provid$ %e does n cons5t1 s9ce )\t cons5t ( ! m9d !re is no /a9 on ! body1 z ! ,bless$ ,lucy decl>$4 ,n[ x is evid5t t =nication & adult]y are less griev\s s9s ?an tak+ a man's1 especially "o's own1 life3 s9ce ! latt] is mo/ griev\s1 because "o injures oneself1 to :om "o owes ! greate/ love4 ,moreov] x is mo/ dang]\s s9ce no "t is left :]e9 to expiate x by rep5tance4 ,aga9 x is n lawful = anyone to take 8 own life = fe> he %\ld cons5t to s91 because evil mu/ n be done t good may come 7,rom4 #c3h7 or t evil may be avoid$ especially if ! evil be ( small acc\nt & an unc]ta9 ev5t1 = x is unc]ta9 :e!r "o w at "s future "t cons5t to a s91 s9ce ,god is able to deliv] man f s9 "u any temptation :atev]4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #ba71 n ev5 ,samson is to be excus$ t he cru%$ himself toge!r ) 8 enemies "u ! ru9s ( ! h\se1 except ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o _h wr\ght _m wond]s ?r\gh him1 _h secretly comm&$ him to d ?is4 ,he assigns ! same reason 9 ! case ( c]ta9 holy wom51 :o at ! "t ( p]secution took _! own lives1 & :o are commemorat$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,x belongs to =titude t a man does n %r9k f be+ sla9 by ano!r1 = ! sake ( ! good ( virtue1 & t he may avoid s94 ,b t a man take 8 own life 9 ord] to avoid p5al evils has inde$ an appe>ance ( =titude 7= :i* reason "s1 among :om 0 ,razias1 h kill$ !mselves ?9k+ to act f =titude71 yet x is n true =titude1 b r a weakness ( s\l unable to be> p5al evils1 z ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #g7 & ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei #bb1 #bc7 decl>e4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,kill ! ,innoc5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 "s cases x is lawful to kill ! innoc5t4 ,! fe> ( ,god is nev] manife/$ by s91 s9ce on ! contr>y ! fe> ( ! ,"l drive? out s9 7,ecclus4 #a3bg74 ,n[ ,abraham 0 comm5d$ 9 t he fe>$ ! ,"l1 s9ce he 0 will+ to slay 8 innoc5t son4 ,!re=e "o may1 )\t s91 kill an innoc5t p]son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 among ^? s9s t are committ$ aga9/ "o's neighbor1 ! m griev\s seem to be ^? :]eby a m griev\s injury is inflict$ on ! p]son s9n$ aga9/4 ,n[ to be kill$ is a great] injury to a s9ful ?an to an innoc5t p]son1 because ! latt]1 by dea?1 passes =?) f ! unhapp9ess ( ?is life to ! glory ( heav54 ,s9ce !n x is lawful 9 c]ta9 cases to kill a s9ful man1 mu* m is x lawful to slay an innoc5t or a righte\s p]son4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :at is done 9 keep+ ) ! ord] ( ju/ice is n a s94 ,b sometimes a man is =c$1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ju/ice1 to slay an innoc5t p]son3 = in/ance1 :5 a judge1 :o is b\nd to judge accord+ to ! evid5ce1 condemns to dea? a man :om he kn[s to be innoc5t b :o is convict$ by false witnesses2 & aga9 ! execution]1 :o 9 ob$i5ce to ! judge puts to dea? ! man :o has be5 unju/ly s5t5c$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #bc3g73 ,! innoc5t & j p]son ?\ %alt n put to dea?4 ,i answ] t1 ,an individual man may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 himself2 secondly1 9 relation to some?+ else4 ,if we consid] a man 9 himself1 x is unlawful to kill any man1 s9ce 9 e man ?\gh he be s9ful1 we ought to love ! nature :i* ,god has made1 & :i* is de/roy$ by slay+ him4 ,nev]!less1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b7 ! slay+ ( a s9n] becomes lawful 9 relation to ! common good1 :i* is corrupt$ by s94 ,on ! o!r h& ! life ( righte\s m5 pres]ves & =w>ds ! common good1 s9ce !y are ! *ief "p ( ! community4 ,!re=e x is 9 no way lawful to slay ! innoc5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god is ,"l ( dea? & life1 = by ,8 decree bo? ! s9ful & ! righte\s die4 ,h5ce he :o at ,god's comm& kills an innoc5t man does n s91 z nei!r does ,god ,^: behe/ he executes3 inde$ 8 ob$i5ce to ,god's comm&s is a pro( t he fe>s ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 weigh+ ! gravity ( a s9 we mu/ consid] ! ess5tial r ?an ! accid5tal4 ,:]e=e he :o kills a j man1 s9s m griev\sly ?an he :o slays a s9ful man3 fir/1 because he injures "o :om he %\ld love m1 & s acts m 9 opposition to *>ity3 secondly1 because he inflicts an injury on a man :o is less des]v+ ( "o1 & s acts m 9 opposition to ju/ice3 ?irdly1 because he deprives ! community ( a great] good3 f\r?ly1 because he despises ,god m1 accord+ to ,luke #aj3af1 ,he t despise? y despise? ,me4 ,on ! o!r h& x is accid5tal to ! slay+ t ! j man ^: life is tak5 be receiv$ by ,god into glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ! judge kn[s t a man :o has be5 convict$ by false witnesses1 is innoc5t he mu/1 l ,daniel1 exam9e ! witnesses ) great c>e1 s z to f9d a motive = acquitt+ ! innoc5t3 b if he _c d ?is he %\ld remit him = judgm5t by a high] tribunal4 ,if ev5 ?is is impossible1 he does n s9 if he pron\nce s5t5ce 9 accordance ) ! evid5ce1 = x is n he t puts ! innoc5t man to dea?1 b !y :o /at$ him to be guilty4 ,he t c>ries out ! s5t5ce ( ! judge :o has condemn$ an innoc5t man1 if ! s5t5ce conta9s an inexcusable error1 he %\ld n obey1 else !re w\ld be an excuse = ! executions ( ! m>tyrs3 if h[ev] x conta9 no manife/ inju/ice1 he does n s9 by c>ry+ out ! s5t5ce1 because he has no "r to discuss ! judgm5t ( 8 sup]ior2 nor is x he :o slays ! innoc5t man1 b ! judge ^: m9i/] he is4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,kill a ,man 9 ,self-def5se8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t nobody may lawfully kill a man 9 self-def5se4 ,= ,augu/9e says to ,publicola 7,ep4 xlvii73 ,i d n agree ) ! op9ion t "o may kill a man le/ "o be kill$ by him2 unless "o be a soldi]1 ex]cise a public (fice1 s t "o does x n = oneself b = o!rs1 hav+ ! p[] to d s1 provid$ x be 9 keep+ ) "o's p]son4 ,n[ he :o kills a man 9 self-def5se1 kills him le/ he be kill$ by him4 ,!re=e ?is w\ld seem to be unlawful4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #e73 ,h[ are !y free f s9 9 sight ( ,div9e provid5ce1 :o are guilty ( tak+ a man's life = ! sake ( ^! contemptible ?+s8 ,n[ among contemptible ?+s he reckons ^? :i* m5 may =feit unwill+ly1 z appe>s f ! context 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #e73 & ! *ief ( ^! is ! life ( ! body4 ,!re=e x is unlawful = any man to take ano!r's life = ! sake ( ! life ( 8 own body4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,pope ,nicolas 99,nicolas ,i1 ,di/4 #a1 c4 ,de 8 cl]icis says 9 ! ,decretals3 ,conc]n+ ! cl]ics ab\t :om y h consult$ ,u1 ^?1 namely1 :o h kill$ a pagan 9 self-def5se1 z to :e!r1 aft] mak+ am5ds by rep5t+1 !y may return to _! =m] /ate1 or rise to a high] degree2 "k t 9 no case is x lawful = !m to kill any man "u any circum/ances :atev]4 ,n[ cl]ics & laym5 are alike b\nd to obs]ve ! moral precepts4 ,!re=e nei!r is x lawful = laym5 to kill anyone 9 self-def5se4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 murd] is a m griev\s s9 ?an =nication or adult]y4 ,n[ nobody may lawfully commit simple =nication or adult]y or any o!r mortal s9 9 ord] to save 8 own life2 s9ce ! spiritual life is to be pref]r$ to ! life ( ! body4 ,!re=e no man may lawfully take ano!r's life 9 self-def5se 9 ord] to save 8 own life4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 if ! tree be evil1 s is ! fruit1 accord+ to ,matt4 #g3ag4 ,n[ self-def5se itself seems to be unlawful1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ab3ai3 ,n def5d+ ,d\ay3 'rev5g+' y\rselves1 my de>ly belov$4 ,!re=e its result1 :i* is ! slay+ ( a man1 is also unlawful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #bb3b73 ,if a ?ief be f\nd break+ into a h\se or und]m9+ x1 & be w\nd$ s z to die2 he t slew him %all n be guilty ( blood4 ,n[ x is mu* m lawful to def5d "o's life ?an "o's h\se4 ,!re=e nei!r is a man guilty ( murd] if he kill ano!r 9 def5se ( 8 own life4 ,i answ] t1 ,no?+ h9d]s "o act f hav+ two effects1 only "o ( :i* is int5d$1 :ile ! o!r is beside ! int5tion4 ,n[ moral acts take _! species accord+ to :at is int5d$1 & n accord+ to :at is beside ! int5tion1 s9ce ?is is accid5tal z expla9$ above 7,q4 #dc1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #a74 ,accord+ly ! act ( self-def5se may h two effects1 "o is ! sav+ ( "o's life1 ! o!r is ! slay+ ( ! aggressor4 ,!re=e ?is act1 s9ce "o's int5tion is to save "o's own life1 is n unlawful1 see+ t x is natural to ev]y?+ to keep itself 9 be+1 z f> z possible4 ,& yet1 ?\gh proce$+ f a good int5tion1 an act may be r5d]$ unlawful1 if x be out ( proportion to ! end4 ,:]e=e if a man1 9 self-def5se1 uses m ?an necess>y viol5ce1 x w be unlawful3 :]eas if he repel =ce ) mod]ation 8 def5se w be lawful1 because accord+ to ! juri/s 99,cap4 ,significa/i1 ,de ,homicid4 volunt4 vel casual41 x is lawful to repel =ce by =ce1 provid$ "o does n exce$ ! limits ( a blameless def5se4 ,nor is x necess>y = salvation t a man omit ! act ( mod]ate self-def5se 9 ord] to avoid kill+ ! o!r man1 s9ce "o is b\nd to take m c>e ( "o's own life ?an ( ano!r's4 ,b z x is unlawful to take a man's life1 except = ! public au?ority act+ = ! common good1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 x is n lawful = a man to int5d kill+ a man 9 self-def5se1 except = su* z h public au?ority1 :o :ile int5d+ to kill a man 9 self-def5se1 ref] ?is to ! public good1 z 9 ! case ( a soldi] fight+ aga9/ ! foe1 & 9 ! m9i/] ( ! judge /ruggl+ ) robb]s1 al?\gh ev5 ^! s9 if !y be mov$ by private animosity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! words quot$ f ,augu/9e ref] to ! case :5 "o man int5ds to kill ano!r to save himself f dea?4 ,! passage quot$ 9 ! ,second ,objection is to be und]/ood 9 ! same s5se4 ,h5ce he says po9t$ly1 = ! sake ( ^! ?+s1 :]eby he indicates ! int5tion4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,irregul>ity results f ! act ?\gh s9less ( tak+ a man's life1 z appe>s 9 ! case ( a judge :o ju/ly condemns a man to dea?4 ,= ?is reason a cl]ic1 ?\gh he kill a man 9 self-def5se1 is irregul>1 albeit he int5ds n to kill him1 b to def5d himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! act ( =nication or adult]y is n necess>ily direct$ to ! pres]vation ( "o's own life1 z is ! act :5ce sometimes results ! tak+ ( a man's life4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! def5se =bidd5 9 ?is passage is t :i* comes f rev5geful spite4 ,h5ce a gloss says3 ,n def5d+ y\rselves--t is1 n /rik+ y\r enemy back4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,"o ,is ,guilty ( ,murd] ,?r\gh ,kill+ ,someone by ,*ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o is guilty ( murd] ?r\gh kill+ someone by *ance4 ,= we read 7,g54 #d3bc1 #bd7 t ,lame* slew a man 9 mi/ake = a wild bea/ 99,! text ( ! ,bible does n say s1 b ?is 0 ! ,jewi% traditional comm5t>y on ,g54 #d3bc1 & t he 0 acc\nt$ guilty ( murd]4 ,!re=e "o incurs ! guilt ( murd] ?r\gh kill+ a man by *ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ex4 #ba3bb73 ,if 4 4 4 "o /rike a woman ) *ild1 & %e misc>ry inde$ 4 4 4 if h] dea? ensue !reupon1 he %all r5d] life = life4 ,yet ?is may happ5 )\t any int5tion ( caus+ h] dea?4 ,!re=e "o is guilty ( murd] ?r\gh kill+ someone by *ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,decretals 99,di/4 #a conta9 sev]al canons prescrib+ p5alties = un9t5tional homicide4 ,n[ p5alty is n due save = guilt4 ,!re=e he :o kills a man by *ance1 incurs ! guilt ( murd]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says to ,publicola 7,ep4 xlvii73 ,:5 we d a ?+ = a good & lawful purpose1 if !reby we un9t5tionally cause h>m to anyone1 x %\ld by no means be imput$ to u4 ,n[ x sometimes happ5s by *ance t a p]son is kill$ z a result ( some?+ done = a good purpose4 ,!re=e ! p]son :o did x is n acc\nt$ guilty4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 ii1 #f7 *ance is a cause t acts beside "o's int5tion4 ,h5ce *ance happ5+s1 /rictly speak+1 are nei!r int5d$ nor volunt>y4 ,& s9ce e s9 is volunt>y1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xiv7 x foll[s t *ance happ5+s1 z su*1 are n s9s4 ,nev]!less x happ5s t :at is n actually & directly volunt>y & int5d$1 is volunt>y & int5d$ accid5tally1 accord+ z t :i* removes an ob/acle is call$ an accid5tal cause4 ,:]e=e he :o does n remove some?+ :5ce homicide results :]eas he ought to remove x1 is 9 a s5se guilty ( volunt>y homicide4 ,?is happ5s 9 two ways3 fir/ :5 a man causes ano!r's dea? ?r\gh occupy+ himself ) unlawful ?+s :i* he ought to avoid3 secondly1 :5 he does n take suffici5t c>e4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to juri/s1 if a man pursue a lawful occupation & take due c>e1 ! result be+ t a p]son loses 8 life1 he is n guilty ( t p]son's dea?3 :]eas if he be occupi$ ) some?+ unlawful1 or ev5 ) some?+ lawful1 b )\t due c>e1 he does n escape be+ guilty ( murd]1 if 8 action results 9 someone's dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,lame* did n take suffici5t c>e to avoid tak+ a man's life3 & s he 0 n excus$ f be+ guilty ( homicide4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he t /rikes a woman ) *ild does some?+ unlawful3 :]e=e if !re results ! dea? ei!r ( ! woman or ( ! animat$ fetus1 he w n be excus$ f homicide1 especially see+ t dea? is ! natural result ( su* a bl[4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ! canons a p5alty is inflict$ on ^? :o cause dea? un9t5tionally1 ?r\gh do+ some?+ unlawful1 or fail+ to take suffici5t c>e4 ,,"q #fe ,,( ,,o!r ,,injuries ,,committ$ ,,on ,,! ,,p]son 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] o!r s9ful injuries committ$ on ! p]son4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,! mutilation ( memb]s2 7#b7 ,bl[s2 7#c7 ,imprisonm5t2 7#d7 ,:e!r ! s9s t consi/ 9 inflict+ su* l injuries are aggravat$ ?r\gh be+ p]petrat$ on p]sons connect$ ) o!rs8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r 9 ,"s ,cases ,x ,may ,be ,lawful to ,maim ,anyone8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 no case c x be lawful to maim anyone4 ,= ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iv1 #bj7 t s9 consi/s 9 dep>t+ f :at is accord+ to nature1 t[>ds t :i* is contr>y to nature4 ,n[ accord+ to nature x is appo9t$ by ,god t a man's body %\ld be entire 9 its memb]s1 & x is contr>y to nature t x %\ld be depriv$ ( a memb]4 ,!re=e x seems t x is always a s9 to maim a p]son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ! :ole s\l is to ! :ole body1 s are ! p>ts ( ! s\l to ! p>ts ( ! body 7,de ,anima ii1 #a74 ,b x is unlawful to deprive a man ( 8 s\l by kill+ him1 except by public au?ority4 ,!re=e nei!r is x lawful to maim anyone1 except p]haps by public au?ority4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! welf>e ( ! s\l is to be pref]r$ to ! welf>e ( ! body4 ,n[ x is n lawful = a man to maim himself = ! sake ( ! s\l's welf>e3 s9ce ! c\ncil ( ,nicea 99,p4 ,i1 sect4 #d1 c4 i puni%$ ^? :o ca/rat$ !mselves t !y might pres]ve *a/ity4 ,!re=e x is n lawful = any o!r reason to maim a p]son4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #ba3bd73 ,eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce a memb] is "p ( ! :ole human body1 x is = ! sake ( ! :ole1 z ! imp]fect = ! p]fect4 ,h5ce a memb] ( ! human body is to be dispos$ ( accord+ z x is exp$i5t = ! body4 ,n[ a memb] ( ! human body is ( itself useful to ! good ( ! :ole body1 yet1 accid5tally x may happ5 to be hurtful1 z :5 a decay$ memb] is a s\rce ( corruption to ! :ole body4 ,accord+ly s long z a memb] is heal?y & reta9s its natural disposition1 x _c be cut (f )\t injury to ! :ole body4 ,b z ! :ole ( man is direct$ z to 8 end to ! :ole ( ! community ( :i* he is a "p1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #fd1 ,,aa4 #b1 #e71 x may happ5 t al?\gh ! removal ( a memb] may be detrim5tal to ! :ole body1 x may nev]!less be direct$ to ! good ( ! community1 9 s f> z x is appli$ to a p]son z a puni%m5t = ! purpose ( re/ra9+ s94 ,h5ce j z by public au?ority a p]son is lawfully depriv$ ( life altoge!r on acc\nt ( c]ta9 m he9\s s9s1 s is he depriv$ ( a memb] on acc\nt ( c]ta9 less] s9s4 ,b ?is is n lawful = a private individual1 ev5 ) ! cons5t ( ! own] ( ! memb]1 because ?is w\ld involve an injury to ! community1 to :om ! man & all 8 p>ts belong4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! memb] be decay$ & !re=e a s\rce ( corruption to ! :ole body1 !n x is lawful ) ! cons5t ( ! own] ( ! memb]1 to cut away ! memb] = ! welf>e ( ! :ole body1 s9ce ea* "o is entru/$ ) ! c>e ( 8 own welf>e4 ,! same applies if x be done ) ! cons5t ( ! p]son ^: bus9ess x is to c>e = ! welf>e ( ! p]son :o has a decay$ memb]3 o!rwise x is altoge!r unlawful to maim anyone4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ prev5ts t :i* is contr>y to a p>ticul> nature f be+ 9 h>mony ) univ]sal nature3 ?us dea? & corruption1 9 ! physical ord]1 are contr>y to ! p>ticul> nature ( ! ?+ corrupt$1 al?\gh !y are 9 keep+ ) univ]sal nature4 ,9 l mann] to maim anyone1 ?\gh contr>y to ! p>ticul> nature ( ! body ( ! p]son maim$1 is nev]!less 9 keep+ ) natural reason 9 relation to ! common good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! life ( ! entire man is n direct$ to some?+ belong+ to man2 on ! contr>y :atev] belongs to man is direct$ to 8 life4 ,h5ce 9 no case does x p]ta9 to a p]son to take anyone's life1 except to ! public au?ority to :om is entru/$ ! procur+ ( ! common good4 ,b ! removal ( a memb] c be direct$ to ! good ( "o man1 & consequ5tly 9 c]ta9 cases c p]ta9 to him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a memb] %\ld n be remov$ = ! sake ( ! bodily heal? ( ! :ole1 unless o!rwise no?+ c be done to fur!r ! good ( ! :ole4 ,n[ x is always possible to fur!r "o's spiritual welf>e o!rwise ?an by cutt+ (f a memb]1 because s9 is always subject to ! w3 & consequ5tly 9 no case is x all[able to maim oneself1 ev5 to avoid any s9 :atev]4 ,h5ce ,*ryso/om1 9 8 exposition on ,matt4 #ai3ab 7,hom4 lxii 9 ,mat?471 ,!re are eunu*s :o h made !mselves eunu*s = ! k+dom ( heav51 says3 ,n by maim+ !mselves1 b by de/roy+ evil ?\ghts1 = a man is accurs$ :o maims himself1 s9ce !y are murd]]s :o d su* ?+s4 ,& fur!r on he says3 ,nor is lu/ tam$ !reby1 on ! contr>y x becomes m importunate1 = ! se$ spr+s 9 u f o!r s\rces1 & *iefly f an incont95t purpose & a c>eless m9d3 & temptation is curb$ n s mu* by cutt+ (f a memb] z by curb+ "o's ?\ghts4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = ,p>5ts to ,/rike ,_! ,*ildr51 or ,ma/]s ,_! ,slaves8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful = p>5ts to /rike _! *ildr51 or ma/]s _! slaves4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #f3d73 ,y1 fa!rs1 provoke n y\r *ildr5 to ang]2 & fur!r on 7,eph4 #i3f73 ,& y1 ma/]s1 d ! same ?+ to y\r slaves ,vulg43 'to !m' =be>+ ?reat5+s4 ,n[ "s are provok$ to ang] by bl[s1 & become m tr\blesome :5 ?reat5$4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld p>5ts /rike _! *ildr51 nor ma/]s _! slaves4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #i7 t a fa!r's words are admonitory & n co]cive4 ,n[ bl[s are a k9d ( co]cion4 ,!re=e x is unlawful = p>5ts to /rike _! *ildr54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev]yone is all[$ to imp>t correction1 = ?is belongs to ! spiritual almsde$s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #b74 ,if1 !re=e1 x is lawful = p>5ts to /rike _! *ildr5 = ! sake ( correction1 = ! same reason x w be lawful = any p]son to /rike anyone1 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,!re=e ! same conclusion foll[s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #ac3bd73 ,he t sp>e? ! rod hate? 8 son1 & fur!r on 7,prov4 #bc3ac73 ,)hold n correction f a *ild1 = if ?\ /rike him ) ! rod1 he %all n die4 ,?\ %alt beat him ) ! rod1 & deliv] 8 s\l f hell4 ,aga9 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cc3bh73 ,torture & fett]s are = a malici\s slave4 ,i answ] t1 ,h>m is done a body by /rik+ x1 yet n s z :5 x is maim$3 s9ce maim+ de/roys ! body's integrity1 :ile a bl[ m]ely affects ! s5se ) pa91 :]e=e x causes mu* less h>m ?an cutt+ (f a memb]4 ,n[ x is unlawful to d a p]son a h>m1 except by way ( puni%m5t 9 ! cause ( ju/ice4 ,aga91 no man ju/ly puni%es ano!r1 except "o :o is subject to 8 jurisdiction4 ,!re=e x is n lawful = a man to /rike ano!r1 unless he h "s p[] ov] ! "o :om he /rikes4 ,& s9ce ! *ild is subject to ! p[] ( ! p>5t1 & ! slave to ! p[] ( 8 ma/]1 a p>5t c lawfully /rike 8 *ild1 & a ma/] 8 slave t in/ruction may be en=c$ by correction4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce ang] is a desire = v5geance1 x is ar\s$ *iefly :5 a man deems himself unju/ly injur$1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii74 ,h5ce :5 p>5ts are =bidd5 to provoke _! *ildr5 to ang]1 !y are n prohibit$ f /rik+ _! *ildr5 = ! purpose ( correction1 b f inflict+ bl[s on !m )\t mod]ation4 ,! comm& t ma/]s %\ld =be> f ?reat5+ _! slaves may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/ t !y %\ld be sl[ to ?reat51 & ?is p]ta9s to ! mod]ation ( correction2 secondly1 t !y %\ld n always c>ry out _! ?reats1 t is t !y %\ld sometimes by a m]ciful =giv5ess temp] ! judgm5t :]eby !y ?reat5$ puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! great] p[] %\ld ex]cise ! great] co]cion4 ,n[ j z a city is a p]fect community1 s ! gov]nor ( a city has p]fect co]cive p[]3 :]e=e he c inflict irrep>able puni%m5ts su* z dea? & mutilation4 ,on ! o!r h& ! fa!r & ! ma/] :o preside ov] ! family h\sehold1 :i* is an imp]fect community1 h imp]fect co]cive p[]1 :i* is ex]cis$ by inflict+ less] puni%m5ts1 = in/ance by bl[s1 :i* d n inflict irrep>able h>m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is lawful = anyone to imp>t correction to a will+ subject4 ,b to imp>t x to an unwill+ subject belongs to ^? only :o h *>ge ov] him4 ,to ?is p]ta9s *a/isem5t by bl[s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,imprison a ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful to imprison a man4 ,an act :i* deals ) undue matt] is evil 9 its g5us1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ man1 hav+ a free-w1 is undue matt] = imprisonm5t :i* is inconsi/5t ) free-w4 ,!re=e x is unlawful to imprison a man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 human ju/ice %\ld be rul$ by ,div9e ju/ice4 ,n[ accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ae3ad1 ,god left man 9 ! h& ( 8 own c\nsel4 ,!re=e x seems t a man ought n to be co]c$ by *a9s or prisons4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no man %\ld be =cibly prev5t$ except f do+ an evil de$2 & any man c lawfully prev5t ano!r f do+ ?is4 ,if1 !re=e1 x 7 lawful to imprison a man1 9 ord] to re/ra9 him f evil de$s1 x w\ld be lawful = anyone to put a man 9 prison2 & ?is is cle>ly false4 ,!re=e ! same conclusion foll[s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,we read 9 ,lev4 #bd t a man 0 imprison$ = ! s9 ( blasphemy4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! goods ( ! body ?ree ?+s may be consid]$ 9 due ord]4 ,fir/1 ! sub/antial integrity ( ! body1 & ?is is injur$ by dea? or maim+4 ,secondly1 pleasure or re/ ( ! s5ses1 & to ?is /rik+ or any?+ caus+ a s5se ( pa9 is oppos$4 ,?irdly1 ! movem5t or use ( ! memb]s1 & ?is is h9d]$ by b9d+ or imprison+ or any k9d ( det5tion4 ,!re=e x is unlawful to imprison or 9 any way deta9 a man1 unless x be done accord+ to ! ord] ( ju/ice1 ei!r 9 puni%m5t1 or z a measure ( precaution aga9/ "s evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a man :o abuses ! p[] entru/$ to him des]ves to lose x1 & !re=e :5 a man by s9n+ abuses ! free use ( 8 memb]s1 he becomes a fitt+ matt] = imprisonm5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ord] ( ,8 wisdom ,god sometimes re/ra9s a s9n] f accompli%+ a s91 accord+ to ,job #e3ab3 ,:o br+e? to n\ght ! designs ( ! malignant1 s t _! h& _c accompli% :at !y _h begun1 :ile sometimes ,he all[s !m to d :at !y w4 ,9 l mann]1 accord+ to human ju/ice1 m5 are imprison$1 n = e s9 b = c]ta9 ones4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is lawful = anyone to re/ra9 a man = a "t f do+ "s unlawful de$ !re & !n3 z :5 a man prev5ts ano!r f ?r[+ himself ov] a precipice1 or f /rik+ ano!r4 ,b to him alone :o has ! "r ( dispos+ 9 g5]al ( ! actions & ( ! life ( ano!r does x belong prim>ily to imprison or fett]1 because by s do+ he h9d]s him f do+ n only evil b also good de$s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,s9 ,is ,aggravat$ by ! ,fact ,t ! ,a=esaid ,injuries ,are ,p]petrat$ on ,^? ,:o ,are ,connect$ ) ,o!rs8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s9 is n aggravat$ by ! fact t ! a=esaid injuries are p]petrat$ on ^? :o are connect$ ) o!rs4 ,su* l injuries take _! s9ful "* f inflict+ an injury on ano!r aga9/ 8 w4 ,n[ ! evil inflict$ on a man's own p]son is m aga9/ 8 w ?an t :i* is inflict$ on a p]son connect$ ) him4 ,!re=e an injury inflict$ on a p]son connect$ ) ano!r is less griev\s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,holy ,writ reproves ^? especially :o d injuries to orphans & wid[s3 h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ce3ag73 ,he w n despise ! pray]s ( ! fa!rless1 nor ! wid[ :5 %e p\re? out h] compla9t4 ,n[ ! wid[ & ! orphan are n connect$ ) o!r p]sons4 ,!re=e ! s9 is n aggravat$ ?r\gh an injury be+ inflict$ on "o :o is connect$ ) o!rs4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! p]son :o is connect$ has a w ( 8 own j z ! pr9cipal p]son has1 s t some?+ may be volunt>y = him & yet aga9/ ! w ( ! pr9cipal p]son1 z 9 ! case ( adult]y :i* pleases ! woman b n ! husb&4 ,n[ ^! injuries are s9ful 9 s f> z !y consi/ 9 an involunt>y commutation4 ,!re=e su* l injuries are ( a less s9ful nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #bh3cb7 z ?\gh indicat+ an aggravat+ circum/ance3 ,?y sons & ?y daught]s %all be giv5 to ano!r p1 ?y eyes look+ on 99,vulg43 ',may ?y sons & ?y daught]s be giv51' etc44 ,i answ] t1 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 an injury is a m griev\s s9 accord+ z x affects m p]sons2 & h5ce x is t x is a m griev\s s9 to /rike or injure a p]son 9 au?ority ?an a private individual1 because x conduces to ! injury ( ! :ole community1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #i74 ,n[ :5 an injury is inflict$ on "o :o is connect$ 9 any way ) ano!r1 t injury affects two p]sons1 s t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! s9 is aggravat$ by ?is v fact4 ,x may happ51 h[ev]1 t 9 view ( c]ta9 circum/ances1 a s9 committ$ aga9/ "o :o is n connect$ ) any o!r p]son1 is m griev\s1 on acc\nt ( ei!r ! dignity ( ! p]son1 or ! greatness ( ! injury4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,an injury inflict$ on a p]son connect$ ) o!rs is less h>mful to ! p]sons ) :om he is connect$1 ?an if x 7 p]petrat$ imm$iately on !m1 & f ?is po9t ( view x is a less griev\s s94 ,b all t belongs to ! injury ( ! p]son ) :om he is connect$1 is add$ to ! s9 ( :i* a man is guilty ?r\gh injur+ ! o!r "o 9 himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,injuries done to wid[s & orphans are m insi/$ ^u bo? ?r\gh be+ m oppos$ to m]cy1 & because ! same injury done to su* p]sons is m griev\s to !m s9ce !y h no "o to turn to = relief4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fact t ! wife volunt>ily cons5ts to ! adult]y1 less5s ! s9 & injury1 s f> z ! woman is conc]n$1 = x w\ld be m griev\s1 if ! adult]] oppress$ h] by viol5ce4 ,b ?is does n remove ! injury z affect+ h] husb&1 s9ce ! wife ha? n p[] ( h] own body2 b ! husb& 7#a ,cor4 #g3d74 ,! same applies to simil> cases4 ,( adult]y1 h[ev]1 z x is oppos$ n only to ju/ice b also to *a/ity1 we %all speak 9 ! treatise on ,temp]ance 7,q4 #aed1 ,a4 #h74 ,,"q #ff ,,( ,,!ft ,,& ,,robb]y 7,9 ,n9e ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! s9s oppos$ to ju/ice1 :]eby a man injures 8 neighbor 9 8 belong+s2 namely !ft & robb]y4 ,"u ?is head !re are n9e po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is natural to man to possess ext]nal ?+s8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful = a man to possess some?+ z 8 own8 7#c7 ,:e!r !ft is ! secret tak+ ( ano!r's prop]ty8 7#d7 ,:e!r robb]y is a species ( s9 di/9ct f !ft8 7#e7 ,:e!r e !ft is a s98 7#f7 ,:e!r !ft is a mortal s98 7#g7 ,:e!r x is lawful to ?ieve 9 a case ( necessity8 7#h7 ,:e!r e robb]y is a mortal s98 7#i7 ,:e!r robb]y is a m griev\s s9 ?an !ft8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is ,natural = ,man to ,possess ,ext]nal ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n natural = man to possess ext]nal ?+s4 ,= no man %\ld ascribe to himself t :i* is ,god's4 ,n[ ! dom9ion ov] all creatures is prop] to ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #bc3a1 ,! e>? is ! ,"l's1 etc4 ,!re=e x is n natural = man to possess ext]nal ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,basil 9 exp\nd+ ! words ( ! ri* man 7,luke #ab3ah71 ,i w ga!r all ?+s t are gr[n to me1 & my goods1 says 99,hom4 9 ,luc4 xii1 #ah3 ,tell me3 :i* are ?9e8 :]e did y take !m f & br+ !m into be+8 ,n[ :atev] man possesses naturally1 he c fitt+ly call 8 own4 ,!re=e man does n naturally possess ext]nal ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,ambrose 7,de ,tr94 i 99,de ,fide1 ad ,gratianum1 i1 #a7 dom9ion d5otes p[]4 ,b man has no p[] ov] ext]nal ?+s1 s9ce he c "w no *ange 9 _! nature4 ,!re=e ! possession ( ext]nal ?+s is n natural to man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #h3h73 ,?\ ha/ subject$ all ?+s "u 8 feet4 ,i answ] t1 ,ext]nal ?+s c be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds _! nature1 & ?is is n subject to ! p[] ( man1 b only to ! p[] ( ,god ,^: m]e w all ?+s obey4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds _! use1 & 9 ?is way1 man has a natural dom9ion ov] ext]nal ?+s1 because1 by 8 reason & w1 he is able to use !m = 8 own pr(it1 z !y 7 made on 8 acc\nt3 = ! imp]fect is always = ! sake ( ! p]fect1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #a74 ,x is by ?is argum5t t ! ,philosoph] proves 7,polit4 i1 #c7 t ! possession ( ext]nal ?+s is natural to man4 ,moreov]1 ?is natural dom9ion ( man ov] o!r creatures1 :i* is compet5t to man 9 respect ( 8 reason :]e9 ,god's image resides1 is %[n =? 9 man's creation 7,g54 #a3bf7 by ! words3 ,let u make man to our image & lik5ess3 & let him h dom9ion ov] ! fi%es ( ! sea1 etc4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god has sov]eign dom9ion ov] all ?+s3 & ,he1 accord+ to ,8 provid5ce1 direct$ c]ta9 ?+s to ! su/5ance ( man's body4 ,= ?is reason man has a natural dom9ion ov] ?+s1 z reg>ds ! p[] to make use ( !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ri* man is reprov$ = deem+ ext]nal ?+s to belong to him pr9cipally1 z ?\gh he _h n receiv$ !m f ano!r1 namely f ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! dom9ion ov] ext]nal ?+s z reg>ds _! nature4 ,su* a dom9ion belongs to ,god alone1 z /at$ above4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = a ,man to ,possess a ,?+ ,z ,8 ,own8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful = a man to possess a ?+ z 8 own4 ,= :atev] is contr>y to ! natural law is unlawful4 ,n[ accord+ to ! natural law all ?+s are common prop]ty3 & ! possession ( prop]ty is contr>y to ?is community ( goods4 ,!re=e x is unlawful = any man to appropriate any ext]nal ?+ to himself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,basil 9 exp\nd+ ! words ( ! ri* man quot$ above 7,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #b71 says3 ,! ri* :o deem z _! own prop]ty ! common goods !y h seiz$ ^u1 are l to ^? :o by go+ be=eh& to ! play prev5t o!rs f com+1 & appropriate to !mselves :at is int5d$ = common use4 ,n[ x w\ld be unlawful to prev5t o!rs f obta9+ possession ( common goods4 ,!re=e x is unlawful to appropriate to oneself :at belongs to ! community4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose says 99,s]m4 lxiv1 de temp41 & 8 words are quot$ 9 ! ,decretals 99,di/4 xlvii41 ,c4 ,sicut hi43 ,let no man call 8 own t :i* is common prop]ty3 & by common he means ext]nal ?+s1 z is cle> f ! context4 ,!re=e x seems unlawful = a man to appropriate an ext]nal ?+ to himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,ha]es41 ha]4 #dj73 ,! ',apo/olici' are ^? :o ) extreme arrogance h giv5 !mselves t "n1 because !y d n admit into _! communion p]sons :o are m>ri$ or possess any?+ ( _! own1 su* z bo? monks & cl]ics :o 9 consid]able numb] are to be f\nd 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,n[ ! reason :y ^! p are h]etics 0 because sev]+ !mselves f ! ,*ur*1 !y ?9k t ^? :o enjoy ! use ( ! above ?+s1 :i* !y !mselves lack1 h no hope ( salvation4 ,!re=e x is errone\s to ma9ta9 t x is unlawful = a man to possess prop]ty4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s are compet5t to man 9 respect ( ext]ior ?+s4 ,"o is ! p[] to procure & disp5se !m1 & 9 ?is reg>d x is lawful = man to possess prop]ty4 ,moreov] ?is is necess>y to human life = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/ because e man is m c>eful to procure :at is = himself alone ?an t :i* is common to _m or to all3 s9ce ea* "o w\ld %irk ! labor & leave to ano!r t :i* conc]ns ! community1 z happ5s :]e !re is a great numb] ( s]vants4 ,secondly1 because human affairs are conduct$ 9 m ord]ly fa%ion if ea* man is *>g$ ) tak+ c>e ( "s p>ticul> ?+ himself1 :]eas !re w\ld be confusion if ev]yone _h to look aft] any "o ?+ indet]m9ately4 ,?irdly1 because a m peaceful /ate is ensur$ to man if ea* "o is cont5t$ ) 8 own4 ,h5ce x is to be obs]v$ t qu>rels arise m frequ5tly :]e !re is no division ( ! ?+s possess$4 ,! second ?+ t is compet5t to man ) reg>d to ext]nal ?+s is _! use4 ,9 ?is respect man ought to possess ext]nal ?+s1 n z 8 own1 b z common1 s t1 to wit1 he is ready to communicate !m to o!rs 9 _! ne$4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #f3ag1 #ah73 ,*>ge ! ri* ( ?is _w 4 4 4 to give easily1 to communicate to o!rs1 etc4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,community ( goods is ascrib$ to ! natural law1 n t ! natural law dictates t all ?+s %\ld be possess$ 9 common & t no?+ %\ld be possess$ z "o's own3 b because ! division ( possessions is n accord+ to ! natural law1 b r arose f human agreem5t :i* belongs to positive law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eg1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,h5ce ! own]%ip ( possessions is n contr>y to ! natural law1 b an addition !reto devis$ by human reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man w\ld n act unlawfully if by go+ be=eh& to ! play he prep>$ ! way = o!rs3 b he acts unlawfully if by s do+ he h9d]s o!rs f go+4 ,9 l mann] a ri* man does n act unlawfully if he anticipates someone 9 tak+ possession ( some?+ :i* at fir/ 0 common prop]ty1 & gives o!rs a %>e3 b he s9s if he excludes o!rs indiscrim9ately f us+ x4 ,h5ce ,basil says 7,hom4 9 ,luc4 xii1 #ah73 ,:y are y ri* :ile ano!r is poor1 unless x be t y may h ! m]it ( a good /ew>d%ip1 & he ! rew>d ( pati5ce8 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 ,ambrose says3 ,let no man call 8 own t :i* is common1 he is speak+ ( own]%ip z reg>ds use1 :]e=e he adds3 ,he :o sp5ds too mu* is a robb]4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,ess5ce ( ,!ft ,consi/s 9 ,tak+ ,ano!r's ,?+ ,secretly8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n ess5tial to !ft to take ano!r's ?+ secretly4 ,= t :i* dim9i%es a s91 does n1 app>5tly1 belong to ! ess5ce ( a s94 ,n[ to s9 secretly t5ds to dim9i% a s91 j z1 on ! contr>y1 x is writt5 z indicat+ an aggravat+ circum/ance ( ! s9 ( "s 7,isa4 #c3i73 ,!y h proclaim$ abroad _! s9 z ,sodom1 & !y h n hid x4 ,!re=e x is n ess5tial to !ft t x %\ld consi/ 9 tak+ ano!r's ?+ secretly4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose says 99,s]m4 lxiv1 de temp41 ,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #c1 ,c4 ,sicut hi43 & 8 words are embodi$ 9 ! ,decretals 99,di/4 xlvii3 ,x is no less a crime to take f him t has1 ?an to refuse to succor ! ne$y :5 y c & are well (f4 ,!re=e j z !ft consi/s 9 tak+ ano!r's ?+1 s does x consi/ 9 keep+ x back4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a man may take by /eal? f ano!r1 ev5 t :i* is 8 own1 = in/ance a ?+ t he has deposit$ ) ano!r1 or t has be5 tak5 away f him unju/ly4 ,!re=e x is n ess5tial to !ft t x %\ld consi/ 9 tak+ ano!r's ?+ secretly4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 x73 ,fur 7?ief7 is d]iv$ f furvus & s f fuscus 7d>k71 because he takes advantage ( ! night4 ,i answ] t1 ,?ree ?+s comb9e toge!r to con/itute !ft4 ,! fir/ belongs to !ft z be+ contr>y to ju/ice1 :i* gives to ea* "o t :i* is 81 s t x belongs to !ft to take possession ( :at is ano!r's4 ,! second ?+ belongs to !ft z di/9ct f ^? s9s :i* are committ$ aga9/ ! p]son1 su* z murd] & adult]y1 & 9 ?is respect x belongs to !ft to be ab\t a ?+ possess$3 = if a man takes :at is ano!r's n z a possession b z a "p 7= in/ance1 if he amputates a limb71 or z a p]son connect$ ) him 7= in/ance1 if he c>ry (f 8 daught] or 8 wife71 x is n /rictly speak+ a case ( !ft4 ,! ?ird diff]5ce is t :i* completes ! nature ( !ft1 & consi/s 9 a ?+ be+ tak5 secretly3 & 9 ?is respect x belongs prop]ly to !ft t x consi/s 9 tak+ ano!r's ?+ secretly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,secrecy is sometimes a cause ( s91 z :5 a man employs secrecy 9 ord] to commit a s91 = in/ance 9 fraud & guile4 ,9 ?is way x does n dim9i% s91 b con/itutes a species ( s93 & ?us x is 9 !ft4 ,9 ano!r way secrecy is m]ely a circum/ance ( s91 & ?us x dim9i%es s91 bo? because x is a sign ( %ame1 & because x removes sc&al4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to keep back :at is due to ano!r1 inflicts ! same k9d ( injury z tak+ a ?+ unju/ly3 :]e=e an unju/ det5tion is includ$ 9 an unju/ tak+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no?+ prev5ts t :i* belongs to "o p]son simply1 f belong+ to ano!r 9 "s respect3 ?us a deposit belongs simply to ! depositor1 b ) reg>d to its cu/ody x is ! deposit>y's1 & ! ?+ /ol5 is ! ?ief's1 n simply1 b z reg>ds its cu/ody4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,!ft & ,robb]y ,are ,s9s ( ,diff]5t ,species8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !ft & robb]y are n s9s ( diff]5t species4 ,= !ft & robb]y diff] z secret & manife/3 because !ft is tak+ some?+ secretly1 :ile robb]y is to take some?+ viol5tly & op5ly4 ,n[ 9 ! o!r k9ds ( s9s1 ! secret & ! manife/ d n diff] specifically4 ,!re=e !ft & robb]y are n diff]5t species ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 moral actions take _! species f ! end1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #f74 ,n[ !ft & robb]y are direct$ to ! same end1 viz4 ! possession ( ano!r's prop]ty4 ,!re=e !y d n diff] specifically4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z a ?+ is tak5 by =ce = ! sake ( possession1 s is a woman tak5 by =ce = pleasure3 :]e=e ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 t he :o commits a rape is call$ a corrupt]1 & ! victim ( ! rape is said to be corrupt$4 ,n[ x is a case ( rape :e!r ! woman be c>ri$ (f publicly or secretly4 ,!re=e ! ?+ appropriat$ is said to be tak5 by =ce1 :e!r x be done secretly or publicly4 ,!re=e !ft & robb]y d n diff]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #b7 di/+ui%es !ft f robb]y1 & /ates t !ft is done 9 secret1 b t robb]y is done op5ly4 ,i answ] t1 ,!ft & robb]y are vices contr>y to ju/ice1 9 z mu* z "o man does ano!r an inju/ice4 ,n[ no man suff]s an inju/ice will+ly1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #i4 ,:]e=e !ft & robb]y d]ive _! s9ful nature1 ?r\gh ! tak+ be+ involunt>y on ! "p ( ! p]son f :om some?+ is tak54 ,n[ ! involunt>y is tw(old1 namely1 ?r\gh viol5ce & ?r\gh ignorance1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #a4 ,!re=e ! s9ful aspect ( robb]y diff]s f t ( !ft3 & consequ5tly !y diff] specifically4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! o!r k9ds ( s9 ! s9ful nature is n d]iv$ f some?+ involunt>y1 z 9 ! s9s oppos$ to ju/ice3 & s :]e !re is a diff]5t k9d ( involunt>y1 !re is a diff]5t species ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! remote end ( robb]y & !ft is ! same4 ,b ?is is n en\gh = id5tity ( species1 because !re is a diff]5ce ( proximate ends1 s9ce ! robb] wi%es to take a ?+ by 8 own p[]1 b ! ?ief1 by cunn+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! robb]y ( a woman _c be secret on ! "p ( ! woman :o is tak53 :]e=e ev5 if x be secret z reg>ds ! o!rs f :om %e is tak51 ! nature ( robb]y rema9s on ! "p ( ! woman to :om viol5ce is done4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,!ft ,is ,always a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !ft is n always a s94 ,= no s9 is comm&$ by ,god1 s9ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ae3ba73 ,he ha? comm&$ no man to d wick$ly4 ,yet we f9d t ,god comm&$ !ft1 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #ab3ce1 #cf73 ,& ! *ildr5 ( ,israel did z ! ,"l _h comm&$ ,moses ,vulg43 'z ,moses _h comm&$'4 4 4 & !y /ripp$ ! ,egyptians4 ,!re=e !ft is n always a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if a man f9ds a ?+ t is n 8 & takes x1 he seems to commit a !ft1 = he takes ano!r's prop]ty4 ,yet ?is seems lawful accord+ to natural equity1 z ! juri/s hold4 99,see loc4 cit4 9 ,reply4 ,!re=e x seems t !ft is n always a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 he t takes :at is 8 own does n seem to s91 because he does n act aga9/ ju/ice1 s9ce he does n de/roy its equality4 ,yet a man commits a !ft ev5 if he secretly take 8 own prop]ty t is deta9$ by or 9 ! safe-keep+ ( ano!r4 ,!re=e x seems t !ft is n always a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #bj3ae73 ,?\ %alt n /eal4 ,i answ] t1 ,if anyone consid] :at is meant by !ft1 he w f9d t x is s9ful on two c\nts4 ,fir/1 because ( its opposition to ju/ice1 :i* gives to ea* "o :at is 81 s t = ?is reason !ft is contr>y to ju/ice1 ?r\gh be+ a tak+ ( :at belongs to ano!r4 ,secondly1 because ( ! guile or fraud committ$ by ! ?ief1 by lay+ h&s on ano!r's prop]ty secretly & cunn+ly4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t e !ft is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is no !ft = a man to take ano!r's prop]ty ei!r secretly or op5ly by ord] ( a judge :o has comm&$ him to d s1 because x becomes 8 due by ! v fact t x is adjudicat$ to him by ! s5t5ce ( ! c\rt4 ,h5ce /ill less 0 x a !ft = ! ,israelites to take away ! spoils ( ! ,egyptians at ! comm& ( ! ,"l1 ,:o ord]$ ?is to be done on acc\nt ( ! ill-treatm5t accord$ to !m by ! ,egyptians )\t any cause3 :]e=e x is writt5 significantly 7,wis4 #aj3ai73 ,! j took ! spoils ( ! wick$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,) reg>d to treasure-trove a di/9ction mu/ be made4 ,= "s !re are t 7 nev] 9 anyone's possession1 = in/ance preci\s /ones & jewels1 f\nd on ! sea%ore1 & su* ! f9d] is all[$ to keep 99,dig4 ,i1 viii1 ,de divis4 r]um3 ,in/4 ,,ii1 i1 ,de r]um divis44 ,! same applies to treasure hidd5 und]gr\nd long s9ce & belong+ to no man1 except t accord+ to civil law ! f9d] is b\nd to give half to ! own] ( ! l&1 if ! treasure trove be 9 ! l& ( ano!r p]son 99,in/4 ,,ii1 i1 #ci3 ,cod4 ,x1 xv1 ,de ,!sauris4 ,h5ce 9 ! p>able ( ! ,gospel 7,matt4 #ac3dd7 x is said ( ! f9d] ( ! treasure hidd5 9 a field t he b\ght ! field1 z ?\gh he purpos$ ?us to acquire ! "r ( possess+ ! :ole treasure4 ,on ! o!r ,l& ! treasure-trove may be ne>ly 9 someone's possession3 & !n if anyone take x ) ! int5tion1 n ( keep+ x b ( return+ x to ! own] :o does n look ^u su* ?+s z unappropriat$1 he is n guilty ( !ft4 ,9 l mann] if ! ?+ f\nd appe>s to be unappropriat$1 & if ! f9d] believes x to be s1 al?\gh he keep x1 he does n commit a !ft 99,in/4 ,,ii1 i1 #dg4 ,9 any o!r case ! s9 ( !ft is committ$ 99,dig4 ,,xli1 i1 ,de acquir5d4 r]um dom9io1 #i3 ,in/4 ,,ii1 i1 #dh3 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 9 a homily 7,s]m4 clxxviii2 ,de ,v]b4 ,apo/473 ,if ?\ ha/ f\nd a ?+ & n return$ x1 ?\ ha/ /ol5 x 7,dig4 xiv1 #e1 c4 ,si quid inv5i/i74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he :o by /eal? takes 8 own prop]ty :i* is deposit$ ) ano!r man burd5s ! deposit>y1 :o is b\nd ei!r to re/itution1 or to prove himself innoc5t4 ,h5ce he is cle>ly guilty ( s91 & is b\nd to ease ! deposit>y ( 8 burd54 ,on ! o!r h& he :o1 by /eal?1 takes 8 own prop]ty1 if ?is be unju/ly deta9$ by ano!r1 he s9s inde$2 yet n because he burd5s ! reta9]1 & s he is n b\nd to re/itution or comp5sation3 b he s9s aga9/ g5]al ju/ice by disreg>d+ ! ord] ( ju/ice & usurp+ judgm5t conc]n+ 8 own prop]ty4 ,h5ce he mu/ make satisfaction to ,god & endeavor to allay :atev] sc&al he may h giv5 8 neighbor by act+ ?is way4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,!ft ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !ft is n a mortal s94 ,= x is writt5 7,prov4 #f3cj73 ,! fault is n s great :5 a man ha? /ol54 ,b e mortal s9 is a great fault4 ,!re=e !ft is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 mortal s9 des]ves to be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,b 9 ! ,law !ft is puni%$ n by dea? b by indemnity1 accord+ to ,ex4 #bb3a1 ,if any man /eal an ox or a %eep 4 4 4 he %all re/ore h ox5 = "o ox1 & f\r %eep = "o %eep4 ,!re=e !ft is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !ft c be committ$ 9 small ev5 z 9 great ?+s4 ,b x seems unreasonable = a man to be puni%$ ) et]nal dea? = ! !ft ( a small ?+ su* z a ne$le or a quill4 ,!re=e !ft is n a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no man is condemn$ by ! ,div9e judgm5t save = a mortal s94 ,yet a man is condemn$ = !ft1 accord+ to ,ze*4 #e3c1 ,?is is ! curse t goe? =? ov] ! face ( ! e>?2 = e ?ief %all be judg$ z is !re writt54 ,!re=e !ft is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e71 a mortal s9 is "o t is contr>y to *>ity z ! spiritual life ( ! s\l4 ,n[ *>ity consi/s pr9cipally 9 ! love ( ,god1 & second>ily 9 ! love ( our neighbor1 :i* is %[n 9 our wi%+ & do+ him well4 ,b !ft is a means ( do+ h>m to our neighbor 9 8 belong+s2 & if m5 7 to rob "o ano!r habitually1 human society w\ld be undone4 ,!re=e !ft1 z be+ oppos$ to *>ity1 is a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! /atem5t t !ft is n a great fault is 9 view ( two cases4 ,fir/1 :5 a p]son is l$ to ?ieve ?r\gh necessity4 ,?is necessity dim9i%es or entirely removes s91 z we %all %[ fur!r on 7,a4 #g74 ,h5ce ! text cont9ues3 ,= he /eale? to fill 8 hungry s\l4 ,secondly1 !ft is /at$ n to be a great fault 9 comp>ison ) ! guilt ( adult]y1 :i* is puni%$ ) dea?4 ,h5ce ! text goes on to say ( ! ?ief t if he be tak51 he %all re/ore sev5fold 4 4 4 b he t is an adult]] 4 4 4 %all de/roy 8 own s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! puni%m5ts ( ?is life are m$ic9al r ?an retributive4 ,= retribution is res]v$ to ! ,div9e judgm5t :i* is pron\nc$ aga9/ s9n]s accord+ to tru? 7,rom4 #b3b74 ,:]e=e1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! pres5t life ! dea? puni%m5t is inflict$1 n = e mortal s91 b only = su* z inflict an irrep>able h>m1 or aga9 = su* z conta9 "s horrible de=mity4 ,h5ce accord+ to ! pres5t judgm5t ! pa9 ( dea? is n inflict$ = !ft :i* does n inflict an irrep>able h>m1 except :5 x is aggravat$ by "s grave circum/ance1 z 9 ! case ( sacrilege :i* is ! !ft ( a sacr$ ?+1 ( peculation1 :i* is !ft ( common prop]ty1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,tract4 #a1 ,sup] ,joan471 & ( kidnap+ :i* is /eal+ a man1 = :i* ! pa9 ( dea? is inflict$ 7,ex4 #ba3af74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,reason acc\nts z no?+ t :i* is little3 s t a man does n consid] himself injur$ 9 v little matt]s3 & ! p]son :o takes su* ?+s c presume t ?is is n aga9/ ! w ( ! own]4 ,& if a p]son take su* l v little ?+s1 he may be proportionately excus$ f mortal s94 ,yet if 8 int5tion is to rob & injure 8 neighbor1 !re may be a mortal s9 ev5 9 ^! v little ?+s1 ev5 z !re may be ?r\gh cons5t 9 a m]e ?\ght4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,/eal ,?r\gh ,/ress ( ,ne$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful to /eal ?r\gh /ress ( ne$4 ,= p5ance is n impos$ except on "o :o has s9n$4 ,n[ x is /at$ 7,extra1 ,de furtis1 ,cap4 ,si quis73 ,if anyone1 ?r\gh /ress ( hung] or nak$ness1 /eal food1 clo?+ or bea/1 he %all d p5ance = ?ree weeks4 ,!re=e x is n lawful to /eal ?r\gh /ress ( ne$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 t !re are "s actions ^: v "n implies wick$ness1 & among ^! he reckons !ft4 ,n[ t :i* is wick$ 9 itself may n be done = a good end4 ,!re=e a man _c lawfully /eal 9 ord] to rem$y a ne$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a man %\ld love 8 neighbor z himself4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,contra ,m5dac4 vii71 x is unlawful to /eal 9 ord] to succor "o's neighbor by giv+ him an alms4 ,!re=e nei!r is x lawful to /eal 9 ord] to rem$y "o's own ne$s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 cases ( ne$ all ?+s are common prop]ty1 s t !re w\ld seem to be no s9 9 tak+ ano!r's prop]ty1 = ne$ has made x common4 ,i answ] t1 ,?+s :i* are ( human "r _c d]ogate f natural "r or ,div9e "r4 ,n[ accord+ to ! natural ord] e/abli%$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce1 inf]ior ?+s are orda9$ = ! purpose ( succor+ man's ne$s by _! means4 ,:]e=e ! division & appropriation ( ?+s :i* are bas$ on human law1 d n preclude ! fact t man's ne$s h to be rem$i$ by means ( ^! v ?+s4 ,h5ce :atev] c]ta9 p h 9 sup]abundance is due1 by natural law1 to ! purpose ( succor+ ! poor4 ,= ?is reason ,ambrose 99,loc4 cit41 ,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #c says1 & 8 words are embodi$ 9 ! ,decretals 7,di/4 xlvii1 c4 ,sicut ii73 ,x is ! hungry man's bread t y )hold1 ! nak$ man's cloak t y /ore away1 ! money t y bury 9 ! e>? is ! price ( ! poor man's ransom & fre$om4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 !re are _m :o are 9 ne$1 :ile x is impossible = all to be succor$ by means ( ! same ?+1 ea* "o is entru/$ ) ! /ew>d%ip ( 8 own ?+s1 s t out ( !m he may come to ! aid ( ^? :o are 9 ne$4 ,nev]!less1 if ! ne$ be s manife/ & urg5t1 t x is evid5t t ! pres5t ne$ mu/ be rem$i$ by :atev] means be at h& 7= in/ance :5 a p]son is 9 "s imm95t dang]1 & !re is no o!r possible rem$y71 !n x is lawful = a man to succor 8 own ne$ by means ( ano!r's prop]ty1 by tak+ x ei!r op5ly or secretly3 nor is ?is prop]ly speak+ !ft or robb]y4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is decretal consid]s cases :]e !re is no urg5t ne$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n !ft1 prop]ly speak+1 to take secretly & use ano!r's prop]ty 9 a case ( extreme ne$3 because t :i* he takes = ! support ( 8 life becomes 8 own prop]ty by reason ( t ne$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 a case ( a l ne$ a man may also take secretly ano!r's prop]ty 9 ord] to succor 8 neighbor 9 ne$4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,robb]y ,may ,be ,committ$ ,)\t ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t robb]y may be committ$ )\t s94 ,= spoils are tak5 by viol5ce1 & ?is seems to belong to ! ess5ce ( robb]y1 accord+ to :at has be5 said 7,a4 #d74 ,n[ x is lawful to take spoils f ! enemy2 = ,ambrose says 7,de ,patri>*4 #d 99,de ,abraham i1 #c73 ,:5 ! conqu]or has tak5 possession ( ! spoils1 milit>y discipl9e dem&s t all %\ld be res]v$ = ! sov]eign1 9 ord]1 to wit1 t he may di/ribute !m4 ,!re=e 9 c]ta9 cases robb]y is lawful4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is lawful to take f a man :at is n 84 ,n[ ! ?+s :i* unbeliev]s h are n !irs1 = ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ad ,v9c5t4 ,donat4 xciii473 ,y falsely call ?+s y\r own1 = y d n possess !m ju/ly1 & accord+ to ! laws ( e>?ly k+s y are comm&$ to =feit !m4 ,!re=e x seems t "o may lawfully rob unbeliev]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e>?ly pr9ces viol5tly extort _m ?+s f _! subjects3 & ?is seems to savor ( robb]y4 ,n[ x w\ld seem a griev\s matt] to say t !y s9 9 act+ ?us1 = 9 t case ne>ly e pr9ce w\ld be damn$4 ,!re=e 9 "s cases robb]y is lawful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] is tak5 lawfully may be (f]$ to ,god 9 sacrifice & oblation4 ,n[ ?is _c be done ) ! proce$s ( robb]y1 accord+ to ,isa4 #fa3h1 ,i am ! ,"l t love judgm5t1 & hate robb]y 9 a holocau/4 ,!re=e x is n lawful to take any?+ by robb]y4 ,i answ] t1 ,robb]y implies a c]ta9 viol5ce & co]cion employ$ 9 tak+ unju/ly f a man t :i* is 84 ,n[ 9 human society no man c ex]cise co]cion except ?r\gh public au?ority3 &1 consequ5tly1 if a private individual n hav+ public au?ority takes ano!r's prop]ty by viol5ce1 he acts unlawfully & commits a robb]y1 z burgl>s d4 ,z reg>ds pr9ces1 ! public p[] is entru/$ to !m t !y may be ! gu>dians ( ju/ice3 h5ce x is unlawful = !m to use viol5ce or co]cion1 save )9 ! b\nds ( ju/ice--ei!r by fight+ aga9/ ! enemy1 or aga9/ ! citiz5s1 by puni%+ evil-do]s3 & :atev] is tak5 by viol5ce ( ?is k9d is n ! spoils ( robb]y1 s9ce x is n contr>y to ju/ice4 ,on ! o!r h& to take o!r p's prop]ty viol5tly & aga9/ ju/ice1 9 ! ex]cise ( public au?ority1 is to act unlawfully & to be guilty ( robb]y2 & :oev] does s is b\nd to re/itution4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a di/9ction mu/ be made 9 ! matt] ( spoils4 ,= if !y :o take spoils f ! enemy1 are wag+ a j w>1 su* ?+s z !y seize 9 ! w> become _! own prop]ty4 ,?is is no robb]y1 s t !y are n b\nd to re/itution4 ,nev]!less ev5 !y :o are engag$ 9 a j w> may s9 9 tak+ spoils ?r\gh cupidity aris+ f an evil int5tion1 if1 to wit1 !y fight *iefly n = ju/ice b = spoil4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 xix2 ,s]m4 lxxxii7 t x is a s9 to fight = booty4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^? :o take ! spoil1 are wag+ an unju/ w>1 !y are guilty ( robb]y1 & are b\nd to re/itution4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,unbeliev]s possess _! goods unju/ly 9 s f> z !y are ord]$ by ! laws ( e>?ly pr9ces to =feit ^? goods4 ,h5ce ^! may be tak5 viol5tly f !m1 n by private b by public au?ority4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is no robb]y if pr9ces exact f _! subjects t :i* is due to !m = ! safe-gu>d+ ( ! common good1 ev5 if !y use viol5ce 9 s do+3 b if !y extort some?+ unduly by means ( viol5ce1 x is robb]y ev5 z burgl>y is4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei iv1 #d73 ,if ju/ice be disreg>d$1 :at is a k+ b a mighty robb]8 s9ce :at is a robb] b a little k+8 ,& x is writt5 7,eze*4 #bb3bg73 ,h] pr9ces 9 ! mid/ ( h]1 are l wolves rav5+ ! prey4 ,:]e=e !y are b\nd to re/itution1 j z robb]s are1 & by s mu* d !y s9 m griev\sly ?an robb]s1 z _! actions are fraught ) great] & m univ]sal dang] to public ju/ice ^: w>d5s !y are4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,!ft ,is a ,m ,griev\s ,s9 ,?an ,robb]y8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !ft is a m griev\s s9 ?an robb]y4 ,= !ft adds fraud & guile to ! tak+ ( ano!r's prop]ty3 & ^! ?+s are n f\nd 9 robb]y4 ,n[ fraud & guile are s9ful 9 !mselves1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e74 ,!re=e !ft is a m griev\s s9 ?an robb]y4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 %ame is fe> ab\t a wick$ de$1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #i4 ,n[ m5 are m a%am$ ( !ft ?an ( robb]y4 ,!re=e !ft is m wick$ ?an robb]y4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m p]sons a s9 injures ! m griev\s x w\ld seem to be4 ,n[ ! great & ! l[ly may be injur$ by !ft3 :]eas only ! weak c be injur$ by robb]y1 s9ce x is possible to use viol5ce t[>ds !m4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( !ft seems to be m griev\s ?an ! s9 ( robb]y4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ! laws robb]y is m sev]ely puni%$ ?an !ft4 ,i answ] t1 ,robb]y & !ft are s9ful1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #d1 #f71 on acc\nt ( ! involunt>9ess on ! "p ( ! p]son f :om some?+ is tak53 yet s t 9 !ft ! involunt>9ess is due to ignorance1 :]eas 9 robb]y x is due to viol5ce4 ,n[ a ?+ is m involunt>y ?r\gh viol5ce ?an ?r\gh ignorance1 because viol5ce is m directly oppos$ to ! w ?an ignorance4 ,!re=e robb]y is a m griev\s s9 ?an !ft4 ,!re is also ano!r reason1 s9ce robb]y n only inflicts a loss on a p]son 9 8 ?+s1 b also conduces to ! ignom9y & injury ( 8 p]son1 & ?is is ( grav] import ?an fraud or guile :i* belong to !ft4 ,h5ce ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection is evid5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,m5 :o adh]e to s5sible ?+s ?9k m ( ext]nal /r5g? :i* is evid5c$ 9 robb]y1 ?an ( int]nal virtue :i* is =feit ?r\gh s93 :]e=e !y are less a%am$ ( robb]y ?an ( !ft4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh m p]sons may be injur$ by !ft ?an by robb]y1 yet m griev\s injuries may be inflict$ by robb]y ?an by !ft3 = :i* reason also robb]y is m odi\s4 ,,"q #fg ,,( ,,! ,,inju/ice ,,( ,a ,,judge1 ,,9 ,,judg+ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ^? vices oppos$ to commutative ju/ice1 t consi/ 9 words injuri\s to our neighbors4 ,we %all consid] 7#a7 ^? :i* are connect$ ) judicial proce$+s1 & 7#b7 injuri\s words utt]$ extra-judicially4 ,"u ! fir/ head five po9ts occur = our consid]ation3 7#a7 ,! inju/ice ( a judge 9 judg+2 7#b7 ,! inju/ice ( ! prosecutor 9 accus+2 7#c7 ,! inju/ice ( ! def5dant 9 def5d+ himself2 7#d7 ,! inju/ice ( ! witnesses 9 giv+ evid5ce2 7#e7 ,! inju/ice ( ! advocate 9 def5d+4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r a man c ju/ly judge "o :o is n 8 subject8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful = a judge1 on acc\nt ( ! evid5ce1 to deliv] judgm5t 9 opposition to ! tru? :i* is kn[n to him8 7#c7 ,:e!r a judge c ju/ly s5t5ce a man :o is n accus$8 7#d7 ,:e!r he c ju/ly remit ! puni%m5t8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r a ,man ,c ,ju/ly ,judge ,"o ,:o ,is ,n ,subject to ,8 ,jurisdiction8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man c ju/ly judge "o :o is n subject to 8 jurisdiction4 ,= x is /at$ 7,dan4 #ac7 t ,daniel s5t5c$ ! anci5ts :o 7 convict$ ( be>+ false witness4 ,b ^! anci5ts 7 n subject to ,daniel2 inde$ !y 7 judges ( ! p4 ,!re=e a man may lawfully judge "o t is n subject to 8 jurisdiction4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,*ri/ 0 no man's subject1 inde$ ,he 0 ,k+ ( k+s & ,"l ( lords 7,apoc4 #ai3af74 ,yet ,he submitt$ to ! judgm5t ( a man4 ,!re=e x seems t a man may lawfully judge "o t is n subject to 8 jurisdiction4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! law 99,cap4 ,licet ratione1 de ,=o ,comp4 a man is tri$ 9 ?is or t c\rt accord+ to 8 k9d ( (f5se4 ,n[ sometimes ! def5dant is n ! subject ( ! man ^: bus9ess x is to judge 9 t p>ticul> place1 = in/ance :5 ! def5dant belongs to ano!r diocese or is exempt4 ,!re=e x seems t a man may judge "o t is n 8 subject4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 99,regi/4 xi1 epi/4 #fd 9 comm5t+ on ,deut4 #bc3be1 ,if ?\ g into ?y fri5d's corn1 etc4 says3 ,?\ maye/ n put ! sickle ( judgm5t to ! corn t is entru/$ to ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,a judge's s5t5ce is l a p>ticul> law reg>d+ "s p>ticul> fact4 ,:]e=e j z a g5]al law %\ld h co]cive p[]1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 x1 #i71 s too ! s5t5ce ( a judge %\ld h co]cive p[]1 :]eby ei!r p>ty is compell$ to comply ) ! judge's s5t5ce2 else ! judgm5t w\ld be ( no effect4 ,n[ co]cive p[] is n ex]cis$ 9 human affairs1 save by ^? :o hold public au?ority3 & ^? :o h ?is au?ority are acc\nt$ ! sup]iors ( ^? ov] :om !y preside :e!r by ord9>y or by delegat$ au?ority4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t no man c judge o!rs ?an 8 subjects & ?is 9 virtue ei!r ( delegat$ or ( ord9>y au?ority4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 judg+ ^? anci5ts ,daniel ex]cis$ an au?ority delegat$ to him by ,div9e in/9ct4 ,?is is indicat$ :]e x is said 7,dan4 #ac3de7 t ! ,"l rais$ up ! 4 4 4 _s ( a "y boy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 human affairs a man may submit ( 8 own accord to ! judgm5t ( o!rs al?\gh ^! be n 8 sup]iors1 an example ( :i* is :5 p>ties agree to a settlem5t by arbitrators4 ,:]e=e x is necess>y t ! arbitrator %\ld be upheld by a p5alty1 s9ce ! arbitrators ?r\gh n ex]cis+ au?ority 9 ! case1 h n ( !mselves full p[] ( co]cion4 ,accord+ly 9 ?is way did ,*ri/ ( 8 own accord submit to human judgm5t3 & ?us too did ,pope ,leo 99,leo ,,iv submit to ! judgm5t ( ! emp]or 99,c4 ,nos si incompet5t]1 caus4 ii1 qu4 #g4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! bi%op ( ! def5dant's diocese becomes ! latt]'s sup]ior z reg>ds ! fault committ$1 ev5 ?\gh he be exempt3 unless p]*ance ! def5dant (f5d 9 a matt] exempt f ! bi%op's au?ority1 = in/ance 9 adm9i/]+ ! prop]ty ( an exempt mona/]y4 ,b if an exempt p]son commits a !ft1 or a murd] or ! l1 he may be ju/ly condemn$ by ! ord9>y4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = a ,judge to ,pron\nce ,judgm5t ,aga9/ ! ,tru? ,t ,he ,kn[s1 on ,acc\nt ( ,evid5ce to ! ,contr>y8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful = a judge to pron\nce judgm5t aga9/ ! tru? t he kn[s1 on acc\nt ( evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,= x is writt5 7,deut4 #ag3i73 ,?\ %alt come to ! prie/s ( ! ,levitical race1 & to ! judge t %all be at t "t2 & ?\ %alt ask ( !m1 & !y %all %[ !e ! tru? ( ! judgm5t4 ,n[ sometimes c]ta9 ?+s are alleg$ aga9/ ! tru?1 z :5 some?+ is prov$ by means ( false witnesses4 ,!re=e x is unlawful = a judge to pron\nce judgm5t accord+ to :at is alleg$ & prov$ 9 opposition to ! tru? :i* he kn[s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 pron\nc+ judgm5t a man %\ld con=m to ! ,div9e judgm5t1 s9ce x is ! judgm5t ( ,god 7,deut4 #a3ag74 ,n[ ! judgm5t ( ,god is accord+ to ! tru? 7,rom4 #b3b71 & x 0 =etold ( ,*ri/ 7,isa4 #aa3c1 #d73 ,he %all n judge accord+ to ! sight ( ! eyes1 nor reprove accord+ to ! he>+ ( ! e>s4 ,b ,he %all judge ! poor ) ju/ice1 & %all reprove ) equity = ! meek ( ! e>?4 ,!re=e ! judge ought n to pron\nce judgm5t accord+ to ! evid5ce be=e him if x be contr>y to :at he kn[s himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! reason :y evid5ce is requir$ 9 a c\rt ( law1 is t ! judge may h a fai?ful record ( ! tru? ( ! matt]1 :]e=e 9 matt]s ( common k !re is no ne$ ( judicial proc$ure1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #e3bd1 ,"s m5's s9s are manife/1 go+ be=e to judgm5t4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! judge by 8 p]sonal k is aw>e ( ! tru?1 he %\ld pay no he$ to ! evid5ce1 b %\ld pron\nce s5t5ce accord+ to ! tru? :i* he kn[s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ^w consci5ce d5otes application ( k to a matt] ( action z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #ac74 ,n[ x is a s9 to act contr>y to "o's k4 ,!re=e a judge s9s if he pron\nces s5t5ce accord+ to ! evid5ce b aga9/ 8 consci5ce ( ! tru?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 99,ambrose1 ,sup] ,ps4 #aah1 s]m4 #bj says 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,psalt]3 ,a good judge does no?+ accord+ to 8 private op9ion b pron\nces s5t5ce accord+ to ! law & ! "r4 ,n[ ?is is to pron\nce judgm5t accord+ to :at is alleg$ & prov$ 9 c\rt4 ,!re=e a judge ought to pron\nce judgm5t 9 accordance ) ^! ?+s1 & n accord+ to 8 private op9ion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #fj1 ,,aa4 #b1 #f7 x is ! duty ( a judge to pron\nce judgm5t 9 z mu* z he ex]cises public au?ority1 :]e=e 8 judgm5t %\ld be bas$ on in=mation acquir$ by him1 n f 8 k z a private individual1 b f :at he kn[s z a public p]son4 ,n[ ! latt] k comes to him bo? 9 g5]al & 9 p>ticul>--9 g5]al ?r\gh ! public laws1 :e!r ,div9e or human1 & he %\ld admit no evid5ce t conflicts !re)--9 "s p>ticul> matt]1 ?r\gh docum5ts & witnesses1 & o!r legal means ( in=mation1 :i* 9 pron\nc+ 8 s5t5ce1 he ought to foll[ r ?an ! in=mation he has acquir$ z a private individual4 ,& yet ?is same in=mation may be ( use to him1 s t he c m rigor\sly sift ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d1 & discov] its weak po9ts4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he is unable to reject t evid5ce juridically1 he mu/1 z /at$ above1 foll[ x 9 pron\nc+ s5t5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! reason :y1 9 ! passage quot$1 x is /at$ t ! judges %\ld fir/ ( all be ask$ _! reasons1 is to make x cle> t ! judges ought to judge ! tru? 9 accordance ) ! evid5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to judge belongs to ,god 9 virtue ( ,8 own p[]3 :]e=e ,8 judgm5t is bas$ on ! tru? :i* ,he ,himself kn[s1 & n on k imp>t$ by o!rs3 ! same is to be said ( ,*ri/1 ,:o is true ,god & true man3 :]eas o!r judges d n judge 9 virtue ( _! own p[]1 s t !re is no comp>ison4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,apo/le ref]s to ! case :]e some?+ is well kn[n n to ! judge alone1 b bo? to him & to o!rs1 s t ! guilty p>ty c by no means d5y 8 guilt 7z 9 ! case ( notori\s crim9als71 & is convict$ at once f ! evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be well kn[n to ! judge1 b n to o!rs1 or to o!rs1 b n to ! judge1 !n x is necess>y = ! judge to sift ! evid5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 matt]s t\*+ 8 own p]son1 a man mu/ =m 8 consci5ce f 8 own k1 b 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! public au?ority1 he mu/ =m 8 consci5ce 9 accordance ) ! k atta9able 9 ! public judicial proc$ure4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,judge ,may ,condemn a ,man ,:o ,is ,n ,accus$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a judge may pass s5t5ce on a man :o is n accus$4 ,= human ju/ice is d]iv$ f ,div9e ju/ice4 ,n[ ,god judges ! s9n] ev5 ?\gh !re be no accus]4 ,!re=e x seems t a man may pass s5t5ce ( condemnation on a man ev5 ?\gh !re be no accus]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an accus] is requir$ 9 judicial proc$ure 9 ord] t he may relate ! crime to ! judge4 ,n[ sometimes ! crime may come to ! judge's k o!rwise ?an by accusation2 = in/ance1 by d5unciation1 or by evil report1 or ?r\gh ! judge himself be+ an eye-witness4 ,!re=e a judge may condemn a man )\t !re be+ an accus]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! de$s ( holy p]sons are relat$ 9 ,holy ,writ1 z models ( human conduct4 ,n[ ,daniel 0 at ! same "t ! accus] & ! judge ( ! wick$ anci5ts 7,dan4 #ac74 ,!re=e x is n contr>y to ju/ice = a man to condemn anyone z judge :ile be+ at ! same "t 8 accus]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose 9 8 comm5t>y on #a ,cor4 #e3b1 exp\nd+ ! ,apo/le's s5t5ce on ! =nicator1 says t a judge %\ld n condemn )\t an accus]1 s9ce our ,"l did n bani% ,judas1 :o 0 a ?ief1 yet 0 n accus$4 ,i answ] t1 ,a judge is an int]pret] ( ju/ice4 ,:]e=e1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #d71 m5 h rec\rse to a judge z to "o :o is ! p]sonification ( ju/ice4 ,n[1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #b71 ju/ice is n betwe5 a man & himself b betwe5 "o man & ano!r4 ,h5ce a judge mu/ ne$s judge betwe5 two p>ties1 :i* is ! case :5 "o is ! prosecutor1 & ! o!r ! def5dant4 ,!re=e 9 crim9al cases ! judge _c s5t5ce a man unless ! latt] has an accus]1 accord+ to ,acts #be3af3 ,x is n ! cu/om ( ! ,romans to condemn any man1 be=e t he :o is accus$ h 8 accus]s pres5t1 & h lib]ty to make 8 answ]1 to cle> himself ( ! crimes ( :i* he is accus$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god1 9 judg+ man1 takes ! s9n]'s consci5ce z 8 accus]1 accord+ to ,rom4 #b3ae1 ,_! ?\ghts betwe5 !mselves accus+1 or also def5d+ "o ano!r2 or aga91 ,he takes ! evid5ce ( ! fact z reg>ds ! de$ itself1 accord+ to ,g54 #d3aj1 ,! voice ( ?y bro!r's blood crie? to ,me f ! e>?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,public disgrace takes ! place ( an accus]4 ,h5ce a gloss on ,g54 #d3aj1 ,! voice ( ?y bro!r's blood1 etc4 says3 ,!re is no ne$ ( an accus] :5 ! crime committ$ is notori\s4 ,9 a case ( d5unciation1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #g71 ! am5dm5t1 n ! puni%m5t1 ( ! s9n] is int5d$3 :]e=e :5 a man is d5\nc$ = a s91 no?+ is done aga9/ him1 b = him1 s t no accus] is requir$4 ,! puni%m5t t is inflict$ is on acc\nt ( 8 rebellion aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 & s9ce ?is rebellion is manife/1 x /&s in/ead ( an accus]4 ,! fact t ! judge himself 0 an eye-witness1 does n au?orize him to proce$ to pass s5t5ce1 except accord+ to ! ord] ( judicial proc$ure4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god1 9 judg+ man1 proce$s f ,8 own k ( ! tru?1 :]eas man does n1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,h5ce a man _c be accus]1 witness & judge at ! same "t1 z ,god is4 ,daniel 0 at once accus] & judge1 because he 0 ! executor ( ! s5t5ce ( ,god1 by ^: in/9ct he 0 mov$1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,judge ,c ,lawfully ,remit ! ,puni%m5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! judge c lawfully remit ! puni%m5t4 ,= x is writt5 7,james #b3ac73 ,judgm5t )\t m]cy %all be done to him t ha? n done m]cy4 ,n[ no man is puni%$ = n do+ :at he _c d lawfully4 ,!re=e any judge c lawfully d m]cy by remitt+ ! puni%m5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 human judgm5t %\ld imitate ! ,div9e judgm5t4 ,n[ ,god remits ! puni%m5t to s9n]s1 because ,he desires n ! dea? ( ! s9n]1 accord+ to ,eze*4 #ah3bc4 ,!re=e a human judge also may lawfully remit ! puni%m5t to "o :o rep5ts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is lawful = anyone to d :at is pr(itable to "s "o & h>mful to none4 ,n[ ! remission ( 8 puni%m5t pr(its ! guilty man & h>ms nobody4 ,!re=e ! judge c lawfully loose a guilty man f 8 puni%m5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #ac3h1 #i7 conc]n+ anyone :o w\ld p]suade a man to s]ve /range gods3 ,nei!r let ?y eye sp>e him to pity & conceal him1 b ?\ %alt pres5tly put him to dea?3 & ( ! murd]] x is writt5 7,deut4 #ai3ab1 #ac73 ,he %all die4 ,?\ %alt n pity him4 ,i answ] t1 ,z may be ga!r$ f :at has be5 said 7,,aa4 #b1 #c71 ) reg>d to ! "q 9 po9t1 two ?+s may be obs]v$ 9 connection ) a judge4 ,"o is t he has to judge betwe5 accus] & def5dant1 :ile ! o!r is t he pron\nces ! judicial s5t5ce1 9 virtue ( 8 p[]1 n z a private individual b z a public p]son4 ,accord+ly on two c\nts a judge is h9d]$ f loos+ a guilty p]son f 8 puni%m5t4 ,fir/ on ! "p ( ! accus]1 ^: "r x sometimes is t ! guilty p>ty %\ld be puni%$--= in/ance on acc\nt ( "s injury committ$ aga9/ ! accus]--because x is n 9 ! p[] ( a judge to remit su* puni%m5t1 s9ce e judge is b\nd to give ea* man 8 "r4 ,secondly1 he f9ds a h9drance on ! "p ( ! commonweal?1 ^: p[] he ex]cises1 & to ^: good x belongs t evil-do]s %\ld be puni%$4 ,nev]!less 9 ?is respect !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 judges ( l[] degree & ! supreme judge1 i4e4 ! sov]eign1 to :om ! entire public au?ority is entru/$4 ,= ! inf]ior judge has no p[] to exempt a guilty man f puni%m5t aga9/ ! laws impos$ on him by 8 sup]ior4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e 9 comm5t+ on ,john #ai3aa1 ,?\ %\ld/ n h any p[] aga9/ ,me1 says 7,tract4 cxvi 9 ,joan473 ,! p[] :i* ,god gave ,pilate 0 su* t he 0 "u ! p[] ( ,caes>1 s t he 0 by no means free to acquit ! p]son accus$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! sov]eign :o has full au?ority 9 ! commonweal?1 c lawfully remit ! puni%m5t to a guilty p]son1 provid$ ! injur$ p>ty cons5t to ! remission1 & t ?is d n seem detrim5tal to ! public good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is a place = ! judge's m]cy 9 matt]s t are left to ! judge's discretion1 because 9 l matt]s a good man is sl[ to puni% z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 v1 #aj74 ,b 9 matt]s t are det]m9$ 9 accordance ) ,div9e or human laws1 x is n left to him to %[ m]cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god has supreme p[] ( judg+1 & x conc]ns ,him :atev] is done s9fully aga9/ anyone4 ,!re=e ,he is free to remit ! puni%m5t1 especially s9ce puni%m5t is due to s9 *iefly because x is done aga9/ ,him4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 remit ! puni%m5t1 except 9 s f> z x becomes ,8 goodness1 :i* is ! s\rce ( all laws4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if ! judge 7 to remit puni%m5t inord9ately1 he w\ld inflict an injury on ! community1 = ^: good x behooves ill-de$s to be puni%$1 9 ord] t m5 may avoid s94 ,h5ce ! text1 aft] appo9t+ ! puni%m5t ( ! s$uc]1 adds 7,deut4 #ac3aa73 ,t all ,israel he>+ may fe>1 & may d no m any?+ l ?is4 ,he w\ld also inflict h>m on ! injur$ p]son2 :o is comp5sat$ by hav+ 8 honor re/or$ 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! man :o has injur$ him4 ,,"q #fh ,,( ,,matt]s ,,conc]n+ ,,unju/ ,,accusation 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] matt]s p]ta9+ to unju/ accusation4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r a man is b\nd to accuse8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! accusation %\ld be made 9 writ+8 7#c7 ,h[ is an accusation vitiat$8 7#d7 ,h[ %\ld ^? be puni%$ :o h accus$ a man wrongfully8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r a ,man ,is ,b\nd to ,accuse8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man is n b\nd to accuse4 ,= no man is excus$ on acc\nt ( s9 f fulfill+ a ,div9e precept1 s9ce he w\ld ?us pr(it by 8 s94 ,yet on acc\nt ( s9 "s are disqualifi$ f accus+1 su* z ^? :o are excommunicate or ( evil fame1 or :o are accus$ ( griev\s crimes & are n yet prov$ to be innoc5t 99#a ,tim4 #a3e4 ,!re=e a man is n b\nd by a ,div9e precept to accuse4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e duty dep5ds on *>ity :i* is ! end ( ! precept 99,c4 ,def9imus1 caus4 iv1 qu4 #a2 caus4 vi1 qu4 #a3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,rom4 #ac3h73 ,owe no man any?+1 b to love "o ano!r4 ,n[ t :i* belongs to *>ity is a duty t man owes to all bo? ( high & ( l[ degree1 bo? sup]iors & inf]iors4 ,s9ce !re=e subjects %\ld n accuse _! sup]iors1 nor p]sons ( l[] degree1 ^? ( a high] degree1 z %[n 9 sev]al *apt]s 7,decret4 ,,ii1 qu4 vii71 x seems t x is no man's duty to accuse4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no man is b\nd to act aga9/ ! fidelity :i* he owes 8 fri5d2 because he ought n to d to ano!r :at he w\ld n h o!rs d to him4 ,n[ to accuse anyone is sometimes contr>y to ! fidelity t "o owes a fri5d2 = x is writt5 7,prov4 #aa3ac73 ,he t walke? deceitfully1 reveale? secrets2 b he t is fai?ful1 conceale? ! ?+ committ$ to him by 8 fri5d4 ,!re=e a man is n b\nd to accuse4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,lev4 #e3a73 ,if any "o s91 & he> ! voice ( "o swe>+1 & is a witness ei!r because he himself ha? se51 or is privy to x3 if he d n utt] x1 he %all be> 8 iniquity4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #cc1 ,,aa4 #f1 #g2 ,q4 #fg1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b71 ! diff]5ce betwe5 d5unciation & accusation is t 9 d5unciation we aim at a bro!r's am5dm5t1 :]eas 9 accusation we int5d ! puni%m5t ( 8 crime4 ,n[ ! puni%m5ts ( ?is life are s\ght1 n = _! own sake1 because ?is is n ! f9al "t ( retribution1 b 9 _! "* ( m$ic9e1 conduc+ ei!r to ! am5dm5t ( ! s9n]1 or to ! good ( ! commonweal? ^: calm is ensur$ by ! puni%m5t ( evil-do]s4 ,! =m] ( ^! is int5d$ 9 d5unciation1 z /at$1 :]eas ! second reg>ds prop]ly accusation4 ,h5ce 9 ! case ( a crime t conduces to ! injury ( ! commonweal?1 a man is b\nd to accusation1 provid$ he c (f] suffici5t pro(1 s9ce x is ! accus]'s duty to prove3 z1 = example1 :5 anyone's s9 conduces to ! bodily or spiritual corruption ( ! community4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! s9 be n su* z to affect ! community1 or if he _c (f] suffici5t pro(1 a man is n b\nd to attempt to accuse1 s9ce no man is b\nd to d :at he _c duly accompli%4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ prev5ts a man be+ deb>r$ by s9 f do+ :at m5 are "u an obligation to d3 = in/ance f m]it+ et]nal life1 & f receiv+ ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,nor does a man pr(it by ?is3 inde$ x is a mo/ griev\s fault to fail to d :at "o is b\nd to d1 s9ce virtu\s acts are p]fections ( man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,subjects are deb>r$ f accus+ _! sup]iors1 if x is n ! affection ( *>ity b _! own wick$ness t leads !m to defame & disp>age ! conduct ( _! sup]iors 99,app5d4 ,grat4 ad c4 ,sunt nonnulli1 caus4 ii1 qu4 #g--or aga9 if ! subject :o wi%es to accuse 8 sup]ior is himself guilty ( crime 99,decret4 ,,ii1 qu4 vii1 c4 ,praesumunt44 ,o!rwise1 provid$ !y be 9 o!r respects qualifi$ to accuse1 x is lawful = subjects to accuse _! sup]iors out ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is contr>y to fidelity to make kn[n secrets to ! injury ( a p]son2 b n if !y be reveal$ = ! good ( ! community1 :i* %\ld always be pref]r$ to a private good4 ,h5ce x is unlawful to receive any secret 9 detrim5t to ! common good3 & yet a ?+ is sc>cely a secret :5 !re are suffici5t witnesses to prove x4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,necess>y = ! ,accusation to ,be ,made 9 ,writ+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unnecess>y = ! accusation to be made 9 writ+4 ,= writ+ 0 devis$ z an aid to ! human memory ( ! pa/4 ,b an accusation is made 9 ! pres5t4 ,!re=e ! accusation ne$s n to be made 9 writ+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is laid d[n 7,decret4 ,,ii1 qu4 viii1 c4 ,p] scripta7 t no man may accuse or be accus$ 9 8 abs5ce4 ,n[ writ+ seems to be useful 9 ! fact t x is a means ( notify+ some?+ to "o :o is abs5t1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,tr94 x1 #a74 ,!re=e ! accusation ne$ n be 9 writ+3 & all ! m t ! canon decl>es t no accusation 9 writ+ %\ld be accept$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a man's crime is made kn[n by d5unciation1 ev5 z by accusation4 ,n[ writ+ is unnecess>y 9 d5unciation4 ,!re=e x is seem+ly unnecess>y 9 accusation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is laid d[n 7,decret4 ,,ii1 qu4 viii1 c4 ,accusatorum7 t ! role ( accus] mu/ nev] be sanction$ )\t ! accusation be 9 writ+4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #fg1 ,a4 #c71 :5 ! process 9 a crim9al case goes by way ( accusation1 ! accus] is 9 ! position ( a p>ty1 s t ! judge /&s betwe5 ! accus] & ! accus$ = ! purpose ( ! trial ( ju/ice1 :]e9 x behooves "o to proce$ on c]ta9ties1 z f> z possible4 ,s9ce h[ev] v]bal utt]ances are apt to escape "o's memory1 ! judge w\ld be unable to "k = c]ta9 :at _h be5 said & ) :at qualifications1 :5 he comes to pron\nce s5t5ce1 unless x 7 drawn up 9 writ+4 ,h5ce x has ) reason be5 e/abli%$ t ! accusation1 z well z o!r p>ts ( ! judicial proc$ure1 %\ld be put into writ+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,words are s _m & s v>i\s t x is difficult to rememb] ea* "o4 ,a pro( ( ?is is ! fact t if a numb] ( p :o h he>d ! same words be ask$ :at 0 said1 !y w n agree 9 repeat+ !m1 ev5 aft] a %ort "t4 ,& s9ce a slight diff]5ce ( words *anges ! s5se1 ev5 ?\gh ! judge's s5t5ce may h to be pron\nc$ soon aft]w>ds1 ! c]ta9ty ( judgm5t requires t ! accusation be drawn up 9 writ+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,writ+ is ne$$ n only on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( ! p]son :o has some?+ to notify1 or ( ! p]son to :om some?+ is notifi$1 b also on acc\nt ( ! delay ( "t z /at$ above 7ad #a74 ,h5ce :5 ! canon says1 ,let no accusation be accept$ 9 writ+ x ref]s to ! s5d+ ( an accusation by "o :o is abs5t3 b x does n exclude ! necessity ( writ+ :5 ! accus] is pres5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! d5\nc] does n b9d himself to give pro(s3 :]e=e he is n puni%$ if he is unable to prove4 ,= ?is reason writ+ is unnecess>y 9 a d5unciation3 & x suffices t ! d5unciation be made v]bally to ! ,*ur*1 :o w proce$1 9 virtue ( h] (fice1 to ! correction ( ! bro!r4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r an ,accusation ,is ,r5d]$ ,unju/ by ,calumny1 ,collusion or ,evasion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an accusation is n r5d]$ unju/ by calumny1 collusion or evasion4 ,= accord+ to ,decret4 ,,ii1 qu4 iii 99,app5d4 ,grat4 ad c4 ,si quem po5itu]it41 calumny consi/s 9 falsely *>g+ a p]son ) a crime4 ,n[ sometimes "o man falsely accuses ano!r ( a crime ?r\gh ignorance ( fact :i* excuses him4 ,!re=e x seems t an accusation is n always r5d]$ unju/ ?r\gh be+ sl&]\s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is /at$ by ! same au?ority t collusion consi/s 9 hid+ ! tru? ab\t a crime4 ,b seem+ly ?is is n unlawful1 because "o is n b\nd to disclose e crime1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #g74 ,!re=e x seems t an accusation is n r5d]$ unju/ by collusion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is /at$ by ! same au?ority t evasion consi/s 9 )draw+ altoge!r f an accusation4 ,b ?is c be done )\t inju/ice3 = x is /at$ !re also3 ,if a man rep5t ( hav+ made a wick$ accusation & inscription99 9 a matt] :i* he _c prove1 & come to an und]/&+ ) ! innoc5t p>ty :om he has accus$1 let !m acquit "o ano!r4 99,! accus] 0 b\nd by ,roman ,law to endorse 7se inscrib]e7 ! writ ( accusation4 ,! effect ( ?is endorsem5t or inscription 0 t ! accus] b\nd himself1 if he fail$ to prove ! accusation1 to suff] ! same puni%m5t z ! accus$ w\ld h to suff] if prov$ guilty4 ,!re=e evasion does n r5d] an accusation unju/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ by ! same au?ority3 ,! ra%ness ( accus]s %[s itself 9 ?ree ways4 ,= !y are guilty ei!r ( calumny1 or ( collusion1 or ( evasion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 accusation is ord]$ = ! common good :i* x aims at procur+ by means ( k ( ! crime4 ,n[ no man ought to injure a p]son unju/ly1 9 ord] to promote ! common good4 ,:]e=e a man may s9 9 two ways :5 mak+ an accusation3 fir/ ?r\gh act+ unju/ly aga9/ ! accus$1 by *>g+ him falsely ) ! commission ( a crime1 i4e4 by calumniat+ him2 secondly1 on ! "p ( ! commonweal?1 ^: good is int5d$ *iefly 9 an accusation1 :5 anyone ) wick$ int5t h9d]s a s9 be+ puni%$4 ,?is aga9 happ5s 9 two ways3 fir/ by hav+ rec\rse to fraud 9 mak+ ! accusation4 ,?is belongs to collusion 7prev>icatio7 = he t is guilty ( collusion is l "o :o rides a/raddle 7v>icator71 because he helps ! o!r p>ty1 & betrays 8 own side 99,app5d4 ,grat4 ad c4 ,si quem po5itu]it44 ,secondly by )draw+ altoge!r f ! accusation4 ,?is is evasion 7t]giv]satio7 = by desi/+ f :at he _h begun he seems to turn 8 back 7t]gum v]t]e74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a man ought n to proce$ to accuse except ( :at he is q c]ta9 ab\t1 :]e9 ignorance ( fact has no place4 ,yet he :o falsely *>ges ano!r ) a crime is n a calumniator unless he gives utt]ance to false accusations out ( malice4 ,= x happ5s sometimes t a man ?r\gh levity ( m9d proce$s to accuse someone1 because he believes too readily :at he he>s1 & ?is p]ta9s to ra%ness2 :ile1 on ! o!r h& sometimes a man is l$ to make an accusation on acc\nt ( an error = :i* he is n to blame4 ,all ^! ?+s mu/ be weigh$ accord+ to ! judge's prud5ce1 le/ he %\ld decl>e a man to h be5 guilty ( calumny1 :o ?r\gh levity ( m9d or an error = :i* he is n to be blam$ has utt]$ a false accusation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n ev]yone :o hides ! tru? ab\t a crime is guilty ( collusion1 b only he :o deceitfully hides ! matt] ab\t :i* he makes ! accusation1 by collusion ) ! def5dant1 dissembl+ 8 pro(s1 & admitt+ false excuses4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,evasion consi/s 9 )draw+ altoge!r f ! accusation1 by r5\nc+ ! int5tion ( accus+1 n anyh[1 b inord9ately4 ,!re are two ways1 h[ev]1 9 :i* a man may rightly desi/ f accus+ )\t committ+ a s9--9 "o way1 9 ! v process ( accusation1 if x come to 8 k t ! matt] ( 8 accusation is false1 & !n by mutual cons5t ! accus] & ! def5dant acquit "o ano!r--9 ano!r way1 if ! accusation be qua%$ by ! sov]eign to :om belongs ! c>e ( ! common good1 :i* x is int5d$ to procure by ! accusation4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r an ,accus] ,:o ,fails to ,prove ,8 ,indictm5t ,is ,b\nd to ! ,puni%m5t ( ,retaliation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! accus] :o fails to prove 8 indictm5t is n b\nd to ! puni%m5t ( retaliation4 ,= sometimes a man is l$ by a j error to make an accusation1 9 :i* case ! judge acquit ! accus]1 z /at$ 9 ,decret4 ,,ii1 qu4 iii4 99,app5d4 ,grat41 ad c4 ,si quem po5itu]it4 ,!re=e ! accus] :o fails to prove 8 indictm5t is n b\nd to ! puni%m5t ( retaliation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if ! puni%m5t ( retaliation ought to be inflict$ on "o :o has accus$ unju/ly1 ?is w be on acc\nt ( ! injury he has done to someone--b n on acc\nt ( any injury done to ! p]son ( ! accus$1 = 9 t case ! sov]eign c\ld n remit ?is puni%m5t1 nor on acc\nt ( an injury to ! commonweal?1 because !n ! accus$ c\ld n acquit him4 ,!re=e ! puni%m5t ( retaliation is n due to "o :o has fail$ to prove 8 accusation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! "o same s9 does n des]ve a tw(old puni%m5t1 accord+ to ,nahum #a3i 99,septuag9t v]sion3 ,god %all n judge ! same ?+ a second "t4 ,b he :o fails to prove 8 accusation1 incurs ! puni%m5t due to defamation 99,c4 ,infames1 caus4 vi1 qu4 #a1 :i* puni%m5t ev5 ! ,pope seem+ly _c remit1 accord+ to a /atem5t ( ,pope ,gelasius 99,calli/4 ,i1 ,epi/4 ad omn4 ,gall4 episc43 ,al?\gh we are able to save s\ls by ,p5ance1 we are unable to remove ! defamation4 ,!re=e he is n b\nd to suff] ! puni%m5t ( retaliation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,pope ,hadrian ,i says 7,cap4 lii73 ,he t fails to prove 8 accusation1 mu/ himself suff] ! puni%m5t :i* 8 accusation inf]r$4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 9 a case1 :]e ! proc$ure is by way ( accusation1 ! accus] holds ! position ( a p>ty aim+ at ! puni%m5t ( ! accus$4 ,n[ ! duty ( ! judge is to e/abli% ! equality ( ju/ice betwe5 !m3 & ! equality ( ju/ice requires t a man %\ld himself suff] :atev] h>m he has int5d$ to be inflict$ on ano!r1 accord+ to ,ex4 #ba3bd1 ,eye = eye1 too? = too?4 ,consequ5tly x is j t he :o by accus+ a man has put him 9 dang] ( be+ puni%$ sev]ely1 %\ld himself suff] a l puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #e7 ju/ice does n always require c\nt]passion1 because x matt]s consid]ably :e!r a man injures ano!r volunt>ily or n4 ,volunt>y injury des]ves puni%m5t1 involunt>y des]ves =giv5ess4 ,h5ce :5 ! judge becomes aw>e t a man has made a false accusation1 n ) a m9d to d h>m1 b involunt>ily ?r\gh ignorance or a j error1 he does n impose ! puni%m5t ( retaliation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he :o accuses wrongfully s9s bo? aga9/ ! p]son ( ! accus$ & aga9/ ! commonweal?2 :]e=e he is puni%$ on bo? c\nts4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( :at is writt5 7,deut4 #ai3ah-bj73 ,& :5 aft] mo/ dilig5t inquisition1 !y %all f9d t ! false witness ha? told a lie aga9/ 8 bro!r3 !y %all r5d] to him z he meant to d to 8 bro!r1 & ?is ref]s to ! injury done to ! p]son3 & aft]w>ds1 ref]r+ to ! injury done to ! commonweal?1 ! text cont9ues3 ,& ?\ %alt take away ! evil out ( ! mid/ ( !e1 t o!rs he>+ may fe>1 & may n d>e to d su* ?+s4 ,specially1 h[ev]1 does he injure ! p]son ( ! accus$1 if he accuse him falsely4 ,:]e=e ! accus$1 if innoc5t1 may condone ! injury done to himself1 p>ticul>ly if ! accusation 7 made n calumni\sly b out ( levity ( m9d4 ,b if ! accus] desi/ f accus+ an innoc5t man1 ?r\gh collusion ) ! latt]'s adv]s>y1 he inflicts an injury on ! commonweal?3 & ?is _c be condon$ by ! accus$1 al?\gh x c be remitt$ by ! sov]eign1 :o has *>ge ( ! commonweal?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! accus] des]ves ! puni%m5t ( retaliation 9 comp5sation = ! h>m he attempts to inflict on 8 neighbor3 b ! puni%m5t ( disgrace is due to him = 8 wick$ness 9 accus+ ano!r man calumni\sly4 ,sometimes ! sov]eign remits ! puni%m5t1 & n ! disgrace1 & sometimes he removes ! disgrace also3 :]e=e ! ,pope also c remove ?is disgrace4 ,:5 ,pope ,gelasius says3 ,we _c remove ! disgrace1 he may mean ei!r ! disgrace atta*+ to ! de$ 7infamia facti71 or t sometimes x is n exp$i5t to remove x1 or aga9 he may be ref]r+ to ! disgrace inflict$ by ! civil judge1 z ,gratian /ates 7,calli/4 ,i1 ,epi/4 ad omn4 ,gall4 episc474 ,,"q #fi ,,( ,,s9s ,,committ$ ,,aga9/ ,,ju/ice ,,on ,,! ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,def5dant 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ^? s9s :i* are committ$ aga9/ ju/ice on ! "p ( ! def5dant4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s9 to d5y ! tru? :i* w\ld lead to "o's condemnation8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful to def5d oneself ) calumnies8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is lawful to escape condemnation by appeal+8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is lawful = "o :o has be5 condemn$ to def5d himself by viol5ce if he be able to d s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,"o ,c1 ,)\t a ,mortal ,s91 ,d5y ! ,tru? ,:i* ,w\ld ,lead to ,"o's ,condemnation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem "o c1 )\t a mortal s91 d5y ! tru? :i* w\ld lead to "o's condemnation4 ,= ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xxxi sup] ,ep4 ad ,heb473 ,i d n say t y %\ld lay b>e y\r guilt publicly1 nor accuse y\rself be=e o!rs4 ,n[ if ! accus$ 7 to confess ! tru? 9 c\rt1 he w\ld lay b>e 8 guilt & be 8 own accus]4 ,!re=e he is n b\nd to tell ! tru?3 & s he does n s9 mortally if he tell a lie 9 c\rt4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z x is an (fici\s lie :5 "o tells a lie 9 ord] to rescue ano!r man f dea?1 s is x an (fici\s lie :5 "o tells a lie 9 ord] to free oneself f dea?1 s9ce "o is m b\nd t[>ds oneself ?an t[>ds ano!r4 ,n[ an (fici\s lie is consid]$ n a mortal b a v5ial s94 ,!re=e if ! accus$ d5ies ! tru? 9 c\rt1 9 ord] to escape dea?1 he does n s9 mortally4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e mortal s9 is contr>y to *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #ab74 ,b t ! accus$ lie by d5y+ himself to be guilty ( ! crime laid to 8 *>ge is n contr>y to *>ity1 nei!r z reg>ds ! love we owe ,god1 nor z to ! love due to our neighbor4 ,!re=e su* a lie is n a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:atev] is oppos$ to ! glory ( ,god is a mortal s91 because we are b\nd by precept to d all to ! glory ( ,god 7#a ,cor4 #aj3ca74 ,n[ x is to ! glory ( ,god t ! accus$ confess t :i* is alleg$ aga9/ him1 z appe>s f ! words ( ,josue to ,a*an1 ,my son1 give glory to ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel1 & confess & tell me :at ?\ ha/ done1 hide x n 7,jo%ua #g3ai74 ,!re=e x is a mortal s9 to lie 9 ord] to cov] "o's guilt4 ,i answ] t1 ,:oev] acts aga9/ ! due ord] ( ju/ice1 s9s mortally1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ x belongs to ! ord] ( ju/ice t a man %\ld obey 8 sup]ior 9 ^? matt]s to :i* ! rights ( 8 au?ority ext5d4 ,aga91 ! judge1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fg1 ,a4 #a71 is ! sup]ior 9 relation to ! p]son :om he judges4 ,!re=e ! accus$ is 9 duty b\nd to tell ! judge ! tru? :i* ! latt] exacts f him accord+ to ! =m ( law4 ,h5ce if he refuse to tell ! tru? :i* he is "u obligation to tell1 or if he m5daci\sly d5y x1 he s9s mortally4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! judge asks ( him t :i* he _c ask 9 accordance ) ! ord] ( ju/ice1 ! accus$ is n b\nd to satisfy him1 & he may lawfully escape by appeal+ or o!rwise3 b x is n lawful = him to lie4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 a man is exam9$ by ! judge accord+ to ! ord] ( ju/ice1 he does n lay b>e 8 own guilt1 b 8 guilt is unmask$ by ano!r1 s9ce ! obligation ( answ]+ is impos$ on him by "o :om he is b\nd to obey4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to lie1 ) injury to ano!r p]son1 9 ord] to rescue a man f dea? is n a purely (fici\s lie1 = x has an admixture ( ! p]nici\s lie3 & :5 a man lies 9 c\rt 9 ord] to exculpate himself1 he does an injury to "o :om he is b\nd to obey1 s9ce he refuses him 8 due1 namely an av[al ( ! tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he :o lies 9 c\rt by d5y+ 8 guilt1 acts bo? aga9/ ! love ( ,god to :om judgm5t belongs1 & aga9/ ! love ( 8 neighbor1 & ?is n only z reg>ds ! judge1 to :om he refuses 8 due1 b also z reg>ds 8 accus]1 :o is puni%$ if he fail to prove 8 accusation4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #adj3d73 ,incl9e n my he>t to evil words1 to make excuses 9 s9s3 on :i* words a gloss says3 ,%ameless m5 are wont by ly+ to d5y _! guilt :5 !y h be5 f\nd out4 ,& ,gregory 9 exp\nd+ ,job #ca3cc1 ,if z a man ,i h hid my s91 says 7,moral4 xxii1 #ae73 ,x is a common vice ( mank9d to s9 9 secret1 by ly+ to hide ! s9 t has be5 committ$1 & :5 convict$ to aggravate ! s9 by def5d+ oneself4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = ! ,accus$ to ,def5d ,himself ) ,calumnies8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem lawful = ! accus$ to def5d himself ) calumnies4 ,because1 accord+ to civil law 7,cod4 ,,ii1 iv1 ,de transact4 #ah71 :5 a man is on trial = 8 life x is lawful = him to bribe 8 adv]s>y4 ,n[ ?is is done *iefly by def5d+ oneself ) calumnies4 ,!re=e ! accus$ :o is on trial = 8 life does n s9 if he def5d himself ) calumnies4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 an accus] :o is guilty ( collusion ) ! accus$1 is puni%able by law 7,decret4 ,,ii1 qu4 iii1 c4 ,si quem po5it474 ,yet no puni%m5t is impos$ on ! accus$ = collusion ) ! accus]4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem lawful = ! accus$ to def5d himself ) calumnies4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #ad3af73 ,a wise man fe>e? & decl9e? f evil1 ! fool leape? ov] & is confid5t4 ,n[ :at is done wisely is no s94 ,!re=e no matt] h[ a man decl9es f evil1 he does n s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 crim9al cases an oa? has to be tak5 aga9/ calumni\s allegations 7,extra1 ,de juram5to calumniae1 cap4 ,inha]5tes73 & ?is w\ld n be ! case if x 7 lawful to def5d oneself ) calumnies4 ,!re=e x is n lawful = ! accus$ to def5d himself ) calumnies4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is "o ?+ to )hold ! tru?1 & ano!r to utt] a falsehood4 ,! =m] is lawful sometimes1 = a man is n b\nd to divulge all tru?1 b only su* z ! judge c & mu/ require ( him accord+ to ! ord] ( ju/ice2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ! accus$ is already disgrac$ ?r\gh ! commission ( "s crime1 or c]ta9 indications ( 8 guilt h already be5 discov]$1 or aga9 :5 8 guilt is already m or less prov54 ,on ! o!r h& x is nev] lawful to make a false decl>ation4 ,z reg>ds :at he may d lawfully1 a man c employ ei!r lawful means1 & su* z are adapt$ to ! end 9 view1 :i* belongs to prud5ce2 or he c use unlawful means1 unsuitable to ! propos$ end1 & ?is belongs to craft9ess1 :i* is ex]cis$ by fraud & guile1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ee1 ,,aa4 #c1 seqq474 ,8 conduct 9 ! =m] case is praisewor?y1 9 ! latt] s9ful4 ,accord+ly x is lawful = ! accus$ to def5d himself by )hold+ ! tru? t he is n b\nd to av[1 by suitable means1 = in/ance by n answ]+ su* que/ions z he is n b\nd to answ]4 ,?is is n to def5d himself ) calumnies1 b to escape prud5tly4 ,b x is unlawful = him1 ei!r to utt] a falsehood1 or to )hold a tru? t he is b\nd to av[1 or to employ guile or fraud1 because fraud & guile h ! =ce ( a lie1 & s to use !m w\ld be to def5d oneself ) calumnies4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,human laws leave _m ?+s unpuni%$1 :i* accord+ to ! ,div9e judgm5t are s9s1 z1 = example1 simple =nication2 because human law does n exact p]fect virtue f man1 = su* virtue belongs to few & _c be f\nd 9 s great a numb] ( p z human law has to direct4 ,t a man is sometimes unwill+ to commit a s9 9 ord] to escape f ! dea? ( ! body1 ! dang] ( :i* ?reat5s ! accus$ :o is on trial = 8 life1 is an act ( p]fect virtue1 s9ce dea? is ! mo/ fe>ful ( all temporal ?+s 7,e?ic4 iii1 #f74 ,:]e=e if ! accus$1 :o is on trial = 8 life1 bribes 8 adv]s>y1 he s9s inde$ by induc+ him to d :at is unlawful1 yet ! civil law does n puni% ?is s91 & 9 ?is s5se x is said to be lawful4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if ! accus] is guilty ( collusion ) ! accus$ & ! latt] is guilty1 he incurs puni%m5t1 & s x is evid5t t he s9s4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce x is a s9 to induce a man to s91 or to take "p 9 a s9 9 any way--= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #a3cb71 t !y 4 4 4 are wor?y ( dea? 4 4 4 t cons5t to ^? :o s9--x is evid5t t ! accus$ also s9s if he is guilty ( collusion ) 8 adv]s>y4 ,nev]!less accord+ to human laws no puni%m5t is inflict$ on him1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! wise man hides himself n by sl&]+ o!rs b by ex]cis+ prud5ce4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = ! ,accus$ to ,escape ,judgm5t by ,appeal+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful = ! accus$ to escape judgm5t by appeal+4 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3a73 ,let e s\l be subject to ! high] p[]s4 ,n[ ! accus$ by appeal+ refuses to be subject to a high] p[]1 viz4 ! judge4 ,!re=e he commits a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ord9>y au?ority is m b9d+ ?an t :i* we *oose = ourselves4 ,n[ accord+ to ! ,decretals 7,,ii1 qu4 vi1 cap4 ,a judicibus7 x is unlawful to appeal f ! judges *os5 by common cons5t4 ,mu* less !re=e is x lawful to appeal f ord9>y judges4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is lawful once is always lawful4 ,b x is n lawful to appeal aft] ! t5? day 99,c4 ,ant]iorum1 caus4 ii1 qu4 #f1 nor a ?ird "t on ! same po9t 99,c4 ,si autem1 caus4 ii1 qu4 #f4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t an appeal is unlawful 9 itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,paul appeal$ to ,caes> 7,acts #be74 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two motives = :i* a man appeals4 ,fir/ ?r\gh confid5ce 9 ! ju/ice ( 8 cause1 see+ t he is unju/ly oppress$ by ! judge1 & !n x is lawful = him to appeal1 because ?is is a prud5t means ( escape4 ,h5ce x is laid d[n 7,decret4 ,,ii1 qu4 vi1 c4 ,omnis oppressus73 ,all ^? :o are oppress$ are free1 if !y s wi%1 to appeal to ! judgm5t ( ! prie/s1 & no man may /& 9 _! way4 ,secondly1 a man appeals 9 ord] to cause a delay1 le/ a j s5t5ce be pron\nc$ aga9/ him4 ,?is is to def5d oneself calumni\sly1 & is unlawful z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,= he inflicts an injury bo? on ! judge1 :om he h9d]s 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 (fice1 & on 8 adv]s>y1 ^: ju/ice he di/urbs z f> z he is able4 ,h5ce x is laid d[n 7,,ii1 qu4 vi1 c4 ,omn9o puni5dus73 ,)\t d\bt a man %\ld be puni%$ if 8 appeal be decl>$ unju/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a man %\ld submit to ! l[] au?ority 9 s f> z ! latt] obs]ves ! ord] ( ! high] au?ority4 ,if ! l[] au?ority dep>ts f ! ord] ( ! high]1 we ought n to submit to x1 = in/ance if ! proconsul ord] "o ?+ & ! emp]or ano!r1 accord+ to a gloss on ,rom4 #ac3b4 ,n[ :5 a judge oppresses anyone unju/ly1 9 ?is respect he dep>ts f ! ord] ( ! high] au?ority1 :]eby he is oblig$ to judge ju/ly4 ,h5ce x is lawful = a man :o is oppress$ unju/ly1 to h rec\rse to ! au?ority ( ! high] p[]1 by appeal+ ei!r be=e or aft] s5t5ce has be5 pron\nc$4 ,& s9ce x is to be presum$ t !re is no rectitude :]e true fai? is lack+1 x is unlawful = a ,ca?olic to appeal to an unbeliev+ judge1 accord+ to ,decret4 ,,ii1 qu4 vi1 c4 ,ca?olicus3 ,! ,ca?olic :o appeals to ! decision ( a judge ( ano!r fai? %all be excommunicat$1 :e!r 8 case be j or unju/4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le also rebuk$ ^? :o w5t to law be=e unbeliev]s 7#a ,cor4 #f3f74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is due to a man's own fault or neglect t1 ( 8 own accord1 he submits to ! judgm5t ( "o 9 ^: ju/ice he has no confid5ce4 ,moreov] x w\ld seem to po9t to levity ( m9d = a man n to abide by :at he has once approv$ (4 ,h5ce x is ) reason t ! law refuses u ! faculty ( appeal+ f ! decision ( judges ( our own *oice1 :o h no p[] save by virtue ( ! cons5t ( ! litigants4 ,on ! o!r h& ! au?ority ( an ord9>y judge dep5ds1 n on ! cons5t ( ^? :o are subject to 8 judgm5t1 b on ! au?ority ( ! k+ or pr9ce :o appo9t$ him4 ,h5ce1 z a rem$y aga9/ 8 unju/ oppression1 ! law all[s "o to h rec\rse to appeal1 s t ev5 if ! judge be at ! same "t ord9>y & *os5 by ! litigants1 x is lawful to appeal f 8 decision1 s9ce seem+ly 8 ord9>y au?ority occasion$ 8 be+ *os5 z arbitrator4 ,nor is x to be imput$ z a fault to ! man :o cons5t$ to 8 be+ arbitrator1 )\t adv]t+ to ! fact t he 0 appo9t$ ord9>y judge by ! pr9ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! equity ( ! law s gu>ds ! int]e/s ( ! "o p>ty t ! o!r is n oppress$4 ,?us x all[s t5 days = appeal to be made1 ?is be+ consid]$ suffici5t "t = delib]at+ on ! exp$i5cy ( an appeal4 ,if on ! o!r h& !re 7 no fix$ "t limit = appeal+1 ! c]ta9ty ( judgm5t w\ld ev] be 9 susp5se1 s t ! o!r p>ty w\ld suff] an injury4 ,! reason :y x is n all[$ to appeal a ?ird "t on ! same po9t1 is t x is n probable t ! judges w\ld fail to judge ju/ly s _m times4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #fi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,man ,:o ,is ,condemn$ to ,dea? ,may ,lawfully ,def5d ,himself ,if ,he ,c8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man :o is condemn$ to dea? may lawfully def5d himself if he c4 ,= x is always lawful to d t to :i* nature incl9es u1 z be+ ( natural "r1 s to speak4 ,n[1 to resi/ corruption is an incl9ation ( nature n only 9 m5 & animals b also 9 ?+s devoid ( s5se4 ,!re=e if he c d s1 ! accus$1 aft] condemnation1 may lawfully resi/ be+ put to dea?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z a man1 by resi/ance1 escapes ! dea? to :i* he has be5 condemn$1 s does he by flight4 ,n[ x is lawful seem+ly to escape dea? by flight1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #i3ah1 ,keep !e f> f ! man t ha? p[] to kill & n to quick5 99,! words 9 ! brackets are n 9 ! ,vulgate4 ,!re=e x is also lawful = ! accus$ to resi/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #bd3aa73 ,deliv] !m t are l$ to dea?3 & ^? t are drawn to dea? =be> n to deliv]4 ,n[ a man is "u great] obligation to himself ?an to ano!r4 ,!re=e x is lawful = a condemn$ man to def5d himself f be+ put to dea?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3b73 ,he t resi/e? ! p[]1 resi/e? ! ord9ance ( ,god3 & !y t resi/1 pur*ase to !mselves damnation4 ,n[ a condemn$ man1 by def5d+ himself1 resi/s ! p[] 9 ! po9t ( its be+ orda9$ by ,god = ! puni%m5t ( evil-do]s1 & = ! praise ( ! good 99#a ,pet4 #b3ad4 ,!re=e he s9s 9 def5d+ himself4 ,i answ] t1 ,a man may be condemn$ to dea? 9 two ways4 ,fir/ ju/ly1 & !n x is n lawful = ! condemn$ to def5d himself1 because x is lawful = ! judge to combat 8 resi/ance by =ce1 s t on 8 "p ! fight is unju/1 & consequ5tly )\t any d\bt he s9s4 ,secondly a man is condemn$ unju/ly3 & su* a s5t5ce is l ! viol5ce ( robb]s1 accord+ to ,eze*4 #bb3ba1 ,h] pr9ces 9 ! mid/ ( h] are l wolves rav5+ ! prey to %$ blood4 ,:]e=e ev5 z x is lawful to resi/ robb]s1 s is x lawful1 9 a l case1 to resi/ wick$ pr9ces2 except p]haps 9 ord] to avoid sc&al1 :5ce "s grave di/urbance might be fe>$ to arise4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,reason 0 giv5 to man t he might ensue ^? ?+s to :i* 8 nature incl9es1 n 9 all cases1 b 9 accordance ) ! ord] ( reason4 ,h5ce n all self-def5se is lawful1 b only su* z is accompli%$ ) due mod]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 a man is condemn$ to dea?1 he has n to kill himself1 b to suff] dea?3 :]e=e he is n b\nd to d any?+ f :i* dea? w\ld result1 su* z to /ay 9 ! place :5ce he w\ld be l$ to execution4 ,b he may n resi/ ^? :o lead him to dea?1 9 ord] t he may n suff] :at is j = him to suff]4 ,ev5 s1 if a man 7 condemn$ to die ( hung]1 he does n s9 if he p>takes ( food br\ght to him secretly1 because to refra9 f tak+ x w\ld be to kill himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is say+ ( ! wise man does n direct t "o %\ld deliv] a man f dea? 9 opposition to ! ord] ( ju/ice3 :]e=e nei!r %\ld a man deliv] himself f dea? by resi/+ aga9/ ju/ice4 ,,"q #gj ,,( ,,inju/ice ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,p]son ,,( ,,! ,,witness 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] inju/ice ) reg>d to ! p]son ( ! witness4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r a man is b\nd to give evid5ce8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! evid5ce ( two or ?ree witnesses suffices8 7#c7 ,:e!r a man's evid5ce may be reject$ )\t any fault on 8 "p8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s9 to be> false witness8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r a ,man ,is ,b\nd to ,give ,evid5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man is n b\nd to give evid5ce4 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 ,g54 #a3bf7 99,cf4 ,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #cc1 #cd1 t :5 ,abraham said ( 8 wife 7,g54 #bj3b71 ,%e is my si/]1 he wi%$ ! tru? to be conceal$ & n a lie be told4 ,n[1 by hid+ ! tru? a man ab/a9s f giv+ evid5ce4 ,!re=e a man is n b\nd to give evid5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no man is b\nd to act deceitfully4 ,n[ x is writt5 7,prov4 #aa3ac73 ,he t walke? deceitfully reveale? secrets1 b he t is fai?ful conceale? ! ?+ committ$ to him by 8 fri5d4 ,!re=e a man is n always b\nd to give evid5ce1 especially on matt]s committ$ to him z a secret by a fri5d4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 cl]ics & prie/s1 m ?an o!rs1 are b\nd to ^? ?+s t are necess>y = salvation4 ,yet cl]ics & prie/s are =bidd5 to give evid5ce :5 a man is on trial = 8 life4 ,!re=e x is n necess>y = salvation to give evid5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 99,c4 ,quisquis1 caus4 xi1 qu4 #c1 cap4 ,falsidicus2 cf4 ,isidore1 ,s5t5t4 iii1 #ee says3 ,bo? he :o conceals ! tru? & he :o tells a lie are guilty1 ! =m] because he is unwill+ to d good1 ! latt] because he desires to hurt4 ,i answ] t1 ,we mu/ make a di/9ction 9 ! matt] ( giv+ evid5ce3 because sometimes a c]ta9 man's evid5ce is necess>y1 & sometimes n4 ,if ! necess>y evid5ce is t ( a man subject to a sup]ior :om1 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ju/ice1 he is b\nd to obey1 )\t d\bt he is b\nd to give evid5ce on ^? po9ts :i* are requir$ ( him 9 accordance ) ! ord] ( ju/ice1 = in/ance on manife/ ?+s or :5 ill-report has prec$$4 ,if h[ev] he is requir$ to give evid5ce on o!r po9ts1 = in/ance secret matt]s1 & ^? ( :i* no ill-report has prec$$1 he is n b\nd to give evid5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if 8 evid5ce be requir$ by au?ority ( a sup]ior :om he is b\nd to obey1 we mu/ make a di/9ction3 because if 8 evid5ce is requir$ 9 ord] to deliv] a man f an unju/ dea? or any o!r p5alty1 or f false defamation1 or "s loss1 9 su* cases he is b\nd to give evid5ce4 ,ev5 if 8 evid5ce is n dem&$1 he is b\nd to d :at he c to decl>e ! tru? to someone :o may pr(it !reby4 ,= x is writt5 7,ps4 #ha3d73 ,rescue ! poor1 & deliv] ! ne$y f ! h& ( ! s9n]2 & 7,prov4 #bd3aa73 ,deliv] !m t are l$ to dea?2 & 7,rom4 #a3cb73 ,!y are wor?y ( dea?1 n only !y t d !m1 b !y also t cons5t to !m t d !m1 on :i* words a gloss says3 ,to be sil5t :5 "o c disprove is to cons5t4 ,9 matt]s p]ta9+ to a man's condemnation1 "o is n b\nd to give evid5ce1 except :5 "o is con/ra9$ by a sup]ior 9 accordance ) ! ord] ( ju/ice2 s9ce if ! tru? ( su* a matt] be conceal$1 no p>ticul> injury is inflict$ on anyone4 ,or1 if "s dang] ?reat5s ! accus]1 x matt]s n s9ce he risk$ ! dang] ( 8 own accord3 :]eas x is diff]5t ) ! accus$1 :o incurs ! dang] aga9/ 8 w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ ( concealm5t ( ! tru? 9 a case :5 a man is n compell$ by 8 sup]ior's au?ority to decl>e ! tru?1 & :5 su* concealm5t is n specially injuri\s to any p]son4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man %\ld by no means give evid5ce on matt]s secretly committ$ to him 9 confession1 because he kn[s su* ?+s1 n z man b z ,god's m9i/]3 & ! sacram5t is m b9d+ ?an any human precept4 ,b z reg>ds matt]s committ$ to man 9 "s o!r way "u secrecy1 we mu/ make a di/9ction4 ,sometimes !y are ( su* a nature t "o is b\nd to make !m kn[n z soon z !y come to our k1 = in/ance if !y conduce to ! spiritual or corporal corruption ( ! community1 or to "s grave p]sonal injury1 9 %ort any l matt] t a man is b\nd to make kn[n ei!r by giv+ evid5ce or by d5\nc+ x4 ,aga9/ su* a duty a man _c be oblig$ to act on ! plea t ! matt] is committ$ to him "u secrecy1 = he w\ld break ! fai? he owes to ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h& sometimes !y are su* z "o is n b\nd to make kn[n1 s t "o may be "u obligation n to d s on acc\nt ( _! be+ committ$ to "o "u secrecy4 ,9 su* a case "o is by no means b\nd to make !m kn[n1 ev5 if ! sup]ior %\ld comm&2 because to keep fai? is ( natural "r1 & a man _c be comm&$ to d :at is contr>y to natural "r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is unbecom+ = m9i/]s ( ! alt> to slay a man or to coop]ate 9 8 slay+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #d72 h5ce accord+ to ! ord] ( ju/ice !y _c be compell$ to give evid5ce :5 a man is on trial = 8 life4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,evid5ce ( ,two or ,?ree ,p]sons ,suffices8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! evid5ce ( two or ?ree p]sons is n suffici5t4 ,= judgm5t requires c]titude4 ,n[ c]titude ( ! tru? is n obta9$ by ! ass]tions ( two or ?ree witnesses1 = we read t ,nabo? 0 unju/ly condemn$ on ! evid5ce ( two witnesses 7#c ,k+s #ba74 ,!re=e ! evid5ce ( two or ?ree witnesses does n suffice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ord] = evid5ce to be cr$ible x mu/ agree4 ,b frequ5tly ! evid5ce ( two or ?ree disagrees 9 "s po9t4 ,!re=e x is ( no use = prov+ ! tru? 9 c\rt4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is laid d[n 7,decret4 ,,ii1 qu4 iv1 c4 ,praesul473 ,a bi%op %all n be condemn$ save on ! evid5ce ( sev5ty-two witnesses2 nor a c>d9al prie/ ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 unless !re be sixty-f\r witnesses4 ,nor a c>d9al deacon ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 unless !re be tw5ty-sev5 witnesses2 nor a subdeacon1 an acolyte1 an exorci/1 a read] or a doorkeep] )\t sev5 witnesses4 ,n[ ! s9 ( "o :o is ( high] dignity is m griev\s1 & consequ5tly %\ld be treat$ m sev]ely4 ,!re=e nei!r is ! evid5ce ( two or ?ree witnesses suffici5t = ! condemnation ( o!r p]sons4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #ag3f73 ,by ! m\? ( two or ?ree witnesses %all he die t is to be sla91 & fur!r on 7,deut4 #ai3ae73 ,9 ! m\? ( two or ?ree witnesses e ^w %all /&4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #c71 we mu/ n expect to f9d c]titude equally 9 e matt]4 ,= 9 human acts1 on :i* judgm5ts are pass$ & evid5ce requir$1 x is impossible to h demon/rative c]titude1 because !y are ab\t ?+s cont+5t & v>iable4 ,h5ce ! c]titude ( probability suffices1 su* z may rea* ! tru? 9 ! great] numb] ( cases1 al?\gh x fail 9 ! m9ority4 ,n[ x is probable t ! ass]tion ( sev]al witnesses conta9s ! tru? r ?an ! ass]tion ( "o3 & s9ce ! accus$ is ! only "o :o d5ies1 :ile sev]al witness affirm ! same z ! prosecutor1 x is reasonably e/abli%$ bo? by ,div9e & by human law1 t ! ass]tion ( sev]al witnesses %\ld be upheld4 ,n[ all multitude is compris$ ( ?ree elem5ts1 ! beg9n+1 ! middle & ! end4 ,:]e=e1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,coelo i1 #a71 we reckon 'all' & ':ole' to consi/ ( ?ree p>ts4 ,n[ we h a triple v\*] :5 two agree ) ! prosecutor3 h5ce two witnesses are requir$2 or = ! sake ( great] c]titude ?ree1 :i* is ! p]fect numb]4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,eccles4 #d3ab73 ,a ?reefold cord is n easily brok53 & ,augu/9e1 comm5t+ on ,john #h3ag1 ,! te/imony ( two m5 is true1 says 7,tract4 xxxvi7 t !re is "h a my/]y by :i* we are giv5 to und]/& t ,tr9ity :]e9 is p]petual /ability ( tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no matt] h[ great a numb] ( witnesses may be det]m9$1 ! evid5ce might sometimes be unju/1 s9ce is writt5 7,ex4 #bc3b73 ,?\ %alt n foll[ ! multitude to d evil4 ,& yet ! fact t 9 s _m x is n possible to h c]titude )\t fe> ( error1 is no reason :y we %\ld reject ! c]titude :i* c probably be _h ?r\gh two or ?ree witnesses1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if ! witnesses disagree 9 c]ta9 pr9cipal circum/ances :i* *ange ! sub/ance ( ! fact1 = in/ance 9 "t1 place1 or p]sons1 :i* are *iefly 9 "q1 _! evid5ce is ( no weight1 because if !y disagree 9 su* ?+s1 ea* "o w\ld seem to be giv+ di/9ct evid5ce & to be speak+ ( diff]5t facts4 ,= in/ance1 "o say t a c]ta9 ?+ happ5$ at su* & su* a "t or place1 :ile ano!r says x happ5$ at ano!r "t or place1 !y seem n to be speak+ ( ! same ev5t4 ,! evid5ce is n weak5$ if "o witness says t he does n rememb]1 :ile ! o!r atte/s to a det]m9ate "t or place4 ,& if on su* po9ts z ^! ! witness = prosecution & def5se disagree altoge!r1 & if !y be equal 9 numb] on ei!r side1 & ( equal /&+1 ! accus$ %\ld h ! b5efit ( ! d\bt1 because ! judge ought to be m incl9$ to acquit ?an to condemn1 except p]haps 9 favorable suits1 su* z a plead+ = lib]ty & ! l4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! witnesses = ! same side disagree1 ! judge ought to use 8 own discretion 9 disc]n+ :i* side to favor1 by consid]+ ei!r ! numb] ( witnesses1 or _! /&+1 or ! favorabl5ess ( ! suit1 or ! nature ( ! bus9ess & ( ! evid5ce4 ,mu* m ought ! evid5ce ( "o witness to be reject$ if he contradict himself :5 que/ion$ ab\t :at he has se5 & ab\t :at he kn[s2 n1 h[ev]1 if he contradict himself :5 que/ion$ ab\t matt]s ( op9ion & report1 s9ce he may be mov$ to answ] diff]5tly accord+ to ! diff]5t ?+s he has se5 & he>d4 ,on ! o!r h& if !re be discrepancy ( evid5ce 9 circum/ances n t\*+ ! sub/ance ( ! fact1 = in/ance1 :e!r ! wea!r 7 cl\dy or f9e1 :e!r ! h\se 7 pa9t$ or n1 or su* l matt]s1 su* discrepancy does n weak5 ! evid5ce1 because m5 are n wont to take mu* notice ( su* ?+s1 :]e=e !y easily =get !m4 ,inde$1 a discrepancy ( ?is k9d r5d]s ! evid5ce m cr$ible1 z ,*ryso/om /ates 7,hom4 i 9 ,mat?471 because if ! witnesses agre$ 9 e po9t1 ev5 9 ! m9ute/ ( details1 !y w\ld seem to h conspir$ toge!r to say ! same ?+3 b ?is mu/ be left to ! prud5t disc]nm5t ( ! judge4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is passage ref]s specially to ! bi%ops1 prie/s1 deacons & cl]ics ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 on acc\nt ( its dignity3 & ?is = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/ because 9 t ,*ur* ^? m5 ought to be promot$ ^: sanctity makes _! evid5ce ( m weight ?an t ( _m witnesses4 ,secondly1 because ^? :o h to judge o!r m51 (t5 h _m oppon5ts on acc\nt ( _! ju/ice1 :]e=e ^? :o give evid5ce aga9/ !m %\ld n be believ$ indiscrim9ately1 unless !y be v num]\s4 ,?irdly1 because ! condemnation ( any "o ( !m w\ld detract 9 public op9ion f ! dignity & au?ority ( t ,*ur*1 a result :i* w\ld be m fraught ) dang] ?an if "o 7 to tol]ate a s9n] 9 t same ,*ur*1 unless he 7 v notori\s & manife/1 s t a grave sc&al w\ld arise if he 7 tol]at$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,man's ,evid5ce ,c ,be ,reject$ ,)\t ,any ,fault ( ,88 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man's evid5ce ought n to be reject$ except on acc\nt ( "s fault4 ,= x is inflict$ z a p5alty on "s t _! evid5ce is inadmissible1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o are br&$ ) infamy4 ,n[ a p5alty mu/ n be inflict$ save = a fault4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t no man's evid5ce ought to be reject$ save on acc\nt ( a fault4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,good is to be presum$ ( e "o1 unless ! contr>y appe> 99,cap4 ,dudum1 de ,praesumpt44 ,n[ x p]ta9s to a man's goodness t he %\ld give true evid5ce4 ,s9ce !re=e !re c be no pro( ( ! contr>y1 unless !re be "s fault ( 81 x w\ld seem t no man's evid5ce %\ld be reject$ save = "s fault4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no man is r5d]$ unfit = ?+s necess>y = salvation except by "s s94 ,b x is necess>y = salvation to give true evid5ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e no man %\ld be exclud$ f giv+ evid5ce save = "s fault4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,regi/4 xiii1 #dd73 ,z to ! bi%op :o is said to h be5 accus$ by 8 s]vants1 y are to "k t !y %\ld by no means h be5 he>d3 :i* words are embodi$ 9 ! ,decretals 7,,ii1 qu4 #a1 c4 ,imprimis74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! au?ority ( evid5ce is n infallible b probable2 & consequ5tly ! evid5ce = "o side is weak5$ by :atev] /r5g!ns ! probability ( ! o!r4 ,n[ ! reliability ( a p]son's evid5ce is weak5$1 sometimes inde$ on acc\nt ( "s fault ( 81 z 9 ! case ( unbeliev]s & p]sons ( evil repute1 z well z ^? :o are guilty ( a public crime & :o are n all[$ ev5 to accuse2 sometimes1 )\t any fault on 8 "p1 & ?is ow+ ei!r to a defect 9 ! reason1 z 9 ! case ( *ildr51 imbeciles & wom51 or to p]sonal feel+1 z 9 ! case ( enemies1 or p]sons unit$ by family or h\sehold ties1 or aga9 ow+ to "s ext]nal condition1 z 9 ! case ( poor p1 slaves1 & ^? :o are "u au?ority1 conc]n+ :om x is to be presum$ t !y might easily be induc$ to give evid5ce aga9/ ! tru?4 ,?us x is manife/ t a p]son's evid5ce may be reject$ ei!r ) or )\t "s fault ( 84 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if a p]son is disqualifi$ f giv+ evid5ce ?is is done z a precaution aga9/ false evid5ce r ?an z a puni%m5t4 ,h5ce ! argum5t does n prove4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,good is to be presum$ ( ev]yone unless ! contr>y appe>1 provid$ ?is does n ?reat5 injury to ano!r3 because1 9 t case1 "o ought to be c>eful n to believe ev]yone readily1 accord+ to #a ,john #d3a3 ,believe n e _s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to give evid5ce is necess>y = salvation1 provid$ ! witness be compet5t1 & ! ord] ( ju/ice obs]v$4 ,h5ce no?+ h9d]s c]ta9 p]sons be+ excus$ f giv+ evid5ce1 if !y be consid]$ unfit accord+ to law4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,always a ,mortal ,s9 to ,give ,false ,evid5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n always a mortal s9 to give false evid5ce4 ,= a p]son may happ5 to give false evid5ce1 ?r\gh ignorance ( fact4 ,n[ su* ignorance excuses f mortal s94 ,!re=e ! giv+ ( false evid5ce is n always a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a lie t b5efits someone & hurts no man is (fici\s1 & ?is is n a mortal s94 ,n[ sometimes a lie ( ?is k9d occurs 9 false evid5ce1 z :5 a p]son gives false evid5ce 9 ord] to save a man f dea?1 or f an unju/ s5t5ce :i* ?reat5s him ?r\gh o!r false witnesses or a p]v]se judge4 ,!re=e 9 su* cases x is n a mortal s9 to give false evid5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a witness is requir$ to take an oa? 9 ord] t he may fe> to commit a mortal s9 ( p]jury4 ,b ?is w\ld n be necess>y1 if x 7 already a mortal s9 to give false evid5ce4 ,!re=e ! giv+ ( false evid5ce is n always mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #ai3e73 ,a false witness %all n be unpuni%$4 ,i answ] t1 ,false evid5ce has a ?reefold de=mity4 ,! fir/ is ow+ to p]jury1 s9ce witnesses are admitt$ only on oa? & on ?is c\nt x is always a mortal s94 ,secondly1 ow+ to ! violation ( ju/ice1 & on ?is acc\nt x is a mortal s9 g5]ically1 ev5 z any k9d ( inju/ice4 ,h5ce ! prohibition ( false evid5ce by ! precept ( ! decalogue is express$ 9 ?is =m :5 x is said 7,ex4 #bj3af71 ,?\ %alt n be> false witness aga9/ ?y neighbor4 ,= "o does no?+ aga9/ a man by prev5t+ him f do+ someone an injury1 b only by tak+ away 8 ju/ice4 ,?irdly1 ow+ to ! falsehood itself1 by reason ( :i* e lie is a s93 on ?is acc\nt1 ! giv+ ( false evid5ce is n always a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 giv+ evid5ce a man ought n to affirm z c]ta91 z ?\gh he knew x1 t ab\t :i* he is n c]ta92 & he %\ld confess 8 d\bt 9 d\btful t]ms1 & t :i* he is c]ta9 ab\t1 9 t]ms ( c]ta9ty4 ,ow+ h[ev] to ! frailty ( ! human memory1 a man sometimes ?9ks he is c]ta9 ab\t some?+ t is n true2 & !n if aft] ?9k+ ov] ! matt] ) due c>e he deems himself c]ta9 ab\t t false ?+1 he does n s9 mortally if he ass]ts x1 because ! evid5ce :i* he gives is n directly & int5tionally1 b accid5tally contr>y to :at he int5ds4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an unju/ judgm5t is n a judgm5t1 :]e=e ! false evid5ce giv5 9 an unju/ judgm5t1 9 ord] to prev5t inju/ice is n a mortal s9 by virtue ( ! judgm5t1 b only by reason ( ! oa? violat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,m5 abhor *iefly ^? s9s t are aga9/ ,god1 z be+ mo/ griev\s2 & among !m is p]jury3 :]eas !y d n abhor s mu* s9s aga9/ _! neighbor4 ,consequ5tly1 = ! great] c]titude ( evid5ce1 ! witness is requir$ to take a oa?4 ,,"q #ga ,,( ,,inju/ice ,,9 ,,judgm5t ,,on ,,! ,,"p ,,( ,,c\nsel 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! inju/ice :i* takes place 9 judgm5t on ! "p ( c\nsel1 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r an advocate is b\nd to def5d ! suits ( ! poor8 7#b7 ,:e!r c]ta9 p]sons %\ld be prohibit$ f ex]cis+ ! (fice ( advocate8 7#c7 ,:e!r an advocate s9s by def5d+ an unju/ cause8 7#d7 ,:e!r he s9s if he accept a fee = def5d+ a suit8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r an ,advocate ,is ,b\nd to ,def5d ! ,suits ( ! ,poor8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an advocate is b\nd to def5d ! suits ( ! poor4 ,= x is writt5 7,ex4 #bc3e73 ,if ?\ see ! ass ( him t hate? !e lie und]nea? 8 burd51 ?\ %alt n pass by1 b %all lift him up ) him4 ,n[ no less a dang] ?reat5s ! poor man ^: suit is be+ unju/ly prejudic$1 ?an if 8 ass 7 to lie und]nea? its burd54 ,!re=e an advocate is b\nd to def5d ! suits ( ! poor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 9 a homily 7ix 9 ,evang473 ,let him t ha? und]/&+ bew>e le/ he )hold 8 k2 let him t ha? abundance ( weal? wat* le/ he slack5 8 m]ciful b\nty2 let him :o is a s]vant to art %>e 8 skill ) 8 neighbor2 let him :o has an opportunity ( speak+ ) ! weal?y plead ! cause ( ! poor3 = ! slighte/ gift y h receiv$ w be reput$ a tal5t4 ,n[ e man is b\nd1 n to hide b fai?fully to disp5se ! tal5t committ$ to him2 z evid5c$ by ! puni%m5t inflict$ on ! s]vant :o hid 8 tal5t 7,matt4 #be3cj74 ,!re=e an advocate is b\nd to plead = ! poor4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! precept ab\t p]=m+ works ( m]cy1 be+ affirmative1 is b9d+ accord+ to "t & place1 & ?is is *iefly 9 cases ( ne$4 ,n[ x seems to be a case ( ne$ :5 ! suit ( a poor man is be+ prejudic$4 ,!re=e x seems t 9 su* a case an advocate is b\nd to def5d ! poor man's suit4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,he t lacks food is no less 9 ne$ ?an he t lacks an advocate4 ,yet he t is able to give food is n always b\nd to fe$ ! ne$y4 ,!re=e nei!r is an advocate always b\nd to def5d ! suits ( ! poor4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce def5se ( ! poor man's suit belongs to ! works ( m]cy1 ! answ] to ?is inquiry is ! same z ! "o giv5 above ) reg>d to ! o!r works ( m]cy 7,q4 #cb1 ,,aa4 #e1 #i74 ,n[ no man is suffici5t to be/[ a "w ( m]cy on all ^? :o ne$ x4 ,:]e=e1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #bh71 s9ce "o _c d good to all1 we ought to consid] ^? *iefly :o by reason ( place1 "t1 or any o!r circum/ance1 by a k9d ( *ance are m closely unit$ to u4 ,he says by reason ( place1 because "o is n b\nd to se>* ?r\gh\t ! _w = ! ne$y t "o may succor !m2 & x suffices to d works ( m]cy to ^? "o meets )4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ex4 #bc3d73 ,if ?\ meet ?y enemy's ass go+ a/ray1 br+ x back to him4 ,he says also by reason ( "t1 because "o is n b\nd to provide = ! future ne$s ( o!rs1 & x suffices to succor pres5t ne$s4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3ag73 ,he t 4 4 4 %all see 8 bro!r 9 ne$1 & %all put up 8 b[els f him1 h[ do? ! *>ity ( ,god abide 9 him8 ,la/ly he says1 or any o!r circum/ance1 because "o ought to %[ k9dness to ^? especially :o are by any tie :atev] unit$ to u1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #e3h1 ,if any man h n c>e ( 8 own1 & especially ( ^? ( 8 h\se1 he ha? d5i$ ! fai? & is worse ?an an infidel4 ,x may happ5 h[ev] t ^! circum/ances concur1 & !n we h to consid] :e!r ?is p>ticul> man /&s 9 su* a ne$ t x is n easy to see h[ he c be succor$ o!rwise1 & !n "o is b\nd to be/[ ! "w ( m]cy on him4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is easy to see h[ he c be o!rwise succor$1 ei!r by himself1 or by "s o!r p]son /ill m closely unit$ to him1 or 9 a bett] position to help him1 "o is n b\nd s /rictly to help ! "o 9 ne$ t x w\ld be a s9 n to d s3 al?\gh x w\ld be praisewor?y to d s :]e "o is n b\nd to4 ,!re=e an advocate is n always b\nd to def5d ! suits ( ! poor1 b only :5 ! a=esaid circum/ances concur1 else he w\ld h to put aside all o!r bus9ess1 & occupy himself entirely 9 def5d+ ! suits ( poor p4 ,! same applies to a physician ) reg>d to att5dance on ! sick4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s long z ! ass lies "u ! burd51 !re is no means ( help 9 ?is case1 unless ^? :o are pass+ along come to ! man's aid1 & !re=e !y are b\nd to help4 ,b !y w\ld n be s b\nd if help 7 possible f ano!r qu>t]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man is b\nd to make good use ( ! tal5t be/[$ on him1 accord+ to ! opportunities af=d$ by "t1 place1 & o!r circum/ances1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n e ne$ is su* t x is "o's duty to rem$y x1 b only su* z we h /at$ above4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,fitt+ ,t ! ,law ,%\ld ,deb> ,c]ta9 ,p]sons f ! ,(fice ( ,advocate8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unfitt+ = ! law to deb> c]ta9 p]sons f ! (fice ( advocate4 ,= no man %\ld be deb>r$ f do+ works ( m]cy4 ,n[ x belongs to ! works ( m]cy to def5d a man's suit1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e no man %\ld be deb>r$ f ?is (fice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 contr>y causes h n1 seem+ly1 ! same effect4 ,n[ to be busy ) ,div9e ?+s & to be busy ab\t s9 are contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ t "s %\ld be deb>r$ f ! (fice ( advocate1 on acc\nt ( religion1 z monks & cl]ics1 :ile o!rs are deb>r$ on acc\nt ( s91 z p]sons ( ill-repute & h]etics4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a man %\ld love 8 neighbor z himself4 ,n[ x is a duty ( love = an advocate to plead a p]son's cause4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ t c]ta9 p]sons %\ld be deb>r$ f plead+ ! cause ( o!rs1 :ile !y are all[$ to advocate _! own cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ,decret4 ,,iii1 qu4 vii1 c4 ,infames1 _m p]sons are deb>r$ f ! (fice ( advocate4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 two ways a p]son is deb>r$ f p]=m+ a c]ta9 act3 fir/ because x is impossible to him1 secondly because x is unbecom+ to him3 b1 :]eas ! man to :om a c]ta9 act is impossible1 is absolutely deb>r$ f p]=m+ x1 he to :om an act is unbecom+ is n deb>r$ altoge!r1 s9ce necessity may d away ) its unbecom+ness4 ,accord+ly "s are deb>r$ f ! (fice ( advocate because x is impossible to !m ?r\gh lack ( s5se--ei!r int]ior1 z 9 ! case ( madm5 & m9ors--or ext]ior1 z 9 ! case ( ! deaf & dumb4 ,= an advocate ne$s to h bo? int]ior skill s t he may be able to prove ! ju/ice ( ! cause he def5ds1 & also spee* & he>+1 t he may speak & he> :at is said to him4 ,consequ5tly ^? :o are defective 9 ^! po9ts1 are altoge!r deb>r$ f be+ advocates ei!r 9 _! own or 9 ano!r's cause4 ,! becom+ness ( ex]cis+ ?is (fice is remov$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh a man be+ engag$ 9 high] ?+s4 ,:]e=e x is unfitt+ t monks or prie/s %\ld be advocates 9 any cause :atev]1 or t cl]ics %\ld plead 9 a secul> c\rt1 because su* p]sons are engag$ 9 ,div9e ?+s4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( "s p]sonal defect1 ei!r ( body 7= in/ance a bl9d man ^: att5dance 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice w\ld be unbecom+7 or ( s\l1 = x ill becomes "o :o has disda9$ to be j himself1 to plead = ! ju/ice ( ano!r4 ,:]e=e x is unbecom+ t p]sons ( ill repute1 unbeliev]s1 & ^? :o h be5 convict$ ( griev\s crimes %\ld be advocates4 ,nev]!less ?is unbecom+ness is outweigh$ by necessity3 & = ?is reason su* p]sons c plead ei!r _! own cause or t ( p]sons closely connect$ ) !m4 ,moreov]1 cl]ics c be advocates 9 ! cause ( _! own *ur*1 & monks 9 ! cause ( _! own mona/]y1 if ! abbot direct !m to d s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,c]ta9 p]sons are sometimes deb>r$ by unbecom+ness1 & o!rs by inability f p]=m+ works ( m]cy3 = n all ! works ( m]cy are becom+ to all p]sons3 ?us x ill becomes a fool to give c\nsel1 or ! ignorant to tea*4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z virtue is de/roy$ by too mu* & too little1 s does a p]son become incompet5t by m & less4 ,= ?is reason "s1 l religi\s & cl]ics1 are deb>r$ f plead+ 9 causes1 because !y are above su* an (fice2 & o!rs because !y are less ?an compet5t to ex]cise x1 su* z p]sons ( ill-repute & unbeliev]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! necessity ( plead+ ! causes ( o!rs is n s press+ z ! necessity ( plead+ "o's own cause1 because o!rs are able to help !mselves o!rwise3 h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r an ,advocate ,s9s by ,def5d+ an ,unju/ ,cause8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an advocate does n s9 by def5d+ an unju/ cause4 ,= j z a physician proves 8 skill by heal+ a desp]ate disease1 s does an advocate prove 8 skill1 if he c def5d an unju/ cause4 ,n[ a physician is prais$ if he heals a desp]ate malady4 ,!re=e an advocate also commits no s91 b ought to be prais$1 if he def5ds an unju/ cause4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is always lawful to desi/ f committ+ a s94 ,yet an advocate is puni%$ if he ?r[s up 8 brief 7,decret4 ,,ii1 qu4 iii1 c4 ,si quem po5it474 ,!re=e an advocate does n s9 by def5d+ an unju/ cause1 :5 once he has und]tak5 its def5se4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x w\ld seem to be a great] s9 = an advocate to use unju/ means 9 def5se ( a j cause 7e4g4 by produc+ false witnesses1 or alleg+ false laws71 ?an to def5d an unju/ cause1 s9ce ! =m] is a s9 aga9/ ! =m1 ! latt] aga9/ ! matt] ( ju/ice4 ,yet x is seem+ly lawful = an advocate to make use ( su* und]h& means1 ev5 z x is lawful = a soldi] to lay ambu%es 9 a battle4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t an advocate does n s9 by def5d+ an unju/ cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 7#b ,p>alip4 #ai3b73 ,?\ helpe/ ! ungodly 4 4 4 & !re=e ?\ did/ des]ve 4 4 4 ! wra? ( ! ,"l4 ,n[ an advocate by def5d+ an unju/ cause1 helps ! ungodly4 ,!re=e he s9s & des]ves ! wra? ( ! ,"l4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is unlawful to coop]ate 9 an evil de$1 by c\nsel+1 help+1 or 9 any way cons5t+1 because to c\nsel or assi/ an action is1 9 a way1 to d x1 & ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #a3cb7 t !y 4 4 4 are wor?y ( dea?1 n only !y t d a s91 b !y also t cons5t to !m t d x4 ,h5ce x 0 /at$ above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #g71 t all su* are b\nd to re/itution4 ,n[ x is evid5t t an advocate provides bo? assi/ance & c\nsel to ! p>ty = :om he pleads4 ,:]e=e1 if kn[+ly he def5ds an unju/ cause1 )\t d\bt he s9s griev\sly1 & is b\nd to re/itution ( ! loss unju/ly incurr$ by ! o!r p>ty by reason ( ! assi/ance he has provid$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he def5ds an unju/ cause unkn[+ly1 ?9k+ x j1 he is to be excus$ accord+ to ! measure 9 :i* ignorance is excusable4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! physician injures no man by und]tak+ to heal a desp]ate malady1 :]eas ! advocate :o accepts s]vice 9 an unju/ cause1 unju/ly injures ! p>ty aga9/ :om he pleads unju/ly4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,= ?\gh he may seem to des]ve praise = %[+ skill 9 8 art1 nev]!less he s9s by reason ( inju/ice 9 8 w1 s9ce he abuses 8 art = an evil end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if an advocate believes f ! outset t ! cause is j1 & discov]s aft]w>ds :ile ! case is proce$+ t x is unju/1 he ought n to ?r[ up 8 brief 9 su* a way z to help ! o!r side1 or s z to reveal ! secrets ( 8 cli5t to ! o!r p>ty4 ,b he c & mu/ give up ! case1 or induce 8 cli5t to give way1 or make "s compromise )\t prejudice to ! oppos+ p>ty4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #c71 x is lawful = a soldi]1 or a g5]al to lay ambu%es 9 a j w>1 by prud5tly conceal+ :at he has a m9d to d1 b n by means ( fraudul5t falsehoods1 s9ce we %\ld keep fai? ev5 ) a foe1 z ,tully says 7,de (fic4 iii1 #bi74 ,h5ce x is lawful = an advocate1 9 def5d+ 8 case1 prud5tly to conceal :atev] might h9d] its happy issue1 b x is unlawful = him to employ any k9d ( falsehood4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = an ,advocate to ,take a ,fee = ,plead+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful = an advocate to take a fee = plead+4 ,works ( m]cy %\ld n be done ) a view to human remun]ation1 accord+ to ,luke #ad3ab1 ,:5 ?\ make/ a d9n] or a supp]1 call n ?y fri5ds 4 4 4 nor ?y neighbors :o are ri*3 le/ p]haps !y also invite !e aga91 & a recomp5se be made to !e4 ,n[ x is a "w ( m]cy to plead ano!r's cause1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e x is n lawful = an advocate to take paym5t 9 money = plead+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 spiritual ?+s are n to be b>t]$ ) temporal ?+s4 ,b plead+ a p]son's cause seems to be a spiritual good s9ce x consi/s 9 us+ "o's k ( law4 ,!re=e x is n lawful = an advocate to take a fee = plead+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z ! p]son ( ! advocate concurs t[>ds ! pron\ncem5t ( ! v]dict1 s d ! p]sons ( ! judge & ( ! witness4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,ep4 cliii ad ,mac$on471 ! judge %\ld n sell a j s5t5ce1 nor ! witness true evid5ce4 ,!re=e nei!r c an advocate sell a j plead+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 cliii ad ,mac$on47 t an advocate may lawfully sell 8 plead+1 & a lawy] 8 advice4 ,i answ] t1 ,a man may ju/ly receive paym5t = grant+ :at he is n b\nd to grant4 ,n[ x is evid5t t an advocate is n always b\nd to cons5t to plead1 or to give advice 9 o!r p's causes4 ,:]e=e1 if he sell 8 plead+ or advice1 he does n act aga9/ ju/ice4 ,! same applies to ! physician :o att5ds on a sick p]son to heal him1 & to all l p]sons2 provid$1 h[ev]1 !y take a mod]ate fee1 ) due consid]ation = p]sons1 = ! matt] 9 h&1 = ! labor entail$1 & = ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y wick$ly extort an immod]ate fee1 !y s9 aga9/ ju/ice4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 cliii ad ,mac$on47 t x is cu/om>y to dem& f !m re/itution ( :at !y h extort$ by a wick$ excess1 b n :at has be5 giv5 to !m 9 accordance ) a comm5dable cu/om4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man is n b\nd to d gratuit\sly :atev] he c d f motives ( m]cy3 else no man c\ld lawfully sell any?+1 s9ce any?+ may be giv5 f motives ( m]cy4 ,b :5 a man does give a ?+ out ( m]cy1 he %\ld seek1 n a human1 b a ,div9e rew>d4 ,9 l mann] an advocate1 :5 he m]cifully pleads ! cause ( a poor man1 %\ld h 9 view n a human b a ,div9e me$2 & yet he is n always b\nd to give 8 s]vices gratuit\sly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?\gh k ( law is some?+ spiritual1 ! use ( t k is accompli%$ by ! "w ( ! body3 h5ce x is lawful to take money 9 paym5t ( t use1 else no craftsman w\ld be all[$ to make pr(it by 8 art4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! judge & witnesses are common to ei!r p>ty1 s9ce ! judge is b\nd to pron\nce a j v]dict1 & ! witness to give true evid5ce4 ,n[ ju/ice & tru? d n incl9e to "o side r ?an to ! o!r3 & consequ5tly judges receive out ( ! public funds a fix$ pay = _! labor2 & witnesses receive _! exp5ses 7n z paym5t = giv+ evid5ce1 b z a fee = _! labor7 ei!r f bo? p>ties or f ! p>ty by :om !y are adduc$1 because no man s]ve? z a soldi] at any "t at 8 own *>ge 99,vulg43 ',:o s]ve? z a soldi]1' 7#a ,cor4 #i3g74 ,on ! o!r h& an advocate def5ds "o p>ty only1 & s he may lawfully accept fee f ! p>ty he assi/s4 ,,"q #gb ,,( ,,revil+ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] injuries inflict$ by words utt]$ extrajudicially4 ,we %all consid] 7#a7 revil+1 7#b7 backbit+1 7#c7 tale be>+1 7#d7 d]ision1 7#e7 curs+4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is revil+8 7#b7 ,:e!r e revil+ is a mortal s98 7#c7 ,:e!r "o ought to *eck revil]s8 7#d7 ,( ! orig9 ( revil+4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,revil+ ,consi/s 9 ,words8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t revil+ does n consi/ 9 words4 ,revil+ implies "s injury inflict$ on "o's neighbor1 s9ce x is a k9d ( inju/ice4 ,b words seem to inflict no injury on "o's neighbor1 ei!r 9 8 p]son1 or 9 8 belong+s4 ,!re=e revil+ does n consi/ 9 words4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 revil+ seems to imply di%onor4 ,b a man c be di%onor$ or slight$ by de$s m ?an by words4 ,!re=e x seems t revil+ consi/s1 n 9 words b 9 de$s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a di%onor inflict$ by words is call$ a rail+ or a taunt4 ,b revil+ seems to diff] f rail+ or taunt4 ,!re=e revil+ does n consi/ 9 words4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no?+1 save words1 is p]ceiv$ by ! he>+4 ,n[ revil+ is p]ceiv$ by ! he>+ accord+ to ,j]4 #bj3aj1 ,i he>d revil+ ,d\ay3 'contumelies' on e side4 ,!re=e revil+ consi/s 9 words4 ,i answ] t1 ,revil+ d5otes ! di%onor+ ( a p]son1 & ?is happ5s 9 two ways3 = s9ce honor results f excell5ce1 "o p]son di%onors ano!r1 fir/1 by depriv+ him ( ! excell5ce = :i* he is honor$4 ,?is is done by s9s ( de$1 :]e( we h spok5 above 7,q4 #fd1 seqq474 ,secondly1 :5 a man publi%es some?+ aga9/ ano!r's honor1 ?us br++ x to ! k ( ! latt] & ( o!r m54 ,?is revil+ prop]ly s call$1 & is done by "s k9d ( signs4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #c71 comp>$ ) words all o!r signs are v few1 = words h obta9$ ! *ief place among m5 = ! purpose ( express+ :atev] ! m9d conceives4 ,h5ce revil+1 prop]ly speak+1 consi/s 9 words3 :]e=e1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 t a revil] 7contumeliosus7 is ha/y & bur/s out 7tumet7 9 injuri\s words4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?+s are also signifi$ by de$s1 :i* on ?is acc\nt h ! same significance z words1 x foll[s t revil+ 9 a wid] s5se ext5ds also to de$s4 ,:]e=e a gloss on ,rom4 #a3cj1 contumeli\s1 pr\d1 says3 ,! contumeli\s are ^? :o by ^w or de$ revile & %ame o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our words1 if we consid] !m 9 _! ess5ce1 i4e4 z audible s\nds1 injure no man1 except p]haps by j>r+ ( ! e>1 z :5 a p]son speaks too l\d4 ,b1 consid]$ z signs convey+ some?+ to ! k ( o!rs1 !y may d _m k9ds ( h>m4 ,su* is ! h>m done to a man to ! detrim5t ( 8 honor1 or ( ! respect due to him f o!rs4 ,h5ce ! revil+ is great] if "o man reproa* ano!r 9 ! pres5ce ( _m3 & yet !re may /ill be revil+ if he reproa* him by himself1 9 s f> z ! speak] acts unju/ly aga9/ ! respect due to ! he>]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o man slights ano!r by de$s 9 s f> z su* de$s cause or signify t :i* is aga9/ t o!r man's honor4 ,9 ! =m] case x is n a matt] ( revil+ b ( "s o!r k9d ( inju/ice1 ( :i* we h spok5 above 7,,qq4 #fd1 #fe1 #ff73 :]e z 9 ! latt] case !re is revil+1 9 s f> z de$s h ! significant =ce ( words4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,rail+ & taunts consi/ 9 words1 ev5 z revil+1 because by all ( !m a man's faults are expos$ to ! detrim5t ( 8 honor4 ,su* faults are ( ?ree k9ds4 ,fir/1 !re is ! fault ( guilt1 :i* is expos$ by revil+ words4 ,secondly1 !re is ! fault ( bo? guilt & puni%m5t1 :i* is expos$ by taunts 7convicium71 because vice is commonly spok5 ( 9 connection ) n only ! s\l b also ! body4 ,h5ce if "o man says spitefully to ano!r t he is bl9d1 he taunts b does n revile him3 :]eas if "o man calls ano!r a ?ief1 he n only taunts b also reviles him4 ,?irdly1 a man reproa*es ano!r = 8 inf]iority or indig5ce1 s z to less5 ! honor due to him = any k9d ( excell5ce4 ,?is is done by upbraid+ words1 & prop]ly speak+1 occurs :5 "o spitefully rem9ds a man t "o has succor$ him :5 he 0 9 ne$4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bj3ae73 ,he w give a few ?+s & upbraid mu*4 ,nev]!less ^! t]ms are sometimes employ$ "o = ! o!r4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,revil+ or ,rail+ ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t revil+ or rail+ is n a mortal s94 ,= no mortal s9 is an act ( virtue4 ,n[ rail+ is ! act ( a virtue1 viz4 ( witt9ess 7eutrapelia7 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #e to :i* x p]ta9s to rail well1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #h74 ,!re=e rail+ or revil+ is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 mortal s9 is n to be f\nd 9 p]fect m52 & yet ^! sometimes give utt]ance to rail+ or revil+4 ,?us ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #c3a73 ,o s5seless ,galatians61 & our ,"l said 7,luke #bd3be73 ,o fooli% & sl[ ( he>t to believe6 ,!re=e rail+ or revil+ is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 al?\gh t :i* is a v5ial s9 by reason ( its g5us may become mortal1 t :i* is mortal by reason ( its g5us _c become v5ial1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,,aa4 #d1 #f74 ,h5ce if by reason ( its g5us x 7 a mortal s9 to give utt]ance to rail+ or revil+1 x w\ld foll[ t x is always a mortal s94 ,b ?is is app>5tly untrue1 z may be se5 9 ! case ( "o :o utt]s a revil+ ^w indelib]ately or ?r\gh slight ang]4 ,!re=e revil+ or rail+ is n a mortal s91 by reason ( its g5us4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no?+ b mortal s9 des]ves ! et]nal puni%m5t ( hell4 ,n[ rail+ or revil+ des]ves ! puni%m5t ( hell1 accord+ to ,matt4 #e3bb1 ,:osoev] %all say to 8 bro!r 4 4 4 ,?\ fool1 %all be 9 dang] ( hell fire4 ,!re=e rail+ or revil+ is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 words are injuri\s to o!r p]sons1 n z s\nds1 b z signs1 & ?is signification dep5ds on ! speak]'s inw>d int5tion4 ,h5ce1 9 s9s ( ^w1 x seems t we ought to consid] ) :at int5tion ! words are utt]$4 ,s9ce !n rail+ or revil+ ess5tially d5otes a di%onor+1 if ! int5tion ( ! utt]] is to di%onor ! o!r man1 ?is is prop]ly & ess5tially to give utt]ance to rail+ or revil+3 & ?is is a mortal s9 no less ?an !ft or robb]y1 s9ce a man loves 8 honor no less ?an 8 possessions4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a man says to ano!r a rail+ or revil+ ^w1 yet ) ! int5tion1 n ( di%onor+ him1 b r p]haps ( correct+ him or ) "s l purpose1 he utt]s a rail+ or revil+ n =mally & ess5tially1 b accid5tally & mat]ially1 9 s f> to wit z he says t :i* might be a rail+ or revil+4 ,h5ce ?is may be sometimes a v5ial s91 & sometimes )\t any s9 at all4 ,nev]!less !re is ne$ ( discretion 9 su* matt]s1 & "o %\ld use su* words ) mod]ation1 because ! rail+ might be s grave t be+ utt]$ inconsid]ately x might di%onor ! p]son aga9/ :om x is utt]$4 ,9 su* a case a man might commit a mortal s91 ev5 ?\gh he did n int5d to di%onor ! o!r man3 j z 7 a man incauti\sly to injure griev\sly ano!r by /rik+ him 9 fun1 he w\ld n be )\t blame4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x belongs to witt9ess to utt] "s slight mock]y1 n ) int5t to di%onor or pa9 ! p]son :o is ! object ( ! mock]y1 b r ) int5t to please & amuse3 & ?is may be )\t s91 if ! due circum/ances be obs]v$4 ,on ! o!r h& if a man does n %r9k f inflict+ pa9 on ! object ( 8 witty mock]y1 s long z he makes o!rs laugh1 ?is is s9ful1 z /at$ 9 ! passage quot$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z x is lawful to /rike a p]son1 or damnify him 9 8 belong+s = ! purpose ( correction1 s too1 = ! purpose ( correction1 may "o say a mock+ ^w to a p]son :om "o has to correct4 ,x is ?us t our ,"l call$ ! disciples fooli%1 & ! ,apo/le call$ ! ,galatians s5seless4 ,yet1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ai71 seldom & only :5 x is v necess>y %\ld we h rec\rse to invectives1 & !n s z to urge ,god's s]vice1 n our own4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce ! s9 ( rail+ or revil+ dep5ds on ! int5tion ( ! utt]]1 x may happ5 to be a v5ial s91 if x be a slight rail+ t does n inflict mu* di%onor on a man1 & be utt]$ ?r\gh lightness ( he>t or "s slight ang]1 )\t ! fix$ purpose ( di%onor+ him1 = in/ance :5 "o int5ds by su* a ^w to give b little pa94 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,"o ,ought to ,suff] ,oneself to ,be ,revil$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o ought n to suff] oneself to be revil$4 ,= he t suff]s himself to be revil$1 enc\rages ! revil]4 ,b "o ought n to d ?is4 ,!re=e "o ought n to suff] oneself to be revil$1 b r reply to ! revil]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o ought to love oneself m ?an ano!r4 ,n[ "o ought n to suff] ano!r to be revil$1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,prov4 #bf3aj73 ,he t putte? a fool to sil5ce appease? ang]4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld "o suff] oneself to be revil$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a man is n all[$ to rev5ge himself1 = x is said3 ,v5geance belonge? to ,me1 ,i w repay 99,heb4 #aj3cj4 ,n[ by submitt+ to be revil$ a man rev5ges himself1 accord+ to ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 xxii1 9 ,ep4 ad ,rom473 ,if ?\ wilt be rev5g$1 be sil5t2 ?\ ha/ dealt him a fatal bl[4 ,!re=e "o ought n by sil5ce to submit to revil+ words1 b r answ] back4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #cg3ac73 ,!y t s\ght evils to me spoke va9 ?+s1 & aft]w>ds 7,ps4 #cg3ad7 he says3 ,b ,i z a deaf man1 he>d n2 & z a dumb man n op5+ 8 m\?4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z we ne$ pati5ce 9 ?+s done aga9/ u1 s d we ne$ x 9 ^? said aga9/ u4 ,n[ ! precepts ( pati5ce 9 ^? ?+s done aga9/ u ref] to ! prep>$ness ( ! m9d1 accord+ to ,augu/9e's 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #ai7 exposition on our ,"l's precept1 ,if "o /rike !e on ?y "r *eek1 turn to him also ! o!r 99,! words z quot$ by ,/4 ,?omas are a bl5d+ ( ,matt4 #e3ci & ,luke #f3bi3 t is to say1 a man ought to be prep>$ to d s if necess>y4 ,b he is n always b\nd to d ?is actually3 s9ce n ev5 did our ,"l d s1 = :5 ,he receiv$ a bl[1 ,he said3 ,:y /rike/ ?\ ,me8 7,john #ah3bc74 ,consequ5tly ! same applies to ! revil+ words t are said aga9/ u4 ,= we are b\nd to hold our m9ds prep>$ to submit to be revil$1 if x %\ld be exp$i5t4 ,nev]!less x sometimes behooves u to )/& aga9/ be+ revil$1 & ?is *iefly = two reasons4 ,fir/1 = ! good ( ! revil]2 namely1 t 8 d>+ may be *eck$1 & t he may n repeat ! attempt1 accord+ to ,prov4 #bf3e1 ,answ] a fool accord+ to 8 folly1 le/ he imag9e himself to be wise4 ,secondly1 = ! good ( _m :o w\ld be prev5t$ f progress+ 9 virtue on acc\nt ( our be+ revil$4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,hom4 ix1 ,sup] ,eze*473 ,^? :o are s plac$ t _! life %\ld be an example to o!rs1 ought1 if possible1 to sil5ce _! detractors1 le/ _! prea*+ be n he>d by ^? :o c\ld h he>d x1 & !y cont9ue _! evil conduct ?r\gh contempt ( a good life4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! d>+ ( ! rail+ revil] %\ld be *eck$ ) mod]ation1 i4e4 z a duty ( *>ity1 & n ?r\gh lu/ = "o's own honor4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,prov4 #bf3d73 ,answ] n a fool accord+ to 8 folly1 le/ ?\ be l him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 "o man prev5ts ano!r f be+ revil$ !re is n ! dang] ( lu/ = "o's own honor z !re is :5 a man def5ds himself f be+ revil$3 inde$ r w\ld x seem to proce$ f a s5se ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x w\ld be an act ( rev5ge to keep sil5ce ) ! int5tion ( provok+ ! revil] to ang]1 b x w\ld be praisewor?y to be sil5t1 9 ord] to give place to ang]4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #h3d73 ,/rive n ) a man t is full ( tongue1 & heap n wood ^u 8 fire4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,revil+ ,arises f ,ang]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t revil+ does n arise f ang]4 ,= x is writt5 7,prov4 #aa3b73 ,:]e pride is1 !re %all also be revil+ ,d\ay3 'reproa*'4 ,b ang] is a vice di/9ct f pride4 ,!re=e revil+ does n arise f ang]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #bj3c73 ,all fools are m$dl+ ) revil+s ,d\ay3 'reproa*es'4 ,n[ folly is a vice oppos$ to wisdom1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #df1 ,a4 #a72 :]eas ang] is oppos$ to meekness4 ,!re=e revil+ does n arise f ang]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no s9 is dim9i%$ by its cause4 ,b ! s9 ( revil+ is dim9i%$ if "o gives v5t to x ?r\gh ang]3 = x is a m griev\s s9 to revile out ( hatr$ ?an out ( ang]4 ,!re=e revil+ does n arise f ang]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 t ang] gives rise to revil+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,:ile "o s9 may arise f v>i\s causes1 x is nev]!less said to h its s\rce *iefly 9 t "o f :i* x is wont to arise mo/ frequ5tly1 ?r\gh be+ closely connect$ ) its end4 ,n[ revil+ is closely connect$ ) ang]'s end1 :i* is rev5ge3 s9ce ! easie/ way = ! angry man to take rev5ge on ano!r is to revile him4 ,!re=e revil+ arises *iefly f ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,revil+ is n direct$ to ! end ( pride :i* is excell5cy4 ,h5ce revil+ does n arise directly f pride4 ,nev]!less pride disposes a man to revile1 9 s f> z ^? :o ?9k !mselves to excel1 are m prone to despise o!rs & inflict injuries on !m1 because !y are m easily ang]$1 ?r\gh deem+ x an affront to !mselves :5ev] any?+ is done aga9/ _! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 ang] li/5s imp]fectly to reason3 :]e=e an angry man suff]s a defect ( reason1 & 9 ?is he is l ! fooli% man4 ,h5ce revil+ arises f folly on acc\nt ( ! latt]'s k9%ip ) ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,rhet4 ii1 #d7 an angry man seeks an op5 (f5se1 b he :o hates does n worry ab\t ?is4 ,h5ce revil+ :i* d5otes a manife/ injury belongs to ang] r ?an to hatr$4 ,,"q #gc ,,( ,,backbit+ 99,or detraction 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] backbit+1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is backbit+8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#c7 ,( its comp>ison ) o!r s9s2 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a s9 to li/5 to backbit+8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,backbit+ ,is ,suitably ,def9$ ,z ! ,black5+ ( ,ano!r's ,"* by ,secret ,words8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t backbit+ is n z def9$ by "s 99,alb]t ! ,great1 ,sum4 ,!ol4 ,,ii1 cxvii41 ! black5+ ( ano!r's good "n by words utt]$ 9 secret4 ,= secretly & op5ly are circum/ances t d n con/itute ! species ( a s91 because x is accid5tal to a s9 t x be kn[n by _m or by few4 ,n[ t :i* does n con/itute ! species ( a s91 does n belong to its ess5ce1 & %\ld n be includ$ 9 its def9ition4 ,!re=e x does n belong to ! ess5ce ( backbit+ t x %\ld be done by secret words4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! notion ( a good "n implies some?+ kn[n to ! public4 ,if1 !re=e1 a p]son's good "n is black5$ by backbit+1 ?is _c be done by secret words1 b by words utt]$ op5ly4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to detract is to subtract1 or to dim9i% some?+ already exi/+4 ,b sometimes a man's good "n is black5$1 ev5 )\t subtract+ f ! tru?3 = in/ance1 :5 "o reveals ! crimes :i* a man has 9 tru? committ$4 ,!re=e n e black5+ ( a good "n is backbit+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eccles4 #aj3aa73 ,if a s]p5t bite 9 sil5ce1 he is no?+ bett] t backbite?4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z "o man injures ano!r by de$ 9 two ways--op5ly1 z by robb]y or by do+ him any k9d ( viol5ce--& secretly1 z by !ft1 or by a crafty bl[1 s aga9 "o man injures ano!r by words 9 two ways--9 "o way1 op5ly1 & ?is is done by revil+ him1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #a7--;& 9 ano!r way secretly1 & ?is is done by backbit+4 ,n[ f ! fact t "o man op5ly utt]s words aga9/ ano!r man1 he w\ld appe> to ?9k little ( him1 s t = ?is reason he di%onors him1 s t revil+ is detrim5tal to ! honor ( ! p]son revil$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he t speaks aga9/ ano!r secretly1 seems to respect r ?an slight him1 s t he injures directly1 n 8 honor b 8 good "n1 9 s f> z by utt]+ su* words secretly1 he1 = 8 own "p1 causes 8 he>]s to h a bad op9ion ( ! p]son aga9/ :om he speaks4 ,= ! backbit] app>5tly int5ds & aims at be+ believ$4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t backbit+ diff]s f revil+ 9 two po9ts3 fir/1 9 ! way 9 :i* ! words are utt]$1 ! revil] speak+ op5ly aga9/ someone1 & ! backbit] secretly2 secondly1 z to ! end 9 view1 i4e4 z reg>ds ! injury inflict$1 ! revil] injur+ a man's honor1 ! backbit] injur+ 8 good "n4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 involunt>y commutations1 to :i* are r$uc$ all injuries inflict$ on our neighbor1 :e!r by ^w or by de$1 ! k9d ( s9 is diff]5tiat$ by ! circum/ances secretly & op5ly1 because involunt>9ess itself is div]sifi$ by viol5ce & by ignorance1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,,aa4 #e1 #h74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! words ( a backbit] are said to be secret1 n altoge!r1 b 9 relation to ! p]son ( :om !y are said1 because !y are utt]$ 9 8 abs5ce & )\t 8 k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! revil] speaks aga9/ a man to 8 face4 ,:]e=e if a man speaks ill ( ano!r 9 ! pres5ce ( sev]al1 x is a case ( backbit+ if he be abs5t1 b ( revil+ if he alone be pres5t3 al?\gh if a man speak ill ( an abs5t p]son to "o man alone1 he de/roys 8 good "n n altoge!r b p>tly4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a man is said to backbite 7detrah]e7 ano!r1 n because he detracts f ! tru?1 b because he less5s 8 good "n4 ,?is is done sometimes directly1 sometimes indirectly4 ,directly1 9 f\r ways3 fir/1 by say+ t :i* is false ab\t him2 secondly1 by /at+ 8 s9 to be great] ?an x is2 ?irdly1 by reveal+ some?+ unkn[n ab\t him2 f\r?ly1 by ascrib+ 8 good de$s to a bad int5tion4 ,indirectly1 ?is is done ei!r by ga9say+ 8 good1 or by malici\sly conceal+ x1 or by dim9i%+ x4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,backbit+ ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t backbit+ is n a mortal s94 ,= no act ( virtue is a mortal s94 ,n[1 to reveal an unkn[n s91 :i* p]ta9s to backbit+1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c71 is an act ( ! virtue ( *>ity1 :]eby a man d5\nces 8 bro!r's s9 9 ord] t he may am5d3 or else x is an act ( ju/ice1 :]eby a man accuses 8 bro!r4 ,!re=e backbit+ is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,prov4 #bd3ba1 ,h no?+ to d ) detractors1 says3 ,! :ole human race is 9 p]il f ?is vice4 ,b no mortal s9 is to be f\nd 9 ! :ole ( mank9d1 s9ce _m refra9 f mortal s93 :]eas !y are v5ial s9s t are f\nd 9 all4 ,!re=e backbit+ is a v5ial s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 9 a homily on ! ,fire ( ,purgatory 99,s]m4 civ 9 ! app5dix to ,/4 ,augu/9e's "w reckons x a slight s9 to speak ill )\t hesitation or =e?\ght4 ,b ?is p]ta9s to backbit+4 ,!re=e backbit+ is a v5ial s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,rom4 #a3cj73 ,backbit]s1 hateful to ,god1 :i* epi!t1 accord+ to a gloss1 is ins]t$1 le/ x be deem$ a slight s9 because x consi/s 9 words4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #b71 s9s ( ^w %\ld be judg$ *iefly f ! int5tion ( ! speak]4 ,n[ backbit+ by its v nature aims at black5+ a man's good "n4 ,:]e=e1 prop]ly speak+1 to backbite is to speak ill ( an abs5t p]son 9 ord] to black5 8 good "n4 ,n[ x is a v grave matt] to black5 a man's good "n1 because ( all temporal ?+s a man's good "n seems ! mo/ preci\s1 s9ce = lack ( x he is h9d]$ f do+ _m ?+s well4 ,= ?is reason x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #da3ae73 ,take c>e ( a good "n1 = ?is %all cont9ue ) !e1 m ?an a ?\s& treasures preci\s & great4 ,!re=e backbit+1 prop]ly speak+1 is a mortal s94 ,nev]!less x happ5s sometimes t a man utt]s words1 :]eby someone's good "n is t>ni%$1 & yet he does n int5d ?is1 b some?+ else4 ,?is is n backbit+ /rictly & =mally speak+1 b only mat]ially & accid5tally z x 74 ,& if su* defamatory words be utt]$ = ! sake ( "s necess>y good1 & ) att5tion to ! due circum/ances1 x is n a s9 & _c be call$ backbit+4 ,b if !y be utt]$ out ( lightness ( he>t or = "s unnecess>y motive1 x is n a mortal s91 unless p]*ance ! spok5 ^w be ( su* a grave nature1 z to cause a notable injury to a man's good "n1 especially 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to 8 moral "*1 because f ! v nature ( ! words ?is w\ld be a mortal s94 ,& "o is b\nd to re/ore a man 8 good "n1 no less ?an any o!r ?+ "o has tak5 f him1 9 ! mann] /at$ above 7,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #b7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( re/itution4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above1 x is n backbit+ to reveal a man's hidd5 s9 9 ord] t he may m5d1 :e!r "o d5\nce x1 or accuse him = ! good ( public ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is gloss does n ass]t t backbit+ is to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( mank9d1 b almo/1 bo? because ! numb] ( fools is inf9ite1 99,eccles4 #a3ae & few are !y t walk 9 ! way ( salvation1 99,cf4 ,matt4 #g3ad & because !re are few or none at all :o d n at times speak f lightness ( he>t1 s z to injure someone's good "n at lea/ slightly1 = x is writt5 7,james #c3b73 ,if any man (f5d n 9 ^w1 ! same is a p]fect man4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,augu/9e is ref]r+ to ! case :5 a man utt]s a slight evil ab\t someone1 n int5d+ to injure him1 b ?r\gh lightness ( he>t or a slip ( ! tongue4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,backbit+ ,is ! ,grave/ ( ,all ,s9s ,committ$ ,aga9/ ,"o's ,neighbor8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t backbit+ is ! grave/ ( all s9s committ$ aga9/ "o's neighbor4 ,because a gloss on ,ps4 #ajh3d1 ,in/ead ( mak+ me a return ( love !y detract$ me1 a gloss says3 ,^? :o detract ,*ri/ 9 ,8 memb]s & slay ! s\ls ( future believ]s are m guilty ?an ^? :o kill$ ! fle% t 0 soon to rise aga94 ,f ?is x seems to foll[ t backbit+ is by s mu* a grav] s9 ?an murd]1 z x is a grav] matt] to kill ! s\l ?an to kill ! body4 ,n[ murd] is ! grave/ ( ! o!r s9s t are committ$ aga9/ "o's neighbor4 ,!re=e backbit+ is absolutely ! grave/ ( all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 backbit+ is app>5tly a grav] s9 ?an revil+1 because a man c )/& revil+1 b n a secret backbit+4 ,n[ backbit+ is seem+ly a grav] s9 ?an adult]y1 because adult]y unites two p]sons 9 "o fle%1 :]eas revil+ sev]s utt]ly ^? :o 7 unit$4 ,!re=e backbit+ is m griev\s ?an adult]y3 & yet ( all o!r s9s a man commits aga9/ 8 neighbor1 adult]y is mo/ grave4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 revil+ arises f ang]1 :ile backbit+ arises f envy1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de74 ,b envy is a grav] s9 ?an ang]4 ,!re=e backbit+ is a grav] s9 ?an revil+2 & s ! same conclusion foll[s z be=e4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! gravity ( a s9 is measur$ by ! gravity ( ! defect t x causes4 ,n[ backbit+ causes a mo/ griev\s defect1 viz4 bl9dness ( m9d4 ,= ,gregory says 7,regi/4 xi1 ,ep4 #b73 ,:at else d backbit]s b bl[ on ! du/ & /ir up ! dirt into _! eyes1 s t ! m !y brea! ( detraction1 ! less !y see ( ! tru?8 ,!re=e backbit+ is ! mo/ griev\s s9 committ$ aga9/ "o's neighbor4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is m griev\s to s9 by de$ ?an by ^w4 ,b backbit+ is a s9 ( ^w1 :ile adult]y1 murd]1 & !ft are s9s ( de$4 ,!re=e backbit+ is n grav] ?an ! o!r s9s committ$ aga9/ "o's neighbor4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ess5tial gravity ( s9s committ$ aga9/ "o's neighbor mu/ be weigh$ by ! injury !y inflict on him1 s9ce x is !nce t !y d]ive _! s9ful nature4 ,n[ ! great] ! good tak5 away1 ! great] ! injury4 ,& :ile man's good is ?reefold1 namely ! good ( 8 s\l1 ! good ( 8 body1 & ! good ( ext]nal ?+s2 ! good ( ! s\l1 :i* is ! greate/ ( all1 _c be tak5 f him by ano!r save z an occasional cause1 = in/ance by an evil p]suasion1 :i* does n induce necessity4 ,on ! o!r h& ! two latt] goods1 viz4 ( ! body & ( ext]nal ?+s1 c be tak5 away by viol5ce4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! goods ( ! body excel ! goods ( ext]nal ?+s1 ^? s9s :i* injure a man's body are m griev\s ?an ^? :i* injure 8 ext]nal ?+s4 ,consequ5tly1 among o!r s9s committ$ aga9/ "o's neighbor1 murd] is ! mo/ griev\s1 s9ce x deprives man ( ! life :i* he already possesses3 aft] ?is comes adult]y1 :i* is contr>y to ! "r ord] ( human g5]ation1 :]eby man ent]s ^u life4 ,9 ! la/ place come ext]nal goods1 among :i* a man's good "n takes prec$5ce ( weal? because x is m ak9 to spiritual goods1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,prov4 #bb3a73 ,a good "n is bett] ?an great ri*es4 ,!re=e backbit+ accord+ to its g5us is a m griev\s s9 ?an !ft1 b is less griev\s ?an murd] or adult]y4 ,nev]!less ! ord] may diff] by reason ( aggravat+ or ext5uat+ circum/ances4 ,! accid5tal gravity ( a s9 is to be consid]$ 9 relation to ! s9n]1 :o s9s m griev\sly1 if he s9s delib]ately ?an if he s9s ?r\gh weakness or c>elessness4 ,9 ?is respect s9s ( ^w h a c]ta9 levity1 9 s f> z !y are apt to occur ?r\gh a slip ( ! tongue1 & )\t mu* =e?\ght4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? :o detract ,*ri/ by h9d]+ ! fai? ( ,8 memb]s1 disp>age ,8 ,godhead1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( our fai?4 ,:]e=e ?is is n simple backbit+ b blasphemy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,revil+ is a m griev\s s9 ?an backbit+1 9 z mu* z x implies great] contempt ( "o's neighbor3 ev5 z robb]y is a grav] s9 ?an !ft1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ff1 ,a4 #i74 ,yet revil+ is n a m griev\s s9 ?an adult]y4 ,= ! gravity ( adult]y is measur$1 n f its be+ a union ( bodies1 b f be+ a disord] 9 human g5]ation4 ,moreov] ! revil] is n ! suffici5t cause ( unfri5dl9ess 9 ano!r man1 b is only ! occasional cause ( division among ^? :o 7 unit$1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z by decl>+ ! evils ( ano!r1 he = 8 own "p sev]s t man f ! fri5d%ip ( o!r m51 ?\gh !y are n =c$ by 8 words to d s4 ,accord+ly a backbit] is a murd]] occasionally1 s9ce by 8 words he gives ano!r man an occasion = hat+ or despis+ 8 neighbor4 ,= ?is reason x is /at$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t 99,ad ,jacob4 ,ep4 i t backbit]s are murd]]s1 i4e4 occasionally2 because he t hate? 8 bro!r is a murd]] 7#a ,john #c3ae74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ang] seeks op5ly to be av5g$1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,rhet4 ii1 #b73 :]e=e backbit+ :i* takes place 9 secret1 is n ! daught] ( ang]1 z revil+ is1 b r ( envy1 :i* /rives by any means to less5 "o's neighbor's glory4 ,nor does x foll[ f ?is t backbit+ is m griev\s ?an revil+3 s9ce a less] vice c give rise to a great] s91 j z ang] gives bir? to murd] & blasphemy4 ,= ! orig9 ( a s9 dep5ds on its incl9ation to an end1 i4e4 on ! ?+ to :i* ! s9 turns1 :]eas ! gravity ( a s9 dep5ds on :at x turns away f4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,s9ce a man rejoice? 9 ! s5t5ce ( 8 m\? 7,prov4 #ae3bc71 x foll[s t a backbit] m & m loves & believes :at he says1 & consequ5tly m & m hates 8 neighbor1 & ?us 8 k ( ! tru? becomes less & less4 ,?is effect h[ev] may also result f o!r s9s p]ta9+ to hate ( "o's neighbor4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is a ,grave ,s9 = ! ,li/5] to ,suff] ! ,backbit]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! li/5] :o suff]s a backbit] does n s9 griev\sly4 ,= a man is n "u great] obligations to o!rs ?an to himself4 ,b x is praisewor?y = a man to suff] 8 own backbit]s3 = ,gregory says 7,hom4 ix1 sup] ,eze*73 ,j z we ought n to incite ! tongue ( backbit]s1 le/ !y p]i%1 s ought we to suff] !m ) equanimity :5 !y h be5 incit$ by _! own wick$ness1 9 ord] t our m]it may be ! great]4 ,!re=e a man does n s9 if he does n )/& ^? :o backbite o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #d3cj73 ,9 no wise speak aga9/ ! tru?4 ,n[ sometimes a p]son tells ! tru? :ile backbit+1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,!re=e x seems t "o is n always b\nd to )/& a backbit]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no man %\ld h9d] :at is pr(itable to o!rs4 ,n[ backbit+ is (t5 pr(itable to ^? :o are backbitt53 = ,pope ,pius 99,/4 ,pius ,i says 99,app5d4 ,grat4 ad c4 ,oves1 caus4 vi1 qu4 #a3 ,n unfrequ5tly backbit+ is direct$ aga9/ good p]sons1 ) ! result t ^? :o h be5 unduly exalt$ ?r\gh ! flatt]y ( _! k9dr$1 or ! favor ( o!rs1 are humbl$ by backbit+4 ,!re=e "o ought n to )/& backbit]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome says 7,ep4 ad ,nepot4 lii73 ,take c>e n to h an it*+ tongue1 nor t+l+ e>s1 t is1 nei!r detract o!rs nor li/5 to backbit]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #a3cb71 !y are wor?y ( dea? 4 4 4 n only !y t commit s9s1 b !y also t cons5t to !m t d !m4 ,n[ ?is happ5s 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 directly1 :51 to wit1 "o man induces ano!r to s91 or :5 ! s9 is pleas+ to him3 secondly1 indirectly1 t is1 if he does n )/& him :5 he might d s1 & ?is happ5s sometimes1 n because ! s9 is pleas+ to him1 b on acc\nt ( "s human fe>4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t if a man li/5s to backbit+ )\t resi/+ x1 he seems to cons5t to ! backbit]1 s t he becomes a p>ticipator 9 8 s94 ,& if he induces him to backbite1 or at lea/ if ! detraction be pleas+ to him on acc\nt ( 8 hatr$ ( ! p]son detract$1 he s9s no less ?an ! detractor1 & sometimes m4 ,:]e=e ,b]n>d says 7,de ,consid4 ii1 #ac73 ,x is difficult to say :i* is ! m to be condemn$3 ! backbit] or he t li/5s to backbit+4 ,if h[ev] ! s9 is n pleas+ to him1 & he fails to )/& ! backbit]1 ?r\gh fe>1 neglig5ce1 or ev5 %ame1 he s9s inde$1 b mu* less ?an ! backbit]1 &1 z a rule v5ially4 ,sometimes too ?is may be a mortal s91 ei!r because x is 8 (ficial duty to correct ! backbit]1 or by reason ( "s consequ5t dang]2 or on acc\nt ( ! radical reason = :i* human fe> may sometimes be a mortal s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no man he>s himself backbitt51 because :5 a man is spok5 evil ( 9 8 he>+1 x is n backbit+1 prop]ly speak+1 b revil+1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,yet x is possible = ! detractions utt]$ aga9/ a p]son to come to 8 k ?r\gh o!rs tell+ him1 & !n x is left to 8 discretion :e!r he w suff] _! detrim5t to 8 good "n1 unless ?is endang] ! good ( o!rs1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e 8 pati5ce may des]ve comm5dation = z mu* z he suff]s pati5tly be+ detract$ himself4 ,b x is n left to 8 discretion to p]mit an injury to be done to ano!r's good "n1 h5ce he is acc\nt$ guilty if he fails to resi/ :5 he c1 = ! same reason :]eby a man is b\nd to raise ano!r man's ass ly+ und]nea? 8 burd51 z comm&$ 9 ,deut4 #ba3d 99,ex4 #bc3e4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o ought n always to )/& a backbit] by endeavor+ to conv9ce him ( falsehood1 especially if "o kn[s t he is speak+ ! tru?3 r ought "o to reprove him ) words1 = t he s9s 9 backbit+ 8 bro!r1 or at lea/ by our pa9$ demeanor %[ him t we are displeas$ ) 8 backbit+1 because accord+ to ,prov4 #be3bc1 ! nor? w9d drive? away ra91 z do? a sad c\nt5ance a backbit+ tongue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! pr(it "o d]ives f be+ backbitt5 is due1 n to ! int5tion ( ! backbit]1 b to ! ord9ance ( ,god ,:o produces good out ( e evil4 ,h5ce we %\ld none ! less )/& backbit]s1 j z ^? :o rob or oppress o!rs1 ev5 ?\gh ! oppress$ & ! robb$ may ga9 m]it by pati5ce4 ,,"q #gd ,,( ,,tale-,,be>+ 99,susurratio1 i4e4 :isp]+ 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] tale-be>+3 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r tale-be>+ is a s9 di/9ct f backbit+8 7#b7 ,:i* ( ! two is ! m griev\s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,tale-be>+ ,is a ,s9 ,di/9ct f ,backbit+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t tale-be>+ is n a di/9ct s9 f backbit+4 ,isidore says 7,etym4 x73 ,! susurro 7tale-be>]7 takes 8 "n f ! s\nd ( 8 spee*1 = he speaks disp>ag+ly n to ! face b into ! e>4 ,b to speak ( ano!r disp>ag+ly belongs to backbit+4 ,!re=e tale-be>+ is n a di/9ct s9 f backbit+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,lev4 #ai3af73 ,?\ %alt n be an in=m] ,d\ay3 'a detractor' nor a tale-be>] ,d\ay3 ':isp]]' among ! p4 ,b an in=m] is app>5tly ! same z a backbit]4 ,!re=e nei!r does tale-be>+ diff] f backbit+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bh3ae73 ,! tale-be>] ,d\ay3 ':isp]]' & ! d\ble-tongu$ is accurs$4 ,b a d\ble-tongu$ man is app>5tly ! same z a backbit]1 because a backbit] speaks ) a d\ble tongue1 ) "o 9 y\r abs5ce1 ) ano!r 9 y\r pres5ce4 ,!re=e a tale-be>] is ! same z a backbit]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,rom4 #a3bi1 #cj1 ,tale-be>]s1 backbit]s ,d\ay3 ':isp]]s1 detractors' says3 ,tale-be>]s s[ discord among fri5ds2 backbit]s d5y or disp>age o!rs' good po9ts4 ,i answ] t1 ,! tale-be>] & ! backbit] agree 9 matt]1 & also 9 =m or mode ( speak+1 s9ce !y bo? speak evil secretly ( _! neighbor3 & = ?is reason ^! t]ms are sometimes us$ "o = ! o!r4 ,h5ce a gloss on ,ecclus4 #e3af1 ,be n call$ a tale-be>] ,d\ay3 ':isp]]' says3 i4e4 a backbit]4 ,!y diff] h[ev] 9 end1 because ! backbit] int5ds to black5 8 neighbor's good "n1 :]e=e he br+s =w>d ^? evils especially ab\t 8 neighbor :i* are likely to defame him1 or at lea/ to depreciate 8 good "n3 :]eas a tale-be>] int5ds to sev] fri5d%ip1 z appe>s f ! gloss quot$ above & f ! say+ ( ,prov4 #bf3bj1 ,:]e ! tale-be>] is tak5 away1 cont5tions %all cease4 ,h5ce x is t a tale-be>] speaks su* ill ab\t 8 neighbors z may /ir 8 he>]'s m9d aga9/ !m1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #bh3aa1 ,a s9ful man w tr\ble 8 fri5ds1 & br+ 9 debate 9 ! mid/ ( !m t are at peace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a tale-be>] is call$ a backbit] 9 s f> z he speaks ill ( ano!r2 yet he diff]s f a backbit] s9ce he int5ds n to speak ill z su*1 b to say any?+ t may /ir "o man aga9/ ano!r1 ?\gh x be good simply1 & yet has a semblance ( evil ?r\gh be+ unpleasant to ! he>]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an in=m] diff]s f a tale-be>] & a backbit]1 = an in=m] is "o :o *>ges o!rs publicly ) crimes1 ei!r by accus+ or by rail+ !m1 :i* does n apply to a backbit] or tale-be>]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a d\ble-tongu$ p]son is prop]ly speak+ a tale-be>]4 ,= s9ce fri5d%ip is betwe5 two1 ! tale-be>] /rives to sev] fri5d%ip on bo? sides4 ,h5ce he employs a d\ble tongue t[>ds two p]sons1 by speak+ ill ( "o to ! o!r3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bh3ae73 ,! tale-be>] ,d\ay3 ':isp]]' & ! d\ble-tongu$ is accurs$1 & !n x is add$1 = he ha? tr\bl$ _m t 7 peace4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,backbit+ ,is a ,grav] ,s9 ,?an ,tale-be>+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t backbit+ is a grav] s9 ?an tale-be>+4 ,= s9s ( ^w consi/ 9 speak+ evil4 ,n[ a backbit] speaks ( 8 neighbor ?+s t are evil simply1 = su* ?+s lead to ! loss or depreciation ( 8 good "n3 :]eas a tale-be>] is only int5t on say+ :at is app>5tly evil1 because to wit !y are unpleasant to ! he>]4 ,!re=e backbit+ is a grav] s9 ?an tale-be>+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he t deprives a man ( 8 good "n1 deprives him n m]ely ( "o fri5d1 b ( _m1 because ev]yone is m9d$ to scorn ! fri5d%ip ( a p]son ) a bad "n4 ,h5ce x is reproa*$ aga9/ a c]ta9 individual 99,k+ ,josaphat 7#b ,p>alip4 #ai3b73 ,?\ art jo9$ 9 fri5d%ip ) !m t hate ! ,"l4 ,b tale-be>+ deprives "o ( only "o fri5d4 ,!re=e backbit+ is a grav] s9 ?an tale-be>+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,james #d3aa73 ,he t backbite? ,d\ay3 'detracte?' 8 bro!r 4 4 4 detracte? ! law1 & consequ5tly ,god ! giv] ( ! law4 ,:]e=e ! s9 ( backbit+ seems to be a s9 aga9/ ,god1 :i* is mo/ griev\s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #c74 ,on ! o!r h& ! s9 ( tale-be>+ is aga9/ "o's neighbor4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( backbit+ is grav] ?an ! s9 ( tale-be>+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #e3ag73 ,an evil m>k ( disgrace is ^u ! d\ble-tongu$2 b to ! tale-be>] ,d\ay3 ':isp]]' hatr$1 & enmity1 & reproa*4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #h71 s9s aga9/ "o's neighbor are ! m griev\s1 accord+ z !y inflict a great] injury on him3 & an injury is s mu* ! great]1 accord+ to ! greatness ( ! good :i* x takes away4 ,n[ ( all "o's ext]nal goods a fri5d takes ! fir/ place1 s9ce no man c live )\t fri5ds1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 viii1 #a74 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #f3ae73 ,no?+ c be comp>$ to a fai?ful fri5d4 ,aga91 a man's good "n :]e( backbit+ deprives him1 is mo/ necess>y to him t he may be fitt$ = fri5d%ip4 ,!re=e tale-be>+ is a great] s9 ?an backbit+ or ev5 revil+1 because a fri5d is bett] ?an honor1 & to be lov$ is bett] ?an to be honor$1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! species & gravity ( a s9 dep5d on ! end r ?an on ! mat]ial object1 :]e=e1 by reason ( its end1 tale-be>+ is worse ?an backbit+1 al?\gh sometimes ! backbit] says worse ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a good "n is a disposition = fri5d%ip1 & a bad "n is a disposition = enmity4 ,b a disposition falls %ort ( ! ?+ = :i* x disposes4 ,h5ce to d any?+ t leads to a disposition = enmity is a less griev\s s9 ?an to d :at conduces directly to enmity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t backbites 8 bro!r1 seems to detract ! law1 9 s f> z he despises ! precept ( love = "o's neighbor3 :ile he t /rives to sev] fri5d%ip seems to act m directly aga9/ ?is precept4 ,h5ce ! latt] s9 is m specially aga9/ ,god1 because ,god is *>ity 7#a ,john #d3af71 & = ?is reason x is writt5 7,prov4 #f3af73 ,six ?+s !re are1 :i* ! ,"l hate?1 & ! sev5? ,8 s\l dete/e?1 & ! sev5? is he 7,prov4 #f3ai7 t s[e? discord among bre?r54 ,,"q #ge ,,( ,,d]ision 99,or mock]y 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ speak ( d]ision1 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r d]ision is a special s9 di/9ct f ! o!r s9s :]eby "o's neighbor is injur$ by words8 7#b7 ,:e!r d]ision is a mortal s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,d]ision ,is a ,special ,s9 ,di/9ct f ,^? ,already ,m5tion$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t d]ision is n a special s9 di/9ct f ^? m5tion$ above4 ,= laugh+ to scorn is app>5tly ! same z d]ision4 ,b laugh+ to scorn p]ta9s to revil+4 ,!re=e d]ision w\ld seem n to diff] f revil+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no man is d]id$ except = some?+ repreh5sible :i* puts him to %ame4 ,n[ su* are s9s2 & if !y be imput$ to a p]son publicly1 x is a case ( revil+1 if privately1 x am\nts to backbit+ or tale-be>+4 ,!re=e d]ision is n di/9ct f ! =ego+ vices4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9s ( ?is k9d are di/+ui%$ by ! injury !y inflict on "o's neighbor4 ,n[ ! injury inflict$ on a man by d]ision affects ei!r 8 honor1 or 8 good "n1 or is detrim5tal to 8 fri5d%ip4 ,!re=e d]ision is n a s9 di/9ct f ! =ego+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,d]ision is done 9 je/1 :]e=e x is describ$ z mak+ fun4 ,n[ all ! =ego+ are done s]i\sly & n 9 je/4 ,!re=e d]ision diff]s f all ( !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #b71 s9s ( ^w %\ld be weigh$ *iefly by ! int5tion ( ! speak]1 :]e=e ^! s9s are diff]5tiat$ accord+ to ! v>i\s int5tions ( ^? :o speak aga9/ ano!r4 ,n[ j z ! rail] int5ds to injure ! honor ( ! p]son he rails1 ! backbit] to depreciate a good "n1 & ! tale-be>] to de/roy fri5d%ip1 s too ! d]id] int5ds to %ame ! p]son he d]ides4 ,& s9ce ?is end is di/9ct f ! o!rs1 x foll[s t ! s9 ( d]ision is di/9ct f ! =ego+ s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,laugh+ to scorn & d]ision agree z to ! end b diff] 9 mode1 because d]ision is done ) ! m\?1 i4e4 by words & laught]1 :ile laugh+ to scorn is done by wr9kl+ ! nose1 z a gloss says on ,ps4 #b3d1 ,he t dwelle? 9 heav5 %all laugh at !m3 & su* a di/9ction does n diff]5tiate ! species4 ,yet !y bo? diff] f revil+1 z be+ %am$ diff]s f be+ di%onor$3 = to be a%am$ is to fe> di%onor1 z ,damasc5e /ates 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ae74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,= do+ a virtu\s de$ a man des]ves bo? respect & a good "n 9 ! eyes ( o!rs1 & 9 8 own eyes ! glory ( a good consci5ce1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #a3ab1 ,our glory is ?is1 ! te/imony ( our consci5ce4 ,h5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 = do+ a repreh5sible1 i4e4 a vici\s action1 a man =feits 8 honor & good "n 9 ! eyes ( o!rs--& = ?is purpose ! revil] & ! backbit] speak ( ano!r p]son--:ile 9 8 own eyes1 he loses ! glory ( 8 consci5ce ?r\gh be+ confus$ & a%am$ at repreh5sible de$s be+ imput$ to him--& = ?is purpose ! d]id] speaks ill ( him4 ,x is accord+ly evid5t t d]ision agrees ) ! =ego+ vices z to ! matt] b diff]s z to ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a secure & calm consci5ce is a great good1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ae3ae1 ,a secure m9d is l a cont9ual fea/4 ,:]e=e he t di/urbs ano!r's consci5ce by conf\nd+ him inflicts a special injury on him3 h5ce d]ision is a special k9d ( s94 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ge1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,d]ision ,c ,be a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t d]ision _c be a mortal s94 ,e mortal s9 is contr>y to *>ity4 ,b d]ision does n seem contr>y to *>ity1 = sometimes x takes place 9 je/ among fri5ds1 :]e=e x is kn[n z mak+ fun4 ,!re=e d]ision _c be a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! greate/ d]ision w\ld appe> to be t :i* is done z an injury to ,god4 ,b d]ision is n always a mortal s9 :5 x t5ds to ! injury ( ,god3 else x w\ld be a mortal s9 to relapse into a v5ial s9 ( :i* "o has rep5t$4 ,= ,isidore says 7,de ,sum4 ,bon4 ii1 #af7 t he :o cont9ues to d :at he has rep5t$ (1 is a d]id] & n a p5it5t4 ,x w\ld likewise foll[ t all hypocrisy is a mortal s91 because1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ae7 ! o/ri* signifies ! hypocrite1 :o d]ides ! horse1 i4e4 ! j man1 & 8 rid]1 i4e4 ,god4 ,!re=e d]ision is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 revil+ & backbit+ seem to be grav] s9s ?an d]ision1 because x is m to d a ?+ s]i\sly ?an 9 je/4 ,b n all backbit+ or revil+ is a mortal s94 ,mu* less !re=e is d]ision a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #c3cd73 ,he d]ide? ,vulg43 '%all scorn' ! scorn]s4 ,b ,god's d]ision is et]nal puni%m5t = mortal s91 z appe>s f ! words ( ,ps4 #b3d1 ,he t dwelle? 9 heav5 %all laugh at !m4 ,!re=e d]ision is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,! object ( d]ision is always "s evil or defect4 ,n[ :5 an evil is great1 x is tak51 n 9 je/1 b s]i\sly3 consequ5tly if x is tak5 9 je/ or turn$ to ridicule 7:5ce ! t]ms 'd]ision' & 'je/+'71 ?is is because x is consid]$ to be slight4 ,n[ an evil may be consid]$ to be slight 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 itself1 secondly1 9 relation to ! p]son4 ,:5 anyone makes game or fun ( ano!r's evil or defect1 because x is a slight evil 9 itself1 ?is is a v5ial s9 by reason ( its g5us4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is defect may be consid]$ z a slight evil 9 relation to ! p]son1 j z we are wont to ?9k little ( ! defects ( *ildr5 & imbeciles3 & !n to make game or fun ( a p]son1 is to scorn him altoge!r1 & to ?9k him s despicable t 8 mis=tune tr\bles u n "o :it1 b is held z an object ( d]ision4 ,9 ?is way d]ision is a mortal s91 & m griev\s ?an revil+1 :i* is also done op5ly3 because ! revil] w\ld seem to take ano!r's evil s]i\sly2 :]eas ! d]id] does s 9 fun1 & s w\ld seem ! m to despise & di%onor ! o!r man4 ,:]e=e1 9 ?is s5se1 d]ision is a griev\s s91 & all ! m griev\s accord+ z a great] respect is due to ! p]son d]id$4 ,consequ5tly x is an exce$+ly griev\s s9 to d]ide ,god & ! ?+s ( ,god1 accord+ to ,isa4 #cg3bc1 ,:om ha/ ?\ reproa*$1 & :om ha/ ?\ blasphem$1 & aga9/ :om ha/ ?\ exalt$ ?y voice8 & he replies3 ,aga9/ ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel4 ,9 ! second place comes d]ision ( "o's p>5ts1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,prov4 #cj3ag73 ,! eye t mocke? at 8 fa!r1 & t despise? ! labor ( 8 "m 9 be>+ him1 let ! rav5s ( ! brooks pick x out1 & ! "y eagles eat x4 ,fur!r1 ! d]ision ( good p]sons is griev\s1 because honor is ! rew>d ( virtue1 & aga9/ ?is x is writt5 7,job #ab3d73 ,! simplicity ( ! j man is laugh$ to scorn4 ,su* l d]ision does v mu* h>m3 because x turns m5 away f good de$s1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xx1 #ad71 ,:o :5 !y p]ceive any good po9ts appe>+ 9 ! acts ( o!rs1 directly pluck !m up ) ! h& ( a mis*iev\s revil+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,je/+ implies no?+ contr>y to *>ity 9 relation to ! p]son ) :om "o je/s1 b x may imply some?+ aga9/ *>ity 9 relation to ! p]son :o is ! object ( ! je/1 on acc\nt ( contempt1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,nei!r he t relapses into a s9 ( :i* he has rep5t$1 nor a hypocrite1 d]ides ,god explicitly1 b implicitly1 9 s f> z ei!r's behavior is l a d]id]'s4 ,nor is x true t to commit a v5ial s9 is to relapse or dissimulate altoge!r1 b only dispositively & imp]fectly4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,d]ision consid]$ 9 itself is less griev\s ?an backbit+ or revil+1 because x does n imply contempt1 b je/4 ,sometimes h[ev] x includes great] contempt ?an revil+ does1 z /at$ above1 & !n x is a grave s94 ,,"q #gf ,,( ,,curs+ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] curs+4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r "o may lawfully curse ano!r8 7#b7 ,:e!r "o may lawfully curse an irrational creature8 7#c7 ,:e!r curs+ is a mortal s98 7#d7 ,( its comp>ison ) o!r s9s4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,curse ,anyone8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful to curse anyone4 ,= x is unlawful to disreg>d ! comm& ( ! ,apo/le 9 :om ,*ri/ spoke1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #ac3c4 ,n[ he comm&$ 7,rom4 #ab3ad71 ,bless & curse n4 ,!re=e x is n lawful to curse anyone4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all are b\nd to bless ,god1 accord+ to ,dan4 #c3hb1 ,o ye sons ( m51 bless ! ,"l4 ,n[ ! same m\? _c bo? bless ,god & curse man1 z prov$ 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ,james4 ,!re=e no man may lawfully curse ano!r man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 he t curses ano!r w\ld seem to wi% him "s evil ei!r ( fault or ( puni%m5t1 s9ce a curse appe>s to be a k9d ( imprecation4 ,b x is n lawful to wi% ill to anyone1 inde$ we are b\nd to pray t all may be deliv]$ f evil4 ,!re=e x is unlawful = any man to curse4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! devil exce$s all 9 malice on acc\nt ( 8 ob/9acy4 ,b x is n lawful to curse ! devil1 z nei!r is x lawful to curse oneself2 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ba3cj73 ,:ile ! ungodly curse? ! devil1 he curse? 8 own s\l4 ,mu* less !re=e is x lawful to curse a man4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,num4 #bc3h1 ,h[ %all ,i curse :om ,god ha? n curs$8 says3 ,!re _c be a j cause = curs+ a s9n] if "o be ignorant ( 8 s5tim5ts4 ,n[ "o man _c "k ano!r man's s5tim5ts1 nor :e!r he is curs$ by ,god4 ,!re=e no man may lawfully curse ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #bg3bf73 ,curs$ be he t abide? n 9 ! words ( ?is law4 ,moreov] ,eliseus curs$ ! little boys :o mock$ him 7#d ,k+s #b3bd74 ,i answ] t1 ,to curse 7mal$ic]e7 is ! same z to speak ill 7malum dic]e74 ,n[ speak+ has a ?reefold relation to ! ?+ spok54 ,fir/1 by way ( ass]tion1 z :5 a ?+ is express$ 9 ! indicative mood3 9 ?is way mal$ic]e signifies simply to tell someone ( ano!r's evil1 & ?is p]ta9s to backbit+1 :]e=e tell]s ( evil 7mal$ici7 are sometimes call$ backbit]s4 ,secondly1 speak+ is relat$ to ! ?+ spok51 by way ( cause1 & ?is belongs to ,god fir/ & =emo/1 s9ce ,he made all ?+s by ,8 ^w1 accord+ to ,ps4 #cb3i1 ,he spoke & !y 7 made2 :ile second>ily x belongs to man1 :o1 by 8 ^w1 comm&s o!rs & ?us moves !m to d some?+3 x is = ?is purpose t we employ v]bs 9 ! imp]ative mood4 ,?irdly1 speak+ is relat$ to ! ?+ spok5 by express+ ! s5tim5ts ( "o :o desires t :i* is express$ 9 words2 & = ?is purpose we employ ! v]b 9 ! optative mood4 ,accord+ly we may omit ! fir/ k9d ( evil speak+ :i* is by way ( simple ass]tion ( evil1 & consid] ! o!r two k9ds4 ,& "h we mu/ obs]ve t to d some?+ & to w x are consequ5t on "o ano!r 9 ! matt] ( goodness & wick$ness1 z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #c74 ,h5ce 9 ^! two ways ( evil speak+1 by way ( comm& & by way ( desire1 !re is ! same aspect ( lawfulness & unlawfulness1 = if a man comm&s or desires ano!r's evil1 z evil1 be+ int5t on ! evil itself1 !n evil speak+ w be unlawful 9 bo? ways1 & ?is is :at is meant by curs+4 ,on ! o!r h& if a man comm&s or desires ano!r's evil "u ! aspect ( good1 x is lawful2 & x may be call$ curs+1 n /rictly speak+1 b accid5tally1 because ! *ief int5tion ( ! speak] is direct$ n to evil b to good4 ,n[ evil may be spok51 by comm&+ or desir+ x1 "u ! aspect ( a tw(old good4 ,sometimes "u ! aspect ( j1 & ?us a judge lawfully curses a man :om he condemns to a j p5alty3 ?us too ! ,*ur* curses by pron\nc+ ana!ma4 ,9 ! same way ! prophets 9 ! ,scriptures sometimes call d[n evils on s9n]s1 z ?\gh con=m+ _! w to ,div9e ju/ice1 al?\gh su* l imprecation may be tak5 by way ( =etell+4 ,sometimes evil is spok5 "u ! aspect ( useful1 z :5 "o wi%es a s9n] to suff] sickness or h9drance ( "s k9d1 ei!r t he may himself re=m1 or at lea/ t he may cease f h>m+ o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le =bids curs+ /rictly s call$ ) an evil int5t3 & ! same answ] applies to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to wi% ano!r man evil "u ! aspect ( good1 is n oppos$ to ! s5tim5t :]eby "o wi%es him good simply1 9 fact r is x 9 con=mity !re)4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 ! devil bo? nature & guilt mu/ be consid]$4 ,8 nature inde$ is good & is f ,god nor is x lawful to curse x4 ,on ! o!r h& 8 guilt is des]v+ ( be+ curs$1 accord+ to ,job #c3h1 ,let !m curse x :o curse ! day4 ,yet :5 a s9n] curses ! devil on acc\nt ( 8 guilt1 = ! same reason he judges himself wor?y ( be+ curs$2 & 9 ?is s5se he is said to curse 8 own s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,al?\gh ! s9n]'s s5tim5ts _c be p]ceiv$ 9 !mselves1 !y c be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh "s manife/ s91 :i* has to be puni%$4 ,likewise al?\gh x is n possible to "k :om ,god curses 9 respect ( f9al reprobation1 x is possible to "k :o is accurs$ ( ,god 9 respect ( be+ guilty ( pres5t s94 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,curse an ,irrational ,creature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is unlawful to curse an irrational creature4 ,curs+ w\ld seem to be lawful *iefly 9 its relation to puni%m5t4 ,n[ irrational creatures are n compet5t subjects ei!r ( guilt or ( puni%m5t4 ,!re=e x is unlawful to curse !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 an irrational creature !re is no?+ b ! nature :i* ,god made4 ,b x is unlawful to curse ?is ev5 9 ! devil1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e x is n[ise lawful to curse an irrational creature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 irrational creatures are ei!r /able1 z bodies1 or transi5t1 z ! seasons4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 iv1 #b71 x is useless to curse :at does n exi/1 & wick$ to curse :at exi/s4 ,!re=e x is n[ise lawful to curse an irrational creature4 ,on ! contr>y1 our ,"l curs$ ! fig tree1 z relat$ 9 ,matt4 #ba3ai2 & ,job curs$ 8 day1 accord+ to ,job #c3a4 ,i answ] t1 ,b5$iction & mal$iction1 prop]ly speak+1 reg>d ?+s to :i* good or evil may happ51 viz4 rational creatures3 :ile good & evil are said to happ5 to irrational creatures 9 relation to ! rational creature = ^: sake !y are4 ,n[ !y are relat$ to ! rational creature 9 sev]al ways4 ,fir/ by way ( m9i/ration1 9 s f> z irrational creatures m9i/] to ! ne$s ( man4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,"l said to man 7,g54 #c3ag73 ,curs$ is ! e>? 9 ?y "w1 s t its b>r5ness w\ld be a puni%m5t to man4 ,?us also ,david curs$ ! m\nta9s ( ,gelboe1 accord+ to ,gregory's exp\nd+ 7,moral4 iv1 #c74 ,aga9 ! irrational creature is relat$ to ! rational creature by way ( signification3 & ?us our ,"l curs$ ! fig tree 9 signification ( ,judea4 ,?irdly1 ! irrational creature is relat$ to rational creatures z some?+ conta9+ !m1 namely by way ( "t or place3 & ?us ,job curs$ ! day ( 8 bir?1 on acc\nt ( ! orig9al s9 :i* he contract$ 9 bir?1 & on acc\nt ( ! consequ5t p5alties4 ,9 ?is s5se also we may und]/& ,david to h curs$ ! m\nta9s ( ,gelboe1 z we read 9 #b ,k+s #a3ba1 namely on acc\nt ( ! p slaught]$ !re4 ,b to curse irrational be+s1 consid]$ z creatures ( ,god1 is a s9 ( blasphemy2 :ile to curse !m consid]$ 9 !mselves is idle & va9 & consequ5tly unlawful4 ,f ?is ! ,replies to ! objections may easily be ga!r$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,curs+ ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t curs+ is n a mortal s94 ,= ,augu/9e 9 a homily on ! ,fire ( ,purgatory 99,s]m4 civ 9 ! app5dix ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's works reckons curs+ among slight s9s4 ,b su* s9s are v5ial4 ,!re=e curs+ is n a mortal b a v5ial ,s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* proce$s f a slight movem5t ( ! m9d does n seem to be g5]ically a mortal s94 ,b curs+ sometimes arises f a slight movem5t4 ,!re=e curs+ is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 evil de$s are worse ?an evil words4 ,b evil de$s are n always mortal s9s4 ,mu* less !re=e is curs+ a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no?+ save mortal s9 excludes "o f ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,b curs+ excludes f ! k+dom ( ,god1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #f3aj1 ,nor curs]s ,d\ay3 'rail]s'1 nor extortion]s %all possess ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,!re=e curs+ is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,! evil words ( :i* we are speak+ n[ are ^? :]eby evil is utt]$ aga9/ someone by way ( comm& or desire4 ,n[ to wi% evil to ano!r man1 or to conduce to t evil by comm&+ x1 is1 ( its v nature1 contr>y to *>ity :]eby we love our neighbor by desir+ 8 good4 ,consequ5tly x is a mortal s91 accord+ to its g5us1 & s mu* ! grav]1 z ! p]son :om we curse has a great] claim on our love & respect4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,lev4 #bj3i73 ,he t curse? 8 fa!r1 or "m1 dy+ let him die4 ,x may happ5 h[ev] t ! ^w utt]$ 9 curs+ is a v5ial s9 ei!r ?r\gh ! slightness ( ! evil invok$ on ano!r 9 curs+ him1 or on acc\nt ( ! s5tim5ts ( ! p]son :o utt]s ! curse2 because he may say su* words ?r\gh "s slight movem5t1 or 9 je/1 or )\t delib]ation1 & s9s ( ^w %\ld be weigh$ *iefly ) reg>d to ! speak]'s int5tion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #b74 ,f ?is ! ,replies to ! ,objections may be easily ga!r$4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,curs+ ,is a ,grav] ,s9 ,?an ,backbit+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t curs+ is a grav] s9 ?an backbit+4 ,curs+ w\ld seem to be a k9d ( blasphemy1 z impli$ 9 ! canonical epi/le ( ,jude 7v]se #i7 :]e x is said t :5 ,mi*ael ! ar*angel1 disput+ ) ! devil1 cont5d$ ab\t ! body ( ,moses1 he dur/ n br+ aga9/ him ! judgm5t ( blasphemy ,d\ay3 'rail+ spee*'1 :]e blasphemy /&s = curs+1 accord+ to a gloss4 ,n[ blasphemy is a grav] s9 ?an backbit+4 ,!re=e curs+ is a grav] s9 ?an backbit+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 murd] is m griev\s ?an backbit+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #c74 ,b curs+ is on a p> ) ! s9 ( murd]2 = ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xix1 sup] ,mat?473 ,:5 ?\ saye/3 ',curse him d[n ) 8 h\se1 away ) ev]y?+1' y are no bett] ?an a murd]]4 ,!re=e curs+ is grav] ?an backbit+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to cause a ?+ is m ?an to signify x4 ,b ! curs] causes evil by comm&+ x1 :]eas ! backbit] m]ely signifies an evil already exi/+4 ,!re=e ! curs] s9s m griev\sly ?an ! backbit]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is impossible to d well 9 backbit+1 :]eas curs+ may be ei!r a good or an evil de$1 z appe>s f :at has be5 said 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e backbit+ is grav] ?an curs+4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #e71 evil is tw(old1 evil ( fault1 & evil ( puni%m5t2 & ( ! two1 evil ( fault is ! worse 7,i1 ,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #f74 ,h5ce to speak evil ( fault is worse ?an to speak evil ( puni%m5t1 provid$ ! mode ( speak+ be ! same4 ,accord+ly x belongs to ! revil]1 ! tale-be>]1 ! backbit] & ! d]id] to speak evil ( fault1 :]eas x belongs to ! evil-speak]1 z we und]/& x "h1 to speak evil ( puni%m5t1 & n evil ( fault except "u ! aspect ( puni%m5t4 ,b ! mode ( speak+ is n ! same1 = 9 ! case ( ! f\r vices m5tion$ above1 evil ( fault is spok5 by way ( ass]tion1 :]eas 9 ! case ( curs+ evil ( puni%m5t is spok51 ei!r by caus+ x 9 ! =m ( a comm&1 or by wi%+ x4 ,n[ ! utt]ance itself ( a p]son's fault is a s91 9 z mu* z x inflicts an injury on "o's neighbor1 & x is m griev\s to inflict an injury1 ?an to wi% to inflict x1 o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,h5ce backbit+ consid]$ 9 its g5]ic aspect is a grav] s9 ?an ! curs+ :i* expresses a m]e desire2 :ile ! curs+ :i* is express$ by way ( comm&1 s9ce x has ! aspect ( a cause1 w be m or less griev\s ?an backbit+1 accord+ z x inflicts an injury m or less grave ?an ! black5+ ( a man's good "n4 ,moreov] ?is mu/ be tak5 z apply+ to ^! vices consid]$ 9 _! ess5tial aspects3 = o!r accid5tal po9ts might be tak5 into consid]ation1 :i* w\ld aggravate or ext5uate ! a=esaid vices4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to curse a creature1 z su*1 reflects on ,god1 & ?us accid5tally x has ! "* ( blasphemy2 n s if "o curse a creature on acc\nt ( its fault3 & ! same applies to backbit+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 curs+1 9 "o way1 includes ! desire = evil1 :]e if ! curs] desire ! evil ( ano!r's viol5t dea?1 he does n diff]1 9 desire1 f a murd]]1 b he diff]s f him 9 s f> z ! ext]nal act adds some?+ to ! act ( ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s curs+ by way ( comm&4 ,,"q #gg ,,( ,,*eat+1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,committ$ ,,9 ,,buy+ ,,& ,,sell+ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ^? s9s :i* relate to volunt>y commutations4 ,fir/1 we %all consid] *eat+1 :i* is committ$ 9 buy+ & sell+3 secondly1 we %all consid] usury1 :i* occurs 9 loans4 ,9 connection ) ! o!r volunt>y commutations no special k9d ( s9 is to be f\nd di/9ct f rap9e & !ft4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,( unju/ sales z reg>ds ! price2 namely1 :e!r x is lawful to sell a ?+ = m ?an its wor?8 7#b7 ,( unju/ sales on ! "p ( ! ?+ sold2 7#c7 ,:e!r ! sell] is b\nd to reveal a fault 9 ! ?+ sold8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is lawful 9 trad+ to sell a ?+ at a high] price ?an 0 paid = x8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,sell a ,?+ = ,m ,?an ,its ,wor?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is lawful to sell a ?+ = m ?an its wor?4 ,9 ! commutations ( human life1 civil laws det]m9e t :i* is j4 ,n[ accord+ to ^! laws x is j = buy] & sell] to deceive "o ano!r 7,cod4 ,,iv1 xliv1 ,de ,resc9d4 ,v5d4 #h1 #ae73 & ?is occurs by ! sell] sell+ a ?+ = m ?an its wor?1 & ! buy] buy+ a ?+ = less ?an its wor?4 ,!re=e x is lawful to sell a ?+ = m ?an its wor?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is common to all w\ld seem to be natural & n s9ful4 ,n[ ,augu/9e relates t ! say+ ( a c]ta9 je/] 0 accept$ by all1 ,y wi% to buy = a song & to sell at a premium1 :i* agrees ) ! say+ ( ,prov4 #bj3ad1 ,x is naught1 x is naught1 sai? e buy]3 & :5 he is gone away1 !n he w boa/4 ,!re=e x is lawful to sell a ?+ = m ?an its wor?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x does n seem unlawful if t :i* hone/y dem&s be done by mutual agreem5t4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ac71 9 ! fri5d%ip :i* is bas$ on utility1 ! am\nt ( ! recomp5se = a favor receiv$ %\ld dep5d on ! utility accru+ to ! receiv]3 & ?is utility sometimes is wor? m ?an ! ?+ giv51 = in/ance if ! receiv] be 9 great ne$ ( t ?+1 :e!r = ! purpose ( avoid+ a dang]1 or ( d]iv+ "s p>ticul> b5efit4 ,!re=e1 9 contracts ( buy+ & sell+1 x is lawful to give a ?+ 9 return = m ?an its wor?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #g3ab73 ,all ?+s 4 4 4 :atsoev] y w\ld t m5 %\ld d to y1 d y also to !m4 ,b no man wi%es to buy a ?+ = m ?an its wor?4 ,!re=e no man %\ld sell a ?+ to ano!r man = m ?an its wor?4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is altoge!r s9ful to h rec\rse to deceit 9 ord] to sell a ?+ = m ?an its j price1 because ?is is to deceive "o's neighbor s z to injure him4 ,h5ce ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 iii1 #ae73 ,contracts %\ld be entirely free f d\ble-deal+3 ! sell] mu/ n impose ^u ! bidd]1 nor ! buy] ^u "o t bids aga9/ him4 ,b1 ap>t f fraud1 we may speak ( buy+ & sell+ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z consid]$ 9 !mselves1 & f ?is po9t ( view1 buy+ & sell+ seem to be e/abli%$ = ! common advantage ( bo? p>ties1 "o ( :om requires t :i* belongs to ! o!r1 & vice v]sa1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,polit4 i1 #c74 ,n[ :atev] is e/abli%$ = ! common advantage1 %\ld n be m ( a burd5 to "o p>ty ?an to ano!r1 & consequ5tly all contracts betwe5 !m %\ld obs]ve equality ( ?+ & ?+4 ,aga91 ! quality ( a ?+ t comes into human use is measur$ by ! price giv5 = x1 = :i* purpose money 0 inv5t$1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #e4 ,!re=e if ei!r ! price exce$ ! quantity ( ! ?+'s wor?1 or1 conv]sely1 ! ?+ exce$ ! price1 !re is no long] ! equality ( ju/ice3 & consequ5tly1 to sell a ?+ = m ?an its wor?1 or to buy x = less ?an its wor?1 is 9 itself unju/ & unlawful4 ,secondly we may speak ( buy+ & sell+1 consid]$ z accid5tally t5d+ to ! advantage ( "o p>ty1 & to ! disadvantage ( ! o!r3 = in/ance1 :5 a man has great ne$ ( a c]ta9 ?+1 :ile ano!r man w suff] if he be )\t x4 ,9 su* a case ! j price w dep5d n only on ! ?+ sold1 b on ! loss :i* ! sale br+s on ! sell]4 ,& ?us x w be lawful to sell a ?+ = m ?an x is wor? 9 itself1 ?\gh ! price paid be n m ?an x is wor? to ! own]4 ,yet if ! "o man d]ive a great advantage by becom+ possess$ ( ! o!r man's prop]ty1 & ! sell] be n at a loss ?r\gh be+ )\t t ?+1 ! latt] ought n to raise ! price1 because ! advantage accru+ to ! buy]1 is n due to ! sell]1 b to a circum/ance affect+ ! buy]4 ,n[ no man %\ld sell :at is n 81 ?\gh he may *>ge = ! loss he suff]s4 ,on ! o!r h& if a man f9d t he d]ives great advantage f some?+ he has b\ght1 he may1 ( 8 own accord1 pay ! sell] some?+ ov] & above3 & ?is p]ta9s to 8 hone/y4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,a4 #b7 human law is giv5 to ! p among :om !re are _m lack+ virtue1 & x is n giv5 to ! virtu\s alone4 ,h5ce human law 0 unable to =bid all t is contr>y to virtue2 & x suffices = x to prohibit :atev] is de/ructive ( human int]c\rse1 :ile x treats o!r matt]s z ?\gh !y 7 lawful1 n by approv+ ( !m1 b by n puni%+ !m4 ,accord+ly1 if )\t employ+ deceit ! sell] disposes ( 8 goods = m ?an _! wor?1 or ! buy] obta9 !m = less ?an _! wor?1 ! law looks ^u ?is z licit1 & provides no puni%m5t = s do+1 unless ! excess be too great1 because !n ev5 human law dem&s re/itution to be made1 = in/ance if a man be deceiv$ 9 reg>d to m ?an half ! am\nt ( ! j price ( a ?+ 99,cod4 ,,iv1 xliv1 ,de ,resc9d4 ,v5d4 #b1 #h4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,div9e law leaves no?+ unpuni%$ t is contr>y to virtue4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ! ,div9e law1 x is reckon$ unlawful if ! equality ( ju/ice be n obs]v$ 9 buy+ & sell+3 & he :o has receiv$ m ?an he ought mu/ make comp5sation to him t has suff]$ loss1 if ! loss be consid]able4 ,i add ?is condition1 because ! j price ( ?+s is n fix$ ) ma!matical precision1 b dep5ds on a k9d ( e/imate1 s t a slight addition or subtraction w\ld n seem to de/roy ! equality ( ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says ?is je/]1 ei!r by look+ into himself or by 8 exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 ?\ght t all m5 are incl9$ to wi% to buy = a song & sell at a premium4 ,b s9ce 9 reality ?is is wick$1 x is 9 e man's p[] to acquire t ju/ice :]eby he may resi/ & ov]come ?is incl9ation4 ,& !n he gives ! example ( a man :o gave ! j price = a book to a man :o ?r\gh ignorance ask$ a l[ price = x4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ?is common desire is n f nature b f vice1 :]e=e x is common to _m :o walk along ! broad road ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 commutative ju/ice we consid] *iefly real equality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 fri5d%ip bas$ on utility we consid] equality ( usefulness1 s t ! recomp5se %\ld dep5d on ! usefulness accru+1 :]eas 9 buy+ x %\ld be equal to ! ?+ b\ght4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r a ,sale ,is ,r5d]$ ,unlawful ,?r\gh a ,fault 9 ! ,?+ ,sold8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a sale is n r5d]$ unju/ & unlawful ?r\gh a fault 9 ! ?+ sold4 ,= less acc\nt %\ld be tak5 ( ! o!r p>ts ( a ?+ ?an ( :at belongs to its sub/ance4 ,yet ! sale ( a ?+ does n seem to be r5d]$ unlawful ?r\gh a fault 9 its sub/ance3 = in/ance1 if a man sell in/ead ( ! real metal1 silv] or gold produc$ by "s *emical process1 :i* is adapt$ to all ! human uses = :i* silv] & gold are necess>y1 = in/ance 9 ! mak+ ( vessels & ! l4 ,mu* less !re=e w x be an unlawful sale if ! ?+ be defective 9 o!r ways4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 any fault 9 ! ?+1 affect+ ! quantity1 w\ld seem *iefly to be oppos$ to ju/ice :i* consi/s 9 equality4 ,n[ quantity is kn[n by be+ measur$3 & ! measures ( ?+s t come into human use are n fix$1 b 9 "s places are great]1 9 o!rs less1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 v1 #g74 ,!re=e j z x is impossible to avoid defects on ! "p ( ! ?+ sold1 x seems t a sale is n r5d]$ unlawful ?r\gh ! ?+ sold be+ defective4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ?+ sold is r5d]$ defective by lack+ a fitt+ quality4 ,b 9 ord] to "k ! quality ( a ?+1 mu* k is requir$ t is lack+ 9 mo/ buy]s4 ,!re=e a sale is n r5d]$ unlawful by a fault 79 ! ?+ sold74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 iii1 #aa73 ,x is manife/ly a rule ( ju/ice t a good man %\ld n dep>t f ! tru?1 nor inflict an unju/ injury on anyone1 nor h any connection ) fraud4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?reefold fault may be f\nd p]ta9+ to ! ?+ :i* is sold4 ,"o1 9 respect ( ! ?+'s sub/ance3 & if ! sell] be aw>e ( a fault 9 ! ?+ he is sell+1 he is guilty ( a fraudul5t sale1 s t ! sale is r5d]$ unlawful4 ,h5ce we f9d x writt5 aga9/ c]ta9 p 7,isa4 #a3bb71 ,?y silv] is turn$ into dross1 ?y w9e is m+l$ ) wat]3 because t :i* is mix$ is defective 9 its sub/ance4 ,ano!r defect is 9 respect ( quantity :i* is kn[n by be+ measur$3 :]e=e if anyone kn[+ly make use ( a faulty measure 9 sell+1 he is guilty ( fraud1 & ! sale is illicit4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #be3ac1 #ad73 ,?\ %alt n h div]s weights 9 ?y bag1 a great] & a less3 nei!r %all !re be 9 ?y h\se a great] bu%el & a less1 & fur!r on 7,deut4 #be3af73 ,= ! ,"l 4 4 4 abhorre? him t do? ^! ?+s1 & ,he hate? all inju/ice4 ,a ?ird defect is on ! "p ( ! quality1 = in/ance1 if a man sell an unheal?y animal z be+ a heal?y "o3 & if anyone d ?is kn[+ly he is guilty ( a fraudul5t sale1 & ! sale1 9 consequ5ce1 is illicit4 ,9 all ^! cases n only is ! man guilty ( a fraudul5t sale1 b he is also b\nd to re/itution4 ,b if any ( ! =ego+ defects be 9 ! ?+ sold1 & he kn[s no?+ ab\t ?is1 ! sell] does n s91 because he does t :i* is unju/ mat]ially1 nor is 8 de$ unju/1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #b74 ,nev]!less he is b\nd to comp5sate ! buy]1 :5 ! defect comes to 8 k4 ,moreov] :at has be5 said ( ! sell] applies equally to ! buy]4 ,= sometimes x happ5s t ! sell] ?9ks 8 goods to be specifically ( l[] value1 z :5 a man sells gold in/ead ( copp]1 & !n if ! buy] be aw>e ( ?is1 he buys x unju/ly & is b\nd to re/itution3 & ! same applies to a defect 9 quantity z to a defect 9 quality4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gold & silv] are co/ly n only on acc\nt ( ! usefulness ( ! vessels & o!r l ?+s made f !m1 b also on acc\nt ( ! excell5ce & purity ( _! sub/ance4 ,h5ce if ! gold or silv] produc$ by al*emi/s has n ! true specific nature ( gold & silv]1 ! sale !re( is fraudul5t & unju/1 especially z real gold & silv] c produce c]ta9 results by _! natural action1 :i* ! c\nt]feit gold & silv] ( al*emi/s _c produce4 ,?us ! true metal has ! prop]ty ( mak+ p joyful1 & is helpful m$ic9ally aga9/ c]ta9 maladies4 ,moreov] real gold c be employ$ m frequ5tly1 & la/s long] 9 its condition ( purity ?an c\nt]feit gold4 ,if h[ev] real gold 7 to be produc$ by al*emy1 x w\ld n be unlawful to sell x = ! g5u9e article1 = no?+ prev5ts art f employ+ c]ta9 natural causes = ! production ( natural & true effects1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #h7 ( ?+s produc$ by ! art ( ! demons4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! measures ( salable commodities mu/ ne$s be diff]5t 9 diff]5t places1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( supply3 because :]e !re is great] abundance1 ! measures are wont to be l>g]4 ,h[ev] 9 ea* place ^? :o gov]n ! /ate mu/ det]m9e ! j measures ( ?+s salable1 ) due consid]ation = ! conditions ( place & "t4 ,h5ce x is n lawful to disreg>d su* measures z are e/abli%$ by public au?ority or cu/om4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xi1 #af7 ! price ( ?+s salable does n dep5d on _! degree ( nature1 s9ce at times a horse fet*es a high] price ?an a slave2 b x dep5ds on _! usefulness to man4 ,h5ce x is n necess>y = ! sell] or buy] to be cognizant ( ! hidd5 qualities ( ! ?+ sold1 b only ( su* z r5d] ! ?+ adapt$ to man's use1 = in/ance1 t ! horse be /rong1 run well & s =?4 ,su* qualities ! sell] & buy] c easily discov]4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,sell] ,is ,b\nd to ,/ate ! ,defects ( ! ,?+ ,sold8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! sell] is n b\nd to /ate ! defects ( ! ?+ sold4 ,s9ce ! sell] does n b9d ! buy] to buy1 he w\ld seem to leave x to him to judge ( ! goods (f]$ = sale4 ,n[ judgm5t ab\t a ?+ & k ( t ?+ belong to ! same p]son4 ,!re=e x does n seem imputable to ! sell] if ! buy] be deceiv$ 9 8 judgm5t1 & be hurri$ into buy+ a ?+ )\t c>efully inquir+ into its condition4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x seems fooli% = anyone to d :at prev5ts him c>ry+ out 8 "w4 ,b if a man /ates ! defects ( ! goods he has = sale1 he prev5ts _! sale3 :]e=e ,tully 7,de ,(fic4 iii1 #ac7 pictures a man z say+3 ,c\ld any?+ be m absurd ?an = a public cri]1 in/ruct$ by ! own]1 to cry3 ',i (f] ?is unheal?y horse = sale8' ,!re=e ! sell] is n b\nd to /ate ! defects ( ! ?+ sold4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man ne$s m to "k ! road ( virtue ?an to "k ! faults ( ?+s (f]$ = sale4 ,n[ "o is n b\nd to (f] advice to all or to tell !m ! tru? ab\t matt]s p]ta9+ to virtue1 ?\gh "o %\ld n tell anyone :at is false4 ,mu* less !re=e is a sell] b\nd to tell ! faults ( :at he (f]s = sale1 z ?\gh he 7 c\nsel+ ! buy]4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if "o 7 b\nd to tell ! faults ( :at "o (f]s = sale1 ?is w\ld only be 9 ord] to l[] ! price4 ,n[ sometimes ! price w\ld be l[]$ = "s o!r reason1 )\t any defect 9 ! ?+ sold3 = in/ance1 if ! sell] c>ry :eat to a place :]e :eat fet*es a high price1 kn[+ t _m w come aft] him c>ry+ :eat2 because if ! buy]s knew ?is !y w\ld give a l[] price4 ,b app>5tly ! sell] ne$ n give ! buy] ?is in=mation4 ,!re=e1 9 l mann]1 nei!r ne$ he tell him ! faults ( ! goods he is sell+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 iii1 #aj73 ,9 all contracts ! defects ( ! salable commodity mu/ be /at$2 & unless ! sell] make !m kn[n1 al?\gh ! buy] has already acquir$ a "r to !m1 ! contract is void$ on acc\nt ( ! fraudul5t action4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is always unlawful to give anyone an occasion ( dang] or loss1 al?\gh a man ne$ n always give ano!r ! help or c\nsel :i* w\ld be = 8 advantage 9 any way2 b only 9 c]ta9 fix$ cases1 = in/ance :5 someone is subject to him1 or :5 he is ! only "o :o c assi/ him4 ,n[ ! sell] :o (f]s goods = sale1 gives ! buy] an occasion ( loss or dang]1 by ! v fact t he (f]s him defective goods1 if su* defect may occasion loss or dang] to ! buy]--loss1 if1 by reason ( ?is defect1 ! goods are ( less value1 & he takes no?+ (f ! price on t acc\nt--dang]1 if ?is defect ei!r h9d] ! use ( ! goods or r5d] x hurtful1 = in/ance1 if a man sells a lame = a fleet horse1 a tott]+ h\se = a safe "o1 rott5 or poison\s food = :olesome4 ,:]e=e if su* l defects be hidd51 & ! sell] does n make !m kn[n1 ! sale w be illicit & fraudul5t1 & ! sell] w be b\nd to comp5sation = ! loss incurr$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! defect be manife/1 = in/ance if a horse h b "o eye1 or if ! goods ?\gh useless to ! buy]1 be useful to someone else1 provid$ ! sell] take z mu* z he ought f ! price1 he is n b\nd to /ate ! defect ( ! goods1 s9ce p]haps on acc\nt ( t defect ! buy] might want him to all[ a great] rebate ?an he ne$4 ,:]e=e ! sell] may look to 8 own indemnity1 by )hold+ ! defect ( ! goods4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,judgm5t _c be pron\nc$ save on :at is manife/3 = a man judges ( :at he kn[s 7,e?ic4 i1 #c74 ,h5ce if ! defects ( ! goods (f]$ = sale be hidd51 judgm5t ( !m is n suffici5tly left ) ! buy] unless su* defects be made kn[n to him4 ,! case w\ld be diff]5t if ! defects 7 manife/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re is no ne$ to publi% be=eh& by ! public cri] ! defects ( ! goods "o is (f]+ = sale1 because if he 7 to beg9 by ann\nc+ its defects1 ! bidd]s w\ld be fright5$ to buy1 ?r\gh ignorance ( o!r qualities t might r5d] ! ?+ good & s]viceable4 ,su* defect ought to be /at$ to ea* individual t (f]s to buy3 & !n he w be able to comp>e ! v>i\s po9ts "o ) ! o!r1 ! good ) ! bad3 = no?+ prev5ts t :i* is defective 9 "o respect be+ useful 9 _m o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh a man is n b\nd /rictly speak+ to tell ev]yone ! tru? ab\t matt]s p]ta9+ to virtue1 yet he is s b\nd 9 a case :51 unless he tells ! tru?1 8 conduct w\ld endang] ano!r man 9 detrim5t to virtue3 & s x is 9 ?is case4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! defect 9 a ?+ makes x ( less value n[ ?an x seems to be3 b 9 ! case cit$1 ! goods are expect$ to be ( less value at a future "t1 on acc\nt ( ! arrival ( o!r m]*ants1 :i* 0 n =ese5 by ! buy]s4 ,:]e=e ! sell]1 s9ce he sells 8 goods at ! price actually (f]$ him1 does n seem to act contr>y to ju/ice ?r\gh n /at+ :at is go+ to happ54 ,if h[ev] he 7 to d s1 or if he l[]$ 8 price1 x w\ld be exce$+ly virtu\s on 8 "p3 al?\gh he does n seem to be b\nd to d ?is z a debt ( ju/ice4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r1 9 ,trad+1 ,x ,is ,lawful to ,sell a ,?+ at a ,high] ,price ,?an ,:at ,0 ,paid = ,x8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n lawful1 9 trad+1 to sell a ?+ = a high] price ?an we paid = x4 ,= ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xxxviii 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om says on ,matt4 #ba3ab3 ,he t buys a ?+ 9 ord] t he may sell x1 entire & un*ang$1 at a pr(it1 is ! trad] :o is ca/ out ( ,god's temple4 ,cassiodorus speaks 9 ! same s5se 9 8 comm5t>y on ,ps4 #gj3ae1 ,because ,i h n kn[n le>n+1 or trad+ accord+ to ano!r v]sion 99,! ,septuag9t3 ,:at is trade1 says he1 b buy+ at a *eap price ) ! purpose ( retail+ at a high] price8 & he adds3 ,su* 7 ! tradesm5 :om ,our ,"l ca/ out ( ! temple4 ,n[ no man is ca/ out ( ! temple except = a s94 ,!re=e su* l trad+ is s9ful4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is contr>y to ju/ice to sell goods at a high] price ?an _! wor?1 or to buy !m = less ?an _! value1 z %[n above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ if y sell a ?+ = a high] price ?an y paid = x1 y mu/ ei!r h b\ght x = less ?an its value1 or sell x = m ?an its value4 ,!re=e ?is _c be done )\t s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome says 7,ep4 ad ,nepot4 lii73 ,%un1 z y w\ld ! plague1 a cl]ic :o f be+ poor has become weal?y1 or :o1 f be+ a nobody has become a celebrity4 ,n[ trad+ w\ld net seem to be =bidd5 to cl]ics except on acc\nt ( its s9fulness4 ,!re=e x is a s9 9 trad+1 to buy at a l[ price & to sell at a high] price4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e comm5t+ on ,ps4 #gj3ae1 ,because ,i h n kn[n le>n+1 99,cf4 ,obj4 #a says3 ,! gre$y tradesman blasphemes ov] 8 losses2 he lies & p]jures himself ov] ! price ( 8 w>es4 ,b ^! are vices ( ! man1 n ( ! craft1 :i* c be ex]cis$ )\t ^! vices4 ,!re=e trad+ is n 9 itself unlawful4 ,i answ] t1 ,a tradesman is "o ^: bus9ess consi/s 9 ! ex*ange ( ?+s4 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,polit4 i1 #c71 ex*ange ( ?+s is tw(old2 "o1 natural z x 71 & necess>y1 :]eby "o commodity is ex*ang$ = ano!r1 or money tak5 9 ex*ange = a commodity1 9 ord] to satisfy ! ne$s ( life4 ,su* l trad+1 prop]ly speak+1 does n belong to tradesm51 b r to h\sekeep]s or civil s]vants :o h to provide ! h\sehold or ! /ate ) ! necess>ies ( life4 ,! o!r k9d ( ex*ange is ei!r t ( money = money1 or ( any commodity = money1 n on acc\nt ( ! necessities ( life1 b = pr(it1 & ?is k9d ( ex*ange1 prop]ly speak+1 reg>ds tradesm51 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,polit4 i1 #c74 ,! =m] k9d ( ex*ange is comm5dable because x supplies a natural ne$3 b ! latt] is ju/ly des]v+ ( blame1 because1 consid]$ 9 itself1 x satisfies ! gre$ = ga91 :i* kn[s no limit & t5ds to inf9ity4 ,h5ce trad+1 consid]$ 9 itself1 has a c]ta9 debasem5t atta*+ !reto1 9 s f> z1 by its v nature1 x does n imply a virtu\s or necess>y end4 ,nev]!less ga9 :i* is ! end ( trad+1 ?\gh n imply+1 by its nature1 any?+ virtu\s or necess>y1 does n1 9 itself1 connote any?+ s9ful or contr>y to virtue3 :]e=e no?+ prev5ts ga9 f be+ direct$ to "s necess>y or ev5 virtu\s end1 & ?us trad+ becomes lawful4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 a man may int5d ! mod]ate ga9 :i* he seeks to acquire by trad+ = ! upkeep ( 8 h\sehold1 or = ! assi/ance ( ! ne$y3 or aga91 a man may take to trade = "s public advantage1 = in/ance1 le/ 8 c\ntry lack ! necess>ies ( life1 & seek ga91 n z an end1 b z paym5t = 8 labor4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! say+ ( ,*ryso/om ref]s to ! trad+ :i* seeks ga9 z a la/ end4 ,?is is especially ! case :]e a man sells some?+ at a high] price )\t its und]go+ any *ange4 ,= if he sells at a high] price some?+ t has *ang$ = ! bett]1 he w\ld seem to receive ! rew>d ( 8 labor4 ,nev]!less ! ga9 itself may be lawfully int5d$1 n z a la/ end1 b = ! sake ( "s o!r end :i* is necess>y or virtu\s1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n ev]yone t sells at a high] price ?an he b\ght is a tradesman1 b only he :o buys t he may sell at a pr(it4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 he buys n = sale b = possession1 & aft]w>ds1 = "s reason wi%es to sell1 x is n a trade transaction ev5 if he sell at a pr(it4 ,= he may lawfully d ?is1 ei!r because he has bett]$ ! ?+1 or because ! value ( ! ?+ has *ang$ ) ! *ange ( place or "t1 or on acc\nt ( ! dang] he incurs 9 transf]r+ ! ?+ f "o place to ano!r1 or aga9 9 hav+ x c>ri$ by ano!r4 ,9 ?is s5se nei!r buy+ nor sell+ is unju/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,cl]ics %\ld ab/a9 n only f ?+s t are evil 9 !mselves1 b ev5 f ^? t h an appe>ance ( evil4 ,?is happ5s 9 trad+1 bo? because x is direct$ to worldly ga91 :i* cl]ics %\ld despise1 & because trad+ is op5 to s _m vices1 s9ce a m]*ant is h>dly free f s9s ( ! lips 99',a m]*ant is h>dly free f neglig5ce1 & a huck/] %all n be ju/ifi$ f ! s9s ( ! lips' 7,ecclus4 #bf3bh74 ,!re is also ano!r reason1 because trad+ engages ! m9d too mu* ) worldly c>es1 & consequ5tly )draws x f spiritual c>es2 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,tim4 #b3d73 ,no man be+ a soldi] to ,god entangle? himself ) secul> bus9esses4 ,nev]!less x is lawful = cl]ics to engage 9 ! fir/ m5tion$ k9d ( ex*ange1 :i* is direct$ to supply ! necess>ies ( life1 ei!r by buy+ or by sell+4 ,,"q #gh ,,( ,,! ,,s9 ,,( ,,usury 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! s9 ( usury1 :i* is committ$ 9 loans3 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is a s9 to take money z a price = money l5t1 :i* is to receive usury8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful to l5d money = any o!r k9d ( consid]ation1 by way ( paym5t = ! loan8 7#c7 ,:e!r a man is b\nd to re/ore j ga9s d]iv$ f money tak5 9 usury8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is lawful to borr[ money "u a condition ( usury8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is a ,s9 to ,take ,usury = ,money ,l5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n a s9 to take usury = money l5t4 ,= no man s9s ?r\gh foll[+ ! example ( ,*ri/4 ,b ,our ,"l said ( ,himself 7,luke #ai3bc73 ,at ,my com+ ,i might h exact$ x1 i4e4 ! money l5t1 ) usury4 ,!re=e x is n a s9 to take usury = l5d+ money4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ah3h1 ,! law ( ! ,"l is unspott$1 because1 to wit1 x =bids s94 ,n[ usury ( a k9d is all[$ 9 ! ,div9e law1 accord+ to ,deut4 #bc3ai1 #bj3 ,?\ %alt n f5]ate to ?y bro!r money1 nor corn1 nor any o!r ?+1 b to ! /rang]3 nay m1 x is ev5 promis$ z a rew>d = ! obs]vance ( ! ,law1 accord+ to ,deut4 #bh3ab3 ,?\ %alt f5]ate99 to _m nations1 & %alt n borr[ ( any "o4 99,fa5]ab]is--',?\ %alt l5d ^u usury4' ,! ,d\ay v]sion has simply 'l5d4' ,! objection lays /ress on ! ^w fa5]ab]is3 h5ce ! necessity ( r5d]+ x by 'f5]ate4' ,!re=e x is n a s9 to take usury4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 human affairs ju/ice is det]m9$ by civil laws4 ,n[ civil law all[s usury to be tak54 ,!re=e x seems to be lawful4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! c\nsels are n b9d+ "u s94 ,b1 among o!r c\nsels we f9d 7,luke #f3ce73 ,l5d1 hop+ = no?+ !reby4 ,!re=e x is n a s9 to take usury4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x does n seem to be 9 itself s9ful to accept a price = do+ :at "o is n b\nd to d4 ,b "o :o has money is n b\nd 9 e case to l5d x to 8 neighbor4 ,!re=e x is lawful = him sometimes to accept a price = l5d+ x4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 silv] made into co9s does n diff] specifically f silv] made into a vessel4 ,b x is lawful to accept a price = ! loan ( a silv] vessel4 ,!re=e x is also lawful to accept a price = ! loan ( a silv] co94 ,!re=e usury is n 9 itself a s94 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 anyone may lawfully accept a ?+ :i* its own] freely gives him4 ,n[ he :o accepts ! loan1 freely gives ! usury4 ,!re=e he :o l5ds may lawfully take ! usury4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #bb3be73 ,if ?\ l5d money to any ( ?y p t is poor1 t dwelle? ) !e1 ?\ %alt n be h>d ^u !m z an extortion]1 nor oppress !m ) usuries4 ,i answ] t1 ,to take usury = money l5t is unju/ 9 itself1 because ?is is to sell :at does n exi/1 & ?is evid5tly leads to inequality :i* is contr>y to ju/ice4 ,9 ord] to make ?is evid5t1 we mu/ obs]ve t !re are c]ta9 ?+s ! use ( :i* consi/s 9 _! consumption3 ?us we consume w9e :5 we use x = dr9k & we consume :eat :5 we use x = food4 ,:]e=e 9 su* l ?+s ! use ( ! ?+ mu/ n be reckon$ ap>t f ! ?+ itself1 & :oev] is grant$ ! use ( ! ?+1 is grant$ ! ?+ itself & = ?is reason1 to l5d ?+s ( ?is k9d is to transf] ! own]%ip4 ,accord+ly if a man want$ to sell w9e sep>ately f ! use ( ! w9e1 he w\ld be sell+ ! same ?+ twice1 or he w\ld be sell+ :at does n exi/1 :]e=e he w\ld evid5tly commit a s9 ( inju/ice4 ,9 l mann] he commits an inju/ice :o l5ds w9e or :eat1 & asks = d\ble paym5t1 viz4 "o1 ! return ( ! ?+ 9 equal measure1 ! o!r1 ! price ( ! use1 :i* is call$ usury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ?+s ! use ( :i* does n consi/ 9 _! consumption3 ?us to use a h\se is to dwell 9 x1 n to de/roy x4 ,:]e=e 9 su* ?+s bo? may be grant$3 = in/ance1 "o man may h& ov] to ano!r ! own]%ip ( 8 h\se :ile res]v+ to himself ! use ( x = a "t1 or vice v]sa1 he may grant ! use ( ! h\se1 :ile reta9+ ! own]%ip4 ,= ?is reason a man may lawfully make a *>ge = ! use ( 8 h\se1 &1 besides ?is1 rev5dicate ! h\se f ! p]son to :om he has grant$ its use1 z happ5s 9 r5t+ & lett+ a h\se4 ,n[ money1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #e2 ,polit4 i1 #c7 0 inv5t$ *iefly = ! purpose ( ex*ange3 & consequ5tly ! prop] & pr9cipal use ( money is its consumption or ali5ation :]eby x is sunk 9 ex*ange4 ,h5ce x is by its v nature unlawful to take paym5t = ! use ( money l5t1 :i* paym5t is kn[n z usury3 & j z a man is b\nd to re/ore o!r ill-gott5 goods1 s is he b\nd to re/ore ! money :i* he has tak5 9 usury4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ?is passage usury mu/ be tak5 figuratively = ! increase ( spiritual goods :i* ,god exacts f u1 = ,he wi%es u ev] to advance 9 ! goods :i* we receive f ,him3 & ?is is = our own pr(it n = ,84 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,jews 7 =bidd5 to take usury f _! bre?r51 i4e4 f o!r ,jews4 ,by ?is we are giv5 to und]/& t to take usury f any man is evil simply1 because we ought to treat e man z our neighbor & bro!r1 especially 9 ! /ate ( ! ,gospel1 :]eto all are call$4 ,h5ce x is said )\t any di/9ction 9 ,ps4 #ad3e3 ,he t ha? n put out 8 money to usury1 & 7,eze*4 #ah3h73 ,:o ha? n tak5 usury 99,vulg43 ',if a man 4 4 4 ha? n l5t ^u money1 nor tak5 any increase 4 4 4 he is j4'4 ,!y 7 p]mitt$1 h[ev]1 to take usury f =eign]s1 n z ?\gh x 7 lawful1 b 9 ord] to avoid a great] evil1 le/1 to wit1 ?r\gh av>ice to :i* !y 7 prone accord+ to ,isa4 #ef3aa1 !y %\ld take usury f ! ,jews :o 7 wor%ipp]s ( ,god4 ,:]e we f9d x promis$ to !m z a rew>d1 ,?\ %alt f5]ate to _m nations1 etc41 f5]at+ is to be tak5 9 a broad s5se = l5d+1 z 9 ,ecclus4 #bi3aj1 :]e we read3 ,_m h refus$ to f5]ate1 n out ( wick$ness1 i4e4 !y w\ld n l5d4 ,accord+ly ! ,jews are promis$ 9 rew>d an abundance ( weal?1 s t !y w\ld be able to l5d to o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,human laws leave c]ta9 ?+s unpuni%$1 on acc\nt ( ! condition ( ^? :o are imp]fect1 & :o w\ld be depriv$ ( _m advantages1 if all s9s 7 /rictly =bidd5 & puni%m5ts appo9t$ = !m4 ,:]e=e human law has p]mitt$ usury1 n t x looks ^u usury z h>moniz+ ) ju/ice1 b le/ ! advantage ( _m %\ld be h9d]$4 ,h5ce x is t 9 civil law 99,in/4 ,,ii1 iv1 de ,usufructu x is /at$ t ^? ?+s accord+ to natural reason & civil law :i* are consum$ by be+ us$1 d n admit ( usufruct1 & t ! s5ate did n 7nor c\ld x7 appo9t a usufruct to su* ?+s1 b e/abli%$ a quasi-usufruct1 namely by p]mitt+ usury4 ,moreov] ! ,philosoph]1 l$ by natural reason1 says 7,polit4 i1 #c7 t to make money by usury is exce$+ly unnatural4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a man is n always b\nd to l5d1 & = ?is reason x is plac$ among ! c\nsels4 ,yet x is a matt] ( precept n to seek pr(it by l5d+3 al?\gh x may be call$ a matt] ( c\nsel 9 comp>ison ) ! maxims ( ! ,ph>isees1 :o deem$ "s k9ds ( usury to be lawful1 j z love ( "o's enemies is a matt] ( c\nsel4 ,or aga91 ,he speaks "h n ( ! hope ( usuri\s ga91 b ( ! hope :i* is put 9 man4 ,= we ought n to l5d or d any good de$ ?r\gh hope 9 man1 b only ?r\gh hope 9 ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,he t is n b\nd to l5d1 may accept repaym5t = :at he has done1 b he mu/ n exact m4 ,n[ he is repaid accord+ to equality ( ju/ice if he is repaid z mu* z he l5t4 ,:]e=e if he exacts m = ! usufruct ( a ?+ :i* has no o!r use b ! consumption ( its sub/ance1 he exacts a price ( some?+ non-exi/5t3 & s 8 exaction is unju/4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,! pr9cipal use ( a silv] vessel is n its consumption1 & s "o may lawfully sell its use :ile reta9+ "o's own]%ip ( x4 ,on ! o!r h& ! pr9cipal use ( silv] money is s9k+ x 9 ex*ange1 s t x is n lawful to sell its use & at ! same "t expect ! re/itution ( ! am\nt l5t4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! second>y use ( silv] vessels may be an ex*ange1 & su* use may n be lawfully sold4 ,9 l mann] !re may be "s second>y use ( silv] money2 = in/ance1 a man might l5d co9s = %[1 or to be us$ z security4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,he :o gives usury does n give x volunt>ily simply1 b "u a c]ta9 necessity1 9 s f> z he ne$s to borr[ money :i* ! own] is unwill+ to l5d )\t usury4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,ask = ,any ,o!r ,k9d ( ,consid]ation = ,money ,l5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o may ask = "s o!r k9d ( consid]ation = money l5t4 ,= ev]yone may lawfully seek to indemnify himself4 ,n[ sometimes a man suff]s loss ?r\gh l5d+ money4 ,!re=e he may lawfully ask = or ev5 exact some?+ else besides ! money l5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #e1 "o is 9 duty b\nd by a po9t ( honor1 to repay anyone :o has done u a favor4 ,n[ to l5d money to "o :o is 9 /raits is to d him a favor = :i* he %\ld be grateful4 ,!re=e ! recipi5t ( a loan1 is b\nd by a natural debt to repay some?+4 ,n[ x does n seem unlawful to b9d oneself to an obligation ( ! natural law4 ,!re=e x is n unlawful1 9 l5d+ money to anyone1 to dem& "s sort ( comp5sation z condition ( ! loan4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z !re is real remun]ation1 s is !re v]bal remun]ation1 & remun]ation by s]vice1 z a gloss says on ,isa4 #cc3ae1 ,bless$ is he t %ake? 8 h&s f all bribes 99,vulg43 ',:i* ( y %all dwell ) ev]la/+ burn+s8 4 4 4 ,he t %ake? 8 h&s f all bribes4'4 ,n[ x is lawful to accept s]vice or praise f "o to :om "o has l5t money4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] x is lawful to accept any o!r k9d ( remun]ation4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly ! relation ( gift to gift is ! same z ( loan to loan4 ,b x is lawful to accept money = money giv54 ,!re=e x is lawful to accept repaym5t by loan 9 return = a loan grant$4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! l5d]1 by transf]r+ 8 own]%ip ( a sum ( money removes ! money fur!r f himself ?an he :o entru/s x to a m]*ant or craftsman4 ,n[ x is lawful to receive int]e/ = money entru/$ to a m]*ant or craftsman4 ,!re=e x is also lawful to receive int]e/ = money l5t4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 a man may accept a pl$ge = money l5t1 ! use ( :i* pl$ge he might sell = a price3 z :5 a man mortgages 8 l& or ! h\se :]e9 he dwells4 ,!re=e x is lawful to receive int]e/ = money l5t4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 x sometimes happ5s t a man raises ! price ( 8 goods "u guise ( loan1 or buys ano!r's goods at a l[ figure2 or raises 8 price ?r\gh delay 9 be+ paid1 & l[]s 8 price t he may be paid ! soon]4 ,n[ 9 all ^! cases !re seems to be paym5t = a loan ( money3 nor does x appe> to be manife/ly illicit4 ,!re=e x seems to be lawful to expect or exact "s consid]ation = money l5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,among o!r conditions requisite 9 a j man x is /at$ 7,eze*4 #ah3ag7 t he ha? n tak5 usury & increase4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a71 a ?+ is reckon$ z money if its value c be measur$ by money4 ,consequ5tly1 j z x is a s9 aga9/ ju/ice1 to take money1 by tacit or express agreem5t1 9 return = l5d+ money or any?+ else t is consum$ by be+ us$1 s also is x a l s91 by tacit or express agreem5t to receive any?+ ^: price c be measur$ by money4 ,yet !re w\ld be no s9 9 receiv+ some?+ ( ! k9d1 n z exact+ x1 nor yet z ?\gh x 7 due on acc\nt ( "s agreem5t tacit or express$1 b z a gratuity3 s9ce1 ev5 be=e l5d+ ! money1 "o c\ld accept a gratuity1 nor is "o 9 a worse condition ?r\gh l5d+4 ,on ! o!r h& x is lawful to exact comp5sation = a loan1 9 respect ( su* ?+s z are n appreciat$ by a measure ( money1 = in/ance1 b5evol5ce1 & love = ! l5d]1 & s =?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a l5d] may )\t s9 ent] an agreem5t ) ! borr[] = comp5sation = ! loss he incurs ( some?+ he ought to h1 = ?is is n to sell ! use ( money b to avoid a loss4 ,x may also happ5 t ! borr[] avoids a great] loss ?an ! l5d] incurs1 :]e=e ! borr[] may repay ! l5d] ) :at he has ga9$4 ,b ! l5d] _c ent] an agreem5t = comp5sation1 ?r\gh ! fact t he makes no pr(it out ( 8 money3 because he mu/ n sell t :i* he has n yet & may be prev5t$ 9 _m ways f hav+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,repaym5t = a favor may be made 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 z a debt ( ju/ice2 & to su* a debt a man may be b\nd by a fix$ contract2 & its am\nt is measur$ accord+ to ! favor receiv$4 ,:]e=e ! borr[] ( money or any su* ?+ ! use ( :i* is its consumption is n b\nd to repay m ?an he receiv$ 9 loan3 & consequ5tly x is aga9/ ju/ice if he be oblig$ to pay back m4 ,9 ano!r way a man's obligation to repaym5t = favor receiv$ is bas$ on a debt ( fri5d%ip1 & ! nature ( ?is debt dep5ds m on ! feel+ ) :i* ! favor 0 conf]r$ ?an on ! greatness ( ! favor itself4 ,?is debt does n c>ry ) x a civil obligation1 involv+ a k9d ( necessity t w\ld exclude ! spontane\s nature ( su* a repaym5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if a man 71 9 return = money l5t1 z ?\gh !re _h be5 an agreem5t tacit or express$1 to expect or exact repaym5t 9 ! %ape ( "s remun]ation ( s]vice or words1 x w\ld be ! same z if he expect$ or exact$ "s real remun]ation1 because bo? c be pric$ at a money value1 z may be se5 9 ! case ( ^? :o (f] = hire ! labor :i* !y ex]cise by "w or by tongue4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! remun]ation by s]vice or words be giv5 n z an obligation1 b z a favor1 :i* is n to be appreciat$ at a money value1 x is lawful to take1 exact1 & expect x4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,money _c be sold = a great] sum ?an ! am\nt l5t1 :i* has to be paid back3 nor %\ld ! loan be made ) a dem& or expectation ( aught else b ( a feel+ ( b5evol5ce :i* _c be pric$ at a pecuni>y value1 & :i* c be ! basis ( a spontane\s loan4 ,n[ ! obligation to l5d 9 return at "s future "t is repugnant to su* a feel+1 because aga9 an obligation ( ?is k9d has its pecuni>y value4 ,consequ5tly x is lawful = ! l5d] to borr[ some?+ else at ! same "t1 b x is unlawful = him to b9d ! borr[] to grant him a loan at "s future "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,he :o l5ds money transf]s ! own]%ip ( ! money to ! borr[]4 ,h5ce ! borr[] holds ! money at 8 own risk & is b\nd to pay x all back3 :]e=e ! l5d] mu/ n exact m4 ,on ! o!r h& he t entru/s 8 money to a m]*ant or craftsman s z to =m a k9d ( society1 does n transf] ! own]%ip ( 8 money to !m1 = x rema9s 81 s t at 8 risk ! m]*ant speculates ) x1 or ! craftsman uses x = 8 craft1 & consequ5tly he may lawfully dem& z some?+ belong+ to him1 "p ( ! pr(its d]iv$ f 8 money4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,if a man 9 return = money l5t to him pl$ges some?+ t c be valu$ at a price1 ! l5d] mu/ all[ = ! use ( t ?+ t[>ds ! repaym5t ( ! loan4 ,else if he wi%es ! gratuit\s use ( t ?+ 9 addition to repaym5t1 x is ! same z if he took money = l5d+1 & t is usury1 unless p]haps x 7 su* a ?+ z fri5ds are wont to l5d to "o ano!r gratis1 z 9 ! case ( ! loan ( a book4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,if a man wi% to sell 8 goods at a high] price ?an t :i* is j1 s t he may wait = ! buy] to pay1 x is manife/ly a case ( usury3 because ?is wait+ = ! paym5t ( ! price has ! "* ( a loan1 s t :atev] he dem&s beyond ! j price 9 consid]ation ( ?is delay1 is l a price = a loan1 :i* p]ta9s to usury4 ,9 l mann] if a buy] wi%es to buy goods at a l[] price ?an :at is j1 = ! reason t he pays = ! goods be=e !y c be deliv]$1 x is a s9 ( usury2 because aga9 ?is anticipat$ paym5t ( money has ! "* ( a loan1 ! price ( :i* is ! rebate on ! j price ( ! goods sold4 ,on ! o!r h& if a man wi%es to all[ a rebate on ! j price 9 ord] t he may h 8 money soon]1 he is n guilty ( ! s9 ( usury4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,man ,is ,b\nd to ,re/ore ,:atev] ,pr(its ,he ,has ,made ,out ( ,money ,gott5 by ,usury8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man is b\nd to re/ore :atev] pr(its he has made out ( money gott5 by usury4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #aa3af73 ,if ! root be holy1 s are ! bran*es4 ,!re=e likewise if ! root be rott5 s are ! bran*es4 ,b ! root 0 infect$ ) usury4 ,!re=e :atev] pr(it is made !refrom is infect$ ) usury4 ,!re=e he is b\nd to re/ore x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is laid d[n 7,extra1 ,de ,usuris1 9 ! ,decretal3 ',cum tu sicut ass]is'73 ,prop]ty accru+ f usury mu/ be sold1 & ! price repaid to ! p]sons f :om ! usury 0 extort$4 ,!re=e1 likewise1 :atev] else is acquir$ f usuri\s money mu/ be re/or$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* a man buys ) ! proce$s ( usury is due to him by reason ( ! money he paid = x4 ,!re=e he has no m "r to ! ?+ pur*as$ ?an to ! money he paid4 ,b he 0 b\nd to re/ore ! money ga9$ ?r\gh usury4 ,!re=e he is also b\nd to re/ore :at he acquir$ ) x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a man may lawfully hold :at he has lawfully acquir$4 ,n[ t :i* is acquir$ by ! proce$s ( usury is sometimes lawfully acquir$4 ,!re=e x may be lawfully reta9$4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 !re are c]ta9 ?+s ^: use is _! consumption1 & :i* d n admit ( usufruct1 accord+ to law 7ibid41 ad #c74 ,:]e=e if su* l ?+s be extort$ by means ( usury1 = in/ance money1 :eat1 w9e & s =?1 ! l5d] is n b\nd to re/ore m ?an he receiv$ 7s9ce :at is acquir$ by su* ?+s is ! fruit n ( ! ?+ b ( human indu/ry71 unless inde$ ! o!r p>ty by los+ "s ( 8 own goods be injur$ ?r\gh ! l5d] reta9+ !m3 = !n he is b\nd to make good ! loss4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are c]ta9 ?+s ^: use is n _! consumption3 su* ?+s admit ( usufruct1 = in/ance h\se or l& prop]ty & s =?4 ,:]e=e if a man has by usury extort$ f ano!r 8 h\se or l&1 he is b\nd to re/ore n only ! h\se or l& b also ! fruits accru+ to him !refrom1 s9ce !y are ! fruits ( ?+s own$ by ano!r man & consequ5tly are due to him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! root has n only ! "* ( matt]1 z money made by usury has2 b has also some:at ! "* ( an active cause1 9 s f> z x adm9i/]s n\ri%m5t4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,prop]ty acquir$ f usury does n belong to ! p]son :o paid usury1 b to ! p]son :o b\ght x4 ,yet he t paid usury has a c]ta9 claim on t prop]ty j z he has on ! o!r goods ( ! usur]4 ,h5ce x is n prescrib$ t su* prop]ty %\ld be assign$ to ! p]sons :o paid usury1 s9ce ! prop]ty is p]haps wor? m ?an :at !y paid 9 usury1 b x is comm&$ t ! prop]ty be sold1 & ! price be re/or$1 ( c\rse accord+ to ! am\nt tak5 9 usury4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! proce$s ( money tak5 9 usury are due to ! p]son :o acquir$ !m n by reason ( ! usuri\s money z in/rum5tal cause1 b on acc\nt ( 8 own indu/ry z pr9cipal cause4 ,:]e=e he has m "r to ! goods acquir$ ) usuri\s money ?an to ! usuri\s money itself4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,borr[ ,money ,"u a ,condition ( ,usury8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n lawful to borr[ money "u a condition ( usury4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #a3cb7 t !y are wor?y ( dea? 4 4 4 n only !y t d ^! s9s1 b !y also t cons5t to !m t d !m4 ,n[ he t borr[s money "u a condition ( usury cons5ts 9 ! s9 ( ! usur]1 & gives him an occasion ( s94 ,!re=e he s9s also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 = no temporal advantage ought "o to give ano!r an occasion ( committ+ a s93 = ?is p]ta9s to active sc&al1 :i* is always s9ful1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dc1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ he t seeks to borr[ f a usur] gives him an occasion ( s94 ,!re=e he is n to be excus$ on acc\nt ( any temporal advantage4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems no less necess>y sometimes to deposit "o's money ) a usur] ?an to borr[ f him4 ,n[ x seems altoge!r unlawful to deposit "o's money ) a usur]1 ev5 z x w\ld be unlawful to deposit "o's sword ) a madman1 a maid5 ) a lib]t9e1 or food ) a glutton4 ,nei!r !re=e is x lawful to borr[ f a usur]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,he t suff]s injury does n s91 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #aa71 :]e=e ju/ice is n a mean betwe5 two vices1 z /at$ 9 ! same book 7*4 #e74 ,n[ a usur] s9s by do+ an injury to ! p]son :o borr[s f him "u a condition ( usury4 ,!re=e he t accepts a loan "u a condition ( usury does n s94 ,i answ] t1 ,x is by no means lawful to induce a man to s91 yet x is lawful to make use ( ano!r's s9 = a good end1 s9ce ev5 ,god uses all s9 = "s good1 s9ce ,he draws "s good f e evil z /at$ 9 ! ,en*iridion 7xi74 ,h5ce :5 ,publicola ask$ :e!r x 7 lawful to make use ( an oa? tak5 by a man swe>+ by false gods 7:i* is a manife/ s91 = he gives ,div9e honor to !m7 ,augu/9e 7,ep4 xlvii7 answ]$ t he :o uses1 n = a bad b = a good purpose1 ! oa? ( a man t swe>s by false gods1 is a p>ty1 n to 8 s9 ( swe>+ by demons1 b to 8 good compact :]eby he kept 8 ^w4 ,if h[ev] he 7 to induce him to swe> by false gods1 he w\ld s94 ,accord+ly we mu/ also answ] to ! "q 9 po9t t x is by no means lawful to induce a man to l5d "u a condition ( usury3 yet x is lawful to borr[ = usury f a man :o is ready to d s & is a usur] by pr(ession2 provid$ ! borr[] h a good end 9 view1 su* z ! relief ( 8 own or ano!r's ne$4 ,?us too x is lawful = a man :o has fall5 among ?ieves to po9t out 8 prop]ty to !m 7:i* !y s9 9 tak+7 9 ord] to save 8 life1 aft] ! example ( ! t5 m5 :o said to ,ismahel 7,j]4 #da3h73 ,kill u n3 = we h /ores 9 ! field4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he :o borr[s = usury does n cons5t to ! usur]'s s9 b makes use ( x4 ,nor is x ! usur]'s acceptance ( usury t pleases him1 b 8 l5d+1 :i* is good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he :o borr[s = usury gives ! usur] an occasion1 n = tak+ usury1 b = l5d+2 x is ! usur] :o f9ds an occasion ( s9 9 ! malice ( 8 he>t4 ,h5ce !re is passive sc&al on 8 "p1 :ile !re is no active sc&al on ! "p ( ! p]son :o seeks to borr[4 ,nor is ?is passive sc&al a reason :y ! o!r p]son %\ld desi/ f borr[+ if he is 9 ne$1 s9ce ?is passive sc&al arises n f weakness or ignorance b f malice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if "o 7 to entru/ "o's money to a usur] lack+ o!r means ( practis+ usury2 or ) ! int5tion ( mak+ a great] pr(it f 8 money by reason ( ! usury1 "o w\ld be giv+ a s9n] matt] = s91 s t "o w\ld be a p>ticipator 9 8 guilt4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! usur] to :om "o entru/s "o's money has o!r means ( practis+ usury1 !re is no s9 9 entru/+ x to him t x may be 9 saf] keep+1 s9ce ?is is to use a s9n] = a good purpose4 ,,"q #gi ,,( ,,! ,,quasi-,,integral ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ju/ice 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! quasi-integral p>ts ( ju/ice1 :i* are to d good1 & to decl9e f evil1 & ! opposite vices4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ^! two are p>ts ( ju/ice8 7#b7 ,:e!r transgression is a special s98 7#c7 ,:e!r omission is a special s98 7#d7 ,( ! comp>ison betwe5 omission & transgression4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r to ,decl9e f ,evil & to ,d ,good ,are ,p>ts ( ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t to decl9e f evil & to d good are n p>ts ( ju/ice4 ,= x belongs to e virtue to p]=m a good de$ & to avoid an evil "o4 ,b p>ts d n exce$ ! :ole4 ,!re=e to decl9e f evil & to d good %\ld n be reckon$ p>ts ( ju/ice1 :i* is a special k9d ( virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,ps4 #cc3ae1 ,turn away f evil & d good1 says3 ,! =m]1 i4e4 to turn away f evil1 avoids s91 ! latt]1 i4e4 to d good1 des]ves ! life & ! palm4 ,b any "p ( a virtue des]ves ! life & ! palm4 ,!re=e to decl9e f evil is n a "p ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s t are s relat$ t "o implies ! o!r1 are n mutually di/9ct z p>ts ( a :ole4 ,n[ decl9+ f evil is impli$ 9 do+ good3 s9ce no "o does evil & good at ! same "t4 ,!re=e decl9+ f evil & do+ good are n p>ts ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,correp4 et ,grat4 i7 decl>es t decl9+ f evil & do+ good belong to ! ju/ice ( ! law4 ,i answ] t1 ,if we speak ( good & evil 9 g5]al1 x belongs to e virtue to d good & to avoid evil3 & 9 ?is s5se !y _c be reckon$ p>ts ( ju/ice1 except ju/ice be tak5 9 ! s5se ( all virtue 99,cf4 ,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #e4 ,& yet ev5 if ju/ice be tak5 9 ?is s5se x reg>ds a c]ta9 special aspect ( good2 namely1 ! good z due 9 respect ( ,div9e or human law4 ,on ! o!r h& ju/ice consid]$ z a special virtue reg>ds good z due to "o's neighbor4 ,& 9 ?is s5se x belongs to special ju/ice to d good consid]$ z due to "o's neighbor1 & to avoid ! opposite evil1 t1 namely1 :i* is hurtful to "o's neighbor2 :ile x belongs to g5]al ju/ice to d good 9 relation to ! community or 9 relation to ,god1 & to avoid ! opposite evil4 ,n[ ^! two are said to be quasi-integral p>ts ( g5]al or ( special ju/ice1 because ea* is requir$ = ! p]fect act ( ju/ice4 ,= x belongs to ju/ice to e/abli% equality 9 our relations ) o!rs1 z %[n above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #b73 & x p]ta9s to ! same cause to e/abli% & to pres]ve t :i* x has e/abli%$4 ,n[ a p]son e/abli%es ! equality ( ju/ice by do+ good1 i4e4 by r5d]+ to ano!r 8 due3 & he pres]ves ! already e/abli%$ equality ( ju/ice by decl9+ f evil1 t is by inflict+ no injury on 8 neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,good & evil are "h consid]$ "u a special aspect1 by :i* !y are appropriat$ to ju/ice4 ,! reason :y ^! two are reckon$ p>ts ( ju/ice "u a special aspect ( good & evil1 :ile !y are n reckon$ p>ts ( any o!r moral virtue1 is t ! o!r moral virtues are conc]n$ ) ! passions :]e9 to d good is to obs]ve ! mean1 :i* is ! same z to avoid ! extremes z evils3 s t do+ good & avoid+ evil come to ! same1 ) reg>d to ! o!r virtues4 ,on ! o!r h& ju/ice is conc]n$ ) op]ations & ext]nal ?+s1 :]e9 to e/abli% equality is "o ?+1 & n to di/urb ! equality e/abli%$ is ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to decl9e f evil1 consid]$ z a "p ( ju/ice1 does n d5ote a pure negation1 viz4 n to d evil2 = ?is does n des]ve ! palm1 b only avoids ! puni%m5t4 ,b x implies a movem5t ( ! w 9 repudiat+ evil1 z ! v t]m decl9e %[s4 ,?is is m]itori\s2 especially :5 a p]son resi/s aga9/ an in/igation to d evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,do+ good is ! completive act ( ju/ice1 & ! pr9cipal "p1 s to speak1 !re(4 ,decl9+ f evil is a m imp]fect act1 & a second>y "p ( t virtue4 ,h5ce x is a mat]ial "p1 s to speak1 !re(1 & a necess>y condition ( ! =mal & completive "p4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,transgression ,is a ,special ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t transgression is n a special s94 ,= no species is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( its g5us4 ,n[ transgression is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( s92 because ,ambrose says 7,de ,p>ad4 viii7 t s9 is a transgression ( ! ,div9e law4 ,!re=e transgression is n a species ( s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no species is m compreh5sive ?an its g5us4 ,b transgression is m compreh5sive ?an s91 because s9 is a ^w1 de$ or desire aga9/ ! law ( ,god1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #bg71 :ile transgression is also aga9/ nature1 or cu/om4 ,!re=e transgression is n a species ( s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no species conta9s all ! p>ts into :i* its g5us is divid$4 ,n[ ! s9 ( transgression ext5ds to all ! capital vices1 z well z to s9s ( ?\ght1 ^w & de$4 ,!re=e transgression is n a special s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is oppos$ to a special virtue1 namely ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,! t]m transgression is d]iv$ f bodily movem5t & appli$ to moral actions4 ,n[ a p]son is said to transgress 9 bodily movem5t1 :5 he /eps 7graditur7 beyond 7trans7 a fix$ b\nd>y--& x is a negative precept t fixes ! b\nd>y t man mu/ n exce$ 9 8 moral actions4 ,:]e=e to transgress1 prop]ly speak+1 is to act aga9/ a negative precept4 ,n[ mat]ially consid]$ ?is may be common to all ! species ( s91 because man transgresses a ,div9e precept by any species ( mortal s94 ,b if we consid] x =mally1 namely "u its special aspect ( an act aga9/ a negative precept1 x is a special s9 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 s f> z x is oppos$ to ^? k9ds ( s9 t are oppos$ to ! o!r virtues3 = j z x belongs prop]ly to legal ju/ice to consid] a precept z b9d+1 s x belongs prop]ly to a transgression to consid] a precept z an object ( contempt4 ,secondly1 9 s f> z x is di/9ct f omission :i* is oppos$ to an affirmative precept4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 z legal ju/ice is all virtue 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #e7 z reg>ds its subject & matt]1 s legal inju/ice is mat]ially all s94 ,x is 9 ?is way t ,ambrose def9$ s91 consid]+ x f ! po9t ( view ( legal inju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! natural incl9ation conc]ns ! precepts ( ! natural law4 ,aga91 a laudable cu/om has ! =ce ( a precept2 s9ce z ,augu/9e says 9 an epi/le on ! ,fa/ ( ! ,sabba? 7,ep4 xxxvi71 a cu/om ( ,god's p %\ld be look$ ^u z law4 ,h5ce bo? s9 & transgression may be aga9/ a laudable cu/om & aga9/ a natural incl9ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ^! species ( s9 may include transgression1 if we consid] !m n "u _! prop] aspects1 b "u a special aspect1 z /at$ above4 ,! s9 ( omission1 h[ev]1 is altoge!r di/9ct f ! s9 ( transgression4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,omission ,is a ,special ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t omission is n a special s94 ,= e s9 is ei!r orig9al or actual4 ,n[ omission is n orig9al s91 = x is n contract$ ?r\gh orig92 nor is x actual s91 = x may be altoge!r )\t act1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #e7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( s9s 9 g5]al4 ,!re=e omission is n a special s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e s9 is volunt>y4 ,n[ omission sometimes is n volunt>y b necess>y1 z :5 a woman is violat$ aft] tak+ a v[ ( virg9ity1 or :5 "o lose t :i* "o is "u an obligation to re/ore1 or :5 a prie/ is b\nd to say ,mass1 & is prev5t$ f do+ s4 ,!re=e omission is n always a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is possible to fix ! "t :5 any special s9 beg9s4 ,b ?is is n possible 9 ! case ( omission1 s9ce "o is n alt]$ by n do+ a ?+1 no matt] :5 ! omission occurs1 & yet ! omission is n always s9ful4 ,!re=e omission is n a special s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 e special s9 is oppos$ to a special virtue4 ,b x is n possible to assign any special virtue to :i* omission is oppos$1 bo? because ! good ( any virtue c be omitt$1 & because ju/ice to :i* x w\ld seem m p>ticul>ly oppos$1 always requires an act1 ev5 9 decl9+ f evil1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b71 :ile omission may be altoge!r )\t act4 ,!re=e omission is n a special s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,james #d3ag73 ,to him 4 4 4 :o kn[e? to d good & do? x n1 to him x is s94 ,i answ] t1 omission signifies ! non-fulfilm5t ( a good1 n inde$ ( any good1 b ( a good t is due4 ,n[ good "u ! aspect ( due belongs prop]ly to ju/ice2 to legal ju/ice1 if ! ?+ due dep5ds on ,div9e or human law2 to special ju/ice1 if ! due is some?+ 9 relation to "o's neighbor4 ,:]e=e1 9 ! same way z ju/ice is a special virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,,aa4 #f1 #g71 omission is a special s9 di/9ct f ! s9s :i* are oppos$ to ! o!r virtues2 & j z do+ good1 :i* is ! opposite ( omitt+ x1 is a special "p ( ju/ice1 di/9ct f avoid+ evil1 to :i* transgression is oppos$1 s too is omission di/9ct f transgression4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,omission is n orig9al b actual s91 n z ?\gh x _h "s act ess5tial to x1 b = z mu* z ! negation ( an act is r$uc$ to ! g5us ( act1 & 9 ?is s5se non-action is a k9d ( action1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,omission1 z /at$ above1 is only ( su* good z is due & to :i* "o is b\nd4 ,n[ no man is b\nd to ! impossible3 :]e=e no man s9s by omission1 if he does n d :at he _c4 ,accord+ly %e :o is violat$ aft] v[+ virg9ity1 is guilty ( an omission1 n ?r\gh n hav+ virg9ity1 b ?r\gh n rep5t+ ( h] pa/ s91 or ?r\gh n do+ :at %e c to fulfil h] v[ by obs]v+ cont95ce4 ,aga9 a prie/ is n b\nd to say ,mass1 except he h a suitable opportunity1 & if ?is be lack+1 !re is no omission4 ,& 9 l mann]1 a p]son is b\nd to re/itution1 suppos+ he has ! :]e)al2 if he has n & _c h x1 he is n guilty ( an omission1 provid$ he does :at he c4 ,! same applies to o!r simil> cases4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z ! s9 ( transgression is oppos$ to negative precepts :i* reg>d ! avoidance ( evil1 s ! s9 ( omission is oppos$ to affirmative precepts1 :i* reg>d ! do+ ( good4 ,n[ affirmative precepts b9d n = always1 b = a fix$ "t1 & at t "t ! s9 ( omission beg9s4 ,b x may happ5 t !n "o is unable to d :at "o ought1 & if ?is inability is )\t any fault on 8 "p1 he does n omit 8 duty1 z /at$ above 7ad #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #e74 ,on ! o!r h& if ?is inability is due to "s previ\s fault ( 8 7= in/ance1 if a man gets drunk at night1 & _c get up = mat9s1 z he ought to71 "s say t ! s9 ( omission beg9s :5 he engages 9 an action t is illicit & incompatible ) ! act to :i* he is b\nd4 ,b ?is does n seem to be true1 = suppos+ "o 7 to r\se him by viol5ce & t he w5t to mat9s1 he w\ld n omit to g1 s t1 evid5tly1 ! previ\s drunk5ness 0 n an omission1 b ! cause ( an omission4 ,consequ5tly1 we mu/ say t ! omission beg9s to be imput$ to him z a s91 :5 ! "t comes = ! action2 & yet ?is is on acc\nt ( a prec$+ cause by reason ( :i* ! subsequ5t omission becomes volunt>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,omission is directly oppos$ to ju/ice1 z /at$ above2 because x is a non-fulfilm5t ( a good ( virtue1 b only "u ! aspect ( due1 :i* p]ta9s to ju/ice4 ,n[ m is requir$ = an act to be virtu\s & m]itori\s ?an = x to be s9ful & dem]itori\s1 because good results f an entire cause1 :]eas evil arises f ea* s+le defect 99,dionysius1 ,de ,div4 ,nom4 iv4 ,:]e=e ! m]it ( ju/ice requires an act1 :]eas an omission does n4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #gi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,s9 ( ,omission ,is ,m ,griev\s ,?an a ,s9 ( ,transgression8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a s9 ( omission is m griev\s ?an a s9 ( transgression4 ,= delictum w\ld seem to signify ! same z d]elictum 99,augu/9e1 ,,qq4 9 ,levit41 qu4 xx1 & !re=e is seem+ly ! same z an omission4 ,b delictum d5otes a m griev\s (f5ce ?an transgression1 because x des]ves m expiation z appe>s f ,lev4 #e4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( omission is m griev\s ?an ! s9 ( transgression4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! great] evil is oppos$ to ! great] good1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 viii1 #aj74 ,n[ to d good is a m excell5t "p ( ju/ice1 ?an to decl9e f evil1 to :i* transgression is oppos$1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,!re=e omission is a grav] s9 ?an transgression4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9s ( transgression may be ei!r v5ial or mortal4 ,b s9s ( omission seem to be always mortal1 s9ce !y are oppos$ to an affirmative precept4 ,!re=e omission w\ld seem to be a grav] s9 ?an transgression4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! pa9 ( loss :i* consi/s 9 be+ depriv$ ( see+ ,god & is inflict$ = ! s9 ( omission1 is a great] puni%m5t ?an ! pa9 ( s5se1 :i* is inflict$ = ! s9 ( transgression1 z ,*ryso/om /ates 7,hom4 xxiii sup] ,mat?474 ,n[ puni%m5t is proportionate to fault4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( omission is grav] ?an ! s9 ( transgression4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is easi] to refra9 f evil de$s ?an to accompli% good de$s4 ,!re=e x is a grav] s9 n to refra9 f an evil de$1 i4e4 to transgress1 ?an n to accompli% a good de$1 :i* is to omit4 ,i answ] t1 ,! gravity ( a s9 dep5ds on its remot5ess f virtue4 ,n[ contr>iety is ! greate/ remot5ess1 accord+ to ,metaph4 x 99,didot4 ed4 ix1 #d4 ,:]e=e a ?+ is fur!r remov$ f its contr>y ?an f its simple negation2 ?us black is fur!r remov$ f :ite ?an n-:ite is1 s9ce e black is n-:ite1 b n conv]sely4 ,n[ x is evid5t t transgression is contr>y to an act ( virtue1 :ile omission d5otes ! negation !re(3 = in/ance x is a s9 ( omission1 if "o fail to give "o's p>5ts due rev]5ce1 :ile x is a s9 ( transgression to revile !m or injure !m 9 any way4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t1 simply & absolutely speak+1 transgression is a grav] s9 ?an omission1 al?\gh a p>ticul> omission may be grav] ?an a p>ticul> transgression4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,delictum 9 its wide/ s5se d5otes any k9d ( omission2 b sometimes x is tak5 /rictly = ! omission ( some?+ conc]n+ ,god1 or = a man's int5tional & z x 7 contemptu\s d]eliction ( duty3 & !n x has a c]ta9 gravity1 = :i* reason x dem&s a great] expiation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! opposite ( do+ good is bo? n do+ good1 :i* is an omission1 & do+ evil1 :i* is a transgression3 b ! fir/ is oppos$ by contradiction1 ! second by contr>iety1 :i* implies great] remot5ess3 :]e=e transgression is ! m griev\s s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z omission is oppos$ to affirmative precepts1 s is transgression oppos$ to negative precepts3 :]e=e bo?1 /rictly speak+1 h ! "* ( mortal s94 ,transgression & omission1 h[ev]1 may be tak5 broadly = any infr+em5t ( an affirmative or negative precept1 dispos+ to ! opposite ( su* precept3 & s tak+ bo? 9 a broad s5se !y may be v5ial s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,to ! s9 ( transgression !re correspond bo? ! pa9 ( loss on acc\nt ( ! av]sion f ,god1 & ! pa9 ( s5se1 on acc\nt ( ! inord9ate conv]sion to a mutable good4 ,9 l mann] omission des]ves n only ! pa9 ( loss1 b also ! pa9 ( s5se1 accord+ to ,matt4 #g3ai1 ,e tree t br+e? n =? good fruit %all be cut d[n1 & %all be ca/ into ! fire2 & ?is on acc\nt ( ! root f :i* x gr[s1 al?\gh x does n necess>ily imply conv]sion to any mutable good4 ,,"q #hj ,,( ,,! ,,pot5tial ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ju/ice 7,9 ,"o ,article7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! pot5tial p>ts ( ju/ice1 namely ! virtues annex$ !reto2 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( consid]ation3 7#a7 ,:at virtues are annex$ to ju/ice8 7#b7 ,! individual virtues annex$ to ju/ice4 ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hj1 ,art4 ,:e!r ! ,virtues ,annex$ to ,ju/ice ,are ,suitably ,enum]at$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! virtues annex$ to ju/ice are unsuitably enum]at$4 ,tully 99,de ,inv5t4 ii1 #ec reckons six1 viz4 religion1 piety1 gratitude1 rev5ge1 obs]vance1 tru?4 ,n[ rev5ge is seem+ly a species ( commutative ju/ice :]eby rev5ge is tak5 = injuries inflict$1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e x %\ld n be reckon$ among ! virtues annex$ to ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,macrobius 7,sup] ,somn4 ,scip4 i1 #h7 reckons sev51 viz4 innoc5ce1 fri5d%ip1 concord1 piety1 religion1 affection1 humanity1 sev]al ( :i* are omitt$ by ,tully4 ,!re=e ! virtues annex$ to ju/ice w\ld seem to be insuffici5tly enum]at$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 o!rs reckon five p>ts ( ju/ice1 viz4 ob$i5ce 9 respect ( "o's sup]iors1 discipl9e ) reg>d to inf]iors1 equity z reg>ds equals1 fidelity & tru?fulness t[>ds all2 & ( ^! tru?fulness alone is m5tion$ by ,tully4 ,!re=e he w\ld seem to h enum]at$ insuffici5tly ! virtues annex$ to ju/ice4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! p]ipatetic ,&ronicus 99,de ,affectibus reckons n9e p>ts annex$ to ju/ice viz4 lib]ality1 k9dl9ess1 rev5ge1 commons5se1 99eugnomosyne piety1 gratitude1 hol9ess1 j ex*ange & j lawgiv+2 & ( all ^! x is evid5t t ,tully m5tions none b rev5ge4 ,!re=e he w\ld appe> to h made an incomplete enum]ation4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,ari/otle 7,e?ic4 v1 #aj7 m5tions epieikeia z be+ annex$ to ju/ice3 & yet seem+ly x is n includ$ 9 any ( ! =ego+ enum]ations4 ,!re=e ! virtues annex$ to ju/ice are insuffici5tly enum]at$4 ,i answ] t1 ,two po9ts mu/ be obs]v$ ab\t ! virtues annex$ to a pr9cipal virtue4 ,! fir/ is t ^! virtues h some?+ 9 common ) ! pr9cipal virtue2 & ! second is t 9 "s respect !y fall %ort ( ! p]fection ( t virtue4 ,accord+ly s9ce ju/ice is ( "o man to ano!r z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #b71 all ! virtues t are direct$ to ano!r p]son may by reason ( ?is common aspect be annex$ to ju/ice4 ,n[ ! ess5tial "* ( ju/ice consi/s 9 r5d]+ to ano!r 8 due accord+ to equality1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #aa74 ,:]e=e 9 two ways may a virtue direct$ to ano!r p]son fall %ort ( ! p]fection ( ju/ice3 fir/1 by fall+ %ort ( ! aspect ( equality2 secondly1 by fall+ %ort ( ! aspect ( due4 ,= c]ta9 virtues !re are :i* r5d] ano!r 8 due1 b are unable to r5d] ! equal due4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :atev] man r5d]s to ,god is due1 yet x _c be equal1 z ?\gh man r5d]$ to ,god z mu* z he owes ,him1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aae3ab1 ,:at %all ,i r5d] to ! ,"l = all ! ?+s t ,he ha? r5d]$ to me8 ,9 ?is respect religion is annex$ to ju/ice s9ce1 accord+ to ,tully 7,de inv5t4 ii1 #ec71 x consi/s 9 (f]+ s]vice & c]emonial rites or wor%ip to "s sup]ior nature t m5 call div9e4 ,secondly1 x is n possible to make to "o's p>5ts an equal return ( :at "o owes to !m1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ad72 & ?us piety is annex$ to ju/ice1 = !reby1 z ,tully says 7,de inv5t4 ii1 #ec71 a man r5d]s s]vice & con/ant def]5ce to 8 k9dr$ & ! well-wi%]s ( 8 c\ntry4 ,?irdly1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c71 man is unable to (f] an equal me$ = virtue1 & ?us obs]vance is annex$ to ju/ice1 consi/+ accord+ to ,tully 7,de inv5t4 ii1 #ec7 9 ! def]5ce & honor r5d]$ to ^? :o excel 9 wor?4 ,a fall+ %ort ( ! j due may be consid]$ 9 respect ( a tw(old due1 moral or legal3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ac7 assigns a correspond+ tw(old j4 ,! legal due is t :i* "o is b\nd to r5d] by reason ( a legal obligation2 & ?is due is *iefly ! conc]n ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! pr9cipal virtue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! moral due is t to :i* "o is b\nd 9 respect ( ! rectitude ( virtue3 & s9ce a due implies necessity1 ?is k9d ( due has two degrees4 ,= "o due is s necess>y t )\t x moral rectitude _c be ensur$3 & ?is has m ( ! "* ( due4 ,moreov] ?is due may be consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! debtor1 & 9 ?is way x p]ta9s to ?is k9d ( due t a man repres5t himself to o!rs j z he is1 bo? 9 ^w & de$4 ,:]e=e to ju/ice is annex$ tru?1 :]eby1 z ,tully says 7,de inv5t4 ii1 #ec71 pres5t1 pa/ & future ?+s are told )\t p]v]sion4 ,x may also be consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! p]son to :om x is due1 by comp>+ ! rew>d he receives ) :at he has done--sometimes 9 good ?+s2 & !n annex$ to ju/ice we h gratitude :i* consi/s 9 recollect+ ! fri5d%ip & k9dl9ess %[n by o!rs1 & 9 desir+ to pay !m back1 z ,tully /ates 7,de inv5t4 ii1 #ec7--;& sometimes 9 evil ?+s1 & !n to ju/ice is annex$ rev5ge1 :]eby1 z ,tully /ates 7,de inv5t4 ii1 #ec71 we resi/ =ce1 injury or any?+ obscure99 by tak+ v5geance or by self-def5se4 99,/4 ,?omas read obscurum1 & expla9s x z mean+ d]ogatory1 infra ,q4 #ajh1 ,a4 #b4 ,cic]o1 h[ev]1 wrote obfuturum1 i4e4 hurtful4 ,!re is ano!r due t is necess>y 9 ! s5se t x conduces to great] rectitude1 al?\gh )\t x rectitude may be ensur$4 ,?is due is ! conc]n ( lib]ality1 affability or fri5d%ip1 or ! l1 all ( :i* ,tully omits 9 ! a=esaid enum]ation because !re is little ( ! nature ( any?+ due 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! rev5ge tak5 by au?ority ( a public p[]1 9 accordance ) a judge's s5t5ce1 belongs to commutative ju/ice3 :]eas ! rev5ge :i* a man takes on 8 own initiative1 ?\gh n aga9/ ! law1 or :i* a man seeks to obta9 f a judge1 belongs to ! virtue annex$ to ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,macrobius appe>s to h consid]$ ! two integral p>ts ( ju/ice1 namely1 decl9+ f evil1 to :i* innoc5ce belongs1 & do+ good1 to :i* ! six o!rs belong4 ,( ^!1 two w\ld seem to reg>d relations betwe5 equals1 namely1 fri5d%ip 9 ! ext]nal conduct & concord int]nally2 two reg>d our relations t[>d sup]iors1 namely1 piety to p>5ts1 & religion to ,god2 :ile two reg>d our relations t[>ds inf]iors1 namely1 condesc5sion1 9 s f> z _! good pleases u1 & humanity1 :]eby we help !m 9 _! ne$s4 ,= ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 t a man is said to be humane1 ?r\gh hav+ a feel+ ( love & pity t[>ds m53 ?is gives its "n to humanity :]eby we uphold "o ano!r4 ,9 ?is s5se fri5d%ip is und]/ood z direct+ our ext]nal conduct t[>ds o!rs1 f :i* po9t ( view ! ,philosoph] treats ( x 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #f4 ,fri5d%ip may also be tak5 z reg>d+ prop]ly ! affections1 & z ! ,philosoph] describes x 9 ,e?ic4 viii & ix4 ,9 ?is s5se ?ree ?+s p]ta9 to fri5d%ip1 namely1 b5evol5ce :i* is "h call$ affection2 concord1 & b5efic5ce :i* is "h call$ humanity4 ,^! ?ree1 h[ev]1 are omitt$ by ,tully1 because1 z /at$ above1 !y h little ( ! nature ( a due4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ob$i5ce is includ$ 9 obs]vance1 :i* ,tully m5tions1 because bo? rev]5tial honor & ob$i5ce are due to p]sons :o excel4 ,fai?fulness :]eby a man's acts agree ) 8 words 99,cic]o1 ,de ,repub4 iv1 ,de ,(fic4 i1 #g1 is conta9$ 9 tru?fulness z to ! obs]vance ( "o's promises3 yet tru?fulness cov]s a wid] gr\nd1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #aji1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c74 ,discipl9e is n due z a necess>y duty1 because "o is "u no obligation to an inf]ior z su*1 al?\gh a sup]ior may be "u an obligation to wat* ov] 8 inf]iors1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bd3de1 ,a fai?ful & wise s]vant1 :om 8 "l ha? appo9t$ ov] 8 family3 & = ?is reason x is omitt$ by ,tully4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be includ$ 9 humanity m5tion$ by ,macrobius2 & equity "u epieikeia or "u fri5d%ip4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,?is enum]ation conta9s "s belong+ to true ju/ice4 ,to p>ticul> ju/ice belongs ju/ice ( ex*ange1 :i* he describes z ! habit ( obs]v+ equality 9 commutations4 ,to legal ju/ice1 z reg>ds ?+s to be obs]v$ by all1 he ascribes legislative ju/ice1 :i* he describes z ! sci5ce ( political commutations relat+ to ! community4 ,z reg>ds ?+s :i* h to be done 9 p>ticul> cases beside ! g5]al laws1 he m5tions common s5se or good judgm5t199 :i* is our guide 9 su* l matt]s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ea1 ,a4 #d7 9 ! treatise on prud5ce3 :]e=e he says t x is a volunt>y ju/ification1 because by 8 own free w man obs]ves :at is j accord+ to 8 judgm5t & n accord+ to ! writt5 law4 99,/4 ,?omas indicates ! ,greek d]ivation3 eugnomosyne quasi 'bona gnome4' ,^! two are ascrib$ to prud5ce z _! director1 & to ju/ice z _! executor4 ,eusebeia 7piety7 means good wor%ip & consequ5tly is ! same z religion1 :]e=e he says t x is ! sci5ce ( ! s]vice ( ,god 7he speaks aft] ! mann] ( ,socrates :o said t 'all ! virtues are sci5ces'7 99,ari/otle1 ,e?ic4 vi1 #ac3 & hol9ess comes to ! same1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #h74 ,eu*>i/ia 7gratitude7 means good ?anksgiv+1 & is m5tion$ by ,macrobius3 :]e=e ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 t a k9d man is "o :o is ready ( 8 own accord to d good1 & is ( g5tle spee*3 & ,&ronicus too says t k9dl9ess is a habit ( volunt>y b5efic5ce4 ,lib]ality w\ld seem to p]ta9 to humanity4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,epieikeia is annex$1 n to p>ticul> b to legal ju/ice1 & app>5tly is ! same z t :i* goes by ! "n ( eugnomosyne 7common s5se74 ,,"q #ha ,,( ,,religion 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ea* ( ! =ego+ virtues1 9 s f> z our pres5t scope dem&s4 ,we %all consid] 7#a7 religion1 7#b7 piety1 7#c7 obs]vance1 7#d7 gratitude1 7#e7 rev5ge1 7#f7 tru?1 7#g7 fri5d%ip1 7#h7 lib]ality1 7#i7 epieikeia4 ,( ! o!r virtues t h be5 m5tion$ we h spok5 p>tly 9 ! treatise on *>ity1 viz4 ( concord & ! l1 & p>tly 9 ?is treatise on ju/ice1 = in/ance1 ( "r commutations & ( innoc5ce4 ,( legislative ju/ice we spoke 9 ! treatise on prud5ce4 ,religion (f]s a ?reefold consid]ation3 7#a7 ,religion consid]$ 9 itself2 7#b7 its acts2 7#c7 ! opposite vices4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r religion reg>ds only our relation to ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r religion is a virtue8 7#c7 ,:e!r religion is "o virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r religion is a special virtue8 7#e7 ,:e!r religion is a !ological virtue8 7#f7 ,:e!r religion %\ld be pref]r$ to ! o!r moral virtues8 7#g7 ,:e!r religion has any ext]nal actions8 7#h7 ,:e!r religion is ! same z hol9ess8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,religion ,directs ,man to ,god ,alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t religion does n direct man to ,god alone4 ,x is writt5 7,james #a3bg73 ,religion clean & undefil$ be=e ,god & ! ,fa!r is ?is1 to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! tribulation1 & to keep oneself unspott$ f ?is _w4 ,n[ to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s indicates an ord] betwe5 oneself & "o's neighbor1 & to keep oneself unspott$ f ?is _w belongs to ! ord] ( a man )9 himself4 ,!re=e religion does n imply ord] to ,god alone4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #a7 t s9ce 9 speak+ ,lat9 n only unlett]$ b ev5 mo/ cultur$ p]sons ere wont to speak ( religion z be+ exhibit$1 to our human k9dr$ & relations z also to ^? :o are l9k$ ) u by any k9d ( tie1 t t]m does n escape ambiguity :5 x is a "q ( ,div9e wor%ip1 s t we be able to say )\t hesitation t religion is no?+ else b ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,!re=e religion signifies a relation n only to ,god b also to our k9dr$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly latria p]ta9s to religion4 ,n[ latria signifies s]vitude1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #a74 ,& we are b\nd to s]ve n only ,god1 b also our neighbor1 accord+ to ,gal4 #e3ac1 ,by *>ity ( ! _s s]ve "o ano!r4 ,!re=e religion includes a relation to "o's neighbor also4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 wor%ip belongs to religion4 ,n[ man is said to wor%ip n only ,god1 b also 8 neighbor1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,cato 99,dionysius ,cato1 ,breves ,s5t5tiae1 ,wor%ip ?y p>5ts4 ,!re=e religion directs u also to our neighbor1 & n only to ,god4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 all ^? :o are 9 ! /ate ( grace are subject to ,god4 ,yet n all :o are 9 a /ate ( grace are call$ religi\s1 b only ^? :o b9d !mselves by c]ta9 v[s & obs]vances1 & to ob$i5ce to c]ta9 m54 ,!re=e religion seem+ly does n d5ote a relation ( subjection ( man to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully says 7,rhet4 ii1 #ec7 t religion consi/s 9 (f]+ s]vice & c]emonial rites to a sup]ior nature t m5 call div9e4 ,i answ] t1 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 x71 accord+ to ,cic]o1 a man is said to be religi\s f religio1 because he (t5 pond]s ov]1 &1 z x 71 reads aga9 7relegit71 ! ?+s :i* p]ta9 to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 s t religion w\ld seem to take its "n f read+ ov] ^? ?+s :i* belong to ,div9e wor%ip because we ought frequ5tly to pond] ov] su* ?+s 9 our he>ts1 accord+ to ,prov4 #c3f1 ,9 all ?y ways ?9k on ,him4 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #c7 x may also take its "n f ! fact t we ought to seek ,god aga91 :om we _h lo/ by our neglect 99,/4 ,augu/9e plays on ! words reelig]e1 i4e4 to *oose ov] aga91 & neglig]e1 to neglect or despise44 ,or aga91 religion may be d]iv$ f relig>e 7to b9d toge!r71 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #ee73 ,may religion b9d u to ! "o ,almighty ,god4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r religion take its "n f frequ5t read+1 or f a repeat$ *oice ( :at has be5 lo/ ?r\gh neglig5ce1 or f be+ a bond1 x d5otes prop]ly a relation to ,god4 ,= x is ,he to ,:om we ought to be b\nd z to our unfail+ pr9ciple2 to ,:om also our *oice %\ld be resolutely direct$ z to our la/ end2 & ,:om we lose :5 we neglect ,him by s91 & %\ld recov] by believ+ 9 ,him & confess+ our fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,religion has two k9ds ( acts4 ,"s are its prop] & imm$iate acts1 :i* x elicits1 & by :i* man is direct$ to ,god alone1 = in/ance1 sacrifice1 adoration & ! l4 ,b x has o!r acts1 :i* x produces ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! virtues :i* x comm&s1 direct+ !m to ! honor ( ,god1 because ! virtue :i* is conc]n$ ) ! end1 comm&s ! virtues :i* are conc]n$ ) ! means4 ,accord+ly to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! tribulation is an act ( religion z comm&+1 & an act ( m]cy z elicit+2 & to keep oneself unspott$ f ?is _w is an act ( religion z comm&+1 b ( temp]ance or ( "s simil> virtue z elicit+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,religion is ref]r$ to ^? ?+s "o exhibits to "o's human k9dr$1 if we take ! t]m religion 9 a broad s5se1 b n if we take x 9 its prop] s5se4 ,h5ce1 %ortly be=e ! passage quot$1 ,augu/9e says3 ,9 a /rict] s5se religion seems to d5ote1 n any k9d ( wor%ip1 b ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce s]vant implies relation to a "l1 :]ev] !re is a special k9d ( lord%ip !re mu/ ne$s be a special k9d ( s]vice4 ,n[ x is evid5t t lord%ip belongs to ,god 9 a special & s+ul> way1 because ,he made all ?+s1 & has supreme dom9ion ov] all4 ,consequ5tly a special k9d ( s]vice is due to ,him1 :i* is kn[n z latria 9 ,greek2 & !re=e x belongs to religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,we are said to wor%ip ^? :om we honor1 & to cultivate 99,9 ! ,lat9 ! same ^w col]e /&s = wor%ip & cultivate a man's memory or pres5ce3 we ev5 speak ( cultivat+ ?+s t are b5ea? u1 ?us a f>m] 7agricola7 is "o :o cultivates ! l&1 & an inhabitant 7incola7 is "o :o cultivates ! place :]e he dwells4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 special honor is due to ,god z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 to ,him also is due a special k9d ( wor%ip1 :i* 9 ,greek is ,eusebeia or ,!osebeia1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,al?\gh ! "n religi\s may be giv5 to all 9 g5]al :o wor%ip ,god1 yet 9 a special way religi\s are ^? :o consecrate _! :ole life to ! ,div9e wor%ip1 by )draw+ f human affairs4 ,?us also ! t]m contemplative is appli$1 n to ^? :o contemplate1 b to ^? :o give up _! :ole lives to contemplation4 ,su* m5 subject !mselves to man1 n = man's sake b = ,god's sake1 accord+ to ! ^w ( ! ,apo/le 7,gal4 #d3ad71 ,y 4 4 4 receiv$ me z an angel ( ,god1 ev5 z ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,religion ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t religion is n a virtue4 ,seem+ly x belongs to religion to pay rev]5ce to ,god4 ,b rev]5ce is an act ( fe> :i* is a gift1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #i74 ,!re=e religion is n a virtue b a gift4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e virtue is a free ex]cise ( ! w1 :]e=e x is describ$ z an elective or volunt>y habit 99,e?ic4 ii1 #f4 ,n[1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c7 latria belongs to religion1 & latria d5otes a k9d ( s]vitude4 ,!re=e religion is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ii1 #a1 aptitude = virtue is 9 u by nature1 :]e=e ?+s p]ta9+ to virtue belong to ! dictate ( natural reason4 ,n[1 x belongs to religion to (f] c]emonial wor%ip to ! ,godhead 99,cf4 ,a4 #a1 & c]emonial matt]s1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b2 ,q4 #aja71 d n belong to ! dictate ( natural reason4 ,!re=e religion is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is enum]at$ ) ! o!r virtues1 z appe>s f :at has be5 said above 7,q4 #hj74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d7 a virtue is t :i* makes its possessor good1 & 8 act good likewise1 :]e=e we mu/ ne$s say t e good act belongs to a virtue4 ,n[ x is evid5t t to r5d] anyone 8 due has ! aspect ( good1 s9ce by r5d]+ a p]son 8 due1 "o becomes suitably proportion$ to him1 ?r\gh be+ ord]$ to him 9 a becom+ mann]4 ,b ord] comes "u ! aspect ( good1 j z mode & species1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,nat4 ,boni iii74 ,s9ce !n x belongs to religion to pay due honor to someone1 namely1 to ,god1 x is evid5t t religion is a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to pay rev]5ce to ,god is an act ( ! gift ( fe>4 ,n[ x belongs to religion to d c]ta9 ?+s ?r\gh rev]5ce = ,god4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 n t religion is ! same z ! gift ( fe>1 b t x is ref]r$ !reto z to some?+ m excell5t2 = ! gifts are m excell5t ?an ! moral virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #h74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 a slave c volunt>ily d 8 duty by 8 ma/]1 & s he makes a virtue ( necessity 99,j]ome1 ,ep4 liv1 ad ,furiam41 by do+ 8 duty volunt>ily4 ,9 l mann]1 to r5d] due s]vice to ,god may be an act ( virtue1 9 s f> z man does s volunt>ily4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x belongs to ! dictate ( natural reason t man %\ld d some?+ ?r\gh rev]5ce = ,god4 ,b t he %\ld d ?is or t det]m9ate ?+ does n belong to ! dictate ( natural reason1 b is e/abli%$ by ,div9e or human law4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,religion ,is ,"o ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t religion is n "o virtue4 ,religion directs u to ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ 9 ,god !re are ?ree ,p]sons2 & also _m attributes1 :i* diff] at lea/ logically f "o ano!r4 ,n[ a logical diff]5ce 9 ! object suffices = a diff]5ce ( virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ej1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,!re=e religion is n "o virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ( "o virtue !re is seem+ly "o act1 s9ce habits are di/+ui%$ by _! acts4 ,n[ !re are _m acts ( religion1 = in/ance to wor%ip1 to s]ve1 to v[1 to pray1 to sacrifice & _m su* l4 ,!re=e religion is n "o virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 adoration belongs to religion4 ,n[ adoration is paid to images "u "o aspect1 & "u ano!r aspect to ,god ,himself4 ,s9ce1 !n1 a diff]5ce ( aspect di/+ui%es virtues1 x w\ld seem t religion is n "o virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eph4 #d3e73 ,"o ,god ,vulg43 ',"l'1 "o fai?4 ,n[ true religion pr(esses fai? 9 "o ,god4 ,!re=e religion is "o virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a71 habits are diff]5tiat$ accord+ to a diff]5t aspect ( ! object4 ,n[ x belongs to religion to %[ rev]5ce to "o ,god "u "o aspect1 namely1 z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ?+s4 ,:]e=e ,he ,himself says 7,mala*4 #a3f73 ,if 4 4 4 ,i be a fa!r1 :]e is ,my honor8 ,= x belongs to a fa!r to beget & to gov]n4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t religion is "o virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ?ree ,div9e ,p]sons are ! "o pr9ciple ( ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ?+s1 :]e=e !y are s]v$ by "o religion4 ,! diff]5t aspects ( ! attributes concur "u ! aspect ( fir/ pr9ciple1 because ,god produces all ?+s1 & gov]ns !m by ! wisdom1 w & p[] ( ,8 goodness4 ,:]e=e religion is "o virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by ! "o same act man bo? s]ves & wor%ips ,god1 = wor%ip reg>ds ! excell5ce ( ,god1 to ,:om rev]5ce is due3 :ile s]vice reg>ds ! subjection ( man :o1 by 8 condition1 is "u an obligation ( %[+ rev]5ce to ,god4 ,to ^! two belong all acts ascrib$ to religion1 because1 by !m all1 man be>s witness to ! ,div9e excell5ce & to 8 own subjection to ,god1 ei!r by (f]+ some?+ to ,god1 or by assum+ some?+ ,div9e4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! wor%ip ( religion is paid to images1 n z consid]$ 9 !mselves1 nor z ?+s1 b z images lead+ u to ,god inc>nate4 ,n[ movem5t to an image z image does n /op at ! image1 b goes on to ! ?+ x repres5ts4 ,h5ce nei!r latria nor ! virtue ( religion is diff]5tiat$ by ! fact t religi\s wor%ip is paid to ! images ( ,*ri/4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,religion ,is a ,special ,virtue1 ,di/9ct f ! ,o!rs8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t religion is n a special virtue di/9ct f ! o!rs4 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #f73 ,any action :]eby we are unit$ to ,god 9 holy fell[%ip1 is a true sacrifice4 ,b sacrifice belongs to religion4 ,!re=e e virtu\s de$ belongs to religion2 & consequ5tly religion is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #aj3ca73 ,d all to ! glory ( ,god4 ,n[ x belongs to religion to d any?+ 9 rev]5ce ( ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b2 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e religion is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! *>ity :]eby we love ,god is n di/9ct f ! *>ity :]eby we love our neighbor4 ,b accord+ to ,e?ic4 viii1 #h to be honor$ is almo/ to be lov$4 ,!re=e ! religion :]eby we honor ,god is n a special virtue di/9ct f obs]vance1 or dulia1 or piety :]eby we honor our neighbor4 ,!re=e religion is n a special virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is reckon$ a "p ( ju/ice1 di/9ct f ! o!r p>ts4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce virtue is direct$ to ! good1 :]ev] !re is a special aspect ( good1 !re mu/ be a special virtue4 ,n[ ! good to :i* religion is direct$1 is to give due honor to ,god4 ,aga91 honor is due to someone "u ! aspect ( excell5ce3 & to ,god a s+ul> excell5ce is compet5t1 s9ce ,he inf9itely surpasses all ?+s & exce$s !m 9 e way4 ,:]e=e to ,him is special honor due3 ev5 z 9 human affairs we see t diff]5t honor is due to diff]5t p]sonal excell5ces1 "o k9d ( honor to a fa!r1 ano!r to ! k+1 & s on4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t religion is a special virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,e virtu\s de$ is said to be a sacrifice1 9 s f> z x is done out ( rev]5ce ( ,god4 ,h5ce ?is does n prove t religion is a g5]al virtue1 b t x comm&s all o!r virtues1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,e de$1 9 s f> z x is done 9 ,god's honor1 belongs to religion1 n z elicit+ b z comm&+3 ^? belong to religion z elicit+ :i* p]ta9 to ! rev]5ce ( ,god by reason ( _! specific "*4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! object ( love is ! good1 b ! object ( honor & rev]5ce is some?+ excell5t4 ,n[ ,god's goodness is communicat$ to ! creature1 b ! excell5ce ( ,8 goodness is n4 ,h5ce ! *>ity :]eby ,god is lov$ is n di/9ct f ! *>ity :]eby our neighbor is lov$2 :]eas ! religion :]eby ,god is honor$1 is di/9ct f ! virtues :]eby we honor our neighbor4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,religion ,is a ,!ological ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t religion is a !ological virtue4 ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion iii7 t ,god is wor%ip$ by fai?1 hope & *>ity1 :i* are !ological virtues4 ,n[ x belongs to religion to pay wor%ip to ,god4 ,!re=e religion is a !ological virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a !ological virtue is "o t has ,god = its object4 ,n[ religion has ,god = its object1 s9ce x directs u to ,god alone1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e religion is a !ological virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e virtue is ei!r !ological1 or intellectual1 or moral1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,i-,,ii1 ,,qq4 #eg1 #eh1 #fb74 ,n[ x is evid5t t religion is n an intellectual virtue1 because its p]fection does n dep5d on ! consid]ation ( tru?3 nor is x a moral virtue1 :i* consi/s prop]ly 9 obs]v+ ! mean betwe5 too mu* & too little1 = "o _c wor%ip ,god too mu*1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #dc3cc1 ,bless+ ! ,"l1 exalt ,him z mu* z y c2 = ,he is above all praise4 ,!re=e x rema9s t x is a !ological virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is reckon$ a "p ( ju/ice :i* is a moral virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d7 religion pays due wor%ip to ,god4 ,h5ce two ?+s are to be consid]$ 9 religion3 fir/ t :i* x (f]s to ,god1 viz4 wor%ip1 & ?is is by way ( matt] & object 9 religion2 secondly1 t to :i* some?+ is (f]$1 viz4 ,god1 to ,:om wor%ip is paid4 ,& yet ! acts :]eby ,god is wor%ip$ d n rea* out to ,god himself1 z :5 we believe ,god we rea* out to ,him by believ+2 = :i* reason x 0 /at$ 7,q4 #a1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #d7 t ,god is ! object ( fai?1 n only because we believe 9 a ,god1 b because we believe ,god4 ,n[ due wor%ip is paid to ,god1 9 s f> z c]ta9 acts :]eby ,god is wor%ip$1 su* z ! (f]+ ( sacrifices & s =?1 are done out ( rev]5ce = ,god4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ,god is relat$ to religion n z matt] or object1 b z end3 & consequ5tly religion is n a !ological virtue ^: object is ! la/ end1 b a moral virtue :i* is prop]ly ab\t ?+s ref]r$ to ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! p[] or virtue ^: action deals ) an end1 moves by its comm& ! p[] or virtue ^: action deals ) matt]s direct$ to t end4 ,n[ ! !ological virtues1 fai?1 hope & *>ity h an act 9 ref]5ce to ,god z _! prop] object3 :]e=e1 by _! comm&1 !y cause ! act ( religion1 :i* p]=ms c]ta9 de$s direct$ to ,god3 & s ,augu/9e says t ,god is wor%ip$ by fai?1 hope & *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,religion directs man to ,god n z its object b z its end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,religion is nei!r a !ological nor an intellectual1 b a moral virtue1 s9ce x is a "p ( ju/ice1 & obs]ves a mean1 n 9 ! passions1 b 9 actions direct$ to ,god1 by e/abli%+ a k9d ( equality 9 !m4 ,& :5 ,i say equality1 ,i d n mean absolute equality1 because x is n possible to pay ,god z mu* z we owe ,him1 b equality 9 consid]ation ( man's ability & ,god's acceptance4 ,& x is possible to h too mu* 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! ,div9e wor%ip1 n z reg>ds ! circum/ance ( quantity1 b z reg>ds o!r circum/ances1 z :5 ,div9e wor%ip is paid to :om x is n due1 or :5 x is n due1 or unduly 9 respect ( "s o!r circum/ance4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,religion ,%\ld ,be ,pref]r$ to ! ,o!r ,moral ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t religion %\ld n be pref]r$ to ! o!r moral virtues4 ,! p]fection ( a moral virtue consi/s 9 its obs]v+ ! mean1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f4 ,b religion fails to obs]ve ! mean ( ju/ice1 s9ce x does n r5d] an absolute equal to ,god4 ,!re=e religion is n m excell5t ?an ! o!r moral virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at is (f]$ by "o man to ano!r is ! m praisewor?y1 accord+ z ! p]son x is (f]$ to is 9 great] ne$3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,isa4 #eg3g73 ,deal ?y bread to ! hungry4 ,b ,god ne$s no?+ t we c (f] ,him1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ae3b1 ,i h said3 ,?\ art my ,god1 = ,?\ ha/ no ne$ ( my goods4 ,!re=e religion w\ld seem less praisewor?y ?an ! o!r virtues :]eby man's ne$s are reliev$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! great] ! obligation to d a ?+1 ! less praise does x des]ve1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #i3af1 ,if ,i prea* ! ,gospel1 x is no glory to me3 a necessity lie? ^u me4 ,n[ ! m a ?+ is due1 ! great] ! obligation ( pay+ x4 ,s9ce1 !n1 :at is paid to ,god by man is 9 ! highe/ degree due to ,him1 x w\ld seem t religion is less praisewor?y ?an ! o!r human virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! precepts p]ta9+ to religion are giv5 prec$5ce 7,ex4 #bj7 z be+ ( greate/ importance4 ,n[ ! ord] ( precepts is proportionate to ! ord] ( virtues1 s9ce ! precepts ( ! ,law prescribe acts ( virtue4 ,!re=e religion is ! *ief ( ! moral virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,:atev] is direct$ to an end takes its goodness f be+ ord]$ to t end2 s t ! ne>] x is to ! end ! bett] x is4 ,n[ moral virtues1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e2 ,q4 #d1 ,a4 #g71 are ab\t matt]s t are ord]$ to ,god z _! end4 ,& religion approa*es ne>] to ,god ?an ! o!r moral virtues1 9 s f> z its actions are directly & imm$iately ord]$ to ! honor ( ,god4 ,h5ce religion excels among ! moral virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtue is prais$ because ( ! w1 n because ( ! ability3 & !re=e if a man fall %ort ( equality :i* is ! mean ( ju/ice1 ?r\gh lack ( ability1 8 virtue des]ves no less praise1 provid$ !re be no fail+ on ! "p ( 8 w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 (f]+ a ?+ to a man on acc\nt ( its usefulness to him1 ! m ne$y ! man ! m praisewor?y ! (f]+1 because x is m useful3 :]eas we (f] a ?+ to ,god n on acc\nt ( its usefulness to ,him1 b = ! sake ( ,8 glory1 & on acc\nt ( its usefulness to u4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:]e !re is an obligation to d a ?+ x loses ! lu/] ( sup]]ogation1 b n ! m]it ( virtue1 provid$ x be done volunt>ily4 ,h5ce ! argum5t proves no?+4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,religion ,has an ,ext]nal ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t religion has n an ext]nal act4 ,x is writt5 7,john #d3bd73 ,god is a _s1 & !y t adore ,him1 mu/ adore ,him 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,n[ ext]nal acts p]ta91 n to ! _s b to ! body4 ,!re=e religion1 to :i* adoration belongs1 has acts t are n ext]nal b int]nal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! end ( religion is to pay ,god rev]5ce & honor4 ,n[ x w\ld savor ( irrev]5ce t[>ds a sup]ior1 if "o 7 to (f] him t :i* prop]ly belongs to 8 inf]ior4 ,s9ce !n :atev] man (f]s by bodily actions1 seems to be direct$ prop]ly to ! relief ( human ne$s1 or to ! rev]5ce ( inf]ior creatures1 x w\ld seem unbecom+ to employ !m 9 %[+ rev]5ce to ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei vi1 #aj7 comm5ds ,s5eca = f9d+ fault ) ^? :o (f]$ to idols ^? ?+s t are wont to be (f]$ to m51 because1 to wit1 t :i* befits mortals is unbecom+ to immortals4 ,b su* ?+s are mu* less becom+ to ! true ,god1 ,:o is exalt$ above all gods 99,ps4 #id3c4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem wrong to wor%ip ,god ) bodily actions4 ,!re=e religion has no bodily actions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #hc3c73 ,my he>t & my fle% h rejoic$ 9 ! liv+ ,god4 ,n[ j z int]nal actions belong to ! he>t1 s d ext]nal actions belong to ! memb]s ( ! fle%4 ,!re=e x seems t ,god ought to be wor%ip$ n only by int]nal b also by ext]nal actions4 ,i answ] t1 ,we pay ,god honor & rev]5ce1 n = ,8 sake 7because ,he is ( ,himself full ( glory to :i* no creature c add any?+71 b = our own sake1 because by ! v fact t we rev]e & honor ,god1 our m9d is subject$ to ,him2 :]e9 its p]fection consi/s1 s9ce a ?+ is p]fect$ by be+ subject$ to its sup]ior1 = in/ance ! body is p]fect$ by be+ quick5$ by ! s\l1 & ! air by be+ enlight5$ by ! sun4 ,n[ ! human m9d1 9 ord] to be unit$ to ,god1 ne$s to be guid$ by ! s5sible _w1 s9ce invisible ?+s 4 4 4 are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #a3bj74 ,:]e=e 9 ! ,div9e wor%ip x is necess>y to make use ( corporeal ?+s1 t man's m9d may be ar\s$ !reby1 z by signs1 to ! spiritual acts by means ( :i* he is unit$ to ,god4 ,!re=e ! int]nal acts ( religion take prec$5ce ( ! o!rs & belong to religion ess5tially1 :ile its ext]nal acts are second>y1 & subord9ate to ! int]nal acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our ,"l is speak+ ( t :i* is mo/ important & directly int5d$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^! ext]nal ?+s are (f]$ to ,god1 n z ?\gh ,he /ood 9 ne$ ( !m1 accord+ to ,ps4 #di3ac1 ,%all ,i eat ! fle% ( bullocks8 or %all ,i dr9k ! blood ( goats8 b z signs ( ! int]nal & spiritual works1 :i* are ( !mselves acceptable to ,god4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #e73 ,! visible sacrifice is ! sacram5t or sacr$ sign ( ! invisible sacrifice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,idolat]s are ridicul$ = (f]+ to idols ?+s p]ta9+ to m51 n z signs ar\s+ !m to c]ta9 spiritual ?+s1 b z ?\gh !y 7 ( !mselves acceptable to ! idols2 & /ill m because !y 7 fooli% & wick$4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,religion ,is ! ,same ,z ,sanctity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t religion is n ! same z sanctity4 ,religion is a special virtue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d73 :]eas sanctity is a g5]al virtue1 because x makes u fai?ful1 & fulfil our j obligations to ,god1 accord+ to ,&ronicus 99,de ,affectibus4 ,!re=e sanctity is n ! same z religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sanctity seems to d5ote a k9d ( purity4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 xii7 t sanctity is free f all uncleanness1 & is p]fect & altoge!r unspott$ purity4 ,n[ purity w\ld seem above all to p]ta9 to temp]ance :i* repels bodily uncleanness4 ,s9ce !n religion belongs to ju/ice1 x w\ld seem t sanctity is n ! same z religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s t are opposite memb]s ( a division are n id5tifi$ ) "o ano!r4 ,b 9 an enum]ation giv5 above 7,q4 #hj1 ad #d7 ( ! p>ts ( ju/ice1 sanctity is reckon$ z di/9ct f religion4 ,!re=e sanctity is n ! same z religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,luke #a3gd1 #ge73 ,t 4 4 4 we may s]ve ,him 4 4 4 9 hol9ess & ju/ice4 ,n[1 to s]ve ,god belongs to religion1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c2 ,a4 #c1 ad #b74 ,!re=e religion is ! same z sanctity4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w sanctity seems to h two significations4 ,9 "o way x d5otes purity2 & ?is signification fits 9 ) ! ,greek1 = hagios means unsoil$4 ,9 ano!r way x d5otes firmness1 :]e=e 9 old5 times ! t]m sancta 0 appli$ to su* ?+s z 7 upheld by law & 7 n to be violat$4 ,h5ce a ?+ is said to be sacr$ 7sancitum7 :5 x is ratifi$ by law4 ,aga91 9 ,lat91 ?is ^w sanctus may be connect$ ) purity1 if x be resolv$ into sangu9e t9ctus1 s9ce1 9 old5 times1 ^? :o wi%$ to be purifi$ 7 spr9kl$ ) ! victim's blood1 accord+ to ,isidore 7,etym4 x74 ,9 ei!r case ! signification requires sanctity to be ascrib$ to ^? ?+s t are appli$ to ! ,div9e wor%ip2 s t n only m51 b also ! temple1 vessels & su* l ?+s are said to be sanctifi$ ?r\gh be+ appli$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,= purity is necess>y 9 ord] t ! m9d be appli$ to ,god1 s9ce ! human m9d is soil$ by contact ) inf]ior ?+s1 ev5 z all ?+s depreciate by admixture ) bas] ?+s1 = in/ance1 silv] by be+ mix$ ) lead4 ,n[ 9 ord] = ! m9d to be unit$ to ! ,supreme ,be+ x mu/ be )drawn f inf]ior ?+s3 & h5ce x is t )\t purity ! m9d _c be appli$ to ,god4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,heb4 #ab3ad73 ,foll[ peace ) all m51 & hol9ess1 )\t :i* no man %all see ,god4 ,aga91 firmness is requir$ = ! m9d to be appli$ to ,god1 = x is appli$ to ,him z its la/ end & fir/ beg9n+1 & su* ?+s mu/ ne$s be mo/ immovable4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le said 7,rom4 #h3ch1 #ci73 ,i am sure t nei!r dea?1 nor life 4 4 4 %all sep>ate me 99,vulg43 '%all be able to sep>ate u' f ! love ( ,god4 ,accord+ly1 x is by sanctity t ! human m9d applies itself & its acts to ,god3 s t x diff]s f religion n ess5tially b only logically4 ,= x takes ! "n ( religion accord+ z x gives ,god due s]vice 9 matt]s p]ta9+ specially to ! ,div9e wor%ip1 su* z sacrifices1 oblations1 & s =?2 :ile x is call$ sanctity1 accord+ z man ref]s to ,god n only ^! b also ! works ( ! o!r virtues1 or accord+ z man by means ( c]ta9 good works disposes himself to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sanctity is a special virtue accord+ to its ess5ce2 & 9 ?is respect x is 9 a way id5tifi$ ) religion4 ,b x has a c]ta9 g5]ality1 9 s f> z by its comm& x directs ! acts ( all ! virtues to ! ,div9e good1 ev5 z legal ju/ice is said to be a g5]al virtue1 9 s f> z x directs ! acts ( all ! virtues to ! common good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,temp]ance practices purity1 yet n s z to h ! "* ( sanctity unless x be ref]r$ to ,god4 ,h5ce ( virg9ity itself ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg94 viii7 t x is honor$ n = :at x is1 b = be+ consecrat$ to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sanctity diff]s f religion z expla9$ above1 n really b logically4 ,,"q #hb ,,( ,,devotion 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! acts ( religion4 ,fir/1 we %all consid] ! int]ior acts1 :i*1 z /at$ above1 are its pr9cipal acts2 secondly1 we %all consid] its ext]ior acts1 :i* are second>y4 ,! int]ior acts ( religion are seem+ly devotion & pray]4 ,accord+ly we %all treat fir/ ( devotion1 & aft]w>ds ( pray]4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r devotion is a special act8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is an act ( religion8 7#c7 ,( ! cause ( devotion8 7#d7 ,( its effect8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,devotion ,is a ,special ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t devotion is n a special act4 ,t :i* qualifies o!r acts is seem+ly n a special act4 ,n[ devotion seems to qualify o!r acts1 = x is writt5 7#b ,p>alip4 #bi3ca73 ,all ! multitude (f]$ victims1 & praises1 & holocau/s ) a dev\t m9d4 ,!re=e devotion is n a special act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no special k9d ( act is common to v>i\s g5]a ( acts4 ,b devotion is common to v>i\s g5]a ( acts1 namely1 corporal & spiritual acts3 = a p]son is said to m$itate dev\tly & to g5uflect dev\tly4 ,!re=e devotion is n a special act4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e special act belongs ei!r to an appetitive or to a cognitive virtue or p[]4 ,b devotion belongs to nei!r1 z may be se5 by go+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s species ( acts ( ei!r faculty1 z enum]at$ above 7,i1 ,,qq4 #gh1 seqq42 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e devotion is n a special act4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,m]its are acquir$ by acts z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ba1 ,,aa4 #cd74 ,b devotion has a special reason = m]it4 ,!re=e devotion is a special act4 ,i answ] t1 ,devotion is d]iv$ f devote 99,! ,lat9 devov]e means to v[2 :]e=e ^? p]sons are said to be dev\t :o1 9 a way1 devote !mselves to ,god1 s z to subject !mselves :olly to ,him4 ,h5ce 9 old5 times among ! hea!ns a devotee 0 "o :o v[$ to 8 idols to suff] dea? = ! safety ( 8 army1 z ,livy relates ( ! two ,decii 7,decad4 ,i1 viii1 #i2 x1 #bh74 ,h5ce devotion is app>5tly no?+ else b ! w to give oneself readily to ?+s conc]n+ ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,ex4 #ce3bj1 #ba7 t ! multitude ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 4 4 4 (f]$ fir/-fruits to ! ,"l ) a mo/ ready & dev\t m9d4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! w to d readily :at conc]ns ! s]vice ( ,god is a special k9d ( act4 ,!re=e devotion is a special act ( ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! mov] prescribes ! mode ( ! movem5t ( ! ?+ mov$4 ,n[ ! w moves ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l to _! acts1 & ! w1 9 s f> z x reg>ds ! end1 moves bo? itself & :atev] is direct$ to ! end1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e1 s9ce devotion is an act ( ! w :]eby a man (f]s himself = ! s]vice ( ,god ,:o is ! la/ end1 x foll[s t devotion prescribes ! mode to human acts1 :e!r !y be acts ( ! w itself ab\t ?+s direct$ to ! end1 or acts ( ! o!r p[]s t are mov$ by ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,devotion is to be f\nd 9 v>i\s g5]a ( acts1 n z a species ( ^? g5]a1 b z ! motion ( ! mov] is f\nd virtually 9 ! movem5ts ( ! ?+s mov$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,devotion is an act ( ! appetitive "p ( ! s\l1 & is a movem5t ( ! w1 z /at$ above4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,devotion ,is an ,act ( ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t devotion is n an act ( religion4 ,devotion1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 consi/s 9 giv+ oneself up to ,god4 ,b ?is is done *iefly by *>ity1 s9ce accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 ! ,div9e love produces ec/asy1 = x takes ! lov] away f himself & gives him to ! belov$4 ,!re=e devotion is an act ( *>ity r ?an ( religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *>ity prec$es religion2 & devotion seems to prec$e *>ity2 s9ce1 9 ! ,scriptures1 *>ity is repres5t$ by fire1 :ile devotion is signifi$ by fatness :i* is ! mat]ial ( fire 99,cant4 #h3f2 ,ps4 #eb3f4 ,!re=e devotion is n an act ( religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by religion man is direct$ to ,god alone1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a74 ,b devotion is direct$ also to m52 = we speak ( p be+ dev\t to c]ta9 holy m51 & subjects are said to be devot$ to _! ma/]s2 ?us ,pope ,leo says 99,s]m4 viii1 ,de ,pass4 ,dom4 t ! ,jews out ( devotion to ! ,roman laws1 said3 ,we h no k+ b ,caes>4 ,!re=e devotion is n an act ( religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,devotion is d]iv$ f devov]e1 z /at$ 7,a4 #a74 ,b a v[ is an act ( religion4 ,!re=e devotion is also an act ( religion4 ,i answ] t1 ,x belongs to ! same virtue1 to w to d some?+1 & to h ! w ready to d x1 because bo? acts h ! same object4 ,= ?is reason ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a73 ,x is ju/ice :]eby m5 bo? w end d j actions4 ,n[ x is evid5t t to d :at p]ta9s to ! wor%ip or s]vice ( ,god1 belongs prop]ly to religion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha74 ,:]e=e x belongs to t virtue to h ! w ready to d su* ?+s1 & ?is is to be dev\t4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t devotion is an act ( religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x belongs imm$iately to *>ity t man %\ld give himself to ,god1 adh]+ to ,him by a union ( ! _s2 b x belongs imm$iately to religion1 &1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( religion1 to *>ity :i* is ! pr9ciple ( religion1 t man %\ld give himself to ,god = c]ta9 works ( ,div9e wor%ip4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,bodily fatness is produc$ by ! natural heat 9 ! process ( dige/ion1 & at ! same "t ! natural heat ?rives1 z x 71 on ?is fatness4 ,9 l mann] *>ity bo? causes devotion 7inasmu* z love makes "o ready to s]ve "o's fri5d7 & fe$s on devotion4 ,ev5 s all fri5d%ip is safegu>d$ & increas$ by ! practice & consid]ation ( fri5dly de$s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,devotion to ,god's holy ones1 dead or liv+1 does n t]m9ate 9 !m1 b passes on to ,god1 9 s f> z we honor ,god 9 ,8 s]vants4 ,b ! devotion ( subjects to _! temporal ma/]s is ( ano!r k9d1 j z s]vice ( a temporal ma/] diff]s f ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,contemplation or ,m$itation ,is ! ,cause ( ,devotion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t contemplation or m$itation is n ! cause ( devotion4 ,no cause h9d]s its effect4 ,b subtle consid]ations ab\t ab/ract matt]s are (t5 a h9drance to devotion4 ,!re=e contemplation or m$itation is n ! cause ( devotion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if contemplation 7 ! prop] & ess5tial cause ( devotion1 ! high] objects ( contemplation w\ld ar\se great] devotion4 ,b ! contr>y is ! case3 s9ce frequ5tly we are urg$ to great] devotion by consid]+ ,*ri/'s ,passion & o!r my/]ies ( ,8 humanity ?an by consid]+ ! greatness ( ,8 ,godhead4 ,!re=e contemplation is n ! prop] cause ( devotion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if contemplation 7 ! prop] cause ( devotion1 x w\ld foll[ t ^? :o are mo/ apt = contemplation1 are also mo/ apt = devotion4 ,yet ! contr>y is to be notic$1 = devotion is frequ5tly f\nd 9 m5 ( simplicity & memb]s ( ! female sex1 :o are defective 9 contemplation4 ,!re=e contemplation is n ! prop] cause ( devotion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ch3d73 ,9 my m$itation a fire %all flame out4 ,b spiritual fire causes devotion4 ,!re=e m$itation is ! cause ( devotion4 ,i answ] t1 ,! extr9sic & *ief cause ( devotion is ,god1 ( ,:om ,ambrose1 comm5t+ on ,luke #i3ee1 says t ,god calls :om ,he deigns to call1 & :om ,he wills ,he makes religi\s3 ! pr(ane ,sam>itans1 _h ,he s will$1 ,he w\ld h made dev\t4 ,b ! intr9sic cause on our "p mu/ ne$s be m$itation or contemplation4 ,= x 0 /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 t devotion is an act ( ! w to ! effect t man surr5d]s himself readily to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,n[ e act ( ! w proce$s f "s consid]ation1 s9ce ! object ( ! w is a good und]/ood4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #ab2 xv1 #bc7 t ! w arises f ! intellig5ce4 ,consequ5tly m$itation mu/ ne$s be ! cause ( devotion1 9 s f> z ?r\gh m$itation man conceives ! ?\ght ( surr5d]+ himself to ,god's s]vice4 ,inde$ a tw(old consid]ation leads him !reto4 ,! "o is ! consid]ation ( ,god's goodness & lov+ k9dness1 accord+ to ,ps4 #gb3bh1 ,x is good = me to adh]e to my ,god1 to put my hope 9 ! ,"l ,god3 & ?is consid]ation wak5s love 99,dilectio1 ! int]ior act ( *>ity2 cf4 ,q4 #bg :i* is ! proximate cause ( devotion4 ,! o!r consid]ation is t ( man's own %ortcom+s1 on acc\nt ( :i* he ne$s to lean on ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #abj3a1 #b1 ,i h lift$ up my eyes to ! m\nta9s1 f :5ce help %all come to me3 my help is f ! ,"l1 ,:o made heav5 & e>?2 & ?is consid]ation %uts out presumption :]eby man is h9d]$ f submitt+ to ,god1 because he leans on ,8 /r5g?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! consid]ation ( su* ?+s z are ( a nature to awak5 our love 99,ibid4 ( ,god1 causes devotion2 :]eas ! consid]ation ( =eign matt]s t di/ract ! m9d f su* ?+s is a h9drance to devotion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,matt]s conc]n+ ! ,godhead are1 9 !mselves1 ! /ronge/ inc5tive to love 99,ibid4 & consequ5tly to devotion1 because ,god is supremely lovable4 ,yet su* is ! weakness ( ! human m9d t x ne$s a guid+ h&1 n only to ! k1 b also to ! love ( ,div9e ?+s by means ( c]ta9 s5sible objects kn[n to u4 ,*ief among ^! is ! humanity ( ,*ri/1 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,preface 99,preface = ,*ri/ma/ide1 t ?r\gh kn[+ ,god visibly1 we may be caught up to ! love ( ?+s invisible4 ,:]e=e matt]s relat+ to ,*ri/'s humanity are ! *ief inc5tive to devotion1 lead+ u ?i!r z a guid+ h&1 al?\gh devotion itself has = its object matt]s conc]n+ ! ,godhead4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sci5ce & any?+ else conducive to greatness1 is to man an occasion ( self-confid5ce1 s t he does n :olly surr5d] himself to ,god4 ,! result is t su* l ?+s sometimes occasion a h9drance to devotion2 :ile 9 simple s\ls & wom5 devotion ab\nds by repress+ pride4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a man p]fectly submits to ,god 8 sci5ce or any o!r p]fection1 by ?is v fact 8 devotion is increas$4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,joy ,is an ,effect ( ,devotion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t joy is n an effect ( devotion4 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #b71 ,*ri/'s ,passion is ! *ief inc5tive to devotion4 ,b ! consid]ation !re( causes an affliction ( ! s\l1 accord+ to ,lam4 #c3ai1 ,rememb] my pov]ty 4 4 4 ! wormwood & ! gall1 :i* ref]s to ! ,passion1 & aft]w>ds 7,lam4 #c3bj7 x is said3 ,i w be m9dful & rememb]1 & my s\l %all langui% )9 me4 ,!re=e delight or joy is n ! effect ( devotion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 devotion consi/s *iefly 9 an int]ior sacrifice ( ! _s4 ,b x is writt5 7,ps4 #ej3ai73 ,a sacrifice to ,god is an afflict$ _s4 ,!re=e affliction is ! effect ( devotion r ?an gladness or joy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa says 7,de ,hom9e xii7 99,orat4 funebr4 de ,placilla ,imp4 t j z laught] proce$s f joy1 s te>s & groans are signs ( sorr[4 ,b devotion makes "s p %$ te>s4 ,!re=e gladness or joy is n ! effect ( devotion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,we say 9 ! ,collect 99,?ursday aft] f\r? ,sunday ( ,l5t3 ,t we :o are puni%$ by fa/+ may be com=t$ by a holy devotion4 ,i answ] t1 ,! direct & pr9cipal effect ( devotion is ! spiritual joy ( ! m9d1 ?\gh sorr[ is its second>y & indirect effect4 ,= x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #c7 t devotion is caus$ by a tw(old consid]ation3 *iefly by ! consid]ation ( ,god's goodness1 because ?is consid]ation belongs to ! t]m1 z x 71 ( ! movem5t ( ! w 9 surr5d]+ itself to ,god1 & ! direct result ( ?is consid]ation is joy1 accord+ to ,ps4 #gf3d1 ,i rememb]$ ,god1 & 0 delight$2 b accid5tally ?is consid]ation causes a c]ta9 sorr[ 9 ^? :o d n yet enjoy ,god fully1 accord+ to ,ps4 #da3c1 ,my s\l ha? ?ir/$ aft] ! /rong liv+ ,god1 & aft]w>ds x is said 7,ps4 #da3d73 ,my te>s h be5 my bread1 etc4 ,second>ily devotion is caus$ z /at$ 7,a4 #c71 by ! consid]ation ( "o's own fail+s2 = ?is consid]ation reg>ds ! t]m f :i* man )draws by ! movem5t ( 8 dev\t w1 9 t he tru/s n 9 himself1 b subjects himself to ,god4 ,?is consid]ation has an opposite t5d5cy to ! fir/3 = x is ( a nature to cause sorr[ directly 7:5 "o ?9ks ov] "o's own fail+s71 & joy accid5tally1 namely1 ?r\gh hope ( ! ,div9e assi/ance4 ,x is accord+ly evid5t t ! fir/ & direct effect ( devotion is joy1 :ile ! second>y & accid5tal effect is t sorr[ :i* is accord+ to ,god 99#b ,cor4 #g3aj4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! consid]ation ( ,*ri/'s ,passion !re is some?+ t causes sorr[1 namely1 ! human defect1 ! removal ( :i* made x necess>y = ,*ri/ to suff] 99,luke #bd3be2 & !re is some?+ t causes joy1 namely1 ,god's lov+-k9dness to u 9 giv+ u su* a deliv]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! _s :i* on ! "o h& is afflict$ on acc\nt ( ! defects ( ! pres5t life1 on ! o!r h& is rejoic$1 by ! consid]ation ( ,god's goodness1 & by ! hope ( ! ,div9e help4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,te>s are caus$ n only ?r\gh sorr[1 b also ?r\gh a c]ta9 t5d]ness ( ! affections1 especially :5 "o consid]s some?+ t gives joy mix$ ) pa94 ,?us m5 are wont to %$ te>s ?r\gh a s5tim5t ( piety1 :5 !y recov] _! *ildr5 or de> fri5ds1 :om !y ?\ght to h lo/4 ,9 ?is way te>s arise f devotion4 ,,"q #hc ,,( ,,pray] 7,9 ,sev5te5 ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] pray]1 "u :i* head !re are sev5te5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r pray] is an act ( ! appetitive or ( ! cognitive p[]8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is fitt+ to pray to ,god8 7#c7 ,:e!r pray] is an act ( religion8 7#d7 ,:e!r we ought to pray to ,god alone8 7#e7 ,:e!r we ought to ask = some?+ def9ite :5 we pray8 7#f7 ,:e!r we ought to ask = temporal ?+s :5 we pray8 7#g7 ,:e!r we ought to pray = o!rs8 7#h7 ,:e!r we ought to pray = our enemies8 7#i7 ,( ! sev5 petitions ( ! ,"l's ,pray]2 7#aj7 ,:e!r pray] is prop] to ! rational creature8 7#aa7 ,:e!r ! sa9ts 9 heav5 pray = u8 7#ab7 ,:e!r pray] %\ld be vocal8 7#ac7 ,:e!r att5tion is requisite 9 pray]8 7#ad7 ,:e!r pray] %\ld la/ a long "t8 7#ae7 ,:e!r pray] is m]itori\s8 99,art4 #af 7#af7 ,:e!r s9n]s impetrate any?+ f ,god by pray+8 99,art4 #ae 7#ag7 ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( pray]4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,pray] ,is an ,act ( ! ,appetitive ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pray] is an act ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,x belongs to pray] to be he>d4 ,n[ x is ! desire t is he>d by ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #i3ch1 ,! ,"l ha? he>d ! desire ( ! poor4 ,!re=e pray] is desire4 ,b desire is an act ( ! appetitive p[]3 & !re=e pray] is also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iii73 ,x is useful to beg9 ev]y?+ ) pray]1 because !reby we surr5d] ourselves to ,god & unite ourselves to ,him4 ,n[ union ) ,god is effect$ by love :i* belongs to ! appetitive p[]4 ,!re=e pray] belongs to ! appetitive p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,de ,anima iii1 #f7 t !re are two op]ations ( ! intellective "p4 ,( ^! ! fir/ is ! und]/&+ ( indivisibles1 by :i* op]ation we appreh5d :at a ?+ is3 :ile ! second is syn!sis & analysis1 :]eby we appreh5d t a ?+ is or is n4 ,to ^! a ?ird may be add$1 namely1 reason+1 :]eby we proce$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,n[ pray] is n r$ucible to any ( ^! op]ations4 ,!re=e x is an op]ation1 n ( ! intellective1 b ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 t to pray is to speak4 ,n[ spee* belongs to ! intellect4 ,!re=e pray] is an act1 n ( ! appetitive1 b ( ! intellective p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ,cassiodorus 99,comm5t4 9 ,ps4 #ch3ac pray] 7oratio7 is spok5 reason 7oris ratio74 ,n[ ! speculative & practical reason diff] 9 ?is1 t ! speculative m]ely appreh5ds its object1 :]eas ! practical reason n only appreh5ds b causes4 ,n[ "o ?+ is ! cause ( ano!r 9 two ways3 fir/ p]fectly1 :5 x necessitates its effect1 & ?is happ5s :5 ! effect is :olly subject to ! p[] ( ! cause2 secondly imp]fectly1 by m]ely dispos+ to ! effect1 = ! reason t ! effect is n :olly subject to ! p[] ( ! cause4 ,accord+ly 9 ?is way ! reason is cause ( c]ta9 ?+s 9 two ways3 fir/1 by impos+ necessity2 & 9 ?is way x belongs to reason1 to comm& n only ! l[] p[]s & ! memb]s ( ! body1 b also human subjects1 :i* inde$ is done by comm&+2 secondly1 by lead+ up to ! effect1 &1 9 a way1 dispos+ to x1 & 9 ?is s5se ! reason asks = some?+ to be done by ?+s n subject to x1 :e!r !y be its equals or its sup]iors4 ,n[ bo? ( ^!1 namely1 to comm& & to ask or besee*1 imply a c]ta9 ord]+1 see+ t man proposes some?+ to be effect$ by some?+ else1 :]e=e !y p]ta9 to ! reason to :i* x belongs to set 9 ord]4 ,= ?is reason ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac7 t ! reason exhorts u to d :at is be/4 ,n[ 9 ! pres5t in/ance we are speak+ ( pray] 99,?is la/ p>agraph ref]s to ! ,lat9 ^w oratio 7pray]7 :i* orig9ally signifi$ a spee*1 be+ d]iv$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f os1 oris 7! m\?74 z signify+ a besee*+ or petition1 9 :i* s5se ,augu/9e 99,rabanus1 ,de ,univ4 vi1 #ad3 says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom47 t pray] is a petition1 & ,damasc5e /ates 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #bd7 t to pray is to ask becom+ ?+s ( ,god4 ,accord+ly x is evid5t t pray]1 z we speak ( x n[1 is an act ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,"l is said to he> ! desire ( ! poor1 ei!r because desire is ! cause ( _! petition1 s9ce a petition is l ! int]pret] ( a desire1 or 9 ord] to %[ h[ spe$ily !y are he>d1 s9ce no soon] d ! poor desire some?+ ?an ,god he>s !m be=e !y put up a pray]1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,isa4 #fe3bd1 ,& x %all come to pass1 t be=e !y call1 ,i w he>4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c71 ! w moves ! reason to its end3 :]e=e no?+ h9d]s ! act ( reason1 "u ! motion ( ! w1 f t5d+ to an end su* z *>ity :i* is union ) ,god4 ,n[ pray] t5ds to ,god ?r\gh be+ mov$ by ! w ( *>ity1 z x 71 & ?is 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! object ( our petition1 because :5 we pray we ought pr9cipally to ask to be unit$ to ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #bf3d1 ,"o ?+ ,i h ask$ ( ! ,"l1 ?is w ,i seek aft]1 t ,i may dwell 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l all ! days ( my life4 ,secondly1 on ! "p ( ! petition]1 :o ought to approa* ! p]son :om he petitions1 ei!r locally1 z :5 he petitions a man1 or m5tally1 z :5 he petitions ,god4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iii7 t :5 we call ^u ,god 9 our pray]s1 we unveil our m9d 9 ,8 pres5ce3 & 9 ! same s5se ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #bd7 t pray] is ! rais+ up ( ! m9d to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! ?ree acts belong to ! speculative reason1 b to ! practical reason x belongs 9 addition to cause some?+ by way ( comm& or ( petition1 z /at$ above4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,becom+ to ,pray8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is unbecom+ to pray4 ,pray] seems to be necess>y 9 ord] t we may make our ne$s kn[n to ! p]son to :om we pray4 ,b accord+ to ,matt4 #f3cb1 ,y\r ,fa!r kn[e? t y h ne$ ( all ^! ?+s4 ,!re=e x is n becom+ to pray to ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 by pray] we b5d ! m9d ( ! p]son to :om we pray1 s t he may d :at is ask$ ( him4 ,b ,god's m9d is un*angeable & inflexible1 accord+ to #a ,k+s #ae3bi1 ,b ! ,triumph] 9 ,israel w n sp>e1 & w n be mov$ to rep5tance4 ,!re=e x is n fitt+ t we %\ld pray to ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is m lib]al to give to "o t asks n1 ?an to "o :o asks because1 accord+ to ,s5eca 7,de ,b5efic4 ii1 #a71 no?+ is b\ght m de>ly ?an :at is b\ght ) pray]s4 ,b ,god is supremely lib]al4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem unbecom+ to pray to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,luke #ah3a73 ,we ought always to pray1 & n to fa9t4 ,i answ] t1 ,among ! anci5ts !re 0 a ?reefold error conc]n+ pray]4 ,"s held t human affairs are n rul$ by ,div9e provid5ce2 :5ce x w\ld foll[ t x is useless to pray & to wor%ip ,god at all3 ( ^! x is writt5 7,mala*4 #c3ad73 ,y h said3 ,he labore? 9 va9 t s]ve? ,god4 ,ano!r op9ion held t all ?+s1 ev5 9 human affairs1 happ5 ( necessity1 :e!r by reason ( ! un*angeabl5ess ( ,div9e provid5ce1 or ?r\gh ! compell+ influ5ce ( ! />s1 or on acc\nt ( ! connection ( causes3 & ?is op9ion also exclud$ ! utility ( pray]4 ,!re 0 a ?ird op9ion ( ^? :o held t human affairs are inde$ rul$ by ,div9e provid5ce1 & t !y d n happ5 ( necessity2 yet !y deem$ ! disposition ( ,div9e provid5ce to be *angeable1 & t x is *ang$ by pray]s & o!r ?+s p]ta9+ to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,all ^! op9ions 7 disprov$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ai1 ,,aa4 #g1 #h2 ,q4 #bb1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d2 ,q4 #aae1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #aaf74 ,:]e=e x behooves u s to acc\nt = ! utility ( pray] z nei!r to impose necessity on human affairs subject to ,div9e provid5ce1 nor to imply *angeabl5ess on ! "p ( ! ,div9e disposition4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ light on ?is "q we mu/ consid] t ,div9e provid5ce disposes n only :at effects %all take place1 b also f :at causes & 9 :at ord] ^! effects %all proce$4 ,n[ among o!r causes human acts are ! causes ( c]ta9 effects4 ,:]e=e x mu/ be t m5 d c]ta9 actions1 n t !reby !y may *ange ! ,div9e disposition1 b t by ^? actions !y may a*ieve c]ta9 effects accord+ to ! ord] ( ! ,div9e disposition3 & ! same is to be said ( natural causes4 ,& s is x ) reg>d to pray]4 ,= we pray n t we may *ange ! ,div9e disposition1 b t we may impetrate t :i* ,god has dispos$ to be fulfill$ by our pray]s1 9 o!r words t by ask+1 m5 may des]ve to receive :at ,almighty ,god f et]nity has dispos$ to give1 z ,gregory says 7,dial4 i1 #h74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we ne$ to pray to ,god1 n 9 ord] to make kn[n to ,him our ne$s or desires b t we ourselves may be rem9d$ ( ! necessity ( hav+ rec\rse to ,god's help 9 ^! matt]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above1 our motive 9 pray+ is1 n t we may *ange ! ,div9e disposition1 b t1 by our pray]s1 we may obta9 :at ,god has appo9t$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god be/[s _m ?+s on u out ( ,8 lib]ality1 ev5 )\t our ask+ = !m3 b t ,he wi%es to be/[ c]ta9 ?+s on u at our ask+1 is = ! sake ( our good1 namely1 t we may acquire confid5ce 9 hav+ rec\rse to ,god1 & t we may recognize 9 ,him ! ,au?or ( our goods4 ,h5ce ,*ryso/om says 99,implicitly 7,hom4 ii1 de ,orat42 ,hom4 xxx 9 ,g5es42 ,cf4 ,cat54 ,aur4 on ,luke #ah73 ,?9k :at happ9ess is grant$ !e1 :at honor be/[$ on !e1 :5 ?\ conv]se/ ) ,god 9 pray]1 :5 ?\ talke/ ) ,*ri/1 :5 ?\ aske/ :at ?\ wilt1 :atev] ?\ desire/4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,pray] ,is an ,act ( ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pray] is n an act ( religion4 ,s9ce religion is a "p ( ju/ice1 x resides 9 ! w z 9 its subject4 ,b pray] belongs to ! intellective "p1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e pray] seems to be an act1 n ( religion1 b ( ! gift ( und]/&+ :]eby ! m9d asc5ds to ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! act ( latria falls "u a necessity ( precept4 ,b pray] does n seem to come "u a necessity ( precept1 b to come f ! m]e w1 s9ce x is no?+ else ?an a petition = :at we w4 ,!re=e pray] seem+ly is n an act ( religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems to belong to religion t "o (f]s wor%ip & c]emonial rites to ! ,godhead 99,cic]o1 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec4 ,b pray] seems n to (f] any?+ to ,god1 b to ask to obta9 some?+ f ,him4 ,!re=e pray] is n an act ( religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #adj3b73 ,let my pray] be direct$ z inc5se 9 ,?y sight3 & a gloss on ! passage says t x 0 to signify ?is t "u ! ,old ,law inc5se 0 said to be (f]$ = a sweet smell to ! ,"l4 ,n[ ?is belongs to religion4 ,!re=e pray] is an act ( religion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d71 x belongs prop]ly to religion to %[ honor to ,god1 :]e=e all ^? ?+s ?r\gh :i* rev]5ce is %[n to ,god1 belong to religion4 ,n[ man %[s rev]5ce to ,god by means ( pray]1 9 s f> z he subjects himself to ,him1 & by pray+ confesses t he ne$s ,him z ! ,au?or ( 8 goods4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t pray] is prop]ly an act ( religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! w moves ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l to its end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a71 & !re=e religion1 :i* is 9 ! w1 directs ! acts ( ! o!r p[]s to ! rev]5ce ( ,god4 ,n[ among ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l ! intellect is ! highe/1 & ! ne>e/ to ! w2 & consequ5tly aft] devotion :i* belongs to ! w1 pray] :i* belongs to ! intellective "p is ! *ief ( ! acts ( religion1 s9ce by x religion directs man's intellect to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is a matt] ( precept n only t we %\ld ask = :at we desire1 b also t we %\ld desire aright4 ,b to desire comes "u a precept ( *>ity1 :]eas to ask comes "u a precept ( religion1 :i* precept is express$ 9 ,matt4 #g3g1 :]e x is said3 ,ask & ye %all receive 99,vulg43 ',ask & x %all be giv5 y4'4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,by pray+ man surr5d]s 8 m9d to ,god1 s9ce he subjects x to ,him ) rev]5ce &1 s to speak1 pres5ts x to ,him1 z appe>s f ! words ( ,dionysius quot$ above 7,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #b74 ,:]e=e j z ! human m9d excels ext]ior ?+s1 :e!r bodily memb]s1 or ^? ext]nal ?+s t are employ$ = ,god's s]vice1 s too1 pray] surpasses o!r acts ( religion4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,we ,ought to ,pray to ,god ,alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought to pray to ,god alone4 ,pray] is an act ( religion1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,b ,god alone is to be wor%ip$ by religion4 ,!re=e we %\ld pray to ,god alone4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is useless to pray to "o :o is ignorant ( ! pray]4 ,b x belongs to ,god alone to "k "o's pray]1 bo? because frequ5tly pray] is utt]$ by an int]ior act :i* ,god alone kn[s1 r ?an by words1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #ad3ae71 ,i w pray ) ! _s1 ,i w pray also ) ! und]/&+3 & aga9 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,cura pro mortuis xiii7 ! dead1 ev5 ! sa9ts1 "k n :at ! liv+1 ev5 _! own *ildr51 are do+4 ,!re=e we ought to pray to ,god alone4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if we pray to any ( ! sa9ts1 ?is is only because !y are unit$ to ,god4 ,n[ "s yet liv+ 9 ?is _w1 or ev5 "s :o are 9 ,purgatory1 are closely unit$ to ,god by grace1 & yet we d n pray to !m4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld we pray to ! sa9ts :o are 9 ,p>adise4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,job #e3a71 ,call 4 4 4 if !re be any t w answ] !e1 & turn to "s ( ! sa9ts4 ,i answ] t1 ,pray] is (f]$ to a p]son 9 two ways3 fir/1 z to be fulfill$ by him1 secondly1 z to be obta9$ ?r\gh him4 ,9 ! fir/ way we (f] pray] to ,god alone1 s9ce all our pray]s ought to be direct$ to ! acquisition ( grace & glory1 :i* ,god alone gives1 accord+ to ,ps4 #hc3ab1 ,! ,"l w give grace & glory4 ,b 9 ! second way we pray to ! sa9ts1 :e!r angels or m51 n t ,god may ?r\gh !m "k our petitions1 b t our pray]s may be effective ?r\gh _! pray]s & m]its4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,apoc4 #h3d7 t ! smoke ( ! inc5se1 namely ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts asc5d$ up be=e ,god4 ,?is is also cle> f ! v /yle employ$ by ! ,*ur* 9 pray+3 s9ce we besee* ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity to h m]cy on u1 :ile we ask any ( ! sa9ts to pray = u4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to ,him alone d we (f] religi\s wor%ip :5 pray+1 f ,:om we seek to obta9 :at we pray =1 because by s do+ we confess t ,he is ! ,au?or ( our goods3 b n to ^? :om we call ^u z our advocates 9 ,god's pres5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! dead1 if we consid] _! natural condition1 d n "k :at takes place 9 ?is _w1 especially ! int]ior movem5ts ( ! he>t4 ,nev]!less1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xii1 #ba71 :atev] x is fitt+ ! bless$ %\ld "k ab\t :at happ5s to u1 ev5 z reg>ds ! int]ior movem5ts ( ! he>t1 is made kn[n to !m 9 ! ,^w3 & x is mo/ becom+ to _! exalt$ position t !y %\ld "k ! petitions we make to !m by ^w or ?\ght2 & consequ5tly ! petitions :i* we raise to !m are kn[n to !m ?r\gh ,div9e manife/ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? :o are 9 ?is _w or 9 ,purgatory1 d n yet enjoy ! vision ( ! ,^w1 s z to be able to "k :at we ?9k or say4 ,:]e=e we d n seek _! assi/ance by pray+ to !m1 b ask x ( ! liv+ by speak+ to !m4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,we ,ought to ,ask = ,some?+ ,def9ite ,:5 ,we ,pray8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought n to ask = any?+ def9ite :5 we pray to ,god4 ,accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #bd71 to pray is to ask becom+ ?+s ( ,god2 :]e=e x is useless to pray = :at is inexp$i5t1 accord+ to ,james #d3c1 ,y ask1 & receive n3 because y ask amiss4 ,n[ accord+ to ,rom4 #h3bf1 we "k n :at we %\ld pray = z we ought4 ,!re=e we ought n to ask = any?+ def9ite :5 we pray4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? :o ask ano!r p]son = some?+ def9ite /rive to incl9e 8 w to d :at !y wi% !mselves4 ,b we ought n to endeavor to make ,god w :at we w2 on ! contr>y1 we ought to /rive to w :at ,he wills1 accord+ to a gloss on ,ps4 #cb3a1 ,rejoice 9 ! ,"l1 ,o ye j4 ,!re=e we ought n to ask ,god = any?+ def9ite :5 we pray4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 evil ?+s are n to be s\ght f ,god2 & z to good ?+s1 ,god ,himself invites u to take !m4 ,n[ x is useless to ask a p]son to give y :at he invites y to take4 ,!re=e we ought n to ask ,god = any?+ def9ite 9 our pray]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 our ,"l 7,matt4 #f & ,luke #aa7 taught ,8 disciples to ask def9itely = ^? ?+s :i* are conta9$ 9 ! petitions ( ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ,val]ius ,maximus 99,fact4 et ,dict4 ,memor4 vii1 #b1 ,socrates deem$ t we %\ld ask ! immortal gods = no?+ else b t !y %\ld grant u good ?+s1 because !y at any rate "k :at is good = ea* "o :]eas :5 we pray we frequ5tly ask = :at x _h be5 bett] = u n to obta94 ,?is op9ion is true to a c]ta9 ext5t1 z to ^? ?+s :i* may h an evil result1 & :i* man may use ill or well1 su* z ri*es1 by :i*1 z /at$ by ! same au?ority 7,fact4 et ,dict4 ,memor4 vii1 #b71 _m h come to an evil end2 honors1 :i* h ru9$ _m2 p[]1 ( :i* we frequ5tly witness ! unhappy results2 spl5did m>riages1 :i* sometimes br+ ab\t ! total wreck ( a family4 ,nev]!less !re are c]ta9 goods :i* man _c ill use1 because !y _c h an evil result4 ,su* are ^? :i* are ! object ( beatitude & :]eby we m]it x3 & ^! ! sa9ts seek absolutely :5 !y pray1 z 9 ,ps4 #gi3d1 ,%[ u ,?y face1 & we %all be sav$1 & aga9 9 ,ps4 #aah3ce1 ,lead me into ! pa? ( ,?y comm&m5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh man _c by himself "k :at he ought to pray =1 ! ,_s1 z /at$ 9 ! same passage1 helpe? our infirmity1 s9ce by inspir+ u ) holy desires1 ,he makes u ask = :at is "r4 ,h5ce our ,"l said 7,john #d3bd7 t true ador]s mu/ adore 4 4 4 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 9 our pray]s we ask = ?+s conc]n+ our salvation1 we con=m our w to ,god's1 ( ,:om x is writt5 7#a ,tim4 #b3d7 t ,he w h all m5 to be sav$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god s invites u to take good ?+s1 t we may approa* to !m n by ! /eps ( ! body1 b by pi\s desires & dev\t pray]s4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,man ,ought to ,ask ,god = ,temporal ,?+s ,:5 ,he ,prays8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man ought n to ask ,god = temporal ?+s :5 he prays4 ,we seek :at we ask = 9 pray]4 ,b we %\ld n seek = temporal ?+s1 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #f3cc73 ,seek ye 4 4 4 fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god1 & ,8 ju/ice3 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y1 t is to say1 temporal ?+s1 :i*1 says ,he1 we are n to seek1 b !y w be add$ to :at we seek4 ,!re=e temporal ?+s are n to be ask$ ( ,god 9 pray]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "o asks save = t :i* he is solicit\s ab\t4 ,n[ we ought n to h solicitude = temporal ?+s1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,matt4 #f3be1 ,be n solicit\s = y\r life1 :at y %all eat4 ,!re=e we ought n to ask = temporal ?+s :5 we pray4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by pray] our m9d %\ld be rais$ up to ,god4 ,b by ask+ = temporal ?+s1 x desc5ds to ?+s b5ea? x1 aga9/ ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #d3ah71 ,:ile we look n at ! ?+s :i* are se51 b at ! ?+s :i* are n se54 ,= ! ?+s :i* are se5 are temporal1 b ! ?+s :i* are n se5 are et]nal4 ,!re=e man ought n to ask ,god = temporal ?+s :5 he prays4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 man ought n to ask ( ,god o!r ?an good & useful ?+s4 ,b sometimes temporal ?+s1 :5 we h !m1 are h>mful1 n only 9 a spiritual s5se1 b also 9 a mat]ial s5se4 ,!re=e we %\ld n ask ,god = !m 9 our pray]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #cj3h73 ,give me only ! necess>ies ( life4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7ad ,probam1 de or&o ,deum1 ,ep4 cxxx1 #ab73 ,x is lawful to pray = :at x is lawful to desire4 ,n[ x is lawful to desire temporal ?+s1 n inde$ pr9cipally1 by plac+ our end !re91 b z helps :]eby we are assi/$ 9 t5d+ t[>ds beatitude1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z !y are ! means ( support+ ! life ( ! body1 & are ( s]vice to u z in/rum5ts 9 p]=m+ acts ( virtue1 z also ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 i1 #h74 ,augu/9e too says ! same to ,proba 7ad ,probam1 de or&o ,deum1 ,ep4 cxxx1 #f1 #g7 :5 he /ates t x is n unbecom+ = anyone to desire en\gh = a livelihood1 & no m2 = ?is suffici5cy is desir$1 n = its own sake1 b = ! welf>e ( ! body1 or t we %\ld desire to be clo!d 9 a way befitt+ "o's /ation1 s z n to be out ( keep+ ) ^? among :om we h to live4 ,accord+ly we ought to pray t we may keep ^! ?+s if we h !m1 & if we h !m n1 t we may ga9 possession ( !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we %\ld seek temporal ?+s n 9 ! fir/ b 9 ! second place4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #af73 ,:5 ,he says t ?is 7i4e4 ! k+dom ( ,god7 is to be s\ght fir/1 ,he implies t ! o!r 7i4e4 temporal goods7 is to be s\ght aft]w>ds1 n 9 "t b 9 importance1 ?is z be+ our good1 ! o!r z our ne$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n all solicitude ab\t temporal ?+s is =bidd51 b t :i* is sup]flu\s & inord9ate1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 our m9d is int5t on temporal ?+s 9 ord] t x may re/ 9 !m1 x rema9s imm]s$ !re92 b :5 x is int5t on !m 9 relation to ! acquisition ( beatitude1 x is n l[]$ by !m1 b raises !m to a high] level4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,f ! v fact t we ask = temporal ?+s n z ! pr9cipal object ( our petition1 b z subord9ate to some?+ else1 we ask ,god = !m 9 ! s5se t !y may be grant$ to u 9 s f> z !y are exp$i5t = salvation4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,we ,ought to ,pray = ,o!rs8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought n to pray = o!rs4 ,9 pray+ we ought to con=m to ! patt]n giv5 by our ,"l4 ,n[ 9 ! ,"l's ,pray] we make petitions = ourselves1 n = o!rs2 ?us we say3 ,give u ?is day our daily bread1 etc4 ,!re=e we %\ld n pray = o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pray] is (f]$ t x may be he>d4 ,n[ "o ( ! conditions requir$ = pray] t x may be he>d is t "o pray = oneself1 :]e=e ,augu/9e 9 comm5t+ on ,john #af3bc1 ,if y ask ! ,fa!r any?+ 9 ,my "n ,he w give x y1 says 7,tract4 cii73 ,ev]yone is he>d :5 he prays = himself1 n :5 he prays = all2 :]e=e ,he does n say simply ',he w give x1' b ',he w give x y4' ,!re=e x w\ld seem t we ought n to pray = o!rs1 b only = ourselves4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we are =bidd5 to pray = o!rs1 if !y are wick$1 accord+ to ,j]4 #g3af1 ,!re=e d n !n pray = ?is p 4 4 4 & d n )/& ,me1 = ,i w n he> !e4 ,on ! o!r h& we are n b\nd to pray = ! good1 s9ce !y are he>d :5 !y pray = !mselves4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t we ought n to pray = o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,james #e3af73 ,pray "o = ano!r1 t y may be sav$4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #f71 :5 we pray we ought to ask = :at we ought to desire4 ,n[ we ought to desire good ?+s n only = ourselves1 b also = o!rs3 = ?is is ess5tial to ! love :i* we owe to our neighbor1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,,aa4 #a1 #ab2 ,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e *>ity requires u to pray = o!rs4 ,h5ce ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,mat?47 99,opus ,imp]fectum1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om3 ,necessity b9ds u to pray = ourselves1 frat]nal *>ity urges u to pray = o!rs3 & ! pray] t frat]nal *>ity pr(f]s is sweet] to ,god ?an t :i* is ! outcome ( necessity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,cyprian says 7,de orat4 ,dom471 ,we say ',our ,fa!r' & n ',my ,fa!r1' ',give u' & n ',give me1' because ! ,ma/] ( unity did n wi% u to pray privately1 t is = ourselves alone1 = ,he wi%$ ea* "o to pray = all1 ev5 z ,he ,himself bore all 9 "o4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is a condition ( pray] t "o pray = oneself3 n z ?\gh x 7 necess>y 9 ord] t pray] be m]itori\s1 b z be+ necess>y 9 ord] t pray] may n fail 9 its effect ( impetration4 ,= x sometimes happ5s t we pray = ano!r ) piety & p]sev]ance1 & ask = ?+s relat+ to 8 salvation1 & yet x is n grant$ on acc\nt ( "s ob/acle on ! "p ( ! p]son we are pray+ =1 accord+ to ,j]4 #ae3a1 ,if ,moses & ,samuel %all /& be=e ,me1 ,my s\l is n t[>ds ?is p4 ,& yet ! pray] w be m]itori\s = ! p]son :o prays ?us out ( *>ity1 accord+ to ,ps4 #cd3ac1 ,my pray] %all be turn$ into my bosom1 i4e4 ?\gh x pr(it !m n1 ,i am n depriv$ ( my rew>d1 z ! gloss exp\nds x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,we ought to pray ev5 = s9n]s1 t !y may be conv]t$1 & = ! j t !y may p]sev]e & advance 9 hol9ess4 ,yet ^? :o pray are he>d n = all s9n]s b = "s3 s9ce !y are he>d = ! pr$e/9$1 b n = ^? :o are =ekn[n to dea?2 ev5 z ! correction :]eby we correct ! bre?r51 has an effect 9 ! pr$e/9$ b n 9 ! reprobate1 accord+ to ,eccles4 #g3ad1 ,no man c correct :om ,god ha? despis$4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7#a ,john #e3af73 ,he t kn[e? 8 bro!r to s9 a s9 :i* is n to dea?1 let him ask1 & life %all be giv5 to him1 :o s9ne? n to dea?4 ,n[ j z ! b5efit ( correction mu/ n be refus$ to any man s long z he lives "h bel[1 because we _c di/+ui% ! pr$e/9$ f ! reprobate1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,correp4 et ,grat4 xv71 s too no man %\ld be d5i$ ! help ( pray]4 ,we ought also to pray = ! j = ?ree reasons3 ,fir/1 because ! pray]s ( a multitude are m easily he>d1 :]e=e a gloss on ,rom4 #ae3cj1 ,help me 9 y\r pray]s1 says3 ,! ,apo/le rightly tells ! less] bre?r5 to pray = him1 = _m less] ones1 if !y be unit$ toge!r 9 "o m9d1 become great1 & x is impossible = ! pray]s ( a multitude n to obta9 t :i* is possible to be obta9$ by pray]4 ,secondly1 t _m may ?ank ,god = ! graces conf]r$ on ! j1 :i* graces conduce to ! pr(it ( _m1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #a3aa74 ,?irdly1 t ! m p]fect may n wax pr\d1 see+ t !y f9d t !y ne$ ! pray]s ( ! less p]fect4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,we ,ought to ,pray = ,our ,enemies8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we ought n to pray = our enemies4 ,accord+ to ,rom4 #ae3d1 :at ?+s soev] 7 writt51 7 writt5 = our le>n+4 ,n[ ,holy ,writ conta9s _m imprecations aga9/ enemies2 ?us x is writt5 7,ps4 #f3aa73 ,let all my enemies be a%am$ & be 4 4 4 tr\bl$1 let !m be a%am$ & be tr\bl$ v spe$ily 99,vulg43 ',let !m be turn$ back & be a%am$4'4 ,!re=e we too %\ld pray aga9/ r ?an = our enemies4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to be rev5g$ on "o's enemies is h>mful to !m4 ,b holy m5 seek v5geance ( _! enemies accord+ to ,apoc4 #f3aj1 ,h[ long 4 4 4 do/ ,?\ n 4 4 4 rev5ge our blood on !m t dwell on e>?8 ,:]e=e !y rejoice 9 be+ rev5g$ on _! enemies1 accord+ to ,ps4 #eg3aa1 ,! j %all rejoice :5 he %all see ! rev5ge4 ,!re=e we %\ld n pray = our enemies1 b aga9/ !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man's de$ %\ld n be contr>y to 8 pray]4 ,n[ sometimes m5 lawfully attack _! enemies1 else all w>s w\ld be unlawful1 :i* is oppos$ to :at we h said above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e we %\ld n pray = our enemies4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3dd73 ,pray = !m t p]secute & calumniate y4 ,i answ] t1 ,to pray = ano!r is an act ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g74 ,:]e=e we are b\nd to pray = our enemies 9 ! same mann] z we are b\nd to love !m4 ,n[ x 0 expla9$ above 9 ! treatise on *>ity 7,q4 #be1 ,,aa4 #h1 #i71 h[ we are b\nd to love our enemies1 namely1 t we mu/ love 9 !m _! nature1 n _! s91 & t to love our enemies 9 g5]al is a matt] ( precept1 :ile to love !m 9 ! individual is n a matt] ( precept1 except 9 ! prep>$ness ( ! m9d1 s t a man mu/ be prep>$ to love 8 enemy ev5 9 ! individual & to help him 9 a case ( necessity1 or if 8 enemy %\ld beg 8 =giv5ess4 ,b to love "o's enemies absolutely 9 ! individual1 & to assi/ !m1 is an act ( p]fection4 ,9 l mann] x is a matt] ( obligation t we %\ld n exclude our enemies f ! g5]al pray]s :i* we (f] up = o!rs3 b x is a matt] ( p]fection1 & n ( obligation1 to pray = !m individually1 except 9 c]ta9 special cases4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! imprecations conta9$ 9 ,holy ,writ may be und]/ood 9 f\r ways4 ,fir/1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! prophets to =etell ! future "u ! veil ( an imprecation1 z ,augu/9e /ates 99,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #ba4 ,secondly1 9 ! s5se t c]ta9 temporal evils are sometimes inflict$ by ,god on ! wick$ = _! correction4 ,?irdly1 because !y are und]/ood to be pron\nc$1 n aga9/ ! m5 !mselves1 b aga9/ ! k+dom ( s91 ) ! purpose1 to wit1 ( de/roy+ s9 by ! correction ( m54 ,f\r?ly1 by way ( con=mity ( our w to ! ,div9e ju/ice ) reg>d to ! damnation ( ^? :o are ob/9ate 9 s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e /ates 9 ! same book 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #bb71 ! m>tyrs' v5geance is ! ov]?r[ ( ! k+dom ( s91 because !y suff]$ s mu* :ile x reign$3 or z he says aga9 7,,qq4 ,vet4 et ,nov4 ,te/4 lxviii71 _! pray] = v5geance is express$ n 9 words b 9 _! m9ds1 ev5 z ! blood ( ,abel cri$ f ! e>?4 ,!y rejoice 9 v5geance n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( ,div9e ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is lawful to attack "o's enemies1 t !y may be re/ra9$ f s93 & ?is is = _! own good & = ! good ( o!rs4 ,consequ5tly x is ev5 lawful 9 pray+ to ask t temporal evils be inflict$ on our enemies 9 ord] t !y may m5d _! ways4 ,?us pray] & de$ w n be contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ! ,sev5 ,petitions ( ! ,"l's ,pray] ,are ,fitt+ly ,assign$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! sev5 petitions ( ! ,"l's ,pray] are n fitt+ly assign$4 ,x is useless to ask = t to be hall[$ :i* is always holy4 ,b ! "n ( ,god is always holy1 accord+ to ,luke #a3di1 ,holy is ,8 "n4 ,aga91 ,8 k+dom is ev]la/+1 accord+ to ,ps4 #add3ac1 ,?y k+dom is a k+dom ( all ages4 ,aga91 ,god's w is always fulfill$1 accord+ to ,isa #df3aj1 ,all ,my w %all be done4 ,!re=e x is useless to ask = ! "n ( ,god to be hall[$1 = ,8 k+dom to come1 & = ,8 w to be done4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o mu/ )draw f evil be=e atta9+ good4 ,!re=e x seems unfitt+ = ! petitions relat+ to ! atta9m5t ( good to be set =? be=e ^? relat+ to ! removal ( evil4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o asks = a ?+ t x may be giv5 to "o4 ,n[ ! *ief gift ( ,god is ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ^? gifts t we receive ?r\gh ,him4 ,!re=e ! petitions seem to be unfitt+ly assign$1 s9ce !y d n correspond to ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,luke1 only five petitions are m5tion$ 9 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 z appe>s f ! elev5? *apt]4 ,!re=e x 0 sup]flu\s = ,mat!w to m5tion sev54 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x seems useless to seek to w9 ! b5evol5ce ( "o :o =e/alls u by 8 b5evol5ce4 ,n[ ,god =e/alls u by ,8 b5evol5ce1 s9ce ,he fir/ ha? lov$ u 7 #a ,john #d3ai74 ,!re=e x is useless to preface ! petitions ) ! words our ,fa!r ,:o art 9 heav51 :i* seem to indicate a desire to w9 ,god's b5evol5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! au?ority ( ,*ri/1 :o compos$ ?is pray]1 suffices4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,"l's ,pray] is mo/ p]fect1 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7ad ,probam ,ep4 cxxx1 #ab71 if we pray rightly & fitt+ly1 we c say no?+ else b :at is conta9$ 9 ?is pray] ( our ,"l4 ,= s9ce pray] int]prets our desires1 z x 71 be=e ,god1 !n alone is x "r to ask = some?+ 9 our pray]s :5 x is "r t we %\ld desire x4 ,n[ 9 ! ,"l's ,pray] n only d we ask = all t we may rightly desire1 b also 9 ! ord] :]e9 we ought to desire !m1 s t ?is pray] n only tea*es u to ask1 b also directs all our affections4 ,?us x is evid5t t ! fir/ ?+ to be ! object ( our desire is ! end1 & aft]w>ds :atev] is direct$ to ! end4 ,n[ our end is ,god t[>ds ,:om our affections t5d 9 two ways3 fir/1 by our will+ ! glory ( ,god1 secondly1 by will+ to enjoy ,8 glory4 ,! fir/ belongs to ! love :]eby we love ,god 9 ,himself1 :ile ! second belongs to ! love :]eby we love ourselves 9 ,god4 ,:]e=e ! fir/ petition is express$ ?us3 ,hall[$ be ,?y "n1 & ! second ?us3 ,?y k+dom come1 by :i* we ask to come to ! glory ( ,8 k+dom4 ,to ?is same end a ?+ directs u 9 two ways3 9 "o way1 by its v nature1 9 ano!r way1 accid5tally4 ,( its v nature ! good :i* is useful = an end directs u to t end4 ,n[ a ?+ is useful 9 two ways to t end :i* is beatitude3 9 "o way1 directly & pr9cipally1 accord+ to ! m]it :]eby we m]it beatitude by obey+ ,god1 & 9 ?is respect we ask3 ,?y w be done on e>? z x is 9 heav52 9 ano!r way in/rum5tally1 & z x 7 help+ u to m]it1 & 9 ?is respect we say3 ,give u ?is day our daily bread1 :e!r we und]/& ?is ( ! sacram5tal ,bread1 ! daily use ( :i* is pr(itable to man1 & 9 :i* all ! o!r sacram5ts are conta9$1 or ( ! bread ( ! body1 s t x d5otes all suffici5cy ( food1 z ,augu/9e says 7ad ,probam1 ,ep4 cxxx1 #aa71 s9ce ! ,eu*>i/ is ! *ief sacram5t1 & bread is ! *ief food3 ?us 9 ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w we read1 sup]sub/antial1 i4e4 pr9cipal1 z ,j]ome exp\nds x4 ,we are direct$ to beatitude accid5tally by ! removal ( ob/acles4 ,n[ !re are ?ree ob/acles to our atta9m5t ( beatitude4 ,fir/1 !re is s91 :i* directly excludes a man f ! k+dom1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #f3i1 #aj1 ,nei!r =nicators1 nor idolat]s1 etc41 %all possess ! k+dom ( ,god2 & to ?is ref] ! words1 ,=give u our trespasses4 ,secondly1 !re is temptation :i* h9d]s u f keep+ ,god's w1 & to ?is we ref] :5 we say3 ,& lead u n into temptation1 :]eby we d n ask n to be tempt$1 b n to be conqu]$ by temptation1 :i* is to be l$ into temptation4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! pres5t p5al /ate :i* is a k9d ( ob/acle to a suffici5cy ( life1 & to ?is we ref] 9 ! words1 ,deliv] u f evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #e71 :5 we say1 ,hall[$ be ,?y "n1 we d n mean t ,god's "n is n holy1 b we ask t m5 may treat x z a holy ?+1 & ?is p]ta9s to ! diffusion ( ,god's glory among m54 ,:5 we say1 ,?y k+dom come1 we d n imply t ,god is n reign+ n[1 b we excite 9 ourselves ! desire = t k+dom1 t x may come to u1 & t we may reign !re91 z ,augu/9e says 7ad ,probam1 ,ep4 cxxx1 #aa74 ,! words1 ,?y w be done rightly signify1 ',may ,?y comm&m5ts be obey$' on e>? z 9 heav51 i4e4 by m5 z well z by angels 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #f74 ,h5ce ^! ?ree petitions w be p]fectly fulfill$ 9 ! life to come2 :ile ! o!r f\r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,en*iridion cxv71 belong to ! ne$s ( ! pres5t life4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce pray] is ! int]pret] ( desire1 ! ord] ( ! petitions corresponds ) ! ord]1 n ( execution1 b ( desire or int5tion1 :]e ! end prec$es ! ?+s t are direct$ to ! end1 & atta9m5t ( good prec$es removal ( evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,augu/9e 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #aa7 adapts ! sev5 petitions to ! gifts & beatitudes4 ,he says3 ,if x is fe> ( ,god :]eby bless$ are ! poor 9 _s1 let u ask t ,god's "n be hall[$ among m5 ) a *a/e fe>4 ,if x is piety :]eby bless$ are ! meek1 let u ask t ,8 k+dom may come1 s t we become meek & no long] resi/ ,him4 ,if x is k :]eby bless$ are !y t m\rn1 let u pray t ,8 w be done1 = ?us we %all m\rn no m4 ,if x is =titude :]eby bless$ ere !y t hung]1 let u pray t our daily bread be giv5 to u4 ,if x is c\nsel :]eby bless$ are ! m]ciful1 let u =give ! trespasses ( o!rs t our own may be =giv54 ,if x is und]/&+ :]eby bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t1 let u pray le/ we h a d\ble he>t by seek+ aft] worldly ?+s :i* ere ! occasion ( our temptations4 ,if x is wisdom :]eby bless$ are ! peacemak]s = !y %all be call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 let u pray to be deliv]$ f evil3 = if we be deliv]$ we %all by t v fact become ! free *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,en*iridion cxvi71 ,luke includ$ n sev5 b five petitions 9 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 = by omitt+ x1 he %[s t ! ?ird petition is a k9d ( repetition ( ! two t prec$e1 & ?us helps u to und]/& x2 because1 to wit1 ! w ( ,god t5ds *iefly to ?is--t we come to ! k ( ,8 hol9ess & to reign toge!r ) ,him4 ,aga9 ! la/ petition m5tion$ by ,mat!w1 ,deliv] u f evil1 is omitt$ by ,luke1 s t ea* "o may "k himself to be deliv]$ f evil if he be n l$ into temptation4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,pray] is (f]$ up to ,god1 n t we may b5d ,him1 b t we may excite 9 ourselves ! confid5ce to ask3 :i* confid5ce is excit$ 9 u *iefly by ! consid]ation ( ,8 *>ity 9 our reg>d1 :]eby he wills our good--:]e=e we say3 ,our ,fa!r2 & ( ,8 excell5ce1 :]eby ,he is able to fulfil x--:]e=e we say3 ,:o art 9 heav54 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,pray] ,is ,prop] to ! ,rational ,creature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pray] is n prop] to ! rational creature4 ,ask+ & receiv+ app>5tly belong to ! same subject4 ,b receiv+ is becom+ also to uncreat$ ,p]sons1 viz4 ! ,son & ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e x is compet5t to !m to pray3 = ! ,son said 7,john #ad3af73 ,i w ask ,my ,vulg43 '!' ,fa!r1 & ! ,apo/le says ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,rom4 #h3bf73 ,! ,_s 4 4 4 aske? = u4 ,obj4 #b3 ,angels are above rational creatures1 s9ce !y are intellectual sub/ances4 ,n[ pray] is becom+ to ! angels1 :]e=e we read 9 ! ,ps4 #if3g3 ,adore ,him1 all y ,8 angels4 ,!re=e pray] is n prop] to ! rational creature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same subject is fitt$ to pray z is fitt$ to call ^u ,god1 s9ce ?is consi/s *iefly 9 pray]4 ,b dumb animals are fitt$ to call ^u ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #adf3i1 ,:o give? to bea/s _! food & to ! "y rav5s t call ^u ,him4 ,!re=e pray] is n prop] to ! rational creatures4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,pray] is an act ( reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b ! rational creature is s call$ f 8 reason4 ,!re=e pray] is prop] to ! rational creature4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 pray] is an act ( reason1 & consi/s 9 besee*+ a sup]ior2 j z comm& is an act ( reason1 :]eby an inf]ior is direct$ to some?+4 ,accord+ly pray] is prop]ly compet5t to "o to :om x is compet5t to h reason1 & a sup]ior :om he may besee*4 ,n[ no?+ is above ! ,div9e ,p]sons2 & dumb animals are devoid ( reason4 ,!re=e pray] is unbecom+ bo? ! ,div9e ,p]sons & dumb animals1 & x is prop] to ! rational creature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,receiv+ belongs to ! ,div9e ,p]sons 9 respect ( _! nature1 :]eas pray] belongs to "o :o receives ?r\gh grace4 ,! ,son is said to ask or pray 9 respect ( ,8 assum$1 i4e4 ,8 human1 nature & n 9 respect ( ,8 ,godhead3 & ! ,holy ,gho/ is said to ask1 because ,he makes u ask4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #gi1 ,a4 #h71 intellect & reason are n di/9ct p[]s 9 u3 b !y diff] z ! p]fect f ! imp]fect4 ,h5ce intellectual creatures :i* are ! angels are di/9ct f rational creatures1 & sometimes are includ$ "u !m4 ,9 ?is s5se pray] is said to be prop] to ! rational creature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! "y rav5s are said to call ^u ,god1 on acc\nt ( ! natural desire :]eby all ?+s1 ea* 9 its own way1 desire to atta9 ! ,div9e goodness4 ,?us too dumb animals are said to obey ,god1 on acc\nt ( ! natural in/9ct :]eby !y are mov$ by ,god4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ! ,sa9ts 9 ,heav5 ,pray = ,u8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! sa9ts 9 heav5 d n pray = u4 ,a man's action is m m]itori\s = himself ?an = o!rs4 ,b ! sa9ts 9 heav5 d n m]it = !mselves1 nei!r d !y pray = !mselves1 s9ce !y are already e/abli%$ 9 ! t]m4 ,nei!r !re=e d !y pray = u4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! sa9ts con=m _! w to ,god p]fectly1 s t !y w only :at ,god wills4 ,n[ :at ,god wills is always fulfill$4 ,!re=e x w\ld be useless = ! sa9ts to pray = u4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z ! sa9ts 9 heav5 are above1 s are ^? 9 ,purgatory1 = !y c no long] s94 ,n[ ^? 9 ,purgatory d n pray = u1 on ! contr>y we pray = !m4 ,!re=e nei!r d ! sa9ts 9 heav5 pray = u4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if ! sa9ts 9 heav5 pray = u1 ! pray]s ( ! high] sa9ts w\ld be m efficaci\s2 & s we ought n to implore ! help ( ! l[] sa9ts' pray]s b only ( ^? ( ! high] sa9ts4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! s\l ( ,pet] is n ,pet]4 ,if !re=e ! s\ls ( ! sa9ts pray = u1 s long z !y are sep>at$ f _! bodies1 we ought n to call ^u ,sa9t ,pet]1 b on 8 s\l1 to pray = u3 yet ! ,*ur* does ! contr>y4 ,! sa9ts !re=e d n pray = u1 at lea/ be=e ! resurrection4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#b ,macc4 #ae3ad73 ,?is is 4 4 4 he t praye? mu* = ! p1 & = all ! holy city1 ,j]emias ! prophet ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,j]ome says 7,cont4 ,vigilant4 #f71 ! error ( ,vigilantius consi/$ 9 say+ t :ile we live1 we c pray "o = ano!r2 b t aft] we are dead1 none ( our pray]s = o!rs c be he>d1 see+ t n ev5 ! m>tyrs' pray]s are grant$ :5 !y pray = _! blood to be av5g$4 ,b ?is is absolutely false1 because1 s9ce pray]s (f]$ = o!rs proce$ f *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #g1 #h71 ! great] ! *>ity ( ! sa9ts 9 heav51 ! m !y pray = wayf>]s1 s9ce ! latt] c be help$ by pray]s3 & ! m closely !y are unit$ to ,god1 ! m are _! pray]s efficaci\s3 = ! ,div9e ord] is su* t l[] be+s receive an ov]fl[ ( ! excell5ce ( ! high]1 ev5 z ! air receives ! brightness ( ! sun4 ,:]e=e x is said ( ,*ri/ 7,heb4 #g3be73 ,go+ to ,god by ,8 own p[] 4 4 4 to make int]cession = u 99,vulg43 ',he is able to save = ev] !m t come to ,god by ,him1 always liv+ to make int]cession = u4'4 ,h5ce ,j]ome says 7,cont4 ,vigilant4 #f73 ,if ! apo/les & m>tyrs :ile yet 9 ! body & hav+ to be solicit\s = !mselves1 c pray = o!rs1 h[ mu* m n[ t !y h ! cr[n ( victory & triumph4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! sa9ts 9 heav51 s9ce !y are bless$1 h no lack ( bliss1 save t ( ! body's glory1 & = ?is !y pray4 ,b !y pray = u :o lack ! ultimate p]fection ( bliss3 & _! pray]s are efficaci\s 9 impetrat+ ?r\gh _! previ\s m]its & ?r\gh ,god's acceptance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! sa9ts impetrate :at ev] ,god wi%es to take place ?r\gh _! pray]s3 & !y pray = t :i* !y deem w be grant$ ?r\gh _! pray]s accord+ to ,god's w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? :o are 9 ,purgatory ?\gh !y are above u on acc\nt ( _! impeccability1 yet !y are bel[ u z to ! pa9s :i* !y suff]3 & 9 ?is respect !y are n 9 a condition to pray1 b r 9 a condition t requires u to pray = !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x is ,god's w t inf]ior be+s %\ld be help$ by all ^? t are above !m1 :]e=e we ought to pray n only to ! high] b also to ! l[] sa9ts2 else we %\ld h to implore ! m]cy ( ,god alone4 ,nev]!less x happ5s sometime t pray]s address$ to a sa9t ( l[] degree are m efficaci\s1 ei!r because he is implor$ ) great] devotion1 or because ,god wi%es to make kn[n 8 sanctity4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,x is because ! sa9ts :ile liv+ m]it$ to pray = u1 t we invoke !m "u ! names by :i* !y 7 kn[n 9 ?is life1 & by :i* !y are bett] kn[n to u3 & also 9 ord] to indicate our belief 9 ! resurrection1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,ex4 #c3f1 ,i am ! ,god ( ,abraham1 etc4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ,pray] ,%\ld ,be ,vocal8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pray] ought n to be vocal4 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 pray] is address$ *iefly to ,god4 ,n[ ,god kn[s ! language ( ! he>t4 ,!re=e x is useless to employ vocal pray]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pray] %\ld lift man's m9d to ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,b words1 l o!r s5sible objects1 prev5t man f asc5d+ to ,god by contemplation4 ,!re=e we %\ld n use words 9 our pray]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 pray] %\ld be (f]$ to ,god 9 secret1 accord+ to ,matt4 #f3f1 ,b ?\1 :5 ?\ %alt pray1 ent] into ?y *amb]1 & hav+ %ut ! door1 pray to ?y ,fa!r 9 secret4 ,b pray] loses its secrecy by be+ express$ vocally4 ,!re=e pray] %\ld n be vocal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ada3b73 ,i cri$ to ! ,"l ) my voice1 ) my voice ,i made supplication to ! ,"l4 ,i answ] t1 ,pray] is tw(old1 common & individual4 ,common pray] is t :i* is (f]$ to ,god by ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* repres5t+ ! body ( ! fai?ful3 :]e=e su* l pray] %\ld come to ! k ( ! :ole p = :om x is (f]$3 & ?is w\ld n be possible unless x 7 vocal pray]4 ,!re=e x is reasonably orda9$ t ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* %\ld say ^! pray]s ev5 9 a l\d voice1 s t !y may come to ! k ( all4 ,on ! o!r h& individual pray] is t :i* is (f]$ by any s+le p]son1 :e!r he pray = himself or = o!rs2 & x is n ess5tial to su* a pray] z ?is t x be vocal4 ,& yet ! voice is employ$ 9 su* l pray]s = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 9 ord] to excite int]ior devotion1 :]eby ! m9d ( ! p]son pray+ is rais$ to ,god1 because by means ( ext]nal signs1 :e!r ( words or ( de$s1 ! human m9d is mov$ z reg>ds appreh5sion1 & consequ5tly also z reg>ds ! affections4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7ad ,probam4 ,ep4 cxxx1 #i7 t by means ( words & o!r signs we ar\se ourselves m effectively to an increase ( holy desires4 ,h5ce !n alone %\ld we use words & su* l signs :5 !y help to excite ! m9d int]nally4 ,b if !y di/ract or 9 any way imp$e ! m9d we %\ld ab/a9 f !m2 & ?is happ5s *iefly to ^? ^: m9d is suffici5tly prep>$ = devotion )\t hav+ rec\rse to ^? signs4 ,:]e=e ! ,psalmi/ 7,ps4 #bf3h7 said3 ,my he>t ha? said to ,!e3 ',my face ha? s\ght ,!e1' & we read ( ,anna 7#a ,k+s #a3ac7 t %e spoke 9 h] he>t4 ,secondly1 ! voice is us$ 9 pray+ z ?\gh to pay a debt1 s t man may s]ve ,god ) all t he has f ,god1 t is to say1 n only ) 8 m9d1 b also ) 8 body3 & ?is applies to pray] consid]$ especially z satisfactory4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,osee #ad3c73 ,take away all iniquity1 & receive ! good3 & we w r5d] ! calves ( our lips4 ,?irdly1 we h rec\rse to vocal pray]1 ?r\gh a c]ta9 ov]fl[ f ! s\l into ! body1 ?r\gh excess ( feel+1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ae3i1 ,my he>t ha? be5 glad1 & my tongue ha? rejoic$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,vocal pray] is employ$1 n 9 ord] to tell ,god some?+ ,he does n "k1 b 9 ord] to lift up ! m9d ( ! p]son pray+ or ( o!r p]sons to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,words ab\t o!r matt]s di/ract ! m9d & h9d] ! devotion ( ^? :o pray3 b words signify+ "s object ( devotion lift up ! m9d1 especially "o t is less dev\t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,*ryso/om says 99,hom4 xiii 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 ,our ,"l =bids "o to pray 9 pres5ce ( o!rs 9 ord] t "o may be se5 by o!rs4 ,h5ce :5 y pray1 d no?+ /range to draw m5's att5tion1 ei!r by %\t+ s z to be he>d by o!rs1 or by op5ly /rik+ ! he>t1 or ext5d+ ! h&s1 s z to be se5 by _m4 ,& yet1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #c71 x is n wrong to be se5 by m51 b to d ?is or t 9 ord] to be se5 by m54 ,,?irte5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #ac ,:e!r ,att5tion ,is a ,necess>y ,condition ( ,pray]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t att5tion is a necess>y condition ( pray]4 ,x is writt5 7,john #d3bd73 ,god is a _s1 & !y t adore ,him mu/ adore ,him 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,b pray] is n 9 _s unless x be att5tive4 ,!re=e att5tion is a necess>y condition ( pray]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pray] is ! asc5t ( ! m9d to ,god 99,damasc5e1 ,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #bd4 ,b ! m9d does n asc5d to ,god if ! pray] is inatt5tive4 ,!re=e att5tion is a necess>y condition ( pray]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is a necess>y condition ( pray] t x %\ld be altoge!r s9less4 ,n[ if a man all[s 8 m9d to w&] :ile pray+ he is n free ( s91 = he seems to make light ( ,god2 ev5 z if he 7 to speak to ano!r man )\t att5d+ to :at he 0 say+4 ,h5ce ,basil says 99,de ,con/it4 ,mona*4 i t ! ,div9e assi/ance is to be implor$1 n lightly1 nor ) a m9d w&]+ hi!r & ?i!r3 because he t prays ?us n only w n obta9 :at he asks1 nay r w he provoke ,god to ang]4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem a necess>y condition ( pray] t x %\ld be att5tive4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ev5 holy m5 sometimes suff] f a w&]+ ( ! m9d :5 !y pray1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ci3ac1 ,my he>t ha? =sak5 me4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is "q applies *iefly to vocal pray]4 ,accord+ly we mu/ obs]ve t a ?+ is necess>y 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 a ?+ is necess>y because !reby ! end is bett] obta9$3 & ?us att5tion is absolutely necess>y = pray]4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is said to be necess>y :5 )\t x some?+ _c obta9 its effect4 ,n[ ! effect ( pray] is ?reefold4 ,! fir/ is an effect :i* is common to all acts quick5$ by *>ity1 & ?is is m]it4 ,9 ord] to realize ?is effect1 x is n necess>y t pray] %\ld be att5tive ?r\gh\t2 because ! =ce ( ! orig9al int5tion ) :i* "o sets ab\t pray+ r5d]s ! :ole pray] m]itori\s1 z is ! case ) o!r m]itori\s acts4 ,! second effect ( pray] is prop] !reto1 & consi/s 9 impetration3 & aga9 ! orig9al int5tion1 to :i* ,god looks *iefly1 suffices to obta9 ?is effect4 ,b if ! orig9al int5tion is lack+1 pray] lacks bo? m]it & impetration3 because1 z ,gregory 99,hugh ,/4 ,victor1 ,expos4 9 ,reg4 ,s4 ,aug4 iii says1 ,god he>s n ! pray] ( ^? :o pay no att5tion to _! pray]4 ,! ?ird effect ( pray] is t :i* x produces at once2 ?is is ! spiritual refre%m5t ( ! m9d1 & = ?is effect att5tion is a necess>y condition3 :]e=e x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ad3ad73 ,if ,i pray 9 a tongue 4 4 4 my und]/&+ is )\t fruit4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t !re are ?ree k9ds ( att5tion t c be br\ght to vocal pray]3 "o :i* att5ds to ! words1 le/ we say !m wrong1 ano!r :i* att5ds to ! s5se ( ! words1 & a ?ird1 :i* att5ds to ! end ( pray]1 namely1 ,god1 & to ! ?+ we are pray+ =4 ,t la/ k9d ( att5tion is mo/ necess>y1 & ev5 idiots are capable ( x4 ,moreov] ?is att5tion1 :]eby ! m9d is fix$ on ,god1 is sometimes s /rong t ! m9d =gets all o!r ?+s1 z ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor /ates 99,de ,modo ,or&i ii4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to pray 9 _s & 9 tru? is to set ab\t pray+ ?r\gh ! in/igation ( ! ,_s1 ev5 ?\gh aft]w>ds ! m9d w&] ?r\gh weakness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! human m9d is unable to rema9 al(t = long on acc\nt ( ! weakness ( nature1 because human weakness weighs d[n ! s\l to ! level ( inf]ior ?+s3 & h5ce x is t :51 :ile pray+1 ! m9d asc5ds to ,god by contemplation1 ( a sudd5 x w&]s (f ?r\gh weakness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,purposely to all[ "o's m9d to w&] 9 pray] is s9ful & h9d]s ! pray] f hav+ fruit4 ,x is aga9/ ?is t ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule 7,ep4 ccxi73 ,:5 y pray ,god ) psalms & hymns1 let y\r m9d att5d to t :i* y\r lips pron\nce4 ,b to w&] 9 m9d un9t5tionally does n deprive pray] ( its fruit4 ,h5ce ,basil says 7,de ,con/it4 ,mona*4 i73 ,if y are s truly weak5$ by s9 t y are unable to pray att5tively1 /rive z mu* z y c to curb y\rself1 & ,god w p>don y1 see+ t y are unable to /& 9 ,8 pres5ce 9 a becom+ mann]1 n ?r\gh neglig5ce b ?r\gh frailty4 ,,f\rte5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #ad ,:e!r ,pray] ,%\ld ,la/ a ,long ,"t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pray] %\ld n be cont9ual4 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #f3g73 ,:5 y are pray+1 speak n mu*4 ,n[ "o :o prays a long "t ne$s to speak mu*1 especially if 8 be vocal pray]4 ,!re=e pray] %\ld n la/ a long "t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pray] expresses ! desire4 ,n[ a desire is all ! holi] accord+ z x is c5t]$ on "o ?+1 accord+ to ,ps4 #bf3d1 ,"o ?+ ,i h ask$ ( ! ,"l1 ?is w ,i seek aft]4 ,!re=e ! %ort] pray] is1 ! m is x acceptable to ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems to be wrong to transgress ! limits fix$ by ,god1 especially 9 matt]s conc]n+ ,div9e wor%ip1 accord+ to ,ex4 #ai3ba3 ,*>ge ! p1 le/ !y %\ld h a m9d to pass ! limits to see ! ,"l1 & a v great multitude ( !m %\ld p]i%4 ,b ,god has fix$ = u ! limits ( pray] by in/itut+ ! ,"l's ,pray] 7,matt4 #f74 ,!re=e x is n "r to prolong our pray] beyond its limits4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x w\ld seem t we ought to pray cont9ually4 ,= our ,"l said 7,luke #ah3a73 ,we ought always to pray1 & n to fa9t3 & x is writt5 7#a ,!ss4 #e3ag73 ,pray )\t ceas+4 ,i answ] t1 ,we may speak ab\t pray] 9 two ways3 fir/1 by consid]+ x 9 itself2 secondly1 by consid]+ x 9 its cause4 ,! cause ( pray] is ! desire ( *>ity1 f :i* pray] ought to arise3 & ?is desire ought to be 9 u cont9ually1 ei!r actually or virtually1 = ! virtue ( ?is desire rema9s 9 :atev] we d out ( *>ity2 & we ought to d all ?+s to ! glory ( ,god 7#a ,cor4 #aj3ca74 ,f ?is po9t ( view pray] ought to be cont9ual3 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7ad ,probam1 ,ep4 cxxx1 #i73 ,fai?1 hope & *>ity are by !mselves a pray] ( cont9ual long+4 ,b pray]1 consid]$ 9 itself1 _c be cont9ual1 because we h to be busy ab\t o!r works1 &1 z ,augu/9e says 7ad ,probam4 ,ep4 cxxx1 #i71 we pray to ,god ) our lips at c]ta9 int]vals & seasons1 9 ord] to admoni% ourselves by means ( su* l signs1 to take note ( ! am\nt ( our progress 9 t desire1 & to ar\se ourselves m eag]ly to an increase !re(4 ,n[ ! quantity ( a ?+ %\ld be comm5surate ) its end1 = in/ance ! quantity ( ! dose %\ld be comm5surate ) heal?4 ,& s x is becom+ t pray] %\ld la/ long en\gh to ar\se ! f]vor ( ! int]ior desire3 & :5 x exce$s ?is measure1 s t x _c be cont9u$ any long] )\t caus+ we>9ess1 x %\ld be discont9u$4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7ad ,probam4 ,ep4 cxxx73 ,x is said t ! bre?r5 9 ,egypt make frequ5t b v %ort pray]s1 rapid ejaculations1 z x 71 le/ t vigilant & erect att5tion :i* is s necess>y 9 pray] slack5 & langui%1 ?r\gh ! /ra9 be+ prolong$4 ,by s do+ !y make x suffici5tly cle> n only t ?is att5tion mu/ n be =c$ if we are unable to keep x up1 b also t if we are able to cont9ue1 x %\ld n be brok5 (f too soon4 ,& j z we mu/ judge ( ?is 9 private pray]s by consid]+ ! att5tion ( ! p]son pray+1 s too1 9 public pray]s we mu/ judge ( x by consid]+ ! devotion ( ! p4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7ad ,probam4 ,ep4 cxxx71 to pray ) _m words is n ! same z to pray long2 to speak long is "o ?+1 to be dev\t long is ano!r4 ,= x is writt5 t our ,"l pass$ ! :ole night 9 pray]1 & t ,he 'pray$ ! long]' 9 ord] to set u an example4 ,fur!r on he says3 ,:5 pray+ say little1 yet pray mu* s long z y\r att5tion is f]v5t4 ,= to say mu* 9 pray] is to discuss y\r ne$ 9 too _m words3 :]eas to pray mu* is to knock at ! door ( ,him we pray1 by ! cont9u\s & dev\t clamor ( ! he>t4 ,inde$ ?is bus9ess is frequ5tly done ) groans r ?an ) words1 ) te>s r ?an ) spee*4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,l5g? ( pray] consi/s1 n 9 pray+ = _m ?+s1 b 9 ! affections p]si/+ 9 ! desire ( "o ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,our ,"l in/itut$ ?is pray]1 n t we might use no o!r words :5 we pray1 b t 9 our pray]s we might h none b ^! ?+s 9 view1 no matt] h[ we express !m or ?9k ( !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,"o may pray cont9ually1 ei!r ?r\gh hav+ a cont9ual desire1 z /at$ above2 or ?r\gh pray+ at c]ta9 fix$ times1 ?\gh int]rupt$ly2 or by reason ( ! effect1 :e!r 9 ! p]son :o prays--because he rema9s m dev\t ev5 aft] pray+1 or 9 "s o!r p]son--z :5 by 8 k9dness a man incites ano!r to pray = him1 ev5 aft] he himself has ceas$ pray+4 ,,fifte5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #ae ,:e!r ,pray] ,is ,m]itori\s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pray] is n m]itori\s4 ,all m]it proce$s f grace4 ,b pray] prec$es grace1 s9ce ev5 grace is obta9$ by means ( pray] accord+ to ,luke #aa3ac1 7,h[ mu* m7 w y\r ,fa!r f heav5 give ! good ,_s to !m t ask ,him6 ,!re=e pray] is n a m]itori\s act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if pray] m]its any?+1 ?is w\ld seem to be *iefly t :i* is bes\ght 9 pray]4 ,yet x does n always m]it ?is1 because ev5 ! sa9ts' pray]s are frequ5tly n he>d2 ?us ,paul 0 n he>d :5 he bes\ght ! /+ ( ! fle% to be remov$ f him4 ,!re=e pray] is n a m]itori\s act4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 pray] is bas$ *iefly on fai?1 accord+ to ,james #a3f1 ,b let him ask 9 fai?1 no?+ wav]+4 ,n[ fai? is n suffici5t = m]it1 z in/anc$ 9 ^? :o h lifeless fai?4 ,!re=e pray] is n a m]itori\s act4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ! words ( ,ps4 #cd3ac1 ,my pray] %all be turn$ into my bosom1 expla9s !m z mean+1 if my pray] does n pr(it !m1 yet %all n ,i be depriv$ ( my rew>d4 ,n[ rew>d is n due save to m]it4 ,!re=e pray] is m]itori\s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #ac7 pray]1 besides caus+ spiritual consolation at ! "t ( pray+1 has a tw(old efficacy 9 respect ( a future effect1 namely1 efficacy 9 m]it+ & efficacy 9 impetrat+4 ,n[ pray]1 l any o!r virtu\s act1 is efficaci\s 9 m]it+1 because x proce$s f *>ity z its root1 ! prop] object ( :i* is ! et]nal good t we m]it to enjoy4 ,yet pray] proce$s f *>ity ?r\gh ! m$ium ( religion1 ( :i* pray] is an act1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 & ) ! concurr5ce ( o!r virtues requisite = ! goodness ( pray]1 viz4 humility & fai?4 ,= ! (f]+ ( pray] itself to ,god belongs to religion1 :ile ! desire = ! ?+ t we pray to be accompli%$ belongs to *>ity4 ,fai? is necess>y 9 ref]5ce to ,god to ,:om we pray2 t is1 we ne$ to believe t we c obta9 f ,him :at we seek4 ,humility is necess>y on ! "p ( ! p]son pray+1 because he recognizes 8 ne$9ess4 ,devotion too is necess>y3 b ?is belongs to religion1 = x is its fir/ act & a necess>y condition ( all its second>y acts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,z to its efficacy 9 impetrat+1 pray] d]ives ?is f ! grace ( ,god to ,:om we pray1 & ,:o in/igates u to pray4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 ,s]m4 cv1 #a73 ,he w\ld n urge u to ask1 unless ,he 7 will+ to give2 & ,*ryso/om 99,cf4 ,cat5a ,aurea ( ,/4 ,?omas on ,luke #ah4 ,! words z quot$ are n to be f\nd 9 ! words ( ,*ryso/om says3 ,he nev] refuses to grant our pray]s1 s9ce 9 ,8 lov+-k9dness ,he urg$ u n to fa9t 9 pray+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,nei!r pray] nor any o!r virtu\s act is m]itori\s )\t sanctify+ grace4 ,& yet ev5 t pray] :i* impetrates sanctify+ grace proce$s f "s grace1 z f a gratuit\s gift1 s9ce ! v act ( pray+ is a gift ( ,god1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,p]sev]4 xxiii74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sometimes ! m]it ( pray] reg>ds *iefly some?+ di/9ct f ! object ( "o's petition4 ,= ! *ief object ( m]it is beatitude1 :]eas ! direct object ( ! petition ( pray] ext5ds sometimes to c]ta9 o!r ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #f1 #g74 ,accord+ly if ?is o!r ?+ t we ask = ourselves be n useful = our beatitude1 we d n m]it x2 & sometimes by ask+ = & desir+ su* ?+s we lose m]it = in/ance if we ask ( ,god ! accompli%m5t ( "s s91 :i* w\ld be an impi\s pray]4 ,& sometimes x is n necess>y = salvation1 nor yet manife/ly contr>y !reto2 & !n al?\gh he :o prays may m]it et]nal life by pray+1 yet he does n m]it to obta9 :at he asks =4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,lib]4 ,s5t5t4 ,prosp]i s5t4 ccxii73 ,he :o fai?fully prays ,god = ! necess>ies ( ?is life1 is bo? m]cifully he>d1 & m]cifully n he>d4 ,= ! physician kn[s bett] ?an ! sick man :at is good = ! disease4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 ,paul 0 n he>d :5 he pray$ = ! removal ( ! /+ 9 8 fle%1 because ?is 0 n exp$i5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we pray = some?+ t is useful = our beatitude1 ?r\gh be+ conducive to salvation1 we m]it x n only by pray+1 b also by do+ o!r good de$s3 !re=e )\t any d\bt we receive :at we ask =1 yet :5 we ought to receive x3 s9ce c]ta9 ?+s are n d5i$ u1 b are def]r$ t !y may be grant$ at a suitable "t1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,tract4 cii 9 ,joan473 & aga9 ?is may be h9d]$ if we p]sev]e n 9 ask+ = x4 ,:]e=e ,basil says 7,de ,con/it4 ,mona/4 i73 ,! reason :y sometimes ?\ ha/ ask$ & n receiv$1 is because ?\ ha/ ask$ amiss1 ei!r inconsi/5tly1 or lightly1 or because ?\ ha/ ask$ = :at 0 n good = !e1 or because ?\ ha/ ceas$ ask+4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a man _c condignly m]it et]nal life = ano!r1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #f71 x foll[s t sometimes "o _c condignly m]it = ano!r ?+s t p]ta9 to et]nal life4 ,= ?is reason we are n always he>d :5 we pray = o!rs1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g1 ad #b1 #c74 ,h5ce x is t f\r conditions are laid d[n2 namely1 to ask--= ourselves--?+s necess>y = salvation--pi\sly--p]sev]+ly2 :5 all ^! f\r concur1 we always obta9 :at we ask =4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pray] dep5ds *iefly on fai?1 n = its efficacy 9 m]it+1 because ?us x dep5ds *iefly on *>ity1 b = its efficacy 9 impetrat+1 because x is ?r\gh fai? t man comes to "k ( ,god's omnipot5ce & m]cy1 :i* are ! s\rce :5ce pray] impetrates :at x asks =4 ,,sixte5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #af ,:e!r ,s9n]s ,impetrate ,any?+ f ,god by ,_! ,pray]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s9n]s impetrate no?+ f ,god by _! pray]s4 ,x is writt5 7,john #i3ca73 ,we "k t ,god do? n he> s9n]s2 & ?is agrees ) ! say+ ( ,prov4 #bh3i1 ,he t turne? away 8 e>s f he>+ ! law1 8 pray] %all be an abom9ation4 ,n[ an abom9able pray] impetrates no?+ f ,god4 ,!re=e s9n]s impetrate no?+ f ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! j impetrate f ,god :at !y m]it1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #ae1 ad #b74 ,b s9n]s _c m]it any?+ s9ce !y lack grace & *>ity :i* is ! p[] ( godl9ess1 accord+ to a gloss on #b ,tim4 #c3e1 ,hav+ an appe>ance inde$ ( godl9ess1 b d5y+ ! p[] !re(4 & s _! pray] is impi\s1 & yet piety is requir$ 9 ord] t pray] may be impetrative1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #ae1 ad #b74 ,!re=e s9n]s impetrate no?+ by _! pray]s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xiv 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om says3 ,! ,fa!r is unwill+ to he> ! pray] :i* ! ,son has n inspir$4 ,n[ 9 ! pray] inspir$ by ,*ri/ we say3 ,=give u our trespasses z we =give !m t trespass aga9/ u3 & s9n]s d n fulfil ?is4 ,!re=e ei!r !y lie 9 say+ ?is1 & s are unwor?y to be he>d1 or1 if !y d n say x1 !y are n he>d1 because !y d n obs]ve ! =m ( pray] in/itut$ by ,*ri/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xliv1 sup] ,joan473 ,if ,god 7 n to he> s9n]s1 ! publican w\ld h va9ly said3 ,"l1 be m]ciful to me a s9n]2 & ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xviii ( ! same ,opus ,imp]fectum says3 ,ev]yone t aske? %all receive1 t is to say :e!r he be righte\s or s9ful4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! s9n]1 two ?+s are to be consid]$3 8 nature :i* ,god loves1 & ! s9 :i* ,he hates4 ,accord+ly :5 a s9n] prays = some?+ z s9n]1 i4e4 9 accordance ) a s9ful desire1 ,god he>s him n ?r\gh m]cy b sometimes ?r\gh v5geance :5 ,he all[s ! s9n] to fall yet deep] into s94 ,= ,god refuses 9 m]cy :at ,he grants 9 ang]1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,tract4 lxxiii 9 ,joan474 ,on ! o!r h& ,god he>s ! s9n]'s pray] if x proce$ f a good natural desire1 n out ( ju/ice1 because ! s9n] does n m]it to be he>d1 b out ( pure m]cy 99,cf4 ,a4 #ae1 ad #a1 provid$ h[ev] he fulfil ! f\r conditions giv5 above1 namely1 t he besee* = himself ?+s necess>y = salvation1 pi\sly & p]sev]+ly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e /ates 7,tract4 xliv sup] ,joan471 ^! words 7 spok5 by ! bl9d man be=e be+ ano9t$1 i4e4 p]fectly enlight5$1 & consequ5tly lack au?ority4 ,& yet !re is tru? 9 ! say+ if x ref]s to a s9n] z su*1 9 :i* s5se also ! s9n]'s pray] is said to be an abom9ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re c be no godl9ess 9 ! s9n]'s pray] z ?\gh 8 pray] 7 quick5$ by a habit ( virtue3 & yet 8 pray] may be godly 9 s f> z he asks = some?+ p]ta9+ to godl9ess4 ,ev5 s a man :o has n ! habit ( ju/ice is able to w some?+ j1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #b74 ,& ?\gh 8 pray] is n m]itori\s1 x c be impetrative1 because m]it dep5ds on ju/ice1 :]eas impetration re/s on grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #g1 ad #a7 ! ,"l's ,pray] is pron\nc$ 9 ! common p]son ( ! :ole ,*ur*3 & s if anyone say ! ,"l's ,pray] :ile unwill+ to =give 8 neighbor's trespasses1 he lies n1 al?\gh 8 words d n apply to him p]sonally3 = !y are true z ref]r$ to ! p]son ( ! ,*ur*1 f :i* he is exclud$ by m]it1 & consequ5tly he is depriv$ ( ! fruit ( 8 pray]4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a s9n] is prep>$ to =give ^? :o h trespass$ aga9/ him1 :]e=e 8 pray]s are he>d1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #bh3b1 ,=give ?y neighbor if he ha? hurt !e1 & !n %all ?y s9s be =giv5 to !e :5 ?\ praye/4 ,,sev5te5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hc1 ,art4 #ag ,:e!r ! ,p>ts ( ,pray] ,are ,fitt+ly ,describ$ ,z ,supplications1 ,pray]s1 ,int]cessions1 & ,?anksgiv+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! p>ts ( pray] are unfitt+ly describ$ z supplications1 pray]s1 int]cessions1 & ?anksgiv+s4 ,supplication w\ld seem to be a k9d ( adjuration4 ,yet1 accord+ to ,orig5 7,sup] ,mat?4 ,tract4 xxxv71 a man :o wi%es to live accord+ to ! gospel ne$ n adjure ano!r1 = if x be unlawful to swe>1 x is also unlawful to adjure4 ,!re=e supplication is unfitt+ly reckon$ a "p ( pray]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii1 #bd71 to pray is to ask becom+ ?+s ( ,god4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ to di/+ui% pray]s f int]cessions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?anksgiv+s reg>d ! pa/1 :ile ! o!rs reg>d ! future4 ,b ! pa/ prec$es ! future4 ,!re=e ?anksgiv+s are unfitt+ly plac$ aft] ! o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 suffices ! au?ority ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,tim4 #b3a74 ,i answ] t1 ,?ree conditions are requisite = pray]4 ,fir/1 t ! p]son :o prays %\ld approa* ,god ,:om he prays3 ?is is signifi$ 9 ! ^w pray]1 because pray] is ! rais+ up ( "o's m9d to ,god4 ,! second is t !re %\ld be a petition1 & ?is is signifi$ 9 ! ^w int]cession4 ,9 ?is case sometimes "o asks = some?+ def9ite1 & !n "s say x is int]cession prop]ly s call$1 or we may ask = "s ?+ indef9itely1 = in/ance to be help$ by ,god1 or we may simply indicate a fact1 z 9 ,john #aa3c1 ,behold1 he :om ,?\ love/ is sick1 & !n !y call x ins9uation4 ,! ?ird condition is ! reason = impetrat+ :at we ask =3 & ?is ei!r on ! "p ( ,god1 or on ! "p ( ! p]son :o asks4 ,! reason ( impetration on ! "p ( ,god is ,8 sanctity1 on acc\nt ( :i* we ask to be he>d1 accord+ to ,dan4 #i3ag1 #ah1 ,= ,?y own sake1 incl9e1 ,o ,god1 ,?y e>2 & to ?is p]ta9s supplication 7obsecratio7 :i* means a plead+ ?r\gh sacr$ ?+s1 z :5 we say1 ,?r\gh ,?y nativity1 deliv] u1 ,o ,"l4 ,! reason = impetration on ! "p ( ! p]son :o asks is ?anksgiv+2 s9ce ?r\gh giv+ ?anks = b5efits receiv$ we m]it to receive yet great] b5efits1 z we say 9 ! collect 99,emb] ,friday 9 ,septemb] & ,po/communion ( ! common ( a ,confessor ,bi%op4 ,h5ce a gloss on #a ,tim4 #b3a says t 9 ! ,mass1 ! consecration is prec$$ by supplication1 9 :i* c]ta9 sacr$ ?+s are call$ to m9d2 t pray]s are 9 ! consecration itself1 9 :i* especially ! m9d %\ld be rais$ up to ,god2 & t int]cessions are 9 ! petitions t foll[1 & ?anksgiv+s at ! end4 ,we may notice ^! f\r ?+s 9 sev]al ( ! ,*ur*'s collects4 ,?us 9 ! collect ( ,tr9ity ,sunday ! words1 ,almighty et]nal ,god belong to ! (f]+ up ( pray] to ,god2 ! words1 ,:o ha/ giv5 to ,?y s]vants1 etc4 belong to ?anksgiv+2 ! words1 grant1 we besee* ,!e1 belong to int]cession2 & ! words at ! end1 ,?r\gh ,our ,"l1 etc4 belong to supplication4 ,9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7ix1 cap4 #aa1 seqq47 we read3 ,supplication is bewail+ "o's s9s2 pray] is v[+ some?+ to ,god2 int]cession is pray+ = o!rs2 ?anksgiv+ is (f]$ by ! m9d to ,god 9 ineffable ec/asy4 ,! fir/ explanation1 h[ev]1 is ! bett]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,supplication is an adjuration n = ! purpose ( compell+1 = ?is is =bidd51 b 9 ord] to implore m]cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,pray] 9 ! g5]al s5se includes all ! ?+s m5tion$ "h2 b :5 di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs x d5otes prop]ly ! asc5t to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,among ?+s t are div]se ! pa/ prec$es ! future2 b ! "o & same ?+ is future be=e x is pa/4 ,h5ce ?anksgiv+ = o!r b5efits prec$es int]cession3 b "o & ! same b5efit is fir/ s\ght1 & f9ally1 :5 x has be5 receiv$1 we give ?anks = x4 ,int]cession is prec$$ by pray] :]eby we approa* ,him ( ,:om we ask3 & pray] is prec$$ by supplication1 :]eby ?r\gh ! consid]ation ( ,god's goodness we d>e approa* ,him4 ,,"q #hd ,,( ,,adoration 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,9 due sequ5ce we mu/ consid] ! ext]nal acts ( latria1 & 9 ! fir/ place1 adoration :]eby "o uses "o's body to rev]5ce ,god2 secondly1 ^? acts :]eby "s ext]nal ?+ is (f]$ to ,god2 ?irdly1 ^? acts :]eby some?+ belong+ to ,god is assum$4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r adoration is an act ( latria8 7#b7 ,:e!r adoration d5otes an int]nal or an ext]nal act8 7#c7 ,:e!r adoration requires a def9ite place8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,adoration ,is an ,act ( ,latria or ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t adoration is n an act ( latria or religion4 ,! wor%ip ( religion is due to ,god alone4 ,b adoration is n due to ,god alone3 s9ce we read 7,g54 #ah3b7 t ,abraham ador$ ! angels2 & 7#c ,k+s #a3bc7 t ! prophet ,na?an1 :5 he 0 come 9 to k+ ,david1 wor%ip$ him b[+ d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,!re=e adoration is n an act ( religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! wor%ip ( religion is due to ,god z ! object ( beatitude1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #c73 :]eas adoration is due to ,him by reason ( ,8 maje/y1 s9ce a gloss on ,ps4 #bh3b1 ,adore ye ! ,"l 9 ,8 holy c\rt1 says3 ,we pass f ^! c\rts into ! c\rt :]e we adore ,8 maje/y4 ,!re=e adoration is n an act ( latria4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! wor%ip ( "o same religion is due to ! ?ree ,p]sons4 ,b we d n adore ! ?ree ,p]sons ) "o adoration1 = we g5uflect at ea* sep>ate invocation ( ,!m 99,at ! adoration ( ! ,cross1 on ,good ,friday4 ,!re=e adoration is nol an act ( latria4 ,on ! contr>y1 are ! words quot$ ,matt4 #d3aj3 ,! ,"l ?y ,god %alt ?\ adore & ,him only %alt ?\ s]ve4 ,i answ] t1 ,adoration is direct$ to ! rev]5ce ( ! p]son ador$4 ,n[ x is evid5t f :at we h said 7,q4 #ha1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d7 t x is prop] to religion to %[ rev]5ce to ,god4 ,h5ce ! adoration :]eby we adore ,god is an act ( religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,rev]5ce is due to ,god on acc\nt ( ,8 excell5ce1 :i* is communicat$ to c]ta9 creatures n 9 equal measure1 b accord+ to a measure ( proportion2 & s ! rev]5ce :i* we pay to ,god1 & :i* belongs to latria1 diff]s f ! rev]5ce :i* we pay to c]ta9 excell5t creatures2 ?is belongs to dulia1 & we %all speak ( x fur!r on 7,q4 #ajc74 ,& s9ce ext]nal actions are signs ( int]nal rev]5ce1 c]ta9 ext]nal tok5s significative ( rev]5ce are (f]$ to creatures ( excell5ce1 & among ^! tok5s ! *ief is adoration3 yet !re is "o ?+ :i* is (f]$ to ,god alone1 & t is sacrifice4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #d73 ,_m tok5s ( ,div9e wor%ip are employ$ 9 do+ honor to m51 ei!r ?r\gh excessive humility1 or ?r\gh p]nici\s flatt]y2 yet s t ^? to :om ^! honors are giv5 are recogniz$ z be+ m5 to :om we owe e/eem & rev]5ce & ev5 adoration if !y be f> above u4 ,b :o ev] ?\ght x 8 duty to sacrifice to any o!r ?an "o :om he ei!r knew or deem$ or pret5d$ to be a ,god8 ,accord+ly x 0 ) ! rev]5ce due to an excell5t creature t ,na?an ador$ ,david2 :ile x 0 ! rev]5ce due to ,god ) :i* ,m>do*ai refus$ to adore ,aman fe>+ le/ he %\ld transf] ! honor ( 8 ,god to a man 7,e/h] #ac3ad74 ,aga9 ) ! rev]5ce due to an excell5t creature ,abraham ador$ ! angels1 z did also ,josue 7,jos4 #e3ae73 ?\gh we may und]/& !m to h ador$1 ) ! adoration ( latria1 ,god ,:o appe>$ & spoke to !m 9 ! guise ( an angel4 ,x 0 ) ! rev]5ce due to ,god t ,john 0 =bidd5 to adore ! angel 7,apoc4 #bb3i71 bo? to indicate ! dignity :i* he _h acquir$ ?r\gh ,*ri/1 :]eby man is made equal to an angel3 :]e=e ! same text goes on3 ,i am ?y fell[-s]vant & ( ?y bre?r52 z also to exclude any occasion ( idolatry1 :]e=e ! text cont9ues3 ,adore ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,e ,div9e excell5cy is includ$ 9 ,8 maje/y3 to :i* x p]ta9s t we %\ld be made happy 9 ,him z 9 ! sov]eign good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce !re is "o excell5ce ( ! ?ree ,div9e ,p]sons1 "o honor & rev]5ce is due to !m & consequ5tly "o adoration4 ,x is to repres5t ?is t :]e x is relat$ 7,g54 #ah3b7 t ?ree m5 appe>$ to ,abraham1 we are told t he address$ "o1 say+3 ,"l1 if ,i h f\nd favor 9 ?y sight1 etc4 ,! triple g5uflection repres5ts ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons1 n a diff]5ce ( adoration4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,adoration ,d5otes an ,action ( ! ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t adoration does n d5ote an act ( ! body4 ,x is writt5 7,john #d3bc73 ,! true ador]s %all adore ! ,fa!r 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,n[ :at is done 9 _s has no?+ to d ) an act ( ! body4 ,!re=e adoration does n d5ote an act ( ! body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ^w adoration is tak5 f oratio 7pray]74 ,b pray] consi/s *iefly 9 an int]ior act1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ad3ae1 ,i w pray ) ! _s1 ,i w pray also ) ! und]/&+4 ,!re=e adoration d5otes *iefly a spiritual act4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 acts ( ! body p]ta9 to s5sible k3 :]eas we approa* ,god n by bodily b by spiritual s5se4 ,!re=e adoration does n d5ote an act ( ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,ex4 #bj3e1 ,?\ %alt n adore !m1 nor s]ve !m1 says3 ,?\ %alt nei!r wor%ip !m 9 m9d1 nor adore !m outw>dly4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iv1 #ab71 s9ce we are compos$ ( a tw(old nature1 intellectual & s5sible1 we (f] ,god a tw(old adoration2 namely1 a spiritual adoration1 consi/+ 9 ! int]nal devotion ( ! m9d2 & a bodily adoration1 :i* consi/s 9 an ext]ior humbl+ ( ! body4 ,& s9ce 9 all acts ( latria t :i* is )\t is ref]r$ to t :i* is )9 z be+ ( great] import1 x foll[s t ext]ior adoration is (f]$ on acc\nt ( int]ior adoration1 9 o!r words we exhibit signs ( humility 9 our bodies 9 ord] to incite our affections to submit to ,god1 s9ce x is connatural to u to proce$ f ! s5sible to ! intelligible4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 bodily adoration is done 9 _s1 9 s f> z x proce$s f & is direct$ to spiritual devotion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z pray] is prim>ily 9 ! m9d1 & second>ily express$ 9 words1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hc1 ,a4 #ab71 s too adoration consi/s *iefly 9 an int]ior rev]5ce ( ,god1 b second>ily 9 c]ta9 bodily signs ( humility2 ?us :5 we g5uflect we signify our weakness 9 comp>ison ) ,god1 & :5 we pro/rate ourselves we pr(ess t we are no?+ ( ourselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?\gh we _c rea* ,god ) ! s5ses1 our m9d is urg$ by s5sible signs to approa* ,god4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,adoration ,requires a ,def9ite ,place8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t adoration does n require a def9ite place4 ,x is writt5 7,john #d3ba73 ,! h\r come?1 :5 y %all nei!r on ?is m\nta91 nor 9 ,j]usalem1 adore ! ,fa!r2 & ! same reason seems to apply to o!r places4 ,!re=e a def9ite place is n necess>y = adoration4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ext]ior adoration is direct$ to int]ior adoration4 ,b int]ior adoration is %[n to ,god z exi/+ ev]y:]e4 ,!re=e ext]ior adoration does n require a def9ite place4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same ,god is ador$ 9 ! ,new z 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,n[ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t !y ador$ t[>ds ! we/1 because ! door ( ! ,tab]nacle look$ to ! ea/ 7,ex4 #bf3ah seqq474 ,!re=e = ! same reason we ought n[ to adore t[>ds ! we/1 if any def9ite place be requisite = adoration4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,isa4 #ef3g73 ,my h\se %all be call$ ! h\se ( pray]1 :i* words are also quot$ 7,john #b3af74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! *ief "p ( adoration is ! int]nal devotion ( ! m9d1 :ile ! second>y "p is some?+ ext]nal p]ta9+ to bodily signs4 ,n[ ! m9d int]nally appreh5ds ,god z n compris$ 9 a place2 :ile bodily signs mu/ ( necessity be 9 "s def9ite place & position4 ,h5ce a def9ite place is requir$ = adoration1 n *iefly1 z ?\gh x 7 ess5tial !reto1 b by reason ( a c]ta9 fitt+ness1 l o!r bodily signs4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by ^! words our ,"l =etold ! cessation ( adoration1 bo? accord+ to ! rite ( ! ,jews :o ador$ 9 ,j]usalem1 & accord+ to ! rite ( ! ,sam>itans :o ador$ on ,m\nt ,g>izim4 ,= bo? ^! rites ceas$ ) ! adv5t ( ! spiritual tru? ( ! ,gospel1 accord+ to :i* a sacrifice is (f]$ to ,god 9 e place1 z /at$ 9 ,mala*4 #a3aa4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a def9ite place is *os5 = adoration1 n on acc\nt ( ,god ,:o is ador$1 z ?\gh ,he 7 enclos$ 9 a place1 b on acc\nt ( ! ador]s2 & ?is = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! place is consecrat$1 s t ^? :o pray !re conceive a great] devotion & are m likely to be he>d1 z may be se5 9 ! pray] ( ,solomon 7#c ,k+s #h74 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( ! sacr$ my/]ies & o!r signs ( hol9ess conta9$ !re94 ,?irdly1 on acc\nt ( ! conc\rse ( _m ador]s1 by reason ( :i* _! pray] is m likely to be he>d1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ah3bj1 ,:]e !re are two or ?ree ga!r$ toge!r 9 ,my "n1 !re am ,i 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is a c]ta9 fitt+ness 9 ador+ t[>ds ! ea/4 ,fir/1 because ! ,div9e maje/y is indicat$ 9 ! movem5t ( ! heav5s :i* is f ! ea/4 ,secondly1 because ,p>adise 0 situat$ 9 ! ea/ accord+ to ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ,g54 #b3h1 & s we signify our desire to return to ,p>adise4 ,?irdly1 on acc\nt ( ,*ri/ ,:o is ! light ( ! _w 99,john #h3ab2 #i3e1 & is call$ ! ,ori5t 7,ze*4 #f3ab72 ,:o m\nte? above ! heav5 ( heav5s to ! ea/ 7,ps4 #fg3cd71 & is expect$ to come f ! ea/1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bd3bg1 ,z lightn+ come? out ( ! ea/1 & appe>e? ev5 into ! we/2 s %all also ! com+ ( ! ,son ( ,man be4 ,,"q #he ,,( ,,sacrifice 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,9 due sequ5ce we mu/ consid] ^? acts :]eby ext]nal ?+s are (f]$ to ,god4 ,^! give rise to a tw(old consid]ation3 7#a7 ,( ?+s giv5 to ,god by ! fai?ful2 7#b7 ,( v[s1 :]eby some?+ is promis$ to ,him4 ,"u ! fir/ head we %all consid] sacrifices1 oblations1 fir/-fruits1 & ti!s4 ,ab\t sacrifices !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r (f]+ a sacrifice to ,god is ( ! law ( nature8 7#b7 ,:e!r sacrifice %\ld be (f]$ to ,god alone8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! (f]+ ( a sacrifice is a special act ( virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r all are b\nd to (f] sacrifice8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,(f]+ a ,sacrifice to ,god ,is ( ! ,law ( ,nature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t (f]+ a sacrifice to ,god is n ( ! natural law4 ,?+s t are ( ! natural law are common among all m54 ,yet ?is is n ! case ) sacrifices3 = we read ( "s1 e4g4 ,mel*is$e* 7,g54 #ad3ah71 (f]+ bread & w9e 9 sacrifice1 & ( c]ta9 animals be+ (f]$ by "s1 & o!rs by o!rs4 ,!re=e ! (f]+ ( sacrifices is n ( ! natural law4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?+s t are ( ! natural law 7 obs]v$ by all j m54 ,yet we d n read t ,isaac (f]$ sacrifice2 nor t ,adam did s1 ( :om nev]!less x is writt5 7,wis4 #aj3b7 t wisdom br\ght him out ( 8 s94 ,!re=e ! (f]+ ( sacrifice is n ( ! natural law4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #e1 #ai7 t sacrifices are (f]$ 9 signification ( some?+4 ,n[ words :i* are *ief among signs1 z he aga9 says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #c71 signify1 n by nature b by conv5tion1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,p]i ,h]m4 i1 #b74 ,!re=e sacrifices are n ( ! natural law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,at all times & among all nations !re has always be5 ! (f]+ ( sacrifices4 ,n[ t :i* is obs]v$ by all is seem+ly natural4 ,!re=e ! (f]+ ( sacrifices is ( ! natural law4 ,i answ] t1 ,natural reason tells man t he is subject to a high] be+1 on acc\nt ( ! defects :i* he p]ceives 9 himself1 & 9 :i* he ne$s help & direction f someone above him3 & :atev] ?is sup]ior be+ may be1 x is kn[n to all "u ! "n ( ,god4 ,n[ j z 9 natural ?+s ! l[] are naturally subject to ! high]1 s too x is a dictate ( natural reason 9 accordance ) man's natural incl9ation t he %\ld t5d] submission & honor1 accord+ to 8 mode1 to t :i* is above man4 ,n[ ! mode befitt+ to man is t he %\ld employ s5sible signs 9 ord] to signify any?+1 because he d]ives 8 k f s5sibles4 ,h5ce x is a dictate ( natural reason t man %\ld use c]ta9 s5sibles1 by (f]+ !m to ,god 9 sign ( ! subjection & honor due to ,him1 l ^? :o make c]ta9 (f]+s to _! "l 9 recognition ( 8 au?ority4 ,n[ ?is is :at we mean by a sacrifice1 & consequ5tly ! (f]+ ( sacrifice is ( ! natural law4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #b71 c]ta9 ?+s belong g5]ically to ! natural law1 :ile _! det]m9ation belongs to ! positive law2 ?us ! natural law requires t evildo]s %\ld be puni%$2 b t ?is or t puni%m5t %\ld be inflict$ on !m is a matt] det]m9$ by ,god or by man4 ,9 l mann] ! (f]+ ( sacrifice belongs g5]ically to ! natural law1 & consequ5tly all are agre$ on ?is po9t1 b ! det]m9ation ( sacrifices is e/abli%$ by ,god or by man1 & ?is is ! reason = _! diff]5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,adam1 ,isaac & o!r j m5 (f]$ sacrifice to ,god 9 a mann] befitt+ ! times 9 :i* !y liv$1 accord+ to ,gregory1 :o says 7,moral4 iv1 #c7 t 9 old5 times orig9al s9 0 remitt$ ?r\gh ! (f]+ ( sacrifices4 ,nor does ,scripture m5tion all ! sacrifices ( ! j1 b only ^? t h some?+ special connect$ ) !m4 ,p]haps ! reason :y we read ( no sacrifice be+ (f]$ by ,adam may be t1 z ! orig9 ( s9 is ascrib$ to him1 ! orig9 ( sanctification ought n to be repres5t$ z typifi$ 9 him4 ,isaac 0 a type ( ,*ri/1 be+ himself (f]$ 9 sacrifice2 & s !re 0 no ne$ t he %\ld be repres5t$ z (f]+ a sacrifice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is natural to man to express 8 ideas by signs1 b ! det]m9ation ( ^? signs dep5ds on man's pleasure4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,sacrifice ,%\ld ,be ,(f]$ to ,god ,alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sacrifice %\ld n be (f]$ to ! mo/ high ,god alone4 ,s9ce sacrifice ought to be (f]$ to ,god1 x w\ld seem t x ought to be (f]$ to all su* z are p>tak]s ( ! ,godhead4 ,n[ holy m5 are made p>tak]s ( ! ,div9e nature1 accord+ to #b ,pet4 #a3d2 :]e=e ( !m is x writt5 7,ps4 #ha3f73 ,i h said1 ,y are gods3 & angels too are call$ sons ( ,god1 accord+ to ,job #a3f4 ,?us sacrifice %\ld be (f]$ to all ^!4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! great] a p]son is ! great] ! honor due to him f man4 ,n[ ! angels & sa9ts are f> great] ?an any e>?ly pr9ces3 & yet ! subjects ( ! latt] pay !m mu* great] honor1 by pro/rat+ be=e !m1 & (f]+ !m gifts1 ?an is impli$ by (f]+ an animal or any o!r ?+ 9 sacrifice4 ,mu* m !re=e may "o (f] sacrifice to ! angels & sa9ts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 temples & alt>s are rais$ = ! (f]+ ( sacrifices4 ,yet temples & alt>s are rais$ to angels & sa9ts4 ,!re=e sacrifices also may be (f]$ to !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #bb3bj73 ,he t sacrifice? to gods %all be put to dea?1 save only to ! ,"l4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 a sacrifice is (f]$ 9 ord] t some?+ may be repres5t$4 ,n[ ! sacrifice t is (f]$ outw>dly repres5ts ! inw>d spiritual sacrifice1 :]eby ! s\l (f]s itself to ,god accord+ to ,ps4 #ej3ai1 ,a sacrifice to ,god is an afflict$ _s1 s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #b71 ! outw>d acts ( religion are direct$ to ! inw>d acts4 ,aga9 ! s\l (f]s itself 9 sacrifice to ,god z its beg9n+ by creation1 & its end by beatification3 & accord+ to ! true fai? ,god alone is ! creator ( our s\ls1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,,qq4 #ij1 ,a4 #c2 #aah1 ,a4 #b71 :ile 9 ,him alone ! beatitude ( our s\l consi/s1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #h2 ,q4 #c1 ,,aa4 #a1 #g1 #h74 ,:]e=e j z to ,god alone ought we to (f] spiritual sacrifice1 s too ought we to (f] outw>d sacrifices to ,him alone3 ev5 s 9 our pray]s & praises we pr(f] significant words to ,him to ,:om 9 our he>ts we (f] ! ?+s :i* we designate !reby1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #ai74 ,moreov] we f9d t 9 e c\ntry ! p are wont to %[ ! sov]eign rul] "s special sign ( honor1 & t if ?is be %[n to anyone else1 x is a crime ( high-treason4 ,!re=e1 9 ! ,div9e law1 ! dea? puni%m5t is assign$ to ^? :o (f] ,div9e honor to ano!r ?an ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! "n ( ! ,godhead is communicat$ to c]ta9 ones1 n equally ) ,god1 b by p>ticipation2 h5ce nei!r is equal honor due to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! (f]+ ( a sacrifice is measur$ n by ! value ( ! animal kill$1 b by its signification1 = x is done 9 honor ( ! sov]eign ,rul] ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,:]e=e1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #ai71 ! demons rejoice1 n 9 ! /5* ( corpses1 b 9 receiv+ div9e honors4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei viii1 #ai71 we d n raise temples & prie/hoods to ! m>tyrs1 because n !y b _! ,god is our ,god4 ,:]e=e ! prie/ says n3 ,i (f] sacrifice to !e1 ,pet] or ,paul4 ,b we give ?anks to ,god = _! triumphs1 & urge ourselves to imitate !m4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,(f]+ ( ,sacrifice ,is a ,special ,act ( ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! (f]+ ( sacrifice is n a special act ( virtue4 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #f73 ,a true sacrifice is any "w done t we may cleave to ,god 9 holy fell[%ip4 ,b n e good "w is a special act ( "s def9ite virtue4 ,!re=e ! (f]+ ( sacrifice is n a special act ( a def9ite virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! mortification ( ! body by fa/+ belongs to ab/95ce1 by cont95ce belongs to *a/ity1 by m>tyrdom belongs to =titude4 ,n[ all ^! ?+s seem to be compris$ 9 ! (f]+ ( sacrifice1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ab3a1 ,pres5t y\r bodies a liv+ sacrifice4 ,aga9 ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #ac3af73 ,d n =get to d good & to imp>t1 = by su* sacrifices ,god's favor is obta9$4 ,n[ x belongs to *>ity1 m]cy & lib]ality to d good & to imp>t4 ,!re=e ! (f]+ ( sacrifice is n a special act ( a def9ite virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a sacrifice is app>5tly any?+ (f]$ to ,god4 ,n[ _m ?+s are (f]$ to ,god1 su* z devotion1 pray]1 ti!s1 fir/-fruits1 oblations1 & holocau/s4 ,!re=e sacrifice does n appe> to be a special act ( a def9ite virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! law conta9s special precepts ab\t sacrifices1 z appe>s f ! beg9n+ ( ,leviticus4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #f1 #g71 :]e an act ( "o virtue is direct$ to ! end ( ano!r virtue x p>takes some:at ( its species2 ?us :5 a man ?ieves 9 ord] to commit =nication1 8 !ft assumes1 9 a s5se1 ! de=mity ( =nication1 s t ev5 ?\gh x 7 n a s9 o!rwise1 x w\ld be a s9 f ! v fact t x 0 direct$ to =nication4 ,accord+ly1 sacrifice is a special act des]v+ ( praise 9 t x is done out ( rev]5ce = ,god2 & = ?is reason x belongs to a def9ite virtue1 viz4 religion4 ,b x happ5s t ! acts ( ! o!r virtues are direct$ to ! rev]5ce ( ,god1 z :5 a man gives alms ( 8 own ?+s = ,god's sake1 or :5 a man subjects 8 own body to "s affliction out ( rev]5ce = ,god2 & 9 ?is way ! acts also ( o!r virtues may be call$ sacrifices4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are acts t are n des]v+ ( praise save ?r\gh be+ done out ( rev]5ce = ,god3 su* acts are prop]ly call$ sacrifices1 & belong to ! virtue ( religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! v fact t we wi% to cl+ to ,god 9 a spiritual fell[%ip p]ta9s to rev]5ce = ,god3 & consequ5tly ! act ( any virtue assumes ! "* ( a sacrifice ?r\gh be+ done 9 ord] t we may cl+ to ,god 9 holy fell[%ip4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man's good is ?reefold4 ,!re is fir/ 8 s\l's good :i* is (f]$ to ,god 9 a c]ta9 inw>d sacrifice by devotion1 pray] & o!r l int]ior acts3 & ?is is ! pr9cipal sacrifice4 ,! second is 8 body's good1 :i* is1 s to speak1 (f]$ to ,god 9 m>tyrdom1 & ab/95ce or cont95cy4 ,! ?ird is ! good :i* consi/s ( ext]nal ?+s3 & ( ^! we (f] a sacrifice to ,god1 directly :5 we (f] our possession to ,god imm$iately1 & indirectly :5 we %>e !m ) our neighbor = ,god's sake4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a sacrifice1 prop]ly speak+1 requires t some?+ be done to ! ?+ :i* is (f]$ to ,god1 = in/ance animals 7 sla9 & burnt1 ! bread is brok51 eat51 bless$4 ,! v ^w signifies ?is1 s9ce sacrifice is s call$ because a man does some?+ sacr$ 7facit sacrum74 ,on ! o!r h& an oblation is prop]ly ! (f]+ ( some?+ to ,god ev5 if no?+ be done !reto1 ?us we speak ( (f]+ money or bread at ! alt>1 & yet no?+ is done to !m4 ,h5ce e sacrifice is an oblation1 b n conv]sely4 ,fir/-fruits are oblations1 because !y 7 (f]$ to ,god1 accord+ to ,deut4 #bf1 b !y are n a sacrifice1 because no?+ sacr$ 0 done to !m4 ,ti!s1 h[ev]1 are nei!r a sacrifice nor an oblation1 prop]ly speak+1 because !y are n (f]$ imm$iately to ,god1 b to ! m9i/]s ( ,div9e wor%ip4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,all ,are ,b\nd to ,(f] ,sacrifices8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all are n b\nd to (f] sacrifices4 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #c3ai73 ,:at ?+s soev] ! ,law speake?1 x speake? to !m t are 9 ! ,law4 ,n[ ! law ( sacrifices 0 n giv5 to all1 b only to ! ,hebrew p4 ,!re=e all are n b\nd to (f] sacrifices4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sacrifices are (f]$ to ,god 9 ord] to signify some?+4 ,b n ev]yone is capable ( und]/&+ ^! significations4 ,!re=e n all are b\nd to (f] sacrifices4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prie/s 99,sac]dotes3 ,^? :o give or adm9i/] sacr$ ?+s 7sacra dantes73 cf4 #a ,cor4 #d3a are s call$ because !y (f] sacrifice to ,god4 ,b all are n prie/s4 ,!re=e n all are b\nd to (f] sacrifices4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! (f]+ ( sacrifices ( is ( ! natural law1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ all are b\nd to d t :i* is ( ! natural law4 ,!re=e all are b\nd to (f] sacrifice to ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,sacrifice is tw(old1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,! fir/ & pr9cipal is ! inw>d sacrifice1 :i* all are b\nd to (f]1 s9ce all are oblig$ to (f] to ,god a dev\t m9d4 ,! o!r is ! outw>d sacrifice1 & ?is aga9 is tw(old4 ,!re is a sacrifice :i* is des]v+ ( praise m]ely ?r\gh be+ (f]$ to ,god 9 prote/ation ( our subjection to ,god3 & ! obligation ( (f]+ ?is sacrifice 0 n ! same = ^? "u ! ,new or ! ,old ,law1 z = ^? :o 7 n "u ! ,law4 ,= ^? :o are "u ! ,law are b\nd to (f] c]ta9 def9ite sacrifices accord+ to ! precepts ( ! ,law1 :]eas ^? :o 7 n "u ! ,law 7 b\nd to p]=m c]ta9 outw>d actions 9 ,god's honor1 z became ^? among :om !y dwelt1 b n def9itely to ?is or t action4 ,! o!r outw>d sacrifice is :5 ! outw>d actions ( ! o!r virtues are p]=m$ out ( rev]5ce = ,god2 "s ( :i* are a matt] ( precept2 & to ^! all are b\nd1 :ile o!rs are works ( sup]]ogation1 & to ^! all are n b\nd4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all 7 n b\nd to (f] ^? p>ticul> sacrifices :i* 7 prescrib$ 9 ! ,law3 b !y 7 b\nd to "s sacrifices inw>d or outw>d1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?\gh all d n "k explicitly ! p[] ( ! sacrifices1 !y "k x implicitly1 ev5 z !y h implicit fai?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #b1 ,,aa4 #f1 #g74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! prie/s (f] ^? sacrifices :i* are specially direct$ to ! ,div9e wor%ip1 n only = !mselves b also = o!rs4 ,b !re are o!r sacrifices1 :i* anyone c (f] to ,god = himself z expla9$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,,"q #hf ,,( ,,oblations ,,& ,,fir/-,,fruits 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] oblations & fir/-fruits4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r any oblations are necess>y z a matt] ( precept8 7#b7 ,to :om are oblations due8 7#c7 ( :at ?+s !y %\ld be made8 7#d7 ,9 p>ticul>1 z to fir/-fruits1 :e!r m5 are b\nd to (f] !m8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,m5 ,are ,"u a ,necessity ( ,precept to ,make ,oblations8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t m5 are n b\nd by precept to make oblations4 ,m5 are n b\nd1 at ! "t ( ! ,gospel1 to obs]ve ! c]emonial precepts ( ! ,old ,law1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,n[ ! (f]+ ( oblations is "o ( ! c]emonial precepts ( ! ,old ,law1 s9ce x is writt5 7,ex4 #bc3ad73 ,?ree times e ye> y %all celebrate fea/s ) ,me1 & fur!r on 7,ex4 #bc3ae73 ,?\ %alt n appe> empty be=e ,me4 ,!re=e m5 are n n[ "u a necessity ( precept to make oblations4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 be=e !y are made1 oblations dep5d on man's w1 z appe>s f our ,"l's say+ 7,matt4 #e3bc71 ,if 4 4 4 ?\ (f] ?y gift at ! alt>1 z ?\gh ?is 7 left to ! *oice ( ! (f]]3 & :5 once oblations h be5 made1 !re is no way ( (f]+ !m aga94 ,!re=e 9 no way is a man "u a necessity ( precept to make oblations4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if anyone is b\nd to give a c]ta9 ?+ to ! ,*ur*1 & fails to give x1 he c be compell$ to d s by be+ depriv$ ( ! ,*ur*'s sacram5ts4 ,b x w\ld seem unlawful to refuse ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur* to ^? :o refuse to make oblations accord+ to a decree ( ! six? c\ncil 99,c4 ,trullan1 xxiii1 quot$ ,i1 qu4 i1 c4 ,nullus3 ,let none :o disp5se ,holy ,communion exact any?+ ( ! recipi5t1 & if !y exact any?+ let !m be depos$4 ,!re=e x is n necess>y t m5 %\ld make oblations4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 99,gregory ,,vii2 ,concil4 ,roman4 v1 c4 xii3 ,let e ,*ri/ian take c>e t he (f] some?+ to ,god at ! celebration ( ,mass4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #he1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c71 ! t]m oblation is common to all ?+s (f]$ = ! ,div9e wor%ip1 s t if a ?+ be (f]$ to be de/roy$ 9 wor%ip ( ,god1 z ?\gh x 7 be+ made into some?+ holy1 x is bo? an oblation & a sacrifice4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,ex4 #bi3ah73 ,?\ %alt (f] ! :ole ram = a burnt-(f]+ ^u ! alt>2 x is an oblation to ! ,"l1 a mo/ sweet savor ( ! victim ( ! ,"l2 & 7,lev4 #b3a73 ,:5 anyone %all (f] an oblation ( sacrifice to ! ,"l1 8 (f]+ %all be ( f9e fl\r4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be (f]$ ) a view to its rema9+ entire & be+ deput$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god or to ! use ( ,8 m9i/]s1 x w be an oblation & n a sacrifice4 ,accord+ly x is ess5tial to oblations ( ?is k9d t !y be (f]$ volunt>ily1 accord+ to ,ex4 #be3b1 ( e man t (f]e? ( 8 own accord y %all take !m4 ,nev]!less x may happ5 9 f\r ways t "o is b\nd to make oblations4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( a previ\s agreem5t3 z :5 a p]son is grant$ a portion ( ,*ur* l&1 t he may make c]ta9 oblations at fix$ times1 al?\gh ?is has ! "* ( r5t4 ,secondly1 by reason ( a previ\s assignm5t or promise2 z :5 a man (f]s a gift among ! liv+1 or by w bequea?s to ! ,*ur* some?+ :e!r movable or immovable to be deliv]$ at "s future "t4 ,?irdly1 on acc\nt ( ! ne$ ( ! ,*ur*1 = in/ance if h] m9i/]s 7 )\t means ( support4 ,f\r?ly1 on acc\nt ( cu/om2 = ! fai?ful are b\nd at c]ta9 solemn fea/s to make c]ta9 cu/om>y oblations4 ,9 ! la/ two cases1 h[ev]1 ! oblation rema9s volunt>y1 z reg>ds1 to wit1 ! quantity or k9d ( ! ?+ (f]$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"u ! ,new ,law m5 are n b\nd to make oblations on acc\nt ( legal solemnities1 z /at$ 9 ,exodus1 b on acc\nt ( c]ta9 o!r reasons1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"s are b\nd to make oblations1 bo? be=e mak+ !m1 z 9 ! fir/1 ?ird1 & f\r? cases1 & aft] !y h made !m by assignm5t or promise3 = !y are b\nd to (f] 9 reality t :i* has be5 already (f]$ to ! ,*ur* by way ( assignm5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? :o d n make ! oblations !y are b\nd to make may be puni%$ by be+ depriv$ ( ! sacram5ts1 n by ! prie/ himself to :om ! oblations %\ld be made1 le/ he seem to exact1 some?+ = be/[+ ! sacram5ts1 b by someone sup]ior to him4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,oblations ,are ,due to ,prie/s ,alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t oblations are n due to prie/s alone4 ,= *ief among oblations w\ld seem to be ^? t are deput$ to ! sacrifices ( victims4 ,n[ :atev] is giv5 to ! poor is call$ a victim 9 ,scripture accord+ to ,heb4 #ac3af1 ,d n =get to d good & to imp>t1 = by su* victims ,d\ay3 'sacrifices' ,god's favor is obta9$4 ,mu* m !re=e are oblations due to ! poor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 _m p>i%es monks h a %>e 9 ! oblations4 ,n[ ! case ( cl]ics is di/9ct f ! case ( monks1 z ,j]ome /ates 99,ep4 xiv1 ad ,heliod44 ,!re=e oblations art n due to prie/s alone4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 lay p ) ! cons5t ( ! ,*ur* buy oblations su* z loaves & s =?1 & !y d s = no o!r reason ?an t !y may make use !re( !mselves4 ,!re=e oblations may h ref]5ce to ! laity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a canon ( ,pope ,damasus 99,damasus ,i quot$ ,x1 qu4 i 99,c4 ,hanc consuetud9em1 says3 ,none b ! prie/s :om day by day we see s]v+ ! ,"l may eat & dr9k ( ! oblations :i* are (f]$ )9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,holy ,*ur*3 because 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ,"l =bade ! *ildr5 ( ,israel to eat ! sacr$ loaves1 ) ! exception ( ,a>on & 8 sons 7,lev4 #bd3h1 #i74 ,i answ] t1 ,! prie/ is appo9t$ m$iator & /&s1 s to speak1 betwe5 ! p & ,god1 z we read ( ,moses 7,deut4 #e3e71 :]e=e x belongs to him to set =? ! ,div9e tea*+s & sacram5ts be=e ! p2 & besides to (f] to ! ,"l ?+s app]ta9+ to ! p1 _! pray]s1 = in/ance1 _! sacrifices & oblations4 ,?us ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #e3a73 ,e high prie/ tak5 f among m5 is orda9$ = m5 9 ! ?+s t app]ta9 to ,god1 t he may (f] up gifts & sacrifices = s9s4 ,h5ce ! oblations :i* ! p (f] to ,god conc]n ! prie/s1 n only z reg>ds _! turn+ !m to _! own use1 b also z reg>ds ! fai?ful disp5sation !re(1 by sp5d+ !m p>tly on ?+s app]ta9+ to ! ,div9e wor%ip1 p>tly on ?+s t\*+ _! own livelihood 7s9ce !y t s]ve ! alt> p>take ) ! alt>1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #i3ac71 & p>tly = ! good ( ! poor1 :o1 z f> z possible1 %\ld be support$ f ! possessions ( ! ,*ur*3 = our ,"l _h a purse = ! use ( ! poor1 z ,j]ome obs]ves on ,matt4 #ag3bf1 ,t we may n sc&alize !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:atev] is giv5 to ! poor is n a sacrifice prop]ly speak+2 yet x is call$ a sacrifice 9 s f> z x is giv5 to !m = ,god's sake4 ,9 l mann]1 & = ! same reason1 x c be call$ an oblation1 ?\gh n prop]ly speak+1 s9ce x is n giv5 imm$iately to ,god4 ,oblations prop]ly s call$ fall to ! use ( ! poor1 n by ! disp5sation ( ! (f]]s1 b by ! disp5sation ( ! prie/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,monks or o!r religi\s may receive oblations "u ?ree c\nts4 ,fir/1 z poor1 ei!r by ! disp5sation ( ! prie/s1 or by ord9ation ( ! ,*ur*2 secondly1 ?r\gh be+ m9i/]s ( ! alt>1 & !n !y c accept oblations t are freely (f]$2 ?irdly1 if ! p>i%es belong to !m1 & !y c accept oblations1 hav+ a "r to !m z rectors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,oblations :5 once !y are consecrat$1 su* z sacr$ vessels & ve/m5ts1 _c be grant$ to ! use ( ! laity3 & ?is is ! mean+ ( ! words ( ,pope ,damasus4 ,b ^? :i* are unconsecrat$ may be all[$ to ! use ( layfolk by p]mission ( ! prie/s1 :e!r by way ( gift or by way ( sale4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,man ,may ,make ,oblations ( ,:atev] ,he ,lawfully ,possesses8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a man may n make oblations ( :atev] he lawfully possesses4 ,accord+ to human law 99,dig4 xii1 v1 de ,condict4 ob4 turp4 vel iniu/4 caus4 #d ! :ore's is a %ameful trade 9 :at %e does b n 9 :at %e takes1 & consequ5tly :at %e takes %e possesses lawfully4 ,yet x is n lawful = h] to make an oblation ) h] ga9s1 accord+ to ,deut4 #bc3ah1 ,?\ %alt n (f] ! hire ( a /rumpet 4 4 4 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l ?y ,god4 ,!re=e x is n lawful to make an oblation ( :atev] "o possesses lawfully4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 ! same passage x is =bidd5 to (f] ! price ( a dog 9 ! h\se ( ,god4 ,b x is evid5t t a man possesses lawfully ! price ( a dog he has lawfully sold4 ,!re=e x is n lawful to make an oblation ( :atev] we possess lawfully4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,mala*i #a3h73 ,if y (f] ! lame & ! sick1 is x n evil8 ,yet an animal ?\gh lame or sick is a lawful possession4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t n ( e lawful possession may "o make an oblation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #c3i73 ,honor ! ,"l ) ?y sub/ance4 ,n[ :atev] a man possesses lawfully belongs to 8 sub/ance4 ,!re=e he may make oblations ( :atev] he possesses lawfully4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 ,s]m4 cxiii71 %\ld/ ?\ plund] "o weak] ?an ?yself & give "s ( ! spoil to ! judge1 if he %\ld pron\nce 9 ?y favor1 su* is ! =ce ( ju/ice t ev5 ?\ w\ld/ n be pleas$ ) him3 & if ?is %\ld n please !e1 nei!r does x please ?y ,god4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cd3ba73 ,! (f]+ ( him t sacrifice? ( a ?+ wrongfully gott5 is /a9$4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t an oblation mu/ n be made ( ?+s unju/ly acquir$ or possess$4 ,9 ! ,old ,law1 h[ev]1 :]e9 ! figure 0 pr$om9ant1 c]ta9 ?+s 7 reckon$ unclean on acc\nt ( _! signification1 & x 0 =bidd5 to (f] !m4 ,b 9 ! ,new ,law all ,god's creatures are look$ ^u z clean1 z /at$ 9 ,titus #a3ae3 & consequ5tly any?+ t is lawfully possess$1 consid]$ 9 itself1 may be (f]$ 9 oblation4 ,b x may happ5 accid5tally t "o may n make an oblation ( :at "o possesses lawfully2 = in/ance if x be detrim5tal to ano!r p]son1 z 9 ! case ( a son :o (f]s to ,god ! means ( support+ 8 fa!r 7:i* our ,"l condemns1 ,matt4 #ae3e71 or if x give rise to sc&al or contempt1 or ! l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! ,old ,law x 0 =bidd5 to make an (f]+ ( ! hire ( a /rumpet on acc\nt ( its uncleanness1 & 9 ! ,new ,law1 on acc\nt ( sc&al1 le/ ! ,*ur* seem to favor s9 if %e accept oblations f ! pr(its ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ,law1 a dog 0 deem$ an unclean animal4 ,yet o!r unclean animals 7 r$eem$ & _! price c\ld be (f]$1 accord+ to ,lev4 #bg3bg1 ,if x be an unclean animal1 he t (f]e? x %all r$eem x4 ,b a dog 0 nei!r (f]$ nor r$eem$1 bo? because idolat]s us$ dogs 9 sacrifices to _! idols1 & because !y signify robb]y1 ! proce$s ( :i* _c be (f]$ 9 oblation4 ,h[ev]1 ?is prohibition ceas$ "u ! ,new ,law4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! oblation ( a bl9d or lame animal 0 decl>$ unlawful = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! purpose = :i* x 0 (f]$1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,mala*4 #a3h73 ,if y (f] ! bl9d 9 sacrifice1 is x n evil8 & x behoov$ sacrifices to be )\t blemi%4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( contempt1 :]e=e ! same text goes on 7,mala*4 #a3ab73 ,y h pr(an$ ,my "n1 9 t y say3 ,! table ( ! ,"l is defil$ & t :i* is laid !reupon is contemptible4 ,?irdly1 on acc\nt ( a previ\s v[1 :]eby a man has b\nd himself to (f] )\t blemi% :atev] he has v[$3 h5ce ! same text says fur!r on 7,mala*4 #a3ad73 ,curs$ is ! deceitful man t ha? 9 8 flock a male1 & mak+ a v[ (f]e? 9 sacrifice t :i* is feeble to ! ,"l4 ,! same reasons avail /ill 9 ! ,new ,law1 b :5 !y d n apply ! unlawfulness ceases4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,m5 ,are ,b\nd to ,pay ,fir/-fruits8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t m5 are n b\nd to pay fir/-fruits4 ,aft] giv+ ! law ( ! fir/-born ! text cont9ues 7,ex4 #ac3i73 ,x %all be z a sign 9 ?y h&1 s t1 app>5tly1 x is a c]emonial precept4 ,b c]emonial precepts are n to be obs]v$ 9 ! ,new ,law4 ,nei!r !re=e ought fir/-fruits to be paid4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fir/-fruits 7 (f]$ to ! ,"l = a special favor conf]r$ on t p1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #bf3b1 #c73 ,?\ %alt take ! fir/ ( all ?y fruits 4 4 4 & ?\ %alt g to ! prie/ t %all be 9 ^? days1 & say to him3 ,i pr(ess ?is day be=e ! ,"l ?y ,god1 t ,i am come into ! l&1 = :i* ,he swore to our fa!rs1 t ,he w\ld give x u4 ,!re=e o!r nations are n b\nd to pay fir/-fruits4 ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* "o is b\nd to d %\ld be some?+ def9ite4 ,b nei!r 9 ! ,new ,law nor 9 ! ,old d we f9d m5tion ( a def9ite am\nt ( fir/-fruits4 ,!re=e "o is n b\nd ( necessity to pay !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is laid d[n 7#af1 qu4 vii1 c4 ,decimas73 ,we confirm ! "r ( prie/s to ti!s & fir/-fruits1 & ev]ybody mu/ pay !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,fir/-fruits are a k9d ( oblation1 because !y are (f]$ to ,god ) a c]ta9 pr(ession 7,deut4 #bf72 :]e ! same passage cont9ues3 ,! prie/ tak+ ! basket conta9+ ! fir/-fruits f ! h& ( him t br+e? ! fir/-fruits1 %all set x be=e ! alt> ( ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & fur!r on 7,deut4 #bf3aj7 he is comm&$ to say3 ,!re=e n[ ,i (f] ! fir/-fruits ( ! l&1 :i* ! ,"l ha? giv5 me4 ,n[ ! fir/-fruits 7 (f]$ = a special reason1 namely1 9 recognition ( ! div9e favor1 z ?\gh man ackn[l$g$ t he _h receiv$ ! fruits ( ! e>? f ,god1 & t he ought to (f] some?+ to ,god 9 return1 accord+ to #a ,p>al #bi3ad1 ,we h giv5 ,!e :at we receiv$ ( ,?y h&4 ,& s9ce :at we (f] ,god ought to be some?+ special1 h5ce x is t man 0 comm&$ to (f] ,god 8 fir/-fruits1 z be+ a special "p ( ! fruits ( ! e>?3 & s9ce a prie/ is orda9$ = ! p 9 ! ?+s t app]ta9 to ,god 7,heb4 #e3a71 ! fir/-fruits (f]$ by ! p 7 grant$ to ! prie/'s use4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,num4 #ah3h73 ,! ,"l said to ,a>on3 ,behold ,i h giv5 !e ! *>ge ( ,my fir/-fruits4 ,n[ x is a po9t ( natural law t man %\ld make an (f]+ 9 ,god's honor out ( ! ?+s he has receiv$ f ,god1 b t ! (f]+ %\ld be made to any p>ticul> p]son1 or out ( 8 fir/-fruits1 or 9 su* or su* a quantity1 0 inde$ det]m9$ 9 ! ,old ,law by div9e comm&2 b 9 ! ,new ,law x is fix$ by ! decl>ation ( ! ,*ur*1 9 virtue ( :i* m5 are b\nd to pay fir/-fruits accord+ to ! cu/om ( _! c\ntry & ! ne$s ( ! ,*ur*'s m9i/]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! c]emonial obs]vances 7 prop]ly speak+ signs ( ! future1 & consequ5tly !y ceas$ :5 ! =e%ad[$ tru? 0 actually pres5t4 ,b ! (f]+ ( fir/-fruits 0 = a sign ( a pa/ favor1 :5ce arises ! duty ( ackn[l$gm5t 9 accordance ) ! dictate ( natural reason4 ,h5ce tak5 9 a g5]al s5se ?is obligation rema9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fir/-fruits 7 (f]$ 9 ! ,old ,law1 n only on acc\nt ( ! favor ( ! promis$ l& giv5 by ,god1 b also on acc\nt ( ! favor ( ! fruits ( ! e>?1 :i* 7 giv5 by ,god4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #bf3aj73 ,i (f] ! fir/-fruits ( ! l& :i* ! ,"l ha? giv5 me1 :i* second motive is common among all p4 ,we may also reply t j z ,god grant$ ! l& ( promise to ! ,jews by a special favor1 s by a g5]al favor ,he be/[$ ! lord%ip ( ! e>? on ! :ole ( mank9d1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aac3bd1 ,! e>? ,he has giv5 to ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,j]ome says 99,comm5t4 9 ,eze*4 #de3ac1 #ad2 cf4 ,cap4 ,decimam1 de ,decim4 ,primit4 et ,oblat43 ,accord+ to ! tradition ( ! anci5ts ! cu/om arose = ^? :o _h mo/ to give ! prie/s a =tie? "p1 & ^? :o _h lea/1 "o sixtie?1 9 lieu ( fir/-fruits4 ,h5ce x w\ld seem t fir/-fruits %\ld v>y betwe5 ^! limits accord+ to ! cu/om ( "o's c\ntry4 ,& x 0 reasonable t ! am\nt ( fir/-fruits %\ld n be fix$ by law1 s9ce1 z /at$ above1 fir/-fruits are (f]$ by way ( oblation1 a condition ( :i* is t x %\ld be volunt>y4 ,,"q #hg ,,( ,,ti!s 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,next we mu/ consid] ti!s1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r m5 are b\nd by precept to pay ti!s8 7#b7 ,( :at ?+s ought ti!s to be paid8 7#c7 ,to :om ought !y to be paid8 7#d7 ,:o ought to pay ti!s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,m5 ,are ,b\nd to ,pay ,ti!s ,"u a ,necessity ( ,precept8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t m5 are n b\nd by precept to pay ti!s4 ,! comm&m5t to pay ti!s is conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,law 7,lev4 #bg3cj71 ,all ti!s ( ! l&1 :e!r ( corn or ( ! fruits ( trees1 are ! ,"l's1 & fur!r on 7,lev4 #bg3cb73 ,( all ! ti!s ( ox5 & %eep & goats1 t pass "u ! %eph]d's rod1 e t5? t come? %all be sanctifi$ to ! ,"l4 ,?is _c be reckon$ among ! moral precepts1 because natural reason does n dictate t "o ought to give a t5? "p1 r ?an a n9? or elev5?4 ,!re=e x is ei!r a judicial or a c]emonial precept4 ,n[1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ajd1 ,a4 #c71 dur+ ! "t ( grace m5 are h\nd nei!r to ! c]emonial nor to ! judicial precepts ( ! ,old ,law4 ,!re=e m5 are n b\nd n[ to pay ti!s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 dur+ ! "t ( grace m5 are b\nd only to ^? ?+s :i* 7 comm&$ by ,*ri/ ?r\gh ! ,apo/les1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bh3bj1 ,tea*+ !m to obs]ve all ?+s :atsoev] ,i h comm&$ y2 & ,paul says 7,acts #bj3bg73 ,i h n sp>$ to decl>e unto y all ! c\nsel ( ,god4 ,n[ nei!r 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ nor 9 t ( ! apo/les is !re any m5tion ( ! pay+ ( ti!s3 = ! say+ ( our ,"l ab\t ti!s 7,matt4 #bc3bc71 ,^! ?+s y ought to h done seems to ref] to ! pa/ "t ( legal obs]vance3 ?us ,hil>y says 7,sup] ,mat?4 c4 xxiv73 ,! ti?+ ( h]bs1 :i* 0 useful 9 =e%ad[+ ! future1 0 n to be omitt$4 ,!re=e dur+ ! "t ( grace m5 are n b\nd to pay ti!s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 dur+ ! "t ( grace1 m5 are n m b\nd to ! legal obs]vances ?an be=e ! ,law4 ,b be=e ! ,law ti!s 7 giv51 by reason n ( a precept b ( a v[4 ,= we read 7,g54 #bh3bj1 #bb7 t ,jacob made a v[ say+3 ,if ,god %all be ) me1 & %all keep me 9 ! way by :i* ,i walk 4 4 4 ( all ! ?+s t ,?\ %alt give to me1 ,i w (f] ti!s to ,!e4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 dur+ ! "t ( grace are m5 b\nd to pay ti!s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ,old ,law m5 7 b\nd to pay ?ree k9ds ( ti!4 ,= x is writt5 7,num4 #ah3bc1 #bd73 ,! sons ( ,levi 4 4 4 %all 4 4 4 be cont5t ) ! oblation ( ti!s1 :i* ,i h sep>at$ = _! uses & necessities4 ,aga91 !re 7 o!r ti!s ( :i* we read 7,deut4 #ad3bb1 #bc73 ,e ye> ?\ %alt set aside ! ti!s ( all ?y fruits1 t ! e>? br+e? =? ye> by ye>2 & ?\ %alt eat be=e ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 ! place :i* ,he %all *oose4 ,& !re 7 yet o!r ti!s1 ( :i* x is writt5 7,deut4 #ad3bh73 ,! ?ird ye> ?\ %alt sep>ate ano!r ti! ( all ?+s t gr[ to !e at t "t1 & %alt lay x up )9 ?y gates4 ,& ! ,levite t ha? no o!r "p nor possession ) !e1 & ! /rang]1 & ! fa!rless1 & ! wid[1 t are )9 ?y gates1 %all 4 4 4 eat & be fill$4 ,n[ dur+ ! "t ( grace m5 are n b\nd to pay ! second & ?ird ti!s4 ,nei!r !re=e are !y b\nd to pay ! fir/4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 a debt t is due )\t any "t be+ fix$ = its paym5t1 mu/ be paid at once "u pa9 ( s94 ,accord+ly if dur+ ! "t ( grace m5 are b\nd1 "u necessity ( precept1 to pay ti!s 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ti!s are n paid1 !y w\ld all be 9 a /ate ( mortal s91 & s w\ld also be ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* = dissembl+4 ,b ?is seems unreasonable4 ,!re=e dur+ ! "t ( grace m5 are n b\nd "u necessity ( precept to pay ti!s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 99,app5d4 ,s]m4 cclxxcii1 ^: words are quot$ #af1 qu4 i 99,c4 ,decimae1 says3 ,x is a duty to pay ti!s1 & :oev] refuses to pay !m takes :at belongs to ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! ,old ,law ti!s 7 paid = ! su/5ance ( ! m9i/]s ( ,god4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,mala*4 #c3aj73 ,br+ all ! ti!s into ,my ,vulg43 '!' /ore-h\se t !re may be meat 9 ,my h\se4 ,h5ce ! precept ab\t ! pay+ ( ti!s 0 p>tly moral & in/ill$ 9 ! natural reason2 & p>tly judicial1 d]iv+ its =ce f its div9e in/itution4 ,because natural reason dictates t ! p %\ld adm9i/] ! necess>ies ( life to ^? :o m9i/] ! div9e wor%ip = ! welf>e ( ! :ole p ev5 z x is ! p's duty to provide a livelihood = _! rul]s & soldi]s & s =?4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le proves ?is f human cu/om1 say+ 7#a ,cor4 #i3g73 ,:o s]ve? z a soldi] at any "t at 8 own *>ge8 ,:o plante? a v9ey>d & eate? n ( ! fruit !re(8 ,b ! fix+ ( ! proportion to be (f]$ to ! m9i/]s ( div9e wor%ip does n belong to ! natural law1 b 0 det]m9$ by div9e in/itution1 9 accordance ) ! condition ( t p to :om ! law 0 be+ giv54 ,= !y 7 divid$ into twelve tribes1 & ! twelf? tribe1 namely t ( ,levi1 0 engag$ exclusively 9 ! div9e m9i/ry & _h no possessions :5ce to d]ive a livelihood3 & s x 0 becom+ly orda9$ t ! rema9+ elev5 tribes %\ld give "o-t5? "p ( _! rev5ues to ! ,levites 99,num4 #ah3ba t ! latt] might live respectably2 & also because "s1 ?r\gh neglig5ce1 w\ld disreg>d ?is precept4 ,h5ce1 s f> z ! t5? "p 0 fix$1 ! precept 0 judicial1 s9ce all in/itutions e/abli%$ among ?is p = ! special purpose ( pres]v+ equality among m51 9 accordance ) ?is p's condition1 are call$ judicial precepts4 ,nev]!less by way ( consequ5ce ^! in/itutions =e%ad[$ some?+ 9 ! future1 ev5 z ev]y?+ else connect$ ) !m1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab1 ,all ^! ?+s happ5$ to !m 9 figure4 ,9 ?is respect !y _h some?+ 9 common ) ! c]emonial precepts1 :i* 7 in/itut$ *iefly t !y might be signs ( ! future4 ,h5ce ! precept ab\t pay+ ti!s =e%ad[$ some?+ 9 ! future4 ,= t5 is1 9 a way1 ! p]fect numb] 7be+ ! fir/ num]ical limit1 s9ce ! figures d n g beyond t5 b beg9 ov] aga9 f "o71 & !re=e he t gave a t5?1 :i* is ! sign ( p]fection1 res]v+ ! n9e o!r p>ts = himself1 ackn[l$g$ by a sign t imp]fection 0 8 "p1 & t ! p]fection :i* 0 to come ?r\gh ,*ri/ 0 to be hop$ = f ,god4 ,yet ?is proves x to be1 n a c]emonial b a judicial precept1 z /at$ above4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! c]emonial & judicial precepts ( ! ,law1 z we /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,a4 #c71 t x is unlawful to obs]ve ! c]emonial precepts at ! "t ( ! ,new ,law1 :]eas !re is no s9 9 keep+ ! judicial precepts dur+ ! "t ( grace al?\gh !y are n b9d+4 ,inde$ !y are b\nd to be obs]v$ by "s1 if !y be orda9$ by ! au?ority ( ^? :o h p[] to make laws4 ,?us x 0 a judicial precept ( ! ,old ,law t he :o /ole a %eep %\ld re/ore f\r %eep 7,ex4 #bb3a71 & if any k+ 7 to ord] ?is to be done 8 subjects w\ld be b\nd to obey4 ,9 l mann] dur+ ! "t ( ! ,new ,law ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* has e/abli%$ ! paym5t ( ti!2 ?us %[+ a c]ta9 k9dl9ess1 le/ ! p ( ! ,new ,law %\ld give less to ! m9i/]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an did ! p ( ! ,old ,law to ! m9i/]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 = ! p ( ! ,new ,law are "u great] obligations1 accord+ to ,matt4 #e3bj1 ,unless y\r ju/ice ab\nd m ?an t ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 y %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav51 &1 moreov]1 ! m9i/]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are ( great] dignity ?an ! m9i/]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z ! ,apo/le %[s 7#b ,cor4 #c3g1 #h74 ,accord+ly x is evid5t t man's obligation to pay ti!s arises p>tly f natural law1 p>tly f ! in/itution ( ! ,*ur*2 :o1 nev]!less1 9 consid]ation ( ! requirem5ts ( "t & p]sons might orda9 ! paym5t ( "s o!r proportion4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! precept ab\t pay+ ti!s1 9 s f> z x 0 a moral precept1 0 giv5 9 ! ,gospel by our ,"l :5 ,he said 7,matt4 #aj3aj7 99,! words z quot$ are f ,luke #aj3g3 ,mat!w has 'meat' in/ead ( 'hire'3 ,! workman is wor?y ( 8 hire1 & ! ,apo/le says ! same 7#a ,cor4 #i3d seqq474 ,b ! fix+ ( ! p>ticul> proportion is left to ! ord9ance ( ! ,*ur*4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,be=e ! "t ( ! ,old ,law ! m9i/ry ( ! div9e wor%ip 0 n entru/$ to any p>ticul> p]son2 al?\gh x is /at$ t ! fir/-born 7 prie/s1 & t !y receiv$ a d\ble portion4 ,= ?is v reason no p>ticul> portion 0 direct$ to be giv5 to ! m9i/]s ( ! div9e wor%ip3 b :5 !y met ) "o1 ea* man ( 8 own accord gave him :at he deem$ "r4 ,?us ,abraham by a k9d ( prophetic in/9ct gave ti!s to ,mel*is$e*1 ! prie/ ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god1 accord+ to ,g54 #ad3bj1 & aga9 ,jacob made a v[ to give ti!s 99,g54 #bh3bj1 al?\gh he appe>s to h v[$ to d s1 n by pay+ !m to m9i/]s1 b = ! purpose ( ! div9e wor%ip1 = in/ance = ! fulfill+ ( sacrifices1 h5ce he said significantly3 ,i w (f] ti!s to ,!e4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! second k9d ( ti!1 :i* 0 res]v$ = ! (f]+ ( sacrifices1 has no place 9 ! ,new ,law1 s9ce ! legal victims _h ceas$4 ,b ! ?ird k9d ( ti! :i* !y _h to eat ) ! poor1 is increas$ 9 ! ,new ,law1 = our ,"l comm&$ u to give to ! poor n m]ely ! t5? "p1 b all our surplus1 accord+ to ,luke #aa3da3 ,t :i* rema9e?1 give alms4 ,moreov] ! ti!s t are giv5 to ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* %\ld be disp5s$ by !m = ! use ( ! poor4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* ought to be m solicit\s = ! increase ( spiritual goods 9 ! p1 ?an = ! amass+ ( temporal goods3 & h5ce ! ,apo/le 0 unwill+ to make use ( ! "r giv5 him by ! ,"l ( receiv+ 8 livelihood f ^? to :om he prea*$ ! ,gospel1 le/ he %\ld occasion a h9drance to ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ 99#a ,cor4 #i3ab4 ,nor did !y s9 :o did n contribute to 8 upkeep1 else ! ,apo/le w\ld n h omitt$ to reprove !m4 ,9 l mann] ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* rightly refra9 f dem&+ ! ,*ur*'s ti!s1 :5 !y c\ld n dem& !m )\t sc&al1 on acc\nt ( _! hav+ fall5 into desuetude1 or = "s o!r reason4 ,nev]!less ^? :o d n give ti!s 9 places :]e ! ,*ur* does n dem& !m are n 9 a /ate ( damnation1 unless !y be ob/9ate1 & unwill+ to pay ev5 if ti!s 7 dem&$ ( !m4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,m5 ,are ,b\nd to ,pay ,ti!s ( ,all ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t m5 are n b\nd to give ti!s ( all ?+s4 ,! pay+ ( ti!s seems to be an in/itution ( ! ,old ,law4 ,n[ ! ,old ,law conta9s no precept ab\t p]sonal ti!s1 viz4 ^? t are payable on prop]ty acquir$ by "o's own act1 = in/ance by comm]ce or soldi]+4 ,!re=e no man is b\nd to pay ti!s on su* ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is n "r to make oblations ( t :i* is ill-gott51 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hf1 ,a4 #c74 ,n[ oblations1 be+ (f]$ to ,god imm$iately1 seem to be m closely connect$ ) ! div9e wor%ip ?an ti!s :i* are (f]$ to ! m9i/]s4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld ti!s be paid on ill-gott5 goods4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ,leviticus 7#cj1 #cb7 ! precept ( pay+ ti!s ref]s only to corn1 fruits ( trees & animals t pass "u ! %eph]d's rod4 ,b man d]ives a rev5ue f o!r small] ?+s1 su* z ! h]bs t gr[ 9 8 g>d5 & s =?4 ,!re=e nei!r on ^! ?+s is a man b\nd to pay ti!s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 man _c pay except :at is 9 8 p[]4 ,n[ a man does n always rema9 9 possession ( all 8 pr(it f l& & /ock1 s9ce sometimes he loses !m by !ft or robb]y2 sometimes !y are transf]r$ to ano!r p]son by sale2 sometimes !y are due to "s o!r p]son1 ?us taxes are due to pr9ces1 & wages due to workm54 ,!re=e "o ought n to pay ti!s on su* l ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,g54 #bh3bb73 ,( all ?+s t ,?\ %alt give to me1 ,i w (f] ti!s to ,!e4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 judg+ ab\t a ?+ we %\ld look to its pr9ciple4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( ! paym5t ( ti!s is ! debt :]eby c>nal ?+s are due to ^? :o s[ spiritual ?+s1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #i3aa71 ,if we h s[n unto y spiritual ?+s1 is x a great matt] if we reap y\r c>nal ?+s8 ?us imply+ t on ! contr>y x is no great matt] if we reap y\r c>nal ?+s 99,! phrase 9 ! brackets is omitt$ 9 ! ,leon9e edition4 ,= ?is debt is ! pr9ciple on :i* is bas$ ! comm&m5t ( ! ,*ur* ab\t ! paym5t ( ti!s4 ,n[ :atev] man possesses comes "u ! designation ( c>nal ?+s4 ,!re=e ti!s mu/ be paid on :atev] "o possesses4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 accordance ) ! condition ( t p !re 0 a special reason :y ! ,old ,law did n include a precept ab\t p]sonal ti!s2 because1 to wit1 all ! o!r tribes _h c]ta9 possessions :]e) !y 7 able to provide a suffici5t livelihood = ! ,levites :o _h no possessions1 b 7 n =bidd5 to make a pr(it out ( o!r lawful occupations z ! o!r ,jews did4 ,on ! o!r h& ! p ( ! ,new ,law are spread abroad ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & _m ( !m h no possessions1 b live by trade1 & ^! w\ld contribute no?+ to ! support ( ,god's m9i/]s if !y did n pay ti!s on _! trade pr(its4 ,moreov] ! m9i/]s ( ! ,new ,law are m /rictly =bidd5 to occupy !mselves 9 money-mak+ trades1 accord+ to #b ,tim4 #b3d1 ,no man be+ a soldi] to ,god1 entangle? himself ) secul> bus9ess4 ,:]e=e 9 ! ,new ,law m5 are b\nd to pay p]sonal ti!s1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( _! c\ntry & ! ne$s ( ! m9i/]s3 h5ce ,augu/9e1 ^: words are quot$ #af1 qu4 #a1 cap4 ,decimae1 says 99,app5d4 ,s]m4 cclxxvii3 ,ti!s mu/ be paid on ! pr(its ( soldi]+1 trade or craft4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?+s are ill-gott5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because ! gett+ itself 0 unju/3 su*1 = in/ance1 are ?+s gott5 by robb]y1 !ft or usury3 & ^! a man is b\nd to re/ore1 & n to pay ti!s on !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a field be b\ght ) ! pr(its ( usury1 ! usur] is b\nd to pay ti!s on ! produce1 because ! latt] is n gott5 usuri\sly b giv5 by ,god4 ,on ! o!r h& c]ta9 ?+s are said to be ill-gott51 because !y are gott5 ( a %ameful cause1 = in/ance ( :or$om or /age-play+1 & ! l4 ,su* ?+s a man is n b\nd to re/ore1 & consequ5tly he is b\nd to pay ti!s on !m 9 ! same way z o!r p]sonal ti!s4 ,nev]!less ! ,*ur* mu/ n accept ! ti! s long z ^? p]sons rema9 9 s91 le/ %e appe> to h a %>e 9 _! s9s3 b :5 !y h done p5ance1 ti!s may be accept$ f !m on ^! ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?+s direct$ to an end mu/ be judg$ accord+ to _! fitt+ness to ! end4 ,n[ ! paym5t ( ti!s is due n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( ! m9i/]s1 to ^: dignity x is unbecom+ t !y %\ld dem& m9ute ?+s ) c>eful exactitude1 = ?is is reckon$ s9ful accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b74 ,h5ce ! ,old ,law did n ord] ! paym5t ( ti!s on su* l m9ute ?+s1 b left x to ! judgm5t ( ^? :o are will+ to pay1 because m9ute ?+s are c\nt$ z no?+4 ,:]e=e ! ,ph>isees :o claim$ = !mselves ! p]fect ju/ice ( ! ,law1 paid ti!s ev5 on ^! m9ute ?+s3 nor are !y reprov$ by our ,"l on t acc\nt1 b only because !y despis$ great]1 i4e4 spiritual1 precepts2 & r did ,he %[ !m to be des]v+ ( praise 9 ?is p>ticul>1 :5 ,he said 7,matt4 #bc3bc73 ,^! ?+s y ought to h done1 i4e4 dur+ ! "t ( ! ,law1 accord+ to ,*ryso/om's 99,hom4 xliv 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om comm5t>y4 ,?is also seems to d5ote fitt+ness r ?an obligation4 ,!re=e n[ too m5 are n b\nd to pay ti!s on su* m9ute ?+s1 except p]haps by reason ( ! cu/om ( "o's c\ntry4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a man is n b\nd to pay ti!s on :at he has lo/ by !ft or robb]y1 be=e he recov]s 8 prop]ty3 unless he has incurr$ ! loss ?r\gh 8 own fault or neglect1 because ! ,*ur* ought n to be ! los] on t acc\nt4 ,if he sell :eat t has n be5 ti!d1 ! ,*ur* c comm& ! ti!s due to h]1 bo? f ! buy] :o has a ?+ due to ! ,*ur*1 & f ! sell]1 because s f> z he is conc]n$ he has defraud$ ! ,*ur*3 yet if "o pays1 ! o!r is n b\nd4 ,ti!s are due on ! fruits ( ! e>?1 9 s f> z ^! fruits are ! gift ( ,god4 ,:]e=e ti!s d n come "u a tax1 nor are !y subject to workm5's wages4 ,h5ce x is n "r to d$uct "o's taxes & ! wages paid to workm51 be=e pay+ ti!s3 b ti!s mu/ be paid be=e any?+ else on "o's entire produce4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,ti!s ,%\ld ,be ,paid to ! ,cl]gy8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ti!s %\ld n be paid to ! cl]gy4 ,ti!s 7 paid to ! ,levites 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 because !y _h no portion 9 ! p's possessions1 accord+ to ,num4 #ah3bc1 #bd4 ,b 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! cl]gy h possessions n only ecclesia/ical1 b sometimes also patrimonial3 moreov] !y receive fir/-fruits1 & oblations = ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,!re=e x is unnecess>y to pay ti!s to !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x sometimes happ5s t a man dwells 9 "o p>i%1 & f>ms 9 ano!r2 or a %eph]d may take 8 flock )9 ! b\nds ( "o p>i% dur+ "o "p ( ! ye>1 & )9 ! b\nds ( ano!r p>i% dur+ ! o!r "p ( ! ye>2 or he may h 8 %eepfold 9 "o p>i%1 & graze ! %eep 9 ano!r4 ,n[ 9 all ^! & simil> cases x seems impossible to decide to :i* cl]gy ! ti!s ought to be paid4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t no fix$ ti! ought to be paid to ! cl]gy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is ! g5]al cu/om 9 c]ta9 c\ntries = ! soldi]s to hold ! ti!s f ! ,*ur* 9 fee2 & c]ta9 religi\s receive ti!s4 ,!re=e seem+ly ti!s are n due only to ^? ( ! cl]gy :o h c>e ( s\ls4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,num4 #ah3ba73 ,i h giv5 to ! sons ( ,levi all ! ti!s ( ,israel = a possession1 = ! m9i/ry :]e) !y s]ve ,me 9 ! ,tab]nacle4 ,n[ ! cl]gy are ! successors ( ! sons ( ,levi 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!re=e ti!s are due to ! cl]gy alone4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s h to be consid]$ ) reg>d to ti!s3 namely1 ! "r to receive ti!s1 & ! ?+s giv5 9 ! "n ( ti!s4 ,! "r to receive ti!s is a spiritual ?+1 = x arises f ! debt 9 virtue ( :i* ! m9i/]s ( ! alt> h a "r to ! exp5ses ( _! m9i/ry1 & temporal ?+s are due to ^? :o s[ spiritual ?+s4 ,?is debt conc]ns none b ! cl]gy :o h c>e ( s\ls1 & s !y alone are compet5t to h ?is "r4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ?+s giv5 9 ! "n ( ti!s are mat]ial1 :]e=e !y may come to be us$ by anyone1 & ?us x is t !y fall into ! h&s ( ! laity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! ,old ,law1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #d71 special ti!s 7 e>m>k$ = ! assi/ance ( ! poor4 ,b 9 ! ,new ,law ! ti!s are giv5 to ! cl]gy1 n only = _! own support1 b also t ! cl]gy may use !m 9 assi/+ ! poor4 ,h5ce !y are n unnecess>y2 inde$ ,*ur* prop]ty1 oblations & fir/-fruits z well z ti!s are all necess>y = ?is same purpose4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,p]sonal ti!s are due to ! *ur* 9 ^: p>i% a man dwells1 :ile pr$ial ti!s seem m reasonably to belong to ! *ur* )9 ^: b\nds ! l& is situat$4 ,! law1 h[ev]1 prescribes t 9 ?is matt] a cu/om t has obta9$ = a long "t mu/ be obs]v$ 99,cap4 ,cum s9t1 & ,cap4 ,ad apo/olicae1 de ,decimis1 etc44 ,! %eph]d :o grazes 8 flock at diff]5t seasons 9 two p>i%es1 %\ld pay ti! proportionately to bo? *ur*es4 ,& s9ce ! fruit ( ! flock is d]iv$ f ! pa/ure1 ! ti! ( ! flock is due to ! *ur* 9 ^: l&s ! flock grazes1 r ?an to ! *ur* on ^: l& ! fold is situat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z ! ,*ur* c h& ov] to a layman ! ?+s %e receives "u ! title ( ti!1 s too c %e all[ him to receive ti!s t are yet to be paid1 ! "r ( receiv+ be+ res]v$ to ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! motive may be ei!r ! ne$ ( ! ,*ur*1 z :5 ti!s are due to c]ta9 soldi]s ?r\gh be+ grant$ to !m 9 fee by ! ,*ur*1 or x may be ! succor+ ( ! poor2 ?us c]ta9 ti!s h be5 grant$ by way ( alms to c]ta9 lay religi\s1 or to ^? t h no c>e ( s\ls4 ,"s religi\s1 h[ev]1 are compet5t to receive ti!s1 because !y h c>e ( s\ls4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,cl]gy ,also ,are ,b\nd to ,pay ,ti!s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cl]ics also are b\nd to pay ti!s4 ,by common law 99,cap4 ,cum hom9es1 de ,decimis1 etc4 ! p>i% *ur* %\ld receive ! ti!s on ! l&s :i* are 9 its t]ritory4 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t ! cl]gy h c]ta9 l&s ( _! own on ! t]ritory ( "s p>i% *ur*1 or t "o *ur* has ecclesia/ical prop]ty on ! t]ritory ( ano!r4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! cl]gy are b\nd to pay pr$ial ti!s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "s religi\s are cl]ics2 & yet !y are b\nd to pay ti!s to *ur*es on acc\nt ( ! l&s :i* !y cultivate ev5 ) _! own h&s 99,cap4 ,ex p>te1 & ,cap4 ,nup]44 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! cl]gy are n immune f ! paym5t ( ti!s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! eighte5? *apt] ( ,numb]s 7#bf1 #bh71 x is prescrib$ n only t ! ,levites %\ld receive ti!s f ! p1 b also t !y %\ld !mselves pay ti!s to ! high-prie/4 ,!re=e ! cl]gy are b\nd to pay ti!s to ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 no less ?an ! laity are b\nd to pay ti!s to ! cl]gy4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ti!s %\ld s]ve n only = ! support ( ! cl]gy1 b also = ! assi/ance ( ! poor4 ,!re=e1 if ! cl]gy are exempt f pay+ ti!s1 s too are ! poor4 ,yet ! latt] is n true4 ,!re=e ! =m] is false4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a decretal ( ,pope ,pas*al 99,pas*al ,,ii says3 ,x is a new =m ( exaction :5 ! cl]gy dem& ti!s f ! cl]gy 99,cap4 ,novum g5us1 de ,decimis1 etc44 ,i answ] t1 ,! cause ( giv+ _c be ! cause ( receiv+1 z nei!r c ! cause ( action be ! cause ( passion2 yet x happ5s t "o & ! same p]son is giv] & receiv]1 ev5 z ag5t & pati5t1 on acc\nt ( diff]5t causes & f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,n[ ti!s are due to ! cl]gy z be+ m9i/]s ( ! alt> & s[]s ( spiritual ?+s among ! p4 ,:]e=e ^? memb]s ( ! cl]gy z su*1 i4e4 z hav+ ecclesia/ical prop]ty1 are n b\nd to pay ti!s2 :]eas f "s o!r cause ?r\gh hold+ prop]ty 9 _! own "r1 ei!r by inh]it+ x f _! k9dr$1 or by pur*ase1 or 9 any o!r simil> mann]1 !y are b\nd to ! paym5t ( ti!s4 ,h5ce ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection is cle>1 because ! cl]gy l anyone else are b\nd to pay ti!s on _! own l&s to ! p>i% *ur*1 ev5 ?\gh !y be ! cl]gy ( t same *ur*1 because to possess a ?+ z "o's private prop]ty is n ! same z possess+ x 9 common4 ,b *ur* l&s are n ti?able1 ev5 ?\gh !y be )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ano!r p>i%4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,religi\s :o are cl]ics1 if !y h c>e ( s\ls1 & disp5se spiritual ?+s to ! p1 are n b\nd to pay ti!s1 b !y may receive !m4 ,ano!r reason applies to o!r religi\s1 :o ?\gh cl]ics d n disp5se spiritual ?+s to ! p2 = accord+ to ! ord9>y law !y are b\nd to pay ti!s1 b !y are some:at exempt by reason ( v>i\s concessions grant$ by ! ,apo/olic ,see 99,cap4 ,ex multiplici1 ,ex p>te1 & ,ad audi5tiam1 de ,decimis1 etc44 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! ,old ,law fir/-fruits 7 due to ! prie/s1 & ti!s to ! ,levites2 & s9ce ! ,levites 7 bel[ ! prie/s1 ! ,"l comm&$ t ! =m] %\ld pay ! high-prie/ ! t5? "p ( ! t5? 99,num4 #ah3bf in/ead ( fir/-fruits3 :]e=e = ! same reason ! cl]gy are b\nd n[ to pay ti!s to ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 if he dem&$ !m4 ,= natural reason dictates t he :o has *>ge ( ! common e/ate ( a multitude %\ld be provid$ ) all goods1 s t he may be able to c>ry out :atev] is necess>y = ! common welf>e4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,ti!s %\ld be employ$ = ! assi/ance ( ! poor1 ?r\gh ! disp5sation ( ! cl]gy4 ,h5ce ! poor h no reason = accept+ ti!s1 b !y are b\nd to pay !m4 ,,"q #hh ,,( ,,v[s 7,9 ,twelve ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] v[s1 :]eby some?+ is promis$ to ,god4 ,"u ?is head !re are twelve po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is a v[8 7#b7 ,:at is ! matt] ( a v[8 7#c7 ,( ! obligation ( v[s2 7#d7 ,( ! use ( tak+ v[s2 7#e7 ,( :at virtue is x an act8 7#f7 ,:e!r x is m m]itori\s to d a ?+ f a v[1 ?an )\t a v[8 7#g7 ,( ! solemniz+ ( a v[2 7#h7 ,:e!r ^? :o are "u ano!r's p[] c take v[s8 7#i7 ,:e!r *ildr5 may be b\nd by v[ to ent] religion8 7#aj7 ,:e!r a v[ is subject to disp5sation or commutation8 7#aa7 ,:e!r a disp5sation c be grant$ 9 a solemn v[ ( cont95ce8 7#ab7 ,:e!r ! au?ority ( a sup]ior is requir$ 9 a disp5sation f a v[8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r a ,v[ ,consi/s 9 a ,m]e ,purpose ( ! ,w8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a v[ consi/s 9 no?+ b a purpose ( ! w4 ,accord+ to "s 99,william ( ,aux]re1 ,sum4 ,aur4 ,,iii1 xxviii1 qu4 #a2 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,s5t4 iv1 ,d1 #ch1 a v[ is a conception ( a good purpose aft] a firm delib]ation ( ! m9d1 :]eby a man b9ds himself be=e ,god to d or n to d a c]ta9 ?+4 ,b ! conception ( a good purpose & s =?1 may consi/ 9 a m]e movem5t ( ! w4 ,!re=e a v[ consi/s 9 a m]e purpose ( ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! v ^w v[ seems to be d]iv$ f voluntas 7w71 = "o is said to d a ?+ proprio voto 7by "o's own v[7 :5 "o does x volunt>ily4 ,n[ to purpose is an act ( ! w1 :ile to promise is an act ( ! reason4 ,!re=e a v[ consi/s 9 a m]e act ( ! w4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 our ,"l said 7,luke #i3fb73 ,no man putt+ 8 h& to ! pl\gh1 & look+ back1 is fit = ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,n[ f ! v fact t a man has a purpose ( do+ good1 he puts 8 h& to ! pl\gh4 ,consequ5tly1 if he look back by desi/+ f 8 good purpose1 he is n fit = ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,!re=e by a m]e good purpose a man is b\nd be=e ,god1 ev5 )\t mak+ a promise2 & consequ5tly x w\ld seem t a v[ consi/s 9 a m]e purpose ( ! w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eccles4 #e3c73 ,if ?\ ha/ v[$ any?+ to ,god1 def] n to pay x1 = an unfai?ful & fooli% promise displease? ,him4 ,!re=e to v[ is to promise1 & a v[ is a promise4 ,i answ] t1 ,a v[ d5otes a b9d+ to d or omit "s p>ticul> ?+4 ,n[ "o man b9ds himself to ano!r by means ( a promise1 :i* is an act ( ! reason to :i* faculty x belongs to direct4 ,= j z a man by comm&+ or pray+1 directs1 9 a fa%ion1 :at o!rs are to d = him1 s by promis+ he directs :at he himself is to d = ano!r4 ,n[ a promise betwe5 man & man c only be express$ 9 words or any o!r outw>d signs2 :]eas a promise c be made to ,god by ! m]e inw>d ?\ght1 s9ce accord+ to #a ,k+s #af3g1 ,man see? ^? ?+s t appe>1 b ! ,"l beholde? ! he>t4 ,yet we express words outw>dly sometimes1 ei!r to ar\se ourselves1 z 0 /at$ above ) reg>d to pray] 7,q4 #hc1 ,a4 #ab71 or to call o!rs to witness1 s t "o may refra9 f break+ ! v[1 n only ?r\gh fe> ( ,god1 b also ?r\gh respect ( m54 ,n[ a promise is ! outcome f a purpose ( do+ some?+3 & a purpose presupposes delib]ation1 s9ce x is ! act ( a delib]ate w4 ,accord+ly ?ree ?+s are ess5tial to a v[3 ! fir/ is delib]ation2 ! second is a purpose ( ! w2 & ! ?ird is a promise1 :]e9 is complet$ ! nature ( a v[4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 two o!r ?+s are add$ z a sort ( confirmation ( ! v[1 namely1 pron\ncem5t by ^w ( m\?1 accord+ to ,ps4 #fe3ac1 ,i w pay ,!e my v[s :i* my lips h utt]$2 & ! witness+ ( o!rs4 ,h5ce ! ,ma/] says 7,s5t4 iv1 ,d1 #ch7 t a v[ is ! witness+ ( a spontane\s promise & ought to be made to ,god & ab\t ?+s relat+ to ,god3 al?\gh ! witness+ may /rictly ref] to ! inw>d prote/ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! conceiv+ ( a good purpose is n confirm$ by ! delib]ation ( ! m9d1 unless ! delib]ation lead to a promise4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man's w moves ! reason to promise some?+ relat+ to ?+s subject to 8 w1 & a v[ takes its "n f ! w =asmu* z x proce$s f ! w z fir/ mov]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t puts 8 h& to ! pl\gh does some?+ already2 :ile he t m]ely purposes to d some?+ does no?+ s f>4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he promises1 he already sets ab\t do+1 al?\gh he does n yet fulfil 8 promise3 ev5 s1 he t puts 8 h& to ! pl\gh does n pl\gh yet1 nev]!less he /ret*es out 8 h& = ! purpose ( pl\gh+4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r a ,v[ ,%\ld ,always ,be ,ab\t a ,bett] ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a v[ ne$ n be always ab\t a bett] good4 ,a great] good is "o t p]ta9s to sup]]ogation4 ,b v[s are n only ab\t matt]s ( sup]]ogation1 b also ab\t matt]s ( salvation3 ?us 9 ,baptism m5 v[ to r5\nce ! devil & 8 pomps1 & to keep ! fai?1 z a gloss obs]ves on ,ps4 #ge3ab1 ,v[ ye1 & pay to ! ,"l y\r ,god2 & ,jacob v[$ 7,g54 #bh3ba7 t ! ,"l %\ld be 8 ,god4 ,n[ ?is above all is necess>y = salvation4 ,!re=e v[s are n only ab\t a bett] good4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,jephte is includ$ among ! sa9ts 7,heb4 #aa3cb74 ,yet he kill$ 8 innoc5t daught] on acc\nt ( 8 v[ 7,judges #aa74 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! slay+ ( an innoc5t p]son is n a bett] good1 b is 9 itself unlawful1 x seems t a v[ may be made n only ab\t a bett] good1 b also ab\t some?+ unlawful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s t t5d to be h>mful to ! p]son1 or t are q useless1 d n come "u ! head ( a bett] good4 ,yet sometimes v[s are made ab\t immod]ate vigils or fa/s :i* t5d to injure ! p]son3 & sometimes v[s are ab\t indiff]5t matt]s & su* z are useful to no purpose4 ,!re=e a v[ is n always ab\t a bett] good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #bc3bb73 ,if ?\ wilt n promise ?\ %alt be )\t s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 a v[ is a promise made to ,god4 ,n[ a promise is ab\t some?+ t "o does volunt>ily = someone else3 s9ce x w\ld be n a promise b a ?reat to say t "o w\ld d some?+ aga9/ someone4 ,9 l mann] x w\ld be futile to promise anyone some?+ unacceptable to him4 ,:]e=e1 z e s9 is aga9/ ,god1 & s9ce no "w is acceptable to ,god unless x be virtu\s1 x foll[s t no?+ unlawful or indiff]5t1 b only "s act ( virtue1 %\ld be ! matt] ( a v[4 ,b z a v[ d5otes a volunt>y promise1 :ile necessity excludes volunt>9ess1 :atev] is absolutely necess>y1 :e!r to be or n to be1 c n[ise be ! matt] ( a v[4 ,= x w\ld be fooli% to v[ t "o w\ld die or t "o w\ld n fly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a ?+ be necess>y1 n absolutely b on ! supposition ( an end--= in/ance if salvation be unatta9able )\t x--x may be ! matt] ( a v[ 9 s f> z x is done volunt>ily1 b n 9 s f> z !re is a necessity = do+ x4 ,b t :i* is n necess>y1 nei!r absolutely1 nor on ! supposition ( an end1 is altoge!r volunt>y1 & !re=e is mo/ prop]ly ! matt] ( a v[4 ,& ?is is said to be a great] good 9 comp>ison ) t :i* is univ]sally necess>y = salvation4 ,!re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 a v[ is said to be ab\t a bett] good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,r5\nc+ ! devil's pomps & keep+ ! fai? ( ,*ri/ are ! matt] ( baptismal v[s1 9 s f> z ^! ?+s are done volunt>ily1 al?\gh !y are necess>y = salvation4 ,! same answ] applies to ,jacob's v[3 al?\gh x may also be expla9$ t ,jacob v[$ t he w\ld h ! ,"l = 8 ,god1 by giv+ ,him a special =m ( wor%ip to :i* he 0 n b\nd1 = in/ance by (f]+ ti!s & s =? z m5tion$ fur!r on 9 ! same passage4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,c]ta9 ?+s are good1 :atev] be _! result2 su* are acts ( virtue1 & ^! c be1 absolutely speak+1 ! matt] ( a v[3 "s are evil1 :atev] _! result may be2 z ^? ?+s :i* are s9s 9 !mselves1 & ^! c n[ise be ! matt] ( a v[3 :ile "s1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are good1 & z su* may be ! matt] ( a v[1 yet !y may h an evil result1 9 :i* case ! v[ mu/ n be kept4 ,x 0 ?us ) ! v[ ( ,jephte1 :o z relat$ 9 ,judges #aa3cj1 #ca1 made a v[ to ! ,"l1 say+3 ,if ,?\ wilt deliv] ! *ildr5 ( ,ammon into my h&s1 :osoev] %all fir/ come =? out ( ! doors ( my h\se1 & %all meet me :5 ,i return 9 peace 4 4 4 ! same w ,i (f] a holocau/ to ! ,"l4 ,= ?is c\ld h an evil result if1 z inde$ happ5$1 he 7 to be met by "s animal :i* x w\ld be unlawful to sacrifice1 su* z an ass or a human be+4 ,h5ce ,j]ome says 99,implicitly #a ,contra ,jov943 ,comm5t4 9 ,mi*eam vi1 viii3 ,comm5t4 9 ,j]em4 vii4 ,! quotation is f ,pet] ,come/or1 ,hi/4 ,s*ola/43 ,9 v[+ he 0 fooli%1 ?r\gh lack ( discretion1 & 9 keep+ 8 v[ he 0 wick$4 ,yet x is premis$ 7,judges #aa3bi7 t ! ,_s ( ! ,"l came ^u him1 because 8 fai? & devotion1 :i* mov$ him to make t v[1 7 f ! ,holy ,gho/2 & = ?is reason he is reckon$ among ! sa9ts1 z also by reason ( ! victory :i* he obta9$1 & because x is probable t he rep5t$ ( 8 s9ful de$1 :i* nev]!less =e%ad[$ some?+ good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! mortification ( "o's own body1 = in/ance by vigils & fa/+1 is n acceptable to ,god except 9 s f> z x is an act ( virtue2 & ?is dep5ds on its be+ done ) due discretion1 namely1 t concupisc5ce be curb$ )\t ov]burd5+ nature4 ,on ?is condition su* ?+s may be ! matt] ( a v[4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le aft] say+ 7,rom4 #ab3a71 ,pres5t y\r bodies a liv+ sacrifice1 holy1 pleas+ to ,god1 adds1 y\r reasonable s]vice4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 man is easily mi/ak5 9 judg+ ( matt]s conc]n+ himself1 su* v[s z ^! are m fitt+ly kept or disreg>d$ accord+ to ! judgm5t ( a sup]ior1 yet s t1 %\ld a man f9d t )\t d\bt he is s]i\sly burd5$ by keep+ su* a v[1 & %\ld he be unable to appeal to 8 sup]ior1 he ought n to keep x4 ,z to v[s ab\t va9 & useless ?+s !y %\ld be ridicul$ r ?an kept4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,all ,v[s ,are ,b9d+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t v[s are n all b9d+4 ,= man ne$s ?+s t are done by ano!r1 m ?an ,god does1 s9ce ,he has no ne$ = our goods 7,ps4 #ae3b74 ,n[ accord+ to ! prescription ( human laws 99,dig4 ,l4 xii1 de pollicitat41 i a simple promise made to a man is n b9d+2 & ?is seems to be prescrib$ on acc\nt ( ! *angeabl5ess ( ! human w4 ,mu* less b9d+ !re=e is a simple promise made to ,god1 :i* we call a v[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "o is b\nd to d :at is impossible4 ,n[ sometimes t :i* a man has v[$ becomes impossible to him1 ei!r because x dep5ds on ano!r's decision1 z :51 = in/ance1 a man v[s to ent] a mona/]y1 ! monks ( :i* refuse to receive him3 or on acc\nt ( "s defect aris+1 = in/ance :5 a woman v[s virg9ity1 & aft]w>ds is defl[]$2 or :5 a man v[s to give a sum ( money1 & aft]w>ds loses x4 ,!re=e a v[ is n always b9d+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if a man is b\nd to pay some?+1 he mu/ d s at once4 ,b a man is n b\nd to pay 8 v[ at once1 especially if x be tak5 "u a condition to be fulfill$ 9 ! future4 ,!re=e a v[ is n always b9d+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eccles4 #e3c1 #d73 ,:atsoev] ?\ ha/ v[$1 pay x2 & x is mu* bett] n to v[1 ?an aft] a v[ n to p]=m ! ?+s promis$4 ,i answ] t1 ,= "o to be acc\nt$ fai?ful "o mu/ keep "o's promises4 ,:]e=e1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 99,ep4 xxxii1 #b3 ,de ,m5dac4 xx fai? takes its "n f a man's de$ agree+ ) 8 ^w 99,fides 4 4 4 fiunt dicta4 ,cic]o gives ! same etymology 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #g74 ,n[ man ought to be fai?ful to ,god above all1 bo? on acc\nt ( ,god's sov]eignty1 & on acc\nt ( ! favors he has receiv$ f ,god4 ,h5ce man is oblig$ be=e all to fulfill ! v[s he has made to ,god1 s9ce ?is is "p ( ! fidelity he owes to ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! break+ ( a v[ is a k9d ( infidelity4 ,:]e=e ,solomon gives ! reason :y v[s %\ld be paid to ,god1 because an unfai?ful 4 4 4 promise displease? ,him 99,eccles4 #e3c4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,hone/y dem&s t a man %\ld keep any promise he makes to ano!r man1 & ?is obligation is bas$ on ! natural law4 ,b = a man to be "u a civil obligation ?r\gh a promise he has made1 o!r conditions are requisite4 ,& al?\gh ,god ne$s n our goods1 we are "u a v great obligation to ,him3 s t a v[ made to ,him is mo/ b9d+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if t :i* a man has v[$ becomes impossible to him ?r\gh any cause :atsoev]1 he mu/ d :at he c1 s t he h at lea/ a w ready to d :at he c4 ,h5ce if a man has v[$ to ent] a mona/]y1 he mu/ endeavor to ! be/ ( 8 p[] to be receiv$ !re4 ,& if 8 int5tion 0 *iefly to b9d himself to ent] ! religi\s life1 s t1 9 consequ5ce1 he *ose ?is p>ticul> =m ( religi\s life1 or ?is place1 z be+ mo/ agreeable to him1 he is b\nd1 %\ld he be unable to be receiv$ !re1 to ent] ! religi\s life else:]e4 ,b if 8 pr9cipal int5tion is to b9d himself to ?is p>ticul> k9d ( religi\s life1 or to ?is p>ticul> place1 because ! "o or ! o!r pleases him 9 "s special way1 he is n b\nd to ent] ano!r religi\s h\se1 if !y are unwill+ to receive him into ?is p>ticul> "o4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he be r5d]$ incapable ( fulfill+ 8 v[ ?r\gh 8 own fault1 he is b\nd ov] & above to d p5ance = 8 pa/ fault3 ?us if a woman has v[$ virg9ity & is aft]w>ds violat$1 %e is b\nd n only to obs]ve :at is 9 h] p[]1 namely1 p]petual cont95cy1 b also to rep5t ( :at %e has lo/ by s9n+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! obligation ( a v[ is caus$ by our own w & int5tion1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #bc3bc73 ,t :i* is once gone out ( ?y lips1 ?\ %alt obs]ve1 & %alt d z ?\ ha/ promis$ to ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & ha/ spok5 ) ?y own w & ) ?y own m\?4 ,:]e=e if 9 tak+ a v[1 x is "o's int5tion & w to b9d oneself to fulfil x at once1 "o is b\nd to fulfil x imm$iately4 ,b if "o int5d to fulfil x at a c]ta9 "t1 or "u a c]ta9 condition1 "o is n b\nd to imm$iate fulfilm5t4 ,& yet "o ought n to delay long] ?an "o int5d$ to b9d oneself1 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #bc3ba73 ,:5 ?\ ha/ made a v[ to ! ,"l ?y ,god ?\ %alt n delay to pay x3 because ! ,"l ?y ,god w require x2 & if ?\ delay1 x %all be imput$ to !e = a s94 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,exp$i5t to ,take ,v[s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n exp$i5t to take v[s4 ,x is n exp$i5t to anyone to deprive himself ( ! good t ,god has giv5 him4 ,n[ "o ( ! greate/ goods t ,god has giv5 man is lib]ty :]e( he seems to be depriv$ by ! necessity implicat$ 9 a v[4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem inexp$i5t = man to take v[s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "o %\ld expose himself to dang]4 ,b :oev] takes a v[ exposes himself to dang]1 s9ce t :i*1 be=e tak+ a v[1 he c\ld omit )\t dang]1 becomes a s\rce ( dang] to him if he %\ld n fulfil x aft] tak+ ! v[4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 cxxvii1 ad ,arm5t4 et ,paul9473 ,s9ce ?\ ha/ v[$1 ?\ ha/ b\nd ?yself1 ?\ can/ n d o!rwise4 ,if ?\ do/ n :at ?\ ha/ v[$ ?\ wilt n be z ?\ w\ld/ h be5 had/ ?\ n v[$4 ,= !n ?\ w\ld/ h be5 less great1 n less good3 :]eas n[ if ?\ breake/ fai? ) ,god 7:i* ,god =bid7 ?\ art ! m unhappy1 z ?\ w\ld/ h be5 happi]1 had/ ?\ kept ?y v[4 ,!re=e x is n exp$i5t to take v[s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #d3af73 ,be ye foll[]s ( me1 z ,i also am ( ,*ri/4 ,b we d n read t ei!r ,*ri/ or ! ,apo/les took any v[s4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem inexp$i5t to take v[s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #ge3ab73 ,v[ ye & pay to ! ,"l y\r ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 a v[ is a promise made to ,god4 ,n[ "o makes a promise to a man "u "o aspect1 & to ,god "u ano!r4 ,because we promise some?+ to a man = 8 own pr(it2 s9ce x pr(its him t we %\ld be ( s]vice to him1 & t we %\ld at fir/ assure him ( ! future fulfilm5t ( t s]vice3 :]eas we make promises to ,god n = ,8 b = our own pr(it4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 cxxvii1 ad ,arm5t4 et ,paul9473 ,he is a k9d & n a ne$y exactor1 = he does n gr[ ri* on our paym5ts1 b makes ^? :o pay ,him gr[ ri* 9 ,him4 ,& j z :at we give ,god is useful n to ,him b to u1 s9ce :at is giv5 ,him is add$ to ! giv]1 z ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 cxxvii1 ad ,arm5t4 et ,paul9471 s also a promise :]eby we v[ some?+ to ,god1 does n conduce to ,8 pr(it1 nor does ,he ne$ to be assur$ by u1 b x conduces to our pr(it1 9 s f> z by v[+ we fix our wills immovably on t :i* x is exp$i5t to d4 ,h5ce x is exp$i5t to take v[s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 z "o's lib]ty is n less5$ by "o be+ unable to s91 s1 too1 ! necessity result+ f a w firmly fix$ to good does n less5 ! lib]ty1 z in/anc$ 9 ,god & ! bless$4 ,su* is ! necessity impli$ by a v[1 be>+ a c]ta9 resemblance to ! confirmation ( ! bless$4 ,h5ce1 ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 cxxvii1 ad ,arm5t4 et ,paul947 t happy is ! necessity t compels u to d ! bett] ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 dang] arises f ! de$ itself1 ?is de$ is n exp$i5t1 = in/ance t "o cross a riv] by a tott]+ bridge3 b if ! dang] arise ?r\gh man's failure 9 ! de$1 ! latt] does n cease to be exp$i5t3 ?us x is exp$i5t to m\nt on horseback1 ?\gh !re be ! dang] ( a fall f ! horse3 else x w\ld behoove "o to desi/ f all good ?+s1 t may become dang]\s accid5tally4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,eccles4 #aa3d73 ,he t obs]ve? ! w9d %all n s[1 & he t consid]e? ! cl\ds %all nev] reap4 ,n[ a man incurs dang]1 n f ! v[ itself1 b f 8 fault1 :5 he *anges 8 m9d by break+ 8 v[4 ,h5ce1 ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 cxxvii1 ad ,arm5t4 et ,paul9473 ,rep5t n ( ?y v[3 ?\ %\ld/ r rejoice t ?\ can/ no long] d :at ?\ mighte/ lawfully h done to ?y detrim5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x 0 incompet5t = ,*ri/1 by ,8 v nature1 to take a v[1 bo? because ,he 0 ,god1 & because1 z man1 ,8 w 0 firmly fix$ on ! good1 s9ce ,he 0 a compreh5sor4 ,by a k9d ( similitude1 h[ev]1 ,he is repres5t$ z say+ 7,ps4 #ba3bf73 ,i w pay my v[s 9 ! sight ( !m t fe> ,him1 :5 ,he is speak+ ( ,8 body1 :i* is ! ,*ur*4 ,! apo/les are und]/ood to h v[$ ?+s p]ta9+ to ! /ate ( p]fection :5 !y left all ?+s & foll[$ ,*ri/4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r a ,v[ ,is an ,act ( ,latria or ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a v[ is n an act ( latria or religion4 ,e act ( virtue is matt] = a v[4 ,n[ x w\ld seem to p]ta9 to ! same virtue to promise a ?+ & to d x4 ,!re=e a v[ p]ta9s to any virtue & n to religion especially4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ii1 #ec7 x belongs to religion to (f] ,god wor%ip & c]emonial rites4 ,b he :o takes a v[ does n yet (f] some?+ to ,god1 b only promises x4 ,!re=e1 a v[ is n an act ( religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 religi\s wor%ip %\ld be (f]$ to none b ,god4 ,b a v[ is made n only to ,god1 b also to ! sa9ts & to "o's sup]iors1 to :om religi\s v[ ob$i5ce :5 !y make _! pr(ession4 ,!re=e1 a v[ is n an act ( religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,isa4 #ai3ba73 7,! ,egyptians7 %all wor%ip ,him ) sacrifices & (f]+s & !y %all make v[s to ! ,"l1 & p]=m !m4 ,n[1 ! wor%ip ( ,god is prop]ly ! act ( religion or latria4 ,!re=e1 a v[ is an act ( latria or religion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a71 e act ( virtue belongs to religion or latria by way ( comm&1 9 s f> z x is direct$ to ! rev]5ce ( ,god :i* is ! prop] end ( latria4 ,n[ ! direction ( o!r actions to _! end belongs to ! comm&+ virtue1 n to ^? :i* are comm&$4 ,!re=e ! direction ( ! acts ( any virtue to ! s]vice ( ,god is ! prop] act ( latria4 ,n[1 x is evid5t f :at has be5 said above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b7 t a v[ is a promise made to ,god1 & t a promise is no?+ else ?an a direct+ ( ! ?+ promis$ to ! p]son to :om ! promise is made4 ,h5ce a v[ is a direct+ ( ! ?+ v[$ to ! wor%ip or s]vice ( ,god4 ,& ?us x is cle> t to take a v[ is prop]ly an act ( latria or religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! matt] ( a v[ is sometimes ! act ( ano!r virtue1 z1 = in/ance1 keep+ ! fa/ or obs]v+ cont95cy2 :ile sometimes x is an act ( religion1 z (f]+ a sacrifice or pray+4 ,b promis+ ei!r ( !m to ,god belongs to religion1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t "s v[s belong to religion by reason only ( ! promise made to ,god1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( a v[1 :ile o!rs belong !reto by reason also ( ! ?+ promis$1 :i* is ! matt] ( ! v[4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he :o promises some?+ gives x already 9 z f> z he b9ds himself to give x3 ev5 z a ?+ is said to be made :5 its cause is made1 because ! effect is conta9$ virtually 9 its cause4 ,?is is :y we ?ank n only a giv]1 b also "o :o promises to give4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a v[ is made to ,god alone1 :]eas a promise may be made to a man also3 & ?is v promise ( good1 :i* is made to a man1 may be ! matt] ( a v[1 & 9 s f> z x is a virtu\s act4 ,?is is h[ we are to und]/& v[s :]eby we v[ some?+ to ! sa9ts or to "o's sup]iors3 s t ! promise made to ! sa9ts or to "o's sup]iors is ! matt] ( ! v[1 9 s f> z "o v[s to ,god to fulfil :at "o has promis$ to ! sa9ts or "o's sup]iors4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,x ,is ,m ,praisewor?y & ,m]itori\s to ,d ,some?+ 9 ,fulfilm5t ( a ,v[1 ,?an ,)\t a ,v[8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is m praisewor?y & m]itori\s to d a ?+ )\t a v[ ?an 9 fulfilm5t ( a v[4 ,prosp] says 7,de ,vita ,contempl4 ii73 ,we %\ld ab/a9 or fa/ )\t putt+ ourselves "u ! necessity ( fa/+1 le/ t :i* we are free to d be done )\t devotion & unwill+ly4 ,n[ he :o v[s to fa/ puts himself "u ! necessity ( fa/+4 ,!re=e x w\ld be bett] = him to fa/ )\t tak+ ! v[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #i3g73 ,ev]yone z he ha? det]m9$ 9 8 he>t1 n ) sadness1 or ( necessity3 = ,god love? a *e]ful giv]4 ,n[ "s fulfil sorr[fully :at !y h v[$3 & ?is seems to be due to ! necessity aris+ f ! v[1 = necessity is a cause ( sorr[ accord+ to ,metaph4 v 99,ed4 ,did4 iv1 #e4 ,!re=e1 x is bett] to d some?+ )\t a v[1 ?an 9 fulfilm5t ( a v[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a v[ is necess>y = ! purpose ( fix+ ! w on t :i* is v[$1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,b ! w _c be m fix$ on a ?+ ?an :5 x actually does t ?+4 ,!re=e x is no bett] to d a ?+ 9 fulfilm5t ( a v[ ?an )\t a v[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ! words ( ,ps4 #ge3ab1 ,v[ ye & pay1 says3 ,v[s are c\nsel$ to ! w4 ,b a c\nsel is ab\t none b a bett] good4 ,!re=e x is bett] to d a de$ 9 fulfilm5t ( a v[ ?an )\t a v[3 s9ce he t does x )\t a v[ fulfils only "o c\nsel1 viz4 ! c\nsel to d x1 :]eas he t does x ) a v[1 fulfils two c\nsels1 viz4 ! c\nsel to v[ & ! c\nsel to d x4 ,i answ] t1 ,= ?ree reasons x is bett] & m m]itori\s to d "o & ! same de$ ) a v[ ?an )\t4 ,fir/1 because to v[1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e7 is an act ( religion :i* is ! *ief ( ! moral virtues4 ,n[ ! m excell5t ! virtue ! bett] & m m]itori\s ! de$4 ,:]e=e ! act ( an inf]ior virtue is ! bett] & m m]itori\s = be+ comm&$ by a sup]ior virtue1 ^: act x becomes ?r\gh be+ comm&$ by x1 j z ! act ( fai? or hope is bett] if x be comm&$ by *>ity4 ,h5ce ! works ( ! o!r moral virtues 7= in/ance1 fa/+1 :i* is an act ( ab/95ce2 & be+ cont95t1 :i* is an act ( *a/ity7 are bett] & m m]itori\s1 if !y be done 9 fulfilm5t ( a v[1 s9ce ?us !y belong to ! div9e wor%ip1 be+ l sacrifices to ,god4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg4 viii7 t n ev5 is virg9ity honorable z su*1 b only :5 x is consecrat$ to ,god1 & *]i%$ by godly cont95ce4 ,secondly1 because he t v[s some?+ & does x1 subjects himself to ,god m ?an he t only does x2 = he subjects himself to ,god n only z to ! act1 b also z to ! p[]1 s9ce 9 future he _c d some?+ else4 ,ev5 s he gives m :o gives ! tree ) its fruit1 ?an he t gives ! fruit only1 z ,anselm 99,eadm] obs]ves 7,de ,simil4 viii74 ,= ?is reason1 we ?ank ev5 ^? :o promise1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e1 ad #b74 ,?irdly1 because a v[ fixes ! w on ! good immovably & to d any?+ ( a w t is fix$ on ! good belongs to ! p]fection ( virtue1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #d71 j z to s9 ) an ob/9ate m9d aggravates ! s91 & is call$ a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passage quot$ %\ld be und]/ood z ref]r+ to necessity ( co]cion :i* causes an act to be involunt>y & excludes devotion4 ,h5ce he says po9t$ly3 ,le/ t :i* we are free to d be done )\t devotion & unwill+ly4 ,on ! o!r h& ! necessity result+ f a v[ is caus$ by ! immobility ( ! w1 :]e=e x /r5g!ns ! w & increases devotion4 ,h5ce ! argum5t does n conclude4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph]1 necessity ( co]cion1 9 s f> z x is oppos$ to ! w1 causes sorr[4 ,b ! necessity result+ f a v[1 9 ^? :o are well dispos$1 9 s f> z x /r5g!ns ! w1 causes n sorr[ b joy4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ad ,arm5t4 et ,paul94 cxxcii73 ,rep5t n ( ?y v[3 ?\ %\ld/ r rejoice t ?\ can/ no long] d :at ?\ mighte/ lawfully h done to ?y detrim5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! v de$1 consid]$ 9 itself1 7 to become disagreeable & involunt>y aft] "o has tak5 ! v[1 ! w to fulfil x rema9+ )al1 x is /ill m m]itori\s ?an if x 7 done )\t ! v[1 s9ce ! fulfilm5t ( a v[ is an act ( religion :i* is a great] virtue ?an ab/95ce1 ( :i* fa/+ is an act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he :o does some?+ )\t hav+ v[$ x has an immovable w z reg>ds ! individual de$ :i* he does & at ! "t :5 he does x2 b 8 w does n rema9 altoge!r fix$ = ! "t to come1 z does ! w ( "o :o makes a v[3 = ! latt] has b\nd 8 w to d some?+1 bo? be=e he did t p>ticul> de$1 & p]*ance to d x _m times4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r a ,v[ ,is ,solemniz$ by ! ,reception ( ,holy ,ord]s1 & by ! ,pr(ession ( a ,c]ta9 ,rule8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a v[ is n solemniz$ by ! reception ( holy ord]s & by ! pr(ession ( a c]ta9 rule4 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 a v[ is a promise made to ,god4 ,n[ ext]nal actions p]ta9+ to solemnity seem to be direct$1 n to ,god1 b to m54 ,!re=e !y are relat$ to v[s accid5tally3 & consequ5tly a solemnization ( ?is k9d is n a prop] circum/ance ( a v[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] belongs to ! condition ( a ?+1 w\ld seem to be applicable to all 9 :i* t ?+ is f\nd4 ,n[ _m ?+s may be ! subject ( a v[1 :i* h no connection ei!r ) holy ord]s1 or to any p>ticul> rule3 z :5 a man v[s a pilgrimage1 or some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,!re=e ! solemnization t takes place 9 ! reception ( holy ord]s or 9 ! pr(ession ( a c]ta9 rule does n belong to ! condition ( a v[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a solemn v[ seems to be ! same z a public v[4 ,n[ _m o!r v[s may be made 9 public besides t :i* is pron\nc$ 9 receiv+ holy ord]s or 9 pr(ess+ a c]ta9 rule2 :i* latt]1 moreov]1 may be made 9 private4 ,!re=e n only ^! v[s are solemn4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,^! v[s alone are an imp$im5t to ! contract ( m>riage1 & annul m>riage if x be contract$1 :i* is ! effect ( a solemn v[1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 9 ! ,?ird ,"p ( ?is "w 99,suppl41 ,q4 #ec1 ,a4 #b4 ,i answ] t1 ,! mann] 9 :i* a ?+ is solemniz$ dep5ds on its nature 7conditio73 ?us :5 a man takes up arms he solemnizes ! fact 9 "o way1 namely1 ) a c]ta9 display ( horses & arms & a conc\rse ( soldi]s1 :ile a m>riage is solemniz$ 9 ano!r way1 namely1 ! array ( ! bridegroom & bride & ! ga!r+ ( _! k9dr$4 ,n[ a v[ is a promise made to ,god3 :]e=e1 ! solemnization ( a v[ consi/s 9 some?+ spiritual p]ta9+ to ,god2 i4e4 9 "s spiritual bless+ or consecration :i*1 9 accordance ) ! in/itution ( ! apo/les1 is giv5 :5 a man makes pr(ession ( obs]v+ a c]ta9 rule1 9 ! second degree aft] ! reception ( holy ord]s1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi74 ,! reason ( ?is is t solemnization is n wont to be employ$1 save :5 a man gives himself up entirely to "s p>ticul> ?+4 ,= ! nuptial solemnization takes place only :5 ! m>riage is celebrat$1 & :5 ! bride & bridegroom mutually deliv] ! p[] ov] _! bodies to "o ano!r4 ,9 l mann] a v[ is solemniz$ :5 a man devotes himself to ! div9e m9i/ry by receiv+ holy ord]s1 or embraces ! /ate ( p]fection by r5\nc+ ! _w & 8 own w by ! pr(ession ( a c]ta9 rule4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is k9d ( solemnization reg>ds n only m5 b also ,god 9 s f> z x is accompani$ by a spiritual consecration or bless+1 ( :i* ,god is ! au?or1 ?\gh man is ! m9i/]1 accord+ to ,num4 #f3bg1 ,!y %all invoke ,my "n ^u ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & ,i w bless !m4 ,h5ce a solemn v[ is m b9d+ ) ,god ?an a simple v[1 & he :o breaks a solemn v[ s9s m griev\sly4 ,:5 x is said t a simple v[ is no less b9d+ ?an a solemn v[1 ?is ref]s to ! fact t ! transgressor ( ei!r commits a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n cu/om>y to solemnize p>ticul> acts1 b ! embrac+ ( a new /ate1 z we h said above4 ,h5ce :5 a man v[s p>ticul> de$s1 su* z a pilgrimage1 or "s special fa/1 su* a v[ is n compet5t to be solemniz$1 b only su* z ! v[ :]eby a man entirely devotes himself to ! div9e m9i/ry or s]vice3 & yet _m p>ticul> works are includ$ "u ?is v[ z "u a univ]sal4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?r\gh be+ pron\nc$ 9 public v[s may h a c]ta9 human solemnity1 b n a spiritual & div9e solemnity1 z ! a=esaid v[s h1 ev5 :5 !y are pron\nc$ be=e a few p]sons4 ,h5ce ! publicity ( a v[ diff]s f its solemnization4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,^? ,:o ,are ,subject to ,ano!r's ,p[] ,are ,h9d]$ f ,tak+ ,v[s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ^? :o are subject to ano!r's p[] are n h9d]$ f tak+ v[s4 ,! less] bond is surpass$ by ! great]4 ,n[ ! obligation ( "o man subject to ano!r is a less] bond ?an a v[ :]eby "o is "u an obligation to ,god4 ,!re=e ^? :o are subject to ano!r's p[] are n h9d]$ f tak+ v[s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *ildr5 are "u _! p>5ts' p[]4 ,yet *ildr5 may make religi\s pr(ession ev5 )\t ! cons5t ( _! p>5ts4 ,!re=e "o is n h9d]$ f tak+ v[s1 ?r\gh be+ subject to ano!r's p[]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to d is m ?an to promise4 ,b religi\s :o are "u ! p[] ( _! sup]iors c d c]ta9 ?+s su* z to say "s psalms1 or ab/a9 f c]ta9 ?+s4 ,mu* m !re=e seem+ly c !y promise su* ?+s to ,god by means ( v[s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 :oev] does :at he _c d lawfully s9s4 ,b subjects d n s9 by tak+ v[s1 s9ce n[h]e d we f9d ?is =bidd54 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !y c lawfully take v[s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is comm&$ 7,num4 #cj3d-f7 t if a woman v[ any ?+ 4 4 4 be+ 9 h] fa!r's h\se1 & yet b a girl 9 age1 %e is n b\nd by ! v[1 unless h] fa!r cons5t3 & ! same is said !re 7,num4 #cj3g-i7 ( ! woman t has a husb&4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] o!r p]sons t are subject to ano!r's p[] _c b9d !mselves by v[4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 a v[ is a promise made to ,god4 ,n[ no man c firmly b9d himself by a promise to d :at is 9 ano!r's p[]1 b only to t :i* is entirely 9 8 own p[]4 ,n[ :oev] is subject to ano!r1 z to ! matt] :]e9 he is subject to him1 x does n lie 9 8 p[] to d z he w1 b x dep5ds on ! w ( ! o!r4 ,& !re=e )\t ! cons5t ( 8 sup]ior he _c b9d himself firmly by a v[ 9 ^? matt]s :]e9 he is subject to ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ b :at is virtu\s c be ! subject ( a promise made to ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,n[ x is contr>y to virtue = a man to (f] to ,god t :i* belongs to ano!r1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hf1 ,a4 #c74 ,h5ce ! conditions necess>y = a v[ are n altoge!r ensur$1 :5 a man :o is "u ano!r's p[] v[s t :i* is 9 t o!r's p[]1 except "u ! condition t he ^: p[] x conc]ns does n ga9say x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z soon z a man comes ( age1 if he be a freeman he is 9 8 own p[] 9 all matt]s conc]n+ 8 p]son1 = in/ance ) reg>d to b9d+ himself by v[ to ent] religion1 or ) reg>d to contract+ m>riage4 ,b he is n 9 8 own p[] z reg>ds ! arrangem5ts ( ! h\sehold1 s t 9 ^! matt]s he _c v[ any?+ t %all be valid )\t ! cons5t ( 8 fa!r4 ,a slave1 ?r\gh be+ 9 8 ma/]'s p[]1 ev5 z reg>ds 8 p]sonal de$s1 _c b9d himself by v[ to ent] religion1 s9ce ?is w\ld )draw him f 8 ma/]'s s]vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a religi\s is subject to 8 sup]ior z to 8 actions connect$ ) 8 pr(ession ( 8 rule4 ,:]e=e ev5 ?\gh "o may be able to d some?+ n[ & !n1 :5 "o is n be+ occupi$ ) o!r ?+s by "o's sup]ior1 yet s9ce !re is no "t :5 8 sup]ior _c occupy him ) some?+1 no v[ ( a religi\s /&s )\t ! cons5t ( 8 sup]ior1 z nei!r does ! v[ ( a girl :ile 9 7h] fa!r's7 h\se )\t 8 cons5t2 nor ( a wife1 )\t ! cons5t ( h] husb&4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh ! v[ ( "o :o is subject to ano!r's p[] does n /& )\t ! cons5t ( ! "o to :om he is subject1 he does n s9 by v[+2 because 8 v[ is und]/ood to conta9 ! requisite condition1 provid+1 namely1 t 8 sup]ior approve or d n ga9say x4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,*ildr5 ,c ,b9d ,!mselves by ,v[ to ,ent] ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *ildr5 _c b9d !mselves by v[ to ent] religion4 ,s9ce a v[ requires delib]ation ( ! m9d1 x is fitt+ t ^? alone %\ld v[ :o h ! use ( reason4 ,b ?is is lack+ 9 *ildr5 j z 9 imbeciles & madm54 ,!re=e j z imbeciles & madm5 _c b9d !mselves to any?+ by v[1 s nei!r1 seem+ly1 c *ildr5 b9d !mselves by v[ to ent] religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* c be validly done by "o _c be annull$ by ano!r4 ,n[ a v[ to ent] religion made by a boy or girl be=e ! age ( pub]ty c be revok$ by ! p>5ts or gu>dian 7#bj1 qu4 ii1 cap4 ,puella74 ,!re=e x seems t a boy or girl _c validly make a v[ be=e ! age ( f\rte54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! rule ( ,bless$ ,b5$ict 99,*4 #eh & a /atute ( ,innoc5t ,,iv1 a ye>'s probation is grant$ to ^? :o ent] religion1 s t probation may prec$e ! obligation ( ! v[4 ,!re=e x seems unlawful1 be=e ! ye> ( probation1 = *ildr5 to be b\nd by v[ to ent] religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t :i* is n done aright is invalid )\t be+ annull$ by anyone4 ,b ! v[ pron\nc$ by a maid51 ev5 be=e atta9+ ! age ( pub]ty1 is valid1 unless x be annull$ by h] p>5ts )9 a ye> 7#bj1 qu4 ii1 cap4 ,puella74 ,!re=e ev5 be=e atta9+ to pub]ty *ildr5 c lawfully & validly be b\nd by a v[ to ent] religion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z may be ga!r$ f :at has be5 said above 7,a4 #g71 v[s are ( two k9ds1 simple & solemn4 ,& s9ce1 z /at$ 9 ! same article1 ! solemnization ( a v[ consi/s 9 a spiritual bless+ & consecration be/[$ ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( ! ,*ur*1 x foll[s t x comes "u ! ,*ur*'s disp5sation4 ,n[ a simple v[ takes its efficacy f ! delib]ation ( ! m9d1 :]eby "o int5ds to put oneself "u an obligation4 ,t su* an obligation be ( no =ce may happ5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh defect ( reason1 z 9 madm5 & imbeciles1 :o _c b9d !mselves by v[ s long z !y rema9 9 a /ate ( madness or imbecility4 ,secondly1 ?r\gh ! mak] ( a v[ be+ subject to ano!r's p[]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #h74 ,n[ ^! two circum/ances concur 9 *ildr5 be=e ! age ( pub]ty1 because 9 mo/ in/ances !y are lack+ 9 reason1 & besides are naturally "u ! c>e ( _! p>5ts1 or gu>dians 9 place ( _! p>5ts3 :]e=e 9 bo? ev5ts _! v[s are )\t =ce4 ,x happ5s1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh a natural disposition :i* is n subject to human laws1 t ! use ( reason is accel]at$ 9 "s1 albeit few1 :o on ?is acc\nt are said to be capable ( guile3 & yet !y are n1 = ?is reason1 exempt 9 any way f ! c>e ( _! p>5ts2 = ?is c>e is subject to human law1 :i* takes into acc\nt t :i* is ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t boys or girls :o h n rea*$ ! ye>s ( pub]ty & h n atta9$ ! use ( reason c n[ise b9d !mselves to any?+ by v[4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y atta9 ! use ( reason1 be=e rea*+ ! ye>s ( pub]ty1 !y c = _! own "p1 b9d !mselves by v[2 b _! v[s c be annull$ by _! p>5ts1 "u ^: c>e !y are /ill subject4 ,yet no matt] h[ mu* !y be capable ( guile be=e ! ye>s ( pub]ty1 !y _c be b\nd by a solemn religi\s v[1 on acc\nt ( ! ,*ur*'s decree 99,sext4 ,decret4 cap4 ,is qui1 de ,reg4 et transeunt4 ad ,relig4 :i* consid]s ! majority ( cases4 ,b aft] ! ye>s ( pub]ty h be5 rea*$1 !y c b9d !mselves by religi\s v[s1 simple or solemn1 )\t ! cons5t ( _! p>5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t avails 9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o h n yet rea*$ ! use ( reason3 = _! v[s !n are invalid1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! v[s ( p]sons subject to ano!r's p[] conta9 an impli$ condition1 namely1 t !y be n annull$ by ! sup]ior4 ,?is condition r5d]s !m licit & valid if x be fulfill$1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t avails 9 ! case ( solemn v[s :i* are tak5 9 pr(ession4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,v[s ,admit ( ,disp5sation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t v[s are n subject to disp5sation4 ,x is less to h a v[ commut$ ?an to be disp5s$ f keep+ x4 ,b a v[ _c be commut$1 accord+ to ,lev4 #bg3i1 #aj1 ,a bea/ t may be sacrific$ to ! ,"l1 if anyone %all v[1 %all be holy1 & _c be *ang$1 nei!r a bett] = a worse1 nor a worse = a bett]4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 d v[s admit ( disp5sation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no man c grant a disp5sation 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! natural law & 9 ! ,div9e precepts1 especially ^? ( ! ,fir/ ,table1 s9ce ^! aim directly at ! love ( ,god1 :i* is ! la/ end ( ! precepts4 ,n[ ! fulfilm5t ( a v[ is a matt] ( ! natural law1 & is comm&$ by ! ,div9e law1 z %[n above 7,a4 #c71 & belongs to ! precepts ( ! ,fir/ ,table s9ce x is an act ( religion4 ,!re=e v[s d n admit ( disp5sation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! obligation ( a v[ is bas$ on ! fidelity :i* a man owes to ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,b no man c disp5se 9 su* a matt] z ?is4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 c any "o grant a disp5sation f a v[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t :i* proce$s f ! common w ( _m has app>5tly great] /ability ?an t :i* proce$s f ! individual w ( "s "o p]son4 ,n[ ! law :i* d]ives its =ce f ! common w admits ( disp5sation by a man4 ,!re=e x seems t v[s also admit ( disp5sation by a man4 ,i answ] t1 ,! disp5sation f a v[ is to be tak5 9 ! same s5se z a disp5sation giv5 9 ! obs]vance ( a law because1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #d71 a law is made ) an eye to t :i* is good 9 ! majority ( in/ances4 ,b s9ce 9 c]ta9 cases ?is is n good1 !re is ne$ = someone to decide t 9 t p>ticul> case ! law is n to be obs]v$4 ,?is is prop]ly speak+ to disp5se 9 ! law3 = a disp5sation w\ld seem to d5ote a comm5surate di/ribution or application ( "s common ?+ to ^? t are conta9$ "u x1 9 ! same way z a p]son is said to disp5se food to a h\sehold4 ,9 l mann] a p]son :o takes a v[ makes a law = himself z x 71 & b9ds himself to d some?+ :i* 9 itself & 9 ! majority ( cases is a good4 ,b x may happ5 t 9 "s p>ticul> case ?is is simply evil1 or useless1 or a h9drance to a great] good3 & ?is is ess5tially contr>y to t :i* is ! matt] ( a v[1 z is cle> f :at has be5 said above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x is necess>y1 9 su* a case1 to decide t ! v[ is n to be obs]v$4 ,& if x be decid$ absolutely t a p>ticul> v[ is n to be obs]v$1 ?is is call$ a disp5sation f t v[2 b if "s o!r obligation be impos$ 9 lieu ( t :i* 0 to h be5 obs]v$1 ! v[ is said to be commut$4 ,h5ce x is less to commute a v[ ?an to disp5se f a v[3 bo?1 h[ev]1 are 9 ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,an animal t c\ld be lawfully sacrific$ 0 deem$ holy f ! v mom5t t x 0 ! subject ( a v[1 be+1 z x 71 d$icat$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god3 & = ?is reason x c\ld n be *ang$3 ev5 s nei!r may "o n[ ex*ange = some?+ bett]1 or worse1 t :i* "o has v[$1 if x be already consecrat$1 e4g4 a *alice or a h\se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an animal t c\ld n be sacrific$1 ?r\gh n be+ ! lawful matt] ( a sacrifice1 c\ld & _h to be b\ght back1 z ! law requires4 ,ev5 s1 v[s c be commut$ n[1 if no consecration has int]v5$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 z man is b\nd by natural law & ,div9e precept to fulfil 8 v[1 s1 too1 is he b\nd "u ! same heads to obey ! law or comm&s ( 8 sup]iors4 ,& yet :5 he is disp5s$ f keep+ a human law1 ?is does n involve disob$i5ce to t human law1 = ?is w\ld be contr>y to ! natural law & ! ,div9e comm&2 b x am\nts to ?is--t :at 0 law is n law 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,ev5 s1 :5 a sup]ior grants a disp5sation1 t :i* 0 conta9$ "u a v[ is by 8 au?ority no long] s conta9$1 9 s f> z he decides t 9 ?is case su* & su* a ?+ is n fitt+ matt] = a v[4 ,consequ5tly :5 an ecclesia/ical sup]ior disp5ses someone f a v[1 he does n disp5se him f keep+ a precept ( ! natural or ( ! ,div9e law1 b he pron\nces a decision on a matt] to :i* a man _h b\nd himself ( 8 own accord1 & ( :i* he 0 unable to consid] e circum/ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fidelity we owe to ,god does n require t we fulfil t :i* x w\ld be wrong or useless to v[1 or :i* w\ld be an ob/acle to ! great] good :]eunto ! disp5sation f t v[ w\ld conduce4 ,h5ce ! disp5sation f a v[ is n contr>y to ! fidelity due to ,god4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ,x ,is ,possible to ,be ,disp5s$ f a ,solemn ,v[ ( ,cont95cy8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is possible to be disp5s$ f a solemn v[ ( cont95cy4 ,z /at$ above1 "o reason = grant+ a disp5sation f a v[ is if x be an ob/acle to a great] good4 ,b a v[ ( cont95cy1 ev5 ?\gh x be solemn1 may be an ob/acle to a great] good1 s9ce ! common good is m ,god-l ?an ! good ( an individual4 ,n[ "o man's cont95cy may be an ob/acle to ! good ( ! :ole community1 = in/ance1 9 ! case :]e1 if c]ta9 p]sons :o h v[$ cont95cy 7 to m>ry1 ! peace ( _! c\ntry might be procur$4 ,!re=e x seems t x is possible to be disp5s$ ev5 f a solemn v[ ( cont95cy4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 religion is a m excell5t virtue ?an *a/ity4 ,n[ if a man v[s an act ( religion1 e4g4 to (f] sacrifice to ,god he c be disp5s$ f t v[4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 c he be disp5s$ f ! v[ ( cont95cy :i* is ab\t an act ( *a/ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z ! obs]vance ( a v[ ( ab/95ce may be a s\rce ( dang] to ! p]son1 s too may be ! obs]vance ( a v[ ( cont95cy4 ,n[ "o :o takes a v[ ( ab/95ce c be disp5s$ f t v[ if x prove a s\rce ( dang] to 8 body4 ,!re=e = ! same reason "o may be disp5s$ f a v[ ( cont95cy4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 j z ! v[ ( cont95cy is "p ( ! religi\s pr(ession1 :]eby ! v[ is solemniz$1 s also are ! v[s ( pov]ty & ob$i5ce4 ,b x is possible to be disp5s$ f ! v[s ( pov]ty & ob$i5ce1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o are appo9t$ bi%ops aft] mak+ pr(ession4 ,!re=e x seems t x is possible to be disp5s$ f a solemn v[ ( cont95cy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bf3bj73 ,no price is wor?y ( a cont95t s\l4 ,fur!r1 7,extra1 ,de ,/atu ,mona*47 at ! end ( ! ,decretal1 ,cum ad ,mona/]ium1 x is /at$ t ! r5\nc+ ( prop]ty1 l ! keep+ ( *a/ity1 is s b\nd up ) ! mona/ic rule1 t n ev5 ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff c disp]se f its obs]vance4 ,i answ] t1 ,?ree ?+s may be consid]$ 9 a solemn v[ ( cont95cy3 fir/1 ! matt] ( ! v[1 namely1 cont95cy2 secondly1 ! p]petuity ( ! v[1 namely1 :5 a p]son b9ds himself by v[ to ! p]petual obs]vance ( *a/ity3 ?irdly1 ! solemnity ( ! v[4 ,accord+ly1 "s 99,william ( ,aux]re1 ,sum4 ,aur4 ,,iii4 vii4 #a1 qu4 #e say t ! solemn v[ _c be a matt] ( disp5sation1 on acc\nt ( ! cont95cy itself = :i* no wor?y price c be f\nd1 z is /at$ by ! au?ority quot$ above4 ,! reason = ?is is assign$ by "s to ! fact t by cont95cy man ov]comes a foe )9 himself1 or to ! fact t by cont95cy man is p]fectly con=m$ to ,*ri/ 9 respect ( purity ( bo? body & s\l4 ,b ?is reason does n seem to be cog5t s9ce ! goods ( ! s\l1 su* z contemplation & pray]1 f> surpass ! goods ( ! body & /ill m con=m u to ,god1 & yet "o may be disp5s$ f a v[ ( pray] or contemplation4 ,!re=e1 cont95cy itself absolutely consid]$ seems no reason :y ! solemn v[ !re( _c be a matt] ( disp5sation2 especially see+ t ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #g3cd7 exhorts u to be cont95t on acc\nt ( contemplation1 :5 he says t ! unm>ri$ woman 4 4 4 ?9ke? on ! ?+s ( ,god ,vulg43 '! ,"l'1 & s9ce ! end is ( m acc\nt ?an ! means4 ,consequ5tly o!rs 99,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,s5t4 iv1 ,d1 #ch f9d ! reason = ?is 9 ! p]petuity & univ]sality ( ?is v[4 ,= !y ass]t t ! v[ ( cont95cy _c be cancel$1 save by some?+ altoge!r contr>y !reto1 :i* is nev] lawful 9 any v[4 ,b ?is is evid5tly false1 because j z ! practice ( c>nal int]c\rse is contr>y to cont95cy1 s is eat+ fle% or dr9k+ w9e contr>y to ab/95ce f su* ?+s1 & yet ^! latt] v[s may be a matt] = disp5sation4 ,= ?is reason o!rs 99,innoc5t ,,iv1 on ! above decretal ma9ta9 t "o may be disp5s$ ev5 f a solemn v[ ( cont95cy1 = ! sake ( "s common good or common ne$1 z 9 ! case ( ! example giv5 above 7,obj4 #a71 ( a c\ntry be+ re/or$ to peace ?r\gh a c]ta9 m>riage to be contract$4 ,yet s9ce ! ,decretal quot$ says explicitly t n ev5 ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff c disp5se a monk f keep+ *a/ity1 x foll[s seem+ly1 t we mu/ ma9ta9 t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #aj1 ad #a2 cf4 ,lev4 #bg3i1 #aj1 #bh71 :atsoev] has once be5 sanctifi$ to ! ,"l _c be put to any o!r use4 ,= no ecclesia/ical prelate c make t :i* is sanctifi$ to lose its consecration1 n ev5 ?\gh x be some?+ inanimate1 = in/ance a consecrat$ *alice to be n consecrat$1 s long z x rema9s entire4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 c a prelate make a man t is consecrat$ to ,god cease to be consecrat$1 s long z he lives4 ,n[ ! solemnity ( a v[ consi/s 9 a k9d ( consecration or bless+ ( ! p]son :o takes ! v[1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g74 ,h5ce no prelate ( ! ,*ur* c make a man1 :o has pron\nc$ a solemn v[1 to be quit ( t to :i* he 0 consecrat$1 e4g4 "o :o is a prie/1 to be a prie/ no m1 al?\gh a prelate may1 = "s p>ticul> reason1 inhibit him f ex]cis+ 8 ord]4 ,9 l mann] ! ,pope _c make a man :o has made 8 religi\s pr(ession cease to be a religi\s1 al?\gh c]ta9 juri/s h ignorantly held ! contr>y4 ,we mu/ !re=e consid] :e!r cont95cy is ess5tially b\nd up ) ! purpose = :i* ! v[ is solemniz$4 ,because if n1 ! solemnity ( ! consecration c rema9 )\t ! obligation ( cont95cy1 b n if cont95cy is ess5tially b\nd up ) t = :i* ! v[ is solemniz$4 ,n[ ! obligation ( obs]v+ cont95cy is connect$ ) ,holy ,ord]s1 n ess5tially b by ! in/itution ( ! ,*ur*2 :]e=e x seems t ! ,*ur* c grant a disp5sation f ! v[ ( cont95cy solemniz$ by ! reception ( ,holy ,ord]s4 ,on ! o!r h& ! obligation ( obs]v+ cont95cy is an ess5tial condition ( ! religi\s /ate1 :]eby a man r5\nces ! _w & b9ds himself :olly to ,god's s]vice1 = ?is is incompatible ) matrimony1 9 :i* /ate a man is "u ! obligation ( tak+ to himself a wife1 ( begett+ *ildr51 ( look+ aft] 8 h\sehold1 & ( procur+ :atev] is necess>y = ^! purposes4 ,:]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #g3cc7 t he t is ) a wife1 is solicit\s = ! ?+s ( ! _w1 h[ he may please 8 wife2 & he is divid$4 ,h5ce ! monk takes 8 "n f unity 99,! ,greek monos 9 contra/ ) ?is division4 ,= ?is reason ! ,*ur* _c disp5se f a v[ solemniz$ by ! religi\s pr(ession2 & ! reason assign$ by ! ,decretal is because *a/ity is b\nd up ) ! mona/ic rule4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,p]ils occasion$ by human affairs %\ld be obviat$ by human means1 n by turn+ div9e ?+s to a human use4 ,n[ a pr(ess$ religi\s is dead to ! _w & lives to ,god1 & s he mu/ n be call$ back to ! human life on ! pretext ( any human cont+5cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a v[ ( temporal cont95cy c be a matt] ( disp5sation1 z also a v[ ( temporal pray] or ( temporal ab/95ce4 ,b ! fact t no disp5sation c be grant$ f a v[ ( cont95cy solemniz$ by pr(ession is due1 n to its be+ an act ( *a/ity1 b because ?r\gh ! religi\s pr(ession x is already an act ( religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,food is directly ord]$ to ! upkeep ( ! p]son1 !re=e ab/95ce f food may be a direct s\rce ( dang] to ! p]son3 & s on ?is c\nt a v[ ( ab/95ce is a matt] ( disp5sation4 ,on ! o!r h& sexual int]c\rse is directly ord]$ to ! upkeep n ( ! p]son b ( ! species1 :]e=e to ab/a9 f su* int]c\rse by cont95cy does n endang] ! p]son4 ,& if inde$ accid5tally x prove a s\rce ( dang] to ! p]son1 ?is dang] may be obviat$ by "s o!r means1 = in/ance by ab/95ce1 or o!r corporal rem$ies4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a religi\s :o is made a bi%op is no m absolv$ f 8 v[ ( pov]ty ?an f 8 v[ ( cont95cy1 s9ce he mu/ h no?+ ( 8 own & mu/ hold himself z be+ ! disp5s] ( ! common goods ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 l mann] nei!r is he disp5s$ f 8 v[ ( ob$i5ce2 x is an accid5t t he is n b\nd to obey if he h no sup]ior2 j z ! abbot ( a mona/]y1 :o nev]!less is n disp5s$ f 8 v[ ( ob$i5ce4 ,! passage ( ,ecclesia/icus1 :i* is put =w>d 9 ! contr>y s5se1 %\ld be tak5 z mean+ t nei!r fruitfulness ( ! ( ! fle% nor any bodily good is to be comp>$ ) cont95cy1 :i* is reckon$ "o ( ! goods ( ! s\l1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,sanct4 ,virg4 viii74 ,:]e=e x is said po9t$ly ( a cont95t s\l1 n ( a cont95t body4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ! ,au?ority ( a ,prelate ,is ,requir$ = ! ,commutation or ! ,disp5sation ( a ,v[8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! au?ority ( a prelate is n requir$ = ! commutation or disp5sation ( a v[4 ,a p]son may ent] religion )\t ! au?ority ( a sup]ior prelate4 ,n[ by ent]+ religion "o is absolv$ f ! v[s he made 9 ! _w1 ev5 f ! v[ ( mak+ a pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l& 99,cap4 ,scripturae1 de ,voto et ,voti r$empt44 ,!re=e ! commutation or disp5sation ( a v[ is possible )\t ! au?ority ( a sup]ior prelate4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to disp5se anyone f a v[ seems to consi/ 9 decid+ 9 :at circum/ances he ne$ n keep t v[4 ,b if ! prelate is at fault 9 8 decision1 ! p]son :o took ! v[ does n seem to be absolv$ f 8 v[1 s9ce no prelate c grant a disp5sation contr>y to ! div9e precept ab\t keep+ "o's v[s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #aj1 ad #b2 ,a4 #aa74 ,likewise1 :5 anyone rightly det]m9es ( 8 own au?ority t 9 8 case a v[ is n to be kept1 he w\ld seem n to be b\nd2 s9ce a v[ ne$ n be kept if x h an evil result 7,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,!re=e ! ,au?ority ( a prelate is n requir$ t "o may be disp5s$ f a v[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if x belongs to a prelate's p[] to grant disp5sations f v[s1 on ! same c\nt x is compet5t to all prelates1 b x does n belong to all to disp5se f e v[4 ,!re=e x does n belong to ! p[] ( a prelate to disp5se f v[s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a v[ b9ds "o to d some?+1 ev5 z a law does4 ,n[ ! sup]ior's au?ority is requisite = a disp5sation f a precept ( ! law1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e x is likewise requir$ 9 a disp5sation f a v[4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 a v[ is a promise made to ,god ab\t some?+ acceptable to ,him4 ,n[ if y promise some?+ to anyone x dep5ds on 8 decision :e!r he accept :at y promise4 ,aga9 9 ! ,*ur* a prelate /&s 9 ,god's place4 ,!re=e a commutation or disp5sation ( v[s requires ! au?ority ( a prelate :o 9 ,god's /ead decl>es :at is acceptable to ,god1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #b3aj3 ,= ,i 4 4 4 h p>don$ 4 4 4 = y\r sakes 4 4 4 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,& he says significantly = y\r sakes1 s9ce :5ev] we ask a prelate = a disp5sation we %\ld d s to honor ,*ri/ 9 ,^: p]son he disp5ses1 or to promote ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur* :i* is ,8 ,body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all o!r v[s are ab\t "s p>ticul> works1 :]eas by ! religi\s life a man consecrates 8 :ole life to ,god's s]vice4 ,n[ ! p>ticul> is includ$ 9 ! univ]sal1 :]e=e a ,decretal 99,cap4 ,scripturae1 de ,voto et ,voti r$empt4 says t a man is n deem$ a v[-break] if he ex*ange a temporal s]vice = ! p]petual s]vice ( religion4 ,& yet a man :o ent]s religion is n b\nd to fulfil ! v[s1 :e!r ( fa/+ or ( pray+ or ! l1 :i* he made :5 9 ! _w1 because by ent]+ religion he dies to 8 =m] life1 & x is unsuitable to ! religi\s life t ea* "o %\ld h 8 own obs]vances1 & because ! burd5 ( religion is on]\s en\gh )\t requir+ ! addition ( o!r burd5s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"s h held t prelates c disp5se f v[s at _! w1 = ! reason t e v[ supposes z a condition t ! sup]ior prelate be will+2 ?us x 0 /at$ above 7,a4 #h7 t ! v[ ( a subject1 e4g4 ( a slave or a son1 supposes ?is condition1 if ! fa!r or ma/] cons5t1 or does n diss5t4 ,& ?us a subject might break 8 v[ )\t any remorse ( consci5ce1 :5ev] 8 sup]ior tells him to4 ,b ?is op9ion is bas$ on a false supposition3 because a spiritual prelate be+1 n a ma/]1 b a disp5s]1 8 p[] is giv5 unto edification1 n = de/ruction 7#b ,cor4 #aj3h71 & consequ5tly1 j z he _c comm& t :i* is 9 itself displeas+ to ,god1 namely1 s91 s nei!r c he =bid :at is 9 itself pleas+ to ,god1 namely1 works ( virtue4 ,!re=e absolutely speak+ man c v[ !m4 ,b x does belong to a prelate to decide :at is ! m virtu\s & ! m acceptable to ,god4 ,consequ5tly 9 matt]s pres5t+ no difficulty1 ! prelate's disp5sation w\ld n excuse "o f s93 = in/ance1 if a prelate 7 to disp5se a p]son f a v[ to ent] ! religi\s life1 )\t any app>5t cause to prev5t him f fulfill+ 8 v[4 ,b if "s cause 7 to appe>1 giv+ rise1 at lea/1 to d\bt1 he c\ld hold to ! prelate's decision :e!r ( commutation or ( disp5sation4 ,he c\ld n1 h[ev]1 foll[ 8 own judgm5t 9 ! matt]1 because he does n /& 9 ! place ( ,god2 except p]haps 9 ! case :5 ! ?+ he has v[$ is cle>ly unlawful1 & he is unable to h rec\rse to ! prelate4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff holds ! place ( ,*ri/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,*ur*1 he ex]cises absolute p[] ( disp5s+ f all v[s t admit ( disp5sation4 ,to o!r & inf]ior prelates is ! p[] committ$ ( disp5s+ f ^? v[s t are commonly made & frequ5tly require disp5sation1 9 ord] t m5 may easily h rec\rse to someone2 su* are ! v[s ( pilgrimage 7,cap4 de ,p]eg941 de ,voto et ,voti r$empt471 fa/+ & ! l1 & ( pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l&1 are res]v$ to ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff 99,cap4 ,ex multa4 ,,"q #hi ,,( ,,oa?s 7,,t5 ,,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ^? ext]nal acts ( religion1 :]eby some?+ ,div9e is tak5 by man3 & ?is is ei!r a sacram5t or ! ,"n ( ,god4 ,! place = treat+ ( ! tak+ ( a sacram5t w be 9 ! ,?ird ,"p ( ?is "w3 ( ! tak+ ( ,god's ,"n we %all treat n[4 ,! ,"n ( ,god is tak5 by man 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 by way oa? 9 ord] to confirm "o's own ass]tion3 secondly1 by way ( adjuration z an inducem5t to o!rs3 ?irdly1 by way ( invocation = ! purpose ( pray] or praise4 ,accord+ly we mu/ fir/ treat ( oa?s3 & "u ?is head !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is an oa?8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful8 7#c7 ,:at are ! accompany+ conditions ( an oa?8 7#d7 ,( :at virtue is x an act8 7#e7 ,:e!r oa?s are desirable1 & to be employ$ frequ5tly z some?+ useful & good8 7#f7 ,:e!r x is lawful to swe> by a creature8 7#g7 ,:e!r an oa? is b9d+8 7#h7 ,:i* is m b9d+1 an oa? or a v[8 7#i7 ,:e!r an oa? is subject to disp5sation8 7#aj7 ,:o may lawfully swe>1 & :58 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r to ,swe> ,is to ,call ,god to ,witness8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t to swe> is n to call ,god to witness4 ,:oev] invokes ! au?ority ( ,holy ,writ calls ,god to witness1 s9ce x is ,8 ^w t ,holy ,writ conta9s4 ,!re=e1 if to swe> is to call ,god to witness1 :oev] invok$ ! au?ority ( ,holy ,writ w\ld swe>4 ,b ?is is false4 ,!re=e ! antec$5t is false also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o does n pay any?+ to a p]son by call+ him to witness4 ,b he :o swe>s by ,god pays some?+ to ,him = x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3cc73 ,?\ %all pay ,d\ay3 'p]=m' ?y oa?s to ! ,"l2 & ,augu/9e says 99,s]m4 clxxx t to swe> 7jur>e7 is to pay ! "r 7jus r$d]e7 ( tru? to ,god4 ,!re=e to swe> is n to call ,god to witness4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! duties ( a judge diff] f ! duties ( a witness1 z %[n above 7,,qq4 #fg1 #gj74 ,n[ sometimes a man1 by swe>+1 implores ! ,div9e judgm5t1 accord+ to ,ps4 #g3e1 ,if ,i h r5d]$ to !m t repaid me evils1 let me des]v$ly fall empty be=e my enemies4 ,!re=e to swe> is n to call ,god to witness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 9 a s]mon on p]jury 7,s]m4 clxxx73 ,:5 a man says3 ',by ,god1' :at else does he mean b t ,god is 8 witness8 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #f3af71 oa?s are tak5 = ! purpose ( confirmation4 ,n[ speculative propositions receive confirmation f reason1 :i* proce$s f pr9ciples kn[n naturally & infallibly true4 ,b p>ticul> cont+5t facts reg>d+ man _c be confirm$ by a necess>y reason1 :]e=e propositions reg>d+ su* ?+s are wont to be confirm$ by witnesses4 ,n[ a human witness does n suffice to confirm su* matt]s = two reasons4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( man's lack ( tru?1 = _m give way to ly+1 accord+ to ,ps4 #af3aj1 ,_! m\? ha? spok5 lies ,vulg43 'pr\dly'4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( 8 lack ( k1 s9ce he c "k nei!r ! future1 nor secret ?\ghts1 nor di/ant ?+s3 & yet m5 speak ab\t su* ?+s1 & our ev]yday life requires t we %\ld h "s c]titude ab\t !m4 ,h5ce ! ne$ to h rec\rse to a ,div9e witness1 = nei!r c ,god lie1 nor is any?+ hidd5 f ,him4 ,n[ to call ,god to witness is nam$ jur>e 7to swe>7 because x is e/abli%$ z ?\gh x 7 a pr9ciple ( law 7jure7 t :at a man ass]ts "u ! invocation ( ,god z ,8 witness %\ld be accept$ z true4 ,n[ sometimes ,god is call$ to witness :5 we ass]t pres5t or pa/ ev5ts1 & ?is is t]m$ a decl>atory oa?2 :ile sometimes ,god is call$ to witness 9 confirmation ( some?+ future1 & ?is is t]m$ a promissory oa?4 ,b oa?s are n employ$ 9 ord] to sub/antiate necess>y matt]s1 & su* z come "u ! inve/igation ( reason2 = x w\ld seem absurd 9 a sci5tific discussion to wi% to prove "o's po9t by an oa?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is "o ?+ to employ a ,div9e witness already giv51 z :5 "o adduces ! au?ority ( ,holy ,scripture2 & ano!r to implore ,god to be> witness1 z 9 an oa?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man is said to pay 8 oa?s to ,god because he p]=ms :at he swe>s to d1 or because1 f ! v fact t he calls ^u ,god to witness1 he recognizes ,him z possess+ univ]sal k & un]r+ tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a p]son is call$ to give witness1 9 ord] t he may make kn[n ! tru? ab\t :at is alleg$4 ,n[ !re are two ways 9 :i* ,god makes kn[n :e!r ! alleg$ facts are true or n4 ,9 "o way ,he reveals ! tru? simply1 ei!r by inw>d inspiration1 or by unveil+ ! facts1 namely1 by mak+ public :at 0 hi!rto secret3 9 ano!r way by puni%+ ! ly+ witness1 & !n ,he is at once judge & witness1 s9ce by puni%+ ! li> ,he makes kn[n 8 lie4 ,h5ce oa?s are ( two k9ds3 "o is a simple conte/ation ( ,god1 z :5 a man says ,god is my witness1 or1 ,i speak be=e ,god1 or1 ,by ,god1 :i* has ! same mean+1 z ,augu/9e /ates 99,see argum5t ,on ! contr>y2 ! o!r is by curs+1 & consi/s 9 a man b9d+ himself or some?+ ( 8 to puni%m5t if :at is alleg$ be n true4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,swe>8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n lawful to swe>4 ,no?+ =bidd5 9 ! ,div9e ,law is lawful4 ,n[ swe>+ is =bidd5 7,matt4 #e3cd71 ,b ,i say to y n to swe> at all2 & 7,james #e3ab71 ,above all ?+s1 my bre?r51 swe> n4 ,!re=e swe>+ is unlawful4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] comes f an evil seems to be unlawful1 because accord+ to ,matt4 #g3ah1 nei!r c an evil tree br+ =? good fruit4 ,n[ swe>+ comes f an evil1 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3cg73 ,b let y\r spee* be3 ,yea1 yea3 ,no1 no4 ,& t :i* is ov] & above ^! is ( evil4 ,!re=e swe>+ is app>5tly unlawful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to seek a sign ( ,div9e ,provid5ce is to tempt ,god1 & ?is is altoge!r unlawful1 accord+ to ,deut4 #f3af1 ,?\ %alt n tempt ! ,"l ?y ,god4 ,n[ he t swe>s seems to seek a sign ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 s9ce he asks ,god to be> witness1 & ?is mu/ be by "s evid5t effect4 ,!re=e x seems t swe>+ is altoge!r unlawful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #f3ac73 ,?\ %alt fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god 4 4 4 & %alt swe> by ,8 "n4 ,i answ] t1 ,no?+ prev5ts a ?+ be+ good 9 itself1 & yet becom+ a s\rce ( evil to "o :o makes use !re( unbecom+ly3 ?us to receive ! ,eu*>i/ is good1 & yet he t receives x unwor?ily1 eate? & dr9ke? judgm5t to himself 7#a ,cor4 #aa3bi74 ,accord+ly 9 answ] to ! "q 9 po9t x mu/ be /at$ t an oa? is 9 itself lawful & comm5dable4 ,?is is prov$ f its orig9 & f its end4 ,f its orig91 because swe>+ owes its introduction to ! fai? :]eby man believes t ,god possesses un]r+ tru? & univ]sal k & =esight ( all ?+s3 & f its end1 s9ce oa?s are employ$ 9 ord] to ju/ify m51 & to put an end to controv]sy 7,heb4 #f3af74 ,yet an oa? becomes a s\rce ( evil to him t makes evil use ( x1 t is :o employs x )\t necessity & due caution4 ,= if a man calls ,god z witness1 = "s trifl+ reason1 x w\ld seem+ly prove him to h b little rev]5ce = ,god1 s9ce he w\ld n treat ev5 a good man 9 ?is mann]4 ,moreov]1 he is 9 dang] ( committ+ p]jury1 because man easily (f5ds 9 words1 accord+ to ,james #c3b1 ,if any man (f5d n 9 ^w1 ! same is a p]fect man4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bc3i73 ,let n ?y m\? be accu/om$ to swe>+1 = 9 x !re are _m falls4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j]ome1 comm5t+ on ,matt4 #e3cd1 says3 ,obs]ve t our ,savi\r =bade u to swe>1 n by ,god1 b by heav5 & e>?4 ,= x is kn[n t ! ,jews h ?is mo/ evil cu/om ( swe>+ by ! elem5ts4 ,yet ?is answ] does n suffice1 because ,james adds1 nor by any o!r oa?4 ,:]e=e we mu/ reply t1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,m5dacio xv71 :5 ! ,apo/le employs an oa? 9 8 epi/les1 he %[s h[ we are to und]/& ! say+1 ',i say to y1 n to swe> at all'2 le/1 to wit1 swe>+ lead u to swe> easily & f swe>+ easily1 we contract ! habit1 &1 f swe>+ habitually1 we fall into p]jury4 ,h5ce we f9d t he swore only :5 writ+1 because ?\ght br+s caution & avoids ha/y words4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i4 #ag73 ,if y h to swe>1 note t ! necessity arises f ! infirmity ( ^? :om y conv9ce1 :i* infirmity is inde$ an evil4 ,accord+ly ,he did n say3 ',t :i* is ov] & above is evil1' b 'is ( evil4' ,= y d no evil2 s9ce y make good use ( swe>+1 by p]suad+ ano!r to a useful purpose3 yet x 'comes ( ! evil' ( ! p]son by ^: infirmity y are =c$ to swe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he :o swe>s tempts n ,god1 because x is n )\t usefulness & necessity t he implores ! ,div9e assi/ance4 ,moreov]1 he does n expose himself to dang]1 if ,god be unwill+ to be> witness !re & !n3 = ,he c]ta9ly w be> witness at "s future "t1 :5 ,he w br+ to light ! hidd5 ?+s ( d>kness1 & w make manife/ ! c\nsels ( he>ts 7#a ,cor4 #d3e74 ,& ?is witness w be lack+ to none :o swe>s1 nei!r = nor aga9/ him4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,?ree ,accompany+ ,conditions ( an ,oa? ,are ,suitably ,assign$1 ,namely1 ,ju/ice1 ,judgm5t1 & ,tru?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ju/ice1 judgm5t & tru? are unsuitably assign$ z ! conditions accompany+ an oa?4 ,?+s %\ld n be enum]at$ z div]se1 if "o ( !m includes ! o!r4 ,n[ ( ^! ?ree1 "o includes ano!r1 s9ce tru? is a "p ( ju/ice1 accord+ to ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec73 & judgm5t is an act ( ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! ?ree accompany+ conditions ( an oa? are unsuitably assign$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 _m o!r ?+s are requir$ = an oa?1 namely1 devotion1 & fai? :]eby we believe t ,god kn[s all ?+s & _c lie4 ,!re=e ! accompany+ conditions ( an oa? are insuffici5tly enum]at$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ^! ?ree are requisite 9 man's e de$3 s9ce he ought to d no?+ contr>y to ju/ice & tru?1 or )\t judgm5t1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #e3ba1 ,d no?+ )\t prejudice1 i4e4 )\t previ\s judgm5t 99,vulg43 ',obs]ve ^! ?+s )\t prejudice1 do+ no?+ by decl9+ to ei!r side4'4 ,!re=e ^! ?ree %\ld n be associat$ ) an oa? any m ?an ) o!r human actions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,j]4 #d3b73 ,?\ %alt swe>3 ,z ! ,"l live?1 9 tru?1 & 9 judgm5t1 & 9 ju/ice3 :i* words ,j]ome exp\nds1 say+3 ,obs]ve t an oa? mu/ be accompani$ by ^! conditions1 tru?1 judgm5t & ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 an oa? is n good except = "o :o makes good use ( x4 ,n[ two conditions are requir$ = ! good use ( an oa?4 ,fir/1 t "o swe>1 n = frivol\s1 b = urg5t reasons1 & ) discretion2 & ?is requires judgm5t or discretion on ! "p ( ! p]son :o swe>s4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! po9t to be confirm$ by oa?1 t x be nei!r false1 nor unlawful1 & ?is requires bo? tru?1 s t "o employ an oa? 9 ord] to confirm :at is true1 & ju/ice1 s t "o confirm :at is lawful4 ,a ra% oa? lacks judgm5t1 a false oa? lacks tru?1 & a wick$ or unlawful oa? lacks ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,judgm5t does n signify "h ! execution ( ju/ice1 b ! judgm5t ( discretion1 z /at$ above4 ,nor is tru? "h to be tak5 = ! "p ( ju/ice1 b = a condition ( spee*4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,devotion1 fai? & l conditions requisite = ! "r mann] ( swe>+ are impli$ by judgm5t3 = ! o!r two reg>d ! ?+s sworn to z /at$ above4 ,we might also reply t ju/ice reg>ds ! reason = swe>+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is great dang] 9 swe>+1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! greatness ( ,god ,:o is call$ ^u to be> witness1 & on acc\nt ( ! frailty ( ! human tongue1 ! words ( :i* are confirm$ by oa?4 ,h5ce ^! conditions are m requisite = an oa? ?an = o!r human actions4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r an ,oa? ,is an ,act ( ,religion1 or ,latria8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an oa? is n an act ( religion1 or latria4 ,acts ( religion are ab\t holy & div9e ?+s4 ,b oa?s are employ$ 9 connection ) human disputes1 z ! ,apo/le decl>es 7,heb4 #f3af74 ,!re=e swe>+ is n an act ( religion or latria4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to religion to give wor%ip to ,god1 z ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec74 ,b he :o swe>s (f]s no?+ to ,god1 b calls ,god to be 8 witness4 ,!re=e swe>+ is n an act ( religion or latria4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! end ( religion or latria is to %[ rev]5ce to ,god4 ,b ! end ( an oa? is n ?is1 b r ! confirmation ( "s ass]tion4 ,!re=e swe>+ is n an act ( religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #f3ac73 ,?\ %alt fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & %alt s]ve ,him only1 & ?\ %alt swe> by ,8 "n4 ,n[ he speaks !re ( ! s]vitude ( religion4 ,!re=e swe>+ is an act ( religion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z appe>s f :at has be5 said above 7,a4 #a71 he t swe>s calls ,god to witness 9 confirmation ( :at he says4 ,n[ no?+ is confirm$ save by :at is m c]ta9 & m p[]ful4 ,!re=e 9 ! v fact t a man swe>s by ,god1 he ackn[l$ges ,god to be m p[]ful1 by reason ( ,8 unfail+ tru? & ,8 univ]sal k2 & ?us 9 a way he %[s rev]5ce to ,god4 ,= ?is reason ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #f3af7 t m5 swe> by "o great] ?an !mselves1 & ,j]ome comm5t+ on ,matt4 #e3cd1 says t he :o swe>s ei!r rev]es or loves ! p]son by :om he swe>s4 ,! ,philosoph]1 too1 /ates 7,metaph4 i1 #c7 t to swe> is to give v great honor4 ,n[ to %[ rev]5ce to ,god belongs to religion or latria4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t an oa? is an act ( religion or latria4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,two ?+s may be obs]v$ 9 an oa?4 ,! witness adduc$1 & ?is is ,div9e3 & ! ?+ witness$ to1 or t :i* makes x necess>y to call ! witness1 & ?is is human4 ,accord+ly an oa? belongs to religion by reason ( ! =m]1 & n ( ! latt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! v fact t a man takes ,god z witness by way ( an oa?1 he ackn[l$ges ,him to be great]3 & ?is p]ta9s to ! rev]5ce & honor ( ,god1 s t he (f]s some?+ to ,god1 namely1 rev]5ce & honor4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:atsoev] we d1 we %\ld d x 9 honor ( ,god3 :]e=e !re is no h9drance1 if by int5d+ to assure a man1 we %[ rev]5ce to ,god4 ,= we ought s to p]=m our actions 9 ,god's honor t !y may conduce to our neighbor's good1 s9ce ,god also works = ,8 own glory & = our good4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,oa?s ,are ,desirable & to ,be ,us$ ,frequ5tly ,z ,some?+ ,useful & ,good8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t oa?s are desirable & to be us$ frequ5tly z some?+ useful & good4 ,j z a v[ is an act ( religion1 s is an oa?4 ,n[ x is comm5dable & m m]itori\s to d a ?+ by v[1 because a v[ is an act ( religion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e = ! same reason1 to d or say a ?+ ) an oa? is m comm5dable1 & consequ5tly oa?s are desirable z be+ good ess5tially4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome1 comm5t+ on ,matt4 #e3cd1 says t he :o swe>s ei!r rev]es or loves ! p]son by :om he swe>s4 ,n[ rev]5ce & love ( ,god are desirable z some?+ good ess5tially4 ,!re=e swe>+ is also4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 swe>+ is direct$ to ! purpose ( confirm+ or assur+4 ,b x is a good ?+ = a man to confirm 8 ass]tion4 ,!re=e an oa? is desirable z a good ?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bc3ab73 ,a man t swe>e? mu* %all be fill$ ) iniquity3 & ,augu/9e says 7,de ,m5dacio xv7 t ! ,"l =bade swe>+1 9 ord] t = y\r own "p y might n be fond ( x1 & take pleasure 9 seek+ occasions ( swe>+1 z ?\gh x 7 a good ?+4 ,i answ] t1 ,:atev] is requir$ m]ely z a rem$y = an infirmity or a defect1 is n reckon$ among ^? ?+s t are desirable = _! own sake1 b among ^? t are necess>y3 ?is is cle> 9 ! case ( m$ic9e :i* is requir$ z a rem$y = sickness4 ,n[ an oa? is requir$ z a rem$y to a defect1 namely1 "s man's lack ( belief 9 ano!r man4 ,:]e=e an oa? is n to be reckon$ among ^? ?+s t are desirable = _! own sake1 b among ^? t are necess>y = ?is life2 & su* ?+s are us$ unduly :5ev] !y are us$ outside ! b\nds ( necessity4 ,= ?is reason ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #ag73 ,he :o und]/&s t swe>+ is n to be held z a good ?+1 i4e4 desirable = its own sake1 re/ra9s himself z f> z he c f utt]+ oa?s1 unless !re be urg5t ne$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is no p>ity betwe5 a v[ & an oa?3 because by a v[ we direct some?+ to ! honor ( ,god1 s t = ?is v reason a v[ is an act ( religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 an oa? rev]5ce = ! "n ( ,god is tak5 9 confirmation ( a promise4 ,h5ce :at is confirm$ by oa? does n1 = ?is reason1 become an act ( religion1 s9ce moral acts take _! species f ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he :o swe>s does inde$ make use ( 8 rev]5ce or love = ! p]son by :om he swe>s3 he does n1 h[ev]1 direct 8 oa? to ! rev]5ce or love ( t p]son1 b to some?+ else t is necess>y = ! pres5t life4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 z a m$ic9e is useful = heal+1 & yet1 ! /rong] x is1 ! great] h>m x does if x be tak5 unduly1 s too an oa? is useful inde$ z a means ( confirmation1 yet ! great] ! rev]5ce x dem&s ! m dang]\s x is1 unless x be employ$ aright2 =1 z x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bc3ac71 if he make x void1 i4e4 if he deceive 8 bro!r1 8 s9 %all be ^u him3 & if he dissemble x1 by swe>+ falsely1 & ) dissimulation1 he (f5de? d\ble1 7because1 to wit1 pret5d$ equity is a tw(old iniquity1 z ,augu/9e 99,en>r4 9 ,ps4 lxiii1 #g decl>es73 & if he swe> 9 va91 i4e4 )\t due cause & necessity1 he %all n be ju/ifi$4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,swe> by ,creatures8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n lawful to swe> by creatures4 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3cd-cf73 ,i say to y n to swe> at all1 nei!r by heav5 4 4 4 nor by ! e>? 4 4 4 nor by ,j]usalem 4 4 4 nor by ?y head3 & ,j]ome1 exp\nd+ ^! words1 says3 ,obs]ve t ! ,savi\r does n =bid swe>+ by ,god1 b by heav5 & e>?1 etc4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 puni%m5t is n due save = a fault4 ,n[ a puni%m5t is appo9t$ = "o :o swe>s by creatures3 = x is writt5 7#bb1 qu4 i1 c4 ,cl]icum73 ,if a cl]ic swe>s by creatures he mu/ be v sev]ely rebuk$3 & if he %all p]si/ 9 ?is vici\s habit we wi% t he be excommunicat$4 ,!re=e x is unlawful to swe> by creatures4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 an oa? is an act ( religion1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,b religi\s wor%ip is n due to any creature1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3bc1 #be4 ,!re=e x is n lawful to swe> by a creature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,joseph swore by ! heal? ( ,ph>aoh 7,g54 #db3af74 ,moreov] x is cu/om>y to swe> by ! ,gospel1 by relics1 & by ! sa9ts4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c71 !re are two k9ds ( oa?4 ,"o is utt]$ z a simple conte/ation or call+ ,god z witness3 & ?is k9d ( oa?1 l fai?1 is bas$ on ,god's tru?4 ,n[ fai? is ess5tially & *iefly ab\t ,god ,:o is ! v tru?1 & second>ily ab\t creatures 9 :i* ,god's tru? is reflect$1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #a1 ,a4 #a74 ,9 l mann] an oa? is *iefly ref]r$ to ,god ,^: te/imony is invok$2 & second>ily an appeal by oa? is made to c]ta9 creatures consid]$1 n 9 !mselves1 b z reflect+ ! ,div9e tru?4 ,?us we swe> by ! ,gospel1 i4e4 by ,god ,^: tru? is made kn[n 9 ! ,gospel2 & by ! sa9ts :o believ$ ?is tru? & kept x4 ,! o!r way ( swe>+ is by curs+ & 9 ?is k9d ( oa? a creature is adduc$ t ! judgm5t ( ,god may be wr\ght !re94 ,?us a man is wont to swe> by 8 head1 or by 8 son1 or by "s o!r ?+ t he loves1 ev5 z ! ,apo/le swore 7#b ,cor4 #a3bc71 say+3 ,i call ,god to witness ^u my s\l4 ,z to ,joseph's oa? by ! heal? ( ,ph>aoh ?is may be und]/ood 9 bo? ways3 ei!r by way ( a curse1 z ?\gh he pl$g$ ,ph>ao's heal? to ,god2 or by way ( conte/ation1 z ?\gh he appeal$ to ! tru? ( ,god's ju/ice :i* ! pr9ces ( ! e>? are appo9t$ to execute4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our ,"l =bade u to swe> by creatures s z to give !m ! rev]5ce due to ,god4 ,h5ce ,j]ome adds t ! ,jews1 ?r\gh swe>+ by ! angels & ! l1 wor%ipp$ creatures ) a ,div9e honor4 ,9 ! same s5se a cl]ic is puni%$1 accord+ to ! canons 7#bb1 qu4 i1 c4 ,cl]icum1 ,obj4 #b71 = swe>+ by a creature1 = ?is savors ( ! blasphemy ( unbelief4 ,h5ce 9 ! next *apt]1 x is said3 ,if any "o swe>s by ,god's hair or head1 or o!rwise utt] blasphemy aga9/ ,god1 & he be 9 ecclesia/ical ord]s1 let him be degrad$4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,second ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,religi\s wor%ip is %[n to "o ^: te/imony is invok$ by oa?3 h5ce ! prohibition 7,ex4 #bc3ac73 ,by ! "n ( /range gods y %all n swe>4 ,b religi\s wor%ip is n giv5 to creatures employ$ 9 an oa? 9 ! ways m5tion$ above4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r an ,oa? ,has a ,b9d+ ,=ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an oa? has no b9d+ =ce4 ,an oa? is employ$ 9 ord] to confirm ! tru? ( an ass]tion4 ,b :5 a p]son makes an ass]tion ab\t ! future 8 ass]tion is true1 ?\gh x may n be v]ifi$4 ,?us ,paul li$ n 7#b ,cor4 #a3ae1 seqq47 ?\gh he w5t n to ,cor9?1 z he _h said he w\ld 7#a ,cor4 #af3e74 ,!re=e x seems t an oa? is n b9d+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue is n contr>y to virtue 7,categ4 viii1 #bb74 ,n[ an oa? is an act ( virtue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,b x w\ld sometimes be contr>y to virtue1 or an ob/acle !reto1 if "o 7 to fulfil :at "o has sworn to d3 = in/ance1 if "o 7 to swe> to commit a s91 or to desi/ f "s virtu\s action4 ,!re=e an oa? is n always b9d+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sometimes a man is compell$ aga9/ 8 w to promise some?+ "u oa?4 ,n[1 su* a p]son is loos$ by ! ,roman ,pontiffs f ! bond ( 8 oa? 7,extra1 ,de ,jurejur41 cap4 ,v]um 9 ea quae/41 etc474 ,!re=e an oa? is n always b9d+4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 no p]son c be "u two opposite obligations4 ,yet sometimes ! p]son :o swe>s & ! p]son to :om he swe>s h opposite int5tions4 ,!re=e an oa? _c always be b9d+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3cc73 ,?\ %alt p]=m ?y oa?s to ! ,"l4 ,i answ] t1 ,an obligation implies some?+ to be done or omitt$2 s t app>5tly x reg>ds nei!r ! decl>atory oa? 7:i* is ab\t some?+ pres5t or pa/71 nor su* oa?s z are ab\t some?+ to be effect$ by "s o!r cause 7z1 = example1 if "o 7 to swe> t x w\ld ra9 tomorr[71 b only su* z are ab\t ?+s to be done by ! p]son :o swe>s4 ,n[ j z a decl>atory oa?1 :i* is ab\t ! future or ! pres5t1 %\ld conta9 ! tru?1 s too ought ! oa? :i* is ab\t some?+ to be done by u 9 ! future4 ,yet !re is a diff]5ce3 s9ce1 9 ! oa? t is ab\t ! pa/ or pres5t1 ?is obligation affects1 n ! ?+ t already has be5 or is1 b ! action ( ! swe>]1 9 ! po9t ( 8 swe>+ to :at is or 0 already true2 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! oa? t is made ab\t some?+ to be done by u1 ! obligation falls on ! ?+ gu>ante$ by oa?4 ,= a man is b\nd to make true :at he has sworn1 else 8 oa? lacks tru?4 ,n[ if ?is ?+ be su* z n to be 9 8 p[]1 8 oa? is lack+ 9 judgm5t ( discretion3 unless p]*ance :at 0 possible :5 he swore become impossible to him ?r\gh "s mi%ap1 z :5 a man swore to pay a sum ( money1 :i* is subsequ5tly tak5 f him by =ce or !ft4 ,= !n he w\ld seem to be excus$ f fulfill+ 8 oa?1 al?\gh he is b\nd to d :at he c1 z1 9 fact1 we h already /at$ ) reg>d to ! obligation ( a v[ 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be some?+ t he c d1 b ought n to1 ei!r because x is ess5tially evil1 or because x is a h9drance to a good1 !n 8 oa? is lack+ 9 ju/ice3 :]e=e an oa? mu/ n be kept :5 x involves a s9 or a h9drance to good4 ,= 9 ei!r case its result is evil 99,cf4 ,b$e1 ,homil4 xix1 9 ,decoll4 ,s4 ,joan4 ,bapt4 ,accord+ly we mu/ conclude t :oev] swe>s to d some?+ is b\nd to d :at he c = ! fulfilm5t ( tru?2 provid$ always t ! o!r two accompany+ conditions be pres5t1 namely1 judgm5t & ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is n ! same ) a simple ass]tion1 & ) an oa? :]e9 ,god is call$ to witness3 because x suffices = ! tru? ( an ass]tion1 t a p]son say :at he proposes to d1 s9ce x is already true 9 its cause1 namely1 ! purpose ( ! do]4 ,b an oa? %\ld n be employ$1 save 9 a matt] ab\t :i* "o is firmly c]ta93 &1 consequ5tly1 if a man employ an oa?1 he is b\nd1 z f> z he c1 to make true :at he has sworn1 ?r\gh rev]5ce ( ! ,div9e witness invok$1 unless x leads to an evil result1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an oa? may lead to an evil result 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because f ! v outset x has an evil result1 ei!r ?r\gh be+ evil ( its v nature 7z1 if a man 7 to swe> to commit adult]y71 or ?r\gh be+ a h9drance to a great] good1 z if a man 7 to swe> n to ent] religion1 or n to become a cl]ic1 or t he w\ld n accept a prelacy1 suppos+ x w\ld be exp$i5t = him to accept1 or 9 simil> cases4 ,= oa?s ( ?is k9d are unlawful f ! outset3 yet ) a diff]5ce3 because if a man swe> to commit a s91 he s9n$ 9 swe>+1 & s9s 9 keep+ 8 oa?3 :]eas if a man swe> n to p]=m a great] good1 :i* he is n b\nd to d )al1 he s9s inde$ 9 swe>+ 7?r\gh plac+ an ob/acle to ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is ! inspir] ( good purposes71 yet he does n s9 9 keep+ 8 oa?1 ?\gh he does mu* bett] if he does n keep x4 ,secondly1 an oa? leads to an evil result ?r\gh "s new & un=ese5 em]g5cy4 ,an in/ance is ! oa? ( ,h]od1 :o swore to ! damsel1 :o danc$ be=e him1 t he w\ld give h] :at %e w\ld ask ( him4 ,= ?is oa? c\ld be lawful f ! outset1 suppos+ x to h ! requisite conditions1 namely1 t ! damsel ask$ :at x 0 "r to grant1 b ! fulfilm5t ( ! oa? 0 unlawful4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,(ficiis i1 #ej73 ,sometimes x is wrong to fulfil a promise1 & to keep an oa?2 z ,h]od1 :o grant$ ! slay+ ( ,john1 r ?an refuse :at he _h promis$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is a tw(old obligation 9 ! oa? :i* a man takes "u compulsion3 "o1 :]eby he is behold5 to ! p]son to :om he promises some?+2 & ?is obligation is cancell$ by ! compulsion1 because he t us$ =ce des]ves t ! promise made to him %\ld n be kept4 ,! o!r is an obligation :]eby a man is behold5 to ,god1 9 virtue ( :i* he is b\nd to fulfil :at he has promis$ 9 ,8 "n4 ,?is obligation is n remov$ 9 ! tribunal ( consci5ce1 because t man ought r to suff] temporal loss1 ?an violate 8 oa?4 ,he c1 h[ev]1 seek 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice to recov] :at he has paid1 or d5\nce ! matt] to 8 sup]ior ev5 if he has sworn to ! contr>y1 because su* an oa? w\ld lead to evil results s9ce x w\ld be contr>y to public ju/ice4 ,! ,roman ,pontiffs1 9 absolv+ m5 f oa?s ( ?is k9d1 did n pron\nce su* oa?s to be unb9d+1 b relax$ ! obligation = "s j cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,:5 ! int5tion ( ! swe>] is n ! same z ! int5tion ( ! p]son to :om he swe>s1 if ?is be due to ! swe>]'s guile1 he mu/ keep 8 oa? 9 accordance ) ! s\nd und]/&+ ( ! p]son to :om ! oa? is made4 ,h5ce ,isidore says 7,de ,summo ,bono ii1 #ca73 ,h[ev] artful a man may be 9 word+ 8 oa?1 ,god ,:o witnesses 8 consci5ce accepts 8 oa? z und]/ood by ! p]son to :om x is made4 ,& t ?is ref]s to ! deceitful oa? is cle> f :at foll[s3 ,he is d\bly guilty :o bo? takes ,god's "n 9 va91 & tricks 8 neighbor by guile4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! swe>] uses no guile1 he is b\nd 9 accordance ) 8 own int5tion4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxvi1 #g73 ,! human e> takes su* l words 9 _! natural outw>d s5se1 b ! ,div9e judgm5t int]prets !m accord+ to our inw>d int5tion4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r an ,oa? ,is ,m ,b9d+ ,?an a ,v[8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an oa? is m b9d+ ?an a v[4 ,a v[ is a simple promise3 :]eas an oa? includes1 besides a promise1 an appeal to ,god z witness4 ,!re=e an oa? is m b9d+ ?an a v[4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! weak] is wont to be confirm$ by ! /rong]4 ,n[ a v[ is sometimes confirm$ by an oa?4 ,!re=e an oa? is /rong] ?an a v[4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! obligation ( a v[ arises f ! delib]ation ( ! m9d1 a /at$ above 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #a72 :ile ! obligation ( an oa? results f ! tru? ( ,god ,^: te/imony is invok$4 ,s9ce !re=e ,god's tru? is some?+ great] ?an human delib]ation1 x seems t ! obligation ( an oa? is great] ?an t ( a v[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a v[ b9ds "o to ,god :ile an oa? sometimes b9ds "o to man4 ,n[ "o is m b\nd to ,god ?an to man4 ,!re=e a v[ is m b9d+ ?an an oa?4 ,i answ] t1 ,! obligation bo? ( v[ & ( an oa? arises f some?+ ,div9e2 b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,= ! obligation ( a v[ arises f ! fidelity we owe ,god1 :i* b9ds u to fulfil our promises to ,him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! obligation ( an oa? arises f ! rev]5ce we owe ,him :i* b9ds u to make true :at we promise 9 ,8 "n4 ,n[ e act ( infidelity includes an irrev]5ce1 b n conv]sely1 because ! infidelity ( a subject to 8 "l w\ld seem to be ! greate/ irrev]5ce4 ,h5ce a v[ by its v nature is m b9d+ ?an an oa?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a v[ is n any k9d ( promise1 b a promise made to ,god2 & to be unfai?ful to ,god is mo/ griev\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,an oa? is add$ to a v[ n because x is m /able1 b because great] /ability results f two immutable ?+s 99,heb4 #f3ah4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,delib]ation ( ! m9d gives a v[ its /ability1 on ! "p ( ! p]son :o takes ! v[3 b x has a great] cause ( /ability on ! "p ( ,god1 to ,:om ! v[ is (f]$4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,anyone ,c ,disp5se f an ,oa?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no "o c disp5se f an oa?4 ,j z tru? is requir$ = a decl>atory oa?1 :i* is ab\t ! pa/ or ! pres5t1 s too is x requir$ = a promissory oa?1 :i* is ab\t ! future4 ,n[ no "o c disp5se a man f swe>+ to ! tru? ab\t pres5t or pa/ ?+s4 ,!re=e nei!r c anyone disp5se a man f mak+ tru? t :i* he has promis$ by oa? to d 9 ! future4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a promissory oa? is us$ = ! b5efit ( ! p]son to :om ! promise is made4 ,b1 app>5tly1 he _c release ! o!r f 8 oa?1 s9ce x w\ld be contr>y to ! rev]5ce ( ,god4 ,mu* less !re=e c a disp5sation f ?is oa? be grant$ by anyone4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 any bi%op c grant a disp5sation f a v[1 except c]ta9 v[s res]v$ to ! ,pope alone1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #ab1 ad #c74 ,!re=e 9 l mann]1 if an oa? admits ( disp5sation1 any bi%op c disp5se f an oa?4 ,& yet seem+ly ?is is to be aga9/ ! law 99,caus4 ,,xv1 qu4 #f1 c4 ,auctoritatem1 seqq43 ,cap4 ,si v]o1 de ,jurejur&o4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t an oa? does n admit ( disp5sation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a v[ is m b9d+ ?an an oa?1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #h74 ,b a v[ admits ( disp5sation & !re=e an oa? does also4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #aj71 ! necessity ( a disp5sation bo? f ! law & f a v[ arises f ! fact t some?+ :i* is useful & morally good 9 itself & consid]$ 9 g5]al1 may be morally evil & hurtful 9 respect ( "s p>ticul> em]g5cy3 & su* a case comes "u nei!r law nor v[4 ,n[ any?+ morally evil or hurtful is incompatible ) ! matt] ( an oa?3 = if x be morally evil x is oppos$ to ju/ice1 & if x be hurtful x is contr>y to judgm5t4 ,!re=e an oa? likewise admits ( disp5sation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a disp5sation f an oa? does n imply a p]mission to d any?+ aga9/ ! oa?3 = ?is is impossible1 s9ce ! keep+ ( an oa? comes "u a ,div9e precept1 :i* does n admit ( disp5sation3 b x implies t :at hi!rto came "u an oa? no long] comes "u x1 z n be+ due matt] = an oa?1 j z we h said ) reg>d to v[s 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #aj1 ad #b74 ,n[ ! matt] ( a decl>atory oa?1 :i* is ab\t some?+ pa/ or pres5t1 has already acquir$ a c]ta9 necessity1 & has become un*angeable1 :]e=e ! disp5sation w reg>d n ! matt] b ! act itself ( ! oa?3 s t su* a disp5sation w\ld be directly contr>y to ! ,div9e precept4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! matt] ( a promissory oa? is some?+ future1 :i* admits ( *ange1 s t1 to wit1 9 c]ta9 em]g5cies1 x may be unlawful or hurtful1 & consequ5tly undue matt] = an oa?4 ,!re=e a promissory oa? admits ( disp5sation1 s9ce su* disp5sation reg>ds ! matt] ( an oa?1 & is n contr>y to ! ,div9e precept ab\t ! keep+ ( oa?s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o man may promise some?+ "u oa? to ano!r 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 :5 he promises some?+ = 8 b5efit3 = in/ance1 if he promise to s]ve him1 or to give him money3 & f su* a promise he c be releas$ by ! p]son to :om he made x3 = he is und]/ood to h already kept 8 promise to him :5 he acts t[>ds him accord+ to 8 w4 ,secondly1 "o man promises ano!r some?+ p]ta9+ to ,god's honor or to ! b5efit ( o!rs3 = in/ance1 if a man promise ano!r "u oa? t he w ent] religion1 or p]=m "s act ( k9dness4 ,9 ?is case ! p]son to :om ! promise is made _c release him t made ! promise1 because x 0 made pr9cipally n to him b to ,god3 unless p]*ance x includ$ "s condition1 = in/ance1 provid$ he give 8 cons5t or "s su* l condition4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sometimes t :i* is made ! matt] ( a promissory oa? is manife/ly oppos$ to ju/ice1 ei!r because x is a s91 z :5 a man swe>s to commit a murd]1 or because x is an ob/acle to a great] good1 z :5 a man swe>s n to ent] religion3 & su* an oa? requires no disp5sation4 ,b 9 ! =m] case a man is b\nd n to keep su* an oa?1 :ile 9 ! latt] x is lawful = him to keep or n to keep ! oa?1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g1 ad #b74 ,sometimes :at is promis$ on oa? is d\btfully "r or wrong1 useful or h>mful1 ei!r 9 itself or "u ! circum/ance4 ,9 ?is case any bi%op c disp5se4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 t :i* is promis$ "u oa? is manife/ly lawful & b5eficial4 ,an oa? ( ?is k9d seem+ly admits n ( disp5sation b ( commutation1 :5 !re occurs some?+ bett] to be done = ! common good1 9 :i* case ! matt] w\ld seem to belong *iefly to ! p[] ( ! ,pope1 :o has *>ge ov] ! :ole ,*ur*2 & ev5 ( absolute relaxation1 = ?is too belongs 9 g5]al to ! ,pope 9 all matt]s reg>d+ ! adm9i/ration ( ?+s ecclesia/ical4 ,?us x is compet5t to any man to cancel an oa? made by "o ( 8 subjects 9 matt]s t come "u 8 au?ority3 = in/ance1 a fa!r may annul 8 daught]'s oa?1 & a husb& 8 wife's 7,num4 #cj3f1 seqq471 z /at$ above ) reg>d to v[s 7,q4 #hh1 ,,aa4 #h1 #i74 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r an ,oa? ,is ,void$ by a ,condition ( ,p]son or ,"t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t an oa? is n void$ by a condition ( p]son or "t4 ,an oa?1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,heb4 #f3af71 is employ$ = ! purpose ( confirmation4 ,n[ x is compet5t to anyone to confirm 8 ass]tion1 & at any "t4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t an oa? is n void$ by a condition ( p]son or "t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to swe> by ,god is m ?an to swe> by ! ,gospels3 :]e=e ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xliv 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om says3 ,if !re is a reason = swe>+1 x seems a small ?+ to swe> by ,god1 b a great ?+ to swe> by ! ,gospels4 ,to ^? :o ?9k ?us1 x mu/ be said3 ,nons5se6 ! ,scriptures 7 made = ,god's sake1 n ,god = ! sake ( ! ,scriptures4 ,n[ m5 ( all conditions & at all times are wont to swe> by ,god4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 is x lawful to swe> by ! ,gospels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same effect does n proce$ f contr>y causes1 s9ce contr>y causes produce contr>y effects4 ,n[ "s are deb>r$ f swe>+ on acc\nt ( "s p]sonal defect2 *ildr51 = in/ance1 be=e ! age ( f\rte51 & p]sons :o h already committ$ p]jury4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t a p]son ought n to be deb>r$ f swe>+ ei!r on acc\nt ( 8 dignity1 z cl]ics1 or on acc\nt ( ! solemnity ( ! "t4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 9 ?is _w no liv+ man is equal 9 dignity to an angel3 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #aa3aa7 t he t is ! less] 9 ! k+dom ( heav5 is great] ?an he1 namely ?an ,john ! ,bapti/1 :ile yet liv+4 ,n[ an angel is compet5t to swe>1 = x is writt5 7,apoc4 #aj3f7 t ! angel swore by ,him t live? = ev] & ev]4 ,!re=e no man ought to be excus$ f swe>+1 on acc\nt ( 8 dignity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 7,,ii1 qu4 v1 c4 ,si quis presbyt]73 ,let a prie/ be exam9$ 'by 8 sacr$ consecration1' in/ead ( be+ put on 8 oa?3 & 7#bb1 qu4 v1 c4 ,nullus73 ,let no "o 9 ecclesia/ical ord]s d>e to swe> on ! ,holy ,gospels to a layman4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s are to be consid]$ 9 an oa?4 ,"o is on ! "p ( ,god1 ^: te/imony is invok$1 & 9 ?is respect we %\ld hold an oa? 9 ! greate/ rev]5ce4 ,= ?is reason *ildr5 be=e ! age ( pub]ty are deb>r$ f tak+ oa?s 99,caus4 ,,xxii1 qu4 #e1 c4 ,p>vuli1 & are n call$ ^u to swe>1 because !y h n yet atta9$ ! p]fect use ( reason1 s z to be able to take a oa? ) due rev]5ce4 ,p]jur]s also are deb>r$ f tak+ an oa?1 because x is presum$ f _! antec$5ts t !y w n treat an oa? ) ! rev]5ce due to x4 ,= ?is same reason1 9 ord] t oa?s might be treat$ ) due rev]5ce ! law says 7#bb1 qu4 v1 c4 ,hone/um73 ,x is becom+ t he :o v5tures to swe> on holy ?+s %\ld d s fa/+1 ) all propriety & fe> ( ,god4 ,! o!r ?+ to be consid]$ is on ! "p ( ! man1 ^: ass]tion is confirm$ by oa?4 ,= a man's ass]tion ne$s no confirmation save because !re is a d\bt ab\t x4 ,n[ x d]ogates f a p]son's dignity t "o %\ld d\bt ab\t ! tru? ( :at he says1 :]e=e x becomes n p]sons ( great dignity to swe>4 ,= ?is reason ! law says 7,,ii1 qu4 v1 c4 ,si quis presbyt]7 t prie/s %\ld n swe> = trifl+ reasons4 ,nev]!less x is lawful = !m to swe> if !re be ne$ = x1 or if great good may result !refrom4 ,especially is ?is ! case 9 spiritual affairs1 :5 moreov] x is becom+ t !y %\ld take oa? on days ( solemnity1 s9ce !y ought !n to devote !mselves to spiritual matt]s4 ,nor %\ld !y on su* occasions take oa?s temporal matt]s1 except p]haps 9 cases grave necessity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s are unable to confirm _! own ass]tions on acc\nt ( _! own defect3 & "s !re are ^: words %\ld be s c]ta9 t !y ne$ no confirmation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! great] ! ?+ sworn by1 ! holi] & ! m b9d+ is ! oa?1 consid]$ 9 itself1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,ad ,public41 ,ep4 xlvii73 & accord+ly x is a grav] matt] to swe> by ,god ?an ! ,gospels4 ,yet ! contr>y may be ! case on acc\nt ( ! mann] ( swe>+ = in/ance1 an oa? by ! ,gospels might be tak5 ) delib]ation & solemnity1 & an oa? by ,god frivol\sly & )\t delib]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no?+ prev5ts ! same ?+ f aris+ out ( contr>y causes1 by way ( sup]abundance & defect4 ,x is 9 ?is way t "s are deb>r$ f swe>+1 ?r\gh be+ ( s great au?ority t x is unbecom+ = !m to swe>2 :ile o!rs are ( su* little au?ority t _! oa?s h no /&+4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! angel's oa? is adduc$ n on acc\nt ( any defect 9 ! angel1 z ?\gh "o ought n to cr$it 8 m]e ^w1 b 9 ord] to %[ t ! /atem5t made issues f ,god's infallible disposition4 ,?us too ,god is sometimes spok5 ( by ,scripture z swe>+1 9 ord] to express ! immutability ( ,8 ^w1 z ! ,apo/le decl>es 7,heb4 #f3ag74 ,,"q #ij ,,( ,,! ,,tak+ ,,( ,,god',s ,,"n ,,by ,,way ,,( ,,adjuration 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! tak+ ( ,god's "n by way ( adjuration3 "u :i* head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is lawful to adjure a man8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful to adjure ! demons8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is lawful to adjure irrational creatures8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,adjure a ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n lawful to adjure a man4 ,orig5 says 7,tract4 xxxv sup] ,mat?473 ,i deem t a man :o wi%es to live accord+ to ! ,gospel %\ld n adjure ano!r man4 ,= if1 accord+ to ! ,gospel m&ate ( ,*ri/1 x be unlawful to swe>1 x is evid5t t nei!r is x lawful to adjure3 & consequ5tly x is manife/ t ! high-prie/ unlawfully adjur$ ,jesus by ! liv+ ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] adjures a man1 compels him aft] a fa%ion4 ,b x is unlawful to compel a man aga9/ 8 w4 ,!re=e seem+ly x is also unlawful to adjure a man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to adjure is to induce a p]son to swe>4 ,n[ x belongs to man's sup]ior to induce him to swe>1 = ! sup]ior imposes an oa? on 8 subject4 ,!re=e subjects _c adjure _! sup]iors4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ev5 :5 we pray ,god we implore ,him by c]ta9 holy ?+s3 & ! ,apo/le too bes\ght ! fai?ful by ! m]cy ( ,god 7,rom4 #ab3a73 & ?is seems to be a k9d ( adjuration4 ,!re=e x is lawful to adjure4 ,i answ] t1 ,a man :o utt]s a promissory oa?1 swe>+ by 8 rev]5ce = ! ,div9e "n1 :i* he invokes 9 confirmation ( 8 promise1 b9ds himself to d :at he has und]tak51 & s ord]s himself un*angeably to d a c]ta9 ?+4 ,n[ j z a man c ord] himself to d a c]ta9 ?+1 s too c he ord] o!rs1 by besee*+ 8 sup]iors1 or by comm&+ 8 inf]iors1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hc1 ,a4 #a74 ,accord+ly :5 ei!r ( ^! ord]+s is confirm$ by some?+ ,div9e x is an adjuration4 ,yet !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 t man is ma/] ( 8 own actions b n ( ^? ( o!rs2 :]e=e he c put himself "u an obligation by invok+ ! ,div9e "n1 :]eas he _c put o!rs "u su* an obligation unless !y be 8 subjects1 :om he c compel on ! /r5g? ( ! oa? !y h tak54 ,!re=e1 if a man by invok+ ! "n ( ,god1 or any holy ?+1 int5ds by ?is adjuration to put "o :o is n 8 subject "u an obligation to d a c]ta9 ?+1 9 ! same way z he w\ld b9d himself by oa?1 su* an adjuration is unlawful1 because he usurps ov] ano!r a p[] :i* he has n4 ,b sup]iors may b9d _! inf]iors by ?is k9d ( adjuration1 if !re be ne$ = x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he m]ely int5d1 ?r\gh rev]5ce ( ! ,div9e "n or ( "s holy ?+1 to obta9 some?+ f ! o!r man )\t putt+ him "u any obligation1 su* an adjuration may be lawfully employ$ 9 respect ( anyone4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,orig5 is speak+ ( an adjuration :]eby a man int5ds to put ano!r "u an obligation1 9 ! same way z he w\ld b9d himself by oa?3 = ?us did ! high-prie/ presume to adjure our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ 99,matt4 #bf3fc4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! adjuration :i* imposes an obligation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to adjure is n to induce a man to swe>1 b to employ t]ms resembl+ an oa? 9 ord] to provoke ano!r to d a c]ta9 ?+4 ,moreov]1 we adjure ,god 9 "o way & man 9 ano!r2 because :5 we adjure a man we int5d to alt] 8 w by appeal+ to 8 rev]5ce = a holy ?+3 & we _c h su* an int5tion 9 respect ( ,god ,^: w is immutable4 ,if we obta9 some?+ f ,god ?r\gh ,8 et]nal w1 x is due1 n to our m]its1 b to ,8 goodness4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,adjure ! ,demons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful to adjure ! demons4 ,orig5 says 7,tract4 xxxv1 sup] ,mat?473 ,to adjure ! demons is n accordance ) ! p[] giv5 by our ,savi\r3 = ?is is a ,jewi% practice4 ,n[ r ?an imitate ! rites ( ! ,jews1 we %\ld use ! p[] giv5 by ,*ri/4 ,!re=e x is n lawful to adjure ! demons4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 _m make use ( necromantic incantations :5 invok+ ! demons by some?+ ,div9e3 & ?is is an adjuration4 ,!re=e1 if x be lawful to adjure ! demons1 x is lawful to make use ( necromantic incantations1 :i* is evid5tly false4 ,!re=e ! antec$5t is false also4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] adjures a p]son1 by t v fact associates himself ) him4 ,n[ x is n lawful to h fell[%ip ) ! demons1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #aj3bj1 ,i w\ld n t y %\ld be made p>tak]s ) devils4 ,!re=e x is n lawful to adjure ! demons4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,mk4 #af3ag73 ,9 ,my "n !y %all ca/ out devils4 ,n[ to induce anyone to d a c]ta9 ?+ = ! sake ( ,god's "n is to adjure4 ,!re=e x is lawful to adjure ! demons4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ article1 !re are two ways ( adjur+3 "o by way ( pray] or inducem5t ?r\gh rev]5ce ( "s holy ?+3 ! o!r by way ( compulsion4 ,9 ! fir/ way x is n lawful to adjure ! demons because su* a way seems to savor ( b5evol5ce or fri5d%ip1 :i* x is unlawful to be> t[>ds ! demons4 ,z to ! second k9d ( adjuration1 :i* is by compulsion1 we may lawfully use x = "s purposes1 & n = o!rs4 ,= dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is life ! demons are our adv]s>ies3 & _! actions are n subject to our disposal b to t ( ,god & ! holy angels1 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d71 ! rebel _s is rul$ by ! j _s4 ,accord+ly we may repulse ! demons1 z be+ our enemies1 by adjur+ !m ?r\gh ! p[] ( ,god's "n1 le/ !y d u h>m ( s\l or body1 9 accord ) ! ,div9e p[] giv5 by ,*ri/1 z record$ by ,luke #aj3ai3 ,behold1 ,i h giv5 y p[] to tread ^u s]p5ts & scorpions1 & ^u all ! p[] ( ! enemy3 & no?+ %all hurt y4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 lawful to adjure !m = ! purpose ( le>n+ some?+ f !m1 or ( obta9+ some?+ ?r\gh !m1 = ?is w\ld am\nt to hold+ fell[%ip ) !m3 except p]haps :5 c]ta9 holy m51 by special in/9ct or ,div9e revelation1 make use ( ! demons' actions 9 ord] to obta9 c]ta9 results3 ?us we read ( ! ,bless$ ,james 99! ,great]2 cf4 ,apocrypha1 ,n4,t41 ,hi/4 ,c]tam4 ,apo/4 vi1 #ai t he caus$ ,h]mog5es to be br\ght to him1 by ! in/rum5tality ( ! demons4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,orig5 is speak+ ( adjuration made1 n au?oritatively by way ( compulsion1 b r by way ( a fri5dly appeal4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,necromanc]s adjure & invoke ! demons 9 ord] to obta9 or le>n some?+ f !m3 & ?is is unlawful1 z /at$ above4 ,:]e=e ,*ryso/om1 comm5t+ on our ,"l's words to ! unclean _s 7,mk4 #a3be71 ,speak no m1 & g out ( ! man1 says3 ,a salut>y tea*+ is giv5 u "h1 le/ we believe ! demons1 h[ev] mu* !y speak ! tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! adjuration :]eby ! demon's help is bes\ght 9 do+ or le>n+ some?+3 = ?is savors ( fell[%ip ) !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to repulse ! demons by adjur+ !m1 is to sev] oneself f _! fell[%ip4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,adjure an ,irrational ,creature8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful to adjure an irrational creature4 ,an adjuration consi/s ( spok5 words4 ,b x is useless to speak to "o t und]/&s n1 su* z an irrational creature4 ,!re=e x is va9 & unlawful to adjure an irrational creature4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly :]ev] adjuration is admissible1 swe>+ is also admissible4 ,b swe>+ is n consi/5t ) an irrational creature4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem unlawful to employ adjuration t[>ds "o4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re are two ways ( adjur+1 z expla9$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,"o is by way ( appeal2 & ?is _c be employ$ t[>ds irrational creatures1 s9ce !y are n ma/]s ( _! own actions4 ,! o!r k9d ( adjuration is by way ( compulsion3 &1 seem+ly1 nei!r is x lawful to use ?is t[>ds !m1 because we h n ! p[] to comm& irrational creatures1 b only ,he ( ,:om x 0 said 7,matt4 #h3bg73 ,= ! w9ds & ! sea obey ,him4 ,!re=e 9 no way1 app>5tly1 is x lawful to adjure irrational creatures4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,simon & ,jude are relat$ to h adjur$ dragons & to h comm&$ !m to )draw into ! des]t4 99,f ! apocryphal ,hi/oriae ,c]tam4 ,apo/4 vi4 #ai4 ,i answ] t1 ,irrational creatures are direct$ to _! own actions by "s o!r ag5t4 ,n[ ! action ( :at is direct$ & mov$ is also ! action ( ! director & mov]3 ?us ! movem5t ( ! arr[ is an op]ation ( ! ar*]4 ,:]e=e ! op]ation ( ! irrational creature is ascrib$ n only to x1 b also & *iefly to ,god1 ,:o disposes ! movem5ts ( all ?+s4 ,x is also ascrib$ to ! devil1 :o1 by ,god's p]mission1 makes use ( irrational creatures 9 ord] to inflict h>m on man4 ,accord+ly ! adjuration ( an irrational creature may be ( two k9ds4 ,fir/1 s t ! adjuration is ref]r$ to ! irrational creature 9 itself3 & 9 ?is way x w\ld be va9 to adjure an irrational creature4 ,secondly1 s t x be ref]r$ to ! director & mov] ( ! irrational creature1 & 9 ?is s5se a creature ( ?is k9d may be adjur$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by way ( appeal made to ,god1 & ?is relates to ^? :o "w miracles by call+ on ,god3 secondly1 by way ( compulsion1 :i* relates to ! devil1 :o uses ! irrational creature = our h>m4 ,?is is ! k9d ( adjuration us$ 9 ! exorcisms ( ! ,*ur*1 :]eby ! p[] ( ! demons is expell$ f an irrational creature4 ,b x is n lawful to adjure ! demons by besee*+ !m to help u4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,"q #ia ,,( ,,tak+ ,,! ,,div9e ,,"n ,,= ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,invok+ ,,x ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,praise 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! tak+ ( ! ,div9e "n = ! purpose ( invok+ x by pray] or praise4 ,( pray] we h already spok5 7,q4 #hc74 ,:]e=e we mu/ speak n[ ( praise4 ,"u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ,god %\ld be prais$ ) ! lips8 7#b7 ,:e!r ,god %\ld be prais$ ) song8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ia1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,god ,%\ld ,be ,prais$ ) ! ,lips8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god %\ld n be prais$ ) ! lips4 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 #a1 #ab73 ,! be/ ( m5 ere accord$ n praise1 b some?+ great]4 ,b ,god transc5ds ! v be/ ( all ?+s4 ,!re=e ,god ought to be giv51 n praise1 b some?+ great] ?an praise3 :]e=e ,he is said 7,ecclus4 #dc3cc7 to be above all praise4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 div9e praise is "p ( div9e wor%ip1 = x is an act ( religion4 ,n[ ,god is wor%ip$ ) ! m9d r ?an ) ! lips3 :]e=e our ,"l quot$ aga9/ c]ta9 ones ! words ( ,isa4 #bi3ac1 ,?is p 4 4 4 honors ,vulg43 'glorifies' ,me ) _! lips1 b _! he>t is f> f ,me4 ,!re=e ! praise ( ,god lies 9 ! he>t r ?an on ! lips4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 m5 are prais$ ) ! lips t !y may be enc\rag$ to d bett]3 s9ce j z be+ prais$ makes ! wick$ pr\d1 s does x incite ! good to bett] ?+s4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,prov4 #bg3ba73 ,z silv] is tri$ 9 ! f9+-pot 4 4 4 s a man is tri$ by ! m\? ( him t praise?4 ,b ,god is n incit$ to bett] ?+s by man's words1 bo? because ,he is un*angeable1 & because ,he is supremely good1 & x is n possible = ,him to gr[ bett]4 ,!re=e ,god %\ld n be prais$ ) ! lips4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #fb3f73 ,my m\? %all praise ,!e ) joyful lips4 ,i answ] t1 ,we use words1 9 speak+ to ,god1 = "o reason1 & 9 speak+ to man1 = ano!r reason4 ,= :5 speak+ to man we use words 9 ord] to tell him our ?\ghts :i* are unkn[n to him4 ,:]e=e we praise a man ) our lips1 9 ord] t he or o!rs may le>n t we h a good op9ion ( him3 s t 9 consequ5ce we may incite him to yet bett] ?+s2 & t we may induce o!rs1 :o he> him prais$1 to ?9k well ( him1 to rev]5ce him1 & to imitate him4 ,on ! o!r h& we employ words1 9 speak+ to ,god1 n inde$ to make kn[n our ?\ghts to ,him ,:o is ! se>*] ( he>ts1 b t we may br+ ourselves & our he>]s to rev]5ce ,him4 ,consequ5tly we ne$ to praise ,god ) our lips1 n inde$ = ,8 sake1 b = our own sake2 s9ce by prais+ ,him our devotion is ar\s$ t[>ds ,him1 accord+ to ,ps4 #di3bc3 ,! sacrifice ( praise %all glorify ,me1 & !re is ! way by :i* ,i w %[ him ! salvation ( ,god4 ,& =asmu* z man1 by prais+ ,god1 asc5ds 9 8 affections to ,god1 by s mu* is he )drawn f ?+s oppos$ to ,god1 accord+ to ,isa4 #dh3i1 ,= ,my praise ,i w bridle !e le/ ?\ %\ld/ p]i%4 ,! praise ( ! lips is also pr(itable to o!rs by incit+ _! affections t[>ds ,god1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ps4 #cc3b73 ,8 praise %all always be 9 my m\?1 & f>!r on3 ,let ! meek he> & rejoice4 ,o magnify ! ,"l ) me4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we may speak ( ,god 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ,8 ess5ce2 & ?us1 s9ce ,he is incompreh5sible & ineffable1 ,he is above all praise4 ,9 ?is respect we owe ,him rev]5ce & ! honor ( latria2 :]e=e ,ps4 #fd3b is r5d]$ by ,j]ome 9 8 ,psalt] 99,translat$ f ! ,hebrew3 ,praise to ,!e is spee*less1 ,o ,god1 z reg>ds ! fir/1 & z to ! second1 ,a v[ %all be paid to ,!e4 ,secondly1 we may speak ( ,god z to ,8 effects :i* are orda9$ = our good4 ,9 ?is respect we owe ,him praise2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,isa4 #fc3g73 ,i w rememb] ! t5d] m]cies ( ! ,"l1 ! praise ( ! ,"l = all ! ?+s t ! ,"l ha? be/[$ ^u u4 ,aga91 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 #a73 ,?\ wilt f9d t all ! sacr$ hymns1 i4e4 div9e praises ( ! sacr$ writ]s1 are direct$ respectively to ! ,bless$ ,processions ( ! ,!>*y1 i4e4 ( ! ,godhead1 %[+ =? & prais+ ! names ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x pr(its "o no?+ to praise ) ! lips if "o praise n ) ! he>t4 ,= ! he>t speaks ,god's praises :5 x f]v5tly recalls ! glori\s ?+s ( ,8 works 99,cf4 ,ecclus4 #ag3g1 #h4 ,yet ! outw>d praise ( ! lips avails to ar\se ! inw>d f]vor ( ^? :o praise1 & to incite o!rs to praise ,god1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,we praise ,god1 n = ,8 b5efit1 b = ours z /at$4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ia1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,god ,%\ld ,be ,prais$ ) ,song8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,god %\ld n be prais$ ) song4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,col4 #c3af73 ,tea*+ & admoni%+ "o ano!r 9 psalms1 hymns & spiritual canticles4 ,n[ we %\ld employ no?+ 9 ! div9e wor%ip1 save :at is deliv]$ to u on ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t1 9 prais+ ,god1 we %\ld employ1 n corporal b spiritual canticles4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome 9 8 comm5t>y on ,eph4 #e3ai1 ,s++ & mak+ melody 9 y\r he>ts to ! ,"l1 says3 ,li/51 "y m5 ^: duty x is to recite ! (fice 9 *ur*3 ,god is to be sung n ) ! voice b ) ! he>t4 ,nor %\ld y1 l play-actors1 ease y\r ?roat & jaws ) m$icam5ts1 & make ! *ur* res\nd ) !atrical measures & airs4 ,!re=e ,god %\ld n be prais$ ) song4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! praise ( ,god is compet5t to little & great1 accord+ to ,apoc4 #ad1 ,give praise to our ,god1 all ye ,8 s]vants2 & y t fe> ,him1 little & great4 ,b ! great1 :o are 9 ! *ur*1 ought n to s+3 = ,gregory says 7,regi/4 iv1 ep4 #dd73 ,i h]eby orda9 t 9 ?is ,see ! m9i/]s ( ! sacr$ alt> mu/ n s+ 7,cf4 ,decret41 di/4 xcii41 cap4 ,9 sancta ,romana ,ecclesia74 ,!re=e s++ is unsuitable to ! div9e praises4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 9 ! ,old ,law ,god 0 prais$ ) musical in/rum5ts & human song1 accord+ to ,ps4 #cb3b1 #c3 ,give praise to ! ,"l on ! h>p1 s+ to ,him ) ! psalt]y1 ! in/rum5t ( t5 /r+s4 ,s+ to ,him a new canticle4 ,b ! ,*ur* does n make use ( musical in/rum5ts su* z h>ps & psalt]ies1 9 ! div9e praises1 = fe> ( seem+ to imitate ! ,jews4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] nei!r %\ld song be us$ 9 ! div9e praises4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! praise ( ! he>t is m important ?an ! praise ( ! lips4 ,b ! praise ( ! he>t is h9d]$ by s++1 bo? because ! att5tion ( ! s+]s is di/ract$ f ! consid]ation ( :at !y are s++1 s long z !y give all _! att5tion to ! *ant1 & because o!rs are less able to und]/& ! ?+s t are sung ?an if !y 7 recit$ )\t *ant4 ,!re=e *ants %\ld n be employ$ 9 ! div9e praises4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,bless$ ,ambrose e/abli%$ s++ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,milan1 z ,augu/9e relates 7,confess4 ix74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! praise ( ! voice is necess>y 9 ord] to ar\se man's devotion t[>ds ,god4 ,:]e=e :atev] is useful 9 conduc+ to ?is result is becom+ly adopt$ 9 ! div9e praises4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! human s\l is mov$ 9 v>i\s ways accord+ to v>i\s melodies ( s\nd1 z ! ,philosoph] /ate 7,polit4 viii1 #e71 & also ,boe?ius 7,de ,musica1 prologue74 ,h5ce ! use ( music 9 ! div9e praises is a salut>y in/itution1 t ! s\ls ( ! fa9t-he>t$ may be ! m incit$ to devotion4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e say 7,confess4 x1 #cc73 ,i am incl9$ to approve ( ! usage ( s++ 9 ! *ur*1 t s by ! delight ( ! e>s ! fa9t-he>t$ may rise to ! feel+ ( devotion3 & he says ( himself 7,confess4 ix1 #f73 ,i wept 9 ,?y hymns & canticles1 t\*$ to ! quick by ! voices ( ,?y sweet-attun$ ,*ur*4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! "n ( spiritual canticle may be giv5 n only to ^? t are sung inw>dly 9 _s1 b also to ^? t are sung outw>dly ) ! lips1 inasmu* z su* l canticles ar\se spiritual devotion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j]ome does n absolutely condemn s++1 b reproves ^? :o s+ !atrically 9 *ur* n 9 ord] to ar\se devotion1 b 9 ord] to %[ (f1 or to provoke pleasure4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 x1 #cc73 ,:5 x befalls me to be m mov$ by ! voice ?an by ! words sung1 ,i confess to h s9n$ p5ally1 & !n _h r n he> ! s+]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to ar\se m5 to devotion by tea*+ & prea*+ is a m excell5t way ?an by s++4 ,:]e=e deacons & prelates1 :om x becomes to incite m5's m9ds t[>ds ,god by means ( prea*+ & tea*+1 ought n to be in/ant 9 s++1 le/ !reby !y be )drawn f great] ?+s4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,regi/4 iv1 ep4 #dd73 ,x is a mo/ discr$itable cu/om = ^? :o h be5 rais$ to ! diaconate to s]ve z *ori/]s1 = x behooves !m to give _! :ole "t to ! duty ( prea*+ & to tak+ *>ge ( ! alms4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 viii1 #f71 ,tea*+ %\ld n be accompani$ ) a flute or any artificial in/rum5t su* z ! h>p or any?+ else ( ?is k9d3 b only ) su* ?+s z make good he>]s4 ,= su* l musical in/rum5ts move ! s\l to pleasure r ?an create a good disposition )9 x4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t in/rum5ts ( ?is description 7 employ$1 bo? because ! p 7 m co>se & c>nal--s t !y ne$$ to be ar\s$ by su* in/rum5ts z also by e>?ly promises--& because ^! mat]ial in/rum5ts 7 figures ( some?+ else4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! s\l is di/ract$ f t :i* is sung by a *ant t is employ$ = ! purpose ( giv+ pleasure4 ,b if ! s+] *ant = ! sake ( devotion1 he pays m att5tion to :at he says1 bo? because he l+]s m !reon1 & because1 z ,augu/9e rem>ks 7,confess4 x1 #cc71 ea* affection ( our _s1 accord+ to its v>iety1 has its own appropriate measure 9 ! voice1 & s++1 by "s hidd5 correspond5ce :]e) x is /irr$4 ,! same applies to ! he>]s1 = ev5 if "s ( !m und]/& n :at is sung1 yet !y und]/& :y x is sung1 namely1 = ,god's glory3 & ?is is en\gh to ar\se _! devotion4 ,,"q #ib ,,( ,,sup]/ition 7,,two ,,articles7 ,9 due sequ5ce we mu/ consid] ! vices t are oppos$ to religion4 ,fir/ we %all consid] ^? :i* agree ) religion 9 giv+ wor%ip to ,god2 secondly1 we %all treat ( ^? vices :i* are manife/ly contr>y to religion1 ?r\gh %[+ contempt ( ^? ?+s t p]ta9 to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,! =m] come "u ! head ( sup]/ition1 ! latt] "u t ( irreligion4 ,accord+ly we mu/ consid] 9 ! fir/ place1 sup]/ition & its p>ts1 & aft]w>ds irreligion & its p>ts4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r sup]/ition is a vice oppos$ to religion8 7#b7 ,:e!r x has sev]al p>ts or species8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ib1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,sup]/ition ,is a ,vice ,contr>y to ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sup]/ition is n a vice contr>y to religion4 ,"o contr>y is n includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! o!r4 ,b religion is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( sup]/ition3 = ! latt] is def9$ z be+ immod]ate obs]vance ( religion1 accord+ to a gloss on ,col4 #b3bc1 ,:i* ?+s h inde$ a %[ ( wisdom 9 sup]/ition4 ,!re=e sup]/ition is n a vice contr>y to religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 x73 ,cic]o 99,de ,natura ,deorum ii1 #bh /ates t ! sup]/iti\s 7 s call$ because !y sp5t ! day 9 pray+ & (f]+ sacrifices t _! *ildr5 might survive 7sup]/ites7 !m4 ,b ?is may be done ev5 9 accordance ) true religi\s wor%ip4 ,!re=e sup]/ition is n a vice oppos$ to religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sup]/ition seems to d5ote an excess4 ,b religion admits ( no excess1 s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #e1 ad #c71 !re is no possibility ( r5d]+ to ,god1 by religion1 ! equal ( :at we owe ,him4 ,!re=e sup]/ition is n a vice contr>y to religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,decem ,*ord4 ,s]m4 ix73 ,?\ /rike/ ! fir/ *ord 9 ! wor%ip ( "o ,god1 & ! bea/ ( sup]/ition ha? fall54 ,n[ ! wor%ip ( "o ,god belongs to religion4 ,!re=e sup]/ition is contr>y to religion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #e71 religion is a moral virtue4 ,n[ e moral virtue obs]ves a mean1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e a tw(old vice is oppos$ to a moral virtue2 "o by way ( excess1 ! o!r by way ( defici5cy4 ,aga91 ! mean ( virtue may be exce$$1 n only ) reg>d to ! circum/ance call$ h[ mu*1 b also ) reg>d to o!r circum/ances3 s t1 9 c]ta9 virtues su* z magnanimity & magnific5ce2 vice exce$s ! mean ( virtue1 n ?r\gh t5d+ to some?+ great] ?an ! virtue1 b possibly to some?+ less1 & yet x goes beyond ! mean ( virtue1 ?r\gh do+ some?+ to :om x ought n1 or :5 x ought n1 & 9 l mann] z reg>ds o!r circum/ances1 z ! ,philosoph] %[s 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a1 #b1 #c74 ,accord+ly sup]/ition is a vice contr>y to religion by excess1 n t x (f]s m to ! div9e wor%ip ?an true religion1 b because x (f]s div9e wor%ip ei!r to :om x ought n1 or 9 a mann] x ought n4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z we speak metaphorically ( good among evil ?+s--?us we speak ( a good ?ief--s too sometimes ! names ( ! virtues are employ$ by transposition 9 an evil s5se4 ,?us prud5ce is sometimes us$ in/ead ( cunn+1 accord+ to ,luke #af3h1 ,! *ildr5 ( ?is _w are m prud5t ,d\ay3 'wis]' 9 _! g5]ation ?an ! *ildr5 ( light4 ,x is 9 ?is way t sup]/ition is describ$ z religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! etymology ( a ^w diff]s f its mean+4 ,= its etymology dep5ds on :at x is tak5 f = ! purpose ( signification3 :]eas its mean+ dep5ds on ! ?+ to :i* x is appli$ = ! purpose ( signify+ x4 ,n[ ^! ?+s diff] sometimes3 = lapis 7a /one7 takes its "n f hurt+ ! foot 7la$]e p$em71 b ?is is n its mean+1 else iron1 s9ce x hurts ! foot1 w\ld be a /one4 ,9 l mann] x does n foll[ t sup]/ition means t f :i* ! ^w is d]iv$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,religion does n admit ( excess1 9 respect ( absolute quantity1 b x does admit ( excess 9 respect ( proportionate quantity1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z some?+ may be done 9 div9e wor%ip t ought n to be done4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ib1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,v>i\s ,species ( ,sup]/ition8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are n v>i\s species ( sup]/ition4 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,topic4 i1 #ac71 if "o contr>y includes _m k9ds1 s does ! o!r4 ,n[ religion1 to :i* sup]/ition is contr>y1 does n include v>i\s species2 b all its acts belong to ! "o species4 ,!re=e nei!r has sup]/ition v>i\s species4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 opposites relate to "o same ?+4 ,b religion1 to :i* sup]/ition is oppos$1 relates to ^? ?+s :]eby we are direct$ to ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e sup]/ition1 :i* is oppos$ to religion1 is n specifi$ accord+ to div9ations ( human occurr5ces1 or by ! obs]vances ( c]ta9 human actions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,col4 #b3bc1 ,:i* ?+s h 4 4 4 a %[ ( wisdom 9 sup]/ition1 adds3 t is to say 9 a hypocritical religion4 ,!re=e hypocrisy %\ld be reckon$ a species ( sup]/ition4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e assigns ! v>i\s species ( sup]/ition 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #bj74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above1 s9s aga9/ religion consi/ 9 go+ beyond ! mean ( virtue 9 respect ( c]ta9 circum/ances 7,a4 #a74 ,= z we h /at$ 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #i71 n e div]sity ( corrupt circum/ances diff]5tiates ! species ( a s91 b only t :i* is ref]r$ to div]se objects1 = div]se ends3 s9ce x is 9 ?is respect t moral acts are div]sifi$ specifically1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #b1 #f74 ,accord+ly ! species ( sup]/ition are diff]5tiat$1 fir/ on ! "p ( ! mode1 secondly on ! "p ( ! object4 ,= ! div9e wor%ip may be giv5 ei!r to :om x ought to be giv51 namely1 to ! true ,god1 b 9 an undue mode1 & ?is is ! fir/ species ( sup]/ition2 or to :om x ought n to be giv51 namely1 to any creature :atsoev]1 & ?is is ano!r g5us ( sup]/ition1 divid$ into _m species 9 respect ( ! v>i\s ends ( div9e wor%ip4 ,= ! end ( div9e wor%ip is 9 ! fir/ place to give rev]5ce to ,god1 & 9 ?is respect ! fir/ species ( ?is g5us is idolatry1 :i* unduly gives div9e honor to a creature4 ,! second end ( religion is t man may be taught by ,god ,:om he wor%ips2 & to ?is mu/ be ref]r$ div9atory sup]/ition1 :i* consults ! demons ?r\gh compacts made ) !m1 :e!r tacit or explicit4 ,?irdly1 ! end ( div9e wor%ip is a c]ta9 direction ( human acts accord+ to ! precepts ( ,god ! object ( t wor%ip3 & to ?is mu/ be ref]r$ ! sup]/ition ( c]ta9 obs]vances4 ,augu/9e alludes to ^! ?ree 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #bj71 :]e he says t any?+ inv5t$ by man = mak+ & wor%ipp+ idols is sup]/iti\s1 & ?is ref]s to ! fir/ species4 ,!n he goes on to say1 or any agreem5t or cov5ant made ) ! demons = ! purpose ( consultation & ( compact by tok5s1 :i* ref]s to ! second species2 & a little fur!r on he adds3 ,to ?is k9d belong all sorts ( amulets & su* l1 & ?is ref]s to ! ?ird species4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 good results f a cause t is "o & entire1 :]eas evil arises f ea* s+le defect4 ,:]e=e sev]al vices are oppos$ to "o virtue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #e74 ,! say+ ( ! ,philosoph] is true ( opposites :]e9 !re is ! same reason ( multiplicity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,div9ations & c]ta9 obs]vances come "u ! head ( sup]/ition1 9 s f> z !y dep5d on c]ta9 actions ( ! demons3 & ?us !y p]ta9 to compacts made ) !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hypocritical religion is tak5 "h = religion z appli$ to human obs]vances1 z ! gloss goes on to expla94 ,:]e=e ?is hypocritical religion is no?+ else ?an wor%ip giv5 to ,god 9 an undue mode3 z1 = in/ance1 if a man 71 9 ! "t ( grace1 to wi% to wor%ip ,god accord+ to ! rite ( ! ,old ,law4 ,x is ( religion tak5 9 ?is s5se t ! gloss speaks lit]ally4 ,,"q #ic ,,( ,,sup]/ition ,,consi/+ ,,9 ,,undue ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,true ,,god 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! species ( sup]/ition4 ,we %all treat 7#a7 ,( ! sup]/ition :i* consi/s 9 giv+ undue wor%ip to ! true ,god2 7#b7 ,( ! sup]/ition ( idolatry2 7#c7 ( div9atory sup]/ition2 7#d7 ( ! sup]/ition ( obs]vances4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re c be any?+ p]nici\s 9 ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god8 7#b7 ,:e!r !re c be any?+ sup]flu\s !re98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,any?+ ,p]nici\s 9 ! ,wor%ip ( ! ,true ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re _c be any?+ p]nici\s 9 ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god4 ,x is writt5 7,joel #b3cb73 ,ev]yone t %all call ^u ! "n ( ! ,"l %all be sav$4 ,n[ :oev] wor%ips ,god calls ^u ,8 "n4 ,!re=e all wor%ip ( ,god is conducive to salvation1 & consequ5tly none is p]nici\s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is ! same ,god t is wor%ip$ by ! j 9 any age ( ! _w4 ,n[ be=e ! giv+ ( ! ,law ! j wor%ip$ ,god 9 :atev] mann] !y pleas$1 )\t committ+ mortal s93 :]e=e ,jacob b\nd himself by 8 own v[ to a special k9d ( wor%ip1 z relat$ 9 ,g5esis #bh4 ,!re=e n[ also no wor%ip ( ,god is p]nici\s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ p]nici\s is tol]at$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,yet ! ,*ur* tol]ates v>i\s rites ( div9e wor%ip3 :]e=e ,gregory1 reply+ to ,augu/9e1 bi%op ( ! ,engli% 7,regi/4 xi1 ep4 #fd71 :o /at$ t !re exi/$ 9 ! *ur*es v>i\s cu/oms 9 ! celebration ( ,mass1 wrote3 ,i wi% y to *oose c>efully :atev] y f9d likely to be mo/ pleas+ to ,god1 :e!r 9 ! ,roman t]ritory1 or 9 ! l& ( ! ,gauls1 or 9 any "p ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!re=e no way ( wor%ip+ ,god is p]nici\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 99,j]ome 7,ep4 lxxv1 ad ,aug47 ,see ,opp4 ,augu/4 ,ep4 lxxxii 9 a lett] to ,j]ome 7& ! words are quot$ 9 a gloss on ,gal4 #b3ad7 says t aft] ! ,gospel tru? _h be5 prea*$ ! legal obs]vances became deadly1 & yet ^! obs]vances belong$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,!re=e !re c be some?+ deadly 9 ! div9e wor%ip4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e /ates 7,cont4 ,m5dac4 xiv71 a mo/ p]nici\s lie is t :i* is utt]$ 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ,*ri/ian religion4 ,n[ x is a lie if "o signify outw>dly t :i* is contr>y to ! tru?4 ,b j z a ?+ is signifi$ by ^w1 s x is by de$3 & x is 9 ?is signification by de$ t ! outw>d wor%ip ( religion consi/s1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #g74 ,consequ5tly1 if any?+ false is signifi$ by outw>d wor%ip1 ?is wor%ip w be p]nici\s4 ,n[ ?is happ5s 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x happ5s on ! "p ( ! ?+ signifi$1 ?r\gh ! wor%ip signify+ some?+ discordant !refrom3 & 9 ?is way1 at ! "t ( ! ,new ,law1 ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/ be+ already accompli%$1 x is p]nici\s to make use ( ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law :]eby ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/ 7 =e%ad[$ z ?+s to come3 j z x w\ld be p]nici\s = anyone to decl>e t ,*ri/ has yet to suff]4 ,9 ! second place1 falsehood 9 outw>d wor%ip occurs on ! "p ( ! wor%ip]1 & especially 9 common wor%ip :i* is (f]$ by m9i/]s imp]sonat+ ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,= ev5 z he w\ld be guilty ( falsehood :o w\ld1 9 ! "n ( ano!r p]son1 pr(f] ?+s t are n committ$ to him1 s too does a man incur ! guilt ( falsehood :o1 on ! "p ( ! ,*ur*1 gives wor%ip to ,god contr>y to ! mann] e/abli%$ by ! ,*ur* or div9e au?ority1 & accord+ to ecclesia/ical cu/om4 ,h5ce ,ambrose 99,comm5t4 9 #a ad#a ,cor4 #aa3bg1 quot$ 9 ! gloss ( ,pet] ,lomb>d says3 ,he is unwor?y :o celebrates ! my/]y o!rwise ?an ,*ri/ deliv]$ x4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 a gloss on ,col4 #b3bc says t sup]/ition is ! use ( human obs]vances "u ! "n ( religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce ,god is tru?1 to invoke ,god is to wor%ip ,him 9 _s & tru?1 accord+ to ,john #d3bc4 ,h5ce a wor%ip t conta9s falsehood1 is inconsi/5t ) a salut>y call+ ^u ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,be=e ! "t ( ! ,law ! j 7 in/ruct$ by an inw>d in/9ct z to ! way ( wor%ip+ ,god1 & o!rs foll[$ !m4 ,b aft]w>ds m5 7 in/ruct$ by outw>d precepts ab\t ?is matt]1 & x is wick$ to disobey !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! v>i\s cu/oms ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! div9e wor%ip are 9 no way contr>y to ! tru?3 :]e=e we mu/ obs]ve !m1 & to disreg>d !m is unlawful4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ic1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,any ,excess 9 ! ,wor%ip ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re _c be excess 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #dc3cb73 ,glorify ! ,"l z mu* z ev] y c1 = ,he w yet f> exce$4 ,n[ ! div9e wor%ip is direct$ to ! glorification ( ,god4 ,!re=e !re c be no excess 9 x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 outw>d wor%ip is a pr(ession ( inw>d wor%ip1 :]eby ,god is wor%ip$ ) fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 z ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion iii74 ,n[ !re c be no excess 9 fai?1 hope1 & *>ity4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 c !re be 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to wor%ip ,god consi/s 9 (f]+ to ,him :at we h receiv$ f ,him4 ,b we h receiv$ all our goods f ,god4 ,!re=e if we d all t we possibly c = ,god's honor1 !re w be no excess 9 ! div9e wor%ip4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #ah7 t ! good & true ,*ri/ian rejects also sup]/iti\s fancies f ,holy ,writ4 ,b ,holy ,writ tea*es u to wor%ip ,god4 ,!re=e !re c be sup]/ition by reason ( excess ev5 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ is said to be 9 excess 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to absolute quantity1 & 9 ?is way !re _c be excess 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god1 because :atev] man does is less ?an he owes ,god4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is 9 excess ) reg>d to quantity ( proportion1 ?r\gh n be+ proportionate to its end4 ,n[ ! end ( div9e wor%ip is t man may give glory to ,god1 & submit to ,him 9 m9d & body4 ,consequ5tly1 :atev] a man may d conduc+ to ,god's glory1 & subject+ 8 m9d to ,god1 & 8 body1 too1 by a mod]ate curb+ ( ! concupisc5ces1 is n excessive 9 ! div9e wor%ip1 provid$ x be 9 accordance ) ! comm&m5ts ( ,god & ( ! ,*ur*1 & 9 keep+ ) ! cu/oms ( ^? among :om he lives4 ,on ! o!r h& if t :i* is done be1 9 itself1 n conducive to ,god's glory1 nor raise man's m9d to ,god1 nor curb inord9ate concupisc5ce1 or aga9 if x be n 9 accordance ) ! comm&m5ts ( ,god & ( ! ,*ur*1 or if x be contr>y to ! g5]al cu/om--:i*1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 99,ad ,casulan4 ,ep4 xxxvi1 has ! =ce ( law--all ?is mu/ be reckon$ excessive & sup]/iti\s1 because consi/+1 z x does1 ( m]e ext]nals1 x has no connection ) ! int]nal wor%ip ( ,god4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 iii7 quotes ! words ( ,luke #ag3ba1 ,! k+dom ( ,god is )9 y1 aga9/ ! sup]/iti\s1 ^?1 to wit1 :o pay m att5tion to ext]nals4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! glorification ( ,god implies t :at is done is done = ,god's glory3 & ?is excludes ! excess d5ot$ by sup]/ition4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fai?1 hope & *>ity subject ! m9d to ,god1 s t !re c be no?+ excessive 9 !m4 ,x is diff]5t ) ext]nal acts1 :i* sometimes h no connection ) ^! virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s excess by way ( absolute quantity4 ,,"q #id ,,( ,,idolatry 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] idolatry3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r idolatry is a species ( sup]/ition8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a s98 7#c7 ,:e!r x is ! grave/ s98 7#d7 ,( ! cause ( ?is s94 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,idolatry ,is ,rightly ,reckon$ a ,species ( ,sup]/ition8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t idolatry is n rightly reckon$ a species ( sup]/ition4 ,j z h]etics are unbeliev]s1 s are idolat]s4 ,b h]esy is a species ( unbelief1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e idolatry is also a species ( unbelief & n ( sup]/ition4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 latria p]ta9s to ! virtue ( religion to :i* sup]/ition is oppos$4 ,b latria1 app>5tly1 is univocally appli$ to idolatry & to t :i* belongs to ! true religion4 ,= j z we speak univocally ( ! desire ( false happ9ess1 & ( ! desire ( true happ9ess1 s too1 seem+ly1 we speak univocally ( ! wor%ip ( false gods1 :i* is call$ idolatry1 & ( ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 :i* is ! latria ( true religion4 ,!re=e idolatry is n a species ( sup]/ition4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is no?+ _c be ! species ( any g5us4 ,b idolatry1 app>5tly1 is no?+3 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #h3d73 ,we "k t an idol is no?+ 9 ! _w1 & fur!r on 7#a ,cor4 #aj3ai73 ,:at !n8 ,d ,i say t :at is (f]$ 9 sacrifice to idols is any?+8 ,or t ! idol is any?+8 imply+ an answ] 9 ! negative4 ,n[ (f]+ ?+s to idols belongs prop]ly to idolatry4 ,!re=e s9ce idolatry is l to no?+1 x _c be a species ( sup]/ition4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to sup]/ition to give div9e honor to :om t honor is n due4 ,n[ div9e honor is undue to idols1 j z x is undue to o!r creatures1 :]e=e c]ta9 p are reproa*$ 7,rom4 #a3be7 = t !y wor%ipp$ & s]v$ ! creature r ?an ! ,creator4 ,!re=e ?is species ( sup]/ition is unfitt+ly call$ idolatry1 & %\ld r be nam$ wor%ip ( creatures4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is relat$ 7,acts #ag3af7 t :5 ,paul await$ ,silas & ,timo?y at ,a!ns1 8 _s 0 /irr$ )9 him see+ ! :ole city giv5 to idolatry1 & fur!r on 7,acts #ag3bb7 he says3 ,ye m5 ( ,a!ns1 ,i p]ceive t 9 all ?+s y are too sup]/iti\s4 ,!re=e idolatry belongs to sup]/ition4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #b71 x belongs to sup]/ition to exce$ ! due mode ( div9e wor%ip1 & ?is is done *iefly :5 div9e wor%ip is giv5 to :om x %\ld n be giv54 ,n[ x %\ld be giv5 to ! mo/ high uncreat$ ,god alone1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( religion4 ,!re=e x is sup]/ition to give wor%ip to any creature :atsoev]4 ,n[ j z ?is div9e wor%ip 0 giv5 to s5sible creatures by means ( s5sible signs1 su* z sacrifices1 games1 & ! l1 s too 0 x giv5 to a creature repres5t$ by "s s5sible =m or %ape1 :i* is call$ an idol4 ,yet div9e wor%ip 0 giv5 to idols 9 v>i\s ways4 ,= "s1 by means ( a nef>i\s art1 con/ruct$ images :i* produc$ c]ta9 effects by ! p[] ( ! demons3 :]e=e !y deem$ t ! images !mselves conta9$ some?+ ,god-l1 & consequ5tly t div9e wor%ip 0 due to !m4 ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( ,h]mes ,trismegi/us 99,de ,natura ,deorum1 ad ,asclep41 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei viii1 #bc73 :ile o!rs gave div9e wor%ip n to ! images1 b to ! creatures repres5t$ !reby4 ,! ,apo/le alludes to bo? ( ^! 7,rom4 #a3bc1 #be74 ,=1 z reg>ds ! =m]1 he says3 ,!y *ang$ ! glory ( ! incorruptible ,god into ! lik5ess ( ! image ( a corruptible man1 & ( birds1 & ( f\r-foot$ bea/s1 & ( creep+ ?+s1 & ( ! latt] he says3 ,:o wor%ipp$ & s]v$ ! creature r ?an ! ,creator4 ,^! latt] 7 ( ?ree ways ( ?9k+4 ,= "s deem$ c]ta9 m5 to h be5 gods1 :om !y wor%ipp$ 9 ! images ( ^? m53 = in/ance1 ,jupit]1 ,m]cury1 & s =?4 ,o!rs aga9 deem$ ! :ole _w to be "o god1 n by reason ( its mat]ial sub/ance1 b by reason ( its s\l1 :i* !y believ$ to be ,god1 = !y held ,god to be no?+ else ?an a s\l gov]n+ ! _w by movem5t & reason3 ev5 z a man is said to be wise 9 respect n ( 8 body b ( 8 s\l4 ,h5ce !y ?\ght t div9e wor%ip ought to be giv5 to ! :ole _w & to all its p>ts1 heav51 air1 wat]1 & to all su* ?+s3 & to ^! !y ref]r$ ! names ( _! gods1 z ,v>ro ass]t$1 & ,augu/9e relates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei vii1 #e74 ,la/ly1 o!rs1 namely1 ! ,platoni/s1 said t !re is "o supreme god1 ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,aft] him !y plac$ c]ta9 spiritual sub/ances creat$ by ! supreme god4 ,^! !y call$ gods1 on acc\nt ( _! hav+ a %>e ( ! godhead2 b we call !m angels4 ,aft] ^! !y plac$ ! s\ls ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & b5ea? ^! ! demons :i* !y /at$ to be c]ta9 animal d5iz5s ( ! air1 & b5ea? ^! aga9 !y plac$ human s\ls1 :i* !y believ$ to be tak5 up into ! fell[%ip ( ! gods or ( ! demons by reason ( ! m]it ( _! virtue4 ,to all ^! !y gave div9e wor%ip1 z ,augu/9e relates 7,de ,civ 4 4 ,dei xviii1 #ad74 ,! la/ two op9ions 7 held to belong to natural !ology :i* ! philosoph]s ga!r$ f _! /udy ( ! _w & taught 9 ! s*ools3 :ile ! o!r1 relat+ to ! wor%ip ( m51 0 said to belong to my?ical !ology :i* 0 wont to be repres5t$ on ! /age accord+ to ! fancies ( poets4 ,! rema9+ op9ion relat+ to images 0 held to belong to civil !ology1 :i* 0 celebrat$ by ! pontiffs 9 ! temples 99,de ,civ4 ,dei vi1 #e4 ,n[ all ^! come "u ! head ( ! sup]/ition ( idolatry4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #bj73 ,any?+ inv5t$ by man = mak+ & wor%ipp+ idols1 or = giv+ ,div9e wor%ip to a creature or any "p ( a creature1 is sup]/iti\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z religion is n fai?1 b a confession ( fai? by outw>d signs1 s sup]/ition is a confession ( unbelief by ext]nal wor%ip4 ,su* a confession is signifi$ by ! t]m idolatry1 b n by ! t]m h]esy1 :i* only means a false op9ion4 ,!re=e h]esy is a species ( unbelief1 b idolatry is a species ( sup]/ition4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! t]m latria may be tak5 9 two s5ses4 ,9 "o s5se x may d5ote a human act p]ta9+ to ! wor%ip ( ,god3 & !n its signification rema9s ! same1 to :omsoev] x be %[n1 because1 9 ?is s5se1 ! ?+ to :i* x is %[n is n includ$ 9 its def9ition4 ,tak5 ?us latria is appli$ univocally1 :e!r to true religion or to idolatry1 j z ! paym5t ( a tax is univocally ! same1 :e!r x is paid to ! true or to a false k+4 ,9 ano!r s5se latria d5otes ! same z religion1 & !n1 s9ce x is a virtue1 x is ess5tial !reto t div9e wor%ip be giv5 to :om x ought to be giv52 & 9 ?is way latria is appli$ equivocally to ! latria ( true religion1 & to idolatry3 j z prud5ce is appli$ equivocally to ! prud5ce t is a virtue1 & to t :i* is c>nal4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! say+ ( ! ,apo/le t an idol is no?+ 9 ! _w means t ^? images :i* 7 call$ idols1 7 n animat$1 or possess$ ( a div9e p[]1 z ,h]mes ma9ta9$1 z ?\gh !y 7 compos$ ( _s & body4 ,9 ! same s5se we mu/ und]/& ! say+ t :at is (f]$ 9 sacrifice to idols is n any?+1 because by be+ ?us sacrific$ ! sacrificial fle% acquir$ nei!r sanctification1 z ! ,g5tiles ?\ght1 nor uncleanness1 z ! ,jews held4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x 0 ow+ to ! g5]al cu/om among ! ,g5tiles ( wor%ipp+ any k9d ( creature "u ! =m ( images t ! t]m idolatry 0 us$ to signify any wor%ip ( a creature1 ev5 )\t ! use ( images4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,idolatry ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t idolatry is n a s94 ,no?+ is a s9 t ! true fai? employs 9 wor%ipp+ ,god4 ,n[ ! true fai? employs images = ! div9e wor%ip3 s9ce bo? 9 ! ,tab]nacle 7 !re images ( ! *]ubim1 z relat$ 9 ,ex4 #be1 & 9 ! ,*ur* are images set up :i* ! fai?ful wor%ip4 ,!re=e idolatry1 :]eby idols are wor%ipp$1 is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 rev]5ce %\ld be paid to e sup]ior4 ,b ! angels & ! s\ls ( ! bless$ are our sup]iors4 ,!re=e x w be no s9 to pay !m rev]5ce by wor%ip1 ( sacrifices or ! l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! mo/ high ,god %\ld be honor$ ) an inw>d wor%ip1 accord+ to ,john #d3bd1 ,god 4 4 4 !y mu/ adore 4 4 4 9 _s & 9 tru?3 & ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion iii71 t ,god is wor%ipp$ by fai?1 hope & *>ity4 ,n[ a man may happ5 to wor%ip idols outw>dly1 & yet n w&] f ! true fai? inw>dly4 ,!re=e x seems t we may wor%ip idols outw>dly )\t prejudice to ! div9e wor%ip4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #bj3e73 ,?\ %alt n adore !m1 i4e4 outw>dly1 nor s]ve !m1 i4e4 inw>dly1 z a gloss expla9s x3 & x is a "q ( grav5 ?+s & images4 ,!re=e x is a s9 to wor%ip idols :e!r outw>dly or inw>dly4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re has be5 a tw(old error 9 ?is matt]4 ,= "s 99,! ,s*ool ( ,plato h ?\ght t to (f] sacrifices & o!r ?+s p]ta9+ to latria1 n only to ,god b also to ! o!rs a=esaid1 is due & good 9 itself1 s9ce !y held t div9e honor %\ld be paid to e sup]ior nature1 z be+ ne>] to ,god4 ,b ?is is unreasonable4 ,= ?\gh we ought to rev]e all sup]iors1 yet ! same rev]5ce is n due to !m all3 & some?+ special is due to ! mo/ high ,god ,:o excels all 9 a s+ul> mann]3 & ?is is ! wor%ip ( latria4 ,nor c x be said1 z "s h ma9ta9$1 t ^! visible sacrifices are fitt+ ) reg>d to o!r gods1 & t to ! mo/ high ,god1 z be+ bett] ?an ^? o!rs1 bett] sacrifices1 namely1 ! s]vice ( a pure m9d1 %\ld be (f]$ 99,augu/9e1 z quot$ bel[4 ,! reason is t1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #ai71 ext]nal sacrifices are signs ( int]nal1 j z audible words are signs ( ?+s4 ,:]e=e1 j z by pray] & praise we utt] significant words to ,him1 & (f] to ,him 9 our he>ts ! ?+s !y signify1 s too 9 our sacrifices we ought to realize t we %\ld (f] a visible sacrifice to no o!r ?an to ,him ,^: invisible sacrifice we ourselves %\ld be 9 our he>ts4 ,o!rs held t ! outw>d wor%ip ( latria %\ld be giv5 to idols1 n z ?\gh x 7 some?+ good or fitt+ 9 itself1 b z be+ 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al cu/om4 ,?us ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei vi1 #aj7 quotes ,s5eca z say+3 ,we %all adore1 says he1 9 su* a way z to rememb] t our wor%ip is 9 accordance ) cu/om r ?an ) ! reality3 & 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 v7 ,augu/9e says t we mu/ n seek religion f ! philosoph]s1 :o accept$ ! same ?+s = sacr$1 z did ! p2 & gave utt]ance 9 ! s*ools to v>i\s & contr>y op9ions ab\t ! nature ( _! gods1 & ! sov]eign good4 ,?is error 0 embrac$ also by c]ta9 h]etics 99,! ,helcesaitae1 :o affirm$ t x is n wrong = "o :o is seiz$ 9 "t ( p]secution to wor%ip idols outw>dly s long z he keeps ! fai? 9 8 he>t4 ,b ?is is evid5tly false4 ,= s9ce outw>d wor%ip is a sign ( ! inw>d wor%ip1 j z x is a wick$ lie to affirm ! contr>y ( :at "o holds inw>dly ( ! true fai? s too is x a wick$ falsehood to pay outw>d wor%ip to any?+ c\nt] to ! s5tim5ts ( "o's he>t4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e condemns ,s5eca 7,de ,civ4 ,dei vi1 #aj7 9 t 8 wor%ip ( idols 0 s mu* ! m infam\s =asmu* z ! ?+s he did di%one/ly 7 s done by him t ! p believ$ him to act hone/ly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,nei!r 9 ! ,tab]nacle or ,temple ( ! ,old ,law1 nor aga9 n[ 9 ! ,*ur* are images set up t ! wor%ip ( latria may be paid to !m1 b = ! purpose ( signification1 9 ord] t belief 9 ! excell5ce ( angels & sa9ts may be impress$ & confirm$ 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,x is diff]5t ) ! image ( ,*ri/1 to :i* latria is due on acc\nt ( ,8 ,div9ity1 z we %all /ate 9 ! ,?ird ,"p 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #c74 ,! ,replies to ! ,second & ,?ird ,objections are evid5t f :at has be5 said above4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,idolatry ,is ! ,grave/ ( ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t idolatry is n ! grave/ ( s9s4 ,! wor/ is oppos$ to ! be/ 7,e?ic4 viii1 #aj74 ,b int]ior wor%ip1 :i* consi/s ( fai?1 hope & *>ity1 is bett] ?an ext]nal wor%ip4 ,!re=e unbelief1 despair & hatr$ ( ,god1 :i* are oppos$ to int]nal wor%ip1 are grav] s9s ?an idolatry1 :i* is oppos$ to ext]nal wor%ip4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m a s9 is aga9/ ,god ! m griev\s x is4 ,n[1 seem+ly1 a man acts m directly aga9/ ,god by blasphem+1 or d5y+ ! fai?1 ?an by giv+ ,god's wor%ip to ano!r1 :i* p]ta9s to idolatry4 ,!re=e blasphemy & d5ial ( ! fai? are m griev\s s9s ?an idolatry4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems t less] evils are puni%$ ) great] evils4 ,b ! s9 ( idolatry 0 puni%$ ) ! s9 aga9/ nature1 z /at$ 9 ,rom4 #a3bf4 ,!re=e ! s9 aga9/ nature is a grav] s9 ?an idolatry4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xx1 #e73 ,nei!r d we say t y1 viz4 ! ,mani*ees1 are pagans1 or a sect ( pagans1 b t y be> a c]ta9 lik5ess to !m s9ce y wor%ip _m gods3 & yet y are mu* worse ?an !y are1 = !y wor%ip ?+s t exi/1 b %\ld n be wor%ip$ z gods1 :]eas y wor%ip ?+s t exi/ n at all4 ,!re=e ! vice ( h]etical depravity is m griev\s ?an idolatry4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 a gloss ( ,j]ome on ,gal4 #d3i1 ,h[ turn y aga9 to ! weak & ne$y elem5ts8 says3 ,! obs]vance ( ! ,law1 to :i* !y 7 !n addict$1 0 a s9 almo/ equal to ! wor%ip ( idols1 to :i* !y _h be5 giv5 be=e _! conv]sion4 ,!re=e idolatry is n ! mo/ griev\s s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ! say+ ( ,lev4 #ae3be1 ab\t ! uncleanness ( a woman suff]+ f an issue ( blood1 says3 ,e s9 is an uncleanness ( ! s\l1 b especially idolatry4 ,i answ] t1 ,! gravity ( a s9 may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! s9 itself1 & ?us idolatry is ! mo/ griev\s s94 ,= j z ! mo/ he9\s crime 9 an e>?ly commonweal? w\ld seem to be = a man to give royal honor to ano!r ?an ! true k+1 s9ce1 s f> z he is conc]n$1 he di/urbs ! :ole ord] ( ! commonweal?1 s1 9 s9s t are committ$ aga9/ ,god1 :i* inde$ are ! great] s9s1 ! greate/ ( all seems to be = a man to give ,god's honor to a creature1 s9ce1 s f> z he is conc]n$1 he sets up ano!r ,god 9 ! _w1 & less5s ! div9e sov]eignty4 ,secondly1 ! gravity ( a s9 may be consid]$ on ! "p ( ! s9n]4 ,?us ! s9 ( "o t s9s kn[+ly is said to be grav] ?an ! s9 ( "o t s9s ?r\gh ignorance3 & 9 ?is way no?+ h9d]s h]etics1 if !y kn[+ly corrupt ! fai? :i* !y h receiv$1 f s9n+ m griev\sly ?an idolat]s :o s9 ?r\gh ignorance4 ,fur!rmore o!r s9s may be m griev\s on acc\nt ( great] contempt on ! "p ( ! s9n]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,idolatry presupposes int]nal unbelief1 & to ?is x adds undue wor%ip4 ,b 9 a case ( ext]nal idolatry )\t int]nal unbelief1 !re is an additional s9 ( falsehood1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,idolatry includes a griev\s blasphemy1 inasmu* z x deprives ,god ( ! s+l5ess ( ,8 dom9ion & d5ies ! fai? by de$s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce x is ess5tial to puni%m5t t x be aga9/ ! w1 a s9 :]eby ano!r s9 is puni%$ ne$s to be m manife/1 9 ord] t x may make ! man m hateful to himself & to o!rs2 b x ne$ n be a m griev\s s93 & 9 ?is way ! s9 aga9/ nature is less griev\s ?an ! s9 ( idolatry4 ,b s9ce x is m manife/1 x is assign$ z a fitt+ puni%m5t ( ! s9 ( idolatry1 9 ord] t1 z by idolatry man abuses ! ord] ( ! div9e honor1 s by ! s9 aga9/ nature he may suff] confusion f ! abuse ( 8 own nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,ev5 z to ! g5us ( ! s91 ! ,mani*ean h]esy is m griev\s ?an ! s9 ( o!r idolat]s1 because x is m d]ogatory to ! div9e honor1 s9ce !y set up two gods 9 opposition to "o ano!r1 & hold _m va9 & fabul\s fancies ab\t ,god4 ,x is diff]5t ) o!r h]etics1 :o confess _! belief 9 "o ,god & wor%ip ,him alone4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! obs]vance ( ! ,law dur+ ! "t ( grace is n q equal to idolatry z to ! g5us ( ! s91 b almo/ equal1 because bo? are species ( pe/if]\s sup]/ition4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #id1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,cause ( ,idolatry ,0 on ! ,"p ( ,man8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! cause ( idolatry 0 n on ! "p ( man4 ,9 man !re is no?+ b ei!r nature1 virtue1 or guilt4 ,b ! cause ( idolatry c\ld n be on ! "p ( man's nature1 s9ce r does man's natural reason dictate t !re is "o ,god1 & t div9e wor%ip %\ld n be paid to ! dead or to inanimate be+s4 ,likewise1 nei!r c\ld idolatry h its cause 9 man on ! "p ( virtue1 s9ce a good tree _c br+ =? evil fruit1 accord+ to ,matt4 #g3ah3 nor aga9 c\ld x be on ! "p ( guilt1 because1 accord+ to ,wis4 #ad3bg1 ! wor%ip ( abom9able idols is ! cause & ! beg9n+ & end ( all evil4 ,!re=e idolatry has no cause on ! "p ( man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? ?+s :i* h a cause 9 man are f\nd among m5 at all times4 ,n[ idolatry 0 n always1 b is /at$ 99,pet] ,come/or1 ,hi/4 ,g5es4 xxxvii1 xl to h be5 orig9at$ ei!r by ,nimrod1 :o is relat$ to h =c$ m5 to wor%ip fire1 or by ,n9us1 :o caus$ ! /atue ( 8 fa!r ,bel to be wor%ip$4 ,among ! ,greeks1 z relat$ by ,isidore 7,etym4 viii1 #aa71 ,prome!us 0 ! fir/ to set up /atues ( m53 & ! ,jews say t ,ismael 0 ! fir/ to make idols ( clay4 ,moreov]1 idolatry ceas$ to a great ext5t 9 ! six? age4 ,!re=e idolatry _h no cause on ! "p ( man4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxi1 #f73 ,x 0 n possible to le>n1 = ! fir/ "t1 except f _! 7i4e4 ! demons'7 tea*+1 :at ea* ( !m desir$ or dislik$1 & by :at "n to invite or compel him3 s z to give bir? to ! magic arts & _! pr(essors3 & ! same obs]vation seems to apply to idolatry4 ,!re=e idolatry _h no cause on ! "p ( man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,wis4 #ad3ad73 ,by ! vanity ( m5 !y1 i4e4 idols1 came into ! _w4 ,i answ] t1 ,idolatry _h a tw(old cause4 ,"o 0 a dispositive cause2 ?is 0 on ! "p ( man1 & 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( 8 inord9ate affections1 =asmu* z he gave o!r m5 div9e honor1 ?r\gh ei!r lov+ or rev]+ !m too mu*4 ,?is cause is assign$ 7,wis4 #ad3ae73 ,a fa!r be+ afflict$ ) bitt] grief1 made to himself ! image ( 8 son1 :o 0 quickly tak5 away3 & him :o !n _h di$ z a man he began to wor%ip z a god4 ,! same passage goes on to say 7,wis4 #ad3ba7 t m5 s]v+ ei!r _! affection1 or _! k+s1 gave ! incommunicable "n ,vulg43 'names'1 i4e4 ( ! ,godhead1 to /ones & wood4 ,secondly1 because man takes a natural pleasure 9 repres5tations1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,poet4 iv71 :]e=e z soon z ! uncultur$ man saw human images skillfully fa%ion$ by ! dilig5ce ( ! craftsman1 he gave !m div9e wor%ip2 h5ce x is writt5 7,wis4 #ac3aa-ag73 ,if an arti/1 a c>p5t]1 ha? cut d[n a tree1 prop] = 8 use1 9 ! wood 4 4 4 & by ! skill ( 8 art fa%ione? x1 & make? x l ! image ( a man 4 4 4 & !n make? pray] to x1 inquir+ conc]n+ 8 sub/ance1 & 8 *ildr51 or 8 m>riage4 ,?irdly1 on acc\nt ( _! ignorance ( ! true ,god1 inasmu* z ?r\gh fail+ to consid] ,8 excell5ce m5 gave div9e wor%ip to c]ta9 creatures1 on acc\nt ( _! beauty or p[]1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,wis4 #ac3a1 #b73 ,all m5 4 4 4 nei!r by att5d+ to ! works h ackn[l$g$ :o 0 ! workman1 b h imag9$ ei!r ! fire1 or ! w9d1 or ! swift air1 or ! circle ( ! />s1 or ! great wat]1 or ! sun & ! moon1 to be ! gods t rule ! _w4 ,! o!r cause ( idolatry 0 completive1 & ?is 0 on ! "p ( ! demons1 :o (f]$ !mselves to be wor%ipp$ by m51 by giv+ answ]s 9 ! idols1 & do+ ?+s :i* to m5 seem$ m>vel\s4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #ie3e73 ,all ! gods ( ! ,g5tiles are devils4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! dispositive cause ( idolatry 01 on ! "p ( man1 a defect ( nature1 ei!r ?r\gh ignorance 9 8 intellect1 or disord] 9 8 affections1 z /at$ above2 & ?is p]ta9s to guilt4 ,aga91 idolatry is /at$ to be ! cause1 beg9n+ & end ( all s91 because !re is no k9d ( s9 t idolatry does n produce at "s "t1 ei!r ?r\gh lead+ expressly to t s9 by caus+ x1 or ?r\gh be+ an occasion !re(1 ei!r z a beg9n+ or z an end1 9 s f> z c]ta9 s9s 7 employ$ 9 ! wor%ip ( idols2 su* z homicides1 mutilations1 & s =?4 ,nev]!less c]ta9 s9s may prec$e idolatry & dispose man !reto4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re 0 no idolatry 9 ! fir/ age1 ow+ to ! rec5t remembrance ( ! creation ( ! _w1 s t man /ill reta9$ 9 8 m9d ! k ( "o ,god4 ,9 ! six? age idolatry 0 bani%$ by ! doctr9e & p[] ( ,*ri/1 :o triumph$ ov] ! devil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! consummative cause ( idolatry4 ,,"q #ie ,,( ,,sup]/ition ,,9 ,,div9ations 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] sup]/ition 9 div9ations1 "u :i* head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r div9ation is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a species ( sup]/ition8 7#c7 ,( ! species ( div9ation2 7#d7 ,( div9ation by means ( demons2 7#e7 ,( div9ation by ! />s2 7#f7 ,( div9ation by dreams2 7#g7 ,( div9ation by auguries & l obs]vances2 7#h7 ,( div9ation by lots4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,div9ation ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t div9ation is n a s94 ,div9ation is d]iv$ f some?+ div9e3 & ?+s t are div9e p]ta9 to hol9ess r ?an to s94 ,!re=e x seems t div9ation is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 i1 #a73 ,:o d>es to say t le>n+ is an evil8 & aga93 ,i c\ld n[ise admit t intellig5ce c be an evil4 ,b "s arts are div9atory1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,de ,memor4 i73 & div9ation itself w\ld seem to p]ta9 to a c]ta9 intellig5ce ( ! tru?4 ,!re=e x seems t div9ation is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re is no natural incl9ation to evil2 because nature incl9es only to its l4 ,b m5 by natural incl9ation seek to =ekn[ future ev5ts2 & ?is belongs to div9ation4 ,!re=e div9ation is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #ah3aj1 #aa73 ,nei!r let !re be f\nd among y 4 4 4 any "o t consulte? py?onic spirits1 or =tune tell]s3 & x is /at$ 9 ! ,decretals 7#bf1 qu4 v1 c4 ,qui div9ationes73 ,^? :o seek = div9ations %all be liable to a p5ance ( five ye>s' duration1 accord+ to ! fix$ grades ( p5ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,div9ation d5otes a =etell+ ( ! future4 ,! future may be =ekn[n 9 two ways3 fir/ 9 its causes1 secondly 9 itself4 ,n[ ! causes ( ! future are ?reefold3 = "s produce _! effects1 ( necessity & always2 & su* l future effects c be =ekn[n & =etold ) c]ta9ty1 f consid]+ _! causes1 ev5 z a/rolog]s =etell a com+ eclipse4 ,o!r causes produce _! effects1 n ( necessity & always1 b = ! mo/ "p1 yet !y r>ely fail3 & f su* l causes _! future effects c be =ekn[n1 n inde$ ) c]ta9ty1 b by a k9d ( conjecture1 ev5 z a/rolog]s by consid]+ ! />s c =ekn[ & =etell ?+s conc]n+ ra9s & dr\ghts1 & physicians1 conc]n+ heal? & dea?4 ,aga91 o!r causes1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are indiff]5t2 & ?is is *iefly ! case 9 ! rational p[]s1 :i* /& 9 relation to opposites1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 99,metaph4 viii1 #b1 #e1 #h4 ,su* l effects1 z also ^? :i* ensue f natural causes by *ance & 9 ! m9ority ( in/ances1 _c be =ekn[n f a consid]ation ( _! causes1 because ^! causes h no det]m9ate incl9ation to produce ^! effects4 ,consequ5tly su* l effects _c be =ekn[n unless !y be consid]$ 9 !mselves4 ,n[ man _c consid] ^! effects 9 !mselves except :5 !y are pres5t1 z :5 he sees ,socrates runn+ or walk+3 ! consid]ation ( su* ?+s 9 !mselves be=e !y occur is prop] to ,god1 ,:o alone 9 ,8 et]nity sees ! future z ?\gh x 7 pres5t1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #ac2 ,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #hf1 ,a4 #d74 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,isa4 #da3bc73 ,%[ ! ?+s t are to come h]eaft]1 & we %all "k t ye are gods4 ,!re=e if anyone presume to =ekn[ or =etell su* l future ?+s by any means :atev]1 except by div9e revelation1 he manife/ly usurps :at belongs to ,god4 ,x is = ?is reason t c]ta9 m5 are call$ div9es3 :]e=e ,isidore says 7,etym4 viii1 #i73 ,!y are call$ div9es1 z ?\gh !y 7 full ( ,god4 ,= !y pret5d to be fill$ ) ! ,godhead1 & by a deceitful fraud !y =eca/ ! future to m54 ,accord+ly x is n call$ div9ation1 if a man =etells ?+s t happ5 ( necessity1 or 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 = ! l c be =ekn[n by human reason3 nor aga9 if anyone kn[s o!r cont+5t future ?+s1 ?r\gh div9e revelation3 = !n he does n div9e1 i4e4 cause some?+ div9e1 b r receives some?+ div9e4 ,!n only is a man said to div9e1 :5 he usurps to himself1 9 an undue mann]1 ! =etell+ ( future ev5ts3 & ?is is manife/ly a s94 ,consequ5tly div9ation is always a s92 & = ?is reason ,j]ome says 9 8 comm5t>y on ,mic4 #c3i1 seqq4 t div9ation is always tak5 9 an evil s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,div9ation takes its "n n f a rightly ord]$ %>e ( some?+ div9e1 b f an undue usurpation !re(1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re are c]ta9 arts = ! =ekn[l$ge ( future ev5ts t occur ( necessity or frequ5tly1 & ^! d n p]ta9 to div9ation4 ,b !re are no true arts or sci5ces = ! k ( o!r future ev5ts1 b only va9 inv5tions ( ! devil's deceit1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxi1 #h74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man has a natural incl9ation to "k ! future by human means1 b n by ! undue means ( div9ation4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,div9ation ,is a ,species ( ,sup]/ition8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t div9ation is n a species ( sup]/ition4 ,! same ?+ _c be a species ( div]se g5]a4 ,n[ div9ation is app>5tly a species ( curiosity1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxxviii7 99,cf4 ,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #bc1 #bd2 ,de ,div94 ,daem4 #c4 ,!re=e x is n1 seem+ly1 a species ( sup]/ition4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z religion is due wor%ip1 s is sup]/ition undue wor%ip4 ,b div9ation does n seem to p]ta9 to undue wor%ip4 ,!re=e x does n p]ta9 to sup]/ition4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sup]/ition is oppos$ to religion4 ,b 9 true religion no?+ is to be f\nd correspond+ z a contr>y to div9ation4 ,!re=e div9ation is n a species ( sup]/ition4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,orig5 says 9 8 ,p]i ,ar*on 99,! quotation is f 8 sixte5? homily on ! ,book ( ,numb]s3 ,!re is an op]ation ( ! demons 9 ! adm9i/]+ ( =ekn[l$ge1 compris$1 seem+ly1 "u ! head ( c]ta9 arts ex]cis$ by ^? :o h enslav$ !mselves to ! demons1 by means ( lots1 om5s1 or ! obs]vance ( %ad[s4 ,i d\bt n t all ^! ?+s are done by ! op]ation ( ! demons4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #bj1 #bc71 :atev] results f fell[%ip betwe5 demons & m5 is sup]/iti\s4 ,!re=e div9ation is a species ( sup]/ition4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,,qq4 #ib1 #id71 sup]/ition d5otes undue div9e wor%ip4 ,n[ a ?+ p]ta9s to ! wor%ip ( ,god 9 two ways3 9 "o way1 x is some?+ (f]$ to ,god2 z a sacrifice1 an oblation1 or some?+ ( ! k9d3 9 ano!r way1 x is some?+ div9e t is assum$1 z /at$ above ) reg>d to an oa? 7,q4 #hi1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b74 ,:]e=e sup]/ition includes n only idolatr\s sacrifices (f]$ to demons1 b also rec\rse to ! help ( ! demons = ! purpose ( do+ or kn[+ some?+4 ,b all div9ation results f ! demons' op]ation1 ei!r because ! demons are expressly invok$ t ! future may be made kn[n1 or because ! demons ?ru/ !mselves into futile se>*+s ( ! future1 9 ord] to entangle m5's m9ds ) va9 conceits4 ,( ?is k9d ( vanity x is writt5 7,ps4 #ci3e73 ,:o ha? n reg>d to vanities & ly+ follies4 ,n[ x is va9 to seek k ( ! future1 :5 "o tries to get x f a s\rce :5ce x _c be =ekn[n4 ,!re=e x is manife/ t div9ation is a species ( sup]/ition4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,div9ation is a k9d ( curiosity ) reg>d to ! end 9 view1 :i* is =ekn[l$ge ( ! future2 b x is a k9d ( sup]/ition z reg>ds ! mode ( op]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is k9d ( div9ation p]ta9s to ! wor%ip ( ! demons1 inasmu* z "o ent]s into a compact1 tacit or express ) ! demons4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! ,new ,law man's m9d is re/ra9$ f solicitude ab\t temporal ?+s3 :]e=e ! ,new ,law conta9s no in/itution = ! =ekn[l$ge ( future ev5ts 9 temporal matt]s4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 ! ,old ,law1 :i* conta9$ e>?ly promises1 !re 7 consultations ab\t ! future 9 connection ) religi\s matt]s4 ,h5ce :]e x is writt5 7,isa4 #h3ai73 ,& :5 !y %all say to y3 ,seek ( py?ons & ( div9]s1 :o mutt] 9 _! en*antm5ts1 x is add$ by way ( answ]3 ,%\ld n ! p seek ( _! ,god1 a vision = ! liv+ & ! dead8 99,vulg43 'seek ( _! ,god1 = ! liv+ ( ! dead8' ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h[ev]1 !re 7 "s possess$ ( ! _s ( prophecy1 :o =etold _m ?+s ab\t future ev5ts4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,we ,ought to ,di/+ui% ,sev]al ,species ( ,div9ation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t we %\ld n di/+ui% sev]al species ( div9ation4 ,:]e ! =mality ( s9 is ! same1 !re are n seem+ly sev]al species ( s94 ,n[ !re is "o =mality ( s9 9 all div9ations1 s9ce !y consi/ 9 ent]+ into compact ) ! demons 9 ord] to "k ! future4 ,!re=e !re are n sev]al species ( div9ation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a human act takes its species f its end1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #f74 ,b all div9ation is direct$ to "o end1 namely1 ! =etell+ ( ! future4 ,!re=e all div9ations are ( "o species4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 signs d n v>y ! species ( a s91 = :e!r "o detracts by ^w1 writ+ or ge/ures1 x is ! same species ( s94 ,n[ div9ations seem to diff] m]ely accord+ to ! v>i\s signs :5ce ! =ekn[l$ge ( ! future is d]iv$4 ,!re=e !re are n sev]al species ( div9ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore enum]ates v>i\s species ( div9ation 7,etym4 viii1 #i74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 all div9ations seek to acquire =ekn[l$ge ( future ev5ts1 by means ( "s c\nsel & help ( a demon1 :o is ei!r expressly call$ ^u to give 8 help1 or else ?ru/s himself 9 secretly1 9 ord] to =etell c]ta9 future ?+s unkn[n to m51 b kn[n to him 9 su* mann]s z h be5 expla9$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #c74 ,:5 demons are expressly invok$1 !y are wont to =etell ! future 9 _m ways4 ,sometimes !y (f] !mselves to human sight & he>+ by mock app>itions 9 ord] to =etell ! future3 & ?is species is call$ pre/igiation because man's eyes are bl9dfold$ 7prae/r+untur74 ,sometimes !y make use ( dreams1 & ?is is call$ div9ation by dreams3 sometimes !y employ app>itions or utt]ances ( ! dead1 & ?is species is call$ necromancy1 = z ,isidore obs]ves 7,etym4 viii7 9 ,greek1 nekron means dead1 & manteia div9ation1 because aft] c]ta9 incantations & ! spr9kl+ ( blood1 ! dead seem to come to life1 to div9e & to answ] que/ions4 ,sometimes !y =etell ! future ?r\gh liv+ m51 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o are possess$3 ?is is div9ation by py?ons1 ( :om ,isidore says t py?ons are s call$ f ,py?ius ,apollo1 :o 0 said to be ! inv5tor ( div9ation4 ,sometimes !y =etell ! future by means ( %apes or signs :i* appe> 9 inanimate be+s4 ,if ^! signs appe> 9 "s e>?ly body su* z wood1 iron or poli%$ /one1 x is call$ geomancy1 if 9 wat] hydromancy1 if 9 ! air a]omancy1 if 9 fire pyromancy1 if 9 ! entrails ( animals sacrific$ on ! alt>s ( demons1 aruspicy4 ,! div9ation :i* is practic$ )\t express invocation ( ! demons is ( two k9ds4 ,! fir/ is :51 ) a view to obta9 k ( ! future1 we take obs]vations 9 ! disposition ( c]ta9 ?+s4 ,if "o endeavor to "k ! future by obs]v+ ! position & movem5ts ( ! />s1 ?is belongs to a/rolog]s1 :o are also call$ g5e?liacs1 because !y take note ( ! days on :i* p are born4 ,if "o obs]ve ! movem5ts & cries ( birds or ( any animals1 or ! sneez+ ( m51 or ! sudd5 movem5ts ( limbs1 ?is belongs 9 g5]al to augury1 :i* is s call$ f ! *att]+ ( birds 7avium g>ritu71 j z auspice is d]iv$ f wat*+ birds 7avium inspectione74 ,^! are *iefly wont to be obs]v$ 9 birds1 ! =m] by ! e>1 ! latt] by ! eye4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! obs]vations h = _! object m5's words utt]$ un9t5tionally1 :i* someone twi/ s z to apply to ! future t he wi%es to =ekn[1 !n x is call$ an om53 & z ,val]ius ,maximus 99,de ,dict4 ,fact4 ,memor4 i1 #e rem>ks1 ! obs]v+ ( om5s has a t\* ( religion m+l$ ) x1 = x is believ$ to be f\nd$ n on a *ance movem5t1 b on div9e provid5ce4 ,x 0 ?us t :5 ! ,romans 7 delib]at+ :e!r !y w\ld *ange _! position1 a c5turion happ5$ to exclaim at ! "t3 ',/&>d-be>]1 fix ! bann]1 we _h be/ /& "h'3 & on he>+ ^! words !y took !m z an om51 & ab&on$ _! int5tion ( advanc+ fur!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! obs]vation reg>ds ! dispositions1 t occur to ! eye1 ( figures 9 c]ta9 bodies1 !re w be ano!r species ( div9ation3 = ! div9ation t is tak5 f obs]v+ ! l9es ( ! h& is call$ *iromancy1 i4e4 div9ation ( ! h& 7because *eir is ! ,greek = h&73 :ile ! div9ation :i* is tak5 f signs appe>+ 9 ! %\ld]-blades ( an animal is call$ spatulamancy4 ,to ?is second species ( div9ation1 :i* is )\t express invocation ( ! demons1 belongs t :i* is practic$ by obs]v+ c]ta9 ?+s done s]i\sly by m5 9 ! rese>* ( ! occult1 :e!r by draw+ lots1 :i* is call$ geomancy2 or by obs]v+ ! %apes result+ f molt5 lead p\r$ into wat]2 or by obs]v+ :i* ( sev]al %eets ( pap]1 ) or )\t writ+ ^u !m1 a p]son may happ5 to draw2 or by hold+ out sev]al unequal /icks & not+ :o takes ! great] or ! less]1 or by ?r[+ dice1 & obs]v+ :o ?r[s ! highe/ score2 or by obs]v+ :at cat*es ! eye :5 "o op5s a book1 all ( :i* are nam$ sortilege4 ,accord+ly x is cle> t !re are ?ree k9ds ( div9ation4 ,! fir/ is :5 ! demons are invok$ op5ly1 ?is comes "u ! head ( necromancy2 ! second is m]ely an obs]vation ( ! disposition or movem5t ( "s o!r be+1 & ?is belongs to augury2 :ile ! ?ird consi/s 9 do+ some?+ 9 ord] to discov] ! occult2 & ?is belongs to sortilege4 ,"u ea* ( ^! _m o!rs are conta9$1 z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 all ! a=esaid !re is ! same g5]al1 b n ! same special1 "* ( s93 = x is mu* m griev\s to invoke ! demons ?an to d ?+s t des]ve ! demons' int]f]5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,k ( ! future or ( ! occult is ! ultimate end :5ce div9ation takes its g5]al =mality4 ,b ! v>i\s species are di/+ui%$ by _! prop] objects or matt]s1 accord+ z ! k ( ! occult is s\ght 9 v>i\s ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ?+s obs]v$ by div9]s are consid]$ by !m1 n z signs express+ :at !y already "k1 z happ5s 9 detraction1 b z pr9ciples ( k4 ,n[ x is evid5t t div]sity ( pr9ciples div]sifies ! species1 ev5 9 demon/rative sci5ces4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,div9ation ,practic$ by ,invok+ ! ,demons ,is ,unlawful8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t div9ation practic$ by invok+ ! demons is n unlawful4 ,*ri/ did no?+ unlawful1 accord+ to #a ,pet4 #b3bb1 ,:o did no s94 ,yet our ,"l ask$ ! demon3 ,:at is ?y "n8 & ! latt] repli$3 ,my "n is ,legion1 = we are _m 7,mk4 #e3i74 ,!re=e x seems lawful to "q ! demons ab\t ! occult4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s\ls ( ! sa9ts d n enc\rage ^? :o ask unlawfully4 ,yet ,samuel appe>$ to ,saul :5 ! latt] inquir$ ( ! woman t _h a div9+ _s1 conc]n+ ! issue ( ! com+ w> 7#a ,k+s #bh3h1 sqq474 ,!re=e ! div9ation t consi/s 9 que/ion+ demons is n unlawful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems lawful to seek ! tru? f "o :o kn[s1 if x be useful to "k x4 ,b x is sometimes useful to "k :at is hidd5 f u1 & c be kn[n ?r\gh ! demons1 z 9 ! discov]y ( !fts4 ,!re=e div9ation by que/ion+ demons is n unlawful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #ah3aj1 #aa73 ,nei!r let !re !re be f\nd among y 4 4 4 anyone t consulte? soo?say]s 4 4 4 nor 4 4 4 t consulte? py?onic spirits4 ,i answ] t1 ,all div9ation by invok+ demons is unlawful = two reasons4 ,! fir/ is ga!r$ f ! pr9ciple ( div9ation1 :i* is a compact made expressly ) a demon by ! v fact ( invok+ him4 ,?is is altoge!r unlawful2 :]e=e x is writt5 aga9/ c]ta9 p]sons 7,isa4 #bh3ae73 ,y h said3 ,we h ent]$ into a league ) dea?1 & we h made a cov5ant ) hell4 ,& /ill m griev\s w\ld x be if sacrifice 7 (f]$ or rev]5ce paid to ! demon invok$4 ,! second reason is ga!r$ f ! result4 ,= ! demon :o int5ds man's p]dition endeavors1 by 8 answ]s1 ev5 ?\gh he sometimes tells ! tru?1 to accu/om m5 to believe him1 & s to lead him on to some?+ prejudicial to ! salvation ( mank9d4 ,h5ce ,a?anasius1 comm5t+ on ! words ( ,luke #d3ce1 ,he rebuk$ him1 say+3 ,hold ?y peace1 says3 ,al?\gh ! demon confess$ ! tru?1 ,*ri/ put a /op to 8 spee*1 le/ toge!r ) ! tru? he %\ld publi% 8 wick$ness & accu/om u to c>e little = su* ?+s1 h[ev] mu* he may seem to speak ! tru?4 ,= x is wick$1 :ile we h ! div9e ,scriptures1 to seek k f ! demons4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,b$e's comm5t>y on ,luke #h3cj1 ,our ,"l inquir$1 n ?r\gh ignorance1 b 9 ord] t ! disease1 :i* he tol]at$1 be+ made public1 ! p[] ( ! ,heal] might %9e =? m graci\sly4 ,n[ x is "o ?+ to "q a demon :o comes to u ( 8 own accord 7& x is lawful to d s at times = ! good ( o!rs1 especially :5 he c be compell$1 by ! p[] ( ,god1 to tell ! tru?7 & ano!r to invoke a demon 9 ord] to ga9 f him k ( ?+s hidd5 f u4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,ad ,simplic4 ii1 #c71 !re is no?+ absurd 9 believ+ t ! _s ( ! j man1 be+ ab\t to smite ! k+ ) ! div9e s5t5ce1 0 p]mitt$ to appe> to him1 n by ! sway ( magic art or p[]1 b by "s occult disp5sation ( :i* nei!r ! wit* nor ,saul 0 aw>e4 ,or else ! _s ( ,samuel 0 n 9 reality ar\s$ f 8 re/1 b "s phantom or mock app>ition =m$ by ! ma*9ations ( ! devil1 & /yl$ by ,scripture "u ! "n ( ,samuel1 j z ! images ( ?+s are wont to be call$ by ! names ( ^? ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no temporal utility c comp>e ) ! h>m to spiritual heal? t results f ! rese>* ( ! unkn[n by invok+ ! demon4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,div9ation by ! ,/>s ,is ,unlawful8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t div9ation by ! />s is n unlawful4 ,x is lawful to =etell effects by obs]v+ _! causes3 ?us a physician =etells dea? f ! disposition ( ! disease4 ,n[ ! heav5ly bodies are ! cause ( :at takes place 9 ! _w1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e div9ation by ! />s is n unlawful4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 human sci5ce orig9ates f exp]im5ts1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 i1 #a74 ,n[ x has be5 discov]$ ?r\gh _m exp]im5ts t ! obs]vation ( ! />s is a means :]eby "s future ev5ts may be kn[n be=eh&4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem n unlawful to make use ( ?is k9d ( div9ation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 div9ation is decl>$ to be unlawful 9 s f> z x is bas$ on a compact made ) ! demons4 ,b div9ation by ! />s conta9s no?+ ( ! k9d1 b m]ely an obs]vation ( ,god's creatures4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ?is species ( div9ation is n unlawful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iv1 #c73 ,^? a/rolog]s :om !y call ma!maticians1 ,i consult$ )\t scruple2 because !y seem$ to use no sacrifice1 nor to pray to any _s = _! div9ations :i* art1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ian & true piety rejects & condemns4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 ! op]ation ( ! demon ?ru/s itself into ^? div9ations :i* are bas$ on false & va9 op9ions1 9 ord] t man's m9d may become entangl$ 9 vanity & falsehood4 ,n[ "o makes use ( a va9 & false op9ion if1 by obs]v+ ! />s1 "o desires to =ekn[ ! future t _c be =eca/ by _! means4 ,:]e=e we mu/ consid] :at ?+s c be =ekn[n by obs]v+ ! />s3 & x is evid5t t ^? ?+s :i* happ5 ( necessity c be =ekn[n by ?is means3 ev5 s a/rolog]s =eca/ a future eclipse4 ,h[ev]1 ) reg>d to ! =ekn[l$ge ( future ev5ts acquir$ by obs]v+ ! />s !re h be5 v>i\s op9ions4 ,= "s h /at$ t ! />s signify r ?an cause ! ?+s =etold by means ( _! obs]vation4 ,b ?is is an unreasonable /atem5t3 s9ce e corporeal sign is ei!r ! effect ( t = :i* x /&s 7?us smoke signifies fire :]eby x is caus$71 or x proce$s f ! same cause1 s t by signify+ ! cause1 9 consequ5ce x signifies ! effect 7?us a ra9b[ is sometimes a sign ( fair wea!r1 9 s f> z its cause is ! cause ( fair wea!r74 ,n[ x _c be said t ! dispositions & movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies are ! effect ( future ev5ts2 nor aga9 c !y be ascrib$ to "s common high] cause ( a corporeal nature1 al?\gh !y are ref]able to a common high] cause1 :i* is div9e provid5ce4 ,on ! contr>y ! appo9tm5t ( ! movem5ts & positions ( ! heav5ly bodies by div9e provid5ce is on a diff]5t pr9ciple f ! appo9tm5t ( ! occurr5ce ( future cont+5cies1 because ! =m] are appo9t$ on a pr9ciple ( necessity1 s t !y always occur 9 ! same way1 :]eas ! latt] are appo9t$ on a pr9ciple ( cont+5cy1 s t ! mann] ( _! occurr5ce is v>iable4 ,consequ5tly x is impossible to acquire =ekn[l$ge ( ! future f an obs]vation ( ! />s1 except 9 s f> z effects c be =ekn[n f _! causes4 ,n[ two k9ds ( effects escape ! causality ( heav5ly bodies4 ,9 ! fir/ place all effects t occur accid5tally1 :e!r 9 human affairs or 9 ! natural ord]1 s9ce1 z x is prov$ 9 ,metaph4 vi 99,ed4 ,did4 v1 #c1 an accid5tal be+ has no cause1 lea/ ( all a natural cause1 su* z is ! p[] ( a heav5ly body1 because :at occurs accid5tally1 nei!r is a be+ prop]ly speak+1 nor is "o--= in/ance1 t an e>?quake occur :5 a /one falls1 or t a treasure be discov]$ :5 a man digs a grave--= ^! & l occurr5ces are n "o ?+1 b are simply sev]al ?+s4 ,:]eas ! op]ation ( nature has always "s "o ?+ = its t]m1 j z x proce$s f "s "o pr9ciple1 :i* is ! =m ( a natural ?+4 ,9 ! second place1 acts ( ! free-w1 :i* is ! faculty ( w & reason1 escape ! causality ( heav5ly bodies4 ,= ! intellect or reason is n a body1 nor ! act ( a bodily organ1 & consequ5tly nei!r is ! w1 s9ce x is 9 ! reason1 z ! ,philosoph] %[s 7,de ,anima iii1 #d1 #i74 ,n[ no body c make an impression on an incorporeal body4 ,:]e=e x is impossible = heav5ly bodies to make a direct impression on ! intellect & w3 = ?is w\ld be to d5y ! diff]5ce betwe5 intellect & s5se1 ) :i* position ,ari/otle reproa*es 7,de ,anima iii1 #c7 ^? :o held t su* is ! w ( man1 z is ! day :i* ! fa!r ( m5 & ( gods1 i4e4 ! sun or ! heav5s1 br+s on 99,odyssey xviii1 #ace4 ,h5ce ! heav5ly bodies _c be ! direct cause ( ! free-w's op]ations4 ,nev]!less !y c be a dispositive cause ( an incl9ation to ^? op]ations1 9 s f> z !y make an impression on ! human body1 & consequ5tly on ! s5sitive p[]s :i* are acts ( bodily organs hav+ an incl9ation = human acts4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! s5sitive p[]s obey reason1 z ! ,philosoph] %[s 7,de ,anima iii1 #aa2 ,e?ic4 i1 #ac71 ?is does n impose any necessity on ! free-w1 & man is able1 by 8 reason1 to act c\nt] to ! incl9ation ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,accord+ly if anyone take obs]vation ( ! />s 9 ord] to =ekn[ casual or =tuit\s future ev5ts1 or to "k ) c]titude future human actions1 8 conduct is bas$ on a false & va9 op9ion2 & s ! op]ation ( ! demon introduces itself !re91 :]e=e x w be a sup]/iti\s & unlawful div9ation4 ,on ! o!r h& if "o 7 to apply ! obs]vation ( ! />s 9 ord] to =ekn[ ^? future ?+s t are caus$ by heav5ly bodies1 = in/ance1 dr\ght or ra9 & s =?1 x w be nei!r an unlawful nor a sup]/iti\s div9ation4 ,:]e=e ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection is evid5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t a/rolog]s n unfrequ5tly =eca/ ! tru? by obs]v+ ! />s may be expla9$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because a great numb] ( m5 foll[ _! bodily passions1 s t _! actions are = ! mo/ "p dispos$ 9 accordance ) ! incl9ation ( ! heav5ly bodies3 :ile !re are few1 namely1 ! wise alone1 :o mod]ate ^! incl9ations by _! reason4 ,! result is t a/rolog]s 9 _m cases =etell ! tru?1 especially 9 public occurr5ces :i* dep5d on ! multitude4 ,secondly1 because ( ! int]f]5ce ( ! demons4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #ag73 ,:5 a/rolog]s tell ! tru?1 x mu/ be all[$ t ?is is due to an in/9ct t1 unkn[n to man1 lies hidd5 9 8 m9d4 ,& s9ce ?is happ5s ?r\gh ! action ( unclean & ly+ spirits :o desire to deceive man = !y are p]mitt$ to "k c]ta9 ?+s ab\t temporal affairs4 ,:]e=e he concludes3 ,?us a good ,*ri/ian %\ld bew>e ( a/rolog]s1 & ( all impi\s div9]s1 especially ( ^? :o tell ! tru?1 le/ 8 s\l become ! dupe ( ! demons & by mak+ a compact ( ( p>tn]%ip ) !m enme% itself 9 _! fell[%ip4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,div9ation by ,dreams ,is ,unlawful8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t div9ation by dreams is n unlawful4 ,x is n unlawful to make use ( div9e in/ruction4 ,n[ m5 are in/ruct$ by ,god 9 dreams1 = x is writt5 7,job #cc3ae1 #af73 ,by a dream 9 a vision by night1 :5 deep sleep falle? ^u m51 & !y are sleep+ 9 _! b$s1 !n ,he1 ,god to wit1 op5e? ! e>s ( m51 & tea*+ in/ructe? !m 9 :at !y are to le>n4 ,!re=e x is n unlawful to make use ( div9ation by dreams4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? :o int]pret dreams1 prop]ly speak+1 make use ( div9ation by dreams4 ,n[ we read ( holy m5 int]pret+ dreams3 ?us ,joseph int]pret$ ! dreams ( ,ph>aoh's butl] & ( 8 *ief bak] 7,g54 #dj71 & ,daniel int]pret$ ! dream ( ! k+ ( ,babylon 7,dan4 #b1 #d74 ,!re=e div9ation by dreams is n unlawful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is unreasonable to d5y ! common exp]i5ces ( m54 ,n[ x is ! exp]i5ce ( all t dreams are significative ( ! future4 ,!re=e x is useless to d5y ! efficacy ( dreams = ! purpose ( div9ation1 & x is lawful to li/5 to !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #ah3aj73 ,nei!r let !re be f\nd among y any "o t 4 4 4 obs]ve? dreams4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #f71 div9ation is sup]/iti\s & unlawful :5 x is bas$ on a false op9ion4 ,:]e=e we mu/ consid] :at is true 9 ! matt] ( =ekn[+ ! future f dreams4 ,n[ dreams are sometimes ! cause ( future occurr5ces2 = in/ance1 :5 a p]son's m9d becomes anxi\s ?r\gh :at x has se5 9 a dream & is !reby l$ to d some?+ or avoid some?+3 :ile sometimes dreams are signs ( future happ5+s1 9 s f> z !y are ref]able to "s common cause ( bo? dreams & future occurr5ces1 & 9 ?is way ! future is frequ5tly kn[n f dreams4 ,we mu/1 !n1 consid] :at is ! cause ( dreams1 & :e!r x c be ! cause ( future occurr5ces1 or be cognizant ( !m4 ,accord+ly x is to be obs]v$ t ! cause ( dreams is sometimes 9 u & sometimes outside u4 ,! inw>d cause ( dreams is tw(old3 "o reg>ds ! s\l1 9 s f> z ^? ?+s :i* h occupi$ a man's ?\ghts & affections :ile awake recur to 8 imag9ation :ile asleep4 ,a su* l cause ( dreams is n a cause ( future occurr5ces1 s t dreams ( ?is k9d are relat$ accid5tally to future occurr5ces1 & if at any "t !y concur x w be by *ance4 ,b sometimes ! inw>d cause ( dreams reg>ds ! body3 because ! inw>d disposition ( ! body leads to ! =mation ( a movem5t 9 ! imag9ation consi/5t ) t disposition2 ?us a man 9 :om !re is abundance ( cold humors dreams t he is 9 ! wat] or sn[3 & = ?is reason physicians say t we %\ld take note ( dreams 9 ord] to discov] int]nal dispositions4 ,9 l mann] ! outw>d cause ( dreams is tw(old1 corporal & spiritual4 ,x is corporal 9 s f> z ! sleep]'s imag9ation is affect$ ei!r by ! surr\nd+ air1 or ?r\gh an impression ( a heav5ly body1 s t c]ta9 images appe> to ! sleep]1 9 keep+ ) ! disposition ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! spiritual cause is sometimes ref]able to ,god1 ,:o reveals c]ta9 ?+s to m5 9 _! dreams by ! m9i/ry ( ! angels1 accord+ ,num4 #ab3f1 ,if !re be among y a prophet ( ! ,"l1 ,i w appe> to him 9 a vision1 or ,i w speak to him 9 a dream4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is due to ! action ( ! demons t c]ta9 images appe> to p]sons 9 _! sleep1 & by ?is means !y1 at times1 reveal c]ta9 future ?+s to ^? :o h ent]$ into an unlawful compact ) !m4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t !re is no unlawful div9ation 9 mak+ use ( dreams = ! =ekn[l$ge ( ! future1 s long z ^? dreams are due to div9e revelation1 or to "s natural cause inw>d or outw>d1 & s f> z ! efficacy ( t cause ext5ds4 ,b x w be an unlawful & sup]/iti\s div9ation if x be caus$ by a revelation ( ! demons1 ) :om a compact has be5 made1 :e!r explicit1 ?r\gh _! be+ invok$ = ! purpose1 or implicit1 ?r\gh ! div9ation ext5d+ beyond its possible limits4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,div9ation by ,auguries1 ,om5s1 & by ,l ,obs]vations ( ,ext]nal ,?+s ,is ,unlawful8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t div9ation by auguries1 om5s1 & by l obs]vations ( ext]nal ?+s is n unlawful4 ,if x 7 unlawful holy m5 w\ld n make use !re(4 ,n[ we read ( ,joseph t he paid att5tion to auguries1 = x is relat$ 7,g54 #dd3e7 t ,joseph's /ew>d said3 ,! cup :i* y h /ol5 is t 9 :i* my "l dr9ke? & 9 :i* he is wont to div9e 7augur>i73 & he himself aft]w>ds said to 8 bre?r5 7,g54 #dd3ae73 ,"k y n t !re is no "o l me 9 ! sci5ce ( div9+8 ,!re=e x is n unlawful to make use ( ?is k9d ( div9ation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 birds naturally "k c]ta9 ?+s reg>d+ future occurr5ces ( ! seasons1 accord+ to ,j]4 #h3g1 ,! kite 9 ! air ha? kn[n h] "t2 ! turtle1 ! swall[1 & ! /ork h obs]v$ ! "t ( _! com+4 ,n[ natural k is infallible & comes f ,god4 ,!re=e x seems n unlawful to make use ( ! birds' k 9 ord] to "k ! future1 & ?is is div9ation by augury4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,g$eon is numb]$ among ! sa9ts 7,heb4 #aa3cb74 ,yet ,g$eon made use ( an om51 :5 he li/5$ to ! relation & int]pret+ ( a dream 7,judges #g3ae73 & ,eliez]1 ,abraham's s]vant1 act$ 9 l mann] 7,g54 #bd74 ,!re=e x seems t ?is k9d ( div9ation is n unlawful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #ah3aj73 ,nei!r let !re be f\nd among y anyone 4 4 4 t obs]ve? om5s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! movem5ts or cries ( birds1 & :atev] dispositions "o may consid] 9 su* ?+s1 are manife/ly n ! cause ( future ev5ts3 :]e=e ! future _c be kn[n !refrom z f its cause4 ,x foll[s !re=e t if any?+ future c be kn[n f !m1 x w be because ! causes f :i* !y proce$ are also ! causes ( future occurr5ces or are cognizant ( !m4 ,n[ ! cause ( dumb animals' actions is a c]ta9 in/9ct :]eby !y are incl9$ by a natural movem5t1 = !y are n ma/]s ( _! actions4 ,?is in/9ct may proce$ f a tw(old cause4 ,9 ! fir/ place x may be due to a bodily cause4 ,= s9ce dumb animals h naught b a s5sitive s\l1 e p[] ( :i* is ! act ( a bodily organ1 _! s\l is subject to ! disposition ( surr\nd+ bodies1 & prim>ily to t ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,h5ce no?+ prev5ts "s ( _! actions f be+ signs ( ! future1 9 s f> z !y are con=m$ to ! dispositions ( ! heav5ly bodies & ( ! surr\nd+ air1 to :i* c]ta9 future ev5ts are due4 ,yet 9 ?is matt] we mu/ obs]ve two ?+s3 fir/1 t su* obs]vations mu/ n be appli$ to ! =ekn[l$ge ( future ?+s o!r ?an ^? :i* c be =ekn[n f ! movem5ts ( heav5ly bodies1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #e1 #f73 secondly1 t !y be n appli$ to o!r matt]s ?an ^? :i* 9 "s way may h ref]5ce to ^! animals 7s9ce !y acquire ?r\gh ! heav5ly bodies a c]ta9 natural k & in/9ct ab\t ?+s necess>y = _! life--su* z *anges result+ f ra9 & w9d & s =?74 ,9 ! second place1 ?is in/9ct is produc$ by a spiritual cause1 namely1 ei!r by ,god1 z may be se5 9 ! dove t desc5d$ ^u ,*ri/1 ! rav5 t f$ ,elias1 & ! :ale t swall[$ & vomit$ ,jonas1 or by demons1 :o make use ( ^! actions ( dumb animals 9 ord] to entangle our m9ds ) va9 op9ions4 ,?is seems to be true ( all su* l ?+s2 except om5s1 because human words :i* are tak5 = an om5 are n subject to ! disposition ( ! />s1 yet are !y ord]$ accord+ to div9e provid5ce & sometimes accord+ to ! action ( ! demons4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t all su* l div9ations are sup]/iti\s & unlawful1 if !y be ext5d$ beyond ! limits set accord+ to ! ord] ( nature or ( div9e provid5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 99,,qq4 9 ,g5es41 qu4 cxlv1 :5 ,joseph said t !re 0 no "o l him 9 ! sci5ce ( div9+1 he spoke 9 joke & n s]i\sly1 ref]r+ p]haps to ! common op9ion ab\t him3 9 ?is s5se also spoke 8 /ew>d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! passage quot$ ref]s to ! k t birds h ab\t ?+s conc]n+ !m2 & 9 ord] to "k ^! ?+s x is n unlawful to obs]ve _! cries & movem5ts3 ?us f ! frequ5t caw+ ( cr[s "o might say t x w ra9 soon4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,g$eon li/5$ to ! recital & int]pretation ( a dream1 see+ !re9 an om51 ord]$ by div9e provid5ce = 8 in/ruction4 ,9 l mann] ,eliez] li/5$ to ! damsel's words1 hav+ previ\sly pray$ to ,god4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ie1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,div9ation by ,draw+ ,lots ,is ,unlawful8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t div9ation by draw+ lots is n unlawful1 because a gloss ( ,augu/9e on ,ps4 #cj3af1 ,my lots are 9 ,?y h&s1 says3 ,x is n wrong to ca/ lots1 = x is a means ( asc]ta9+ ! div9e w :5 a man is 9 d\bt4 ,obj4 #b3 ,!re is1 seem+ly1 no?+ unlawful 9 ! obs]vances :i* ! ,scriptures relate z be+ practic$ by holy m54 ,n[ bo? 9 ! ,old & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we f9d holy m5 practic+ ! ca/+ ( lots4 ,= x is relat$ 7,jos4 #g3ad1 sqq47 t ,josue1 at ! ,"l's comm&1 pron\nc$ s5t5ce by lot on ,a*an :o _h /ol5 ( ! ana!ma4 ,aga9 ,saul1 by draw+ lots1 f\nd t 8 son ,jona?an _h eat5 honey 7#a ,k+s #ad3eh1 sqq473 ,jonas1 :5 flee+ f ! face ( ! ,"l1 0 discov]$ & ?r[n into ! sea 7,jonah #a3g1 sqq473 ,za*>ias 0 *os5 by lot to (f] inc5se 7,luke #a3i73 & ! apo/les by draw+ lots elect$ ,mat?ias to ! apo/le%ip 7,acts #a3bf74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t div9ation by lots is n unlawful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fight+ ) ! fi/s1 or monoma*y1 i4e4 s+le combat z x is call$1 & trial by fire & wat]1 :i* are call$ popul> trials1 seem to come "u ! head ( sortilege1 because some?+ unkn[n is s\ght by _! means4 ,yet ^! practices seem to be lawful1 because ,david is relat$ to h engag$ 9 s+le combat ) ! ,phili/9e 7#a ,k+s #ag3cb1 sqq474 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t div9ation by lot is n unlawful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xxvi1 qu4 v1 c4 ,sortes73 ,we decree t ! ca/+ ( lots1 by :i* means y make up y\r m9d 9 all y\r und]tak+s1 & :i* ! ,fa!rs h condemn$1 is no?+ b div9ation & wit*craft4 ,= :i* reason we wi% !m to be condemn$ altoge!r1 & h5ce=? n to be m5tion$ among ,*ri/ians1 & we =bid ! practice !re( "u pa9 ( ana!ma4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 sortilege consi/s1 prop]ly speak+1 9 do+ some?+1 t by obs]v+ ! result "o may come to ! k ( some?+ unkn[n4 ,if by ca/+ lots "o seeks to "k :at is to be giv5 to :om1 :e!r x be a possession1 an honor1 a dignity1 a puni%m5t1 or "s action or o!r1 x is call$ sortilege ( allotm5t2 if "o seeks to "k :at ought to be done1 x is call$ sortilege ( consultation2 if "o seeks to "k :at is go+ to happ51 x is call$ sortilege ( div9ation4 ,n[ ! actions ( man t are requir$ = sortilege & _! results are n subject to ! dispositions ( ! />s4 ,:]e=e if anyone practic+ sortilege is s m9d$ z ?\gh ! human acts requisite = sortilege dep5d$ = _! result on ! dispositions ( ! />s1 8 op9ion is va9 & false1 & consequ5tly is n free f ! int]f]5ce ( ! demons1 s t a div9ation ( ?is k9d is sup]/iti\s & unlawful4 ,ap>t f ?is cause1 h[ev]1 ! result ( sortilegi\s acts mu/ ne$s be ascrib$ to *ance1 or to "s direct+ spiritual cause4 ,if we ascribe x to *ance1 & ?is c only take place 9 sortilege ( allotm5t1 x does n seem to imply any vice o!r ?an vanity1 z 9 ! case ( p]sons :o1 be+ unable to agree ^u ! division ( some?+ or o!r1 are will+ to draw lots = its division1 ?us leav+ to *ance :at portion ea* is to receive4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! decision by lot be left to a spiritual cause1 x is sometimes ascrib$ to demons4 ,?us we read 7,eze*4 #ba3ba7 t ! k+ ( ,babylon /ood 9 ! highway1 at ! head ( two ways1 seek+ div9ation1 %uffl+ arr[s2 he inquir$ ( ! idols1 & consult$ entrails3 sortilege ( ?is k9d is unlawful1 & =bidd5 by ! canons4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! decision is left to ,god1 accord+ to ,prov4 #af3cc1 ,lots are ca/ into ! lap1 b !y are dispos$ ( by ! ,"l3 sortilege ( ?is k9d is n wrong 9 itself1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 99,en>r4 ii 9 ,ps4 xxx1 s]m4 #b2 cf4 ,obj4#a4 ,yet ?is may happ5 to be s9ful 9 f\r ways4 ,fir/1 if "o h rec\rse to lots )\t any necessity3 = ?is w\ld seem to am\nt to tempt+ ,god4 ,h5ce ,ambrose1 comm5t+ on ! words ( ,luke #a3h1 says3 ,he t is *os5 by lot is n b\nd by ! judgm5t ( m54 ,secondly1 if ev5 9 a case ( necessity "o 7 to h rec\rse to lots )\t rev]5ce4 ,h5ce1 on ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ,b$e says 7,sup] ,act4 ,apo/4 i73 ,b if anyone1 compell$ by necessity1 ?9ks t he ought1 aft] ! apo/les' example1 to consult ,god by ca/+ lots1 let him take note t ! apo/les !mselves did n d s1 except aft] call+ toge!r ! assembly ( ! bre?r5 & p\r+ =? pray] to ,god4 ,?irdly1 if ! ,div9e oracles be misappli$ to e>?ly bus9ess4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7ad inquisit4 ,janu>4 ii2 ,ep4 lv73 ,^? :o tell =tunes f ! ,gospel pages1 ?\gh x is to be hop$ t !y d s r ?an h rec\rse to consult+ ! demons1 yet does ?is cu/om also displease me1 t anyone %\ld wi% to apply ! ,div9e oracles to worldly matt]s & to ! va9 ?+s ( ?is life4 ,f\r?ly1 if anyone resort to ! draw+ ( lots 9 ecclesia/ical elections1 :i* %\ld be c>ri$ out by ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,:]e=e1 z ,b$e says 7,sup] ,act4 ,apo/4 i73 ,be=e ,p5teco/ ! ord9ation ( ,mat?ias 0 decid$ by lot1 because z yet ! fulness ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 n yet p\r$ =? into ! ,*ur*3 :]eas ! same deacons 7 orda9$ n by lot b by ! *oice ( ! disciples4 ,x is diff]5t ) e>?ly honors1 :i* are direct$ to ! disposal ( e>?ly ?+s3 9 elections ( ?is k9d m5 frequ5tly h rec\rse to lots1 ev5 z 9 ! di/ribution ( e>?ly possessions4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re be urg5t necessity x is lawful to seek ! div9e judgm5t by ca/+ lots1 provid$ due rev]5ce be obs]v$4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ad ,honor4 ccxxviii71 ,if1 at a "t ( p]secution1 ! m9i/]s ( ,god d n agree z to :i* ( !m is to rema9 at 8 po/ le/ all %\ld flee1 & :i* ( !m is to flee1 le/ all die & ! ,*ur* be =sak51 %\ld !re be no o!r means ( com+ to an agreem5t1 s f> z ,i c see1 !y mu/ be *os5 by lot4 ,aga9 he says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 xxviii73 ,if ?\ ab\nde/ 9 t :i* x behooves !e to give to him :o ha? n1 & :i* _c be giv5 to two2 %\ld two come to y1 nei!r ( :om surpasses ! o!r ei!r 9 ne$ or 9 "s claim on !e1 ?\ c\ld/ n act m ju/ly ?an 9 *oos+ by lot to :om ?\ %alt give t :i* ?\ can/ n give to bo?4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ & ,second ,objections4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! trial by hot iron or boil+ wat] is direct$ to ! inve/igation ( someone's hidd5 s91 by means ( some?+ done by a man1 & 9 ?is x agrees ) ! draw+ ( lots4 ,b 9 s f> z a miracul\s result is expect$ f ,god1 x surpasses ! common g5]ality ( sortilege4 ,h5ce ?is k9d ( trial is r5d]$ unlawful1 bo? because x is direct$ to ! judgm5t ( ! occult1 :i* is res]v$ to ! div9e judgm5t1 & because su* l trials are n sanction$ by div9e au?ority4 ,h5ce we read 9 a decree ( ,pope ,/eph5 ,v 99,,ii1 qu4 v41 c4 ,consului/ i3 ,! sacr$ canons d n approve ( extort+ a confession f anyone by means ( ! trial by hot iron or boil+ wat]1 & no "o mu/ presume1 by a sup]/iti\s innovation1 to practice :at is n sanction$ by ! tea*+ ( ! holy fa!rs4 ,= x is all[able t public crimes %\ld be judg$ by our au?ority1 aft] ! culprit has made spontane\s confession1 or :5 witnesses h be5 approv$1 ) due reg>d to ! fe> ( ,god2 b hidd5 & unkn[n crimes mu/ be left to ,him ,:o alone kn[s ! he>ts ( ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,! same w\ld seem to apply to ! law conc]n+ duels1 save t x approa*es ne>] to ! common k9d ( sortilege1 s9ce no miracul\s effect is expect$ !reupon1 unless ! combatants be v unequal 9 /r5g? or skill4 ,,"q #if ,,( ,,sup]/ition ,,9 ,,obs]vances 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] sup]/ition 9 obs]vances1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,( obs]vances = acquir+ k1 :i* are prescrib$ by ! magic art2 7#b7 ,( obs]vances = caus+ alt]ations 9 c]ta9 bodies2 7#c7 ,( obs]vances practic$ 9 =tune-tell+2 7#d7 ,( we>+ sacr$ words at ! neck4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,be ,unlawful to ,practice ! ,obs]vances ( ! ,magic ,art8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n unlawful to practice ! obs]vances ( ! magic art4 ,a ?+ is said to be unlawful 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by reason ( ! g5us ( ! de$1 z murd] & !ft3 secondly1 ?r\gh be+ direct$ to an evil end1 z :5 a p]son gives an alms = ! sake ( va+lory4 ,n[ ! obs]vances ( ! magic art are n evil z to ! g5us ( ! de$1 = !y consi/ 9 c]ta9 fa/s & pray]s to ,god2 moreov]1 !y are direct$ to a good end1 namely1 ! acquisition ( sci5ce4 ,!re=e x is n unlawful to practice ^! obs]vances4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,dan4 #a3ag7 t to ! *ildr5 :o ab/a9$1 ,god gave k1 & und]/&+ 9 e book1 & wisdom4 ,n[ ! obs]vances ( ! magic art consi/ 9 c]ta9 fa/s & ab/95ces4 ,!re=e x seems t ?is art a*ieves its results ?r\gh ,god3 & consequ5tly x is n unlawful to practice x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! reason :y x is wrong to inquire ( ! demons conc]n+ ! future is because !y h no k ( x1 ?is k be+ prop] to ,god4 ,yet ! demons "k sci5tific tru?s3 because sci5ces are ab\t ?+s necess>y & inv>iable1 & su* ?+s are subject to human k1 & mu* m to ! k ( demons1 :o are ( ke5] intellect1 z ,augu/9e says 99,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #ag2 ,de ,div94 ,daemon4 #c1 #d4 ,!re=e x seems to be no s9 to practice ! magic art1 ev5 ?\gh x a*ieve its result ?r\gh ! demons4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #ah3aj1 #aa73 ,nei!r let !re be f\nd among y 4 4 4 anyone 4 4 4 t seeke? ! tru? f ! dead3 :i* se>* relies on ! demons' help4 ,n[ ?r\gh ! obs]vances ( ! magic art1 k ( ! tru? is s\ght by means ( c]ta9 signs agre$ ^u by compact ) ! demons 99,augu/9e1 ,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #bj2 see above ,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #b4 ,!re=e x is unlawful to practice ! not>y art4 ,i answ] t1 ,! magic art is bo? unlawful & futile4 ,x is unlawful1 because ! means x employs = acquir+ k h n 9 !mselves ! p[] to cause sci5ce1 consi/+ z !y d 9 gaz+ c]ta9 %apes1 & mutt]+ c]ta9 /range words1 & s =?4 ,:]e=e ?is art does n make use ( ^! ?+s z causes1 b z signs2 n h[ev] z signs in/itut$ by ,god1 z are ! sacram5tal signs4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t !y are empty signs1 & consequ5tly a k9d ( agreem5t or cov5ant made ) ! demons = ! purpose ( consultation & ( compact by tok5s 99,ibid44 ,:]e=e ! magic art is to be absolutely repudiat$ & avoid$ by ,*ri/ians1 ev5 z o!r arts ( va9 & noxi\s sup]/ition1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #bc74 ,?is art is also useless = ! acquisition ( sci5ce4 ,= s9ce x is n int5d$ by means ( ?is art to acquire sci5ce 9 a mann] connatural to man1 namely1 by discov]y & in/ruction1 ! consequ5ce is t ?is effect is expect$ ei!r f ,god or f ! demons4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 t "s h receiv$ wisdom & sci5ce infus$ into !m by ,god1 z relat$ ( ,solomon 7#c ,k+s #c & #b ,p>alip4 #a74 ,moreov]1 our ,"l said to ,8 disciples 7,luke #ba3ae73 ,i w give y a m\? & wisdom1 :i* all y\r adv]s>ies %all n be able to resi/ & ga9say4 ,h[ev]1 ?is gift is n grant$ to all1 or 9 connection ) any p>ticul> obs]vance1 b accord+ to ! w ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z /at$ 9 #a ,cor4 #ab3h1 ,to "o inde$ by ! ,_s is giv5 ! ^w ( wisdom1 to ano!r ! ^w ( k1 accord+ to ! same ,_s1 & aft]w>ds x is said 7#a ,cor4 #ab3aa73 ,all ^! ?+s "o & ! same ,_s worke?1 divid+ to ev]yone accord+ z ,he w4 ,on ! o!r h& x does n belong to ! demons to enlight5 ! intellect1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #c74 ,n[ ! acquisition ( k & wisdom is effect$ by ! enlight5+ ( ! intellect1 :]e=e nev] did anyone acquire k by means ( ! demons4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #i73 ,porphyry confesses t ! intellectual s\l is 9 no way cleans$ by !urgic inv5tions1 i4e4 ! op]ations ( ! demons1 s z to be fitt$ to see its ,god1 & disc]n :at is true1 su* z are all sci5tific conclusions4 ,! demons may1 h[ev]1 be able by speak+ to m5 to express 9 words c]ta9 tea*+s ( ! sci5ces1 b ?is is n :at is s\ght by means ( magic4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is a good ?+ to acquire k1 b x is n good to acquire x by undue means1 & x is to ?is end t ! magic art t5ds4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ab/95ce ( ^! *ildr5 0 n 9 accordance ) a va9 obs]vance ( ! not>y art1 b accord+ to ! au?ority ( ! div9e law1 = !y refus$ to be defil$ by ! meat ( ,g5tiles4 ,h5ce z a rew>d = _! ob$i5ce !y receiv$ k f ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aah3ajj1 ,i h _h und]/&+ above ! anci5ts1 because ,i h s\ght ,?y comm&m5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to seek k ( ! future f ! demons is a s9 n only because !y are ignorant ( ! future1 b also on acc\nt ( ! fell[%ip ent]$ into ) !m1 :i* also applies to ! case 9 po9t4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,obs]vances ,direct$ to ! ,alt]ation ( ,bodies1 ,z = ! ,purpose ( ,acquir+ ,heal? or ! ,l1 ,are ,unlawful8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t obs]vances direct$ to ! alt]ation ( bodies1 z = ! purpose ( acquir+ heal?1 or ! l1 are lawful4 ,x is lawful to make use ( ! natural =ces ( bodies 9 ord] to produce _! prop] effects4 ,n[ 9 ! physical ord] ?+s h c]ta9 occult =ces1 ! reason ( :i* man is unable to assign2 = in/ance t ! magnet attracts iron1 & _m l in/ances1 all ( :i* ,augu/9e enum]ates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxi1 #e1 #g74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem lawful to employ su* l =ces = ! alt]ation ( bodies4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 artificial bodies are subject to ! heav5ly bodies1 j z natural bodies are4 ,n[ natural bodies acquire c]ta9 occult =ces result+ f _! species ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,!re=e artificial bodies1 e4g4 images1 also acquire f ! heav5ly bodies a c]ta9 occult =ce = ! production ( c]ta9 effects4 ,!re=e x is n unlawful to make use ( !m & ( su* l ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! demons too are able to alt] bodies 9 _m ways1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #h1 #i74 ,b _! p[] is f ,god4 ,!re=e x is lawful to make use ( _! p[] = ! purpose ( produc+ ^! alt]ations4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #bj7 t to sup]/ition belong ! exp]im5ts ( magic arts1 amulets & no/rums condemn$ by ! m$ical faculty1 consi/+ ei!r ( incantations or ( c]ta9 cyph]s :i* !y call *>act]s1 or ( any k9d ( ?+ worn or fa/5$ on4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ?+s done = ! purpose ( produc+ "s bodily effect we mu/ consid] :e!r !y seem able to produce t effect naturally3 = if s x w n be unlawful to d s1 s9ce x is lawful to employ natural causes 9 ord] to produce _! prop] effects4 ,b1 if !y seem unable to produce ^? effects naturally1 x foll[s t !y are employ$ = ! purpose ( produc+ ^? effects1 n z causes b only z signs1 s t !y come "u ! head ( compact by tok5s ent]$ into ) ! demons 99,augu/9e1 ,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/42 see above ,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #b4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxi1 #f73 ,! demons are allur$ by means ( creatures1 :i* 7 made1 n by !m1 b by ,god4 ,!y are entic$ by v>i\s objects diff]+ accord+ to ! v>i\s ?+s 9 :i* !y delight1 n z animals by meat1 b z spirits by signs1 su* z are to ea* "o's lik+1 by means ( v>i\s k9ds ( /ones1 h]bs1 trees1 animals1 songs & rites4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is no?+ sup]/iti\s or unlawful 9 employ+ natural ?+s simply = ! purpose ( caus+ c]ta9 effects su* z !y are ?\ght to h ! natural p[] ( produc+4 ,b if 9 addition !re be employ$ c]ta9 *>act]s1 words1 or any o!r va9 obs]vances :i* cle>ly h no efficacy by nature1 x w be sup]/iti\s & unlawful4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! natural =ces ( natural bodies result f _! sub/antial =ms :i* !y acquire ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( heav5ly bodies2 :]e=e ?r\gh ?is same influ5ce !y acquire c]ta9 active =ces4 ,on ! o!r h& ! =ms ( artificial bodies result f ! conception ( ! craftsman2 & s9ce !y are no?+ else b composition1 ord] & %ape1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 i1 #e1 !y _c h a natural active =ce4 ,consequ5tly1 no =ce accrues to !m f ! influ5ce ( heav5ly bodies1 9 s f> z !y are artificial1 b only 9 respect ( _! natural matt]4 ,h5ce x is false1 :at ,porphyry held1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #aa71 t by h]bs1 /ones1 animals1 c]ta9 p>ticul> s\nds1 words1 %apes & devices1 or aga9 by c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! />s obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! heav5s x is possible = m5 to fa%ion on e>? =ces capable ( c>ry+ into effect ! v>i\s dispositions ( ! />s1 z ?\gh ! results ( ! magic arts 7 to be ascrib$ to ! p[] ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,9 fact z ,augu/9e adds 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #aa71 all ^! ?+s are to be ascrib$ to ! demons1 :o delude ! s\ls t are subject to !m4 ,:]e=e ^? images call$ a/ronomical also d]ive _! efficacy f ! actions ( ! demons3 a sign ( ?is is t x is requisite to inscribe c]ta9 *>act]s on !m :i* d n conduce to any effect naturally1 s9ce %ape is n a pr9ciple ( natural action4 ,yet a/ronomical images diff] f necromantic images 9 ?is1 t ! latt] include c]ta9 explicit invocations & trick]y1 :]e=e !y come "u ! head ( explicit agreem5ts made ) ! demons3 :]eas 9 ! o!r images !re are tacit agreem5ts by means ( tok5s 9 c]ta9 %apes or *>act]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x belongs to ! doma9 ( ! div9e maje/y1 to ,:om ! demons are subject1 t ,god %\ld employ !m to :atev] purpose ,he w4 ,b man has n be5 entru/$ ) p[] ov] ! demons1 to employ !m to :atsoev] purpose he w2 on ! contr>y1 x is appo9t$ t he %\ld wage w> aga9/ ! demons4 ,h5ce 9 no way is x lawful = man to make use ( ! demons' help by compacts ei!r tacit or express4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,obs]vances ,direct$ to ! ,purpose ( ,=tune-tell+ ,are ,unlawful8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t obs]vances direct$ to ! purpose ( =tune-tell+ are n unlawful4 ,sickness is "o ( ! mis=tunes t occur to man4 ,n[ sickness 9 man is prec$$ by c]ta9 symptoms1 :i* ! physician obs]ves4 ,!re=e x seems n unlawful to obs]ve su* l signs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is unreasonable to d5y t :i* ne>ly ev]ybody exp]i5ces4 ,n[ ne>ly ev]yone exp]i5ces t c]ta9 times1 or places1 he>+ ( c]ta9 words meet+s ( m5 or animals1 uncanny or unga9ly actions1 are presages ( good or evil to come4 ,!re=e x seems n unlawful to obs]ve ^! ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 human actions & occurr5ces are dispos$ by div9e provid5ce 9 a c]ta9 ord]3 & ?is ord] seems to require t prec$5t ev5ts %\ld be signs ( subsequ5t occurr5ces3 :]e=e1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #aj3f71 ! ?+s t happ5$ to ! fa!rs ( old are signs ( ^? t take place 9 our "t4 ,n[ x is n unlawful to obs]ve ! ord] t proce$s f div9e provid5ce4 ,!re=e x is seem+ly n unlawful to obs]ve ^! presages4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #bj7 t a ?\s& va9 obs]vances are compris$ "u ! head ( compacts ent]$ into ) ! demons3 = in/ance1 ! twit*+ ( a limb2 a /one1 a dog1 or a boy com+ betwe5 fri5ds walk+ toge!r2 kick+ ! door-po/ :5 anyone passes 9 front ( "o's h\se2 to g back to b$ if y happ5 to sneeze :ile putt+ on y\r %oes2 to return home if y trip :5 go+ =?2 :5 ! rats h gnaw$ a hole 9 y\r clo!s1 to fe> sup]/iti\sly a future evil r ?an to regret ! actual damage4 ,i answ] t1 ,m5 att5d to all ^! obs]vances1 n z causes b z signs ( future ev5ts1 good or evil4 ,nor d !y obs]ve !m z signs giv5 by ,god1 s9ce ^! signs are br\ght =w>d1 n on div9e au?ority1 b r by human vanity ) ! coop]ation ( ! malice ( ! demons1 :o /rive to entangle m5's m9ds ) su* l trifles4 ,accord+ly x is evid5t t all ^! obs]vances are sup]/iti\s & unlawful3 !y are app>5tly rema9s ( idolatry1 :i* au?oriz$ ! obs]vance ( auguries1 ( lucky & unlucky days :i* is alli$ to div9ation by ! />s1 9 respect ( :i* "o day is diff]5tiat$ f ano!r3 except t ^! obs]vances are devoid ( reason & art1 :]e=e !y are yet m va9 & sup]/iti\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! causes ( sickness are seat$ 9 u1 & !y produce c]ta9 signs ( sickness to come1 :i* physicians lawfully obs]ve4 ,:]e=e x is n unlawful to consid] a presage ( future ev5ts z proce$+ f its cause2 z :5 a slave fe>s a flogg+ :5 he sees 8 ma/]'s ang]4 ,possibly ! same might be said if "o 7 to fe> = *ild le/ x take h>m f ! evil eye1 ( :i* we h spok5 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aag1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b74 ,b ?is does n apply to ?is k9d ( obs]vances4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t m5 h at fir/ exp]i5c$ a c]ta9 degree ( tru? 9 ^! obs]vances is due to *ance4 ,b aft]w>ds :5 a man beg9s to entangle 8 m9d ) obs]vances ( ?is k9d1 _m ?+s occur 9 connection ) !m ?r\gh ! trick]y ( ! demons1 s t m51 ?r\gh be+ entangl$ 9 ^! obs]vances1 become yet m curi\s1 & m & m embroil$ 9 ! manifold sn>es ( a p]nici\s error1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #bc74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,among ! ,jewi% p ( :om ,*ri/ 0 to be born1 n only words b also de$s 7 prophetic1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,contra ,fau/4 iv1 #b2 xxii1 #bd74 ,:]e=e x is lawful to apply ^? de$s to our in/ruction1 z signs giv5 by ,god4 ,n all ?+s1 h[ev]1 t occur ?r\gh div9e provid5ce are ord]$ s z to be signs ( ! future4 ,h5ce ! argum5t does n prove4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,unlawful to ,we> ,div9e ,words at ! ,neck8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n unlawful to we> div9e words at ! neck4 ,div9e words are no less efficaci\s :5 writt5 ?an :5 utt]$4 ,b x is lawful to utt] sacr$ words = ! purpose ( produc+ c]ta9 effects2 7= in/ance1 9 ord] to heal ! sick71 su* z ! ,our ,fa!r or ! ,hail ,m>y1 or 9 any way :atev] to call on ! ,"l's "n1 accord+ to ,mk4 #af3ag1 #ah1 ,9 ,my "n !y %all ca/ out devils1 !y %all speak ) new tongues1 !y %all take up s]p5ts4 ,!re=e x seems to be lawful to we> sacr$ words at "o's neck1 z a rem$y = sickness or = any k9d ( di/ress4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sacr$ words are no less efficaci\s on ! human body ?an on ! bodies ( s]p5ts & o!r animals4 ,n[ c]ta9 incantations are efficaci\s 9 *eck+ s]p5ts1 or 9 heal+ c]ta9 o!r animals3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ps4 #eg3e73 ,_! madness is accord+ to ! lik5ess ( a s]p5t1 l ! deaf asp t /oppe? h] e>s1 :i* w n he> ! voice ( ! *>m]s1 nor ( ! wiz>d t *>me? wisely4 ,!re=e x is lawful to we> sacr$ words z a rem$y = m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god's ^w is no less holy ?an ! relics ( ! sa9ts2 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,lib4 ,l4 ,hom4 xxvi7 t ,god's ^w is ( no less acc\nt ?an ! ,body ( ,*ri/4 ,n[ x is lawful = "o to we> ! relics ( ! sa9ts at "o's neck1 or to c>ry !m ab\t "o 9 any way = ! purpose ( self-protection4 ,!re=e x is equally lawful to h rec\rse to ! words ( ,holy ,writ1 :e!r utt]$ or writt51 = "o's protection4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xliii 9 ,mat?47 99,cf4 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum 9 ,mat?aeum1 among ,/4 ,*ryso/om's works1 & falsely ascrib$ to him3 ,"s we> r\nd _! necks a passage 9 writ+ f ! ,gospel4 ,yet is n ! ,gospel read 9 *ur* & he>d by all e day8 ,h[ !n1 if x does a man no good to h ! ,gospels 9 8 e>s1 w he f9d salvation by we>+ !m r\nd 8 neck8 ,moreov]1 :]e is ! p[] ( ! ,gospel8 ,9 ! %apes ( ! lett]s or 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! s5se8 ,if 9 ! %apes1 y d well to we> !m r\nd y\r neck2 if 9 ! und]/&+1 y w !n d bett] to be> !m 9 y\r he>t ?an to we> !m r\nd y\r neck4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 e incantation or we>+ ( writt5 words1 two po9ts seem to dem& caution4 ,! fir/ is ! ?+ said or writt51 because if x is connect$ ) invocation ( ! demons x is cle>ly sup]/iti\s & unlawful4 ,9 l mann] x seems t "o %\ld bew>e le/ x conta9 /range words1 = fe> t !y conceal some?+ unlawful4 ,h5ce ,*ryso/om says 99,cf4 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum 9 ,mat?aeum1 among ,/4 ,*ryso/om's works1 falsely ascrib$ to him t _m n[ aft] ! example ( ! ,ph>isees :o enl>g$ _! fr+es1 inv5t & write ,hebrew names ( angels1 & fa/5 !m to _! p]sons4 ,su* ?+s seem fe>some to ^? :o d n und]/& !m4 ,aga91 "o %\ld take c>e le/ x conta9 any?+ false1 because 9 t case also ! effect c\ld n be ascrib$ to ,god1 ,:o does n be> witness to a falsehood4 ,9 ! second place1 "o %\ld bew>e le/ besides ! sacr$ words x conta9 some?+ va91 = in/ance c]ta9 writt5 *>act]s1 except ! sign ( ! ,cross2 or if hope be plac$ 9 ! mann] ( writ+ or fa/5+1 or 9 any l vanity1 hav+ no connection ) rev]5ce = ,god1 because ?is w\ld be pron\nc$ sup]/iti\s3 o!rwise1 h[ev]1 x is lawful4 ,h5ce x is writt5 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xxvi1 qu4 v1 cap4 ,non liceat ,*ri/ianis73 ,9 bl5d+ toge!r m$ic9al h]bs1 x is n lawful to make use ( obs]vances or incantations1 o!r ?an ! div9e symbol1 or ! ,"l's ,pray]1 s z to give honor to none b ,god ! ,creator ( all4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is inde$ lawful to pron\nce div9e words1 or to invoke ! div9e "n1 if "o d s ) a m9d to honor ,god alone1 f ,:om ! result is expect$3 b x is unlawful if x be done 9 connection ) any va9 obs]vance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 9 ! case ( incantations ( s]p5ts or any animals :atev]1 if ! m9d att5d exclusively to ! sacr$ words & to ! div9e p[]1 x w n be unlawful4 ,su* l incantations1 h[ev]1 (t5 include unlawful obs]vances1 & rely on ! demons = _! result1 especially 9 ! case ( s]p5ts1 because ! s]p5t 0 ! fir/ in/rum5t employ$ by ! devil 9 ord] to deceive man4 ,h5ce a gloss on ! passage quot$ says3 ,note t ,scripture does n comm5d ev]y?+ :5ce x draws its comp>isons1 z 9 ! case ( ! unju/ judge :o sc>cely he>d ! wid['s reque/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! same applies to ! we>+ ( relics1 = if !y be worn out ( confid5ce 9 ,god1 & 9 ! sa9ts ^: relics !y are1 x w n be unlawful4 ,b if acc\nt 7 tak5 9 ?is matt] ( "s va9 circum/ance 7= in/ance t ! casket be ?ree-corn]$1 or ! l1 hav+ no be>+ on ! rev]5ce due to ,god & ! sa9ts71 x w\ld be sup]/iti\s & unlawful4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,*ryso/om is speak+ ( ! case 9 :i* m att5tion is paid ! writt5 *>act]s ?an to ! und]/&+ ( ! words4 ,,"q #ig ,,( ,,! ,,temptation ,,( ,,god 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices t are oppos$ to religion1 ?r\gh lack ( religion1 & :i* are manife/ly contr>y !reto1 s t !y come "u ! head ( irreligion4 ,su* are ! vices :i* p]ta9 to contempt or irrev]5ce = ,god & holy ?+s4 ,accord+ly we %all consid]3 7#a7 ,vices p]ta9+ directly to irrev]5ce = ,god2 7#b7 ,vices p]ta9+ to irrev]5ce = holy ?+s4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ we %all consid] ! temptation :]eby ,god is tempt$1 & p]jury1 :]eby ,god's "n is tak5 ) irrev]5ce4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,9 :at ! temptation ( ,god consi/s2 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a s98 7#c7 ,to :at virtue x is oppos$2 7#d7 ,( its comp>ison ) o!r vices4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ig1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,temptation ( ,god ,consi/s 9 ,c]ta9 ,de$s1 ,:]e9 ! ,expect$ ,result ,is ,ascrib$ to ! ,p[] ( ,god ,alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! temptation ( ,god does n consi/ 9 c]ta9 de$s :]e9 ! result is expect$ f ! p[] ( ,god alone4 ,j z ,god is tempt$ by man s is man tempt$ by ,god1 man1 & demons4 ,b :5 man is tempt$ ! result is n always expect$ f 8 p[]4 ,!re=e nei!r is ,god tempt$ :5 ! result is expect$ f ,8 p[] alone4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all ^? :o "w miracles by invok+ ! div9e "n look = an effect due to ,god's p[] alone4 ,!re=e1 if ! temptation ( ,god consi/$ 9 su* l de$s1 all :o "w miracles w\ld tempt ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems to belong to man's p]fection t he %\ld put aside human aids & put 8 hope 9 ,god alone4 ,h5ce ,ambrose1 comm5t+ on ,luke #i3c1 ,take no?+ = y\r j\rney1 etc4 says3 ,! ,gospel precept po9ts out :at is requir$ ( him t ann\nces ! k+dom ( ,god1 namely1 t he %\ld n dep5d on worldly assi/ance1 & t1 tak+ assurance f 8 fai?1 he %\ld hold himself to be ! m able to provide = himself1 ! less he seeks ^! ?+s4 ,& ! ,bless$ ,aga?a said3 ,i h nev] treat$ my body ) bodily m$ic9e1 ,i h my ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,:o re/ores all ?+s by ,8 m]e ^w4 99,(fice ( ,/4 ,aga?a1 eigh? ,responsory 7,dom9ican ,brevi>y74 ,b ! temptation ( ,god does n consi/ 9 any?+ p]ta9+ to p]fection4 ,!re=e ! temptation ( ,god does n consi/ 9 su* l de$s1 :]e9 ! help ( ,god alone is expect$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #cf73 ,*ri/ :o gave pro( ( ,god's p[] by tea*+ & reprov+ op5ly1 yet n all[+ ! rage ( ,8 enemies to prevail aga9/ ,him1 nev]!less by flee+ & hid+1 in/ruct$ human weakness1 le/ x %\ld d>e to tempt ,god :5 x has to /rive to escape f t :i* x ne$s to avoid4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem t ! temptation ( ,god consi/s 9 omitt+ to d :at "o c 9 ord] to escape f dang]1 & rely+ on ! assi/ance ( ,god alone4 ,i answ] t1 ,prop]ly speak+1 to tempt is to te/ ! p]son tempt$4 ,n[ we put a p]son to ! te/ by words or by de$s4 ,by words1 t we may f9d out :e!r he kn[s :at we ask1 or :e!r he c & w grant x3 by de$s1 :51 by :at we d1 we probe ano!r's prud5ce1 w or p[]4 ,ei!r ( ^! may happ5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 op5ly1 z :5 "o decl>es oneself a tempt]3 ?us ,samson 7,judges #ad3ab7 propos$ a riddle to ! ,phili/9es 9 ord] to tempt !m4 ,9 ! second place x may be done ) cunn+ & by /eal?1 z ! ,ph>isees tempt$ ,*ri/1 z we read 9 ,matt4 #bb3ae1 sqq4 ,aga9 ?is is sometimes done explicitly1 z :5 anyone int5ds1 by ^w or de$1 to put "s p]son to ! te/2 & sometimes implicitly1 :51 to wit1 ?\gh he does n int5d to te/ a p]son1 yet t :i* he does or says c seem+ly h no o!r purpose ?an putt+ him to a te/4 ,accord+ly1 man tempts ,god sometimes by words1 sometimes by de$s4 ,n[ we speak ) ,god 9 words :5 we pray4 ,h5ce a man tempts ,god explicitly 9 8 pray]s :5 he asks some?+ ( ,god ) ! int5tion ( prob+ ,god's k1 p[] or w4 ,he tempts ,god explicitly by de$s :5 he int5ds1 by :atev] he does1 to exp]im5t on ,god's p[]1 good w or wisdom4 ,b ,he w tempt ,god implicitly1 if1 ?\gh he does n int5d to make an exp]im5t on ,god1 yet he asks = or does some?+ :i* has no o!r use ?an to prove ,god's p[]1 goodness or k4 ,?us :5 a man wi%es 8 horse to gallop 9 ord] to escape f ! enemy1 ?is is n giv+ ! horse a trial3 b if he make ! horse gallop ) out any useful purpose1 x seems to be no?+ else ?an a trial ( ! horse's spe$2 & ! same applies to all o!r ?+s4 ,accord+ly :5 a man 9 8 pray]s or de$s entru/s himself to ! div9e assi/ance = "s urg5t or useful motive1 ?is is n to tempt ,god3 = x is writt5 7#b ,p>alip #bj3ab73 ,z we "k n :at to d1 we c only turn our eyes to ,!e4 ,b if ?is be done )\t any useful or urg5t motive1 ?is is to tempt ,god implicitly4 ,:]e=e a gloss on ,deut4 #f3af1 ,?\ %alt n tempt ! ,"l ?y ,god1 says3 ,a man tempts ,god1 if hav+ ! means at h&1 )\t reason he *ooses a dang]\s c\rse1 try+ :e!r he c be deliv]$ by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man also is sometimes tempt$ by means ( de$s1 to te/ 8 ability or k or w to uphold or oppose ^? same de$s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 sa9ts "w miracles by _! pray]s1 !y are mov$ by a motive ( necessity or usefulness to ask = t :i* is an effect ( ! div9e p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! prea*]s ( ,god's k+dom disp5se ) temporal aids1 s z to be fre] to give _! "t to ! ^w ( ,god3 :]e=e if !y dep5d on ,god alone1 x does n foll[ t !y tempt ,god4 ,b if !y 7 to neglect human assi/ance )\t any useful or urg5t motive1 !y w\ld be tempt+ ,god4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #cf7 says t ,paul fl$1 n ?r\gh ceas+ to believe 9 ,god1 b le/ he %\ld tempt ,god1 7 he n to flee :5 he _h ! means ( flight4 ,! ,bless$ ,aga?a _h exp]i5ce ( ,god's k9dness t[>ds h]1 s t ei!r %e did n suff] su* sickness z requir$ bodily m$ic9e1 or else %e felt h]self sudd5ly cur$ by ,god4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ig1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is a ,s9 to ,tempt ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n a s9 to tempt ,god4 ,= ,god has n comm&$ s94 ,yet ,he has comm&$ m5 to try1 :i* is ! same z to tempt1 ,him3 = x is writt5 7,mala*4 #c3aj73 ,br+ all ! ti!s into ! /oreh\se1 t !re may be meat 9 ,my h\se2 & try ,me 9 ?is1 sai? ! ,"l1 if ,i op5 n unto y ! flood-gates ( heav54 ,!re=e x seems n to be a s9 to tempt ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a man is tempt$ n only 9 ord] to te/ 8 k & 8 p[]1 b also to try 8 goodness or 8 w4 ,n[ x is lawful to te/ ! div9e goodness or w1 = x is writt5 7,ps4 #cc3i73 ,o ta/e & see t ! ,"l is sweet1 & 7,rom4 #ab3b73 ,t y may prove :at is ! good1 & ! acceptable1 & ! p]fect w ( ,god4 ,!re=e x is n a s9 to tempt ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,scripture nev] blames a man = ceas+ f s91 b r = committ+ a s94 ,n[ ,a*az is blam$ because :5 ! ,"l said3 ,ask !e a sign ( ! ,"l ?y ,god1 he repli$3 ,i w n ask1 & ,i w n tempt ! ,"l1 & !n x 0 said to him3 ,is x a small ?+ = y to be griev\s to m51 t y are griev\s to my ,god also8 7,isa4 #g3aa-ac74 ,& we read ( ,abraham 7,g54 #ae3h7 t he said to ! ,"l3 ,:]eby may ,i "k t ,i %all possess x8 namely1 ! l& :i* ,god _h promis$ him4 ,aga9 ,g$eon ask$ ,god = a sign ( ! victory promis$ to him 7,judges #f3cf1 sqq474 ,yet !y 7 n blam$ = s do+4 ,!re=e x is n a s9 to tempt ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is =bidd5 9 ,god's ,law1 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #f3aj73 ,?\ %alt n tempt ! ,"l ?y ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 to tempt a p]son is to put him to a te/4 ,n[ "o nev] te/s t ( :i* "o is c]ta94 ,:]e=e all temptation proce$s f "s ignorance or d\bt1 ei!r 9 ! tempt] 7z :5 "o te/s a ?+ 9 ord] to "k its qualities71 or 9 o!rs 7z :5 "o te/s a ?+ 9 ord] to prove x to o!rs71 & 9 ?is latt] way ,god is said to tempt u4 ,n[ x is a s9 to be ignorant ( or to d\bt t :i* p]ta9s to ,god's p]fection4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t x is a s9 to tempt ,god 9 ord] t ! tempt] himself may "k ,god's p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "o 7 to te/ t :i* p]ta9s to ! div9e p]fection1 n 9 ord] to "k x oneself1 b to prove x to o!rs3 ?is is n tempt+ ,god1 provid$ !re be j motive ( urg5cy1 or a pi\s motive ( usefulness1 & o!r requisite conditions4 ,= ?us did ! apo/les ask ! ,"l t signs might be wr\ght 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 z relat$ 9 ,acts #d3cj1 9 ord]1 to wit1 t ,*ri/'s p[] might be made manife/ to unbeliev]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! pay+ ( ti!s 0 prescrib$ 9 ! ,law1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce !re 0 a motive ( urg5cy to pay x1 ?r\gh ! obligation ( ! ,law1 & also a motive ( usefulness1 z /at$ 9 ! text quot$--t !re may be meat 9 ,god's h\se3 :]e=e !y did n tempt ,god by pay+ ti!s4 ,! words t foll[1 & try ,me1 are n to be und]/ood causally1 z ?\gh !y _h to pay ti!s 9 ord] to try if ,god w\ld op5 ! flood-gates ( heav51 b consecutively1 because1 to wit1 if !y paid ti!s1 !y w\ld prove by exp]i5ce ! favors :i* ,god w\ld %[] ^u !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re is a tw(old k ( ,god's goodness or w4 ,"o is speculative & z to ?is x is n lawful to d\bt or to prove :e!r ,god's w be good1 or :e!r ,god is sweet4 ,! o!r k ( ,god's w or goodness is effective or exp]im5tal & !reby a man exp]i5ces 9 himself ! ta/e ( ,god's sweetness1 & complac5cy 9 ,god's w1 z ,dionysius says ( ,hi]o!os 7,div4 ,nom4 ii7 t he le>nt div9e ?+s ?r\gh exp]i5ce ( !m4 ,x is 9 ?is way t we are told to prove ,god's w1 & to ta/e ,8 sweetness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god wi%$ to give a sign to ,a*az1 n = him alone1 b = ! in/ruction ( ! :ole p4 ,h5ce he 0 reprov$ because1 by refus+ to ask a sign1 he 0 an ob/acle to ! common welf>e4 ,nor w\ld he h tempt$ ,god by ask+1 bo? because he w\ld h ask$ ?r\gh ,god comm&+ him to d s1 & because x 0 a matt] relat+ to ! common good4 ,abraham ask$ = a sign ?r\gh ! div9e in/9ct1 & s he did n s94 ,g$eon seems to h ask$ a sign ?r\gh weakness ( fai?1 :]e=e he is n to be excus$ f s91 z a gloss obs]ves3 j z ,za*>y s9n$ 9 say+ to ! angel 7,luke #a3ah73 ,:]eby %all ,i "k ?is8 s t he 0 puni%$ = 8 unbelief4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t !re are two ways ( ask+ ,god = a sign3 fir/ 9 ord] to te/ ,god's p[] or ! tru? ( ,8 ^w1 & ?is ( its v nature p]ta9s to ! temptation ( ,god4 ,secondly1 9 ord] to be in/ruct$ z to :at is ,god's pleasure 9 "s p>ticul> matt]2 & ?is n[ise comes "u ! head ( temptation ( ,god4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ig1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,temptation ( ,god ,is ,oppos$ to ! ,virtue ( ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! temptation ( ,god is n oppos$ to ! virtue ( religion4 ,! temptation ( ,god is s9ful1 because a man d\bts ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,n[ d\bt ab\t ,god comes "u ! head ( unbelief1 :i* is oppos$ to fai?4 ,!re=e temptation ( ,god is oppos$ to fai? r ?an to religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ah3bc73 ,be=e pray] prep>e ?y s\l1 & be n z a man t tempte? ,god4 ,su* a man1 t is1 :o tempts ,god1 says ! int]l9e> gloss1 prays = :at ,god taught him to pray =1 yet does n :at ,god has comm&$ him to d4 ,n[ ?is p]ta9s to imprud5ce :i* is oppos$ to hope4 ,!re=e x seems t temptation ( ,god is a s9 oppos$ to hope4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,ps4 #gg3ah1 ,& !y tempt$ ,god 9 _! he>ts1 says t to tempt ,god is to pray to ,him deceitfully1 ) simplicity 9 our words & wick$ness 9 our he>ts4 ,n[ deceit is oppos$ to ! virtue ( tru?4 ,!re=e temptation ( ,god is oppos$1 n to religion1 b to tru?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ! gloss quot$ above to tempt ,god is to pray to ,him inord9ately4 ,n[ to pray to ,god becom+ly is an act ( religion z /at$ above 7,q4 #hc1 ,a4 #ae74 ,!re=e to tempt ,god is a s9 oppos$ to religion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z cle>ly %[n above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #e71 ! end ( religion is to pay rev]5ce to ,god4 ,:]e=e :atev] p]ta9s directly to irrev]5ce = ,god is oppos$ to religion4 ,n[ x is evid5t t to tempt a p]son p]ta9s to irrev]5ce = him3 s9ce no "o presumes to tempt "o ( ^: excell5ce he is sure4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t to tempt ,god is a s9 oppos$ to religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #g71 x belongs to religion to decl>e "o's fai? by c]ta9 signs indicative ( rev]5ce t[>ds ,god4 ,consequ5tly x belongs to irreligion t1 ?r\gh d\btful fai?1 a man does ?+s indicative ( irrev]5ce t[>ds ,god4 ,to tempt ,god is "o ( ^!2 :]e=e x is a species ( irreligion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he t prep>es n 8 s\l be=e pray] by =giv+ ^? aga9/ :om he has any?+1 or 9 "s o!r way dispos+ himself to devotion1 does n d :at he c to be he>d by ,god1 :]e=e he tempts ,god implicitly z x 74 ,& ?\gh ?is implicit temptation w\ld seem to arise f presumption or indiscretion1 yet ! v fact t a man behaves presumptu\sly & )\t due c>e 9 matt]s relat+ to ,god implies irrev]5ce t[>ds ,him4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,pet4 #e3f73 ,be y humbl$ 4 4 4 "u ! mighty h& ( ,god1 & 7#b ,tim4 #b3ae73 ,c>efully /udy to pres5t ?yself approv$ unto ,god4 ,!re=e also ?is k9d ( temptation is a species ( irreligion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a man is said to pray deceitfully1 n 9 relation to ,god1 ,:o kn[s ! secrets ( ! he>t1 b 9 relation to man4 ,:]e=e deceit is accid5tal to ! temptation ( ,god1 & consequ5tly x does n foll[ t to tempt ,god is directly oppos$ to ! tru?4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ig1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,temptation ( ,god ,is a ,grav] ,s9 ,?an ,sup]/ition8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! temptation ( ,god is a grav] s9 ?an sup]/ition4 ,! great] s9 receives ! great] puni%m5t4 ,n[ ! s9 ( tempt+ ,god 0 m sev]ely puni%$ 9 ! ,jews ?an 0 ! s9 ( idolatry2 & yet ! latt] is ! *ief =m ( sup]/ition3 s9ce = ! s9 ( idolatry ?ree ?\s& m5 ( _! numb] 7 sla91 z relat$ 9 ,ex4 #cb3bh 99,septuag9t v]sion4 ,! ,vulgate has tw5ty-?ree ?\s&41 :]eas = ! s9 ( temptation !y all )\t exception p]i%$ 9 ! des]t1 & ent]$ n into ! l& ( promise1 accord+ to ,ps4 #id3i1 ,y\r fa!rs tempt$ ,me1 & fur!r on1 s ,i swore 9 ,my wra? t !y %\ld n ent] into ,my re/4 ,!re=e to tempt ,god is a grav] s9 ?an sup]/ition4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m a s9 is oppos$ to virtue ! grav] x w\ld seem to be4 ,n[ irreligion1 ( :i* ! temptation ( ,god is a species1 is m oppos$ to ! virtue ( religion1 ?an sup]/ition :i* be>s "s lik5ess to religion4 ,!re=e to tempt ,god is a grav] s9 ?an sup]/ition4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems to be a great] s9 to behave disrespectfully to "o's p>5ts1 ?an to pay o!rs ! respect we owe to our p>5ts4 ,n[ ,god %\ld be honor$ by u z ! ,fa!r ( all 7,mala*4 #a3f74 ,!re=e1 temptation ( ,god :]eby we behave irrev]5tly to ,god1 seems to be a great] s9 ?an idolatry1 :]eby we give to a creature ! honor we owe to ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,deut4 #ag3b1 ,:5 !re %all be f\nd among y1 etc4 says3 ,! ,law dete/s error & idolatry above all3 = x is a v great s9 to give to a creature ! honor t belongs to ! ,creator4 ,i answ] t1 ,among s9s oppos$ to religion1 ! m griev\s is t :i* is ! m oppos$ to ! rev]5ce due to ,god4 ,n[ x is less oppos$ to ?is rev]5ce t "o %\ld d\bt ! div9e excell5ce ?an t "o %\ld hold ! contr>y = c]ta94 ,= j z a man is m ( an unbeliev] if he be confirm$ 9 8 error1 ?an if he d\bt ! tru? ( fai?1 s1 too1 a man acts m aga9/ ! rev]5ce due to ,god1 if by 8 de$s he pr(esses an error contr>y to ! div9e excell5ce1 ?an if he expresses a d\bt4 ,n[ ! sup]/iti\s man pr(esses an error1 z %[n above 7,q4 #id1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a71 :]eas he :o tempts ,god by words or de$s expresses a d\bt ( ! div9e excell5ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,!re=e ! s9 ( sup]/ition is grav] ?an ! s9 ( tempt+ ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s9 ( idolatry 0 n puni%$ 9 ! above mann]1 z ?\gh x 7 a suffici5t puni%m5t2 because a m sev]e puni%m5t 0 res]v$ 9 ! future = t s91 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #cb3cd73 ,& ,i1 9 ! day ( rev5ge1 w visit ?is s9 also ( !irs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sup]/ition be>s a lik5ess to religion1 z reg>ds ! mat]ial act :i* x pays j z religion does4 ,b1 z reg>ds ! end1 x is m contr>y to religion ?an ! temptation ( ,god1 s9ce x implies great] irrev]5ce = ,god1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x belongs ess5tially to ! div9e excell5ce t x is s+ul> & incommunicable4 ,consequ5tly to give div9e rev]5ce to ano!r is ! same z to d a ?+ oppos$ to ! div9e excell5ce4 ,!re is no comp>ison ) ! honor due to our p>5ts1 :i* c )\t s9 be giv5 to o!rs4 ,,"q #ih ,,( ,,p]jury 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] p]jury3 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r falsehood is necess>y = p]jury8 7#b7 ,:e!r p]jury is always a s98 7#c7 ,:e!r x is always a mortal s98 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a s9 to enjo9 an oa? on a p]jur]8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ih1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is ,necess>y = ,p]jury ,t ! ,/atem5t ,confirm$ on ,oa? ,be ,false8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n necess>y = p]jury t ! /atem5t confirm$ on oa? be false4 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #hi1 ,a4 #c71 an oa? %\ld be accompani$ by judgm5t & ju/ice no less ?an by tru?4 ,s9ce !re=e p]jury is incurr$ ?r\gh lack ( tru?1 x is incurr$ likewise ?r\gh lack ( judgm5t1 z :5 "o swe>s indiscreetly1 & ?r\gh lack ( ju/ice1 z :5 "o swe>s to some?+ unju/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* confirms is m weighty ?an ! ?+ confirm$ !reby3 ?us 9 a syllogism ! premises are m weighty ?an ! conclusion4 ,n[ 9 an oa? a man's /atem5t is confirm$ by call+ on ! "n ( ,god4 ,!re=e p]jury seems to consi/ 9 swe>+ by false gods r ?an 9 a lack ( tru? 9 ! human /atem5t :i* is confirm$ on oa?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,apo/4 ,jacobi2 ,s]m4 clxxx73 ,m5 swe> falsely bo? 9 deceiv+ o!rs & :5 !y are deceiv$ !mselves2 & he gives ?ree examples4 ,! fir/ is3 ,suppos+ a man to swe>1 ?9k+ t :at he swe>s to is true1 :]eas x is false2 ! second is3 ,take ! in/ance ( ano!r :o kn[s ! /atem5t to be false1 & swe>s to x z ?\gh x 7 true2 & ! ?ird is3 ,take ano!r1 :o ?9ks 8 /atem5t false1 & swe>s to its be+ true1 :ile p]haps x is true1 ( :om he says aft]w>ds t he is a p]jur]4 ,!re=e "o may be a p]jur] :ile swe>+ to ! tru?4 ,!re=e falsehood is n necess>y = p]jury4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,p]jury is def9$ a falsehood confirm$ by oa? 99,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor1 ,sum4 ,s5t4 iv1 #e4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #b71 moral acts take _! species f _! end4 ,n[ ! end ( an oa? is ! confirmation ( a human ass]tion4 ,to ?is confirmation falsehood is oppos$3 s9ce an ass]tion is confirm$ by be+ firmly %[n to be true2 & ?is _c happ5 to t :i* is false4 ,h5ce falsehood directly annuls ! end ( an oa?3 & = ?is reason1 t p]v]sity 9 swe>+1 :i* is call$ p]jury1 takes its species *iefly f falsehood4 ,consequ5tly falsehood is ess5tial to p]jury4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,j]ome says on ,j]4 #d3b1 :i*ev] ( ^! ?ree be lack+1 !re is p]jury1 b 9 diff]5t ord]4 ,= fir/ & *iefly p]jury consi/s 9 a lack ( tru?1 = ! reason /at$ 9 ! ,article4 ,secondly1 !re is p]jury :5 ju/ice is lack+1 = 9 :atev] way a man swe>s to t :i* is unlawful1 = ?is v reason he is guilty ( falsehood1 s9ce he is "u an obligation to d ! contr>y4 ,?irdly1 !re is p]jury :5 judgm5t is lack+1 s9ce by ! v fact t a man swe>s indiscreetly1 he incurs ! dang] ( laps+ into falsehood4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 syllogisms ! premises are ( great] weight1 s9ce !y are 9 ! position ( active pr9ciple1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 ii1 #c3 :]eas 9 moral matt]s ! end is ( great] importance ?an ! active pr9ciple4 ,h5ce ?\gh x is a p]v]se oa? :5 a man swe>s to ! tru? by false gods1 yet p]jury takes its "n f t k9d ( p]v]sity 9 an oa?1 t deprives ! oa? ( its end1 by swe>+ :at is false4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,moral acts proce$ f ! w1 ^: object is ! appreh5d$ good4 ,:]e=e if ! false be appreh5d$ z true1 x w be mat]ially false1 b =mally true1 z relat$ to ! w4 ,if some?+ false be appreh5d$ z false1 x w be false bo? mat]ially & =mally4 ,if t :i* is true be appreh5d$ z false1 x w be mat]ially true1 & =mally false4 ,h5ce 9 ea* ( ^! cases ! conditions requir$ = p]jury are to be f\nd 9 "s way1 on acc\nt ( "s measure ( falsehood4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 t :i* is =mal 9 any?+ is ( great] importance ?an t :i* is mat]ial1 he t swe>s to a falsehood ?9k+ x true is n s mu* ( a p]jur] z he t swe>s to ! tru? ?9k+ x false4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,apo/4 ,jacobi2 ,s]m4 clxxx73 ,x dep5ds h[ ! ass]tion proce$s f ! m9d1 = ! tongue is n guilty except ! m9d be guilty4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ih1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,all ,p]jury ,is ,s9ful8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n all p]jury is s9ful4 ,:oev] does n fulfil :at he has confirm$ on oa? is seem+ly a p]jur]4 ,yet sometimes a man swe>s he w d some?+ unlawful 7adult]y1 = in/ance1 or murd]73 & if he does x1 he commits a s94 ,if !re=e he w\ld commit a s9 ev5 if he did x n1 x w\ld foll[ t he is p]plex$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no man s9s by do+ :at is be/4 ,yet sometimes by committ+ a p]jury "o does :at is be/3 z :5 a man swe>s n to ent] religion1 or n to d "s k9d ( virtu\s de$4 ,!re=e n all p]jury is s9ful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 he t swe>s to d ano!r's w w\ld seem to be guilty ( p]jury unless he d x4 ,yet x may happ5 sometimes t he s9s n1 if he d n ! man's w3 = in/ance1 if ! latt] ord] him to d some?+ too h>d & unbe>able4 ,!re=e seem+ly n all p]jury is s9ful4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a promissory oa? ext5ds to future1 j z a decl>atory oa? ext5ds to pa/ & pres5t ?+s4 ,n[ ! obligation ( an oa? may be remov$ by "s future occurr5ce3 ?us a /ate may swe> to fulfil "s obligation1 & aft]w>ds o!r citiz5s come on ! sc5e :o did n take ! oa?2 or a canon may swe> to keep ! /atutes ( a c]ta9 *ur*1 & aft]w>ds new /atutes are made4 ,!re=e seem+ly he t breaks an oa? does n s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,apo/4 ,jacobi2 ,s]m4 cxxx71 9 speak+ ( p]jury3 ,see h[ y %\ld dete/ ?is horrible bea/ & ext]m9ate x f all human bus9ess4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #hi1 ,a4 #a71 to swe> is to call ,god z witness4 ,n[ x is an irrev]5ce to ,god to call ,him to witness to a falsehood1 because by s do+ "o implies ei!r t ,god ignores ! tru? or t ,he is will+ to be> witness to a falsehood4 ,!re=e p]jury is manife/ly a s9 oppos$ to religion1 to :i* x belongs to %[ rev]5ce to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he t swe>s to d :at is unlawful is !reby guilty ( p]jury ?r\gh lack ( ju/ice3 ?\gh1 if he fails to keep 8 oa?1 he is n guilty ( p]jury 9 ?is respect1 s9ce t :i* he swore to d 0 n a fit matt] ( an oa?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a p]son :o swe>s n to ent] religion1 or n to give an alms1 or ! l1 is guilty ( p]jury ?r\gh lack ( judgm5t4 ,h5ce :5 he does t :i* is be/ x is n an act ( p]jury1 b contr>y !reto3 = ! contr>y ( t :i* he is do+ c\ld n be a matt] ( an oa?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 "o man swe>s or promises to d ano!r's w1 !re is to be und]/ood ?is requisite condition--t ! ?+ comm&$ be lawful & virtu\s1 & n unbe>able or immod]ate4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,an oa? is a p]sonal act1 & s :5 a man becomes a citiz5 ( a /ate1 he is n b\nd1 z by oa?1 to fulfil :atev] ! /ate has sworn to d4 ,yet he is b\nd by a k9d ( fidelity1 ! nature ( :i* obligation is t he %\ld take 8 %>e ( ! /ate's burd5s if he takes a %>e ( its goods4 ,! canon :o swe>s to keep ! /atutes t h =ce 9 "s p>ticul> college is n b\nd by 8 oa? to keep any t may be made 9 ! future1 unless he int5ds to b9d himself to keep all1 pa/ & future4 ,nev]!less he is b\nd to keep !m by virtue ( ! /atutes !mselves1 s9ce !y are possess$ ( co]cive =ce1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,a4 #d74 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ih1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,all ,p]jury ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t n all p]jury is a mortal s94 ,x is laid d[n 7,extra1 ,de ,jurejur41 cap4 ,v]um73 ,ref]r+ to ! "q :e!r an oa? is b9d+ on ^? :o h tak5 "o 9 ord] to safegu>d _! life & possessions1 we h no o!r m9d ?an t :i* our pr$ecessors ! ,roman ,pontiffs are kn[n to h _h1 & :o absolv$ su* p]sons f ! obligations ( _! oa?4 ,h5ce=?1 t discretion may be obs]v$1 & 9 ord] to avoid occasions ( p]jury1 let !m n be told expressly n to keep _! oa?3 b if !y %\ld n keep x1 !y are n = ?is reason to be puni%$ z = a mortal s94 ,!re=e n all p]jury is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b4 ,fur!r1 z ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xliv 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum on ,/4 ,mat!w1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om says1 x is a great] ?+ to swe> by ,god ?an by ! ,gospels4 ,n[ x is n always a mortal s9 to swe> by ,god to some?+ false2 = in/ance1 if we 7 to employ su* an oa? 9 fun or by a slip ( ! tongue 9 ! c\rse ( an ord9>y conv]sation4 ,!re=e nei!r is x always a mortal s9 to break an oa? t has be5 tak5 solemnly on ! ,gospels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,law a man incurs infamy ?r\gh committ+ p]jury 7,,vi1 qu4 i1 cap4 ,infames74 ,n[ x w\ld seem t infamy is n incurr$ ?r\gh any k9d ( p]jury1 z x is prescrib$ 9 ! case ( a decl>atory oa? violat$ by p]jury 99,cap4 ,cum dilectus1 de ,ord4 ,cognit44 ,!re=e1 seem+ly1 n all p]jury is a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,e s9 t is contr>y to a div9e precept is a mortal s94 ,n[ p]jury is contr>y to a div9e precept1 = x is writt5 7,lev4 #ai3ab73 ,?\ %alt n swe> falsely by ,my "n4 ,!re=e x is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,philosoph] 7,po/]4 i1 #b71 t :i* causes a ?+ to be su* is yet m s4 ,n[ we "k t an action :i* is1 by reason ( its v nature1 a v5ial s91 or ev5 a good action1 is a mortal s9 if x be done out ( contempt ( ,god4 ,:]e=e any action t ( its nature1 implies contempt ( ,god is a mortal s94 ,n[ p]jury1 ( its v nature implies contempt ( ,god1 s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! reason :y x is s9ful is because x is an act ( irrev]5ce t[>ds ,god4 ,!re=e x is manife/ t p]jury1 ( its v nature1 is a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #hi1 ,a4 #g1 ad #c71 co]cion does n deprive a promissory oa? ( its b9d+ =ce1 z reg>ds t :i* c be done lawfully4 ,:]e=e he :o fails to fulfil an oa? :i* he took "u co]cion is guilty ( p]jury & s9s mortally4 ,nev]!less ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff c1 by 8 au?ority1 absolve a man f an obligation ev5 ( an oa?1 especially if ! latt] %\ld h be5 co]c$ into tak+ ! oa? ?r\gh su* fe> z may ov]come a high-pr9cipl$ man4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is said t ^! p]sons are n to be puni%$ z = a mortal s91 ?is does n mean t !y are n guilty ( mortal s91 b t a less] puni%m5t is to be inflict$ on !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he t swe>s falsely 9 fun is none!less irrev]5t to ,god1 inde$1 9 a way1 he is m s1 & consequ5tly is n excus$ f mortal s94 ,he t swe>s falsely by a slip ( tongue1 if he adv]ts to ! fact t he is swe>+1 & t he is swe>+ to some?+ false1 is n excus$ f mortal s91 z nei!r is he excus$ f contempt ( ,god4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he does n adv]t to ?is1 he w\ld seem to h no int5tion ( swe>+1 & consequ5tly is excus$ f ! s9 ( p]jury4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a m griev\s s9 to swe> solemnly by ! ,gospels1 ?an to swe> by ,god 9 ord9>y conv]sation1 bo? on acc\nt ( sc&al & on acc\nt ( ! great] delib]ation4 ,b if we consid] !m equally 9 comp>ison ) "o ano!r1 x is m griev\s to commit p]jury 9 swe>+ by ,god ?an 9 swe>+ by ! ,gospels4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n e s9 makes a man infam\s 9 ! eye ( ! law4 ,:]e=e1 if a man :o has sworn falsely 9 a decl>atory oa? be n infam\s 9 ! eye ( ! law1 b only :5 he has be5 s decl>$ by s5t5ce 9 a c\rt ( law1 x does n foll[ t he has n s9n$ mortally4 ,! reason :y ! law atta*es infamy r to "o :o breaks a promissory oa? tak5 solemnly is t he /ill has x 9 8 p[] aft] he has sworn to sub/antiate 8 oa?1 :i* is n ! case 9 a decl>atory oa?4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ih1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,he ,s9s ,:o ,dem&s an ,oa? ( a ,p]jur]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t he :o dem&s an oa? ( a p]jur] commits a s94 ,ei!r he kn[s t he swe>s truly1 or he kn[s t he swe>s falsely4 ,if he kn[s him to swe> truly1 x is useless = him to dem& an oa?3 & if he believes him to swe> falsely1 = 8 own "p he leads him into s94 ,!re=e n[ise seem+ly %\ld "o enjo9 an oa? on ano!r p]son4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to receive an oa? f a p]son is less ?an to impose an oa? on him4 ,n[ x w\ld seem unlawful to receive an oa? f a p]son1 especially if he swe> falsely1 because he w\ld !n seem to cons5t 9 8 s94 ,mu* less !re=e w\ld x seem lawful to impose an oa? on "o :o swe>s falsely4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,lev4 #e3a73 ,if anyone s91 & he> ! voice ( "o swe>+ falsely 99',falsely' is n 9 ! ,vulgate1 & is a witness ei!r because he himself ha? se51 or is privy to x3 if he d n utt] x1 he %all be> 8 iniquity4 ,h5ce x w\ld seem t :5 a man kn[s ano!r to be swe>+ falsely1 he is b\nd to d5\nce him4 ,!re=e x is n lawful to dem& an oa? ( su* a man4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,j z x is a s9 to swe> falsely s is x to swe> by false gods4 ,yet x is lawful to take advantage ( an oa? ( "o :o has sworn by false gods1 z ,augu/9e says 7ad ,public4 ,ep4 xlvii74 ,!re=e x is lawful to dem& an oa? f "o :o swe>s falsely4 ,i answ] t1 ,z reg>ds a p]son :o dem&s an oa? f ano!r1 a di/9ction w\ld seem to be necess>y4 ,= ei!r he dem&s ! oa? on 8 own acc\nt & ( 8 own accord1 or he dem&s x on acc\nt ( ! exig5cies ( a duty impos$ on him4 ,if a man dem&s an oa? on 8 own acc\nt z a private individual1 we mu/ make a di/9ction1 z does ,augu/9e 7de ,p]juriis4 s]m4 clxxx73 ,= if he kn[s n t ! man w swe> falsely1 & says to him accord+ly3 ',swe> to me' 9 ord] t he may be cr$it$1 !re is no s93 yet x is a human temptation 7because1 to wit1 x proce$s f 8 weakness 9 d\bt+ :e!r ! man w speak ! tru?74 ,?is is ! evil :]e( ,our ,"l says 7,matt4 #e3cg73 ,t :i* is ov] & above ^!1 is ( evil4 ,b if he kn[s ! man to h done s1 i4e4 ! contr>y ( :at he swe>s to1 & yet =ces him to swe>1 he is a murd]]3 = ! o!r de/roys himself by 8 p]jury1 b x is he :o urg$ ! h& ( ! slay]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a man dem&s an oa? z a public p]son1 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! law1 on ! requisition ( a ?ird p]son3 he does n seem to be at fault1 if he dem&s an oa? ( a p]son1 :e!r he kn[s t he w swe> falsely or truly1 because seem+ly x is n he t exacts ! oa? b ! p]son at ^: in/ance he dem&s x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t avails 9 ! case ( "o :o dem&s an oa? on 8 own acc\nt4 ,yet he does n always "k t ! o!r w swe> truly or falsely1 = at times he has d\bts ab\t ! fact1 & believes he w swe> truly4 ,9 su* a case he exacts an oa? 9 ord] t he may be m c]ta94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7ad ,public4 s]m4 xlvii71 ?\gh we are =bidd5 to swe>1 ,i d n rememb] ev] to h read 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures t we mu/ n accept oa?s f o!rs4 ,h5ce he t accepts an oa? does n s91 except p]*ance :5 ( 8 own accord he =ces ano!r to swe>1 kn[+ t he w swe> falsely4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 ,sup] ,lev1 qu4 i71 ,moses 9 ! passage quot$ did n /ate to :om "o man _h to d5\nce ano!r's p]jury3 :]e=e x mu/ be und]/ood t ! matt] _h to be d5\nc$ to ^? :o w\ld d ! p]jur] good r ?an h>m4 ,aga91 nei!r did he /ate 9 :at ord] ! d5unciation 0 to be made3 :]e=e seem+ly ! ,gospel ord] %\ld be foll[$1 if ! s9 ( p]jury %\ld be hidd51 especially :5 x does n t5d to ano!r p]son's injury3 because if x did1 ! ,gospel ord] w\ld n apply to ! case1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x is lawful to make use ( an evil = ! sake ( good1 z ,god does1 b x is n lawful to lead anyone to d evil4 ,consequ5tly x is lawful to accept ! oa? ( "o :o is ready to swe> by false gods1 b x is n lawful to induce him to swe> by false gods4 ,yet x seems to be diff]5t 9 ! case ( "o :o swe>s falsely by ! true ,god1 because an oa? ( ?is k9d lacks ! good ( fai?1 :i* a man makes use ( 9 ! oa? ( "o :o swe>s truly by false gods1 z ,augu/9e says 7ad ,public4 ,ep4 xlvii74 ,h5ce :5 a man swe>s falsely by ! true ,god 8 oa? seems to lack any good t "o may use lawfully4 ,,"q #ii ,,( ,,sacrilege 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices :i* p]ta9 to irreligion1 :]eby sacr$ ?+s are treat$ ) irrev]5ce4 ,we %all consid] 7#a7 ,sacrilege2 7#b7 ,simony4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is sacrilege8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special s98 7#c7 ,( ! species ( sacrilege2 7#d7 ,( ! puni%m5t ( sacrilege4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,sacrilege ,is ! ,violation ( a ,sacr$ ,?+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sacrilege is n ! violation ( a sacr$ ?+4 ,x is /at$ 7,,xvii1 qu4 iv 99,app5d4 ,gratian1 on c4 ,si quis suad5te73 ,!y are guilty ( sacrilege :o disagree ab\t ! sov]eign's decision1 & d\bt :e!r ! p]son *os5 by ! sov]eign be wor?y ( honor4 ,n[ ?is seems to h no connection ) any?+ sacr$4 ,!re=e sacrilege does n d5ote ! violation ( some?+ sacr$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is /at$ fur!r on 99,app5d4 ,gratian1 on c4 ,con/ituit4 t if any man %all all[ ! ,jews to hold public (fices1 he mu/ be excommunicat$ z be+ guilty ( sacrilege4 ,yet public (fices h no?+ to d ) any?+ sacr$4 ,!re=e x seems t sacrilege does n d5ote ! violation ( a sacr$ ?+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god's p[] is great] ?an man's4 ,n[ sacr$ ?+s receive _! sacr$ "* f ,god4 ,!re=e !y _c be violat$ by man3 & s a sacrilege w\ld n seem to be ! violation ( a sacr$ ?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 t a man is said to be sacrilegi\s because he selects1 i4e4 /eals1 sacr$ ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #e2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #d71 a ?+ is call$ sacr$ ?r\gh be+ deput$ to ! div9e wor%ip4 ,n[ j z a ?+ acquires an aspect ( good ?r\gh be+ deput$ to a good end1 s does a ?+ assume a div9e "* ?r\gh be+ deput$ to ! div9e wor%ip1 & ?us a c]ta9 rev]5ce is due to x1 :i* rev]5ce is ref]r$ to ,god4 ,!re=e :atev] p]ta9s to irrev]5ce = sacr$ ?+s is an injury to ,god1 & comes "u ! head ( sacrilege4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #b7 ! common good ( ! nation is a div9e ?+1 :]e=e 9 old5 times ! rul]s ( a commonweal? 7 call$ div9es1 z be+ ! m9i/]s ( div9e provid5ce1 accord+ to ,wis4 #f3e1 ,be+ m9i/]s ( ,8 k+dom1 y h n judg$ rightly4 ,h5ce by an ext5sion ( ! t]m1 :atev] savors ( irrev]5ce = ! sov]eign1 su* z disput+ 8 judgm5t1 & que/ion+ :e!r "o ought to foll[ x1 is call$ sacrilege by a k9d ( lik5ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,*ri/ians are sanctifi$ by fai? & ! sacram5ts ( ,*ri/1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #f3aa1 ,b y are wa%$1 b y are sanctifi$4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7#a ,pet4 #b3i73 ,y are a *os5 g5]ation1 a k+ly prie/hood1 a holy nation1 a pur*as$ p4 ,!re=e any injury inflict$ on ! ,*ri/ian p1 = in/ance t unbeliev]s %\ld be put 9 au?ority ov] x1 is an irrev]5ce = a sacr$ ?+1 & is reasonably call$ a sacrilege4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,violation "h means any k9d ( irrev]5ce or di%onor4 ,n[ z honor is 9 ! p]son :o honors & n 9 ! "o :o is honor$ 7,e?ic4 i1 #e71 s aga9 irrev]5ce is 9 ! p]son :o behaves irrev]5tly ev5 ?\gh he d no h>m to ! object ( 8 irrev]5ce4 ,h5ce1 s f> he is conc]n$1 he violates ! sacr$ ?+1 ?\gh ! latt] be n violat$ 9 itself4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,sacrilege ,is a ,special ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sacrilege is n a special s94 ,x is /at$ 7,,xvii1 qu4 iv7 ,!y are guilty ( sacrilege :o ?r\gh ignorance s9 aga9/ ! sanctity ( ! law1 violate & defile x by _! neglig5ce4 ,b ?is is done 9 e s91 because s9 is a ^w1 de$ or desire contr>y to ! law ( ,god1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,contra ,fau/4 xxi1 #bg74 ,!re=e sacrilege is a g5]al s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no special s9 is compris$ "u diff]5t k9ds ( s94 ,n[ sacrilege is compris$ "u diff]5t k9ds ( s91 = in/ance "u murd]1 if "o kill a prie/ "u lu/1 z ! violation ( a consecrate virg91 or ( any woman 9 a sacr$ place "u !ft1 if "o /eal a sacr$ ?+4 ,!re=e sacrilege is n a special s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e special s9 is to f\nd ap>t f o!r s9s z ! ,philosoph] /ates1 9 speak+ ( special ju/ice 7,e?ic4 v1 #aa74 ,b1 seem+ly1 sacrilege is n to be f\nd ap>t f o!r s9s2 = x is sometimes unit$ to !ft1 sometimes to murd]1 z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ objection4 ,!re=e x is n a special s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t :i* is oppos$ to a special virtue is a special s94 ,b sacrilege is oppos$ to a special virtue1 namely religion1 to :i* x belongs to rev]5ce ,god & div9e ?+s4 ,!re=e sacrilege is a special s94 ,i answ] t1 ,:]ev] we f9d a special aspect ( de=mity1 !re mu/ ne$s be a special s92 because ! species ( a ?+ is d]iv$ *iefly f its =mal aspect1 & n f its matt] or subject4 ,n[ 9 sacrilege we f9d a special aspect ( de=mity1 namely1 ! violation ( a sacr$ ?+ by treat+ x irrev]5tly4 ,h5ce x is a special s94 ,moreov]1 x is oppos$ to religion4 ,= accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iv1 #c71 ,:5 ! purple has be5 made into a royal robe1 we pay x honor & homage1 & if anyone di%onor x he is condemn$ to dea?1 z act+ aga9/ ! k+3 & 9 ! same way if a man violate a sacr$ ?+1 by s do+ 8 behavior is contr>y to ! rev]5ce due to ,god & consequ5tly he is guilty ( irreligion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? are said to s9 aga9/ ! sanctity ( ! div9e law :o assail ,god's law1 z h]etics & blasphem]s d4 ,^! are guilty ( unbelief1 ?r\gh n believ+ 9 ,god2 & ( sacrilege1 ?r\gh p]v]t+ ! words ( ! div9e law4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no?+ prev5ts "o specific k9d ( s9 be+ f\nd 9 v>i\s g5]ic k9ds ( s91 inasmu* z v>i\s s9s are direct$ to ! end ( "o s91 j z happ5s 9 ! case ( virtues comm&$ by "o virtue4 ,9 ?is way1 by :atev] k9d ( s9 a man acts c\nt] to rev]5ce due to sacr$ ?+s1 he commits a sacrilege =mally2 al?\gh 8 act conta9s v>i\s k9ds ( s9 mat]ially4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sacrilege is sometimes f\nd ap>t f o!r s9s1 ?r\gh its act hav+ no o!r de=mity ?an ! violation ( a sacr$ ?+3 = in/ance1 if a judge 7 to take a p]son f a sacr$ place1 = he might lawfully h tak5 him f else:]e4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,species ( ,sacrilege ,are ,di/+ui%$ ,accord+ to ! ,sacr$ ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! species ( sacrilege are n di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! sacr$ ?+s4 ,mat]ial div]sity does n diff]5tiate species1 if ! =mal aspect rema9s ! same4 ,n[ !re w\ld seem to be ! same =mal aspect ( s9 9 all violations ( sacr$ ?+s1 & t ! only diff]5ce is "o ( matt]4 ,!re=e ! species ( sacrilege are n di/+ui%$ !reby4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x does n seem possible t ?+s belong+ to ! same species %\ld at ! same "t diff] specifically4 ,n[ murd]1 !ft1 & unlawful int]c\rse1 are diff]5t species ( s94 ,!re=e !y _c belong to ! "o same species ( sacrilege3 & consequ5tly x seems t ! species ( sacrilege are di/+ui%$ 9 accordance ) ! species ( o!r s9s1 & n accord+ to ! v>i\s sacr$ ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 among sacr$ ?+s sacr$ p]sons are reckon$4 ,if1 !re=e1 "o species ( sacrilege arises f ! violation ( a sacr$ p]son1 x w\ld foll[ t e s9 committ$ by a sacr$ p]son is a sacrilege1 s9ce e s9 violates ! p]son ( ! s9n]4 ,!re=e ! species ( sacrilege are n reckon$ accord+ to ! sacr$ ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,acts & habits are di/+ui%$ by _! objects4 ,n[ ! sacr$ ?+ is ! object ( sacrilege1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e ! species ( sacrilege are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! sacr$ ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! s9 ( sacrilege consi/s 9 ! irrev]5t treatm5t ( a sacr$ ?+4 ,n[ rev]5ce is due to a sacr$ ?+ by reason ( its hol9ess3 & consequ5tly ! species ( sacrilege mu/ ne$s be di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! diff]5t aspects ( sanctity 9 ! sacr$ ?+s :i* are treat$ irrev]5tly3 = ! great] ! hol9ess ascrib$ to ! sacr$ ?+ t is s9n$ aga9/1 ! m griev\s ! sacrilege4 ,n[ hol9ess is ascrib$1 n only to sacr$ p]sons1 namely1 ^? :o are consecrat$ to ! div9e wor%ip1 b also to sacr$ places & to c]ta9 o!r sacr$ ?+s4 ,& ! hol9ess ( a place is direct$ to ! hol9ess ( man1 :o wor%ips ,god 9 a holy place4 ,= x is writt5 7#b ,macc4 #e3ai73 ,god did n *oose ! p = ! place's sake1 b ! place = ! p's sake4 ,h5ce sacrilege committ$ aga9/ a sacr$ p]son is a grav] s9 ?an t :i* is committ$ aga9/ a sacr$ place4 ,yet 9 ei!r species !re are v>i\s degrees ( sacrilege1 accord+ to diff]5ces ( sacr$ p]sons & places4 ,9 l mann] ! ?ird species ( sacrilege1 :i* is committ$ aga9/ o!r sacr$ ?+s1 has v>i\s degrees1 accord+ to ! diff]5ces ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,among ^! ! highe/ place belongs to ! sacram5ts :]eby man is sanctifi$3 *ief ( :i* is ! sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/1 = x conta9s ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,:]e=e ! sacrilege t is committ$ aga9/ ?is sacram5t is ! grave/ ( all4 ,! second place1 aft] ! sacram5ts1 belongs to ! vessels consecrat$ = ! adm9i/ration ( ! sacram5ts2 also sacr$ images1 & ! relics ( ! sa9ts1 :]e9 ! v p]sons ( ! sa9ts1 s to speak1 are rev]5c$ & honor$4 ,aft] ^! come ?+s connect$ ) ! app>el ( ! ,*ur* & its m9i/]s2 & ^? ?+s1 :e!r movable or immovable1 t are deput$ to ! upkeep ( ! m9i/]s4 ,& :oev] s9s aga9/ any "o ( ! a=esaid incurs ! crime ( sacrilege4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is n ! same aspect ( hol9ess 9 all ! a=esaid3 :]e=e ! div]sity ( sacr$ ?+s is n only a mat]ial1 b also a =mal diff]5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no?+ h9d]s two ?+s f belong+ to "o species 9 "o respect1 & to diff]5t species 9 ano!r respect4 ,?us ,socrates & ,plato belong to ! "o species1 animal1 b diff] 9 ! species color$ ?+1 if "o be :ite & ! o!r black4 ,9 l mann] x is possible = two s9s to diff] specifically z to _! mat]ial acts1 & to belong to ! same species z reg>ds ! "o =mal aspect ( sacrilege3 = in/ance1 ! violation ( a nun by bl[s or by copulation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e s9 committ$ by a sacr$ p]son is a sacrilege mat]ially & accid5tally z x 74 ,h5ce ,j]ome 99,! quotation is f ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,de ,consid]ation4 ii1 #ac says t a trifle on a prie/'s lips is a sacrilege or a blasphemy4 ,b =mally & prop]ly speak+ a s9 committ$ by a sacr$ p]son is a sacrilege only :5 x is committ$ aga9/ 8 hol9ess1 = in/ance if a virg9 consecrat$ to ,god be guilty ( =nication3 & ! same is to be said ( o!r in/ances4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,puni%m5t ( ,sacrilege ,%\ld ,be ,pecuni>y8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! puni%m5t ( sacrilege %\ld n be pecuni>y4 ,a pecuni>y puni%m5t is n wont to be inflict$ = a crim9al fault4 ,b sacrilege is a crim9al fault1 :]e=e x is puni%$ by capital s5t5ce accord+ to civil law 99,dig4 xlviii1 #ac2 ,cod4 i1 #c1 de ,episc4 et ,cl]ic44 ,!re=e sacrilege %\ld n be aw>d$ a pecuni>y puni%m5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! same s9 %\ld n receive a d\ble puni%m5t1 accord+ to ,nahum #a3i1 ,!re %all n rise a d\ble affliction4 ,b sacrilege is puni%$ ) excommunication2 major excommunication1 = violat+ a sacr$ p]son1 & = burn+ or de/roy+ a *ur*1 & m9or excommunication = o!r sacrileges4 ,!re=e sacrilege %\ld n be aw>d$ a pecuni>y puni%m5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,!ss4 #b3e73 ,nei!r h we tak5 an occasion ( covet\sness4 ,b x seems to involve an occasion ( covet\sness t a pecuni>y puni%m5t %\ld be exact$ = ! violation ( a sacr$ ?+4 ,!re=e ?is does n seem to be a fitt+ puni%m5t ( sacrilege4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 99,,xvii1 qu4 iv1 c4 ,si quis contumax3 ,if anyone contumaci\sly or arrogantly take away by =ce an escap$ slave f ! conf9es ( a *ur* he %all pay n9e hundr$ soldi3 & aga9 fur!r on 7,,xvii1 qu4 iv1 c4 ,quisquis inv5tus1 c4 #ba73 ,:oev] is f\nd guilty ( sacrilege %all pay ?irty p\nds ( tri$ pure/ silv]4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 ! aw>d ( puni%m5ts two po9ts mu/ be consid]$4 ,fir/ equality1 9 ord] t ! puni%m5t may be j1 & t by :at ?+s a man s9ne? by ! same 4 4 4 he may be torm5t$ 7,wis4 #aa3ag74 ,9 ?is respect ! fitt+ puni%m5t ( "o guilty ( sacrilege1 s9ce he has done an injury to a sacr$ ?+1 is excommunication 99,app5d4 ,gratian4 on c4 ,si quis contumax1 quot$ above :]eby sacr$ ?+s are )held f him4 ,! second po9t to be consid]$ is utility4 ,= puni%m5ts are inflict$ z m$ic9es1 t m5 be+ det]r$ !reby may desi/ f s94 ,n[ x w\ld seem t ! sacrilegi\s man1 :o rev]5ces n sacr$ ?+s1 is n suffici5tly det]r$ f s9n+ by sacr$ ?+s be+ )held f him1 s9ce he has no c>e = !m4 ,:]e=e accord+ to human laws he is s5t5c$ to capital puni%m5t1 & accord+ to ! /atutes ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* does n inflict ! dea? ( ! body1 a pecuni>y puni%m5t is inflict$1 9 ord] t m5 may be det]r$ f sacrilege1 at lea/ by temporal puni%m5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,*ur* inflicts n ! dea? ( ! body1 b excommunication 9 its /ead4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 "o puni%m5t is n suffici5t to det] a man f s91 a d\ble puni%m5t mu/ be inflict$4 ,:]e=e x 0 necess>y to inflict "s k9d ( temporal puni%m5t 9 addition to ! puni%m5t ( excommunication1 9 ord] to co]ce ^? :o despise spiritual ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if money 7 exact$ )\t a reasonable cause1 ?is w\ld seem to involve an occasion ( covet\sness4 ,b :5 x is exact$ = ! purpose ( man's correction1 x has a manife/ utility1 & consequ5tly involves no occasion ( av>ice4 ,,"q #ajj ,,on ,,simony 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] simony1 "u :i* head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is simony8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful to accept money = ! sacram5ts8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is lawful to accept money = spiritual actions8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is lawful to sell ?+s connect$ ) spirituals8 7#e7 ,:e!r real remun]ation alone makes a man guilty ( simony1 or also oral remun]ation or remun]ation by s]vice8 7#f7 ,( ! puni%m5t ( simony4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,simony ,is an ,int5tional ,w to ,buy or ,sell ,some?+ ,spiritual or ,connect$ ) a ,spiritual ,?+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t simony is n an express w to buy or sell some?+ spiritual or connect$ ) a spiritual ?+4 ,simony is h]esy1 s9ce x is writt5 7,i1 qu4 i 99,c4 ,eos qui p] pecunias73 ,! impi\s h]esy ( ,mac$onius & ( ^? :o ) him impugn$ ! ,holy ,gho/1 is m endurable ?an t ( ^? :o are guilty ( simony3 s9ce ! =m] 9 _! rav+s ma9ta9$ t ! ,holy ,_s ( ,fa!r & ,son is a creature & ! slave ( ,god1 :]eas ! latt] make ! same ,holy ,_s to be _! own slave4 ,= e ma/] sells :at he has j z he wills1 :e!r x be 8 slave or any o!r ( 8 possessions4 ,b unbelief1 l fai?1 is an act n ( ! w b ( ! intellect1 z %[n above 7,q4 #aj1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e simony %\ld n be def9$ z an act ( ! w4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to s9 int5tionally is to s9 ?r\gh malice1 & ?is is to s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e1 if simony is an int5tional w to s91 x w\ld seem t x is always a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is m spiritual ?an ! k+dom ( heav54 ,b x is lawful to buy ! k+dom ( heav53 = ,gregory says 9 a homily 7v1 9 ,ev473 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is wor? z mu* z y possess4 ,!re=e simony does n consi/ 9 a w to buy some?+ spiritual4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 simony takes its "n f ,simon ! magician1 ( :om we read 7,acts #h3ah1 #ai7 t he (f]$ ! apo/les money t he might buy a spiritual p[]1 9 ord]1 to wit1 t on :omsoev] he impos$ 8 h& !y might receive ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b we d n read t he wi%$ to sell any?+4 ,!re=e simony is n ! w to sell a spiritual ?+4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 !re are _m o!r volunt>y commutations besides buy+ & sell+1 su* z ex*ange & transaction 99,a k9d ( legal compromise--,ox=d ,diction>y4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t simony is def9$ insuffici5tly4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 any?+ connect$ ) spiritual ?+s is itself spiritual4 ,!re=e x is sup]flu\s to add or connect$ ) spiritual ?+s4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to "s1 ! ,pope _c commit simony3 yet he c buy or sell some?+ spiritual4 ,!re=e simony is n ! w to buy or sell some?+ spiritual or connect$ ) a spiritual ?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ,,vii says 7,regi/4 99,caus4 ,i1 qu4 i1 c4 ,presbyt]1 qu4 iii1 c4 ,alt>e73 ,none ( ! fai?ful is ignorant t buy+ or sell+ alt>s1 ti!s1 or ! ,holy ,gho/ is ! h]esy ( simony4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #b7 an act is evil g5]ically :5 x be>s on undue matt]4 ,n[ a spiritual ?+ is undue matt] = buy+ & sell+ = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because a spiritual ?+ _c be apprais$ at any e>?ly price1 ev5 z x is said conc]n+ wisdom 7,prov4 #c3ae71 %e is m preci\s ?an all ri*es1 & all ?+s t are desir$1 are n to be comp>$ ) h]3 & = ?is reason ,pet]1 9 condemn+ ! wick$ness ( ,simon 9 its v s\rce1 said 7,acts #h3bj73 ,keep ?y money to ?yself to p]i% ) !e1 because ?\ ha/ ?\ght t ! gift ( ,god may be pur*as$ ) money4 ,secondly1 because a ?+ _c be due matt] = sale if ! v5dor is n ! own] !re(1 z appe>s f ! au?ority quot$ 7,obj4 #a74 ,n[ ecclesia/ical sup]iors are n own]s1 b disp5s]s ( spiritual ?+s1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #d3a1 ,let a man s acc\nt ( u z ( ! m9i/]s ( ,*ri/1 & ! disp5s]s ( ! m9i/]s ( ,god4 ,?irdly1 because sale is oppos$ to ! s\rce ( spiritual ?+s1 s9ce !y fl[ f ! gratuit\s w ( ,god4 ,:]e=e ,our ,"l said 7,matt4 #aj3h73 ,freely h y receiv$1 freely give4 ,!re=e by buy+ or sell+ a spiritual ?+1 a man treats ,god & div9e ?+s ) irrev]5ce1 & consequ5tly commits a s9 ( irreligion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z religion consi/s 9 a k9d ( prote/ation ( fai?1 )\t1 sometimes1 fai? be+ 9 "o's he>t1 s too ! vices oppos$ to religion include a c]ta9 prote/ation ( unbelief )\t1 sometimes1 unbelief be+ 9 ! m9d4 ,accord+ly simony is said to be a h]esy1 z reg>ds ! outw>d prote/ation1 s9ce by sell+ a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ a man decl>es1 9 a way1 t he is ! own] ( a spiritual gift2 & ?is is h]etical4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t ,simon ,magus1 besides wi%+ ! apo/les to sell him a grace ( ! ,holy ,gho/ = money1 said t ! _w 0 n creat$ by ,god1 b by "s heav5ly p[]1 z ,isidore /ates 7,etym4 viii1 #e73 & s = ?is reason simoniacs are reckon$ ) o!r h]etics1 z appe>s f ,augu/9e's book on h]etics4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #d71 ju/ice1 ) all its p>ts1 & consequ5tly all ! opposite vices1 is 9 ! w z its subject4 ,h5ce simony is fitt+ly def9$ f its relation to ! w4 ,?is act is fur!rmore describ$ z express1 9 ord] to signify t x proce$s f *oice1 :i* takes ! pr9cipal "p 9 virtue & vice4 ,nor does ev]yone s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ t s9s f *oice1 b only he :o *ooses s9 ?r\gh contempt ( ^? ?+s :]eby man is wont to be )drawn f s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is said to be b\ght :5 a man gives :at he has = ,god's sake4 ,b ?is is to employ ! t]m buy+ 9 a wide s5se1 & z synonym\s ) m]it3 nor does x rea* to ! p]fect signification ( buy+1 bo? because nei!r ! suff]+s ( ?is "t1 nor any gift or de$ ( ours1 are wor?y to be comp>$ ) ! glory to come1 t %all be reveal$ 9 u 7,rom4 #h3ah71 & because m]it consi/s *iefly1 n 9 an outw>d gift1 action or passion1 b 9 an inw>d affection4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,simon ! magician wi%$ to buy a spiritual p[] 9 ord] t aft]w>ds he might sell x4 ,= x is writt5 7,i1 qu4 iii 99,c4 ,salvator71 t ,simon ! magician wi%$ to buy ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 9 ord] t he might make money by sell+ ! signs to be wr\ght by him4 ,h5ce ^? :o sell spiritual ?+s are lik5$ 9 int5tion to ,simon ! magician3 :ile ^? :o wi% to buy !m are lik5$ to him 9 act4 ,^? :o sell !m imitate1 9 act1 ,giezi ! disciple ( ,eliseus1 ( :om we read 7#d ,k+s #e3bj-bd7 t he receiv$ money f ! lep] :o 0 heal$3 :]e=e ! sell]s ( spiritual ?+s may be call$ n only simoniacs b also giezites4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! t]ms buy+ & sell+ cov] all k9ds ( non-gratuit\s contracts4 ,:]e=e x is impossible = ! ex*ange or ag5cy ( preb5ds or ecclesia/ical b5efices to be made by au?ority ( ! p>ties conc]n$ )\t dang] ( committ+ simony1 z laid d[n by law 99,cap4 ,quaesitum1 de r]um ,p]mutat42 cap4 ,sup]1 de ,transact44 ,nev]!less ! sup]ior1 9 virtue ( 8 (fice1 c cause ^! ex*anges to be made = useful or necess>y reasons4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,ev5 z ! s\l lives by itself1 :ile ! body lives ?r\gh be+ unit$ to ! s\l2 s1 too1 c]ta9 ?+s are spiritual by !mselves1 su* z ! sacram5ts & ! l1 :ile o!rs are call$ spiritual1 ?r\gh adh]+ to ^? o!rs4 ,h5ce 7,i1 qu4 iii1 cap4 ,siquis objec]it7 x is /at$ t spiritual ?+s d n progress )\t corporal ?+s1 ev5 z ! s\l has no bodily life )\t ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,! ,pope c be guilty ( ! vice ( simony1 l any o!r man1 s9ce ! high] a man's position ! m griev\s is 8 s94 ,= al?\gh ! possessions ( ! ,*ur* belong to him z disp5s] 9 *ief1 !y are n 8 z ma/] & own]4 ,!re=e1 7 he to accept money f ! income ( any *ur* 9 ex*ange = a spiritual ?+1 he w\ld n escape be+ guilty ( ! vice ( simony4 ,9 l mann] he might commit simony by accept+ f a layman moneys n belong+ to ! goods ( ! ,*ur*4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,always ,unlawful to ,give ,money = ! ,sacram5ts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n always unlawful to give money = ! sacram5ts4 ,baptism is ! door ( ! sacram5ts1 z we %all /ate 9 ! ,?ird ,"p 7,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #c74 ,b seem+ly x is lawful 9 c]ta9 cases to give money = ,baptism1 = in/ance if a prie/ 7 unwill+ to baptize a dy+ *ild )\t be+ paid4 ,!re=e x is n always unlawful to buy or sell ! sacram5ts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! greate/ ( ! sacram5ts is ! ,eu*>i/1 :i* is consecrat$ 9 ! ,mass4 ,b "s prie/s receive a preb5d or money = s++ masses4 ,mu* m !re=e is x lawful to buy or sell ! o!r sacram5ts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! sacram5t ( ,p5ance is a necess>y sacram5t consi/+ *iefly 9 ! absolution4 ,b "s p]sons dem& money :5 absolv+ f excommunication4 ,!re=e x is n always unlawful to buy or sell a sacram5t4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 cu/om makes t :i* o!rwise 7 s9ful to be n s9ful2 ?us ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #dg7 t x 0 no crime to h sev]al wives1 s long z x 0 ! cu/om4 ,n[ x is ! cu/om 9 "s places to give some?+ 9 ! consecration ( bi%ops1 bless+s ( abbots1 ord9ations ( ! cl]gy1 9 ex*ange = ! *rism1 holy oil1 & s =?4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t x is n unlawful4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x happ5s sometimes t someone malici\sly h9d]s a p]son f obta9+ a bi%opric or "s l dignity4 ,b x is lawful = a man to make good 8 grievance4 ,!re=e x is lawful1 seem+ly1 9 su* a case to give money = a bi%opric or a l ecclesia/ical dignity4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 m>riage is a sacram5t4 ,b sometimes money is giv5 = m>riage4 ,!re=e x is lawful to sell a sacram5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,i1 qu4 i 99,c4 ,qui p] pecunias73 ,:osoev] %all consecrate anyone = money1 let him be cut (f f ! prie/hood4 ,i answ] t1 ,! sacram5ts ( ! ,new ,law are ( all ?+s mo/ spiritual1 inasmu* z !y are ! cause ( spiritual grace1 on :i* no price c be set1 & :i* is ess5tially incompatible ) a non-gratuit\s giv+4 ,n[ ! sacram5ts are disp5s$ ?r\gh ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*1 :om ! p are b\nd to support1 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #i3ac71 ,"k y n1 t !y :o "w 9 ! holy place1 eat ! ?+s t are ( ! holy place2 & !y t s]ve ! alt>1 p>take ) ! alt>8 ,accord+ly we mu/ answ] t to receive money = ! spiritual grace ( ! sacram5ts1 is ! s9 ( simony1 :i* _c be excus$ by any cu/om :atev]1 s9ce cu/om does n prevail ov] natural or div9e law 99,cap4 ,cum tanto1 de ,consuetud42 cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #c4 ,n[ by money we are to und]/& any?+ t has a pecuni>y value1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a74 ,on ! o!r h&1 to receive any?+ = ! support ( ^? :o adm9i/] ! sacram5ts1 9 accordance ) ! /atutes ( ! ,*ur* & approv$ cu/oms1 is n simony1 nor is x a s94 ,= x is receiv$ n z a price ( goods1 b z a paym5t = _! ne$4 ,h5ce a gloss ( ,augu/9e on #a ,tim4 #e3ag1 ,let ! prie/s t rule well1 says3 ,!y %\ld look to ! p = a supply to _! ne$1 b to ! ,"l = ! rew>d ( _! m9i/ry4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 a case ( necessity anyone may baptize4 ,& s9ce n[ise ought "o to s91 if ! prie/ be unwill+ to baptize )\t be+ paid1 "o mu/ act z ?\gh !re 7 no prie/ available = ! baptism4 ,h5ce ! p]son :o is 9 *>ge ( ! *ild c1 9 su* a case1 lawfully baptize x1 or cause x to be baptiz$ by anyone else4 ,he c\ld1 h[ev]1 lawfully buy ! wat] f ! prie/1 because x is m]ely a bodily elem5t4 ,b if x 7 an adult 9 dang] ( dea? t wi%$ to be baptiz$1 & ! prie/ 7 unwill+ to baptize him )\t be+ paid1 he ought1 if possible1 to be baptiz$ by someone else4 ,& if he is unable to h rec\rse to ano!r1 he mu/ by no means pay a price = ,baptism1 & %\ld r die )\t be+ baptiz$1 because = him ! baptism ( desire w\ld supply ! lack ( ! sacram5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! prie/ receives money1 n z ! price = consecrat+ ! ,eu*>i/1 or = s++ ! ,mass 7= ?is w\ld be simoniacal71 b z paym5t = 8 livelihood1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! money exact$ ( ! p]son absolv$ is n ! price ( 8 absolution 7= ?is w\ld be simoniacal71 b a puni%m5t ( a pa/ crime = :i* he 0 excommunicat$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z /at$ above1 cu/om does n prevail ov] natural or div9e law :]eby simony is =bidd54 ,:]e=e ! cu/om1 if su* !re be1 ( dem&+ any?+ z ! price ( a spiritual ?+1 ) ! int5tion ( buy+ or sell+ x1 is manife/ly simoniacal1 especially :5 ! dem& is made ( a p]son unwill+ to pay4 ,b if ! dem& be made 9 paym5t ( a /ip5d recogniz$ by cu/om x is n simoniacal1 provid$ !re be no int5tion ( buy+ or sell+1 b only ( do+ :at is cu/om>y1 & especially if ! dem& be acc$$ to volunt>ily4 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 "o mu/ bew>e ( any?+ hav+ an appe>ance ( simony or av>ice1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,!ss4 #e3bb71 ,f all appe>ance ( evil re/ra9 y\rselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,x w\ld be simoniacal to buy (f ! opposition ( "o's rivals1 be=e acquir+ ! "r to a bi%opric or any dignity or preb5d1 by election1 appo9tm5t or pres5tation1 s9ce ?is w\ld be to use money z a means ( obta9+ a spiritual ?+4 ,b x is lawful to use money z a means ( remov+ unju/ opposition1 aft] "o has already acquir$ t "r4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,"s 99,innoc5t ,,iv on ,cap4 ,cum 9 ,ecclesia1 de ,simonia say t x is lawful to give money = ,matrimony because no grace is conf]r$ !reby4 ,b ?is is n altoge!r true1 z we %all /ate 9 ! ,?ird ,"p ( ! "w 99 ,supp41 ,q4 #db1 ,a4 #c4 ,:]e=e we mu/ reply t ,matrimony is n only a sacram5t ( ! ,*ur*1 b also an (fice ( nature4 ,consequ5tly x is lawful to give money = ,matrimony consid]$ z an (fice ( nature1 b unlawful if x be consid]$ z a sacram5t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ! law 99,cap4 ,cum 9 ,ecclesia1 de ,simonia1 x is =bidd5 to dem& any?+ = ! ,nuptial ,bless+4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,give & ,receive ,money = ,spiritual ,actions8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t x is lawful to give & receive money = spiritual actions4 ,! use ( prophecy is a spiritual action4 ,b some?+ us$ to be giv5 ( old = ! use ( prophecy1 z appe>s f #a ,k+s #i3g1 #h1 & #c ,k+s #ad3c4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t x is lawful to give & receive money = a spiritual action4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pray]1 prea*+1 div9e praise1 are mo/ spiritual actions4 ,n[ money is giv5 to holy p]sons 9 ord] to obta9 ! assi/ance ( _! pray]s1 accord+ to ,luke #af3i1 ,make unto y fri5ds ( ! mammon ( iniquity4 ,to prea*]s also1 :o s[ spiritual ?+s1 temporal ?+s are due accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #i3ad74 ,moreov]1 some?+ is giv5 to ^? :o celebrate ! div9e praises 9 ! ecclesia/ical (fice1 & make processions3 & sometimes an annual income is assign$ to !m4 ,!re=e x is lawful to receive some?+ = spiritual actions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sci5ce is no less spiritual ?an p[]4 ,n[ x is lawful to receive money = ! use ( sci5ce3 ?us a lawy] may sell 8 j advocacy1 a physician 8 advice = heal?1 & a ma/] ! ex]cise ( 8 tea*+4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] x w\ld seem lawful = a prelate to receive some?+ = ! use ( 8 spiritual p[]1 = in/ance1 = correction1 disp5sation1 & s =?4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 religion is ! /ate ( spiritual p]fection4 ,n[ 9 c]ta9 mona/]ies some?+ is dem&$ f ^? :o are receiv$ !re4 ,!re=e x is lawful to dem& some?+ = spiritual ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 7,i1 qu4 i 99,c4 ,quidquid invisibilis73 ,x is absolutely =bidd5 to make a *>ge = :at is acquir$ by ! consolation ( invisible grace1 :e!r by dem&+ a price or by seek+ any k9d ( return :atev]4 ,n[ all ^! spiritual ?+s are acquir$ ?r\gh an invisible grace4 ,!re=e x is n lawful to *>ge a price or return = !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z ! sacram5ts are call$ spiritual1 because !y conf] a spiritual grace1 s1 too1 c]ta9 o!r ?+s are call$ spiritual1 because !y fl[ f spiritual grace & dispose !reto4 ,& yet ^! ?+s are obta9able ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( m51 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #i3g1 ,:o s]ve? z a soldi] at any "t at 8 own *>ges8 ,:o fe$e? ! flock1 & eate? n ( ! milk ( ! flock8 ,h5ce x is simoniacal to sell or buy t :i* is spiritual 9 su* l actions2 b to receive or give some?+ = ! support ( ^? :o m9i/] spiritual ?+s 9 accordance ) ! /atutes ( ! ,*ur* & approv$ cu/oms is lawful1 yet 9 su* wise t !re be no int5tion ( buy+ or sell+1 & t no pressure be br\ght to be> on ^? :o are unwill+ to give1 by )hold+ spiritual ?+s t ought to be adm9i/]$1 = !n !re w\ld be an appe>ance ( simony4 ,b aft] ! spiritual ?+s h be5 freely be/[$1 !n ! /atutory & cu/om>y (f]+s & o!r dues may be exact$ f ^? :o are unwill+ b able to pay1 if ! sup]ior au?orize ?is to be done4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,j]ome says 9 8 comm5t>y on ,mic4 #c3i1 c]ta9 gifts 7 freely (f]$ to ! good prophets1 = _! livelihood1 b n z a price = ! ex]cise ( _! gift ( prophecy4 ,wick$ prophets1 h[ev]1 abus$ ?is ex]cise by dem&+ paym5t = x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o give alms to ! poor 9 ord] to obta9 f !m ! assi/ance ( _! pray]s d n give ) ! int5t ( buy+ _! pray]s2 b by _! gratuit\s b5efic5ce inspire ! poor ) ! m9d to pray = !m freely & out ( *>ity4 ,temporal ?+s are due to ! prea*] z means = 8 support1 n z a price ( ! words he prea*es4 ,h5ce a gloss on #a ,tim4 #e3aa1 ,let ! prie/s t rule well1 says3 ,_! ne$ all[s !m to receive ! :]e)al to live1 *>ity dem&s t ?is %\ld be giv5 to !m3 yet ! ,gospel is n = sale1 nor is a livelihood ! object ( prea*+3 = if !y sell x = ?is purpose1 !y sell a great ?+ = a contemptible price4 ,9 l mann] temporal ?+s are giv5 to ^? :o praise ,god by celebrat+ ! div9e (fice :e!r = ! liv+ or = ! dead1 n z a price b z a means ( livelihood2 & ! same purpose is fulfill$ :5 alms are receiv$ = mak+ processions 9 fun]als4 ,yet x is simoniacal to d su* ?+s by contract1 or ) ! int5tion ( buy+ or sell+4 ,h5ce x w\ld be an unlawful ord9ance if x 7 decre$ 9 any *ur* t no procession w\ld take place at a fun]al unless a c]ta9 sum ( money 7 paid1 because su* an ord9ance w\ld preclude ! free grant+ ( pi\s (fices to any p]son4 ,! ord9ance w\ld be m 9 keep+ ) ! law1 if x 7 decre$ t ?is honor w\ld be accord$ to all :o gave a c]ta9 alms1 because ?is w\ld n preclude its be+ grant$ to o!rs4 ,moreov]1 ! =m] ord9ance has ! appe>ance ( an exaction1 :]eas ! latt] be>s a lik5ess to a gratuit\s remun]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a p]son to :om a spiritual p[] is entru/$ is b\nd by virtue ( 8 (fice to ex]cise ! p[] entru/$ to him 9 disp5s+ spiritual ?+s4 ,moreov]1 he receives a /atutory paym5t f ! funds ( ! ,*ur* z a means ( livelihood4 ,!re=e1 if he 7 to accept any?+ = ! ex]cise ( 8 spiritual p[]1 ?is w\ld imply1 n a hir+ ( 8 labor 7:i* he is b\nd to give1 z a duty aris+ out ( ! (fice he has accept$71 b a sale ( ! v use ( a spiritual grace4 ,= ?is reason x is unlawful = him to receive any?+ = any disp5s+ :atev]1 or = all[+ someone else to take 8 duty1 or = correct+ 8 subjects1 or = omitt+ to correct !m4 ,on ! o!r h& x is lawful = him to receive procurations1 :5 he visits 8 subjects1 n z a price = correct+ !m1 b z a means ( livelihood4 ,he t is possess$ ( sci5ce1 )\t hav+ tak5 ^u himself ! obligation ( us+ x = ! b5efit ( o!rs c lawfully receive a price = 8 le>n+ or advice1 s9ce ?is is n a sale ( tru? or sci5ce1 b a hir+ ( labor4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he be s b\nd by virtue ( 8 (fice1 ?is w\ld am\nt to a sale ( ! tru?1 & consequ5tly he w\ld s9 griev\sly4 ,= in/ance1 ^? :o 9 c]ta9 *ur*es are appo9t$ to in/ruct ! cl]ics ( t *ur* & o!r poor p]sons1 & are 9 receipt ( an ecclesia/ical b5efice = s do+1 are n all[$ to receive any?+ 9 return1 ei!r = tea*+1 or = celebrat+ or omitt+ any fea/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x is unlawful to exact or receive any?+ z price = ent]+ a mona/]y3 b1 9 ! case ( small mona/]ies1 t are unable to support s _m p]sons1 x is lawful1 :ile entrance to ! mona/]y is free1 to accept some?+ = ! support ( ^? :o are ab\t to be receiv$ into ! mona/]y1 if its rev5ues are insuffici5t4 ,9 l mann] x is lawful to be easi] 9 admitt+ to a mona/]y a p]son :o has prov$ 8 reg>d = t mona/]y by ! g5]osity ( 8 alms3 j z1 on ! o!r h&1 x is lawful to incite a p]son's reg>d = a mona/]y by means ( temporal b5efits1 9 ord] t he may !reby be induc$ to ent] ! mona/]y2 al?\gh x is unlawful to agree to give or receive some?+ = entrance into a mona/]y 7,i1 qu4 ii1 cap4 ,quam pio74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,receive ,money = ,?+s ,annex$ to ,spiritual ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem lawful to receive money = ?+s annex$ to spiritual ?+s4 ,seem+ly all temporal ?+s are annex$ to spiritual ?+s1 s9ce temporal ?+s ought to be s\ght = ! sake ( spiritual ?+s4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is unlawful to sell :at is annex$ to spiritual ?+s1 x w be unlawful to sell any?+ temporal1 & ?is is cle>ly false4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ w\ld seem to be m annex$ to spiritual ?+s ?an consecrat$ vessels4 ,yet x is lawful to sell a *alice = ! ransom ( prison]s1 accord+ to ,ambrose 7,de ,(fic4 ii1 #bh74 ,!re=e x is lawful to sell ?+s annex$ to spiritual ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s annex$ to spiritual ?+s include "r ( burial1 "r ( patronage1 &1 accord+ to anci5t writ]s1 "r ( ! fir/-born 7because be=e ! ,"l ! fir/-born ex]cis$ ! prie/ly (fice71 & ! "r to receive ti!s4 ,n[ ,abraham b\ght f ,ephron a d\ble cave = a bury+-place 7,g54 #bc3h1 sqq471 & ,jacob b\ght f ,esau ! "r ( ! fir/-born 7,g54 #be3ca1 sqq474 ,aga9 ! "r ( patronage is transf]r$ ) ! prop]ty sold1 & is grant$ 9 fee4 ,ti!s are grant$ to c]ta9 soldi]s1 & c be r$eem$4 ,prelates also at times reta9 = !mselves ! rev5ues ( preb5ds ( :i* !y h ! pres5tation1 al?\gh a preb5d is some?+ annex$ to a spiritual ?+4 ,!re=e x is lawful to sell ?+s annex$ to spiritual ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,pope ,pas*al 99,pas*al ,,ii says 7cf4 ,i1 qu4 iii1 cap4 ,si quis objec]it73 ,:oev] sells "o ( two su* ?+s1 t ! "o is unproductive )\t ! o!r1 leaves nei!r unsold4 ,:]e=e let no p]son sell a *ur*1 or a preb5d1 or any?+ ecclesia/ical4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may be annex$ to spiritual ?+s 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z be+ dep5d5t on spiritual ?+s4 ,?us to h ecclesia/ical b5efices is said to be annex$ to spiritual ?+s1 because x is n compet5t save to ^? :o hold a cl]ical (fice4 ,h5ce su* ?+s c by no means exi/ ap>t f spiritual ?+s4 ,consequ5tly x is altoge!r unlawful to sell su* ?+s1 because ! sale !re( implies ! sale ( ?+s spiritual4 ,o!r ?+s are annex$ to spiritual ?+s ?r\gh be+ direct$ !reto1 = in/ance ! "r ( patronage1 :i* is direct$ to ! pres5tation ( cl]ics to ecclesia/ical b5efices2 & sacr$ vessels1 :i* are direct$ to ! use ( ! sacram5ts4 ,:]e=e su* ?+s z ^! d n presuppose spiritual ?+s1 b prec$e !m 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,h5ce 9 a way !y c be sold1 b n z annex$ to spiritual ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,all ?+s temporal are annex$ to spiritual ?+s1 z to _! end1 :]e=e x is lawful to sell temporal ?+s1 b _! relation to spiritual ?+s _c be ! matt] ( a lawful sale4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sacr$ vessels also are annex$ to spiritual ?+s z to _! end1 :]e=e _! consecration _c be sold4 ,yet _! mat]ial c be sold = ! ne$s ( ! ,*ur* or ( ! poor provid$ !y fir/ be brok51 aft] pray] has be5 said ov] !m1 s9ce :5 once brok51 !y are consid]$ to be no long] sacr$ vessels b m]e metal3 s t if l vessels 7 to be made out ( ! same mat]ial !y w\ld h to be consecrat$ aga94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,we h no au?ority = suppos+ t ! d\ble cave :i* ,abraham b\ght = a burial place 0 consecrat$ = t purpose3 :]e=e ,abraham c\ld lawfully buy t site to be us$ = burial1 9 ord] to turn x into a sepul*re3 ev5 s x w\ld be lawful n[ to buy an ord9>y field z a site = a cemet]y or ev5 a *ur*4 ,nev]!less because ev5 among ! ,g5tiles burial places are look$ ^u z religi\s1 if ,ephron int5d$ to accept ! price z paym5t = a burial place1 he s9n$ 9 sell+1 ?\gh ,abraham did n s9 9 buy+1 because he int5d$ m]ely to buy an ord9>y plot ( gr\nd4 ,ev5 n[1 x is lawful 9 a case ( necessity to sell or buy l& on :i* !re has previ\sly be5 a *ur*1 z we h also said ) reg>d to sacr$ vessels 7,reply ,obj4 #b74 ,or aga91 ,abraham is to be excus$ because he ?us fre$ himself ( a grievance4 ,= al?\gh ,ephron (f]$ him ! burial place = no?+1 ,abraham deem$ t he c\ld n accept x gratis )\t prejudice to himself4 ,! "r ( ! fir/-born 0 due to ,jacob by reason ( ,god's *oice1 accord+ to ,mala*4 #a3b1 #c1 ,i h lov$ ,jacob1 b h hat$ ,esau4 ,:]e=e ,esau s9n$ by sell+ 8 bir?right1 yet ,jacob s9n$ n 9 buy+1 because he is und]/ood to h fre$ himself ( 8 grievance4 ,! "r ( patronage _c be ! matt] ( a direct sale1 nor c x be grant$ 9 fee1 b is transf]r$ ) ! prop]ty sold or grant$4 ,! spiritual "r ( receiv+ ti!s is n grant$ to layfolk1 b m]ely ! temporal commodities :i* are grant$ 9 ! "n ( ti!1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #c74 ,) reg>d to ! grant+ ( b5efices x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$1 t x is n unlawful = a bi%op1 be=e pres5t+ a p]son to a b5efice1 to decide1 = "s reason1 to reta9 "p ( ! rev5ues ( ! b5efice 9 "q1 & to sp5d x on "s pi\s object4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if he 7 to require "p ( ! rev5ues ( t b5efice to be giv5 to him by ! b5efici>y1 x w\ld be ! same z ?\gh he dem&$ paym5t f him1 & he w\ld n escape ! guilt ( simony4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,grant ,spiritual ,?+s 9 ,return = an ,equival5t ( ,s]vice1 or = an ,oral ,remun]ation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is lawful to grant spiritual ?+s 9 return = an equival5t ( s]vice1 or an oral remun]ation4 ,gregory says 7,regi/4 iii1 ep4 #ah73 ,x is "r t ^? :o s]ve ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur* %\ld be rew>d$4 ,n[ an equival5t ( s]vice d5otes s]v+ ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!re=e x seems lawful to conf] ecclesia/ical b5efices = s]vices receiv$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to conf] an ecclesia/ical b5efice = s]vice receiv$ seems to indicate a c>nal int5tion1 no less ?an to d s on acc\nt ( k9%ip4 ,yet ! latt] seem+ly is n simoniacal s9ce x implies no buy+ or sell+4 ,!re=e nei!r is ! =m] simoniacal4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is done only at ano!r's reque/ w\ld seem to be done gratis3 s t app>5tly x does n involve simony1 :i* consi/s 9 buy+ or sell+4 ,n[ oral remun]ation d5otes ! conf]r+ ( an ecclesia/ical b5efice at "s p]son's reque/4 ,!re=e ?is is n simoniacal4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 hypocrites p]=m spiritual de$s 9 ord] t !y may receive human praise1 :i* seems to imply oral remun]ation3 & yet hypocrites are n said to be guilty ( simony4 ,!re=e oral remun]ation does n entail simony4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,pope ,urban 99,urban ,,ii1 ,ep4 xvii ad ,lucium says3 ,:oev] grants or acquires ecclesia/ical ?+s1 n = ! purpose = :i* !y 7 in/itut$ b = 8 own pr(it1 9 consid]ation ( an oral remun]ation or ( an equival5t 9 s]vice r5d]$ or money receiv$1 is guilty ( simony4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! t]m money d5otes any?+ t c h a pecuni>y value4 ,n[ x is evid5t t a man's s]vice is direct$ to "s k9d ( usefulness1 :i* has a pecuni>y value1 :]e=e s]vants are hir$ = a money wage4 ,!re=e to grant a spiritual ?+ = a s]vice r5d]$ or to be r5d]$ is ! same z to grant x = ! money1 receiv$ or promis$1 at :i* t s]vice c\ld be valu$4 ,likewise1 to grant a p]son's reque/ = ! be/[al ( a tempor>y favor is direct$ to "s k9d ( usefulness :i* has a pecuni>y value4 ,:]e=e j z a man contracts ! guilt ( simony by accept+ money or any ext]nal ?+ :i* comes "u ! head ( real remun]ation1 s too does he contract x1 by receiv+ oral remun]ation or an equival5t 9 s]vice r5d]$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if a cl]ic r5d]s a prelate a lawful s]vice1 direct$ to spiritual ?+s 7e4g4 to ! good ( ! ,*ur*1 or b5efit ( h] m9i/]s71 he becomes wor?y ( an ecclesia/ical b5efice by reason ( ! devotion t l$ him to r5d] ! s]vice1 z he w\ld by reason ( any o!r good de$4 ,h5ce ?is is n a case ( remun]ation = s]vice r5d]$1 su* z ,gregory has 9 m9d4 ,b if ! s]vice be unlawful1 or direct$ to c>nal ?+s 7e4g4 a s]vice r5d]$ to ! prelate = ! pr(it ( 8 k9dr$1 or ! increase ( 8 patrimony1 or ! l71 x w be a case ( remun]ation = s]vice r5d]$1 & ?is w be simony4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! be/[al ( a spiritual ?+ gratis on a p]son by reason ( k9%ip or ( any c>nal affection is unlawful & c>nal1 b n simoniacal3 s9ce no?+ is receiv$ 9 return1 :]e=e x does n imply a contract ( buy+ & sell+1 on :i* simony is bas$4 ,b to pres5t a p]son to an ecclesia/ical b5efice ) ! und]/&+ or int5tion t he provide = "o's k9dr$ f ! rev5ue is manife/ simony4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,oral remun]ation d5otes ei!r praise t p]ta9s to human favor1 :i* has its price1 or a reque/ :]eby man's favor is obta9$ or ! contr>y avoid$4 ,h5ce if "o int5d ?is *iefly "o commits simony4 ,n[ to grant a reque/ made = an unwor?y p]son implies1 seem+ly1 t ?is is "o's *ief int5tion :]e=e ! de$ itself is simoniacal4 ,b if ! reque/ be made = a wor?y p]son1 ! de$ itself is n simoniacal1 because x is bas$ on a wor?y cause1 on acc\nt ( :i* a spiritual ?+ is grant$ to ! p]son = :om ! reque/ is made4 ,nev]!less !re may be simony 9 ! int5tion1 if "o look1 n to ! wor?9ess ( ! p]son1 b to human favor4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a p]son asks = himself1 t he may obta9 ! cure ( s\ls1 8 v presumption r5d]s him unwor?y1 & s 8 reque/ is made = an unwor?y p]son4 ,b1 if "o be 9 ne$1 "o may lawfully seek = oneself an ecclesia/ical b5efice )\t ! cure ( s\ls4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a hypocrite does n give a spiritual ?+ = ! sake ( praise1 he only makes a %[ ( x1 & "u false pret5ses /eal?ily purlo9s r ?an buys human praise3 s t seem+ly ! hypocrite is n guilty ( simony4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,^? ,:o ,are ,guilty ( ,simony ,are ,fitt+ly ,puni%$ by ,be+ ,depriv$ ( ,:at ,!y ,h ,acquir$ by ,simony8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ^? :o are guilty ( simony are n fitt+ly puni%$ by be+ depriv$ ( :at !y h acquir$ by simony4 ,simony is committ$ by acquir+ spiritual ?+s 9 return = a remun]ation4 ,n[ c]ta9 spiritual ?+s _c be lo/ :5 once acquir$1 su* z all *>act]s t are impr9t$ by a consecration4 ,!re=e x is n a fitt+ puni%m5t = a p]son to be depriv$ ( :at he has acquir$ simoniacally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x sometimes happ5s t "o :o has obta9$ ! episcopate by simony comm&s a subject ( 8 to receive ord]s f him3 & app>5tly ! subject %\ld obey1 s long z ! ,*ur* tol]ates him4 ,yet no "o ought to receive f him t has n ! p[] to give4 ,!re=e a bi%op does n lose 8 episcopal p[]1 if he has acquir$ x by simony4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o %\ld be puni%$ = :at 0 done )\t 8 k & cons5t1 s9ce puni%m5t is due = s9 :i* is volunt>y1 z 0 %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b2 ,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #g74 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t a p]son acquires some?+ spiritual1 :i* o!rs h procur$ = him )\t 8 k & cons5t4 ,!re=e he %\ld n be puni%$ by be+ depriv$ ( :at has be5 be/[$ on him4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 no "o %\ld pr(it by 8 own s94 ,yet1 if a p]son :o has acquir$ an ecclesia/ical b5efice by simony1 7 to re/ore :at he has receiv$1 ?is w\ld sometimes turn to ! pr(it ( ^? :o _h a %>e 9 8 simony2 = in/ance1 :5 a prelate & 8 entire *apt] h cons5t$ to ! simony4 ,!re=e t :i* has be5 acquir$ by simony ought n always to be re/or$4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 sometimes a p]son obta9s admission to a mona/]y by simony1 & !re takes ! solemn v[ ( pr(ession4 ,b no "o %\ld be fre$ f ! obligation ( a v[ on acc\nt ( a fault he has committ$4 ,!re=e he %\ld n be expell$ f ! mona/ic /ate :i* he has acquir$ by simony4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 9 ?is _w ext]nal puni%m5t is n inflict$ = ! int]nal movem5ts ( ! he>t1 :]e( ,god alone is ! judge4 ,n[ simony is committ$ 9 ! m]e int5tion or w1 :]e=e x is def9$ 9 ref]5ce to ! w1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,!re=e a p]son %\ld n always be depriv$ ( :at he has acquir$ by simony4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 to be promot$ to great] dignity is mu* less ?an to reta9 t :i* "o has already receiv$4 ,n[ sometimes ^? :o are guilty ( simony are1 by disp5sation1 promot$ to great] dignity4 ,!re=e !y %\ld n always be depriv$ ( :at !y h receiv$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,i1 qu4 i1 cap4 ,si quis ,episcopus73 ,he t has be5 orda9$ %all pr(it no?+ f 8 ord9ation or promotion t he has acquir$ by ! b>ga91 b %all =feit ! dignity or cure t he has acquir$ ) 8 money4 ,i answ] t1 ,no "o c lawfully reta9 t :i* he has acquir$ aga9/ ! own]'s w4 ,= in/ance1 if a /ew>d 7 to give "s ( 8 "l's prop]ty to a p]son1 aga9/ 8 "l's w & ord]s1 ! recipi5t c\ld n lawfully reta9 :at he receiv$4 ,n[ ,our ,"l1 ,^: /ew>ds & m9i/]s are ! prelates ( *ur*es1 ord]$ spiritual ?+s to be giv5 gratis1 accord+ to ,matt4 #aj3h1 ,freely h y receiv$1 freely give4 ,:]e=e :osoev] acquires spiritual ?+s 9 return = a remun]ation _c lawfully reta9 !m4 ,moreov]1 ^? :o are guilty ( simony1 by ei!r sell+ or buy+ spiritual ?+s1 z well z ^? :o act z g-betwe51 are s5t5c$ to o!r puni%m5ts1 namely1 infamy & deposition1 if !y be cl]ics1 & excommunication if !y be laym51 z /at$ qu4 i1 cap4 ,si quis ,episcopus 99,qu4 iii1 c4 ,si quis praeb5das4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he t has receiv$ a sacr$ ,ord] simoniacally1 receives ! "* ( ! ,ord] on acc\nt ( ! efficacy ( ! sacram5t3 b he does n receive ! grace nor ! ex]cise ( ! ,ord]1 because he has receiv$ ! "* by /eal? z x 71 & aga9/ ! w ( ! ,supreme ,"l4 ,:]e=e he is susp5d$1 by virtue ( ! law1 bo? z reg>ds himself1 namely1 t he %\ld n busy himself ab\t ex]cis+ 8 ,ord]1 & z reg>ds o!rs1 namely1 t no "o may communicate ) him 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 ,ord]1 :e!r 8 s9 be public or secret4 ,nor may he reclaim ! money :i* he basely gave1 al?\gh ! o!r p>ty unju/ly reta9s x4 ,aga91 a man :o is guilty ( simony1 ?r\gh hav+ conf]r$ ,ord]s simoniacally1 or ?r\gh hav+ simoniacally grant$ or receiv$ a b5efice1 or ?r\gh hav+ be5 a g-betwe5 9 a simoniacal transaction1 if he has done s publicly1 is susp5d$ by virtue ( ! law1 z reg>ds bo? himself & o!rs2 b if he has act$ 9 secret he is susp5d$ by virtue ( ! law1 z reg>ds himself alone1 & n z reg>ds o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"o ought n to receive ,ord]s f a bi%op "o kn[s to h be5 promot$ simoniacally1 ei!r on acc\nt ( 8 comm& or = fe> ( 8 excommunication3 & su* z receive ,ord]s f him d n receive ! ex]cise ( _! ,ord]s1 ev5 ?\gh !y are ignorant ( 8 be+ guilty ( simony2 & !y ne$ to receive a disp5sation4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t "o ought to receive ,ord]s 9 ob$i5ce to 8 comm& unless "o c prove him to be guilty ( simony1 b t "o ought n to ex]cise ! ,ord] )\t a disp5sation4 ,b ?is is an unreasonable /atem5t1 because no "o %\ld obey a man to ! ext5t ( communicat+ ) him 9 an unlawful action4 ,n[ he t is1 by virtue ( ! law1 susp5d$ z reg>ds bo? himself & o!rs1 conf]s ,ord]s unlawfully3 :]e=e no "o %\ld communicate ) him1 by receiv+ ,ord]s f him = any cause :atev]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o be n c]ta9 on ! po9t1 "o ought n to give cr$5ce to ano!r's s91 & s "o ought ) a good consci5ce to receive ,ord]s f him4 ,& if ! bi%op has be5 guilty ( simony o!rwise ?an by a simoniacal promotion1 & ! fact be a secret1 "o c receive ,ord]s f him because he is n susp5d$ z reg>ds o!rs1 b only z reg>ds himself1 z /at$ above 7ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to be depriv$ ( :at "o has receiv$ is n only ! puni%m5t ( a s91 b is also sometimes ! effect ( acquir+ unju/ly1 z :5 "o buys a ?+ ( a p]son :o _c sell x4 ,:]e=e if a man1 kn[+ly & spontane\sly1 receives ,ord]s or an ecclesia/ical b5efice simoniacally1 n only is he depriv$ ( :at he has receiv$1 by =feit+ ! ex]cise ( 8 ord]1 & resign+ ! b5efice & ! fruits acquir$ !refrom1 b also 9 addition to ?is he is puni%$ by be+ m>k$ ) infamy4 ,moreov]1 he is b\nd to re/ore n only ! fruit actually acquir$1 b also su* z c\ld h be5 acquir$ by a c>eful possessor 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is to be und]/ood ( ! net fruits1 all[ance be+ made = exp5ses incurr$ on acc\nt ( ! fruits71 except+ ^? fruits t h be5 exp5d$ = ! good ( ! ,*ur*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a man's promotion be procur$ simoniacally by o!rs1 )\t 8 k & cons5t1 he =feits ! ex]cise ( 8 ,ord]1 & is b\nd to resign ! b5efice obta9$ toge!r ) fruits /ill extant2 b he is n b\nd to re/ore ! fruits :i* he has consum$1 s9ce he possess$ !m 9 good fai?4 ,exception mu/ be made 9 ! case :5 8 promotion has be5 deceitfully procur$ by an enemy ( 82 or :5 he expressly opposes ! transaction1 = !n he is n b\nd to resign1 unless subsequ5tly he agree to ! transaction1 by pay+ :at 0 promis$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,money1 prop]ty1 or fruits simoniacally receiv$1 mu/ be re/or$ to ! ,*ur* t has incurr$ loss by _! transf]1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! prelate or a memb] ( ! *apt] ( t *ur* 0 at fault1 s9ce o!rs ought n to be ! los]s by 8 s93 9 su*wise1 h[ev]1 t1 z f> z possible1 ! guilty p>ties be n ! ga9]s4 ,b if ! prelate & ! entire *apt] be at fault1 re/itution mu/ be made1 ) ! cons5t ( sup]ior au?ority1 ei!r to ! poor or to "s o!r *ur*4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,if !re are any p]sons :o h be5 simoniacally admitt$ into a mona/]y1 !y mu/ quit3 & if ! simony 0 committ$ ) _! k s9ce ! hold+ ( ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil 99,f\r? ,lat]an ,c\ncil1 ,a4,d4 #abae1 held by ,innoc5t ,,iii1 !y mu/ be expell$ f _! mona/]y )\t hope ( return1 & d p]petual p5ance "u a /rict] rule1 or 9 "s h\se ( ! same ord]1 if a /rict] "o be n f\nd4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is took place be=e ! ,c\ncil1 !y mu/ be plac$ 9 o!r h\ses ( ! same ord]4 ,if ?is _c be done1 !y mu/ be receiv$ into mona/]ies ( ! same ord]1 by way ( comp5sation1 le/ !y w&] ab\t ! _w1 b !y mu/ n be admitt$ to _! =m] rank1 & mu/ be assign$ a l[] place4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y 7 receiv$ simoniacally1 )\t _! k1 :e!r be=e or aft] ! ,c\ncil1 !n aft] quitt+ !y may be receiv$ aga91 _! rank be+ *ang$ z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,9 ,god's sight ! m]e w makes a man guilty ( simony2 b z reg>ds ! ext]nal ecclesia/ical puni%m5t he is n puni%$ z a simoniac1 by be+ oblig$ to resign1 b is b\nd to rep5t ( 8 evil int5tion4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,! ,pope alone c grant a disp5sation to "o :o has kn[+ly receiv$ a b5efice 7simoniacally74 ,9 o!r cases ! bi%op also c disp5se1 provid$ ! b5efici>y fir/ ( all r5\nce :at he has receiv$ simoniacally1 s t he w receive ei!r ! less] disp5sation all[+ him to communicate ) ! laity1 or a great] disp5sation1 all[+ him aft] do+ p5ance to reta9 8 ord] 9 "s o!r ,*ur*2 or aga9 a great] disp5sation1 all[+ him to rema9 9 ! same ,*ur*1 b 9 m9or ord]s2 or a full disp5sation all[+ him to ex]cise ev5 ! major ord]s 9 ! same ,*ur*1 b n to accept a prelacy4 ,,"q #aja ,,( ,,piety 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,aft] religion we mu/ consid] piety1 ! consid]ation ( :i* w r5d] ! opposite vices manife/4 ,accord+ly f\r po9ts ( inquiry arise ) reg>d to piety3 7#a7 ,to :om does piety ext5d8 7#b7 ,:at does piety make "o (f] a p]son8 7#c7 ,:e!r piety is a special virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! duties ( piety %\ld be omitt$ = ! sake ( religion8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aja1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,piety ,ext5ds to ,p>ticul> ,human ,individuals8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t piety does n ext5d to p>ticul> human individuals4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x7 t piety d5otes1 prop]ly speak+1 ! wor%ip ( ,god1 :i* ! ,greeks designate by ! t]m eusebeia4 ,b ! wor%ip ( ,god does n d5ote relation to man1 b only to ,god4 ,!re=e piety does n ext5d def9itely to c]ta9 human individuals4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 i73 ,piety1 on h] day1 provides a banquet1 because %e fills ! inmo/ recesses ( ! he>t ) works ( m]cy4 ,n[ ! works ( m]cy are to be done to all1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i74 ,!re=e piety does n ext5d def9itely to c]ta9 special p]sons4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 human affairs !re are _m o!r mutual relations besides ^? ( k9dr$ & citiz5%ip1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 viii1 #aa1 #ab71 & on ea* ( !m is f\nd$ a k9d ( fri5d%ip1 :i* w\ld seem to be ! virtue ( piety1 accord+ to a gloss on #b ,tim4 #c3e1 ,hav+ an appe>ance inde$ ( piety ,d\ay3 'godl9ess'4 ,!re=e piety ext5ds n only to "o's k9dr$ & fell[-citiz5s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t x is by piety t we d our duty t[>ds our k9dr$ & well-wi%]s ( our c\ntry & r5d] !m fai?ful s]vice4 ,i answ] t1 ,man becomes a debtor to o!r m5 9 v>i\s ways1 accord+ to _! v>i\s excell5ce & ! v>i\s b5efits receiv$ f !m4 ,on bo? c\nts ,god holds fir/ place1 = ,he is supremely excell5t1 & is = u ! fir/ pr9ciple ( be+ & gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! second place1 ! pr9ciples ( our be+ & gov]nm5t are our p>5ts & our c\ntry1 t h giv5 u bir? & n\ri%m5t4 ,consequ5tly man is debtor *iefly to 8 p>5ts & 8 c\ntry1 aft] ,god4 ,:]e=e j z x belongs to religion to give wor%ip to ,god1 s does x belong to piety1 9 ! second place1 to give wor%ip to "o's p>5ts & "o's c\ntry4 ,! wor%ip due to our p>5ts includes ! wor%ip giv5 to all our k9dr$1 s9ce our k9sfolk are ^? :o desc5d f ! same p>5ts1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ab74 ,! wor%ip giv5 to our c\ntry includes homage to all our fell[-citiz5s & to all ! fri5ds ( our c\ntry4 ,!re=e piety ext5ds *iefly to ^!4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! great] includes ! less]3 :]e=e ! wor%ip due to ,god includes ! wor%ip due to our p>5ts z a p>ticul>4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,mala*4 #a3f73 ,if ,i be a fa!r1 :]e is ,my honor8 ,consequ5tly ! t]m piety ext5ds also to ! div9e wor%ip4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x71 ! t]m piety is (t5 us$ 9 connection ) works ( m]cy1 9 ! language ( ! common p2 ! reason = :i* ,i consid] to be ! fact t ,god ,himself has decl>$ t ^! works are m pleas+ to ,him ?an sacrifices4 ,?is cu/om has l$ to ! application ( ! ^w 'pi\s' to ,god ,himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! relations ( a man ) 8 k9dr$ & fell[-citiz5s are m ref]able to ! pr9ciples ( 8 be+ ?an o!r relations3 :]e=e ! t]m piety is m applicable to !m4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aja1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,piety ,provides ,support = ,our ,p>5ts8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t piety does n provide support = our p>5ts4 ,=1 seem+ly1 ! precept ( ! decalogue1 ,honor ?y fa!r & "m1 belongs to piety4 ,b ?is prescribes only ! giv+ ( honor4 ,!re=e x does n belong to piety to provide support = "o's p>5ts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a man is b\nd to lay up = ^? :om he is b\nd to support4 ,n[ accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #ab3ad71 nei!r ought ! *ildr5 to lay up = ! p>5ts4 ,!re=e piety does n oblige !m to support _! p>5ts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 piety ext5ds n only to "o's p>5ts1 b also to o!r k9sm5 & to "o's fell[-citiz5s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b "o is n b\nd to support all "o's k9dr$ & fell[-citiz5s4 ,!re=e nei!r is "o b\nd to support "o's p>5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 our ,"l 7,matt4 #ae3c-f7 reprov$ ! ,ph>isees = h9d]+ *ildr5 f support+ _! p>5ts4 ,i answ] t1 ,we owe some?+ to our p>5ts 9 two ways3 t is to say1 bo? ess5tially1 & accid5tally4 ,we owe !m ess5tially t :i* is due to a fa!r z su*3 & s9ce he is 8 son's sup]ior ?r\gh be+ ! pr9ciple ( 8 be+1 ! latt] owes him rev]5ce & s]vice4 ,accid5tally1 t is due to a fa!r1 :i* x befits him to receive 9 respect ( some?+ accid5tal to him1 = in/ance1 if he be ill1 x is fitt+ t 8 *ildr5 %\ld visit him & see to 8 cure2 if he be poor1 x is fitt+ t !y %\ld support him2 & s on 9 l in/ance1 all ( :i* come "u ! head ( s]vice due4 ,h5ce ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t piety gives bo? duty & homage3 duty ref]r+ to s]vice1 & homage to rev]5ce or honor1 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x71 we are said to give homage to ^? ^: memory or pres5ce we honor4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to our ,"l's int]pretation 7,matt4 #ae3c-f7 ! honor due to our p>5ts includes :atev] support we owe !m2 & ! reason = ?is is t support is giv5 to "o's fa!r because x is due to him z to "o great]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce a fa!r /&s 9 ! relation ( pr9ciple1 & 8 son 9 ! relation ( t :i* is f a pr9ciple1 x is ess5tially fitt+ = a fa!r to support 8 son3 & consequ5tly he is b\nd to support him n only = a "t1 b = all 8 life1 & ?is is to lay by4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = ! son to be/[ some?+ on 8 fa!r is accid5tal1 aris+ f "s mom5t>y necessity1 :]e9 he is b\nd to support him1 b n to lay by z = a long "t be=eh&1 because naturally p>5ts are n ! successors ( _! *ildr51 b *ildr5 ( _! p>5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii71 we (f] homage & duty to all our k9dr$ & to ! well-wi%]s ( our c\ntry2 n1 h[ev]1 equally to all1 b *iefly to our p>5ts1 & to o!rs accord+ to our means & _! p]sonal claims4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aja1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,piety ,is a ,special ,virtue ,di/9ct f ,o!r ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t piety is n a special virtue di/9ct f o!r virtues4 ,= ! giv+ ( s]vice & homage to anyone proce$s f love4 ,b x belongs to piety4 ,!re=e piety is n a di/9ct virtue f *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is prop] to religion to give wor%ip to ,god4 ,b piety also gives wor%ip to ,god1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x74 ,!re=e piety is n di/9ct f religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 piety1 :]eby we give our c\ntry wor%ip & duty1 seems to be ! same z legal ju/ice1 :i* looks to ! common good4 ,b legal ju/ice is a g5]al virtue1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e piety is n a special virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is acc\nt$ by ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 z a "p ( ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,a special virtue is "o t reg>ds an object "u a special aspect4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! nature ( ju/ice consi/s 9 r5d]+ ano!r p]son 8 due1 :]ev] !re is a special aspect ( some?+ due to a p]son1 !re is a special virtue4 ,n[ a ?+ is indebt$ 9 a special way to t :i* is its connatural pr9ciple ( be+ & gov]nm5t4 ,& piety reg>ds ?is pr9ciple1 inasmu* z x pays duty & homage to our p>5ts & c\ntry1 & to ^? :o are relat$ !reto4 ,!re=e piety is a special virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z religion is a prote/ation ( fai?1 hope & *>ity1 :]eby man is prim>ily direct$ to ,god1 s aga9 piety is a prote/ation ( ! *>ity we be> t[>ds our p>5ts & c\ntry4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,god is ! pr9ciple ( our be+ & gov]nm5t 9 a f> m excell5t mann] ?an "o's fa!r or c\ntry4 ,h5ce religion1 :i* gives wor%ip to ,god1 is a di/9ct virtue f piety1 :i* pays homage to our p>5ts & c\ntry4 ,b ?+s relat+ to creatures are transf]r$ to ,god z ! summit ( excell5ce & causality1 z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 i73 :]e=e1 by way ( excell5ce1 piety designates ! wor%ip ( ,god1 ev5 z ,god1 by way ( excell5ce1 is call$ ,our ,fa!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,piety ext5ds to our c\ntry 9 s f> z ! latt] is = u a pr9ciple ( be+3 b legal ju/ice reg>ds ! good ( our c\ntry1 consid]$ z ! common good3 :]e=e legal ju/ice has m ( ! "* ( a g5]al virtue ?an piety has4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aja1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,duties ( ,piety ,t[>ds ,"o's ,p>5ts ,%\ld ,be ,omitt$ = ! ,sake ( ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! duties ( piety t[>ds "o's p>5ts %\ld be omitt$ = ! sake ( religion4 ,= ,our ,"l said 7,luke #ad3bf73 ,if any man come to ,me1 & hate n 8 fa!r1 & "m1 & wife1 & *ildr51 & bre?r51 & si/]s1 yea & 8 own life also1 he _c be ,my disciple4 ,h5ce x is said 9 praise ( ,james & ,john 7,matt4 #d3bb7 t !y left _! nets & fa!r1 & foll[$ ,*ri/4 ,aga9 x is said 9 praise ( ! ,levites 7,deut4 #cc3i73 ,:o ha? said to 8 fa!r1 & to 8 "m3 ,i d n "k y2 & to 8 bre?r53 ,i "k y n2 & _! own *ildr5 !y h n kn[n4 ,^! h kept ,?y ^w4 ,n[ a man :o kn[s n 8 p>5ts & o!r k9sm51 or :o ev5 hates !m1 mu/ ne$s omit ! duties ( piety4 ,!re=e ! duties ( piety %\ld be omitt$ = ! sake ( religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,luke #i3ei1 #fj7 t 9 answ] to him :o said3 ,suff] me fir/ to g & bury my fa!r1 ,our ,"l repli$3 ,let ! dead bury _! dead3 b g ?\1 & prea* ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,n[ ! latt] p]ta9s to religion1 :ile x is a duty ( piety to bury "o's fa!r4 ,!re=e a duty ( piety %\ld be omitt$ = ! sake ( religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,god is call$ ,our ,fa!r by excell5ce4 ,n[ j z we wor%ip our p>5ts by pay+ !m ! duties ( piety s d we wor%ip ,god by religion4 ,!re=e ! duties ( piety %\ld be omitt$ = ! sake ( ! wor%ip ( religion4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 religi\s are b\nd by a v[ :i* !y may n break to fulfil ! obs]vances ( religion4 ,n[ 9 accordance ) ^? obs]vances !y are h9d]$ f support+ _! p>5ts1 bo? on ! score ( pov]ty1 s9ce !y h no?+ ( _! own1 & on ! score ( ob$i5ce1 s9ce !y may n leave ! cloi/] )\t ! p]mission ( _! sup]ior4 ,!re=e ! duties ( piety t[>ds "o's p>5ts %\ld be omitt$ = ! sake ( religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l reprov$ ! ,ph>isees 7,matt4 #ae3c-f7 :o taught t = ! sake ( religion "o ought to refra9 f pay+ "o's p>5ts ! honor we owe !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,religion & piety are two virtues4 ,n[ no virtue is oppos$ to ano!r virtue1 s9ce accord+ to ! ,philosoph]1 9 8 book on ! ,categories 7,cap4 ,de oppos471 good is n oppos$ to good4 ,!re=e x is impossible t religion & piety mutually h9d] "o ano!r1 s t ! act ( "o be exclud$ by ! act ( ! o!r4 ,n[1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #g1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #c71 ! act ( e virtue is limit$ by ! circum/ances due !reto1 & if x ov]/ep !m x w be an act no long] ( virtue b ( vice4 ,h5ce x belongs to piety to pay duty & homage to "o's p>5ts accord+ to ! due mode4 ,b x is n ! due mode t man %\ld t5d to wor%ip 8 fa!r r ?an ,god1 b1 z ,ambrose says on ,luke #ab3eb1 ! piety ( div9e religion takes prec$5ce ( ! claims ( k9dr$4 ,accord+ly1 if ! wor%ip ( "o's p>5ts take "o away f ! wor%ip ( ,god x w\ld no long] be an act ( piety to pay wor%ip to "o's p>5ts to ! prejudice ( ,god4 ,h5ce ,j]ome says 7,ep4 ad ,heliod473 ,?\gh ?\ trample ^u ?y fa!r1 ?\gh ?\ spurn ?y "m1 turn n aside1 b ) dry eyes ha/5 to ! /&>d ( ! cross2 x is ! highe/ degree ( piety to be cruel 9 ?is matt]4 ,!re=e 9 su* a case ! duties ( piety t[>ds "o's p>5ts %\ld be omitt$ = ! sake ( ! wor%ip religion gives to ,god4 ,if1 h[ev]1 by pay+ ! s]vices due to our p>5ts1 we are n )drawn f ! s]vice ( ,god1 !n w x be an act ( piety1 & !re w be no ne$ to set piety aside = ! sake ( religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gregory exp\nd+ ?is say+ ( our ,"l says 7,hom4 xxxvii 9 ,ev47 t :5 we f9d our p>5ts to be a h9drance 9 our way to ,god1 we mu/ ignore !m by hat+ & flee+ f !m4 ,= if our p>5ts incite u to s91 & )draw u f ! s]vice ( ,god1 we mu/1 z reg>ds ?is po9t1 ab&on & hate !m4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ,levites are said to h n kn[n _! k9dr$1 because !y obey$ ! ,"l's comm&1 & sp>$ n ! idolat]s 7,ex4 #cb74 ,james & ,john are prais$ = leav+ _! p>5ts & foll[+ our ,"l1 n t _! fa!r incit$ !m to evil1 b because !y deem$ x possible = him to f9d ano!r means ( livelihood1 if !y foll[$ ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,our ,"l =bade ! disciple to bury 8 fa!r because1 accord+ to ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 xxviii 9 ,mat?471 ,our ,"l by s do+ sav$ him f _m evils1 su* z ! sorr[s & worries & o!r ?+s t "o anticipates "u ^! circum/ances4 ,= aft] ! burial ! w _h to be read1 ! e/ate _h to be divid$1 & s =?3 b *iefly1 because !re 7 o!rs :o c\ld see to ! fun]al4 ,or1 accord+ to ,cyril's comm5t>y on ,luke #i1 ?is disciple's reque/ 01 n t he might bury a dead fa!r1 b t he might support a yet liv+ fa!r 9 ! latt]'s old age1 until at l5g? he %\ld bury him4 ,?is is :at ,our ,"l did n grant1 because !re 7 o!rs1 b\nd by ! duties ( k9dr$1 to take c>e ( him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:atev] we give our p>5ts out ( piety is ref]r$ by u to ,god2 j z o!r works ( m]cy :i* we p]=m ) reg>d to any ( our neighbors are (f]$ to ,god1 accord+ to ,matt4 #be3dj3 ,z long z y did x to "o ( 4 4 4 ,my lea/ 4 4 4 y did x to ,me4 ,accord+ly1 if our c>nal p>5ts /& 9 ne$ ( our assi/ance1 s t !y h no o!r means ( support1 provid$ !y incite u to no?+ aga9/ ,god1 we mu/ n ab&on !m = ! sake ( religion4 ,b if we _c devote ourselves to _! s]vice )\t s91 or if !y c be support$ )\t our assi/ance1 x is lawful to =ego _! s]vice1 s z to give m "t to religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,we mu/ speak diff]5tly ( "o :o is yet 9 ! _w1 & ( "o :o has made 8 pr(ession 9 religion4 ,= he t is 9 ! _w1 if he has p>5ts unable to f9d support )\t him1 he mu/ n leave !m & ent] religion1 because he w\ld be break+ ! comm&m5t prescrib+ ! honor+ ( p>5ts4 ,"s say1 h[ev]1 t ev5 !n he might ab&on !m1 & leave !m 9 ,god's c>e4 ,b ?is1 consid]$ aright1 w\ld be to tempt ,god3 s9ce1 :ile hav+ human means at h&1 he w\ld be expos+ 8 p>5ts to dang]1 9 ! hope ( ,god's assi/ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! p>5ts c f9d means ( livelihood )\t him1 x is lawful = him to ab&on !m & ent] religion1 because *ildr5 are n b\nd to support _! p>5ts except 9 cases ( necessity1 z /at$ above4 ,he t has already made 8 pr(ession 9 religion is deem$ to be already dead to ! _w3 :]e=e he ought n1 "u pretext ( support+ 8 p>5ts1 to leave ! cloi/] :]e he is buri$ ) ,*ri/1 & busy himself once m ) worldly affairs4 ,nev]!less he is b\nd1 sav+ 8 ob$i5ce to 8 sup]iors1 & 8 religi\s /ate )al1 to make po9ts ef=ts = 8 p>5ts' support4 ,,"q #ajb ,,( ,,obs]vance1 ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,itself1 ,,& ,,( ,,its ,,p>ts 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] obs]vance & its p>ts1 ! consid]ations ( :i* w manife/ ! contr>y vices4 ,"u ! head ( obs]vance !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r obs]vance is a special virtue1 di/9ct f o!r virtues8 7#b7 ,:at does obs]vance (f]8 7#c7 ,( its comp>ison ) piety4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,obs]vance ,is a ,special ,virtue1 ,di/9ct f ,o!r ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t obs]vance is n a special virtue1 di/9ct f o!r virtues4 ,= virtues are di/+ui%$ by _! objects4 ,b ! object ( obs]vance is n di/9ct f ! object ( piety3 = ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t x is by obs]vance t we pay wor%ip & honor to ^? :o excel 9 "s k9d ( dignity4 ,b wor%ip & honor are paid also by piety to our p>5ts1 :o excel 9 dignity4 ,!re=e obs]vance is n a di/9ct virtue f piety4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z honor & wor%ip are due to ^? t are 9 a position ( dignity1 s also are !y due to ^? :o excel 9 sci5ce & virtue4 ,b !re is no special virtue :]eby we pay honor & wor%ip to ^? :o excel 9 sci5ce & virtue4 ,!re=e obs]vance1 :]eby we pay wor%ip & honor to ^? :o excel 9 dignity1 is n a special virtue di/9ct f o!r virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we h _m duties t[>ds ^? :o are 9 a position ( dignity1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* is requir$ by law1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ac3g1 ,r5d] 4 4 4 to all m5 _! dues3 tribute to :om tribute is due1 etc4 ,n[ ! fulfilm5t ( ! requirem5ts ( ! law belongs to legal ju/ice1 or ev5 to special ju/ice4 ,!re=e obs]vance is n by itself a special virtue di/9ct f o!r virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 reckons obs]vance along ) ! o!r p>ts ( ju/ice1 :i* are special virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,z expla9$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c2 ,q4 #hj71 accord+ to ! v>i\s excell5ces ( ^? p]sons to :om some?+ is due1 !re mu/ ne$s be a correspond+ di/9ction ( virtues 9 a desc5d+ ord]4 ,n[ j z a c>nal fa!r p>takes ( ! "* ( pr9ciple 9 a p>ticul> way1 :i* "* is f\nd 9 ,god 9 a univ]sal way1 s too a p]son :o1 9 "s way1 ex]cises provid5ce 9 "o respect1 p>takes ( ! "* ( fa!r 9 a p>ticul> way1 s9ce a fa!r is ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation1 ( education1 ( le>n+ & ( :atev] p]ta9s to ! p]fection ( human life3 :ile a p]son :o is 9 a position ( dignity is z a pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t ) reg>d to c]ta9 ?+s3 = in/ance1 ! gov]nor ( a /ate 9 civil matt]s1 ! comm&] ( an army 9 matt]s ( w>f>e1 a pr(essor 9 matt]s ( le>n+1 & s =?4 ,h5ce x is t all su* p]sons are designat$ z fa!rs1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ *>g$ ) l c>es3 ?us ! s]vants ( ,naaman said to him 7#d ,k+s #e3ac73 ,fa!r1 if ! prophet _h bid !e d "s great ?+1 etc4 ,!re=e1 j z1 9 a mann]1 b5ea? religion1 :]eby wor%ip is giv5 to ,god1 we f9d piety1 :]eby we wor%ip our p>5ts2 s "u piety we f9d obs]vance1 :]eby wor%ip & honor are paid to p]sons 9 positions ( dignity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b71 religion goes by ! "n ( piety by way ( sup]em95ce1 al?\gh piety prop]ly s call$ is di/9ct f religion2 & 9 ! same way piety c be call$ obs]vance by way ( excell5ce1 al?\gh obs]vance prop]ly speak+ is di/9ct f piety4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by ! v fact ( be+ 9 a position ( dignity a man n only excels z reg>ds 8 position1 b also has a c]ta9 p[] ( gov]n+ subjects1 :]e=e x is fitt+ t he %\ld be consid]$ z a pr9ciple inasmu* z he is ! gov]nor ( o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t a man has p]fection ( sci5ce & virtue does n give him ! "* ( a pr9ciple 9 relation to o!rs1 b m]ely a c]ta9 excell5ce 9 himself4 ,:]e=e a special virtue is appo9t$ = ! paym5t ( wor%ip & honor to p]sons 9 positions ( dignity4 ,yet1 =asmu* z sci5ce1 virtue & all l ?+s r5d] a man fit = positions ( dignity1 ! respect :i* is paid to anyone on acc\nt ( any excell5ce :atev] belongs to ! same virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x belongs to special ju/ice1 prop]ly speak+1 to pay ! equival5t to ^? to :om we owe any?+4 ,n[ ?is _c be done to ! virtu\s1 & to ^? :o make good use ( _! position ( dignity1 z nei!r c x be done to ,god1 nor to our p>5ts4 ,consequ5tly ^! matt]s belong to an annex$ virtue1 & n to special ju/ice1 :i* is a pr9cipal virtue4 ,legal ju/ice ext5ds to ! acts ( all ! virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #f74 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,belongs to ,obs]vance to ,pay ,wor%ip & ,honor to ,^? ,:o ,are 9 ,positions ( ,dignity8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t x does n belong to obs]vance to pay wor%ip & honor to p]sons 9 positions ( dignity4 ,= accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x71 we are said to wor%ip ^? p]sons :om we hold 9 honor1 s t wor%ip & honor w\ld seem to be ! same4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ to def9e obs]vance z pay+ wor%ip & honor to p]sons 9 positions ( dignity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ju/ice t we pay :at we owe3 :]e=e ?is belongs to obs]vance also1 s9ce x is a "p ( ju/ice4 ,n[ we d n owe wor%ip & honor to all p]sons 9 positions ( dignity1 b only to ^? :o are plac$ ov] u4 ,!re=e obs]vance is unfitt+ly def9$ z giv+ wor%ip & honor to all4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 n only d we owe honor to p]sons ( dignity :o are plac$ ov] u2 we owe !m also fe> & a c]ta9 paym5t ( remun]ation1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ac3g1 ,r5d] 4 4 4 to all m5 _! dues2 tribute to :om tribute is due2 cu/om to :om cu/om2 fe> to :om fe>2 honor to :om honor4 ,moreov]1 we owe !m rev]5ce & subjection1 accord+ to ,heb4 #ac3ag1 ,obey y\r prelates1 & be subject to !m4 ,!re=e obs]vance is n fitt+ly def9$ z pay+ wor%ip & honor4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t x is by obs]vance t we pay wor%ip & honor to ^? :o excel 9 "s k9d ( dignity4 ,i answ] t1 ,x belongs to p]sons 9 positions ( dignity to gov]n subjects4 ,n[ to gov]n is to move c]ta9 ones to _! due end3 ?us a sailor gov]ns 8 %ip by /e]+ x to port4 ,b e mov] has a c]ta9 excell5ce & p[] ov] t :i* is mov$4 ,:]e=e1 a p]son 9 a position ( dignity is an object ( tw(old consid]ation3 fir/1 9 s f> z he obta9s excell5ce ( position1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 p[] ov] subjects3 secondly1 z reg>ds ! ex]cise ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,9 respect ( 8 excell5ce !re is due to him honor1 :i* is ! recognition ( "s k9d ( excell5ce2 & 9 respect ( ! ex]cise ( 8 gov]nm5t1 !re is due to him wor%ip1 consi/+ 9 r5d]+ him s]vice1 by obey+ 8 comm&s1 & by repay+ him1 accord+ to "o's faculty1 = ! b5efits we receiv$ f him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,wor%ip includes n only honor1 b also :atev] o!r suitable actions are connect$ ) ! relations betwe5 man & man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #hj71 debt is tw(old4 ,"o is legal debt1 to pay :i* man is compell$ by law2 & ?us man owes honor & wor%ip to ^? p]sons 9 positions ( dignity :o are plac$ ov] him4 ,! o!r is moral debt1 :i* is due by reason ( a c]ta9 hone/y3 x is 9 ?is way t we owe wor%ip & honor to p]sons 9 positions ( dignity ev5 ?\gh we be n _! subjects4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,honor is due to ! excell5ce ( p]sons 9 positions ( dignity1 on acc\nt ( _! high] rank3 :ile fe> is due to !m on acc\nt ( _! p[] to use compulsion3 & to ! ex]cise ( _! gov]nm5t !re is due bo? ob$i5ce1 :]eby subjects are mov$ at ! comm& ( _! sup]iors1 & tributes1 :i* are a repaym5t ( _! labor4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,obs]vance ,is a ,great] ,virtue ,?an ,piety8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t obs]vance is a great] virtue ?an piety4 ,= ! pr9ce to :om wor%ip is paid by obs]vance is comp>$ to a fa!r :o is wor%ip$ by piety1 z a univ]sal to a p>ticul> gov]nor2 because ! h\sehold :i* a fa!r gov]ns is "p ( ! /ate :i* is gov]n$ by ! pr9ce4 ,n[ a univ]sal p[] is great]1 & inf]iors are m subject !reto4 ,!re=e obs]vance is a great] virtue ?an piety4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 p]sons 9 positions ( dignity take c>e ( ! common good4 ,n[ our k9dr$ p]ta9 to ! private good1 :i* we ought to set aside = ! common good3 :]e=e x is praisewor?y to expose oneself to ! dang] ( dea? = ! sake ( ! common good4 ,!re=e obs]vance1 :]eby wor%ip is paid to p]sons 9 positions ( dignity1 is a great] virtue ?an piety1 :i* pays wor%ip to "o's k9dr$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r honor & rev]5ce are due to ! virtu\s 9 ! fir/ place aft] ,god4 ,n[ honor & rev]5ce are paid to ! virtu\s by ! virtue ( obs]vance1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,!re=e obs]vance takes ! fir/ place aft] religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! precepts ( ! ,law prescribe acts ( virtue4 ,n[1 imm$iately aft] ! precepts ( religion1 :i* belong to ! fir/ table1 foll[s ! precept ( honor+ our p>5ts :i* ref]s to piety4 ,!re=e piety foll[s imm$iately aft] religion 9 ! ord] ( excell5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,some?+ may be paid to p]sons 9 positions ( dignity 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 relation to ! common good1 z :5 "o s]ves !m 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! /ate4 ,?is no long] belongs to obs]vance1 b to piety1 :i* pays wor%ip n only to "o's fa!r b also to "o's fa!rl&4 ,secondly1 t :i* is paid to p]sons 9 positions ( dignity ref]s specially to _! p]sonal usefulness or r5[n1 & ?is belongs prop]ly to obs]vance1 z di/9ct f piety4 ,!re=e 9 comp>+ obs]vance ) piety we mu/ ne$s take into consid]ation ! diff]5t relations 9 :i* o!r p]sons /& to ourselves1 :i* relations bo? virtues reg>d4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! p]sons ( our p>5ts & ( our k9dr$ are m sub/antially ak9 to u ?an p]sons 9 positions ( dignity1 s9ce bir? & education1 :i* orig9ate 9 ! fa!r1 belong m to "o's sub/ance ?an ext]nal gov]nm5t1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is seat$ 9 ^? :o are 9 positions ( dignity4 ,= ?is reason piety takes prec$5ce ( obs]vance1 inasmu* z x pays wor%ip to p]sons m ak9 to u1 & to :om we are m /rictly b\nd4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! pr9ce is comp>$ to ! fa!r z a univ]sal to a p>ticul> p[]1 z reg>ds ext]nal gov]nm5t1 b n z reg>ds ! fa!r be+ a pr9ciple ( g5]ation3 = 9 ?is way ! fa!r %\ld be comp>$ ) ! div9e p[] f :i* all ?+s d]ive _! be+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 s f> z p]sons 9 positions ( dignity are relat$ to ! common good1 _! wor%ip does n p]ta9 to obs]vance1 b to piety1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! r5d]+ ( honor or wor%ip %\ld be proportionate to ! p]son to :om x is paid n only z consid]$ 9 himself1 b also z comp>$ to ^? :o pay !m4 ,:]e=e1 ?\gh virtu\s p]sons1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are m wor?y ( honor ?an ! p]sons ( "o's p>5ts1 yet *ildr5 are "u a great] obligation1 on acc\nt ( ! b5efits !y h receiv$ f _! p>5ts & _! natural k9%ip ) !m1 to pay wor%ip & honor to _! p>5ts ?an to virtu\s p]sons :o are n ( _! k9dr$4 ,,"q #ajc ,,( ,,dulia 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! p>ts ( obs]vance4 ,we %all consid] 7#a7 dulia1 :]eby we pay honor & o!r ?+s p]ta9+ !reto to ^? :o are 9 a high] position2 7#b7 ob$i5ce1 :]eby we obey _! comm&s4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r honor is a spiritual or a corporal ?+8 7#b7 ,:e!r honor is due to ^? only :o are 9 a high] position8 7#c7 ,:e!r dulia1 :i* pays honor & wor%ip to ^? :o are above u1 is a special virtue1 di/9ct f latria8 7#d7 ,:e!r x conta9s sev]al species8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,honor ,d5otes ,some?+ ,corporal8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t honor does n d5ote some?+ corporal4 ,= honor is %[+ rev]5ce 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( virtue1 z may be ga!r$ f ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #e74 ,n[ %[+ rev]5ce is some?+ spiritual1 s9ce to rev]e is an act ( fe>1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,!re=e honor is some?+ spiritual4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c71 honor is ! rew>d ( virtue4 ,n[1 s9ce virtue consi/s *iefly ( spiritual ?+s1 its rew>d is n some?+ corporal1 = ! rew>d is m excell5t ?an ! m]it4 ,!re=e honor does n consi/ ( corporal ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 honor is di/9ct f praise1 z also f glory4 ,n[ praise & glory consi/ ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,!re=e honor consi/s ( ?+s int]nal & spiritual4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome 9 8 exposition ( #a ,tim4 #e3c1 ,honor wid[s t are wid[s inde$1 & 7#a ,tim4 #e3ag71 let ! prie/s t rule well be e/eem$ wor?y ( d\ble honor etc4 says 7,ep4 ad ,ag]u*473 ,honor "h /&s ei!r = almsgiv+ or = remun]ation4 ,n[ bo? ( ^! p]ta9 to corporal ?+s4 ,!re=e honor consi/s ( corporal ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,honor d5otes a witness+ to a p]son's excell5ce4 ,!re=e m5 :o wi% to be honor$ seek a witness+ to _! excell5ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #e2 viii1 #h74 ,n[ witness is borne ei!r be=e ,god or be=e man4 ,be=e ,god1 ,:o is ! se>*] ( he>ts1 ! witness ( "o's consci5ce suffices4 :]e=e honor1 s f> z ,god is conc]n$1 may consi/ ( ! m]e int]nal movem5t ( ! he>t1 = in/ance :5 a man ackn[l$ges ei!r ,god's excell5ce or ano!r man's excell5ce be=e ,god4 ,b1 z reg>ds m51 "o _c be> witness1 save by means ( signs1 ei!r by words1 z :5 "o proclaims ano!r's excell5ce by ^w ( m\?1 or by de$s1 = in/ance by b[+1 salut+1 & s =?1 or by ext]nal ?+s1 z by (f]+ gifts1 erect+ /atues1 & ! l4 ,accord+ly honor consi/s ( signs1 ext]nal & corporal4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,rev]5ce is n ! same z honor3 b on ! "o h& x is ! prim>y motive = %[+ honor1 9 s f> z "o man honors ano!r out ( ! rev]5ce he has = him2 & on ! o!r h&1 x is ! end ( honor1 9 s f> z a p]son is honor$ 9 ord] t he may be held 9 rev]5ce by o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c71 honor is n a suffici5t rew>d ( virtue3 yet no?+ 9 human & corporal ?+s c be great] ?an honor1 s9ce ^! corporal ?+s !mselves are employ$ z signs 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( excell+ virtue4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 due to ! good & ! beautiful1 t !y may be made kn[n1 accord+ to ,matt4 #e3ae1 ,nei!r d m5 light a c&le1 & put x "u a bu%el1 b ^u a c&le/ick1 t x may %9e to all t are 9 ! h\se4 ,9 ?is s5se honor is said to be ! rew>d ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,praise is di/+ui%$ f honor 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because praise consi/s only ( v]bal signs1 :]eas honor consi/s ( any ext]nal signs1 s t praise is includ$ 9 honor4 ,secondly1 because by pay+ honor to a p]son we be> witness to a p]son's excell+ goodness absolutely1 :]eas by prais+ him we be> witness to 8 goodness 9 ref]5ce to an end3 ?us we praise "o t works well = an end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 honor is giv5 ev5 to ! be/1 :i* is n ref]r$ to an end1 b has already arriv$ at ! end1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #e74 ,glory is ! effect ( honor & praise1 s9ce ! result ( our be>+ witness to a p]son's goodness is t 8 goodness becomes cle> to ! k ( _m4 ,! ^w glory signifies ?is1 = glory is ! same z kl]ia1 :]e=e a gloss ( ,augu/9e on ,rom4 #af3bg obs]ves t glory is cle> k toge!r ) praise4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,honor ,is ,prop]ly ,due to ,^? ,:o ,are ,above ,u8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t honor is n prop]ly due to ^? :o are above u4 ,= an angel is above any human wayf>]1 accord+ to ,matt4 #aa3aa1 ,he t is less] 9 ! k+dom ( heav5 is great] ?an ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,yet an angel =bade ,john :5 ! latt] wi%$ to honor him 7,apoc4 #bb3aj74 ,!re=e honor is n due to ^? :o are above u4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 honor is due to a p]son 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 virtue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #c74 ,b sometimes ^? :o are above u are n virtu\s4 ,!re=e honor is n due to !m1 z nei!r is x due to ! demons1 :o nev]!less are above u 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ab3aj73 ,) honor prev5t+ "o ano!r1 & we read 7#a ,pet4 #b3ag73 ,honor all m54 ,b ?is w\ld n be s if honor 7 due to ^? alone :o are above u4 ,!re=e honor is n due prop]ly to ^? :o are above u4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,tob4 #a3af7 t ,tobias _h t5 tal5ts ( silv] ( t :i* he _h be5 honor$ by ! k+3 & we read 7,e/h] #f3aa7 t ,assu]us honor$ ,m>do*aeus1 & ord]$ x to be proclaim$ 9 8 pres5ce3 ,?is honor is he wor?y ( :om ! k+ ha? a m9d to honor4 ,!re=e honor is paid to ^? also :o are b5ea? u1 & x seems1 9 consequ5ce1 t honor is n due prop]ly to ^? :o are above u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #ab7 t honor is due to ! be/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 honor is no?+ b an ackn[l$gm5t ( a p]son's excell+ goodness4 ,n[ a p]son's excell5ce may be consid]$1 n only 9 relation to ^? :o honor him1 9 ! po9t ( 8 be+ m excell5t ?an !y1 b also 9 itself1 or 9 relation to o!r p]sons1 & 9 ?is way honor is always due to a p]son1 on acc\nt ( "s excell5ce or sup]iority4 ,= ! p]son honor$ has no ne$ to be m excell5t ?an ^? :o honor him2 x may suffice = him to be m excell5t ?an "s o!rs1 or aga9 he may be m excell5t ?an ^? :o honor him 9 "s respect & n simply4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! angel =bade ,john to pay him1 n any k9d ( honor1 b ! honor ( adoration & latria1 :i* is due to ,god4 ,or aga91 he =bade him to pay ! honor ( dulia1 9 ord] to indicate ! dignity ( ,john himself1 = :i* ,*ri/ equal$ him to ! angels accord+ to ! hope ( glory ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god3 :]e=e he refus$ to be honor$ by him z ?\gh he 7 sup]ior to him4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a wick$ sup]ior is honor$ = ! excell5ce1 n ( 8 virtue b ( 8 dignity1 z be+ ,god's m9i/]1 & because ! honor paid to him is paid to ! :ole community ov] :i* he presides4 ,z = ! demons1 !y are wick$ beyond recall1 & %\ld be look$ ^u z enemies1 r ?an treat$ ) honor4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 e man is to be f\nd some?+ t makes x possible to deem him bett] ?an ourselves1 accord+ to ,phil4 #b3c1 ,9 humility1 let ea* e/eem o!rs bett] ?an !mselves1 & ?us1 too1 we %\ld all be on ! al]t to d honor to "o ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,private individuals are sometimes honor$ by k+s1 n t !y are above !m 9 ! ord] ( dignity b on acc\nt ( "s excell5ce ( _! virtue3 & 9 ?is way ,tobias & ,m>do*aeus 7 honor$ by k+s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,dulia ,is a ,special ,virtue ,di/9ct f ,latria8 ,objection #a4 ,x seems t dulia is n a special virtue di/9ct f latria4 ,= a gloss on ,ps4 #g3a1 ,o ,"l my ,god1 9 ,!e h ,i put my tru/1 says3 ,"l ( all by ,8 p[]1 to ,:om dulia is due2 ,god by creation1 to ,:om we owe latria4 ,n[ ! virtue direct$ to ,god z ,"l is n di/9ct f t :i* is direct$ to ,him z ,god4 ,!re=e dulia is n a di/9ct virtue f latria4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #h71 to be lov$ is l be+ honor$4 ,n[ ! *>ity ) :i* we love ,god is ! same z t :]eby we love our neighbor4 ,!re=e dulia :]eby we honor our neighbor is n a di/9ct virtue f latria ) :i* we honor ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! movem5t :]eby "o is mov$ t[>ds an image is ! same z ! movem5t :]eby "o is mov$ t[>ds ! ?+ repres5t$ by ! image4 ,n[ by dulia we honor a man z be+ made to ! image ( ,god4 ,= x is writt5 ( ! wick$ 7,wis4 #b3bb1 #bc7 t !y e/eem$ n ! honor ( holy s\ls1 = ,god creat$ man incorruptible1 & to ! image ( ,8 own lik5ess ,he made him4 ,!re=e dulia is n a di/9ct virtue f latria :]eby ,god is honor$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x71 t ! homage due to man1 ( :i* ! ,apo/le spoke :5 he comm&$ s]vants to obey _! ma/]s & :i* 9 ,greek is call$ dulia1 is di/9ct f latria :i* d5otes ! homage t consi/s 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to :at has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #c71 :]e !re are diff]5t aspects ( t :i* is due1 !re mu/ ne$s be diff]5t virtues to r5d] ^? dues4 ,n[ s]vitude is due to ,god & to man "u diff]5t aspects3 ev5 z lord%ip is compet5t to ,god & to man "u diff]5t aspects4 ,= ,god has absolute & p>am\nt lord%ip ov] ! creature :olly & s+ly1 :i* is entirely subject to ,8 p[]3 :]eas man p>takes ( a c]ta9 lik5ess to ! div9e lord%ip1 =asmu* z he ex]cises a p>ticul> p[] ov] "s man or creature4 ,:]e=e dulia1 :i* pays due s]vice to a human "l1 is a di/9ct virtue f latria1 :i* pays due s]vice to ! lord%ip ( ,god4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a species ( obs]vance1 because by obs]vance we honor all ^? :o excel 9 dignity1 :ile dulia prop]ly speak+ is ! rev]5ce ( s]vants = _! ma/]1 dulia be+ ! ,greek = s]vitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z religion is call$ piety by way ( excell5ce1 inasmu* z ,god is our ,fa!r by way ( excell5ce1 s aga9 latria is call$ dulia by way ( excell5ce1 inasmu* z ,god is our ,"l by way ( excell5ce4 ,n[ ! creature does n p>take ( ! p[] to create by reason ( :i* latria is due to ,god3 & s ?is gloss drew a di/9ction1 by ascrib+ latria to ,god 9 respect ( creation1 :i* is n communicat$ to a creature1 b dulia 9 respect ( lord%ip1 :i* is communicat$ to a creature4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! reason :y we love our neighbor is ,god1 s9ce t :i* we love 9 our neighbor ?r\gh *>ity is ,god alone4 ,:]e=e ! *>ity ) :i* we love ,god is ! same z t ) :i* we love our neighbor4 ,yet !re are o!r fri5d%ips di/9ct f *>ity1 9 respect ( ! o!r reasons = :i* a man is lov$4 ,9 l mann]1 s9ce !re is "o reason = s]v+ ,god & ano!r = s]v+ man1 & = honor+ ! "o or ! o!r1 latria & dulia are n ! same virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,movem5t t[>ds an image z su* is ref]r$ to ! ?+ repres5t$ by ! image3 yet n e movem5t t[>ds an image is ref]r$ to ! image z su*1 & consequ5tly sometimes ! movem5t to ! image diff]s specifically f ! movem5t to ! ?+4 ,accord+ly we mu/ reply t ! honor or subjection ( dulia reg>ds "s dignity ( a man absolutely4 ,= ?\gh1 9 respect ( t dignity1 man is made to ! image or lik5ess ( ,god1 yet 9 %[+ rev]5ce to a p]son1 "o does n always ref] ?is to ,god actually4 ,or we may reply t ! movem5t t[>ds an image is1 aft] a fa%ion1 t[>ds ! ?+1 yet ! movem5t t[>ds ! ?+ ne$ n be t[>ds its image4 ,:]e=e rev]5ce paid to a p]son z ! image ( ,god r$\nds some:at to ,god3 & yet ?is diff]s f ! rev]5ce t is paid to ,god ,himself1 = ?is 9 no way ref]s to ,8 image4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,dulia ,has ,v>i\s ,species8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t dulia has v>i\s species4 ,= by dulia we %[ honor to our neighbor4 ,n[ diff]5t neighbors are honor$ "u diff]5t aspects1 = in/ance k+1 fa!r & ma/]1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ix1 #b74 ,s9ce ?is diff]5ce ( aspect 9 ! object diff]5tiates ! species ( virtue1 x seems t dulia is divid$ into specifically diff]5t virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! mean diff]s specifically f ! extremes1 z pale diff]s f :ite & black4 ,n[ hyp]dulia is app>5tly a mean betwe5 latria & dulia3 = x is %[n t[>ds creatures hav+ a special aff9ity to ,god1 = in/ance to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 z be+ ! "m ( ,god4 ,!re=e x seems t !re are diff]5t species ( dulia1 "o be+ simply dulia1 ! o!r hyp]dulia4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z 9 ! rational creature we f9d ! image ( ,god1 = :i* reason x is honor$1 s too 9 ! irrational creature we f9d ! trace ( ,god4 ,n[ ! aspect ( lik5ess d5ot$ by an image diff]s f ! aspect convey$ by a trace4 ,!re=e we mu/ di/+ui% a correspond+ diff]5ce ( dulia3 & all ! m s9ce honor is %[n to c]ta9 irrational creatures1 z1 = in/ance1 to ! wood ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dulia is condivid$ ) latria4 ,b latria is n divid$ into diff]5t species4 ,nei!r !re=e is dulia4 ,i answ] t1 ,dulia may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way x may be tak5 9 a wide s5se z d5ot+ rev]5ce paid to anyone on acc\nt ( any k9d ( excell5ce1 & ?us x comprises piety & obs]vance1 & any simil> virtue :]eby rev]5ce is %[n t[>ds a man4 ,tak5 9 ?is s5se x w h p>ts diff]+ specifically f "o ano!r4 ,9 ano!r way x may be tak5 9 a /rict s5se z d5ot+ ! rev]5ce ( a s]vant = 8 "l1 = dulia signifies s]vitude1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,tak5 9 ?is s5se x is n divid$ into diff]5t species1 b is "o ( ! species ( obs]vance1 m5tion$ by ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii71 = ! reason t a s]vant rev]es 8 "l "u "o aspect1 a soldi] 8 comm&+ (fic] "u ano!r1 ! disciple 8 ma/] "u ano!r1 & s on 9 simil> cases4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t takes dulia 9 a wide s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,hyp]dulia is ! highe/ species ( dulia tak5 9 a wide s5se1 s9ce ! greate/ rev]5ce is t :i* is due to a man by reason ( 8 hav+ an aff9ity to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man owes nei!r subjection nor honor to an irrational creature consid]$ 9 itself1 inde$ all su* creatures are naturally subject to man4 ,z to ! ,cross ( ,*ri/1 ! honor we pay to x is ! same z t :i* we pay to ,*ri/1 j z ! k+'s robe receives ! same honor z ! k+ himself1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iv74 ,,"q #ajd ,,( ,,ob$i5ce 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ob$i5ce1 "u :i* head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r "o man is b\nd to obey ano!r8 7#b7 ,:e!r ob$i5ce is a special virtue8 7#c7 ,( its comp>ison ) o!r virtues2 7#d7 ,:e!r ,god mu/ be obey$ 9 all ?+s8 7#e7 ,:e!r subjects are b\nd to obey _! sup]iors 9 all ?+s8 7#f7 ,:e!r ! fai?ful are b\nd to obey ! secul> p[]8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,"o ,man ,is ,b\nd to ,obey ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t "o man is n b\nd to obey ano!r4 ,= no?+ %\ld be done contr>y to ! div9e ord9ance4 ,n[ ,god has s ord]$ t man is rul$ by 8 own c\nsel1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ae3ad1 ,god made man f ! beg9n+1 & left him 9 ! h& ( 8 own c\nsel4 ,!re=e "o man is n b\nd to obey ano!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if "o man 7 b\nd to obey ano!r1 he w\ld h to look ^u ! w ( ! p]son comm&+ him1 z be+ 8 rule ( conduct4 ,n[ ,god's w alone1 :i* is always "r1 is a rule ( human conduct4 ,!re=e man is b\nd to obey none b ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m gratuit\s ! s]vice ! m is x acceptable4 ,n[ :at a man does out ( duty is n gratuit\s4 ,!re=e if a man 7 b\nd 9 duty to obey o!rs 9 do+ good de$s1 = ?is v reason 8 good de$s w\ld be r5d]$ less acceptable ?r\gh be+ done out ( ob$i5ce4 ,!re=e "o man is n b\nd to obey ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is prescrib$ 7,heb4 #ac3ag73 ,obey y\r prelates & be subject to !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z ! actions ( natural ?+s proce$ f natural p[]s1 s d human actions proce$ f ! human w4 ,9 natural ?+s x behoov$ ! high] to move ! l[] to _! actions by ! excell5ce ( ! natural p[] be/[$ on !m by ,god3 & s 9 human affairs also ! high] mu/ move ! l[] by _! w 9 virtue ( a div9ely e/abli%$ au?ority4 ,n[ to move by reason & w is to comm&4 ,:]e=e j z 9 virtue ( ! div9ely e/abli%$ natural ord] ! l[] natural ?+s ne$ to be subject to ! movem5t ( ! high]1 s too 9 human affairs1 9 virtue ( ! ord] ( natural & div9e law1 inf]iors are b\nd to obey _! sup]iors4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god left man 9 ! h& ( 8 own c\nsel1 n z ?\gh x 7 lawful to him to d :atev] he w1 b because1 unlike irrational creatures1 he is n compell$ by natural necessity to d :at he ought to d1 b is left ! free *oice proce$+ f 8 own c\nsel4 ,& j z he has to proce$ on 8 own c\nsel 9 do+ o!r ?+s1 s too has he 9 ! po9t ( obey+ 8 sup]iors4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxv71 ,:5 we humbly give way to ano!r's voice1 we ov]come ourselves 9 our own he>ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! w ( ,god is ! fir/ rule :]eby all rational wills are regulat$3 & to ?is rule "o w approa*es m ?an ano!r1 accord+ to a div9ely appo9t$ ord]4 ,h5ce ! w ( ! "o man :o issues a comm& may be z a second rule to ! w ( ?is o!r man :o obeys him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a ?+ may be deem$ gratuit\s 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way on ! "p ( ! de$ itself1 because1 to wit1 "o is n b\nd to d x2 9 ano!r way1 on ! "p ( ! do]1 because he does x ( 8 own free w4 ,n[ a de$ is r5d]$ virtu\s1 praisewor?y & m]itori\s1 *iefly accord+ z x proce$s f ! w4 ,:]e=e al?\gh ob$i5ce be a duty1 if "o obey ) a prompt w1 "o's m]it is n = t reason dim9i%$1 especially be=e ,god1 ,:o sees n only ! outw>d de$1 b also ! inw>d w4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q1 #ajd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,ob$i5ce ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ob$i5ce is n a special virtue4 ,= disob$i5ce is contr>y to ob$i5ce4 ,b disob$i5ce is a g5]al s91 because ,ambrose says 7,de ,p>ad4 viii7 t s9 is to disobey ! div9e law4 ,!re=e ob$i5ce is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e special virtue is ei!r !ological or moral4 ,b ob$i5ce is n a !ological virtue1 s9ce x is n compris$ "u fai?1 hope or *>ity4 ,nor is x a moral virtue1 s9ce x does n hold ! mean betwe5 excess & defici5cy1 = ! m ob$i5t "o is ! m is "o prais$4 ,!re=e ob$i5ce is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxv7 t ob$i5ce is ! m m]itori\s & praisewor?y1 ! less x holds its own4 ,b e special virtue is ! m to be prais$ ! m x holds its own1 s9ce virtue requires a man to ex]cise 8 w & *oice1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #d4 ,!re=e ob$i5ce is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 virtues diff] 9 species accord+ to _! objects4 ,n[ ! object ( ob$i5ce w\ld seem to be ! comm& ( a sup]ior1 ( :i*1 app>5tly1 !re are z _m k9ds z !re are degrees ( sup]iority4 ,!re=e ob$i5ce is a g5]al virtue1 compris+ _m special virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ob$i5ce is reckon$ by "s to be a "p ( ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hj74 ,i answ] t1 ,a special virtue is assign$ to all good de$s t h a special reason ( praise3 = x belongs prop]ly to virtue to r5d] a de$ good4 ,n[ ob$i5ce to a sup]ior is due 9 accordance ) ! div9ely e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s1 z %[n above 7,a4 #a71 & !re=e x is a good1 s9ce good consi/s 9 mode1 species & ord]1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,natura ,boni iii7 99,cf4 ,fir/ ,"p1 ,q4 #e1 ,a4 #e4 ,aga91 ?is act has a special aspect ( praisewor?9ess by reason ( its object4 ,= :ile subjects h _m obligations t[>ds _! sup]iors1 ?is "o1 t !y are b\nd to obey _! comm&s1 /&s out z special among ! re/4 ,:]e=e ob$i5ce is a special virtue1 & its specific object is a comm& tacit or express1 because ! sup]ior's w1 h[ev] x become kn[n1 is a tacit precept1 & a man's ob$i5ce seems to be all ! m prompt1 =asmu* z by obey+ he =e/alls ! express comm& z soon z he und]/&s 8 sup]ior's w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ prev5ts ! "o same mat]ial object f admitt+ two special aspects to :i* two special virtues correspond3 ?us a soldi]1 by def5d+ 8 k+'s =tress1 fulfils bo? an act ( =titude1 by fac+ ! dang] ( dea? = a good end1 & an act ( ju/ice1 by r5d]+ due s]vice to 8 "l4 ,accord+ly ! aspect ( precept1 :i* ob$i5ce consid]s1 occurs 9 acts ( all virtues1 b n 9 all acts ( virtue1 s9ce n all acts ( virtue are a matt] ( precept1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,a4 #c74 ,moreov]1 c]ta9 ?+s are sometimes a matt] ( precept1 & p]ta9 to no o!r virtue1 su* ?+s = in/ance z are n evil except because !y are =bidd54 ,:]e=e1 if ob$i5ce be tak5 9 its prop] s5se1 z consid]+ =mally & int5tionally ! aspect ( precept1 x w be a special virtue1 & disob$i5ce a special s93 because 9 ?is way x is requisite = ob$i5ce t "o p]=m an act ( ju/ice or ( "s o!r virtue ) ! int5tion ( fulfill+ a precept2 & = disob$i5ce t "o treat ! precept ) actual contempt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ob$i5ce be tak5 9 a wide s5se = ! p]=mance ( any action t may be a matt] ( precept1 & disob$i5ce = ! omission ( t action ?r\gh any int5tion :atev]1 !n ob$i5ce w be a g5]al virtue1 & disob$i5ce a g5]al s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ob$i5ce is n a !ological virtue1 = its direct object is n ,god1 b ! precept ( any sup]ior1 :e!r express$ or inf]r$1 namely1 a simple ^w ( ! sup]ior1 indicat+ 8 w1 & :i* ! ob$i5t subject obeys promptly1 accord+ to ,titus #c3a1 ,admoni% !m to be subject to pr9ces1 & to obey at a ^w1 etc4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a moral virtue1 s9ce x is a "p ( ju/ice1 & x obs]ves ! mean betwe5 excess & defici5cy4 ,excess !re( is measur$ 9 respect1 n ( quantity1 b ( o!r circum/ances1 9 s f> z a man obeys ei!r :om he ought n1 or 9 matt]s :]e9 he ought n to obey1 z we h /at$ above reg>d+ religion 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #b74 ,we may also reply t z 9 ju/ice1 excess is 9 ! p]son :o reta9s ano!r's prop]ty1 & defici5cy 9 ! p]son :o does n receive 8 due1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #d71 s too ob$i5ce obs]ves ! mean betwe5 excess on ! "p ( him :o fails to pay due ob$i5ce to 8 sup]ior1 s9ce he exce$s 9 fulfill+ 8 own w1 & defici5cy on ! "p ( ! sup]ior1 :o does n receive ob$i5ce4 ,:]e=e 9 ?is way ob$i5ce w be a mean betwe5 two =ms ( wick$ness1 z 0 /at$ above conc]n+ ju/ice 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #aj74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ob$i5ce1 l e virtue1 requires ! w to be prompt t[>ds its prop] object1 b n t[>ds t :i* is repugnant to x4 ,n[ ! prop] object ( ob$i5ce is a precept1 & ?is proce$s f ano!r's w4 ,:]e=e ob$i5ce makes a man's w prompt 9 fulfill+ ! w ( ano!r1 ! mak]1 namely1 ( ! precept4 ,if t :i* is prescrib$ to him is will$ by him = its own sake ap>t f its be+ prescrib$1 z happ5s 9 agreeable matt]s1 he t5ds t[>ds x at once by 8 own w & seems to comply1 n on acc\nt ( ! precept1 b on acc\nt ( 8 own w4 ,b if t :i* is prescrib$ is n[ise will$ = its own sake1 b1 consid]$ 9 itself1 repugnant to 8 own w1 z happ5s 9 disagreeable matt]s1 !n x is q evid5t t x is n fulfill$ except on acc\nt ( ! precept4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxv7 t ob$i5ce p]i%es or dim9i%es :5 x holds its own 9 agreeable matt]s1 because1 to wit1 "o's own w seems to t5d pr9cipally1 n to ! accompli%m5t ( ! precept1 b to ! fulfilm5t ( "o's own desire2 b t x increases 9 disagreeable or difficult matt]s1 because !re "o's own w t5ds to no?+ beside ! precept4 ,yet ?is mu/ be und]/ood z reg>ds outw>d appe>ances3 =1 on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ,god1 ,:o se>*es ! he>t1 x may happ5 t ev5 9 agreeable matt]s ob$i5ce1 :ile hold+ its own1 is none!less praisewor?y1 provid$ ! w ( him t obeys t5d no less devot$ly 99,cf4 ,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #b to ! fulfilm5t ( ! precept4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,rev]5ce reg>ds directly ! p]son t excels3 :]e=e x admits a v>i\s species accord+ to ! v>i\s aspects ( excell5ce4 ,ob$i5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 reg>ds ! precept ( ! p]son t excels1 & !re=e admits ( only "o aspect4 ,& s9ce ob$i5ce is due to a p]son's precept on acc\nt ( rev]5ce to him1 x foll[s t ob$i5ce to a man is ( "o species1 ?\gh ! causes f :i* x proce$s diff] specifically4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,ob$i5ce ,is ! ,greate/ ( ! ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ob$i5ce is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,k+s #ae3bb73 ,ob$i5ce is bett] ?an sacrifices4 ,n[ ! (f]+ ( sacrifices belongs to religion1 :i* is ! greate/ ( all moral virtues1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e ob$i5ce is ! greate/ ( all virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxv7 t ob$i5ce is ! only virtue t +rafts virtues 9 ! s\l & protects !m :5 +raft$4 ,n[ ! cause is great] ?an ! effect4 ,!re=e ob$i5ce is great] ?an all ! virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxv7 t evil %\ld nev] be done out ( ob$i5ce3 yet sometimes = ! sake ( ob$i5ce we %\ld lay aside ! good we are do+4 ,n[ "o does n lay aside a ?+ except = some?+ bett]4 ,!re=e ob$i5ce1 = ^: sake ! good ( o!r virtues is set aside1 is bett] ?an o!r virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ob$i5ce des]ves praise because x proce$s f *>ity3 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxv7 t ob$i5ce %\ld be practic$1 n out ( s]vile fe>1 b f a s5se ( *>ity1 n ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 b ?r\gh love ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e *>ity is a great] virtue ?an ob$i5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z s9 consi/s 9 man contemn+ ,god & adh]+ to mutable ?+s1 s ! m]it ( a virtu\s act consi/s 9 man contemn+ creat$ goods & adh]+ to ,god z 8 end4 ,n[ ! end is great] ?an t :i* is direct$ to ! end4 ,!re=e if a man contemns creat$ goods 9 ord] t he may adh]e to ,god1 8 virtue d]ives great] praise f 8 adh]+ to ,god ?an f 8 contemn+ e>?ly ?+s4 ,& s ^?1 namely ! !ological1 virtues :]eby he adh]es to ,god 9 ,himself1 are great] ?an ! moral virtues1 :]eby he holds 9 contempt "s e>?ly ?+ 9 ord] to adh]e to ,god4 ,among ! moral virtues1 ! great] ! ?+ :i* a man contemns t he may adh]e to ,god1 ! great] ! virtue4 ,n[ !re are ?ree k9ds ( human goods t man may contemn = ,god's sake4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! are ext]nal goods1 ! goods ( ! body take ! middle place1 & ! highe/ are ! goods ( ! s\l2 & among ^! ! *ief1 9 a way1 is ! w1 9 s f> z1 by 8 w1 man makes use ( all o!r goods4 ,!re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 ! virtue ( ob$i5ce1 :]eby we contemn our own w = ,god's sake1 is m praisewor?y ?an ! o!r moral virtues1 :i* contemn o!r goods = ! sake ( ,god4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxv7 t ob$i5ce is rightly pref]r$ to sacrifices1 because by sacrifices ano!r's body is sla9 :]eas by ob$i5ce we slay our own w4 ,:]e=e ev5 any o!r acts ( virtue are m]itori\s be=e ,god ?r\gh be+ p]=m$ out ( ob$i5ce to ,god's w4 ,= 7 "o to suff] ev5 m>tyrdom1 or to give all "o's goods to ! poor1 unless "o direct$ ^! ?+s to ! fulfilm5t ( ! div9e w1 :i* p]ta9s directly to ob$i5ce1 !y c\ld n be m]itori\s3 z nei!r w\ld !y be if !y 7 done )\t *>ity1 :i* _c exi/ ap>t f ob$i5ce4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,john #b3d1 #e73 ,he :o sai? t he kn[e? ,god1 & keepe? n ,8 comm&m5ts1 is a li> 4 4 4 b he t keepe? ,8 ^w1 9 him 9 v de$ ! *>ity ( ,god is p]fect$3 & ?is because fri5ds h ! same likes & dislikes4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ob$i5ce proce$s f rev]5ce1 :i* pays wor%ip & honor to a sup]ior1 & 9 ?is respect x is conta9$ "u diff]5t virtues1 al?\gh consid]$ 9 itself1 z reg>d+ ! aspect ( precept1 x is "o special virtue4 ,accord+ly1 9 s f> z x proce$s f rev]5ce = a sup]ior1 x is conta9$1 9 a way1 "u obs]vance2 :ile 9 s f> z x proce$s f rev]5ce = "o's p>5ts1 x is conta9$ "u piety2 & 9 s f> z x proce$s f rev]5ce = ,god1 x comes "u religion1 & p]ta9s to devotion1 :i* is ! pr9cipal act ( religion4 ,:]e=e f ?is po9t ( view x is m praisewor?y to obey ,god ?an to (f] sacrifice1 z well z because1 9 a sacrifice we slay ano!r's body1 :]eas by ob$i5ce we slay our own w1 z ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxv74 ,z to ! special case 9 :i* ,samuel spoke1 x w\ld h be5 bett] = ,saul to obey ,god ?an to (f] 9 sacrifice ! fat animals ( ! ,amalekites aga9/ ! comm&m5t ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all acts ( virtue1 9 s f> z !y come "u a precept1 belong to ob$i5ce4 ,:]e=e accord+ z acts ( virtue act causally or dispositively t[>ds _! g5]ation & pres]vation1 ob$i5ce is said to +raft & protect all virtues4 ,& yet x does n foll[ t ob$i5ce takes prec$5ce ( all virtues absolutely1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ?\gh an act ( virtue come "u a precept1 "o may nev]!less p]=m t act ( virtue )\t consid]+ ! aspect ( precept4 ,consequ5tly1 if !re be any virtue1 ^: object is naturally prior to ! precept1 t virtue is said to be naturally prior to ob$i5ce4 ,su* a virtue is fai?1 :]eby we come to "k ! sublime nature ( div9e au?ority1 by reason ( :i* ! p[] to comm& is compet5t to ,god4 ,secondly1 because infusion ( grace & virtues may prec$e1 ev5 9 po9t ( "t1 all virtu\s acts3 & 9 ?is way ob$i5ce is n prior to all virtues1 nei!r 9 po9t ( "t nor by nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re are two k9ds ( good4 ,!re is t to :i* we are b\nd ( necessity1 = in/ance to love ,god1 & s =?3 & by no means may su* a good be set aside on acc\nt ( ob$i5ce4 ,b !re is ano!r good to :i* man is n b\nd ( necessity1 & ?is good we ought sometimes to set aside = ! sake ( ob$i5ce to :i* we are b\nd ( necessity1 s9ce we ought n to d good by fall+ into s94 ,yet z ,gregory rem>ks 7,moral4 xxxv71 he :o =bids 8 subjects any s+le good1 mu/ ne$s all[ !m _m o!rs1 le/ ! s\ls ( ^? :o obey p]i% utt]ly f />vation1 ?r\gh be+ depriv$ ( e good4 ,?us ! loss ( "o good may be comp5sat$ by ob$i5ce & o!r goods4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,god ,ought to ,be ,obey$ 9 ,all ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,god ne$ n be obey$ 9 all ?+s4 ,= x is writt5 7,matt4 #i3cj1 #ca7 t our ,"l aft] heal+ ! two bl9d m5 comm&$ !m1 say+3 ,see t no man "k ?is4 ,b !y go+ out spread ,8 fame abroad 9 all t c\ntry4 ,yet !y are n blam$ = s do+4 ,!re=e x seems t we are n b\nd to obey ,god 9 all ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "o is b\nd to d any?+ contr>y to virtue4 ,n[ we f9d t ,god comm&$ c]ta9 ?+s contr>y to virtue3 ?us ,he comm&$ ,abraham to slay 8 innoc5t son 7,g54 #bb72 & ! ,jews to /eal ! prop]ty ( ! ,egyptians 7,ex4 #aa71 :i* ?+s are contr>y to ju/ice2 & ,osee to take to himself a woman :o 0 an adult]ess 7,osee #c71 & ?is is contr>y to *a/ity4 ,!re=e ,god is n to be obey$ 9 all ?+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] obeys ,god con=ms 8 w to ! div9e w ev5 z to ! ?+ will$4 ,b we are n b\nd 9 all ?+s to con=m our w to ! div9e w z to ! ?+ will$1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #aj74 ,!re=e man is n b\nd to obey ,god 9 all ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #bd3g73 ,all ?+s t ! ,"l ha? spok5 we w d1 & we w be ob$i5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 he :o obeys is mov$ by ! comm& ( ! p]son he obeys1 j z natural ?+s are mov$ by _! motive causes4 ,n[ j a ,god is ! fir/ mov] ( all ?+s t are mov$ naturally1 s too is ,he ! fir/ mov] ( all wills1 z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e j z all natural ?+s are subject to ! div9e motion by a natural necessity s too all wills1 by a k9d ( necessity ( ju/ice1 are b\nd to obey ! div9e comm&4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our ,"l 9 tell+ ! bl9d m5 to conceal ! miracle _h no int5tion ( b9d+ !m ) ! =ce ( a div9e precept1 b1 z ,gregory says 7,moral4 xix71 gave an example to ,8 s]vants :o foll[ ,him t !y might wi% to hide _! virtue & yet t x %\ld be proclaim$ aga9/ _! w1 9 ord] t o!rs might pr(it by _! example4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 z ,god does no?+ contr>y to nature 7s9ce ! nature ( a ?+ is :at ,god does !re91 accord+ to a gloss on ,rom4 #aa71 & yet does c]ta9 ?+s contr>y to ! wont$ c\rse ( nature2 s to ,god c comm& no?+ contr>y to virtue s9ce virtue & rectitude ( human w consi/ *iefly 9 con=mity ) ,god's w & ob$i5ce to ,8 comm&1 al?\gh x be contr>y to ! wont$ mode ( virtue4 ,accord+ly1 !n1 ! comm& giv5 to ,abraham to slay 8 innoc5t son 0 n contr>y to ju/ice1 s9ce ,god is ! au?or ( life & dea?4 ,nor aga9 0 x contr>y to ju/ice t ,he comm&$ ! ,jews to take ?+s belong+ to ! ,egyptians1 because all ?+s are ,81 & ,he gives !m to :om ,he w4 ,nor 0 x contr>y to *a/ity t ,osee 0 comm&$ to take an adult]ess1 because ,god ,himself is ! orda9] ( human g5]ation1 & ! "r mann] ( int]c\rse ) woman is t :i* ,he appo9ts4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! p]sons a=esaid did n s91 ei!r by obey+ ,god or by will+ to obey ,him4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?\gh man is n always b\nd to w :at ,god wills1 yet he is always b\nd to w :at ,god wills him to w4 ,?is comes to man's k *iefly ?r\gh ,god's comm&1 :]e=e man is b\nd to obey ,god's comm&s 9 all ?+s4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,subjects ,are ,b\nd to ,obey ,_! ,sup]iors 9 ,all ,?+s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t subjects are b\nd to obey _! sup]iors 9 all ?+s4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,col4 #c3bj73 ,*ildr51 obey y\r p>5ts 9 all ?+s1 & f>!r on 7,col4 #c3bb73 ,s]vants1 obey 9 all ?+s y\r ma/]s accord+ to ! fle%4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] o!r subjects are b\nd to obey _! sup]iors 9 all ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 sup]iors /& betwe5 ,god & _! subjects1 accord+ to ,deut4 #e3e1 ,i 0 ! m$iator & /ood betwe5 ! ,"l & y at t "t1 to %[ y ,8 words4 ,n[ !re is no go+ f extreme to extreme1 except ?r\gh t :i* /&s betwe54 ,!re=e ! comm&s ( a sup]ior mu/ be e/eem$ ! comm&s ( ,god1 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7,gal4 #d3ad73 ,y 4 4 4 receiv$ me z an angel ( ,god1 ev5 z ,*ri/ ,jesus & 7#a ,!ss4 #b3ac73 ,:5 y _h receiv$ ( u ! ^w ( ! he>+ ( ,god1 y receiv$ x1 n z ! ^w ( m51 b1 z x is inde$1 ! ^w ( ,god4 ,!re=e z man is b\nd to obey ,god 9 all ?+s1 s is he b\nd to obey 8 sup]iors4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z religi\s 9 mak+ _! pr(ession take v[s ( *a/ity & pov]ty1 s d !y also v[ ob$i5ce4 ,n[ a religi\s is b\nd to obs]ve *a/ity & pov]ty 9 all ?+s4 ,!re=e he is also b\nd to obey 9 all ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,acts #e3bi73 ,we ought to obey ,god r ?an m54 ,n[ sometimes ! ?+s comm&$ by a sup]ior are aga9/ ,god4 ,!re=e sup]iors are n to be obey$ 9 all ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #d71 he :o obeys is mov$ at ! bidd+ ( ! p]son :o comm&s him1 by a c]ta9 necessity ( ju/ice1 ev5 z a natural ?+ is mov$ ?r\gh ! p[] ( its mov] by a natural necessity4 ,t a natural ?+ be n mov$ by its mov]1 may happ5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( a h9drance aris+ f ! /rong] p[] ( "s o!r mov]2 ?us wood is n burnt by fire if a /rong] =ce ( wat] int]v5e4 ,secondly1 ?r\gh lack ( ord] 9 ! movable ) reg>d to its mov]1 s9ce1 ?\gh x is subject to ! latt]'s action 9 "o respect1 yet x is n subject !reto 9 e respect4 ,?us1 a humor is sometimes subject to ! action ( heat1 z reg>ds be+ heat$1 b n z reg>ds be+ dri$ up or consum$4 ,9 l mann] !re are two reasons1 = :i* a subject may n be b\nd to obey 8 sup]ior 9 all ?+s4 ,fir/ on acc\nt ( ! comm& ( a high] p[]4 ,= z a gloss says on ,rom4 #ac3b1 ,!y t resi/ ,vulg43 ',he t resi/e?' ! p[]1 resi/ ! ord9ance ( ,god 7cf4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 viii74 ,if a commission] issue an ord]1 are y to comply1 if x is contr>y to ! bidd+ ( ! proconsul8 ,aga9 if ! proconsul comm& "o ?+1 & ! emp]or ano!r1 w y hesitate to disreg>d ! =m] & s]ve ! latt]8 ,!re=e if ! emp]or comm&s "o ?+ & ,god ano!r1 y mu/ disreg>d ! =m] & obey ,god4 ,secondly1 a subject is n b\nd to obey 8 sup]ior if ! latt] comm& him to d some?+ :]e9 he is n subject to him4 ,= ,s5eca says 7,de ,b5eficiis iii73 ,x is wrong to suppose t slav]y falls ^u ! :ole man3 = ! bett] "p ( him is except$4 ,8 body is subject$ & assign$ to 8 ma/] b 8 s\l is 8 own4 ,consequ5tly 9 matt]s t\*+ ! int]nal movem5t ( ! w man is n b\nd to obey 8 fell[-man1 b ,god alone4 ,nev]!less man is b\nd to obey 8 fell[-man 9 ?+s t h to be done ext]nally by means ( ! body3 & yet1 s9ce by nature all m5 are equal1 he is n b\nd to obey ano!r man 9 matt]s t\*+ ! nature ( ! body1 = in/ance 9 ^? relat+ to ! support ( 8 body or ! begett+ ( 8 *ildr54 ,:]e=e s]vants are n b\nd to obey _! ma/]s1 nor *ildr5 _! p>5ts1 9 ! "q ( contract+ m>riage or ( rema9+ 9 ! /ate ( virg9ity or ! l4 ,b 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! disposal ( actions & human affairs1 a subject is b\nd to obey 8 sup]ior )9 ! sph]e ( 8 au?ority2 = in/ance a soldi] mu/ obey 8 g5]al 9 matt]s relat+ to w>1 a s]vant 8 ma/] 9 matt]s t\*+ ! execution ( ! duties ( 8 s]vice1 a son 8 fa!r 9 matt]s relat+ to ! conduct ( 8 life & ! c>e ( ! h\sehold2 & s =?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 ! ,apo/le says 9 all ?+s1 he ref]s to matt]s )9 ! sph]e ( a fa!r's or ma/]'s au?ority4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man is subject to ,god simply z reg>ds all ?+s1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 :]e=e he is b\nd to obey ,him 9 all ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 inf]iors are n subject to _! sup]iors 9 all ?+s1 b only 9 c]ta9 ?+s & 9 a p>ticul> way1 9 respect ( :i* ! sup]ior /&s betwe5 ,god & 8 subjects1 :]eas 9 respect ( o!r matt]s ! subject is imm$iately "u ,god1 by ,:om he is taught ei!r by ! natural or by ! writt5 law4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,religi\s pr(ess ob$i5ce z to ! regul> mode ( life1 9 respect ( :i* !y are subject to _! sup]iors3 :]e=e !y are b\nd to obey 9 ^? matt]s only :i* may belong to ! regul> mode ( life1 & ?is ob$i5ce suffices = salvation4 ,if !y be will+ to obey ev5 9 o!r matt]s1 ?is w belong to ! sup]abundance ( p]fection2 provid$1 h[ev]1 su* ?+s be n contr>y to ,god or to ! rule !y pr(ess1 = ob$i5ce 9 ?is case w\ld be unlawful4 ,accord+ly we may di/+ui% a ?reefold ob$i5ce2 "o1 suffici5t = salvation1 & consi/+ 9 obey+ :5 "o is b\nd to obey3 secondly1 p]fect ob$i5ce1 :i* obeys 9 all ?+s lawful3 ?irdly1 indiscreet ob$i5ce1 :i* obeys ev5 9 matt]s unlawful4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajd1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,*ri/ians ,are ,b\nd to ,obey ! ,secul> ,p[]s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ,*ri/ians are n b\nd to obey ! secul> p[]4 ,= a gloss on ,matt4 #ag3be1 ,!n ! *ildr5 are free1 says3 ,if 9 e k+dom ! *ildr5 ( ! k+ :o holds sway ov] t k+dom are free1 !n ! *ildr5 ( t ,k+1 "u ,^: sway are all k+doms1 %\ld be free 9 e k+dom4 ,n[ ,*ri/ians1 by _! fai? 9 ,*ri/1 are made *ildr5 ( ,god1 accord+ to ,john #a3ab3 ,he gave !m p[] to be made ! sons ( ,god1 to !m t believe 9 ,8 "n4 ,!re=e !y are n b\nd to obey ! secul> p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,rom4 #g3d73 ,y 4 4 4 are become dead to ! law by ! body ( ,*ri/1 & ! law m5tion$ "h is ! div9e law ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,n[ human law :]eby m5 are subject to ! secul> p[] is ( less acc\nt ?an ! div9e law ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 s9ce !y h become memb]s ( ,*ri/'s body1 are m5 fre$ f ! law ( subjection1 :]eby !y 7 "u ! p[] ( secul> pr9ces4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 m5 are n b\nd to obey robb]s1 :o oppress !m ) viol5ce4 ,n[1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei iv73 ,)\t ju/ice1 :at else is a k+dom b a huge robb]y8 ,s9ce !re=e ! au?ority ( secul> pr9ces is frequ5tly ex]cis$ ) inju/ice1 or owes its orig9 to "s unju/ usurpation1 x seems t ,*ri/ians ought n to obey secul> pr9ces4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,titus #c3a73 ,admoni% !m to be subject to pr9ces & p[]s1 & 7#a ,pet4 #b3ac1 #ad73 ,be ye subject 4 4 4 to e human creature = ,god's sake3 :e!r x be to ! k+ z excell+1 or to gov]nors z s5t by him4 ,i answ] t1 ,fai? 9 ,*ri/ is ! orig9 & cause ( ju/ice1 accord+ to ,rom4 #c3bb1 ,! ju/ice ( ,god by fai? ( ,jesus ,*ri/3 :]e=e fai? 9 ,*ri/ does n void ! ord] ( ju/ice1 b /r5g!ns x4 ,n[ ! ord] ( ju/ice requires t subjects obey _! sup]iors1 else ! /ability ( human affairs w\ld cease4 ,h5ce fai? 9 ,*ri/ does n excuse ! fai?ful f ! obligation ( obey+ secul> pr9ces4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #e71 subjection :]eby "o man is b\nd to ano!r reg>ds ! body2 n ! s\l1 :i* reta9s its lib]ty4 ,n[1 9 ?is /ate ( life we are fre$ by ! grace ( ,*ri/ f defects ( ! s\l1 b n f defects ( ! body1 z ! ,apo/le decl>es by say+ ( himself 7,rom4 #g3bc7 t 9 8 m9d he s]v$ ! law ( ,god1 b 9 8 fle% ! law ( s94 ,:]e=e ^? t are made *ildr5 ( ,god by grace are free f ! spiritual bondage ( s91 b n f ! bodily bondage1 :]eby !y are held b\nd to e>?ly ma/]s1 z a gloss obs]ves on #a ,tim4 #f3a1 ,:osoev] are s]vants "u ! yoke1 etc4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,old ,law 0 a figure ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & !re=e x _h to cease on ! adv5t ( tru?4 ,& ! comp>ison ) human law does n /& because !reby "o man is subject to ano!r4 ,yet man is b\nd by div9e law to obey 8 fell[-man4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man is b\nd to obey secul> pr9ces 9 s f> z ?is is requir$ by ord] ( ju/ice4 ,:]e=e if ! pr9ce's au?ority is n j b usurp$1 or if he comm&s :at is unju/1 8 subjects are n b\nd to obey him1 except p]haps accid5tally1 9 ord] to avoid sc&al or dang]4 ,,"q #aje ,,( ,,disob$i5ce 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] disob$i5ce1 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,disob$i5ce ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t disob$i5ce is n a mortal s94 ,= e s9 is a disob$i5ce1 z appe>s f ,ambrose's def9ition giv5 above 7,q4 #ajd1 ,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #a74 ,!re=e if disob$i5ce 7 a mortal s91 e s9 w\ld be mortal4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi7 t disob$i5ce is born ( va+lory4 ,b va+lory is n a mortal s94 ,nei!r !re=e is disob$i5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a p]son is said to be disob$i5t :5 he does n fulfil a sup]ior's comm&4 ,b sup]iors (t5 issue s _m comm&s t x is seldom1 if ev]1 possible to fulfil !m4 ,!re=e if disob$i5ce 7 a mortal s91 x w\ld foll[ t man _c avoid mortal s91 :i* is absurd4 ,:]e=e disob$i5ce is n a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! s9 ( disob$i5ce to p>5ts is reckon$ 7,rom4 #a3cj2 #b ,tim4 #c3b7 among o!r mortal s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #ab2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #e2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #a71 a mortal s9 is "o t is contr>y to *>ity :i* is ! cause ( spiritual life4 ,n[ by *>ity we love ,god & our neighbor4 ,! *>ity ( ,god requires t we obey ,8 comm&m5ts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #ab74 ,!re=e to be disob$i5t to ! comm&m5ts ( ,god is a mortal s91 because x is contr>y to ! love ( ,god4 ,aga91 ! comm&m5ts ( ,god conta9 ! precept ( ob$i5ce to sup]iors4 ,:]e=e also disob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( a sup]ior is a mortal s91 z be+ contr>y to ! love ( ,god1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ac3b1 ,he t resi/e? ! p[]1 resi/e? ! ord9ance ( ,god4 ,x is also contr>y to ! love ( our neighbor1 z x )draws f ! sup]ior :o is our neighbor ! ob$i5ce t is 8 due4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! def9ition giv5 by ,ambrose ref]s to mortal s91 :i* has ! "* ( p]fect s94 ,v5ial s9 is n disob$i5ce1 because x is n contr>y to a precept1 b beside x4 ,nor aga9 is e mortal s9 disob$i5ce1 prop]ly & ess5tially1 b only :5 "o contemns a precept1 s9ce moral acts take _! species f ! end4 ,& :5 a ?+ is done contr>y to a precept1 n 9 contempt ( ! precept1 b ) "s o!r purpose1 x is n a s9 ( disob$i5ce except mat]ially1 & belongs =mally to ano!r species ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,va+lory desires display ( excell5ce4 ,& s9ce x seems to po9t to a c]ta9 excell5ce t "o be n subject to ano!r's comm&1 x foll[s t disob$i5ce arises f va+lory4 ,b !re is no?+ to h9d] mortal s9 f aris+ out ( v5ial s91 s9ce v5ial s9 is a disposition to mortal4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no "o is b\nd to d ! impossible3 :]e=e if a sup]ior makes a heap ( precepts & lays !m ^u 8 subjects1 s t !y are unable to fulfil !m1 !y are excus$ f s94 ,:]e=e sup]iors %\ld refra9 f mak+ a multitude ( precepts4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aje1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,disob$i5ce ,is ! ,mo/ ,griev\s ( ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t disob$i5ce is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,k+s #ae3bc73 ,x is l ! s9 ( wit*craft to rebel1 & l ! crime ( idolatry to refuse to obey4 ,b idolatry is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #id1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e disob$i5ce is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is "o t removes ! ob/acles ( s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ disob$i5ce makes a man contemn a precept :i*1 m ?an any?+1 prev5ts a man f s9n+4 ,!re=e disob$i5ce is a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 & consequ5tly is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3ai7 t by ! disob$i5ce ( "o man1 _m 7 made s9n]s4 ,n[ ! cause is seem+ly great] ?an its effect4 ,!re=e disob$i5ce seems to be a m griev\s s9 ?an ! o!rs t are caus$ !reby4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,contempt ( ! comm&] is a m griev\s s9 ?an contempt ( 8 comm&4 ,n[ "s s9s are aga9/ ! v p]son ( ! comm&]1 su* z blasphemy & murd]4 ,!re=e disob$i5ce is n ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,n e disob$i5ce is equally a s93 = "o disob$i5ce may be great] ?an ano!r1 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! sup]ior comm&+1 s9ce1 al?\gh a man %\ld take e c>e to obey ea* sup]ior1 yet x is a great] duty to obey a high] ?an a l[] au?ority1 9 sign ( :i* ! comm& ( a l[] au?ority is set aside if x be contr>y to ! comm& ( a high] au?ority4 ,consequ5tly ! high] ! p]son :o comm&s1 ! m griev\s is x to disobey him3 s t x is m griev\s to disobey ,god ?an man4 ,secondly1 on ! "p ( ! ?+s comm&$4 ,= ! p]son comm&+ does n equally desire ! fulfilm5t ( all 8 comm&s3 s9ce e su* p]son desires above all ! end1 & t :i* is ne>e/ to ! end4 ,:]e=e disob$i5ce is ! m griev\s1 accord+ z ! unfulfill$ comm&m5t is m 9 ! int5tion ( ! p]son comm&+4 ,z to ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 x is evid5t t ! great] ! good comm&$1 ! m griev\s ! disob$i5ce ( t comm&m5t1 because s9ce ,god's w is ess5tially direct$ to ! good1 ! great] ! good ! m does ,god wi% x to be fulfill$4 ,consequ5tly he t disobeys ! comm&m5t ( ! love ( ,god s9s m griev\sly ?an "o :o disobeys ! comm&m5t ( ! love ( our neighbor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 man's w is n always direct$ to ! great] good3 h5ce1 :5 we are b\nd by a m]e precept ( man1 a s9 is m griev\s1 n ?r\gh sett+ aside a great] good1 b ?r\gh sett+ aside t :i* is m 9 ! int5tion ( ! p]son comm&+4 ,accord+ly ! v>i\s degrees ( disob$i5ce mu/ correspond ) ! v>i\s degrees ( precepts3 because ! disob$i5ce 9 :i* !re is contempt ( ,god's precept1 f ! v nature ( disob$i5ce is m griev\s ?an a s9 committ$ aga9/ a man1 ap>t f ! latt] be+ a disob$i5ce to ,god4 ,& ,i say ?is because :oev] s9s aga9/ 8 neighbor acts also aga9/ ,god's comm&m5t4 ,& if ! div9e precept be contemn$ 9 a yet grav] matt]1 ! s9 is /ill m griev\s4 ,! disob$i5ce t conta9s contempt ( a man's precept is less griev\s ?an ! s9 :i* contemns ! man :o made ! precept1 because rev]5ce = ! p]son comm&+ %\ld give rise to rev]5ce = 8 comm&4 ,9 l mann] a s9 t directly involves contempt ( ,god1 su* z blasphemy1 or ! l1 is m griev\s 7ev5 if we m5tally sep>ate ! disob$i5ce f ! s97 ?an w\ld be a s9 involv+ contempt ( ,god's comm&m5t alone4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is comp>ison ( ,samuel is "o1 n ( equality b ( lik5ess1 because disob$i5ce r$\nds to ! contempt ( ,god j z idolatry does1 ?\gh ! latt] does s m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n e disob$i5ce is s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 b only t :i* ob/9acy is add$3 = x is n ! contempt ( any ob/acle to s9 t con/itutes s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 else ! contempt ( any good w\ld be a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 s9ce any good may h9d] a man f committ+ s94 ,! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ consi/s 9 ! contempt ( ^? goods :i* lead directly to rep5tance & ! remission ( s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fir/ s9 ( our fir/ p>5t1 f :i* s9 0 transmitt$ to all m51 0 n disob$i5ce consid]$ z a special s91 b pride1 f :i* !n man proce$$ to disobey4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le 9 ^! words seems to take disob$i5ce 9 its relation to e s94 ,,"q #ajf ,,( ,,?ankfulness ,,or ,,gratitude 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ?ankfulness or gratitude1 & +ratitude4 ,conc]n+ ?ankfulness !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ?ankfulness is a special virtue di/9ct f o!r virtues8 7#b7 ,:o owes m ?anks to ,god1 ! innoc5t or ! p5it5t8 7#c7 ,:e!r man is always b\nd to give ?anks = human favors8 7#d7 ,:e!r ?anksgiv+ %\ld be def]r$8 7#e7 ,:e!r ?anksgiv+ %\ld be measur$ accord+ to ! favor receiv$ or ! disposition ( ! giv]8 7#f7 ,:e!r "o ought to pay back m ?an "o has receiv$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,?ankfulness ,is a ,special ,virtue1 ,di/9ct f ,o!r ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ?ankfulness is n a special virtue1 di/9ct f o!r virtues4 ,= we h receiv$ ! greate/ b5efits f ,god1 & f our p>5ts4 ,n[ ! honor :i* we pay to ,god 9 return belongs to ! virtue ( religion1 & ! honor ) :i* we repay our p>5ts belongs to ! virtue ( piety4 ,!re=e ?ankfulness or gratitude is n di/9ct f ! o!r virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 proportionate repaym5t belongs to commutative ju/ice1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #d74 ,n[ ! purpose ( giv+ ?anks is repaym5t 7,e?ic4 #e1 #d74 ,!re=e ?anksgiv+1 :i* belongs to gratitude1 is an act ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e gratitude is n a special virtue1 di/9ct f o!r virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ackn[l$gm5t ( favor receiv$ is requisite = ! pres]vation ( fri5d%ip1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ac2 ix1 #a74 ,n[ fri5d%ip is associat$ ) all ! virtues1 s9ce !y are ! reason = :i* man is lov$4 ,!re=e ?ankfulness or gratitude1 to :i* x belongs to repay favors receiv$1 is n a special virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully reckons ?ankfulness a special "p ( ju/ice 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #c71 ! nature ( ! debt to be paid mu/ ne$s v>y accord+ to v>i\s causes giv+ rise to ! debt1 yet s t ! great] always includes ! less]4 ,n[ ! cause ( debt is f\nd prim>ily & *iefly 9 ,god1 9 t ,he is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all our goods3 second>ily x is f\nd 9 our fa!r1 because he is ! proximate pr9ciple ( our begett+ & upbr++3 ?irdly x is f\nd 9 ! p]son t excels 9 dignity1 f :om g5]al favors proce$2 f\r?ly x is f\nd 9 a b5efactor1 f :om we h receiv$ p>ticul> & private favors1 on acc\nt ( :i* we are "u p>ticul> obligation to him4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce :at we owe ,god1 or our fa!r1 or a p]son excell+ 9 dignity1 is n ! same z :at we owe a b5efactor f :om we h receiv$ "s p>ticul> favor1 x foll[s t aft] religion1 :]eby we pay ,god due wor%ip1 & piety1 :]eby we wor%ip our p>5ts1 & obs]vance1 :]eby we wor%ip p]sons excell+ 9 dignity1 !re is ?ankfulness or gratitude1 :]eby we give ?anks to our b5efactors4 ,& x is di/9ct f ! =ego+ virtues1 j z ea* ( ^! is di/9ct f ! "o t prec$es1 z fall+ %ort !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z religion is sup]excell+ piety1 s is x excell+ ?ankfulness or gratitude3 :]e=e giv+ ?anks to ,god 0 reckon$ above 7,q4 #hc1 ,a4 #ag7 among ?+s p]ta9+ to religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,proportionate repaym5t belongs to commutative ju/ice1 :5 x answ]s to ! legal due2 = in/ance :5 x is contract$ t s mu* be paid = s mu*4 ,b ! repaym5t t belongs to ! virtue ( ?ankfulness or gratitude answ]s to ! moral debt1 & is paid spontane\sly4 ,h5ce ?anksgiv+ is less ?ankful :5 compell$1 z ,s5eca obs]ves 7,de ,b5eficiis iii74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce true fri5d%ip is bas$ on virtue1 :atev] !re is contr>y to virtue 9 a fri5d is an ob/acle to fri5d%ip1 & :atev] 9 him is virtu\s is an inc5tive to fri5d%ip4 ,9 ?is way fri5d%ip is pres]v$ by repaym5t ( favors1 al?\gh repaym5t ( favors belongs specially to ! virtue ( gratitude4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,innoc5t ,is ,m ,b\nd to ,give ,?anks to ,god ,?an ! ,p5it5t8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! innoc5t is m b\nd to give ?anks to ,god ?an ! p5it5t4 ,= ! great] ! gift "o has receiv$ f ,god1 ! m "o is b\nd to give ,him ?anks4 ,n[ ! gift ( innoc5ce is great] ?an t ( ju/ice re/or$4 ,!re=e x seems t ! innoc5t is m b\nd to give ?anks to ,god ?an ! p5it5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a man owes love to 8 b5efactor j z he owes him gratitude4 ,n[ ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 ii73 ,:at man1 weigh+ 8 own infirmity1 w\ld d>e to ascribe 8 purity & innoc5ce to 8 own /r5g?2 t s he %\ld love ,!e ! less1 z if he _h less ne$$ ,?y m]cy1 :]eby ,?\ remitte/ s9s to ^? t turn to ,!e8 ,& f>!r on he says3 ,& = ?is let him love ,!e z mu*1 yea & m1 s9ce by ,:om he sees me to h be5 recov]$ f su* deep torpor ( s91 by ,him he sees himself to h be5 f ! l torpor ( s9 pres]v$4 ,!re=e ! innoc5t is also m b\nd to give ?anks ?an ! p5it5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m a gratuit\s favor is cont9u\s1 ! great] ! ?anksgiv+ due = x4 ,n[ ! favor ( div9e grace is m cont9u\s 9 ! innoc5t ?an 9 ! p5it5t4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iii73 ,to ,?y grace ,i ascribe x1 & to ,?y m]cy1 t ,?\ ha/ melt$ away my s9s z x 7 ice4 ,to ,?y grace ,i ascribe also :atsoev] ,i h n done ( evil2 = :at might ,i n h done8 4 4 4 ,yea1 all ,i confess to h be5 =giv5 me1 bo? :at evils ,i committ$ by my own wilfulness1 & :at by ,?y guidance committ$ n4 ,!re=e ! innoc5t is m b\nd to give ?anks ?an ! p5it5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,luke #g3dc73 ,to :om m is =giv51 he love? m 99,vulg43 ',to :om less is =giv51 he love? less' ,luke #g3dg4 ,!re=e = ! same reason he is b\nd to great] ?anksgiv+4 ,i answ] t1 ,?anksgiv+ 7grati>um actio7 9 ! recipi5t corresponds to ! favor 7gratia7 ( ! giv]3 s t :5 !re is great] favor on ! "p ( ! giv]1 great] ?anks are due on ! "p ( ! recipi5t4 ,n[ a favor is some?+ be/[$ gratis3 :]e=e on ! "p ( ! giv] ! favor may be great] on two c\nts4 ,fir/1 ow+ to ! quantity ( ! ?+ giv53 & 9 ?is way ! innoc5t owes great] ?anksgiv+1 because he receives a great] gift f ,god1 also1 absolutely speak+1 a m cont9u\s gift1 o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,secondly1 a favor may be said to be great]1 because x is giv5 m gratuit\sly2 & 9 ?is s5se ! p5it5t is m b\nd to give ?anks ?an ! innoc5t1 because :at he receives f ,god is m gratuit\sly giv53 s9ce1 :]eas he 0 des]v+ ( puni%m5t1 he has receiv$ grace4 ,:]e=e1 al?\gh ! gift be/[$ on ! innoc5t is1 consid]$ absolutely1 great]1 yet ! gift be/[$ on ! p5it5t is great] 9 relation to him3 ev5 z a small gift be/[$ on a poor man is great] to him ?an a great gift is to a ri* man4 ,& s9ce actions are ab\t s+ul>s1 9 matt]s ( action1 we h to take note ( :at is su* "h & n[1 r ?an ( :at is su* absolutely1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 iii7 9 treat+ ( ! volunt>y & ! involunt>y4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,man ,is ,b\nd to ,give ,?anks to ,e ,b5efactor8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t a man is n b\nd to give ?anks to e b5efactor4 ,= a man may b5efit himself j z he may h>m himself1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ad3e1 ,he t is evil to himself1 to :om w he be good8 ,b a man _c ?ank himself1 s9ce ?anksgiv+ seems to pass f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,!re=e ?anksgiv+ is n due to e b5efactor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 gratitude is a repaym5t ( an act ( grace4 ,b "s favors are grant$ )\t grace1 & are rudely1 sl[ly & grudg+ly giv54 ,!re=e gratitude is n always due to a b5efactor4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no ?anks are due to "o :o works = 8 own pr(it4 ,b sometimes p be/[ favors = _! own pr(it4 ,!re=e ?anks are n due to !m4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 no ?anks are due to a slave1 = all t he is belongs to 8 ma/]4 ,yet sometimes a slave does a good turn to 8 ma/]4 ,!re=e gratitude is n due to e b5efactor4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 no "o is b\nd to d :at he _c d equitably & advantage\sly4 ,n[ x happ5s at times t ! b5efactor is v well (f1 & x w\ld be ( no advantage to him to be repaid = a favor he has be/[$4 ,aga9 x happ5s sometimes t ! b5efactor f be+ virtu\s has become wick$1 s t x w\ld n seem equitable to repay him4 ,also ! recipi5t ( a favor may be a poor man1 & is q unable to repay4 ,!re=e seem+ly a man is n always b\nd to repaym5t = favors receiv$4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 no "o is b\nd to d = ano!r :at is inexp$i5t & hurtful to him4 ,n[ sometimes x happ5s t repaym5t ( a favor w\ld be hurtful or useless to ! p]son repaid4 ,!re=e favors are n always to be repaid by gratitude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,!ss4 #e3ah73 ,9 all ?+s give ?anks4 ,i answ] t1 ,e effect turns naturally to its cause2 :]e=e ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 i7 t ,god turns all ?+s to ,himself because ,he is ! cause ( all3 = ! effect mu/ ne$s always be direct$ to ! end ( ! ag5t4 ,n[ x is evid5t t a b5efactor1 z su*1 is cause ( ! b5efici>y4 ,h5ce ! natural ord] requires t he :o has receiv$ a favor %\ld1 by repay+ ! favor1 turn to 8 b5efactor accord+ to ! mode ( ea*4 ,&1 z /at$ above ) reg>d to a fa!r 7,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #b71 a man owes 8 b5efactor1 z su*1 honor & rev]5ce1 s9ce ! latt] /&s to him 9 ! relation ( pr9ciple2 b accid5tally he owes him assi/ance or support1 if he ne$ x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! words ( ,s5eca 7#a ,b5ef4 v71 j z a man is lib]al :o gives n to himself b to o!rs1 & graci\s :o =gives n himself b o!rs1 & m]ciful :o is mov$1 n by 8 own mis=tunes b by ano!r's1 s too1 no man conf]s a favor on himself1 he is b foll[+ ! b5t ( 8 nature1 :i* moves him to resi/ :at hurts him1 & to seek :at is pr(itable4 ,:]e=e 9 ?+s t "o does = oneself1 !re is no place = gratitude or +ratitude1 s9ce a man _c d5y himself a ?+ except by keep+ x4 ,nev]!less ?+s :i* are prop]ly spok5 ( 9 relation to o!rs are spok5 ( metaphorically 9 relation to oneself1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates reg>d+ ju/ice 7,e?ic4 v1 #aa71 9 s f>1 to wit1 z ! v>i\s p>ts ( man are consid]$ z ?\gh !y 7 v>i\s p]sons4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is ! m>k ( a happy disposition to see good r ?an evil4 ,:]e=e if someone has conf]r$ a favor1 n z he ought to h conf]r$ x1 ! recipi5t %\ld n = t reason )hold 8 ?anks4 ,yet he owes less ?anks1 ?an if ! favor _h be5 conf]r$ duly1 s9ce 9 fact ! favor is less1 =1 z ,s5eca rem>ks 7,de ,b5ef4 ii47 promptness enhances1 delay disc\nts a favor4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,s5eca obs]ves 7,de ,b5ef4 vi71 x matt]s mu* :e!r a p]son does a k9dness to u = 8 own sake1 or = ours1 or = bo? 8 & ours4 ,he t consid]s himself only1 & b5efits because _c o!rwise b5efit himself1 seems to me l a man :o seeks fodd] = 8 cattle4 ,& f>!r on3 ,if he has done x = me 9 common ) himself1 hav+ bo? ( u 9 8 m9d1 ,i am ungrateful & n m]ely unju/1 unless ,i rejoice t :at 0 pr(itable to him is pr(itable to me also4 ,x is ! height ( malevol5ce to refuse to recognize a k9dness1 unless ! giv] has be5 ! los] !reby4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ,s5eca obs]ves 7,de ,b5ef4 iii71 :5 a slave does :at is wont to be dem&$ ( a slave1 x is "p ( 8 s]vice3 :5 he does m ?an a slave is b\nd to d1 x is a favor3 = z soon z he does any?+ f a motive ( fri5d%ip1 if inde$ t be 8 motive1 x is no long] call$ s]vice4 ,:]e=e gratitude is due ev5 to a slave1 :5 he does m ?an 8 duty4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,a poor man is c]ta9ly n ungrateful if he does :at he c4 ,= s9ce k9dness dep5ds on ! he>t r ?an on ! de$1 s too gratitude dep5ds *iefly ! he>t4 ,h5ce ,s5eca says 7,de ,b5ef4 ii73 ,:o receives a favor gratefully1 has already begun to pay x back3 & t we are grateful = favors receiv$ %\ld be %[n by ! outp\r+s ( ! he>t1 n only 9 8 he>+ b ev]y:]e4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t h[ev] well (f a man may be1 x is possible to ?ank him = 8 k9dness by %[+ him rev]5ce & honor4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ad73 ,he t ab\nds %\ld be repaid ) honor1 he t is 9 want %\ld be repaid ) money3 & ,s5eca writes 7,de ,b5ef4 vi73 ,!re are _m ways ( repay+ ^? :o are well (f1 :atev] we happ5 to owe !m2 su* z good advice1 frequ5t fell[%ip1 affable & pleasant conv]sation )\t flatt]y4 ,!re=e !re is no ne$ = a man to desire ne$9ess or di/ress 9 8 b5efactor be=e repay+ 8 k9dness1 because1 z ,s5eca says 7,de ,b5ef4 vi71 x 7 inhuman to desire ?is 9 "o f :om y h receiv$ no favor2 h[ mu* m s to desire x 9 "o ^: k9dness has made y 8 debtor6 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! b5efactor has laps$ f virtue1 nev]!less he %\ld be repaid accord+ to 8 /ate1 t he may return to virtue if possible4 ,b if he be s wick$ z to be incurable1 !n 8 he>t has *ang$1 & consequ5tly no repaym5t is due = 8 k9dness1 z h]et(ore4 ,& yet1 z f> z x possible )\t s91 ! k9dness he has %[n %\ld be held 9 memory1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ reply1 repaym5t ( a favor dep5ds *iefly on ! affection ( ! he>t3 :]e=e repaym5t %\ld be made 9 su* a way z to prove mo/ b5eficial4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! b5efactor's c>elessness x prove detrim5tal to him1 ?is is n imput$ to ! p]son :o repays him1 z ,s5eca obs]ves 7,de ,b5ef4 vii73 ,x is my duty to repay1 & n to keep back & safegu>d my repaym5t4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,man ,is ,b\nd to ,repay a ,favor at ,once8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t a man is b\nd to repay a favor at once4 ,= we are b\nd to re/ore at once :at we owe1 unless ! t]m be fix$4 ,n[ !re is no t]m prescrib$ = ! repaym5t ( favors1 & yet ?is repaym5t is a duty1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e a man is b\nd to repay a favor at once4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a good action w\ld seem to be all ! m praisewor?y accord+ z x is done ) great] e>ne/ness4 ,n[ e>ne/ness seems to make a man d 8 duty )\t any delay4 ,!re=e x is app>5tly m praisewor?y to repay a favor at once4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,s5eca says 7,de ,b5ef4 ii7 t x is prop] to a b5efactor to act freely & quickly4 ,n[ repaym5t ought to equal ! favor receiv$4 ,!re=e x %\ld be done at once4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s5eca says 7,de ,b5ef4 iv73 ,he t ha/5s to repay1 is animat$ ) a s5se1 n ( gratitude b ( indebt$ness4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z 9 conf]r+ a favor two ?+s are to be consid]$1 namely1 ! affection ( ! he>t & ! gift1 s also mu/ ^! ?+s be consid]$ 9 repay+ ! favor4 ,z reg>ds ! affection ( ! he>t1 repaym5t %\ld be made at once1 :]e=e ,s5eca says 7,de ,b5ef4 ii73 ,d y wi% to repay a favor8 ,receive x graci\sly4 ,z reg>ds ! gift1 "o ought to wait until su* a "t z w be conv5i5t to ! b5efactor4 ,9 fact1 if in/ead ( *oos+ a conv5i5t "t1 "o wi%$ to repay at once1 favor = favor1 x w\ld n seem to be a virtu\s1 b a con/ra9$ repaym5t4 ,=1 z ,s5eca obs]ves 7,de ,b5ef4 iv71 he t wi%es to repay too soon1 is an unwill+ debtor1 & an unwill+ debtor is ungrateful4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a legal debt mu/ be paid at once1 else ! equality ( ju/ice w\ld n be pres]v$1 if "o kept ano!r's prop]ty )\t 8 cons5t4 ,b a moral debt dep5ds on ! equity ( ! debtor3 & !re=e x %\ld be repaid 9 due "t accord+ z ! rectitude ( virtue dem&s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,e>ne/ness ( ! w is n virtu\s unless x be regulat$ by reason2 :]e=e x is n praisewor?y to =e/all ! prop] "t ?r\gh e>ne/ness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,favors also %\ld be conf]r$ at a conv5i5t "t & "o %\ld no long] delay :5 ! conv5i5t "t comes2 & ! same is to be obs]v$ 9 repay+ favors4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r 9 ,giv+ ,?anks ,we ,%\ld ,look at ! ,b5efactor's ,disposition or at ! ,de$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t 9 repay+ favors we %\ld n look at ! b5efactor's disposition b at ! de$4 ,= repaym5t is due to b5efic5ce1 & b5efic5ce consi/s 9 de$s1 z ! ^w itself d5otes4 ,!re=e 9 repay+ favors we %\ld look at ! de$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?anksgiv+1 :]eby we repay favors1 is a "p ( ju/ice4 ,b ju/ice consid]s equality betwe5 giv+ & tak+4 ,!re=e also 9 repay+ favors we %\ld consid] ! de$ r ?an ! disposition ( ! b5efactor4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o c consid] :at he does n "k4 ,n[ ,god alone kn[s ! int]ior disposition4 ,!re=e x is impossible to repay a favor accord+ to ! b5efactor's disposition4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s5eca says 7,de ,b5ef4 i73 ,we are sometimes "u a great] obligation to "o :o has giv5 little ) a l>ge he>t1 & has be/[$ a small favor1 yet will+ly4 ,i answ] t1 ,! repaym5t ( a favor may belong to ?ree virtues1 namely1 ju/ice1 gratitude & fri5d%ip4 ,x belongs to ju/ice :5 ! repaym5t has ! "* ( a legal debt1 z 9 a loan & ! l3 & 9 su* cases repaym5t mu/ be made accord+ to ! quantity receiv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 repaym5t ( a favor belongs1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t ways1 to fri5d%ip & likewise to ! virtue ( gratitude :5 x has ! "* ( a moral debt4 ,= 9 ! repaym5t ( fri5d%ip we h to consid] ! cause ( fri5d%ip2 s t 9 ! fri5d%ip t is bas$ on ! useful1 repaym5t %\ld be made accord+ to ! usefulness accru+ f ! favor conf]r$1 & 9 ! fri5d%ip bas$ on virtue repaym5t %\ld be made ) reg>d = ! *oice or disposition ( ! giv]1 s9ce ?is is ! *ief requisite ( virtue1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 viii1 #ac4 ,& likewise1 s9ce gratitude reg>ds ! favor inasmu* z x is be/[$ gratis1 & ?is reg>ds ! disposition ( ! giv]1 x foll[s aga9 t repaym5t ( a favor dep5ds m on ! disposition ( ! giv] ?an on ! effect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,e moral act dep5ds on ! w4 ,h5ce a k9dly action1 9 s f> z x is praisewor?y & is des]v+ ( gratitude1 consi/s mat]ially 9 ! ?+ done1 b =mally & *iefly 9 ! w4 ,h5ce ,s5eca says 7,de ,b5ef4 i73 ,a k9dly action consi/s n 9 de$ or gift1 b 9 ! disposition ( ! giv] or do]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,gratitude is a "p ( ju/ice1 n inde$ z a species is "p ( a g5us1 b by a k9d ( r$uction to ! g5us ( ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hj74 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t we %all f9d ! same k9d ( debt 9 bo? virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,god alone sees man's disposition 9 itself3 b 9 s f> z x is %[n by c]ta9 signs1 man also c "k x4 ,x is ?us t a b5efactor's disposition is kn[n by ! way 9 :i* he does ! k9dly action1 = in/ance ?r\gh 8 do+ x joyfully & readily4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajf1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,repaym5t ( ,gratitude ,%\ld ,surpass ! ,favor ,receiv$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t !re is no ne$ = ! repaym5t ( gratitude to surpass ! favor receiv$4 ,= x is n possible to make ev5 equal repaym5t to "s1 = in/ance1 "o's p>5ts1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ad74 ,n[ virtue does n attempt ! impossible4 ,!re=e gratitude = a favor does n t5d to some?+ yet great]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if "o p]son repays ano!r m ?an he has receiv$ by 8 favor1 by t v fact he gives him some?+ 8 turn1 z x 74 ,b ! latt] owes him repaym5t = ! favor :i* 9 8 turn ! =m] has conf]r$ on him4 ,!re=e he t fir/ conf]r$ a favor w be b\nd to a yet great] repaym5t1 & s on indef9itely4 ,n[ virtue does n /rive at ! indef9ite1 s9ce ! indef9ite removes ! nature ( good 7,metaph4 ii1 text4 #h74 ,!re=e repaym5t ( gratitude %\ld n surpass ! favor receiv$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice consi/s 9 equality4 ,b m is excess ( equality4 ,s9ce !re=e excess is s9ful 9 e virtue1 x seems t to repay m ?an ! favor receiv$ is s9ful & oppos$ to ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #e73 ,we %\ld repay ^? :o are graci\s to u1 by be+ graci\s to !m return1 & ?is is done by repay+ m ?an we h receiv$4 ,!re=e gratitude %\ld incl9e to d some?+ great]4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #e71 gratitude reg>ds ! favor receiv$ accord+ ! int5tion ( ! b5efactor2 :o seems be des]v+ ( praise1 *iefly = hav+ conf]r$ ! favor gratis )\t be+ b\nd to d s4 ,:]e=e ! b5efici>y is "u a moral obligation to be/[ some?+ gratis 9 return4 ,n[ he does n seem to be/[ some?+ gratis1 unless he exce$s ! quantity ( ! favor receiv$3 because s long z he repays less or an equival5t1 he w\ld seem to d no?+ gratis1 b only to return :at he has receiv$4 ,!re=e gratitude always incl9es1 z f> z possible1 to pay back some?+ m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #e2 ,a4 #e71 9 repay+ favors we mu/ consid] ! disposition r ?an ! de$4 ,accord+ly1 if we consid] ! effect ( b5efic5ce1 :i* a son receives f 8 p>5ts namely1 to be & to live1 ! son _c make an equal repaym5t1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ad74 ,b if we consid] ! w ( ! giv] & ( ! repay]1 !n x is possible = ! son to pay back some?+ great] to 8 fa!r1 z ,s5eca decl>es 7,de ,b5ef4 iii74 ,if1 h[ev]1 he 7 unable to d s1 ! w to pay back w\ld be suffici5t = gratitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! debt ( gratitude fl[s f *>ity1 :i* ! m x is paid ! m x is due1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ac3h1 ,owe no man any?+1 b to love "o ano!r4 ,:]e=e x is n unreasonable if ! obligation ( gratitude has no limit4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z 9 inju/ice1 :i* is a c>d9al virtue1 we consid] equality ( ?+s1 s 9 gratitude we consid] equality ( wills4 ,= :ile on ! "o h& ! b5efactor ( 8 own free-w gave some?+ he 0 n b\nd to give1 s on ! o!r h& ! b5efici>y repays some?+ ov] & above :at he has receiv$4 ,,"q #ajg ,,( ,,+ratitude 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] +ratitude1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r +ratitude is always a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r +ratitude is a special s98 7#c7 ,:e!r e act ( +ratitude is a mortal s98 7#d7 ,:e!r favors %\ld be )drawn f ! ungrateful8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,+ratitude ,is ,always a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t +ratitude is n always a s94 ,= ,s5eca says 7,de ,b5ef4 iii7 t he :o does n repay a favor is ungrateful4 ,b sometimes x is impossible to repay a favor )\t s9n+1 = in/ance if "o man has help$ ano!r to commit a s94 ,!re=e1 s9ce x is n a s9 to refra9 f s9n+1 x seems t +ratitude is n always a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e s9 is 9 ! p[] ( ! p]son :o commits x3 because1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii2 ,retract4 i71 no man s9s 9 :at he _c avoid4 ,n[ sometimes x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! s9n] to avoid +ratitude1 = in/ance :5 he has n ! means ( repay+4 ,aga9 =getfulness is n 9 our p[]1 & yet ,s5eca decl>es 7,de ,b5ef4 iii7 t to =get a k9dness is ! height ( +ratitude4 ,!re=e +ratitude is n always a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re w\ld seem to be no repaym5t 9 be+ unwill+ to owe any?+1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #ac3h71 ,owe no man any?+4 ,yet an unwill+ debtor is ungrateful1 z ,s5eca decl>es 7,de ,b5ef4 iv74 ,!re=e +ratitude is n always a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,+ratitude is reckon$ among o!r s9s 7#b ,tim4 #c3b71 :]e x is writt53 ,disob$i5t to p>5ts1 ungrateful1 wick$4 etc4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a1 ,a4 #f7 a debt ( gratitude is a moral debt requir$ by virtue4 ,n[ a ?+ is a s9 f ! fact ( its be+ contr>y to virtue4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t e +ratitude is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gratitude reg>ds a favor receiv$3 & he t helps ano!r to commit a s9 does him n a favor b an injury3 & s no ?anks are due to him1 except p]haps on acc\nt ( 8 good w1 suppos+ him to h be5 deceiv$1 & to h ?\ght to help him 9 do+ good1 :]eas he help$ him to s94 ,9 su* a case ! repaym5t due to him is n t he %\ld be help$ to commit a s91 because ?is w\ld be repay+ n good b evil1 & ?is is contr>y to gratitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no man is excus$ f +ratitude ?r\gh inability to repay1 = ! v reason t ! m]e w suffices = ! repaym5t ( ! debt ( gratitude1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a74 ,=getfulness ( a favor receiv$ am\nts to +ratitude1 n inde$ ! =getfulness t arises f a natural defect1 t is n subject to ! w1 b t :i* arises f neglig5ce4 ,=1 z ,s5eca obs]ves 7,de ,b5ef4 iii71 :5 =getfulness ( favors lays hold ( a man1 he has app>5tly giv5 little ?\ght to _! repaym5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! debt ( gratitude fl[s f ! debt ( love1 & f ! latt] no man %\ld wi% to be free4 ,h5ce t anyone %\ld owe ?is debt unwill+ly seems to arise f lack ( love = 8 b5efactor4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,+ratitude ,is a ,special ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t +ratitude is n a special s94 ,= :oev] s9s acts aga9/ ,god 8 sov]eign b5efactor4 ,b ?is p]ta9s to +ratitude4 ,!re=e +ratitude is n a special s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no special s9 is conta9$ "u diff]5t k9ds ( s94 ,b "o c be ungrateful by committ+ diff]5t k9ds ( s91 = in/ance by calumny1 !ft1 or some?+ simil> committ$ aga9/ a b5efactor4 ,!re=e +ratitude is n a special s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,s5eca writes 7,de ,b5ef4 iii73 ,x is ungrateful to take no notice ( a k9dness1 x is ungrateful n to repay "o1 b x is ! height ( +ratitude to =get x4 ,n[ ^! d n seem to belong to ! same species ( s94 ,!re=e +ratitude is n a special s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,+ratitude is oppos$ to gratitude or ?ankfulness1 :i* is a special virtue4 ,!re=e x is a special s94 ,i answ] t1 ,e vice is d5om9at$ f a defici5cy ( virtue1 because defici5cy is m oppos$ to virtue3 ?us illib]ality is m oppos$ to lib]ality ?an prodigality is4 ,n[ a vice may be oppos$ to ! virtue ( gratitude by way ( excess1 = in/ance if "o 7 to %[ gratitude = ?+s = :i* gratitude is n due1 or soon] ?an x is due1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #d74 ,b /ill m oppos$ to gratitude is ! vice d5ot+ defici5cy ( gratitude1 because ! virtue ( gratitude1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #f71 incl9es to return some?+ m4 ,:]e=e +ratitude is prop]ly d5om9at$ f be+ a defici5cy ( gratitude4 ,n[ e defici5cy or privation takes its species f ! opposite habit3 = bl9dness & deafness diff] accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( sight & he>+4 ,!re=e j z gratitude or ?ankfulness is "o special virtue1 s also is +ratitude "o special s94 ,x has1 h[ev]1 v>i\s degrees correspond+ 9 _! ord] to ! ?+s requir$ = gratitude4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is to recognize ! favor receiv$1 ! second to express "o's appreciation & ?anks1 & ! ?ird to repay ! favor at a suitable place & "t accord+ to "o's means4 ,& s9ce :at is la/ 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation is fir/ 9 ! ord] ( de/ruction1 x foll[s t ! fir/ degree ( +ratitude is :5 a man fails to repay a favor1 ! second :5 he decl9es to notice or indicate t he has receiv$ a favor1 :ile ! ?ird & supreme degree is :5 a man fails to recognize ! reception ( a favor1 :e!r by =gett+ x or 9 any o!r way4 ,moreov]1 s9ce opposite affirmation includes negation1 x foll[s t x belongs to ! fir/ degree ( +ratitude to return evil = good1 to ! second to f9d fault ) a favor receiv$1 & to ! ?ird to e/eem k9dness z ?\gh x 7 unk9dness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 e s9 !re is mat]ial +ratitude to ,god1 inasmu* z a man does some?+ t may p]ta9 to +ratitude4 ,b =mal +ratitude is :5 a favor is actually contemn$1 & ?is is a special s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no?+ h9d]s ! =mal aspect ( "s special s9 f be+ f\nd mat]ially 9 sev]al k9ds ( s91 & 9 ?is way ! aspect ( +ratitude is to be f\nd 9 _m k9ds ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! ?ree are n diff]5t species b diff]5t degrees ( "o special s94 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,+ratitude ,is ,always a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t +ratitude is always a mortal s94 ,= "o ought to be grateful to ,god above all4 ,b "o is n ungrateful to ,god by committ+ a v5ial s93 else e man w\ld be guilty ( +ratitude4 ,!re=e no +ratitude is a v5ial s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a s9 is mortal ?r\gh be+ contr>y to *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #ab74 ,b +ratitude is contr>y to *>ity1 s9ce ! debt ( gratitude proce$s f t virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c2 ,a4 #f1 ad #b74 ,!re=e +ratitude is always a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,s5eca says 7,de ,b5ef4 ii73 ,betwe5 ! giv] & ! receiv] ( a favor !re is ?is law1 t ! =m] %\ld =?) =get hav+ giv51 & ! latt] %\ld nev] =get hav+ receiv$4 ,n[1 seem+ly1 ! reason :y ! giv] %\ld =get is t he may be unaw>e ( ! s9 ( ! recipi5t1 %\ld ! latt] prove ungrateful2 & !re w\ld be no necessity = t if +ratitude 7 a slight s94 ,!re=e +ratitude is always a mortal s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no "o %\ld be put 9 ! way ( committ+ a mortal s94 ,yet1 accord+ to ,s5eca 7,de ,b5ef4 ii71 sometimes x is necess>y to deceive ! p]son :o receives assi/ance1 9 ord] t he may receive )\t kn[+ f :om he has receiv$4 ,b ?is w\ld seem to put ! recipi5t 9 ! way ( +ratitude4 ,!re=e +ratitude is n always a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z appe>s f :at we h said above 7,a4 #b71 a man may be ungrateful 9 two ways3 fir/1 by m]e omission1 = in/ance by fail+ to recognize ! favor receiv$1 or to express 8 appreciation ( x or to pay some?+ 9 return1 & ?is is n always a mortal s91 because1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajf1 ,a4 #f71 ! debt ( gratitude requires a man to make a lib]al return1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he is n b\nd to d2 :]e=e if he fail to d s1 he does n s9 mortally4 ,x is nev]!less a v5ial s91 because x arises ei!r f "s k9d ( neglig5ce or f "s dis9cl9ation to virtue 9 him4 ,& yet +ratitude ( ?is k9d may happ5 to be a mortal s91 by reason ei!r ( inw>d contempt1 or ( ! k9d ( ?+ )held1 ?is be+ ne$ful to ! b5efactor1 ei!r simply1 or 9 "s case ( necessity4 ,secondly1 a man may be ungrateful1 because he n only omits to pay ! debt ( gratitude1 b does ! contr>y4 ,?is aga9 is sometimes a mortal & sometimes a v5ial s91 accord+ to ! k9d ( ?+ t is done4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t :5 +ratitude arises f a mortal s91 x has ! p]fect "* ( +ratitude1 & :5 x arises f v5ial s91 x has ! imp]fect "*4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by committ+ a v5ial s9 "o is n ungrateful to ,god to ! ext5t ( incurr+ ! guilt ( p]fect +ratitude3 b !re is some?+ ( +ratitude 9 a v5ial s91 9 s f> z x removes a virtu\s act ( ob$i5ce to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 +ratitude is a v5ial s9 x is n contr>y to1 b beside *>ity3 s9ce x does n de/roy ! habit ( *>ity1 b excludes "s act !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s5eca also says 7,de ,b5ef4 vii73 ,:5 we say t a man aft] conf]r+ a favor %\ld =get ab\t x1 x is a mi/ake to suppose t we mean him to %ake (f ! recollection ( a ?+ s v praisewor?y4 ,:5 we say3 ,he mu/ n rememb] x1 we mean t he mu/ n publi% x abroad & boa/ ab\t x4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,he t is unaw>e ( a favor conf]r$ on him is n ungrateful1 if he fails to repay x1 provid$ he be prep>$ to d s if he knew4 ,x is nev]!less comm5dable at times t ! object ( a favor %\ld rema9 9 ignorance ( x1 bo? 9 ord] to avoid va+lory1 z :5 ,bless$ ,nicolas ?rew gold into a h\se secretly1 wi%+ to avoid popul>ity3 & because ! k9dness is all ! great] ?r\gh ! b5efactor wi%+ n to %ame ! p]son on :om he is conf]r+ ! favor4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,favors ,%\ld ,be ,)held f ! ,ungrateful8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t favors %\ld )held f ! ungrateful4 ,= x is writt5 7,wis4 #af3bi73 ,! hope ( ! un?ankful %all melt away z ! w9t]'s ice4 ,b ?is hope w\ld n melt away unless favors 7 )held f him4 ,!re=e favors %\ld be )held f ! ungrateful4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "o %\ld af=d ano!r an occasion ( committ+ s94 ,b ! ungrateful 9 receiv+ a favor is giv5 an occasion ( +ratitude4 ,!re=e favors %\ld n be be/[$ on ! ungrateful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,by :at ?+s a man s9ne?1 by ! same also he is torm5t$ 7,wis4 #aa3ag74 ,n[ he t is ungrateful :5 he receives a favor s9s aga9/ ! favor4 ,!re=e he %\ld be depriv$ ( ! favor4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,luke #f3ce7 t ! ,highe/ 4 4 4 is k9d to ! un?ankful1 & to ! evil4 ,n[ we %\ld prove ourselves ,8 *ildr5 by imitat+ ,him 7,luke #f3cf74 ,!re=e we %\ld n )hold favors f ! ungrateful4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two po9ts to be consid]$ ) reg>d to an ungrateful p]son4 ,! fir/ is :at he des]ves to suff] & ?us x is c]ta9 t he des]ves to be depriv$ ( our favor4 ,! second is1 :at ought 8 b5efactor to d8 ,= 9 ! fir/ place he %\ld n easily judge him to be ungrateful1 s9ce1 z ,s5eca rem>ks 7,de ,b5ef4 iii71 a man is (t5 grateful al?\gh he repays n1 because p]haps he has n ! means or ! opportunity ( repay+4 ,secondly1 he %\ld be incl9$ to turn 8 ungratefulness into gratitude1 & if he does n a*ieve ?is by be+ k9d to him once1 he may by be+ s a second "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! m he repeats 8 favors1 ! m ungrateful & evil ! o!r becomes1 he %\ld cease f be/[+ 8 favors ^u him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passage quot$ speaks ( :at ! ungrateful man des]ves to suff]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he t be/[s a favor on an ungrateful p]son af=ds him an occasion n ( s9 b ( gratitude & love4 ,& if ! recipi5t takes !refrom an occasion ( +ratitude1 ?is is n to be imput$ to ! be/[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t be/[s a favor mu/ n at once act ! "p ( a puni%] ( +ratitude1 b r t ( a k9dly physician1 by heal+ ! +ratitude ) repeat$ favors4 ,,"q #ajh ,,( ,,v5geance 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] v5geance1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r v5geance is lawful8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special virtue8 7#c7 ,( ! mann] ( tak+ v5geance2 7#d7 ,on :om %\ld v5geance be tak58 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,v5geance ,is ,lawful8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t v5geance is n lawful4 ,= :oev] usurps :at is ,god's s9s4 ,b v5geance belongs to ,god1 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #cb3ce1 ,rom4 #ab3ai73 ,rev5ge to ,me1 & ,i w repay4 ,!re=e all v5geance is unlawful4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he t takes v5geance on a man does n be> ) him4 ,b we ought to be> ) ! wick$1 = a gloss on ,cant4 #b3b1 ,z ! lily among ! ?orns1 says3 ,he is n a good man t _c be> ) a wick$ "o4 ,!re=e we %\ld n take v5geance on ! wick$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 v5geance is tak5 by inflict+ puni%m5t1 :i* is ! cause ( s]vile fe>4 ,b ! ,new ,law is n a law ( fe>1 b ( love1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,contra ,adamant4 xvii74 ,!re=e at lea/ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t all v5geance is unlawful4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a man is said to av5ge himself :5 he takes rev5ge = wrongs inflict$ on himself4 ,b1 seem+ly1 x is unlawful ev5 = a judge to puni% ^? :o h wrong$ him3 = ,*ryso/om 99,cf4 ,opus ,imp]fectum1 ,hom4 v 9 ,mat?41 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,*ryso/om says3 ,let u le>n aft] ,*ri/'s example to be> our own wrongs ) magnanimity1 yet n to suff] ,god's wrongs1 n ev5 by li/5+ to !m4 ,!re=e v5geance seems to be unlawful4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! s9 ( a multitude is m h>mful ?an ! s9 ( only "o3 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bf3e-g73 ,( ?ree ?+s my he>t ha? be5 afraid 4 4 4 ! accusation ( a city1 & ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! p1 & a false calumny4 ,b v5geance %\ld n be tak5 on ! s9 ( a multitude1 = a gloss on ,matt4 #ac3bi1 #cj1 ,le/ p]haps 4 4 4 y root up ! :eat 4 4 4 suff] bo? to gr[1 says t a multitude %\ld n be excommunicat$1 nor %\ld ! sov]eign4 ,nei!r !re=e is any o!r v5geance lawful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,we %\ld look to ,god = no?+ save :at is good & lawful4 ,b we are to look to ,god = v5geance on ,8 enemies3 = x is writt5 7,luke #ah3g73 ,w n ,god rev5ge ,8 elect :o cry to ,him day & night8 z if to say3 ,he w inde$4 ,!re=e v5geance is n ess5tially evil & unlawful4 ,i answ] t1 ,v5geance consi/s 9 ! infliction ( a p5al evil on "o :o has s9n$4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! matt] ( v5geance1 we mu/ consid] ! m9d ( ! av5g]4 ,= if 8 int5tion is direct$ *iefly to ! evil ( ! p]son on :om he takes v5geance & re/s !re1 !n 8 v5geance is altoge!r unlawful3 because to take pleasure 9 ano!r's evil belongs to hatr$1 :i* is contr>y to ! *>ity :]eby we are b\nd to love all m54 ,nor is x an excuse t he int5ds ! evil ( "o :o has unju/ly inflict$ evil on him1 z nei!r is a man excus$ = hat+ "o t hates him3 = a man may n s9 aga9/ ano!r j because ! latt] has already s9n$ aga9/ him1 s9ce ?is is to be ov]come by evil1 :i* 0 =bidd5 by ! ,apo/le1 :o says 7,rom4 #ab3ba73 ,be n ov]come by evil1 b ov]come evil by good4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! av5g]'s int5tion be direct$ *iefly to "s good1 to be obta9$ by means ( ! puni%m5t ( ! p]son :o has s9n$ 7= in/ance t ! s9n] may am5d1 or at lea/ t he may be re/ra9$ & o!rs be n di/urb$1 t ju/ice may be upheld1 & ,god honor$71 !n v5geance may be lawful1 provid$ o!r due circum/ances be obs]v$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he :o takes v5geance on ! wick$ 9 keep+ ) 8 rank & position does n usurp :at belongs to ,god b makes use ( ! p[] grant$ him by ,god4 ,= x is writt5 7,rom4 #ac3d7 ( ! e>?ly pr9ce t he is ,god's m9i/]1 an av5g] to execute wra? ^u him t doe? evil4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a man takes v5geance outside ! ord] ( div9e appo9tm5t1 he usurps :at is ,god's & !re=e s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! good be> ) ! wick$ by endur+ pati5tly1 & 9 due mann]1 ! wrongs !y !mselves receive f !m3 b !y d n be> ) !m z to endure ! wrongs !y inflict on ,god & _! neighbor4 ,= ,*ryso/om 99,cf4 ,opus ,imp]fectum1 ,hom4 v 9 ,mat?41 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,*ryso/om says3 ,x is praisewor?y to be pati5t "u our own wrongs1 b to ov]look ,god's wrongs is mo/ wick$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! law ( ! ,gospel is ! law ( love1 & !re=e ^? :o d good out ( love1 & :o alone prop]ly belong to ! ,gospel1 ought n to be t]roriz$ by means ( puni%m5t1 b only ^? :o are n mov$ by love to d good1 & :o1 ?\gh !y belong to ! ,*ur* outw>dly1 d n belong to x 9 m]it4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,sometimes a wrong done to a p]son reflects on ,god & ! ,*ur*3 & !n x is ! duty ( t p]son to av5ge ! wrong4 ,= example1 ,elias made fire desc5d on ^? :o 7 come to seize him 7#d ,k+s #a72 likewise ,eliseus curs$ ! boys t mock$ him 7#d ,k+s #b72 & ,pope ,sylv]ius excommunicat$ ^? :o s5t him into exile 7,,xxiii1 ,q4 iv1 ,cap4 ,guilis>ius74 ,b 9 s f> z ! wrong inflict$ on a man affects 8 p]son1 he %\ld be> x pati5tly if ?is be exp$i5t4 ,= ^! precepts ( pati5ce are to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to prep>$ness ( ! m9d1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,:5 ! :ole multitude s9s1 v5geance mu/ be tak5 on !m1 ei!r 9 respect ( ! :ole multitude--?us ! ,egyptians 7 dr[n$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea :ile !y 7 pursu+ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7,ex4 #ad71 & ! p ( ,sodom 7 entirely de/roy$ 7,g54 #ai7--or z reg>ds "p ( ! multitude1 z may be se5 9 ! puni%m5t ( ^? :o wor%ipp$ ! calf4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 if !re is hope ( _m mak+ am5ds1 ! sev]ity ( v5geance %\ld be br\ght to be> on a few ( ! pr9cipals1 ^: puni%m5t fills ! re/ ) fe>2 ?us ! ,"l 7,num4 #be7 comm&$ ! pr9ces ( ! p to be hang$ = ! s9 ( ! multitude4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x is n ! :ole b only a "p ( ! multitude t has s9n$1 !n if ! guilty c be sep>at$ f ! innoc5t1 v5geance %\ld be wr\ght on !m3 provid$1 h[ev]1 t ?is c be done )\t sc&al to o!rs2 else ! multitude %\ld be sp>$ & sev]ity =egone4 ,! same applies to ! sov]eign1 :om ! multitude foll[4 ,= 8 s9 %\ld be borne )1 if x _c be puni%$ )\t sc&al to ! multitude3 unless inde$ 8 s9 7 su*1 t x w\ld d m h>m to ! multitude1 ei!r spiritually or temporally1 ?an w\ld ! sc&al t 0 fe>$ to arise f 8 puni%m5t4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,v5geance ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t v5geance is n a special & di/9ct virtue4 ,= j z ! good are rew>d$ = _! good de$s1 s are ! wick$ puni%$ = _! evil de$s4 ,n[ ! rew>d+ ( ! good does n belong to a special virtue1 b is an act ( commutative ju/ice4 ,!re=e 9 ! same way v5geance %\ld n be acc\nt$ a special virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re is no ne$ to appo9t a special virtue = an act to :i* a man is suffici5tly dispos$ by ! o!r virtues4 ,n[ man is suffici5tly dispos$ by ! virtues ( =titude or zeal to av5ge evil4 ,!re=e v5geance %\ld n be reckon$ a special virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re is a special vice oppos$ to e special virtue4 ,b seem+ly no special vice is oppos$ to v5geance4 ,!re=e x is n a special virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 reckons x a "p ( ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a71 aptitude to virtue is 9 u by nature1 b ! complem5t ( virtue is 9 u ?r\gh habituation or "s o!r cause4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t virtues p]fect u s t we foll[ 9 due mann] our natural incl9ations1 :i* belong to ! natural "r4 ,:]e=e to e def9ite natural incl9ation !re corresponds a special virtue4 ,n[ !re is a special incl9ation ( nature to remove h>m1 = :i* reason animals h ! irascible p[] di/9ct f ! concupiscible4 ,man resi/s h>m by def5d+ himself aga9/ wrongs1 le/ !y be inflict$ on him1 or he av5ges ^? :i* h already be5 inflict$ on him1 ) ! int5tion1 n ( h>m+1 b ( remov+ ! h>m done4 ,& ?is belongs to v5geance1 = ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t by v5geance we resi/ =ce1 or wrong1 & 9 g5]al :atev] is obscure 99,obscurum4 ,cic]o wrote obfuturum b ! s5se is ! same z ,/4 ,?omas gives 9 ! p>5!sis 7i4e4 d]ogatory71 ei!r by self-def5se or by av5g+ x4 ,!re=e v5geance is a special virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z repaym5t ( a legal debt belongs to commutative ju/ice1 & z repaym5t ( a moral debt1 aris+ f ! be/[al ( a p>ticul> favor1 belongs to ! virtue ( gratitude1 s too ! puni%m5t ( s9s1 s f> z x is ! conc]n ( public ju/ice1 is an act ( commutative ju/ice2 :ile s f> z x is conc]n$ 9 def5d+ ! rights ( ! individual by :om a wrong is resi/$1 x belongs to ! virtue ( rev5ge4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,=titude disposes to v5geance by remov+ an ob/acle !reto1 namely1 fe> ( an imm95t dang]4 ,zeal1 z d5ot+ ! f]vor ( love1 signifies ! prim>y root ( v5geance1 9 s f> z a man av5ges ! wrong done to ,god & 8 neighbor1 because *>ity makes him reg>d !m z 8 own4 ,n[ e act ( virtue proce$s f *>ity z its root1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 xxvii 9 ,ev471 !re are no gre5 leaves on ! b\gh ( good works1 unless *>ity be ! root4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,two vices are oppos$ to v5geance3 "o by way ( excess1 namely1 ! s9 ( cruelty or brutality1 :i* exce$s ! measure 9 puni%+3 :ile ! o!r is a vice by way ( defici5cy & consi/s 9 be+ remiss 9 puni%+1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,prov4 #ac3bd73 ,he t sp>e? ! rod hate? 8 son4 ,b ! virtue ( v5geance consi/s 9 obs]v+ ! due measure ( v5geance ) reg>d to all ! circum/ances4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,v5geance ,%\ld ,be ,wr\ght by ,means ( ,puni%m5ts ,cu/om>y ,among ,m58 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t v5geance %\ld n be wr\ght by means ( puni%m5ts cu/om>y among m54 ,= to put a man to dea? is to uproot him4 ,b our ,"l =bade 7,matt4 #ac3bi7 ! uproot+ ( ! cockle1 :]eby ! *ildr5 ( ! wick$ "o are signifi$4 ,!re=e s9n]s %\ld n be put to dea?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all :o s9 mortally seem to be des]v+ ( ! same puni%m5t4 ,!re=e if "s :o s9 mortally are puni%$ ) dea?1 x seems t all su* p]sons %\ld be puni%$ ) dea?3 & ?is is evid5tly false4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to puni% a man publicly = 8 s9 seems to publi% 8 s93 & ?is w\ld seem to h a h>mful effect on ! multitude1 s9ce ! example ( s9 is tak5 by !m z an occasion = s94 ,!re=e x seems t ! puni%m5t ( dea? %\ld n be inflict$ = a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,^! puni%m5ts are fix$ by ! div9e law z appe>s f :at we h said above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aje1 ,a4 #b74 ,i answ] t1 ,v5geance is lawful & virtu\s s f> z x t5ds to ! prev5tion ( evil4 ,n[ "s :o are n influ5c$ by motive ( virtue are prev5t$ f committ+ s91 ?r\gh fe> ( los+ ^? ?+s :i* !y love m ?an ^? !y obta9 by s9n+1 else fe> w\ld be no re/ra9t to s94 ,consequ5tly v5geance = s9 %\ld be tak5 by depriv+ a man ( :at he loves mo/4 ,n[ ! ?+s :i* man loves mo/ are life1 bodily safety1 8 own fre$om1 & ext]nal goods su* z ri*es1 8 c\ntry & 8 good "n4 ,:]e=e1 accord+ to ,augu/9e's reckon+ 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxi71 ,tully writes t ! laws recognize eight k9ds ( puni%m5t3 namely1 dea?1 :]eby man is depriv$ ( life2 /ripes1 retaliation1 or ! loss ( eye = eye1 :]eby man =feits 8 bodily safety2 slav]y1 & imprisonm5t1 :]eby he is depriv$ ( fre$om2 exile :]eby he is bani%$ f 8 c\ntry2 f9es1 :]eby he is mulct$ 9 8 ri*es2 ignom9y1 :]eby he loses 8 good "n4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our ,"l =bids ! uproot+ ( ! cockle1 :5 !re is fe> le/ ! :eat be uproot$ toge!r ) x4 ,b sometimes ! wick$ c be uproot$ by dea?1 n only )\t dang]1 b ev5 ) great pr(it1 to ! good4 ,:]e=e 9 su* a case ! puni%m5t ( dea? may be inflict$ on s9n]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all :o s9 mortally are des]v+ ( et]nal dea?1 z reg>ds future retribution1 :i* is 9 accordance ) ! tru? ( ! div9e judgm5t4 ,b ! puni%m5ts ( ?is life are m ( a m$ic9al "*2 :]e=e ! puni%m5t ( dea? is inflict$ on ^? s9s alone :i* conduce to ! grave undo+ ( o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! v fact t ! puni%m5t1 :e!r ( dea? or ( any k9d t is fe>some to man1 is made kn[n at ! same "t z ! s91 makes man's w av]s to s93 because ! fe> ( puni%m5t is great] ?an ! enticem5t ( ! example ( s94 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,v5geance ,%\ld ,be ,tak5 on ,^? ,:o ,h ,s9n$ ,involunt>ily8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t v5geance %\ld be tak5 on ^? :o h s9n$ involunt>ily4 ,= ! w ( "o man does n foll[ f ! w ( ano!r4 ,yet "o man is puni%$ = ano!r1 accord+ to ,ex4 #bj3e1 ,i am 4 4 4 ,god 4 4 4 jeal\s1 visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr51 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation4 ,?us = ! s9 ( ,*am1 8 son ,*anaan 0 curs$ 7,g54 #i3be7 & = ! s9 ( ,giezi1 8 desc5dants 7 /ruck ) leprosy 7#d ,k+s #e74 ,aga9 ! blood ( ,*ri/ lays ! desc5dants ( ! ,jews "u ! ban ( puni%m5t1 = !y said 7,matt4 #bg3be73 ,8 blood be ^u u & ^u our *ildr54 ,moreov] we read 7,josue #g7 t ! p ( ,israel 7 deliv]$ into ! h&s ( _! enemies = ! s9 ( ,a*an1 & t ! same p 7 ov]?r[n by ! ,phili/9es on acc\nt ( ! s9 ( ! sons ( ,heli 7#a ,k+s #d74 ,!re=e a p]son is to be puni%$ )\t hav+ des]v$ x volunt>ily4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is volunt>y except :at is 9 a man's p[]4 ,b sometimes a man is puni%$ = :at is n 9 8 p[]2 ?us a man is remov$ f ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,*ur* on acc\nt ( be+ infect$ ) leprosy2 & a ,*ur* ceases to be an episcopal see on acc\nt ( ! depravity or evil ( ! p4 ,!re=e v5geance is tak5 n only = volunt>y s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ignorance makes an act involunt>y4 ,n[ v5geance is sometimes tak5 on ! ignorant4 ,?us ! *ildr5 ( ! p ( ,sodom1 ?\gh !y 7 9 inv9cible ignorance1 p]i%$ ) _! p>5ts 7,g54 #ai74 ,aga91 = ! s9 ( ,da?an & ,abiron _! *ildr5 7 swall[$ up toge!r ) !m 7,num #af74 ,moreov]1 dumb animals1 :i* are devoid ( reason1 7 comm&$ to be sla9 on acc\nt ( ! s9 ( ! ,amalekites 7#a ,k+s #ae74 ,!re=e v5geance is sometimes tak5 on ^? :o h des]v$ x involunt>ily4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 compulsion is mo/ oppos$ to volunt>9ess4 ,b a man does n escape ! debt ( puni%m5t ?r\gh be+ compell$ by fe> to commit a s94 ,!re=e v5geance is sometimes tak5 on ^? :o h des]v$ x involunt>ily4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r ,ambrose says on ,luke #e t ! %ip 9 :i* ,judas 01 0 9 di/ress2 :]e=e ,pet]1 :o 0 calm 9 ! security ( 8 own m]its1 0 9 di/ress ab\t ^? ( o!rs4 ,b ,pet] did n w ! s9 ( ,judas4 ,!re=e a p]son is sometimes puni%$ )\t hav+ volunt>ily des]v$ x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,puni%m5t is due to s94 ,b e s9 is volunt>y accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii2 ,retract4 i74 ,!re=e v5geance %\ld be tak5 only on ^? :o h des]v$ x volunt>ily4 ,i answ] t1 ,puni%m5t may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 "u ! aspect ( puni%m5t1 & 9 ?is way puni%m5t is n due save = s91 because by means ( puni%m5t ! equality ( ju/ice is re/or$1 9 s f> z he :o by s9n+ has exce$$ 9 foll[+ 8 own w suff]s some?+ t is contr>y to ?is w4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce e s9 is volunt>y1 n exclud+ orig9al s91 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a71 x foll[s t no "o is puni%$ 9 ?is way1 except = some?+ done volunt>ily4 ,secondly1 puni%m5t may be consid]$ z a m$ic9e1 n only heal+ ! pa/ s91 b also pres]v+ f future s91 or conduc+ to "s good1 & 9 ?is way a p]son is sometimes puni%$ )\t any fault ( 8 own1 yet n )\t cause4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t a m$ic9e nev] removes a great] good 9 ord] to promote a less]2 ?us ! m$ic9e ( ! body nev] bl9ds ! eye1 9 ord] to repair ! heel3 yet sometimes x is h>mful 9 less] ?+s t x may be helpful 9 ?+s ( great] consequ5ce4 ,& s9ce spiritual goods are ( ! greate/ consequ5ce1 :ile temporal goods are lea/ important1 sometimes a p]son is puni%$ 9 8 temporal goods )\t any fault ( 8 own4 ,su* are _m ( ! puni%m5ts inflict$ by ,god 9 ?is pres5t life = our humiliation or probation4 ,b no "o is puni%$ 9 spiritual goods )\t any fault on 8 "p1 nei!r 9 ?is nor 9 ! future life1 because 9 ! latt] puni%m5t is n m$ic9al1 b a result ( spiritual condemnation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a man is nev] condemn$ to a spiritual puni%m5t = ano!r man's s91 because spiritual puni%m5t affects ! s\l1 9 respect ( :i* ea* man is ma/] ( himself4 ,b sometimes a man is condemn$ to puni%m5t 9 temporal matt]s = ! s9 ( ano!r1 & ?is = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because "o man may be ! temporal goods ( ano!r1 & s he may be puni%$ 9 puni%m5t ( ! latt]3 ?us *ildr51 z to ! body1 are a belong+ ( _! fa!r1 & slaves are a possession ( _! ma/]4 ,secondly1 :5 "o p]son's s9 is transmitt$ to ano!r1 ei!r by imitation1 z *ildr5 copy ! s9s ( _! p>5ts1 & slaves ! s9s ( _! ma/]s1 s z to s9 ) great] d>+2 or by way ( m]it1 z ! s9ful subjects m]it a s9ful sup]ior1 accord+ to ,job #cd3cj1 ,:o make? a man t is a hypocrite to reign = ! s9s ( ! p8 ,h5ce ! p ( ,israel 7 puni%$ = ,david's s9 9 numb]+ ! p 7#b ,k+s #bd74 ,?is may also happ5 ?r\gh "s k9d ( cons5t or connivance3 ?us sometimes ev5 ! good are puni%$ 9 temporal matt]s toge!r ) ! wick$1 = n hav+ condemn$ _! s9s1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #i74 ,?irdly1 9 ord] to m>k ! unity ( human fell[%ip1 :]eby "o man is b\nd to be solicit\s = ano!r1 le/ he s92 & 9 ord] to inculcate horror ( s91 see+ t ! puni%m5t ( "o affects all1 z ?\gh all 7 "o body1 z ,augu/9e says 9 speak+ ( ! s9 ( ,a*an 7,,qq4 sup4 ,josue viii74 ,! say+ ( ! ,"l1 ,visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation1 seems to belong to m]cy r ?an to sev]ity1 s9ce ,he does n take v5geance =?)1 b waits = "s future "t1 9 ord] t ! desc5dants at lea/ may m5d _! ways2 yet %\ld ! wick$ness ( ! desc5dants increase1 x becomes almo/ necess>y to take v5geance on !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e /ates 7,,qq4 sup4 ,josue viii71 human judgm5t %\ld con=m to ! div9e judgm5t1 :5 ?is is manife/1 & ,god condemns m5 spiritually = _! own s9s4 ,b human judgm5t _c be con=m$ to ,god's hidd5 judgm5ts1 :]eby ,he puni%es c]ta9 p]sons 9 temporal matt]s )\t any fault ( !irs1 s9ce man is unable to grasp ! reasons ( ^! judgm5ts s z to "k :at is exp$i5t = ea* individual4 ,:]e=e accord+ to human judgm5t a man %\ld nev] be condemn$ )\t fault ( 8 own to an inflictive puni%m5t1 su* z dea?1 mutilation or flogg+4 ,b a man may be condemn$1 ev5 accord+ to human judgm5t1 to a puni%m5t ( =feiture1 ev5 )\t any fault on 8 "p1 b n )\t cause3 & ?is 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh a p]son becom+1 )\t any fault ( 81 disqualifi$ = hav+ or acquir+ a c]ta9 good3 ?us = be+ infect$ ) leprosy a man is remov$ f ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,*ur*3 & = bigamy1 or ?r\gh pron\nc+ a dea? s5t5ce a man is h9d]$ f receiv+ sacr$ ord]s4 ,secondly1 because ! p>ticul> good t he =feits is n 8 own b common prop]ty3 ?us t an episcopal see be atta*$ to a c]ta9 *ur* belongs to ! good ( ! :ole city1 & n only to ! good ( ! cl]ics4 ,?irdly1 because ! good ( "o p]son may dep5d on ! good ( ano!r3 ?us 9 ! crime ( high treason a son loses 8 inh]itance ?r\gh ! s9 ( 8 p>5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,by ! judgm5t ( ,god *ildr5 are puni%$ 9 temporal matt]s toge!r ) _! p>5ts1 bo? because !y are a possession ( _! p>5ts1 s t _! p>5ts are puni%$ also 9 _! p]son1 & because ?is is = _! good le/1 %\ld !y be sp>$1 !y might imitate ! s9s ( _! p>5ts1 & ?us des]ve to be puni%$ /ill m sev]ely4 ,v5geance is wr\ght on dumb animals & any o!r irrational creatures1 because 9 ?is way _! own]s are puni%$2 & also 9 horror ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,an act done ?r\gh compulsion ( fe> is n involunt>y simply1 b has an admixture ( volunt>9ess1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #f1 ,,aa4 #e1 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! o!r apo/les 7 di/ress$ ab\t ! s9 ( ,judas1 9 ! same way z ! multitude is puni%$ = ! s9 ( "o1 9 comm5dation ( unity1 z /ate above 7,reply ,obj4 #a1 #b74 ,,"q #aji ,,( ,,tru? 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] tru? & ! vices oppos$ !reto4 ,conc]n+ tru? !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r tru? is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special virtue8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a "p ( ju/ice8 7#d7 ,:e!r x incl9es to t :i* is less8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,tru? ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t tru? is n a virtue4 ,= ! fir/ ( virtues is fai?1 ^: object is tru?4 ,s9ce !n ! object prec$es ! habit & ! act1 x seems t tru? is n a virtue1 b some?+ prior to virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g71 x belongs to tru? t a man %\ld /ate ?+s conc]n+ himself to be nei!r m nor less ?an !y are4 ,b ?is is n always praisewor?y--nei!r 9 good ?+s1 s9ce accord+ to ,prov4 #bg3b1 ,let ano!r praise !e1 & n ?y own m\?--nor ev5 9 evil ?+s1 because x is writt5 9 condemnation ( c]ta9 p 7,isa4 #c3i73 ,!y h proclaim$ abroad _! s9 z ,sodom1 & !y h n hid x4 ,!re=e tru? is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e virtue is ei!r !ological1 or intellectual1 or moral4 ,n[ tru? is n a !ological virtue1 because its object is n ,god b temporal ?+s4 ,= ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t by tru? we fai?fully repres5t ?+s z !y are1 71 or w be4 ,likewise x is n "o ( ! intellectual virtues1 b _! end4 ,nor aga9 is x a moral virtue1 s9ce x is n a mean betwe5 excess & defici5cy1 = ! m "o tells ! tru?1 ! bett] x is4 ,!re=e tru? is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] bo? 9 ! ,second & 9 ! ,f\r? ,book ( ,e?ics places tru? among ! o!r virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,tru? c be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 = t by reason ( :i* a ?+ is said to be true1 & ?us tru? is n a virtue1 b ! object or end ( a virtue3 because1 tak5 9 ?is way1 tru? is n a habit1 :i* is ! g5us conta9+ virtue1 b a c]ta9 equality betwe5 ! und]/&+ or sign & ! ?+ und]/ood or signifi$1 or aga9 betwe5 a ?+ & its rule1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ba1 ,a4 #b74 ,secondly1 tru? may /& = t by :i* a p]son says :at is true1 9 :i* s5se "o is said to be tru?ful4 ,?is tru? or tru?fulness mu/ ne$s be a virtue1 because to say :at is true is a good act3 & virtue is t :i* makes its possessor good1 & r5d]s 8 action good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t takes tru? 9 ! fir/ s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to /ate t :i* conc]ns oneself1 9 s f> z x is a /atem5t ( :at is true1 is good g5]ically4 ,yet ?is does n suffice = x to be an act ( virtue1 s9ce x is requisite = t purpose t x %\ld also be clo!d ) ! due circum/ances1 & if ^! be n obs]v$1 ! act w be s9ful4 ,accord+ly x is s9ful to praise oneself )\t due cause ev5 = t :i* is true3 & x is also s9ful to publi% "o's s91 by prais+ oneself on t acc\nt1 or 9 any way proclaim+ x uselessly4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a p]son :o says :at is true1 utt]s c]ta9 signs :i* are 9 con=mity ) ?+s2 & su* signs are ei!r words1 or ext]nal actions1 or any ext]nal ?+4 ,n[ su* k9ds ( ?+s are ! subject-matt] ( ! moral virtues alone1 = ! latt] are conc]n$ ) ! use ( ! ext]nal memb]s1 9 s f> z ?is use is put into effect at ! comm& ( ! w4 ,:]e=e tru? is nei!r a !ological1 nor an intellectual1 b a moral virtue4 ,& x is a mean betwe5 excess & defici5cy 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! object1 secondly1 on ! "p ( ! act4 ,on ! "p ( ! object1 because ! true ess5tially d5otes a k9d ( equality1 & equal is a mean betwe5 m & less4 ,h5ce = ! v reason t a man says :at is true ab\t himself1 he obs]ves ! mean betwe5 "o t says m ?an ! tru? ab\t himself1 & "o t says less ?an ! tru?4 ,on ! "p ( ! act1 to obs]ve ! mean is to tell ! tru?1 :5 "o ought1 & z "o ought4 ,excess consi/s 9 mak+ kn[n "o's own affairs out ( season1 & defici5cy 9 hid+ !m :5 "o ought to make !m kn[n4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,tru? ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t tru? is n a special virtue4 ,= ! true & ! good are conv]tible4 ,n[ goodness is n a special virtue1 9 fact e virtue is goodness1 because x makes its possessor good4 ,!re=e tru? is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to make kn[n :at belongs to oneself is an act ( tru? z we und]/& x "h4 ,b ?is belongs to e virtue1 s9ce e virtu\s habit is made kn[n by its own act4 ,!re=e tru? is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! tru? ( life is ! tru? :]eby "o lives aright1 & ( :i* x is writt5 7,isa4 #ch3c73 ,i besee* ,!e 4 4 4 rememb] h[ ,i h walk$ be=e ,!e 9 tru?1 & ) a p]fect he>t4 ,n[ "o lives aright by any virtue1 z foll[s f ! def9ition ( virtue giv5 above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e tru? is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 tru? seems to be ! same z simplicity1 s9ce hypocrisy is oppos$ to bo?4 ,b simplicity is n a special virtue1 s9ce x rectifies ! int5tion1 & t is requir$ 9 e virtue4 ,!re=e nei!r is tru? a special virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is numb]$ toge!r ) o!r virtues 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g74 ,i answ] t1 ,! nature ( human virtue consi/s 9 mak+ a man's de$ good4 ,consequ5tly :5ev] we f9d a special aspect ( goodness 9 human acts1 x is necess>y t man be dispos$ !reto by a special virtue4 ,& s9ce accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,nat4 ,boni iii7 good consi/s 9 ord]1 x foll[s t a special aspect ( good w be f\nd :]e !re is a special ord]4 ,n[ !re is a special ord] :]eby our ext]nals1 :e!r words or de$s1 are duly ord]$ 9 relation to "s ?+1 z sign to ?+ signifi$3 & !reto man is p]fect$ by ! virtue ( tru?4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t tru? is a special virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! true & ! good are conv]tible z to subject1 s9ce e true ?+ is good1 & e good ?+ is true4 ,b consid]$ logically1 !y exce$ "o ano!r1 ev5 z ! intellect & w exce$ "o ano!r4 ,= ! intellect und]/&s ! w & _m ?+s besides1 & ! w desires ?+s p]ta9+ to ! intellect1 & _m o!rs4 ,:]e=e ! true consid]$ 9 its prop] aspect z a p]fection ( ! intellect is a p>ticul> good1 s9ce x is some?+ appetible3 & 9 l mann] ! good consid]$ 9 its prop] aspect z ! end ( ! appetite is some?+ true1 s9ce x is some?+ intelligible4 ,!re=e s9ce virtue includes ! aspect ( goodness1 x is possible = tru? to be a special virtue1 j z ! true is a special good2 yet x is n possible = goodness to be a special virtue1 s9ce r1 consid]$ logically1 x is ! g5us ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! habits ( virtue & vice take _! species f :at is directly int5d$1 & n f t :i* is accid5tal & beside ! int5tion4 ,n[ t a man /ates t :i* conc]ns himself1 belongs to ! virtue ( tru?1 z some?+ directly int5d$3 al?\gh x may belong to o!r virtues consequ5tly & beside 8 pr9cipal int5tion4 ,= ! brave man int5ds to act bravely3 & t he %[s 8 =titude by act+ bravely is a consequ5ce beside 8 pr9cipal int5tion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! tru? ( life is ! tru? :]eby a ?+ is true1 n :]eby a p]son says :at is true4 ,life l any?+ else is said to be true1 f ! fact t x atta9s its rule & measure1 namely1 ! div9e law2 s9ce rectitude ( life dep5ds on con=mity to t law4 ,?is tru? or rectitude is common to e virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,simplicity is s call$ f its opposition to duplicity1 :]eby1 to wit1 a man %[s "o ?+ outw>dly :ile hav+ ano!r 9 8 he>t3 s t simplicity p]ta9s to ?is virtue4 ,& x rectifies ! int5tion1 n inde$ directly 7s9ce ?is belongs to e virtue71 b by exclud+ duplicity1 :]eby a man pret5ds "o ?+ & int5ds ano!r4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,tru? ,is a ,"p ( ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t tru? is n a "p ( ju/ice4 ,= x seems prop] to ju/ice to give ano!r man 8 due4 ,b1 by tell+ ! tru?1 "o does n seem to give ano!r man 8 due1 z is ! case 9 all ! =ego+ p>ts ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e tru? is n a "p ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 tru? p]ta9s to ! intellect3 :]eas ju/ice is 9 ! w1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e tru? is n a "p ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,j]ome tru? is ?reefold1 namely1 tru? ( life1 tru? ( ju/ice1 & tru? ( doctr9e4 ,b none ( ^! is a "p ( ju/ice4 ,= tru? ( life comprises all virtues1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #c73 tru? ( ju/ice is ! same z ju/ice1 s t x is n "o ( its p>ts2 & tru? ( doctr9e belongs r to ! intellectual virtues4 ,!re=e tru? is n[ise a "p ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 reckons tru? among ! p>ts ( ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #hj71 a virtue is annex$ to ju/ice1 z second>y to a pr9cipal virtue1 ?r\gh hav+ some?+ 9 common ) ju/ice1 :ile fall+ %ort f ! p]fect virtue !re(4 ,n[ ! virtue ( tru? has two ?+s 9 common ) ju/ice4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is direct$ to ano!r1 s9ce ! manife/ation1 :i* we h /at$ to be an act ( tru?1 is direct$ to ano!r1 inasmu* z "o p]son manife/s to ano!r ! ?+s t conc]n himself4 ,9 ! second place1 ju/ice sets up a c]ta9 equality betwe5 ?+s1 & ?is ! virtue ( tru? does also1 = x equals signs to ! ?+s :i* conc]n man himself4 ,nev]!less x falls %ort ( ! prop] aspect ( ju/ice1 z to ! notion ( debt3 = ?is virtue does n reg>d legal debt1 :i* ju/ice consid]s1 b r ! moral debt1 9 s f> z1 out ( equity1 "o man owes ano!r a manife/ation ( ! tru?4 ,!re=e tru? is a "p ( ju/ice1 be+ annex$ !reto z a second>y virtue to its pr9cipal4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce man is a social animal1 "o man naturally owes ano!r :atev] is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( human society4 ,n[ x w\ld be impossible = m5 to live toge!r1 unless !y believ$ "o ano!r1 z decl>+ ! tru? "o to ano!r4 ,h5ce ! virtue ( tru? does1 9 a mann]1 reg>d some?+ z be+ due4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,tru?1 z kn[n1 belongs to ! intellect4 ,b man1 by 8 own w1 :]eby he uses bo? habits & memb]s1 utt]s ext]nal signs 9 ord] to manife/ ! tru?1 & 9 ?is way ! manife/ation ( ! tru? is an act ( ! w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! tru? ( :i* we are speak+ n[ diff]s f ! tru? ( life1 z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ ,a4 #b1 ad #c4 ,we speak ( ! tru? ( ju/ice 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way we ref] to ! fact t ju/ice itself is a c]ta9 rectitude regulat$ accord+ to ! rule ( ! div9e law2 & 9 ?is way ! tru? ( ju/ice diff]s f ! tru? ( life1 because by ! tru? ( life a man lives aright 9 himself1 :]eas by ! tru? ( ju/ice a man obs]ves ! rectitude ( ! law 9 ^? judgm5ts :i* ref] to ano!r man3 & 9 ?is s5se ! tru? ( ju/ice has no?+ to d ) ! tru? ( :i* we speak n[1 z nei!r has ! tru? ( life4 ,9 ano!r way ! tru? ( ju/ice may be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! fact t1 out ( ju/ice1 a man manife/s ! tru?1 z = in/ance :5 a man confesses ! tru?1 or gives true evid5ce 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,?is tru? is a p>ticul> act ( ju/ice1 & does n p]ta9 directly to ?is tru? ( :i* we are n[ speak+1 because1 to wit1 9 ?is manife/ation ( ! tru? a man's *ief int5tion is to give ano!r man 8 due4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g7 9 describ+ ?is virtue3 ,we are n speak+ ( "o :o is tru?ful 9 8 agreem5ts1 nor does ?is apply to matt]s 9 :i* ju/ice or inju/ice is que/ion$4 ,! tru? ( doctr9e consi/s 9 a c]ta9 manife/ation ( tru?s relat+ to sci5ce :]e=e nei!r does ?is tru? directly p]ta9 to ?is virtue1 b only t tru? :]eby a man1 bo? 9 life & 9 spee*1 %[s himself to be su* z he is1 & ! ?+s t conc]n him1 n o!r1 & nei!r great] nor less1 ?an !y are4 ,nev]!less s9ce tru?s ( sci5ce1 z kn[n by u1 are some?+ conc]n+ u1 & p]ta9 to ?is virtue1 9 ?is s5se ! tru? ( doctr9e may p]ta9 to ?is virtue1 z well z any o!r k9d ( tru? :]eby a man manife/s1 by ^w or de$1 :at he kn[s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,virtue ( ,tru? ,incl9es ,r to ,t ,:i* ,is ,less8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! virtue ( tru? does n incl9e to t :i* is less4 ,= z "o incurs falsehood by say+ m1 s does "o by say+ less3 ?us x is no m false t f\r are five1 ?an t f\r are ?ree4 ,b e falsehood is 9 itself evil1 & to be avoid$1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g74 ,!re=e ! virtue ( tru? does n incl9e to t :i* is less r ?an to t :i* is great]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t a virtue incl9es to ! "o extreme r ?an to ! o!r1 is ow+ to ! fact t ! virtue's mean is ne>] to ! "o extreme ?an to ! o!r3 ?us =titude is ne>] to d>+ ?an to timidity4 ,b ! mean ( tru? is n ne>] to "o extreme ?an to ! o!r2 because tru?1 s9ce x is a k9d ( equality1 holds to ! exact mean4 ,!re=e tru? does n m incl9e to t :i* is less4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to =sake ! tru? = t :i* is less seems to am\nt to a d5ial ( ! tru?1 s9ce ?is is to subtract !refrom2 & to =sake ! tru? = t :i* is great] seems to am\nt to an addition !reto4 ,n[ to d5y ! tru? is m repugnant to tru? ?an to add some?+ to x1 because tru? is incompatible ) ! d5ial ( tru?1 :]eas x is compatible ) addition4 ,!re=e x seems t tru? %\ld incl9e to t :i* is great] r ?an to t :i* is less4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g7 t by ?is virtue a man decl9es r f ! tru? t[>ds t :i* is less4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two ways ( decl9+ f ! tru? to t :i* is less4 ,fir/1 by affirm+1 z :5 a man does n %[ ! :ole good t is 9 him1 = in/ance sci5ce1 hol9ess & s =?4 ,?is is done )\t prejudice to tru?1 s9ce ! less] is conta9$ 9 ! great]3 & 9 ?is way ?is virtue incl9es to :at is less4 ,=1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g71 ?is seems to be m prud5t because exagg]ations give annoyance4 ,= ^? :o repres5t !mselves z be+ great] ?an !y are1 are a s\rce ( annoyance to o!rs1 s9ce !y seem to wi% to surpass o!rs3 :]eas ^? :o make less acc\nt ( !mselves are a s\rce ( pleasure1 s9ce !y seem to def] to o!rs by _! mod]ation4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #ab3f73 ,?\gh ,i %\ld h a m9d to glory1 ,i %all n be fooli%3 = ,i w say ! tru?4 ,b ,i =be>1 le/ any man %\ld ?9k ( me above t :i* he see? 9 me or any?+ he he>e? f me4 ,secondly1 "o may incl9e to :at is less by d5y+1 s z to say t :at is 9 u is n4 ,9 ?is way x does n belong to ?is virtue to incl9e to :at is less1 because ?is w\ld imply falsehood4 ,& yet ?is w\ld be less repugnant to ! tru?1 n inde$ z reg>ds ! prop] aspect ( tru?1 b z reg>ds ! aspect ( prud5ce1 :i* %\ld be safegu>d$ 9 all ! virtues4 ,= s9ce x is fraught ) great] dang] & is m annoy+ to o!rs1 x is m repugnant to prud5ce to ?9k or boa/ t "o has :at "o has n1 ?an to ?9k or say t "o has n :at "o has4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,"q #aaj ,,( ,,! ,,vices ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,tru?1 ,,& ,,fir/ ,,( ,,ly+ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to tru?1 & 7#a7 ly+3 7#b7 dissimulation or hypocrisy3 7#c7 boa/+ & ! opposite vice4 ,conc]n+ ly+ !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ly+1 z conta9+ falsehood1 is always oppos$ to tru?8 7#b7 ,( ! species ( ly+2 7#c7 ,:e!r ly+ is always a s98 7#d7 ,:e!r x is always a mortal s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,ly+ ,is ,always ,oppos$ to ,tru?8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ly+ is n always oppos$ to tru?4 ,= opposites are incompatible ) "o ano!r4 ,b ly+ is compatible ) tru?1 s9ce he t speaks ! tru?1 ?9k+ x to be false1 lies1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,lib4 ,de ,m5dac4 iii74 ,!re=e ly+ is n oppos$ to tru?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! virtue ( tru? applies n only to words b also to de$s1 s9ce accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g7 by ?is virtue "o tells ! tru? bo? 9 "o's spee* & 9 "o's life4 ,b ly+ applies only to words1 = ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,m5d4 xii7 t a lie is a false signification by words4 ,accord+ly1 x seems t ly+ is n directly oppos$ to ! virtue ( tru?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,lib4 ,de ,m5dac4 iii7 t ! li>'s s9 is ! desire to deceive4 ,b ?is is n oppos$ to tru?1 b r to b5evol5ce or ju/ice4 ,!re=e ly+ is n oppos$ to tru?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,m5d4 x73 ,let no "o d\bt t x is a lie to tell a falsehood 9 ord] to deceive4 ,:]e=e a false /atem5t utt]$ ) int5t to deceive is a manife/ lie4 ,b ?is is oppos$ to tru?4 ,!re=e ly+ is oppos$ to tru?4 ,i answ] t1 ,a moral act takes its species f two ?+s1 its object1 & its end3 = ! end is ! object ( ! w1 :i* is ! fir/ mov] 9 moral acts4 ,& ! p[] mov$ by ! w has its own object1 :i* is ! proximate object ( ! volunt>y act1 & /&s 9 relation to ! w's act t[>ds ! end1 z mat]ial to =mal1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #f1 #g74 ,n[ x has be5 said above 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c7 t ! virtue ( tru?--& consequ5tly ! opposite vices--reg>ds a manife/ation made by c]ta9 signs3 & ?is manife/ation or /atem5t is an act ( reason comp>+ sign ) ! ?+ signifi$2 because e repres5tation consi/s 9 comp>ison1 :i* is ! prop] act ( ! reason4 ,:]e=e ?\gh dumb animals manife/ some?+1 yet !y d n int5d to manife/ any?+3 b !y d some?+ by natural in/9ct1 & a manife/ation is ! result4 ,b :5 ?is manife/ation or /atem5t is a moral act1 x mu/ ne$s be volunt>y1 & dep5d5t on ! int5tion ( ! w4 ,n[ ! prop] object ( a manife/ation or /atem5t is ! true or ! false4 ,& ! int5tion ( a bad w may be> on two ?+s3 "o ( :i* is t a falsehood may be told2 :ile ! o!r is ! prop] effect ( a false /atem5t1 namely1 t someone may be deceiv$4 ,accord+ly if ^! ?ree ?+s concur1 namely1 falsehood ( :at is said1 ! w to tell a falsehood1 & f9ally ! int5tion to deceive1 !n !re is falsehood--mat]ially1 s9ce :at is said is false1 =mally1 on acc\nt ( ! w to tell an untru?1 & effectively1 on acc\nt ( ! w to imp>t a falsehood4 ,h[ev]1 ! ess5tial notion ( a lie is tak5 f =mal falsehood1 f ! fact namely1 t a p]son int5ds to say :at is false2 :]e=e also ! ^w m5dacium 7lie7 is d]iv$ f its be+ 9 opposition to ! m9d4 ,consequ5tly if "o says :at is false1 ?9k+ x to be true1 x is false mat]ially1 b n =mally1 because ! fals5ess is beside ! int5tion ( ! speak] s t x is n a p]fect lie1 s9ce :at is beside ! speak]'s int5tion is accid5tal = :i* reason x _c be a specific diff]5ce4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 "o utt]s falsehood =mally1 ?r\gh hav+ ! w to deceive1 ev5 if :at "o says be true1 yet inasmu* z ?is is a volunt>y & moral act1 x conta9s fals5ess ess5tially & tru? accid5tally1 & atta9s ! specific nature ( a lie4 ,t a p]son int5ds to cause ano!r to h a false op9ion1 by deceiv+ him1 does n belong to ! species ( ly+1 b to p]fection !re(1 ev5 z 9 ! physical ord]1 a ?+ acquires its species if x has its =m1 ev5 ?\gh ! =m's effect be lack+2 = in/ance a heavy body :i* is held up al(t by =ce1 le/ x come d[n 9 accordance ) ! exig5cy ( its =m4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t ly+ is directly an =mally oppos$ to ! virtue ( tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we judge ( a ?+ accord+ to :at is 9 x =mally & ess5tially r ?an accord+ to :at is 9 x mat]ially & accid5tally4 ,h5ce x is m 9 opposition to tru?1 consid]$ z a moral virtue1 to tell ! tru? ) ! int5tion ( tell+ a falsehood ?an to tell a falsehood ) ! int5tion ( tell+ ! tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii71 words hold ! *ief place among o!r signs4 ,& s :5 x is said t a lie is a false signification by words1 ! t]m words d5otes e k9d ( sign4 ,:]e=e if a p]son int5d$ to signify some?+ false by means ( signs1 he w\ld n be excus$ f ly+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! desire to deceive belongs to ! p]fection ( ly+1 b n to its species1 z nei!r does any effect belong to ! species ( its cause4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,lies ,are ,suffici5tly ,divid$ into ,(fici\s1 ,jocose1 & ,mis*iev\s ,lies8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t lies are n suffici5tly divid$ into (fici\s1 jocose & mis*iev\s lies4 ,= a division %\ld be made accord+ to t :i* p]ta9s to a ?+ by reason ( its nature1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,metaph4 vii1 text4 #dc2 ,de ,"p4 ,animal i1 #c74 ,b seem+ly ! int5tion ( ! effect result+ f a moral act is some?+ beside & accid5tal to ! species ( t act1 s t an indef9ite numb] ( effects c result f "o act4 ,n[ ?is division is made accord+ to ! int5tion ( ! effect3 = a jocose lie is told 9 ord] to make fun1 an (fici\s lie = "s useful purpose1 & a mis*iev\s lie 9 ord] to injure someone4 ,!re=e lies are unfitt+ly divid$ 9 ?is way4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,contra ,m5dac4 xiv7 gives eight k9ds ( lies4 ,! fir/ is 9 religi\s doctr9e2 ! second is a lie t pr(its no "o & injures someone2 ! ?ird pr(its "o p>ty s z to injure ano!r2 ! f\r? is told out ( m]e lu/ ( ly+ & deceiv+2 ! fif? is told out ( ! desire to please2 ! six? injures no "o1 & pr(its someone 9 sav+ 8 money2 ! sev5? injures no "o & pr(its someone 9 sav+ him f dea?2 ! eigh? injures no "o1 & pr(its someone 9 sav+ him f defilem5t ( ! body4 ,!re=e x seems t ! fir/ division ( lies is insuffici5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g7 divides ly+ into boa/+1 :i* exce$s ! tru? 9 spee*1 & irony1 :i* falls %ort ( ! tru? by say+ some?+ less3 & ^! two are n conta9$ "u any "o ( ! k9ds m5tion$ above4 ,!re=e x seems t ! a=esaid division ( lies is inadequate4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,ps4 #e3g1 ,?\ wilt de/roy all t speak a lie1 says t !re are ?ree k9ds ( lies2 = "s are told = ! wellbe+ & conv5i5ce ( someone2 & !re is ano!r k9d ( lie t is told 9 fun2 b ! ?ird k9d ( lie is told out ( malice4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is call$ an (fici\s lie1 ! second a jocose lie1 ! ?ird a mis*iev\s lie4 ,!re=e lies are divid$ into ^! ?ree k9ds4 ,i answ] t1 ,lies may be divid$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 ) respect to _! nature z lies3 & ?is is ! prop] & ess5tial division ( ly+4 ,9 ?is way1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g71 lies are ( two k9ds1 namely1 ! lie :i* goes beyond ! tru?1 & ?is belongs to boa/+1 & ! lie :i* /ops %ort ( ! tru?1 & ?is belongs to irony4 ,?is division is an ess5tial division ( ly+ itself1 because ly+ z su* is oppos$ to tru?1 z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ ,article3 & tru? is a k9d ( equality1 to :i* m & less are 9 ess5tial opposition4 ,secondly1 lies may be divid$ ) respect to _! nature z s9s1 & ) reg>d to ^? ?+s t aggravate or dim9i% ! s9 ( ly+1 on ! "p ( ! end int5d$4 ,n[ ! s9 ( ly+ is aggravat$1 if by ly+ a p]son int5ds to injure ano!r1 & ?is is call$ a mis*iev\s lie1 :ile ! s9 ( ly+ is dim9i%$ if x be direct$ to "s good--ei!r ( pleasure & !n x is a jocose lie1 or ( usefulness1 & !n we h ! (fici\s lie1 :]eby x is int5d$ to help ano!r p]son1 or to save him f be+ injur$4 ,9 ?is way lies are divid$ into ! ?ree k9ds a=esaid4 ,?irdly1 lies are divid$ 9 a m g5]al way1 ) respect to _! relation to "s end1 :e!r or n ?is increase or dim9i% _! gravity3 & 9 ?is way ! division comprises eight k9ds1 z /at$ 9 ! ,second ,objection4 ,"h ! fir/ ?ree k9ds are conta9$ "u mis*iev\s lies1 :i* are ei!r aga9/ ,god1 & !n we h ! lie 9 religi\s doctr9e1 or aga9/ man1 & ?is ei!r ) ! sole int5tion ( injur+ him1 & !n x is ! second k9d ( lie1 :i* pr(its no "o1 & injures someone2 or ) ! int5tion ( injur+ "o & at ! same "t pr(it+ ano!r1 & ?is is ! ?ird k9d ( lie1 :i* pr(its "o1 & injures ano!r4 ,( ^! ! fir/ is ! mo/ griev\s1 because s9s aga9/ ,god are always m griev\s1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #c73 & ! second is m griev\s ?an ! ?ird1 s9ce ! latt]'s gravity is dim9i%$ by ! int5tion ( pr(it+ ano!r4 ,aft] ^! ?ree1 :i* aggravate ! s9 ( ly+1 we h a f\r?1 :i* has its own measure ( gravity )\t addition or dim9ution2 & ?is is ! lie :i* is told out ( m]e lu/ ( ly+ & deceiv+4 ,?is proce$s f a habit1 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g7 t ! li>1 :5 he lies f habit1 delights 9 ly+4 ,! f\r k9ds t foll[ less5 ! gravity ( ! s9 ( ly+4 ,= ! fif? k9d is ! jocose lie1 :i* is told ) a desire to please3 & ! rema9+ ?ree are compris$ "u ! (fici\s lie1 :]e9 some?+ useful to ano!r p]son is int5d$4 ,?is usefulness reg>ds ei!r ext]nal ?+s1 & !n we h ! six? k9d ( lie1 :i* pr(its someone 9 sav+ 8 money2 or 8 body1 & ?is is ! sev5? k9d1 :i* saves a man f dea?2 or ! morality ( 8 virtue1 & ?is is ! eigh? k9d1 :i* saves him f unlawful defilem5t ( 8 body4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! great] ! good int5d$1 ! m is ! s9 ( ly+ dim9i%$ 9 gravity4 ,:]e=e a c>eful consid]ation ( ! matt] w %[ t ^! v>i\s k9ds ( lies are enum]at$ 9 _! ord] ( gravity3 s9ce ! useful good is bett] ?an ! pleasurable good1 & life ( ! body ?an money1 & virtue ?an ! life ( ! body4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,e ,lie ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t n e lie is a s94 ,= x is evid5t t ! evangeli/s did n s9 9 ! writ+ ( ! ,gospel4 ,yet !y seem to h told some?+ false3 s9ce _! acc\nts ( ! words ( ,*ri/ & ( o!rs (t5 diff] f "o ano!r3 :]e=e seem+ly "o ( !m mu/ h giv5 an untrue acc\nt4 ,!re=e n e lie is a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "o is rew>d$ by ,god = s94 ,b ! midwives ( ,egypt 7 rew>d$ by ,god = a lie1 = x is /at$ t ,god built !m h\ses 7,ex4 #a3ba74 ,!re=e a lie is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! de$s ( holy m5 are relat$ 9 ,sacr$ ,writ t !y may be a model ( human life4 ,b we read ( c]ta9 v holy m5 t !y li$4 ,?us 7,g54 #ab & #bj7 we are told t ,abraham said ( 8 wife t %e 0 8 si/]4 ,jacob also li$ :5 he said t he 0 ,esau1 & yet he receiv$ a bless+ 7,g54 #bg3bg-bi74 ,aga91 ,judi? is comm5d$ 7,judi? #ae3aj1 #aa7 al?\gh %e li$ to ,hol(]nes4 ,!re=e n e lie is a s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 "o ought to *oose ! less] evil 9 ord] to avoid ! great]3 ev5 s a physician cuts (f a limb1 le/ ! :ole body p]i%4 ,yet less h>m is done by rais+ a false op9ion 9 a p]son's m9d1 ?an by someone slay+ or be+ sla94 ,!re=e a man may lawfully lie1 to save ano!r f committ+ murd]1 or ano!r f be+ kill$4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 x is a lie n to fulfill :at "o has promis$4 ,yet "o is n b\nd to keep all "o's promises3 = ,isidore says 7,synonym4 ii73 ,break y\r fai? :5 y h promis$ ill4 ,!re=e n e lie is a s94 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 app>5tly a lie is a s9 because !reby we deceive our neighbor3 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,lib4 ,de ,m5d4 xxi73 ,:oev] ?9ks t !re is any k9d ( lie t is n a s9 deceives himself %amefully1 s9ce he deems himself an hone/ man :5 he deceives o!rs4 ,yet n e lie is a cause ( deception1 s9ce no "o is deceiv$ by a jocose lie2 see+ t lies ( ?is k9d are told1 n ) ! int5tion ( be+ believ$1 b m]ely = ! sake ( giv+ pleasure4 ,h5ce aga9 we f9d hyp]bolical expressions 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,!re=e n e lie is a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #g3ad73 ,be n will+ to make any mann] ( lie4 ,i answ] t1 ,an action t is naturally evil 9 respect ( its g5us c by no means be good & lawful1 s9ce 9 ord] = an action to be good x mu/ be "r 9 e respect3 because good results f a complete cause1 :ile evil results f any s+le defect1 z ,dionysius ass]ts 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,n[ a lie is evil 9 respect ( its g5us1 s9ce x is an action be>+ on undue matt]4 ,= z words are naturally signs ( intellectual acts1 x is unnatural & undue = anyone to signify by words some?+ t is n 9 8 m9d4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g7 t ly+ is 9 itself evil & to be %unn$1 :ile tru?fulness is good & wor?y ( praise4 ,!re=e e lie is a s91 z also ,augu/9e decl>es 7,contra ,m5d4 i74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is unlawful to hold t any false ass]tion is conta9$ ei!r 9 ! ,gospel or 9 any canonical ,scripture1 or t ! writ]s !re( h told untru?s1 because fai? w\ld be depriv$ ( its c]titude :i* is bas$ on ! au?ority ( ,holy ,writ4 ,t ! words ( c]ta9 p are v>i\sly report$ 9 ! ,gospel & o!r sacr$ writ+s does n con/itute a lie4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,cons5s4 ,evang4 ii73 ,he t has ! wit to und]/& t 9 ord] to "k ! tru? x is necess>y to get at ! s5se1 w conclude t he mu/ n be ! lea/ tr\bl$1 no matt] by :at words t s5se is express$4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 z he adds 7,de ,cons5s4 ,evang4 ii71 t we mu/ n judge t someone is ly+1 if sev]al p]sons fail to describe 9 ! same way & 9 ! same words a ?+ :i* !y rememb] to h se5 or he>d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! midwives 7 rew>d$1 n = _! lie1 b = _! fe> ( ,god1 & = _! good-w1 :i* latt] l$ !m to tell a lie4 ,h5ce x is expressly /at$ 7,ex4 #b3ba73 ,& because ! midwives fe>$ ,god1 ,he built !m h\ses4 ,b ! subsequ5t lie 0 n m]itori\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ,holy ,writ1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,lib4 ,de ,m5d4 v71 ! de$s ( c]ta9 p]sons are relat$ z examples ( p]fect virtue3 & we mu/ n believe t su* p]sons 7 li>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any ( _! /atem5ts appe> to be untru?ful1 we mu/ und]/& su* /atem5ts to h be5 figurative & prophetic4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,lib4 ,de ,m5d4 v73 ,we mu/ believe t :atev] is relat$ ( ^? :o1 9 prophetical times1 are m5tion$ z be+ wor?y ( cr$it1 0 done & said by !m prophetically4 ,z to ,abraham :5 he said t ,s>a 0 8 si/]1 he wi%$ to hide ! tru?1 n to tell a lie1 = %e is call$ 8 si/] s9ce %e 0 ! daught] ( 8 fa!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 ,sup]4 ,g54 xxvi2 ,contra ,m5d4 x2 ,contra ,fau/4 xxii74 ,:]e=e ,abraham himself said 7,g54 #bj3ab73 ,%e is truly my si/]1 ! daught] ( my fa!r1 & n ! daught] ( my "m1 be+ relat$ to him on 8 fa!r's side4 ,jacob's ass]tion t he 0 ,esau1 ,isaac's fir/-born1 0 spok5 9 a my/ical s5se1 because1 to wit1 ! latt]'s bir?right 0 due to him by "r3 & he made use ( ?is mode ( spee* be+ mov$ by ! _s ( prophecy1 9 ord] to signify a my/]y1 namely1 t ! y\ng] p1 i4e4 ! ,g5tiles1 %\ld supplant ! fir/-born1 i4e4 ! ,jews4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 are comm5d$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 n on acc\nt ( p]fect virtue1 b = a c]ta9 virtu\s disposition1 see+ t x 0 ow+ to "s praisewor?y s5tim5t t !y 7 mov$ to d c]ta9 undue ?+s4 ,x is ?us t ,judi? is prais$1 n = ly+ to ,hol(]nes1 b = h] desire to save ! p1 to :i* end %e expos$ h]self to dang]4 ,& yet "o might also say t h] words conta9 tru? 9 "s my/ical s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a lie is s9ful n only because x injures "o's neighbor1 b also on acc\nt ( its inord9at5ess1 z /at$ above 9 ?is ,article4 ,n[ x is n all[$ to make use ( any?+ inord9ate 9 ord] to w>d (f injury or defects f ano!r3 z nei!r is x lawful to /eal 9 ord] to give an alms1 except p]haps 9 a case ( necessity :5 all ?+s are common4 ,!re=e x is n lawful to tell a lie 9 ord] to deliv] ano!r f any dang] :atev]4 ,nev]!less x is lawful to hide ! tru? prud5tly1 by keep+ x back1 z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,m5d4 x74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,a man does n lie1 s long z he has a m9d to d :at he promises1 because he does n speak contr>y to :at he has 9 m9d3 b if he does n keep 8 promise1 he seems to act )\t fai? 9 *ang+ 8 m9d4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 be excus$ = two reasons4 ,fir/1 if he has promis$ some?+ evid5tly unlawful1 because he s9n$ 9 promise1 & did well to *ange 8 m9d4 ,secondly1 if circum/ances h *ang$ ) reg>d to p]sons & ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,=1 z ,s5eca /ates 7,de ,b5ef4 iv71 = a man to be b\nd to keep a promise1 x is necess>y = ev]y?+ to rema9 un*ang$3 o!rwise nei!r did he lie 9 promis+--s9ce he promis$ :at he _h 9 8 m9d1 due circum/ances be+ tak5 = grant$--nor 0 he fai?less 9 n keep+ 8 promise1 because circum/ances are no long] ! same4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le1 ?\gh he did n g to ,cor9?1 :i!r he _h promis$ to g 7#b ,cor4 #a71 did n lie1 because ob/acles _h aris5 :i* prev5t$ him4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,an action may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 itself1 secondly1 ) reg>d to ! ag5t4 ,accord+ly a jocose lie1 f ! v g5us ( ! action1 is ( a nature to deceive2 al?\gh 9 ! int5tion ( ! speak] x is n told to deceive1 nor does x deceive by ! way x is told4 ,nor is !re any simil>ity 9 ! hyp]bolical or any k9d ( figurative expressions1 ) :i* we meet 9 ,holy ,writ3 because1 z ,augu/9e says 7,lib4 ,de ,m5d4 v71 x is n a lie to d or say a ?+ figuratively3 because e /atem5t mu/ be ref]r$ to ! ?+ /at$3 & :5 a ?+ is done or said figuratively1 x /ates :at ^? to :om x is t5d]$ und]/& x to signify4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,e ,lie ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t e lie is a mortal s94 ,= x is writt5 7,ps4 #f3g73 ,?\ wilt de/roy all t speak a lie1 & 7,wis4 #a3aa73 ,! m\? t belie? kille? ! s\l4 ,n[ mortal s9 alone causes de/ruction & dea? ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e e lie is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is aga9/ a precept ( ! decalogue is a mortal s94 ,n[ ly+ is aga9/ ?is precept ( ! decalogue3 ,?\ %alt n be> false witness4 ,!re=e e lie is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 i1 #cf73 ,e li> breaks 8 fai? 9 ly+1 s9ce =soo? he wi%es ! p]son to :om he lies to h fai? 9 him1 & yet he does n keep fai? ) him1 :5 he lies to him3 & :oev] breaks 8 fai? is guilty ( iniquity4 ,n[ no "o is said to break 8 fai? or to be guilty ( iniquity1 = a v5ial s94 ,!re=e no lie is a v5ial s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! et]nal rew>d is n lo/ save = a mortal s94 ,n[1 = a lie ! et]nal rew>d 0 lo/1 be+ ex*ang$ = a temporal me$4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 xviii7 t we le>n f ! rew>d ( ! midwives :at ! s9 ( ly+ des]ves3 s9ce ! rew>d :i* !y des]v$ = _! k9dness1 & :i* !y might h receiv$ 9 et]nal life1 dw9dl$ into a temporal me$ on acc\nt ( ! lie ( :i* !y 7 guilty4 ,!re=e ev5 an (fici\s lie1 su* z 0 t ( ! midwives1 :i* seem+ly is ! lea/ ( lies1 is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,lib4 ,de ,m5d4 xvii7 t x is a precept ( p]fection1 n only n to lie at all1 b n ev5 to wi% to lie4 ,n[ x is a mortal s9 to act aga9/ a precept4 ,!re=e e lie ( ! p]fect is a mortal s93 & consequ5tly s also is a lie told by anyone else1 o!rwise ! p]fect w\ld be worse (f ?an o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says on ,ps4 #e3g1 ,?\ wilt de/roy1 etc43 ,!re are two k9ds ( lie1 t are n griev\sly s9ful yet are n devoid ( s91 :5 we lie ei!r 9 jok+1 or = ! sake ( our neighbor's good4 ,b e mortal s9 is griev\s4 ,!re=e jocose & (fici\s lies are n mortal s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,a mortal s9 is1 prop]ly speak+1 "o t is contr>y to *>ity :]eby ! s\l lives 9 union ) ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #ab2 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #c74 ,n[ a lie may be contr>y to *>ity 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 9 itself2 secondly1 9 respect ( ! evil int5d$2 ?irdly1 accid5tally4 ,a lie may be 9 itself contr>y to *>ity by reason ( its false signification4 ,= if ?is be ab\t div9e ?+s1 x is contr>y to ! *>ity ( ,god1 ^: tru? "o hides or corrupts by su* a lie2 s t a lie ( ?is k9d is oppos$ n only to ! virtue ( *>ity1 b also to ! virtues ( fai? & religion3 :]e=e x is a mo/ griev\s & a mortal s94 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! false signification be ab\t some?+ ! k ( :i* affects a man's good1 = in/ance if x p]ta9 to ! p]fection ( sci5ce or to moral conduct1 a lie ( ?is description inflicts an injury on "o's neighbor1 s9ce x causes him to h a false op9ion1 :]e=e x is contr>y to *>ity1 z reg>ds ! love ( our neighbor1 & consequ5tly is a mortal s94 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! false op9ion eng5d]$ by ! lie be ab\t "s matt] ! k ( :i* is ( no consequ5ce1 !n ! lie 9 "q does no h>m to "o's neighbor2 = in/ance1 if a p]son be deceiv$ z to "s cont+5t p>ticul>s t d n conc]n him4 ,:]e=e a lie ( ?is k9d1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is n a mortal s94 ,z reg>ds ! end 9 view1 a lie may be contr>y to *>ity1 ?r\gh be+ told ) ! purpose ( injur+ ,god1 & ?is is always a mortal s91 = x is oppos$ to religion2 or 9 ord] to injure "o's neighbor1 9 8 p]son1 8 possessions or 8 good "n1 & ?is also is a mortal s91 s9ce x is a mortal s9 to injure "o's neighbor1 & "o s9s mortally if "o has m]ely ! int5tion ( committ+ a mortal s94 ,b if ! end int5d$ be n contr>y to *>ity1 nei!r w ! lie1 consid]$ "u ?is aspect1 be a mortal s91 z 9 ! case ( a jocose lie1 :]e "s little pleasure is int5d$1 or 9 an (fici\s lie1 :]e ! good also ( "o's neighbor is int5d$4 ,accid5tally a lie may be contr>y to *>ity by reason ( sc&al or any o!r injury result+ !refrom3 & ?us aga9 x w be a mortal s91 = in/ance if a man 7 n det]r$ ?r\gh sc&al f ly+ publicly4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passages quot$ ref] to ! mis*iev\s lie1 z a gloss expla9s ! words ( ,ps4 #e3g1 ,?\ wilt de/roy all t speak a lie4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce all ! precepts ( ! decalogue are direct$ to ! love ( ,god & our neighbor1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dd1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,a4 #e1 ad #a71 a lie is contr>y to a precept ( ! decalogue1 9 s f> z x is contr>y to ! love ( ,god & our neighbor4 ,h5ce x is expressly =bidd5 to be> false witness aga9/ our neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 a v5ial s9 c be call$ iniquity 9 a broad s5se1 9 s f> z x is beside ! equity ( ju/ice2 :]e=e x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3d73 ,e s9 is iniquity 99,vulg43 ',& s9 is iniquity4'4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,augu/9e is speak+4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! lie ( ! midwives may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/ z reg>ds _! feel+ ( k9dl9ess t[>ds ! ,jews1 & _! rev]5ce & fe> ( ,god1 = :i* _! virtu\s disposition is comm5d$4 ,= ?is an et]nal rew>d is due4 ,:]e=e ,j]ome 79 8 exposition ( ,isa4 #fe3ba1 ',& !y %all build h\ses'7 expla9s t ,god built !m spiritual h\ses4 ,secondly1 x may be consid]$ ) reg>d to ! ext]nal act ( ly+4 ,= !reby !y c\ld m]it1 n inde$ et]nal rew>d1 b p]haps "s temporal me$1 ! des]v+ ( :i* 0 n inconsi/5t ) ! de=mity ( _! lie1 ?\gh ?is 0 inconsi/5t ) _! m]it+ an et]nal rew>d4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we mu/ und]/& ! words ( ,gregory1 & n t !y m]it$ by t lie to lose ! et]nal rew>d z ?\gh !y _h already m]it$ x by _! prec$+ k9dl9ess1 z ! objection und]/&s ! words to mean4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,"s say t = ! p]fect e lie is a mortal s94 ,b ?is ass]tion is unreasonable4 ,= no circum/ance causes a s9 to be inf9itely m griev\s unless x transf]s x to ano!r species4 ,n[ a circum/ance ( p]son does n transf] a s9 to ano!r species1 except p]haps by reason ( some?+ annex$ to t p]son1 = in/ance if x be aga9/ 8 v[3 & ?is _c apply to an (fici\s or jocose lie4 ,:]e=e an (fici\s or a jocose lie is n a mortal s9 9 p]fect m51 except p]haps accid5tally on acc\nt ( sc&al4 ,we may take 9 ?is s5se ! say+ ( ,augu/9e t x is a precept ( p]fection n only n to lie at all1 b n ev5 to wi% to lie3 al?\gh ,augu/9e says ?is n positively b dubi\sly1 = he beg9s by say+3 ,unless p]haps x is a precept1 etc4 ,nor does x matt] t !y are plac$ 9 a position to safegu>d ! tru?3 because !y are b\nd to safegu>d ! tru? by virtue ( _! (fice 9 judg+ or tea*+1 & if !y lie 9 ^! matt]s _! lie w be a mortal s93 b x does n foll[ t !y s9 mortally :5 !y lie 9 o!r matt]s4 ,,"q #aaa ,,( ,,dissimulation ,,& ,,hypocrisy 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,9 due sequ5ce we mu/ consid] dissimulation & hypocrisy4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r all dissimulation is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r hypocrisy is dissimulation8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is oppos$ to tru?8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,all ,dissimulation ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t n all dissimulation is a s94 ,= x is writt5 7,luke #bd3bh7 t our ,"l pret5d$ ,d\ay3 'made z ?\gh' he w\ld g f>!r2 & ,ambrose 9 8 book on ! ,patri>*s 7,de ,abraham i7 says ( ,abraham t he spoke craftily to 8 s]vants1 :5 he said 7,g54 #bb3e73 ,i & ! boy w g ) spe$ z f> z yond]1 & aft] we h wor%ipp$1 w return to y4 ,n[ to pret5d & to speak craftily savor ( dissimulation3 & yet x is n to be said t !re 0 s9 9 ,*ri/ or ,abraham4 ,!re=e n all dissimulation is a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no s9 is pr(itable4 ,b accord+ to ,j]ome1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,gal4 #b3aa1 ,:5 ,pet] ,vulg43 ',cephas' 0 come to ,antio*3--,! example ( ,jehu1 k+ ( ,israel1 :o slew ! prie/ ( ,baal1 pret5d+ t he desir$ to wor%ip idols1 %\ld tea* u t dissimulation is useful & sometimes to be employ$2 & ,david *ang$ 8 c\nt5ance be=e ,a*is1 k+ ( ,ge? 7#a ,k+s #ba3ac74 ,!re=e n all dissimulation is a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 good is contr>y to evil4 ,!re=e if x is evil to simulate good1 x is good to simulate evil4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 9 condemnation ( c]ta9 p 7,isa4 #c3i73 ,!y h proclaim$ abroad _! s9 z ,sodom1 & !y h n hid x4 ,n[ x p]ta9s to dissimulation to hide "o's s94 ,!re=e x is repreh5sible sometimes n to simulate4 ,b x is nev] repreh5sible to avoid s94 ,!re=e dissimulation is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,isa4 #af3ad1 ,9 ?ree ye>s1 etc41 says3 ,( ! two evils x is less to s9 op5ly ?an to simulate hol9ess4 ,b to s9 op5ly is always a s94 ,!re=e dissimulation is always a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #a71 x belongs to ! virtue ( tru? to %[ oneself outw>dly by outw>d signs to be su* z "o is4 ,n[ outw>d signs are n only words1 b also de$s4 ,accord+ly j z x is contr>y to tru? to signify by words some?+ diff]5t f t :i* is 9 "o's m9d1 s also is x contr>y to tru? to employ signs ( de$s or ?+s to signify ! contr>y ( :at is 9 oneself1 & ?is is :at is prop]ly d5ot$ by dissimulation4 ,consequ5tly dissimulation is prop]ly a lie told by ! signs ( outw>d de$s4 ,n[ x matt]s n :e!r "o lie 9 ^w or 9 any o!r way1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #b74 ,:]e=e1 s9ce e lie is a s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #c71 x foll[s t also all dissimulation is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,,qq4 ,evang4 ii71 ,to pret5d is n always a lie3 b only :5 ! pret5se has no signification1 !n x is a lie4 ,:51 h[ev]1 our pret5se ref]s to "s signification1 !re is no lie1 b a repres5tation ( ! tru?4 ,& he cites figures ( spee* z an example1 :]e a ?+ is pret5d$1 = we d n mean x to be tak5 lit]ally b z a figure ( some?+ else t we wi% to say4 ,9 ?is way our ,"l pret5d$ ,he w\ld g f>!r1 because ,he act$ z if wi%+ to g f>!r2 9 ord] to signify some?+ figuratively ei!r because ,he 0 f> f _! fai?1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 xxiii 9 ,ev472 or1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,,qq4 ,evang4 ii71 because1 z ,he 0 ab\t to g f>!r away f !m by asc5d+ into heav51 ,he 01 s to speak1 held back on e>? by _! hospitality4 ,abraham also spoke figuratively4 ,:]e=e ,ambrose 7,de ,abraham i7 says t ,abraham =etold :at he knew n3 = he int5d$ to return alone aft] sacrific+ 8 son3 b by 8 m\? ! ,"l express$ :at ,he 0 ab\t to d4 ,x is evid5t !re=e t nei!r dissembl$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j]ome employs ! t]m simulation 9 a broad s5se = any k9d ( pret5se4 ,david's *ange ( c\nt5ance 0 a figurative pret5se1 z a gloss obs]ves 9 comm5t+ on ! title ( ,ps4 #cc1 ,i w bless ! ,"l at all times4 ,!re is no ne$ to excuse ,jehu's dissimulation f s9 or lie1 because he 0 a wick$ man1 s9ce he dep>t$ n f ! idolatry ( ,j]oboam 7#d ,k+s #aj3bi1 #ca74 ,& yet he is prais$ )al & receiv$ an e>?ly rew>d f ,god1 n = 8 dissimulation1 b = 8 zeal 9 de/roy+ ! wor%ip ( ,baal4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s say t no "o may pret5d to be wick$1 because no "o pret5ds to be wick$ by do+ good de$s1 & if he d evil de$s1 he is evil4 ,b ?is argum5t proves no?+4 ,because a man might pret5d to be evil1 by do+ :at is n evil 9 itself b has "s appe>ance ( evil3 & nev]!less ?is dissimulation is evil1 bo? because x is a lie1 & because x gives sc&al2 & al?\gh he is wick$ on ?is acc\nt1 yet 8 wick$ness is n ! wick$ness he simulates4 ,& because dissimulation is evil 9 itself1 its s9fulness is n d]iv$ f ! ?+ simulat$1 :e!r ?is be good or evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,j z a man lies :5 he signifies by ^w t :i* he is n1 yet lies n :5 he refra9s f say+ :at he is1 = ?is is sometimes lawful2 s also does a man dissemble1 :5 by outw>d signs ( de$s or ?+s he signifies t :i* he is n1 yet he dissembles n if he omits to signify :at he is4 ,h5ce "o may hide "o's s9 )\t be+ guilty ( dissimulation4 ,x is ?us t we mu/ und]/& ! say+ ( ,j]ome on ! words ( ,isa4 #c3i1 t ! second rem$y aft] %ipwreck is to hide "o's s91 le/1 to wit1 o!rs be sc&aliz$ !reby4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,hypocrisy ,is ! ,same ,z ,dissimulation8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t hypocrisy is n ! same z dissimulation4 ,= dissimulation consi/s 9 ly+ by de$s4 ,b !re may be hypocrisy 9 %[+ outw>dly :at "o does inw>dly1 accord+ to ,matt4 #f3b1 ,:5 ?\ do/ an alms-de$ s\nd n a trumpet be=e !e1 z ! hypocrites d4 ,!re=e hypocrisy is n ! same z dissimulation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #g73 ,"s !re are :o we> ! habit ( hol9ess1 yet are unable to atta9 ! m]it ( p]fection4 ,we mu/ by no means deem ^! to h jo9$ ! ranks ( ! hypocrites1 s9ce x is "o ?+ to s9 f weakness1 & ano!r to s9 f malice4 ,n[ ^? :o we> ! habit ( hol9ess1 )\t atta9+ ! m]it ( p]fection1 are dissembl]s1 s9ce ! outw>d habit signifies works ( p]fection4 ,!re=e dissimulation is n ! same z hypocrisy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hypocrisy consi/s 9 ! m]e int5tion4 ,= our ,"l says ( hypocrites 7,matt4 #bc3e7 t all _! works !y d = to be se5 ( m53 & ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #g7 t !y nev] consid] :at x is t !y d1 b h[ by _! e action !y may please m54 ,b dissimulation consi/s1 n 9 ! m]e int5tion1 b 9 ! outw>d action3 :]e=e a gloss on ,job #cf3ac1 ,dissembl]s & crafty m5 prove ! wra? ( ,god1 says t ! dissembl] simulates "o ?+ & does ano!r3 he pret5ds *a/ity1 & delights 9 lewdness1 he makes a %[ ( pov]ty & fills 8 purse4 ,!re=e hypocrisy is n ! same z dissimulation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 x73 ',hypocrite' is a ,greek ^w correspond+ to ! ,lat9 'simulator1' = :]eas he is evil )91 he %[s himself outw>dly z be+ good2 hypo d5ot+ falsehood1 & krisis1 judgm5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,isidore says 7,etym4 x71 ! ^w hypocrite is d]iv$ f ! appe>ance ( ^? :o come on to ! /age ) a disguis$ face1 by *ang+ ! color ( _! complexion1 s z to imitate ! complexion ( ! p]son !y simulate1 at "o "t "u ! guise ( a man1 at ano!r "u ! guise ( a woman1 s z to deceive ! p 9 _! act+4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 ii7 t j z hypocrites by simulat+ o!r p]sons act ! p>ts ( ^? !y are n 7s9ce he t acts ! "p ( ,agamemnon is n t man himself b pret5ds to be71 s too 9 ! ,*ur* & 9 e dep>tm5t ( human life1 :oev] wi%es to seem :at he is n is a hypocrite3 = he pret5ds to be j )\t be+ s 9 reality4 ,we mu/ conclude1 !re=e1 t hypocrisy is dissimulation1 n1 h[ev]1 any =m ( dissimulation1 b only :5 "o p]son simulates ano!r1 z :5 a s9n] simulates ! p]son ( a j man4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! outw>d de$ is a natural sign ( ! int5tion4 ,accord+ly :5 a man does good works p]ta9+ by _! g5us to ! s]vice ( ,god1 & seeks by _! means to please1 n ,god b man1 he simulates a "r int5tion :i* he has n4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,moral47 t hypocrites make ,god's int]e/s subs]vi5t to worldly purposes1 s9ce by mak+ a %[ ( sa9tly conduct !y seek1 n to turn m5 to ,god1 b to draw to !mselves ! applause ( _! approval3 & s !y make a ly+ pret5se ( hav+ a good int5tion1 :i* !y h n1 al?\gh !y d n pret5d to d a good de$ )\t do+ x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! habit ( hol9ess1 = in/ance ! religi\s or ! cl]ical habit1 signifies a /ate :]eby "o is b\nd to p]=m works ( p]fection4 ,& s :5 a man puts on ! habit ( hol9ess1 ) ! int5tion ( ent]+ ! /ate ( p]fection1 if he fail ?r\gh weakness1 he is n a dissembl] or a hypocrite1 because he is n b\nd to disclose 8 s9 by lay+ aside ! habit ( hol9ess4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he 7 to put on ! habit ( hol9ess 9 ord] to make a %[ ( righte\sness1 he w\ld be a hypocrite & a dissembl]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 dissimulation1 z 9 a lie1 !re are two ?+s3 "o by way ( sign1 ! o!r by way ( ?+ signifi$4 ,accord+ly ! evil int5tion 9 hypocrisy is consid]$ z a ?+ signifi$1 :i* does n tally ) ! sign3 & ! outw>d words1 or de$s1 or any s5sible objects are consid]$ 9 e dissimulation & lie z a sign4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,hypocrisy ,is ,contr>y to ! ,virtue ( ,tru?8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t hypocrisy is n contr>y to ! virtue ( tru?4 ,= 9 dissimulation or hypocrisy !re is a sign & a ?+ signifi$4 ,n[ ) reg>d to nei!r ( ^! does x seem to be oppos$ to any special virtue3 = a hypocrite simulates any virtue1 & by means ( any virtu\s de$s1 su* z fa/+1 pray] & alms de$s1 z /at$ 9 ,matt4 #f3a-ah4 ,!re=e hypocrisy is n specially oppos$ to ! virtue ( tru?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all dissimulation seems to proce$ f guile1 :]e=e x is oppos$ to simplicity4 ,n[ guile is oppos$ to prud5ce z above /at$ 7,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e1 hypocrisy :i* is dissimulation is n oppos$ to tru?1 b r to prud5ce or simplicity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! species ( moral acts is tak5 f _! end4 ,n[ ! end ( hypocrisy is ! acquisition ( ga9 or va+lory3 :]e=e a gloss on ,job #bg3h1 ,:at is ! hope ( ! hypocrite1 if ?r\gh covet\sness he take by viol5ce1 says3 ,a hypocrite or1 z ! ,lat9 has x1 a dissimulator1 is a covet\s ?ief3 = ?r\gh desire ( be+ honor$ = hol9ess1 ?\gh guilty ( wick$ness1 he /eals praise = a life :i* is n 84 99,! quotation is f ,/4 ,gregory's ,moralia1 ,bk ,,xviii4 ,!re=e s9ce covet\sness or va+lory is n directly oppos$ to tru?1 x seems t nei!r is hypocrisy or dissimulation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,all dissimulation is a lie1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ a lie is directly oppos$ to tru?4 ,!re=e dissimulation or hypocrisy is also4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,metaph4 text4 #ac1 #bd1 x71 contr>iety is opposition z reg>ds =m1 i4e4 ! specific =m4 ,accord+ly we mu/ reply t dissimulation or hypocrisy may be oppos$ to a virtue 9 two ways1 9 "o way directly1 9 ano!r way indirectly4 ,its direct opposition or contr>iety is to be consid]$ ) reg>d to ! v species ( ! act1 & ?is species dep5ds on t act's prop] object4 ,:]e=e s9ce hypocrisy is a k9d ( dissimulation1 :]eby a man simulates a "* :i* is n 81 z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ article1 x foll[s t x is directly oppos$ to tru? :]eby a man %[s himself 9 life & spee* to be :at he is1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #g4 ,! indirect opposition or contr>iety ( hypocrisy may be consid]$ 9 relation to any accid5t1 = in/ance a remote end1 or an in/rum5t ( action1 or any?+ else ( t k9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! hypocrite 9 simulat+ a virtue reg>ds x z 8 end1 n 9 respect ( its exi/5ce1 z ?\gh he wi%$ to h x1 b 9 respect ( appe>ance1 s9ce he wi%es to seem to h x4 ,h5ce 8 hypocrisy is n oppos$ to t virtue1 b to tru?1 inasmu* z he wi%es to deceive m5 ) reg>d to t virtue4 ,& he p]=ms acts ( t virtue1 n z int5d+ !m = _! own sake1 b in/rum5tally1 z signs ( t virtue1 :]e=e 8 hypocrisy has n1 on t acc\nt1 a direct opposition to t virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ee1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d1 #e71 ! vice directly oppos$ to prud5ce is cunn+1 to :i* x belongs to discov] ways ( a*iev+ a purpose1 t are app>5t & n real3 :ile x accompli%es t purpose1 by guile 9 words1 & by fraud 9 de$s3 & x /&s 9 relation to prud5ce1 z guile & fraud to simplicity4 ,n[ guile & fraud are direct$ *iefly to deception1 & sometimes second>ily to injury4 ,:]e=e x belongs directly to simplicity to gu>d oneself f deception1 & 9 ?is way ! virtue ( simplicity is ! same z ! virtue ( tru? z /at$ above 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #b1 ad #d74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a m]e logical diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 because by tru? we mean ! concordance betwe5 sign & ?+ signifi$1 :ile simplicity indicates t "o does n t5d to diff]5t ?+s1 by int5d+ "o ?+ inw>dly1 & pret5d+ ano!r outw>dly4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ga9 or glory is ! remote end ( ! dissembl] z also ( ! li>4 ,h5ce x does n take its species f ?is end1 b f ! proximate end1 :i* is to %[ oneself o!r ?an "o is4 ,:]e=e x sometimes happ5s to a man to pret5d great ?+s ( himself1 = no fur!r purpose ?an ! m]e lu/ ( hypocrisy1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g71 & z also we h said above ) reg>d to ly+ 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,hypocrisy ,is ,always a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t hypocrisy is always a mortal s94 ,= ,j]ome says on ,isa4 #af3ad3 ,( ! two evils x is less to s9 op5ly ?an to simulate hol9ess3 & a gloss on ,job #a3ba 99,/4 ,augu/9e1 on ,ps4 #fc3g1 ,z x ha? pleas$ ! ,"l1 etc41 says t pret5d$ ju/ice is no ju/ice1 b a tw(old s93 & aga9 a gloss on ,lam4 #d3f1 ,! iniquity 4 4 4 ( my p is made great] ?an ! s9 ( ,sodom1 says3 ,he deplores ! s9s ( ! s\l t falls into hypocrisy1 :i* is a great] iniquity ?an ! s9 ( ,sodom4 ,n[ ! s9s ( ,sodom are mortal s94 ,!re=e hypocrisy is always a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #h7 t hypocrites s9 out ( malice4 ,b ?is is mo/ griev\s1 = x p]ta9s to ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e a hypocrite always s9s mortally4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o des]ves ! ang] ( ,god & exclusion f see+ ,god1 save on acc\nt ( mortal s94 ,n[ ! ang] ( ,god is des]v$ ?r\gh hypocrisy accord+ to ,job #cf3ac1 ,dissembl]s & crafty m5 prove ! wra? ( ,god3 & ! hypocrite is exclud$ f see+ ,god1 accord+ to ,job #ac3af1 ,no hypocrite %all come be=e ,8 pres5ce4 ,!re=e hypocrisy is always a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hypocrisy is ly+ by de$ s9ce x is a k9d ( dissimulation4 ,b x is n always a mortal s9 to lie by de$4 ,nei!r !re=e is all hypocrisy a mortal s94 ,fur!r1 ! int5tion ( a hypocrite is to appe> to be good4 ,b ?is is n contr>y to *>ity4 ,!re=e hypocrisy is n ( itself a mortal s94 ,fur!r1 hypocrisy is born ( va+lory1 z ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag74 ,b va+lory is n always a mortal s94 ,nei!r !re=e is hypocrisy4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re are two ?+s 9 hypocrisy1 lack ( hol9ess1 & simulation !re(4 ,accord+ly if by a hypocrite we mean a p]son ^: int5tion is direct$ to bo? ! above1 "o1 namely1 :o c>es n to be holy b only to appe> s1 9 :i* s5se ,sacr$ ,scripture is wont to use ! t]m1 x is evid5t t hypocrisy is a mortal s93 = no "o is entirely depriv$ ( hol9ess save ?r\gh mortal s94 ,b if by a hypocrite we mean "o :o int5ds to simulate hol9ess1 :i* he lacks ?r\gh mortal s91 !n1 al?\gh he is 9 mortal s91 :]eby he is depriv$ ( hol9ess1 yet1 9 8 case1 ! dissimulation itself is n always a mortal s91 b sometimes a v5ial s94 ,?is w dep5d on ! end 9 view2 = if ?is be contr>y to ! love ( ,god or ( 8 neighbor1 x w be a mortal s93 = in/ance if he 7 to simulate hol9ess 9 ord] to dissem9ate false doctr9e1 or t he may obta9 ecclesia/ical pref]m5t1 ?\gh unwor?y1 or t he may obta9 any temporal good 9 :i* he fixes 8 end4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! end int5d$ be n contr>y to *>ity1 x w be a v5ial s91 z = in/ance :5 a man takes pleasure 9 ! pret5se itself3 ( su* a man x is said 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #g t he w\ld seem to be va9 r ?an evil2 = ! same applies to simulation z to a lie4 ,x happ5s also sometimes t a man simulates ! p]fection ( hol9ess :i* is n necess>y = spiritual welf>e4 ,simulation ( ?is k9d is nei!r a mortal s9 always1 nor is x always associat$ ) mortal s94 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,"q #aab ,,( ,,boa/+ 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] boa/+ & irony1 :i* are p>ts ( ly+ accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g74 ,"u ! fir/ head1 namely1 boa/+1 !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,to :i* virtue is x oppos$8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aab1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,boa/+ ,is ,oppos$ to ! ,virtue ( ,tru?8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t boa/+ is n oppos$ to ! virtue ( tru?4 ,= ly+ is oppos$ to tru?4 ,b x is possible to boa/ ev5 )\t ly+1 z :5 a man makes a %[ ( 8 own excell5ce4 ,?us x is writt5 7,e/h] #a3c1 #d7 t ,assu]us made a great fea/ 4 4 4 t he might %[ ! ri*es ( ! glory & ( 8 k+dom1 & ! greatness & boa/+ ( 8 p[]4 ,!re=e boa/+ is n oppos$ to ! virtue ( tru?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 boa/+ is reckon$ by ,gregory 7,moral4 xxiii1 #d7 to be "o ( ! f\r species ( pride1 :51 to wit1 a man boa/s ( hav+ :at he has n4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,j]4 #dh3bi1 #cj73 ,we h he>d ! pride ( ,moab1 he is exce$+ pr\d3 8 haught9ess1 & 8 arrogancy1 & 8 pride1 & ! l(t9ess ( 8 he>t4 ,i "k1 sai? ! ,"l1 8 boa/+1 & t ! /r5g? !re( is n accord+ to x4 ,moreov]1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #g7 t boa/+ arises f va+lory4 ,n[ pride & va+lory are oppos$ to ! virtue ( humility4 ,!re=e boa/+ is oppos$1 n to tru?1 b to humility4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 boa/+ seems to be occasion$ by ri*es2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,wis4 #e3h73 ,:at ha? pride pr(it$ u8 or :at advantage ha? ! boa/+ ( ri*es br\ght u8 ,n[ excess ( ri*es seems to belong to ! s9 ( covet\sness1 :i* is oppos$ to ju/ice or lib]ality4 ,!re=e boa/+ is n oppos$ to tru?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g2 iv1 #g71 t boa/+ is oppos$ to tru?4 ,i answ] t1 ,jactantia 7boa/+7 seems prop]ly to d5ote ! uplift+ ( self by words3 s9ce if a man wi%es to ?r[ 7jact>e7 a ?+ f> away1 he lifts x up high4 ,& to uplift oneself1 prop]ly speak+1 is to talk ( oneself above oneself 99,or 'tall-talk+' z we %\ld say 9 ,engli%4 ,?is happ5s 9 two ways4 ,= sometimes a man speaks ( himself1 n above :at he is 9 himself1 b above t :i* he is e/eem$ by m5 to be3 & ?is ! ,apo/le decl9es to d :5 he says 7#b ,cor4 #ab3f73 ,i =be> le/ any man %\ld ?9k ( me above t :i* he see? 9 me1 or any?+ he he>e? ( me4 ,9 ano!r way a man uplifts himself 9 words1 by speak+ ( himself above t :i* he is 9 reality4 ,& s9ce we %\ld judge ( ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 r ?an z o!rs deem !m to be1 x foll[s t boa/+ d5otes m prop]ly ! uplift+ ( self above :at "o is 9 oneself1 ?an ! uplift+ ( self above :at o!rs ?9k ( "o3 al?\gh 9 ei!r case x may be call$ boa/+4 ,h5ce boa/+ prop]ly s call$ is oppos$ to tru? by way ( excess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t takes boa/+ z exce$+ m5's op9ion4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! s9 ( boa/+ may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! species ( ! act1 & ?us x is oppos$ to tru?2 z /at$ 79 ! body ( ! article & ,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b74 ,secondly1 ) reg>d to its cause1 f :i* m frequ5tly ?\gh n always x arises3 & ?us x proce$s f pride z its inw>dly mov+ & impell+ cause4 ,= :5 a man is uplift$ inw>dly by arrogance1 x (t5 results t outw>dly he boa/s ( great ?+s ab\t himself2 ?\gh sometimes a man takes to boa/+1 n f arrogance1 b f "s k9d ( vanity1 & delights !re91 because he is a boa/] by habit4 ,h5ce arrogance1 :i* is an uplift+ ( self above oneself1 is a k9d ( pride2 yet x is n ! same z boa/+1 b is v (t5 its cause4 ,= ?is reason ,gregory reckons boa/+ among ! species ( pride4 ,moreov]1 ! boa/] frequ5tly aims at obta9+ glory ?r\gh 8 boa/+1 & s1 accord+ to ,gregory1 x arises f va+lory consid]$ z its end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,weal? also causes boa/+1 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z an occasional cause1 inasmu* z a man prides himself on 8 ri*es4 ,h5ce 7,prov4 #h3ah7 ri*es are significantly describ$ z pr\d ,d\ay3 'glori\s'4 ,secondly1 z be+ ! end ( boa/+1 s9ce accord+ to ,e?ic4 iv1 #g1 "s boa/1 n only = ! sake ( glory1 b also = ! sake ( ga94 ,su* p inv5t /ories ab\t !mselves1 s z to make pr(it !reby2 = in/ance1 !y pret5d to be skill$ 9 m$ic9e1 wisdom1 or div9ation4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aab1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,boa/+ ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t boa/+ is a mortal s94 ,= x is writt5 7,prov4 #bh3be73 ,he t boa/e?1 & puffe? himself1 /irre? up qu>rels4 ,n[ x is a mortal s9 to /ir up qu>rels1 s9ce ,god hates ^? t s[ discord1 accord+ to ,prov4 #f3ai4 ,!re=e boa/+ is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is =bidd5 9 ,god's law is a mortal s94 ,n[ a gloss on ,ecclus4 #f3b1 ,extol n ?yself 9 ! ?\ghts ( ?y s\l1 says3 ,?is is a prohibition ( boa/+ & pride4 ,!re=e boa/+ is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 boa/+ is a k9d ( lie4 ,b x is nei!r an (fici\s nor a jocose lie4 ,?is is evid5t f ! end ( ly+2 = accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g71 ! boa/] pret5ds to some?+ great] ?an he is1 sometimes = no fur!r purpose1 sometimes = ! sake ( glory or honor1 sometimes = ! sake ( money4 ,?us x is evid5t t x is nei!r an (fici\s nor a jocose lie1 & consequ5tly x mu/ be a mis*iev\s lie4 ,!re=e seem+ly x is always a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,boa/+ arises f va+lory1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag74 ,n[ va+lory is n always a mortal s91 b is sometimes a v5ial s9 :i* only ! v p]fect avoid4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 viii1 #cj7 t x belongs to ! v p]fect1 by outw>d de$s s to seek ! glory ( _! au?or1 t !y are n inw>dly uplift$ by ! praise aw>d$ !m4 ,!re=e boa/+ is n always a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #d71 a mortal s9 is "o t is contr>y to *>ity4 ,accord+ly boa/+ may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 itself1 z a lie1 & ?us x is sometimes a mortal1 & sometimes a v5ial s94 ,x w be a mortal s9 :5 a man boa/s ( t :i* is contr>y to ,god's glory--?us x is said 9 ! p]son ( ! k+ ( ,tyre 7,eze*4 #bh3b73 ,?y he>t is lift$ up1 & ?\ ha/ said3 ,i am ,god--or contr>y to ! love ( our neighbor1 z :5 a man :ile boa/+ ( himself breaks out into invectives aga9/ o!rs1 z told ( ! ,ph>isee :o said 7,luke #ah3aa73 ,i am n z ! re/ ( m51 extortion]s1 unju/1 adult]]s1 z also is ?is publican4 ,sometimes x is a v5ial s91 :51 to wit1 a man boa/s ( ?+s t are aga9/ nei!r ,god nor 8 neighbor4 ,secondly1 x may be consid]$ ) reg>d to its cause1 namely1 pride1 or ! desire ( ga9 or ( va+lory3 & !n if x proce$s f pride or f su* va+lory z is a mortal s91 !n ! boa/+ w also be a mortal s93 o!rwise x w be a v5ial s94 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a man breaks out into boa/+ ?r\gh desire ( ga91 & = ?is v reason he w\ld seem to be aim+ at ! deception & injury ( 8 neighbor3 :]e=e boa/+ ( ?is k9d is m likely to be a mortal s94 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g7 t a man :o boa/s = ! sake ( ga91 is vil] ?an "o :o boa/s = ! sake ( glory or honor4 ,yet x is n always a mortal s9 because ! ga9 may be su* z n to injure ano!r man4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to boa/ 9 ord] to /ir qu>rels is a mortal s94 ,b x happ5s sometimes t boa/s are ! cause ( qu>rels1 n int5tionally b accid5tally3 & consequ5tly boa/+ w n be a mortal s9 on t acc\nt4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is gloss speaks ( boa/+ z aris+ f pride t is a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,boa/+ does n always involve a mis*iev\s lie1 b only :]e x is contr>y to ! love ( ,god or our neighbor1 ei!r 9 itself or 9 its cause4 ,t a man boa/1 ?r\gh m]e pleasure 9 boa/+1 is an inane ?+ to d1 z ! ,philosoph] rem>ks 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g73 :]e=e x am\nts to a jocose lie4 ,unless p]*ance he 7 to pref] ?is to ! love ( ,god1 s z to contemn ,god's comm&m5ts = ! sake ( boa/+3 = !n x w\ld be aga9/ ! *>ity ( ,god1 9 ,:om alone ought our m9d to re/ z 9 its la/ end4 ,to boa/ = ! sake ( glory or ga9 seems to involve an (fici\s lie3 provid$ x be done )\t injury to o!rs1 = !n x w\ld at once become a mis*iev\s lie4 ,,"q #aac ,,irony99 7,9 ,two ,articles7 99,irony "h mu/ be giv5 ! signification ( ! ,greek eironia1 :5ce x is d]iv$3 dissimulation ( "o's own good po9ts4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] irony1 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r irony is a s98 7#b7 ,( its comp>ison ) boa/+4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,irony ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t irony1 :i* consi/s 9 belittl+ oneself1 is n a s94 ,= no s9 arises f "o's be+ /r5g!n$ by ,god3 & yet ?is leads "o to belittle oneself1 accord+ to ,prov4 #cj3a1 #b3 ,! vision :i* ! man spoke1 ) :om is ,god1 & :o be+ /r5g!n$ by ,god1 abid+ ) him1 said1 ,i am ! mo/ fooli% ( m54 ,also x is writt5 7,amos #g3ad73 ,amos answ]$ 4 4 4 ,i am n a prophet4 ,!re=e irony1 :]eby a man belittles himself 9 words1 is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 9 a lett] to ,augu/9e1 bi%op ( ! ,engli% 7,regi/4 xii73 ,x is ! m>k ( a well-dispos$ m9d to ackn[l$ge "o's fault :5 "o is n guilty4 ,b all s9 is inconsi/5t ) a well-dispos$ m9d4 ,!re=e irony is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is n a s9 to %un pride4 ,b "s belittle !mselves 9 words1 s z to avoid pride1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g74 ,!re=e irony is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,apo/41 ,s]m4 xxix73 ,if ?\ lie/ on acc\nt ( humility1 if ?\ w]t n a s9n] be=e ly+1 ?\ ha/ become "o by ly+4 ,i answ] t1 ,to speak s z to belittle oneself may occur 9 two ways4 ,fir/ s z to safegu>d tru?1 z :5 a man conceals ! great] ?+s 9 himself1 b discov]s & ass]ts less] ?+s ( himself ! pres5ce ( :i* 9 himself he p]ceives4 ,to belittle oneself 9 ?is way does n belong to irony1 nor is x a s9 9 respect ( its g5us1 except ?r\gh corruption ( "o ( its circum/ances4 ,secondly1 a p]son belittles himself by =sak+ ! tru?1 = in/ance by ascrib+ to himself some?+ mean ! exi/5ce ( :i* 9 himself he does n p]ceive1 or by d5y+ some?+ great ( himself1 :i* nev]!less he p]ceives himself to possess3 ?is p]ta9s to irony1 & is always a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is a tw(old wisdom & a tw(old folly4 ,= !re is a wisdom accord+ to ,god1 :i* has human or worldly folly annex$ to x1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #c3ah1 ,if any man among y seem to be wise 9 ?is _w1 let him become a fool t he may be wise4 ,b !re is ano!r wisdom t is worldly1 :i* z ! same text goes on to say1 is fooli%ness ) ,god4 ,accord+ly1 he t is /r5g!n$ by ,god ackn[l$ges himself to be mo/ fooli% 9 ! e/imation ( m51 because1 to wit1 he despises human ?+s1 :i* human wisdom seeks4 ,h5ce ! text quot$ cont9ues1 & ! wisdom ( m5 is n ) me1 & f>!r on1 & ,i h kn[n ! sci5ce ( ! sa9ts 99,vulg43 '& ,i h n kn[n ! sci5ce ( ! sa9ts'4 ,x may also be repli$ t ! wisdom ( m5 is t :i* is acquir$ by human reason1 :ile ! wisdom ( ! sa9ts is t :i* is receiv$ by div9e inspiration4 ,amos d5i$ t he 0 a prophet by bir?1 s9ce1 to wit1 he 0 n ( ! race ( prophets3 h5ce ! text goes on1 nor am ,i ! son ( a prophet4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x belongs to a well-dispos$ m9d t a man t5d to p]fect righte\sness1 & consequ5tly deem himself guilty1 n only if he fall %ort ( common righte\sness1 :i* is truly a s91 b also if he fall %ort ( p]fect righte\sness1 :i* sometimes is n a s94 ,b he does n call s9ful t :i* he does n ackn[l$ge to be s9ful3 :i* w\ld be a lie ( irony4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a man %\ld n commit "o s9 9 ord] to avoid ano!r3 & s he ought n to lie 9 any way at all 9 ord] to avoid pride4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xliii 9 ,joan473 ,%un n arrogance s z to =sake tru?3 & ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxvi1 #c7 t x is a reckless humility t entangles itself ) lies4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aac1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,irony ,is a ,less ,griev\s ,s9 ,?an ,boa/+8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t irony is n a less griev\s s9 ?an boa/+4 ,= ea* ( !m is a s9 ?r\gh =sak+ tru?1 :i* is a k9d ( equality4 ,b "o does n =sake tru? by exce$+ x any m ?an by dim9i%+ x4 ,!re=e irony is n a less griev\s s9 ?an boa/+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g71 irony sometimes is boa/+4 ,b boa/+ is n irony4 ,!re=e irony is n a less griev\s s9 ?an boa/+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #bf3be73 ,:5 he %all speak l[1 tru/ him n3 because !re are sev5 mis*iefs 9 8 he>t4 ,n[ x belongs to irony to speak l[4 ,!re=e x conta9s a manifold wick$ness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g73 ,^? :o speak ) irony & belittle !mselves are m graci\s1 seem+ly1 9 _! mann]s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,,aa4 #b1 #d71 "o lie is m griev\s ?an ano!r1 sometimes on acc\nt ( ! matt] :i* x is ab\t--?us a lie ab\t a matt] ( religi\s doctr9e is mo/ griev\s--& sometimes on acc\nt ( ! motive = s9n+2 ?us a mis*iev\s lie is m griev\s ?an an (fici\s or jocose lie4 ,n[ irony & boa/+ lie ab\t ! same matt]1 ei!r by words1 or by any o!r outw>d signs1 namely1 ab\t matt]s affect+ ! p]son3 s t 9 ?is respect !y are equal4 ,b = ! mo/ "p boa/+ proce$s f a vil] motive1 namely1 ! desire ( ga9 or honor3 :]eas irony arises f a man's av]s5ess1 albeit inord9ate1 to be disagreeable to o!rs by uplift+ himself3 & 9 ?is respect ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g7 t boa/+ is a m griev\s s9 ?an irony4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x happ5s t a man belittles himself = "s o!r motive1 = in/ance t he may deceive cunn+ly3 & !n irony is m griev\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t applies to irony & boa/+1 accord+ z a lie is consid]$ to be griev\s 9 itself or on acc\nt ( its matt]3 = x has be5 said t 9 ?is way !y are equal4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,excell5ce is tw(old3 "o is 9 temporal1 ! o!r 9 spiritual ?+s4 ,n[ x happ5s at times t a p]son1 by outw>d words or signs1 pret5ds to be lack+ 9 ext]nal ?+s1 = in/ance by we>+ %abby clo!s1 or by do+ some?+ ( ! k9d1 & t he int5ds by s do+ to make a %[ ( "s spiritual excell5ce4 ,?us our ,"l said ( c]ta9 m5 7,matt4 #f3af7 t !y disfigure _! faces t !y may appe> unto m5 to fa/4 ,:]e=e su* p]sons are guilty ( bo? vices1 irony & boa/+1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t respects1 & = ?is reason !y s9 m griev\sly4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g7 t x is ! practice ( boa/]s bo? to make ov]mu* ( !mselves1 & to make v little ( !mselves3 & = ! same reason x is relat$ ( ,augu/9e t he 0 unwill+ to possess clo!s t 7 ei!r too co/ly or too %abby1 because by bo? d m5 seek glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ! words ( ,ecclus4 #ai3bc1 ,!re is "o t humble? himself wick$ly1 & 8 int]ior is full ( deceit1 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ,solomon speaks ( ! man :o1 ?r\gh deceitful humility1 speaks l[ wick$ly4 ,,"q #aad ,,( ,,! ,,fri5dl9ess ,,:i* ,,is ,,call$ ,,affability 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! fri5dl9ess :i* is call$ affability1 & ! opposite vices :i* are flatt]y & qu>rel+4 ,conc]n+ fri5dl9ess or affability1 !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is a special virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a "p ( ju/ice8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,fri5dl9ess ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t fri5dl9ess is n a special virtue4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #c7 t ! p]fect fri5d%ip is t :i* is on acc\nt ( virtue4 ,n[ any virtue is ! cause ( fri5d%ip3 s9ce ! good is lovable to all1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,!re=e fri5dl9ess is n a special virtue1 b a consequ5ce ( e virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #f7 ( ?is k9d ( fri5d t he takes ev]y?+ 9 a "r mann] bo? f ^? he loves & f ^? :o are n 8 fri5ds4 ,n[ x seems to p]ta9 to simulation t a p]son %\ld %[ signs ( fri5d%ip to ^? :om he loves n1 & ?is is incompatible ) virtue4 ,!re=e ?is k9d ( fri5dl9ess is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 virtue obs]ves ! mean accord+ z a wise man decides 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,n[ x is writt5 7,eccles4 #g3e73 ,! he>t ( ! wise is :]e !re is m\rn+1 & ! he>t ( fools :]e !re is mir?3 :]e=e x belongs to a virtu\s man to be mo/ w>y ( pleasure 7,e?ic4 ii1 #i74 ,n[ ?is k9d ( fri5d%ip1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #f71 is ess5tially desir\s ( %>+ pleasures1 b fe>s to give pa94 ,!re=e ?is k9d ( fri5dl9ess is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! precepts ( ! law are ab\t acts ( virtue4 ,n[ x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #d3g73 ,make ?yself affable to ! congregation ( ! poor4 ,!re=e affability1 :i* is :at we mean by fri5d%ip1 is a special virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #c71 s9ce virtue is direct$ to good1 :]ev] !re is a special k9d ( good1 !re mu/ ne$s be a special k9d ( virtue4 ,n[ good consi/s 9 ord]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #b74 ,& x behooves man to be ma9ta9$ 9 a becom+ ord] t[>ds o!r m5 z reg>ds _! mutual relations ) "o ano!r1 9 po9t ( bo? de$s & words1 s t !y behave t[>ds "o ano!r 9 a becom+ mann]4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( a special virtue t ma9ta9s ! becom+ness ( ?is ord]3 & ?is virtue is call$ fri5dl9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] speaks ( a tw(old fri5d%ip 9 8 ,e?ics4 ,"o consi/s *iefly 9 ! affection :]eby "o man loves ano!r & may result f any virtue4 ,we h /at$ above1 9 treat+ ( *>ity 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a2 ,,qq4 #be1 #bf71 :at ?+s belong to ?is k9d ( fri5d%ip4 ,b he m5tions ano!r fri5dl9ess1 :i* consi/s m]ely 9 outw>d words or de$s2 ?is has n ! p]fect nature ( fri5d%ip1 b be>s a c]ta9 lik5ess !reto1 9 s f> z a man behaves 9 a becom+ mann] t[>ds ^? ) :om he is 9 contact4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,e man is naturally e man's fri5d by a c]ta9 g5]al love2 ev5 s x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ac3ai7 t e bea/ love? its l4 ,?is love is signifi$ by signs ( fri5d%ip1 :i* we %[ outw>dly by words or de$s1 ev5 to ^? :o are /rang]s or unkn[n to u4 ,h5ce !re is no dissimulation 9 ?is3 because we d n %[ !m signs ( p]fect fri5d%ip1 = we d n treat /rang]s ) ! same intimacy z ^? :o are unit$ to u by special fri5d%ip4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 x is said t ! he>t ( ! wise is :]e !re is m\rn+ x is n t he may br+ sorr[ to 8 neighbor1 = ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ad3ae73 ,if1 because ( ?y meat1 ?y bro!r be griev$1 ?\ walke/ n n[ accord+ to *>ity3 b t he may br+ consolation to ! sorr[ful1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #g3ch1 ,be n want+ 9 com=t+ !m t weep1 & walk ) !m t m\rn4 ,aga91 ! he>t ( fools is :]e !re is mir?1 n t !y may gladd5 o!rs1 b t !y may enjoy o!rs' gladness4 ,accord+ly1 x belongs to ! wise man to %>e 8 pleasures ) ^? among :om he dwells1 n lu/ful pleasures1 :i* virtue %uns1 b hone/ pleasures1 accord+ to ,ps4 #acb3a1 ,behold h[ good & h[ pleasant x is = bre?r5 to dwell toge!r 9 unity4 ,nev]!less1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #f71 = ! sake ( "s good t w result1 or 9 ord] to avoid "s evil1 ! virtu\s man w sometimes n %r9k f br++ sorr[ to ^? among :om he lives4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #g3h73 ,al?\gh ,i made y sorr[ful by my epi/le1 ,i d n rep5t1 & fur!r on 7#b ,cor4 #g3i71 ,i am glad2 n because y 7 made sorr[ful1 b because y 7 made sorr[ful unto rep5tance4 ,= ?is reason we %\ld n %[ a *e]ful face to ^? :o are giv5 to s91 9 ord] t we may please !m1 le/ we seem to cons5t to _! s91 & 9 a way enc\rage !m to s9 fur!r4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #g3bf73 ,ha/ ?\ daught]s8 ,h a c>e ( _! body1 & %[ n ?y c\nt5ance gay t[>ds !m4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,?is ,k9d ( ,fri5d%ip ,is a ,"p ( ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ?is k9d ( fri5d%ip is n a "p ( ju/ice4 ,= ju/ice consi/s 9 giv+ ano!r man 8 due4 ,b ?is virtue does n consi/ 9 do+ t1 b 9 behav+ agreeably t[>ds ^? among :om we live4 ,!re=e ?is virtue is n a "p ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #f71 ?is virtue is conc]n$ ab\t ! joys & sorr[s ( ^? :o dwell 9 fell[%ip4 ,n[ x belongs to temp]ance to mod]ate ! greate/ pleasures1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ?is virtue is a "p ( temp]ance r ?an ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to give equal ?+s to ^? :o are unequal is contr>y to ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ei1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,n[1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #f71 ?is virtue treats 9 l mann] kn[n & unkn[n1 companions & /rang]s4 ,!re=e ?is virtue r ?an be+ a "p ( ju/ice is oppos$ !reto4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,macrobius 7,de ,somno ,scip4 i7 acc\nts fri5d%ip a "p ( ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,?is virtue is a "p ( ju/ice1 be+ annex$ to x z to a pr9cipal virtue4 ,because 9 common ) ju/ice x is direct$ to ano!r p]son1 ev5 z ju/ice is3 yet x falls %ort ( ! notion ( ju/ice1 because x lacks ! full aspect ( debt1 :]eby "o man is b\nd to ano!r1 ei!r by legal debt1 :i* ! law b9ds him to pay1 or by "s debt aris+ out ( a favor receiv$4 ,= x reg>ds m]ely a c]ta9 debt ( equity1 namely1 t we behave pleasantly to ^? among :om we dwell1 unless at times1 = "s reason1 x be necess>y to displease !m = "s good purpose4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z we h said above 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a71 because man is a social animal he owes 8 fell[-man1 9 equity1 ! manife/ation ( tru? )\t :i* human society c\ld n la/4 ,n[ z man c\ld n live 9 society )\t tru?1 s likewise1 n )\t joy1 because1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii71 no "o c\ld abide a day ) ! sad nor ) ! joyless4 ,!re=e1 a c]ta9 natural equity obliges a man to live agreeably ) 8 fell[-m52 unless "s reason %\ld oblige him to sadd5 !m = _! good4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x belongs to temp]ance to curb pleasures ( ! s5ses4 ,b ?is virtue reg>ds ! pleasures ( fell[%ip1 :i* h _! orig9 9 ! reason1 9 s f> z "o man behaves becom+ly t[>ds ano!r4 ,su* pleasures ne$ n to be curb$ z ?\gh !y 7 noisome4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is say+ ( ! ,philosoph] does n mean t "o ought to conv]se & behave 9 ! same way ) acqua9tances & /rang]s1 s9ce1 z he says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #f71 x is n fitt+ to please & displease intimate fri5ds & /rang]s 9 ! same way4 ,?is lik5ess consi/s 9 ?is1 t we ought to behave t[>ds all 9 a fitt+ mann]4 ,,"q #aae ,,( ,,flatt]y 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to ! a=esaid virtue3 7#a7 ,flatt]y1 & 7#b7 ,qu>rel+4 ,conc]n+ flatt]y !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r flatt]y is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aae1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,flatt]y ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t flatt]y is n a s94 ,= flatt]y consi/s 9 words ( praise (f]$ to ano!r 9 ord] to please him4 ,b x is n a s9 to praise a p]son1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ca3bh1 ,h] *ildr5 rose up & call$ h] bless$3 h] husb&1 & he prais$ h]4 ,moreov]1 !re is no evil 9 wi%+ to please o!rs1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #aj3cc1 ,i 4 4 4 9 all ?+s please all m54 ,!re=e flatt]y is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 evil is contr>y to good1 & blame to praise4 ,b x is n a s9 to blame evil4 ,nei!r1 !n1 is x a s9 to praise good1 :i* seems to belong to flatt]y4 ,!re=e flatt]y is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 detraction is contr>y to flatt]y4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxii1 #e7 t detraction is a rem$y aga9/ flatt]y4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 says he1 t by ! wond]ful mod]ation ( our ,rul]1 we are (t5 all[$ to be r5t by detractions b are uplift$ by immod]ate praise1 s t :om ! voice ( ! flatt]] upraises1 ! tongue ( ! detractor may humble4 ,b detraction is an evil1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #gc1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,!re=e flatt]y is a good4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,eze*4 #ac3ah1 ,woe to !m t sew cu%ions "u e elb[1 says1 t is to say1 sweet flatt]y4 ,!re=e flatt]y is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c71 al?\gh ! fri5d%ip ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 or affability1 int5ds *iefly ! pleasure ( ^? among :om "o lives1 yet x does n fe> to displease :5 x is a "q ( obta9+ a c]ta9 good1 or ( avoid+ a c]ta9 evil4 ,accord+ly1 if a man 7 to wi% always to speak pleasantly to o!rs1 he w\ld exce$ ! mode ( pleas+1 & w\ld !re=e s9 by excess4 ,if he d ?is ) ! m]e int5tion ( pleas+ he is said to be complaisant1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #f73 :]eas if he d x ) ! int5tion ( mak+ "s ga9 out ( x1 he is call$ a flatt]] or adulator4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! t]m flatt]y is wont to be appli$ to all :o wi% to exce$ ! mode ( virtue 9 pleas+ o!rs by words or de$s 9 _! ord9>y behavior t[>ds _! fell[s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"o may praise a p]son bo? well & ill1 accord+ z "o obs]ves or omits ! due circum/ances4 ,= if :ile obs]v+ o!r due circum/ances "o 7 to wi% to please a p]son by prais+ him1 9 ord] !reby to console him1 or t he may /rive to make progress 9 good1 ?is w belong to ! a=esaid virtue ( fri5d%ip4 ,b x w\ld belong to flatt]y1 if "o wi%$ to praise a p]son = ?+s 9 :i* he ought n to be prais$2 s9ce p]haps !y are evil1 accord+ to ,ps4 #i3bd1 ,! s9n] is prais$ 9 ! desires ( 8 s\l2 or !y may be unc]ta91 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #bg3h1 ,praise n a man be=e he speake?1 & aga9 7,ecclus4 #aa3b71 ,praise n a man = 8 beauty2 or because !re may be fe> le/ human praise %\ld incite him to va+lory1 :]e=e x is writt51 7,ecclus4 #aa3cj71 ,praise n any man be=e dea?4 ,aga91 9 l mann] x is "r to wi% to please a man 9 ord] to fo/] *>ity1 s t he may make spiritual progress !re94 ,b x w\ld be s9ful to wi% to please m5 = ! sake ( va+lory or ga91 or to please !m 9 some?+ evil1 accord+ to ,ps4 #eb3f1 ,god ha? scatt]$ ! bones ( !m t please m51 & accord+ to ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7,gal4 #a3aj71 ,if ,i yet pleas$ m51 ,i %\ld n be ! s]vant ( ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 to blame evil is s9ful1 if due circum/ances be n obs]v$2 & s too is x to praise good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no?+ h9d]s two vices be+ contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,:]e=e ev5 z detraction is evil1 s is flatt]y1 :i* is contr>y !reto z reg>ds :at is said1 b n directly z reg>ds ! end4 ,because flatt]y seeks to please ! p]son flatt]$1 :]eas ! detractor seeks n ! displeasure ( ! p]son defam$1 s9ce at times he defames him 9 secret1 b seeks r 8 defamation4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aae1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,flatt]y ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t flatt]y is a mortal s94 ,=1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,en*iridion xii71 a ?+ is evil because x is h>mful4 ,b flatt]y is mo/ h>mful1 accord+ to ,ps4 #i3bd1 ,= ! s9n] is prais$ 9 ! desires ( 8 s\l1 & ! unju/ man is bless$4 ,! s9n] ha? provok$ ! ,"l4 ,:]e=e ,j]ome says 7,ep4 ad ,celant73 ,no?+ s easily corrupts ! human m9d z flatt]y3 & a gloss on ,ps4 #fi3d1 ,let !m be pres5tly turn$ away blu%+ = %ame t say to me3 ',tis well1 ',tis well1 says3 ,! tongue ( ! flatt]] h>ms m ?an ! sword ( ! p]secutor4 ,!re=e flatt]y is a mo/ griev\s s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] does h>m by words1 h>ms himself no less ?an o!rs3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ps4 #cf3ae73 ,let _! sword ent] into _! own he>ts4 ,n[ he t flatt]s ano!r induces him to s9 mortally3 h5ce a gloss on ,ps4 #adj3e1 ,let n ! oil ( ! s9n] fatt5 my head1 says3 ,! false praise ( ! flatt]] s(t5s ! m9d by depriv+ x ( ! rigidity ( tru? & r5d]s x susceptive ( vice4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 does ! flatt]] s9 9 himself4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 9 ! ,decretals 7,d4 ,,xlvi1 ,cap4 #c73 ,! cl]ic :o %all be f\nd to sp5d 8 "t 9 flatt]y & trea*]y %all be degrad$ f 8 (fice4 ,n[ su* a puni%m5t z ?is is n inflict$ save = mortal s94 ,!re=e flatt]y is a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 9 a s]mon on ,purgatory 7xli1 de ,sanctis7 reckons among slight s9s1 if "o desire to flatt] any p]son ( high] /&+1 :e!r ( "o's own *oice1 or out ( necessity4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #b71 a mortal s9 is "o t is contr>y to *>ity4 ,n[ flatt]y is sometimes contr>y to *>ity & sometimes n4 ,x is contr>y to *>ity 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 by reason ( ! v matt]1 z :5 "o man praises ano!r's s93 = ?is is contr>y to ! love ( ,god1 aga9/ ,^: ju/ice he speaks1 & contr>y to ! love ( 8 neighbor1 :om he enc\rages to s94 ,:]e=e ?is is a mortal s91 accord+ to ,isa4 #e3bj4 ,woe to y t call evil good4 ,secondly1 by reason ( ! int5tion1 z :5 "o man flatt]s ano!r1 s t by deceiv+ him he may injure him 9 body or 9 s\l2 ?is is also a mortal s91 & ( ?is x is writt5 7,prov4 #bg3f73 ,bett] are ! w\nds ( a fri5d ?an ! deceitful kisses ( an enemy4 ,?irdly1 by way ( occasion1 z :5 ! praise ( a flatt]]1 ev5 )\t 8 int5d+ x1 becomes to ano!r an occasion ( s94 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y to consid]1 :e!r ! occasion 7 giv5 or tak51 & h[ griev\s ! consequ5t d[nfall1 z may be und]/ood f :at has be5 said above conc]n+ sc&al 7,q4 #dc1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o man flatt]s ano!r f ! m]e crav+ to please o!rs1 or aga9 9 ord] to avoid "s evil1 or to acquire some?+ 9 a case ( necessity1 ?is is n contr>y to *>ity4 ,consequ5tly x is n a mortal b a v5ial s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passages quot$ speak ( ! flatt]] :o praises ano!r's s94 ,flatt]y ( ?is k9d is said to h>m m ?an ! sword ( ! p]secutor1 s9ce x does h>m to goods t are ( great] consequ5ce1 namely1 spiritual goods4 ,yet x does n h>m s efficaci\sly1 s9ce ! sword ( ! p]secutor slays effectively1 be+ a suffici5t cause ( dea?2 :]eas no "o by flatt]+ c be a suffici5t cause ( ano!r's s9n+1 z 0 %[n above 7,q4 #dc1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gc1 ,a4 #h1 ad #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hj1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t applies to "o t flatt]s ) ! int5tion ( do+ h>m3 = su* a man h>ms himself m ?an o!rs1 s9ce he h>ms himself1 z ! suffici5t cause ( s9n+1 :]eas he is only ! occasional cause ( ! h>m he does to o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! passage quot$ ref]s to ! man :o flatt]s ano!r trea*]\sly1 9 ord] to deceive him4 ,,"q #aaf ,,( ,,qu>rel+ 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] qu>rel+2 conc]n+ :i* !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is oppos$ to ! virtue ( fri5d%ip8 7#b7 ,( its comp>ison ) flatt]y8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,qu>rel+ ,is ,oppos$ to ! ,virtue ( ,fri5d%ip or ,affability8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t qu>rel+ is n oppos$ to ! virtue ( fri5d%ip or affability4 ,= qu>rel+ seems to p]ta9 to discord1 j z cont5tion does4 ,b discord is oppos$ to *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cg1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e qu>rel+ is also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #bf3ba73 ,an angry man /irre? up /rife4 ,n[ ang] is oppos$ to meekness4 ,!re=e /rife or qu>rel+ is also4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,james #d3a73 ,f :5ce are w>s & qu>rels ,d\ay3 'cont5tions' among y8 ,are !y n h5ce1 f y\r concupisc5ces :i* w> 9 y\r memb]s8 ,n[ x w\ld seem contr>y to temp]ance to foll[ "o's concupisc5ces4 ,!re=e x seems t qu>rel+ is oppos$ n to fri5d%ip b to temp]ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] opposes qu>rel+ to fri5d%ip 7,e?ic4 iv1 #f74 ,i answ] t1 ,qu>rel+ consi/s prop]ly 9 words1 :51 namely1 "o p]son contradicts ano!r's words4 ,n[ two ?+s may be obs]v$ 9 ?is contradiction4 ,= sometimes contradiction arises on acc\nt ( ! p]son :o speaks1 ! contradictor refus+ to cons5t ) him f lack ( t love :i* unites m9ds toge!r1 & ?is seems to p]ta9 to discord1 :i* is contr>y to *>ity4 ,:]eas at times contradiction arises by reason ( ! speak] be+ a p]son to :om someone does n fe> to be disagreeable3 :5ce arises qu>rel+1 :i* is oppos$ to ! a=esaid fri5d%ip or affability1 to :i* x belongs to behave agreeably t[>ds ^? among :om we dwell4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #f7 t ^? :o are oppos$ to ev]y?+ ) ! int5t ( be+ disagreeable1 & c>e = nobody1 are said to be peevi% & qu>relsome4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,cont5tion p]ta9s r to ! contradiction ( discord1 :ile qu>rel+ belongs to ! contradiction :i* has ! int5tion ( displeas+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! direct opposition ( virtues to vices dep5ds1 n on _! causes1 s9ce "o vice may arise f _m causes1 b on ! species ( _! acts4 ,& al?\gh qu>rel+ arises at times f ang]1 x may arise f _m o!r causes1 h5ce x does n foll[ t x is directly oppos$ to meekness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,james speaks !re ( concupisc5ce consid]$ z a g5]al evil :5ce all vices arise4 ,?us1 a gloss on ,rom4 #g3g says3 ,! law is good1 s9ce by =bidd+ concupisc5ce1 x =bids all evil4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,qu>rel+ ,is a ,m ,griev\s ,s9 ,?an ,flatt]y8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t qu>rel+ is a less griev\s s9 ?an ! contr>y vice1 viz4 adulation or flatt]y4 ,= ! m h>m a s9 does ! m griev\s x seems to be4 ,n[ flatt]y does m h>m ?an qu>rel+1 = x is writt5 7,isa4 #c3ab73 ,o ,my p1 !y t call !e bless$1 ! same deceive !e1 & de/roy ! way ( ?y /eps4 ,!re=e flatt]y is a m griev\s s9 ?an qu>rel+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 !re appe>s to be a c]ta9 am\nt ( deceit 9 flatt]y1 s9ce ! flatt]] says "o ?+1 & ?9ks ano!r3 :]eas ! qu>relsome man is )\t deceit1 = he contradicts op5ly4 ,n[ he t s9s deceitfully is a vil] man1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f74 ,!re=e flatt]y is a m griev\s s9 ?an qu>rel+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 %ame is fe> ( :at is vile1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #i74 ,b a man is m a%am$ to be a flatt]] ?an a qu>rel]4 ,!re=e qu>rel+ is a less griev\s s9 ?an flatt]y4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! m a s9 is inconsi/5t ) ! spiritual /ate1 ! m x appe>s to be griev\s4 ,n[ qu>rel+ seems to be m inconsi/5t ) ! spiritual /ate3 = x is writt5 7#a ,tim4 #c3b1 #c7 t x behoove? a bi%op to be 4 4 4 n qu>relsome2 & 7#b ,tim4 #c3bd73 ,! s]vant ( ! ,"l mu/ n wrangle4 ,!re=e qu>rel+ seems to be a m griev\s s9 ?an flatt]y4 ,i answ] t1 ,we c speak ( ea* ( ^! s9s 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way we may consid] ! species ( ei!r s91 & ?us ! m a vice is at v>iance ) ! opposite virtue ! m griev\s x is4 ,n[ ! virtue ( fri5d%ip has a great] t5d5cy to please ?an to displease3 & s ! qu>relsome man1 :o exce$s 9 giv+ displeasure s9s m griev\sly ?an ! adulator or flatt]]1 :o exce$s 9 giv+ pleasure4 ,9 ano!r way we may consid] !m z reg>ds c]ta9 ext]nal motives1 & ?us flatt]y is sometimes m griev\s1 = in/ance :5 "o int5ds by deception to acquire undue honor or ga93 :ile sometimes qu>rel+ is m griev\s2 = in/ance1 :5 "o int5ds ei!r to d5y ! tru?1 or to hold up ! speak] to contempt4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z ! flatt]] may d h>m by deceiv+ secretly1 s ! qu>rel] may d h>m sometimes by assail+ op5ly4 ,n[1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x is m griev\s to h>m a p]son op5ly1 by viol5ce z x 71 ?an secretly4 ,:]e=e robb]y is a m griev\s s9 ?an !ft1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ff1 ,a4 #i74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 human acts1 ! m griev\s is n always ! m vile4 ,= ! comel9ess ( a man has its s\rce 9 8 reason3 :]e=e ! s9s ( ! fle%1 :]eby ! fle% enslaves ! reason1 are vil]1 al?\gh spiritual s9s are m griev\s1 s9ce !y proce$ f great] contempt4 ,9 l mann]1 s9s t are committ$ ?r\gh deceit are vil]1 9 s f> z !y seem to arise f a c]ta9 weakness1 & f a c]ta9 fals5ess ( ! reason1 al?\gh s9s t are committ$ op5ly proce$ sometimes f a great] contempt4 ,h5ce flatt]y1 ?r\gh be+ accompani$ by deceit1 seems to be a vil] s92 :ile qu>rel+1 ?r\gh proce$+ f great] contempt1 is app>5tly m griev\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 9 ! objection1 %ame reg>ds ! vil5ess ( a s92 :]e=e a man is n always m a%am$ ( a m griev\s s91 b ( a vil] s94 ,h5ce x is t a man is m a%am$ ( flatt]y ?an ( qu>rel+1 al?\gh qu>rel+ is m griev\s4 ,,"q #aag ,,( ,,lib]ality 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] lib]ality & ! opposite vices1 namely1 covet\sness & prodigality4 ,conc]n+ lib]ality !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r lib]ality is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:at is its matt]8 7#c7 ,( its act2 7#d7 ,:e!r x p]ta9s !reto to give r ?an to take8 7#e7 ,:e!r lib]ality is a "p ( ju/ice8 7#f7 ,( its comp>ison ) o!r virtues4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aag1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,lib]ality ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t lib]ality is n a virtue4 ,= no virtue is contr>y to a natural incl9ation4 ,n[ x is a natural incl9ation = "o to provide = oneself m ?an = o!rs3 & yet x p]ta9s to ! lib]al man to d ! contr>y1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a71 x is ! m>k ( a lib]al man n to look to himself1 s t he leaves = himself ! less] ?+s4 ,!re=e lib]ality is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man su/a9s life by means ( ri*es1 & weal? contributes to happ9ess in/rum5tally1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #h4 ,s9ce1 !n1 e virtue is direct$ to happ9ess1 x seems t ! lib]al man is n virtu\s1 = ! ,philosoph] says ( him 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t he is incl9$ nei!r to receive nor to keep money1 b to give x away4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! virtues are connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,b lib]ality does n seem to be connect$ ) ! o!r virtues3 s9ce _m are virtu\s :o _c be lib]al1 = !y h no?+ to give2 & _m give or sp5d lib]ally :o are n virtu\s o!rwise4 ,!re=e lib]ality is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i7 t ! ,gospel conta9s _m in/ances 9 :i* a j lib]ality is inculcat$4 ,n[ 9 ! ,gospel no?+ is taught t does n p]ta9 to virtue4 ,!re=e lib]ality is a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ai71 x belongs to virtue to use well ! ?+s t we c use ill4 ,n[ we may use bo? well & ill1 n only ! ?+s t are )9 u1 su* z ! p[]s & ! passions ( ! s\l1 b also ^? t are )\t1 su* z ! ?+s ( ?is _w t are grant$ u = our livelihood4 ,:]e=e s9ce x belongs to lib]ality to use ^! ?+s well1 x foll[s t lib]ality is a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,ambrose 7,s]m4 lxiv de ,temp47 & ,basil 7,hom4 9 ,luc4 xii1 #ah7 excess ( ri*es is grant$ by ,god to "s1 9 ord] t !y may obta9 ! m]it ( a good /ew>d%ip4 ,b x suffices = "o man to h few ?+s4 ,:]e=e ! lib]al man comm5dably sp5ds m on o!rs ?an on himself4 ,nev]!less we are b\nd to be m provid5t = ourselves 9 spiritual goods1 9 :i* ea* "o is able to look aft] himself 9 ! fir/ place4 ,& yet x does n belong to ! lib]al man ev5 9 temporal ?+s to att5d s mu* to o!rs z to lose sight ( himself & ^? belong+ to him4 ,:]e=e ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i73 ,x is a comm5dable lib]ality n to neglect y\r relatives if y "k !m to be 9 want4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x does n belong to a lib]al man s to give away 8 ri*es t no?+ is left = 8 own support1 nor ! :]e)al to p]=m ^? acts ( virtue :]eby happ9ess is acquir$4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t ! lib]al man does n neglect 8 own1 wi%+ ?us to be ( help to c]ta9 p2 & ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i7 t ,our ,"l does n wi% a man to p\r out 8 ri*es all at once1 b to disp5se !m3 unless he d z ,eliseus did1 :o slew 8 ox5 & f$ ! poor1 t he might n be b\nd by any h\sehold c>es4 ,= ?is belongs to ! /ate ( p]fection1 ( :i* we %all speak f>!r on 7,q4 #ahd2 ,q4 #ahf1 ,a4 #c74 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! v act ( giv+ away "o's possessions lib]ally1 9 s f> z x is an act ( virtue1 is direct$ to happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a71 ^? :o sp5d mu* on intemp]ance are n lib]al b prodigal2 & likewise :oev] sp5ds :at he has = ! sake ( o!r s9s4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i73 ,if y assi/ to rob o!rs ( _! possessions1 y\r hone/y is n to be comm5d$1 nor is y\r lib]ality g5u9e if y give = ! sake ( boa/+ r ?an ( pity4 ,:]e=e ^? :o lack o!r virtues1 ?\gh !y sp5d mu* on c]ta9 evil works1 are n lib]al4 ,aga91 no?+ h9d]s c]ta9 p f sp5d+ mu* on good uses1 )\t hav+ ! habit ( lib]ality3 ev5 z m5 p]=m works ( o!r virtues1 be=e hav+ ! habit ( virtue1 ?\gh n 9 ! same way z virtu\s p1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a74 ,9 l mann] no?+ prev5ts a virtu\s man f be+ lib]al1 al?\gh he be poor4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a73 ,lib]ality is proportionate to a man's sub/ance1 i4e4 8 means1 = x consi/s1 n 9 ! quantity giv51 b 9 ! habit ( ! giv]3 & ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i7 t x is ! he>t t makes a gift ri* or poor1 & gives ?+s _! value4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aag1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,lib]ality ,is ,ab\t ,money8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t lib]ality is n ab\t money4 ,= e moral virtue is ab\t op]ations & passions4 ,n[ x is prop] to ju/ice to be ab\t op]ations1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 v1 #a4 ,!re=e1 s9ce lib]ality is a moral virtue1 x seems t x is ab\t passions & n ab\t money4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to a lib]al man to make use ( any k9d ( weal?4 ,n[ natural ri*es are m real ?an artificial ri*es1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,polit4 i1 #e1 #f74 ,!re=e lib]ality is n *iefly ab\t money4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 diff]5t virtues h diff]5t matt]1 s9ce habits are di/+ui%$ by _! objects4 ,b ext]nal ?+s are ! matt] ( di/ributive & commutative ju/ice4 ,!re=e !y are n ! matt] ( lib]ality4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t lib]ality seems to be a mean 9 ! matt] ( money4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 x belongs to ! lib]al man to "p ) ?+s4 ,h5ce lib]ality is also call$ op5-h&$ness 7l>gitas71 because t :i* is op5 does n )hold ?+s b p>ts ) !m4 ,! t]m lib]ality seems also to allude to ?is1 s9ce :5 a man quits hold ( a ?+ he frees x 7lib]at71 s to speak1 f 8 keep+ & own]%ip1 & %[s 8 m9d to be free ( atta*m5t !reto4 ,n[ ^? ?+s :i* are ! subject ( a man's free-h&$ness t[>ds o!rs are ! goods he possesses1 :i* are d5ot$ by ! t]m money4 ,!re=e ! prop] matt] ( lib]ality is money4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c71 lib]ality dep5ds n on ! quantity giv51 b on ! he>t ( ! giv]4 ,n[ ! he>t ( ! giv] is dispos$ accord+ to ! passions ( love & desire1 & consequ5tly ^? ( pleasure & sorr[1 t[>ds ! ?+s giv54 ,h5ce ! int]ior passions are ! imm$iate matt] ( lib]ality1 :ile ext]ior money is ! object ( ^? same passions4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 9 8 book ,de ,discipl9a ,*ri/i 7,tract4 de div]s1 i71 ev]y?+ :atsoev] man has on e>?1 & :atsoev] he owns1 goes by ! "n ( pecunia 7money71 because 9 old5 times m5's possessions consi/$ entirely ( pecora 7flocks74 ,& ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a73 ,we give ! "n ( money to any?+ t c be valu$ 9 curr5cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ju/ice e/abli%es equality 9 ext]nal ?+s1 b has no?+ to d1 prop]ly speak+1 ) ! regulation ( int]nal passions3 :]e=e money is 9 "o way ! matt] ( lib]ality1 & 9 ano!r way ( ju/ice4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aag1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,us+ ,money ,is ! ,act ( ,lib]ality8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t us+ money is n ! act ( lib]ality4 ,= diff]5t virtues h diff]5t acts4 ,b us+ money is becom+ to o!r virtues1 su* z ju/ice & magnific5ce4 ,!re=e x is n ! prop] act ( lib]ality4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to a lib]al man1 n only to give b also to receive & keep4 ,b receiv+ & keep+ d n seem to be connect$ ) ! use ( money4 ,!re=e us+ money seems to be unsuitably assign$ z ! prop] act ( lib]ality4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! use ( money consi/s n only 9 giv+ x b also 9 sp5d+ x4 ,b ! sp5d+ ( money ref]s to ! sp5d]1 & consequ5tly is n an act ( lib]ality3 = ,s5eca says 7,de ,b5ef4 v73 ,a man is n lib]al by giv+ to himself4 ,!re=e n e use ( money belongs to lib]ality4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a73 ,9 :atev] matt] a man is virtu\s1 he w make ! be/ use ( t matt]3 ,!re=e he t has ! virtue ) reg>d to money w make ! be/ use ( ri*es4 ,n[ su* is ! lib]al man4 ,!re=e ! good use ( money is ! act ( lib]ality4 ,i answ] t1 ,! species ( an act is tak5 f its object1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ ! object or matt] ( lib]ality is money & :atev] has a money value1 z /at$ 9 ! =ego+ ,article 7ad #b74 ,& s9ce e virtue is consi/5t ) its object1 x foll[s t1 s9ce lib]ality is a virtue1 its act is consi/5t ) money4 ,n[ money comes "u ! head ( useful goods1 s9ce all ext]nal goods are direct$ to man's use4 ,h5ce ! prop] act ( lib]ality is mak+ use ( money or ri*es4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x belongs to lib]ality to make good use ( ri*es z su*1 because ri*es are ! prop] matt] ( lib]ality4 ,on ! o!r h& x belongs to ju/ice to make use ( ri*es "u ano!r aspect1 namely1 t ( debt1 9 s f> z an ext]nal ?+ is due to ano!r4 ,& x belongs to magnific5ce to make use ( ri*es "u a special aspect1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z !y are employ$ = ! fulfilm5t ( "s great de$4 ,h5ce magnific5ce /&s 9 relation to lib]ality z some?+ 9 addition !reto1 z we %all expla9 f>!r on 7,q4 #acd74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x belongs to a virtu\s man n only to make good use ( 8 matt] or in/rum5t1 b also to provide opportunities = t good use4 ,?us x belongs to a soldi]'s =titude n only to wield 8 sword aga9/ ! foe1 b also to %>p5 8 sword & keep x 9 its %ea?4 ,?us1 too1 x belongs to lib]ality n only to use money1 b also to keep x 9 prep>ation & safety 9 ord] to make fitt+ use ( x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 7,a4 #b1 ad #a71 ! int]nal passions :]eby man is affect$ t[>ds money are ! proximate matt] ( lib]ality4 ,h5ce x belongs to lib]ality be=e all t a man %\ld n be prev5t$ f mak+ any due use ( money ?r\gh an inord9ate affection = x4 ,n[ !re is a tw(old use ( money3 "o consi/s 9 apply+ x to "o's own use1 & w\ld seem to come "u ! designation ( co/s or exp5diture2 :ile ! o!r consi/s 9 devot+ x to ! use ( o!rs1 & comes "u ! head ( gifts4 ,h5ce x belongs to lib]ality t "o be n h9d]$ by an immod]ate love ( money1 ei!r f sp5d+ x becom+ly1 or f mak+ suitable gifts4 ,!re=e lib]ality is conc]n$ ) giv+ & sp5d+1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a74 ,! say+ ( ,s5eca ref]s to lib]ality z reg>ds giv+3 = a man is n said to be lib]al = ! reason t he gives some?+ to himself4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aag1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,belongs to a ,lib]al ,man ,*iefly to ,give8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t x does n belong to a lib]al man *iefly to give4 ,= lib]ality1 l all o!r moral virtues1 is regulat$ by prud5ce4 ,n[ x seems to belong v mu* to prud5ce t a man %\ld keep 8 ri*es4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t ^? :o h n e>n$ money1 b h receiv$ ! money e>n$ by o!rs1 sp5d x m lib]ally1 because !y h n exp]i5c$ ! want ( x4 ,!re=e x seems t giv+ does n *iefly belong to ! lib]al man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no man is sorry = :at he int5ds *iefly to d1 nor does he cease f do+ x4 ,b a lib]al man is sometimes sorry = :at he has giv51 nor does he give to all1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #a4 ,!re=e x does n belong *iefly to a lib]al man to give4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ord] to accompli% :at he int5ds *iefly1 a man employs all ! ways he c4 ,n[ a lib]al man is n a begg>1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a72 & yet by begg+ he might provide himself ) ! means ( giv+ to o!rs4 ,!re=e x seems t he does n *iefly aim at giv+4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 man is b\nd to look aft] himself r ?an o!rs4 ,b by sp5d+ he looks aft] himself1 :]eas by giv+ he looks aft] o!rs4 ,!re=e x belongs to a lib]al man to sp5d r ?an to give4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t x belongs to a lib]al man to surpass 9 giv+4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is prop] to a lib]al man to use money4 ,n[ ! use ( money consi/s 9 p>t+ ) x4 ,= ! acquisition ( money is l g5]ation r ?an use3 :ile ! keep+ ( money1 9 s f> z x is direct$ to facilitate ! use ( money1 is l a habit4 ,n[ 9 p>t+ ) a ?+--= in/ance1 :5 we ?r[ some?+--! f>!r we put x away ! great] ! =ce 7virtus7 employ$4 ,h5ce p>t+ ) money by giv+ x to o!rs proce$s f a great] virtue ?an :5 we sp5d x on ourselves4 ,b x is prop] to a virtue z su* to t5d to :at is m p]fect1 s9ce virtue is a k9d ( p]fection 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag1 #ah74 ,!re=e a lib]al man is prais$ *iefly = giv+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x belongs to prud5ce to keep money1 le/ x be /ol5 or sp5t uselessly4 ,b to sp5d x usefully is n less b m prud5t ?an to keep x usefully3 s9ce m ?+s h to be consid]$ 9 money's use1 :i* is lik5$ to movem5t1 ?an 9 its keep+1 :i* is lik5$ to re/4 ,z to ^? :o1 hav+ receiv$ money t o!rs h e>n$1 sp5d x m lib]ally1 ?r\gh n hav+ exp]i5c$ ! want ( x1 if _! inexp]i5ce is ! sole cause ( _! lib]al exp5diture !y h n ! virtue ( lib]ality4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ?is inexp]i5ce m]ely removes ! imp$im5t to lib]ality1 s t x makes !m all ! m ready to act lib]ally1 because1 n unfrequ5tly1 ! fe> ( want t results f ! exp]i5ce ( want h9d]s ^? :o h acquir$ money f us+ x up by act+ ) lib]ality2 z does likewise ! love !y h = x z be+ _! own effect1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ 9 ?is & ! prec$+ ,article1 x belongs to lib]ality to make fitt+ use ( money1 & consequ5tly to give x 9 a fitt+ mann]1 s9ce ?is is a use ( money4 ,aga91 e virtue is griev$ by :atev] is contr>y to its act1 & avoids :atev] h9d]s t act4 ,n[ two ?+s are oppos$ to suitable giv+2 namely1 n giv+ :at ought suitably to be giv51 & giv+ some?+ unsuitably4 ,:]e=e ! lib]al man is griev$ at bo?3 b especially at ! =m]1 s9ce x is m oppos$ to 8 prop] act4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 he does n give to all3 s9ce 8 act w\ld be h9d]$ 7 he to give to ev]yone3 = he w\ld n h ! means ( giv+ to ^? to :om x 7 fitt+ = him to give4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,giv+ & receiv+ are relat$ to "o ano!r z action & passion4 ,n[ ! same ?+ is n ! pr9ciple ( bo? action & passion4 ,h5ce1 s9ce lib]ality is a pr9ciple ( giv+1 x does n belong to ! lib]al man to be ready to receive1 & /ill less to beg4 ,h5ce ! v]se3 ,9 ?is _w he t wi%es to be pleas+ to _m ,%\ld give (t51 take seldom1 ask nev]4 ,b he makes provision 9 ord] to give c]ta9 ?+s accord+ z lib]ality requires2 su* are ! fruits ( 8 own possessions1 = he is c>eful ab\t realiz+ !m t he may make a lib]al use !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,to sp5d on oneself is an incl9ation ( nature2 h5ce to sp5d money on o!rs belongs prop]ly to a virtue4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aag1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,lib]ality ,is a ,"p ( ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t lib]ality is n a "p ( ju/ice4 ,= ju/ice reg>ds t :i* is due4 ,n[ ! m a ?+ is due ! less lib]ally is x giv54 ,!re=e lib]ality is n a "p ( ju/ice1 b is incompatible ) x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ju/ice is ab\t op]ation z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #i2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c73 :]eas lib]ality is *iefly ab\t ! love & desire ( money1 :i* are passions4 ,!re=e lib]ality seems to belong to temp]ance r ?an to ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs *iefly to lib]ality to give becom+ly1 z /at$ 7,a4 #d74 ,b giv+ becom+ly belongs to b5efic5ce & m]cy1 :i* p]ta9 to *>ity1 z /ate above 7,,qq4 #cj1 #ca74 ,!re=e lib]ality is a "p ( *>ity r ?an ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i73 ,ju/ice has to d ) ! fell[%ip ( mank9d4 ,= ! notion ( fell[%ip is divid$ into two p>ts1 ju/ice & b5efic5ce1 also call$ lib]ality or k9d-he>t$ness4 ,!re=e lib]ality p]ta9s to ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,lib]ality is n a species ( ju/ice1 s9ce ju/ice pays ano!r :at is 8 :]eas lib]ality gives ano!r :at is "o's own4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two po9ts 9 :i* x agrees ) ju/ice3 fir/1 t x is direct$ *iefly to ano!r1 z ju/ice is2 secondly1 t x is conc]n$ ) ext]nal ?+s1 & s is ju/ice1 albeit "u a diff]5t aspect1 a /at$ 9 ?is ,article & above 7,a4 #b1 ad #c74 ,h5ce x is t lib]ality is reckon$ by "s to be a "p ( ju/ice1 be+ annex$ !reto z to a pr9cipal virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh lib]ality does n consid] ! legal due t ju/ice consid]s1 x consid]s a c]ta9 moral due4 ,?is due is bas$ on a c]ta9 fitt+ness & n on an obligation3 s t x answ]s to ! idea ( due 9 ! l[e/ degree4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,temp]ance is ab\t concupisc5ce 9 pleasures ( ! body4 ,b ! concupisc5ce & delight 9 money is n ref]able to ! body b r to ! s\l4 ,h5ce lib]ality does n prop]ly p]ta9 to temp]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! giv+ ( b5efic5ce & m]cy proce$s f ! fact t a man has a c]ta9 affection t[>ds ! p]son to :om he gives3 :]e=e ?is giv+ belongs to *>ity or fri5d%ip4 ,b ! giv+ ( lib]ality arises f a p]son be+ affect$ 9 a c]ta9 way t[>ds money1 9 t he desires x n nor loves x3 s t :5 x is fitt+ he gives x n only to 8 fri5ds b also to ^? :om he kn[s n4 ,h5ce x belong n to *>ity1 b to ju/ice1 :i* is ab\t ext]nal ?+s4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aag1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,lib]ality ,is ! ,greate/ ( ! ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t lib]ality is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,= e virtue ( man is a lik5ess to ! div9e goodness4 ,n[ man is lik5$ *iefly by lib]ality to ,god1 ,:o give? to all m5 abundantly1 & upbraide? n 7,james #a3e74 ,!re=e lib]ality is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 vi1 #h71 9 ?+s t are great1 b n 9 bulk1 to be greate/ is to be be/4 ,n[ ! nature ( goodness seems to p]ta9 mo/ly to lib]ality1 s9ce ! good is self-communicative1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i7 t ju/ice recl9es to sev]ity1 lib]ality to goodness4 ,!re=e lib]ality is ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 m5 are honor$ & lov$ on acc\nt ( virtue4 ,n[ ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 ii7 t b\nty above all makes a man fam\s3 & ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t among ! virtu\s ! lib]al are ! mo/ belov$4 ,!re=e lib]ality is ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i7 t ju/ice seems to be m excell5t ?an lib]ality1 al?\gh lib]ality is m pleas+4 ,! ,philosoph] also says 7,rhet4 i1 #i7 t brave & j m5 are honor$ *iefly &1 aft] !m1 ^? :o are lib]al4 ,i answ] t1 ,e virtue t5ds t[>ds a good2 :]e=e ! great] virtue is t :i* t5ds t[>ds ! great] good4 ,n[ lib]ality t5ds t[>ds a good 9 two ways3 9 "o way1 prim>ily & ( its own nature2 9 ano!r way1 consequ5tly4 ,prim>ily & ( its v nature x t5ds to set 9 ord] "o's own affection t[>ds ! possession & use ( money4 ,9 ?is way temp]ance1 :i* mod]ates desires & pleasures relat+ to "o's own body1 takes prec$5ce ( lib]ality3 & s d =titude & ju/ice1 :i*1 9 a mann]1 are direct$ to ! common good1 "o 9 "t ( peace1 ! o!r 9 "t ( w>3 :ile all ^! are prec$$ by ^? virtues :i* are direct$ to ! ,div9e good4 ,= ! ,div9e good surpasses all mann] ( human good2 & among human goods ! public good surpasses ! good ( ! individual2 & ( ! la/ nam$ ! good ( ! body surpasses ^? goods t consi/ ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,aga91 lib]ality is orda9$ to a good consequ5tly1 & 9 ?is way x is direct$ to all ! a=esaid goods4 ,= by reason ( 8 n be+ a lov] ( money1 x foll[s t a man readily makes use ( x1 :e!r = himself1 or = ! good ( o!rs1 or = ,god's glory4 ,?us x d]ives a c]ta9 excell5ce f be+ useful 9 _m ways4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we %\ld judge ( ?+s accord+ to t :i* is compet5t to !m prim>ily & 9 respect ( _! nature1 r ?an accord+ to t :i* p]ta9s to !m4 ,consequ5tly1 x rema9s to be said t lib]ality is n ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,god's giv+ proce$s f ,8 love = ^? to :om ,he gives1 n f ,8 affection t[>ds ! ?+s ,he gives1 :]e=e x seems to p]ta9 to *>ity1 ! greate/ ( virtues1 r ?an to lib]ality4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,e virtue %>es ! nature ( goodness by giv+ =? its own act3 & ! acts ( c]ta9 o!r virtues are bett] ?an money :i* lib]ality gives =?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fri5d%ip :]eby a lib]al man is belov$ is n t :i* is bas$ on virtue1 z ?\gh he 7 bett] ?an o!rs1 b t :i* is bas$ on utility1 because he is m useful 9 ext]nal goods1 :i* z a rule m5 desire above all o!rs4 ,= ! same reason he becomes fam\s4 ,,"q #aah ,,( ,,! ,,vices ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,lib]ality1 ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,place1 ,,( ,,covet\sness 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to lib]ality3 & 7#a7 covet\sness2 7#b7 prodigality4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r covet\sness is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special s98 7#c7 ,to :i* virtue x is oppos$2 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#e7 ,:e!r x is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s8 7#f7 ,:e!r x is a s9 ( ! fle% or a spiritual s98 7#g7 ,:e!r x is a capital vice8 7#h7 ,( its daught]s4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aah1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,covet\sness ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t covet\sness is n a s94 ,= covet\sness 7av>itia7 d5otes a c]ta9 gre$ = gold 7a]is aviditas7199 because1 to wit1 x consi/s 9 a desire = money1 "u :i* all ext]nal goods may be compris$4 99,! ,lat9 = covet\sness av>itia is d]iv$ f aveo to desire2 b ! ,greek phil>gyria signifies lit]ally love ( money3 & x is to ?is t ,/4 ,?omas is allud+ 7cf4 ,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #b74 ,n[ x is n a s9 to desire ext]nal goods3 s9ce man desires !m naturally1 bo? because !y are naturally subject to man1 & because by _! means man's life is su/a9$ 7= :i* reason !y are spok5 ( z 8 sub/ance74 ,!re=e covet\sness is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e s9 is aga9/ ei!r ,god1 or "o's neighbor1 or oneself1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #d74 ,b covet\sness is n1 prop]ly speak+1 a s9 aga9/ ,god3 s9ce x is oppos$ nei!r to religion nor to ! !ological virtues1 by :i* man is direct$ to ,god4 ,nor aga9 is x a s9 aga9/ oneself1 = ?is p]ta9s prop]ly to gluttony & lu/1 ( :i* ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #f3ah73 ,he t committe? =nication s9ne? aga9/ 8 own body4 ,9 l mann] nei!r is x app>5tly a s9 aga9/ "o's neighbor1 s9ce a man h>ms no "o by keep+ :at is 8 own4 ,!re=e covet\sness is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s t occur naturally are n s9s4 ,n[ covet\sness comes naturally to old age & e k9d ( defect1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a74 ,!re=e covet\sness is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,heb4 #ac3e73 ,let y\r mann]s be )\t covet\sness1 cont5t$ ) su* ?+s z y h4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 :atev] ?+s good consi/s 9 a due measure1 evil mu/ ( necessity ensue ?r\gh excess or defici5cy ( t measure4 ,n[ 9 all ?+s t are = an end1 ! good consi/s 9 a c]ta9 measure3 s9ce :atev] is direct$ to an end mu/ ne$s be comm5surate ) ! end1 z1 = in/ance1 m$ic9e is comm5surate ) heal?1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,polit4 i1 #f74 ,ext]nal goods come "u ! head ( ?+s useful = an end1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aag1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #b1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce x mu/ ne$s be t man's good 9 _! respect consi/s 9 a c]ta9 measure1 9 o!r words1 t man seeks1 accord+ to a c]ta9 measure1 to h ext]nal ri*es1 9 s f> z !y are necess>y = him to live 9 keep+ ) 8 condition ( life4 ,:]e=e x w be a s9 = him to exce$ ?is measure1 by wi%+ to acquire or keep !m immod]ately4 ,?is is :at is meant by covet\sness1 :i* is def9$ z immod]ate love ( possess+4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t covet\sness is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is natural to man to desire ext]nal ?+s z means to an end3 :]e=e ?is desire is devoid ( s91 9 s f> z x is held 9 *eck by ! rule tak5 f ! nature ( ! end4 ,b covet\sness exce$s ?is rule1 & !re=e is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,covet\sness may signify immod]ation ab\t ext]nal ?+s 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 s z to reg>d imm$iately ! acquisition & keep+ ( su* ?+s1 :51 to wit1 a man acquires or keeps !m m ?an is due4 ,9 ?is way x is a s9 directly aga9/ "o's neighbor1 s9ce "o man _c ov]-ab\nd 9 ext]nal ri*es1 )\t ano!r man lack+ !m1 = temporal goods _c be possess$ by _m at ! same "t4 ,secondly1 x may signify immod]ation 9 ! int]nal affection :i* a man has = ri*es :51 = in/ance1 a man loves !m1 desires !m1 or delights 9 !m1 immod]ately4 ,9 ?is way by covet\sness a man s9s aga9/ himself1 because x causes disord] 9 8 affections1 ?\gh n 9 8 body z d ! s9s ( ! fle%4 ,z a consequ5ce1 h[ev]1 x is a s9 aga9/ ,god1 j z all mortal s9s1 inasmu* z man contemns ?+s et]nal = ! sake ( temporal ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,natural incl9ations %\ld be regulat$ accord+ to reason1 :i* is ! gov]n+ p[] 9 human nature4 ,h5ce ?\gh old p seek m gre$ily ! aid ( ext]nal ?+s1 j z ev]yone t is 9 ne$ seeks to h 8 ne$ suppli$1 !y are n excus$ f s9 if !y exce$ ?is due measure ( reason ) reg>d to ri*es4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aah1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,covet\sness ,is a ,special ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t covet\sness is n a special s94 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii73 ,covet\sness1 :i* 9 ,greek is call$ phil>gyria1 applies n only to silv] or money1 b also to any?+ t is desir$ immod]ately4 ,n[ 9 e s9 !re is immod]ate desire ( some?+1 because s9 consi/s 9 turn+ away f ! immutable good1 & adh]+ to mutable goods1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f1 ,obj4 #c74 ,!re=e covet\sness is a g5]al s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,isidore 7,etym4 x71 ! covet\s 7av>us7 man is s call$ because he is gre$y = brass 7avidus a]is71 i4e4 money3 :]e=e 9 ,greek covet\sness is call$ phil>gyria1 i4e4 love ( silv]4 ,n[ silv]1 :i* /&s = money1 signifies all ext]nal goods ! value ( :i* c be measur$ by money1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aag1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,!re=e covet\sness is a desire = any ext]nal ?+3 & consequ5tly seems to be a g5]al s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,rom4 #g3g1 ,= ,i _h n kn[n concupisc5ce1 says3 ,! law is good1 s9ce by =bidd+ concupisc5ce1 x =bids all evil4 ,n[ ! law seems to =bid especially ! concupisc5ce ( covet\sness3 h5ce x is writt5 7,ex4 #bj3ag73 ,?\ %alt n covet ?y neighbor's goods4 ,!re=e ! concupisc5ce ( covet\sness is all evil1 & s covet\sness is a g5]al s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,covet\sness is numb]$ toge!r ) o!r special s9s 7,rom4 #a3bi71 :]e x is writt53 ,be+ fill$ ) all iniquity1 malice1 =nication1 covet\sness ,d\ay3 'av>ice'1 etc4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9s take _! species f _! objects1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! object ( a s9 is ! good t[>ds :i* an inord9ate appetite t5ds4 ,h5ce :]e !re is a special aspect ( good inord9ately desir$1 !re is a special k9d ( s94 ,n[ ! useful good diff]s 9 aspect f ! delightful good4 ,& ri*es1 z su*1 come "u ! head ( useful good1 s9ce !y are desir$ "u ! aspect ( be+ useful to man4 ,consequ5tly covet\sness is a special s91 =asmu* z x is an immod]ate love ( hav+ possessions1 :i* are compris$ "u ! "n ( money1 :5ce covet\sness 7av>itia7 is d5om9at$4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! v]b to h1 :i* seems to h be5 orig9ally employ$ 9 connection ) possessions :]e( we are absolute ma/]s1 is appli$ to _m o!r ?+s 7?us a man is said to h heal?1 a wife1 clo!s1 & s =?1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,pra$icam5tis71 consequ5tly ! t]m covet\sness has be5 amplifi$ to d5ote all immod]ate desire = hav+ any?+ :atev]4 ,?us ,gregory says 9 a homily 7xvi 9 ,ev47 t covet\sness is a desire n only = money1 b also = k & high places1 :5 prom95ce is immod]ately s\ght aft]4 ,9 ?is way covet\sness is n a special s93 & 9 ?is s5se ,augu/9e speaks ( covet\sness 9 ! passage quot$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,:]e=e ?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all ^? ext]nal ?+s t are subject to ! uses ( human life are compris$ "u ! t]m money1 inasmu* z !y h ! aspect ( useful good4 ,b !re are c]ta9 ext]nal goods t c be obta9$ by money1 su* z pleasures1 honors1 & s =?1 :i* are desirable "u ano!r aspect4 ,:]e=e ! desire = su* ?+s is n prop]ly call$ covet\sness1 9 s f> z x is a special vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is gloss speaks ( ! inord9ate concupisc5ce = any?+ :atev]4 ,= x is easy to und]/& t if x is =bidd5 to covet ano!r's possessions x is also =bidd5 to covet ^? ?+s t c be obta9$ by means ( ^? possessions4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aah1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,covet\sness ,is ,oppos$ to ,lib]ality8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t covet\sness is n oppos$ to lib]ality4 ,= ,*ryso/om1 comm5t+ on ,matt4 #e3f1 ,bless$ are !y t hung] & ?ir/ aft] ju/ice1 says1 7,hom4 xv 9 ,mat?47 t !re are two k9ds ( ju/ice1 "o g5]al1 & ! o!r special1 to :i* covet\sness is oppos$3 & ! ,philosoph] says ! same 7,e?ic4 v1 #b74 ,!re=e covet\sness is n oppos$ to lib]ality4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! s9 ( covet\sness consi/s 9 a man's exce$+ ! measure 9 ! ?+s he possesses4 ,b ?is measure is appo9t$ by ju/ice4 ,!re=e covet\sness is directly oppos$ to ju/ice & n to lib]ality4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 lib]ality is a virtue t obs]ves ! mean betwe5 two contr>y vices1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 i1 #g2 iv1 #a74 ,b covet\sness has no contr>y & opposite s91 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e covet\sness is n oppos$ to lib]ality4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eccles4 #e3i73 ,a covet\s man %all n be satisfi$ ) money1 & he t love? ri*es %all h no fruits f !m4 ,n[ n to be satisfi$ ) money & to love x inord9ately are oppos$ to lib]ality1 :i* obs]ves ! mean 9 ! desire ( ri*es4 ,!re=e covet\sness is oppos$ to lib]ality4 ,i answ] t1 ,covet\sness d5otes immod]ation ) reg>d to ri*es 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 imm$iately 9 respect ( ! acquisition & keep+ ( ri*es4 ,9 ?is way a man obta9s money beyond 8 due1 by /eal+ or reta9+ ano!r's prop]ty4 ,?is is oppos$ to ju/ice1 & 9 ?is s5se covet\sness is m5tion$ 7,eze*4 #bb3bg73 ,h] pr9ces 9 ! mid/ ( h] are l wolves rav5+ ! prey to %$ blood 4 4 4 & to run aft] ga9s ?r\gh covet\sness4 ,secondly1 x d5otes immod]ation 9 ! int]ior affections = ri*es2 = in/ance1 :5 a man loves or desires ri*es too mu*1 or takes too mu* pleasure 9 !m1 ev5 if he be unwill+ to /eal4 ,9 ?is way covet\sness is oppos$ to lib]ality1 :i* mod]ates ^! affections1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aag1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c2 ,a4 #c1 ad #c2 ,a4 #f74 ,9 ?is s5se covet\sness is spok5 ( 7#b ,cor4 #i3e73 ,t !y w\ld 4 4 4 prep>e ?is bless+ be=e promis$1 to be ready1 s z a bless+1 n z covet\sness1 :]e a gloss obs]ves3 ,le/ !y %\ld regret :at !y _h giv51 & give b little4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*ryso/om & ! ,philosoph] are speak+ ( covet\sness 9 ! fir/ s5se3 covet\sness 9 ! second s5se is call$ illib]ality 99aneleu!ria by ! ,philosoph]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x belongs prop]ly to ju/ice to appo9t ! measure 9 ! acquisition & keep+ ( ri*es f ! po9t ( view ( legal due1 s t a man %\ld nei!r take nor reta9 ano!r's prop]ty4 ,b lib]ality appo9ts ! measure ( reason1 pr9cipally 9 ! int]ior affections1 & consequ5tly 9 ! ext]ior tak+ & keep+ ( money1 & 9 ! sp5d+ ( ! same1 9 s f> z ^! proce$ f ! int]ior affection1 look+ at ! matt] f ! po9t ( view n ( ! legal b ( ! moral debt1 :i* latt] dep5ds on ! rule ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,covet\sness z oppos$ to ju/ice has no opposite vice3 s9ce x consi/s 9 hav+ m ?an "o ought accord+ to ju/ice1 ! contr>y ( :i* is to h less ?an "o ought1 & ?is is n a s9 b a puni%m5t4 ,b covet\sness z oppos$ to lib]ality has ! vice ( prodigality oppos$ to x4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aah1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,covet\sness ,is ,always a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t covet\sness is always a mortal s94 ,= no "o is wor?y ( dea? save = a mortal s94 ,b m5 are wor?y ( dea? on acc\nt ( covet\sness4 ,= ! ,apo/le aft] say+ 7,rom4 #a3bi73 ,be+ fill$ ) all iniquity 4 4 4 =nication1 covet\sness ,d\ay3 'av>ice'1 etc4 adds 7,rom4 #a3cb73 ,!y :o d su* ?+s are wor?y ( dea?4 ,!re=e covet\sness is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! lea/ degree ( covet\sness is to hold to "o's own inord9ately4 ,b ?is seem+ly is a mortal s93 = ,basil says 7,s]m4 sup]4 ,luc4 xii1 #ah73 ,x is ! hungry man's bread t ?\ keepe/ back1 ! nak$ man's cloak t ?\ ho>de/1 ! ne$y man's money t ?\ possesse/1 h5ce ?\ despoile/ z _m z ?\ mighte/ succor4 ,n[ x is a mortal s9 to d an inju/ice to ano!r1 s9ce x is contr>y to ! love ( our neighbor4 ,mu* m !re=e is all covet\sness a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o is /ruck ) spiritual bl9dness save ?r\gh a mortal s91 = ?is deprives a man ( ! light ( grace4 ,b1 accord+ to ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xv 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,lu/ = money br+s d>kness on ! s\l4 ,!re=e covet\sness1 :i* is lu/ = money1 is a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on #a ,cor4 #c3ab1 ,if any man build ^u ?is f\ndation1 says 7cf4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,fide et ,op]4 xvi7 t he builds wood1 hay1 /ubble1 :o ?9ks 9 ! ?+s ( ! _w1 h[ he may please ! _w1 :i* p]ta9s to ! s9 ( covet\sness4 ,n[ he t builds wood1 hay1 /ubble1 s9s n mortally b v5ially1 = x is said ( him t he %all be sav$1 yet s z by fire4 ,!re=e covet\sness is "s times a v5ial s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c7 covet\sness is tw(old4 ,9 "o way x is oppos$ to ju/ice1 & ?us x is a mortal s9 9 respect ( its g5us4 ,= 9 ?is s5se covet\sness consi/s 9 ! unju/ tak+ or reta9+ ( ano!r's prop]ty1 & ?is belongs to !ft or robb]y1 :i* are mortal s9s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ff1 ,,aa4 #f1 #h74 ,yet v5ial s9 may occur 9 ?is k9d ( covet\sness by reason ( imp]fection ( ! act1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ff1 ,a4 #f1 ad #c71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( !ft4 ,9 ano!r way covet\sness may be tak5 z oppos$ to lib]ality3 9 :i* s5se x d5otes inord9ate love ( ri*es4 ,accord+ly if ! love ( ri*es becomes s great z to be pref]r$ to *>ity1 9 su* wise t a man1 ?r\gh love ( ri*es1 fe> n to act c\nt] to ! love ( ,god & 8 neighbor1 covet\sness w !n be a mortal s94 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! inord9ate nature ( 8 love /ops %ort ( ?is1 s t al?\gh he love ri*es too mu*1 yet he does n pref] ! love ( !m to ! love ( ,god1 & is unwill+ = ! sake ( ri*es to d any?+ 9 opposition to ,god or 8 neighbor1 !n covet\sness is a v5ial s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,covet\sness is numb]$ toge!r ) mortal s9s1 by reason ( ! aspect "u :i* x is a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,basil is speak+ ( a case :]e9 a man is b\nd by a legal debt to give ( 8 goods to ! poor1 ei!r ?r\gh fe> ( _! want or on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ too mu*4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,lu/ = ri*es1 prop]ly speak+1 br+s d>kness on ! s\l1 :5 x puts out ! light ( *>ity1 by pref]r+ ! love ( ri*es to ! love ( ,god4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aah1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,covet\sness ,is ! ,greate/ ( ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t covet\sness is ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,= x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #aj3i73 ,no?+ is m wick$ ?an a covet\s man1 & ! text cont9ues3 ,!re is n a m wick$ ?+ ?an to love money3 = su* a "o sette? ev5 8 own s\l to sale4 ,tully also says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 "u ! head+1 ',true magnanimity is bas$ *iefly on two ?+s'73 ,no?+ is s n>r[ or little m9d$ z to love money4 ,b ?is p]ta9s to covet\sness4 ,!re=e covet\sness is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m a s9 is oppos$ to *>ity1 ! m griev\s x is4 ,n[ covet\sness is mo/ oppos$ to *>ity3 = ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cf7 t gre$ is ! bane ( *>ity4 ,!re=e covet\sness is ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! gravity ( a s9 is indicat$ by its be+ incurable3 :]e=e ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is said to be mo/ griev\s1 because x is irremissible4 ,b covet\sness is an incurable s93 h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t old age & helplessness ( any k9d make m5 illib]al4 ,!re=e covet\sness is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #e3e7 t covet\sness is a s]v+ ( idols4 ,n[ idolatry is reckon$ among ! mo/ griev\s s9s4 ,!re=e covet\sness is also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,adult]y is a m griev\s s9 ?an !ft1 accord+ to ,prov4 #f3cj4 ,b !ft p]ta9s to covet\sness4 ,!re=e covet\sness is n ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,e s91 f ! v fact t x is an evil1 consi/s 9 ! corruption or privation ( "s good3 :ile1 9 s f> z x is volunt>y1 x consi/s 9 ! desire ( "s good4 ,consequ5tly ! ord] ( s9s may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! good t is despis$ or corrupt$ by s91 & !n ! great] ! good ! grav] ! s94 ,f ?is po9t ( view a s9 t is aga9/ ,god is mo/ griev\s2 aft] ?is comes a s9 t is committ$ aga9/ a man's p]son1 & aft] ?is comes a s9 aga9/ ext]nal ?+s1 :i* are deput$ to man's use1 & ?is seems to belong to covet\sness4 ,secondly1 ! degrees ( s9 may be consid]$ on ! "p ( ! good to :i* ! human appetite is inord9ately subject$2 & !n ! less] ! good1 ! m de=m$ is ! s93 = x is m %ameful to be subject to a l[] ?an to a high] good4 ,n[ ! good ( ext]nal ?+s is ! l[e/ ( human goods3 s9ce x is less ?an ! good ( ! body1 & ?is is less ?an ! good ( ! s\l1 :i* is less ?an ! ,div9e good4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! s9 ( covet\sness1 :]eby ! human appetite is subject$ ev5 to ext]nal ?+s1 has 9 a way a great] de=mity4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 corruption or privation ( good is ! =mal elem5t 9 s91 :ile conv]sion to a mutable good is ! mat]ial elem5t1 ! gravity ( ! s9 is to be judg$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! good corrupt$1 r ?an f t ( ! good to :i* ! appetite is subject$4 ,h5ce we mu/ ass]t t covet\sness is n simply ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! au?orities speak ( covet\sness on ! "p ( ! good to :i* ! appetite is subject$4 ,h5ce 7,ecclus4 #aj3aj7 x is giv5 z a reason t ! covet\s man sette? 8 own s\l to sale2 because1 to wit1 he exposes 8 s\l--t is1 8 life--to dang] = ! sake ( money4 ,h5ce ! text cont9ues3 ,because :ile he live? he ha? ca/ away--t is1 despis$--8 b[els1 9 ord] to make money4 ,tully also adds t x is ! m>k ( a n>r[ m9d1 namely1 t "o be will+ to be subject to money4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,augu/9e is tak+ gre$ g5]ally1 9 ref]5ce to any temporal good1 n 9 its special acceptation = covet\sness3 because gre$ = any temporal good is ! bane ( *>ity1 inasmu* z a man turns away f ! ,div9e good ?r\gh cleav+ to a temporal good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is incurable 9 "o way1 covet\sness 9 ano!r4 ,= ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is incurable by reason ( contempt3 = in/ance1 because a man contemns ,god's m]cy1 or ,8 ju/ice1 or "s "o ( ^? ?+s :]eby man's s9s are heal$3 :]e=e incurability ( ?is k9d po9ts to ! great] gravity ( ! s94 on ! o!r h&1 covet\sness is incurable on ! "p ( a human defect2 a ?+ :i* human nature ev] seeks to rem$y1 s9ce ! m defici5t "o is ! m "o seeks relief f ext]nal ?+s1 & consequ5tly ! m "o gives way to covet\sness4 ,h5ce incurability ( ?is k9d is an indication n ( ! s9 be+ m griev\s1 b ( its be+ some:at m dang]\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,covet\sness is comp>$ to idolatry on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 lik5ess t x be>s to x3 because ! covet\s man1 l ! idolat]1 subjects himself to an ext]nal creature1 ?\gh n 9 ! same way4 ,= ! idolat] subjects himself to an ext]nal creature by pay+ x ,div9e honor1 :]eas ! covet\s man subjects himself to an ext]nal creature by desir+ x immod]ately = use1 n = wor%ip4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t covet\sness is z griev\s a s9 z idolatry4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aah1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,covet\sness ,is a ,spiritual ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t covet\sness is n a spiritual s94 ,= spiritual s9s seem to reg>d spiritual goods4 ,b ! matt] ( covet\sness is bodily goods1 namely1 ext]nal ri*es4 ,!re=e covet\sness is n a spiritual s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 spiritual s9 is condivid$ ) s9 ( ! fle%4 ,n[ covet\sness is seem+ly a s9 ( ! fle%1 = x results f ! corruption ( ! fle%1 z in/anc$ 9 old p :o1 ?r\gh corruption ( c>nal nature1 fall into covet\sness4 ,!re=e covet\sness is n a spiritual s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a s9 ( ! fle% is "o by :i* man's body is disord]$1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #f3ah71 ,he t committe? =nication s9ne? aga9/ 8 own body4 ,n[ covet\sness di/urbs man ev5 9 8 body2 :]e=e ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 xxix 9 ,mat?47 comp>es ! covet\s man to ! man :o 0 possess$ by ! devil 7,mk4 #e7 & 0 tr\bl$ 9 body4 ,!re=e covet\sness seems n to be a spiritual s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi7 numb]s covet\sness among spiritual vices4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9s are seat$ *iefly 9 ! affections3 & all ! affections or passions ( ! s\l h _! t]m 9 pleasure & sorr[1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #e74 ,n[ "s pleasures are c>nal & "s spiritual4 ,c>nal pleasures are ^? :i* are consummat$ 9 ! c>nal s5ses--= in/ance1 ! pleasures ( ! table & sexual pleasures3 :ile spiritual pleasures are ^? :i* are consummat$ 9 ! m]e appreh5sion ( ! s\l4 ,accord+ly1 s9s ( ! fle% are ^? :i* are consummat$ 9 c>nal pleasures1 :ile spiritual s9s are consummat$ 9 pleasures ( ! _s )\t pleasure ( ! fle%4 ,su* is covet\sness3 = ! covet\s man takes pleasure 9 ! consid]ation ( himself z a possessor ( ri*es4 ,!re=e covet\sness is a spiritual s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,covet\sness ) reg>d to a bodily object seeks ! pleasure1 n ( ! body b only ( ! s\l1 =asmu* z a man takes pleasure 9 ! fact t he possesses ri*es3 :]e=e x is n a s9 ( ! fle%4 ,nev]!less by reason ( its object x is a mean betwe5 purely spiritual s9s1 :i* seek spiritual pleasure 9 respect ( spiritual objects 7?us pride is ab\t excell5ce71 & purely c>nal s9s1 :i* seek a purely bodily pleasure 9 respect ( a bodily object4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,movem5t takes its species f ! t]m :]eto & n f ! t]m :]efrom4 ,h5ce a vice ( ! fle% is s call$ f its t5d+ to a pleasure ( ! fle%1 & n f its orig9at+ 9 "s defect ( ! fle%4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*ryso/om comp>es a covet\s man to ! man :o 0 possess$ by ! devil1 n t ! =m] is tr\bl$ 9 ! fle% 9 ! same way z ! latt]1 b by way ( contra/1 s9ce :ile ! possess$ man1 ( :om we read 9 ,mk4 #e1 /ripp$ himself1 ! covet\s man loads himself ) an excess ( ri*es4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aah1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,covet\sness ,is a ,capital ,vice8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t covet\sness is n a capital vice4 ,= covet\sness is oppos$ to lib]ality z ! mean1 & to prodigality z extreme4 ,b nei!r is lib]ality a pr9cipal virtue1 nor prodigality a capital vice4 ,!re=e covet\sness also %\ld n be reckon$ a capital vice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 ^? vices are call$ capital :i* h pr9cipal ends1 to :i* ! ends ( o!r vices are direct$4 ,b ?is does n apply to covet\sness3 s9ce ri*es h ! aspect1 n ( an end1 b r ( some?+ direct$ to an end1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #e4 ,!re=e covet\sness is n a capital vice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xv71 t covet\sness arises sometimes f pride1 sometimes f fe>4 ,= !re are ^? :o1 :5 !y ?9k t !y lack ! ne$ful = _! exp5ses1 all[ ! m9d to give way to covet\sness4 ,& !re are o!rs :o1 wi%+ to be ?\ght m (1 are incit$ to gre$ = o!r p's prop]ty4 ,!re=e covet\sness arises f o!r vices in/ead ( be+ a capital vice 9 respect ( o!r vices4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi7 reckons covet\sness among ! capital vices4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,second ,objection1 a capital vice is "o :i* "u ! aspect ( end gives rise to o!r vices3 because :5 an end is v desirable1 ! result is t ?r\gh desire !re( man sets ab\t do+ _m ?+s ei!r good or evil4 ,n[ ! mo/ desirable end is happ9ess or felicity1 :i* is ! la/ end ( human life1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,,aa4 #d1 #g1 #h73 :]e=e ! m a ?+ is furni%$ ) ! conditions ( happ9ess1 ! m desirable x is4 ,also "o ( ! conditions ( happ9ess is t x be self-suffic+1 else x w\ld n set man's appetite at re/1 z ! la/ end does4 ,n[ ri*es give great promise ( self-suffici5cy1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii73 ! reason ( :i*1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #e71 is t we use money 9 tok5 ( tak+ possession ( some?+1 & aga9 x is writt5 7,eccles4 #aj3ai73 ,all ?+s obey money4 ,!re=e covet\sness1 :i* is desire = money1 is a capital vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtue is p]fect$ 9 accordance ) reason1 b vice is p]fect$ 9 accordance ) ! incl9ation ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,n[ reason & s5sitive appetite d n belong *iefly to ! same g5us1 & consequ5tly x does n foll[ t pr9cipal vice is oppos$ to pr9cipal virtue4 ,:]e=e1 al?\gh lib]ality is n a pr9cipal virtue1 s9ce x does n reg>d ! pr9cipal good ( ! reason1 yet covet\sness is a pr9cipal vice1 because x reg>ds money1 :i* occupies a pr9cipal place among s5sible goods1 = ! reason giv5 9 ! ,article4 ,on ! o!r h&1 prodigality is n direct$ to an end t is desirable pr9cipally1 inde$ x seems r to result f a lack ( reason4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t a prodigal man is a fool r ?an a knave4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is true t money is direct$ to some?+ else z its end3 yet 9 s f> z x is useful = obta9+ all s5sible ?+s1 x conta9s1 9 a way1 all ?+s virtually4 ,h5ce x has a c]ta9 lik5ess to happ9ess1 z /at$ 9 ! ,article4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no?+ prev5ts a capital vice f aris+ sometimes out ( o!r vices1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cf1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #d71 provid$ t itself be frequ5tly ! s\rce ( o!rs4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aah1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,trea*]y1 ,fraud1 ,falsehood1 ,p]jury1 ,re/lessness1 ,viol5ce1 & ,ins5sibility to ,m]cy ,are ,daught]s ( ,covet\sness8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! daught]s ( covet\sness are n z commonly /at$1 namely1 trea*]y1 fraud1 falsehood1 p]jury1 re/lessness1 viol5ce1 & ins5sibility to m]cy4 ,= covet\sness is oppos$ to lib]ality1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,n[ trea*]y1 fraud1 & falsehood are oppos$ to prud5ce1 p]jury to religion1 re/lessness to hope1 or to *>ity :i* re/s 9 ! belov$ object1 viol5ce to ju/ice1 ins5sibility to m]cy4 ,!re=e ^! vices h no connection ) covet\sness4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 trea*]y1 fraud & falsehood seem to p]ta9 to ! same ?+1 namely1 ! deceiv+ ( "o's neighbor4 ,!re=e !y %\ld n be reckon$ z diff]5t daught]s ( covet\sness4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore 7,comm5t4 9 ,deut47 enum]ates n9e daught]s ( covet\sness2 :i* are ly+1 fraud1 !ft1 p]jury1 gre$ ( fil?y lucre1 false witness+1 viol5ce1 inhumanity1 rapacity4 ,!re=e ! =m] reckon+ ( daught]s is insuffici5t4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 m5tions _m k9ds ( vices z belong+ to covet\sness :i* he calls illib]ality1 = he speaks ( ^? :o are sp>+1 tight-fi/$1 sk9fl9ts 99kym9opri/es1 mis]s 99kimbikes1 :o d illib]al de$s1 & ( ^? :o batt5 on :or$om1 usur]s1 gambl]s1 despoil]s ( ! dead1 & robb]s4 ,!re=e x seems t ! a=esaid enum]ation is insuffici5t4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 tyrants use mu* viol5ce aga9/ _! subjects4 ,b ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t tyrants :o de/roy cities & despoil sacr$ places are n to be call$ illib]al1 i4e4 covet\s4 ,!re=e viol5ce %\ld n be reckon$ a daught] ( covet\sness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi7 assigns to covet\sness ! daught]s m5tion$ above4 ,i answ] t1 ,! daught]s ( covet\sness are ! vices :i* arise !refrom1 especially 9 respect ( ! desire ( an end4 ,n[ s9ce covet\sness is excessive love ( possess+ ri*es1 x exce$s 9 two ?+s4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place x exce$s 9 reta9+1 & 9 ?is respect covet\sness gives rise to ins5sibility to m]cy1 because1 to wit1 a man's he>t is n s(t5$ by m]cy to assi/ ! ne$y ) 8 ri*es 99,see ,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #a4 ,9 ! second place x belongs to covet\sness to exce$ 9 receiv+1 & 9 ?is respect covet\sness may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/ z 9 ! ?\ght 7affectu74 ,9 ?is way x gives rise to re/lessness1 by h9d]+ man ) excessive anxiety & c>e1 = a covet\s man %all n be satisfi$ ) money 7,eccles4 #e3i74 ,secondly1 x may be consid]$ 9 ! execution 7effectu74 ,9 ?is way ! covet\s man1 9 acquir+ o!r p's goods1 sometimes employs =ce1 :i* p]ta9s to viol5ce1 sometimes deceit1 & !n if he has rec\rse to words1 x is falsehood1 if x be m]e words1 p]jury if he confirm 8 /atem5t by oa?2 if he has rec\rse to de$s1 & ! deceit affects ?+s1 we h fraud2 if p]sons1 !n we h trea*]y1 z 9 ! case ( ,judas1 :o betray$ ,*ri/ ?r\gh covet\sness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is no ne$ = ! daught]s ( a capital s9 to belong to t same k9d ( vice3 because a s9 ( "o k9d all[s ( s9s ev5 ( a diff]5t k9d be+ direct$ to its end2 see+ t x is "o ?+ = a s9 to h daught]s1 & ano!r = x to h species4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^! ?ree are di/+ui%$ z /at$ 9 ! ,article4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! n9e are r$ucible to ! sev5 a=esaid4 ,= ly+ & false witness+ are compris$ "u falsehood1 s9ce false witness+ is a special k9d ( lie1 j z !ft is a special k9d ( fraud1 :]e=e x is compris$ "u fraud2 & gre$ ( fil?y lucre belongs to re/lessness2 rapacity is compris$ "u viol5ce1 s9ce x is a species !re(2 & inhumanity is ! same z ins5sibility to m]cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! vices m5tion$ by ,ari/otle are species r ?an daught]s ( illib]ality or covet\sness4 ,= a man may be said to be illib]al or covet\s ?r\gh a defect 9 giv+4 ,if he gives b little he is said to be sp>+2 if no?+1 he is tightfi/$3 if he gives ) great reluctance1 he is said to be kym9opri/es 7sk9fl9t71 a cum9-sell]1 z x 71 because he makes a great fuss ab\t ?+s ( little value4 ,sometimes a man is said to be illib]al or covet\s1 ?r\gh an excess 9 receiv+1 & ?is 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 ?r\gh mak+ money by disgraceful means1 :e!r 9 p]=m+ %ameful & s]vile works by means ( illib]al practices1 or by acquir+ m ?r\gh s9ful de$s1 su* z :or$om or ! l1 or by mak+ a pr(it :]e "o ought to h giv5 gratis1 z 9 ! case ( usury1 or by labor+ mu* to make little pr(it4 ,9 ano!r way1 9 mak+ money by unju/ means1 :e!r by us+ viol5ce on ! liv+1 z robb]s d1 or by despoil+ ! dead1 or by prey+ on "o's fri5ds1 z gambl]s d4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,j z lib]ality is ab\t mod]ate sums ( money1 s is illib]ality4 ,:]e=e tyrants :o take great ?+s by viol5ce1 are said to be1 n illib]al1 b unju/4 ,,"q #aai ,,( ,,prodigality 7,9 ,?ree ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] prodigality1 "u :i* head !re are ?ree po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r prodigality is opposite to covet\sness8 7#b7 ,:e!r prodigality is a s98 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a grav] s9 t covet\sness8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aai1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,prodigality ,is ,opposite to ,covet\sness8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t prodigality is n opposite to covet\sness4 ,= opposites _c be toge!r 9 ! same subject4 ,b "s are at ! same "t prodigal & covet\s4 ,!re=e prodigality is n opposite to covet\sness4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 opposites relate to "o same ?+4 ,b covet\sness1 z oppos$ to lib]ality1 relates to c]ta9 passions :]eby man is affect$ t[>ds money3 :]eas prodigality does n seem to relate to any passions ( ! s\l1 s9ce x is n affect$ t[>ds money1 or to any?+ else ( ! k9d4 ,!re=e prodigality is n opposite to covet\sness4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9 takes its species *iefly f its end1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c74 ,n[ prodigality seems always to be direct$ to "s unlawful end1 = ! sake ( :i* ! prodigal squ&]s 8 goods4 ,especially is x direct$ to pleasures1 :]e=e x is /at$ 7,luke #ae3ac7 ( ! prodigal son t he wa/$ 8 sub/ance liv+ riot\sly4 ,!re=e x seems t prodigality is oppos$ to temp]ance & ins5sibility r ?an to covet\sness & lib]ality4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g2 iv1 #a7 t prodigality is oppos$ to lib]ality1 & illib]ality1 to :i* we give "h ! "n ( covet\sness4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 morals vices are oppos$ to "o ano!r & to virtue 9 respect ( excess & defici5cy4 ,n[ covet\sness & prodigality diff] v>i\sly 9 respect ( excess & defici5cy4 ,?us1 z reg>ds affection = ri*es1 ! covet\s man exce$s by lov+ !m m ?an he ought1 :ile ! prodigal is defici5t1 by be+ less c>eful ( !m ?an he ought3 & z reg>ds ext]nal action1 prodigality implies excess 9 giv+1 b defici5cy 9 reta9+ & acquir+1 :ile covet\sness1 on ! contr>y1 d5otes defici5cy 9 giv+1 b excess 9 acquir+ & reta9+4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t prodigality is oppos$ to covet\sness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ prev5ts opposites f be+ 9 ! same subject 9 diff]5t respects4 ,= a ?+ is d5om9at$ m f :at is 9 x pr9cipally4 ,n[ j z 9 lib]ality1 :i* obs]ves ! mean1 ! pr9cipal ?+ is giv+1 to :i* receiv+ & reta9+ are subord9ate1 s1 too1 covet\sness & prodigality reg>d pr9cipally giv+4 ,:]e=e he :o exce$s 9 giv+ is said to be prodigal1 :ile he :o is defici5t 9 giv+ is said to be covet\s4 ,n[ x happ5s sometimes t a man is defici5t 9 giv+1 )\t exce$+ 9 receiv+1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a74 ,& 9 l mann] x happ5s sometimes t a man exce$s 9 giv+1 & !re=e is prodigal1 & yet at ! same "t exce$s 9 receiv+4 ,?is may be due ei!r to "s k9d ( necessity1 s9ce :ile exce$+ 9 giv+ he is lack+ 9 goods ( 8 own1 s t he is driv5 to acquire unduly1 & ?is p]ta9s to covet\sness2 or x may be due to inord9at5ess ( ! m9d1 = he gives n = a good purpose1 b1 z ?\gh despis+ virtue1 c>es n :5ce or h[ he receives4 ,:]e=e he is prodigal & covet\s 9 diff]5t respects4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prodigality reg>ds passions 9 respect ( money1 n z exce$+1 b z defici5t 9 !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! prodigal does n always exce$ 9 giv+ = ! sake ( pleasures :i* are ! matt] ( temp]ance1 b sometimes ?r\gh be+ s dispos$ z n to c>e ab\t ri*es1 & sometimes on acc\nt ( some?+ else4 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 he incl9es to intemp]ance1 bo? because ?r\gh sp5d+ too mu* on o!r ?+s he becomes fe>less ( sp5d+ on objects ( pleasure1 to :i* ! concupisc5ce ( ! fle% is m prone2 & because ?r\gh tak+ no pleasure 9 virtu\s goods1 he seeks = himself pleasures ( ! body4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t _m a prodigal ends 9 becom+ intemp]ate4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aai1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,prodigality ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t prodigality is n a s94 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #f3aj73 ,covet\sness ,d\ay3 'desire ( money' is ! root ( all evils4 ,b x is n ! root ( prodigality1 s9ce ?is is oppos$ to x4 ,!re=e prodigality is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #f3ag1 #ah73 ,*>ge ! ri* ( ?is _w 4 4 4 to give easily1 to communicate to o!rs4 ,n[ ?is is especially :at prodigal p]sons d4 ,!re=e prodigality is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to prodigality to exce$ 9 giv+ & to be defici5t 9 solicitude ab\t ri*es4 ,b ?is is mo/ becom+ to ! p]fect1 :o fulfil ! words ( ,our ,"l 7,matt4 #f3cd71 ,be n 4 4 4 solicit\s = tomorr[1 & 7,matt4 #ai3ba71 ,sell all ,vulg43 ':at' ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor4 ,!re=e prodigality is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! prodigal son is held to blame = 8 prodigality4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! opposition betwe5 prodigality & covet\sness is "o ( excess & defici5cy2 ei!r ( :i* de/roys ! mean ( virtue4 ,n[ a ?+ is vici\s & s9ful ?r\gh corrupt+ ! good ( virtue4 ,h5ce x foll[s t prodigality is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s exp\nd ?is say+ ( ! ,apo/le z ref]r+1 n to actual covet\sness1 b to a k9d ( habitual covet\sness1 :i* is ! concupisc5ce ( ! fomes 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b1 :5ce all s9s arise4 ,o!rs say t he is speak+ ( a g5]al covet\sness ) reg>d to any k9d ( good3 & 9 ?is s5se also x is evid5t t prodigality arises f covet\sness2 s9ce ! prodigal seeks to acquire "s temporal good inord9ately1 namely1 to give pleasure to o!rs1 or at lea/ to satisfy 8 own w 9 giv+4 ,b to "o t reviews ! passage correctly1 x is evid5t t ! ,apo/le is speak+ lit]ally ( ! desire ( ri*es1 = he _h said previ\sly 7#a ,tim4 #f3i73 ,!y t w become ri*1 etc4 ,9 ?is s5se covet\sness is said to be ! root ( all evils1 n t all evils always arise f covet\sness1 b because !re is no evil t does n at "s "t arise f covet\sness4 ,:]e=e prodigality sometimes is born ( covet\sness1 z :5 a man is prodigal 9 go+ to great exp5se 9 ord] to curry favor ) c]ta9 p]sons f :om he may receive ri*es4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,apo/le bids ! ri* to be ready to give & communicate _! ri*es1 accord+ z !y ought4 ,! prodigal does n d ?is3 s9ce1 z ! ,philosoph] rem>ks 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a71 8 giv+ is nei!r good1 nor = a good end1 nor accord+ z x ought to be4 ,= sometimes !y give mu* to ^? :o ought to be poor1 namely1 to buffoons & flatt]]s1 :]eas to ! good !y give no?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! excess 9 prodigality consi/s *iefly1 n 9 ! total am\nt giv51 b 9 ! am\nt ov] & above :at ought to be giv54 ,h5ce sometimes ! lib]al man gives m ?an ! prodigal man1 if x be necess>y4 ,accord+ly we mu/ reply t ^? :o give all _! possessions ) ! int5tion ( foll[+ ,*ri/1 & bani% f _! m9ds all solicitude = temporal ?+s1 are n prodigal b p]fectly lib]al4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aai1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,prodigality ,is a ,m ,griev\s ,s9 ,?an ,covet\sness8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t prodigality is a m griev\s s9 ?an covet\sness4 ,= by covet\sness a man injures 8 neighbor by n communicat+ 8 goods to him1 :]eas by prodigality a man injures himself1 because ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t ! wa/+ ( ri*es1 :i* are ! means :]eby a man lives1 is an undo+ ( 8 v be+4 ,n[ he t injures himself s9s m griev\sly1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ad3e1 ,he t is evil to himself1 to :om w he be good8 ,!re=e prodigality is a m griev\s s9 ?an covet\sness4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a disord] t is accompani$ by a laudable circum/ance is less s9ful4 ,n[ ! disord] ( covet\sness is sometimes accompani$ by a laudable circum/ance1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o are unwill+ to sp5d _! own1 le/ !y be driv5 to accept f o!rs3 :]eas ! disord] ( prodigality is accompani$ by a circum/ance t calls = blame1 inasmu* z we ascribe prodigality to ^? :o are intemp]ate1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a74 ,!re=e prodigality is a m griev\s s9 ?an covet\sness4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce is *ief among ! moral virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ef1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,n[ prodigality is m oppos$ to prud5ce ?an covet\sness is3 = x is writt5 7,prov4 #ba3bj73 ,!re is a treasure to be desir$1 & oil 9 ! dwell+ ( ! j2 & ! fooli% man %all sp5d x3 & ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #f7 t x is ! m>k ( a fool to give too mu* & receive no?+4 ,!re=e prodigality is a m griev\s s9 ?an covet\sness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #f7 t ! prodigal seems to be mu* bett] ?an ! illib]al man4 ,i answ] t1 ,prodigality consid]$ 9 itself is a less griev\s s9 ?an covet\sness1 & ?is = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because covet\sness diff]s m f ! opposite virtue3 s9ce giv+1 :]e9 ! prodigal exce$s1 belongs to lib]ality m ?an receiv+ or reta9+1 :]e9 ! covet\s man exce$s4 ,secondly1 because ! prodigal man is ( use to ! _m to :om he gives1 :ile ! covet\s man is ( use to no "o1 n ev5 to himself1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #f4 ,?irdly1 because prodigality is easily cur$4 ,= n only is ! prodigal on ! way to old age1 :i* is oppos$ to prodigality1 b he is easily r$uc$ to a /ate ( want1 s9ce mu* useless sp5d+ impov]i%es him & makes him unable to exce$ 9 giv+4 ,moreov]1 prodigality is easily turn$ into virtue on acc\nt ( its lik5ess !reto4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! covet\s man is n easily cur$1 = ! reason giv5 above 7,q4 #aah1 ,a4 #e1 ad #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! prodigal & ! covet\s man is n t ! =m] s9s aga9/ himself & ! latt] aga9/ ano!r4 ,= ! prodigal s9s aga9/ himself by sp5d+ t :i* is 81 & 8 means ( support1 & aga9/ o!rs by sp5d+ ! :]e)al to help o!rs4 ,?is applies *iefly to ! cl]gy1 :o are ! disp5s]s ( ! ,*ur*'s goods1 t belong to ! poor :om !y defraud by _! prodigal exp5diture4 ,9 l mann] ! covet\s man s9s aga9/ o!rs1 by be+ defici5t 9 giv+2 & he s9s aga9/ himself1 ?r\gh defici5cy 9 sp5d+3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,eccles4 #f3b73 ,a man to :om ,god ha? giv5 ri*es 4 4 4 yet do? n give him ! p[] to eat !re(4 ,nev]!less ! prodigal man exce$s 9 ?is1 t he injures bo? himself & o!rs yet s z to pr(it "s2 :]eas ! covet\s man pr(its nei!r o!rs nor himself1 s9ce he does n ev5 use 8 own goods = 8 own pr(it4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 speak+ ( vices 9 g5]al1 we judge ( !m accord+ to _! respective natures3 ?us1 ) reg>d to prodigality we note t x consumes ri*es to excess1 & ) reg>d to covet\sness t x reta9s !m to excess4 ,t "o sp5d too mu* = ! sake ( intemp]ance po9ts already to sev]al additional s9s1 :]e=e ! prodigal ( ?is k9d is worse1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #a4 ,t an illib]al or covet\s man refra9 f tak+ :at belongs to o!rs1 al?\gh ?is appe>s 9 itself to call = praise1 yet on acc\nt ( ! motive = :i* he does s x calls = blame1 s9ce he is unwill+ to accept f o!rs le/ he be =c$ to give to o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all vices are oppos$ to prud5ce1 ev5 z all virtues are direct$ by prud5ce3 :]e=e if a vice be oppos$ to prud5ce alone1 = ?is v reason x is deem$ less griev\s4 ,,"q #abj ,,( ,,epikeia ,,or ,,equity 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] epikeia1 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r epikeia is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a "p ( ju/ice8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,epikeia 99,epieikeia ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t epikeia is n a virtue4 ,= no virtue does away ) ano!r virtue4 ,yet epikeia does away ) ano!r virtue1 s9ce x sets aside t :i* is j accord+ to law1 & seem+ly is oppos$ to sev]ity4 ,!re=e epikeia is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxxi73 ,) reg>d to ^! e>?ly laws1 al?\gh m5 pass judgm5t on !m :5 !y make !m1 yet1 :5 once !y are made & e/abli%$1 ! judge mu/ pron\nce judgm5t n on !m b accord+ to !m4 ,b seem+ly epikeia pron\nces judgm5t on ! law1 :5 x deems t ! law %\ld n be obs]v$ 9 "s p>ticul> case4 ,!re=e epikeia is a vice r ?an a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 app>5tly x belongs to epikeia to consid] ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv]1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 v1 #aj74 ,b x belongs to ! sov]eign alone to int]pret ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv]1 :]e=e ! ,emp]or says 9 ! ,codex ( ,laws & ,con/itutions1 "u ,law i3 ,x is fitt+ & lawful t ,we alone %\ld int]pret betwe5 equity & law4 ,!re=e ! act ( epikeia is unlawful3 & consequ5tly epikeia is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #aj7 /ates x to be a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #if1 ,a4 #f71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( laws1 s9ce human actions1 ) :i* laws are conc]n$1 are compos$ ( cont+5t s+ul>s & are innum]able 9 _! div]sity1 x 0 n possible to lay d[n rules ( law t w\ld apply to e s+le case4 ,legislators 9 fram+ laws att5d to :at commonly happ5s3 al?\gh if ! law be appli$ to c]ta9 cases x w fru/rate ! equality ( ju/ice & be injuri\s to ! common good1 :i* ! law has 9 view4 ,?us ! law requires deposits to be re/or$1 because 9 ! majority ( cases ?is is j4 ,yet x happ5s sometimes to be injuri\s--= in/ance1 if a madman 7 to put 8 sword 9 deposit1 & dem& its deliv]y :ile 9 a /ate ( madness1 or if a man 7 to seek ! return ( 8 deposit 9 ord] to fight aga9/ 8 c\ntry4 ,9 ^! & l cases x is bad to foll[ ! law1 & x is good to set aside ! lett] ( ! law & to foll[ ! dictates ( ju/ice & ! common good4 ,?is is ! object ( epikeia :i* we call equity4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t epikeia is a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,epikeia does n set aside t :i* is j 9 itself b t :i* is j z by law e/abli%$4 ,nor is x oppos$ to sev]ity1 :i* foll[s ! lett] ( ! law :5 x ought to be foll[$4 ,to foll[ ! lett] ( ! law :5 x ought n to be foll[$ is s9ful4 ,h5ce x is writt5 9 ! ,codex ( ,laws & ,con/itutions "u ,law v3 ,)\t d\bt he transgresses ! law :o by adh]+ to ! lett] ( ! law /rives to defeat ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x w\ld be pass+ judgm5t on a law to say t x 0 n well made2 b to say t ! lett] ( ! law is n to be obs]v$ 9 "s p>ticul> case is pass+ judgm5t n on ! law1 b on "s p>ticul> cont+5cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,int]pretation is admissible 9 d\btful cases :]e x is n all[$ to set aside ! lett] ( ! law )\t ! int]pretation ( ! sov]eign4 ,b :5 ! case is manife/ !re is ne$1 n ( int]pretation1 b ( execution4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,epikeia ,is a ,"p ( ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t epikeia is n a "p ( ju/ice4 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #g71 ju/ice is tw(old1 p>ticul> & legal4 ,n[ epikeia is n a "p ( p>ticul> ju/ice1 s9ce x ext5ds to all virtues1 ev5 z legal ju/ice does4 ,9 l mann]1 nei!r is x a "p ( legal ju/ice1 s9ce its op]ation is beside t :i* is e/abli%$ by law4 ,!re=e x seems t epikeia is n a "p ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a m pr9cipal virtue is n assign$ z ! "p ( a less pr9cipal virtue3 = x is to ! c>d9al virtue1 z be+ pr9cipal1 t second>y virtues are assign$ z p>ts4 ,n[ epikeia seems to be a m pr9cipal virtue ?an ju/ice1 z impli$ by its "n3 = x is d]iv$ f epi1 i4e4 above1 & dikaion1 i4e4 j4 ,!re=e epikeia is n a "p ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems t epikeia is ! same z mode/y4 ,= :]e ! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #d3e71 ,let y\r mode/y be kn[n to all m51 ! ,greek has epieikeia 99to epieikes4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii71 mode/y is a "p ( temp]ance4 ,!re=e epikeia is n a "p ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #aj7 t epikeia is a k9d ( ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dh71 a virtue has ?ree k9ds ( p>ts1 subjective1 integral1 & pot5tial4 ,a subjective "p is "o ( :i* ! :ole is pr$icat$ ess5tially1 & x is less ?an ! :ole4 ,?is may happ5 9 two ways4 ,= sometimes "o ?+ is pr$icat$ ( _m 9 "o common ratio1 z animal ( horse & ox3 & sometimes "o ?+ is pr$icat$ ( _m accord+ to priority & po/]iority1 z be+ ( sub/ance & accid5t4 ,accord+ly1 epikeia is a "p ( ju/ice tak5 9 a g5]al s5se1 = x is a k9d ( ju/ice1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 v1 #aj74 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t epikeia is a subjective "p ( ju/ice2 & ju/ice is pr$icat$ ( x ) priority to be+ pr$icat$ ( legal ju/ice1 s9ce legal ju/ice is subject to ! direction ( epikeia4 ,h5ce epikeia is by way ( be+ a high] rule ( human actions4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,epikeia corresponds prop]ly to legal ju/ice1 & 9 "o way is conta9$ "u x1 & 9 ano!r way exce$s x4 ,= if legal ju/ice d5otes t :i* complies ) ! law1 :e!r z reg>ds ! lett] ( ! law1 or z reg>ds ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv]1 :i* is ( m acc\nt1 !n epikeia is ! m important "p ( legal ju/ice4 ,b if legal ju/ice d5ote m]ely t :i* complies ) ! law ) reg>d to ! lett]1 !n epikeia is a "p n ( legal ju/ice b ( ju/ice 9 its g5]al acceptation1 & is condivid$ ) legal ju/ice1 z exce$+ x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 v1 #aj71 epikeia is bett] ?an a c]ta91 namely1 legal1 ju/ice1 :i* obs]ves ! lett] ( ! law3 yet s9ce x is itself a k9d ( ju/ice1 x is n bett] ?an all ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x belongs to epikeia to mod]ate some?+1 namely1 ! obs]vance ( ! lett] ( ! law4 ,b mode/y1 :i* is reckon$ a "p ( temp]ance1 mod]ates man's outw>d life--= in/ance1 9 8 deportm5t1 dress or ! l4 ,possibly also ! t]m epieikeia is appli$ 9 ,greek by a similitude to all k9ds ( mod]ation4 ,,"q #aba ,,( ,,piety 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! gift t corresponds to ju/ice2 namely1 piety4 ,"u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 7#b7 ,:i* ( ! beatitudes & fruits corresponds to x8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aba1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,piety ,is a ,gift8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t piety is n a gift4 ,= ! gifts diff] f ! virtues1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #a74 ,b piety is a virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e piety is n a gift4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! gifts are m excell5t ?an ! virtues1 above all ! moral virtues1 z above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #h74 ,n[ among ! p>ts ( ju/ice religion is great] ?an piety4 ,!re=e if any "p ( ju/ice is to be acc\nt$ a gift1 x seems t religion %\ld be a gift r ?an piety4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! gifts & _! acts rema9 9 heav51 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #f74 ,b ! act ( piety _c rema9 9 heav53 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 i7 t piety fills ! inmo/ recesses ( ! he>t ) works ( m]cy3 & s !re w be no piety 9 heav5 s9ce !re w be no unhapp9ess 99,cf4 ,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #a4 ,!re=e piety is n a gift4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is reckon$ among ! gifts 9 ! elev5? *apt] ( ,isaias 7v]se #b7 ,d\ay3 godl9ess 99,pietas1 :5ce our ,engli% ^w pity1 :i* is ! same z m]cy4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #fi1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c71 ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are habitual dispositions ( ! s\l1 r5d]+ x am5able to ! motion ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ ! ,holy ,gho/ moves u to ?is effect among o!rs1 ( hav+ a filial affection t[>ds ,god1 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3ae1 ,y h receiv$ ! _s ( adoption ( sons1 :]eby we cry3 ,abba 7,fa!r74 ,& s9ce x belongs prop]ly to piety to pay duty & wor%ip to "o's fa!r1 x foll[s t piety1 :]eby1 at ! ,holy ,gho/'s in/igation1 we pay wor%ip & duty to ,god z our ,fa!r1 is a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! piety t pays duty & wor%ip to a fa!r 9 ! fle% is a virtue3 b ! piety t is a gift pays ?is to ,god z ,fa!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to pay wor%ip to ,god z ,creator1 z religion does1 is m excell5t ?an to pay wor%ip to "o's fa!r 9 ! fle%1 z ! piety t is a virtue does4 ,b to pay wor%ip to ,god z ,fa!r is yet m excell5t ?an to pay wor%ip to ,god z ,creator & ,"l4 ,:]e=e religion is great] ?an ! virtue ( piety3 :ile ! gift ( piety is great] ?an religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z by ! virtue ( piety man pays duty & wor%ip n only to 8 fa!r 9 ! fle%1 b also to all 8 k9dr$ on acc\nt ( _! be+ relat$ to 8 fa!r1 s by ! gift ( piety he pays wor%ip & duty n only to ,god1 b also to all m5 on acc\nt ( _! relation%ip to ,god4 ,h5ce x belongs to piety to honor ! sa9ts1 & n to contradict ! ,scriptures :e!r "o und]/&s !m or n1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii74 ,consequ5tly x also assi/s ^? :o are 9 a /ate ( unhapp9ess4 ,& al?\gh ?is act has no place 9 heav51 especially aft] ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 yet piety w ex]cise its pr9cipal act1 :i* is to rev]e ,god ) filial affection3 = x is !n above all t ?is act w be fulfill$1 accord+ to ,wis4 #e3e1 ,behold h[ !y are numb]$ among ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,! sa9ts w also mutually honor "o ano!r4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 be=e ! ,judgm5t ,day1 ! sa9ts h pity on ^? also :o are liv+ 9 ?is unhappy /ate4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aba1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,second ,beatitude1 ,bless$ ,are ! ,meek1 ,corresponds to ! ,gift ( ,piety8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! second beatitude1 ,bless$ are ! meek1 does n correspond to ! gift ( piety4 ,= piety is ! gift correspond+ to ju/ice1 to :i* r belongs ! f\r? beatitude1 ,bless$ are !y t hung] & ?ir/ aft] ju/ice1 or ! fif? beatitude1 ,bless$ are ! m]ciful1 s9ce z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #c71 ! works ( m]cy belong to piety4 ,!re=e ! second beatitude does n p]ta9 to ! gift ( piety4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! gift ( piety is direct$ by ! gift ( k1 :i* is unit$ to x 9 ! enum]ation ( ! gifts 7,isa4 #aa74 ,n[ direction & execution ext5d to ! same matt]4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! ?ird beatitude1 ,bless$ are !y t m\rn1 corresponds to ! gift ( k1 x seems t ! second beatitude corresponds to piety4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! fruits correspond to ! beatitudes & gifts1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gj1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ among ! fruits1 goodness & b5ignity seem to agree ) piety r ?an mildness1 :i* p]ta9s to meekness4 ,!re=e ! second beatitude does n correspond to ! gift ( piety4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i73 ,piety is becom+ to ! meek4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 adapt+ ! beatitudes to ! gifts a tw(old congruity may be obs]v$4 ,"o is accord+ to ! ord] 9 :i* !y are giv51 & ,augu/9e seems to h foll[$ ?is3 :]e=e he assigns ! fir/ beatitude to ! l[e/ gift1 namely1 fe>1 & ! second beatitude1 ,bless$ are ! meek1 to piety1 & s on4 ,ano!r congruity may be obs]v$ 9 keep+ ) ! special nature ( ea* gift & beatitude4 ,9 ?is way "o mu/ adapt ! beatitudes to ! gifts accord+ to _! objects & acts3 & ?us ! f\r? & fif? beatitudes w\ld correspond to piety1 r ?an ! second4 ,yet ! second beatitude has a c]ta9 congruity ) piety1 inasmu* z meekness removes ! ob/acles to acts ( piety4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,tak+ ! beatitudes & gifts accord+ to _! prop] natures1 ! same beatitude mu/ ne$s correspond to k & piety3 b tak+ !m accord+ to _! ord]1 diff]5t beatitudes correspond to !m1 al?\gh a c]ta9 congruity may be obs]v$1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! fruits goodness & b5ignity may be directly ascrib$ to piety2 & mildness indirectly 9 s f> z x removes ob/acles to acts ( piety1 z /at$ above4 ,,"q #abb ,,( ,,! ,,precepts ,,( ,,ju/ice 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! precepts ( ju/ice1 "u :i* head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! precepts ( ! decalogue are precepts ( ju/ice8 7#b7 ,( ! fir/ precept ( ! decalogue2 7#c7 ,( ! second2 7#d7 ,( ! ?ird2 7#e7 ,( ! f\r?2 7#f7 ,( ! o!r six4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,precepts ( ! ,decalogue ,are ,precepts ( ,ju/ice8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! precepts ( ! decalogue are n precepts ( ju/ice4 ,= ! int5tion ( a lawgiv] is to make ! citiz5s virtu\s 9 respect ( e virtue1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #a4 ,:]e=e1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 v1 #a1 ! law prescribes ab\t all acts ( all virtues4 ,n[ ! precepts ( ! decalogue are ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! :ole ,div9e ,law4 ,!re=e ! precepts ( ! decalogue d n p]ta9 to ju/ice alone4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x w\ld seem t to ju/ice belong especially ! judicial precepts1 :i* are condivid$ ) ! moral precepts1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #d74 ,b ! precepts ( ! decalogue are moral precepts1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajj1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ! precepts ( ! decalogue are n precepts ( ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,law conta9s *iefly precepts ab\t acts ( ju/ice reg>d+ ! common good1 = in/ance ab\t public (fic]s & ! l4 ,b !re is no m5tion ( ^! 9 ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,!re=e x seems t ! precepts ( ! decalogue d n prop]ly belong to ju/ice4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! precepts ( ! decalogue are divid$ into two tables1 correspond+ to ! love ( ,god & ! love ( our neighbor1 bo? ( :i* reg>d ! virtue ( *>ity4 ,!re=e ! precepts ( ! decalogue belong to *>ity r ?an to ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,seem+ly ju/ice is ! sole virtue :]eby we are direct$ to ano!r4 ,n[ we are direct$ to ano!r by all ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 z is evid5t if "o consid] ea* ( !m4 ,!re=e all ! precepts ( ! decalogue p]ta9 to ju/ice4 ,i answ] t1 ,! precepts ( ! decalogue are ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! ,law3 & ! natural reason ass5ts to !m at once1 z to pr9ciples t are mo/ evid5t4 ,n[ x is altoge!r evid5t t ! notion ( duty1 :i* is ess5tial to a precept1 appe>s 9 ju/ice1 :i* is ( "o t[>ds ano!r4 ,because 9 ^? matt]s t relate to himself x w\ld seem at a glance t man is ma/] ( himself1 & t he may d z he likes3 :]eas 9 matt]s t ref] to ano!r x appe>s manife/ly t a man is "u obligation to r5d] to ano!r t :i* is 8 due4 ,h5ce ! precepts ( ! decalogue mu/ ne$s p]ta9 to ju/ice4 ,:]e=e ! fir/ ?ree precepts are ab\t acts ( religion1 :i* is ! *ief "p ( ju/ice2 ! f\r? precept is ab\t acts ( piety1 :i* is ! second "p ( ju/ice2 & ! six rema9+ are ab\t ju/ice commonly s call$1 :i* is obs]v$ among equals4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! int5tion ( ! law is to make all m5 virtu\s1 b 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 namely1 by fir/ ( all giv+ !m precepts ab\t ^? ?+s :]e ! notion ( duty is mo/ manife/1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! judicial precepts are det]m9ations ( ! moral precepts1 9 s f> z ^! are direct$ to "o's neighbor1 j z ! c]emonial precepts are det]m9ations ( ! moral precepts 9 s f> z ^! are direct$ to ,god4 ,h5ce nei!r precepts are conta9$ 9 ! decalogue3 & yet !y are det]m9ations ( ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 & !re=e p]ta9 to ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?+s t conc]n ! common good mu/ ne$s be adm9i/]$ 9 diff]5t ways accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( m54 ,h5ce !y 7 to be giv5 a place n among ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 b among ! judicial precepts4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! precepts ( ! decalogue p]ta9 to *>ity z _! end1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #a3e1 ,! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity3 b !y belong to ju/ice1 inasmu* z !y ref] imm$iately to acts ( ju/ice4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,fir/ ,precept ( ! ,decalogue ,is ,fitt+ly ,express$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! fir/ precept ( ! decalogue is unfitt+ly express$4 ,= man is m b\nd to ,god ?an to 8 fa!r 9 ! fle%1 accord+ to ,heb4 #ab3i1 ,h[ mu* m %all we ,vulg43 '%all we n mu* m' obey ! ,fa!r ( spirits & live8 ,n[ ! precept ( piety1 :]eby man honors 8 fa!r1 is express$ affirmatively 9 ^! words3 ,honor ?y fa!r & ?y "m4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 %\ld ! fir/ precept ( religion1 :]eby all honor ,god1 be express$ affirmatively1 especially z affirmation is naturally prior to negation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! fir/ precept ( ! decalogue p]ta9s to religion1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ religion1 s9ce x is "o virtue1 has "o act4 ,yet 9 ! fir/ precept ?ree acts are =bidd53 s9ce we read fir/3 ,?\ %alt n h /range gods be=e ,me2 secondly1 ,?\ %alt n make to ?yself any grav5 ?+2 & ?irdly1 ,?\ %alt n adore !m nor s]ve !m4 ,!re=e ! fir/ precept is unfitt+ly express$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de decem *ord4 ix7 t ! fir/ precept =bids ! s9 ( sup]/ition4 ,b !re are _m wick$ sup]/itions besides idolatry1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x 0 insuffici5t to =bid idolatry alone4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,i answ] t1 ,x p]ta9s to law to make m5 good1 :]e=e x behoov$ ! precepts ( ! ,law to be set 9 ord] accord+ to ! ord] ( g5]ation1 ! ord]1 to wit1 ( man's becom+ good4 ,n[ two ?+s mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation4 ,! fir/ is t ! fir/ "p is ! fir/ ?+ to be e/abli%$2 ?us 9 ! g5]ation ( an animal ! fir/ ?+ to be =m$ is ! he>t1 & 9 build+ a home ! fir/ ?+ to be set up is ! f\ndation3 & 9 ! goodness ( ! s\l ! fir/ "p is goodness ( ! w1 ! result ( :i* is t a man makes good use ( e o!r goodness4 ,n[ ! goodness ( ! w dep5ds on its object1 :i* is its end4 ,:]e=e s9ce man 0 to be direct$ to virtue by means ( ! ,law1 ! fir/ ?+ necess>y 01 z x 71 to lay ! f\ndation ( religion1 :]eby man is duly direct$ to ,god1 ,:o is ! la/ end ( man's w4 ,! second ?+ to be obs]v$ 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation is t 9 ! fir/ place contr>ies & ob/acles h to be remov$4 ,?us ! f>m] fir/ purifies ! soil1 & aft]w>ds s[s 8 se$1 accord+ to ,j]4 #d3c1 ,break up anew y\r fall[ gr\nd1 & s[ n ^u ?orns4 ,h5ce x behoov$ man1 fir/ ( all to be in/ruct$ 9 religion1 s z to remove ! ob/acles to true religion4 ,n[ ! *ief ob/acle to religion is = man to adh]e to a false god1 accord+ to ,matt4 #f3bd1 ,y _c s]ve ,god & mammon4 ,!re=e 9 ! fir/ precept ( ! ,law ! wor%ip ( false gods is exclud$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 po9t ( fact !re is "o affirmative precept ab\t religion1 namely3 ,rememb] t ?\ keep holy ! ,sabba? ,day4 ,/ill ! negative precepts _h to be giv5 fir/1 s t by _! means ! ob/acles to religion might be remov$4 ,= ?\gh affirmation naturally prec$es negation1 yet 9 ! process ( g5]ation1 negation1 :]eby ob/acles are remov$1 comes fir/1 z /at$ 9 ! ,article4 ,especially is ?is true 9 matt]s conc]n+ ,god1 :]e negation is pref]able to affirmation1 on acc\nt ( our insuffici5cy1 z ,dionysius obs]ves 7,coel4 ,hi]4 ii74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,p wor%ip$ /range gods 9 two ways4 ,= "s s]v$ c]ta9 creatures z gods )\t hav+ rec\rse to images4 ,h5ce ,v>ro says t = a long "t ! anci5t ,romans wor%ip$ gods )\t us+ images3 & ?is wor%ip is fir/ =bidd5 by ! words1 ,?\ %alt n h /range gods4 ,among o!rs ! wor%ip ( false gods 0 obs]v$ by us+ c]ta9 images3 & s ! v mak+ ( images 0 fitt+ly =bidd5 by ! words1 ,?\ %alt n make to ?yself any grav5 ?+1 z also ! wor%ip ( ^? same images1 by ! words1 ,?\ %alt n adore !m1 etc4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all o!r k9ds ( sup]/ition proce$ f "s compact1 tacit or explicit1 ) ! demons2 h5ce all are und]/ood to be =bidd5 by ! words1 ,?\ %alt n h /range gods4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,second ,precept ( ! ,decalogue ,is ,fitt+ly ,express$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! second precept ( ! decalogue is unfitt+ly express$4 ,= ?is precept1 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ?y ,god 9 va9 is ?us expla9$ by a gloss on ,ex4 #bj3g3 ,?\ %alt n deem ! ,son ( ,god to be a creature1 s t x =bids an error aga9/ fai?4 ,aga91 a gloss on ! words ( ,deut4 #e3aa1 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( 4 4 4 ?y ,god 9 va91 adds1 i4e4 by giv+ ! "n ( ,god to wood or /one1 z ?\gh !y =bade a false confession ( fai?1 :i*1 l error1 is an act ( unbelief4 ,n[ unbelief prec$es sup]/ition1 z fai? prec$es religion4 ,!re=e ?is precept %\ld h prec$$ ! fir/1 :]eby sup]/ition is =bidd54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! "n ( ,god is tak5 = _m purposes--= in/ance1 ^? ( praise1 ( work+ miracles1 & g5]ally speak+ 9 conjunction ) all we say or d1 accord+ to ,col4 #c3ag1 ,all :atsoev] y d 9 ^w or 9 "w 4 4 4 d ye 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,!re=e ! precept =bidd+ ! tak+ ( ,god's "n 9 va9 seems to be m univ]sal ?an ! precept =bidd+ sup]/ition1 & ?us %\ld h prec$$ x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,ex4 #bj3g exp\nds ! precept1 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( 4 4 4 ?y ,god 9 va91 namely1 by swe>+ to no?+4 ,h5ce ?is precept w\ld seem to =bid useless swe>+1 t is to say1 swe>+ )\t judgm5t4 ,b false swe>+1 :i* is )\t tru?1 & unju/ swe>+1 :i* is )\t ju/ice1 are mu* m griev\s4 ,!re=e ?is precept %\ld r h =bidd5 !m4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 blasphemy or any ^w or de$ t is an insult to ,god is mu* m griev\s ?an p]jury4 ,!re=e blasphemy & o!r l s9s %\ld r h be5 =bidd5 by ?is precept4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,god's names are _m4 ,!re=e x %\ld n h be5 said indef9itely3 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( 4 4 4 ?y ,god 9 va94 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 "o :o is be+ in/ruct$ 9 virtue x is necess>y to remove ob/acles to true religion be=e e/abli%+ him 9 true religion4 ,n[ a ?+ is oppos$ to true religion 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by excess1 :51 to wit1 t :i* belongs to religion is giv5 to o!rs ?an to :om x is due1 & ?is p]ta9s to sup]/ition4 ,secondly1 by lack1 z x 71 ( rev]5ce1 :51 to wit1 ,god is contemn$1 & ?is p]ta9s to ! vice ( irreligion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ig1 9 ! preamble1 & 9 ! ,article t foll[s74 ,n[ sup]/ition h9d]s religion by prev5t+ man f ackn[l$g+ ,god s z to wor%ip ,him3 & :5 a man's m9d is engross$ 9 "s undue wor%ip1 he _c at ! same "t give due wor%ip to ,god1 accord+ to ,isa4 #bh3bj1 ,! b$ is /rait5$1 s t "o mu/ fall out1 i4e4 ei!r ! true ,god or a false god mu/ fall out f man's he>t1 & a %ort cov]+ _c cov] bo?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 irreligion h9d]s religion by prev5t+ man f honor+ ,god aft] he has ackn[l$g$ ,him4 ,n[ "o mu/ fir/ ( all ackn[l$ge ,god ) a view to wor%ip1 be=e honor+ ,him we h ackn[l$g$4 ,= ?is reason ! precept =bidd+ sup]/ition is plac$ be=e ! second precept1 :i* =bids p]jury t p]ta9s to irreligion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! expositions are my/ical4 ,! lit]al explanation is t :i* is giv5 ,deut4 #e3aa3 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( 4 4 4 ?y ,god 9 va91 namely1 by swe>+ on t :i* is n 99,vulg43 '= he %all n be unpuni%$ t take? ,8 "n ^u a va9 ?+'4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is precept does n =bid all tak+ ( ! "n ( ,god1 b prop]ly ! tak+ ( ,god's "n 9 confirmation ( a man's ^w by way ( an oa?1 because m5 are wont to take ,god's "n m frequ5tly 9 ?is way4 ,nev]!less we may und]/& t 9 consequ5ce all inord9ate tak+ ( ! ,div9e "n is =bidd5 by ?is precept3 & x is 9 ?is s5se t we are to take ! explanation quot$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to swe> to no?+ means to swe> to t :i* is n4 ,?is p]ta9s to false swe>+1 :i* is *iefly call$ p]jury1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ih1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,= :5 a man swe>s to t :i* is false1 8 swe>+ is va9 9 itself1 s9ce x is n support$ by ! tru?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a man swe>s )\t judgm5t1 ?r\gh levity1 if he swe> to ! tru?1 !re is no vanity on ! "p ( ! oa? itself1 b only on ! "p ( ! swe>]4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,j z :5 we in/ruct a man 9 "s sci5ce1 we beg9 by putt+ be=e him c]ta9 g5]al maxims1 ev5 s ! ,law1 :i* =ms man to virtue by in/ruct+ him 9 ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 :i* are ! fir/ ( all precepts1 gave expression1 by prohibition or by comm&1 to ^? ?+s :i* are ( mo/ common occurr5ce 9 ! c\rse ( human life4 ,h5ce ! precepts ( ! decalogue include ! prohibition ( p]jury1 :i* is ( m frequ5t occurr5ce ?an blasphemy1 s9ce man does n fall s (t5 into ! latt] s94 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,rev]5ce is due to ! ,div9e names on ! "p ( ! ?+ signifi$1 :i* is "o1 & n on ! "p ( ! signify+ words1 :i* are _m4 ,h5ce x is express$ 9 ! s+ul>3 ,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( 4 4 4 ?y ,god 9 va93 s9ce x matt]s n 9 :i* ( ,god's names p]jury is committ$4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,?ird ,precept ( ! ,decalogue1 ,conc]n+ ! ,hall[+ ( ! ,sabba?1 ,is ,fitt+ly ,express$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! ?ird precept ( ! decalogue1 conc]n+ ! hall[+ ( ! ,sabba?1 is unfitt+ly express$4 ,= ?is1 und]/ood spiritually1 is a g5]al precept3 s9ce ,b$e 9 comm5t+ on ,luke #ac3ad1 ,! rul] ( ! synagogue be+ angry t ,he _h heal$ on ! ,sabba?1 says 7,comm5t4 iv73 ,! ,law =bids1 n to heal man on ! ,sabba?1 b to d s]vile works1 i4e4 to burd5 oneself ) s94 ,tak5 lit]ally x is a c]emonial precept1 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #ca3ac73 ,see t y keep ,my ,sabba?3 because x is a sign betwe5 ,me & y 9 y\r g5]ations4 ,n[ ! precepts ( ! decalogue are bo? spiritual & moral4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ly plac$ among ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! c]emonial precepts ( ! ,law conta9 sacr$ ?+s1 sacrifices1 sacram5ts & obs]vances1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ sacr$ ?+s compris$ n only sacr$ days1 b also sacr$ places & sacr$ vessels1 & s on4 ,moreov]1 !re 7 _m sacr$ days o!r ?an ! ,sabba?4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ to omit all o!r c]emonial obs]vances & to m5tion only t ( ! ,sabba?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] breaks a precept ( ! decalogue1 s9s4 ,b 9 ! ,old ,law "s :o broke ! obs]vances ( ! ,sabba? did n s9--= in/ance1 ^? :o circumcis$ _! sons on ! eigh? day1 & ! prie/s :o work$ 9 ! temple on ! ,sabba?4 ,also ,elias 7#c ,k+s #ai71 :o j\rney$ = =ty days unto ! m\nt ( ,god1 ,horeb1 mu/ h travel$ on a ,sabba?3 ! prie/s also :o c>ri$ ! ark ( ! ,"l = sev5 days1 z relat$ 9 ,josue #g1 mu/ be und]/ood to h c>ri$ x on a ,sabba?4 ,aga9 x is writt5 7,luke #ac3ae73 ,do? n e "o ( y on ! ,sabba? day loose 8 ox or 8 ass 4 4 4 & lead !m to wat]8 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ly plac$ among ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! precepts ( ! decalogue h to be obs]v$ also "u ! ,new ,law4 ,yet 9 ! ,new ,law ?is precept is n obs]v$1 nei!r 9 ! po9t ( ! ,sabba? day1 nor z to ! ,"l's day1 on :i* m5 cook _! food1 travel1 fi%1 & d _m l ?+s4 ,!re=e ! precept ( ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? is unfitt+ly express$4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ob/acles to true religion be+ remov$ by ! fir/ & second precepts ( ! decalogue1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c71 x rema9$ = ! ?ird precept to be giv5 :]eby man is e/abli%$ 9 true religion4 ,n[ x belongs to religion to give wor%ip to ,god3 & j z ! ,div9e scriptures tea* ! int]ior wor%ip "u ! guise ( c]ta9 corporal similitudes1 s is ext]nal wor%ip giv5 to ,god "u ! guise ( s5sible signs4 ,& s9ce = ! mo/ "p man is induc$ to pay int]ior wor%ip1 consi/+ 9 pray] & devotion1 by ! int]ior prompt+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 a precept ( ! ,law z necess>y respect+ ! ext]ior wor%ip t consi/s 9 s5sible signs4 ,n[ ! precepts ( ! decalogue are1 s to speak1 fir/ & common pr9ciples ( ! ,law1 & consequ5tly ! ?ird precept ( ! decalogue describes ! ext]ior wor%ip ( ,god z ! sign ( a univ]sal boon t conc]ns all4 ,?is univ]sal boon 0 ! "w ( ! ,creation ( ! _w1 f :i* "w ,god is /at$ to h re/$ on ! sev5? day3 & sign ( ?is we are comm&$ to keep holy sev5? day--t is1 to set x aside z a day to be giv5 to ,god4 ,h5ce aft] ! precept ab\t ! hall[+ ( ! ,sabba? ! reason = x is giv53 ,= 9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>? 4 4 4 & re/$ on ! sev5? day4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! precept ab\t hall[+ ! ,sabba?1 und]/ood lit]ally1 is p>tly moral & p>tly c]emonial4 ,x is a moral precept 9 ! po9t ( comm&+ man to aside a c]ta9 "t to be giv5 to ,div9e ?+s4 ,= !re is 9 man a natural incl9ation to set aside a c]ta9 "t = ea* necess>y ?+1 su* z refre%m5t ( ! body1 sleep1 & s =?4 ,h5ce accord+ to ! dictate ( reason1 man sets aside a c]ta9 "t = spiritual refre%m5t1 by :i* man's m9d is refre%$ 9 ,god4 ,& ?us to h a c]ta9 "t set aside = occupy+ oneself ) ,div9e ?+s is ! matt] ( a moral precept4 ,b1 9 s f> z ?is precept specializes ! "t z a sign repres5t+ ! ,creation ( ! _w1 x is a c]emonial precept4 ,aga91 x is a c]emonial precept 9 its allegorical signification1 z repres5tative ( ,*ri/'s re/ 9 ! tomb on ! sev5? day3 also 9 its moral signification1 z repres5t+ cessation f all s9ful acts1 & ! m9d's re/ 9 ,god1 9 :i* s5se1 too1 x is a g5]al precept4 ,aga91 x is a c]emonial precept 9 its analogical signification1 z =e%ad[+ ! enjoym5t ( ,god 9 heav54 ,h5ce ! precept ab\t hall[+ ! ,sabba? is plac$ among ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 z a moral1 b n z a c]emonial precept4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! o!r c]emonies ( ! ,law are signs ( c]ta9 p>ticul> ,div9e works3 b ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? is repres5tative ( a g5]al boon1 namely1 ! production ( all creatures4 ,h5ce x 0 fitt+ t x %\ld be plac$ among ! g5]al precepts ( ! decalogue1 r ?an any o!r c]emonial precept ( ! ,law4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,two ?+s are to be obs]v$ 9 ! hall[+ ( ! ,sabba?4 ,"o ( ^! is ! end3 & ?is is t man occupy himself ) ,div9e ?+s1 & is signifi$ 9 ! words3 ,rememb] t ?\ keep holy ! ,sabba? day4 ,= 9 ! ,law ^? ?+s are said to be holy :i* are appli$ to ! ,div9e wor%ip4 ,! o!r ?+ is cessation f "w1 & is signifi$ 9 ! words 7,ex4 #bj3aa71 ,on ! sev5? day 4 4 4 ?\ %alt d no "w4 ,! k9d ( "w meant appe>s f ,lev4 #bc3c1 ,y %all d no s]vile "w on t day 99,vulg43 ',y %all d no "w on t day'4 ,n[ s]vile "w is s call$ f s]vitude3 & s]vitude is ?reefold4 ,"o1 :]eby man is ! s]vant ( s91 accord+ to ,john #h3cd1 ,:osoev] committe? s9 is ! s]vant ( s91 & 9 ?is s5se all s9ful acts are s]vile4 ,ano!r s]vitude is :]eby "o man s]ves ano!r4 ,n[ "o man s]ves ano!r n ) 8 m9d b ) 8 body1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajd1 ,,aa4 #e1 #f1 ad #a74 ,:]e=e 9 ?is respect ^? works are call$ s]vile :]eby "o man s]ves ano!r4 ,! ?ird is ! s]vitude ( ,god2 & 9 ?is way ! "w ( wor%ip1 :i* p]ta9s to ! s]vice ( ,god1 may be call$ a s]vile "w4 ,9 ?is s5se s]vile "w is n =bidd5 on ! ,sabba? day1 because t w\ld be contr>y to ! end ( ! ,sabba? obs]vance3 s9ce man ab/a9s f o!r works on ! ,sabba? day 9 ord] t he may occupy himself ) works connect$ ) ,god's s]vice4 ,= ?is reason1 accord+ to ,john #g3bc1 a man 99,vulg43 ',if a man1' etc4 receives circumcision on ! ,sabba? day1 t ! law ( ,moses may n be brok53 & = ?is reason too we read 7,matt4 #ab3e71 t on ! ,sabba? days ! prie/s 9 ! temple break ! ,sabba?1 i4e4 d corporal works on ! ,sabba?1 & are )\t blame4 ,accord+ly1 ! prie/s 9 c>ry+ ! ark on ! ,sabba? did n break ! precept ( ! ,sabba? obs]vance4 ,9 l mann] x is n contr>y to ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? to ex]cise any spiritual act1 su* z tea*+ by ^w or writ+4 ,:]e=e a gloss on ,num #bh says t smi?s & l craftsm5 re/ on ! ,sabba? day1 b ! read] or tea*] ( ! ,div9e law does n cease f 8 "w4 ,yet he pr(anes n ! ,sabba?1 ev5 z ! prie/s 9 ! temple break ! ,sabba?1 & are )\t blame4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? works t are call$ s]vile 9 ! fir/ or second way are contr>y to ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?1 9 s f> z !y h9d] man f apply+ himself to ,div9e ?+s4 ,& s9ce man is h9d]$ f apply+ himself to ,div9e ?+s r by s9ful ?an by lawful albeit corporal works1 x foll[s t to s9 on a fea/ day is m aga9/ ?is precept ?an to d "s o!r b lawful bodily "w4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de decem *ord4 iii73 ,x w\ld be bett] if ! ,jew did "s useful "w on 8 f>m ?an sp5t 8 "t s$iti\sly 9 ! !atre3 & _! wom5folk w\ld d bett] to be mak+ l95 on ! ,sabba? ?an to be danc+ lewdly all day 9 _! fea/s ( ! new moon4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ?is precept to s9 v5ially on ! ,sabba?1 because v5ial s9 does n de/roy hol9ess4 ,aga91 corporal works1 n p]ta9+ to ! spiritual wor%ip ( ,god1 are said to be s]vile 9 s f> z !y belong prop]ly to s]vants2 :ile !y are n said to be s]vile1 9 s f> z !y are common to ^? :o s]ve & ^? :o are free4 ,moreov]1 ev]yone1 be he s]vant or free1 is b\nd to provide necess>ies bo? = himself & = 8 neighbor1 *iefly 9 respect ( ?+s p]ta9+ to ! well-be+ ( ! body1 accord+ to ,prov4 #bd3aa1 ,deliv] !m t are l$ to dea?3 second>ily z reg>ds avoid+ damage to "o's prop]ty1 accord+ to ,deut4 #bb3a1 ,?\ %alt n pass by if ?\ see/ ?y bro!r's ox or 8 %eep g a/ray1 b ?\ %alt br+ !m back to ?y bro!r4 ,h5ce a corporal "w p]ta9+ to ! pres]vation ( "o's own bodily well-be+ does n pr(ane ! ,sabba?3 = x is n aga9/ ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? to eat & d su* ?+s z pres]ve ! heal? ( ! body4 ,= ?is reason ! ,ma*abees did n pr(ane ! ,sabba? :5 !y f\ght 9 self-def5se on ! ,sabba? day 7#a ,macc4 #b71 nor ,elias :5 he fl$ f ! face ( ,jezabel on ! ,sabba?4 ,= ?is same reason our ,"l 7,matt4 #ab3c7 excus$ ,8 disciples = pluck+ ! e>s ( corn on acc\nt ( ! ne$ :i* !y suff]$4 ,9 l mann] a bodily "w t is direct$ to ! bodily well-be+ ( ano!r is n contr>y to ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,john #g3bc73 ,are y angry at ,me because ,i h heal$ ! :ole man on ! ,sabba? day8 ,& aga91 a bodily "w t is done to avoid an imm95t damage to "s ext]nal ?+ does n pr(ane ! ,sabba?1 :]e=e our ,"l says 7,matt4 #ab3aa73 ,:at man %all !re be among y1 t ha? "o %eep1 & if ! same fall into a pit on ! ,sabba? day1 w he n take hold on x & lift x up8 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 ! ,new ,law ! obs]vance ( ! ,"l's day took ! place ( ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?1 n by virtue ( ! precept b by ! in/itution ( ! ,*ur* & ! cu/om ( ,*ri/ian p4 ,= ?is obs]vance is n figurative1 z 0 ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? 9 ! ,old ,law4 ,h5ce ! prohibition to "w on ! ,"l's day is n s /rict z on ! ,sabba?3 & c]ta9 works are p]mitt$ on ! ,"l's day :i* 7 =bidd5 on ! ,sabba?1 su* z ! cook+ ( food & s =?4 ,& aga9 9 ! ,new ,law1 disp5sation is m easily grant$ ?an 9 ! ,old1 9 ! matt] ( c]ta9 =bidd5 works1 on acc\nt ( _! necessity1 because ! figure p]ta9s to ! prote/ation ( tru?1 :i* x is unlawful to omit ev5 9 small ?+s2 :ile works1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are *angeable 9 po9t ( place & "t4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abb1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,f\r? ,precept1 ,ab\t ,honor+ ,"o's ,p>5ts1 ,is ,fitt+ly ,express$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! f\r? precept1 ab\t honor+ "o's p>5ts1 is unfitt+ly express$4 ,= ?is is ! precept p]ta9+ to piety4 ,n[1 j z piety is a "p ( ju/ice1 s are obs]vance1 gratitude1 & o!rs ( :i* we h spok5 7,,qq4 #aja1 #ajb1 seq474 ,!re=e x seems t !re %\ld n h be5 giv5 a special precept ( piety1 z none is giv5 reg>d+ ! o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 piety pays wor%ip n only to "o's p>5ts1 b also to "o's c\ntry1 & also to o!r blood k9dr$1 & to ! well-wi%]s ( our c\ntry1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ = ?is precept to m5tion only ! honor+ ( "o's fa!r & "m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 we owe our p>5ts n m]ely honor b also support4 ,!re=e ! m]e honor+ ( "o's p>5ts is unfitt+ly prescrib$4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 sometimes ^? :o honor _! p>5ts die "y1 & on ! contr>y ^? :o honor !m n live a long "t4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ to supplem5t ?is precept ) ! promise1 ,t ?\ maye/ be long-liv$ ^u e>?4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,i answ] t1 ,! precepts ( ! decalogue are direct$ to ! love ( ,god & ( our neighbor4 ,n[ to our p>5ts1 ( all our neighbors1 we are "u ! greate/ obligation4 ,h5ce1 imm$iately aft] ! precepts direct+ u to ,god1 a place is giv5 to ! precept direct+ u to our p>5ts1 :o are ! p>ticul> pr9ciple ( our be+1 j z ,god is ! univ]sal pr9ciple3 s t ?is precept has a c]ta9 aff9ity to ! precepts ( ! ,fir/ ,table4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #b71 piety directs u to pay ! debt due to our p>5ts1 a debt :i* is common to all4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! precepts ( ! decalogue are g5]al precepts1 !y ought to conta9 "s ref]5ce to piety r ?an to ! o!r p>ts ( ju/ice1 :i* reg>d "s special debt4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! debt to "o's p>5ts prec$es ! debt to "o's k9dr$ & c\ntry s9ce x is because we are born ( our p>5ts t our k9dr$ & c\ntry belong to u4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! precepts ( ! decalogue are ! fir/ precepts ( ! ,law1 !y direct man to 8 p>5ts r ?an to 8 c\ntry & o!r k9dr$4 ,nev]!less ?is precept ( honor+ our p>5ts is und]/ood to comm& :atev] conc]ns ! paym5t ( debt to any p]son1 z second>y matt] includ$ 9 ! pr9cipal matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,rev]5tial honor is due to "o's p>5ts z su*1 :]eas support & s =? are due to !m accid5tally1 = in/ance1 because !y are 9 want1 9 slav]y1 or ! l1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #b74 ,& s9ce t :i* belongs to a ?+ by nature prec$es t :i* is accid5tal1 x foll[s t among ! fir/ precepts ( ! ,law1 :i* are ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 !re is a special precept ( honor+ our p>5ts3 & ?is honor1 z a k9d ( pr9ciple1 is und]/ood to comprise support & :atev] else is due to our p>5ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a long life is promis$ to ^? :o honor _! p>5ts n only z to ! life to come1 b also z to ! pres5t life1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,tim4 #d3h73 ,piety ,d\ay3 'godl9ess' is pr(itable to all ?+s1 hav+ promise ( ! life t n[ is & ( t :i* is to come4 ,& ) reason4 ,because ! man :o is grateful = a favor des]ves1 ) a c]ta9 congruity1 t ! favor %\ld be cont9u$ to him1 & he :o is ungrateful = a favor des]ves to lose x4 ,n[ we owe ! favor ( bodily life to our p>5ts aft] ,god3 :]e=e he t honors 8 p>5ts des]ves ! prolongation ( 8 life1 because he is grateful = t favor3 :ile he t honors n 8 p>5ts des]ves to be depriv$ ( life because he is ungrateful = ! favor4 ,h[ev]1 pres5t goods or evils are n ! subject ( m]it or dem]it except 9 s f> z !y are direct$ to a future rew>d1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #ab74 ,:]e=e sometimes 9 accordance ) ! hidd5 design ( ! ,div9e judgm5ts1 :i* reg>d *iefly ! future rew>d1 "s1 :o are dutiful to _! p>5ts1 are soon] depriv$ ( life1 :ile o!rs1 :o are undutiful to _! p>5ts1 live long]4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abb1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,o!r ,six ,precepts ( ! ,decalogue ,are ,fitt+ly ,express$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! o!r six precepts ( ! decalogue are unfitt+ly express$4 ,= x is n suffici5t = salvation t "o refra9 f injur+ "o's neighbor2 b x is requir$ t "o pay "o's debts1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ac3g1 ,r5d] 4 4 4 to all m5 _! dues4 ,n[ ! la/ six precepts m]ely =bid "o to injure "o's neighbor4 ,!re=e ^! precepts are unfitt+ly express$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^! precepts =bid murd]1 adult]y1 /eal+ & be>+ false witness4 ,b _m o!r injuries c be inflict$ on "o's neighbor1 z appe>s f ^? :i* h be5 specifi$ above 7,,qq4 #gb1 seq474 ,!re=e x seems t ! a=esaid precepts are unfitt+ly express$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 concupisc5ce may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/ z d5ot+ an act ( ! w1 z 9 ,wis4 #f3ba1 ,! desire 7concupisc5tia7 ( wisdom br+e? to ! ev]la/+ k+dom3 secondly1 z d5ot+ an act ( ! s5suality1 z 9 ,james #d3a1 ,f :5ce are w>s & cont5tions among y8 ,are !y n 4 4 4 f y\r concupisc5ces :i* w> 9 y\r memb]s8 ,n[ ! concupisc5ce ( ! s5suality is n =bidd5 by a precept ( ! decalogue1 o!rwise fir/ movem5ts w\ld be mortal s9s1 z !y w\ld be aga9/ a precept ( ! decalogue4 ,nor is ! concupisc5ce ( ! w =bidd51 s9ce x is includ$ 9 e s94 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ = ! precepts ( ! decalogue to include "s t =bid concupisc5ce4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 murd] is a m griev\s s9 ?an adult]y or !ft4 ,b !re is no precept =bidd+ ! desire ( murd]4 ,!re=e nei!r 0 x fitt+ to h precepts =bidd+ ! desire ( !ft & ( adult]y4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z by ! p>ts ( ju/ice a man pays t :i* is due to c]ta9 def9ite p]sons1 to :om he is b\nd = "s special reason1 s too by ju/ice prop]ly s call$ he pays t :i* is due to all 9 g5]al4 ,h5ce1 aft] ! ?ree precepts p]ta9+ to religion1 :]eby man pays :at is due ,god1 & aft] ! f\r? precept p]ta9+ to piety1 :]eby he pays :at is due to 8 p>5ts--:i* duty includes ! pay+ ( all t is due = any special reason--x 0 necess>y 9 due sequ5ce to give c]ta9 precepts p]ta9+ to ju/ice prop]ly s call$1 :i* pays to all indiff]5tly :at is due to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man is b\nd t[>ds all p]sons 9 g5]al to inflict injury on no "o3 h5ce ! negative precepts1 :i* =bid ! do+ ( ^? injuries t c be inflict$ on "o's neighbor1 _h to be giv5 a place1 z g5]al precepts1 among ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! duties we owe to our neighbor are paid 9 diff]5t ways to diff]5t p3 h5ce x did n behoove to include affirmative precepts ab\t ^? duties among ! precepts ( ! decalogue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all o!r injuries t are inflict$ on our neighbor are r$ucible to ^? t are =bidd5 by ^! precepts1 z tak+ prec$5ce ( o!rs 9 po9t ( g5]ality & importance4 ,= all injuries t are inflict$ on ! p]son ( our neighbor are und]/ood to be =bidd5 "u ! head ( murd] z be+ ! pr9cipal ( all4 ,^? t are inflict$ on a p]son connect$ ) "o's neighbor1 especially by way ( lu/1 are und]/ood to be =bidd5 toge!r ) adult]y3 ^? t come "u ! head ( damage done to prop]ty are und]/ood to be =bidd5 toge!r ) !ft3 & ^? t are compris$ "u spee*1 su* z detractions1 insults1 & s =?1 are und]/ood to be =bidd5 toge!r ) ! be>+ ( false witness1 :i* is m directly oppos$ to ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! precepts =bidd+ concupisc5ce d n include ! prohibition ( fir/ movem5ts ( concupisc5ce1 t d n g f>!r ?an ! b\nds ( s5suality4 ,! direct object ( _! prohibition is ! cons5t ( ! w1 :i* is direct$ to de$ or pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,murd] 9 itself is an object n ( concupisc5ce b ( horror1 s9ce x has n 9 itself ! aspect ( good4 ,on ! o!r h&1 adult]y has ! aspect ( a c]ta9 k9d ( good1 i4e4 ( some?+ pleasurable1 & !ft has an aspect ( good1 i4e4 ( some?+ useful3 & good ( its v nature has ! aspect ( some?+ concupiscible4 ,h5ce ! concupisc5ce ( !ft & adult]y _h to be =bidd5 by special precepts1 b n ! concupisc5ce ( murd]4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,=titude ,,& ,,temp]ance 7,,qq4 #abc-agj7 ,,"q #abc ,,( ,,=titude 7,9 ,twelve ,articles7 ,aft] consid]+ ju/ice we mu/ 9 due sequ5ce consid] =titude4 ,we mu/ 7#a7 consid] ! virtue itself ( =titude2 7#b7 its p>ts2 7#c7 ! gift correspond+ !reto2 7#d7 ! precepts t p]ta9 to x4 ,conc]n+ =titude ?ree ?+s h to be consid]$3 7#a7 ,=titude itself2 7#b7 its pr9cipal act1 viz4 m>tyrdom2 7#c7 ! vices oppos$ to =titude4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are twelve po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r =titude is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special virtue8 7#c7 ,:e!r =titude is only ab\t fe> & d>+8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is only ab\t fe> ( dea?8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is only 9 w>like matt]s8 7#f7 ,:e!r endurance is its *ief act8 7#g7 ,:e!r its action is direct$ to its own good8 7#h7 ,:e!r x takes pleasure 9 its own action8 7#i7 ,:e!r =titude deals *iefly ) sudd5 occurr5ces8 7#aj7 ,:e!r x makes use ( ang] 9 its action8 7#aa7 ,:e!r x is a c>d9al virtue8 7#ab7 ,( its comp>ison ) ! o!r c>d9al virtues4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,=titude ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t =titude is n a virtue4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #ab3i73 ,virtue is p]fect$ 9 infirmity4 ,b =titude is contr>y to infirmity4 ,!re=e =titude is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if x is a virtue1 x is ei!r !ological1 intellectual1 or moral4 ,n[ =titude is n conta9$ among ! !ological virtues1 nor among ! intellectual virtues1 z may be ga!r$ f :at we h said above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #eg1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c74 ,nei!r1 app>5tly1 is x conta9$ among ! moral virtues1 s9ce accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #g1 #h73 ,"s seem to be brave ?r\gh ignorance2 or ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 z soldi]s1 bo? ( :i* cases seem to p]ta9 to act r ?an to moral virtue1 & "s are call$ brave on acc\nt ( c]ta9 passions2 = in/ance1 on acc\nt ( fe> ( ?reats1 or ( di%onor1 or aga9 on acc\nt ( sorr[1 ang]1 or hope4 ,b moral virtue does n act f passion b f *oice1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e =titude is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 human virtue resides *iefly 9 ! s\l1 s9ce x is a good quality ( ! m9d1 z /at$ above 7,e?ic4 iii1 #g1 #h74 ,b =titude1 seem+ly1 resides 9 ! body1 or at lea/ results f ! temp]am5t ( ! body4 ,!re=e x seems t =titude is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 xv1 xxi1 xxii7 numb]s =titude among ! virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f7 virtue is t :i* makes its possessor good1 & r5d]s 8 "w good4 ,h5ce human virtue1 ( :i* we are speak+ n[1 is t :i* makes a man good1 & r5d]s 8 "w good4 ,n[ man's good is to be 9 accordance ) reason1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 #bb74 ,:]e=e x belongs to human virtue to make man good1 to make 8 "w accord ) reason4 ,?is happ5s 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 by rectify+ reason itself1 & ?is is done by ! intellectual virtues2 secondly1 by e/abli%+ ! rectitude ( reason 9 human affairs1 & ?is belongs to ju/ice2 ?irdly1 by remov+ ! ob/acles to ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is rectitude 9 human affairs4 ,n[ ! human w is h9d]$ 9 two ways f foll[+ ! rectitude ( reason4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh be+ drawn by "s object ( pleasure to some?+ o!r ?an :at ! rectitude ( reason requires2 & ?is ob/acle is remov$ by ! virtue ( temp]ance4 ,secondly1 ?r\gh ! w be+ dis9cl9$ to foll[ t :i* is 9 accordance ) reason1 on acc\nt ( "s difficulty t pres5ts itself4 ,9 ord] to remove ?is ob/acle =titude ( ! m9d is requisite1 :]eby to resi/ ! a=esaid difficulty ev5 z a man1 by =titude ( body1 ov]comes & removes bodily ob/acles4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t =titude is a virtue1 9 s f> z x con=ms man to reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! virtue ( ! s\l is p]fect$1 n 9 ! infirmity ( ! s\l1 b 9 ! infirmity ( ! body1 ( :i* ! ,apo/le 0 speak+4 ,n[ x belongs to =titude ( ! m9d to be> bravely ) infirmities ( ! fle%1 & ?is belongs to ! virtue ( pati5ce or =titude1 z also to ackn[l$ge "o's own infirmity1 & ?is belongs to ! p]fection t is call$ humility4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sometimes a p]son p]=ms ! ext]ior act ( a virtue )\t hav+ ! virtue1 & f "s o!r cause ?an virtue4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h7 m5tions five ways 9 :i* p are said to be brave by way ( resemblance1 ?r\gh p]=m+ acts ( =titude )\t hav+ ! virtue4 ,?is may be done 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 because !y t5d to t :i* is difficult z ?\gh x 7 n difficult3 & ?is aga9 happ5s 9 ?ree ways1 = sometimes ?is is ow+ to ignorance1 ?r\gh n p]ceiv+ ! greatness ( ! dang]2 sometimes x is ow+ to ! fact t "o is hopeful ( ov]com+ dang]s--:51 = in/ance1 "o has (t5 exp]i5c$ escape f dang]2 & sometimes ?is is ow+ to a c]ta9 sci5ce & art1 z 9 ! case ( soldi]s :o1 ?r\gh skill & practice 9 ! use ( arms1 ?9k little ( ! dang]s ( battle1 z !y reckon !mselves capable ( def5d+ !mselves aga9/ !m2 ?us ,vegetius says 7,de ,re ,milit4 i71 ,no man fe>s to d :at he is confid5t ( hav+ le>n$ to d well4 ,secondly1 a man p]=ms an act ( =titude )\t hav+ ! virtue1 ?r\gh ! impulse ( a passion1 :e!r ( sorr[ t he wi%es to ca/ (f1 or aga9 ( ang]4 ,?irdly1 ?r\gh *oice1 n inde$ ( a due end1 b ( "s temporal advantage to be obta9$1 su* z honor1 pleasure1 or ga91 or ( "s disadvantage to be avoid$1 su* z blame1 pa91 or loss4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! =titude ( ! s\l :i* is reckon$ a virtue1 z expla9$ 9 ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection1 is s call$ f its lik5ess to =titude ( ! body4 ,nor is x inconsi/5t ) ! notion ( virtue1 t a man %\ld h a natural incl9ation to virtue by reason ( 8 natural temp]am5t1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #a74 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,=titude ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t =titude is n a special virtue4 ,= x is writt5 7,wis4 #g3g73 ,%e tea*e? temp]ance1 & prud5ce1 & ju/ice1 & =titude1 :]e ! text has virtue = =titude4 ,s9ce !n ! t]m virtue is common to all virtues1 x seems t =titude is a g5]al virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i73 ,=titude is n lack+ 9 c\rage1 = alone %e def5ds ! honor ( ! virtues & gu>ds _! behe/s4 ,%e x is t wages an inexorable w> on all vice1 undet]r$ by toil1 brave 9 face ( dang]s1 /eel$ aga9/ pleasures1 unyield+ to lu/s1 avoid+ covet\sness z a de=mity t weak5s virtue2 & he says ! same fur!r on 9 connection ) o!r vices4 ,n[ ?is _c apply to any special virtue4 ,!re=e =titude is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 =titude w\ld seem to d]ive its "n f firmness4 ,b x belongs to e virtue to /& firm1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii4 ,!re=e =titude is a g5]al virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxii7 numb]s x among ! o!r virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 ! t]m =titude c be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z simply d5ot+ a c]ta9 firmness ( m9d1 & 9 ?is s5se x is a g5]al virtue1 or r a condition ( e virtue1 s9ce z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ii71 x is requisite = e virtue to act firmly & immovably4 ,secondly1 =titude may be tak5 to d5ote firmness only 9 be>+ & )/&+ ^? ?+s :]e9 x is mo/ difficult to be firm1 namely 9 c]ta9 grave dang]s4 ,!re=e ,tully says 7,rhet4 ii71 t =titude is delib]ate fac+ ( dang]s & be>+ ( toils4 ,9 ?is s5se =titude is reckon$ a special virtue1 because x has a special matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,coelo i1 #aaf7 ! ^w virtue ref]s to ! extreme limit ( a p[]4 ,n[ a natural p[] is1 9 "o s5se1 ! p[] ( resi/+ corruptions1 & 9 ano!r s5se is a pr9ciple ( action1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 v1 #ag4 ,& s9ce ?is latt] mean+ is ! m common1 ! t]m virtue1 z d5ot+ ! extreme limit ( su* a p[]1 is a common t]m1 = virtue tak5 9 a g5]al s5se is no?+ else ?an a habit :]eby "o acts well4 ,b z d5ot+ ! extreme limit ( p[] 9 ! fir/ s5se1 :i* s5se is m specific1 x is appli$ to a special virtue1 namely =titude1 to :i* x belongs to /& firm aga9/ all k9ds ( assaults4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ambrose takes =titude 9 a broad s5se1 z d5ot+ firmness ( m9d 9 face ( assaults ( all k9ds4 ,nev]!less ev5 z a special virtue ) a det]m9ate matt]1 x helps to resi/ ! assaults ( all vices4 ,= he t c /& firm 9 ?+s t are mo/ difficult to be>1 is prep>$1 9 consequ5ce1 to resi/ ^? :i* are less difficult4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is objection takes =titude 9 ! fir/ s5se4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,=titude ,is ,ab\t ,fe> & ,d>+8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t =titude is n ab\t fe> & d>+4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 vii73 ,! =titude ( ! j man is to ov]come ! fle%1 to )/& self-indulg5ce1 to qu5* ! lu/s ( ! pres5t life4 ,!re=e =titude seems to be ab\t pleasures r ?an ab\t fe> & d>+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii71 t x belongs to =titude to face dang]s & to be> toil4 ,b ?is seem+ly has no?+ to d ) ! passions ( fe> & d>+1 b r ) a man's toilsome de$s & ext]nal dang]s4 ,!re=e =titude is n ab\t fe> & d>+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 n only d>+1 b also hope1 is oppos$ to fe>1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b7 9 ! treatise on passions4 ,!re=e =titude %\ld n be ab\t d>+ any m ?an ab\t hope4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g2 iii1 #i7 t =titude is ab\t fe> & d>+4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 x belongs to ! virtue ( =titude to remove any ob/acle t )draws ! w f foll[+ ! reason4 ,n[ to be )drawn f some?+ difficult belongs to ! notion ( fe>1 :i* d5otes )drawal f an evil t entails difficulty1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #db1 ,,aa4 #c1 #e7 9 ! treatise on passions4 ,h5ce =titude is *iefly ab\t fe> ( difficult ?+s1 :i* c )draw ! w f foll[+ ! reason4 ,& x behooves "o n only firmly to be> ! assault ( ^! difficulties by re/ra9+ fe>1 b also mod]ately to )/& !m1 :51 to wit1 x is necess>y to dispel !m altoge!r 9 ord] to free oneself !refrom = ! future1 :i* seems to come "u ! notion ( d>+4 ,!re=e =titude is ab\t fe> & d>+1 z curb+ fe> & mod]at+ d>+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,gregory is speak+ !n ( ! =titude ( ! j man1 z to its common relation to all virtues4 ,h5ce he fir/ ( all m5tions matt]s p]ta9+ to temp]ance1 z 9 ! words quot$1 & !n adds t :i* p]ta9s prop]ly to =titude z a special virtue1 by say+3 ,to love ! trials ( ?is life = ! sake ( an et]nal rew>d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,dang]s & toils d n )draw ! w f ! c\rse ( reason1 except 9 s f> z !y are an object ( fe>4 ,h5ce =titude ne$s to be imm$iately ab\t fe> & d>+1 b m$iately ab\t dang]s & toils1 ^! be+ ! objects ( ^? passions4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,hope is oppos$ to fe> on ! "p ( ! object1 = hope is ( good1 fe> ( evil3 :]eas d>+ is ab\t ! same object1 & is oppos$ to fe> by way ( approa* & )drawal1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,a4 #a74 ,& s9ce =titude prop]ly reg>ds ^? temporal evils t )draw "o f virtue1 z appe>s f ,tully's def9ition quot$ 9 ! ,second ,objection1 x foll[s t =titude prop]ly is ab\t fe> & d>+ & n ab\t hope1 except 9 s f> z x is connect$ ) d>+1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,a4 #b74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,=titude ,is ,only ,ab\t ,dang]s ( ,dea?8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t =titude is n only ab\t dang]s ( dea?4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 xv7 t =titude is love be>+ all ?+s readily = ! sake ( ! object belov$3 & 7,music4 vi7 he says t =titude is ! love :i* dreads no h>d%ip1 n ev5 dea?4 ,!re=e =titude is n only ab\t dang] ( dea?1 b also ab\t o!r afflictions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all ! passions ( ! s\l ne$ to be r$uc$ to a mean by "s virtue4 ,n[ !re is no o!r virtue r$uc+ fe>s to a mean4 ,!re=e =titude is n only ab\t fe> ( dea?1 b also ab\t o!r fe>s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no virtue is ab\t extremes4 ,b fe> ( dea? is ab\t an extreme1 s9ce x is ! greate/ ( fe>s1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii4 ,!re=e ! virtue ( =titude is n ab\t fe> ( dea?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,&ronicus says t =titude is a virtue ( ! irascible faculty t is n easily det]r$ by ! fe> ( dea?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 x belongs to ! virtue ( =titude to gu>d ! w aga9/ be+ )drawn f ! good ( reason ?r\gh fe> ( bodily evil4 ,n[ x behooves "o to hold firmly ! good ( reason aga9/ e evil :atsoev]1 s9ce no bodily good is equival5t to ! good ( ! reason4 ,h5ce =titude ( s\l mu/ be t :i* b9ds ! w firmly to ! good ( reason 9 face ( ! greate/ evils3 because he t /&s firm aga9/ great ?+s1 w 9 consequ5ce /& firm aga9/ less ?+s1 b n conv]sely4 ,moreov] x belongs to ! notion ( virtue t x %\ld reg>d some?+ extreme3 & ! mo/ fe>ful ( all bodily evils is dea?1 s9ce x does away all bodily goods4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 xxii7 t ! s\l is %ak5 by its fell[ body1 ) fe> ( toil & pa91 le/ ! body be /rick5 & h>ass$ ) fe> ( dea? le/ x be done away & de/roy$4 ,!re=e ! virtue ( =titude is ab\t ! fe> ( dang]s ( dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,=titude behaves well 9 be>+ all mann] ( adv]sity3 yet a man is n reckon$ brave simply ?r\gh be>+ any k9d ( adv]sity1 b only ?r\gh be>+ well ev5 ! greate/ evils2 :ile ?r\gh be>+ o!rs he is said to be brave 9 a re/rict$ s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce fe> is born ( love1 any virtue t mod]ates ! love ( c]ta9 goods mu/ 9 consequ5ce mod]ate ! fe> ( contr>y evils3 ?us lib]ality1 :i* mod]ates ! love ( money1 z a consequ5ce1 mod]ates ! fe> ( los+ x1 & ! same is ! case ) temp]ance & o!r virtues4 ,b to love "o's own life is natural3 & h5ce ! necessity ( a special virtue modify+ ! fe> ( dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 virtues ! extreme consi/s 9 exce$+ "r reason3 :]e=e to und]go ! greate/ dang]s 9 accordance ) reason is n contr>y to virtue4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abc1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,=titude ,is ,prop]ly ,ab\t ,dang]s ( ,dea? 9 ,battle8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t =titude is n prop]ly ab\t dang]s ( dea? 9 battle4 ,= m>tyrs above all are comm5d$ = _! =titude4 ,b m>tyrs are n comm5d$ 9 connection ) battle4 ,!re=e =titude is n prop]ly ab\t dang]s ( dea? 9 battle4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i7 t =titude is applicable bo? to w>like & to civil matt]s3 & ,tully 7,de ,(fic4 i71 "u ! head+1 ,t x p]ta9s to =titude to excel 9 battle r ?an 9 civil life1 says3 ,al?\gh n a few ?9k t ! bus9ess ( w> is ( great] importance ?an ! affairs ( civil life1 ?is op9ion mu/ be qualifi$3 & if we wi% to judge ! matt] truly1 !re are _m ?+s 9 civil life t are m important & m glori\s ?an ^? connect$ ) w>4 ,n[ great] =titude is ab\t great] ?+s4 ,!re=e =titude is n prop]ly conc]n$ ) dea? 9 battle4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 w> is direct$ to ! pres]vation ( a c\ntry's temporal peace3 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix7 t w>s are wag$ 9 ord] to insure peace4 ,n[ x does n seem t "o ought to expose oneself to ! dang] ( dea? = ! temporal peace ( "o's c\ntry1 s9ce ?is same peace is ! occasion ( mu* lic5se 9 morals4 ,!re=e x seems t ! virtue ( =titude is n ab\t ! dang] ( dea? 9 battle4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii7 t =titude is *iefly ab\t dea? 9 battle4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 =titude /r5g!ns a man's m9d aga9/ ! greate/ dang]1 :i* is t ( dea?4 ,n[ =titude is a virtue2 & x is ess5tial to virtue ev] to t5d to good2 :]e=e x is 9 ord] to pursue "s good t man does n fly f ! dang] ( dea?4 ,b ! dang]s ( dea? aris+ out ( sickness1 /orms at sea1 attacks f robb]s1 & ! l1 d n seem to come on a man ?r\gh 8 pursu+ "s good4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dang]s ( dea? :i* occur 9 battle come to man directly on acc\nt ( "s good1 because1 to wit1 he is def5d+ ! common good by a j fight4 ,n[ a j fight is ( two k9ds4 ,fir/1 !re is ! g5]al combat1 = in/ance1 ( ^? :o fight 9 battle2 secondly1 !re is ! private combat1 z :5 a judge or ev5 private individual does n refra9 f giv+ a j judgm5t ?r\gh fe> ( ! imp5d+ sword1 or any o!r dang] ?\gh x ?reat5 dea?4 ,h5ce x belongs to =titude to /r5g!n ! m9d aga9/ dang]s ( dea?1 n only su* z arise 9 a g5]al battle1 b also su* z occur 9 s+ul> combat1 :i* may be call$ by ! g5]al "n ( battle4 ,accord+ly x mu/ be grant$ t =titude is prop]ly ab\t dang]s ( dea? occurr+ 9 battle4 ,moreov]1 a brave man behaves well 9 face ( dang] ( any o!r k9d ( dea?2 especially s9ce man may be 9 dang] ( any k9d ( dea? on acc\nt ( virtue3 ?us may a man n fail to att5d on a sick fri5d ?r\gh fe> ( deadly infection1 or n refuse to und]take a j\rney ) "s godly object 9 view ?r\gh fe> ( %ipwreck or robb]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,m>tyrs face ! fight t is wag$ aga9/ _! own p]son1 & ?is = ! sake ( ! sov]eign good :i* is ,god2 :]e=e _! =titude is prais$ above all4 ,nor is x outside ! g5us ( =titude t reg>ds w>like actions1 = :i* reason !y are said to h be5 valiant 9 battle4 99,(fice ( ,m>tyrs1 ex4 ,heb4 xi4 #cd4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,p]sonal & civil bus9ess is diff]5tiat$ f ! bus9ess ( w> t reg>ds g5]al w>s4 ,h[ev]1 p]sonal & civil affairs admit ( dang]s ( dea? aris+ out ( c]ta9 conflicts :i* are private w>s1 & s ) reg>d to ^! also !re may be =titude prop]ly s call$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! peace ( ! /ate is good 9 itself1 nor does x become evil because c]ta9 p]sons make evil use ( x4 ,= !re are _m o!rs :o make good use ( x2 & _m evils prev5t$ by x1 su* z murd]s & sacrileges1 are mu* great] ?an ^? :i* are occasion$ by x1 & :i* belong *iefly to ! s9s ( ! fle%4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abc1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,endurance ,is ! ,*ief ,act ( ,=titude8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t endurance is n ! *ief act ( =titude4 ,= virtue is ab\t ! difficult & ! good 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c74 ,n[ x is m difficult to attack ?an to endure4 ,!re=e endurance is n ! *ief act ( =titude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to be able to act on ano!r seems to argue great] p[] ?an n to be *ang$ by ano!r4 ,n[ to attack is to act on ano!r1 & to endure is to p]sev]e un*angeably4 ,s9ce !n =titude d5otes p]fection ( p[]1 x seems t x belongs to =titude to attack r ?an to endure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o contr>y is m di/ant f ! o!r ?an its m]e negation4 ,n[ to endure is m]ely n to fe>1 :]eas to attack d5otes a movem5t contr>y to t ( fe>1 s9ce x implies pursuit4 ,s9ce !n =titude above all )draws ! m9d f fe>1 x seems t x reg>ds attack r ?an endurance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #i7 t c]ta9 p]sons are said to be brave *iefly because !y endure affliction4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 & accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #i71 =titude is m conc]n$ to allay fe>1 ?an to mod]ate d>+4 ,= x is m difficult to allay fe> ?an to mod]ate d>+1 s9ce ! dang] :i* is ! object ( d>+ & fe>1 t5ds by its v nature to *eck d>+1 b to increase fe>4 ,n[ to attack belongs to =titude 9 s f> z ! latt] mod]ates d>+1 :]eas to endure foll[s ! repression ( fe>4 ,!re=e ! pr9cipal act ( =titude is endurance1 t is to /& immovable 9 ! mid/ ( dang]s r ?an to attack !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,endurance is m difficult ?an aggression1 = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because endurance seem+ly implies t "o is be+ attack$ by a /rong] p]son1 :]eas aggression d5otes t "o is attack+ z ?\gh "o 7 ! /rong] p>ty2 & x is m difficult to cont5d ) a /rong] ?an ) a weak]4 ,secondly1 because he t endures already feels ! pres5ce ( dang]1 :]eas ! aggressor looks ^u dang] z some?+ to come2 & x is m difficult to be unmov$ by ! pres5t ?an by ! future4 ,?irdly1 because endurance implies l5g? ( "t1 :]eas aggression is consi/5t ) sudd5 movem5ts2 & x is m difficult to rema9 unmov$ = a long "t1 ?an to be mov$ sudd5ly to some?+ ardu\s4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h7 t "s hurry to meet dang]1 yet fly :5 ! dang] is pres5t2 ?is is n ! behavior ( a brave man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,endurance d5otes inde$ a passion ( ! body1 b an action ( ! s\l cleav+ mo/ resolutely 7=tissime7 to good1 ! result be+ t x does n yield to ! ?reat5+ passion ( ! body4 ,n[ virtue conc]ns ! s\l r ?an ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t endures fe>s n1 ?\gh he is confront$ ) ! cause ( fe>1 :]eas ?is cause is n pres5t to ! aggressor4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abc1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,brave ,man ,acts = ! ,sake ( ! ,good ( ,8 ,habit8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! brave man does n act = ! sake ( ! good ( 8 habit4 ,= 9 matt]s ( action ! end1 ?\gh fir/ 9 int5tion1 is la/ 9 execution4 ,n[ ! act ( =titude1 9 ! ord] ( execution1 foll[s ! habit ( =titude4 ,!re=e x is impossible = ! brave man to act = ! sake ( ! good ( 8 habit4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiii73 ,we love virtues = ! sake ( happ9ess1 & yet "s make bold to c\nsel u to be virtu\s1 namely by say+ t we %\ld desire virtue = its own sake1 )\t lov+ happ9ess4 ,if !y succe$ 9 _! endeavor1 we %all surely cease to love virtue itself1 s9ce we %all no long] love t = ! sake ( :i* alone we love virtue4 ,b =titude is a virtue4 ,!re=e ! act ( =titude is direct$ n to =titude b to happ9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 xv7 t =titude is love ready to be> all ?+s = ,god's sake4 ,n[ ,god is n ! habit ( =titude1 b some?+ bett]1 s9ce ! end mu/ ne$s be bett] ?an :at is direct$ to ! end4 ,!re=e ! brave man does n act = ! sake ( ! good ( 8 habit4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #g7 t to ! brave man =titude itself is a good3 & su* is 8 end4 ,i answ] t1 ,an end is tw(old3 proximate & ultimate4 ,n[ ! proximate end ( e ag5t is to introduce a lik5ess ( t ag5t's =m into some?+ else3 ?us ! end ( fire 9 heat+ is to introduce ! lik5ess ( its heat into "s passive matt]1 & ! end ( ! build] is to introduce into matt] ! lik5ess ( 8 art4 ,:atev] good ensues f ?is1 if x be int5d$1 may be call$ ! remote end ( ! ag5t4 ,n[ j z 9 ?+s made1 ext]nal matt] is fa%ion$ by art1 s 9 ?+s done1 human de$s are fa%ion$ by prud5ce4 ,accord+ly we mu/ conclude t ! brave man int5ds z 8 proximate end to reproduce 9 action a lik5ess ( 8 habit1 = he int5ds to act 9 accordance ) 8 habit3 b 8 remote end is happ9ess or ,god4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections3 = ! ,fir/ ,objection proce$s z ?\gh ! v ess5ce ( a habit 7 its end1 in/ead ( ! lik5ess ( ! habit 9 act1 z /at$4 ,! o!r two objections consid] ! ultimate end4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abc1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,brave ,man ,delights 9 ,8 ,act8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! brave man delights 9 8 act4 ,= delight is ! unh9d]$ action ( a connatural habit 7,e?ic4 x1 #d1 #f1 #h74 ,n[ ! brave de$ proce$s f a habit :i* acts aft] ! mann] ( nature4 ,!re=e ! brave man takes pleasure 9 8 act4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose1 comm5t+ on ,gal4 #e3bb1 ,b ! fruit ( ! ,_s is *>ity1 joy1 peace1 says t de$s ( virtue are call$ fruits because !y refre% man's m9d ) a holy & pure delight4 ,n[ ! brave man p]=ms acts ( virtue4 ,!re=e he takes pleasure 9 8 act4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! weak] is ov]come by ! /rong]4 ,n[ ! brave man has a /rong] love = ! good ( virtue ?an = 8 own body1 :i* he exposes to ! dang] ( dea?4 ,!re=e ! delight 9 ! good ( virtue bani%es ! pa9 ( ! body2 & consequ5tly ! brave man does all ?+s ) pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #i7 t ! brave man seems to h no delight 9 8 act4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d1 #e7 :]e we 7 treat+ ( ! passions1 pleasure is tw(old2 "o is bodily1 result+ f bodily contact1 ! o!r is spiritual1 result+ f an appreh5sion ( ! s\l4 ,x is ! latt] :i* prop]ly results f de$s ( virtue1 s9ce 9 !m we consid] ! good ( reason4 ,n[ ! pr9cipal act ( =titude is to endure1 n only c]ta9 ?+s t are unpleasant z appreh5d$ by ! s\l--= in/ance1 ! loss ( bodily life1 :i* ! virtu\s man loves n only z a natural good1 b also z be+ necess>y = acts ( virtue1 & ?+s connect$ ) !m--b also to endure ?+s unpleasant 9 respect ( bodily contact1 su* z w\nds & bl[s4 ,h5ce ! brave man1 on "o side1 has some?+ t af=ds him delight1 namely z reg>ds spiritual pleasure1 9 ! act itself ( virtue & ! end !re(3 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 he has cause = bo? spiritual sorr[1 9 ! ?\ght ( los+ 8 life1 & = bodily pa94 ,h5ce we read 7#b ,macc4 #f3cj7 t ,eleaz> said3 ,i suff] griev\s pa9s 9 body3 b 9 s\l am well cont5t to suff] ^! ?+s because ,i fe> ,!e4 ,n[ ! s5sible pa9 ( ! body makes "o ins5sible to ! spiritual delight ( virtue1 )\t ! copi\s assi/ance ( ,god's grace1 :i* has m /r5g? to raise ! s\l to ! ,div9e ?+s 9 :i* x delights1 ?an bodily pa9s h to afflict x4 ,?us ! ,bless$ ,tiburtius1 :ile walk+ b>efoot on ! burn+ coal1 said t he felt z ?\gh he 7 walk+ on roses4 ,yet ! virtue ( =titude prev5ts ! reason f be+ entirely ov]come by bodily pa94 ,& ! delight ( virtue ov]comes spiritual sorr[1 inasmu* z a man pref]s ! good ( virtue to ! life ( ! body & to :atev] app]ta9s !reto4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c2 iii1 #i7 t x is n necess>y = a brave man to delight s z to p]ceive 8 delight1 b x suffices = him n to be sad4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! vehem5ce ( ! action or passion ( "o p[] h9d]s ! action ( ano!r p[]3 :]e=e ! pa9 9 8 s5ses h9d]s ! m9d ( ! brave man f feel+ delight 9 its prop] op]ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,de$s ( virtue are delightful *iefly on acc\nt ( _! end2 yet !y c be pa9ful by _! nature1 & ?is is pr9cipally ! case ) =titude4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #i7 t to p]=m de$s ) pleasure does n happ5 9 all virtues1 except 9 s f> z "o atta9s ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! brave man spiritual sorr[ is ov]come by ! delight ( virtue4 ,yet s9ce bodily pa9 is m s5sible1 & ! s5sitive appreh5sion is m 9 evid5ce to man1 x foll[s t spiritual pleasure 9 ! end ( virtue fades away1 s to speak1 9 ! pres5ce ( great bodily pa94 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abc1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,=titude ,deals ,*iefly ) ,sudd5 ,occurr5ces8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t =titude does n deal *iefly ) sudd5 occurr5ces4 ,= x w\ld seem t ?+s occur sudd5ly :5 !y are un=ese54 ,b ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t =titude is ! delib]ate fac+ ( dang]1 & be>+ ( toil4 ,!re=e =titude does n deal *iefly ) sudd5 happ5+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i73 ,! brave man is n unm9dful ( :at may be likely to happ52 he takes measures be=eh&1 & looks out z f ! conn+-t[] ( 8 m9d1 s z to enc\nt] ! future by 8 =e?\ght1 le/ he %\ld say aft]w>ds3 ,?is befell me because ,i did n ?9k x c\ld possibly happ54 ,b x is n possible to be prep>$ = ! future 9 ! case ( sudd5 occurr5ces4 ,!re=e ! op]ation ( =titude is n conc]n$ ) sudd5 happ5+s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h7 t ! brave man is ( good hope4 ,b hope looks =w>d to ! future1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) sudd5 occurr5ces4 ,!re=e ! op]ation ( =titude is n conc]n$ ) sudd5 happ5+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h7 t =titude is *iefly ab\t sudd5 dang]s ( dea?4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! op]ation ( =titude4 ,"o is 9 reg>d to its *oice3 & ?us =titude is n ab\t sudd5 occurr5ces3 because ! brave man *ooses to ?9k be=eh& ( ! dang]s t may arise1 9 ord] to be able to )/& !m1 or to be> !m m easily3 s9ce accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 xxv 9 ,evang471 ! bl[ t is =ese5 /rikes ) less =ce1 & we are able m easily to be> e>?ly wrongs1 if we are =e>m$ ) ! %ield ( =ekn[l$ge4 ,! o!r ?+ to be consid]$ 9 ! op]ation ( =titude reg>ds ! display ( ! virtu\s habit3 & 9 ?is way =titude is *iefly ab\t sudd5 occurr5ces1 because accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h7 ! habit ( =titude is display$ *iefly 9 sudd5 dang]s3 s9ce a habit works by way ( nature4 ,:]e=e if a p]son )\t =e?\ght does t :i* p]ta9s to virtue1 :5 necessity urges on acc\nt ( "s sudd5 dang]1 ?is is a v /rong pro( t habitual =titude is firmly seat$ 9 8 m9d4 ,yet is x possible = a p]son ev5 )\t ! habit ( =titude1 to prep>e 8 m9d aga9/ dang] by long =e?\ght3 9 ! same way z a brave man prep>es himself :5 necess>y4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abc1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ! ,brave ,man ,makes ,use ( ,ang] 9 ,8 ,action8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! brave man does n use ang] 9 8 action4 ,= no "o %\ld employ z an in/rum5t ( 8 action t :i* he _c use at w4 ,n[ man _c use ang] at w1 s z to take x up & lay x aside :5 he w4 ,=1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,memoria ii71 :5 a bodily passion is 9 movem5t1 x does n re/ at once j z "o wi%es4 ,!re=e a brave man %\ld n employ ang] = 8 action4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if a man is compet5t to d a ?+ by himself1 he %\ld n seek ! assi/ance ( some?+ weak] & m imp]fect4 ,n[ ! reason is compet5t to a*ieve by itself de$s ( =titude1 :]e9 ang] is impot5t3 :]e=e ,s5eca says 7,de ,ira i73 ,reason by itself suffices n only to make u prep>$ = action b also to accompli% x4 ,9 fact is !re great] folly ?an = reason to seek help f ang]8 ! /eadfa/ f ! un/aid1 ! tru/y f ! untru/wor?y1 ! heal?y f ! sick8 ,!re=e a brave man %\ld n make use ( ang]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z p are m e>ne/ 9 do+ de$s ( =titude on acc\nt ( ang]1 s are !y on acc\nt ( sorr[ or desire2 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h7 t wild bea/s are incit$ to face dang] ?r\gh sorr[ or pa91 & adult]\s p]sons d>e _m ?+s = ! sake ( desire4 ,n[ =titude employs nei!r sorr[ nor desire = its action4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] x %\ld n employ ang]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h7 t ang] helps ! brave4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #b71 conc]n+ ang] & ! o!r passions !re 0 a diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ! ,p]ipatetics & ! ,/oics4 ,= ! ,/oics exclud$ ang] & all o!r passions ( ! s\l f ! m9d ( a wise or good man3 :]eas ! ,p]ipatetics1 ( :om ,ari/otle 0 ! *ief1 ascrib$ to virtu\s m5 bo? ang] & ! o!r passions ( ! s\l albeit modifi$ by reason4 ,& possibly !y diff]$ n 9 reality b 9 _! way ( speak+4 ,= ! ,p]ipatetics1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #b71 gave ! "n ( passions to all ! movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 h[ev] !y may comport !mselves4 ,& s9ce ! s5sitive appetite is mov$ by ! comm& ( reason1 s t x may coop]ate by r5d]+ action m prompt1 !y held t virtu\s p]sons %\ld employ bo? ang] & ! o!r passions ( ! s\l1 modifi$ accord+ to ! dictate ( reason4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,/oics gave ! "n ( passions to c]ta9 immod]ate emotions ( ! s5sitive appetite1 :]e=e !y call$ !m sicknesses or diseases1 & = ?is reason sev]$ !m altoge!r f virtue4 ,accord+ly ! brave man employs mod]ate ang] = 8 action1 b n immod]ate ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ang] t is mod]at$ 9 accordance ) reason is subject to ! comm& ( reason3 s t man uses x at 8 w1 :i* w\ld n be ! case 7 x immod]ate4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,reason employs ang] = its action1 n z seek+ its assi/ance1 b because x uses ! s5sitive appetite z an in/rum5t1 j z x uses ! memb]s ( ! body4 ,nor is x unbecom+ = ! in/rum5t to be m imp]fect ?an ! pr9cipal ag5t1 ev5 z ! hamm] is m imp]fect ?an ! smi?4 ,moreov]1 ,s5eca 0 a foll[] ( ! ,/oics1 & ! above words 7 aim$ by him directly at ,ari/otle4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:]eas =titude1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f71 has two acts1 namely endurance & aggression1 x employs ang]1 n = ! act ( endurance1 because ! reason by itself p]=ms ?is act1 b = ! act ( aggression1 = :i* x employs ang] r ?an ! o!r passions1 s9ce x belongs to ang] to /rike at ! cause ( sorr[1 s t x directly coop]ates ) =titude 9 attack+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sorr[ by its v nature gives way to ! ?+ t hurts2 ?\gh accid5tally x helps 9 aggression1 ei!r z be+ ! cause ( ang]1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #c71 or z mak+ a p]son expose himself to dang] 9 ord] to escape f sorr[4 ,9 l mann] desire1 by its v nature1 t5ds to a pleasurable good1 to :i* x is directly contr>y to )/& dang]3 yet accid5tally sometimes x helps "o to attack1 9 s f> z "o pref]s to risk dang]s r ?an lack pleasure4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #e73 ,( all ! cases 9 :i* =titude arises f a passion1 ! mo/ natural is :5 a man is brave ?r\gh ang]1 mak+ 8 *oice & act+ = a purpose1 i4e4 = a due end2 ?is is true =titude4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abc1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ,=titude ,is a ,c>d9al ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t =titude is n a c>d9al virtue4 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #aj71 ang] is closely alli$ ) =titude4 ,n[ ang] is n acc\nt$ a pr9cipal passion2 nor is d>+ :i* belongs to =titude4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld =titude be reckon$ a c>d9al virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! object ( virtue is good4 ,b ! direct object ( =titude is n good1 b evil1 = x is endurance ( evil & toil1 z ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii74 ,!re=e =titude is n a c>d9al virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! c>d9al virtues are ab\t ^? ?+s ^u :i* human life is *iefly occupi$1 j z a door turns ^u a h+e 7c>d9e74 ,b =titude is ab\t dang]s ( dea? :i* are ( r>e occurr5ce 9 human life4 ,!re=e =titude %\ld n be reckon$ a c>d9al or pr9cipal virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxii71 ,ambrose 9 8 comm5t>y on ,luke #f3bj1 & ,augu/9e 7,de ,moribus ,eccl4 xv71 numb] =titude among ! f\r c>d9al or pr9cipal virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 ^? virtues are said to be c>d9al or pr9cipal :i* h a =emo/ claim to t :i* belongs to ! virtues 9 common4 ,& among o!r conditions ( virtue 9 g5]al "o is t x is /at$ to act /eadfa/ly1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ii1 #d4 ,n[ =titude above all lays claim to praise = /eadfa/ness4 ,because he t /&s firm is s mu* ! m prais$1 z he is m /rongly impell$ to fall or rec$e4 ,n[ man is impell$ to rec$e f t :i* is 9 accordance ) reason1 bo? by ! pleas+ good & ! displeas+ evil4 ,b bodily pa9 impels him m /rongly ?an pleasure4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cf73 ,!re is none t does n %un pa9 m ?an he desires pleasure4 ,= we p]ceive t ev5 ! mo/ untam$ bea/s are det]r$ f ! greate/ pleasures by ! fe> ( pa94 ,& among ! pa9s ( ! m9d & dang]s ^? are mo/ly fe>$ :i* lead to dea?1 & x is aga9/ !m t ! brave man /&s firm4 ,!re=e =titude is a c>d9al virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,d>+ & ang] d n coop]ate ) =titude 9 its act ( endurance1 :]e9 its /eadfa/ness is *iefly comm5d$3 = x is by t act t ! brave man curbs fe>1 :i* is a pr9cipal passion1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,virtue is direct$ to ! good ( reason :i* x behooves to safegu>d aga9/ ! onslaught ( evils4 ,& =titude is direct$ to evils ( ! body1 z contr>ies :i* x )/&s1 & to ! good ( reason1 z ! end1 :i* x int5ds to safegu>d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?\gh dang]s ( dea? are ( r>e occurr5ce1 yet ! occasions ( ^? dang]s occur frequ5tly1 s9ce on acc\nt ( ju/ice :i* he pursues1 & also on acc\nt ( o!r good de$s1 man enc\nt]s mortal adv]s>ies4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abc1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ,=titude ,excels ,among ,all ,o!r ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t =titude excels among all o!r virtues4 ,= ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i73 ,=titude is high]1 s to speak1 ?an ! re/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue is ab\t t :i* is difficult & good4 ,b =titude is ab\t mo/ difficult ?+s4 ,!re=e x is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! p]son ( a man is m excell5t ?an 8 possessions4 ,b =titude is ab\t a man's p]son1 = x is ?is t a man exposes to ! dang] ( dea? = ! good ( virtue3 :]eas ju/ice & ! o!r moral virtues are ab\t o!r & ext]nal ?+s4 ,!re=e =titude is ! *ief ( ! moral virtues4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i73 ,ju/ice is ! mo/ respl5d5t ( ! virtues & gives its "n to a good man4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #ai73 ,^? virtues mu/ ne$s be greate/ :i* are mo/ pr(itable to o!rs4 ,n[ lib]ality seems to be m useful ?an =titude4 ,!re=e x is a great] virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 vi71 ,9 ?+s t are great1 b n 9 bulk1 to be great is to be good3 :]e=e ! bett] a virtue ! great] x is4 ,n[ reason's good is man's good1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 prud5ce1 s9ce x is a p]fection ( reason1 has ! good ess5tially3 :ile ju/ice effects ?is good1 s9ce x belongs to ju/ice to e/abli% ! ord] ( reason 9 all human affairs3 :]eas ! o!r virtues safegu>d ?is good1 inasmu* z !y mod]ate ! passions1 le/ !y lead man away f reason's good4 ,z to ! ord] ( ! latt]1 =titude holds ! fir/ place1 because fe> ( dang]s ( dea? has ! greate/ p[] to make man rec$e f ! good ( reason3 & aft] =titude comes temp]ance1 s9ce also pleasures ( t\* excel all o!rs 9 h9d]+ ! good ( reason4 ,n[ to be a ?+ ess5tially ranks be=e effect+ x1 & ! latt] ranks be=e safegu>d+ x by remov+ ob/acles !reto4 ,:]e=e among ! c>d9al virtues1 prud5ce ranks fir/1 ju/ice second1 =titude ?ird1 temp]ance f\r?1 & aft] ^! ! o!r virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ambrose places =titude be=e ! o!r virtues1 9 respect ( a c]ta9 g5]al utility1 inasmu* z x is useful bo? 9 w>f>e1 & 9 matt]s relat+ to civil or home life4 ,h5ce he beg9s by say+ 7,de ,(fic4 i73 ,n[ we come to treat ( =titude1 :i* be+ high] s to speak ?an ! o!rs1 is applicable bo? to w>like & to civil matt]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,virtue ess5tially reg>ds ! good r ?an ! difficult4 ,h5ce ! greatness ( a virtue is measur$ accord+ to its goodness r ?an its difficulty4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a man does n expose 8 p]son to dang]s ( dea? except 9 ord] to safegu>d ju/ice3 :]e=e ! praise aw>d$ to =titude dep5ds some:at on ju/ice4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i7 t =titude )\t ju/ice is an occasion ( inju/ice2 s9ce ! /rong] a man is ! m ready is he to oppress ! weak]4 ,! ,f\r? argum5t is grant$4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,lib]ality is useful 9 conf]r+ c]ta9 p>ticul> favors3 :]eas a c]ta9 g5]al utility atta*es to =titude1 s9ce x safegu>ds ! :ole ord] ( ju/ice4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #i7 t j & brave m5 are mo/ belov$1 because !y are mo/ useful 9 w> & peace4 ,,"q #abd ,,( ,,m>tyrdom 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] m>tyrdom1 "u :i* head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r m>tyrdom is an act ( virtue8 7#b7 ,( :at virtue is x ! act8 7#c7 ,conc]n+ ! p]fection ( ?is act2 7#d7 ,! pa9 ( m>tyrdom2 7#e7 ,its cause4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,m>tyrdom ,is an ,act ( ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t m>tyrdom is n an act ( virtue4 ,= all acts ( virtue are volunt>y4 ,b m>tyrdom is sometimes n volunt>y1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,innoc5ts :o 7 sla9 = ,*ri/'s sake1 & ( :om ,hil>y says 7,sup] ,mat?4 i7 t !y atta9$ ! ripe age ( et]nity ?r\gh ! glory ( m>tyrdom4 ,!re=e m>tyrdom is n an act ( virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ unlawful is an act ( virtue4 ,n[ x is unlawful to kill oneself1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #e71 & yet m>tyrdom is a*iev$ by s do+3 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i7 t dur+ p]secution c]ta9 holy wom51 9 ord] to escape f ^? :o ?reat5$ _! *a/ity1 ?rew !mselves into a riv]1 & s end$ _! lives1 & _! m>tyrdom is honor$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ) mo/ solemn v5]ation4 ,!re=e m>tyrdom is n an act ( virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is praisewor?y to (f] oneself to d an act ( virtue4 ,b x is n praisewor?y to c\rt m>tyrdom1 r w\ld x seem to be presumptu\s & ra%4 ,!re=e m>tyrdom is n an act ( virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! rew>d ( beatitude is n due save to acts ( virtue4 ,n[ x is due to m>tyrdom1 s9ce x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3aj73 ,bless$ are !y t suff] p]secution = ju/ice' sake1 = !irs is ! k+dom ( heav54 ,!re=e m>tyrdom is an act ( virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,,aa4 #a1 #c71 x belongs to virtue to safegu>d man 9 ! good ( reason4 ,n[ ! good ( reason consi/s 9 ! tru? z its prop] object1 & 9 ju/ice z its prop] effect1 z %[n above 7,q4 #aji1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b2 ,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #ab74 ,& m>tyrdom consi/s ess5tially 9 /&+ firmly to tru? & ju/ice aga9/ ! assaults ( p]secution4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t m>tyrdom is an act ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,"s h said t 9 ! case ( ! ,innoc5ts ! use ( _! free w 0 miracul\sly accel]at$1 s t !y suff]$ m>tyrdom ev5 volunt>ily4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ,scripture conta9s no pro( ( ?is1 x is bett] to say t ^! babes 9 be+ sla9 obta9$ by ,god's grace ! glory ( m>tyrdom :i* o!rs acquire by _! own w4 ,= ! %$d+ ( "o's blood = ,*ri/'s sake takes ! place ( ,baptism4 ,:]e=e j z 9 ! case ( baptiz$ *ildr5 ! m]it ( ,*ri/ is conducive to ! acquisition ( glory ?r\gh ! baptismal grace1 s 9 ^? :o 7 sla9 = ,*ri/'s sake ! m]it ( ,*ri/'s m>tyrdom is conducive to ! acquisition ( ! m>tyr's palm4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 9 a s]mon on ! ,epiphany 7,de ,div]sis lxvi71 z ?\gh he 7 address+ !m3 ,a man t does n believe t *ildr5 are b5efit$ by ! baptism ( ,*ri/ w d\bt ( y\r be+ cr[n$ 9 suff]+ = ,*ri/4 ,y 7 n old en\gh to believe 9 ,*ri/'s future suff]+s1 b y _h a body :]e9 y c\ld endure suff]+ ( ,*ri/ ,:o 0 to suff]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i7 t possibly ! ,*ur* 0 induc$ by c]ta9 cr$ible witnesses ( ,div9e au?ority ?us to honor ! memory ( ^? holy wom5 99,cf4 ,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! precepts ( ! ,law are ab\t acts ( virtue4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,a4 #a1 ad #d7 t "s ( ! precepts ( ! ,div9e ,law are to be und]/ood 9 ref]5ce to ! prep>ation ( ! m9d1 9 ! s5se t man ought to be prep>$ to d su* & su* a ?+1 :5ev] exp$i5t4 ,9 ! same way c]ta9 ?+s belong to an act ( virtue z reg>ds ! prep>ation ( ! m9d1 s t 9 su* & su* a case a man %\ld act accord+ to reason4 ,& ?is obs]vation w\ld seem v mu* to ! po9t 9 ! case ( m>tyrdom1 :i* consi/s 9 ! "r endurance ( suff]+s unju/ly inflict$4 ,nor ought a man to give ano!r an occasion ( act+ unju/ly3 yet if anyone act unju/ly1 "o ought to endure x 9 mod]ation4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,m>tyrdom ,is an ,act ( ,=titude8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t m>tyrdom is n an act ( =titude4 ,= ! ,greek m>tyr signifies a witness4 ,n[ witness is borne to ! fai? ( ,*ri/4 accord+ to ,acts #a3h1 ,y %all be witnesses unto ,me1 etc4 & ,maximus says 9 a s]mon3 ,! "m ( m>tyrs is ! ,ca?olic fai? :i* ^? glori\s w>riors h seal$ ) _! blood4 ,!re=e m>tyrdom is an act ( fai? r ?an ( =titude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a praisewor?y act belongs *iefly to ! virtue :i* incl9es !reto1 is manife/$ !reby1 & )\t :i* ! act avails no?+4 ,n[ *>ity is ! *ief inc5tive to m>tyrdom3 ,?us ,maximus says 9 a s]mon3 ,! *>ity ( ,*ri/ is victori\s 9 ,8 m>tyrs4 ,aga9 ! greate/ pro( ( *>ity lies 9 ! act ( m>tyrdom1 accord+ to ,john #ae3ac1 ,great] love ?an ?is no man ha?1 t a man lay d[n 8 life = 8 fri5ds4 ,moreov] )\t *>ity m>tyrdom avails no?+1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3c1 ,if ,i %\ld deliv] my body to be burn$1 & h n *>ity1 x pr(ite? me no?+4 ,!re=e m>tyrdom is an act ( *>ity r ?an ( =titude4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 9 a s]mon on ,/4 ,cyprian3 ,x is easy to honor a m>tyr by s++ 8 praises1 b x is a great ?+ to imitate 8 fai? & pati5ce4 ,n[ t :i* calls *iefly = praise 9 a virtu\s act1 is ! virtue ( :i* x is ! act4 ,!re=e m>tyrdom is an act ( pati5ce r ?an ( =titude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,cyprian says 7,ep4 ad ,m>t4 et ,conf4 ii73 ,bless$ m>tyrs1 ) :at praise %all ,i extol y8 ,mo/ valiant w>riors1 h[ %all ,i f9d words to proclaim ! /r5g? ( y\r c\rage8 ,n[ a p]son is prais$ on acc\nt ( ! virtue ^: act he p]=ms4 ,!re=e m>tyrdom is an act ( =titude4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #a1 seqq471 x belongs to =titude to /r5g!n man 9 ! good ( virtue1 especially aga9/ dang]s1 & *iefly aga9/ dang]s ( dea?1 & mo/ ( all aga9/ ^? t occur 9 battle4 ,n[ x is evid5t t 9 m>tyrdom man is firmly /r5g!n$ 9 ! good ( virtue1 s9ce he cleaves to fai? & ju/ice not)/&+ ! ?reat5+ dang] ( dea?1 ! imm95ce ( :i* is moreov] due to a k9d ( p>ticul> conte/ ) 8 p]secutors4 ,h5ce ,cyprian says 9 a s]mon 7,ep4 ad ,m>t4 et ,conf4 ii73 ,! cr[d ( onlook]s wond]$ to see an une>?ly battle1 & ,*ri/'s s]vants fight+ erect1 undaunt$ 9 spee*1 ) s\ls unmov$1 & /r5g? div9e4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t m>tyrdom is an act ( =titude2 = :i* reason ! ,*ur* reads 9 ! (fice ( ,m>tyrs3 ,!y became valiant 9 battle 99,heb4 #aa3cd4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,two ?+s mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! act ( =titude4 ,"o is ! good :]e9 ! brave man is /r5g!n$1 & ?is is ! end ( =titude2 ! o!r is ! firmness itself1 :]eby a man does n yield to ! contr>ies t h9d] him f a*iev+ t good1 & 9 ?is consi/s ! ess5ce ( =titude4 ,n[ j z civic =titude /r5g!ns a man's m9d 9 human ju/ice1 = ! safegu>d+ ( :i* he braves ! dang] ( dea?1 s gratuit\s =titude /r5g!ns man's s\l 9 ! good ( ,div9e ju/ice1 :i* is ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 accord+ to ,rom4 #c3bb4 ,?us m>tyrdom is relat$ to fai? z ! end 9 :i* "o is /r5g!n$1 b to =titude z ! elicit+ habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,*>ity incl9es "o to ! act ( m>tyrdom1 z its fir/ & *ief motive cause1 be+ ! virtue comm&+ x1 :]eas =titude incl9es !reto z be+ its prop] motive cause1 be+ ! virtue t elicits x4 ,h5ce m>tyrdom is an act ( *>ity z comm&+1 & ( =titude z elicit+4 ,= ?is reason also x manife/s bo? virtues4 ,x is due to *>ity t x is m]itori\s1 l any o!r act ( virtue3 & = ?is reason x avails n )\t *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #f71 ! *ief act ( =titude is endurance3 to ?is & n to its second>y act1 :i* is aggression1 m>tyrdom belongs4 ,& s9ce pati5ce s]ves =titude on ! "p ( its *ief act1 viz4 endurance1 h5ce x is t m>tyrs are also prais$ = _! pati5ce4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,m>tyrdom ,is an ,act ( ! ,greate/ ,p]fection8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t m>tyrdom is n an act ( ! greate/ p]fection4 ,= seem+ly t :i* is a matt] ( c\nsel & n ( precept p]ta9s to p]fection1 because1 to wit1 x is n necess>y = salvation4 ,b x w\ld seem t m>tyrdom is necess>y = salvation1 s9ce ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #aj3aj71 ,) ! he>t we believe unto ju/ice1 b ) ! m\? confession is made unto salvation1 & x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3af71 t we ought to lay d[n our lives = ! bre?r54 ,!re=e m>tyrdom does n p]ta9 to p]fection4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x seems to po9t to great] p]fection t a man give 8 s\l to ,god1 :i* is done by ob$i5ce1 ?an t he give ,god 8 body1 :i* is done by m>tyrdom3 :]e=e ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxv7 t ob$i5ce is pref]able to all sacrifices4 ,!re=e m>tyrdom is n an act ( ! greate/ p]fection4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x w\ld seem bett] to d good to o!rs ?an to ma9ta9 oneself 9 good1 s9ce ! good ( ! nation is bett] ?an ! good ( ! individual1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #b74 ,n[ he t suff]s m>tyrdom pr(its himself alone1 :]eas he t tea*es does good to _m4 ,!re=e ! act ( tea*+ & guid+ subjects is m p]fect ?an ! act ( m>tyrdom4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,sanct4 ,virg94 xlvi7 pref]s m>tyrdom to virg9ity :i* p]ta9s to p]fection4 ,!re=e m>tyrdom seems to belong to p]fection 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,i answ] t1 ,we may speak ( an act ( virtue 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! species ( t act1 z comp>$ to ! virtue proximately elicit+ x4 ,9 ?is way m>tyrdom1 :i* consi/s 9 ! due endurance ( dea?1 _c be ! mo/ p]fect ( virtu\s acts1 because endurance ( dea? is n praisewor?y 9 itself1 b only 9 s f> z x is direct$ to "s good consi/+ 9 an act ( virtue1 su* z fai? or ! love ( ,god1 s t ?is act ( virtue be+ ! end is bett]4 ,a virtu\s act may be consid]$ 9 ano!r way1 9 comp>ison ) its fir/ motive cause1 :i* is ! love ( *>ity1 & x is 9 ?is respect t an act comes to belong to ! p]fection ( life1 s9ce1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,col4 #c3ad71 t *>ity 4 4 4 is ! bond ( p]fection4 ,n[1 ( all virtu\s acts m>tyrdom is ! greate/ pro( ( ! p]fection ( *>ity3 s9ce a man's love = a ?+ is prov$ to be s mu* ! great]1 accord+ z t :i* he despises = its sake is m de> to him1 or t :i* he *ooses to suff] = its sake is m odi\s4 ,b x is evid5t t ( all ! goods ( ! pres5t life man loves life itself mo/1 & on ! o!r h& he hates dea? m ?an any?+1 especially :5 x is accompani$ by ! pa9s ( bodily torm5t1 f fe> ( :i* ev5 dumb animals refra9 f ! greate/ pleasures1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cf74 ,& f ?is po9t ( view x is cle> t m>tyrdom is ! mo/ p]fect ( human acts 9 respect ( its g5us1 z be+ ! sign ( ! greate/ *>ity1 accord+ to ,john #ae3ac3 ,great] love ?an ?is no man ha?1 t a man lay d[n 8 life = 8 fri5ds4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re is no act ( p]fection1 :i* is a matt] ( c\nsel1 b :at 9 c]ta9 cases is a matt] ( precept1 z be+ necess>y = salvation4 ,?us ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,adult4 ,conjug4 xiii7 t a man is "u ! obligation ( obs]v+ cont95cy1 ?r\gh ! abs5ce or sickness ( 8 wife4 ,h5ce x is n contr>y to ! p]fection ( m>tyrdom if 9 c]ta9 cases x be necess>y = salvation1 s9ce !re are cases :5 x is n necess>y = salvation to suff] m>tyrdom2 ?us we read ( _m holy m>tyrs :o ?r\gh zeal = ! fai? or bro!rly love gave !mselves up to m>tyrdom ( _! own accord4 ,z to ^! precepts1 !y are to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! prep>ation ( ! m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,m>tyrdom embraces ! highe/ possible degree ( ob$i5ce1 namely ob$i5ce unto dea?2 ?us we read ( ,*ri/ 7,phil4 #b3h7 t ,he became ob$i5t unto dea?4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t m>tyrdom is ( itself m p]fect ?an ob$i5ce consid]$ absolutely4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s m>tyrdom accord+ to ! prop] species ( its act1 :5ce x d]ives no excell5ce ov] all o!r virtu\s acts2 ?us nei!r is =titude m excell5t ?an all virtues4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,dea? ,is ,ess5tial to ,m>tyrdom8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t dea? is n ess5tial to m>tyrdom4 ,= ,j]ome says 9 a s]mon on ! ,assumption 7,epi/4 ad ,paul4 et ,eu/o*473 ,i %\ld say rightly t ! ,"m ( ,god 0 bo? virg9 & m>tyr1 al?\gh %e end$ h] days 9 peace3 & ,gregory says 7,hom4 iii 9 ,evang473 ,al?\gh p]secution has ceas$ to (f] ! opportunity1 yet ! peace we enjoy is n )\t its m>tyrdom1 s9ce ev5 if we no long] yield ! life ( ! body to ! sword1 yet d we slay fle%ly desires 9 ! s\l ) ! sword ( ! _s4 ,!re=e !re c be m>tyrdom )\t suff]+ dea?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 we read ( c]ta9 wom5 z comm5d$ = despis+ life = ! sake ( safegu>d+ ! integrity ( ! fle%3 :]e=e seem+ly ! integrity ( *a/ity is pref]able to ! life ( ! body4 ,n[ sometimes ! integrity ( ! fle% has be5 =feit$ or has be5 ?reat5$ 9 confession ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 z 9 ! case ( ,agnes & ,lucy4 ,!re=e x seems t ! "n ( m>tyr %\ld be accord$ to a woman :o =feits ! integrity ( ! fle% = ! sake ( ,*ri/'s fai?1 r ?an if %e 7 to =feit ev5 ! life ( ! body3 :]e=e also ,lucy said3 ,if ?\ cause/ me to be violat$ aga9/ my w1 my *a/ity w ga9 me a tw(old cr[n4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 m>tyrdom is an act ( =titude4 ,b x belongs to =titude to brave n only dea? b also o!r h>d%ips1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,music4 vi74 ,n[ !re are _m o!r h>d%ips besides dea?1 :i* "o may suff] = ,*ri/'s fai?1 namely imprisonm5t1 exile1 be+ /ripp$ ( "o's goods1 z m5tion$ 9 ,heb4 #aj3cd1 = :i* reason we celebrate ! m>tyrdom ( ,pope ,sa9t ,m>cellus1 not)/&+ t he di$ 9 prison4 ,!re=e x is n ess5tial to m>tyrdom t "o suff] ! pa9 ( dea?4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 m>tyrdom is a m]itori\s act1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #a2 ,a4 #c74 ,n[ x _c be a m]itori\s act aft] dea?4 ,!re=e x is be=e dea?2 & consequ5tly dea? is n ess5tial to m>tyrdom4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,maximus says 9 a s]mon on ! m>tyrs t 9 dy+ = ! fai? he conqu]s :o w\ld h be5 vanqui%$ 9 liv+ )\t fai?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 a m>tyr is s call$ z be+ a witness to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :i* tea*es u to despise ?+s visible = ! sake ( ?+s invisible1 z /at$ 9 ,heb4 #aa4 ,accord+ly x belongs to m>tyrdom t a man be> witness to ! fai? 9 %[+ by de$ t he despises all ?+s pres5t1 9 ord] to obta9 invisible goods to come4 ,n[ s long z a man reta9s ! life ( ! body he does n %[ by de$ t he despises all ?+s relat+ to ! body4 ,= m5 are wont to despise bo? _! k9dr$ & all !y possess1 & ev5 to suff] bodily pa91 r ?an lose life4 ,h5ce ,satan te/ifi$ aga9/ ,job 7,job #b3d73 ,sk9 = sk91 & all t a man ha? he w give = 8 s\l ,d\ay3 'life' i4e4 = ! life ( 8 body4 ,!re=e ! p]fect notion ( m>tyrdom requires t a man suff] dea? = ,*ri/'s sake4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! au?orities quot$1 & ! l t "o may meet )1 speak ( m>tyrdom by way ( similitude4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 a woman =feits ! integrity ( ! fle%1 or is condemn$ to =feit x "u pretext ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 x is n evid5t to m5 :e!r %e suff]s ?is = love ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 or r ?r\gh contempt ( *a/ity4 ,:]e=e 9 ! sight ( m5 h] te/imony is n held to be suffici5t1 & consequ5tly ?is is n m>tyrdom prop]ly speak+4 ,9 ! sight ( ,god1 h[ev]1 ,:o se>*e? ! he>t1 ?is may be deem$ wor?y ( a rew>d1 z ,lucy said4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e71 =titude reg>ds dang] ( dea? *iefly1 & o!r dang]s consequ5tly2 :]e=e a p]son is n call$ a m>tyr m]ely = suff]+ imprisonm5t1 or exile1 or =feiture ( 8 weal?1 except 9 s f> z ^! result 9 dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! m]it ( m>tyrdom is n aft] dea?1 b 9 ! volunt>y endurance ( dea?1 namely 9 ! fact t a p]son will+ly suff]s be+ put to dea?4 ,x happ5s sometimes1 h[ev]1 t a man lives = "s "t aft] be+ mortally w\nd$ = ,*ri/'s sake1 or aft] suff]+ = ! fai? ( ,*ri/ any o!r k9d ( h>d%ip inflict$ by p]secution & cont9u$ until dea? ensues4 ,! act ( m>tyrdom is m]itori\s :ile a man is 9 ?is /ate1 & at ! v "t t he is suff]+ ^! h>d%ips4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abd1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,fai? ,alone ,is ! ,cause ( ,m>tyrdom8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t fai? alone is ! cause ( m>tyrdom4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,pet4 #d3ae1 #af73 ,let none ( y suff] z a murd]]1 or a ?ief1 or a rail]1 or a covet] ( o!r m5's ?+s4 ,b if z a ,*ri/ian1 let him n be a%am$1 b let him glorify ,god 9 ?is "n4 ,n[ a man is said to be a ,*ri/ian because he holds ! fai? ( ,*ri/4 ,!re=e only fai? 9 ,*ri/ gives ! glory ( m>tyrdom to ^? :o suff]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a m>tyr is a k9d ( witness4 ,b witness is borne to ! tru? alone4 ,n[ "o is n call$ a m>tyr = be>+ witness to any tru?1 b only = witness+ to ! ,div9e tru?1 o!rwise a man w\ld be a m>tyr if he 7 to die = confess+ a tru? ( geometry or "s o!r speculative sci5ce1 :i* seems ridicul\s4 ,!re=e fai? alone is ! cause ( m>tyrdom4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ^? virtu\s de$s w\ld seem to be ( mo/ acc\nt :i* are direct$ to ! common good1 s9ce ! good ( ! nation is bett] ?an ! good ( ! individual1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #b74 ,if1 !n1 "s o!r good 7 ! cause ( m>tyrdom1 x w\ld seem t be=e all ^? w\ld be m>tyrs :o die = ! def5se ( _! c\ntry4 ,yet ?is is n consi/5t ) ,*ur* obs]vance1 = we d n celebrate ! m>tyrdom ( ^? :o die 9 a j w>4 ,!re=e fai? alone is ! cause ( m>tyrdom4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3aj73 ,bless$ are !y t suff] p]secution = ju/ice' sake1 :i* p]ta9s to m>tyrdom1 accord+ to a gloss1 z well z ,j]ome's comm5t>y on ?is passage4 ,n[ n only fai? b also ! o!r virtues p]ta9 to ju/ice4 ,!re=e o!r virtues c be ! cause ( m>tyrdom4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 m>tyrs are s call$ z be+ witnesses1 because by suff]+ 9 body unto dea? !y be> witness to ! tru?2 n inde$ to any tru?1 b to ! tru? :i* is 9 accordance ) godl9ess1 & 0 made kn[n to u by ,*ri/3 :]e=e ,*ri/'s m>tyrs are ,8 witnesses4 ,n[ ?is tru? is ! tru? ( fai?4 ,:]e=e ! cause ( all m>tyrdom is ! tru? ( fai?4 ,b ! tru? ( fai? includes n only inw>d belief1 b also outw>d pr(ession1 :i* is express$ n only by words1 :]eby "o confesses ! fai?1 b also by de$s1 :]eby a p]son %[s t he has fai?1 accord+ to ,james #b3ah1 ,i w %[ !e1 by works1 my fai?4 ,h5ce x is writt5 ( c]ta9 p 7,titus #a3af73 ,!y pr(ess t !y "k ,god b 9 _! works !y d5y ,him4 ,?us all virtu\s de$s1 inasmu* z !y are ref]r$ to ,god1 are pr(essions ( ! fai? :]eby we come to "k t ,god requires ^! works ( u1 & rew>ds u = !m3 & 9 ?is way !y c be ! cause ( m>tyrdom4 ,= ?is reason ! ,*ur* celebrates ! m>tyrdom ( ,bless$ ,john ! ,bapti/1 :o suff]$ dea?1 n = refus+ to d5y ! fai?1 b = reprov+ adult]y4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a ,*ri/ian is "o :o is ,*ri/'s4 ,n[ a p]son is said to be ,*ri/'s1 n only ?r\gh hav+ fai? 9 ,*ri/1 b also because he is actuat$ to virtu\s de$s by ! ,_s ( ,*ri/1 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3i1 ,if any man h n ! ,_s ( ,*ri/1 he is none ( ,82 & aga9 because 9 imitation ( ,*ri/ he is dead to s9s1 accord+ to ,gal4 #e3bd1 ,!y t are ,*ri/'s h crucifi$ _! fle% ) ! vices & concupisc5ces4 ,h5ce to suff] z a ,*ri/ian is n only to suff] 9 confession ( ! fai?1 :i* is done by words1 b also to suff] = do+ any good "w1 or = avoid+ any s91 = ,*ri/'s sake1 because ?is all comes "u ! head ( witness+ to ! fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! tru? ( o!r sci5ces has no connection ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,godhead3 h5ce x is n call$ tru? accord+ to godl9ess1 & consequ5tly ! confession !re( _c be said to be ! direct cause ( m>tyrdom4 ,yet1 s9ce e lie is a s91 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 avoidance ( a lie1 to :atev] tru? x may be contr>y1 may be ! cause ( m>tyrdom inasmu* z a lie is a s9 aga9/ ! ,div9e ,law4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! good ( "o's c\ntry is p>am\nt among human goods3 yet ! ,div9e good1 :i* is ! prop] cause ( m>tyrdom1 is ( m acc\nt ?an human good4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce human good may become ,div9e1 = in/ance :5 x is ref]r$ to ,god1 x foll[s t any human good 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ,god1 may be ! cause ( m>tyrdom4 ,,"q #abe ,,( ,,fe>99 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 99 ,/4 ,?omas calls ?is vice indiff]5tly 'fe>' or 'timidity4' ,! translation requires "o to adh]e to ^! t]ms on acc\nt ( ! connection ) ! passion ( fe>4 ,o!rwise 'c[>dice' w\ld be a bett] r5d]+4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to =titude3 7#a7 ,fe>2 7#b7 ,fe>lessness2 7#c7 ,d>+4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r fe> is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is oppos$ to =titude8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#d7 ,:e!r x excuses f s91 or dim9i%es x8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abe1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,fe> ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t fe> is n a s94 ,= fe> is a passion1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #db74 ,n[ we are nei!r prais$ nor blam$ = passions1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii4 ,s9ce !n e s9 is blamewor?y1 x seems t fe> is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ t is comm&$ 9 ! ,div9e ,law is a s93 s9ce ! law ( ! ,"l is unspott$ 7,ps4 #ah3h74 ,yet fe> is comm&$ 9 ,god's law1 = x is writt5 7,eph4 #f3e73 ,s]vants1 be ob$i5t to !m t are y\r lords accord+ to ! fle%1 ) fe> & trembl+4 ,!re=e fe> is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no?+ t is naturally 9 man is a s91 = s9 is contr>y to nature accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 iii74 ,n[ fe> is natural to man3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #g7 t a man w\ld be insane or ins5sible to pa91 if no?+1 n ev5 e>?quakes nor deluges1 inspir$ him ) fe>4 ,!re=e fe> is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 our ,"l said 7,matt4 #aj3bh73 ,fe> ye n !m t kill ! body1 & x is writt5 7,eze*4 #b3f73 ,fe> n1 nei!r be ?\ afraid ( _! words4 ,i answ] t1 ,a human act is said to be a s9 on acc\nt ( its be+ inord9ate1 because ! good ( a human act consi/s 9 ord]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ?is due ord] requires t ! appetite be subject to ! rul+ ( reason4 ,& reason dictates t c]ta9 ?+s %\ld be %unn$ & "s s\ght aft]4 ,among ?+s to be %unn$1 x dictates t "s are to be %unn$ m ?an o!rs2 & among ?+s to be s\ght aft]1 t "s are to be s\ght aft] m ?an o!rs4 ,moreov]1 ! m a good is to be s\ght aft]1 ! m is ! opposite evil to be %unn$4 ,! result is t reason dictates t c]ta9 goods are to be s\ght aft] m ?an c]ta9 evils are to be avoid$4 ,accord+ly :5 ! appetite %uns :at ! reason dictates t we %\ld endure r ?an =feit o!rs t we %\ld r seek =1 fe> is inord9ate & s9ful4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! appetite fe>s s z to %un :at reason requires to be %unn$1 ! appetite is nei!r inord9ate nor s9ful4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fe> 9 its g5]ic acceptation d5otes avoidance 9 g5]al4 ,h5ce 9 ?is way x does n include ! notion ( good or evil3 & ! same applies to e o!r passion4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says t passions call = nei!r praise nor blame1 because1 to wit1 we nei!r praise nor blame ^? :o are angry or afraid1 b only ^? :o behave ?us 9 an ord9ate or inord9ate mann]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fe> :i* ! ,apo/le inculcates is 9 accordance ) reason1 namely t s]vants %\ld fe> le/ !y be lack+ 9 ! s]vice !y owe _! ma/]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,reason dictates t we %\ld %un ! evils t we _c )/&1 & ! endurance ( :i* pr(its u no?+4 ,h5ce !re is no s9 9 fe>+ !m4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abe1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,s9 ( ,fe> ,is ,contr>y to ,=titude8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! s9 ( fe> is n contr>y to =titude3 because =titude is ab\t dang]s ( dea?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e74 ,b ! s9 ( fe> is n always connect$ ) dang]s ( dea?1 = a gloss on ,ps4 #abg3a1 ,bless$ are all !y t fe> ! ,"l1 says t x is human fe> :]eby we dread to suff] c>nal dang]s1 or to lose worldly goods4 ,aga9 a gloss on ,matt4 #bg3dd1 ,he pray$ ! ?ird "t1 say+ ! selfsame ^w1 says t evil fe> is ?reefold1 fe> ( dea?1 fe> ( pa91 & fe> ( contempt4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( fe> is n contr>y to =titude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! *ief reason :y a man is comm5d$ = =titude is t he exposes himself to ! dang] ( dea?4 ,n[ sometimes a man exposes himself to dea? ?r\gh fe> ( slav]y or %ame4 ,?us ,augu/9e relates 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i7 t ,cato1 9 ord] n to be ,caes>'s slave1 gave himself up to dea?4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( fe> be>s a c]ta9 lik5ess to =titude in/ead ( be+ oppos$ !reto4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all despair arises f fe>4 ,b despair is oppos$ n to =titude b to hope1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bj1 ,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #d74 ,nei!r !re=e is ! s9 ( fe> oppos$ to =titude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g2 iii1 #g7 /ates t timidity is oppos$ to =titude4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dc1 ,a4 #a71 all fe> arises f love2 s9ce no "o fe>s save :at is contr>y to some?+ he loves4 ,n[ love is n conf9$ to any p>ticul> k9d ( virtue or vice3 b ord9ate love is includ$ 9 e virtue1 s9ce e virtu\s man loves ! good prop] to 8 virtue2 :ile inord9ate love is includ$ 9 e s91 because inord9ate love gives use to inord9ate desire4 ,h5ce 9 l mann] inord9ate fe> is includ$ 9 e s92 ?us ! covet\s man fe>s ! loss ( money1 ! intemp]ate man ! loss ( pleasure1 & s on4 ,b ! greate/ fe> ( all is t :i* has ! dang] ( dea? = its object1 z we f9d prov$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #f4 ,:]e=e ! inord9at5ess ( ?is fe> is oppos$ to =titude :i* reg>ds dang]s ( dea?4 ,= ?is reason timidity is said to be antonoma/ically99 oppos$ to =titude4 99,antonomasia is ! figure ( spee* :]eby we sub/itute ! g5]al = ! individual t]m2 e4g4 ,! ,philosoph] = ,ari/otle3 & s timidity1 :i* is inord9ate fe> ( any evil1 is employ$ to d5ote inord9ate fe> ( ! dang] ( dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passages quot$ ref] to inord9ate fe> 9 its g5]ic acceptation1 :i* c be oppos$ to v>i\s virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,human acts are e/imat$ *iefly ) ref]5ce to ! end1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #f73 & x belongs to a brave man to expose himself to dang] ( dea? = ! sake ( a good4 ,b a man :o exposes himself to dang] ( dea? 9 ord] to escape f slav]y or h>d%ips is ov]come by fe>1 :i* is contr>y to =titude4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #g71 t to die 9 ord] to escape pov]ty1 lu/1 or some?+ disagreeable is an act n ( =titude b ( c[>dice3 = to %un h>d%ips is a m>k ( effem9acy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,a4 #b71 fe> is ! beg9n+ ( despair ev5 z hope is ! beg9n+ ( d>+4 ,:]e=e1 j z =titude :i* employs d>+ 9 mod]ation presupposes hope1 s on ! o!r h& despair proce$s f "s k9d ( fe>4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t any k9d ( despair results f any k9d ( fe>1 b t only f fe> ( ! same k9d4 ,n[ ! despair t is oppos$ to hope is ref]r$ to ano!r k9d1 namely to ,div9e ?+s2 :]eas ! fe> t is oppos$ to =titude reg>ds dang]s ( dea?4 ,h5ce ! argum5t does n prove4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abe1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,fe> ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t fe> is n a mortal s94 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a71 fe> is 9 ! irascible faculty :i* is a "p ( ! s5suality4 ,n[ !re is none b v5ial s9 9 ! s5suality1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e fe> is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e mortal s9 turns ! he>t :olly f ,god4 ,b fe> does n ?is1 = a gloss on ,judges #g3c1 ,:osoev] is fe>ful1 etc41 says t a man is fe>ful :5 he trembles at ! v ?\ght ( conflict2 yet he is n s :olly t]rifi$ at he>t1 b t he c rally & take c\rage4 ,!re=e fe> is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 mortal s9 is a lapse n only f p]fection b also f a precept4 ,b fe> does n make "o lapse f a precept1 b only f p]fection2 = a gloss on ,deut4 #bj3h1 ,:at man is !re t is fe>ful & fa9!>t$8 says3 ,we le>n f ?is t no man c take up ! pr(ession ( contemplation or spiritual w>f>e1 if he /ill fe>s to be despoil$ ( e>?ly ri*es4 ,!re=e fe> is n a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,= mortal s9 alone is ! pa9 ( hell due3 & yet ?is is due to ! fe>ful1 accord+ to ,apoc4 #ba3h1 ,b ! fe>ful & unbeliev+ & ! abom9able1 etc41 %all h _! portion 9 ! pool burn+ ) fire & brim/one :i* is ! second dea?4 ,!re=e fe> is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 fe> is a s9 ?r\gh be+ inord9ate1 t is to say1 ?r\gh %unn+ :at ought n to be %unn$ accord+ to reason4 ,n[ sometimes ?is inord9at5ess ( fe> is conf9$ to ! s5sitive appetites1 )\t ! accession ( ! rational appetite's cons5t3 & !n x _c be a mortal1 b only a v5ial s94 ,b sometimes ?is inord9at5ess ( fe> rea*es to ! rational appetite :i* is call$ ! w1 :i* delib]ately %uns some?+ aga9/ ! dictate ( reason3 & ?is inord9at5ess ( fe> is sometimes a mortal1 sometimes a v5ial s94 ,= if a man ?r\gh fe> ( ! dang] ( dea? or ( any o!r temporal evil is s dispos$ z to d :at is =bidd51 or to omit :at is comm&$ by ! ,div9e law1 su* fe> is a mortal s93 o!rwise x is a v5ial s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s fe> z conf9$ to ! s5suality4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is gloss also c be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! fe> t is conf9$ )9 ! s5suality4 ,or bett] /ill we may reply t a man is t]rifi$ ) 8 :ole he>t :5 fe> bani%es 8 c\rage beyond rem$y4 ,n[ ev5 :5 fe> is a mortal s91 x may happ5 nev]!less t "o is n s wilfully t]rifi$ t "o _c be p]suad$ to put fe> aside3 ?us sometimes a man s9s mortally by cons5t+ to concupisc5ce1 & is turn$ aside f accompli%+ :at he purpos$ do+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is gloss speaks ( ! fe> t turns man aside f a good t is necess>y1 n = ! fulfilm5t ( a precept1 b = ! p]fection ( a c\nsel4 ,su* l fe> is n a mortal s91 b is sometimes v5ial3 & sometimes x is n a s91 = in/ance :5 "o has a reasonable cause = fe>4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abe1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,fe> ,excuses f ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t fe> does n excuse f s94 ,= fe> is a s91 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b s9 does n excuse f s91 r does x aggravate x4 ,!re=e fe> does n excuse f s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if any fe> excuses f s91 mo/ ( all w\ld ?is be true ( ! fe> ( dea?1 to :i*1 z ! say+ is1 a c\rage\s man is subject4 ,yet ?is fe>1 seem+ly1 is no excuse1 because1 s9ce dea? comes1 ( necessity1 to all1 x does n seem to be an object ( fe>4 ,!re=e fe> does n excuse f s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all fe> is ( evil1 ei!r temporal or spiritual4 ,n[ fe> ( spiritual evil _c excuse s91 because in/ead ( induc+ "o to s91 x )draws "o f s93 & fe> ( temporal evil does n excuse f s91 because accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #f71 "o %\ld n fe> pov]ty1 nor sickness1 nor any?+ t is n a result ( "o's own wick$ness4 ,!re=e x seems t 9 no s5se does fe> excuse f s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,decretals 7,i1 ,q4 #a1 ,cap4 ,con/at473 ,a man :o has be5 =cibly & unwill+ly orda9$ by h]etics1 has an o/5sible excuse4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 fe> is s9ful 9 s f> z x runs c\nt] to ! ord] ( reason4 ,n[ reason judges c]ta9 evils to be %unn$ r ?an o!rs4 ,:]e=e x is no s9 n to %un :at is less to be %unn$ 9 ord] to avoid :at reason judges to be m avoid$3 ?us dea? ( ! body is m to be avoid$ ?an ! loss ( temporal goods4 ,h5ce a man w\ld be excus$ f s9 if ?r\gh fe> ( dea? he 7 to promise or give some?+ to a robb]1 & yet he w\ld be guilty ( s9 7 he to give to s9n]s1 r ?an to ! good to :om he %\ld give 9 pref]5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ?r\gh fe> a man 7 to avoid evils :i* accord+ to reason are less to be avoid$1 & s incur evils :i* accord+ to reason are m to be avoid$1 he c\ld n be :olly excus$ f s91 because su* l fe> w\ld be inord9ate4 ,n[ ! evils ( ! s\l are m to be fe>$ ?an ! evils ( ! body1 & evils ( ! body m ?an evils ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,:]e=e if "o 7 to incur evils ( ! s\l1 namely s9s1 9 ord] to avoid evils ( ! body1 su* z bl[s or dea?1 or evils ( ext]nal ?+s1 su* z loss ( money2 or if "o 7 to endure evils ( ! body 9 ord] to avoid loss ( money1 "o w\ld n be :olly excus$ f s94 ,yet "o's s9 w\ld be ext5uat$ some:at1 = :at is done ?r\gh fe> is less volunt>y1 because :5 fe> lays hold ( a man he is "u a c]ta9 necessity ( do+ a c]ta9 ?+4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a7 says t ^! ?+s t are done ?r\gh fe> are n simply volunt>y1 b a mixture ( volunt>y & involunt>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fe> excuses1 n 9 ! po9t ( its s9fulness1 b 9 ! po9t ( its involunt>9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh dea? comes1 ( necessity1 to all1 yet ! %ort5+ ( temporal life is an evil & consequ5tly an object ( fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,/oics1 :o held temporal goods n to be man's goods1 x foll[s 9 consequ5ce t temporal evils are n man's evils1 & t !re=e !y are n[ise to be fe>$4 ,b accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii7 ^! temporal ?+s are goods ( ! lea/ acc\nt1 & ?is 0 also ! op9ion ( ! ,p]ipatetics4 ,h5ce _! contr>ies are inde$ to be fe>$2 b n s mu* t "o ought = _! sake to r5\nce t :i* is good accord+ to virtue4 ,,"q #abf ,,( ,,fe>lessness 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vice ( fe>lessness3 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is a s9 to be fe>less8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is oppos$ to =titude8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,fe>lessness ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t fe>lessness is n a s94 ,= t :i* is reckon$ to ! praise ( a j man is n a s94 ,n[ x is writt5 9 praise ( ! j man 7,prov4 #bh3a73 ,! j1 bold z a lion1 %all be )\t dread4 ,!re=e x is n a s9 to be )\t fe>4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ is s fe>ful z dea?1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #f74 ,yet "o ought n to fe> ev5 dea?1 accord+ to ,matt4 #aj3bh1 ,fe> ye n !m t kill ! body1 etc41 nor any?+ t c be inflict$ by man1 accord+ to ,isa4 #ea3ab1 ,:o art ?\1 t ?\ %\ld/ be afraid ( a mortal man8 ,!re=e x is n a s9 to be fe>less4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fe> is born ( love1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abe1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ x belongs to ! p]fection ( virtue to love no?+ e>?ly1 s9ce accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv71 ! love ( ,god to ! abasem5t ( self makes u citiz5s ( ! heav5ly city4 ,!re=e x is seem+ly n a s9 to fe> no?+ e>?ly4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said ( ! unju/ judge 7,luke #ah3b7 t he fe>$ n ,god nor reg>d$ man4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce fe> is born ( love1 we mu/ seem+ly judge alike ( love & fe>4 ,n[ x is "h a "q ( t fe> :]eby "o dreads temporal evils1 & :i* results f ! love ( temporal goods4 ,& e man has x in/ill$ 9 him by nature to love 8 own life & :atev] is direct$ !reto2 & to d s 9 due measure1 t is1 to love ^! ?+s n z plac+ 8 end !re91 b z ?+s to be us$ = ! sake ( 8 la/ end4 ,h5ce x is contr>y to ! natural incl9ation1 & !re=e a s91 to fall %ort ( lov+ !m 9 due measure4 ,nev]!less1 "o nev] lapses entirely f ?is love3 s9ce :at is natural _c be :olly lo/3 = :i* reason ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #e3bi73 ,no man ev] hat$ 8 own fle%4 ,:]e=e ev5 ^? t slay !mselves d s f love ( _! own fle%1 :i* !y desire to free f pres5t /ress4 ,h5ce x may happ5 t a man fe>s dea? & o!r temporal evils less ?an he ought1 = ! reason t he loves !m99 less ?an he ought4 99,viz4 ! contr>y goods4 ,"o w\ld expect 'se' in/ead ( 'ea4' ,we %\ld !n read3 ,= ! reason t he loves himself less ?an he ought4 ,b t he fe> none ( ^! ?+s _c result f an entire lack ( love1 b only f ! fact t he ?9ks x impossible = him to be afflict$ by ! evils contr>y to ! goods he loves4 ,?is is sometimes ! result ( pride ( s\l presum+ on self & despis+ o!rs1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,job #da3bd1 #be3 ,he ,vulg43 ':o' 0 made to fe> no "o1 he beholde? e high ?+3 & sometimes x happ5s ?r\gh a defect 9 ! reason2 ?us ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #g7 t ! ,celts1 ?r\gh lack ( intellig5ce1 fe> no?+4 99,a man w\ld des]ve to be call$ insane & s5seless if !re 7 no?+ t he fe>$1 n ev5 an e>?quake nor a /orm at sea1 z is said to be ! case ) ! ,celts4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t fe>lessness is a vice1 :e!r x result f lack ( love1 pride ( s\l1 or dullness ( und]/&+3 yet ! latt] is excus$ f s9 if x be inv9cible4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! j man is prais$ = be+ )\t fe> t )draws him f good2 n t he is altoge!r fe>less1 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #a3bh73 ,he t is )\t fe> _c be ju/ifi$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,dea? & :atev] else c be inflict$ by mortal man are n to be fe>$ s t !y make u =sake ju/ice3 b !y are to be fe>$ z h9d]+ man 9 acts ( virtue1 ei!r z reg>ds himself1 or z reg>ds ! progress he may cause 9 o!rs4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,prov4 #ad3af73 ,a wise man fe>e? & decl9e? f evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,temporal goods are to be despis$ z h9d]+ u f lov+ & s]v+ ,god1 & on ! same score !y are n to be fe>$2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cd3af73 ,he t fe>e? ! ,"l %all tremble at no?+4 ,b temporal goods are n to be despis$1 9 s f> z !y are help+ u in/rum5tally to atta9 ^? ?+s t p]ta9 to ,div9e fe> & love4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,fe>lessness ,is ,oppos$ to ,=titude8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t fe>lessness is n oppos$ to =titude4 ,= we judge ( habits by _! acts4 ,n[ no act ( =titude is h9d]$ by a man be+ fe>less3 s9ce if fe> be remov$1 "o is bo? brave to endure1 & d>+ to attack4 ,!re=e fe>lessness is n oppos$ to =titude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 fe>lessness is a vice1 ei!r ?r\gh lack ( due love1 or on acc\nt ( pride1 or by reason ( folly4 ,n[ lack ( due love is oppos$ to *>ity1 pride is contr>y to humility1 & folly to prud5ce or wisdom4 ,!re=e ! vice ( fe>lessness is n oppos$ to =titude4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 vices are oppos$ to virtue & extremes to ! mean4 ,b "o mean has only "o extreme on ! "o side4 ,s9ce !n =titude has fe> oppos$ to x on ! "o side & d>+ on ! o!r1 x seems t fe>lessness is n oppos$ !reto4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii7 reckons fe>lessness to be oppos$ to =titude4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #c71 =titude is conc]n$ ab\t fe> & d>+4 ,n[ e moral virtue obs]ves ! rational mean 9 ! matt] ab\t :i* x is conc]n$4 ,h5ce x belongs to =titude t man %\ld mod]ate 8 fe> accord+ to reason1 namely t he %\ld fe> :at he ought1 & :5 he ought1 & s =?4 ,n[ ?is mode ( reason may be corrupt$ ei!r by excess or by defici5cy4 ,:]e=e j z timidity is oppos$ to =titude by excess ( fe>1 9 s f> z a man fe>s :at he ought n1 & z he ought n1 s too fe>lessness is oppos$ !reto by defici5cy ( fe>1 9 s f> z a man fe>s n :at he ought to fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! act ( =titude is to endure dea? )\t fe>1 & to be aggressive1 n anyh[1 b accord+ to reason3 ?is ! fe>less man does n d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fe>lessness by its specific nature corrupts ! mean ( =titude1 :]e=e x is oppos$ to =titude directly4 ,b 9 respect ( its causes no?+ h9d]s x f be+ oppos$ to o!r virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! vice ( d>+ is oppos$ to =titude by excess ( d>+1 & fe>lessness by defici5cy ( fe>4 ,=titude imposes ! mean on ea* passion4 ,h5ce !re is no?+ unreasonable 9 its hav+ diff]5t extremes 9 diff]5t respects4 ,,"q #abg ,,( ,,d>+99 99,excessive d>+ or foolh>d9ess 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] d>+2 & "u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r d>+ is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is oppos$ to =titude8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,d>+ ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t d>+ is n a s94 ,= x is writt5 7,job #ci3ba7 conc]n+ ! horse1 by :i* accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi7 ! godly prea*] is d5ot$1 t he goe? =? boldly to meet arm$ m5 99,vulg43 'he prance? boldly1 he goe? =? to meet arm$ m5'4 ,b no vice r$\nds to a man's praise4 ,!re=e x is n a s9 to be d>+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #i71 "o %\ld take c\nsel 9 ?\ght1 & d quickly :at has be5 c\nsel$4 ,b d>+ helps ?is quickness 9 do+4 ,!re=e d>+ is n s9ful b praisewor?y4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 d>+ is a passion caus$ by hope1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,a4 #b7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions4 ,b hope is acc\nt$ n a s9 b a virtue4 ,nei!r !re=e %\ld d>+ be acc\nt$ a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #h3ah73 ,g n on ! way ) a bold man1 le/ he burd5 !e ) 8 evils4 ,n[ no man's fell[%ip is to be avoid$ save on acc\nt ( s94 ,!re=e d>+ is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,d>+1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ee71 is a passion4 ,n[ a passion is sometimes mod]at$ accord+ to reason1 & sometimes x lacks mod]ation1 ei!r by excess or by defici5cy1 & on ?is acc\nt ! passion is s9ful4 ,aga91 ! names ( ! passions are sometimes employ$ 9 ! s5se ( excess1 ?us we speak ( ang] mean+ n any b excessive ang]1 9 :i* case x is s9ful1 & 9 ! same way d>+ z imply+ excess is acc\nt$ a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! d>+ spok5 ( !re is t :i* is mod]at$ by reason1 = 9 t s5se x belongs to ! virtue ( =titude4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is praisewor?y to act quickly aft] tak+ c\nsel1 :i* is an act ( reason4 ,b to wi% to act quickly be=e tak+ c\nsel is n praisewor?y b s9ful2 = ?is w\ld be to act ra%ly1 :i* is a vice contr>y to prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e d>+ :i* leads "o to act quickly is s f> praisewor?y z x is direct$ by reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"s vices are unnam$1 & s also are "s virtues1 z ! ,philosoph] rem>ks 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g2 iv1 #d1 #e1 #f74 ,h5ce ! names ( c]ta9 passions h to be appli$ to c]ta9 vices & virtues3 & 9 ord] to designate vices we employ especially ! names ( ^? passions ! object ( :i* is an evil1 z 9 ! case ( hatr$1 fe>1 ang] & d>+4 ,b hope & love h a good = ?is object1 & s we use !m r to designate virtues4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,d>+ ,is ,oppos$ to ,=titude8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t d>+ is n oppos$ to =titude4 ,= excess ( d>+ seems to result f presumption ( m9d4 ,b presumption p]ta9s to pride :i* is oppos$ to humility4 ,!re=e d>+ is oppos$ to humility r ?an to =titude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 d>+ does n seem to call = blame1 except 9 s f> z x results 9 h>m ei!r to ! d>+ p]son :o puts himself 9 dang] inord9ately1 or to o!rs :om he attacks ) d>+1 or exposes to dang]4 ,b ?is seem+ly p]ta9s to inju/ice4 ,!re=e d>+1 z designat+ a s91 is oppos$1 n to =titude b to ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 =titude is conc]n$ ab\t fe> & d>+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #c74 ,n[ s9ce timidity is oppos$ to =titude 9 respect ( an excess ( fe>1 !re is ano!r vice oppos$ to timidity 9 respect ( a lack ( fe>4 ,if !n1 d>+ is oppos$ to =titude1 9 ! po9t ( excessive d>+1 !re w likewise be a vice oppos$ to x 9 ! po9t ( defici5t d>+4 ,b !re is no su* vice4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld d>+ be acc\nt$ a vice 9 opposition to =titude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 9 bo? ! ,second & ,?ird ,books ( ,e?ics acc\nts d>+ to be oppos$ to =titude4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abf1 ,a4 #b71 x belongs to a moral virtue to obs]ve ! rational mean 9 ! matt] ab\t :i* x is conc]n$4 ,:]e=e e vice t d5otes lack ( mod]ation 9 ! matt] ( a moral virtue is oppos$ to t virtue1 z immod]ate to mod]ate4 ,n[ d>+1 9 s f> z x d5otes a vice1 implies excess ( passion1 & ?is excess goes by ! "n ( d>+4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t x is oppos$ to ! virtue ( =titude :i* is conc]n$ ab\t fe> & d>+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abb1 ,a4 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,opposition betwe5 vice & virtue does n dep5d *iefly on ! cause ( ! vice b on ! vice's v species4 ,:]e=e x is n necess>y t d>+ be oppos$ to ! same virtue z presumption :i* is its cause4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z ! direct opposition ( a vice does n dep5d on its cause1 s nei!r does x dep5d on its effect4 ,n[ ! h>m done by d>+ is its effect4 ,:]e=e nei!r does ! opposition ( d>+ dep5d on ?is4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! movem5t ( d>+ consi/s 9 a man tak+ ! (f5sive aga9/ t :i* is 9 opposition to him3 & nature incl9es him to d ?is except 9 s f> z su* incl9ation is h9d]$ by ! fe> ( receiv+ h>m f t s\rce4 ,h5ce ! vice :i* exce$s 9 d>+ has no contr>y defici5cy1 save only timidity4 ,yet d>+ does n always accompany s great a lack ( timidity1 = z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #g71 ! d>+ are precipitate & eag] to meet dang]1 yet fail :5 ! dang] is pres5t1 namely ?r\gh fe>4 ,,"q #abh ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,=titude ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! p>ts ( =titude2 fir/ we %all consid] :at are ! p>ts ( =titude2 & secondly we %all treat ( ea* "p4 ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abh1 ,art4 ,:e!r ! ,p>ts ( ,=titude ,are ,suitably ,assign$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! p>ts ( =titude are unsuitably assign$4 ,= ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 assigns f\r p>ts to =titude1 namely magnific5ce1 confid5ce1 pati5ce1 & p]sev]ance4 ,n[ magnific5ce seems to p]ta9 to lib]ality2 s9ce bo? are conc]n$ ab\t money1 & a magnific5t man mu/ ne$s be lib]al1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b74 ,b lib]ality is a "p ( ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aag1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e magnific5ce %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( =titude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 confid5ce is app>5tly ! same z hope4 ,b hope does n seem to p]ta9 to =titude1 b is r a virtue by itself4 ,!re=e confid5ce %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( =titude4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 =titude makes a man behave aright 9 face ( dang]4 ,b magnific5ce & confid5ce d n ess5tially imply any relation to dang]4 ,!re=e !y are n suitably reckon$ z p>ts ( =titude4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 pati5ce d5otes endurance ( h>d%ips1 & he ascribes ! same to =titude4 ,!re=e pati5ce is ! same z =titude & n a "p !re(4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is a requisite to e virtue %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( a special virtue4 ,b p]sev]ance is requir$ 9 e virtue3 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #bd3ac73 ,he t %all p]sev]e to ! end he %all be sav$4 ,!re=e p]sev]ance %\ld n be acc\nt$ a "p ( =titude4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ,macrobius 7,de ,somn4 ,scip4 i7 reckons sev5 p>ts ( =titude1 namely magnanimity1 confid5ce1 security1 magnific5ce1 con/ancy1 =be>ance1 /ability4 ,&ronicus also reckons sev5 virtues annex$ to =titude1 & ^! are1 c\rage1 /r5g? ( w1 magnanimity1 manl9ess1 p]sev]ance1 magnific5ce4 ,!re=e x seems t ,tully's reckon+ ( ! p>ts ( =titude is incomplete4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 ,ari/otle 7,e?ic4 iii7 reckons five p>ts ( =titude4 ,! fir/ is civic =titude1 :i* produces brave de$s ?r\gh fe> ( di%onor or puni%m5t2 ! second is milit>y =titude1 :i* produces brave de$s z a result ( w>like art or exp]i5ce2 ! ?ird is ! =titude :i* produces brave de$s result+ f passion1 especially ang]2 ! f\r? is ! =titude :i* makes a man act bravely ?r\gh be+ accu/om$ to ov]come2 ! fif? is ! =titude :i* makes a man act bravely ?r\gh be+ unaccu/om$ to dang]4 ,n[ ^! k9ds ( =titude are n compris$ "u any ( ! above enum]ations4 ,!re=e ^! enum]ations ( ! p>ts ( =titude are unfitt+4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #dh71 a virtue c h ?ree k9ds ( p>ts1 subjective1 integral1 & pot5tial4 ,b =titude1 tak5 z a special virtue1 _c h subjective p>ts1 s9ce x is n divid$ into sev]al specifically di/9ct virtues1 = x is ab\t a v special matt]4 ,h[ev]1 !re are quasi-integral & pot5tial p>ts assign$ to x3 integral p>ts1 ) reg>d to ^? ?+s ! concurr5ce ( :i* is requisite = an act ( =titude2 & pot5tial p>ts1 because :at =titude practices 9 face ( ! greate/ h>d%ips1 namely dang]s ( dea?1 c]ta9 o!r virtues practice 9 ! matt] ( c]ta9 m9or h>d%ips & ^! virtues are annex$ to =titude z second>y virtues to ! pr9cipal virtue4 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,,aa4 #c1 #f71 ! act ( =titude is tw(old1 aggression & endurance4 ,n[ two ?+s are requir$ = ! act ( aggression4 ,! fir/ reg>ds prep>ation ( ! m9d1 & consi/s 9 "o's hav+ a m9d ready = aggression4 ,9 ?is respect ,tully m5tions confid5ce1 ( :i* he says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t ) ?is ! m9d is mu* assur$ & firmly hopeful 9 great & honorable und]tak+s4 ,! second reg>ds ! accompli%m5t ( ! de$1 & consi/s 9 n fail+ to accompli% :at "o has confid5tly begun4 ,9 ?is respect ,tully m5tions magnific5ce1 :i* he describes z be+ ! discussion & adm9i/ration1 i4e4 accompli%m5t ( great & l(ty und]tak+s1 ) a c]ta9 broad & noble purpose ( m9d1 s z to comb9e execution ) greatness ( purpose4 ,accord+ly if ^! two be conf9$ to ! prop] matt] ( =titude1 namely to dang]s ( dea?1 !y w be quasi-integral p>ts !re(1 because )\t !m !re c be no =titude2 :]eas if !y be ref]r$ to o!r matt]s involv+ less h>d%ip1 !y w be virtues specifically di/9ct f =titude1 b annex$ !reto z second>y virtues to pr9cipal3 ?us magnific5ce is ref]r$ by ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv7 to great exp5ses1 & magnanimity1 :i* seems to be ! same z confid5ce1 to great honors4 ,aga91 two ?+s are requisite = ! o!r act ( =titude1 viz4 endurance4 ,! fir/ is t ! m9d be n brok5 by sorr[1 & fall away f its greatness1 by reason ( ! /ress ( ?reat5+ evil4 ,9 ?is respect he m5tions pati5ce1 :i* he describes z ! volunt>y & prolong$ endurance ( ardu\s & difficult ?+s = ! sake ( virtue or pr(it4 ,! o!r is t by ! prolong$ suff]+ ( h>d%ips man be n we>i$ s z to lose c\rage1 accord+ to ,heb4 #ab3c1 ,t y be n we>i$1 fa9t+ 9 y\r m9ds4 ,9 ?is respect he m5tions p]sev]ance1 :i* accord+ly he describes z ! fix$ & cont9u$ p]si/5ce 9 a well consid]$ purpose4 ,if ^! two be conf9$ to ! prop] matt] ( =titude1 !y w be quasi-integral p>ts !re(2 b if !y be ref]r$ to any k9d ( h>d%ip !y w be virtues di/9ct f =titude1 yet annex$ !reto z second>y to pr9cipal4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,magnific5ce 9 ! matt] ( lib]ality adds a c]ta9 greatness3 ?is is connect$ ) ! notion ( difficulty :i* is ! object ( ! irascible faculty1 t is p]fect$ *iefly by =titude3 & to ?is virtue1 9 ?is respect1 x belongs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,hope :]eby "o confides 9 ,god is acc\nt$ a !ological virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ag1 ,a4 #e2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fb1 ,a4 #c74 ,b by confid5ce :i* "h is acc\nt$ a "p ( =titude1 man hopes 9 himself1 yet "u ,god )al4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to v5ture on any?+ great seems to involve dang]1 s9ce to fail 9 su* ?+s is v disa/r\s4 ,:]e=e al?\gh magnific5ce & confid5ce are ref]r$ to ! accompli%m5t ( or v5tur+ on any o!r great ?+s1 !y h a c]ta9 connection ) =titude by reason ( ! imm95t dang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,pati5ce endures n only dang]s ( dea?1 ) :i* =titude is conc]n$1 )\t excessive sorr[1 b also any o!r h>d%ips or dang]s4 ,9 ?is respect x is acc\nt$ a virtue annex$ to =titude3 b z ref]r$ to dang]s ( dea?1 x is an integral "p !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,p]sev]ance z d5ot+ p]si/5ce 9 a good de$ unto ! end1 may be a circum/ance ( e virtue1 b x is reckon$ a "p ( =titude 9 ! s5se /at$ 9 ! body ( ! ,article4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,macrobius reckons ! f\r a=esaid m5tion$ by ,tully1 namely confid5ce1 magnific5ce1 =be>ance1 :i* he puts 9 ! place ( pati5ce1 & firmness1 :i* he sub/itutes = p]sev]ance4 ,& he adds ?ree1 two ( :i*1 namely magnanimity & security1 are compris$ by ,tully "u ! head ( confid5ce4 ,b ,macrobius is m specific 9 8 enum]ation4 ,because confid5ce d5otes a man's hope = great ?+s3 & hope = any?+ presupposes an appetite /ret*+ =? to great ?+s by desire1 & ?is belongs to magnanimity4 ,= x has be5 /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #b7 t hope presupposes love & desire ( ! ?+ hop$ =4 ,a /ill bett] reply is t confid5ce p]ta9s to ! c]titude ( hope2 :ile magnanimity ref]s to ! magnitude ( ! ?+ hop$ =4 ,n[ hope has no firmness unless its contr>y be remov$1 = sometimes "o1 = "o's own "p1 w\ld hope = some?+1 b hope is avoid$ on acc\nt ( ! ob/acle ( fe>1 s9ce fe> is some:at contr>y to hope1 z /at$ above1 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a74 ,h5ce ,macrobius adds security1 :i* bani%es fe>4 ,he adds a ?ird1 namely con/ancy1 :i* may be compris$ "u magnific5ce4 ,= 9 p]=m+ de$s ( magnific5ce "o ne$s to h a con/ant m9d4 ,= ?is reason ,tully says t magnific5ce consi/s n only 9 accompli%+ great ?+s1 b also 9 discuss+ !m g5]\sly 9 ! m9d4 ,con/ancy may also p]ta9 to p]sev]ance1 s t "o may be call$ p]sev]+ ?r\gh n desi/+ on acc\nt ( delays1 & con/ant ?r\gh n desi/+ on acc\nt ( any o!r ob/acles4 ,^? t are m5tion$ by ,&ronicus seem to am\nt to ! same z ! above4 ,= ) ,tully & ,macrobius he m5tions p]sev]ance & magnific5ce1 & ) ,macrobius1 magnanimity4 ,/r5g? ( w is ! same z pati5ce or =be>ance1 = he says t /r5g? ( w is a habit t makes "o ready to attempt :at ought to be attempt$1 & to endure :at reason says %\ld be endur$--i4e4 good c\rage seems to be ! same z assurance1 = he def9es x z /r5g? ( s\l 9 ! accompli%m5t ( its purpose4 ,manl9ess is app>5tly ! same z confid5ce1 = he says t manl9ess is a habit ( self-suffici5cy 9 matt]s ( virtue4 ,besides magnific5ce he m5tions &raga?ia1 i4e4 manly goodness :i* we may r5d] /r5u\sness4 ,= magnific5ce consi/s n only 9 be+ con/ant 9 ! accompli%m5t ( great de$s1 :i* belongs to con/ancy1 b also 9 br++ a c]ta9 manly prud5ce & solicitude to t accompli%m5t1 & ?is belongs to &raga?ia1 /r5u\sness3 :]e=e he says t &raga?ia is ! virtue ( a man1 :]eby he ?9ks out pr(itable works4 ,accord+ly x is evid5t t all ^! p>ts may be r$uc$ to ! f\r pr9cipal p>ts m5tion$ by ,tully4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,! five m5tion$ by ,ari/otle fall %ort ( ! true notion ( virtue1 = ?\gh !y concur 9 ! act ( =titude1 !y diff] z to motive1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b72 :]e=e !y are n reckon$ p>ts b modes ( =titude4 ,,"q #abi ,,( ,,magnanimity99 99,n 9 ! ord9>y re/rict$ s5se b z expla9$ by ! au?or 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ea* ( ! p>ts ( =titude1 includ+1 h[ev]1 ! o!r p>ts "u ^? m5tion$ by ,tully1 ) ! exception ( confid5ce1 = :i* we %all sub/itute magnanimity1 ( :i* ,ari/otle treats4 ,accord+ly we %all consid] 7#a7 ,magnanimity2 7#b7 ,magnific5ce2 7#c7 ,pati5ce2 7#d7 ,p]sev]ance4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ we %all treat 7#a7 ( magnanimity2 7#b7 ( its contr>y vices4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r magnanimity is ab\t honors8 7#b7 ,:e!r magnanimity is only ab\t great honors8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a virtue8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a special virtue8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is a "p ( =titude8 7#f7 ,( its relation to confid5ce2 7#g7 ,( its relation to assurance2 7#h7 ,( its relation to goods ( =tune4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,magnanimity ,is ,ab\t ,honors8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t magnanimity is n ab\t honors4 ,= magnanimity is 9 ! irascible faculty1 z its v "n %[s1 s9ce magnanimity signifies greatness ( m9d1 & m9d d5otes ! irascible "p1 z appe>s f ,de ,anima iii1 #db1 :]e ! ,philosoph] says t 9 ! s5sitive appetite are desire & m9d1 i4e4 ! concupiscible & irascible p>ts4 ,b honor is a concupiscible good s9ce x is ! rew>d ( virtue4 ,!re=e x seems t magnanimity is n ab\t honors4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9ce magnanimity is a moral virtue1 x mu/ ne$s be ab\t ei!r passions or op]ations4 ,n[ x is n ab\t op]ations1 = !n x w\ld be a "p ( ju/ice3 :5ce x foll[s t x is ab\t passions4 ,b honor is n a passion4 ,!re=e magnanimity is n ab\t honors4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! nature ( magnanimity seems to reg>d pursuit r ?an avoidance1 = a man is said to be magnanim\s because he t5ds to great ?+s4 ,b ! virtu\s are prais$ n = desir+ honors1 b = %unn+ !m4 ,!re=e magnanimity is n ab\t honors4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t magnanimity is ab\t honor & di%onor4 ,i answ] t1 ,magnanimity by its v "n d5otes /ret*+ =? ( ! m9d to great ?+s4 ,n[ virtue be>s a relation%ip to two ?+s1 fir/ to ! matt] ab\t :i* is ! field ( its activity1 secondly to its prop] act1 :i* consi/s 9 ! "r use ( su* matt]4 ,& s9ce a virtu\s habit is d5om9at$ *iefly f its act1 a man is said to be magnanim\s *iefly because he is m9d$ to d "s great act4 ,n[ an act may be call$ great 9 two ways3 9 "o way proportionately1 9 ano!r absolutely4 ,an act may be call$ great proportionately1 ev5 if x consi/ 9 ! use ( "s small or ord9>y ?+1 if1 = in/ance1 "o make a v good use ( x3 b an act is simply & absolutely great :5 x consi/s 9 ! be/ use ( ! greate/ ?+4 ,! ?+s :i* come into man's use are ext]nal ?+s1 & among ^! honor is ! greate/ simply1 bo? because x is ! mo/ ak9 to virtue1 s9ce x is an atte/ation to a p]son's virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajc1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b72 & because x is (f]$ to ,god & to ! be/2 & aga9 because1 9 ord] to obta9 honor ev5 z to avoid %ame1 m5 set aside all o!r ?+s4 ,n[ a man is said to be magnanim\s 9 respect ( ?+s t are great absolutely & simply1 j z a man is said to be brave 9 respect ( ?+s t are difficult simply4 ,x foll[s !re=e t magnanimity is ab\t honors4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,good & evil absolutely consid]$ reg>d ! concupiscible faculty1 b 9 s f> z ! aspect ( difficult is add$1 !y belong to ! irascible4 ,?us x is t magnanimity reg>ds honor1 inasmu*1 to wit1 z honor has ! aspect ( some?+ great or difficult4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh honor is nei!r a passion nor an op]ation1 yet x is ! object ( a passion1 namely hope1 :i* t5ds to a difficult good4 ,:]e=e magnanimity is imm$iately ab\t ! passions ( hope1 & m$iately ab\t honor z ! object ( hope3 ev5 s1 we h /at$ 7,q4 #abc1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e7 ) reg>d to =titude t x is ab\t dang]s ( dea? 9 s f> z !y are ! object ( fe> & d>+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? are wor?y ( praise :o despise ri*es 9 su* a way z to d no?+ unbecom+ 9 ord] to obta9 !m1 nor h too great a desire = !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o 7 to despise honors s z n to c>e to d :at is wor?y ( honor1 ?is w\ld be des]v+ ( blame4 ,accord+ly magnanimity is ab\t honors 9 ! s5se t a man /rives to d :at is des]v+ ( honor1 yet n s z to ?9k mu* ( ! honor accord$ by man4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,magnanimity ,is ,ess5tially ,ab\t ,great ,honors8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t magnanimity is n ess5tially ab\t great honors4 ,= ! prop] matt] ( magnanimity is honor1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b great & little are accid5tal to honor4 ,!re=e x is n ess5tial to magnanimity to be ab\t great honors4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z magnanimity is ab\t honor1 s is meekness ab\t ang]4 ,b x is n ess5tial to meekness to be ab\t ei!r great or little ang]4 ,!re=e nei!r is x ess5tial to magnanimity to be ab\t great honor4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 small honor is less alo( f great honor ?an is di%onor4 ,b magnanimity is well ord]$ 9 relation to di%onor1 & consequ5tly 9 relation to small honors also4 ,!re=e x is n only ab\t great honors4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g7 t magnanimity is ab\t great honors4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 vii1 #ag1 #ah71 virtue is a p]fection1 & by ?is we are to und]/& ! p]fection ( a p[]1 & t x reg>ds ! extreme limit ( t p[]1 z /at$ 9 ,de ,coelo i1 #aaf4 ,n[ ! p]fection ( a p[] is n p]ceiv$ 9 e op]ation ( t p[]1 b 9 su* op]ations z are great or difficult3 = e p[]1 h[ev] imp]fect1 c ext5d to ord9>y & trifl+ op]ations4 ,h5ce x is ess5tial to a virtue to be ab\t ! difficult & ! good1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #c4 ,n[ ! difficult & ! good 7:i* am\nt to ! same7 9 an act ( virtue may be consid]$ f two po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 f ! po9t ( view ( reason1 9 s f> z x is difficult to f9d & e/abli% ! rational means 9 "s p>ticul> matt]3 & ?is difficulty is f\nd only 9 ! act ( intellectual virtues1 & also ( ju/ice4 ,! o!r difficulty is on ! "p ( ! matt]1 :i* may involve a c]ta9 opposition to ! mod]ation ( reason1 :i* mod]ation has to be appli$ !reto3 & ?is difficulty reg>ds *iefly ! o!r moral virtues1 :i* are ab\t ! passions1 because ! passions resi/ reason z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 #d74 ,n[ z reg>ds ! passions x is to be obs]v$ t ! greatness ( ?is p[] ( resi/ance to reason arises *iefly 9 "s cases f ! passions !mselves1 & 9 o!rs f ! ?+s t are ! objects ( ! passions4 ,! passions !mselves h no great p[] ( resi/ance1 unless !y be viol5t1 because ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* is ! seat ( ! passions1 is naturally subject to reason4 ,h5ce ! resi/+ virtues t are ab\t ^! passions reg>d only t :i* is great 9 su* passions3 ?us =titude is ab\t v great fe> & d>+2 temp]ance ab\t ! concupisc5ce ( ! greate/ pleasures1 & likewise meekness ab\t ! greate/ ang]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s passions h great p[] ( resi/ance to reason aris+ f ! ext]nal ?+s !mselves t are ! objects ( ^? passions3 su* are ! love or desire ( money or ( honor4 ,& = ^! x is necess>y to h a virtue n only reg>d+ t :i* is greate/ 9 ^? passions1 b also ab\t t :i* is ord9>y or little3 because ?+s ext]nal1 ?\gh !y be little1 are v desirable1 z be+ necess>y = human life4 ,h5ce ) reg>d to ! desire ( money !re are two virtues1 "o ab\t ord9>y or little sums ( money1 namely lib]ality1 & ano!r ab\t l>ge sums ( money1 namely magnific5ce4 ,9 l mann] !re are two virtues ab\t honors1 "o ab\t ord9>y honors4 ,?is virtue has no "n1 b is d5om9at$ by its extremes1 :i* are philotimia1 i4e4 love ( honor1 & aphilotimia1 i4e4 )\t love ( honor3 = sometimes a man is comm5d$ = lov+ honor1 & sometimes = n c>+ ab\t x1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z bo? ^! ?+s may be done 9 mod]ation4 ,b ) reg>d to great honors !re is magnanimity4 ,:]e=e we mu/ conclude t ! prop] matt] ( magnanimity is great honor1 & t a magnanim\s man t5ds to su* ?+s z are des]v+ ( honor4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,great & little are accid5tal to honor consid]$ 9 itself3 b !y make a great diff]5ce 9 _! relation to reason1 ! mode ( :i* has to be obs]v$ 9 ! use ( honor1 = x is mu* m difficult to obs]ve x 9 great ?an 9 little honors4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ang] & o!r matt]s only t :i* is greate/ pres5ts any notable difficulty1 & ab\t ?is alone is !re any ne$ ( a virtue4 ,x is diff]5t ) ri*es & honors :i* are ?+s exi/+ outside ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t makes good use ( great ?+s is mu* m able to make good use ( little ?+s4 ,accord+ly ! magnanim\s man looks ^u great honors z a ?+ ( :i* he is wor?y1 or ev5 little honors z some?+ he des]ves1 because1 to wit1 man _c suffici5tly honor virtue :i* des]ves to be honor$ by ,god4 ,h5ce he is n uplift$ by great honors1 because he does n deem !m above him2 r does he despise !m1 & mu* m su* z are ord9>y or little4 ,9 l mann] he is n ca/ d[n by di%onor1 b despises x1 s9ce he recognizes t he does n des]ve x4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,magnanimity ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t magnanimity is n a virtue4 ,= e moral virtue obs]ves ! mean4 ,b magnanimity obs]ves n ! mean b ! great] extreme3 because ! magnanim\s man deems himself wor?y ( ! greate/ ?+s 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c74 ,!re=e magnanimity is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he t has "o virtue has !m all1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a74 ,b "o may h a virtue )\t hav+ magnanimity3 s9ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t :osoev] is wor?y ( little ?+s & deems himself wor?y ( !m1 is temp]ate1 b he is n magnanim\s4 ,!re=e magnanimity is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,virtue is a good quality ( ! m9d1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d74 ,b magnanimity implies c]ta9 dispositions ( ! body3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 ( a magnanim\s man t 8 gait is sl[1 8 voice deep1 & 8 utt]ance calm4 ,!re=e magnanimity is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 no virtue is oppos$ to ano!r virtue4 ,b magnanimity is oppos$ to humility1 s9ce ! magnanim\s deems himself wor?y ( great ?+s1 & despises o!rs1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 iv1 #c4 ,!re=e magnanimity is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! prop]ties ( e virtue are praisewor?y4 ,b magnanimity has c]ta9 prop]ties t call = blame4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! magnanim\s is unm9dful ( favors2 secondly1 he is remiss & sl[ ( action2 ?irdly1 he employs irony 99,cf4 ,q4 #aac t[>ds _m2 f\r?ly1 he is unable to associate ) o!rs2 fif?ly1 because he holds to ! b>r5 ?+s r ?an to ^? t are fruitful4 ,!re=e magnanimity is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 9 praise ( c]ta9 m5 7#b ,macc4 #ae3ah73 ,nicanor he>+ ( ! valor ( ,judas' companions1 & ! greatness ( c\rage 7animi magnitud9em7 ) :i* !y f\ght = _! c\ntry1 0 afraid to try ! matt] by ! sword4 ,n[1 only de$s ( virtue are wor?y ( praise4 ,!re=e magnanimity :i* consi/s 9 greatness ( c\rage is a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ess5ce ( human virtue consi/s 9 safegu>d+ ! good ( reason 9 human affairs1 = ?is is man's prop] good4 ,n[ among ext]nal human ?+s honors take prec$5ce ( all o!rs1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #c74 ,!re=e magnanimity1 :i* obs]ves ! mode ( reason 9 great honors1 is a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,philosoph] aga9 says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c71 ! magnanim\s 9 po9t ( quantity goes to extremes1 9 s f> z he t5ds to :at is greate/1 b 9 ! matt] ( becom+ness1 he foll[s ! mean1 because he t5ds to ! greate/ ?+s accord+ to reason1 = he deems himself wor?y 9 accordance ) 8 wor? 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c71 s9ce 8 aims d n surpass 8 des]ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! mutual connection ( ! virtues does n apply to _! acts1 z ?\gh e "o 7 compet5t to practice ! acts ( all ! virtues4 ,:]e=e ! act ( magnanimity is n becom+ to e virtu\s man1 b only to great m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 z reg>ds ! pr9ciples ( virtue1 namely prud5ce & grace1 all virtues are connect$ toge!r1 s9ce _! habits reside toge!r 9 ! s\l1 ei!r 9 act or by way ( a proximate disposition !reto4 ,?us x is possible = "o to :om ! act ( magnanimity is n compet5t1 to h ! habit ( magnanimity1 :]eby he is dispos$ to practice t act if x 7 compet5t to him accord+ to 8 /ate4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! movem5ts ( ! body are diff]5tiat$ accord+ to ! diff]5t appreh5sions & emotions ( ! s\l4 ,& s x happ5s t to magnanimity !re accrue c]ta9 fix$ accid5ts by way ( bodily movem5ts4 ,= quickness ( movem5t results f a man be+ int5t on _m ?+s :i* he is 9 a hurry to accompli%1 :]eas ! magnanim\s is int5t only on great ?+s2 ^! are few & require great att5tion1 :]e=e !y call = sl[ movem5t4 ,likewise %rill & rapid speak+ is *iefly compet5t to ^? :o are quick to qu>rel ab\t any?+1 & ?is becomes n ! magnanim\s :o are busy only ab\t great ?+s4 ,& j z ^! dispositions ( bodily movem5ts are compet5t to ! magnanim\s man accord+ to ! mode ( 8 emotions1 s too 9 ^? :o are naturally dispos$ to magnanimity ^! conditions are f\nd naturally4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,!re is 9 man some?+ great :i* he possesses ?r\gh ! gift ( ,god2 & some?+ defective :i* accrues to him ?r\gh ! weakness ( nature4 ,accord+ly magnanimity makes a man deem himself wor?y ( great ?+s 9 consid]ation ( ! gifts he holds f ,god3 ?us if 8 s\l is end[$ ) great virtue1 magnanimity makes him t5d to p]fect works ( virtue2 & ! same is to be said ( ! use ( any o!r good1 su* z sci5ce or ext]nal =tune4 ,on ! o!r h&1 humility makes a man ?9k little ( himself 9 consid]ation ( 8 own defici5cy1 & magnanimity makes him despise o!rs 9 s f> z !y fall away f ,god's gifts3 s9ce he does n ?9k s mu* ( o!rs z to d any?+ wrong = _! sake4 ,yet humility makes u honor o!rs & e/eem !m bett] ?an ourselves1 9 s f> z we see "s ( ,god's gifts 9 !m4 ,h5ce x is writt5 ( ! j man 7,ps4 #ad3d73 ,9 8 sight a vile p]son is contemn$ 99,d\ay3 ',! malignant is br\ght to no?+1 b he glorifie?1' etc41 :i* indicates ! contempt ( magnanimity1 b he honore? !m t fe> ! ,"l1 :i* po9ts to ! rev]5tial be>+ ( humility4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t magnanimity & humility are n contr>y to "o ano!r1 al?\gh !y seem to t5d 9 contr>y directions1 because !y proce$ accord+ to diff]5t consid]ations4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,^! prop]ties 9 s f> z !y belong to a magnanim\s man call n = blame1 b = v great praise4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 :5 x is said t ! magnanim\s is n m9dful ( ^? f :om he has receiv$ favors1 ?is po9ts to ! fact t he takes no pleasure 9 accept+ favors f o!rs unless he repay !m ) yet great] favor2 ?is belongs to ! p]fection ( gratitude1 9 ! act ( :i* he wi%es to excel1 ev5 z 9 ! acts ( o!r virtues4 ,aga91 9 ! second place1 x is said t he is remiss & sl[ ( action1 n t he is lack+ 9 do+ :at becomes him1 b because he does n busy himself ) all k9ds ( works1 b only ) great works1 su* z are becom+ to him4 ,he is also said1 9 ! ?ird place1 to employ irony1 n z oppos$ to tru?1 & s z ei!r to say ( himself vile ?+s t are n true1 or d5y ( himself great ?+s t are true1 b because he does n disclose all 8 greatness1 especially to ! l>ge numb] ( ^? :o are b5ea? him1 s9ce1 z also ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c71 x belongs to a magnanim\s man to be great t[>ds p]sons ( dignity & afflu5ce1 & unassum+ t[>ds ! middle class4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 x is said t he _c associate ) o!rs3 ?is means t he is n at home ) o!rs ?an 8 fri5ds3 because he altoge!r %uns flatt]y & hypocrisy1 :i* belong to littl5ess ( m9d4 ,b he associates ) all1 bo? great & little1 accord+ z he ought1 z /at$ above 7ad #a74 ,x is also said1 fif?ly1 t he pref]s to h b>r5 ?+s1 n inde$ any1 b good1 i4e4 virtu\s2 = 9 all ?+s he pref]s ! virtu\s to ! useful1 z be+ great]3 s9ce ! useful is s\ght 9 ord] to supply a defect :i* is inconsi/5t ) magnanimity4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,magnanimity ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t magnanimity is n a special virtue4 ,= no special virtue is op]ative 9 e virtue4 ,b ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t :atev] is great 9 ea* virtue belongs to ! magnanim\s4 ,!re=e magnanimity is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! acts ( diff]5t virtues are n ascrib$ to any special virtue4 ,b ! acts ( diff]5t virtues are ascrib$ to ! magnanim\s man4 ,= x is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #c t x belongs to ! magnanim\s n to avoid repro( 7:i* is an act ( prud5ce71 nor to act unju/ly 7:i* is an act ( ju/ice71 t he is ready to d favors 7:i* is an act ( *>ity71 t he gives 8 s]vices readily 7:i* is an act ( lib]ality71 t he is tru?ful 7:i* is an act ( tru?fulness71 & t he is n giv5 to compla9+ 7:i* is an act ( pati5ce74 ,!re=e magnanimity is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e virtue is a special ornam5t ( ! s\l1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,isa4 #fa3aj1 ,he ha? clo!d me ) ! g>m5ts ( salvation1 & aft]w>ds he adds1 & z a bride adorn$ ) h] jewels4 ,b magnanimity is ! ornam5t ( all ! virtues1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv4 ,!re=e magnanimity is a g5]al virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g7 di/+ui%es x f ! o!r virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #b71 x belongs to a special virtue to e/abli% ! mode ( reason 9 a det]m9ate matt]4 ,n[ magnanimity e/abli%es ! mode ( reason 9 a det]m9ate matt]1 namely honors1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b73 & honor1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is a special good1 & accord+ly magnanimity consid]$ 9 itself is a special virtue4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 honor is ! rew>d ( e virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b71 x foll[s t by reason ( its matt] x reg>ds all ! virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,magnanimity is n ab\t any k9d ( honor1 b great honor4 ,n[1 z honor is due to virtue1 s great honor is due to a great de$ ( virtue4 ,h5ce x is t ! magnanim\s is int5t on do+ great de$s 9 e virtue1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z he t5ds to :at is wor?y ( great honors4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce ! magnanim\s t5ds to great ?+s1 x foll[s t he t5ds *iefly to ?+s t involve a c]ta9 excell5ce1 & %uns ^? t imply defect4 ,n[ x savors ( excell5ce t a man is b5efic5t1 g5]\s & grateful4 ,:]e=e he %[s himself ready to p]=m actions ( ?is k9d1 b n z acts ( ! o!r virtues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a pro( ( defect1 t a man ?9ks s mu* ( c]ta9 ext]nal goods or evils1 t = _! sake he ab&ons & gives up ju/ice or any virtue :atev]4 ,aga91 all concealm5t ( ! tru? indicates a defect1 s9ce x seems to be ! outcome ( fe>4 ,also t a man be giv5 to compla9+ d5otes a defect1 because by s do+ ! m9d seems to give way to ext]nal evils4 ,:]e=e ^! & l ?+s ! magnanim\s man avoids "u a special aspect1 inasmu* z !y are contr>y to 8 excell5ce or greatness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e virtue d]ives f its species a c]ta9 lu/] or adornm5t :i* is prop] to ea* virtue3 b fur!r adornm5t results f ! v greatness ( a virtu\s de$1 ?r\gh magnanimity :i* makes all virtues great] z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #c4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abi1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,magnanimity ,is a ,"p ( ,=titude8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t magnanimity is n a "p ( =titude4 ,= a ?+ is n a "p ( itself4 ,b magnanimity appe>s to be ! same z =titude4 ,= ,s5eca says 7,de ,quat4 ,virtut473 ,if magnanimity1 :i* is also call$ =titude1 be 9 ?y s\l1 ?\ %alt live 9 great assurance3 & ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i73 ,if a man is brave we expect him to be magnanim\s1 tru?-lov+1 & f> remov$ f deception4 ,!re=e magnanimity is n a "p ( =titude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 says t a magnanim\s man is n philok9dynos1 t is1 a lov] ( dang]4 ,b x belongs to a brave man to expose himself to dang]4 ,!re=e magnanimity has no?+ 9 common ) =titude s z to be call$ a "p !re(4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 magnanimity reg>ds ! great 9 ?+s to be hop$ =1 :]eas =titude reg>ds ! great 9 ?+s to be fe>$ or d>$4 ,b good is ( m import ?an evil4 ,!re=e magnanimity is a m important virtue ?an =titude4 ,!re=e x is n a "p !re(4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,macrobius 7,de ,somn4 ,scip4 i7 & ,&ronicus reckon magnanimity z a "p ( =titude4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #c71 a pr9cipal virtue is "o to :i* x belongs to e/abli% a g5]al mode ( virtue 9 a pr9cipal matt]4 ,n[ "o ( ! g5]al modes ( virtue is firmness ( m9d1 because a firm /&+ is necess>y 9 e virtue1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ii4 ,& ?is is *iefly comm5d$ 9 ^? virtues t t5d to some?+ difficult1 9 :i* x is mo/ difficult to pres]ve firmness4 ,:]e=e ! m difficult x is to /& firm 9 "s matt] ( difficulty1 ! m pr9cipal is ! virtue :i* makes ! m9d firm 9 t matt]4 ,n[ x is m difficult to /& firm 9 dang]s ( dea?1 :]e9 =titude confirms ! m9d1 ?an 9 hop+ = or obta9+ ! greate/ goods1 :]e9 ! m9d is confirm$ by magnanimity1 =1 z man loves 8 life above all ?+s1 s does he fly f dang]s ( dea? m ?an any o!rs4 ,accord+ly x is cle> t magnanimity agrees ) =titude 9 confirm+ ! m9d ab\t "s difficult matt]2 b x falls %ort !re(1 9 t x confirms ! m9d ab\t a matt] :]e9 x is easi] to /& firm4 ,h5ce magnanimity is reckon$ a "p ( =titude1 because x is annex$ !reto z second>y to pr9cipal4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 v1 #a1 #c71 to lack evil is look$ ^u z a good1 :]e=e n to be ov]come by a griev\s evil1 su* z ! dang] ( dea?1 is look$ ^u z ?\gh x 7 ! obta9+ ( a great good1 ! =m] belong+ to =titude1 & ! latt] to magnanimity3 9 ?is s5se =titude & magnanimity may be consid]$ z id5tical4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 !re is a diff]5ce z reg>ds ! difficulty on ! "p ( ei!r ( ! a=esaid1 x foll[s t prop]ly speak+ magnanimity1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g71 is a di/9ct virtue f =titude4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man is said to love dang] :5 he exposes himself to all k9ds ( dang]s1 :i* seems to be ! m>k ( "o :o ?9ks _m ! same z great4 ,?is is contr>y to ! nature ( a magnanim\s man1 = no "o seem+ly exposes himself to dang] = ! sake ( a ?+ t he does n deem great4 ,b = ?+s t are truly great1 a magnanim\s man is mo/ ready to expose himself to dang]1 s9ce he does some?+ great 9 ! act ( =titude1 ev5 z 9 ! acts ( ! o!r virtues4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g7 t ! magnanim\s man is n mikrok9dynos1 i4e4 endang]+ himself = small ?+s1 b megalok9dynos1 i4e4 endang]+ himself = great ?+s4 ,& ,s5eca says 7,de ,quat4 ,virtut473 ,?\ wilt be magnanim\s if ?\ nei!r seeke/ dang]s l a ra% man1 nor fe>e/ !m l a c[>d4 ,= no?+ makes ! s\l a c[>d save ! consci\sness ( a wick$ life4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,evil z su* is to be avoid$3 & t "o has to )/& x is accid5tal2 9 s f>1 to wit1 z "o has to suff] an evil 9 ord] to safegu>d a good4 ,b good z su* is to be desir$1 & t "o avoids x is only accid5tal1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z x is deem$ to surpass ! ability ( ! "o :o desires x4 ,n[ t :i* is s ess5tially is always ( m acc\nt ?an t :i* is s accid5tally4 ,:]e=e ! difficult 9 evil ?+s is always m oppos$ to firmness ( m9d ?an ! difficult 9 good ?+s4 ,h5ce ! virtue ( =titude takes prec$5ce ( ! virtue ( magnanimity4 ,= ?\gh good is simply ( m import ?an evil1 evil is ( m import 9 ?is p>ticul> respect4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abi1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,confid5ce ,belongs to ,magnanimity8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t confid5ce does n belong to magnanimity4 ,= a man may h assurance n only 9 himself1 b also 9 ano!r1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #c3d1 #e1 ,su* confid5ce we h1 ?r\gh ,*ri/ t[>ds ,god1 n t we are suffici5t to ?9k any?+ ( ourselves1 z ( ourselves4 ,b ?is seems inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( magnanimity4 ,!re=e confid5ce does n belong to magnanimity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 confid5ce seems to be oppos$ to fe>1 accord+ to ,isa4 #ab3b1 ,i w deal confid5tly & w n fe>4 ,b to be )\t fe> seems m ak9 to =titude4 ,!re=e confid5ce also belongs to =titude r ?an to magnanimity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 rew>d is n due except to virtue4 ,b a rew>d is due to confid5ce1 accord+ to ,heb4 #c3f1 :]e x is said t we are ! h\se ( ,*ri/1 if we hold fa/ ! confid5ce & glory ( hope unto ! end4 ,!re=e confid5ce is a virtue di/9ct f magnanimity3 & ?is is confirm$ by ! fact t ,macrobius enum]ates x ) magnanimity 7,9 ,somn4 ,scip4 i74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully 7,de ,suv4 ,rhet4 ii7 seems to sub/itute confid5ce = magnanimity1 z /at$ above 9 ! prec$+ ,"q 7ad #f7 & 9 ! prologue to ?is4 ,i answ] t1 ,confid5ce takes its "n f fides 7fai?73 & x belongs to fai? to believe some?+ & 9 somebody4 ,b confid5ce belongs to hope1 accord+ to ,job #aa3ah1 ,?\ %alt h confid5ce1 hope be+ set be=e !e4 ,:]e=e confid5ce app>5tly d5otes *iefly t a man d]ives hope ?r\gh believ+ ! ^w ( "o :o promises to help him4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 fai? signifies also a /rong op9ion1 & s9ce "o may come to h a /rong op9ion ab\t some?+1 n only on acc\nt ( ano!r's /atem5t1 b also on acc\nt ( some?+ we obs]ve 9 ano!r1 x foll[s t confid5ce may d5ote ! hope ( hav+ some?+1 :i* hope we conceive ?r\gh obs]v+ some?+ ei!r 9 oneself--= in/ance1 ?r\gh obs]v+ t he is heal?y1 a man is confid5t t he w live long4 ,or 9 ano!r1 = in/ance1 ?r\gh obs]v+ t ano!r is fri5dly to him & p[]ful1 a man is confid5t t he w receive help f him4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b7 t magnanimity is *iefly ab\t ! hope ( some?+ difficult4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce confid5ce d5otes a c]ta9 /r5g? ( hope aris+ f "s obs]vation :i* gives "o a /rong op9ion t "o w obta9 a c]ta9 good1 x foll[s t confid5ce belongs to magnanimity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c71 x belongs to ! magnanim\s to ne$ no?+1 = ne$ is a m>k ( ! defici5t4 ,b ?is is to be und]/ood accord+ to ! mode ( a man1 h5ce he adds or sc>cely any?+4 ,= x surpasses man to ne$ no?+ at all4 ,= e man ne$s1 fir/1 ! ,div9e assi/ance1 secondly1 ev5 human assi/ance1 s9ce man is naturally a social animal1 = he is n suffici5t by himself to provide = 8 own life4 ,accord+ly1 9 s f> z he ne$s o!rs1 x belongs to a magnanim\s man to h confid5ce 9 o!rs1 = x is also a po9t ( excell5ce 9 a man t he %\ld h at h& ^? :o are able to be ( s]vice to him4 ,& 9 s f> z 8 own ability goes1 x belongs to a magnanim\s man to be confid5t 9 himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #d71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions1 hope is directly oppos$ to despair1 because ! latt] is ab\t ! same object1 namely good4 ,b z reg>ds contr>iety ( objects x is oppos$ to fe>1 because ! latt]'s object is evil4 ,n[ confid5ce d5otes a c]ta9 /r5g? ( hope1 :]e=e x is oppos$ to fe> ev5 z hope is4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 =titude prop]ly /r5g!ns a man 9 respect ( evil1 & magnanimity 9 respect ( ! obta9+ ( good1 x foll[s t confid5ce belongs m prop]ly to magnanimity ?an to =titude4 ,yet because hope causes d>+1 :i* belongs to =titude1 x foll[s 9 consequ5ce t confid5ce p]ta9s to =titude4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,confid5ce1 z /at$ above1 d5otes a c]ta9 mode ( hope3 = confid5ce is hope /r5g!n$ by a /rong op9ion4 ,n[ ! mode appli$ to an affection may call = comm5dation ( ! act1 s t x become m]itori\s1 yet x is n ?is t draws x to a species ( virtue1 b its matt]4 ,h5ce1 prop]ly speak+1 confid5ce _c d5ote a virtue1 ?\gh x may d5ote ! conditions ( a virtue4 ,= ?is reason x is reckon$ among ! p>ts ( =titude1 n z an annex$ virtue1 except z id5tifi$ ) magnanimity by ,tully 7,de ,suv4 ,rhet4 ii71 b z an integral "p1 z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ ,"q4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abi1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,security ,belongs to ,magnanimity8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t security does n belong to magnanimity4 ,= security1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abh1 ad #f71 d5otes fre$om f ! di/urbance ( fe>4 ,b =titude does ?is mo/ effectively4 ,:]e=e security is seem+ly ! same z =titude4 ,b =titude does n belong to magnanimity2 r ! rev]se is ! case4 ,nei!r !re=e does security belong to magnanimity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 t a man is said to be secure because he is )\t c>e4 ,b ?is seems to be contr>y to virtue1 :i* has a c>e = honorable ?+s1 accord+ to #b ,tim4 #b3ae1 ,c>efully /udy to pres5t ?yself approv$ unto ,god4 ,!re=e security does n belong to magnanimity1 :i* does great ?+s 9 all ! virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 virtue is n its own rew>d4 ,b security is acc\nt$ ! rew>d ( virtue1 accord+ to ,job #aa3ad1 #ah1 ,if ?\ wilt put away f !e ! iniquity t is 9 ?y h& 4 4 4 be+ buri$ ?\ %alt sleep secure4 ,!re=e security does n belong to magnanimity or to any o!r virtue1 z a "p !re(4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i7 "u ! head+3 ,magnanimity consi/s ( two ?+s1 t x belongs to magnanimity to give way nei!r to a tr\bl$ m9d1 nor to man1 nor to =tune4 ,b a man's security consi/s 9 ?is4 ,!re=e security belongs to magnanimity4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e71 fe> makes a man take c\nsel1 because1 to wit he takes c>e to avoid :at he fe>s4 ,n[ security takes its "n f ! removal ( ?is c>e1 ( :i* fe> is ! cause3 :]e=e security d5otes p]fect fre$om ( ! m9d f fe>1 j z confid5ce d5otes /r5g? ( hope4 ,n[1 z hope directly belongs to magnanimity1 s fe> directly reg>ds =titude4 ,:]e=e z confid5ce belongs imm$iately to magnanimity1 s security belongs imm$iately to =titude4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t z hope is ! cause ( d>+1 s is fe> ! cause ( despair1 z /at$ above :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passion 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #de1 ,a4 #b74 ,:]e=e z confid5ce belongs indirectly to =titude1 9 s f> z x makes use ( d>+1 s security belongs indirectly to magnanimity1 9 s f> z x bani%es despair4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,=titude is *iefly comm5d$1 n because x bani%es fe>1 :i* belongs to security1 b because x d5otes a firmness ( m9d 9 ! matt] ( ! passion4 ,:]e=e security is n ! same z =titude1 b is a condition !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n all security is wor?y ( praise b only :5 "o puts c>e aside1 z "o ought1 & 9 ?+s :5 "o %\ld n fe>3 9 ?is way x is a condition ( =titude & ( magnanimity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is 9 ! virtues a c]ta9 lik5ess to1 & p>ticipation (1 future happ9ess1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #e1 ,,aa4 #c1 #g74 ,h5ce no?+ h9d]s a c]ta9 security f be+ a condition ( a virtue1 al?\gh p]fect security belongs to virtue's rew>d4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #abi1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,goods ( ,=tune ,conduce to ,magnanimity8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t goods ( =tune d n conduce to magnanimity4 ,= accord+ to ,s5eca 7,de ,ira i3 ,de vita beata xvi73 virtue suffices = itself4 ,n[ magnanimity takes e virtue great1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d1 ad #c74 ,!re=e goods ( =tune d n conduce to magnanimity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no virtu\s man despises :at is helpful to him4 ,b ! magnanim\s man despises :atev] p]ta9s to goods ( =tune3 = ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i7 "u ! head+3 ,magnanimity consi/s ( two ?+s1 t a great s\l is comm5d$ = despis+ ext]nal ?+s4 ,!re=e a magnanim\s man is n help$ by goods ( =tune4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,tully adds 7,de ,(fic4 i7 t x belongs to a great s\l s to be> :at seems tr\blesome1 z n[ise to dep>t f 8 natural e/ate1 or f ! dignity ( a wise man4 ,& ,ari/otle says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t a magnanim\s man does n grieve at mis=tune4 ,n[ tr\bles & mis=tunes are oppos$ to goods ( =tune1 = e "o grieves at ! loss ( :at is helpful to him4 ,!re=e ext]nal goods ( =tune d n conduce to magnanimity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t good =tune seems to conduce to magnanimity4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 magnanimity reg>ds two ?+s3 honor z its matt]1 & ! accompli%m5t ( some?+ great z its end4 ,n[ goods ( =tune conduce to bo? ^! ?+s4 ,= s9ce honor is conf]r$ on ! virtu\s1 n only by ! wise1 b also by ! multitude :o hold ^! goods ( =tune 9 ! highe/ e/eem1 ! result is t !y %[ great] honor to ^? :o possess goods ( =tune4 ,likewise goods ( =tune are useful organs or in/rum5ts ( virtu\s de$s3 s9ce we c easily accompli% ?+s by means ( ri*es1 p[] & fri5ds4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t goods ( =tune conduce to magnanimity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtue is said to be suffici5t = itself1 because x c be )\t ev5 ^! ext]nal goods2 yet x ne$s !m 9 ord] to act m exp$iti\sly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! magnanim\s man despises ext]nal goods1 inasmu* z he does n ?9k !m s great z to be b\nd to d any?+ unbecom+ = _! sake4 ,yet he does n despise !m1 b t he e/eems !m useful = ! accompli%m5t ( virtu\s de$s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,if a man does n ?9k mu* ( a ?+1 he is nei!r v joyful at obta9+ x1 nor v griev$ at los+ x4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce ! magnanim\s man does n ?9k mu* ( ext]nal goods1 t is goods ( =tune1 he is nei!r mu* uplift$ by !m if he has !m1 nor mu* ca/ d[n by _! loss4 ,,"q #acj ,,( ,,presumption 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to magnanimity2 & 9 ! fir/ place1 ^? t are oppos$ !reto by excess4 ,^! are ?ree1 namely1 presumption1 ambition1 & va+lory4 ,secondly1 we %all consid] pusillanimity :i* is oppos$ to x by way ( defici5cy4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r presumption is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is oppos$ to magnanimity by excess8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,presumption ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t presumption is n a s94 ,= ! ,apo/le says3 ,=gett+ ! ?+s t are beh9d1 ,i /ret* =? ,vulg43 '& /ret*+ =?' myself to ^? t are be=e4 ,b x seems to savor ( presumption t "o %\ld t5d to :at is above oneself4 ,!re=e presumption is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #g7 we %\ld n li/5 to ^? :o w\ld p]suade u to reli% human ?+s because we are m51 or mortal ?+s because we are mortal1 b we %\ld reli% ^? t make u immortal3 & 7,metaph4 i7 t man %\ld pursue div9e ?+s z f> z possible4 ,n[ div9e & immortal ?+s are seem+ly f> above man4 ,s9ce !n presumption consi/s ess5tially 9 t5d+ to :at is above oneself1 x seems t presumption is some?+ praisewor?y1 r ?an a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #c3e73 ,n t we are suffici5t to ?9k any?+ ( ourselves1 z ( ourselves4 ,if !n presumption1 by :i* "o /rives at t = :i* "o is n suffici5t1 be a s91 x seems t man _c lawfully ev5 ?9k ( any?+ good3 :i* is absurd4 ,!re=e presumption is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cg3c73 ,o wick$ presumption1 :5ce came/ ?\8 & a gloss answ]s3 ,f a creature's evil w4 ,n[ all t comes ( ! root ( an evil w is a s94 ,!re=e presumption is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce :atev] is accord+ to nature1 is ord]$ by ! ,div9e ,reason1 :i* human reason ought to imitate1 :atev] is done 9 accordance ) human reason 9 opposition to ! ord] e/abli%$ 9 g5]al ?r\gh\t natural ?+s is vici\s & s9ful4 ,n[ x is e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t all natural ?+s1 t e action is comm5surate ) ! p[] ( ! ag5t1 nor does any natural ag5t /rive to d :at exce$s its ability4 ,h5ce x is vici\s & s9ful1 z be+ contr>y to ! natural ord]1 t any "o %\ld assume to d :at is above 8 p[]3 & ?is is :at is meant by presumption1 z its v "n %[s4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t presumption is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a ?+ may be above ! active p[] ( a natural ?+1 & yet n above ! passive p[] ( t same ?+3 ?us ! air is possess$ ( a passive p[] by reason ( :i* x c be s *ang$ z to obta9 ! action & movem5t ( fire1 :i* surpass ! active p[] ( air4 ,?us too x w\ld be s9ful & presumptu\s = a man :ile 9 a /ate ( imp]fect virtue to attempt ! imm$iate accompli%m5t ( :at belongs to p]fect virtue4 ,b x is n presumptu\s or s9ful = a man to endeavor to advance t[>ds p]fect virtue4 ,9 ?is way ! ,apo/le /ret*$ himself =? to ! ?+s t 7 be=e him1 namely cont9ually advanc+ =w>d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,div9e & immortal ?+s surpass man accord+ to ! ord] ( nature4 ,yet man is possess$ ( a natural p[]1 namely ! intellect1 :]eby he c be unit$ to immortal & ,div9e ?+s4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,philosoph] says t man ought to pursue immortal & div9e ?+s1 n t he %\ld d :at x becomes ,god to d1 b t he %\ld be unit$ to ,him 9 intellect & w4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c71 :at we c d by ! help ( o!rs we c d by ourselves 9 a s5se4 ,h5ce s9ce we c ?9k & d good by ! help ( ,god1 ?is is n altoge!r above our ability4 ,h5ce x is n presumptu\s = a man to attempt ! accompli%m5t ( a virtu\s de$3 b x w\ld be presumptu\s if "o 7 to make ! attempt )\t confid5ce 9 ,god's assi/ance4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,presumption ,is ,oppos$ to ,magnanimity by ,excess8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t presumption is n oppos$ to magnanimity by excess4 ,= presumption is acc\nt$ a species ( ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ba1 ,a4 #a74 ,b ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ is n oppos$ to magnanimity1 b to *>ity4 ,nei!r !re=e is presumption oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to magnanimity t "o %\ld deem oneself wor?y ( great ?+s4 ,b a man is said to be presumptu\s ev5 if he deem himself wor?y ( small ?+s1 if !y surpass 8 ability4 ,!re=e presumption is n directly oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! magnanim\s man looks ^u ext]nal goods z little ?+s4 ,n[ accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c71 on acc\nt ( ext]nal =tune ! presumptu\s disda9 & wrong o!rs1 because !y deem ext]nal goods z some?+ great4 ,!re=e presumption is oppos$ to magnanimity1 n by excess1 b only by defici5cy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g2 iv1 #c7 t ! va9 man1 i4e4 a vapor] or a w9d-bag1 :i* ) u d5otes a presumptu\s man1 is oppos$ to ! magnanim\s man by excess4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abi1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a71 magnanimity obs]ves ! means1 n z reg>ds ! quantity ( t to :i* x t5ds1 b 9 proportion to our own ability3 = x does n t5d to any?+ great] ?an is becom+ to u4 ,n[ ! presumptu\s man1 z reg>ds t to :i* he t5ds1 does n exce$ ! magnanim\s1 b sometimes falls f> %ort ( him3 b he does exce$ 9 proportion to 8 own ability1 :]eas ! magnanim\s man does n exce$ 84 ,x is 9 ?is way t presumption is oppos$ to magnanimity by excess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is n e presumption t is acc\nt$ a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 b t by :i* "o contemns ! ,div9e ju/ice ?r\gh inord9ate confid5ce 9 ! ,div9e m]cy4 ,! latt] k9d ( presumption1 by reason ( its matt]1 inasmu*1 to wit1 z x implies contempt ( some?+ ,div9e1 is oppos$ to *>ity1 or r to ! gift ( fe>1 :]eby we rev]e ,god4 ,nev]!less1 9 s f> z ?is contempt exce$s ! proportion to "o's own ability1 x c be oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,presumption1 l magnanimity1 seems to t5d to some?+ great4 ,= we are n1 z a rule1 wont to call a man presumptu\s = go+ beyond 8 p[]s 9 some?+ small4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* a man be call$ presumptu\s1 ?is k9d ( presumption is n oppos$ to magnanimity1 b to t virtue :i* is ab\t ord9>y honor1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abi1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no "o attempts :at is above 8 ability1 except 9 s f> z he deems 8 ability great] ?an x is4 ,9 ?is "o may err 9 two ways4 ,fir/ only z reg>ds quantity1 z :5 a man ?9ks he has great] virtue1 or k1 or ! l1 ?an he has4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! k9d ( ?+1 z :5 he ?9ks himself great1 & wor?y ( great ?+s1 by reason ( some?+ t does n make him s1 = in/ance by reason ( ri*es or goods ( =tune4 ,=1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c71 ^? :o h ^! ?+s )\t virtue1 nei!r ju/ly deem !mselves wor?y ( great ?+s1 nor are rightly call$ magnanim\s4 ,aga91 ! ?+ to :i* a man sometimes t5ds 9 excess ( 8 ability1 is sometimes 9 v tru? some?+ great1 simply z 9 ! case ( ,pet]1 ^: int5t 0 to suff] = ,*ri/1 :i* has exce$$ 8 p[]2 :ile sometimes x is some?+ great1 n simply1 b only 9 ! op9ion ( fools1 su* z we>+ co/ly clo!s1 despis+ & wrong+ o!rs4 ,?is savors ( an excess ( magnanimity1 n 9 any tru?1 b 9 p's op9ion4 ,h5ce ,s5eca says 7,de ,quat4 ,virtut47 t :5 magnanimity exce$s its measure1 x makes a man high-h&$1 pr\d1 haughty re/less1 & b5t on excell+ 9 all ?+s1 :e!r 9 words or 9 de$s1 )\t any consid]ations ( virtue4 ,?us x is evid5t t ! presumptu\s man sometimes falls %ort ( ! magnanim\s 9 reality1 al?\gh 9 appe>ance he surpasses him4 ,,"q #aca ,,( ,,ambition 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ambition3 & "u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is oppos$ to magnanimity by excess8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aca1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,ambition ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ambition is n a s94 ,= ambition d5otes ! desire ( honor4 ,n[ honor is 9 itself a good ?+1 & ! greate/ ( ext]nal goods3 :]e=e ^? :o c>e n = honor are reprov$4 ,!re=e ambition is n a s92 r is x some?+ des]v+ ( praise1 9 s f> z a good is laudably desir$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 anyone may1 )\t s91 desire :at is due to him z a rew>d4 ,n[ honor is ! rew>d ( virtue1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 i1 #ab2 iv1 #c2 viii1 #ad74 ,!re=e ambition ( honor is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* he>t5s a man to d good & di%e>t5s him f do+ evil1 is n a s94 ,n[ honor he>t5s m5 to d good & to avoid evil2 ?us ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h7 t ) ! brave/ m51 c[>ds are held 9 di%onor1 & ! brave 9 honor3 & ,tully says 7,de ,tusc4 ,quae/4 i7 t honor fo/]s ! arts4 ,!re=e ambition is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ac3e7 t *>ity is n ambiti\s1 seeke? n h] own4 ,n[ no?+ is contr>y to *>ity1 except s94 ,!re=e ambition is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajc1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 honor d5otes rev]5ce %[n to a p]son 9 witness ( 8 excell5ce4 ,n[ two ?+s h to be consid]$ ) reg>d to man's honor4 ,! fir/ is t a man has n f himself ! ?+ 9 :i* he excels1 = ?is is1 z x 71 some?+ ,div9e 9 him1 :]e=e on ?is c\nt honor is due pr9cipally1 n to him b to ,god4 ,! second po9t t calls = obs]vation is t ! ?+ 9 :i* man excels is giv5 to him by ,god1 t he may pr(it o!rs !reby3 :]e=e a man ought s f> to be pleas$ t o!rs be> witness to 8 excell5ce1 z ?is enables him to pr(it o!rs4 ,n[ ! desire ( honor may be inord9ate 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 :5 a man desires recognition ( an excell5ce :i* he has n3 ?is is to desire m ?an 8 %>e ( honor4 ,secondly1 :5 a man desires honor = himself )\t ref]r+ x to ,god4 ,?irdly1 :5 a man's appetite re/s 9 honor itself1 )\t ref]r+ x to ! pr(it ( o!rs4 ,s9ce !n ambition d5otes inord9ate desire ( honor1 x is evid5t t x is always a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! desire = good %\ld be regulat$ accord+ to reason1 & if x exce$ ?is rule x w be s9ful4 ,9 ?is way x is s9ful to desire honor 9 disaccord ) ! ord] ( reason4 ,n[ ^? are reprov$ :o c>e n = honor 9 accordance ) reason's dictate t !y %\ld avoid :at is contr>y to honor4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,honor is n ! rew>d ( virtue1 z reg>ds ! virtu\s man1 9 ?is s5se t he %\ld seek = x z 8 rew>d3 s9ce ! rew>d he seeks is happ9ess1 :i* is ! end ( virtue4 ,b x is said to be ! rew>d ( virtue z reg>ds o!rs1 :o h no?+ great] ?an honor :]eby to rew>d ! virtu\s2 :i* honor d]ives greatness f ! v fact t x be>s witness to virtue4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t x is n an adequate rew>d1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #c4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z "s are he>t5$ to d good & di%e>t5$ f do+ evil1 by ! desire ( honor1 if ?is be desir$ 9 due measure2 s1 if x be desir$ inord9ately1 x may become to man an occasion ( do+ _m evil ?+s1 z :5 a man c>es n by :at means he obta9s honor4 ,:]e=e ,sallu/ says 7,catil947 t ! good z well z ! wick$ covet honors = !mselves1 b ! "o1 i4e4 ! good1 g ab\t x 9 ! "r way1 :]eas ! o!r1 i4e4 ! wick$1 ?r\gh lack ( ! good arts1 make use ( deceit & falsehood4 ,yet !y :o1 m]ely = ! sake ( honor1 ei!r d good or avoid evil1 are n virtu\s1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #h71 :]e he says t !y :o d brave ?+s = ! sake ( honor are n truly brave4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aca1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,ambition ,is ,oppos$ to ,magnanimity by ,excess8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ambition is n oppos$ to magnanimity by excess4 ,= "o mean has only "o extreme oppos$ to x on ! "o side4 ,n[ presumption is oppos$ to magnanimity by excess z /at$ above 7,q4 #acj1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e ambition is n oppos$ to x by excess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 magnanimity is ab\t honors2 :]eas ambition seems to reg>d positions ( dignity3 = x is writt5 7#b ,macc4 #d3g7 t ,jason ambiti\sly s\ght ! high prie/hood4 ,!re=e ambition is n oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ambition seems to reg>d outw>d %[3 = x is writt5 7,acts #be3bg7 t ,agrippa & ,b]5ice 4 4 4 ) great pomp 7ambitione7 4 4 4 _h ent]$ into ! hall ( audi5ce 99',praetorium4' ,! ,vulgate has 'auditorium1' b ! mean+ is ! same1 & 7#b ,p>a4 #af3ad7 t :5 ,asa di$ !y burn$ spices & 4 4 4 o9tm5ts ov] 8 body ) v great pomp 7ambitione74 ,b magnanimity is n ab\t outw>d %[4 ,!re=e ambition is n oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i7 t ! m a man exce$s 9 magnanimity1 ! m he desires himself alone to dom9ate o!rs4 ,b ?is p]ta9s to ambition4 ,!re=e ambition d5otes an excess ( magnanimity4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ambition signifies inord9ate love ( honor4 ,n[ magnanimity is ab\t honors & makes use ( !m 9 a becom+ mann]4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t ambition is oppos$ to magnanimity z ! inord9ate to t :i* is well ord]$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,magnanimity reg>ds two ?+s4 ,x reg>ds "o z its end1 9 s f> z x is "s great de$ t ! magnanim\s man attempts 9 proportion to 8 ability4 ,9 ?is way presumption is oppos$ to magnanimity by excess3 because ! presumptu\s man attempts great de$s beyond 8 ability4 ,! o!r ?+ t magnanimity reg>ds is its matt]1 viz4 honor1 ( :i* x makes "r use3 & 9 ?is way ambition is oppos$ to magnanimity by excess4 ,nor is x impossible = "o mean to be exce$$ 9 v>i\s respects4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,honor is due to ^? :o are 9 a position ( dignity1 on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 excell5ce ( _! e/ate3 & accord+ly inord9ate desire = positions ( dignity p]ta9s to ambition4 ,= if a man 7 to h an inord9ate desire = a position ( dignity1 n = ! sake ( honor1 b = ! sake ( a "r use ( a dignity exce$+ 8 ability1 he w\ld n be ambiti\s b presumptu\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! v solemnity ( outw>d wor%ip is a k9d ( honor1 :]e=e 9 su* cases honor is wont to be %[n4 ,?is is signifi$ by ! words ( ,james #b3b1 #c3 ,if !re %all come into y\r assembly a man hav+ a gold5 r+1 9 f9e app>el 4 4 4 & y 4 4 4 %all say to him3 ,sit ?\ "h well1 etc4 ,:]e=e ambition does n reg>d outw>d wor%ip1 except 9 s f> z ?is is a k9d ( honor4 ,,"q #acb ,,( ,,va+lory 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] va+lory3 "u :i* head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r desire ( glory is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is oppos$ to magnanimity8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a capital vice8 7#e7 ,( its daught]s4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,desire ( ,glory ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! desire ( glory is n a s94 ,= no "o s9s 9 be+ lik5$ to ,god3 9 fact we are comm&$ 7,eph4 #e3a73 ,be ye 4 4 4 foll[]s ( ,god1 z mo/ de> *ildr54 ,n[ by seek+ glory man seems to imitate ,god1 ,:o seeks glory f m53 :]e=e x is writt5 7,isa4 #dc3f1 #g73 ,br+ ,my sons f af>1 & ,my daught]s f ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,& e "o t calle? on ,my "n1 ,i h creat$ him = ,my glory4 ,!re=e ! desire = glory is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* incites a man to d good is app>5tly n a s94 ,n[ ! desire ( glory incites m5 to d good4 ,= ,tully says 7,de ,tusc4 ,quae/4 i7 t glory inflames e man to /rive 8 utmo/3 & 9 ,holy ,writ glory is promis$ = good works1 accord+ to ,rom4 #b3g3 ,to !m1 inde$1 :o accord+ to pati5ce 9 good "w 4 4 4 glory & honor 99,vulg43 ',:o w r5d] to e man accord+ to 8 works1 to !m inde$ :o 4 4 4 seek glory & honor & incorruption1 et]nal life4'4 ,!re=e ! desire = glory is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t glory is consi/5t good report ab\t a p]son1 toge!r ) praise3 & ?is comes to ! same z :at ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,maxim94 iii71 viz4 t glory is1 z x 71 cle> k ) praise4 ,n[ x is no s9 to desire praisewor?y r5[n3 inde$1 x seems itself to call = praise1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #da3ae1 ,take c>e ( a good "n1 & ,rom4 #ab3ag1 ,provid+ good ?+s n only 9 ! sight ( ,god1 b also 9 ! sight ( all m54 ,!re=e ! desire ( va+lory is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v73 ,he is bett] advis$ :o ackn[l$ges t ev5 ! love ( praise is s9ful4 ,i answ] t1 ,glory signifies a c]ta9 cl>ity1 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 lxxxii1 c1 cxiv 9 ,joan47 t to be glorifi$ is ! same z to be cl>ifi$4 ,n[ cl>ity & comel9ess imply a c]ta9 display3 :]e=e ! ^w glory prop]ly d5otes ! display ( some?+ z reg>ds its seem+ comely 9 ! sight ( m51 :e!r x be a bodily or a spiritual good4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 t :i* is cle> simply c be se5 by _m1 & by ^? :o are f> away1 x foll[s t ! ^w glory prop]ly d5otes t somebody's good is kn[n & approv$ by _m1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,sallu/ 7,catil947 99,! quotation is f ,livy3 ,hi/41 ,lib4 ,,xxii ,c1 #ci3 ,i mu/ n boa/ :ile ,i am address+ "o man4 ,b if we take ! ^w glory 9 a broad] s5se1 x n only consi/s 9 ! k ( _m1 b also 9 ! k ( few1 or ( "o1 or ( oneself alone1 z :5 "o consid]s "o's own good z be+ wor?y ( praise4 ,n[ x is n a s9 to "k & approve "o's own good3 = x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #b3ab73 ,n[ we h receiv$ n ! _s ( ?is _w1 b ! ,_s t is ( ,god t we may "k ! ?+s t are giv5 u f ,god4 ,likewise x is n a s9 to be will+ to approve "o's own good works3 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3af73 ,let y\r light %9e be=e m54 ,h5ce ! desire = glory does n1 ( itself1 d5ote a s93 b ! desire = empty or va9 glory d5otes a s93 = x is s9ful to desire any?+ va91 accord+ to ,ps4 #d3c1 ,:y d y love vanity1 & seek aft] ly+8 ,n[ glory may be call$ va9 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! ?+ = :i* "o seeks glory3 z :5 a man seeks glory = t :i* is unwor?y ( glory1 = in/ance :5 he seeks x = some?+ frail & p]i%able3 secondly1 on ! "p ( him f :om he seeks glory1 = in/ance a man ^: judgm5t is unc]ta93 ?irdly1 on ! "p ( ! man himself :o seeks glory1 = t he does n ref] ! desire ( 8 own glory to a due end1 su* z ,god's honor1 or ! spiritual welf>e ( 8 neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,augu/9e says on ,john #ac3ac1 ,y call ,me ,ma/] & ,"l2 & y say well 7,tract4 lviii 9 ,joan473 ,self-complac5cy is fraught ) dang] ( "o :o has to bew>e ( pride4 ,b ,he ,:o is above all1 h[ev] mu* ,he may praise ,himself1 does n uplift ,himself4 ,= k ( ,god is our ne$1 n ,83 nor does any man "k ,him unless he be taught ( ,him ,:o kn[s4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ,god seeks glory1 n = ,8 own sake1 b = ours4 ,9 l mann] a man may rightly seek 8 own glory = ! good ( o!rs1 accord+ to ,matt4 #e3af1 ,t !y may see y\r good works1 & glorify y\r ,fa!r ,:o is 9 heav54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t :i* we receive f ,god is n va9 b true glory3 x is ?is glory t is promis$ z a rew>d = good works1 & ( :i* x is writt5 7#b ,cor4 #aj3ag1 #ah73 ,he t glorie? let him glory 9 ! ,"l1 = n he :o comm5de? himself is approv$1 b he :om ,god comm5de?4 ,x is true t "s are he>t5$ to d works ( virtue1 ?r\gh desire = human glory1 z also ?r\gh ! desire = o!r e>?ly goods4 ,yet he is n truly virtu\s :o does virtu\s de$s = ! sake ( human glory1 z ,augu/9e proves 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is requisite = man's p]fection t he %\ld "k himself2 b n t he %\ld be kn[n by o!rs1 :]e=e x is n to be desir$ 9 itself4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be desir$ z be+ useful = some?+1 ei!r 9 ord] t ,god may be glorifi$ by m51 or t m5 may become bett] by reason ( ! good !y "k to be 9 ano!r man1 or 9 ord] t man1 kn[+ by ! te/imony ( o!rs' praise ! good :i* is 9 him1 may himself /rive to p]sev]e !re9 & to become bett]4 ,9 ?is s5se x is praisewor?y t a man %\ld take c>e ( 8 good "n1 & t he %\ld provide good ?+s 9 ! sight ( ,god & m53 b n t he %\ld take an empty pleasure 9 human praise4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,va+lory ,is ,oppos$ to ,magnanimity8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t va+lory is n oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 va+lory consi/s 9 glory+ 9 ?+s t are n1 :i* p]ta9s to falsehood2 or 9 e>?ly & p]i%able ?+s1 :i* p]ta9s to covet\sness2 or 9 ! te/imony ( m51 ^: judgm5t is unc]ta91 :i* p]ta9s to imprud5ce4 ,n[ ^! vices are n contr>y to magnanimity4 ,!re=e va+lory is n oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 va+lory is n1 l pusillanimity1 oppos$ to magnanimity by way ( defici5cy1 = ?is seems inconsi/5t ) va+lory4 ,nor is x oppos$ to x by way ( excess1 = 9 ?is way presumption & ambition are oppos$ to magnanimity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #acj1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #aca1 ,a4 #b73 & ^! diff] f va+lory4 ,!re=e va+lory is n oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,phil4 #b3c1 ,let no?+ be done ?r\gh cont5tion1 nei!r by va+lory1 says3 ,"s among !m 7 giv5 to diss5sion & re/lessness1 cont5d+ ) "o ano!r = ! sake ( va+lory4 ,b cont5tion 99,cf4 ,q4 #ch is n oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,nei!r !re=e is va+lory4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i7 "u ! head+1 ,magnanimity consi/s 9 two ?+s3 ,we %\ld bew>e ( ! desire = glory1 s9ce x enslaves ! m9d1 :i* a magnanim\s man %\ld ev] /rive to keep untrammel$4 ,!re=e x is oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c71 glory is an effect ( honor & praise3 because f ! fact t a man is prais$1 or %[n any k9d ( rev]5ce1 he acquires *>ity 9 ! k ( o!rs4 ,& s9ce magnanimity is ab\t honor1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abi1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 x foll[s t x also is ab\t glory3 see+ t z a man uses honor mod]ately1 s too does he use glory 9 mod]ation4 ,:]e=e inord9ate desire ( glory is directly oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to ?9k s mu* ( little ?+s z to glory 9 !m is itself oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,:]e=e x is said ( ! magnanim\s man 7,e?ic4 iv7 t honor is ( little acc\nt to him4 ,9 l mann] he ?9ks little ( o!r ?+s t are s\ght = honor's sake1 su* z p[] & weal?4 ,likewise x is inconsi/5t ) magnanimity to glory 9 ?+s t are n2 :]e=e x is said ( ! magnanim\s man 7,e?ic4 iv7 t he c>es m = tru? ?an = op9ion4 ,aga9 x is incompatible ) magnanimity = a man to glory 9 ! te/imony ( human praise1 z ?\gh he deem$ ?is some?+ great2 :]e=e x is said ( ! magnanim\s man 7,e?ic4 iv71 t he c>es n to be prais$4 ,& s1 :5 a man looks ^u little ?+s z ?\gh !y 7 great1 no?+ h9d]s ?is f be+ contr>y to magnanimity1 z well z to o!r virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he t is desir\s ( va+lory does 9 tru? fall %ort ( be+ magnanim\s1 because he glories 9 :at ! magnanim\s man ?9ks little (1 z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ ,reply4 ,b if we consid] 8 e/imate1 he is oppos$ to ! magnanim\s man by way ( excess1 because ! glory :i* he seeks is some?+ great 9 8 e/imation1 & he t5ds !reto 9 excess ( 8 des]ts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b71 ! opposition ( vices does n dep5d on _! effects4 ,nev]!less cont5tion1 if done int5tionally1 is oppos$ to magnanimity3 s9ce no "o cont5ds save = :at he deems great4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t ! magnanim\s man is n cont5ti\s1 because no?+ is great 9 8 e/imation4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,va+lory ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t va+lory is a mortal s94 ,= no?+ precludes ! et]nal rew>d except a mortal s94 ,n[ va+lory precludes ! et]nal rew>d3 = x is writt5 7,matt4 #f3a73 ,take he$1 t y d n give ju/ice be=e m51 to be se5 by !m3 o!rwise y %all n h a rew>d ( y\r ,fa!r ,:o is 9 heav54 ,!re=e va+lory is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] appropriates to himself t :i* is prop] to ,god1 s9s mortally4 ,n[ by desir+ va+lory1 a man appropriates to himself t :i* is prop] to ,god4 ,= x is writt5 7,isa4 #db3h73 ,i w n give ,my glory to ano!r1 & 7#a ,tim4 #a3ag73 ,to 4 4 4 ! only ,god be honor & glory4 ,!re=e va+lory is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 app>5tly a s9 is mortal if x be mo/ dang]\s & h>mful4 ,n[ va+lory is a s9 ( ?is k9d1 because a gloss ( ,augu/9e on #a ,!ss4 #b3d1 ,god1 ,:o prove? our he>ts1 says3 ,unless a man w> aga9/ ! love ( human glory he does n p]ceive its baneful p[]1 = ?\gh x be easy = anyone n to desire praise z long z "o does n get x1 x is difficult n to take pleasure 9 x1 :5 x is giv54 ,*ryso/om also says 7,hom4 xix 9 ,mat?47 t va+lory ent]s secretly1 & robs u ins5sibly ( all our inw>d possessions4 ,!re=e va+lory is a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*ryso/om says 99,hom4 xiii 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om t :ile o!r vices f9d _! abode 9 ! s]vants ( ! devil1 va+lory f9ds a place ev5 9 ! s]vants ( ,*ri/4 ,yet 9 ! latt] !re is no mortal s94 ,!re=e va+lory is n a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #ab2 ,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #b71 a s9 is mortal ?r\gh be+ contr>y to *>ity4 ,n[ ! s9 ( va+lory1 consid]$ 9 itself1 does n seem to be contr>y to *>ity z reg>ds ! love ( "o's neighbor3 yet z reg>ds ! love ( ,god x may be contr>y to *>ity 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 by reason ( ! matt] ab\t :i* "o glories3 = in/ance :5 "o glories 9 some?+ false t is oppos$ to ! rev]5ce we owe ,god1 accord+ to ,eze*4 #bh3b1 ,?y he>t is lift$ up1 & ,?\ ha/ said3 ,i am ,god1 & #a ,cor4 #d3g1 ,:at ha/ ?\ t ?\ ha/ n receiv$8 ,& if ?\ ha/ receiv$1 :y do/ ?\ glory1 z if ?\ had/ n receiv$ x8 ,or aga9 :5 a man pref]s to ,god ! temporal good 9 :i* he glories3 = ?is is =bidd5 7,j]4 #i3bc1 #bd73 ,let n ! wise man glory 9 8 wisdom1 & let n ! /rong man glory 9 8 /r5g?1 & let n ! ri* man glory 9 8 ri*es4 ,b let him t glorie? glory 9 ?is1 t he und]/&e? & kn[e? ,me4 ,or aga9 :5 a man pref]s ! te/imony ( man to ,god's2 ?us x is writt5 9 reproval ( c]ta9 p 7,john #ab3dc73 ,= !y lov$ ! glory ( m5 m ?an ! glory ( ,god4 ,9 ano!r way va+lory may be contr>y to *>ity1 on ! "p ( ! "o :o glories1 9 t he ref]s 8 int5tion to glory z 8 la/ end3 s t he directs ev5 virtu\s de$s !reto1 &1 9 ord] to obta9 x1 =be>s n f do+ ev5 t :i* is aga9/ ,god4 ,9 ?is way x is a mortal s94 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #ad7 t ?is vice1 namely ! love ( human praise1 is s ho/ile to a godly fai?1 if ! he>t desires glory m ?an x fe>s or loves ,god1 t our ,"l said 7,john #e3dd73 ,h[ c y believe1 :o receive glory "o f ano!r1 & ! glory :i* is f ,god alone1 y d n seek8 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! love ( human glory1 ?\gh x be va91 be n inconsi/5t ) *>ity1 nei!r z reg>ds ! matt] glori$ 91 nor z to ! int5tion ( him t seeks glory1 x is n a mortal b a v5ial s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no man1 by s9n+1 m]its et]nal life3 :]e=e a virtu\s de$ loses its p[] to m]it et]nal life1 if x be done = ! sake ( va+lory1 ev5 ?\gh t va+lory be n a mortal s94 ,on ! o!r h& :5 a man loses ! et]nal rew>d simply ?r\gh va+lory1 & n m]ely 9 respect ( "o act1 va+lory is a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n e man t is desir\s ( va+lory1 desires ! excell5ce :i* belongs to ,god alone4 ,= ! glory due to ,god alone diff]s f ! glory due to a virtu\s or ri* man4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,va+lory is /at$ to be a dang]\s s91 n only on acc\nt ( its gravity1 b also because x is a disposition to grave s9s1 9 s f> z x r5d]s man presumptu\s & too self-confid5t3 & s x gradually disposes a man to lose 8 inw>d goods4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,va+lory ,is a ,capital ,vice8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t va+lory is n a capital vice4 ,= a vice t always arises f ano!r vice is seem+ly n capital4 ,b va+lory always arises f pride4 ,!re=e va+lory is n a capital vice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 honor w\ld seem to take prec$5ce ( glory1 = ?is is its effect4 ,n[ ambition :i* is inord9ate desire ( honor is n a capital vice4 ,nei!r !re=e is ! desire ( va+lory4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a capital vice has a c]ta9 prom95ce4 ,b va+lory seems to h no prom95ce1 nei!r z a s91 because x is n always a mortal s91 nor consid]$ z an appetible good1 s9ce human glory is app>5tly a frail ?+1 & is some?+ outside man himself4 ,!re=e va+lory is n a capital vice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi7 numb]s va+lory among ! sev5 capital vices4 ,i answ] t1 ,! capital vices are enum]at$ 9 two ways4 ,= "s reckon pride z "o ( _! numb]3 & ^! d n place va+lory among ! capital vices4 ,gregory1 h[ev] 7,moral4 xxxi71 reckons pride to be ! que5 ( all ! vices1 & va+lory1 :i* is ! imm$iate (fspr+ ( pride1 he reckons to be a capital vice3 & n )\t reason4 ,= pride1 z we %all /ate f>!r on 7,q4 #aeb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 d5otes inord9ate desire ( excell5ce4 ,b :atev] good "o may desire1 "o desires a c]ta9 p]fection & excell5ce !refrom3 :]e=e ! end ( e vice is direct$ to ! end ( pride1 s t ?is vice seems to ex]cise a k9d ( causality ov] ! o!r vices1 & ought n to be reckon$ among ! special s\rces ( vice1 kn[n z ! capital vices4 ,n[ among ! goods t are ! means :]eby man acquires honor1 glory seems to be ! mo/ conducive to t effect1 inasmu* z x d5otes ! manife/ation ( a man's goodness3 s9ce good is naturally lov$ & honor$ by all4 ,:]e=e1 j z by ! glory :i* is 9 ,god's sight man acquires honor 9 ,div9e ?+s1 s too by ! glory :i* is 9 ! sight ( man he acquires excell5ce 9 human ?+s4 ,h5ce on acc\nt ( its close connection ) excell5ce1 :i* m5 desire above all1 x foll[s t x is mo/ desirable4 ,& s9ce _m vices arise f ! inord9ate desire !re(1 x foll[s t va+lory is a capital vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is n impossible = a capital vice to arise f pride1 s9ce z /at$ above 79 ! body ( ! ,article & ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #b7 pride is ! que5 & "m ( all ! vices4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,praise & honor1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 /& 9 relation to glory z ! causes f :i* x proce$s1 s t glory is comp>$ to !m z _! end4 ,= ! reason :y a man loves to be honor$ & prais$ is t he ?9ks !reby to acquire a c]ta9 r5[n 9 ! k ( o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,va+lory /&s prom95t "u ! aspect ( desirability1 = ! reason giv5 above1 & ?is suffices = x to be reckon$ a capital vice4 ,nor is x always necess>y = a capital vice to be a mortal s92 = mortal s9 c arise f v5ial s91 inasmu* z v5ial s9 c dispose man !reto4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acb1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,daught]s ( ,va+lory ,are ,suitably ,reckon$ to ,be ,disob$i5ce1 ,boa/fulness1 ,hypocrisy1 ,cont5tion1 ,ob/9acy1 ,discord1 & ,love ( ,novelties8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! daught]s ( va+lory are unsuitably reckon$ to be disob$i5ce1 boa/fulness1 hypocrisy1 cont5tion1 ob/9acy1 discord1 & ecc5tricity 99,praesumptio novitatum1 lit]ally 'presumption ( novelties'4 ,= accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxiii7 boa/fulness is numb]$ among ! species ( pride4 ,n[ pride does n arise f va+lory1 r is x ! o!r way ab\t1 z ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi74 ,!re=e boa/fulness %\ld n be reckon$ among ! daught]s ( va+lory4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 cont5tion & discord seem to be ! outcome *iefly ( ang]4 ,b ang] is a capital vice condivid$ ) va+lory4 ,!re=e x seems t !y are n ! daught]s ( va+lory4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xix 9 ,mat?47 t va+lory is always evil1 b especially 9 philan?ropy1 i4e4 m]cy4 ,& yet ?is is no?+ new1 = x is an e/abli%$ cu/om among m54 ,!re=e ecc5tricity %\ld n be specially reckon$ z a daught] ( va+lory4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi71 :o !re assigns ! above daught]s to va+lory4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #cd1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 ! vices :i* by _! v nature are su* z to be direct$ to ! end ( a c]ta9 capital vice1 are call$ its daught]s4 ,n[ ! end ( va+lory is ! manife/ation ( "o's own excell5ce1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #d73 & to ?is end a man may t5d 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way directly1 ei!r by words1 & ?is is boa/+1 or by de$s1 & !n if !y be true & call = a/oni%m5t1 x is love ( novelties :i* m5 are wont to wond] at mo/2 b if !y be false1 x is hypocrisy4 ,9 ano!r way a man /rives to make kn[n 8 excell5ce by %[+ t he is n inf]ior to ano!r1 & ?is 9 f\r ways4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! intellect1 & ?us we h ob/9acy1 by :i* a man is too mu* atta*$ to 8 own op9ion1 be+ unwill+ to believe "o t is bett]4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! w1 & !n we h discord1 :]eby a man is unwill+ to give up 8 own w1 & agree ) o!rs4 ,?irdly1 z reg>ds spee*1 & !n we h cont5tion1 :]eby a man qu>rels noisily ) ano!r4 ,f\r?ly z reg>ds de$s1 & ?is is disob$i5ce1 :]eby a man refuses to c>ry out ! comm& ( 8 sup]iors4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aab1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b71 boa/+ is reckon$ a k9d ( pride1 z reg>ds its int]ior cause1 :i* is arrogance3 b outw>d boa/+1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 iv1 is direct$ sometimes to ga91 b m (t5 to glory & honor1 & ?us x is ! result ( va+lory4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ang] is n ! cause ( discord & cont5tion1 except 9 conjunction ) va+lory1 9 t a man ?9ks x a glori\s ?+ = him n to yield to ! w & words ( o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,va+lory is reprov$ 9 connection ) almsde$s on acc\nt ( ! lack ( *>ity app>5t 9 "o :o pref]s va+lory to ! good ( 8 neighbor1 see+ t he does ! latt] = ! sake ( ! =m]4 ,b a man is n reprov$ = presum+ to give alms z ?\gh ?is 7 some?+ novel4 ,,"q #acc ,,( ,,pusillanimity 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] pusillanimity4 ,"u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r pusillanimity is a s98 7#b7 ,to :at virtue is x oppos$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,pusillanimity ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t pusillanimity is n a s94 ,= e s9 makes a man evil1 j z e virtue makes a man good4 ,b a fa9!>t$ man is n evil1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c74 ,!re=e pusillanimity is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t a fa9!>t$ man is especially "o :o is wor?y ( great goods1 yet does n deem himself wor?y ( !m4 ,n[ no "o is wor?y ( great goods except ! virtu\s1 s9ce z ! ,philosoph] aga9 says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c71 none b ! virtu\s are truly wor?y ( honor4 ,!re=e ! fa9!>t$ are virtu\s3 & consequ5tly pusillanimity is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,pride is ! beg9n+ ( all s9 7,ecclus4 #aj3ae74 ,b pusillanimity does n proce$ f pride1 s9ce ! pr\d man sets himself above :at he is1 :ile ! fa9!>t$ man )draws f ! ?+s he is wor?y (4 ,!re=e pusillanimity is n a s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t he :o deems himself less wor?y ?an he is1 is said to be fa9!>t$4 ,n[ sometimes holy m5 deem !mselves less wor?y ?an !y are2 = in/ance1 ,moses & ,j]emias1 :o 7 wor?y ( ! (fice ,god *ose !m =1 :i* !y bo? humbly decl9$ 7,ex4 #c3aa2 ,j]4 #a3f74 ,!re=e pusillanimity is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no?+ 9 human conduct is to be avoid$ save s94 ,n[ pusillanimity is to be avoid$3 = x is writt5 7,col4 #c3ba73 ,fa!rs1 provoke n y\r *ildr5 to indignation1 le/ !y be disc\rag$4 ,!re=e pusillanimity is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,:atev] is contr>y to a natural incl9ation is a s91 because x is contr>y to a law ( nature4 ,n[ ev]y?+ has a natural incl9ation to accompli% an action t is comm5surate ) its p[]3 z is evid5t 9 all natural ?+s1 :e!r animate or inanimate4 ,n[ j z presumption makes a man exce$ :at is proportionate to 8 p[]1 by /riv+ to d m ?an he c1 s pusillanimity makes a man fall %ort ( :at is proportionate to 8 p[]1 by refus+ to t5d to t :i* is comm5surate !reto4 ,:]e=e z presumption is a s91 s is pusillanimity4 ,h5ce x is t ! s]vant :o buri$ 9 ! e>? ! money he _h receiv$ f 8 ma/]1 & did n trade ) x ?r\gh fa9!>t$ fe>1 0 puni%$ by 8 ma/] 7,matt4 #be2 ,luke #ai74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] calls ^? evil :o injure _! neighbor3 & accord+ly ! fa9!>t$ is said n to be evil1 because he injures no "o1 save accid5tally1 by omitt+ to d :at might be pr(itable to o!rs4 ,= ,gregory says 7,pa/oral4 i7 t if !y :o demur to d good to _! neighbor 9 prea*+ be judg$ /rictly1 )\t d\bt _! guilt is proportionate to ! good !y might h done _h !y be5 less retir+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no?+ h9d]s a p]son :o has a virtu\s habit f s9n+ v5ially & )\t los+ ! habit1 or mortally & ) loss ( ! habit ( gratuit\s virtue4 ,h5ce x is possible = a man1 by reason ( ! virtue :i* he has1 to be wor?y ( do+ c]ta9 great ?+s t are wor?y ( great honor1 & yet ?r\gh n try+ to make use ( 8 virtue1 he s9s sometimes v5ially1 sometimes mortally4 ,aga9 x may be repli$ t ! fa9!>t$ is wor?y ( great ?+s 9 proportion to 8 ability = virtue1 ability :i* he d]ives ei!r f a good natural disposition1 or f sci5ce1 or f ext]nal =tune1 & if he fails to use ^? ?+s = virtue1 he becomes guilty ( pusillanimity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 pusillanimity may 9 "s way be ! result ( pride3 :51 to wit1 a man cl+s too mu* to 8 own op9ion1 :]eby he ?9ks himself incompet5t = ^? ?+s = :i* he is compet5t4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,prov4 #bf3af73 ,! slugg>d is wis] 9 8 own conceit ?an sev5 m5 t speak s5t5ces4 ,= no?+ h9d]s him f depreciat+ himself 9 "s ?+s1 & hav+ a high op9ion ( himself 9 o!rs4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,pa/oral4 i7 ( ,moses t p]*ance he w\ld h be5 pr\d1 _h he und]tak5 ! lead]%ip ( a num]\s p )\t misgiv+3 & aga9 he w\ld h be5 pr\d1 _h he refus$ to obey ! comm& ( 8 ,creator4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,moses & ,j]emias 7 wor?y ( ! (fice to :i* !y 7 appo9t$ by ,god1 b _! wor?9ess 0 ( ,div9e grace3 yet !y1 consid]+ ! insuffici5cy ( _! own weakness1 demurr$2 ?\gh n ob/9ately le/ !y %\ld fall into pride4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,pusillanimity ,is ,oppos$ to ,magnanimity8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t pusillanimity is n oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic41 #c7 t ! fa9!>t$ man kn[s n himself3 = he w\ld desire ! good ?+s1 ( :i* he is wor?y1 if he knew himself4 ,n[ ignorance ( self seems oppos$ to prud5ce4 ,!re=e pusillanimity is oppos$ to prud5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r our ,"l calls ! s]vant wick$ & slo?ful :o ?r\gh pusillanimity refus$ to make use ( ! money4 ,moreov] ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t ! fa9!>t$ seem to be slo?ful4 ,n[ slo? is oppos$ to solicitude1 :i* is an act ( prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #i74 ,!re=e pusillanimity is n oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 pusillanimity seems to proce$ f inord9ate fe>3 h5ce x is writt5 7,isa4 #ce3d73 ,say to ! fa9!>t$3 ,take c\rage & fe> n4 ,x also seems to proce$ f inord9ate ang]1 accord+ to ,col4 #c3ba1 ,fa!rs1 provoke n y\r *ildr5 to indignation1 le/ !y be disc\rag$4 ,n[ inord9ate fe> is oppos$ to =titude1 & inord9ate ang] to meekness4 ,!re=e pusillanimity is n oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! vice t is 9 opposition to a p>ticul> virtue is ! m griev\s accord+ z x is m unlike t virtue4 ,n[ pusillanimity is m unlike magnanimity ?an presumption is4 ,!re=e if pusillanimity is oppos$ to magnanimity1 x foll[s t x is a m griev\s s9 ?an presumption3 yet ?is is contr>y to ! say+ ( ,ecclus4 #cg3c1 ,o wick$ presumption1 :5ce came/ ?\8 ,!re=e pusillanimity is n oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,pusillanimity & magnanimity diff] z greatness & littl5ess ( s\l1 z _! v names d5ote4 ,n[ great & little are opposites4 ,!re=e pusillanimity is oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,i answ] t1 ,pusillanimity may be consid]$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 9 itself2 & ?us x is evid5t t by its v nature x is oppos$ to magnanimity1 f :i* x diff]s z great & little diff] 9 connection ) ! same subject4 ,= j z ! magnanim\s man t5ds to great ?+s out ( greatness ( s\l1 s ! pusillanim\s man %r9ks f great ?+s out ( littl5ess ( s\l4 ,secondly1 x may be consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to its cause1 :i* on ! "p ( ! intellect is ignorance ( "o's own qualification1 & on ! "p ( ! appetite is ! fe> ( failure 9 :at "o falsely deems to exce$ "o's ability4 ,?irdly1 x may be consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to its effect1 :i* is to %r9k f ! great ?+s ( :i* "o is wor?y4 ,b1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #acb1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c71 opposition betwe5 vice & virtue dep5ds r on _! respective species ?an on _! cause or effect4 ,h5ce pusillanimity is directly oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s pusillanimity z proce$+ f a cause 9 ! intellect4 ,yet x _c be said prop]ly t x is oppos$ to prud5ce1 ev5 9 respect ( its cause3 because ignorance ( ?is k9d does n proce$ f indiscretion b f laz9ess 9 consid]+ "o's own ability1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 iv1 #c1 or 9 accompli%+ :at is )9 "o's p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s pusillanimity f ! po9t ( view ( its effect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! po9t ( view ( cause4 ,nor is ! fe> t causes pusillanimity always a fe> ( ! dang]s ( dea?3 :]e=e x does n foll[ f ?is /&po9t t pusillanimity is oppos$ to =titude4 ,z reg>ds ang]1 if we consid] x "u ! aspect ( its prop] movem5t1 :]eby a man is r\s$ to take v5geance1 x does n cause pusillanimity1 :i* di%e>t5s ! s\l2 on ! contr>y1 x takes x away4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid] ! causes ( ang]1 :i* are injuries inflict$ :]eby ! s\l ( ! man :o suff]s !m is di%e>t5$1 x conduces to pusillanimity4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,accord+ to its prop] species pusillanimity is a grav] s9 ?an presumption1 s9ce !reby a man )draws f good ?+s1 :i* is a v great evil accord+ to ,e?ic4 iv4 ,presumption1 h[ev]1 is /at$ to be wick$ on acc\nt ( pride :5ce x proce$s4 ,,"q #acd ,,( ,,magnific5ce 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] magnific5ce & ! vices oppos$ to x4 ,) reg>d to magnific5ce !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r magnific5ce is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special virtue8 7#c7 ,:at is its matt]8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a "p ( =titude8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,magnific5ce ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t magnific5ce is n a virtue4 ,= :oev] has "o virtue has all ! virtues1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a74 ,b "o may h ! o!r virtues )\t hav+ magnific5ce3 because ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b7 t n e lib]al man is magnific5t4 ,!re=e magnific5ce is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 moral virtue obs]ves ! mean1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ii1 #f4 ,b magnific5ce does n seem+ly obs]ve ! mean1 = x exce$s lib]ality 9 greatness4 ,n[ great & little are oppos$ to "o ano!r z extremes1 ! mean ( :i* is equal1 z /at$ 9 ,metaph4 x4 ,h5ce magnific5ce obs]ves n ! mean1 b ! extreme4 ,!re=e x is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no virtue is oppos$ to a natural incl9ation1 b on ! contr>y p]fects x1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajh1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #aag1 ,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #a74 ,n[ accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b7 ! magnific5t man is n lavi% t[>ds himself3 & ?is is oppos$ to ! natural incl9ation "o has to look aft] oneself4 ,!re=e magnific5ce is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #d7 act is "r reason ab\t ?+s to be made4 ,n[ magnific5ce is ab\t ?+s to be made1 z its v "n d5otes 99,magnific5ce magna fac]e--i4e4 to make great ?+s4 ,!re=e x is an act r ?an a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,human virtue is a p>ticipation ( ,div9e p[]4 ,b magnific5ce 7virtutis7 belongs to ,div9e p[]1 accord+ to ,ps4 #dg3ce3 ,8 magnific5ce & ,8 p[] is 9 ! cl\ds4 ,!re=e magnific5ce is a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ,de ,coelo i1 #af1 we speak ( virtue 9 relation to ! extreme limit ( a ?+'s p[]1 n z reg>ds ! limit ( defici5cy1 b z reg>ds ! limit ( excess1 ! v nature ( :i* d5otes some?+ great4 ,:]e=e to d some?+ great1 :5ce magnific5ce takes its "n1 belongs prop]ly to ! v notion ( virtue4 ,h5ce magnific5ce d5otes a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n e lib]al man is magnific5t z reg>ds 8 actions1 because he lacks ! :]e)al to p]=m magnific5t de$s4 ,nev]!less e lib]al man has ! habit ( magnific5ce1 ei!r actually or 9 respect ( a proximate disposition !reto1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #abi1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b71 z also 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! connection ( virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is true t magnific5ce obs]ves ! extreme1 if we consid] ! quantity ( ! ?+ done3 yet x obs]ves ! mean1 if we consid] ! rule ( reason1 :i* x nei!r falls %ort ( nor exce$s1 z we h also said ( magnanimity 7,q4 #abi1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x belongs to magnific5ce to d some?+ great4 ,b t :i* reg>ds a man's p]son is little 9 comp>ison ) t :i* reg>ds ,div9e ?+s1 or ev5 ! affairs ( ! community at l>ge4 ,:]e=e ! magnific5t man does n int5d pr9cipally to be lavi% t[>ds himself1 n t he does n seek 8 own good1 b because to d s is n some?+ great4 ,yet if any?+ reg>d+ himself admits ( greatness1 ! magnific5t man accompli%es x magnific5tly3 = in/ance1 ?+s t are done once1 su* z a w$d+1 or ! l2 or ?+s t are ( a la/+ nature2 ?us x belongs to a magnific5t man to provide himself ) a suitable dwell+1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e7 !re mu/ ne$s be a virtue ( act1 i4e4 a moral virtue1 :]eby ! appetite is incl9$ to make good use ( ! rule ( act3 & ?is is :at magnific5ce does4 ,h5ce x is n an act b a virtue4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,magnific5ce ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t magnific5ce is n a special virtue4 ,= magnific5ce w\ld seem to consi/ 9 do+ some?+ great4 ,b x may belong to any virtue to d some?+ great1 if ! virtue be great3 z 9 ! case ( "o :o has a great virtue ( temp]ance1 = he does a great "w ( temp]ance4 ,!re=e1 magnific5ce is n a special virtue1 b d5otes a p]fect degree ( any virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly t :i* t5ds to a ?+ is ! same z t :i* does x4 ,b x belongs to magnanimity to t5d to some?+ great1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abi1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e x belongs to magnanimity likewise to d some?+ great4 ,!re=e magnific5ce is n a special virtue di/9ct f magnanimity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 magnific5ce seems to belong to hol9ess1 = x is writt5 7,ex4 #ae3aa73 ,magnific5t ,d\ay3 'glori\s' 9 hol9ess1 & 7,ps4 #ie3f73 ,hol9ess & magnific5ce ,d\ay3 ',maje/y' 9 ,8 sanctu>y4 ,n[ hol9ess is ! same z religion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e magnific5ce is app>5tly ! same z religion4 ,!re=e x is n a special virtue1 di/9ct f ! o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] reckons x ) o!r special virtues 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g2 iv #b74 ,i answ] t1 ,x belongs to magnific5ce to d 7fac]e7 some?+ great1 z its "n implies 99 magnific5ce magna fac]e--i4e4 to make great ?+s4 ,n[ fac]e may be tak5 9 two ways1 9 a /rict s5se1 & 9 a broad s5se4 ,/rictly fac]e means to "w some?+ 9 ext]nal matt]1 = in/ance to make a h\se1 or some?+ ( ! k9d2 9 a broad s5se fac]e is employ$ to d5ote any action1 :e!r x passes into ext]nal matt]1 z to burn or cut1 or rema9 9 ! ag5t1 z to und]/& or w4 ,accord+ly if magnific5ce be tak5 to d5ote ! do+ ( some?+ great1 ! do+ 7factio7 be+ und]/ood 9 ! /rict s5se1 x is !n a special virtue4 ,= ! "w done is produc$ by act3 9 ! use ( :i* x is possible to consid] a special aspect ( goodness1 namely t ! "w produc$ 7factum7 by ! act is some?+ great1 namely 9 quantity1 value1 or dignity1 & ?is is :at magnific5ce does4 ,9 ?is way magnific5ce is a special virtue4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 magnific5ce take its "n f do+ some?+ great1 ! do+ 7fac]e7 be+ und]/ood 9 a broad s5se1 x is n a special virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x belongs to e p]fect virtue to d some?+ great 9 ! g5us ( t virtue1 if do+ 7fac]e7 be tak5 9 ! broad s5se1 b n if x be tak5 /rictly1 = ?is is prop] to magnific5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x belongs to magnanimity n only to t5d to some?+ great1 b also to d great works 9 all ! virtues1 ei!r by mak+ 7faci5do71 or by any k9d ( action1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #c3 yet s t magnanimity1 9 ?is respect1 reg>ds ! sole aspect ( great1 :ile ! o!r virtues :i*1 if !y be p]fect1 d some?+ great1 direct _! pr9cipal int5tion1 n to some?+ great1 b to t :i* is prop] to ea* virtue3 & ! greatness ( ! ?+ done is sometimes consequ5t ^u ! greatness ( ! virtue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x belongs to magnific5ce n only to d some?+ great1 do+ 7fac]e7 be+ tak5 9 ! /rict s5se1 b also to t5d ) ! m9d to ! do+ ( great ?+s4 ,h5ce ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t magnific5ce is ! discuss+ & adm9i/]+ ( great & l(ty und]tak+s1 ) a c]ta9 broad & noble purpose ( m9d1 discussion ref]r+ to ! inw>d int5tion1 & adm9i/ration to ! outw>d accompli%m5t4 ,:]e=e j z magnanimity int5ds some?+ great 9 e matt]1 x foll[s t magnific5ce does ! same 9 e "w t c be produc$ 9 ext]nal matt] 7factibili74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! int5tion ( magnific5ce is ! production ( a great "w4 ,n[ works done by m5 are direct$ to an end3 & no end ( human works is s great z ! honor ( ,god3 :]e=e magnific5ce does a great "w especially 9 ref]5ce to ! ,div9e honor4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b7 t ! mo/ comm5dable exp5diture is t :i* is direct$ to ,div9e sacrifices3 & ?is is ! *ief object ( magnific5ce4 ,= ?is reason magnific5ce is connect$ ) hol9ess1 s9ce its *ief effect is direct$ to religion or hol9ess4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,matt] ( ,magnific5ce ,is ,great ,exp5diture8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! matt] ( magnific5ce is n great exp5diture4 ,= !re are n two virtues ab\t ! same matt]4 ,b lib]ality is ab\t exp5diture1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aag1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e magnific5ce is n ab\t exp5diture4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e magnific5t man is lib]al 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b74 ,b lib]ality is ab\t gifts r ?an ab\t exp5diture4 ,!re=e magnific5ce also is n *iefly ab\t exp5diture1 b ab\t gifts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to magnific5ce to produce an ext]nal "w4 ,b n ev5 great exp5diture is always ! means ( produc+ an ext]nal "w1 = in/ance :5 "o sp5ds mu* 9 s5d+ pres5ts4 ,!re=e exp5diture is n ! prop] matt] ( magnific5ce4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 only ! ri* are capable ( great exp5diture4 ,b ! poor are able to possess all ! virtues1 s9ce ! virtues d n necess>ily require ext]nal =tune1 b are suffici5t = !mselves1 z ,s5eca says 7,de ,ira i3 ,de vita beata xvi74 ,!re=e magnific5ce is n ab\t great exp5diture4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b7 t magnific5ce does n ext5d1 l lib]ality1 to all transactions 9 money1 b only to exp5sive ones1 :]e9 x exce$s lib]ality 9 scale4 ,!re=e x is only ab\t great exp5diture4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 x belongs to magnific5ce to int5d do+ "s great "w4 ,n[ = ! do+ ( a great "w1 proportionate exp5diture is necess>y1 = great works _c be produc$ )\t great exp5diture4 ,h5ce x belongs to magnific5ce to sp5d mu* 9 ord] t "s great "w may be accompli%$ 9 becom+ mann]4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b7 t a magnific5t man w produce a m magnific5t "w ) equal1 i4e4 proportionate1 exp5diture4 ,n[ exp5diture is ! outlay ( a sum ( money2 & a man may be h9d]$ f mak+ t outlay if he love money too mu*4 ,h5ce ! matt] ( magnific5ce may be said to be bo? ?is exp5diture itself1 :i* ! magnific5t man uses to produce a great "w1 & also ! v money :i* he employs 9 go+ to great exp5se1 & z well z ! love ( money1 :i* love ! magnific5t man mod]ates1 le/ he be h9d]$ f sp5d+ mu*4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abi1 ,a4 #b71 ^? virtues t are ab\t ext]nal ?+s exp]i5ce a c]ta9 difficulty aris+ f ! g5us itself ( ! ?+ ab\t :i* ! virtue is conc]n$1 & ano!r difficulty besides aris+ f ! greatness ( t same ?+4 ,h5ce ! ne$ = two virtues1 conc]n$ ab\t money & its use2 namely1 lib]ality1 :i* reg>ds ! use ( money 9 g5]al1 & magnific5ce1 :i* reg>ds t :i* is great 9 ! use ( money4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! use ( money reg>ds ! lib]al man 9 "o way & ! magnific5t man 9 ano!r4 ,= x reg>ds ! lib]al man1 inasmu* z x proce$s f an ord9ate affection 9 respect ( money2 :]e=e all due use ( money 7su* z gifts & exp5diture71 ! ob/acles to :i* are remov$ by a mod]ate love ( money1 belongs to lib]ality4 ,b ! use ( money reg>ds ! magnific5t man 9 relation to "s great "w :i* has to be produc$1 & ?is use is impossible )\t exp5diture or outlay4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! magnific5t man also makes gifts ( pres5ts1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #b1 b n "u ! aspect ( gift1 b r "u ! aspect ( exp5diture direct$ to ! production ( "s "w1 = in/ance 9 ord] to honor someone1 or 9 ord] to d some?+ :i* w reflect honor on ! :ole /ate3 z :5 he br+s to effect :at ! :ole /ate is /riv+ =4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! *ief act ( virtue is ! inw>d *oice1 & a virtue may h ?is )\t outw>d =tune3 s t ev5 a poor man may be magnific5t4 ,b goods ( =tune are requisite z in/rum5ts to ! ext]nal acts ( virtue3 & 9 ?is way a poor man _c accompli% ! outw>d act ( magnific5ce 9 ?+s t are great simply4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 he may be able to d s 9 ?+s t are great by comp>ison to "s p>ticul> "w2 :i*1 ?\gh little 9 itself1 c nev]!less be done magnific5tly 9 proportion to its g5us3 = little & great are relative t]ms1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,pra$ic4 ,cap4 ,ad aliquid474 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,magnific5ce ,is a ,"p ( ,=titude8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t magnific5ce is n a "p ( =titude4 ,= magnific5ce agrees 9 matt] ) lib]ality1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,b lib]ality is a "p1 n ( =titude1 b ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e magnific5ce is n a "p ( =titude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 =titude is ab\t fe> & d>+s4 ,b magnific5ce seems to h no?+ to d ) fe>1 b only ) exp5diture1 :i* is a k9d ( action4 ,!re=e magnific5ce seems to p]ta9 to ju/ice1 :i* is ab\t actions1 r ?an to =titude4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b7 t ! magnific5t man is l ! man ( sci5ce4 ,n[ sci5ce has m 9 common ) prud5ce ?an ) =titude4 ,!re=e magnific5ce %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( =titude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 & ,macrobius 7,de ,somn4 ,scip4 i7 & ,&ronicus reckon magnific5ce to be a "p ( =titude4 ,i answ] t1 ,magnific5ce1 9 s f> z x is a special virtue1 _c be reckon$ a subjective "p ( =titude1 s9ce x does n agree ) ?is virtue 9 ! po9t ( matt]3 b x is reckon$ a "p !re(1 z be+ annex$ to x z second>y to pr9cipal virtue4 ,9 ord] = a virtue to be annex$ to a pr9cipal virtue1 two ?+s are necess>y1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hj74 ,! "o is t ! second>y virtue agree ) ! pr9cipal1 & ! o!r is t 9 "s respect x be exce$$ !reby4 ,n[ magnific5ce agrees ) =titude 9 ! po9t t z =titude t5ds to some?+ ardu\s & difficult1 s also does magnific5ce3 :]e=e seem+ly x is seat$1 l =titude1 9 ! irascible4 ,yet magnific5ce falls %ort ( =titude1 9 t ! ardu\s ?+ to :i* =titude t5ds d]ives its difficulty f a dang] t ?reat5s ! p]son1 :]eas ! ardu\s ?+ to :i* magnific5ce t5ds1 d]ives its difficulty f ! dispossession ( "o's prop]ty1 :i* is ( mu* less acc\nt ?an dang] to "o's p]son4 ,:]e=e magnific5ce is acc\nt$ a "p ( =titude4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ju/ice reg>ds op]ations 9 !mselves1 z view$ "u ! aspect ( some?+ due3 b lib]ality & magnific5ce reg>d sumptu>y op]ations z relat$ to ! passions ( ! s\l1 albeit 9 diff]5t ways4 ,= lib]ality reg>ds exp5diture 9 ref]5ce to ! love & desire ( money1 :i* are passions ( ! concupiscible faculty1 & d n h9d] ! lib]al man f giv+ & sp5d+3 s t ?is virtue is 9 ! concupiscible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 magnific5ce reg>ds exp5diture 9 ref]5ce to hope1 by atta9+ to ! difficulty1 n simply1 z magnanimity does1 b 9 a det]m9ate matt]1 namely exp5diture3 :]e=e magnific5ce1 l magnanimity1 is app>5tly 9 ! irascible "p4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh magnific5ce does n agree ) =titude 9 matt]1 x agrees ) x z ! condition ( its matt]3 s9ce x t5ds to some?+ difficult 9 ! matt] ( exp5diture1 ev5 z =titude t5ds to some?+ difficult 9 ! matt] ( fe>4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,magnific5ce directs ! use ( art to some?+ great1 z /at$ above & 9 ! prec$+ ,article4 ,n[ art is 9 ! reason4 ,:]e=e x belongs to ! magnific5t man to use 8 reason by obs]v+ proportion ( exp5diture to ! "w he has 9 h&4 ,?is is especially necess>y on acc\nt ( ! greatness ( bo? ^? ?+s1 s9ce if he did n take c>eful ?\ght1 he w\ld incur ! risk ( a great loss4 ,,"q #ace ,,( ,,meanness99 7,9 ,two ,articles7 99,p>vific5tia1 or do+ mean ?+s1 j z magnific5tia is do+ great ?+s4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to magnific5ce3 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r meanness is a vice8 7#b7 ,( ! vice oppos$ to x4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ace1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,meanness ,is a ,vice8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t meanness is n a vice4 ,= j z vice mod]ates great ?+s1 s does x mod]ate little ?+s3 :]e=e bo? ! lib]al & ! magnific5t d little ?+s4 ,b magnific5ce is a virtue4 ,!re=e likewise meanness is a virtue r ?an a vice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b7 t c>eful reckon+ is mean4 ,b c>eful reckon+ is app>5tly praisewor?y1 s9ce man's good is to be 9 accordance ) reason1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 #d74 ,!re=e meanness is n a vice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b7 t a mean man is lo? to sp5d money4 ,b ?is belongs to covet\sness or illib]ality4 ,!re=e meanness is n a di/9ct vice f ! o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii7 acc\nts meanness a special vice oppos$ to magnific5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #a1 ,a4 #c2 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #f71 moral acts take _! species f _! end1 :]e=e 9 _m cases !y are d5om9at$ f t end4 ,accord+ly a man is said to be mean 7p>vificus7 because he int5ds to d some?+ little 7p>vum74 ,n[ accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,pra$ic4 ,cap4 ,ad aliquid47 great & little are relative t]ms3 & :5 we say t a mean man int5ds to d some?+ little1 ?is mu/ be und]/ood 9 relation to ! k9d ( "w he does4 ,?is may be little or great 9 two ways3 9 "o way z reg>ds ! "w itself to be done1 9 ano!r z reg>ds ! exp5se4 ,accord+ly ! magnific5t man int5ds pr9cipally ! greatness ( 8 "w1 & second>ily he int5ds ! greatness ( ! exp5se1 :i* he does n %irk1 s t he may produce a great "w4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #d7 t ! magnific5t man ) equal exp5diture w produce a m magnific5t result4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mean man int5ds pr9cipally to sp5d little1 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b7 t he seeks h[ he may sp5d lea/4 ,z a result ( ?is he int5ds to produce a little "w1 t is1 he does n %r9k f produc+ a little "w1 s long z he sp5ds little4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says t ! mean man aft] go+ to great exp5se =feits ! good ( ! magnific5t "w1 = ! trifle t he is unwill+ to sp5d4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t ! mean man fails to obs]ve ! proportion t reason dem&s betwe5 exp5diture & "w4 ,n[ ! ess5ce ( vice is t x consi/s 9 fail+ to d :at is 9 accordance ) reason4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t meanness is a vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtue mod]ates little ?+s1 accord+ to ! rule ( reason3 f :i* rule ! mean man decl9es1 z /at$ 9 ! ,article4 ,= he is call$ mean1 n = mod]at+ little ?+s1 b = decl9+ f ! rule ( reason 9 mod]at+ great or little ?+s3 h5ce meanness is a vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e71 fe> makes u take c\nsel3 :]e=e a mean man is c>eful 9 8 reckon+s1 because he has an inord9ate fe> ( sp5d+ 8 goods1 ev5 9 ?+s ( ! lea/ acc\nt4 ,h5ce ?is is n praisewor?y1 b s9ful & repreh5sible1 because !n a man does n regulate 8 affections accord+ to reason1 b1 on ! contr>y1 makes use ( 8 reason 9 pursuance ( 8 inord9ate affections4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z ! magnific5t man has ?is 9 common ) ! lib]al man1 t he sp5ds 8 money readily & ) pleasure1 s too ! mean man 9 common ) ! illib]al or covet\s man is lo? & sl[ to sp5d4 ,yet !y diff] 9 ?is1 t illib]ality reg>ds ord9>y exp5diture1 :ile meanness reg>ds great exp5diture1 :i* is a m difficult accompli%m5t3 :]e=e meanness is less s9ful ?an illib]ality4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #b7 t al?\gh meanness & its contr>y vice are s9ful1 !y d n br+ %ame on a man1 s9ce nei!r d !y h>m "o's neighbor1 nor are !y v disgraceful4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ace1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,is a ,vice ,oppos$ to ,meanness8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t !re is no vice oppos$ to meanness4 ,= great is oppos$ to little4 ,n[1 magnific5ce is n a vice1 b a virtue4 ,!re=e no vice is oppos$ to meanness4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9ce meanness is a vice by defici5cy1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 x seems t if any vice is oppos$ to meanness1 x w\ld m]ely consi/ 9 excessive sp5d+4 ,b ^? :o sp5d mu*1 :]e !y ought to sp5d little1 sp5d little :]e !y ought to sp5d mu*1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 iv1 #b1 & ?us !y h some?+ ( meanness4 ,!re=e !re is n a vice oppos$ to meanness4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 moral acts take _! species f _! end1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ ^? :o sp5d excessively1 d s 9 ord] to make a %[ ( _! weal?1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #b4 ,b ?is belongs to va+lory1 :i* is oppos$ to magnanimity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aca1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e no vice is oppos$ to meanness4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ! ,philosoph] :o 7,e?ic4 ii1 #h2 iv1 #b7 places magnific5ce z a mean betwe5 two opposite vices4 ,i answ] t1 ,great is oppos$ to little4 ,also little & great are relative t]ms1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ j z exp5diture may be little 9 comp>ison ) ! "w1 s may x be great 9 comp>ison ) ! "w 9 t x exce$s ! proportion :i* reason requires to exi/ betwe5 exp5diture & "w4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t ! vice ( meanness1 :]eby a man int5ds to sp5d less ?an 8 "w is wor?1 & ?us fails to obs]ve due proportion betwe5 8 exp5diture & 8 "w1 has a vice oppos$ to x1 :]eby a man exce$s ?is same proportion1 by sp5d+ m ?an is proportionate to 8 "w4 ,?is vice is call$ 9 ,greek banausia1 s call$ f ! ,greek baunos1 because1 l ! fire 9 ! furnace1 x consumes ev]y?+4 ,x is also call$ apyrokalia1 i4e4 lack+ good fire1 s9ce l fire x consumes all1 b n = a good purpose4 ,h5ce 9 ,lat9 x may be call$ consumptio 7wa/e74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,magnific5ce is s call$ f ! great "w done1 b n f ! exp5diture be+ 9 excess ( ! "w3 = ?is belongs to ! vice :i* is oppos$ to meanness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to ! "o same vice !re is oppos$ ! virtue :i* obs]ves ! mean1 & a contr>y vice4 ,accord+ly1 !n1 ! vice ( wa/e is oppos$ to meanness 9 t x exce$s 9 exp5diture ! value ( ! "w1 by sp5d+ mu* :]e x behoov$ to sp5d little4 ,b x is oppos$ to magnific5ce on ! "p ( ! great "w1 :i* ! magnific5t man int5ds pr9cipally1 9 s f> z :5 x behooves to sp5d mu*1 x sp5ds little or no?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,wa/efulness is oppos$ to meanness by ! v species ( its act1 s9ce x exce$s ! rule ( reason1 :]eas meanness falls %ort ( x4 ,yet no?+ h9d]s ?is f be+ direct$ to ! end ( ano!r vice1 su* z va+lory or any o!r4 ,,"q #acf ,,( ,,pati5ce 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] pati5ce4 ,"u ?is head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r pati5ce is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is ! greate/ ( ! virtues8 7#c7 ,:e!r x c be _h )\t grace8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a "p ( =titude8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is ! same z longanimity8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,pati5ce ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t pati5ce is n a virtue4 ,= ! virtues are mo/ p]fect 9 heav51 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv74 ,yet pati5ce is n !re1 s9ce no evils h to be borne !re1 accord+ to ,isa4 #di3aj & ,apoc4 #g3af1 ,!y %all n hung] nor ?ir/1 nei!r %all ! heat nor ! sun /rike !m4 ,!re=e pati5ce is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no virtue c be f\nd 9 ! wick$1 s9ce virtue x is t makes its possessor good4 ,yet pati5ce is sometimes f\nd 9 wick$ m52 = in/ance1 9 ! covet\s1 :o be> _m evils pati5tly t !y may amass money1 accord+ to ,eccles4 #e3af1 ,all ! days ( 8 life he eate? 9 d>kness1 & 9 _m c>es1 & 9 mis]y & 9 sorr[4 ,!re=e pati5ce is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! fruits diff] f ! virtues1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gj1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,b pati5ce is reckon$ among ! fruits 7,gal4 #e3bb74 ,!re=e pati5ce is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pati5tia i73 ,! virtue ( ! s\l t is call$ pati5ce1 is s great a gift ( ,god1 t we ev5 prea* ! pati5ce ( ,him :o be/[s x ^u u4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #a71 ! moral virtues are direct$ to ! good1 inasmu* z !y safegu>d ! good ( reason aga9/ ! impulse ( ! passions4 ,n[ among ! passions sorr[ is /rong to h9d] ! good ( reason1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #g3aj1 ,! sorr[ ( ! _w worke? dea?1 & ,ecclus4 #cj3be1 ,sadness ha? kill$ _m1 & !re is no pr(it 9 x4 ,h5ce ! necessity = a virtue to safegu>d ! good ( reason aga9/ sorr[1 le/ reason give way to sorr[3 & ?is pati5ce does4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pati5tia ii73 ,a man's pati5ce x is :]eby he be>s evil ) an equal m9d1 i4e4 )\t be+ di/urb$ by sorr[1 le/ he ab&on ) an unequal m9d ! goods :]eby he may advance to bett] ?+s4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t pati5ce is a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! moral virtues d n rema9 9 heav5 z reg>ds ! same act t !y h on ! way1 9 relation1 namely1 to ! goods ( ! pres5t life1 :i* w n rema9 9 heav53 b !y w rema9 9 _! relation to ! end1 :i* w be 9 heav54 ,?us ju/ice w n be 9 heav5 9 relation to buy+ & sell+ & o!r matt]s p]ta9+ to ! pres5t life1 b x w rema9 9 ! po9t ( be+ subject to ,god4 ,9 l mann] ! act ( pati5ce1 9 heav51 w n consi/ 9 be>+ ?+s1 b 9 enjoy+ ! goods to :i* we _h aspir$ by suff]+4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv7 t pati5ce itself w n be 9 heav51 s9ce !re is no ne$ = x except :]e evils h to be borne3 yet t :i* we %all obta9 by pati5ce w be et]nal4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pati5tia ii2 v7 prop]ly speak+ ^? are pati5t :o w\ld r be> evils )\t inflict+ !m1 ?an inflict !m )\t be>+ !m4 ,z = ^? :o be> evils t !y may inflict evil1 _! pati5ce is nei!r m>vel\s nor praisewor?y1 = x is no pati5ce at all3 we may m>vel at _! h>dness ( he>t1 b we mu/ refuse to call !m pati5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aa1 ,a4 #a71 ! v notion ( fruit d5otes pleasure4 ,& works ( virtue af=d pleasure 9 !mselves1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #h4 ,n[ ! names ( ! virtues are wont to be appli$ to _! acts4 ,:]e=e pati5ce z a habit is a virtue1 b z to ! pleasure :i* its act af=ds1 x is reckon$ a fruit1 especially 9 ?is1 t pati5ce safegu>ds ! m9d f be+ ov]come by sorr[4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,pati5ce ,is ! ,greate/ ( ! ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t pati5ce is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,= 9 e g5us t :i* is p]fect is ! greate/4 ,n[ pati5ce ha? a p]fect "w 7,james #a3d74 ,!re=e pati5ce is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all ! virtues are direct$ to ! good ( ! s\l4 ,n[ ?is seems to belong *iefly to pati5ce2 = x is writt5 7,luke #ba3ai73 ,9 y\r pati5ce y %all possess y\r s\ls4 ,!re=e pati5ce is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly t :i* is ! safegu>d & cause ( o!r ?+s is great] ?an !y are4 ,b accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 xxxv 9 ,evang47 pati5ce is ! root & safegu>d ( all ! virtues4 ,!re=e pati5ce is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is n reckon$ among ! f\r virtues :i* ,gregory 7,moral4 xxii7 & ,augu/9e 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 xv7 call pr9cipal4 ,i answ] t1 ,virtues by _! v nature are direct$ to good4 ,= x is virtue t makes its possessor good1 & r5d]s ! latt]'s "w good 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,h5ce x foll[s t a virtue's sup]iority & prepond]ance ov] o!r virtues is ! great] accord+ z x incl9es man to good m effectively & directly4 ,n[ ^? virtues :i* are effective ( good1 incl9e a man m directly to good ?an ^? :i* are a *eck on ! ?+s :i* lead man away f good3 & j z among ^? t are effective ( good1 ! great] is t :i* e/abli%es man 9 a great] good 7?us fai?1 hope1 & *>ity are great] ?an prud5ce & ju/ice72 s too among ^? t are a *eck on ?+s t )draw man f good1 ! great] virtue is ! "o :i* is a *eck on a great] ob/acle to good4 ,b dang]s ( dea?1 ab\t :i* is =titude1 & pleasures ( t\*1 ) :i* temp]ance is conc]n$1 )draw man f good m ?an any k9d ( h>d%ip1 :i* is ! object ( pati5ce4 ,!re=e pati5ce is n ! greate/ ( ! virtues1 b falls %ort1 n only ( ! !ological virtues1 & ( prud5ce & ju/ice :i* directly e/abli% man 9 good1 b also ( =titude & temp]ance :i* )draw him f great] ob/acles to good4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,pati5ce is said to h a p]fect "w 9 be>+ h>d%ips3 = ^! give rise fir/ to sorr[1 :i* is mod]at$ by pati5ce2 secondly1 to ang]1 :i* is mod]at$ by meekness2 ?irdly1 to hatr$1 :i* *>ity removes2 f\r?ly1 to unju/ injury1 :i* ju/ice =bids4 ,n[ t :i* removes ! pr9ciple is ! mo/ p]fect4 ,yet x does n foll[1 if pati5ce be m p]fect 9 ?is respect1 t x is m p]fect simply4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,possession d5otes undi/urb$ own]%ip2 :]e=e man is said to possess 8 s\l by pati5ce1 9 s f> z x removes by ! root ! passions t are evok$ by h>d%ips & di/urb ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pati5ce is said to be ! root & safegu>d ( all ! virtues1 n z ?\gh x caus$ & pres]v$ !m directly1 b m]ely because x removes _! ob/acles4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,x ,is ,possible to ,h ,pati5ce ,)\t ,grace8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t x is possible to h pati5ce )\t grace4 ,= ! m 8 reason incl9es to a ?+1 ! m is x possible = ! rational creature to accompli% x4 ,n[ x is m reasonable to suff] evil = ! sake ( good ?an = ! sake ( evil4 ,yet "s suff] evil = evil's sake1 by _! own virtue & )\t ! help ( grace2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pati5tia iii7 t m5 endure _m toils & sorr[s = ! sake ( ! ?+s !y love s9fully4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 is x possible = man1 )\t ! help ( grace1 to be> evil = ! sake ( good1 & ?is is to be truly pati5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "s :o are n 9 a /ate ( grace h m abhorr5ce = s9ful evils ?an = bodily evils3 h5ce "s hea!ns are relat$ to h endur$ _m h>d%ips r ?an betray _! c\ntry or commit "s o!r misde$4 ,n[ ?is is to be truly pati5t4 ,!re=e x seems t x is possible to h pati5ce )\t ! help ( grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is q evid5t t "s g ?r\gh mu* tr\ble & pa9 9 ord] to rega9 heal? ( ! body4 ,n[ ! heal? ( ! s\l is n less desirable ?an bodily heal?4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] "o may1 )\t ! help ( grace1 endure _m evils = ! heal? ( ! s\l1 & ?is is to be truly pati5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #fa3f73 ,f ,him1 i4e4 f ,god1 is my pati5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pati5tia iv71 ! /r5g? ( desire helps a man to be> toil & pa93 & no "o will+ly und]takes to be> :at is pa9ful1 save = ! sake ( t :i* gives pleasure4 ,! reason ( ?is is because sorr[ & pa9 are ( !mselves displeas+ to ! s\l1 :]e=e x w\ld nev] *oose to suff] !m = _! own sake1 b only = ! sake ( an end4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! good = ! sake ( :i* "o is will+ to endure evils1 is m desir$ & lov$ ?an ! good ! privation ( :i* causes ! sorr[ t we be> pati5tly4 ,n[ ! fact t a man pref]s ! good ( grace to all natural goods1 ! loss ( :i* may cause sorr[1 is to be ref]r$ to *>ity1 :i* loves ,god above all ?+s4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t pati5ce1 z a virtue1 is caus$ by *>ity1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3d1 ,*>ity is pati5t4 ,b x is manife/ t x is impossible to h *>ity save ?r\gh grace1 accord+ to ,rom4 #e3e1 ,! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/ ,:o is giv5 to u4 ,!re=e x is cle>ly impossible to h pati5ce )\t ! help ( grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! incl9ation ( reason w\ld prevail 9 human nature 9 ! /ate ( integrity4 ,b 9 corrupt nature ! incl9ation ( concupisc5ce prevails1 because x is dom9ant 9 man4 ,h5ce man is m prone to be> evils = ! sake ( goods 9 :i* ! concupisc5ce delights "h & n[1 ?an to endure evils = ! sake ( goods to come1 :i* are desir$ 9 accordance ) reason3 & yet x is ?is t p]ta9s to true pati5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! good ( a social virtue 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #e is comm5surate ) human nature2 & consequ5tly ! human w c t5d !reto )\t ! help ( sanctify+ grace1 yet n )\t ! help ( ,god's grace 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! good ( grace is sup]natural1 :]e=e man _c t5d !reto by a natural virtue4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 ! endurance ( ^? evils :i* a man be>s = ! sake ( 8 body's heal?1 proce$s f ! love a man naturally has = 8 own fle%4 ,h5ce !re is no comp>ison betwe5 ?is endurance & pati5ce :i* proce$s f a sup]natural love4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,pati5ce ,is a ,"p ( ,=titude8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t pati5ce is n a "p ( =titude4 ,= a ?+ is n "p ( itself4 ,n[ pati5ce is app>5tly ! same z =titude3 because1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #f71 ! prop] act ( =titude is to endure2 & ?is belongs also to pati5ce4 ,= x is /at$ 9 ! ,lib] ,s5t5ti>um ,prosp]i 99,! quotation is f ,/4 ,gregory1 ,hom4 xxxv 9 ,evang4 t pati5ce consi/s 9 endur+ evils inflict$ by o!rs4 ,!re=e pati5ce is n a "p ( =titude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 =titude is ab\t fe> & d>+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #c71 & ?us x is 9 ! irascible4 ,b pati5ce seems to be ab\t sorr[1 & consequ5tly w\ld seem to be 9 ! concupiscible4 ,!re=e pati5ce is n a "p ( =titude b ( temp]ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! :ole _c be )\t its "p4 ,!re=e if pati5ce is a "p ( =titude1 !re c be no =titude )\t pati5ce4 ,yet sometimes a brave man does n endure evils pati5tly1 b ev5 attacks ! p]son :o inflicts ! evil4 ,!re=e pati5ce is n a "p ( =titude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 reckons x a "p ( =titude4 ,i answ] t1 ,pati5ce is a quasi-pot5tial "p ( =titude1 because x is annex$ !reto z second>y to pr9cipal virtue4 ,= x belongs to pati5ce to suff] ) an equal m9d ! evils inflict$ by o!rs1 z ,gregory says 9 a homily 7xxxv 9 ,evang474 ,n[ ( ^? evils t are inflict$ by o!rs1 =emo/ & mo/ difficult to endure are ^? t are connect$ ) ! dang] ( dea?1 & ab\t ^! evils =titude is conc]n$4 ,h5ce x is cle> t 9 ?is matt] =titude has ! pr9cipal place1 & t x lays claim to t :i* is pr9cipal 9 ?is matt]4 ,:]e=e pati5ce is annex$ to =titude z second>y to pr9cipal virtue1 = :i* reason ,prosp] calls pati5ce brave 7,s5t4 #haa74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x belongs to =titude to endure1 n any?+ inde$1 b t :i* is mo/ difficult to endure1 namely dang]s ( dea?3 :]eas x may p]ta9 to pati5ce to endure any k9d ( evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! act ( =titude consi/s n only 9 hold+ fa/ to good aga9/ ! fe> ( future dang]s1 b also 9 n fail+ ?r\gh sorr[ or pa9 occasion$ by ?+s pres5t2 & x is 9 ! latt] respect t pati5ce is ak9 to =titude4 ,yet =titude is *iefly ab\t fe>1 :i* ( itself evokes flight :i* =titude avoids2 :ile pati5ce is *iefly ab\t sorr[1 = a man is said to be pati5t1 n because he does n fly1 b because he behaves 9 a praisewor?y mann] by suff]+ 7pati5do7 ?+s :i* hurt him "h & n[1 9 su* a way z n to be inord9ately sadd5$ by !m4 ,h5ce =titude is prop]ly 9 ! irascible1 :ile pati5ce is 9 ! concupiscible faculty4 ,nor does ?is h9d] pati5ce f be+ a "p ( =titude1 because ! annex+ ( virtue to virtue does n reg>d ! subject1 b ! matt] or ! =m4 ,nev]!less pati5ce is n to be reckon$ a "p ( temp]ance1 al?\gh bo? are 9 ! concupiscible1 because temp]ance is only ab\t ^? sorr[s t are oppos$ to pleasures ( t\*1 su* z arise ?r\gh ab/95ce f pleasures ( food & sex3 :]eas pati5ce is *iefly ab\t sorr[s inflict$ by o!r p]sons4 ,moreov] x belongs to temp]ance to control ^! sorr[s besides _! contr>y pleasures3 :]eas x belongs to pati5ce t a man =sake n ! good ( virtue on acc\nt ( su* l sorr[s1 h[ev] great !y be4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x may be grant$ t pati5ce 9 a c]ta9 respect is an integral "p ( ju/ice1 if we consid] ! fact t a man may pati5tly endure evils p]ta9+ to dang]s ( dea?2 & x is f ?is po9t ( view t ! objection argues4 ,nor is x inconsi/5t ) pati5ce t a man %\ld1 :5 necess>y1 rise up aga9/ ! man :o inflicts evils on him2 = ,*ryso/om 99,homily v4 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om says on ,matt4 #d3aj1 ,begone ,satan1 t x is praisewor?y to be pati5t "u our own wrongs1 b to endure ,god's wrongs pati5tly is mo/ wick$3 & ,augu/9e says 9 a lett] to ,m>cell9us 7,ep4 cxxxviii7 t ! precepts ( pati5ce are n oppos$ to ! good ( ! commonweal?1 s9ce 9 ord] to ensure t good we fight aga9/ our enemies4 ,b 9 s f> z pati5ce reg>ds all k9ds ( evils1 x is annex$ to =titude z second>y to pr9cipal virtue4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acf1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,pati5ce ,is ! ,same ,z ,longanimity899 99,longsuff]+4 ,x is necess>y to pres]ve ! ,lat9 ^w1 on acc\nt ( ! comp>ison ) magnanimity4 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t pati5ce is ! same z longanimity4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,pati5tia i7 t we speak ( pati5ce 9 ,god1 n z ?\gh any evil made ,him suff]1 b because ,he awaits ! wick$1 t !y may be conv]t$4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #e3d73 ,! ,mo/ ,high is a pati5t rew>d]4 ,!re=e x seems t pati5ce is ! same z longanimity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ is n contr>y to two ?+s4 ,b impati5ce is contr>y to longanimity1 :]eby "o awaits a delay3 = "o is said to be impati5t ( delay1 z ( o!r evils4 ,!re=e x seems t pati5ce is ! same z longanimity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z "t is a circum/ance ( wrongs endur$1 s is place4 ,b no virtue is di/9ct f pati5ce on ! score ( place4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] longanimity :i* takes c\nt ( "t1 9 s f> z a p]son waits = a long "t1 is n di/9ct f pati5ce4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! contr>y1 a gloss 99,orig51 ,comm5t4 9 ,ep4 ad ,rom4 ii on ,rom4 #b3d1 ,or despise/ ?\ ! ri*es ( ,8 goodness1 & pati5ce1 & longsuff]+8 says3 ,x seems t longanimity diff]s f pati5ce1 because ^? :o (f5d f weakness r ?an ( set purpose are said to be borne ) longanimity3 :ile ^? :o take a delib]ate delight 9 _! crimes are said to be borne pati5tly4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z by magnanimity a man has a m9d to t5d to great ?+s1 s by longanimity a man has a m9d to t5d to some?+ a long way (f4 ,:]e=e z magnanimity reg>ds hope1 :i* t5ds to good1 r ?an d>+1 fe>1 or sorr[1 :i* h evil z _! object1 s also does longanimity4 ,h5ce longanimity has m 9 common ) magnanimity ?an ) pati5ce4 ,nev]!less x may h some?+ 9 common ) pati5ce1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because pati5ce1 l =titude1 endures c]ta9 evils = ! sake ( good1 & if ?is good is await$ %ortly1 endurance is easi]3 :]eas if x be delay$ a long "t1 x is m difficult4 ,secondly1 because ! v delay ( ! good we hope =1 is ( a nature to cause sorr[1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ac3ab1 ,hope t is def]r$ afflicte? ! s\l4 ,h5ce !re may be pati5ce 9 be>+ ?is trial1 z 9 endur+ any o!r sorr[s4 ,accord+ly longanimity & con/ancy are bo? compris$ "u pati5ce1 9 s f> z bo? ! delay ( ! hop$ = good 7:i* reg>ds longanimity7 & ! toil :i* man endures 9 p]si/5tly accompli%+ a good "w 7:i* reg>ds con/ancy7 may be consid]$ "u ! "o aspect ( griev\s evil4 ,= ?is reason ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 9 def9+ pati5ce1 says t pati5ce is ! volunt>y & prolong$ endurance ( ardu\s & difficult ?+s = ! sake ( virtue or pr(it4 ,by say+ ardu\s he ref]s to con/ancy 9 good2 :5 he says difficult he ref]s to ! griev\sness ( evil1 :i* is ! prop] object ( pati5ce2 & by add+ cont9u$ or long la/+1 he ref]s to longanimity1 9 s f> z x has some?+ 9 common ) pati5ce4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,fir/ & ,second ,objections4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* is a long way (f z to place1 ?\gh di/ant f u1 is n simply di/ant f ?+s 9 nature1 z t :i* is a long way (f 9 po9t ( "t3 h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,moreov]1 :at is remote z to place (f]s no difficulty save 9 ! po9t ( "t1 s9ce :at is plac$ a long way f u is a long "t com+ to u4 ,we grant ! f\r? argum5t4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! reason = ! diff]5ce assign$ by ?is gloss is t x is h>d to be> ) ^? :o s9 ?r\gh weakness1 m]ely because !y p]si/ a long "t 9 evil1 :]e=e x is said t !y are borne ) longanimity3 :]eas ! v fact ( s9n+ ?r\gh pride seems to be un5durable2 = :i* reason ^? :o s9 ?r\gh pride are /at$ to be borne ) pati5ce4 ,,"q #acg ,,( ,,p]sev]ance 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] p]sev]ance & ! vices oppos$ to x4 ,"u ! head ( p]sev]ance !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r p]sev]ance is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a "p ( =titude8 7#c7 ,( its relation to con/ancy2 7#d7 ,:e!r x ne$s ! help ( grace8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,p]sev]ance ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t p]sev]ance is n a virtue4 ,=1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g71 cont95cy is great] ?an p]sev]ance4 ,b cont95cy is n a virtue1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #i4 ,!re=e p]sev]ance is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 by virtue man lives aright1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ai74 ,n[ accord+ to ! same au?ority 7,de ,p]sev]4 i71 no "o c be said to h p]sev]ance :ile liv+1 unless he p]sev]e until dea?4 ,!re=e p]sev]ance is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is requisite ( e virtue t "o %\ld p]si/ un*angeably 9 ! "w ( t virtue1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #d4 ,b ?is is :at we und]/& by p]sev]ance3 = ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t p]sev]ance is ! fix$ & cont9u$ p]si/5ce 9 a well-consid]$ purpose4 ,!re=e p]sev]ance is n a special virtue1 b a condition ( e virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,&ronicus 99,*rysippus3 9 ,de ,affect4 says t p]sev]ance is a habit reg>d+ ?+s to :i* we ought to /&1 & ^? to :i* we ought n to /&1 z well z ^? t are indiff]5t4 ,n[ a habit t directs u to d some?+ well1 or to omit some?+1 is a virtue4 ,!re=e p]sev]ance is a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c71 virtue is ab\t ! difficult & ! good2 & s :]e !re is a special k9d ( difficulty or goodness1 !re is a special virtue4 ,n[ a virtu\s de$ may involve goodness or difficulty on two c\nts4 ,fir/1 f ! act's v species1 :i* is consid]$ 9 respect ( ! prop] object ( t act3 secondly1 f ! l5g? ( "t1 s9ce to p]si/ long 9 some?+ difficult involves a special difficulty4 ,h5ce to p]si/ long 9 some?+ good until x is accompli%$ belongs to a special virtue4 ,accord+ly j z temp]ance & =titude are special virtues1 = ! reason t ! "o mod]ates pleasures ( t\* 7:i* is ( itself a difficult ?+71 :ile ! o!r mod]ates fe> & d>+ 9 connection ) dang]s ( dea? 7:i* also is some?+ difficult 9 itself71 s p]sev]ance is a special virtue1 s9ce x consi/s 9 endur+ delays 9 ! above or o!r virtu\s de$s1 s f> z necessity requires4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] is tak+ p]sev]ance !re1 z x is f\nd 9 "o :o be>s ^? ?+s :i* are mo/ difficult to endure long4 ,n[ x is difficult to endure1 n good1 b evil4 ,& evils t involve dang] ( dea?1 = ! mo/ "p are n endur$ = a long "t1 because (t5 !y soon pass away3 :]e=e x is n on ?is acc\nt t p]sev]ance has its *ief title to praise4 ,among o!r evils =emo/ are ^? :i* are oppos$ to pleasures ( t\*1 because evils ( ?is k9d affect ! necess>ies ( life3 su* are ! lack ( food & ! l1 :i* at times call = long endurance4 ,n[ x is n difficult to endure ^! ?+s = a long "t = "o :o grieves n mu* at !m1 nor delights mu* 9 ! contr>y goods2 z 9 ! case ( ! temp]ate man1 9 :om ^! passions are n viol5t4 ,b !y are mo/ difficult to be> = "o :o is /rongly affect$ by su* ?+s1 ?r\gh lack+ ! p]fect virtue t mod]ates ^! passions4 ,:]e=e if p]sev]ance be tak5 9 ?is s5se x is n a p]fect virtue1 b some?+ imp]fect 9 ! g5us ( virtue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we take p]sev]ance z d5ot+ long p]si/5ce 9 any k9d ( difficult good1 x is consi/5t 9 "o :o has ev5 p]fect virtue3 = ev5 if x is less difficult = him to p]si/1 yet he p]si/s 9 ! m p]fect good4 ,:]e=e su* l p]sev]ance may be a virtue1 because virtue d]ives p]fection f ! aspect ( good r ?an f ! aspect ( difficulty4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sometimes a virtue & its act g by ! same "n3 ?us ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 9 ,joan4 lxxix73 ,fai? is to believe )\t see+4 ,yet x is possible to h a habit ( virtue )\t p]=m+ ! act3 ?us a poor man has ! habit ( magnific5ce )\t ex]cis+ ! act4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a p]son :o has ! habit1 beg9s to p]=m ! act1 yet does n accompli% x1 = in/ance a build] beg9s to build a h\se1 b does n complete x4 ,accord+ly we mu/ reply t ! t]m p]sev]ance is sometimes us$ to d5ote ! habit :]eby "o *ooses to p]sev]e1 sometimes = ! act ( p]sev]+3 & sometimes "o :o has ! habit ( p]sev]ance *ooses to p]sev]e & beg9s to c>ry out 8 *oice by p]si/+ = a "t1 yet completes n ! act1 ?r\gh n p]si/+ to ! end4 ,n[ ! end is tw(old3 "o is ! end ( ! "w1 ! o!r is ! end ( human life4 ,prop]ly speak+ x belongs to p]sev]ance to p]sev]e to ! end ( ! virtu\s "w1 = in/ance t a soldi] p]sev]e to ! end ( ! fight1 & ! magnific5t man until 8 "w be accompli%$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s virtues ^: acts mu/ endure ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( life1 su* z fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 s9ce !y reg>d ! la/ end ( ! entire life ( man4 ,:]e=e z reg>ds ^! :i* are ! pr9cipal virtues1 ! act ( p]sev]ance is n accompli%$ until ! end ( life4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,augu/9e speaks ( p]sev]ance z d5ot+ ! consummate act ( p]sev]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,un*angeable p]si/5ce may belong to a virtue 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! int5d$ end t is prop] to t virtue2 & ?us to p]si/ 9 good = a long "t until ! end1 belongs to a special virtue call$ p]sev]ance1 :i* int5ds ?is z its special end4 ,secondly1 by reason ( ! relation ( ! habit to its subject3 & ?us un*angeable p]si/5ce is consequ5t ^u e virtue1 inasmu* z virtue is a quality difficult to *ange4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,p]sev]ance ,is a ,"p ( ,=titude8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t p]sev]ance is n a "p ( =titude4 ,=1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 viii1 #g71 p]sev]ance is ab\t pa9s ( t\*4 ,b ^! belong to temp]ance4 ,!re=e p]sev]ance is a "p ( temp]ance r ?an ( =titude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e "p ( a moral virtue is ab\t c]ta9 passions :i* t virtue mod]ates4 ,n[ p]sev]ance does n imply mod]ation ( ! passions3 s9ce ! m viol5t ! passions1 ! m praisewor?y is x to p]sev]e 9 accordance ) reason4 ,!re=e x seems t p]sev]ance is a "p n ( a moral virtue1 b r ( prud5ce :i* p]fects ! reason4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]sev4 i7 t no "o c lose p]sev]ance2 :]eas "o c lose ! o!r virtues4 ,!re=e p]sev]ance is great] ?an all ! o!r virtues4 ,n[ a pr9cipal virtue is great] ?an its "p4 ,!re=e p]sev]ance is n a "p ( a virtue1 b is itself a pr9cipal virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 reckons p]sev]ance z a "p ( =titude4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 a pr9cipal virtue is "o to :i* is pr9cipally ascrib$ some?+ t lays claim to ! praise ( virtue1 inasmu* z x practices x 9 connection ) its own matt]1 :]e9 x is mo/ difficult ( accompli%m5t4 ,9 accordance ) ?is x has be5 /at$ 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #b7 t =titude is a pr9cipal virtue1 because x obs]ves firmness 9 matt]s :]e9 x is mo/ difficult to /& firm1 namely 9 dang]s ( dea?4 ,:]e=e x foll[s ( necessity t e virtue :i* has a title to praise = ! firm endurance ( some?+ difficult mu/ be annex$ to =titude z second>y to pr9cipal virtue4 ,n[ ! endurance ( difficulty aris+ f delay 9 accompli%+ a good "w gives p]sev]ance its claim to praise3 nor is ?is s difficult z to endure dang]s ( dea?4 ,!re=e p]sev]ance is annex$ to =titude1 z second>y to pr9cipal virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! annex+ ( second>y to pr9cipal virtues dep5ds n only on ! matt] 99,cf4 ,q4 #acf1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b1 b also on ! mode1 because 9 ev]y?+ =m is ( m acc\nt ?an matt]4 ,:]e=e al?\gh1 z to matt]1 p]sev]ance seems to h m 9 common ) temp]ance ?an ) =titude1 yet1 9 mode1 x has m 9 common ) =titude1 9 ! po9t ( /&+ firm aga9/ ! difficulty aris+ f l5g? ( "t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! p]sev]ance ( :i* ! ,philosoph] speaks 7,e?ic4 vii1 #d1 #g7 does n mod]ate any passions1 b consi/s m]ely 9 a c]ta9 firmness ( reason & w4 ,b p]sev]ance1 consid]$ z a virtue1 mod]ates c]ta9 passions1 namely fe> ( we>9ess or failure on acc\nt ( ! delay4 ,h5ce ?is virtue1 l =titude1 is 9 ! irascible4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,augu/9e speaks !re ( p]sev]ance1 z d5ot+1 n a virtu\s habit1 b a virtu\s act su/a9$ to ! end1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bd3ac1 ,he t %all p]sev]e to ! end1 he %all be sav$4 ,h5ce x is incompatible ) su* l p]sev]ance = x to be lo/1 s9ce x w\ld no long] endure to ! end4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acg4 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,con/ancy ,p]ta9s to ,p]sev]ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t con/ancy does n p]ta9 to p]sev]ance4 ,= con/ancy p]ta9s to pati5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #acg1 ,a4 #e73 & pati5ce diff]s f p]sev]ance4 ,!re=e con/ancy does n p]ta9 to p]sev]ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue is ab\t ! difficult & ! good4 ,n[ x does n seem difficult to be con/ant 9 little works1 b only 9 great de$s1 :i* p]ta9 to magnific5ce4 ,!re=e con/ancy p]ta9s to magnific5ce r ?an to p]sev]ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if con/ancy p]ta9$ to p]sev]ance1 x w\ld seem n[ise to diff] f x1 s9ce bo? d5ote a k9d ( un*angeabl5ess4 ,yet !y diff]3 = ,macrobius 7,9 ,somn4 ,scip4 i7 condivides con/ancy ) firmness by :i* he indicates p]sev]ance1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abh1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e con/ancy does n p]ta9 to p]sev]ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,"o is said to be con/ant because "o /&s to a ?+4 ,n[ x belongs to p]sev]ance to /& to c]ta9 ?+s1 z appe>s f ! def9ition giv5 by ,&ronicus4 ,!re=e con/ancy belongs to p]sev]ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,p]sev]ance & con/ancy agree z to end1 s9ce x belongs to bo? to p]si/ firmly 9 "s good3 b !y diff] z to ^? ?+s :i* make x difficult to p]si/ 9 good4 ,because ! virtue ( p]sev]ance prop]ly makes man p]si/ firmly 9 good1 aga9/ ! difficulty t arises f ! v cont9uance ( ! act3 :]eas con/ancy makes him p]si/ firmly 9 good aga9/ difficulties aris+ f any o!r ext]nal h9drances4 ,h5ce p]sev]ance takes prec$5ce ( con/ancy z a "p ( =titude1 because ! difficulty aris+ f cont9uance ( action is m intr9sic to ! act ( virtue ?an t :i* arises f ext]nal ob/acles4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ext]nal ob/acles to p]si/5ce 9 good are especially ^? :i* cause sorr[4 ,n[ pati5ce is ab\t sorr[1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #acf1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce con/ancy agrees ) p]sev]ance z to end3 :ile x agrees ) pati5ce z to ^? ?+s :i* occasion difficulty4 ,n[ ! end is ( mo/ acc\nt3 :]e=e con/ancy p]ta9s to p]sev]ance r ?an to pati5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is m difficult to p]si/ 9 great de$s3 yet 9 little or ord9>y de$s1 x is difficult to p]si/ = any l5g? ( "t1 if n on acc\nt ( ! greatness ( ! de$ :i* magnific5ce consid]s1 yet f its v cont9uance :i* p]sev]ance reg>ds4 ,h5ce con/ancy may p]ta9 to bo?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,con/ancy p]ta9s to p]sev]ance 9 s f> z x has some?+ 9 common ) x3 b x is n ! same ?+ 9 ! po9t ( _! diff]5ce1 z /at$ 9 ! ,article4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #acg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,p]sev]ance ,ne$s ! ,help ( ,grace8 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #aj ,objection #a3 ,x seems t p]sev]ance does n ne$ ! help ( grace4 ,= p]sev]ance is a virtue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ accord+ to ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 virtue acts aft] ! mann] ( nature4 ,!re=e ! sole incl9ation ( virtue suffices = p]sev]ance4 ,!re=e ?is does n ne$ ! help ( grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! gift ( ,*ri/'s grace is great] ?an ! h>m br\ght ^u u by ,adam1 z appe>s f ,rom4 #e3ae1 seqq4 ,n[ be=e s9 man 0 s fram$ t he c\ld p]sev]e by means ( :at he _h receiv$1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,correp4 et ,grat4 xi74 ,mu* m !re=e c man1 aft] be+ repair$ by ! grace ( ,*ri/1 p]sev]e )\t ! help ( a fur!r grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9ful de$s are sometimes m difficult ?an de$s ( virtue3 h5ce x is said 9 ! p]son ( ! wick$ 7,wis4 #e3g73 ,we 4 4 4 h walk$ ?r\gh h>d ways4 ,n[ "s p]sev]e 9 s9ful de$s )\t ! help ( ano!r4 ,!re=e man c also p]sev]e 9 de$s ( virtue )\t ! help ( grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]sev4 i73 ,we hold t p]sev]ance is a gift ( ,god1 :]eby we p]sev]e unto ! end1 9 ,*ri/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b2 ,a4 #b1 ad #c71 p]sev]ance has a tw(old signification4 ,fir/1 x d5otes ! habit ( p]sev]ance1 consid]$ z a virtue4 ,9 ?is way x ne$s ! gift ( habitual grace1 ev5 z ! o!r infus$ virtues4 ,secondly1 x may be tak5 to d5ote ! act ( p]sev]ance endur+ until dea?3 & 9 ?is s5se x ne$s n only habitual grace1 b also ! gratuit\s help ( ,god su/a9+ man 9 good until ! end ( life1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #aj71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( grace4 ,because1 s9ce ! free-w is *angeable by its v nature1 :i* *angeabl5ess is n tak5 away f x by ! habitual grace be/[$ 9 ! pres5t life1 x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! free-w1 albeit repair$ by grace1 to abide un*angeably 9 good1 ?\gh x is 9 its p[] to *oose ?is3 = x is (t5 9 our p[] to *oose yet n to accompli%4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! virtue ( p]sev]ance1 s f> z x is conc]n$1 incl9es "o to p]sev]e3 yet s9ce x is a habit1 & a habit is a ?+ "o uses at w1 x does n foll[ t a p]son :o has ! habit ( virtue uses x un*angeably until dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,correp4 et ,grat4 xi71 x 0 giv5 to ! fir/ man1 n to p]sev]e1 b to be able to p]sev]e ( 8 free-w3 because !n no corruption 0 9 human nature to make p]sev]ance difficult4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 by ! grace ( ,*ri/1 ! pr$e/9$ receive n only ! possibility ( p]sev]+1 b p]sev]ance itself4 ,:]e=e ! fir/ man :om no man ?reat5$1 ( 8 own free-w rebell+ aga9/ a ?reat5+ ,god1 =feit$ s great a happ9ess & s great a facility ( avoid+ s93 :]eas ^!1 al?\gh ! _w rage aga9/ _! con/ancy1 h p]sev]$ 9 fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man is able by himself to fall into s91 b he _c by himself arise f s9 )\t ! help ( grace4 ,h5ce by fall+ into s91 s f> z he is conc]n$ man makes himself to be p]sev]+ 9 s91 unless he be deliv]$ by ,god's grace4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by do+ good he does n make himself to be p]sev]+ 9 good1 because he is able1 by himself1 to s93 :]e=e he ne$s ! help ( grace = t end4 ,,"q #ach ,,( ,,! ,,vices ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,p]sev]ance 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to p]sev]ance2 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,( effem9acy2 7#b7 ,( p]t9acity4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ach1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,effem9acy99 ,is ,oppos$ to ,p]sev]ance8 99 ,mollities1 lit]ally s(tness ,objection #a3 ,x seems t effem9acy is n oppos$ to p]sev]ance4 ,= a gloss on #a ,cor4 #f3i1 #aj1 ,nor adult]]s1 nor ! effem9ate1 nor li]s ) mank9d1 exp\nds ! text ?us3 ,effem9ate--i4e4 obsc5e1 giv5 to unnatural vice4 ,b ?is is oppos$ to *a/ity4 ,!re=e effem9acy is n a vice oppos$ to p]sev]ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g7 t delicacy is a k9d ( effem9acy4 ,b to be delicate seems ak9 to intemp]ance4 ,!re=e effem9acy is n oppos$ to p]sev]ance b to temp]ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g7 t ! man :o is fond ( amusem5t is effem9ate4 ,n[ immod]ate fondness ( amusem5t is oppos$ to eutrapelia1 :i* is ! virtue ab\t pleasures ( play1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #h4 ,!re=e effem9acy is n oppos$ to p]sev]ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g7 t ! p]sev]+ man is oppos$ to ! effem9ate4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #acg1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b71 p]sev]ance is des]v+ ( praise because !reby a man does n =sake a good on acc\nt ( long endurance ( difficulties & toils3 & x is directly oppos$ to ?is1 seem+ly1 = a man to be ready to =sake a good on acc\nt ( difficulties :i* he _c endure4 ,?is is :at we und]/& by effem9acy1 because a ?+ is said to be s(t if x readily yields to ! t\*4 ,n[ a ?+ is n decl>$ to be s(t ?r\gh yield+ to a heavy bl[1 = walls yield to ! batt]+-ram4 ,:]e=e a man is n said to be effem9ate if he yields to heavy bl[s4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g7 t x is no wond]1 if a p]son is ov]come by /rong & ov]:elm+ pleasures or sorr[s2 b he is to be p>don$ if he /ruggles aga9/ !m4 ,n[ x is evid5t t fe> ( dang] is m impell+ ?an ! desire ( pleasure3 :]e=e ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i7 "u ! head+ ,true magnanimity consi/s ( two ?+s3 ,x is inconsi/5t = "o :o is n ca/ d[n by fe>1 to be defeat$ by lu/1 or :o has prov$ himself unbeat5 by toil1 to yield to pleasure4 ,moreov]1 pleasure itself is a /rong] motive ( attraction ?an sorr[1 = ! lack ( pleasure is a motive ( )drawal1 s9ce lack ( pleasure is a pure privation4 ,:]e=e1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g71 prop]ly speak+ an effem9ate man is "o :o )draws f good on acc\nt ( sorr[ caus$ by lack ( pleasure1 yield+ z x 7 to a weak motion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is effem9acy is caus$ 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 by cu/om3 = :]e a man is accu/om$ to enjoy pleasures1 x is m difficult = him to endure ! lack ( !m4 ,9 ano!r way1 by natural disposition1 because1 to wit1 8 m9d is less p]sev]+ ?r\gh ! frailty ( 8 temp]am5t4 ,?is is h[ wom5 are comp>$ to m51 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g73 :]e=e ^? :o are passively sodomitical are said to be effem9ate1 be+ womani% !mselves1 z x 74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,toil is oppos$ to bodily pleasure3 :]e=e x is only toilsome ?+s t are a h9drance to pleasures4 ,n[ ! delicate are ^? :o _c endure toils1 nor any?+ t dim9i%es pleasure4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,deut4 #bh3ef73 ,! t5d] & delicate woman1 t c\ld n g ^u ! gr\nd1 nor set d[n h] foot = 4 4 4 s(tness ,d\ay3 'nic5ess'4 ,?us delicacy is a k9d ( effem9acy4 ,b prop]ly speak+ effem9acy reg>ds lack ( pleasures1 :ile delicacy reg>ds ! cause t h9d]s pleasure1 = in/ance toil or ! l4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 play two ?+s may be consid]$4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ! pleasure1 & ?us inord9ate fondness ( play is oppos$ to eutrapelia4 ,secondly1 we may consid] ! relaxation or re/ :i* is oppos$ to toil4 ,accord+ly j z x belongs to effem9acy to be unable to endure toilsome ?+s1 s too x belongs !reto to desire play or any o!r relaxation inord9ately4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ach1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,p]t9acity ,is ,oppos$ to ,p]sev]ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t p]t9acity is n oppos$ to p]sev]ance4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxi7 t p]t9acity arises f va+lory4 ,b va+lory is n oppos$ to p]sev]ance b to magnanimity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #acb1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e p]t9acity is n oppos$ to p]sev]ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if x is oppos$ to p]sev]ance1 ?is is s ei!r by excess or by defici5cy4 ,n[ x is n oppos$ by excess3 because ! p]t9aci\s also yield to c]ta9 pleasure & sorr[1 s9ce accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #i7 !y rejoice :5 !y prevail1 & grieve :5 _! op9ions are reject$4 ,& if x be oppos$ by defici5cy1 x w be ! same z effem9acy1 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,!re=e p]t9acity is n[ise oppos$ to p]sev]ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z ! p]sev]+ man p]si/s 9 good aga9/ sorr[1 s too d ! cont95t & ! temp]ate aga9/ pleasures1 ! brave aga9/ fe>1 & ! meek aga9/ ang]4 ,b p]t9acity is ov]-p]si/5ce 9 some?+4 ,!re=e p]t9acity is n oppos$ to p]sev]ance m ?an to o!r virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii7 t p]t9acity is to p]sev]ance z sup]/ition is to religion4 ,b sup]/ition is oppos$ to religion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ib1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e p]t9acity is oppos$ to p]sev]ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 a p]son is said to be p]t9aci\s :o holds on impud5tly1 z be+ utt]ly t5aci\s4 ,p]vicaci\s has ! same mean+1 = x signifies t a man p]sev]es 9 8 purpose until he is victori\s3 = ! anci5ts call$ 'vicia' :at we call victory4 ,^! ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #i7 calls is*yrognomones1 t is head-/rong1 or idiognomones1 t is self-op9ionat$1 because !y abide by _! op9ions m ?an !y %\ld2 :]eas ! effem9ate man does s less ?an he ought1 & ! p]sev]+ man1 z he ought4 ,h5ce x is cle> t p]sev]ance is comm5d$ = obs]v+ ! mean1 :ile p]t9acity is reprov$ = exce$+ ! mean1 & effem9acy = fall+ %ort ( x4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! reason :y a man is too p]si/5t 9 8 own op9ion1 is t he wi%es by ?is means to make a %[ ( 8 own excell5ce3 :]e=e ?is is ! result ( va+lory z its cause4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #abg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a2 ,q4 #acc1 ,a4 #b71 t opposition ( vices to virtues dep5ds1 n on _! cause1 b on _! species4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! p]t9aci\s man exce$s by p]si/+ inord9ately 9 some?+ aga9/ _m difficulties3 yet he takes a c]ta9 pleasure 9 ! end1 j z ! brave & ! p]sev]+ man4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is pleasure is s9ful1 see+ t he desires x too mu*1 & %uns ! contr>y pa91 he is l ! incont95t or effem9ate man4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! o!r virtues p]si/ aga9/ ! onslaught ( ! passions1 !y are n comm5d$ = p]si/+ 9 ! same way z p]sev]ance is4 ,z to cont95ce1 its claim to praise seems to lie r 9 ov]com+ pleasures4 ,h5ce p]t9acity is directly oppos$ to p]sev]ance4 ,,"q #aci ,,( ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,=titude 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! gift correspond+ to =titude1 & ?is is ! gift ( =titude4 ,"u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r =titude is a gift8 7#b7 ,:i* among ! beatitudes & fruits correspond to x8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aci1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,=titude ,is a ,gift8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t =titude is n a gift4 ,= ! virtues diff] f ! gifts3 & =titude is a virtue4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be reckon$ a gift4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! acts ( ! gifts rema9 9 heav51 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #f74 ,b ! act ( =titude does n rema9 9 heav53 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 i7 t =titude enc\rages ! fa9!>t$ aga9/ h>d%ips1 :i* w be altoge!r abs5t f heav54 ,!re=e =titude is n a gift4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii7 t x is a sign ( =titude to cut oneself adrift f all ! deadly pleasures ( ! pass+ %[4 ,n[ noisome pleasures & delights are ! conc]n ( temp]ance r ?an ( =titude4 ,!re=e x seems t =titude is n ! gift correspond+ to ! virtue ( =titude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,=titude is reckon$ among ! o!r gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,isa4 #aa3b74 ,i answ] t1 ,=titude d5otes a c]ta9 firmness ( m9d1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #c73 & ?is firmness ( m9d is requir$ bo? 9 do+ good & 9 endur+ evil1 especially ) reg>d to goods or evils t are difficult4 ,n[ man1 accord+ to 8 prop] & connatural mode1 is able to h ?is firmness 9 bo? ^! respects1 s z n to =sake ! good on acc\nt ( difficulties1 :e!r 9 accompli%+ an ardu\s "w1 or 9 endur+ griev\s evil4 ,9 ?is s5se =titude d5otes a special or g5]al virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #b74 ,yet fur!rmore man's m9d is mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 9 ord] t he may atta9 ! end ( ea* "w begun1 & avoid :atev] p]ils may ?reat54 ,?is surpasses human nature3 = sometimes x is n 9 a man's p[] to atta9 ! end ( 8 "w1 or to avoid evils or dang]s1 s9ce ^! may happ5 to ov]:elm him 9 dea?4 ,b ! ,holy ,gho/ works ?is 9 man1 by br++ him to ev]la/+ life1 :i* is ! end ( all good de$s1 & ! release f all p]ils4 ,a c]ta9 confid5ce ( ?is is infus$ into ! m9d by ! ,holy ,gho/ ,:o expels any fe> ( ! contr>y4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t =titude is reckon$ a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= x has be5 /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b7 t ! gifts reg>d ! motion ( ! m9d by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,=titude1 z a virtue1 p]fects ! m9d 9 ! endurance ( all p]ils :atev]2 b x does n g s f> z to give confid5ce ( ov]com+ all dang]s3 ?is belongs to ! =titude t is a gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! gifts h n ! same acts 9 heav5 z on ! way3 = !y ex]cise acts 9 connection ) ! enjoym5t ( ! end4 ,h5ce ! act ( =titude !re is to enjoy full security f toil & evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! gift ( =titude reg>ds ! virtue ( =titude n only because x consi/s 9 endur+ dang]s1 b also inasmu* z x consi/s 9 accompli%+ any difficult "w4 ,:]e=e ! gift ( =titude is direct$ by ! gift ( c\nsel1 :i* seems to be conc]n$ *iefly ) ! great] goods4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aci1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,f\r? ,beatitude3 ,bless$ ,are ,!y ,t ,hung] & ,?ir/ ,aft] ,ju/ice1 ,corresponds to ! ,gift ( ,=titude8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! f\r? beatitude1 ,bless$ are !y t hung] & ?ir/ aft] ju/ice1 does n correspond to ! gift ( =titude4 ,= ! gift ( piety & n ! gift ( =titude corresponds to ! virtue ( ju/ice4 ,n[ hung]+ & ?ir/+ aft] ju/ice p]ta9 to ! act ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e ?is beatitude corresponds to ! gift ( piety r ?an to ! gift ( =titude4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 hung] & ?ir/ aft] ju/ice imply a desire = good4 ,n[ ?is belongs prop]ly to *>ity1 to :i* ! gift ( wisdom1 & n ! gift ( =titude1 corresponds1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #de74 ,!re=e ?is beatitude corresponds1 n to ! gift ( =titude1 b to ! gift ( wisdom4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! fruits are consequ5t ^u ! beatitudes1 s9ce delight is ess5tial to beatitude1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 i1 #h4 ,n[ ! fruits1 app>5tly1 include none p]ta9+ to =titude4 ,!re=e nei!r does any beatitude correspond to x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i73 ,=titude becomes ! hungry & ?ir/y3 s9ce ^? :o desire to enjoy true goods1 & wi% to avoid lov+ e>?ly & mat]ial ?+s1 mu/ toil4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aba1 ,a4 #b71 ,augu/9e makes ! beatitudes correspond to ! gifts accord+ to ! ord] 9 :i* !y are set =?1 obs]v+ at ! same "t a c]ta9 fitt+ness betwe5 !m4 ,:]e=e he ascribes ! f\r? beatitude1 conc]n+ ! hung] & ?ir/ = ju/ice1 to ! f\r? gift1 namely =titude4 ,yet !re is a c]ta9 congruity betwe5 !m1 because1 z /at$ 7,a4 #a71 =titude is ab\t difficult ?+s4 ,n[ x is v difficult1 n m]ely to d virtu\s de$s1 :i* receive ! common designation ( works ( ju/ice1 b fur!rmore to d !m ) an unsatiable desire1 :i* may be signifi$ by hung] & ?ir/ = ju/ice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xv 9 ,mat?471 we may und]/& "h n only p>ticul>1 b also univ]sal ju/ice1 :i* is relat$ to all virtu\s de$s accord+ to ,e?ic4 v1 #a1 :]e9 :atev] is h>d is ! object ( t =titude :i* is a gift4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,*>ity is ! root ( all ! virtues & gifts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #h1 ad #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c74 ,h5ce :atev] p]ta9s to =titude may also be ref]r$ to *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re are two ( ! fruits :i* correspond suffici5tly to ! gift ( =titude3 namely1 pati5ce1 :i* reg>ds ! endur+ ( evils3 & longanimity1 :i* may reg>d ! long delay & accompli%m5t ( goods4 ,,"q #adj ,,( ,,! ,,precepts ,,( ,,=titude 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! precepts ( =titude3 7#a7 ,! precepts ( =titude itself2 7#b7 ,! precepts ( its p>ts4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,precepts ( ,=titude ,are ,suitably ,giv5 9 ! ,div9e ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! precepts ( =titude are n suitably giv5 9 ! ,div9e ,law4 ,= ! ,new ,law is m p]fect ?an ! ,old ,law4 ,yet ! ,old ,law conta9s precepts ( =titude 7,deut4 #bj74 ,!re=e precepts ( =titude %\ld h be5 giv5 9 ! ,new ,law also4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 affirmative precepts are ( great] import ?an negative precepts1 s9ce ! affirmative include ! negative1 b n vice v]sa4 ,!re=e x is unsuitable = ! ,div9e ,law to conta9 none b negative precepts 9 prohibition ( fe>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 =titude is "o ( ! pr9cipal virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ ! precepts are direct$ to ! virtues z to _! end3 :]e=e !y %\ld be proportionate to !m4 ,!re=e ! precepts ( =titude %\ld h be5 plac$ among ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 :i* are ! *ief precepts ( ! ,law4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ,holy ,writ :i* conta9s ^! precepts4 ,i answ] t1 ,precepts ( law are direct$ to ! end int5d$ by ! lawgiv]4 ,:]e=e precepts ( law mu/ ne$s be fram$ 9 v>i\s ways accord+ to ! v>i\s ends int5d$ by lawgiv]s1 s t ev5 9 human affairs !re are laws ( democracies1 o!rs ( k+doms1 & o!rs aga9 ( tyrannical gov]nm5ts4 ,n[ ! end ( ! ,div9e ,law is t man may adh]e to ,god3 :]e=e ! ,div9e ,law conta9s precepts bo? ( =titude & ( ! o!r virtues1 ) a view to direct+ ! m9d to ,god4 ,= ?is reason x is writt5 7,deut4 #bj3c1 #d73 ,fe> ye !m n3 because ! ,"l y\r ,god is 9 ! mid/ ( y1 & w fight = y aga9/ y\r enemies4 ,z to human laws1 !y are direct$ to c]ta9 e>?ly goods1 & among !m we f9d precepts ( =titude accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ^? goods4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,old ,te/am5t conta9$ temporal promises1 :ile ! promises ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are spiritual & et]nal1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,contra ,fau/4 iv74 ,h5ce 9 ! ,old ,law !re 0 ne$ = ! p to be taught h[ to fight1 ev5 9 a bodily conte/1 9 ord] to obta9 an e>?ly possession4 ,b 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t m5 7 to be taught h[ to come to ! possession ( et]nal life by fight+ spiritually1 accord+ to ,matt4 #aa3ab1 ,! k+dom ( heav5 suff]e? viol5ce1 & ! viol5t be> x away4 ,h5ce ,pet] comm&s 7#a ,pet4 #e3h1 #i73 ,y\r adv]s>y ! devil1 z a ro>+ lion1 goe? ab\t1 seek+ :om he may dev\r3 :om resi/ ye1 /rong 9 fai?1 z also ,james #d3g3 ,resi/ ! devil1 & he w fly f y4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 m5 :ile t5d+ to spiritual goods may be )drawn f !m by corporal dang]s1 precepts ( =titude _h to be giv5 ev5 9 ! ,new ,law1 t !y might bravely endure temporal evils1 accord+ to ,matt4 #aj3bh1 ,fe> ye n !m t kill ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! law gives g5]al directions 9 its precepts4 ,b ! ?+s t h to be done 9 cases ( dang] are n1 l ! ?+s to be avoid$1 r$ucible to "s common ?+4 ,h5ce ! precepts ( =titude are negative r ?an affirmative4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abb1 ,a4 #a71 ! precepts ( ! decalogue are plac$ 9 ! ,law1 z fir/ pr9ciples1 :i* ne$ to be kn[n to all f ! outset4 ,:]e=e ! precepts ( ! decalogue _h to be *iefly ab\t ^? acts ( ju/ice 9 :i* ! notion ( duty is manife/1 & n ab\t acts ( =titude1 because x is n s evid5t t x is a duty = a p]son n to fe> dang]s ( dea?4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,precepts ( ! ,p>ts ( ,=titude ,are ,suitably ,giv5 9 ! ,div9e ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! precept ( ! p>ts ( =titude are unsuitably giv5 9 ! ,div9e ,law4 ,= j z pati5ce & p]sev]ance are p>ts ( =titude1 s also are magnific5ce1 magnanimity1 & confid5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abh74 ,n[ we f9d precepts ( pati5ce 9 ! ,div9e ,law1 z also ( p]sev]ance4 ,!re=e !re %\ld also h be5 precepts ( magnific5ce & magnanimity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pati5ce is a v necess>y virtue1 s9ce x is ! gu>dian ( ! o!r virtues1 z ,gregory says 7,hom4 9 ,evang4 xxxv74 ,n[ ! o!r virtues are comm&$ absolutely4 ,!re=e pati5ce %\ld n h be5 comm&$ m]ely1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i71 z to ! prep>$ness ( ! m9d4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 pati5ce & p]sev]ance are p>ts ( =titude1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abh2 ,q4 #acf1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #acg1 ,a4 #b74 ,n[ ! precepts ( =titude are n affirmative b only negative1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,!re=e ! precepts ( pati5ce & p]sev]ance %\ld h be5 negative & n affirmative4 ,! contr>y1 h[ev]1 foll[s f ! way 9 :i* !y are giv5 by ,holy ,writ4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,div9e ,law in/ructs man p]fectly ab\t su* ?+s z are necess>y = "r liv+4 ,n[ 9 ord] to live aright man ne$s n only ! pr9cipal virtues1 b also ! second>y & annex$ virtues4 ,:]e=e ! ,div9e ,law conta9s precepts n only ab\t ! acts ( ! pr9cipal virtues1 b also ab\t ! acts ( ! second>y & annex$ virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,magnific5ce & magnanimity d n belong to ! g5us ( =titude1 except by reason ( a c]ta9 excell5ce ( greatness :i* !y reg>d 9 _! respective matt]s4 ,n[ ?+s p]ta9+ to excell5ce come "u ! c\nsels ( p]fection r ?an "u precepts ( obligation4 ,:]e=e1 !re 0 ne$ ( c\nsels1 r ?an ( precepts ab\t magnific5ce & magnanimity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! h>d%ips & toils ( ! pres5t life p]ta9 to pati5ce & p]sev]ance1 n by reason ( any greatness obs]vable 9 !m1 b on acc\nt ( ! v nature ( ^? virtues4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( precepts ( pati5ce & p]sev]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #c1 ,a4 #b71 al?\gh affirmative precepts are always b9d+1 !y are n b9d+ = always1 b accord+ to place & "t4 ,:]e=e j z ! affirmative precepts ab\t ! o!r virtues are to be und]/ood z to ! prep>$ness ( ! m9d1 9 ! s5se t man be prep>$ to fulfil !m :5 necess>y1 s too are ! precepts ( pati5ce to be und]/ood 9 ! same way4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,=titude1 z di/9ct f pati5ce & p]sev]ance1 is ab\t ! greate/ dang]s :]e9 "o mu/ proce$ ) caution2 nor is x necess>y to det]m9e :at is to be done 9 p>ticul>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 pati5ce & p]sev]ance are ab\t m9or h>d%ips & toils1 :]e=e !re is less dang] 9 det]m9+1 especially 9 g5]al1 :at is to be done 9 su* cases4 ,,"q #ada ,,( ,,temp]ance 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,9 ! next place we mu/ consid] temp]ance3 7#a7 ,temp]ance itself2 7#b7 its p>ts2 7#c7 its precepts4 ,) reg>d to temp]ance we mu/ consid] 7#a7 temp]ance itself2 7#b7 ! contr>y vices4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r temp]ance is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special virtue8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is only ab\t desires & pleasures8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is only ab\t pleasures ( t\*8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is ab\t pleasures ( ta/e1 z su*1 or only z a k9d ( t\*8 7#f7 ,:at is ! rule ( temp]ance8 7#g7 ,:e!r x is a c>d9al1 or pr9cipal1 virtue8 7#h7 ,:e!r x is ! greate/ ( virtues8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ada1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,temp]ance ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t temp]ance is n a virtue4 ,= no virtue goes aga9/ ! incl9ation ( nature1 s9ce !re is 9 u a natural aptitude = virtue1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #a4 ,n[ temp]ance )draws u f pleasures to :i* nature incl9es1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ii1 #c1 #h4 ,!re=e temp]ance is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtues are connect$ ) "o ano!r1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a74 ,b "s p h temp]ance )\t hav+ ! o!r virtues3 = we f9d _m :o are temp]ate1 & yet covet\s or timid4 ,!re=e temp]ance is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to e virtue !re is a correspond+ gift1 z appe>s f :at we h said above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #d74 ,b seem+ly no gift corresponds to temp]ance1 s9ce all ! gifts h be5 already ascrib$ to ! o!r virtues 7,,qq4 #h1 #i1 #ai1 #de1 #eb1 #ga1 #aci74 ,!re=e temp]ance is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,music4 vi1 #ae73 ,temp]ance is ! "n ( a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #c71 x is ess5tial to virtue to incl9e man to good4 ,n[ ! good ( man is to be 9 accordance ) reason1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,h5ce human virtue is t :i* incl9es man to some?+ 9 accordance ) reason4 ,n[ temp]ance evid5tly incl9es man to ?is1 s9ce its v "n implies mod]ation or temp]at5ess1 :i* reason causes4 ,!re=e temp]ance is a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,nature incl9es ev]y?+ to :atev] is becom+ to x4 ,:]e=e man naturally desires pleasures t are becom+ to him4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 man z su* is a rational be+1 x foll[s t ^? pleasures are becom+ to man :i* are 9 accordance ) reason4 ,f su* pleasures temp]ance does n )draw him1 b f ^? :i* are contr>y to reason4 ,:]e=e x is cle> t temp]ance is n contr>y to ! incl9ation ( human nature1 b is 9 accord ) x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 contr>y to ! incl9ation ( ! animal nature t is n subject to reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! temp]ance :i* fulfils ! conditions ( p]fect virtue is n )\t prud5ce1 :ile ?is is lack+ to all :o are 9 s94 ,h5ce ^? :o lack o!r virtues1 ?r\gh be+ subject to ! opposite vices1 h n ! temp]ance :i* is a virtue1 ?\gh !y d acts ( temp]ance f a c]ta9 natural disposition1 9 s f> z c]ta9 imp]fect virtues are ei!r natural to man1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #a71 or acquir$ by habituation1 :i* virtues1 ?r\gh lack ( prud5ce1 are n p]fect$ by reason1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,temp]ance also has a correspond+ gift1 namely1 fe>1 :]eby man is )held f ! pleasures ( ! fle%1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aah3abj3 ,pi]ce ,?\ my fle% ) ,?y fe>4 ,! gift ( fe> has = its pr9cipal object ,god1 ,:om x avoids (f5d+1 & 9 ?is respect x corresponds to ! virtue ( hope1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #i1 ad #a74 ,b x may h = its second>y object :atev] a man %uns 9 ord] to avoid (f5d+ ,god4 ,n[ man /&s 9 ! greate/ ne$ ( ! fe> ( ,god 9 ord] to %un ^? ?+s :i* are mo/ s$uctive1 & ^! are ! matt] ( temp]ance3 :]e=e ! gift ( fe> corresponds to temp]ance also4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ada1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,temp]ance ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t temp]ance is n a special virtue4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 xv7 t x belongs to temp]ance to pres]ve "o's integrity & fre$om f corruption = ,god's sake4 ,b ?is is common to e virtue4 ,!re=e temp]ance is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #db7 t :at we obs]ve & seek mo/ 9 temp]ance is tranquillity ( s\l4 ,b ?is is common to e virtue4 ,!re=e temp]ance is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bg7 t we _c sep>ate ! beautiful f ! virtu\s1 & t :atev] is j is beautiful4 ,n[ ! beautiful is consid]$ z prop] to temp]ance1 accord+ to ! same au?ority 7,tully1 ,de ,(fic4 i1 #bg74 ,!re=e temp]ance is n a special virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g2 iii1 #aj7 reckons x a special virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is cu/om>y 9 human spee* to employ a common t]m 9 a re/rict$ s5se 9 ord] to designate ! pr9cipal ?+s to :i* t common t]m is applicable3 ?us ! ^w city is us$ antonoma/ically99 to designate ,rome4 99,antonomasia is ! figure ( spee* :]eby we sub/itute ! g5]al = ! individual t]m2 e4g4 ,! ,philosoph] = ,ari/otle4 ,accord+ly ! ^w temp]ance has a tw(old acceptation4 ,fir/1 9 accordance ) its common signification3 & ?us temp]ance is n a special b a g5]al virtue1 because ! ^w temp]ance signifies a c]ta9 temp]at5ess or mod]ation1 :i* reason appo9ts to human op]ations & passions3 & ?is is common to e moral virtue4 ,yet !re is a logical diff]5ce betwe5 temp]ance & =titude1 ev5 if we take !m bo? z g5]al virtues3 s9ce temp]ance )draws man f ?+s :i* s$uce ! appetite f obey+ reason1 :ile =titude incites him to endure or )/& ^? ?+s on acc\nt ( :i* he =sakes ! good ( reason4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we take temp]ance antonoma/ically1 z )hold+ ! appetite f ^? ?+s :i* are mo/ s$uctive to man1 x is a special virtue1 = ?us x has1 l =titude1 a special matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man's appetite is corrupt$ *iefly by ^? ?+s :i* s$uce him into =sak+ ! rule ( reason & ,div9e law4 ,:]e=e integrity1 :i* ,augu/9e ascribes to temp]ance1 c1 l ! latt]1 be tak5 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 a g5]al s5se1 & secondly 9 a s5se ( excell5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ?+s ab\t :i* temp]ance is conc]n$ h a mo/ di/urb+ effect on ! s\l1 = ! reason t !y are natural to man1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,,aa4 #d1 #e74 ,h5ce tranquillity ( s\l is ascrib$ to temp]ance by way ( excell5ce1 al?\gh x is a common prop]ty ( all ! virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh beauty is becom+ to e virtue1 x is ascrib$ to temp]ance1 by way ( excell5ce1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 9 respect ( ! g5]ic notion ( temp]ance1 :i* consi/s 9 a c]ta9 mod]ate & fitt+ proportion1 & ?is is :at we und]/& by beauty1 z atte/$ by ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,secondly1 because ! ?+s f :i* temp]ance )holds u1 hold ! l[e/ place 9 man1 & are becom+ to him by reason ( 8 animal nature1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,,aa4 #d1 #e2 ,q4 #adb1 ,a4 #d71 :]e=e x is natural t su* ?+s %\ld defile him4 ,9 consequ5ce beauty is a =emo/ attribute ( temp]ance :i* above all h9d]s man f be+ defil$4 ,9 l mann] hone/y 99,hone/y mu/ be tak5 "h 9 its broad s5se z synonym\s ) moral goodness1 f ! po9t ( view ( decorum is a special attribute ( temp]ance3 = ,isidore says 7,etym4 x73 ,an hone/ man is "o :o has no defilem5t1 = hone/y means an honorable /ate4 ,?is is mo/ applicable to temp]ance1 :i* )/&s ! vices t br+ mo/ di%onor on man1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #adb1 ,a4 #d74 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ada1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,temp]ance ,is ,only ,ab\t ,desires & ,pleasures8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t temp]ance is n only ab\t desires & pleasures4 ,= ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ed7 t temp]ance is reason's firm & mod]ate ma/]y ( lu/ & o!r wanton emotions ( ! m9d4 ,n[ all ! passions ( ! s\l are call$ emotions ( ! m9d4 ,!re=e x seems t temp]ance is n only ab\t desires & pleasures4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,virtue is ab\t ! difficult & ! good 99,e?ic4 ii1 #c4 ,n[ x seems m difficult to temp] fe>1 especially ) reg>d to dang]s ( dea?1 ?an to mod]ate desires & pleasures1 :i* are despis$ on acc\nt ( deadly pa9s & dang]s1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cf74 ,!re=e x seems t ! virtue ( temp]ance is n *iefly ab\t desires & pleasures4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,ambrose 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #dc7 ! grace ( mod]ation belongs to temp]ance3 & ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 ii1 #bg7 t x is ! conc]n ( temp]ance to calm all di/urbances ( ! m9d & to en=ce mod]ation4 ,n[ mod]ation is ne$$1 n only 9 desires & pleasures1 b also 9 ext]nal acts & :atev] p]ta9s to ! ext]ior4 ,!re=e temp]ance is n only ab\t desires & pleasures4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym47 99,! words quot$ d n occur 9 ! "w ref]r$ to2 ,cf4 8 ,de ,summo ,bono xxxvii1 xlii1 & ,de ,diff]5t4 ii1 #ci3 t x is temp]ance :]eby lu/ & desire are kept "u control4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #ab2 ,q4 #acf1 ,a4 #a71 x belongs to moral virtue to safegu>d ! good ( reason aga9/ ! passions t rebel aga9/ reason4 ,n[ ! movem5t ( ! s\l's passions is tw(old1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #b71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions3 ! "o1 :]eby ! s5sitive appetite pursues s5sible & bodily goods1 ! o!r :]eby x flies f s5sible & bodily evils4 ,! fir/ ( ^! movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite rebels aga9/ reason *iefly by lack ( mod]ation4 ,because s5sible & bodily goods1 consid]$ 9 _! species1 are n 9 opposition to reason1 b are subject to x z in/rum5ts :i* reason employs 9 ord] to atta9 its prop] end3 & t !y are oppos$ to reason is ow+ to ! fact t ! s5sitive appetite fails to t5d t[>ds !m 9 accord ) ! mode ( reason4 ,h5ce x belongs prop]ly to moral virtue to mod]ate ^? passions :i* d5ote a pursuit ( ! good4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite 9 fly+ f s5sible evil is mo/ly 9 opposition to reason1 n ?r\gh be+ immod]ate1 b *iefly 9 respect ( its flight3 because1 :5 a man flies f s5sible & bodily evils1 :i* sometimes accompany ! good ( reason1 ! result is t he flies f ! good ( reason4 ,h5ce x belongs to moral virtue to make man :ile fly+ f evil to rema9 firm 9 ! good ( reason4 ,accord+ly1 j z ! virtue ( =titude1 :i* by its v nature be/[s firmness1 is *iefly conc]n$ ) ! passion1 viz4 fe>1 :i* reg>ds flight f bodily evils1 & consequ5tly ) d>+1 :i* attacks ! objects ( fe> 9 ! hope ( atta9+ "s good1 s1 too1 temp]ance1 :i* d5otes a k9d ( mod]ation1 is *iefly conc]n$ ) ^? passions t t5d t[>ds s5sible goods1 viz4 desire & pleasure1 & consequ5tly ) ! sorr[s t arise f ! abs5ce ( ^? pleasures4 ,= j z d>+ presupposes objects ( fe>1 s too su* l sorr[ arises f ! abs5ce ( ! a=esaid pleasures4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions1 ^? passions :i* p]ta9 to avoidance ( evil1 presuppose ! passions p]ta9+ to ! pursuit ( good2 & ! passions ( ! irascible presuppose ! passions ( ! concupiscible4 ,h5ce1 :ile temp]ance directly mod]ates ! passions ( ! concupiscible :i* t5d t[>ds good1 z a consequ5ce1 x mod]ates all ! o!r passions1 inasmu* z mod]ation ( ! passions t prec$e results 9 mod]ation ( ! passions t foll[3 s9ce he t is n immod]ate 9 desire is mod]ate 9 hope1 & grieves mod]ately = ! abs5ce ( ! ?+s he desires4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,desire d5otes an impulse ( ! appetite t[>ds ! object ( pleasure & ?is impulse ne$s control1 :i* belongs to temp]ance4 ,on ! o!r h& fe> d5otes a )drawal ( ! m9d f c]ta9 evils1 aga9/ :i* man ne$s firmness ( m9d1 :i* =titude be/[s4 ,h5ce temp]ance is prop]ly ab\t desires1 & =titude ab\t fe>s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ext]nal acts proce$ f ! int]nal passions ( ! s\l3 :]e=e _! mod]ation dep5ds on ! mod]ation ( ! int]nal passions4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ada1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,temp]ance ,is ,only ,ab\t ,desires & ,pleasures ( ,t\*8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t temp]ance is n only ab\t desires & pleasures ( t\*4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 xix7 t ! function ( temp]ance is to control & quell ! desires :i* draw u to ! ?+s :i* )draw u f ! laws ( ,god & f ! fruit ( ,8 goodness2 & a little fur!r on he adds t x is ! duty ( temp]ance to spurn all bodily allurem5ts & popul> praise4 ,n[ we are )drawn f ,god's laws n only by ! desire = pleasures ( t\*1 b also by ! desire = pleasures ( ! o!r s5ses1 = ^!1 too1 belong to ! bodily allurem5ts1 & aga9 by ! desire = ri*es or = worldly glory3 :]e=e x is writt5 7#a ,tim4 #f3aj74 ,desire 99,cupiditas1 :i* ! ,d\ay v]sion foll[+ ! ,greek phil>gyria r5d]s 'desire ( money' is ! root ( all evils4 ,!re=e temp]ance is n only ab\t desires ( pleasures ( t\*4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t "o :o is wor?y ( small ?+s & deems himself wor?y ( !m is temp]ate1 b he is n magnific5t4 ,n[ honors1 :e!r small or great1 ( :i* he is speak+ !re1 are an object ( pleasure1 n ( t\*1 b 9 ! s\l's appreh5sion4 ,!re=e temp]ance is n only ab\t desires = pleasures ( t\*4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s t are ( ! same g5us w\ld seem to p]ta9 to ! matt] ( a p>ticul> virtue "u "o same aspect4 ,n[ all pleasures ( s5se are app>5tly ( ! same g5us4 ,!re=e !y all equally belong to ! matt] ( temp]ance4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 spiritual pleasures are great] ?an ! pleasures ( ! body1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #e7 9 ! treatise on ! passions4 ,n[ sometimes m5 =sake ,god's laws & ! /ate ( virtue ?r\gh desire = spiritual pleasures1 = in/ance1 ?r\gh curiosity 9 matt]s ( k3 :]e=e ! devil promis$ man k1 say+ 7,g54 #c3e73 ,ye %all be z ,gods1 kn[+ good & evil4 ,!re=e temp]ance is n only ab\t pleasures ( t\*4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 if pleasures ( t\* 7 ! prop] matt] ( temp]ance1 x w\ld foll[ t temp]ance is ab\t all pleasures ( t\*4 ,b x is n ab\t all1 = in/ance1 ab\t ^? :i* occur 9 games4 ,!re=e pleasures ( t\* are n ! prop] matt] ( temp]ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aj7 t temp]ance is prop]ly ab\t desires ( pleasures ( t\*4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c71 temp]ance is ab\t desires & pleasures 9 ! same way z =titude is ab\t fe> & d>+4 ,n[ =titude is ab\t fe> & d>+ ) respect to ! greate/ evils :]eby nature itself is dissolv$2 & su* are dang]s ( dea?4 ,:]e=e 9 l mann] temp]ance mu/ ne$s be ab\t desires = ! greate/ pleasures4 ,& s9ce pleasure results f a natural op]ation1 x is s mu* ! great] accord+ z x results f a m natural op]ation4 ,n[ to animals ! mo/ natural op]ations are ^? :i* pres]ve ! nature ( ! individual by means ( meat & dr9k1 & ! nature ( ! species by ! union ( ! sexes4 ,h5ce temp]ance is prop]ly ab\t pleasures ( meat & dr9k & sexual pleasures4 ,n[ ^! pleasures result f ! s5se ( t\*4 ,:]e=e x foll[s t temp]ance is ab\t pleasures ( t\*4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! passage quot$ ,augu/9e app>5tly takes temp]ance1 n z a special virtue hav+ a det]m9ate matt]1 b z conc]n$ ) ! mod]ation ( reason1 9 any matt] :atev]3 & ?is is a g5]al condition ( e virtue4 ,h[ev]1 we may also reply t if a man c control ! greate/ pleasures1 mu* m c he control less] ones4 ,:]e=e x belongs *iefly & prop]ly to temp]ance to mod]ate desires & pleasures ( t\*1 & second>ily o!r pleasures4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,philosoph] takes temp]ance z d5ot+ mod]ation 9 ext]nal ?+s1 :51 to wit1 a man t5ds to t :i* is proportionate to him1 b n z d5ot+ mod]ation 9 ! s\l's emotions1 :i* p]ta9s to ! virtue ( temp]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! pleasures ( ! o!r s5ses play a diff]5t "p 9 man & 9 o!r animals4 ,= 9 o!r animals pleasures d n result f ! o!r s5ses save 9 relation to s5sibles ( t\*3 ?us ! lion is pleas$ to see ! /ag1 or to he> its voice1 9 relation to 8 food4 ,on ! o!r h& man d]ives pleasure f ! o!r s5ses1 n only = ?is reason1 b also on acc\nt ( ! becom+ness ( ! s5sible object4 ,:]e=e temp]ance is ab\t ! pleasures ( ! o!r s5ses1 9 relation to pleasures ( t\*1 n pr9cipally b consequ5tly3 :ile 9 s f> z ! s5sible objects ( ! o!r s5ses are pleasant on acc\nt ( _! becom+ness1 z :5 a man is pleas$ at a well-h>moniz$ s\nd1 ?is pleasure has no?+ to d ) ! pres]vation ( nature4 ,h5ce ^! passions are n ( su* importance t temp]ance c be ref]r$ to !m antonoma/ically4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh spiritual pleasures are by _! nature great] ?an bodily pleasures1 !y are n s p]ceptible to ! s5ses1 & consequ5tly !y d n s /rongly affect ! s5sitive appetite1 aga9/ ^: impulse ! good ( reason is safegu>d$ by moral virtue4 ,we may also reply t spiritual pleasures1 /rictly speak+1 are 9 accordance ) reason1 :]e=e !y ne$ no control1 save accid5tally1 9 s f> z "o spiritual pleasure is a h9drance to ano!r great] & m b9d+4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,n all pleasures ( t\* reg>d ! pres]vation ( nature1 & consequ5tly x does n foll[ t temp]ance is ab\t all pleasures ( t\*4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ada1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,temp]ance ,is ,ab\t ! ,pleasures ,prop] to ! ,ta/e8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t temp]ance is ab\t pleasures prop] to ! ta/e4 ,= pleasures ( ! ta/e result f food & dr9k1 :i* are m necess>y to man's life ?an sexual pleasures1 :i* reg>d ! t\*4 ,b accord+ to :at has be5 said 7,a4 #d71 temp]ance is ab\t pleasures 9 ?+s t are necess>y to human life4 ,!re=e temp]ance is ab\t pleasures prop] to ! ta/e r ?an ab\t ^? prop] to ! t\*4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 temp]ance is ab\t ! passions r ?an ab\t ?+s !mselves4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,de ,anima ii1 #c1 ! t\* is ! s5se ( food1 z reg>ds ! v sub/ance ( ! food1 :]eas savor :i* is ! prop] object ( ! ta/e1 is ! pleas+ quality ( ! food4 ,!re=e temp]ance is ab\t ! ta/e r ?an ab\t ! t\*4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 vii1 #d1 #g3 temp]ance & intemp]ance are ab\t ! same ?+s1 & s are cont95ce & incont95ce1 p]sev]ance1 & effem9acy1 to :i* delicacy p]ta9s4 ,n[ delicacy seems to reg>d ! delight tak5 9 savors :i* are ! object ( ! ta/e4 ,!re=e temp]ance is ab\t pleasures prop] to ! ta/e4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aj7 t seem+ly temp]ance & intemp]ance h little if any?+ to d ) ! ta/e4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 temp]ance is ab\t ! greate/ pleasures1 :i* *iefly reg>d ! pres]vation ( human life ei!r 9 ! species or 9 ! individual4 ,9 ^! matt]s c]ta9 ?+s are to be consid]$ z pr9cipal & o!rs z second>y4 ,! pr9cipal ?+ is ! use itself ( ! necess>y means1 ( ! woman :o is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! species1 or ( food & dr9k :i* are necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! individual3 :ile ! v use ( ^! necess>y ?+s has a c]ta9 ess5tial pleasure annex$ !reto4 ,9 reg>d to ei!r use we consid] z second>y :atev] makes ! use m pleasurable1 su* z beauty & adornm5t 9 woman1 & a pleas+ savor & likewise odor 9 food4 ,h5ce temp]ance is *iefly ab\t ! pleasure ( t\*1 t results ess5tially f ! use ( ^! necess>y ?+s1 :i* use is 9 all cases atta9$ by ! t\*4 ,second>ily1 h[ev]1 temp]ance & intemp]ance are ab\t pleasures ( ! ta/e1 smell1 or sight1 inasmu* z ! s5sible objects ( ^! s5ses conduce to ! pleasurable use ( ! necess>y ?+s t h relation to ! t\*4 ,b s9ce ! ta/e is m ak9 to ! t\* ?an ! o!r s5ses are1 x foll[s t temp]ance is m ab\t ! ta/e ?an ab\t ! o!r s5ses4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! use ( food & ! pleasure t ess5tially results !refrom p]ta9 to ! t\*4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #c7 t t\* is ! s5se ( food1 = food is hot or cold1 wet or dry4 ,to ! ta/e belongs ! disc]nm5t ( savors1 :i* make ! food pleasant to eat1 9 s f> z !y are signs ( its be+ suitable = n\ri%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! pleasure result+ f savor is additional1 s to speak1 :]eas ! pleasure ( t\* results ess5tially f ! use ( food & dr9k4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,delicacy reg>ds pr9cipally ! sub/ance ( ! food1 b second>ily x reg>ds its delici\s savor & ! way 9 :i* x is s]v$4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ada1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,rule ( ,temp]ance ,dep5ds on ! ,ne$ ( ! ,pres5t ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! rule ( temp]ance does n dep5d on ! ne$s ( ! pres5t life4 ,= high] ?+s are n regulat$ accord+ to l[]4 ,n[1 z temp]ance is a virtue ( ! s\l1 x is above ! ne$s ( ! body4 ,!re=e ! rule ( temp]ance does n dep5d on ! ne$s ( ! body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] exce$s a rule s9s4 ,!re=e if ! ne$s ( ! body 7 ! rule ( temp]ance1 x w\ld be a s9 aga9/ temp]ance to indulge 9 any o!r pleasure ?an ^? requir$ by nature1 :i* is cont5t ) v little4 ,b ?is w\ld seem unreasonable4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o s9s 9 obs]v+ a rule4 ,!re=e if ! ne$ ( ! body 7 ! rule ( temp]ance1 !re w\ld be no s9 9 us+ any pleasure = ! ne$s ( ! body1 = in/ance1 = ! sake ( heal?4 ,b ?is is app>5tly false4 ,!re=e ! ne$ ( ! body is n ! rule ( temp]ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 xxi73 ,9 bo? ,te/am5ts ! temp]ate man f9ds confirmation ( ! rule =bidd+ him to love ! ?+s ( ?is life1 or to deem any ( !m desirable = its own sake1 & comm&+ him to avail himself ( ^? ?+s ) ! mod]ation ( a us] n ! atta*m5t ( a lov]1 9 s f> z !y are requisite = ! ne$s ( ?is life & ( 8 /ation4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #ab71 ! good ( moral virtue consi/s *iefly 9 ! ord] ( reason3 because man's good is to be 9 accord ) reason1 z ,dionysius ass]ts 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,n[ ! pr9cipal ord] ( reason is t by :i* x directs c]ta9 ?+s t[>ds _! end1 & ! good ( reason consi/s *iefly 9 ?is ord]2 s9ce good has ! aspect ( end1 & ! end is ! rule ( :atev] is direct$ to ! end4 ,n[ all ! pleasurable objects t are at man's disposal1 are direct$ to "s necessity ( ?is life z to _! end4 ,:]e=e temp]ance takes ! ne$ ( ?is life1 z ! rule ( ! pleasurable objects ( :i* x makes use1 & uses !m only = z mu* z ! ne$ ( ?is life requires4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above1 ! ne$ ( ?is life is reg>d$ z a rule 9 s f> z x is an end4 ,n[ x mu/ be obs]v$ t sometimes ! end ( ! work] diff]s f ! end ( ! "w1 ?us x is cle> t ! end ( build+ is a h\se1 :]eas sometimes ! end ( ! build] is pr(it4 ,accord+ly ! end & rule ( temp]ance itself is happ9ess2 :ile ! end & rule ( ! ?+ x makes use ( is ! ne$ ( human life1 to :i* :atev] is useful = life is subord9ate4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ne$ ( human life may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 x may be tak5 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we apply ! t]m necess>y to t )\t :i* a ?+ _c be at all2 ?us food is necess>y to an animal4 ,secondly1 x may be tak5 = some?+ )\t :i* a ?+ _c be becom+ly4 ,n[ temp]ance reg>ds n only ! =m] ( ^! ne$s1 b also ! latt]4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aa7 t ! temp]ate man desires pleasant ?+s = ! sake ( heal?1 or = ! sake ( a s\nd condition ( body4 ,o!r ?+s t are n necess>y = ?is purpose may be divid$ into two classes4 ,= "s are a h9drance to heal? & a s\nd condition ( body2 & ^! temp]ance makes n use ( :atev]1 = ?is w\ld be a s9 aga9/ temp]ance4 ,b o!rs are n a h9drance to ^? ?+s1 & ^! temp]ance uses mod]ately1 accord+ to ! dem&s ( place & "t1 & 9 keep+ ) ^? among :om "o dwells4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aa7 says t ! temp]ate man also desires o!r pleasant ?+s1 ^? namely t are n necess>y = heal? or a s\nd condition ( body1 s long z !y are n prejudicial to ^! ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 7ad #b71 temp]ance reg>ds ne$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( life1 & ?is dep5ds n only on ! requirem5ts ( ! body1 b also on ! requirem5ts ( ext]nal ?+s1 su* z ri*es & /ation1 & m /ill on ! requirem5ts ( good conduct4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] adds 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aa7 t ! temp]ate man makes use ( pleasant ?+s provid$ t n only !y be n prejudicial to heal? & a s\nd bodily condition1 b also t !y be n inconsi/5t ) good1 i4e4 good conduct1 nor beyond 8 sub/ance1 i4e4 8 means4 ,& ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 xxi7 t ! temp]ate man consid]s ! ne$ n only ( ?is life b also ( 8 /ation4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ada1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,temp]ance ,is a ,c>d9al ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t temp]ance is n a c>d9al virtue4 ,= ! good ( moral virtue dep5ds on reason4 ,b temp]ance is ab\t ^? ?+s t are fur!/ remov$ f reason1 namely ab\t pleasures common to u & ! l[] animals1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #aj4 ,!re=e temp]ance1 seem+ly1 is n a pr9cipal virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! great] ! impetus ! m difficult is x to control4 ,n[ ang]1 :i* is controll$ by meekness1 seems to be m impetu\s ?an desire1 :i* is controll$ by temp]ance4 ,= x is writt5 7,prov4 #bg3d73 ,ang] ha? no m]cy1 nor fury :5 x breake? =?2 & :o c be> ! viol5ce 7impetum7 ( "o provok$8 ,!re=e meekness is a pr9cipal virtue r ?an temp]ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hope z a movem5t ( ! s\l takes prec$5ce ( desire & concupisc5ce1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,a4 #d74 ,b humility controls ! presumption ( immod]ate hope4 ,!re=e1 seem+ly1 humility is a pr9cipal virtue r ?an temp]ance :i* controls concupisc5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory reckons temp]ance among ! pr9cipal virtues 7,moral4 ii1 #di74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #aa2 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #c71 a pr9cipal or c>d9al virtue is s call$ because x has a =emo/ claim to praise on acc\nt ( "o ( ^? ?+s t are requisite = ! notion ( virtue 9 g5]al4 ,n[ mod]ation1 :i* is requisite 9 e virtue1 des]ves praise pr9cipally 9 pleasures ( t\*1 ) :i* temp]ance is conc]n$1 bo? because ^! pleasures are mo/ natural to u1 s t x is m difficult to ab/a9 f !m1 & to control ! desire = !m1 & because _! objects are m necess>y to ! pres5t life1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,= ?is reason temp]ance is reckon$ a pr9cipal or c>d9al virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! long] ! range ( its op]ation1 ! great] is ! ag5t's p[] 7virtus7 %[n to be3 :]e=e ! v fact t ! reason is able to mod]ate desires & pleasures t are fur!/ remov$ f x1 proves ! greatness ( reason's p[]4 ,?is is h[ temp]ance comes to be a pr9cipal virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! impetu\sness ( ang] is caus$ by an accid5t1 = in/ance1 a pa9ful hurt2 :]e=e x soon passes1 al?\gh its impetus be great4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! impetu\sness ( ! desire = pleasures ( t\* proce$s f a natural cause1 :]e=e x is m la/+ & m g5]al1 & consequ5tly its control reg>ds a m pr9cipal virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! object ( hope is high] ?an ! object ( desire1 :]e=e hope is acc\nt$ ! pr9cipal passion 9 ! irascible4 ,b ! objects ( desires & pleasures ( t\* move ! appetite ) great] =ce1 s9ce !y are m natural4 ,!re=e temp]ance1 :i* appo9ts ! mean 9 su* ?+s1 is a pr9cipal virtue4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ada1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,temp]ance ,is ! ,greate/ ( ! ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t temp]ance is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,= ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #dc7 t :at we obs]ve & seek mo/ 9 temp]ance is ! safegu>d+ ( :at is honorable1 & ! reg>d = :at is beautiful4 ,n[ virtue des]ves praise = be+ honorable & beautiful4 ,!re=e temp]ance is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m difficult ! de$ ! great] ! virtue4 ,n[ x is m difficult to control desires & pleasures ( t\* ?an to regulate ext]nal actions1 ! =m] p]ta9+ to temp]ance & ! latt] to ju/ice4 ,!re=e temp]ance is a great] virtue ?an ju/ice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly ! m g5]al a ?+ is1 ! m necess>y & ! bett] x is4 ,n[ =titude is ab\t dang]s ( dea? :i* occur less frequ5tly ?an pleasures ( t\*1 = ^! occur e day2 s t temp]ance is 9 m g5]al use ?an =titude4 ,!re=e temp]ance is a m excell5t virtue ?an =titude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 i1 #i7 t ! greate/ virtues are ^? :i* are mo/ pr(itable to o!rs1 = :i* reason we give ! greate/ honor to ! brave & ! j4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 i1 #b7 ! good ( ! _m is m ( ! godlike ?an ! good ( ! individual1 :]e=e ! m a virtue reg>ds ! good ( ! _m1 ! bett] x is4 ,n[ ju/ice & =titude reg>d ! good ( ! _m m ?an temp]ance does1 s9ce ju/ice reg>ds ! relations betwe5 "o man & ano!r1 :ile =titude reg>ds dang]s ( battle :i* are endur$ = ! common weal3 :]eas temp]ance mod]ates only ! desires & pleasures :i* affect man himself4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ju/ice & =titude are m excell5t virtues ?an temp]ance3 :ile prud5ce & ! !ological virtues are m excell5t /ill4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,honor & beauty are especially ascrib$ to temp]ance1 n on acc\nt ( ! excell5ce ( ! good prop] to temp]ance1 b on acc\nt ( ! disgrace ( ! contr>y evil f :i* x )draws u1 by mod]at+ ! pleasures common to u & ! l[] animals4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce virtue is ab\t ! difficult & ! good1 ! excell5ce ( a virtue is consid]$ m "u ! aspect ( good1 :]e9 ju/ice excels1 ?an "u ! aspect ( difficult1 :]e9 temp]ance excels4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* is g5]al because x reg>ds ! _m conduces m to ! excell5ce ( goodness ?an t :i* is g5]al because x occurs frequ5tly3 =titude excels 9 ! =m] way1 temp]ance 9 ! latt]4 ,h5ce =titude is great] simply1 al?\gh 9 "s respects temp]ance may be describ$ z great] n only ?an =titude b also ?an ju/ice4 ,,"q #adb ,,( ,,! ,,vices ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,temp]ance 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! vices oppos$ to temp]ance4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ins5sibility is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r intemp]ance is a *ildi% s98 7#c7 ,( ! comp>ison betwe5 intemp]ance & timidity2 7#d7 ,:e!r intemp]ance is ! mo/ disgraceful ( vices8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,ins5sibility ,is a ,vice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ins5sibility is n a vice4 ,= ^? are call$ ins5sible :o are defici5t ) reg>d to pleasures ( t\*4 ,n[ seem+ly x is praisewor?y & virtu\s to be altoge!r defici5t 9 su* matt]s3 = x is writt5 7,dan4 #aj3b1 #c73 ,9 ^? days ,daniel m\rn$ ! days ( ?ree weeks1 ,i ate no desirable bread1 & nei!r fle% nor w9e ent]$ my m\?1 nei!r 0 ,i ano9t$ ) o9tm5t4 ,!re=e ins5sibility is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 man's good is to be 9 accord ) reason1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,n[ ab/95ce f all pleasures ( t\* is mo/ conducive to man's progress 9 ! good ( reason3 = x is writt5 7,dan4 #a3ag7 t to ! *ildr5 :o took pulse = _! food 7,dan4 #a3ab71 ,god gave k1 & und]/&+ 9 e book & wisdom4 ,!re=e ins5sibility1 :i* rejects ^! pleasures altoge!r1 is n s9ful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is a v effective means ( avoid+ s9 w\ld seem n to be s9ful4 ,n[ ! mo/ effective rem$y 9 avoid+ s9 is to %un pleasures1 & ?is p]ta9s to ins5sibility4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #i7 t if we d5y ourselves pleasures we are less liable to s94 ,!re=e !re is no?+ vici\s 9 ins5sibility4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no?+ save vice is oppos$ to virtue4 ,n[ ins5sibility is oppos$ to ! virtue ( temp]ance accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g2 iii1 #aa74 ,!re=e ins5sibility is a vice4 ,i answ] t1 ,:atev] is contr>y to ! natural ord] is vici\s4 ,n[ nature has introduc$ pleasure into ! op]ations t are necess>y = man's life4 ,:]e=e ! natural ord] requires t man %\ld make use ( ^! pleasures1 9 s f> z !y are necess>y = man's well-be+1 z reg>ds ! pres]vation ei!r ( ! individual or ( ! species4 ,accord+ly1 if anyone 7 to reject pleasure to ! ext5t ( omitt+ ?+s t are necess>y = nature's pres]vation1 he w\ld s91 z act+ c\nt] to ! ord] ( nature4 ,& ?is p]ta9s to ! vice ( ins5sibility4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t x is sometimes praisewor?y1 & ev5 necess>y = ! sake ( an end1 to ab/a9 f su* pleasures z result f ^! op]ations4 ,?us1 = ! sake ( ! body's heal?1 c]ta9 p]sons refra9 f pleasures ( meat1 dr9k1 & sex2 z also = ! fulfilm5t ( c]ta9 engagem5ts3 ?us a?letes & soldi]s h to d5y !mselves _m pleasures1 9 ord] to fulfil _! respective duties4 ,9 l mann] p5it5ts1 9 ord] to recov] heal? ( s\l1 h rec\rse to ab/95ce f pleasures1 z a k9d ( diet1 & ^? :o are desir\s ( giv+ !mselves up to contemplation & ,div9e ?+s ne$ mu* to refra9 f c>nal ?+s4 ,nor d any ( ^! ?+s p]ta9 to ! vice ( ins5sibility1 because !y are 9 accord ) "r reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,daniel ab/a9$ ?us f pleasures1 n ?r\gh any horror ( pleasure z ?\gh x 7 evil 9 itself1 b = "s praisewor?y end1 9 ord]1 namely1 to adapt himself to ! heights ( contemplation by ab/a9+ f pleasures ( ! body4 ,h5ce ! text goes on to tell ( ! revelation t he receiv$ imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce man _c use 8 reason )\t 8 s5sitive p[]s1 :i* ne$ a bodily organ1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hd1 ,,aa4 #g1 #h71 man ne$s to su/a9 8 body 9 ord] t he may use 8 reason4 ,n[ ! body is su/a9$ by means ( op]ations t af=d pleasure3 :]e=e ! good ( reason _c be 9 a man if he ab/a9 f all pleasures4 ,yet ?is ne$ = us+ pleasures ( ! body w be great] or less1 accord+ z man ne$s m or less ! p[]s ( 8 body 9 accompli%+ ! act ( reason4 ,:]e=e x is comm5dable = ^? :o und]take ! duty ( giv+ !mselves to contemplation1 & ( imp>t+ to o!rs a spiritual good1 by a k9d ( spiritual procreation1 z x 71 to ab/a9 f _m pleasures1 b n = ^? :o are 9 duty b\nd to bodily occupations & c>nal procreation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ord] to avoid s91 pleasure mu/ be %unn$1 n altoge!r1 b s t x is n s\ght m ?an necessity requires4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,intemp]ance ,is a ,*ildi% ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t intemp]ance is n a *ildi% s94 ,= ,j]ome 9 comm5t+ on ,matt4 #ah3c1 ,unless y be conv]t$1 & become z little *ildr51 says t a *ild p]si/s n 9 ang]1 is unm9dful ( injuries1 takes no pleasure 9 see+ a beautiful woman1 all ( :i* is contr>y to intemp]ance4 ,!re=e intemp]ance is n a *ildi% s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *ildr5 h none b natural desires4 ,n[ 9 respect ( natural desires few s9 by intemp]ance1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aa74 ,!re=e intemp]ance is n a *ildi% s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *ildr5 %\ld be fo/]$ & n\ri%$3 :]eas concupisc5ce & pleasure1 ab\t :i* intemp]ance is conc]n$1 are always to be ?w>t$ & uproot$1 accord+ to ,col4 #c3e1 ,mortify 4 4 4 y\r memb]s ^u ! e>?1 :i* are 4 4 4 concupisc5ce 99,vulg43 'y\r memb]s :i* are ^u ! e>?1 =nication 4 4 concupisc5ce'1 etc4 ,!re=e intemp]ance is n a *ildi% s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #ab7 t we apply ! t]m intemp]ance99 to *ildi% faults4 99,akolasia :i* ,ari/otle ref]s to kolazo to puni%1 s t its orig9al s5se w\ld be 'impunity' or 'unre/ra9t4' ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ is said to be *ildi% = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because x is becom+ to *ildr51 & ! ,philosoph] does n mean t ! s9 ( intemp]ance is *ildi% 9 ?is s5se4 ,secondly4 by way ( lik5ess1 & x is 9 ?is s5se t s9s ( intemp]ance are said to be *ildi%4 ,= ! s9 ( intemp]ance is "o ( un*eck$ concupisc5ce1 :i* is lik5$ to a *ild 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds t :i* !y bo? desire1 = l a *ild concupisc5ce desires some?+ disgraceful4 ,?is is because 9 human affairs a ?+ is beautiful accord+ z x h>monizes ) reason4 ,:]e=e ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bg7 "u ! head+ ,comel9ess is tw(old1 t ! beautiful is t :i* is 9 keep+ ) man's excell5ce 9 s f> z 8 nature diff]s f o!r animals4 ,n[ a *ild does n att5d to ! ord] ( reason2 & 9 l mann] concupisc5ce does n li/5 to reason1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 vii1 #f4 ,secondly1 !y are alike z to ! result4 ,= a *ild1 if left to 8 own w1 becomes m self-will$3 h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cj3h73 ,a horse n brok5 become? /ubborn1 & a *ild left to himself w become head/rong4 ,s1 too1 concupisc5ce1 if indulg$1 ga!rs /r5g?3 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 viii1 #e73 ,lu/ s]v$ became a cu/om1 & cu/om n resi/$ became necessity4 ,?irdly1 z to ! rem$y :i* is appli$ to bo?4 ,= a *ild is correct$ by be+ re/ra9$2 h5ce x is writt5 7,prov4 #bc3ac1 #ad73 ,)hold n correction f a *ild 4 4 4 ,?\ %alt beat him ) a rod1 & deliv] 8 s\l f ,hell4 ,9 l mann] by resi/+ concupisc5ce we mod]ate x accord+ to ! dem&s ( virtue4 ,augu/9e indicates ?is :5 he says 7,music4 vi1 #aa7 t if ! m9d be lift$ up to spiritual ?+s1 & rema9 fix$ !reon1 ! impulse ( cu/om1 i4e4 c>nal concupisc5ce1 is brok51 & be+ suppress$ is gradually weak5$3 = x 0 /rong] :5 we foll[$ x1 & ?\gh n :olly de/roy$1 x is c]ta9ly less /rong :5 we curb x4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #ab7 t z a *ild ought to live accord+ to ! direction ( 8 tutor1 s ought ! concupiscible to accord ) reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t takes ! t]m *ildi% z d5ot+ :at is obs]v$ 9 *ildr54 ,x is n 9 ?is s5se t ! s9 ( intemp]ance is said to be *ildi%1 b by way ( lik5ess1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a desire may be said to be natural 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to its g5us1 & ?us temp]ance & intemp]ance are ab\t natural desires1 s9ce !y are ab\t desires ( food & sex1 :i* are direct$ to ! pres]vation ( nature4 ,secondly1 a desire may be call$ natural ) reg>d to ! species ( ! ?+ t nature requires = its own pres]vation2 & 9 ?is way x does n happ5 (t5 t "o s9s 9 ! matt] ( natural desires1 = nature requires only t :i* supplies its ne$1 & !re is no s9 9 desir+ ?is1 save only :]e x is desir$ 9 excess z to quantity4 ,?is is ! only way 9 :i* s9 c occur ) reg>d to natural desires1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aa74 ,!re are o!r ?+s 9 respect ( :i* s9s frequ5tly occur1 & ^! are c]ta9 inc5tives to desire devis$ by human curiosity 99,cf4 ,q4 #afg1 su* z ! nice 7curiosa7 prep>ation ( food1 or ! adornm5t ( wom54 ,& ?\gh *ildr5 d n affect ^! ?+s mu*1 yet intemp]ance is call$ a *ildi% s9 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* reg>ds nature %\ld be n\ri%$ & fo/]$ 9 *ildr51 b t :i* p]ta9s to ! lack ( reason 9 !m %\ld n be fo/]$1 b correct$1 z /at$ above4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,c[>dice99 ,is a ,great] ,vice ,?an ,intemp]ance8 99,cf4 ,q4 #abe ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t c[>dice is a great] vice ?an intemp]ance4 ,= a vice des]ves reproa* ?r\gh be+ oppos$ to ! good ( virtue4 ,n[ c[>dice is oppos$ to =titude1 :i* is a m excell5t virtue ?an temp]ance1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e c[>dice is a great] vice ?an intemp]ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! great] ! difficulty to be surm\nt$1 ! less is a man to be reproa*$ = failure1 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g7 t x is no wond]1 9 fact x is p>donable1 if a man is ma/]$ by /rong & ov]:elm+ pleasures or pa9s4 ,n[ seem+ly x is m difficult to control pleasures ?an o!r passions2 h5ce x is /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #c1 t x is m difficult to cont5d aga9/ pleasure ?an aga9/ ang]1 :i* w\ld seem to be /rong] ?an fe>4 ,!re=e intemp]ance1 :i* is ov]come by pleasure1 is a less griev\s s9 ?an c[>dice1 :i* is ov]come by fe>4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is ess5tial to s9 t x be volunt>y4 ,n[ c[>dice is m volunt>y ?an intemp]ance1 s9ce no man desires to be intemp]ate1 :]eas "s desire to avoid dang]s ( dea?1 :i* p]ta9s to c[>dice4 ,!re=e c[>dice is a m griev\s s9 ?an intemp]ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #ab7 t intemp]ance seems m ak9 to volunt>y action ?an c[>dice4 ,!re=e x is m s9ful4 ,i answ] t1 "o may be comp>$ ) ano!r 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! matt] or object2 secondly1 on ! "p ( ! man :o s9s3 & 9 bo? ways intemp]ance is a m griev\s s9 ?an c[>dice4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! matt]4 ,= c[>dice %uns dang]s ( dea?1 to avoid :i* ! pr9cipal motive is ! necessity ( pres]v+ life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 intemp]ance is ab\t pleasures1 ! desire ( :i* is n s necess>y = ! pres]vation ( life1 because1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #b71 intemp]ance is m ab\t c]ta9 annex$ pleasures or desires ?an ab\t natural desires or pleasures4 ,n[ ! m necess>y ! motive ( s9 ! less griev\s ! s94 ,:]e=e intemp]ance is a m griev\s vice ?an c[>dice1 on ! "p ( ! object or motive matt]4 ,9 l mann] aga91 on ! "p ( ! man :o s9s1 & ?is = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! m s\nd-m9d$ a man is1 ! m griev\s 8 s91 :]e=e s9s are n imput$ to ^? :o are dem5t$4 ,n[ grave fe> & sorr[1 especially 9 dang]s ( dea?1 /un ! human m9d1 b n s pleasure :i* is ! motive ( intemp]ance4 ,secondly1 because ! m volunt>y a s9 ! grav] x is4 ,n[ intemp]ance has m ( ! volunt>y 9 x ?an c[>dice has1 & ?is = two reasons4 ,! fir/ is because actions done ?r\gh fe> h _! orig9 9 ! compulsion ( an ext]nal ag5t1 s t !y are n simply volunt>y b mix$1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #a1 :]eas actions done = ! sake ( pleasure are simply volunt>y4 ,! second reason is because ! actions ( an intemp]ate man are m volunt>y individually & less volunt>y g5]ically4 ,= no "o w\ld wi% to be intemp]ate1 yet man is entic$ by individual pleasures :i* make ( him an intemp]ate man4 ,h5ce ! mo/ effective rem$y aga9/ intemp]ance is n to dwell on ! consid]ation ( s+ul>s4 ,x is ! o!r way ab\t 9 matt]s relat+ to c[>dice3 because ! p>ticul> action t imposes itself on a man is less volunt>y1 = in/ance to ca/ aside 8 %ield1 & ! l1 :]eas ! g5]al purpose is m volunt>y1 = in/ance to save himself by flight4 ,n[ t :i* is m volunt>y 9 ! p>ticul> circum/ances 9 :i* ! act takes place1 is simply m volunt>y4 ,:]e=e intemp]ance1 be+ simply m volunt>y ?an c[>dice1 is a great] vice4 ,?irdly1 because x is easi] to f9d a rem$y = intemp]ance ?an = c[>dice1 s9ce pleasures ( food & sex1 :i* are ! matt] ( intemp]ance1 are ( ev]yday occurr5ce1 & x is possible = man )\t dang] by frequ5t practice 9 _! reg>d to become temp]ate2 :]eas dang]s ( dea? are ( r>e occurr5ce1 & x is m dang]\s = man to enc\nt] !m frequ5tly 9 ord] to cease be+ a c[>d4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! excell5ce ( =titude 9 comp>ison ) temp]ance may be consid]$ f two /&po9ts4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! end1 :i* has ! aspect ( good3 because =titude is direct$ to ! common good m ?an temp]ance is4 ,& f ?is po9t ( view c[>dice has a c]ta9 prec$5ce ov] intemp]ance1 s9ce by c[>dice "s p =sake ! def5se ( ! common good4 ,secondly1 ) reg>d to ! difficulty1 because x is m difficult to endure dang]s ( dea? ?an to refra9 f any pleasures :atev]3 & f ?is po9t ( view !re is no ne$ = c[>dice to take prec$5ce ( intemp]ance4 ,= j z x is a great] /r5g? t does n succumb to a /rong] =ce1 s on ! o!r h& to be ov]come by a /rong] =ce is pro( ( a less] vice1 & to succumb to a weak] =ce1 is ! pro( ( a great] vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,love ( self-pres]vation1 = ! sake ( :i* "o %uns p]ils ( dea?1 is mu* m connatural ?an any pleasures :atev] ( food & sex :i* are direct$ to ! pres]vation ( life4 ,h5ce x is m difficult to ov]come ! fe> ( dang]s ( dea?1 ?an ! desire ( pleasure 9 matt]s ( food & sex3 al?\gh ! latt] is m difficult to resi/ ?an ang]1 sorr[1 & fe>1 occasion$ by c]ta9 o!r evils4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! volunt>y1 9 c[>dice1 dep5ds r on a g5]al ?an on a p>ticul> consid]ation3 :]e=e 9 su* cases we h ! volunt>y n simply b 9 a re/rict$ s5se4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,intemp]ance ,is ! ,mo/ ,disgraceful ( ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t intemp]ance is n ! mo/ disgraceful ( s9s4 ,z honor is due to virtue s is disgrace due to s94 ,n[ "s s9s are m griev\s ?an intemp]ance3 = in/ance murd]1 blasphemy1 & ! l4 ,!re=e intemp]ance is n ! mo/ disgraceful ( s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ^? s9s :i* are ! m common are seem+ly less disgraceful1 s9ce m5 are less a%am$ ( !m4 ,n[ s9s ( intemp]ance are mo/ common1 because !y are ab\t ?+s connect$ ) ! common use ( human life1 & 9 :i* _m happ5 to s94 ,!re=e s9s ( intemp]ance d n seem to be mo/ disgraceful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 temp]ance & intemp]ance are ab\t human desires & pleasures4 ,n[ c]ta9 desires & pleasures are m %ameful ?an human desires & pleasures2 su* are brutal pleasures & ^? caus$ by disease z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vii1 #e74 ,!re=e intemp]ance is n ! mo/ disgraceful ( s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aj7 t intemp]ance is ju/ly m des]v+ ( reproa* ?an o!r vices4 ,i answ] t1 ,disgrace is seem+ly oppos$ to honor & glory4 ,n[ honor is due to excell5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #a71 & glory d5otes cl>ity 7,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,accord+ly intemp]ance is mo/ disgraceful = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because x is mo/ repugnant to human excell5ce1 s9ce x is ab\t pleasures common to u & ! l[] animals1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ada1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,ps4 #dh3ba73 ,man1 :5 he 0 9 honor1 did n und]/&3 he ha? be5 comp>$ to s5seless bea/s1 & made l to !m4 ,secondly1 because x is mo/ repugnant to man's cl>ity or beauty2 inasmu* z ! pleasures :i* are ! matt] ( intemp]ance dim ! light ( reason f :i* all ! cl>ity & beauty ( virtue arises3 :]e=e ^! pleasures are describ$ z be+ mo/ slavi%4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,gregory says 99,moral4 xxxiii4 #ab ! s9s ( ! fle%1 :i* are compris$ "u ! head ( intemp]ance1 al?\gh less culpable1 are m disgraceful4 ,! reason is t culpability is measur$ by inord9at5ess 9 respect ( ! end1 :ile disgrace reg>ds %amefulness1 :i* dep5ds *iefly on ! unbecom+ness ( ! s9 9 respect ( ! s9n]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! commonness ( a s9 dim9i%es ! %amefulness & disgrace ( a s9 9 ! op9ion ( m51 b n z reg>ds ! nature ( ! vices !mselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 we say t intemp]ance is mo/ disgraceful1 we mean 9 comp>ison ) human vices1 ^?1 namely1 t are connect$ ) human passions :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t are 9 con=mity ) human nature4 ,b ^? vices :i* exce$ ! mode ( human nature are /ill m disgraceful4 ,nev]!less su* vices are app>5tly r$ucible to ! g5us ( intemp]ance1 by way ( excess3 = in/ance1 if a man delight 9 eat+ human fle%1 or 9 committ+ ! unnatural vice4 ,,"q #adc ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,temp]ance1 ,,9 ,,g5]al ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! p>ts ( temp]ance3 we %all consid] ^! same p>ts 7#a7 9 g5]al2 7#b7 ea* ( !m 9 p>ticul>4 ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adc1 ,art4 ,:e!r ! ,p>ts ( ,temp]ance ,are ,rightly ,assign$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ed7 unbecom+ly assigns ! p>ts ( temp]ance1 :5 he ass]ts !m to be cont95ce1 mildness1 & mode/y4 ,= cont95ce is reckon$ to be di/9ct f virtue 7,e?ic4 vii1 #a73 :]eas temp]ance is compris$ "u virtue4 ,!re=e cont95ce is n a "p ( temp]ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 mildness seem+ly s(t5s hatr$ or ang]4 ,b temp]ance is n ab\t ^! ?+s1 b ab\t pleasures ( t\*1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e mildness is n a "p ( temp]ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 mode/y conc]ns ext]nal action1 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #d3e73 ,let y\r mode/y be kn[n to all m54 ,n[ ext]nal actions are ! matt] ( ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e mode/y is a "p ( ju/ice r ?an ( temp]ance4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,macrobius 7,9 ,somn4 ,scip4 i1 #h7 reckons _m m p>ts ( temp]ance3 = he says t temp]ance results 9 mode/y1 %amefac$ness1 ab/95ce1 *a/ity1 hone/y1 mod]ation1 l[l9ess1 sobriety1 purity4 ,&ronicus also says 99,de ,affectibus t ! companions ( temp]ance are gravity1 cont95ce1 humility1 simplicity1 ref9em5t1 me?od1 cont5tm5t4 99,p]-se-suffici5tiam :i* c\ld be r5d]$ self-suffici5cy1 b = ! fact t ?is is tak5 9 a bad s5se4 ,see ,q4 #afi1 ,a4 #a4 ,!re=e x seems t ,tully insuffici5tly reckon$ ! p>ts ( temp]ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,qq4 #dh1 #abh71 a c>d9al virtue may h ?ree k9ds ( p>ts1 namely integral1 subjective1 & pot5tial4 ,! integral p>ts ( a virtue are ! conditions ! concurr5ce ( :i* are necess>y = virtue3 & 9 ?is respect !re are two integral p>ts ( temp]ance1 %amefac$ness1 :]eby "o recoils f ! disgrace t is contr>y to temp]ance1 & hone/y1 :]eby "o loves ! beauty ( temp]ance4 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c71 temp]ance m ?an any o!r virtue lays claim to a c]ta9 comel9ess1 & ! vices ( intemp]ance excel o!rs 9 disgrace4 ,! subjective p>ts ( a virtue are its species3 & ! species ( a virtue h to be diff]5tiat$ accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( matt] or object4 ,n[ temp]ance is ab\t pleasures ( t\*1 :i* are ( two k9ds4 ,= "s are direct$ to n\ri%m5t3 & 9 ^! z reg>ds meat1 !re is ab/95ce1 & z reg>ds dr9k prop]ly !re is sobriety4 ,o!r pleasures are direct$ to ! p[] ( procreation1 & 9 ^! z reg>ds ! pr9cipal pleasure ( ! act itself ( procreation1 !re is *a/ity1 & z to ! pleasures incid5tal to ! act1 result+1 = in/ance1 f kiss+1 t\*+1 or fondl+1 we h purity4 ,! pot5tial p>ts ( a pr9cipal virtue are call$ second>y virtues3 = :ile ! pr9cipal virtue obs]ves ! mode 9 "s pr9cipal matt]1 ^! obs]ve ! mode 9 "s o!r matt] :]e9 mod]ation is n s difficult4 ,n[ x belongs to temp]ance to mod]ate pleasures ( t\*1 :i* are mo/ difficult to mod]ate4 ,:]e=e any virtue t is effective ( mod]ation 9 "s matt] or o!r1 & re/ra9s ! appetite 9 its impulse t[>ds some?+1 may be reckon$ a "p ( temp]ance1 z a virtue annex$ !reto4 ,?is happ5s 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 9 ! inw>d movem5ts ( ! s\l2 secondly1 9 ! outw>d movem5ts & actions ( ! body2 ?irdly1 9 outw>d ?+s4 ,n[ besides ! movem5t ( concupisc5ce1 :i* temp]ance mod]ates & re/ra9s1 we f9d 9 ! s\l ?ree movem5ts t[>ds a p>ticul> object4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ! movem5t ( ! w :5 /irr$ by ! impulse ( passion3 & ?is movem5t is re/ra9$ by cont95ce1 ! effect ( :i* is t1 al?\gh a man suff] immod]ate concupisc5ces1 8 w does n succumb to !m4 ,ano!r inw>d movem5t t[>ds some?+ is ! movem5t ( hope1 & ( ! resultant d>+1 & ?is is mod]at$ or re/ra9$ by humility4 ,! ?ird movem5t is t ( ang]1 :i* t5ds t[>ds rev5ge1 & ?is is re/ra9$ by meekness or mildness4 ,) reg>d to bodily movem5ts & actions1 mod]ation & re/ra9t is ! effect ( mode/y1 :i*1 accord+ to ,&ronicus1 has ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ ( ^! enables "o to disc]n :at to d & :at n to d1 & to obs]ve ! "r ord]1 & to p]sev]e 9 :at we d3 ?is he assigns to me?od4 ,! second is t a man obs]ve decorum 9 :at he does1 & ?is he ascribes to ref9em5t4 ,! ?ird has to d ) ! conv]sation or any o!r int]c\rse betwe5 a man & 8 fri5ds1 & ?is is call$ gravity4 ,) reg>d to ext]nal ?+s1 a tw(old mod]ation has to be obs]v$4 ,fir/1 we mu/ n desire too _m1 & to ?is ,macrobius assigns l[l9ess1 & ,&ronicus cont5tm5t2 secondly1 we mu/ n be too nice 9 our requirem5ts1 & to ?is ,macrobius ascribes mod]ation1 ,&ronicus simplicity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is true t cont95ce diff]s f virtue1 j z imp]fect diff]s f p]fect1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #afe1 ,a4 #a72 & 9 ?is s5se x is condivid$ ) virtue4 ,yet x has some?+ 9 common ) temp]ance bo? z to matt]1 s9ce x is ab\t pleasures ( t\*1 & z to mode1 s9ce x is a k9d ( re/ra9t4 ,h5ce x is suitably assign$ z a "p ( temp]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,mildness or meekness is reckon$ a "p ( temp]ance n because ( a lik5ess ( matt]1 b because !y agree z to ! mode ( re/ra9t & mod]ation z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! matt] ( ext]nal action ju/ice consid]s :at is due to ano!r4 ,mode/y does n consid] ?is1 b only a c]ta9 mod]ation4 ,h5ce x is reckon$ a "p n ( ju/ice b ( temp]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,"u mode/y ,tully includes :atev] p]ta9s to ! mod]ation ( bodily movem5ts & ext]nal ?+s1 z well z ! mod]ation ( hope :i* we reckon$ z p]ta9+ to humility4 ,,"q #add ,,( ,,%amefac$ness 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! p>ts ( temp]ance 9 p>ticul>3 & 9 ! fir/ place ! integral p>ts1 :i* are %amefac$ness & hone/y4 ,) reg>d to %amefac$ness !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r %amefac$ness is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:at is its object8 7#c7 ,:o are ! cause ( a man be+ a%am$8 7#d7 ,:at k9d ( p are a%am$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #add1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,%amefac$ness ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t %amefac$ness is a virtue4 ,= x is prop] to a virtue to obs]ve ! mean z fix$ by reason3 ?is is cle> f ! def9ition ( virtue giv5 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f4 ,n[ %amefac$ness obs]ves ! mean 9 ?is way1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g74 ,!re=e %amefac$ness is a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] is praisewor?y is ei!r a virtue or some?+ connect$ ) virtue4 ,n[ %amefac$ness is praisewor?y4 ,b x is n "p ( a virtue4 ,= x is n a "p ( prud5ce1 s9ce x is n 9 ! reason b 9 ! appetite2 nor is x a "p ( ju/ice4 ,s9ce %amefac$ness implies a c]ta9 passion1 :]eas ju/ice is n ab\t ! passions2 nor aga9 is x a "p ( =titude1 because x belongs to =titude to be p]si/5t & aggressive1 :ile x belongs to %amefac$ness to recoil f some?+2 nor la/ly is x a "p ( temp]ance1 s9ce ! latt] is ab\t desires1 :]eas %amefac$ness is a k9d ( fe> accord+ z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 iv1 #i7 & ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ae74 ,h5ce x foll[s t %amefac$ness is a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! hone/ & ! virtu\s are conv]tible accord+ to ,tully 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bg74 ,n[ %amefac$ness is a "p ( hone/y3 = ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #dc7 t %amefac$ness is ! companion & famili> ( ! re/ful m9d1 av]se to wantonness1 a /rang] to any k9d ( excess1 ! fri5d ( sobriety & ! support ( :at is hone/1 a seek] aft] ! beautiful4 ,!re=e %amefac$ness is a virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 e vice is oppos$ to a virtue4 ,n[ c]ta9 vices are oppos$ to %amefac$ness1 namely %amelessness & inord9ate prud]y4 ,!re=e %amefac$ness is a virtue4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 l acts beget l habits1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ii1 #a4 ,n[ %amefac$ness implies a praisewor?y act2 :]e=e f _m su* acts a habit results4 ,b a habit ( praisewor?y de$s is a virtue1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #ab74 ,!re=e %amefac$ness is a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g2 iv1 #i7 t %amefac$ness is n a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,virtue is tak5 9 two ways1 9 a /rict s5se & 9 a broad s5se4 ,tak5 /rictly virtue is a p]fection1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 vii1 #ag1 #ah4 ,:]e=e any?+ t is inconsi/5t ) p]fection1 ?\gh x be good1 falls %ort ( ! notion ( virtue4 ,n[ %amefac$ness is inconsi/5t ) p]fection1 because x is ! fe> ( some?+ base1 namely ( t :i* is disgraceful4 ,h5ce ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ae7 t %amefac$ness is fe> ( a base action4 ,n[ j z hope is ab\t a possible & difficult good1 s is fe> ab\t a possible & ardu\s evil1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #da1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #db1 ,a4 #c71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions4 ,b "o :o is p]fect z to a virtu\s habit1 does n appreh5d t :i* w\ld be disgraceful & base to d1 z be+ possible & ardu\s1 t is to say difficult = him to avoid2 nor does he actually d any?+ base1 s z to be 9 fe> ( disgrace4 ,!re=e %amefac$ness1 prop]ly speak+1 is n a virtue1 s9ce x falls %ort ( ! p]fection ( virtue4 ,tak51 h[ev]1 9 a broad s5se virtue d5otes :atev] is good & praisewor?y 9 human acts or passions2 & 9 ?is way %amefac$ness is sometimes call$ a virtue1 s9ce x is a praisewor?y passion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,obs]v+ ! mean is n suffici5t = ! notion ( virtue1 al?\gh x is "o ( ! conditions includ$ 9 virtue's def9ition3 b x is requisite1 9 addition to ?is1 t x be an elective habit1 t is to say1 op]at+ f *oice4 ,n[ %amefac$ness d5otes1 n a habit b a passion1 nor does its movem5t result f *oice1 b f an impulse ( passion4 ,h5ce x falls %ort ( ! notion ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above1 %amefac$ness is fe> ( bas5ess & disgrace4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ 7,q4 #adb1 ,a4 #d7 t ! vice ( intemp]ance is mo/ base & disgraceful4 ,:]e=e %amefac$ness p]ta9s m to temp]ance ?an to any o!r virtue1 by reason ( its motive cause1 :i* is a base action ?\gh n accord+ to ! species ( ! passion1 namely fe>4 ,nev]!less 9 s f> z ! vices oppos$ to o!r virtues are base & disgraceful1 %amefac$ness may also p]ta9 to o!r virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,%amefac$ness fo/]s hone/y1 by remov+ t :i* is contr>y !reto1 b n s z to atta9 to ! p]fection ( hone/y4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,e defect causes a vice1 b n e good is suffici5t = ! notion ( virtue4 ,consequ5tly x does n foll[ t :atev] is directly oppos$ to vice is a virtue1 al?\gh e vice is oppos$ to a virtue1 z reg>ds its orig94 ,h5ce %amelessness1 9 s f> z x results f excessive love ( disgraceful ?+s1 is oppos$ to temp]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,be+ frequ5tly a%am$ causes ! habit ( an acquir$ virtue :]eby "o avoids disgraceful ?+s :i* are ! object ( %amefac$ness1 )\t cont9u+ to be a%am$ 9 _! reg>d3 al?\gh z a consequ5ce ( ?is acquir$ virtue1 a man w\ld be m a%am$1 if confront$ ) ! matt] ( %amefac$ness4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #add1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,%amefac$ness ,is ,ab\t a ,disgraceful ,action8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t %amefac$ness is n ab\t a disgraceful action4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #i7 t %amefac$ness is fe> ( disgrace4 ,n[ sometimes ^? :o d no?+ wrong suff] ignom9y1 accord+ to ,ps4 #fg3h1 ,= ?y sake ,i h borne reproa*1 %ame ha? cov]$ my face4 ,!re=e %amefac$ness is n prop]ly ab\t a disgraceful action4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ app>5tly is disgraceful b :at is s9ful4 ,yet man is a%am$ ( ?+s t are n s9s1 = in/ance :5 he p]=ms a m5ial occupation4 ,!re=e x seems t %amefac$ness is n prop]ly ab\t a disgraceful action4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 virtu\s de$s are n disgraceful b mo/ beautiful accord+ to ,e?ic4 i1 #h4 ,yet sometimes p are a%am$ to d virtu\s de$s1 accord+ to ,luke #i3bf1 ,he t %all be a%am$ ( ,me & ,my words1 ( him ! ,son ( man %all be a%am$1 etc4 ,!re=e %amefac$ness is n ab\t a disgraceful action4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if %amefac$ness 7 prop]ly ab\t a disgraceful action1 x w\ld foll[ t ! m disgraceful ! action ! m a%am$ w\ld "o be4 ,yet sometimes a man is m a%am$ ( less] s9s1 :ile he glories 9 ^? :i* are mo/ griev\s1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ea3c1 ,:y do/ ?\ glory 9 malice8 ,!re=e %amefac$ness is n prop]ly ab\t a disgraceful action4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ae7 & ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 7,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xx7 say t %amefac$ness is fe> ( do+ a disgraceful de$ or ( a disgraceful de$ done4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #da1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #db1 ,a4 #c71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions1 fe> is prop]ly ab\t an ardu\s evil1 "o1 namely1 t is difficult to avoid4 ,n[ disgrace is tw(old4 ,!re is ! disgrace inh]5t to vice1 :i* consi/s 9 ! de=mity ( a volunt>y act3 & ?is1 prop]ly speak+1 has n ! "* ( an ardu\s evil4 ,= t :i* dep5ds on ! w alone does n appe> to be ardu\s & above man's ability3 :]e=e x is n appreh5d$ z fe>ful1 & = ?is reason ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t su* evils are n a matt] ( fe>4 ,! o!r k9d ( disgrace is p5al s to speak1 & x consi/s 9 ! reproa* t atta*es to a p]son1 j z ! cl>ity ( glory consi/s 9 a p]son be+ honor$4 ,& s9ce ?is reproa* has ! "* ( an ardu\s evil1 j z honor has ! "* ( an ardu\s good1 %amefac$ness1 :i* is fe> ( disgrace1 reg>ds fir/ & =emo/ reproa* or ignom9y4 ,& s9ce reproa* is prop]ly due to vice1 z honor is due to virtue1 x foll[s t %amefac$ness reg>ds also ! disgrace inh]5t to vice4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #e7 t a man is less a%am$ ( ^? defects :i* are n ! result ( any fault ( 8 own4 ,n[ %amefac$ness reg>ds fault 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way a man refra9s f vici\s acts ?r\gh fe> ( reproa*3 9 ano!r way a man :ile do+ a disgraceful de$ avoids ! public eye ?r\gh fe> ( reproa*4 ,9 ! =m] case1 accord+ to ,gregory ( ,nyssa 7,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xx71 we speak ( a p]son blu%+1 9 ! latt] we say t he is a%am$4 ,h5ce he says t ! man :o is a%am$ acts 9 secret1 b he :o blu%es fe>s to be disgrac$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,%amefac$ness prop]ly reg>ds disgrace z due to s9 :i* is a volunt>y defect4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #f7 t a man is m a%am$ ( ^? ?+s ( :i* he is ! cause4 ,n[ ! virtu\s man despises ! disgrace to :i* he is subject on acc\nt ( virtue1 because he does n des]ve x2 z ! ,philosoph] says ( ! magnanim\s 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c74 ,?us we f9d x said ( ! apo/les 7,acts #e3da7 t !y 7! apo/les7 w5t f ! pres5ce ( ! c\ncil1 rejoic+ t !y 7 acc\nt$ wor?y to suff] reproa* = ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,x is ow+ to imp]fection ( virtue t a man is sometimes a%am$ ( ! reproa*es :i* he suff]s on acc\nt ( virtue1 s9ce ! m virtu\s a man is1 ! m he despises ext]nal ?+s1 :e!r good or evil4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,isa4 #ea3g73 ,fe> ye n ! reproa* ( m54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #fc1 ,a4 #c71 ?\gh honor is n really due save to virtue alone1 yet x reg>ds a c]ta9 excell5ce3 & ! same applies to reproa*1 = ?\gh x is prop]ly due to s9 alone1 yet1 at lea/ 9 man's op9ion1 x reg>ds any k9d ( defect4 ,h5ce a man is a%am$ ( pov]ty1 disrepute1 s]vitude1 & ! l4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,%amefac$ness does n reg>d virtu\s de$s z su*4 ,yet x happ5s accid5tally t a man is a%am$ ( !m ei!r because he looks ^u !m z vici\s accord+ to human op9ion1 or because he is afraid ( be+ m>k$ z presumptu\s or hypocritical = do+ virtu\s de$s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,sometimes m griev\s s9s are less %ameful1 ei!r because !y are less disgraceful1 z spiritual s9s 9 comp>ison ) s9s ( ! fle%1 or because !y connote a c]ta9 abundance ( "s temporal good2 ?us a man is m a%am$ ( c[>dice ?an ( d>+1 ( !ft ?an ( robb]y1 on acc\nt ( a semblance ( p[]4 ,! same applies to o!r s9s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #add1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,man ,is ,m ,%amefac$ ( ,^? ,:o ,are ,m ,closely ,connect$ ) ,him8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t man is n m %amefac$ ( ^? :o are m closely connect$ ) him4 ,= x is /at$ 9 ,rhet4 ii1 #f t m5 are m %amefac$ ( ^? f :om !y desire approbation4 ,n[ m5 desire ?is especially f p ( ! bett] sort :o are sometimes n connect$ ) !m4 ,!re=e man is n m %amefac$ ( ^? :o are m closely connect$ ) him4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly ^? are m closely connect$ :o p]=m l de$s4 ,n[ man is n made a%am$ ( 8 s9 by ^? :om he kn[s to be guilty ( ! same s91 because accord+ to ,rhet4 ii1 #f1 a man does n =bid 8 neighbor :at he does himself4 ,!re=e he is n m %amefac$ ( ^? :o are mo/ closely connect$ ) him4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #f7 t m5 take m %ame f ^? :o retail _! in=mation to _m1 su* z jok]s & fable-tell]s4 ,b ^? :o are m closely connect$ ) a man d n retail 8 vices4 ,!re=e "o %\ld n take %ame *iefly f !m4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #f7 t m5 are mo/ liable to be made a%am$ by ^? among :om !y h done no?+ amiss2 by ^? ( :om !y ask some?+ = ! fir/ "t2 by ^? ^: fri5ds !y wi% to become4 ,n[ ^! are less closely connect$ ) u4 ,!re=e man is n made mo/ a%am$ by ^? :o are m closely unit$ to him4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 9 ,rhet4 ii1 #f t man is made mo/ a%am$ by ^? :o are to be cont9ually ) him4 ,i answ] t1 ,s9ce reproa* is oppos$ to honor1 j z honor d5otes atte/ation to someone's excell5ce1 especially ! excell5ce :i* is accord+ to virtue1 s too reproa*1 ! fe> ( :i* is %amefac$ness1 d5otes atte/ation to a p]son's defect1 especially t :i* results f s94 ,h5ce ! m weighty a p]son's atte/ation is consid]$ to be1 ! m does he make ano!r p]son a%am$4 ,n[ a p]son's atte/ation may be consid]$ z be+ m weighty1 ei!r because he is c]ta9 ( ! tru? or because ( its effect4 ,c]titude ( ! tru? atta*es to a p]son's atte/ations = two reasons4 ,fir/ on acc\nt ( ! rectitude ( 8 judgem5t1 z 9 ! case ( wise & virtu\s m51 by :om man is m desir\s ( be+ honor$ & by :om he is br\ght to a great] s5se ( %ame4 ,h5ce *ildr5 & ! l[] animals inspire no "o ) %ame1 by reason ( _! lack ( judgm5t4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( 8 k ( ! matt] atte/$1 because ev]yone judges well ( :at is kn[n to him 99,e?ic4 i1 #c4 ,9 ?is way we are m liable to be made a%am$ by p]sons connect$ ) u1 s9ce !y are bett] acqua9t$ ) our de$s3 :]eas /rang]s & p]sons entirely unkn[n to u1 :o are ignorant ( :at we d1 inspire u ) no %ame at all4 ,an atte/ation receives weight f its effect by reason ( "s advantage or h>m result+ !refrom2 :]e=e m5 are m desir\s ( be+ honor$ by ^? :o c be ( use to !m1 & are m liable to be made a%am$ by ^? :o are able to d !m "s h>m4 ,& = ?is reason aga91 9 a c]ta9 respect1 p]sons connect$ ) u make u m a%am$1 s9ce we are to be cont9ually 9 _! society1 z ?\gh ?is entail$ a cont9ual h>m to u3 :]eas ! h>m t comes f /rang]s & pass]sby ceases almo/ at once4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,p ( ! bett] sort make u a%am$ = ! same reason z ^? :o are m closely connect$ ) u2 because j z ! atte/ation ( ! bett] m5 c>ries m weight s9ce !y h a m univ]sal k ( ?+s1 & 9 _! judgm5ts hold fa/ to ! tru?3 s1 too1 ! atte/ation ( ^? among :om we live is m cog5t s9ce !y "k m ab\t our conc]ns 9 detail4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,we fe> n ! atte/ation ( ^? :o are connect$ ) u 9 ! lik5ess ( s91 because we d n ?9k t !y look ^u our defect z disgraceful4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,tale-be>]s make u a%am$ on acc\nt ( ! h>m !y d by mak+ _m ?9k ill ( u4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,ev5 ^? among :om we h done no wrong1 make u m a%am$1 on acc\nt ( ! h>m t w\ld foll[1 because1 to wit1 we %\ld =feit ! good op9ion !y _h ( u3 & aga9 because :5 contr>ies are put 9 juxtaposition _! opposition seems great]1 s t :5 a man notices some?+ disgraceful 9 "o :om he e/eem$ good1 he appreh5ds x z be+ ! m disgraceful4 ,! reason :y we are made m a%am$ by ^? ( :om we ask some?+ = ! fir/ "t1 or ^: fri5ds we wi% to be1 is t we fe> to suff] "s injury1 by be+ disappo9t$ 9 our reque/1 or by fail+ to become _! fri5ds4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #add1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,ev5 ,virtu\s ,m5 ,c ,be ,a%am$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ev5 virtu\s m5 c be a%am$4 ,= contr>ies h contr>y effects4 ,n[ ^? :o excel 9 wick$ness are n a%am$1 accord+ to ,j]4 #c3c1 ,?\ had/ a h>lot's =ehead1 ?\ w\ld/ n blu%4 ,!re=e ^? :o are virtu\s are m incl9$ to be a%am$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,rhet4 ii1 #f7 t m5 are a%am$ n only ( vice1 b also ( ! signs ( evil3 & ?is happ5s also 9 ! virtu\s4 ,!re=e virtu\s m5 c be a%am$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 %amefac$ness is fe> ( disgrace 99,e?ic4 iv1 #i4 ,n[ virtu\s p may happ5 to be ignom9i\s1 = in/ance if !y are sl&]$1 or if !y suff] reproa* undes]v$ly4 ,!re=e a virtu\s man c be a%am$4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 %amefac$ness is a "p ( temp]ance1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #adc74 ,n[ a "p is n sep>at$ f its :ole4 ,s9ce !n temp]ance is 9 a virtu\s man1 x means t %amefac$ness is also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #i7 t a virtu\s man is n %amefac$4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b7 %amefac$ness is fe> ( "s disgrace4 ,n[ x may happ5 9 two ways t an evil is n fe>$3 fir/1 because x is n reckon$ an evil2 secondly because "o reckons x impossible ) reg>d to oneself1 or z n difficult to avoid4 ,accord+ly %ame may be lack+ 9 a p]son 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because ! ?+s t %\ld make him a%am$ are n deem$ by him to be disgraceful2 & 9 ?is way ^? :o are /eep$ 9 s9 are )\t %ame1 = in/ead ( disapprov+ ( _! s9s1 !y boa/ ( !m4 ,secondly1 because !y appreh5d disgrace z impossible to !mselves1 or z easy to avoid4 ,9 ?is way ! old & ! virtu\s are n %amefac$4 ,yet !y are s dispos$1 t if !re 7 any?+ disgraceful 9 !m !y w\ld be a%am$ ( x4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #i7 t %ame is 9 ! virtu\s hypo!tically4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,lack ( %ame occurs 9 ! be/ & 9 ! wor/ m5 ?r\gh diff]5t causes1 z /at$ 9 ! ,article4 ,9 ! av]age m5 x is f\nd1 9 s f> z !y h a c]ta9 love ( good1 & yet are n altoge!r free f evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x belongs to ! virtu\s man to avoid n only vice1 b also :atev] has ! semblance ( vice1 accord+ to #a ,!ss4 #e3bb1 ,f all appe>ance ( evil refra9 y\rselves4 ,! ,philosoph]1 too1 says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #i7 t ! virtu\s man %\ld avoid n only :at is really evil1 b also ^? ?+s t are reg>d$ z evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a7 ! virtu\s man despises ignom9y & reproa*1 z be+ ?+s he does n des]ve1 :]e=e he is n mu* a%am$ ( !m4 ,nev]!less1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 %ame1 l ! o!r passions1 may =e/all reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,%amefac$ness is a "p ( temp]ance1 n z ?\gh x ent]$ into its ess5ce1 b z a disposition to x3 :]e=e ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #dc7 t %amefac$ness lays ! fir/ f\ndation ( temp]ance1 by inspir+ man ) ! horror ( :atev] is disgraceful4 ,,"q #ade ,,( ,,hone/y99 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 99,hone/y mu/ be tak5 "h 9 its broad s5se z synonym\s ) moral goodness1 f ! po9t ( view ( decorum4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] hone/y1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,! relation betwe5 ! hone/ & ! virtu\s2 7#b7 ,its relation ) ! beautiful 99,z hone/y "h d5otes moral goodness1 s beauty /&s = moral beauty2 7#c7 ,its relation ) ! useful & ! pleasant2 7#d7 ,:e!r hone/y is a "p ( temp]ance8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ade1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,hone/y ,is ! ,same ,z ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hone/y is n ! same z virtue4 ,= ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec7 t ! hone/ is :at is desir$ = its own sake4 ,n[ virtue is desir$1 n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( happ9ess1 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #i7 t happ9ess is ! rew>d & ! end ( virtue4 ,!re=e hone/y is n ! same z virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,isidore 7,etym4 x7 hone/y means an honorable /ate4 ,n[ honor is due to _m ?+s besides virtue1 s9ce x is praise t is ! prop] due ( virtue 7,e?ic4 i1 #ab74 ,!re=e hone/y is n ! same z virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! pr9cipal "p ( virtue is ! int]ior *oice1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 viii1 #ac74 ,b hone/y seems to p]ta9 r to ext]ior conduct1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ad3dj1 ,let all ?+s be done dec5tly 7hone/e7 & accord+ to ord] among y4 ,!re=e hone/y is n ! same z virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 hone/y app>5tly consi/s 9 ext]nal weal?4 ,accord+ to ,ecclus4 #aa3ad1 good ?+s & evil1 life & dea? pov]ty & ri*es are f ,god 99,! words 9 brackets are omitt$ 9 ! ,leon9e edition4 ,= ri*es ! ,vulgate has hone/as4 ,b virtue does n consi/ 9 ext]nal weal?4 ,!re=e hone/y is n ! same z virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #e2 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec7 divides hone/y into ! f\r pr9cipal virtues1 into :i* virtue is also divid$4 ,!re=e hone/y is ! same z virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 hone/y means an honorable /ate1 :]e=e a ?+ may be said to be hone/ ?r\gh be+ wor?y ( honor4 ,n[ honor1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #add1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b71 is due to excell5ce3 & ! excell5ce ( a man is gaug$ *iefly accord+ to 8 virtue1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 vii1 #ag4 ,!re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 hone/y ref]s to ! same ?+ z virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #g71 ( ^? ?+s t are desir$ = _! own sake1 "s are desir$ = _! own sake alone1 & nev] = ! sake ( some?+ else1 su* z happ9ess :i* is ! la/ end2 :ile "s are desir$1 n only = _! own sake1 inasmu* z !y h an aspect ( goodness 9 !mselves1 ev5 if no fur!r good accru$ to u ?r\gh !m1 b also = ! sake ( some?+ else1 inasmu* z !y are conducive to "s m p]fect good4 ,x is ?us t ! virtues are desirable = _! own sake3 :]e=e ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #eb7 t "s ?+s allure u by _! own =ce1 & attract u by _! own wor?1 su* z virtue1 tru?1 k4 ,& ?is suffices to give a ?+ ! "* ( hone/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"s ( ! ?+s :i* are honor$ besides virtue are m excell5t ?an virtue1 namely ,god & happ9ess1 & su* l ?+s are n s well kn[n to u by exp]i5ce z virtue :i* we practice day by day4 ,h5ce virtue has a great] claim to ! "n ( hone/y4 ,o!r ?+s :i* are b5ea? virtue are honor$1 9 s f> z !y are a help to ! practice ( virtue1 su* z rank1 p[]1 & ri*es 99,e?ic4 i1 #h4 ,= z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t ^! ?+s are honor$ by "s p1 b 9 tru? x is only ! good man :o is wor?y ( honor4 ,n[ a man is good 9 respect ( virtue4 ,:]e=e praise is due to virtue 9 s f> z ! latt] is desirable = ! sake ( some?+ else1 :ile honor is due to virtue = its own sake3 & x is ?us t virtue has ! "* ( hone/y4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z we h /at$ hone/ d5otes t to :i* honor is due4 ,n[ honor is an atte/ation to someone's excell5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajc1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,b "o atte/s only to :at "o kn[s2 & ! int]nal *oice is n made kn[n save by ext]nal actions4 ,:]e=e ext]nal conduct has ! "* ( hone/y1 9 s f> z x reflects int]nal rectitude4 ,= ?is reason hone/y consi/s radically 9 ! int]nal *oice1 b its expression lies 9 ! ext]nal conduct4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x is because ! excell5ce ( weal? is commonly reg>d$ z mak+ a man des]v+ ( honor1 t sometimes ! "n ( hone/y is giv5 to ext]nal prosp]ity4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ade1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,hone/ ,is ! ,same ,z ! ,beautiful8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! hone/ is n ! same z ! beautiful4 ,= ! aspect ( hone/ is d]iv$ f ! appetite1 s9ce ! hone/ is :at is desirable = its own sake 99,cic]o1 ,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec4 ,b ! beautiful reg>ds r ! faculty ( vision to :i* x is pleas+4 ,!re=e ! beautiful is n ! same z ! hone/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 beauty requires a c]ta9 cl>ity1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( glory3 :]eas ! hone/ reg>ds honor4 ,s9ce !n honor & glory diff]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c71 x seems also t ! hone/ & ! beautiful diff]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 hone/y is ! same z virtue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b a c]ta9 beauty is contr>y to virtue1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,eze*4 #af3ae73 ,tru/+ 9 ?y beauty ?\ playe/ ! h>lot because ( ?y r5[n4 ,!re=e ! hone/ is n ! same z ! beautiful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ab3bc1 #bd73 ,^? t are our uncomely 7inhone/a7 p>ts1 h m abundant comel9ess 7hone/atem71 b our comely 7hone/a7 p>ts h no ne$4 ,n[ by uncomely p>ts he means ! bas] memb]s1 & by comely p>ts ! beautiful memb]s4 ,!re=e ! hone/ & ! beautiful are app>5tly ! same4 ,i answ] t1 ,z may be ga!r$ f ! words ( ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 beauty or comel9ess results f ! concurr5ce ( cl>ity & due proportion4 ,= he /ates t ,god is said to be beautiful1 z be+ ! cause ( ! h>mony & cl>ity ( ! univ]se4 ,h5ce ! beauty ( ! body consi/s 9 a man hav+ 8 bodily limbs well proportion$1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 cl>ity ( color4 ,9 l mann] spiritual beauty consi/s 9 a man's conduct or actions be+ well proportion$ 9 respect ( ! spiritual cl>ity ( reason4 ,n[ ?is is :at is meant by hone/y1 :i* we h /at$ 7,a4 #a7 to be ! same z virtue2 & x is virtue t mod]ates accord+ to reason all t is connect$ ) man4 ,:]e=e hone/y is ! same z spiritual beauty4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 #hc1 qu4 #cj73 ,by hone/y ,i mean intelligible beauty1 :i* we prop]ly designate z spiritual1 & fur!r on he adds t _m ?+s are beautiful to ! eye1 :i* x w\ld be h>dly prop] to call hone/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! object t moves ! appetite is an appreh5d$ good4 ,n[ if a ?+ is p]ceiv$ to be beautiful z soon z x is appreh5d$1 x is tak5 to be some?+ becom+ & good4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! beautiful & ! good are belov$ by all4 ,:]e=e ! hone/1 inasmu* z x implies spiritual beauty1 is an object ( desire1 & = ?is reason ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #e73 ,?\ p]ceive/ ! =m & ! features1 s to speak1 ( hone/y2 & 7 x to be se5 ) ! eye1 w\ld1 z ,plato decl>es1 ar\se a wondr\s love ( wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c71 glory is ! effect ( honor3 because ?r\gh be+ honor$ or prais$1 a p]son acquires cl>ity 9 ! eyes ( o!rs4 ,:]e=e1 j z ! same ?+ makes a man honorable & glori\s1 s is ! same ?+ hone/ & beautiful4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t applies to ! beauty ( ! body3 al?\gh x might be repli$ t to be pr\d ( "o's hone/y is to play ! h>lot because ( "o's spiritual beauty1 accord+ to ,eze*4 #bh3ag1 ,?y he>t 0 lift$ up ) ?y beauty1 ?\ ha/ lo/ ?y wisdom 9 ?y beauty4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ade1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,hone/ ,diff]s f ! ,useful & ! ,pleasant8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! hone/ does n diff] f ! useful & ! pleasant4 ,= ! hone/ is :at is desirable = its own sake 99,cic]o1 ,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec4 ,n[ pleasure is desir$ = its own sake1 = x seems ridicul\s to ask a man :y he wi%es to be pleas$1 z ! ,philosoph] rem>ks 7,e?ic4 x1 #b74 ,!re=e ! hone/ does n diff] f ! pleasant4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ri*es are compris$ "u ! head ( useful good3 = ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #eb73 ,!re is a ?+ t attracts ! desire n by any =ce ( its own1 nor by its v nature1 b on acc\nt ( its fruitfulness & utility3 & t is money4 ,n[ ri*es come "u ! head ( hone/y1 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #aa3ad73 ,pov]ty & ri*es 7hone/as7 are f ,god1 & 7,ecclus4 #ac3b73 ,he %all take a burd5 ^u him t ha? fell[%ip ) "o m honorable1 i4e4 ri*]1 ?an himself4 ,!re=e ! hone/ diff]s n f ! useful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,tully proves 7,de ,(fic4 ii1 #c7 t no?+ c be useful unless x be hone/3 & ,ambrose makes ! same /atem5t 7,de ,(fic4 ii1 #f74 ,!re=e ! useful diff]s n f ! hone/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,q4 #hc1 qu4 #cj73 ,! hone/ is t :i* is desirable = its own sake3 ! useful implies ref]5ce to some?+ else4 ,i answ] t1 ,! hone/ concurs 9 ! same subject ) ! useful & ! pleasant1 b x diff]s f !m 9 aspect4 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 a ?+ is said to be hone/1 9 s f> z x has a c]ta9 beauty ?r\gh be+ regulat$ by reason4 ,n[ :atev] is regulat$ 9 accordance ) reason is naturally becom+ to man4 ,aga91 x is natural = a ?+ to take pleasure 9 t :i* is becom+ to x4 ,:]e=e an hone/ ?+ is naturally pleas+ to man3 & ! ,philosoph] proves ?is ) reg>d to acts ( virtue 7,e?ic4 i1 #h74 ,yet n all t is pleas+ is hone/1 s9ce a ?+ may be becom+ accord+ to ! s5ses1 b n accord+ to reason4 ,a pleas+ ?+ ( ?is k9d is beside man's reason :i* p]fects 8 nature4 ,ev5 virtue itself1 :i* is ess5tially hone/1 is ref]r$ to some?+ else z its end namely happ9ess4 ,accord+ly ! hone/ ! useful1 & ! pleasant concur 9 ! "o subject4 ,nev]!less !y diff] 9 aspect4 ,= a ?+ is said to be hone/ z hav+ a c]ta9 excell5ce des]v+ ( honor on acc\nt ( its spiritual beauty3 :ile x is said to be pleas+1 z br++ re/ to desire1 & useful1 z ref]r$ to some?+ else4 ,! pleasant1 h[ev]1 ext5ds to m ?+s ?an ! useful & ! hone/3 s9ce :atev] is useful & hone/ is pleas+ 9 "s respect1 :]eas ! conv]se does n hold 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a ?+ is said to be hone/1 if x is desir$ = its own sake by ! rational appetite1 :i* t5ds to t :i* is 9 accordance ) reason3 :ile a ?+ is said to be pleasant if x is desir$ = its own sake by ! s5sitive appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ri*es are d5om9at$ hone/y accord+ ( ! op9ion ( ! _m :o honor weal?3 or because !y are int5d$ to be ! in/rum5ts ( virtu\s de$s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,tully & ,ambrose mean to say t no?+ incompatible ) hone/y c be simply & truly useful1 s9ce x foll[s t x is contr>y to man's la/ end1 :i* is a good 9 accordance ) reason2 al?\gh x may p]haps be useful 9 "s respect1 ) reg>d to a p>ticul> end4 ,b !y d n mean to say t e useful ?+ z su* may be class$ among ^? t are hone/4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ade1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,hone/y ,%\ld ,be ,reckon$ a ,"p ( ,temp]ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t hone/y %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( temp]ance4 ,= x is n possible = a ?+ to be "p & :ole 9 respect ( "o same ?+4 ,n[ temp]ance is a "p ( hone/y1 accord+ to ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec74 ,!re=e hone/y is n a "p ( temp]ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is /at$ 7#c ,esdra #c3ba7 t w9e 4 4 4 makes all ?\ghts hone/4 ,b ! use ( w9e1 especially 9 excess1 9 :i* s5se ! passage quot$ %\ld seem+ly be tak51 p]ta9s to intemp]ance r ?an to temp]ance4 ,!re=e hone/y is n a "p ( temp]ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! hone/ is t :i* is des]v+ ( honor4 ,n[ x is ! j & ! brave :o receive mo/ honor1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,rhet4 i1 #i74 ,!re=e hone/y p]ta9s1 n to temp]ance1 b r to ju/ice & =titude3 :]e=e ,eleaz> said z relat$ 9 #b ,macc4 #f3bh3 ,i suff] an honorable 7hone/a7 dea?1 = ! mo/ v5]able & mo/ holy laws4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,macrobius 99,9 ,somn4 ,scip4 i reckons hone/y a "p ( temp]ance1 & ,ambrose 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #dc7 ascribes hone/y z p]ta9+ especially to temp]ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 hone/y is a k9d ( spiritual beauty4 ,n[ ! disgraceful is oppos$ to ! beautiful3 & opposites are mo/ manife/ ( "o ano!r4 ,:]e=e seem+ly hone/y belongs especially to temp]ance1 s9ce ! latt] repels t :i* is mo/ disgraceful & unbecom+ to man1 namely animal lu/s4 ,h5ce by its v "n temp]ance is mo/ significative ( ! good ( reason to :i* x belongs to mod]ate & temp] evil desires4 ,accord+ly hone/y1 z be+ ascrib$ = a special reason to temp]ance1 is reckon$ z a "p !re(1 n z a subjective "p1 nor z an annex$ virtue1 b z an integral "p or condition atta*+ !reto4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,temp]ance is acc\nt$ a subjective "p ( hone/y tak5 9 a wide s5se3 x is n ?us t ! latt] is reckon$ a "p ( temp]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 a man is intoxicat$1 ! w9e makes 8 ?\ghts hone/ accord+ to 8 own reckon+ because he deems himself great & des]v+ ( honor 99,cf4 ,q4 #adh1 ,a4 #f4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,great] honor is due to ju/ice & =titude ?an to temp]ance1 because !y excel 9 ! po9t ( a great] good3 yet great] honor is due to temp]ance1 because ! vices :i* x holds 9 *eck are ! mo/ des]v+ ( reproa*1 z /at$ above4 ,?us hone/y is m to be ascrib$ to temp]ance accord+ to ! rule giv5 by ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #ab3bc7 :5 he says t our uncomely p>ts h m abundant comel9ess1 :i*1 namely1 de/roys :atev] is uncomely4 ,,"q #adf ,,( ,,ab/95ce 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! subjective p>ts ( temp]ance3 fir/1 ^? :i* are ab\t pleasures ( food2 secondly1 ^? :i* are ab\t pleasures ( sex4 ,! fir/ consid]ation w include ab/95ce1 :i* is ab\t meat & dr9k1 & sobriety1 :i* is specifically ab\t dr9k4 ,) reg>d to ab/95ce ?ree po9ts h to be consid]$3 7#a7 ,ab/95ce itself2 7#b7 its act :i* is fa/+2 7#c7 its opposite vice :i* is gluttony4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ab/95ce is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special virtue8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,ab/95ce ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ab/95ce is n a virtue4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #d3bj73 ,! k+dom ( ,god is n 9 spee* b 9 p[] 7virtute74 ,n[ ! k+dom ( ,god does n consi/ 9 ab/95ce1 = ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ad3ag73 ,! k+dom ( ,god is n meat & dr9k1 :]e a gloss 99,cf4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,,qq4 ,evang4 ii1 qu4 #aa obs]ves t ju/ice consi/s nei!r 9 ab/a9+ nor 9 eat+4 ,!re=e ab/95ce is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 x1 #aa7 address+ himself to ,god3 ,?is ha/ ,?\ taught me1 t ,i %\ld set myself to take food z physic4 ,n[ x belongs n to virtue1 b to ! m$ical art to regulate m$ic9e4 ,!re=e1 9 l mann]1 to regulate "o's food1 :i* belongs to ab/95ce1 is an act n ( virtue b ( art4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e virtue obs]ves ! mean1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f1 #g4 ,b ab/95ce seem+ly incl9es n to ! mean b to defici5cy1 s9ce x d5otes retr5*m5t4 ,!re=e ab/95ce is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 no virtue excludes ano!r virtue4 ,b ab/95ce excludes pati5ce3 = ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 iii1 #ai7 t impati5ce n unfrequ5tly dislodges ! ab/a9]'s m9d f its peaceful seclusion4 ,likewise he says 7,pa/or4 iii1 #ai7 t sometimes ! s9 ( pride pi]ces ! ?\ghts ( ! ab/a9]1 s t ab/95ce excludes humility4 ,!re=e ab/95ce is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#b ,pet4 #a3e1 #f73 ,jo9 ) y\r fai? virtue1 & ) virtue k1 & ) k ab/95ce2 :]e ab/95ce is numb]$ among o!r virtues4 ,!re=e ab/95ce is a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,ab/95ce by its v "n d5otes retr5*m5t ( food4 ,h5ce ! t]m ab/95ce may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z d5ot+ retr5*m5t ( food absolutely1 & 9 ?is way x signifies nei!r a virtue nor a virtu\s act1 b some?+ indiff]5t4 ,secondly1 x may be tak5 z regulat$ by reason1 & !n x signifies ei!r a virtu\s habit or a virtu\s act4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ,pet]'s words quot$ above1 :]e he says t we ought to jo9 ab/95ce ) k1 namely t 9 ab/a9+ f food a man %\ld act ) due reg>d = ^? among :om he lives1 = 8 own p]son1 & = ! requirem5ts ( heal?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! use ( & ab/95ce f food1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 d n p]ta9 to ! k+dom ( ,god1 s9ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #h3h73 ,meat do? n comm5d u to ,god4 ,= nei!r1 if we eat n 99,vulg43 ',nei!r if we eat 4 4 4 nor if we eat n'1 %all we h ! less1 nor if we eat1 %all we h ! m1 i4e4 spiritually4 ,nev]!less !y bo? belong to ! k+dom ( ,god1 9 s f> z !y are done reasonably ?r\gh fai? & love ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! regulation ( food1 9 ! po9t ( quantity & quality1 belongs to ! art ( m$ic9e z reg>ds ! heal? ( ! body3 b 9 ! po9t ( int]nal affections ) reg>d to ! good ( reason1 x belongs to ab/95ce4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 ,evang4 ii1 qu4 #aa73 ,x makes no diff]5ce :atev] to virtue :at or h[ mu* food a man takes1 s long z he does x ) due reg>d = ! p among :om he lives1 = 8 own p]son1 & = ! requirem5ts ( 8 heal?3 b x matt]s h[ readily & uncompla9+ly he does )\t food :5 b\nd by duty or necessity to ab/a94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x belongs to temp]ance to bridle ! pleasures :i* are too allur+ to ! s\l1 j z x belongs to =titude to /r5g!n ! s\l aga9/ fe>s t det] x f ! good ( reason4 ,:]e=e1 j z =titude is comm5d$ on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 excess1 f :i* all ! p>ts ( =titude take _! "n1 s temp]ance is comm5d$ = a k9d ( defici5cy1 f :i* all its p>ts are d5om9at$4 ,h5ce ab/95ce1 s9ce x is a "p ( temp]ance1 is nam$ f defici5cy1 & yet x obs]ves ! mean1 9 s f> z x is 9 accord ) "r reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^? vices result f ab/95ce 9 s f> z x is n 9 accord ) "r reason4 ,= "r reason makes "o ab/a9 z "o ought1 i4e4 ) gladness ( he>t1 & = ! due end1 i4e4 = ,god's glory & n "o's own4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,ab/95ce ,is a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ab/95ce is n a special virtue4 ,= e virtue is praisewor?y by itself4 ,b ab/95ce is n praisewor?y by itself2 = ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 iii1 #ai7 t ! virtue ( ab/95ce is prais$ only on acc\nt ( ! o!r virtues4 ,!re=e ab/95ce is n a special virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 99,fulg5tius says 7,de ,fide ad ,pet4 xlii7 t ! sa9ts ab/a9 f meat & dr9k1 n t any creature ( ,god is evil1 b m]ely 9 ord] to *a/ise ! body4 ,n[ ?is belongs to *a/ity1 z its v "n d5otes4 ,!re=e ab/95ce is n a special virtue di/9ct f *a/ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z man %\ld be cont5t ) mod]ate meat1 s %\ld he be satisfi$ ) mod]ate clo!s1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #f3h1 ,hav+ food1 & :]e) to be cov]$1 ) ^! we %\ld be ,vulg43 'are' cont5t4 ,n[ !re is no special virtue 9 be+ cont5t ) mod]ate clo!s4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 is !re 9 ab/95ce :i* mod]ates food4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,macrobius 99,9 ,somn4 ,scip4 i1 #h reckons ab/95ce z a special "p ( temp]ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #acf1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #c7 moral virtue ma9ta9s ! good ( reason aga9/ ! onslaught ( ! passions3 h5ce :5ev] we f9d a special motive :y a passion dep>ts f ! good ( reason1 !re is ne$ ( a special virtue4 ,n[ pleasures ( ! table are ( a nature to )draw man f ! good ( reason1 bo? because !y are s great1 & because food is necess>y to man :o ne$s x = ! ma9t5ance ( life1 :i* he desires above all o!r ?+s4 ,!re=e ab/95ce is a special virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virtues are ( necessity connect$ toge!r1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e "o virtue receives help & comm5dation f ano!r1 z ju/ice f =titude4 ,accord+ly 9 ?is way ! virtue ( ab/95ce receives comm5dation on acc\nt ( ! o!r virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! body is *a/is$ by means ( ab/95ce1 n only aga9/ ! allurem5ts ( lu/1 b also aga9/ ^? ( gluttony3 s9ce by ab/a9+ a man ga9s /r5g? = ov]com+ ! onslaughts ( gluttony1 :i* increase 9 =ce ! m he yields to !m4 ,yet ab/95ce is n prev5t$ f be+ a special virtue ?r\gh be+ a help to *a/ity1 s9ce "o virtue helps ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! use ( clo?+ 0 devis$ by art1 :]eas ! use ( food is f nature4 ,h5ce x is m necess>y to h a special virtue = ! mod]ation ( food ?an = ! mod]ation ( clo?+4 ,,"q #adg ,,( ,,fa/+ 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] fa/+3 "u :i* head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r fa/+ is an act ( virtue8 7#b7 ,( :at virtue is x ! act8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a matt] ( precept8 7#d7 ,:e!r anyone is excus$ f fulfill+ ?is precept8 7#e7 ,! "t ( fa/+2 7#f7 ,:e!r x is requisite = fa/+ to eat b once8 7#g7 ,! h\r ( eat+ = ^? :o fa/2 7#h7 ,! meats f :i* x is necess>y to ab/a94 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,fa/+ ,is an ,act ( ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fa/+ is n an act ( virtue4 ,= e act ( virtue is acceptable to ,god4 ,b fa/+ is n always acceptable to ,god1 accord+ to ,isa4 #eh3c1 ,:y h we fa/$ & ,?\ ha/ n reg>d$8 ,!re=e fa/+ is n an act ( virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no act ( virtue =sakes ! mean ( virtue4 ,n[ fa/+ =sakes ! mean ( virtue1 :i* 9 ! virtue ( ab/95ce takes acc\nt ( ! necessity ( supply+ ! ne$s ( nature1 :]eas by fa/+ some?+ is retr5*$ !refrom3 else ^? :o d n fa/ w\ld n h ! virtue ( ab/95ce4 ,!re=e fa/+ is n an act ( virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is compet5t to all1 bo? good & evil1 is n an act ( virtue4 ,n[ su* is fa/+1 s9ce e "o is fa/+ be=e eat+4 ,!re=e fa/+ is n an act ( virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is reckon$ toge!r ) o!r virtu\s acts 7#b ,cor4 #f3e1 #f7 :]e ! ,apo/le says3 ,9 fa/+1 9 k1 9 *a/ity1 etc4 ,vulg43 '9 *a/ity1 9 k'4 ,i answ] t1 ,an act is virtu\s ?r\gh be+ direct$ by reason to "s virtu\s 7hone/um7 99,cf4 ,q4 #ade1 ,a4 #a good4 ,n[ ?is is consi/5t ) fa/+1 because fa/+ is practic$ = a ?reefold purpose4 ,fir/1 9 ord] to bridle ! lu/s ( ! fle%1 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #f3e1 #f73 ,9 fa/+1 9 *a/ity1 s9ce fa/+ is ! gu>dian ( *a/ity4 ,=1 accord+ to ,j]ome 99,contra ,jov4 ii4 ,v5us is cold :5 ,c]es & ,bac*us are n !re1 t is to say1 lu/ is cool$ by ab/95ce 9 meat & dr9k4 ,secondly1 we h rec\rse to fa/+ 9 ord] t ! m9d may arise m freely to ! contemplation ( heav5ly ?+s3 h5ce x is relat$ 7,dan4 #aj7 ( ,daniel t he receiv$ a revelation f ,god aft] fa/+ = ?ree weeks4 ,?irdly1 9 ord] to satisfy = s9s3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,joel #b3ab73 ,be conv]t$ to ,me ) all y\r he>t1 9 fa/+ & 9 weep+ & 9 m\rn+4 ,! same is decl>$ by ,augu/9e 9 a s]mon 7,de orat4 et ,jejun4 99,s]m4 lxxii 7ccxxx1 de ,tempore773 ,fa/+ cleanses ! s\l1 raises ! m9d1 subjects "o's fle% to ! _s1 r5d]s ! he>t contrite & humble1 scatt]s ! cl\ds ( concupisc5ce1 qu5*es ! fire ( lu/1 k9dles ! true light ( *a/ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,an act t is virtu\s g5]ically may be r5d]$ vici\s by its connection ) c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,h5ce ! text goes on to say3 ,behold 9 ! day ( y\r fa/ y\r own w is f\nd$1 & a little fur!r on 7,isa4 #eh3d73 ,y fa/ = debates & /rife & /rike ) ! fi/ wick$ly4 ,^! words are exp\nd$ by ,gregory 7,pa/or4 iii1 #ai7 z foll[s3 ,! w indicates joy & ! fi/ ang]4 ,9 va9 !n is ! fle% re/ra9$ if ! m9d all[$ to drift to inord9ate movem5ts be wreck$ by vice4 ,& ,augu/9e says 79 ! same s]mon7 t fa/+ loves n _m words1 deems weal? sup]flu\s1 scorns pride1 comm5ds humility1 helps man to p]ceive :at is frail & paltry4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! mean ( virtue is measur$ n accord+ to quantity b accord+ to "r reason1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f4 ,n[ reason judges x exp$i5t1 on acc\nt ( "s special motive1 = a man to take less food ?an w\ld be becom+ to him "u ord9>y circum/ances1 = in/ance 9 ord] to avoid sickness1 or 9 ord] to p]=m c]ta9 bodily works ) great] ease3 & mu* m does reason direct ?is to ! avoidance ( spiritual evils & ! pursuit ( spiritual goods4 ,yet reason does n retr5* s mu* f "o's food z to refuse nature its necess>y support3 ?us ,j]ome says399 ,x matt]s n :e!r ?\ art a long or a %ort "t 9 de/roy+ ?yself1 s9ce to afflict ! body immod]ately1 :e!r by excessive lack ( n\ri%m5t1 or by eat+ or sleep+ too little1 is to (f] a sacrifice ( /ol5 goods4 99,! quotation is f ! ,corpus ( ,canon ,law 7,cap4 ,non m$iocrit]1 ,de ,consecrationibus1 di/4 #e74 ,gratian !re ascribes ! quotation to ,/4 ,j]ome1 b x is n to be f\nd 9 ! sa9t's works4 ,9 l mann] "r reason does n retr5* s mu* f a man's food z to r5d] him incapable ( fulfill+ 8 duty4 ,h5ce ,j]ome says 79 ! same ref]5ce7 ,rational man =feits 8 dignity1 if he sets fa/+ be=e *a/ity1 or night-wat*+s be=e ! well-be+ ( 8 s5ses4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fa/+ ( nature1 9 respect ( :i* a man is said to be fa/+ until he p>takes ( food1 consi/s 9 a pure negation1 :]e=e x _c be reckon$ a virtu\s act4 ,su* is only ! fa/+ ( "o :o ab/a9s 9 "s measure f food = a reasonable purpose4 ,h5ce ! =m] is call$ natural fa/+ 7jejunium jejunii7 99,lit]ally ! 'fa/ ( fa/+'3 :ile ! latt] is call$ ! fa/]'s fa/1 because he fa/s = a purpose4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,fa/+ ,is an ,act ( ,ab/95ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fa/+ is n an act ( ab/95ce4 ,= ,j]ome 99,! quotation is f ! ,ord9>y ,gloss1 :]e ! ref]5ce is lack+ comm5t+ on ,matt4 #ag3bj1 ,?is k9d ( devil says3 ,to fa/ is to ab/a9 n only f food b also f all mann] ( lu/s4 ,n[ ?is belongs to e virtue4 ,!re=e fa/+ is n exclusively an act ( ab/95ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 9 a ,l5t5 ,homily 7xvi 9 ,evang47 t ! ,l5t5 fa/ is a ti! ( ! :ole ye>4 ,n[ pay+ ti!s is an act ( religion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hg1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e fa/+ is an act ( religion & n ( ab/95ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ab/95ce is a "p ( temp]ance1 z /at$ above 7,,qq4 #adc1 #adf1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,n[ temp]ance is condivid$ ) =titude1 to :i* x belongs to endure h>d%ips1 & ?is seems v applicable to fa/+4 ,!re=e fa/+ is n an act ( ab/95ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 vi1 #ai7 t fa/+ is frugality ( f>e & ab/95ce f food4 ,i answ] t1 ,habit & act h ! same matt]4 ,:]e=e e virtu\s act ab\t "s p>ticul> matt] belongs to ! virtue t appo9ts ! mean 9 t matt]4 ,n[ fa/+ is conc]n$ ) food1 :]e9 ! mean is appo9t$ by ab/95ce4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t fa/+ is an act ( ab/95ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,prop]ly speak+ fa/+ consi/s 9 ab/a9+ f food1 b speak+ metaphorically x d5otes ab/95ce f any?+ h>mful1 & su* especially is s94 ,we may also reply t ev5 prop]ly speak+ fa/+ is ab/95ce f all mann] ( lu/1 s9ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a71 an act ceases to be virtu\s by ! conjunction ( any vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no?+ prev5ts ! act ( "o virtue belong+ to ano!r virtue1 9 s f> z x is direct$ to ! end ( t virtue1 z expla9$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b2 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #c74 ,accord+ly !re is no reason :y fa/+ %\ld n be an act ( religion1 or ( *a/ity1 or ( any o!r virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x belongs to =titude z a special virtue1 to endure1 n any k9d ( h>d%ip1 b only ^? connect$ ) ! dang] ( dea?4 ,to endure h>d%ips result+ f privation ( pleasure ( t\*1 belongs to temp]ance & its p>ts3 & su* are ! h>d%ips ( fa/+4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,fa/+ ,is a ,matt] ( ,precept8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t fa/+ is n a matt] ( precept4 ,= precepts are n giv5 ab\t works ( sup]]ogation :i* are a matt] ( c\nsel4 ,n[ fa/+ is a "w ( sup]]ogation3 else x w\ld h to be equally obs]v$ at all places & times4 ,!re=e fa/+ is n a matt] ( precept4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] infr+es a precept commits a mortal s94 ,!re=e if fa/+ 7 a matt] ( precept1 all :o d n fa/ w\ld s9 mortally1 & a widespread+ sn>e w\ld be laid = m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #ag7 t ! ,wisdom ( ,god hav+ tak5 human nature1 & call$ u to a /ate ( fre$om1 in/itut$ a few mo/ salut>y sacram5ts :]eby ! community ( ! ,*ri/ian p1 t is1 ( ! free multitude1 %\ld be b\nd toge!r 9 subjection to "o ,god4 ,n[ ! lib]ty ( ! ,*ri/ian p seems to be h9d]$ by a great numb] ( obs]vances no less ?an by a great numb] ( sacram5ts4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,ad inquis4 ,janu>41 ,ep4 lv7 t :]eas ,god 9 ,8 m]cy wi%$ our religion to be di/+ui%$ by its fre$om & ! evid5ce & small numb] ( its solemn sacram5ts1 "s p r5d] x oppressive ) slavi% burd5s4 ,!re=e x seems t ! ,*ur* %\ld n h made fa/+ a matt] ( precept4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome 7,ad ,luc941 ,ep4 lxxi7 speak+ ( fa/+ says3 ,let ea* prov9ce keep to its own practice1 & look ^u ! comm&s ( ! eld]s z ?\gh !y 7 laws ( ! apo/les4 ,!re=e fa/+ is a matt] ( precept4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z x belongs to ! secul> au?ority to make legal precepts :i* apply ! natural law to matt]s ( common weal 9 temporal affairs1 s x belongs to ecclesia/ical sup]iors to prescribe by /atute ^? ?+s t conc]n ! common weal ( ! fai?ful 9 spiritual goods4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 t fa/+ is useful z aton+ = & prev5t+ s91 & z rais+ ! m9d to spiritual ?+s4 ,& ev]yone is b\nd by ! natural dictate ( reason to practice fa/+ z f> z x is necess>y = ^! purposes4 ,:]e=e fa/+ 9 g5]al is a matt] ( precept ( ! natural law1 :ile ! fix+ ( ! "t & mann] ( fa/+ z becom+ & pr(itable to ! ,*ri/ian p1 is a matt] ( precept ( positive law e/abli%$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority3 ! latt] is ! ,*ur* fa/1 ! =m] is ! fa/ prescrib$ by nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fa/+ consid]$ 9 itself d5otes some?+ n eligible b p5al3 yet x becomes eligible 9 s f> z x is useful to "s end4 ,:]e=e consid]$ absolutely x is n b9d+ "u precept1 b x is b9d+ "u precept to ea* "o t /&s 9 ne$ ( su* a rem$y4 ,& s9ce m51 = ! mo/ "p1 ne$ ?is rem$y1 bo? because 9 _m ?+s we all (f5d 7,james #c3b71 & because ! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! _s 7,gal4 #e3ag71 x 0 fitt+ t ! ,*ur* %\ld appo9t c]ta9 fa/s to be kept by all 9 common4 ,9 do+ ?is ! ,*ur* does n make a precept ( a matt] ( sup]]ogation1 b p>ticul>izes 9 detail t :i* is ( g5]al obligation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? comm&m5ts :i* are giv5 "u ! =m ( a g5]al precept1 d n b9d all p]sons 9 ! same way1 b subject to ! requirem5ts ( ! end int5d$ by ! lawgiv]4 ,x w be a mortal s9 to disobey a comm&m5t ?r\gh contempt ( ! lawgiv]'s au?ority1 or to disobey x 9 su* a way z to fru/rate ! end int5d$ by him3 b x is n a mortal s9 if "o fails to keep a comm&m5t1 :5 !re is a reasonable motive1 & especially if ! lawgiv] w\ld n insi/ on its obs]vance if he 7 pres5t4 ,h5ce x is t n all1 :o d n keep ! fa/s ( ! ,*ur*1 s9 mortally4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,augu/9e is speak+ !re ( ^? ?+s t are nei!r conta9$ 9 ! au?orities ( ,holy ,scripture1 nor f\nd among ! ord9ances ( bi%ops 9 c\ncil1 nor sanction$ by ! cu/om ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fa/s t are ( obligation are appo9t$ by ! c\ncils ( bi%ops & are sanction$ by ! cu/om ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*4 ,nor are !y oppos$ to ! fre$om ( ! fai?ful1 r are !y ( use 9 h9d]+ ! slav]y ( s91 :i* is oppos$ to spiritual fre$om1 ( :i* x is writt5 7,gal4 #e3ac73 ,y1 bre?r51 h be5 call$ unto lib]ty2 only make n lib]ty an occasion to ! fle%4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,all ,are ,b\nd to ,keep ! ,fa/s ( ! ,*ur*8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all are b\nd to keep ! fa/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,= ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,*ur* are b9d+ ev5 z ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 accord+ to ,luke #aj3af1 ,he t he>e? y he>e? ,me4 ,n[ all are b\nd to keep ! comm&m5ts ( ,god4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] all are b\nd to keep ! fa/s appo9t$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 *ildr5 especially are seem+ly n exempt f fa/+1 on acc\nt ( _! age3 = x is writt5 7,joel #b3ae73 ,sanctify a fa/1 & fur!r on 7,joel #b3af73 ,ga!r toge!r ! little ones1 & !m t suck ! brea/s4 ,mu* m !re=e are all o!rs b\nd to keep ! fa/s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 spiritual ?+s %\ld be pref]r$ to temporal1 & necess>y ?+s to ^? t are n necess>y4 ,n[ bodily works are direct$ to temporal ga92 & pilgrimages1 ?\gh direct$ to spiritual ?+s1 are n a matt] ( necessity4 ,!re=e1 s9ce fa/+ is direct$ to a spiritual ga91 & is made a necess>y ?+ by ! comm&m5t ( ! ,*ur*1 x seems t ! fa/s ( ! ,*ur* ought n to be omitt$ on acc\nt ( a pilgrimage1 or bodily works4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is bett] to d a ?+ will+ly ?an ?r\gh necessity1 z /at$ 9 #b ,cor4 #i3g4 ,n[ ! poor are wont to fa/ ?r\gh necessity1 ow+ to lack ( food4 ,mu* m !re=e ought !y to fa/ will+ly4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x seems t no righte\s man is b\nd to fa/4 ,= ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,*ur* are n b9d+ 9 opposition to ,*ri/'s tea*+4 ,b our ,"l said 7,luke #e3cd7 t ! *ildr5 ( ! bridegroom _c fa/ :il/ ! bridegroom is ) !m 99,vulg43 ',c y make ! *ildr5 ( ! bridegroom fa/1 :il/ ! bridegroom is ) !m8'4 ,n[ ,he is ) all ! righte\s by dwell+ 9 !m 9 a special mann] 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #h1 ,a4 #c1 :]e=e our ,"l said 7,matt4 #bh3bj73 ,behold ,i am ) y 4 4 4 ev5 to ! consummation ( ! _w4 ,!re=e ! righte\s are n b\nd by ! comm&m5t ( ! ,*ur* to fa/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ih1 ,,aa4 #b1 #f71 g5]al precepts are fram$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! _m4 ,:]e=e 9 mak+ su* precepts ! lawgiv] consid]s :at happ5s g5]ally & = ! mo/ "p1 & he does n int5d ! precept to be b9d+ on a p]son 9 :om = "s special reason !re is some?+ incompatible ) obs]vance ( ! precept4 ,yet discretion mu/ be br\ght to be> on ! po9t4 ,= if ! reason be evid5t1 x is lawful = a man to use 8 own judgm5t 9 omitt+ to fulfil ! precept1 especially if cu/om be 9 8 favor1 or if x be difficult = him to h rec\rse to sup]ior au?ority4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! reason be d\btful1 "o %\ld h rec\rse to ! sup]ior :o has p[] to grant a disp5sation 9 su* cases4 ,& ?is mu/ be done 9 ! fa/s appo9t$ by ! ,*ur*1 to :i* all are b\nd 9 g5]al1 unless !re be "s special ob/acle to ?is obs]vance4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! comm&m5ts ( ,god are precepts ( ! natural law1 :i* are1 ( !mselves1 necess>y = salvation4 ,b ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,*ur* are ab\t matt]s :i* are necess>y = salvation1 n ( !mselves1 b only ?r\gh ! ord9ance ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce !re may be c]ta9 ob/acles on acc\nt ( :i* c]ta9 p]sons are n b\nd to keep ! fa/s 9 "q4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 *ildr5 !re is a mo/ evid5t reason = n fa/+1 bo? on acc\nt ( _! natural weakness1 ow+ to :i* !y ne$ to take food frequ5tly1 & n mu* at a "t1 & because !y ne$ mu* n\ri%m5t ow+ to ! dem&s ( gr[?1 :i* results f ! residuum ( n\ri%m5t4 ,:]e=e z long z ! /age ( gr[? la/s1 :i* z a rule la/s until !y h complet$ ! ?ird p]iod ( sev5 ye>s1 !y are n b\nd to keep ! ,*ur* fa/s3 & yet x is fitt+ t ev5 dur+ t "t !y %\ld ex]cise !mselves 9 fa/+1 m or less1 9 accordance ) _! age4 ,nev]!less :5 "s great calamity ?reat5s1 ev5 *ildr5 are comm&$ to fa/1 9 sign ( m sev]e p5ance1 accord+ to ,jonah #c3g1 ,let nei!r m5 nor bea/s 4 4 4 ta/e any?+ 4 4 4 nor dr9k wat]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,app>5tly a di/9ction %\ld be made ) reg>d to pilgrims & work+ p4 ,= if ! pilgrimage or labori\s "w c be conv5i5tly def]r$ or less5$ )\t detrim5t to ! bodily heal? & su* ext]nal conditions z are necess>y = ! upkeep ( bodily or spiritual life1 !re is no reason = omitt+ ! fa/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b if "o be "u ! necessity ( />t+ on ! pilgrimage at once1 & ( mak+ long /ages1 or ( do+ mu* "w1 ei!r = "o's bodily livelihood1 or = "s ne$ ( ! spiritual life1 & x be impossible at ! same "t to keep ! fa/s ( ! ,*ur*1 "o is n b\nd to fa/3 because 9 ord]+ fa/s ! ,*ur* w\ld n seem to h int5d$ to prev5t o!r pi\s & m necess>y und]tak+s4 ,nev]!less1 9 su* cases "o ought seem+ly1 to seek ! sup]ior's disp5sation2 except p]haps :5 ! above c\rse is recogniz$ by cu/om1 s9ce :5 sup]iors are sil5t !y w\ld seem to cons5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^? poor :o c provide !mselves ) suffici5t = "o meal are n excus$1 on acc\nt ( pov]ty1 f keep+ ! fa/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? w\ld seem to be exempt :o beg _! food piecemeal1 s9ce !y are unable at any "o "t to h a suffici5cy ( food4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,?is say+ ( our ,"l may be exp\nd$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 accord+ to ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 xxx 9 ,mat?471 :o says t ! disciples1 :o are call$ *ildr5 ( ! bridegroom1 7 z yet ( a weakly disposition1 :]e=e !y are comp>$ to an old g>m5t4 ,h5ce :ile ,*ri/ 0 ) !m 9 body !y 7 to be fo/]$ ) k9dness r ?an drill$ ) ! h>%ness ( fa/+4 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 x is fitt+ t disp5sations %\ld be grant$ to ! imp]fect & to beg9n]s1 r ?an to ! eld]s & ! p]fect1 accord+ to a gloss on ,ps4 #acj3b1 ,z a *ild t is wean$ is t[>ds 8 "m4 ,secondly1 we may say ) ,j]ome 99,b$e1 ,comm5t4 9 ,luc4 v t our ,"l is speak+ "h ( ! fa/s ( ! obs]vances ( ! ,old ,law4 ,:]e=e our ,"l means to say t ! apo/les 7 n to be held back by ! old obs]vances1 s9ce !y 7 to be fill$ ) ! newness ( grace4 ,?irdly1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,cons5su ,evang4 ii1 #bg71 :o /ates t fa/+ is ( two k9ds4 ,"o p]ta9s to ^? :o are humbl$ by disquietude1 & ?is is n befitt+ p]fect m51 = !y are call$ *ildr5 ( ! bridegroom2 h5ce :5 we read 9 ,luke3 ,! *ildr5 ( ! bridegroom _c fa/ 99,hom4 xiii1 9 ,mat?41 we read 9 ,matt4 #i3ae3 ,! *ildr5 ( ! bridegroom _c m\rn 99,vulg43 ',c ! *ildr5 ( ! bridegroom m\rn8'4 ,! o!r p]ta9s to ! m9d t rejoices 9 adh]+ to spiritual ?+s3 & ?is fa/+ is befitt+ ! p]fect4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adg1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,times = ! ,*ur* ,fa/ ,are ,fitt+ly ,ascrib$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! times = ! ,*ur* fa/ are unfitt+ly appo9t$4 ,= we read 7,matt4 #d7 t ,*ri/ began to fa/ imm$iately aft] be+ baptiz$4 ,n[ we ought to imitate ,*ri/1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #d3af1 ,be ye foll[]s ( me1 z ,i also am ( ,*ri/4 ,!re=e we ought to fa/ imm$iately aft] ! ,epiphany :5 ,*ri/'s baptism is celebrat$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is unlawful 9 ! ,new ,law to obs]ve ! c]emonies ( ! ,old ,law4 ,n[ x belongs to ! solemnities ( ! ,old ,law to fa/ 9 c]ta9 p>ticul> mon?s3 = x is writt5 7,ze*4 #h3ai73 ,! fa/ ( ! f\r? mon? & ! fa/ ( ! fif?1 & ! fa/ ( ! sev5?1 & ! fa/ ( ! t5? %all be to ! h\se ( ,judah1 joy & gladness & great solemnities4 ,!re=e ! fa/ ( c]ta9 mon?s1 :i* are call$ ,emb] days1 are unfitt+ly kept 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,cons5su ,evang4 ii1 #bg71 j z !re is a fa/ ( sorr[1 s is !re a fa/ ( joy4 ,n[ x is mo/ becom+ t ! fai?ful %\ld rejoice spiritually 9 ,*ri/'s ,resurrection4 ,!re=e dur+ ! five weeks :i* ! ,*ur* solemnizes on acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s ,resurrection1 & on ,sundays :i* commemorate ! ,resurrection1 fa/s ought to be appo9t$4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! g5]al cu/om ( ! ,*ur*4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #c71 fa/+ is direct$ to two ?+s1 ! deletion ( s91 & ! rais+ ( ! m9d to heav5ly ?+s4 ,:]e=e fa/+ ought to be appo9t$ specially = ^? times1 :5 x behooves man to be cleans$ f s91 & ! m9ds ( ! fai?ful to be rais$ to ,god by devotion3 & ^! ?+s are p>ticul>ly requisite be=e ! fea/ ( ,ea/]1 :5 s9s are loos$ by baptism1 :i* is solemnly conf]r$ on ,ea/]-eve1 on :i* day our ,"l's burial is commemorat$1 because we are buri$ toge!r ) ,*ri/ by baptism unto dea? 7,rom4 #f3d74 ,moreov] at ! ,ea/] fe/ival ! m9d ( man ought to be dev\tly rais$ to ! glory ( et]nity1 :i* ,*ri/ re/or$ by ris+ f ! dead1 & s ! ,*ur* ord]$ a fa/ to be obs]v$ imm$iately be=e ! ,pas*al fea/2 & = ! same reason1 on ! eve ( ! *ief fe/ivals1 because x is !n t "o ought to make ready to keep ! com+ fea/ dev\tly4 ,aga9 x is ! cu/om 9 ! ,*ur* = ,holy ,ord]s to be conf]r$ e qu>t] ( ! ye> 79 sign :]e( our ,"l f$ f\r ?\s& m5 ) sev5 loaves1 :i* signify ! ,new ,te/am5t ye> z ,j]ome says 99,comm5t4 9 ,m>c4 viii73 & !n bo? ! orda9]1 & ! c&idates = ord9ation1 & ev5 ! :ole p1 = ^: good !y are orda9$1 ne$ to fa/ 9 ord] to make !mselves ready = ! ord9ation4 ,h5ce x is relat$ 7,luke #f3ab7 t be=e *oos+ ,8 disciples our ,"l w5t out into a m\nta9 to pray3 & ,ambrose 99,exposit4 9 ,luc4 comm5t+ on ^! words says3 ,:at %\ld/ ?\ d1 :5 ?\ desire/ to und]take "s pi\s "w1 s9ce ,*ri/ pray$ be=e s5d+ ,8 apo/les8 ,) reg>d to ! =ty day's fa/1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 xvi 9 ,evang47 !re are ?ree reasons = ! numb]4 ,fir/1 because ! p[] ( ! ,decalogue is accompli%$ 9 ! f\r books ( ! ,holy ,gospels3 s9ce =ty is ! product ( t5 multipli$ by f\r4 ,or because we are compos$ ( f\r elem5ts 9 ?is mortal body ?r\gh ^: lu/s we transgress ! ,"l's comm&m5ts :i* are deliv]$ to u 9 ! ,decalogue4 ,:]e=e x is fitt+ we %\ld puni% t same body =ty times4 ,or1 because1 j z "u ! ,law x 0 comm&$ t ti!s %\ld be paid ( ?+s1 s we /rive to pay ,god a ti! ( days1 = s9ce a ye> is compos$ ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-six days1 by puni%+ ourselves = ?irty-six days 7namely1 ! fa/+ days dur+ ! six weeks ( ,l5t7 we pay ,god a ti! ( our ye>4 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #af7 a f\r? reason may be add$4 ,= ! ,creator is ! ,tr9ity1 ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/3 :ile ! numb] ?ree ref]s to ! invisible creature1 s9ce we are comm&$ to love ,god1 ) our :ole he>t1 ) our :ole s\l1 & ) our :ole m9d3 & ! numb] f\r ref]s to ! visible creature1 by reason ( heat1 cold1 wet & dry4 ,?us ! numb] t5 99,t5 is ! sum ( ?ree1 ?ree1 & f\r signifies all ?+s1 & if ?is be multipli$ by f\r :i* ref]s to ! body :]eby we make use ( ?+s1 we h ! numb] =ty4 ,ea* fa/ ( ! ,emb] days is compos$ ( ?ree days1 on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( mon?s 9 ea* season3 or on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( ,holy ord]s :i* are conf]r$ at ^! times4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*ri/ ne$$ n baptism = ,8 own sake1 b 9 ord] to comm5d baptism to u4 ,:]e=e x 0 compet5t = ,him to fa/1 n be=e1 b aft] ,8 baptism1 9 ord] to invite u to fa/ be=e our baptism4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,*ur* keeps ! ,emb] fa/s1 nei!r at ! v same "t z ! ,jews1 nor = ! same reasons4 ,= !y fa/$ 9 ,july1 :i* is ! f\r? mon? f ,april 7:i* !y c\nt z ! fir/71 because x 0 !n t ,moses com+ d[n f ,m\nt ,s9ai broke ! tables ( ! ,law 7,ex4 #cb71 & t1 accord+ to ,j]4 #ci3b1 ! walls ( ! city 7 fir/ brok5 ?r\gh4 ,9 ! fif? mon?1 :i* we call ,augu/1 !y fa/$ because !y 7 comm&$ n to g up on to ! m\nta91 :5 ! p _h rebell$ on acc\nt ( ! spies 7,num4 #ad73 also 9 ?is mon? ! temple ( ,j]usalem 0 burnt d[n by ,nabu*odonosor 7,j]4 #eb7 & aft]w>ds by ,titus4 ,9 ! sev5? mon? :i* we call ,octob]1 ,godolias 0 sla91 & ! remnants ( ! p 7 disp]s$ 7,j]4 #ea74 ,9 ! t5? mon?1 :i* we call ,janu>y1 ! p :o 7 ) ,eze*iel 9 captivity he>d ( ! de/ruction ( ! temple 7,eze*4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fa/+ ( joy proce$s f ! in/igation ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,:o is ! ,_s ( lib]ty1 :]e=e ?is fa/+ %\ld n be a matt] ( precept4 ,accord+ly ! fa/s appo9t$ by ! comm&m5t ( ! ,*ur* are r fa/s ( sorr[ :i* are inconsi/5t ) days ( joy4 ,= ?is reason fa/+ is n ord]$ by ! ,*ur* dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,pas*al season1 nor on ,sundays3 & if anyone 7 to fa/ at ^! times 9 contradiction to ! cu/om ( ,*ri/ian p1 :i* z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,ep4 xxxvi7 is to be consid]$ z law1 or ev5 ?r\gh "s errone\s op9ion 7?us ! ,mani*ees fa/1 because !y deem su* fa/+ to be ( obligation7--he w\ld n be free f s94 ,nev]!less fa/+ consid]$ 9 itself is comm5dable at all times2 ?us ,j]ome wrote 7,ad ,luc941 ,ep4 lxxi73 ,w\ld t we might fa/ always4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adg1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,x ,is ,requisite = ,fa/+ ,t ,"o ,eat b ,once8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n requisite = fa/+ t "o eat b once4 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 fa/+ is an act ( ! virtue ( ab/95ce1 :i* obs]ves due quantity ( food n less ?an ! numb] ( meals4 ,n[ ! quantity ( food is n limit$ = ^? :o fa/4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld ! numb] ( meals be limit$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,j z man is n\ri%$ by meat1 s is he by dr9k3 :]e=e dr9k breaks ! fa/1 & = ?is reason we _c receive ! ,eu*>i/ aft] dr9k+4 ,n[ we are n =bidd5 to dr9k at v>i\s h\rs ( ! day4 ,!re=e ^? :o fa/ %\ld n be =bidd5 to eat sev]al times4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 dige/ives are a k9d ( food3 & yet _m take !m on fa/+ days aft] eat+4 ,!re=e x is n ess5tial to fa/+ to take only "o meal4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! common cu/om ( ! ,*ri/ian p4 ,i answ] t1 ,fa/+ is in/itut$ by ! ,*ur* 9 ord] to bridle concupisc5ce1 yet s z to safegu>d nature4 ,n[ only "o meal is seem+ly suffici5t = ?is purpose1 s9ce !reby man is able to satisfy nature2 & yet he )draws some?+ f concupisc5ce by m9imiz+ ! numb] ( meals4 ,!re=e x is appo9t$ by ! ,*ur*1 9 h] mod]ation1 t ^? :o fa/ %\ld take "o meal 9 ! day4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x 0 n possible to fix ! same quantity ( food = all1 on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s bodily temp]am5ts1 ! result be+ t "o p]son ne$s m1 & ano!r less food3 :]eas1 = ! mo/ "p1 all are able to satisfy nature by only "o meal4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fa/+ is ( two k9ds 99,cf4 ,a4 #a1 ad #c4 ,"o is ! natural fa/1 :i* is requisite = receiv+ ! ,eu*>i/4 ,?is is brok5 by any k9d ( dr9k1 ev5 ( wat]1 aft] :i* x is n lawful to receive ! ,eu*>i/4 ,! fa/ ( ! ,*ur* is ano!r k9d & is call$ ! fa/+ ( ! fa/]1 & ?is is n brok5 save by su* ?+s z ! ,*ur* int5d$ to =bid 9 in/itut+ ! fa/4 ,n[ ! ,*ur* does n int5d to comm& ab/95ce f dr9k1 = ?is is tak5 m = bodily refre%m5t1 & dige/ion ( ! food consum$1 al?\gh x n\ri%es some:at4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible to s9 & lose ! m]it ( fa/+1 by p>tak+ ( too mu* dr9k3 z also by eat+ immod]ately at "o meal4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh dige/ives n\ri% some:at !y are n tak5 *iefly = n\ri%m5t1 b = dige/ion4 ,h5ce "o does n break "o's fa/ by tak+ !m or any o!r m$ic9es1 unless "o 7 to take dige/ives1 ) a fraudul5t int5tion1 9 great quantity & by way ( food4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adg1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,n9? ,h\r ,is ,suitably ,fix$ = ! ,fa/]'s ,meal8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! n9? h\r is n suitably fix$ = ! fa/]'s meal4 ,= ! /ate ( ! ,new ,law is m p]fect ?an ! /ate ( ! ,old ,law4 ,n[ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t !y fa/$ until ev5+1 = x is writt5 7,lev4 #bc3cb73 ,x is a sabba? 4 4 4 y %all afflict y\r s\ls1 & !n ! text cont9ues3 ,f ev5+ until ev5+ y %all celebrate y\r sabba?s4 ,mu* m !re=e "u ! ,new ,te/am5t %\ld ! fa/ be ord]$ until ! ev5+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! fa/ ord]$ by ! ,*ur* is b9d+ on all4 ,b all are n able to "k exactly ! n9? h\r4 ,!re=e x seems t ! fix+ ( ! n9? h\r %\ld n =m "p ( ! comm&m5t to fa/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 fa/+ is an act ( ! virtue ( ab/95ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,n[ ! mean ( moral virtue does n apply 9 ! same way to all1 s9ce :at is mu* = "o is little = ano!r1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f4 ,!re=e ! n9? h\r %\ld n be fix$ = ^? :o fa/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,*alons 99,! quotation is f ! ,capitul>ies 7,cap4 #ci7 ( ,!odulf1 bi%op ( ,orleans 7#gfj-hba7 & is said to be f\nd 9 ! ,corpus ,juris1 ,cap4 ,sol5t1 di/4 #a1 ,de ,consecratione says3 ,dur+ ,l5t ^? are by no means to be cr$it$ ) fa/+ :o eat be=e ! celebration ( ! (fice ( ,vesp]s1 :i* 9 ! ,l5t5 season is said aft] ! n9? h\r4 ,!re=e we ought to fa/ until ! n9? h\r4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #c1 #e71 fa/+ is direct$ to ! deletion & prev5tion ( s94 ,h5ce x ought to add some?+ to ! common cu/om1 yet s z n to be a heavy burd5 to nature4 ,n[ ! "r & common cu/om is = m5 to eat ab\t ! six? h\r3 bo? because dige/ion is seem+ly f9i%$ 7! natural heat be+ )drawn inw>dly at night-"t on acc\nt ( ! surr\nd+ cold ( ! night71 & ! humor spread ab\t ?r\gh ! limbs 7to :i* result ! heat ( ! day conduces until ! sun has rea*$ its z5i?71 & aga9 because x is !n *iefly t ! nature ( ! human body ne$s assi/ance aga9/ ! ext]nal heat t is 9 ! air1 le/ ! humors be p>*$ )94 ,h5ce1 9 ord] t ^? :o fa/ may feel "s pa9 9 satisfaction = _! s9s1 ! n9? h\r is suitably fix$ = _! meal4 ,moreov]1 ?is h\r agrees ) ! my/]y ( ,*ri/'s ,passion1 :i* 0 br\ght to a close at ! n9? h\r1 :5 b[+ ,8 head1 ,he gave up ! gho/ 7,john #ai3cj73 because ^? :o fa/ by puni%+ _! fle%1 are con=m$ to ! ,passion ( ,*ri/1 accord+ to ,gal4 #e3bd1 ,!y t are ,*ri/'s1 h crucifi$ _! fle% ) ! vices & concupisc5ces4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! /ate ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is comp>$ to ! night1 :ile ! /ate ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is comp>$ to ! day1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ac3ab1 ,! night is pass$ & ! day is at h&4 ,!re=e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t !y fa/$ until night1 b n 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fa/+ requires a fix$ h\r bas$1 n on a /rict calculation1 b on a r\gh e/imate3 = x suffices t x be ab\t ! n9? h\r1 & ?is is easy = anyone to asc]ta94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a little m or a little less _c d mu* h>m4 ,n[ x is n a long space ( "t f ! six? h\r at :i* m5 = ! mo/ "p are wont to eat1 until ! n9? h\r1 :i* is fix$ = ^? :o fa/4 ,:]e=e ! fix+ ( su* a "t _c d mu* h>m to anyone1 :atev] 8 circum/ances may be4 ,if h[ev] ?is 7 to prove a heavy burd5 to a man on acc\nt ( sickness1 age1 or "s simil> reason1 he %\ld be disp5s$ f fa/+1 or be all[$ to =e/all ! h\r by a little4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adg1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,x ,is ,fitt+ ,t ,^? ,:o ,fa/ ,%\ld ,be ,bidd5 to ,ab/a9 f ,fle% ,meat1 ,eggs1 & ,milk ,foods8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unfitt+ t ^? :o fa/ %\ld be bidd5 to ab/a9 f fle% meat1 eggs1 & milk foods4 ,= x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #f7 t fa/+ 0 in/itut$ z a curb on ! concupisc5ce ( ! fle%4 ,n[ concupisc5ce is k9dl$ by dr9k+ w9e m ?an by eat+ fle%2 accord+ to ,prov4 #bj3a1 ,w9e is a luxuri\s ?+1 & ,eph4 #e3ah1 ,be n drunk ) w9e1 :]e9 is luxury4 ,s9ce !n ^? :o fa/ are n =bidd5 to dr9k w9e1 x seems t !y %\ld n be =bidd5 to eat fle% meat4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "s fi% are z delectable to eat z ! fle% ( c]ta9 animals4 ,n[ concupisc5ce is desire ( ! delectable1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e s9ce fa/+ :i* 0 in/itut$ 9 ord] to bridle concupisc5ce does n exclude ! eat+ ( fi%1 nei!r %\ld x exclude ! eat+ ( fle% meat4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 on c]ta9 fa/+ days p make use ( eggs & *eese4 ,!re=e "o c likewise make use ( !m dur+ ! ,l5t5 fa/4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! common cu/om ( ! fai?ful4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #f71 fa/+ 0 in/itut$ by ! ,*ur* 9 ord] to bridle ! concupisc5ces ( ! fle%1 :i* reg>d pleasures ( t\* 9 connection ) food & sex4 ,:]e=e ! ,*ur* =bade ^? :o fa/ to p>take ( ^? foods :i* bo? af=d mo/ pleasure to ! palate1 & besides are a v great inc5tive to lu/4 ,su* are ! fle% ( animals t take _! re/ on ! e>?1 & ( ^? t brea! ! air & _! products1 su* z milk f ^? t walk on ! e>?1 & eggs f birds4 ,=1 s9ce su* l animals are m l man 9 body1 !y af=d great] pleasure z food1 & great] n\ri%m5t to ! human body1 s t f _! consumption !re results a great] surplus available = sem9al matt]1 :i* :5 abundant becomes a great inc5tive to lu/4 ,h5ce ! ,*ur* has bidd5 ^? :o fa/ to ab/a9 especially f ^! foods4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?ree ?+s concur 9 ! act ( procreation1 namely1 heat1 _s 99,cf4 ,p4 ,i41 ,q4 #aah1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c1 & humor4 ,w9e & o!r ?+s t heat ! body conduce especially to heat3 flatul5t foods seem+ly coop]ate 9 ! production ( ! vital _s3 b x is *iefly ! use ( fle% meat :i* is mo/ productive ( n\ri%m5t1 t conduces to ! production ( humor4 ,n[ ! alt]ation occasion$ by heat1 & ! increase 9 vital spirits are ( %ort duration1 :]eas ! sub/ance ( ! humor rema9s a long "t4 ,h5ce ^? :o fa/ are =bidd5 ! use ( fle% meat r ?an ( w9e or vegetables :i* are flatul5t foods4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! in/itution ( fa/+1 ! ,*ur* takes acc\nt ( ! m common occurr5ces4 ,n[1 g5]ally speak+1 eat+ fle% meat af=ds m pleasure ?an eat+ fi%1 al?\gh ?is is n always ! case4 ,h5ce ! ,*ur* =bade ^? :o fa/ to eat fle% meat1 r ?an to eat fi%4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,eggs & milk foods are =bidd5 to ^? :o fa/1 = z mu* z !y orig9ate f animals t provide u ) fle%3 :]e=e ! prohibition ( fle% meat takes prec$5ce ( ! prohibition ( eggs & milk foods4 ,aga9 ! ,l5t5 fa/ is ! mo/ solemn ( all1 bo? because x is kept 9 imitation ( ,*ri/1 & because x disposes u to celebrate dev\tly ! my/]ies ( our r$emption4 ,= ?is reason ! eat+ ( fle% meat is =bidd5 9 e fa/1 :ile ! ,l5t5 fa/ lays a g5]al prohibition ev5 on eggs & milk foods4 ,z to ! use ( ! latt] ?+s 9 o!r fa/s ! cu/om v>ies among diff]5t p1 & ea* p]son is b\nd to con=m to t cu/om :i* is 9 vogue ) ^? among :om he is dwell+4 ,h5ce ,j]ome says 99,augu/9e1 ,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #ah2 cf4 ,de ,nat4 et ,grat4 lxvii3 ,let ea* prov9ce keep to its own practice1 & look ^u ! comm&s ( ! eld]s z ?\gh !y 7 ! laws ( ! apo/les4 ,,"q #adh ,,( ,,gluttony 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] gluttony4 ,"u ?is head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r gluttony is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#c7 ,:e!r x is ! greate/ ( s9s8 7#d7 ,its species2 7#e7 ,:e!r x is a capital s98 7#f7 ,its daught]s4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,gluttony ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t gluttony is n a s94 ,= our ,"l said 7,matt4 #ae3aa73 ,n t :i* goe? into ! m\? defile? a man4 ,n[ gluttony reg>ds food :i* goes into a man4 ,!re=e1 s9ce e s9 defiles a man1 x seems t gluttony is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,no man s9s 9 :at he _c avoid 99,ep4 lxxi1 ad ,luc944 ,n[ gluttony is immod]ation 9 food2 & man _c avoid ?is1 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxx1 #ah73 ,s9ce 9 eat+ pleasure & necessity g toge!r1 we fail to disc]n betwe5 ! call ( necessity & ! s$uction ( pleasure1 & ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 x1 #ca73 ,:o is x1 ,"l1 t does n eat a little m ?an necess>y8 ,!re=e gluttony is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 e k9d ( s9 ! fir/ movem5t is a s94 ,b ! fir/ movem5t 9 tak+ food is n a s91 else hung] & ?ir/ w\ld be s9ful4 ,!re=e gluttony is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxx1 #ah7 t unless we fir/ tame ! enemy dwell+ )9 u1 namely our glutton\s appetite1 we h n ev5 /ood up to engage 9 ! spiritual combat4 ,b man's inw>d enemy is s94 ,!re=e gluttony is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,gluttony d5otes1 n any desire ( eat+ & dr9k+1 b an inord9ate desire4 ,n[ desire is said to be inord9ate ?r\gh leav+ ! ord] ( reason1 :]e9 ! good ( moral virtue consi/s3 & a ?+ is said to be a s9 ?r\gh be+ contr>y to virtue4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t gluttony is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,t :i* goes into man by way ( food1 by reason ( its sub/ance & nature1 does n defile a man spiritually4 ,b ! ,jews1 aga9/ :om our ,"l is speak+1 & ! ,mani*ees deem$ c]ta9 foods to make a man unclean1 n on acc\nt ( _! signification1 b by reason ( _! nature 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajb1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a4 ,x is ! inord9ate desire ( food t defiles a man spiritually4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above1 ! vice ( gluttony does n reg>d ! sub/ance ( food1 b 9 ! desire !re( n be+ regulat$ by reason4 ,:]e=e if a man exce$ 9 quantity ( food1 n f desire ( food1 b ?r\gh deem+ x necess>y to him1 ?is p]ta9s1 n to gluttony1 b to "s k9d ( inexp]i5ce4 ,x is a case ( gluttony only :5 a man kn[+ly exce$s ! measure 9 eat+1 f a desire = ! pleasures ( ! palate4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! appetite is tw(old4 ,!re is ! natural appetite1 :i* belongs to ! p[]s ( ! vegetal s\l4 ,9 ^! p[]s virtue & vice are impossible1 s9ce !y _c be subject to reason2 :]e=e ! appetitive p[] is diff]5tiat$ f ! p[]s ( secretion1 dige/ion1 & excretion1 & to x hung] & ?ir/ are to be ref]r$4 ,besides ?is !re is ano!r1 ! s5sitive appetite1 & x is 9 ! concupisc5ce ( ?is appetite t ! vice ( gluttony consi/s4 ,h5ce ! fir/ movem5t ( gluttony d5otes inord9at5ess 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 & ?is is n )\t s94 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,gluttony ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t gluttony is n a mortal s94 ,= e mortal s9 is contr>y to a precept ( ! ,decalogue3 & ?is1 app>5tly1 does n apply to gluttony4 ,!re=e gluttony is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e mortal s9 is contr>y to *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #acb1 ,a4 #c74 ,b gluttony is n oppos$ to *>ity1 nei!r z reg>ds ! love ( ,god1 nor z reg>ds ! love ( "o's neighbor4 ,!re=e gluttony is nev] a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 9 a s]mon on ,purgatory 99,cf4 ,app5d4 to ,/4 ,augu/9e's works3 ,s]m4 civ 7xli1 de sanctis73 ,:5ev] a man takes m meat & dr9k ?an is necess>y1 he %\ld "k t ?is is "o ( ! less] s9s4 ,b ?is p]ta9s to gluttony4 ,!re=e gluttony is acc\nt$ among ! less]1 t is to say v5ial1 s9s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxx1 #ah73 ,z long z ! vice ( gluttony has a hold on a man1 all t he has done valiantly is =feit$ by him3 & z long z ! belly is unre/ra9$1 all virtue comes to naught4 ,b virtue is n done away save by mortal s94 ,!re=e gluttony is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! vice ( gluttony prop]ly consi/s 9 inord9ate concupisc5ce4 ,n[ ! ord] ( reason 9 regulat+ ! concupisc5ce may be consid]$ f two po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ?+s direct$ to ! end1 inasmu* z !y may be incomm5surate & consequ5tly improportionate to ! end2 secondly1 ) reg>d to ! end itself1 inasmu* z concupisc5ce turns man away f 8 due end4 ,accord+ly1 if ! inord9ate concupisc5ce 9 gluttony be f\nd to turn man away f ! la/ end1 gluttony w be a mortal s94 ,?is is ! case :5 he adh]es to ! pleasure ( gluttony z 8 end1 = ! sake ( :i* he contemns ,god1 be+ ready to disobey ,god's comm&m5ts1 9 ord] to obta9 ^? pleasures4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! inord9ate concupisc5ce 9 ! vice ( gluttony be f\nd to affect only su* ?+s z are direct$ to ! end1 = in/ance :5 a man has too great a desire = ! pleasures ( ! palate1 yet w\ld n = _! sake d any?+ contr>y to ,god's law1 x is a v5ial s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! vice ( gluttony becomes a mortal s9 by turn+ man away f 8 la/ end3 & accord+ly1 by a k9d ( r$uction1 x is oppos$ to ! precept ( hall[+ ! sabba?1 :i* comm&s u to re/ 9 our la/ end4 ,= mortal s9s are n all directly oppos$ to ! precepts ( ! ,decalogue1 b only ^? :i* conta9 inju/ice3 because ! precepts ( ! ,decalogue p]ta9 specially to ju/ice & its p>ts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abb1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 s f> z x turns man away f 8 la/ end1 gluttony is oppos$ to ! love ( ,god1 :o is to be lov$1 z our la/ end1 above all ?+s3 & only 9 ?is respect is gluttony a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is say+ ( ,augu/9e ref]s to gluttony z d5ot+ inord9ate concupisc5ce m]ely 9 reg>d ( ?+s direct$ to ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,gluttony is said to br+ virtue to naught1 n s mu* on its own acc\nt1 z on acc\nt ( ! vices :i* arise f x4 ,= ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 iii1 #ai73 ,:5 ! belly is di/5d$ by gluttony1 ! virtues ( ! s\l are de/roy$ by lu/4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,gluttony ,is ! ,greate/ ( ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t gluttony is ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,= ! griev\sness ( a s9 is measur$ by ! griev\sness ( ! puni%m5t4 ,n[ ! s9 ( gluttony is mo/ griev\sly puni%$1 = ,*ryso/om says 99,hom4 xiii 9 ,mat?43 ,gluttony turn$ ,adam out ( ,p>adise1 gluttony x 0 t drew d[n ! deluge at ! "t ( ,noah4 ,accord+ to ,eze*4 #af3di1 ,?is 0 ! iniquity ( ,sodom1 ?y si/] 4 4 4 fulness ( bread1 etc4 ,!re=e ! s9 ( gluttony is ! greate/ ( all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 e g5us ! cause is ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,n[ gluttony is app>5tly ! cause ( o!r s9s1 = a gloss on ,ps4 #ace3aj1 ,:o smote ,egypt ) _! fir/-born1 says3 ,lu/1 concupisc5ce1 pride are ! fir/-born ( gluttony4 ,!re=e gluttony is ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man %\ld love himself 9 ! fir/ place aft] ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ man1 by ! vice ( gluttony1 inflicts an injury on himself3 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cg3cd73 ,by surfeit+ _m h p]i%$4 ,!re=e gluttony is ! greate/ ( s9s1 at lea/ except+ ^? t are aga9/ ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! s9s ( ! fle%1 among :i* gluttony is reckon$1 are less culpable accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxiii74 ,i answ] t1 ,! gravity ( a s9 may be measur$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/ & =emo/ x dep5ds on ! matt] 9 :i* ! s9 is committ$3 & 9 ?is way s9s committ$ 9 connection ) ,div9e ?+s are ! greate/4 ,f ?is po9t ( view gluttony is n ! greate/ s91 = x is ab\t matt]s connect$ ) ! n\ri%m5t ( ! body4 ,secondly1 ! gravity ( a s9 dep5ds on ! p]son :o s9s1 & f ?is po9t ( view ! s9 ( gluttony is dim9i%$ r ?an aggravat$1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! necessity ( tak+ food1 & on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( prop] discretion & mod]ation 9 su* matt]s4 ,?irdly1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! result t foll[s1 & 9 ?is way gluttony has a c]ta9 gravity1 inasmu* z c]ta9 s9s are occasion$ !reby4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! puni%m5ts are to be ref]r$ to ! vices t result$ f gluttony1 or to ! root f :i* gluttony sprang1 r ?an to gluttony itself4 ,= ! fir/ man 0 expell$ f ,p>adise on acc\nt ( pride1 f :i* he w5t on to an act ( gluttony3 :ile ! deluge & ! puni%m5t ( ! p ( ,sodom 7 inflict$ = s9s occasion$ by gluttony4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is objection argues f ! /&po9t ( ! s9s t result f gluttony4 ,nor is a cause necess>ily m p[]ful1 unless x be a direct cause3 & gluttony is n ! direct cause b ! accid5tal cause1 z x 71 & ! occasion ( o!r vices4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! glutton int5ds1 n ! h>m to 8 body1 b ! pleasure ( eat+3 & if injury results to 8 body1 ?is is accid5tal4 ,h5ce ?is does n directly affect ! gravity ( gluttony1 ! guilt ( :i* is nev]!less aggravat$1 if a man incur "s bodily injury ?r\gh tak+ too mu* food4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,species ( ,gluttony ,are ,fitt+ly ,di/+ui%$8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! species ( gluttony are unfitt+ly di/+ui%$ by ,gregory :o says 7,moral4 xxx1 #ah73 ,! vice ( gluttony tempts u 9 five ways4 ,sometimes x =e/alls ! h\r ( ne$2 sometimes x seeks co/ly meats2 sometimes x requires ! food to be da9tily cook$2 sometimes x exce$s ! measure ( refre%m5t by tak+ too mu*2 sometimes we s9 by ! v heat ( an immod]ate appetite--:i* are conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se3 ,ha/ily1 sumptu\sly1 too mu*1 gre$ily1 da9tily4 ,= ! above are di/+ui%$ accord+ to div]sity ( circum/ance4 ,n[ circum/ances1 be+ ! accid5ts ( an act1 d n diff]5tiate its species4 ,!re=e ! species ( gluttony are n di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! a=esaid4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z "t is a circum/ance1 s is place4 ,if !n gluttony admits ( "o species 9 respect ( "t1 x seems t !re %\ld likewise be o!rs 9 respect ( place & o!r circum/ances4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z temp]ance obs]ves due circum/ances1 s d ! o!r moral virtues4 ,n[ ! species ( ! vices oppos$ to ! o!r moral virtues are n di/+ui%$ accord+ to v>i\s circum/ances4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 are ! species ( gluttony di/+ui%$ ?us4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,gregory quot$ above4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 gluttony d5otes inord9ate concupisc5ce 9 eat+4 ,n[ two ?+s are to be consid]$ 9 eat+1 namely ! food we eat1 & ! eat+ !re(4 ,accord+ly1 ! inord9ate concupisc5ce may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! food consum$3 & ?us1 z reg>ds ! sub/ance or species ( food a man seeks sumptu\s--i4e4 co/ly food2 z reg>ds its quality1 he seeks food prep>$ too nicely--i4e4 da9tily2 & z reg>ds quantity1 he exce$s by eat+ too mu*4 ,secondly1 ! inord9ate concupisc5ce is consid]$ z to ! consumption ( food3 ei!r because "o =e/alls ! prop] "t = eat+1 :i* is to eat ha/ily1 or "o fails to obs]ve ! due mann] ( eat+1 by eat+ gre$ily4 ,isidore 99,de ,summo ,bon4 ii1 #db comprises ! fir/ & second "u "o head+1 :5 he says t ! glutton exce$s 9 :at he eats1 or 9 h[ mu*1 h[ or :5 he eats4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! corruption ( v>i\s circum/ances causes ! v>i\s species ( gluttony1 on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s motives1 by reason ( :i* ! species ( moral ?+s are diff]5tiat$4 ,= 9 him t seeks sumptu\s food1 concupisc5ce is ar\s$ by ! v species ( ! food2 9 him t =e/alls ! "t concupisc5ce is disord]$ ?r\gh impati5ce ( delay1 & s =?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,place & o!r circum/ances include no special motive connect$ ) eat+1 t c cause a diff]5t species ( gluttony4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 all o!r vices1 :5ev] diff]5t circum/ances correspond to diff]5t motives1 ! diff]5ce ( circum/ances argues a specific diff]5ce ( vice3 b ?is does n apply to all circum/ances1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gb1 ,a4 #i74 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adh1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,gluttony ,is a ,capital ,vice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t gluttony is n a capital vice4 ,= capital vices d5ote ^? :5ce1 "u ! aspect ( f9al cause1 o!r vices orig9ate4 ,n[ food1 :i* is ! matt] ( gluttony1 has n ! aspect ( end1 s9ce x is s\ght1 n = its own sake1 b = ! body's n\ri%m5t4 ,!re=e gluttony is n a capital vice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a capital vice w\ld seem to h a c]ta9 pre-em95ce 9 s9fulness4 ,b ?is does n apply to gluttony1 :i*1 9 respect ( its g5us1 is app>5tly ! lea/ ( s9s1 see+ t x is mo/ ak9 to :at is accord+ to nature4 ,!re=e gluttony is n a capital vice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 s9 results f a man =sak+ ! good ( virtue on acc\nt ( some?+ useful to ! pres5t life1 or pleas+ to ! s5ses4 ,n[ z reg>ds goods hav+ ! aspect ( utility1 !re is b "o capital vice1 namely covet\sness4 ,!re=e1 seem+ly1 !re w\ld be b "o capital vice 9 respect ( pleasures3 & ?is is lu/1 :i* is a great] vice ?an gluttony1 & is ab\t great] pleasures4 ,!re=e gluttony is n a capital vice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 reckons gluttony among ! capital vices4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #c71 a capital vice d5otes "o f :i*1 consid]$ z f9al cause1 i4e4 z hav+ a mo/ desirable end1 o!r vices orig9ate3 :]e=e ?r\gh desir+ t end m5 are incit$ to s9 9 _m ways4 ,n[ an end is r5d]$ mo/ desirable ?r\gh hav+ "o ( ! conditions ( happ9ess :i* is desirable by its v nature3 & pleasure is ess5tial to happ9ess1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 i1 #h2 x1 #c1 #g1 #h4 ,!re=e ! vice ( gluttony1 be+ ab\t pleasures ( t\* :i* /& =emo/ among o!r pleasures1 is fitt+ly reckon$ among ! capital vices4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is true t food itself is direct$ to some?+ z its end3 b s9ce t end1 namely ! su/a9+ ( life1 is mo/ desirable & :]eas life _c be su/a9$ )\t food1 x foll[s t food too is mo/ desirable3 inde$1 ne>ly all ! toil ( man's life is direct$ !reto1 accord+ to ,eccles4 #f3g1 ,all ! labor ( man is = 8 m\?4 ,yet gluttony seems to be ab\t pleasures ( food r ?an ab\t food itself2 :]e=e1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 liii71 ) su* food z is good = ! wor?less body1 m5 desire to be f$1 :]e9 namely ! pleasure consi/s1 r ?an to be fill$3 s9ce ! :ole end ( t desire is ?is--n to ?ir/ & n to hung]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 s9 ! end is asc]ta9$ ) respect to ! conv]sion1 :ile ! gravity ( s9 is det]m9$ ) reg>d to ! av]sion4 ,:]e=e x does n foll[ t ! capital s9 :i* has ! mo/ desirable end surpasses ! o!rs 9 gravity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t :i* gives pleasure is desirable 9 itself3 & consequ5tly correspond+ to its div]sity !re are two capital vices1 namely gluttony & lu/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t :i* is useful is desirable1 n 9 itself1 b z direct$ to some?+ else3 :]e=e seem+ly 9 all useful ?+s !re is "o aspect ( desirability4 ,h5ce !re is b "o capital vice1 9 respect ( su* ?+s4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adh1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,five ,daught]s ,are ,fitt+ly ,assign$ to ,gluttony8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t five daught]s are unfitt+ly assign$ to gluttony1 to wit1 unseemly joy1 scurrility1 uncleanness1 loquaci\sness1 & dullness ( m9d z reg>ds ! und]/&+4 ,= unseemly joy results f e s91 accord+ to ,prov4 #b3ad1 ,:o are glad :5 !y h done evil1 & rejoice 9 mo/ wick$ ?+s4 ,likewise dullness ( m9d is associat$ ) e s91 accord+ to ,prov4 #ad3bb1 ,!y err t "w evil4 ,!re=e !y are unfitt+ly reckon$ to be daught]s ( gluttony4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! uncleanness :i* is p>ticul>ly ! result ( gluttony w\ld seem to be connect$ ) vomit+1 accord+ to ,isa4 #bh3h1 ,all tables 7 full ( vomit & fil?4 ,b ?is seems to be n a s9 b a puni%m5t2 or ev5 a useful ?+ t is a matt] ( c\nsel1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ca3be1 ,if ?\ ha/ be5 =c$ to eat mu*1 arise1 g out1 & vomit2 & x %all refre% !e4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be reckon$ among ! daught]s ( gluttony4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore 7,,qq4 9 ,deut4 xvi7 reckons scurrility z a daught] ( lu/4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be reckon$ among ! daught]s ( gluttony4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 assigns ^! daught]s to gluttony4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c71 gluttony consi/s prop]ly 9 an immod]ate pleasure 9 eat+ & dr9k+4 ,:]e=e ^? vices are reckon$ among ! daught]s ( gluttony1 :i* are ! results ( eat+ & dr9k+ immod]ately4 ,^! may be acc\nt$ = ei!r on ! "p ( ! s\l or on ! "p ( ! body4 ,on ! "p ( ! s\l ^! results are ( f\r k9ds4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! reason1 ^: ke5ness is dull$ by immod]ate meat & dr9k1 & 9 ?is respect we reckon z a daught] ( gluttony1 dullness ( s5se 9 ! und]/&+1 on acc\nt ( ! fumes ( food di/urb+ ! bra94 ,ev5 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ab/95ce conduces to ! p5etrat+ p[] ( wisdom1 accord+ to ,eccles4 #b3c1 ,i ?\ght 9 my he>t to )draw my fle% f w9e1 t ,i might turn my m9d 9 wisdom4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! appetite1 :i* is disord]$ 9 _m ways by immod]ation 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 z ?\gh reason 7 fa/ asleep at ! helm1 & 9 ?is respect unseemly joy is reckon$1 because all ! o!r inord9ate passions are direct$ to joy or sorr[1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #e4 ,to ?is we mu/ ref] ! say+ ( #c ,esdr4 #c3bj1 t w9e 4 4 4 gives e "o a confid5t & joyful m9d4 ,?irdly1 z reg>ds inord9ate words1 & ?us we h loquaci\sness1 because z ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 iii1 #ai71 unless gluttons 7 c>ri$ away by immod]ate spee*1 t ri* man :o is /at$ to h fea/$ sumptu\sly e day w\ld n h be5 s tortur$ 9 8 tongue4 ,f\r?ly1 z reg>ds inord9ate action1 & 9 ?is way we h scurrility1 i4e4 a k9d ( levity result+ f lack ( reason1 :i* is unable n only to bridle ! spee*1 b also to re/ra9 outw>d behavior4 ,h5ce a gloss on ,eph4 #e3d1 ,or fooli% talk+ or scurrility1 says t fools call ?is g5iality--i4e4 jocul>ity1 because x is wont to raise a laugh4 ,bo? ( ^!1 h[ev]1 may be ref]r$ to ! words :i* may happ5 to be s9ful1 ei!r by reason ( excess :i* belongs to loquaci\sness1 or by reason ( unbecom+ness1 :i* belongs to scurrility4 ,on ! "p ( ! body1 m5tion is made ( uncleanness1 :i* may ref] ei!r to ! inord9ate emission ( any k9d ( sup]fluities1 or especially to ! emission ( ! sem54 ,h5ce a gloss on ,eph4 #e3c1 ,b =nication & all uncleanness1 says3 ,t is1 any k9d ( incont95ce t has ref]5ce to lu/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,joy 9 ! act or end ( s9 results f e s91 especially ! s9 t proce$s f habit1 b ! r&om riot\s joy :i* is describ$ z unseemly arises *iefly f immod]ate p>tak+ ( meat or dr9k4 ,9 l mann]1 we reply t dullness ( s5se z reg>ds matt]s ( *oice is common to all s91 :]eas dullness ( s5se 9 speculative matt]s arises *iefly f gluttony1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh x does "o good to vomit aft] eat+ too mu*1 yet x is s9ful to expose oneself to its necessity by immod]ate meat or dr9k4 ,h[ev]1 x is no s9 to procure vomit+ z a rem$y = sickness if ! physician prescribes x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,scurrility proce$s f ! act ( gluttony1 & n f ! lu/ful act1 b f ! lu/ful w3 :]e=e x may be ref]r$ to ei!r vice4 ,,"q #adi ,,( ,,sobriety 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] sobriety & ! contr>y vice1 namely drunk5ness4 ,z reg>ds sobriety !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is ! matt] ( sobriety8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special virtue8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! use ( w9e is lawful8 7#d7 ,to :om especially is sobriety becom+8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,dr9k ,is ! ,matt] ( ,sobriety8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t dr9k is n ! matt] prop] to sobriety4 ,= x is writt5 7,rom4 #ab3c73 ,n to be m wise ?an x behoove? to be wise1 b to be wise unto sobriety4 ,!re=e sobriety is also ab\t wisdom1 & n only ab\t dr9k4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 conc]n+ ! wisdom ( ,god1 x is writt5 7,wis4 #h3g7 t %e tea*e? sobriety ,d\ay3 'temp]ance'1 & prud5ce1 & ju/ice1 & =titude1 :]e sobriety /&s = temp]ance4 ,n[ temp]ance is n only ab\t dr9k1 b also ab\t meat & sexual matt]s4 ,!re=e sobriety is n only ab\t dr9k4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sobriety w\ld seem to take its "n f measure 99,bria1 a measure1 a cup2 ,cf4 ,facciolati & ,=cell9i's ,lexicon4 ,n[ we ought to be guid$ by ! measure 9 all ?+s app]ta9+ to u3 = x is writt5 7,titus #b3ab73 ,we %\ld live sob]ly & ju/ly & godly1 :]e a gloss rem>ks3 ,sob]ly1 9 ourselves2 & 7#a ,tim4 #b3i73 ,wom5 4 4 4 9 dec5t app>el1 adorn+ !mselves ) mode/y & sobriety4 ,consequ5tly x w\ld seem t sobriety reg>ds n only ! int]ior man1 b also ?+s app]ta9+ to ext]nal app>el4 ,!re=e dr9k is n ! matt] prop] to sobriety4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ca3cb73 ,w9e tak5 ) sobriety is equal life to m52 if ?\ dr9k x mod]ately1 ?\ %alt be sob]4 ,i answ] t1 ,:5 a virtue is d5om9at$ f "s condition common to ! virtues1 ! matt] specially belong+ to x is t 9 :i* x is mo/ difficult & mo/ comm5dable to satisfy t condition ( virtue3 ?us =titude is ab\t dang]s ( dea?1 & temp]ance ab\t pleasures ( t\*4 ,n[ sobriety takes its "n f measure1 = a man is said to be sob] because he obs]ves ! bria1 i4e4 ! measure4 ,:]e=e sobriety lays a special claim to t matt] :]e9 ! obs]vance ( ! measure is mo/ des]v+ ( praise4 ,su* matt] is ! dr9k+ ( intoxicants1 because ! measur$ use !re( is mo/ pr(itable1 :ile immod]ate excess !re9 is mo/ h>mful1 s9ce x h9d]s ! use ( reason ev5 m ?an excessive eat+4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ca3cg1 #ch73 ,sob] dr9k+ is heal? to s\l & body2 w9e drunk5 ) excess raise? qu>rels1 & wra? & _m ru9s4 ,= ?is reason sobriety is especially conc]n$ ) dr9k1 n any k9d ( dr9k1 b t :i* by reason ( its volatility is liable to di/urb ! bra91 su* z w9e & all intoxicants4 ,nev]!less1 sobriety may be employ$ 9 a g5]al s5se s z to apply to any matt]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #b7 ) reg>d to =titude & temp]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z ! mat]ial w9e intoxicates a man z to 8 body1 s too1 speak+ figuratively1 ! consid]ation ( wisdom is said to be an inebriat+ draught1 because x allures ! m9d by its delight1 accord+ to ,ps4 #bb3e1 ,my *alice :i* inebriate? me1 h[ goodly is x6 ,h5ce sobriety is appli$ by a k9d ( metaphor 9 speak+ ( ! contemplation ( wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all ! ?+s t belong prop]ly to temp]ance are necess>y to ! pres5t life1 & _! excess is h>mful4 ,:]e=e x behooves "o to apply a measure 9 all su* ?+s4 ,?is is ! bus9ess ( sobriety3 & = ?is reason sobriety is us$ to designate temp]ance4 ,yet slight excess is m h>mful 9 dr9k ?an 9 o!r ?+s1 :]e=e sobriety is especially conc]n$ ) dr9k4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh a measure is ne$ful 9 all ?+s1 sobriety is n prop]ly employ$ 9 connection ) all ?+s1 b only 9 ^? :]e9 !re is mo/ ne$ = a measure4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,sobriety ,is by ,itself a ,special ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sobriety is n by itself a special virtue4 ,= ab/95ce is conc]n$ ) bo? meat & dr9k4 ,n[ !re is no special virtue ab\t meat4 ,!re=e nei!r is sobriety1 :i* is ab\t dr9k1 a special virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ab/95ce & gluttony are ab\t pleasures ( t\* z s5sitive to food4 ,n[ meat & dr9k comb9e toge!r to make food1 s9ce an animal ne$s a comb9ation ( wet & dry n\ri%m5t4 ,!re=e sobriety1 :i* is ab\t dr9k1 is n a4 special virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to n\ri%m5t1 dr9k is di/+ui%$ f meat1 s are !re v>i\s k9ds ( meats & ( dr9ks4 ,!re=e if sobriety is by itself a special virtue1 seem+ly !re w be a special virtue correspond+ to ea* diff]5t k9d ( meat or dr9k1 :i* is unreasonable4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t sobriety is n a special virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,macrobius 99,9 ,somno ,scip4 i1 #h reckons sobriety to be a special "p ( temp]ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #adf1 ,a4 #b71 x belongs to moral virtue to safegu>d ! good ( reason aga9/ ^? ?+s :i* may h9d] x4 ,h5ce :]ev] we f9d a special h9drance to reason1 !re mu/ ne$s be a special virtue to remove x4 ,n[ intoxicat+ dr9k is a special k9d ( h9drance to ! use ( reason1 inasmu* z x di/urbs ! bra9 by its fumes4 ,:]e=e 9 ord] to remove ?is h9drance to reason a special virtue1 :i* is sobriety1 is requisite4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,meat & dr9k are alike capable ( h9d]+ ! good ( reason1 by embroil+ ! reason ) immod]ate pleasure3 & 9 ?is respect ab/95ce is ab\t bo? meat & dr9k alike4 ,b intoxicat+ dr9k is a special k9d ( h9drance1 z /at$ above1 :]e=e x requires a special virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! virtue ( ab/95ce is ab\t meat & dr9k1 consid]$1 n z food b z a h9drance to reason4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t special k9ds ( virtue correspond to diff]5t k9ds ( food4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 all intoxicat+ dr9ks !re is "o k9d ( h9drance to ! use ( reason3 s t ! diff]5ce ( dr9ks be>s an accid5tal relation to virtue4 ,h5ce ?is diff]5ce does n call = a diff]5ce ( virtue4 ,! same applies to ! diff]5ce ( meats4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,use ( ,w9e ,is ,altoge!r ,unlawful8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! use ( w9e is altoge!r unlawful4 ,= )\t wisdom1 a man _c be 9 ! /ate ( salvation3 s9ce x is writt5 7,wis4 #g3bh73 ,god love? none b him t dwelle? ) wisdom1 & fur!r on 7,wis4 #i3ai73 ,by wisdom !y 7 heal$1 :osoev] h pleas$ ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 f ! beg9n+4 ,n[ ! use ( w9e is a h9drance to wisdom1 = x is writt5 7,eccles4 #b3c73 ,i ?\ght 9 my he>t to )draw my fle% f w9e1 t ,i might turn my m9d to wisdom4 ,!re=e w9e-dr9k+ is altoge!r unlawful4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ad3ba73 ,x is good n to eat fle%1 & n to dr9k w9e1 nor any?+ :]eby ?y bro!r is (f5d$ or sc&aliz$1 or made weak4 ,n[ x is s9ful to =sake ! good ( virtue1 z likewise to sc&alize "o's bre?r54 ,!re=e x is unlawful to make use ( w9e4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome says 99,contra ,jov94 i t aft] ! deluge w9e & fle% 7 sanction$3 b ,*ri/ came 9 ! la/ ( ! ages & br\ght back ! end into l9e ) ! beg9n+4 ,!re=e x seems unlawful to use w9e "u ! ,*ri/ian law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #e3bc73 ,d n /ill dr9k wat]1 b use a little w9e = ?y /oma*'s sake1 & ?y frequ5t infirmities2 & x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ca3cf73 ,w9e drunk5 ) mod]ation is ! joy ( ! s\l & ! he>t4 ,i answ] t1 ,no meat or dr9k1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is unlawful1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ae3aa1 ,n t :i* goe? into ! m\? defile? a man4 ,:]e=e x is n unlawful to dr9k w9e z su*4 ,yet x may become unlawful accid5tally4 ,?is is sometimes ow+ to a circum/ance on ! "p ( ! dr9k]1 ei!r because he is easily ! worse = tak+ w9e1 or because he is b\nd by a v[ n to dr9k w9e3 sometimes x results f ! mode ( dr9k+1 because to wit he exce$s ! measure 9 dr9k+3 & sometimes x is on acc\nt ( o!rs :o w\ld be sc&aliz$ !reby4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a man may h wisdom 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 a g5]al way1 accord+ z x is suffici5t = salvation3 & 9 ?is way x is requir$1 9 ord] to h wisdom1 n t a man ab/a9 altoge!r f w9e1 b t he ab/a9 f its immod]ate use4 ,secondly1 a man may h wisdom 9 "s degree ( p]fection3 & 9 ?is way1 9 ord] to receive wisdom p]fectly1 x is requisite = c]ta9 p]sons t !y ab/a9 altoge!r f w9e1 & ?is dep5ds on circum/ances ( c]ta9 p]sons & places4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,apo/le does n decl>e simply t x is good to ab/a9 f w9e1 b t x is good 9 ! case :]e ?is w\ld give sc&al to c]ta9 p4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*ri/ )draws u f "s ?+s z be+ altoge!r unlawful1 & f o!rs z be+ ob/acles to p]fection4 ,x is 9 ! latt] way t he )draws "s f ! use ( w9e1 t !y may aim at p]fection1 ev5 z f ri*es & ! l4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #adi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,sobriety ,is ,m ,requisite 9 ,p]sons ( ,great] ,/&+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sobriety is m requisite 9 p]sons ( great] /&+4 ,= old age gives a man a c]ta9 /&+2 :]e=e honor & rev]5ce are due to ! old1 accord+ to ,lev4 #ai3cb1 ,rise up be=e ! ho>y head1 & honor ! p]son ( ! ag$ man4 ,n[ ! ,apo/le decl>es t old m5 especially %\ld be exhort$ to sobriety1 accord+ to ,titus #b3b1 ,t ! ag$ man be sob]4 ,!re=e sobriety is mo/ requisite 9 p]sons ( /&+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a bi%op has ! highe/ degree 9 ! ,*ur*3 & ! ,apo/le comm&s him to be sob]1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #c3b1 ,x behoove? 4 4 4 a bi%op to be blameless1 ! husb& ( "o wife1 sob]1 prud5t1 etc4 ,!re=e sobriety is *iefly requir$ 9 p]sons ( high /&+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 sobriety d5otes ab/95ce f w9e4 ,n[ w9e is =bidd5 to k+s1 :o hold ! highe/ place 9 human affairs3 :ile x is all[$ to ^? :o are 9 a /ate ( affliction1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ca3d1 ,give n w9e to k+s1 & fur!r on 7,prov4 #ca3f71 ,give /rong dr9k to !m t are sad1 & w9e to !m t are griev$ 9 m9d4 ,!re=e sobriety is m requisite 9 p]sons ( /&+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #c3aa73 ,! wom5 9 l mann]1 *a/e 4 4 4 sob]1 etc41 & 7,titus #b3f7 ,"y m5 9 l mann] exhort t !y be sob]4 ,i answ] t1 ,virtue includes relation%ip to two ?+s1 to ! contr>y vices :i* x removes1 & to ! end to :i* x leads4 ,accord+ly a p>ticul> virtue is m requisite 9 c]ta9 p]sons = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because !y are m prone to ! concupisc5ces :i* ne$ to be re/ra9$ by virtue1 & to ! vices :i* are remov$ by virtue4 ,9 ?is respect1 sobriety is mo/ requisite 9 ! "y & 9 wom51 because concupisc5ce ( pleasure ?rives 9 ! "y on acc\nt ( ! heat ( y\?1 :ile 9 wom5 !re is n suffici5t /r5g? ( m9d to resi/ concupisc5ce4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ,val]ius ,maximus 99,dict4 ,fact4 ,memor4 ii1 #a among ! anci5t ,romans wom5 drank no w9e4 ,secondly1 sobriety is m requisite 9 c]ta9 p]sons1 z be+ m necess>y = ! op]ations prop] to !m4 ,n[ immod]ate use ( w9e is a notable ob/acle to ! use ( reason3 :]e=e sobriety is specially prescrib$ to ! old1 9 :om reason %\ld be vigor\s 9 in/ruct+ o!rs3 to bi%ops & all m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*1 :o %\ld fulfil _! spiritual duties ) a dev\t m9d2 & to k+s1 :o %\ld rule _! subjects ) wisdom4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections4 ,,"q #aej ,,( ,,drunk5ness 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] drunk5ness4 ,"u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r drunk5ness is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#c7 ,:e!r x is ! mo/ griev\s s98 7#d7 ,:e!r x excuses f s98 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aej1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,drunk5ness ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t drunk5ness is n a s94 ,= e s9 has a correspond+ contr>y s91 ?us timidity is oppos$ to d>+1 & presumption to pusillanimity4 ,b no s9 is oppos$ to drunk5ness4 ,!re=e drunk5ness is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e s9 is volunt>y 99,augu/9e1 ,de ,v]a ,relig4 xiv4 ,b no man wi%es to be drunk1 s9ce no man wi%es to be depriv$ ( ! use ( reason4 ,!re=e drunk5ness is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :oev] causes ano!r to s91 s9s himself4 ,!re=e1 if drunk5ness 7 a s91 x w\ld foll[ t x is a s9 to ask a man to dr9k t :i* makes him drunk1 :i* w\ld seem v h>d4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 e s9 calls = correction4 ,b correction is n appli$ to drunk>ds3 = ,gregory 99,cf4 ,canon ,d5ique1 di/4 #d :]e ,gratian ref]s to a lett] ( ,/4 ,gregory to ,/4 ,augu/9e ( ,cant]bury says t we mu/ =be> ) _! ways1 le/ !y become worse if !y be compell$ to give up ! habit4 ,!re=e drunk5ness is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3ac73 ,n 9 riot+ & drunk5ness4 ,i answ] t1 ,drunk5ness may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 x may signify ! defect itself ( a man result+ f 8 dr9k+ mu* w9e1 ! consequ5ce be+ t he loses ! use ( reason4 ,9 ?is s5se drunk5ness d5otes n a s91 b a p5al defect result+ f a fault4 ,secondly1 drunk5ness may d5ote ! act by :i* a man incurs ?is defect4 ,?is act may cause drunk5ness 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 ?r\gh ! w9e be+ too /rong1 )\t ! dr9k] be+ cognizant ( ?is3 & 9 ?is way too1 drunk5ness may occur )\t s91 especially if x is n ?r\gh 8 neglig5ce1 & ?us we believe t ,noah 0 made drunk z relat$ 9 ,g54 #i4 ,9 ano!r way drunk5ness may result f inord9ate concupisc5ce & use ( w9e3 9 ?is way x is acc\nt$ a s91 & is compris$ "u gluttony z a species "u its g5us4 ,= gluttony is divid$ into surfeit+ ,d\ay3 'riot+' & drunk5ness1 :i* are =bidd5 by ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #ac3ac74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #aa71 ins5sibility :i* is oppos$ to temp]ance is n v common1 s t l its species :i* are oppos$ to ! species ( intemp]ance x has no "n4 ,h5ce ! vice oppos$ to drunk5ness is unnam$2 & yet if a man 7 kn[+ly to ab/a9 f w9e to ! ext5t ( mole/+ nature griev\sly1 he w\ld n be free f s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is objection reg>ds ! result+ defect :i* is involunt>y3 :]eas immod]ate use ( w9e is volunt>y1 & x is 9 ?is t ! s9 consi/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 z he t is drunk is excus$ if he kn[s n ! /r5g? ( ! w9e1 s too is he t invites ano!r to dr9k excus$ f s91 if he be unaw>e t ! dr9k] is ! k9d ( p]son to be made drunk by ! dr9k (f]$4 ,b if ignorance be lack+ nei!r is excus$ f s94 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,sometimes ! correction ( a s9n] is to be =egone1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #f74 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 9 a lett] 7,ad ,aurel4 ,episc4 ,ep4 xxii71 ,meseems1 su* ?+s are cur$ n by bitt]ness1 sev]ity1 h>%ness1 b by tea*+ r ?an comm&+1 by advice r ?an ?reats4 ,su* is ! c\rse to be foll[$ ) ! majority ( s9n]s3 few are !y ^: s9s %\ld be treat$ ) sev]ity4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aej1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,drunk5ness ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t drunk5ness is n a mortal s94 ,= ,augu/9e says 9 a s]mon on ,purgatory 99,s]m4 civ 9 ! ,app5dix to ,/4 ,augu/9e's works t drunk5ness if indulg$ 9 assidu\sly1 is a mortal s94 ,n[ assiduity d5otes a circum/ance :i* does n *ange ! species ( a s92 s t x _c aggravate a s9 inf9itely1 & make a mortal s9 ( a v5ial s91 z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e if drunk5ness is n a mortal s9 = "s o!r reason1 nei!r is x = ?is4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 99,s]m4 civ 9 ! ,app5dix to ,/4 ,augu/9e's works3 ,:5ev] a man takes m meat & dr9k ?an is necess>y1 he %\ld "k t ?is is "o ( ! less] s9s4 ,n[ ! less] s9s are call$ v5ial4 ,!re=e drunk5ness1 :i* is caus$ by immod]ate dr9k1 is a v5ial s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no mortal s9 %\ld be committ$ on ! score ( m$ic9e4 ,n[ "s dr9k too mu* at ! advice ( ! physician1 t !y may be purg$ by vomit+2 & f ?is excessive dr9k drunk5ness ensues4 ,!re=e drunk5ness is n a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,we read 9 ! ,canons ( ! apo/les 7,c4 xli1 xlii73 ,a bi%op1 prie/ or deacon :o is giv5 to drunk5ness or gambl+1 or incites o!rs !reto1 mu/ ei!r cease or be depos$2 a subdeacon1 read] or prec5tor :o does ^! ?+s mu/ ei!r give !m up or be excommunicat$2 ! same applies to ! laity4 ,n[ su* puni%m5ts are n inflict$ save = mortal s9s4 ,!re=e drunk5ness is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,! s9 ( drunk5ness1 z /at$ 9 ! =ego+ ,article1 consi/s 9 ! immod]ate use & concupisc5ce ( w9e4 ,n[ ?is may happ5 to a man 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 s t he kn[s n ! dr9k to be immod]ate & intoxicat+3 & !n drunk5ness may be )\t s91 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,secondly1 s t he p]ceives ! dr9k to be immod]ate1 b )\t kn[+ x to be intoxicat+1 & !n drunk5ness may involve a v5ial s94 ,?irdly1 x may happ5 t a man is well aw>e t ! dr9k is immod]ate & intoxicat+1 & yet he w\ld r be drunk ?an ab/a9 f dr9k4 ,su* a man is a drunk>d prop]ly speak+1 because morals take _! species n f ?+s t occur accid5tally & beside ! int5tion1 b f t :i* is directly int5d$4 ,9 ?is way drunk5ness is a mortal s91 because !n a man will+ly & kn[+ly deprives himself ( ! use ( reason1 :]eby he p]=ms virtu\s de$s & avoids s91 & ?us he s9s mortally by runn+ ! risk ( fall+ into s94 ,= ,ambrose says 7,de ,patri>*4 99,de ,abraham i473 ,we le>n t we %\ld %un drunk5ness1 :i* prev5ts u f avoid+ griev\s s9s4 ,= ! ?+s we avoid :5 sob]1 we unkn[+ly commit ?r\gh drunk5ness4 ,!re=e drunk5ness1 prop]ly speak+1 is a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,assiduity makes drunk5ness a mortal s91 n on acc\nt ( ! m]e repetition ( ! act1 b because x is impossible = a man to become drunk assidu\sly1 )\t expos+ himself to drunk5ness kn[+ly & will+ly1 s9ce he has _m times exp]i5c$ ! /r5g? ( w9e & 8 own liability to drunk5ness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to take m meat or dr9k ?an is necess>y belongs to ! vice ( gluttony1 :i* is n always a mortal s93 b kn[+ly to take too mu* dr9k to ! po9t ( be+ drunk1 is a mortal s94 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 x1 #ca73 ,drunk5ness is f> f me3 ,?\ wilt h m]cy1 t x come n ne> me4 ,b full fe$+ sometimes ha? crept ^u ,?y s]vant4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #f71 meat & dr9k %\ld be mod]ate 9 accordance ) ! dem&s ( ! body's heal?4 ,:]e=e1 j z x happ5s sometimes t ! meat & dr9k :i* are mod]ate = a heal?y man are immod]ate = a sick man1 s too x may happ5 conv]sely1 t :at is excessive = a heal?y man is mod]ate = "o t is ail+4 ,9 ?is way :5 a man eats or dr9ks mu* at ! physician's advice 9 ord] to provoke vomit+1 he is n to be deem$ to h tak5 excessive meat or dr9k4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ne$ = intoxicat+ dr9k 9 ord] to procure vomit+1 s9ce ?is is caus$ by dr9k+ lukew>m wat]3 :]e=e ?is is no suffici5t cause = excus+ a man f drunk5ness4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aej1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r drunk5ness is ! grave/ ( s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t drunk5ness is ! grave/ ( s9s4 ,= ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 lviii 9 ,mat?47 t no?+ ga9s ! devil's favor s mu* z drunk5ness & lu/1 ! "m ( all ! vices4 ,& x is writt5 9 ! ,decretals 7,di/4 xxxv1 c4 ,ante omnia73 ,drunk5ness1 m ?an any?+ else1 is to be avoid$ by ! cl]gy1 = x fom5ts & fo/]s all ! vices4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 f ! v fact t a ?+ excludes ! good ( reason1 x is a s94 ,n[ ?is is especially ! effect ( drunk5ness4 ,!re=e drunk5ness is ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! gravity ( a s9 is %[n by ! gravity ( its puni%m5t4 ,n[ seem+ly drunk5ness is puni%$ mo/ sev]ely2 = ,ambrose says 99,de ,elia et de ,jejunio v t !re w\ld be no slav]y1 7 !re no drunk>ds4 ,!re=e drunk5ness is ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxiii1 #ab71 spiritual vices are great] ?an c>nal vices4 ,n[ drunk5ness is "o ( ! c>nal vices4 ,!re=e x is n ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ is said to be evil because x removes a good4 ,:]e=e ! great] ! good remov$ by an evil1 ! grav] ! evil4 ,n[ x is evid5t t a ,div9e good is great] ?an a human good4 ,:]e=e ! s9s t are directly aga9/ ,god are grav] ?an ! s9 ( drunk5ness1 :i* is directly oppos$ to ! good ( human reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man is mo/ prone to s9s ( intemp]ance1 because su* l concupisc5ces & pleasures are connatural to u1 & = ?is reason ^! s9s are said to f9d greate/ favor ) ! devil1 n = be+ grav] ?an o!r s9s1 b because !y occur m frequ5tly among m54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! good ( reason is h9d]$ 9 two ways3 9 "o way by t :i* is contr>y to reason1 9 ano!r by t :i* takes away ! use ( reason4 ,n[ t :i* is contr>y to reason has m ! "* ( an evil1 ?an t :i* takes away ! use ( reason = a "t1 s9ce ! use ( reason1 :i* is tak5 away by drunk5ness1 may be ei!r good or evil1 :]eas ! goods ( virtue1 :i* are tak5 away by ?+s t are contr>y to reason1 are always good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,drunk5ness 0 ! occasional cause ( slav]y1 9 s f> z ,*am br\ght ! curse ( slav]y on to 8 desc5dants1 = hav+ laugh$ at 8 fa!r :5 ! latt] 0 made drunk4 ,b slav]y 0 n ! direct puni%m5t ( drunk5ness4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aej1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,drunk5ness ,excuses f ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t drunk5ness does n excuse f s94 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #e7 t ! drunk>d des]ves d\ble puni%m5t4 ,!re=e drunk5ness aggravates a s9 in/ead ( excus+ f x4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o s9 does n excuse ano!r1 b increases x4 ,n[ drunk5ness is a s94 ,!re=e x is n an excuse = s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #c7 t j z man's reason is ti$ by drunk5ness1 s is x by concupisc5ce4 ,b concupisc5ce is n an excuse = s93 nei!r !re=e is drunk5ness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #dc71 ,lot 0 to be excus$ f ince/ on acc\nt ( drunk5ness4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s are to be obs]v$ 9 drunk5ness1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 namely ! result+ defect & ! prec$+ act4 ,on ! "p ( ! result+ defect :]eby ! use ( reason is fett]$1 drunk5ness may be an excuse = s91 9 s f> z x causes an act to be involunt>y ?r\gh ignorance4 ,b on ! "p ( ! prec$+ act1 a di/9ction w\ld seem necess>y2 because1 if ! drunk5ness t results f t act be )\t s91 ! subsequ5t s9 is entirely excus$ f fault1 z p]haps 9 ! case ( ,lot4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! prec$+ act 0 s9ful1 ! p]son is n altoge!r excus$ f ! subsequ5t s91 because ! latt] is r5d]$ volunt>y ?r\gh ! volunt>9ess ( ! prec$+ act1 inasmu* z x 0 ?r\gh do+ some?+ unlawful t he fell into ! subsequ5t s94 ,nev]!less1 ! result+ s9 is dim9i%$1 ev5 z ! "* ( volunt>9ess is dim9i%$4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,fau/4 xxii1 #dd7 t ,lot's guilt is to be measur$1 n by ! ince/1 b by 8 drunk5ness4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] does n say t ! drunk>d des]ves m sev]e puni%m5t1 b t he des]ves d\ble puni%m5t = 8 tw(old s94 ,or we may reply t he is speak+ 9 view ( ! law ( a c]ta9 ,pittacus1 :o1 z /at$ 9 ,polit4 ii1 #i1 ord]$ ^? guilty ( assault :ile drunk to be m sev]ely puni%$ ?an if !y _h be5 sob]1 because !y d wrong 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,9 ?is1 z ,ari/otle obs]ves 7,polit4 ii1 #i71 he seems to h consid]$ ! advantage1 namely ( ! prev5tion ( wrong1 r ?an ! l5i5cy :i* "o %\ld h = drunk>ds1 see+ t !y are n 9 possession ( _! faculties4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,drunk5ness may be an excuse = s91 n 9 ! po9t ( its be+ itself a s91 b 9 ! po9t ( ! defect t results f x1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,concupisc5ce does n altoge!r fett] ! reason1 z drunk5ness does1 unless p]*ance x be s vehem5t z to make a man insane4 ,yet ! passion ( concupisc5ce dim9i%es s91 because x is less griev\s to s9 ?r\gh weakness ?an ?r\gh malice4 ,,"q #aea ,,( ,,*a/ity 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] *a/ity3 7#a7 ,! virtue itself ( *a/ity3 7#b7 virg9ity1 :i* is a "p ( *a/ity3 7#c7 lu/1 :i* is ! contr>y vice4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r *a/ity is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a g5]al virtue8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a virtue di/9ct f ab/95ce8 7#d7 ,( its relation to purity4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aea1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,*a/ity ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *a/ity is n a virtue4 ,= "h we are treat+ ( virtues ( ! s\l4 ,b *a/ity1 seem+ly1 belongs to ! body3 = a p]son is said to be *a/e because he behaves 9 a c]ta9 way z reg>ds ! use ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body4 ,!re=e *a/ity is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue is a volunt>y habit1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f4 ,b *a/ity1 app>5tly1 is n volunt>y1 s9ce x c be tak5 away by =ce f a woman to :om viol5ce is done4 ,!re=e x seems t *a/ity is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 !re is no virtue 9 unbeliev]s4 ,yet "s unbeliev]s are *a/e4 ,!re=e *a/ity is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! fruits are di/9ct f ! virtues4 ,b *a/ity is reckon$ among ! fruits 7,gal4 #e3bc74 ,!re=e *a/ity is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,decem ,*ord4 99,s]m4 ix de ,tempore73 ,:]eas ?\ %\ld/ excel ?y wife 9 virtue1 s9ce *a/ity is a virtue1 ?\ yielde/ to ! fir/ onslaught ( lu/1 :ile ?\ wi%e/ ?y wife to be victori\s4 ,i answ] t1 ,*a/ity takes its "n f ! fact t reason *a/ises concupisc5ce1 :i*1 l a *ild1 ne$s curb+1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 iii1 #ab74 ,n[ ! ess5ce ( human virtue consi/s 9 be+ some?+ mod]at$ by reason1 z %[n above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e x is evid5t t *a/ity is a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*a/ity does inde$ reside 9 ! s\l z its subject1 ?\gh its matt] is 9 ! body4 ,= x belongs to *a/ity t a man make mod]ate use ( bodily memb]s 9 accordance ) ! judgm5t ( 8 reason & ! *oice ( 8 w4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #ah71 s long z h] m9d holds to its purpose1 :]eby %e has m]it$ to be holy ev5 9 body1 n ev5 ! viol5ce ( ano!r's lu/ c deprive h] body ( its hol9ess1 :i* is safegu>d$ by h] p]sev]+ cont95cy4 ,he also says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #ah7 t 9 ! m9d !re is a virtue :i* is ! companion ( =titude1 :]eby x is resolv$ to suff] any evil :atsoev] r ?an cons5t to evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,contra ,julian4 iv1 #c71 x is impossible to h any true virtue unless "o be truly j2 nor is x possible to be j unless "o live by fai?4 ,:5ce he argues t 9 unbeliev]s !re is nei!r true *a/ity1 nor any o!r virtue1 because1 to wit1 !y are n ref]r$ to ! due end1 & z he adds 7,contra ,julian4 iv1 #c7 virtues are di/+ui%$ f vices n by _! functions1 i4e4 _! acts1 b by _! ends4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,*a/ity is a virtue 9 s f> z x works 9 accordance ) reason1 b 9 s f> z x delights 9 its act1 x is reckon$ among ! fruits4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aea1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,*a/ity ,is a ,g5]al ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *a/ity is a g5]al virtue4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,m5dacio xx7 t *a/ity ( ! m9d is ! well-ord]$ movem5t ( ! m9d t does n pref] ! less] to ! great] ?+s4 ,b ?is belongs to e virtue4 ,!re=e *a/ity is a g5]al virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,*a/ity takes its "n f *a/isem5t 99,cf4 ,a4 #a4 ,n[ e movem5t ( ! appetitive "p %\ld be *a/is$ by reason4 ,s9ce1 !n1 e moral virtue curbs "s movem5t ( ! appetite1 x seems t e moral virtue is *a/ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *a/ity is oppos$ to =nication4 ,b =nication seems to belong to e k9d ( s93 = x is writt5 7,ps4 #gb3bg73 ,?\ %alt de/roy ,vulg43 'ha/ de/roy$' all !m t g a:or+ f ,d\ay3 'are disloyal to' ,!e4 ,!re=e *a/ity is a g5]al virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,macrobius 99,9 ,somn4 ,scip4 i1 #h reckons x to be a "p ( temp]ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w *a/ity is employ$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 prop]ly2 & ?us x is a special virtue hav+ a special matt]1 namely ! concupisc5ces relat+ to v5]eal pleasures4 ,secondly1 ! ^w *a/ity is employ$ metaphorically3 = j z a m+l+ ( bodies conduces to v5]eal pleasure :i* is ! prop] matt] ( *a/ity & ( lu/ its contr>y vice1 s too ! spiritual union ( ! m9d ) c]ta9 ?+s conduces to a pleasure :i* is ! matt] ( a spiritual *a/ity metaphorically speak+1 z well z ( a spiritual =nication likewise metaphorically s call$4 ,= if ! human m9d delight 9 ! spiritual union ) t to :i* x behooves x to be unit$1 namely ,god1 & refra9s f delight+ 9 union ) o!r ?+s aga9/ ! requirem5ts ( ! ord] e/abli%$ by ,god1 ?is may be call$ a spiritual *a/ity1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #aa3b1 ,i h esp\s$ y to "o husb&1 t ,i may pres5t y z a *a/e virg9 to ,*ri/4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m9d be unit$ to any o!r ?+s :atsoev]1 aga9/ ! prescription ( ! ,div9e ord]1 x w be call$ spiritual =nication1 accord+ to ,j]4 #c3a1 ,b ?\ ha/ pro/itut$ ?yself to _m lov]s4 ,tak+ *a/ity 9 ?is s5se1 x is a g5]al virtue1 because e virtue )draws ! human m9d f delight+ 9 a union ) unlawful ?+s4 ,nev]!less1 ! ess5ce ( ?is *a/ity consi/s pr9cipally 9 *>ity & ! o!r !ological virtues1 :]eby ! human m9d is unit$ to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t takes *a/ity 9 ! metaphorical s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #adb1 ,a4 #b71 ! concupisc5ce ( t :i* gives pleasure is especially lik5$ to a *ild1 because ! desire ( pleasure is connatural to u1 especially ( pleasures ( t\* :i* are direct$ to ! ma9t5ance ( nature4 ,h5ce x is t if ! concupisc5ce ( su* pleasures be fo/]$ by cons5t+ to x1 x w wax v /rong1 z 9 ! case ( a *ild left to 8 own w4 ,:]e=e ! concupisc5ce ( ^! pleasures /&s 9 v great ne$ ( be+ *a/is$3 & consequ5tly *a/ity is appli$ antonoma/ically to su* l concupisc5ces1 ev5 z =titude is ab\t ^? matt]s :]e9 we /& 9 ! greate/ ne$ ( /r5g? ( m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s spiritual =nication metaphorically s call$1 :i* is oppos$ to spiritual *a/ity1 z /at$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aea1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,*a/ity ,is a ,di/9ct ,virtue f ,ab/95ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *a/ity is n a di/9ct virtue f ab/95ce4 ,because :]e ! matt] is g5]ically ! same1 "o virtue suffices4 ,n[ x w\ld seem t ?+s p]ta9+ to ! same s5se are ( "o g5us4 ,!re=e1 s9ce pleasures ( ! palate :i* are ! matt] ( ab/95ce1 & v5]eal pleasures :i* are ! matt] ( *a/ity1 p]ta9 to ! t\*1 x seems t *a/ity is n a di/9ct virtue f ab/95ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iii1 #ab7 lik5s all vices ( intemp]ance to *ildi% s9s1 :i* ne$ *a/is+4 ,n[ *a/ity takes its "n f *a/isem5t ( ! contr>y vices4 ,s9ce !n c]ta9 vices are bridl$ by ab/95ce1 x seems t ab/95ce is *a/ity4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! pleasures ( ! o!r s5ses are ! conc]n ( temp]ance 9 s f> z !y ref] to pleasures ( t\*2 :i* are ! matt] ( temp]ance4 ,n[ pleasures ( ! palate1 :i* are ! matt] ( ab/95ce1 are direct$ to v5]eal pleasures1 :i* are ! matt] ( *a/ity3 :]e=e ,j]ome says 99,ep4 cxlvii ad ,am&4 ,cf4 ,gratian1 ,di/4 xliv41 comm5t+ on ,titus #a3g1 ,n giv5 to w9e1 no /rik]1 etc43 ,! belly & ! organs ( g5]ation are neighbors1 t ! neighborhood ( ! organs may indicate _! complicity 9 vice4 ,!re=e ab/95ce & *a/ity are n di/9ct virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #f3e1 #f7 reckons *a/ity toge!r ) fa/+s :i* p]ta9 to ab/95ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #d71 temp]ance is prop]ly ab\t ! concupisc5ces ( ! pleasures ( t\*3 s t :]e !re are diff]5t k9ds ( pleasure1 !re are diff]5t virtues compris$ "u temp]ance4 ,n[ pleasures are proportionate to ! actions ^: p]fections !y are1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ix1 #d1 #e3 & x is evid5t t actions connect$ ) ! use ( food :]eby ! nature ( ! individual is ma9ta9$ diff] g5]ically f actions connect$ ) ! use ( matt]s v5]eal1 :]eby ! nature ( ! species is pres]v$4 ,!re=e *a/ity1 :i* is ab\t v5]eal pleasures1 is a di/9ct virtue f ab/95ce1 :i* is ab\t pleasures ( ! palate4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,temp]ance is *iefly ab\t pleasures ( t\*1 n z reg>ds ! s5se's judgm5t conc]n+ ! objects ( t\*1 :i* judgm5t is ( uni=m "* conc]n+ all su* objects1 b z reg>ds ! use itself ( ^? objects1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #aj4 ,n[ ! uses ( meats1 dr9ks1 & v5]eal matt]s diff] 9 "*4 ,:]e=e !re mu/ ne$s be diff]5t virtues1 ?\gh !y reg>d ! "o s5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,v5]eal pleasures are m impetu\s1 & are m oppressive on ! reason ?an ! pleasures ( ! palate3 & !re=e !y are 9 great] ne$ ( *a/isem5t & re/ra9t1 s9ce if "o cons5t to !m ?is increases ! =ce ( concupisc5ce & weak5s ! /r5g? ( ! m9d4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 i1 #aj73 ,i consid] t no?+ s ca/s d[n ! manly m9d f its heights z ! fondl+ ( wom51 & ^? bodily contacts :i* belong to ! m>ri$ /ate4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! pleasures ( ! o!r s5ses d n p]ta9 to ! ma9t5ance ( man's nature1 except 9 s f> z !y are direct$ to pleasures ( t\*4 ,:]e=e 9 ! matt] ( su* pleasures !re is no o!r virtue compris$ "u temp]ance4 ,b ! pleasures ( ! palate1 ?\gh direct$ some:at to v5]eal pleasures1 are ess5tially direct$ to ! pres]vation ( man's life3 :]e=e by _! v nature !y h a special virtue1 al?\gh ?is virtue :i* is call$ ab/95ce directs its act to *a/ity z its end4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aea1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,purity ,belongs ,especially to ,*a/ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t purity does n belong especially to *a/ity4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #ah7 t purity is a virtue ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e x is n some?+ belong+ to *a/ity1 b is ( itself a virtue di/9ct f *a/ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pudicitia 7purity7 is d]iv$ f pudor1 :i* is equival5t to %ame4 ,n[ %ame1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 99,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ae1 is ab\t a disgraceful act1 & ?is is common to all s9ful acts4 ,!re=e purity belongs no m to *a/ity ?an to ! o!r virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #ab7 t e k9d ( intemp]ance is mo/ des]v+ ( reproa*4 ,n[ x w\ld seem to belong to purity to avoid all t is des]v+ ( reproa*4 ,!re=e purity belongs to all ! p>ts ( temp]ance1 & n especially to *a/ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]sev]antia xx73 ,we mu/ give praise to purity1 t he :o has e>s to he>1 may put to none b a lawful use ! organs int5d$ = procreation4 ,n[ ! use ( ^! organs is ! prop] matt] ( *a/ity4 ,!re=e purity belongs prop]ly to *a/ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,obj4 #b71 pudicitia 7purity7 takes its "n f pudor1 :i* signifies %ame4 ,h5ce purity mu/ ne$s be prop]ly ab\t ! ?+s ( :i* man is mo/ a%am$4 ,n[ m5 are mo/ a%am$ ( v5]eal acts1 z ,augu/9e rem>ks 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #ah71 s mu* s t ev5 ! conjugal act1 :i* is adorn$ by ! hone/y 99,cf4 ,q4 #ade ( m>riage1 is n devoid ( %ame3 & ?is because ! movem5t ( ! organs ( g5]ation is n subject to ! comm& ( reason1 z are ! movem5ts ( ! o!r ext]nal memb]s4 ,n[ man is a%am$ n only ( ?is sexual union b also ( all ! signs !re(1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,rhet4 ii1 #f74 ,consequ5tly purity reg>ds v5]eal matt]s prop]ly1 & especially ! signs !re(1 su* z impure looks1 kisses1 & t\*es4 ,& s9ce ! latt] are m wont to be obs]v$1 purity reg>ds r ^! ext]nal signs1 :ile *a/ity reg>ds r sexual union4 ,!re=e purity is direct$ to *a/ity1 n z a virtue di/9ct !refrom1 b z express+ a circum/ance ( *a/ity4 ,nev]!less ! "o is sometimes us$ to designate ! o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is "h speak+ ( purity z designat+ *a/ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh e vice has a c]ta9 disgrace1 ! vices ( intemp]ance are especially disgraceful1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #adb1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,among ! vices ( intemp]ance1 v5]eal s9s are mo/ des]v+ ( reproa*1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! insubord9ation ( ! g5ital organs1 & because by ^! s9s especially1 ! reason is absorb$4 ,,"q #aeb ,,( ,,virg9ity 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] virg9ity3 & "u ?is head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,9 :at does virg9ity consi/8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a virtue8 7#d7 ,( its excell5ce 9 comp>ison ) m>riage2 7#e7 ,( its excell5ce 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r virtues4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,virg9ity ,consi/s 9 ,integrity ( ! ,fle%8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t virg9ity does n consi/ 9 integrity ( ! fle%4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nup4 et ,concup47 99,! quotation is f ,de ,sancta ,virg94 xiii t virg9ity is ! cont9ual m$itation on incorruption 9 a corruptible fle%4 ,b m$itation does n conc]n ! fle%4 ,!re=e virg9ity is n situat$ 9 ! fle%4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virg9ity d5otes a k9d ( purity4 ,n[ ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #ah7 t purity dwells 9 ! s\l4 ,!re=e virg9ity is n incorruption ( ! fle%4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! integrity ( ! fle% w\ld seem to consi/ 9 ! seal ( virg9al purity4 ,yet sometimes ! seal is brok5 )\t loss ( virg9ity4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #ah7 t ^? organs may be injur$ ?r\gh be+ w\nd$ by mis*ance4 ,physicians1 too1 sometimes d = ! sake ( heal? t :i* makes "o %udd] to see3 & a midwife has be5 kn[n to de/roy by t\* ! pro( ( virg9ity t %e s\ght4 ,& he adds3 ,nobody1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld be s fooli% z to deem ?is maid5 to h =feit$ ev5 bodily sanctity1 ?\gh %e lo/ ! integrity ( t organ4 ,!re=e virg9ity does n consi/ 9 incorruption ( ! fle%4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 corruption ( ! fle% consi/s *iefly 9 resolution ( ! sem53 & ?is may take place )\t copulation1 :e!r "o be asleep or awake4 ,yet seem+ly virg9ity is n lo/ )\t copulation3 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg94 xiii7 t virg9al integrity & holy cont95cy t refra9s f all sexual int]c\rse is ! portion ( angels4 ,!re=e virg9ity does n consi/ 9 incorruption ( ! fle%4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg94 viii7 t virg9ity is cont95ce :]eby integrity ( ! fle% is v[$1 consecrat$ & obs]v$ 9 honor ( ! ,creator ( bo? s\l & fle%4 ,i answ] t1 ,virg9ity takes its "n app>5tly f viror 7fre%ness71 & j z a ?+ is describ$ z fre% & reta9+ its fre%ness1 s long z x is n p>*$ by excessive heat1 s too1 virg9ity d5otes t ! p]son possess$ !re( is unse>$ by ! heat ( concupisc5ce :i* is exp]i5c$ 9 a*iev+ ! greate/ bodily pleasure :i* is t ( sexual int]c\rse4 ,h5ce1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,virg94 i1 #e7 t virg9al *a/ity is integrity free ( pollution4 ,n[ v5]eal pleasures (f] ?ree po9ts = consid]ation4 ,! fir/ is on ! "p ( ! body1 viz4 ! violation ( ! seal ( virg9ity4 ,! second is ! l9k betwe5 t :i* conc]ns ! s\l & t :i* conc]ns ! body1 & ?is is ! resolution ( ! sem51 caus+ s5sible pleasure4 ,! ?ird is entirely on ! "p ( ! s\l1 namely ! purpose ( atta9+ ?is pleasure4 ,( ^! ?ree ! fir/ is accid5tal to ! moral act1 :i* z su* mu/ be consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! s\l4 ,! second /&s 9 ! relation ( matt] to ! moral act1 s9ce ! s5sible passions are ! matt]s ( moral acts4 ,b ! ?ird /&s 9 ! position ( =m & complem5t1 because ! ess5ce ( morality is p]fect$ 9 t :i* conc]ns ! reason4 ,s9ce !n virg9ity consi/s 9 fre$om f ! a=esaid corruption1 x foll[s t ! integrity ( ! bodily organ is accid5tal to virg9ity2 :ile fre$om f pleasure 9 resolution ( ! sem5 is relat$ !reto mat]ially2 & ! purpose ( p]petually ab/a9+ f ?is pleasure is ! =mal & completive elem5t 9 virg9ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is def9ition ( ,augu/9e's expresses directly t :i* is =mal 9 virg9ity4 ,= m$itation d5otes reason's purpose2 & ! addition p]petual does n imply t a virg9 mu/ always reta9 ?is m$itation actually1 b t %e %\ld be> 9 m9d ! purpose ( always p]sev]+ !re94 ,! mat]ial elem5t is express$ indirectly by ! words on incorruption 9 a corruptible body4 ,?is is add$ to %[ ! difficulty ( virg9ity3 = if ! fle% 7 incorruptible1 x w\ld n be difficult to ma9ta9 a p]petual m$itation on incorruption4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is true t purity1 z to its ess5ce1 is 9 ! s\l2 b z to its matt]1 x is 9 ! body3 & x is ! same ) virg9ity4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg94 viii7 t al?\gh virg9ity resides 9 ! fle%1 & = ?is reason is a bodily quality1 yet x is a spiritual ?+1 :i* a holy cont95cy fo/]s & pres]ves4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above1 ! integrity ( a bodily organ is accid5tal to virg9ity1 9 s f> z a p]son1 ?r\gh purposely ab/a9+ f v5]eal pleasure1 reta9s ! integrity ( a bodily organ4 ,h5ce if ! organ lose its integrity by *ance 9 "s o!r way1 ?is is no m prejudicial to virg9ity ?an be+ depriv$ ( a h& or foot4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,pleasure result+ f resolution ( sem5 may arise 9 two ways4 ,if ?is be ! result ( ! m9d's purpose1 x de/roys virg9ity1 :e!r copulation takes place or n4 ,augu/9e1 h[ev]1 m5tions copulation1 because su* l resolution is ! ord9>y & natural result !re(4 ,9 ano!r way ?is may happ5 beside ! purpose ( ! m9d1 ei!r dur+ sleep1 or ?r\gh viol5ce & )\t ! m9d's cons5t1 al?\gh ! fle% d]ives pleasure f x1 or aga9 ?r\gh weakness ( nature1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o are subject to a fl[ ( sem54 ,9 su* cases virg9ity is n =feit1 because su* l pollution is n ! result ( impurity :i* excludes virg9ity4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,virg9ity ,is ,unlawful8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t virg9ity is unlawful4 ,= :atev] is contr>y to a precept ( ! natural law is unlawful4 ,n[ j z ! words ( ,g54 #b3af1 ,( e tree t is 9 p>adise1 ?\ %alt eat1 indicate a precept ( ! natural law1 9 ref]5ce to ! pres]vation ( ! individual1 s also ! words ( ,g54 #a3bh1 ,increase & multiply1 & fill ! e>?1 express a precept ( ! natural law1 9 ref]5ce to ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,!re=e j z x w\ld be a s9 to ab/a9 f all food1 z ?is w\ld be to act c\nt] to ! good ( ! individual1 s too x is a s9 to ab/a9 altoge!r f ! act ( procreation1 = ?is is to act aga9/ ! good ( ! species4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :atev] decl9es f ! mean ( virtue is app>5tly s9ful4 ,n[ virg9ity decl9es f ! mean ( virtue1 s9ce x ab/a9s f all v5]eal pleasures3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #b71 t he :o revels 9 e pleasure1 & ab/a9s f n ev5 "o1 is intemp]ate3 b he :o refra9s f all is l\ti% & ins5sible4 ,!re=e virg9ity is some?+ s9ful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 puni%m5t is n due save = a vice4 ,n[ 9 old5 times ^? 7 puni%$ :o l$ a celibate life1 z ,val]ius ,maximus ass]ts 99,dict4 ,fact4 ,mem4 ii1 #i4 ,h5ce accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 iii7 ,plato is said to h sacrific$ to nature1 9 ord] t he might atone = 8 p]petual cont95cy z ?\gh x 7 a s94 ,!re=e virg9ity is a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no s9 is a matt] ( direct c\nsel4 ,b virg9ity is a matt] ( direct c\nsel3 = x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #g3be73 ,conc]n+ virg9s ,i h no comm&m5t ( ! ,"l3 b ,i give c\nsel4 ,!re=e virg9ity is n an unlawful ?+4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 human acts1 ^? are s9ful :i* are aga9/ "r reason4 ,n[ "r reason requires t ?+s direct$ to an end %\ld be us$ 9 a measure proportionate to t end4 ,aga91 man's good is ?reefold z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 i1 #h2 "o consi/+ 9 ext]nal ?+s1 = in/ance ri*es2 ano!r1 consi/+ 9 bodily goods2 ! ?ird1 consi/+ 9 ! goods ( ! s\l among :i* ! goods ( ! contemplative life take prec$5ce ( ! goods ( ! active life1 z ! ,philosoph] %[s 7,e?ic4 x1 #g71 & z our ,"l decl>$ 7,luke #aj3db71 ,m>y ha? *os5 ! bett] "p4 ,( ^! goods ^? t are ext]nal are direct$ to ^? :i* belong to ! body1 & ^? :i* belong to ! body are direct$ to ^? :i* belong to ! s\l2 & fur!rmore ^? :i* belong to ! active life are direct$ to ^? :i* belong to ! life ( contemplation4 ,accord+ly1 "r reason dictates t "o use ext]nal goods 9 a measure proportionate to ! body1 & 9 l mann] z reg>ds ! re/4 ,:]e=e if a man refra9 f possess+ c]ta9 ?+s 7:i* o!rwise x 7 good = him to possess71 = ! sake ( 8 body's good1 or ( ! contemplation ( tru?1 ?is is n s9ful1 b 9 accord ) "r reason4 ,9 l mann] if a man ab/a9 f bodily pleasures1 9 ord] m freely to give himself to ! contemplation ( tru?1 ?is is 9 accordance ) ! rectitude ( reason4 ,n[ holy virg9ity refra9s f all v5]eal pleasure 9 ord] m freely to h leisure = ,div9e contemplation3 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #g3cd73 ,! unm>ri$ woman & ! virg9 ?9ke? on ! ?+s ( ! ,"l3 t %e may be holy 9 bo? body & 9 _s4 ,b %e t is m>ri$ ?9ke? on ! ?+s ( ! _w1 h[ %e may please h] husb&4 ,!re=e x foll[s t virg9ity in/ead ( be+ s9ful is wor?y ( praise4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a precept implies a duty1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abb1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ !re are two k9ds ( duty4 ,!re is ! duty t has to be fulfill$ by "o p]son2 & a duty ( ?is k9d _c be set aside )\t s94 ,! o!r duty has to be fulfill$ by ! multitude1 & ! fulfilm5t ( ?is k9d ( duty is n b9d+ on ea* "o ( ! multitude4 ,= ! multitude has _m obligations :i* _c be dis*>g$ by ! individual2 b are fulfill$ by "o p]son do+ ?is1 & ano!r do+ t4 ,accord+ly ! precept ( natural law :i* b9ds man to eat mu/ ne$s be fulfill$ by ea* individual1 o!rwise ! individual _c be su/a9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! precept ( procreation reg>ds ! :ole multitude ( m51 :i* ne$s n only to multiply 9 body1 b also to advance spiritually4 ,:]e=e suffici5t provision is made = ! human multitude1 if "s betake !mselves to c>nal procreation1 :ile o!rs ab/a9+ f ?is betake !mselves to ! contemplation ( ,div9e ?+s1 = ! beauty & welf>e ( ! :ole human race4 ,?us too 9 an army1 "s take s5try duty1 o!rs are /&>d-be>]s1 & o!rs fight ) ! sword3 yet all ^! ?+s are necess>y = ! multitude1 al?\gh !y _c be done by "o p]son4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! p]son :o1 beside ! dictate ( "r reason1 ab/a9s f all pleasures ?r\gh av]sion1 z x 71 = pleasure z su*1 is ins5sible z a c\ntry l\t4 ,b a virg9 does n refra9 f e pleasure1 b only f t :i* is v5]eal3 & ab/a9s !refrom accord+ to "r reason1 z /at$ above4 ,n[ ! mean ( virtue is fix$ ) ref]5ce1 n to quantity b to "r reason1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f3 :]e=e x is said ( ! magnanim\s 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 t 9 po9t ( quantity he goes to ! extreme1 b 9 po9t ( becom+ness he foll[s ! mean4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,laws are fram$ accord+ to :at occurs m frequ5tly4 ,n[ x seldom happ5$ 9 old5 times t anyone refra9$ f all v5]eal pleasure ?r\gh love ( ! contemplation ( tru?3 z ,plato alone is relat$ to h done4 ,h5ce x 0 n ?r\gh ?9k+ ?is a s91 t he (f]$ sacrifice1 b because he yield$ to ! false op9ion ( 8 fell[ c\ntrym51 z ,augu/9e rem>ks 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 iii74 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,virg9ity ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t virg9ity is n a virtue4 ,= no virtue is 9 u by nature1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a74 ,n[ virg9ity is 9 u by nature1 s9ce all are virg9s :5 born4 ,!re=e virg9ity is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] has "o virtue has all virtues1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a74 ,yet "s h o!r virtues )\t hav+ virg9ity3 else1 s9ce none c g to ! heav5ly k+dom )\t virtue1 no "o c\ld g !re )\t virg9ity1 :i* w\ld involve ! condemnation ( m>riage4 ,!re=e virg9ity is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e virtue is recov]$ by p5ance4 ,b virg9ity is n recov]$ by p5ance3 :]e=e ,j]ome says 99,ep4 xxii ad ,eu/o*43 ,o!r ?+s ,god c d1 b ,he _c re/ore ! virg9 aft] h] d[nfall4 ,!re=e seem+ly virg9ity is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 no virtue is lo/ )\t s94 ,yet virg9ity is lo/ )\t s91 namely by m>riage4 ,!re=e virg9ity is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 virg9ity is condivid$ ) wid[hood & conjugal purity4 ,b nei!r ( ^! is a virtue4 ,!re=e virg9ity is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,virg94 i1 #c73 ,love ( virg9ity moves u to say some?+ ab\t virg9ity1 le/ by pass+ x ov] we %\ld seem to ca/ a slight on :at is a virtue ( high degree4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! =mal & completive elem5t 9 virg9ity is ! purpose ( ab/a9+ f v5]eal pleasure1 :i* purpose is r5d]$ praisewor?y by its end1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z ?is is done 9 ord] to h leisure = ,div9e ?+s3 :ile ! mat]ial elem5t 9 virg9ity is integrity ( ! fle% free ( all exp]i5ce ( v5]eal pleasure4 ,n[ x is manife/ t :]e a good action has a special matt] ?r\gh hav+ a special excell5ce1 !re is a special k9d ( virtue3 = example1 magnific5ce :i* is ab\t great exp5diture is = ?is reason a special virtue di/9ct f lib]ality1 :i* is ab\t all uses ( money 9 g5]al4 ,n[ to keep oneself free f ! exp]i5ce ( v5]eal pleasure has an excell5ce ( its own des]v+ ( great] praise ?an keep+ oneself free f inord9ate v5]eal pleasure4 ,:]e=e virg9ity is a special virtue be+ relat$ to *a/ity z magnific5ce to lib]ality4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,m5 h f _! bir? t :i* is mat]ial 9 virg9ity1 namely integrity ( ! fle% & fre$om f v5]eal exp]i5ce4 ,b !y h n t :i* is =mal 9 virg9ity1 namely ! purpose ( safegu>d+ ?is integrity = ,god's sake1 :i* purpose gives virg9ity its "* ( virtue4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg94 xi73 ,nor d we praise virg9s = be+ virg9s1 b1 because _! virg9ity is consecrat$ to ,god by holy cont95cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,virtues are connect$ toge!r by reason ( t :i* is =mal 9 !m1 namely *>ity1 or by reason ( prud5ce1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abi1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b71 b n by reason ( t :i* is mat]ial 9 !m4 ,= no?+ h9d]s a virtu\s man f provid+ ! matt] ( "o virtue1 & n ! matt] ( ano!r virtue3 ?us a poor man has ! matt] ( temp]ance1 b n t ( magnific5ce4 ,x is 9 ?is way t "o :o has ! o!r virtues lacks ! matt] ( virg9ity1 namely ! a=esaid integrity ( ! fle%3 nev]!less he c h t :i* is =mal 9 virg9ity1 8 m9d be+ s prep>$ t he has ! purpose ( safegu>d+ ?is same integrity ( ! fle%1 %\ld x be fitt+ = him to d s3 ev5 z a poor man may be s prep>$ 9 m9d z to h ! purpose ( be+ magnific5t 9 8 exp5diture1 7 he 9 a position to d s3 or aga9 z a prosp]\s man is s prep>$ 9 m9d z to purpose be>+ mis=tune ) equanimity3 )\t :i* prep>$ness ( ! m9d no man c be virtu\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,virtue c be recov]$ by p5ance z reg>ds t :i* is =mal 9 virtue1 b n z to t :i* is mat]ial !re94 ,= if a magnific5t man has squ&]$ all 8 weal? he does n recov] 8 ri*es by rep5t+ ( 8 s94 ,9 l mann] a p]son :o has lo/ virg9ity by s91 recov]s by rep5t+1 n ! matt] ( virg9ity b ! purpose ( virg9ity4 ,z reg>ds ! matt] ( virg9ity !re is t :i* c be miracul\sly re/or$ by ,god1 namely ! integrity ( ! organ1 :i* we hold to be accid5tal to virg9ity3 :ile !re is some?+ else :i* _c be re/or$ ev5 by miracle1 to wit1 t "o :o has exp]i5c$ v5]eal lu/ %\ld cease to h _h t exp]i5ce4 ,= ,god _c make t :i* is done n to h be5 done1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,virg9ity z a virtue d5otes ! purpose1 confirm$ by v[1 ( obs]v+ p]petual integrity4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg94 viii7 t by virg9ity1 integrity ( ! fle% is v[$1 consecrat$ & obs]v$ 9 honor ( ! ,creator ( bo? s\l & fle%4 ,h5ce virg9ity1 z a virtue1 is nev] lo/ )\t s94 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,conjugal *a/ity is des]v+ ( praise m]ely because x ab/a9s f unlawful pleasures3 h5ce no excell5ce atta*es to x above t ( *a/ity 9 g5]al4 ,wid[hood1 h[ev]1 adds some?+ to *a/ity 9 g5]al2 b x does n atta9 to t :i* is p]fect 9 ?is matt]1 namely to entire fre$om f v5]eal pleasure2 virg9ity alone a*ieves ?is4 ,:]e=e virg9ity alone is acc\nt$ a virtue above *a/ity1 ev5 z magnific5ce is reckon$ above lib]ality4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,virg9ity ,is ,m ,excell5t ,?an ,m>riage8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t virg9ity is n m excell5t ?an m>riage4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,bono ,conjug4 xxi73 ,cont95ce 0 equally m]itori\s 9 ,john :o rema9$ unm>ri$ & ,abraham :o begot *ildr54 ,n[ a great] virtue has great] m]it4 ,!re=e virg9ity is n a great] virtue ?an conjugal *a/ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! praise accord$ a virtu\s man dep5ds on 8 virtue4 ,if1 !n1 virg9ity 7 pref]able to conjugal cont95ce1 x w\ld seem to foll[ t e virg9 is to be prais$ m ?an any m>ri$ woman4 ,b ?is is untrue4 ,!re=e virg9ity is n pref]able to m>riage4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! common good takes prec$5ce ( ! private good1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #b74 ,n[ m>riage is direct$ to ! common good3 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,bono ,conjug4 xvi73 ,:at food is to a man's wellbe+1 su* is sexual int]c\rse to ! welf>e ( ! human race4 ,on ! o!r h&1 virg9ity is ord]$ to ! individual good1 namely 9 ord] to avoid :at ! ,apo/le calls ! tribulation ( ! fle%1 to :i* m>ri$ p are subject 7#a ,cor4 #g3bh74 ,!re=e virg9ity is n great] ?an conjugal cont95ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg94 xix73 ,bo? solid reason & ! au?ority ( ,holy ,writ %[ t nei!r is m>riage s9ful1 nor is x to be equal$ to ! good ( virg9al cont95ce or ev5 to t ( wid[hood4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ,j]ome 7,contra ,jov94 i7 ! error ( ,jov9ian consi/$ 9 hold+ virg9ity n to be pref]able to m>riage4 ,?is error is refut$ above all by ! example ( ,*ri/ ,:o bo? *ose a virg9 = ,8 "m1 & rema9$ ,himself a virg91 & by ! tea*+ ( ! ,apo/le :o 7#a ,cor4 #g7 c\nsels virg9ity z ! great] good4 ,x is also refut$ by reason1 bo? because a ,div9e good takes prec$5ce ( a human good1 & because ! good ( ! s\l is pref]able to ! good ( ! body1 & aga9 because ! good ( ! contemplative life is bett] ?an t ( ! active life4 ,n[ virg9ity is direct$ to ! good ( ! s\l 9 respect ( ! contemplative life1 :i* consi/s 9 ?9k+ on ! ?+s ( ,god ,vulg43 '! ,"l'1 :]eas m>riage is direct$ to ! good ( ! body1 namely ! bodily increase ( ! human race1 & belongs to ! active life1 s9ce ! man & woman :o embrace ! m>ri$ life h to ?9k on ! ?+s ( ! _w1 z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #g3cd74 ,)\t d\bt !re=e virg9ity is pref]able to conjugal cont95ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,m]it is measur$ n only by ! k9d ( action1 b /ill m by ! m9d ( ! ag5t4 ,n[ ,abraham _h a m9d s dispos$1 t he 0 prep>$ to obs]ve virg9ity1 if x 7 9 keep+ ) ! times = him to d s4 ,:]e=e 9 him conjugal cont95ce 0 equally m]itori\s ) ! virg9al cont95ce ( ,john1 z reg>ds ! ess5tial rew>d1 b n z reg>ds ! accid5tal rew>d4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,bono ,conjug4 xxi7 t bo? ! celibacy ( ,john & ! m>riage ( ,abraham f\ght ,*ri/'s battle 9 keep+ ) ! diff]5ce ( ! times3 b ,john 0 cont95t ev5 9 de$1 :]eas ,abraham 0 cont95t only 9 habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?\gh virg9ity is bett] ?an conjugal cont95ce1 a m>ri$ p]son may be bett] ?an a virg9 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( *a/ity itself2 if to wit1 ! m>ri$ p]son is m prep>$ 9 m9d to obs]ve virg9ity1 if x %\ld be exp$i5t1 ?an ! "o :o is actually a virg94 ,h5ce ,augu/9e 7,de ,bono ,conjug4 xxii7 *>ges ! virg9 to say3 ,i am no bett] ?an ,abraham1 al?\gh ! *a/ity ( celibacy is bett] ?an ! *a/ity ( m>riage4 ,fur!r on he gives ! reason = ?is3 ,= :at ,i d n[1 he w\ld h done bett]1 if x 7 fitt+ = him to d x !n2 & :at !y did ,i w\ld ev5 d n[ if x behoov$ me n[ to d x4 ,secondly1 because p]haps ! p]son :o is n a virg9 has "s m excell5t virtue4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg94 xliv73 ,:5ce does a virg9 "k ! ?+s t belong to ! ,"l1 h[ev] solicit\s %e be ab\t !m1 if p]*ance on acc\nt ( "s m5tal fault %e be n yet ripe = m>tyrdom1 :]eas ?is woman to :om %e delight$ 9 pref]r+ h]self is already able to dr9k ! *alice ( ! ,"l8 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! common good takes prec$5ce ( ! private good1 if x be ( ! same g5us3 b x may be t ! private good is bett] g5]ically4 ,x is ?us t ! virg9ity t is consecrat$ to ,god is pref]able to c>nal fruitfulness4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg94 ix73 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! fruitfulness ( ! fle%1 ev5 ( ^? wom5 :o 9 ^! times seek naught else f m>riage b *ildr5 9 ord] to make !m s]vants ( ,*ri/1 _c comp5sate = lo/ virg9ity4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeb1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,virg9ity ,is ! ,greate/ ( ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t virg9ity is ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,= ,cyprian says 7,de ,virg94 99,de ,habitu ,virg473 ,we address ourselves n[ to ! virg9s4 ,sublime is _! glory1 b no less exalt$ is _! vocation4 ,!y are a fl[] ( ! ,*ur*'s s[+1 ! pride & ornam5t ( spiritual grace1 ! mo/ honor$ portion ( ,*ri/'s flock4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a great] rew>d is due to ! great] virtue4 ,n[ ! greate/ rew>d is due to virg9ity1 namely ! hundr$fold fruit1 accord+ to a gloss on ,matt4 #ac3bc4 ,!re=e virg9ity is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m a virtue con=ms u to ,*ri/1 ! great] x is4 ,n[ virg9ity above all con=ms u to ,*ri/2 = x is decl>$ 9 ! ,apocalypse 7#ad3d7 t virg9s foll[ ! ,lamb :i!rsoev] ,he goe?1 & 7,apoc4 #ad3c7 t !y s+ a new canticle1 :i* no o!r man c\ld say4 ,!re=e virg9ity is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg94 xlvi73 ,no "o1 me?9ks1 w\ld d>e pref] virg9ity to m>tyrdom1 & 7,de ,virg94 xlv73 ,! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* in=ms ! fai?ful 9 no unc]ta9 mann]1 s t !y "k 9 :at place ! m>tyrs & ! holy virg9s :o h dep>t$ ?is life are commemorat$ 9 ! ,sacram5t ( ! ,alt>4 ,by ?is we are giv5 to und]/& t m>tyrdom1 & also ! mona/ic /ate1 are pref]able to virg9ity4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may excel all o!rs 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 "s p>ticul> g5us3 & ?us virg9ity is mo/ excell5t1 namely 9 ! g5us ( *a/ity1 s9ce x surpasses ! *a/ity bo? ( wid[hood & ( m>riage4 ,& because comel9ess is ascrib$ to *a/ity antonoma/ically1 x foll[s t surpass+ beauty is ascrib$ to *a/ity4 ,:]e=e ,ambrose says 7,de ,virg94 i1 #g73 ,c anyone e/eem any beauty great] ?an a virg9's1 s9ce %e is belov$ ( h] ,k+1 approv$ by h] ,judge1 d$icat$ to h] ,"l1 consecrat$ to h] ,god8 ,secondly1 a ?+ may be mo/ excell5t simply1 & 9 ?is way virg9ity is n ! mo/ excell5t ( ! virtues4 ,because ! end always excels t :i* is direct$ to ! end2 & ! m effectively a ?+ is direct$ to ! end1 ! bett] x is4 ,n[ ! end :i* r5d]s virg9ity praisewor?y is t "o may h leisure = ,div9e ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,:]e=e ! !ological virtues z well z ! virtue ( religion1 ! acts ( :i* consi/ 9 be+ occupi$ ab\t ,div9e ?+s1 are pref]able to virg9ity4 ,moreov]1 m>tyrs "w m mightily 9 ord] to cleave to ,god--s9ce = ?is end !y hold _! own life 9 contempt2 & ^? :o dwell 9 mona/]ies--s9ce = ?is end !y give up _! own w & all t !y may possess--?an virg9s :o r5\nce v5]eal pleasure = t same purpose4 ,!re=e virg9ity is n simply ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,virg9s are ! m honor$ portion ( ,*ri/'s flock1 & _! glory m sublime 9 comp>ison ) wid[s & m>ri$ wom54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! hundr$fold fruit is ascrib$ to virg9ity1 accord+ to ,j]ome 99,ep4 cxxiii ad ,ag]u*41 on acc\nt ( its sup]iority to wid[hood1 to :i* ! sixtyfold fruit is ascrib$1 & to m>riage1 to :i* is ascrib$ ! ?irtyfold fruit4 ,b accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,,qq4 ,evang4 i1 #i71 ! hundr$fold fruit is giv5 to m>tyrs1 ! sixtyfold to virg9s1 & ! ?irtyfold to m>ri$ p]sons4 ,:]e=e x does n foll[ t virg9ity is simply ! greate/ ( virtues1 b only 9 comp>ison ) o!r degrees ( *a/ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,virg9s foll[ ! ,lamb :i!rsoev] ,he goe?1 because !y imitate ,*ri/1 by integrity n only ( ! m9d b also ( ! fle%1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg94 xxvii74 ,:]e=e !y foll[ ! ,lamb 9 m ways1 b ?is does n imply t !y foll[ m closely1 because o!r virtues make u cleave to ,god m closely by imitation ( ! m9d4 ,! new hymn :i* virg9s alone s+1 is _! joy at hav+ pres]v$ integrity ( ! fle%4 ,,"q #aec ,,( ,,lu/ 7,9 ,five ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! vice ( lu/ :i* is oppos$ to *a/ity3 7#a7 ,lu/ 9 g5]al2 7#b7 its species4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are five po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is ! matt] ( lu/8 7#b7 ,:e!r all copulation is unlawful8 7#c7 ,:e!r lu/ is a mortal s98 7#d7 ,:e!r lu/ is a capital vice8 7#e7 ,conc]n+ its daught]s4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aec1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,matt] ( ,lu/ ,is ,only ,v5]eal ,desires & ,pleasures8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! matt] ( lu/ is n only v5]eal desires & pleasures4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 ii1 #f7 t lu/ affects to be call$ surfeit & abundance4 ,b surfeit reg>ds meat & dr9k1 :ile abundance ref]s to ri*es4 ,!re=e lu/ is n prop]ly ab\t v5]eal desires & pleasures4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #bj3a73 ,w9e is a lu/ful ,d\ay3 'luxuri\s' ?+4 ,n[ w9e is connect$ ) pleasure ( meat & dr9k4 ,!re=e ^! w\ld seem to be ! matt] ( lu/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 lu/ is def9$ z ! desire ( wanton pleasure 99,alex&] ( ,hales1 ,summ4 ,!ol4 ii1 cxvli4 ,b wanton pleasure reg>ds n only v5]eal matt]s b also _m o!rs4 ,!re=e lu/ is n only ab\t v5]eal desires & pleasures4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,to ! lu/ful x is said 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 iii 99,writt5 by ,/4 ,augu/9e73 ,he t s[e? 9 ! fle%1 ( ! fle% %all reap corruption4 ,n[ ! s[+ ( ! fle% ref]s to v5]eal pleasures4 ,!re=e ^! belong to lu/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,isidore says 7,etym4 x71 a lu/ful man is "o :o is debau*$ ) pleasures4 ,n[ v5]eal pleasures above all debau* a man's m9d4 ,!re=e lu/ is especially conc]n$ ) su* l pleasures4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 z temp]ance *iefly & prop]ly applies to pleasures ( t\*1 yet consequ5tly & by a k9d ( lik5ess is ref]r$ to o!r matt]s1 s too1 lu/ applies *iefly to v5]eal pleasures1 :i* m ?an any?+ else "w ! greate/ havoc 9 a man's m9d1 yet second>ily x applies to any o!r matt]s p]ta9+ to excess4 ,h5ce a gloss on ,gal4 #e3ai says lu/ is any k9d ( surfeit4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,w9e is said to be a lu/ful ?+1 ei!r 9 ! s5se 9 :i* surfeit 9 any matt] is ascrib$ to lu/1 or because ! use ( too mu* w9e af=ds an inc5tive to v5]eal pleasure4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh wanton pleasure applies to o!r matt]s1 ! "n ( lu/ has a special application to v5]eal pleasures1 to :i* also wantonness is specially applicable1 z ,augu/9e rem>ks 7,de ,civ4 xiv1 #ae1 #af74 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aec1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,no ,v5]eal ,act ,c ,be ,)\t ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no v5]eal act c be )\t s94 ,= no?+ b s9 w\ld seem to h9d] virtue4 ,n[ e v5]eal act is a great h9drance to virtue4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 i1 #aj73 ,i consid] t no?+ s ca/s d[n ! manly m9d f its height z ! fondl+ ( a woman1 & ^? bodily contacts4 ,!re=e1 seem+ly1 no v5]eal act is )\t s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 any excess t makes "o =sake ! good ( reason is s9ful1 because virtue is corrupt$ by excess & defici5cy z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #b4 ,n[ 9 e v5]eal act !re is excess ( pleasure1 s9ce x s absorbs ! m9d1 t x is incompatible ) ! act ( und]/&+1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 vii1 #aa72 & z ,j]ome 99,orig51 ,hom4 vi 9 ,num42 ,cf4 ,j]ome1 ,ep4 cxxiii ad ,ag]u*4 /ates1 r5d]$ ! he>ts ( ! prophets1 = ! mom5t1 ins5sible to ! _s ( prophecy4 ,!re=e no v5]eal act c be )\t s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! cause is m p[]ful ?an its effect4 ,n[ orig9al s9 is transmitt$ to *ildr5 by concupisc5ce1 )\t :i* no v5]eal act is possible1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,de ,nup4 et ,concup4 i1 #bd74 ,!re=e no v5]eal act c be )\t s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,bono ,conjug4 xxv73 ,?is is a suffici5t answ] to h]etics1 if only !y w und]/& t no s9 is committ$ 9 t :i* is aga9/ nei!r nature1 nor morals1 nor a comm&m5t3 & he ref]s to ! act ( sexual int]c\rse betwe5 ! patri>*s ( old & _! sev]al wives4 ,!re=e n e v5]eal act is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,a s91 9 human acts1 is t :i* is aga9/ ! ord] ( reason4 ,n[ ! ord] ( reason consi/s 9 its ord]+ ev]y?+ to its end 9 a fitt+ mann]4 ,:]e=e x is no s9 if "o1 by ! dictate ( reason1 makes use ( c]ta9 ?+s 9 a fitt+ mann] & ord] = ! end to :i* !y are adapt$1 provid$ ?is end be some?+ truly good4 ,n[ j z ! pres]vation ( ! bodily nature ( "o individual is a true good1 s1 too1 is ! pres]vation ( ! nature ( ! human species a v great good4 ,& j z ! use ( food is direct$ to ! pres]vation ( life 9 ! individual1 s is ! use ( v5]eal acts direct$ to ! pres]vation ( ! :ole human race4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,bono ,conjug4 xvi73 ,:at food is to a man's well be+1 su* is sexual int]c\rse to ! welf>e ( ! :ole human race4 ,:]e=e j z ! use ( food c be )\t s91 if x be tak5 9 due mann] & ord]1 z requir$ = ! welf>e ( ! body1 s also ! use ( v5]eal acts c be )\t s91 provid$ !y be p]=m$ 9 due mann] & ord]1 9 keep+ ) ! end ( human procreation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a ?+ may be a h9drance to virtue 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! ord9>y degree ( virtue1 & z to ?is no?+ b s9 is an ob/acle to virtue4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! p]fect degree ( virtue1 & z to ?is virtue may be h9d]$ by t :i* is n a s91 b a less] good4 ,9 ?is way sexual int]c\rse ca/s d[n ! m9d n f virtue1 b f ! height1 i4e4 ! p]fection ( virtue4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,bono ,conjug4 viii73 ,j z t 0 good :i* ,m>?a did :5 busy ab\t s]v+ holy m51 yet bett] /ill t :i* ,m>y did 9 he>+ ! ^w ( ,god3 s1 too1 we praise ! good ( ,susanna's conjugal *a/ity1 yet we pref] ! good ( ! wid[ ,anna1 & mu* m t ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aeb1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fd1 ,a4 #b71 ! mean ( virtue dep5ds n on quantity b on con=mity ) "r reason3 & consequ5tly ! exce$+ pleasure atta*+ to a v5]eal act direct$ accord+ to reason1 is n oppos$ to ! mean ( virtue4 ,moreov]1 virtue is n conc]n$ ) ! am\nt ( pleasure exp]i5c$ by ! ext]nal s5se1 z ?is dep5ds on ! disposition ( ! body2 :at matt]s is h[ mu* ! int]ior appetite is affect$ by t pleasure4 ,nor does x foll[ t ! act 9 "q is contr>y to virtue1 f ! fact t ! free act ( reason 9 consid]+ spiritual ?+s is incompatible ) ! a=esaid pleasure4 ,= x is n contr>y to virtue1 if ! act ( reason be sometimes int]rupt$ = some?+ t is done 9 accordance ) reason1 else x w\ld be aga9/ virtue = a p]son to set himself to sleep4 ,t v5]eal concupisc5ce & pleasure are n subject to ! comm& & mod]ation ( reason1 is due to ! puni%m5t ( ! fir/ s91 inasmu* z ! reason1 = rebell+ aga9/ ,god1 des]v$ t its body %\ld rebel aga9/ x1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiii1 #ac74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiii1 #ac71 ! *ild1 %ackl$ ) orig9al s91 is born ( fle%ly concupisc5ce 7:i* is n imput$ z s9 to ! reg5]ate7 z ( a daught] ( s94 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t ! act 9 "q is a s91 b t x conta9s some?+ p5al result+ f ! fir/ s94 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aec1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,lu/ ,t ,is ,ab\t ,v5]eal ,acts ,c ,be a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t lu/ ab\t v5]eal acts _c be a s94 ,= ! v5]eal act consi/s 9 ! emission ( sem5 :i* is ! surplus f food1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,g5]4 ,anim4 i1 #ah74 ,b !re is no s9 atta*+ to ! emission ( o!r sup]fluities4 ,!re=e nei!r c !re be any s9 9 v5]eal acts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ev]yone c lawfully make :at use he pleases ( :at is 84 ,b 9 ! v5]eal act a man uses only :at is 8 own1 except p]haps 9 adult]y or rape4 ,!re=e !re c be no s9 9 v5]eal acts1 & consequ5tly lu/ is no s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e s9 has an opposite vice4 ,b1 seem+ly1 no vice is oppos$ to lu/4 ,!re=e lu/ is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! cause is m p[]ful ?an its effect4 ,n[ w9e is =bidd5 on acc\nt ( lu/1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7,eph4 #e3ah71 ,be n drunk ) w9e :]e9 is lu/ ,d\ay3 'luxury'4 ,!re=e lu/ is =bidd54 ,fur!r1 x is numb]$ among ! works ( ! fle%3 ,gal4 #e3ai ,d\ay3 'luxury'4 ,i answ] t1 ,! m necess>y a ?+ is1 ! m x behooves "o to obs]ve ! ord] ( reason 9 its reg>d2 :]e=e ! m s9ful x becomes if ! ord] ( reason be =sak54 ,n[ ! use ( v5]eal acts1 z /at$ 9 ! =ego+ ,article1 is mo/ necess>y = ! common good1 namely ! pres]vation ( ! human race4 ,:]e=e !re is ! greate/ necessity = obs]v+ ! ord] ( reason 9 ?is matt]3 s t if any?+ be done 9 ?is connection aga9/ ! dictate ( reason's ord]+1 x w be a s94 ,n[ lu/ consi/s ess5tially 9 exce$+ ! ord] & mode ( reason 9 ! matt] ( v5]eal acts4 ,:]e=e )\t any d\bt lu/ is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 9 ! same book 7,de ,g5]4 ,anim4 i1 #ah71 ! sem5 is a surplus t is ne$$4 ,= x is said to be sup]flu\s1 because x is ! residue f ! action ( ! nutritive p[]1 yet x is ne$$ = ! "w ( ! g5]ative p[]4 ,b ! o!r sup]fluities ( ! human body are su* z n to be ne$$1 s t x matt]s n h[ !y are emitt$1 provid$ "o obs]ve ! dec5cies ( social life4 ,x is diff]5t ) ! emission ( sem51 :i* %\ld be accompli%$ 9 a mann] befitt+ ! end = :i* x is ne$$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #f3bj7 9 speak+ aga9/ lu/1 ,y are b\ght ) a great price3 glorify & be> ,god 9 y\r body4 ,:]e=e by inord9ately us+ ! body ?r\gh lu/ a man wrongs ,god ,:o is ! ,supreme ,"l ( our body4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,decem4 ,*ord4 #aj 99,s]m4 ix 7xcvi de ,temp4773 ,god ,:o ?us gov]ns ,8 s]vants = _! good1 n = ,81 made ?is ord] & comm&m5t1 le/ unlawful pleasures %\ld de/roy ,8 temple :i* ?\ ha/ begun to be4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! opposite ( lu/ is n f\nd 9 _m1 s9ce m5 are m incl9$ to pleasure4 ,yet ! contr>y vice is compris$ "u ins5sibility1 & occurs 9 "o :o has su* a dislike = sexual int]c\rse z n to pay ! m>riage debt4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aec1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,lu/ ,is a ,capital ,vice8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t lu/ is n a capital vice4 ,= lu/ is app>5tly ! same z uncleanness1 accord+ to a gloss on ,eph4 #e3c 7,cf4 #b ,cor4 #ab3ba74 ,b uncleanness is a daught] ( gluttony1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de74 ,!re=e lu/ is n a capital vice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore says 7,de ,summo ,bono ii1 #ci7 t z pride ( m9d leads to ! depravity ( lu/1 s does humility ( m9d safegu>d ! *a/ity ( ! fle%4 ,n[ x is seem+ly contr>y to ! nature ( a capital vice to arise f ano!r vice4 ,!re=e lu/ is n a capital vice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 lu/ is caus$ by despair1 accord+ to ,eph4 #d3ai1 ,:o despair+1 h giv5 !mselves up to lascivi\sness4 ,b despair is n a capital vice2 inde$1 x is acc\nt$ a daught] ( slo?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b74 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 is lu/ a capital vice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 places lu/ among ! capital vices4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #adh1 ,a4 #e2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d71 a capital vice is "o t has a v desirable end1 s t ?r\gh desire = t end1 a man proce$s to commit _m s9s1 all ( :i* are said to arise f t vice z f a pr9cipal vice4 ,n[ ! end ( lu/ is v5]eal pleasure1 :i* is v great4 ,:]e=e ?is pleasure is v desirable z reg>ds ! s5sitive appetite1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! int5sity ( ! pleasure1 & because su* l concupisc5ce is connatural to man4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t lu/ is a capital vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #adh1 ,a4 #f71 accord+ to "s1 ! uncleanness :i* is reckon$ a daught] ( gluttony is a c]ta9 uncleanness ( ! body1 & ?us ! objection is n to ! po9t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x d5ote ! uncleanness ( lu/1 we mu/ reply t x is caus$ by gluttony mat]ially--9 s f> z gluttony provides ! bodily matt] ( lu/--& n "u ! aspect ( f9al cause1 9 :i* respect *iefly ! capital vices are said to be ! cause ( o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #acb1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( va+lory1 pride is acc\nt$ ! common "m ( all s9s1 s t ev5 ! capital vices orig9ate !refrom4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,c]ta9 p]sons refra9 f lu/ful pleasures *iefly ?r\gh hope ( ! glory to come1 :i* hope is remov$ by despair1 s t ! latt] is a cause ( lu/1 z remov+ an ob/acle !reto1 n z its direct cause2 :]eas ?is is seem+ly necess>y = a capital vice4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aec1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,daught]s ( ,lu/ ,are ,fitt+ly ,describ$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! daught]s ( lu/ are unfitt+ly reckon$ to be bl9dness ( m9d1 ?\ghtlessness1 incon/ancy1 ra%ness1 self-love1 hatr$ ( ,god1 love ( ?is _w & abhorr5ce or despair ( a future _w4 ,= m5tal bl9dness1 ?\ghtlessness & ra%ness p]ta9 to imprud5ce1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 e s91 ev5 z prud5ce is 9 e virtue4 ,!re=e !y %\ld n be reckon$ especially z daught]s ( lu/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 con/ancy is reckon$ a "p ( =titude1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abh1 ad #f2 ,q4 #acg1 ,a4 #c74 ,b lu/ is contr>y1 n to =titude b to temp]ance4 ,!re=e incon/ancy is n a daught] ( lu/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,self-love ext5d+ to ! contempt ( ,god is ! orig9 ( e s91 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #bh74 ,!re=e x %\ld n be acc\nt$ a daught] ( lu/4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore 99,,qq4 9 ,deut41 qu4 xvi m5tions f\r1 namely1 obsc5e1 scurril\s1 wanton & fooli% talk+4 ,!re ! a=esaid enum]ation w\ld seem to be sup]flu\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de74 ,i answ] t1 ,:5 ! l[] p[]s are /rongly mov$ t[>ds _! objects1 ! result is t ! high] p[]s are h9d]$ & disord]$ 9 _! acts4 ,n[ ! effect ( ! vice ( lu/ is t ! l[] appetite1 namely ! concupiscible1 is mo/ vehem5tly int5t on its object1 to wit1 ! object ( pleasure1 on acc\nt ( ! vehem5ce ( ! pleasure4 ,consequ5tly ! high] p[]s1 namely ! reason & ! w1 are mo/ griev\sly disord]$ by lu/4 ,n[ ! reason has f\r acts 9 matt]s ( action4 ,fir/ !re is simple und]/&+1 :i* appreh5ds "s end z good1 & ?is act is h9d]$ by lu/1 accord+ to ,dan4 #ac3ef1 ,beauty ha? deceiv$ !e1 & lu/ ha? p]v]t$ ?y he>t4 ,9 ?is respect we h bl9dness ( m9d4 ,! second act is c\nsel ab\t :at is to be done = ! sake ( ! end3 & ?is is also h9d]$ by ! concupisc5ce ( lu/4 ,h5ce ,t]5ce says 7,eunu*41 act #a1 sc4 #a71 speak+ ( le*]\s love3 ,?is ?+ admits ( nei!r c\nsel nor mod]ation1 ?\ can/ n control x by c\nsel+4 ,9 ?is respect !re is ra%ness1 :i* d5otes abs5ce ( c\nsel1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ec1 ,a4 #c74 ,! ?ird act is judgm5t ab\t ! ?+s to be done1 & ?is aga9 is h9d]$ by lu/4 ,= x is said ( ! lu/ful old m5 7,dan4 #ac3i73 ,!y p]v]t$ _! own m9d 4 4 4 t !y might n 4 4 4 rememb] j judgm5ts4 ,9 ?is respect !re is ?\ghtlessness4 ,! f\r? act is ! reason's comm& ab\t ! ?+ to be done1 & ?is also is imp$$ by lu/1 9 s f> z ?r\gh be+ c>ri$ away by concupisc5ce1 a man is h9d]$ f do+ :at 8 reason ord]$ to be done4 ,to ?is incon/ancy mu/ be ref]r$4 99,! s5t5ce 9 brackets is omitt$ 9 ! ,leon9e edition4 ,h5ce ,t]5ce says 7,eunu*41 act #a1 sc4 #a7 ( a man :o decl>$ t he w\ld leave 8 mi/ress3 ,"o little false te> w undo ^? words4 ,on ! "p ( ! w !re results a tw(old inord9ate act4 ,"o is ! desire = ! end1 to :i* we ref] self-love1 :i* reg>ds ! pleasure :i* a man desires inord9ately1 :ile on ! o!r h& !re is hatr$ ( ,god1 by reason ( ,8 =bidd+ ! desir$ pleasure4 ,! o!r act is ! desire = ! ?+s direct$ to ! end4 ,) reg>d to ?is !re is love ( ?is _w1 ^: pleasures a man desires to enjoy1 :ile on ! o!r h& !re is despair ( a future _w1 because ?r\gh be+ held back by c>nal pleasures he c>es n to obta9 spiritual pleasures1 s9ce !y are di/a/eful to him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e71 intemp]ance is ! *ief corruptive ( prud5ce3 :]e=e ! vices oppos$ to prud5ce arise *iefly f lu/1 :i* is ! pr9cipal species ( intemp]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! con/ancy :i* is a "p ( =titude reg>ds h>d%ips & objects ( fe>2 b con/ancy 9 refra9+ f pleasures p]ta9s to cont95ce :i* is a "p ( temp]ance1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #adc74 ,h5ce ! incon/ancy :i* is oppos$ !reto is to be reckon$ a daught] ( lu/4 ,nev]!less ev5 ! fir/ nam$ incon/ancy arises f lu/1 inasmu* z ! latt] enfeebles a man's he>t & r5d]s x effem9ate1 accord+ to ,osee #d3aa1 ,=nication & w9e & drunk5ness take away ! he>t ,d\ay3 'und]/&+'4 ,vegetius1 too1 says 7,de ,re ,milit4 iii7 t ! less a man kn[s ( ! pleasures ( life1 ! less he fe>s dea?4 ,nor is !re any ne$1 z we h repeat$ly /at$1 = ! daught]s ( a capital vice to agree ) x 9 matt] 7cf4 ,q4 #ce1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b2 ,q4 #aah1 ,a4 #h1 ad #a2 ,q4 #adh1 ,a4 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,self-love 9 respect ( any goods t a man desires = himself is ! common orig9 ( all s9s2 b 9 ! special po9t ( desir+ c>nal pleasures = oneself1 x is reckon$ a daught] ( lu/4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! s9s m5tion$ by ,isidore are inord9ate ext]nal acts1 p]ta9+ 9 ! ma9 to spee*2 :]e9 !re is a f\rfold inord9at5ess4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! matt]1 & to ?is we ref] obsc5e words3 = s9ce out ( ! abundance ( ! he>t ! m\? speake? 7,matt4 #ab3cd71 ! lu/ful man1 ^: he>t is full ( lewd concupisc5ces1 readily breaks out into lewd words4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( ! cause3 =1 s9ce lu/ causes ?\ghtlessness & ra%ness1 ! result is t x makes a man speak )\t weigh+ or giv+ a ?\ght to 8 words1 :i* are describ$ z scurril\s4 ,?irdly1 on acc\nt ( ! end3 = s9ce ! lu/ful man seeks pleasure1 he directs 8 spee* !reto1 & s gives utt]ance to wanton words4 ,f\r?ly1 on acc\nt ( ! s5tim5ts express$ by 8 words1 = ?r\gh caus+ bl9dness ( m9d1 lu/ p]v]ts a man's s5tim5ts1 & s he gives way to fooli% talk+1 = in/ance1 by express+ a pref]5ce = ! pleasures he desires to any?+ else4 ,,"q #aed ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,lu/ 7,9 ,twelve ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! p>ts ( lu/1 "u :i* head !re are twelve po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,into :at p>ts is lu/ divid$8 7#b7 ,:e!r simple =nication is a mortal s98 7#c7 ,:e!r x is ! greate/ ( s9s8 7#d7 ,:e!r !re is mortal s9 9 t\*es1 kisses & su* l s$uction8 7#e7 ,:e!r nocturnal pollution is a mortal s98 7#f7 ,( s$uction2 7#g7 ,( rape2 7#h7 ,( adult]y2 7#i7 ,( ince/2 7#aj7 ,( sacrilege2 7#aa7 ,( ! s9 aga9/ nature2 7#ab7 ,( ! ord] ( gravity 9 ! a=esaid s9s4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aed1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,six ,species ,are ,fitt+ly ,assign$ to ,lu/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t six species are unfitt+ly assign$ to lu/1 namely1 simple =nication1 adult]y1 ince/1 s$uction1 rape1 & ! unnatural vice4 ,= div]sity ( matt] does n div]sify ! species4 ,n[ ! a=esaid division is made ) reg>d to div]sity ( matt]1 accord+ z ! woman ) :om a man has int]c\rse is m>ri$ or a virg91 or ( "s o!r condition4 ,!re=e x seems t ! species ( lu/ are div]sifi$ 9 ?is way4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly ! species ( "o vice are n diff]5tiat$ by ?+s t belong to ano!r vice4 ,n[ adult]y does n diff] f simple =nication1 save 9 ! po9t ( a man hav+ int]c\rse ) "o :o is ano!r's1 s t he commits an inju/ice4 ,!re=e x seems t adult]y %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( lu/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z a man may happ5 to h int]c\rse ) a woman :o is b\nd to ano!r man by m>riage1 s may x happ5 t a man has int]c\rse ) a woman :o is b\nd to ,god by v[4 ,!re=e sacrilege %\ld be reckon$ a species ( lu/1 ev5 z adult]y is4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a m>ri$ man s9s n only if he be ) ano!r woman1 b also if he use 8 own wife inord9ately4 ,b ! latt] s9 is compris$ "u lu/4 ,!re=e x %\ld be reckon$ among ! species !re(4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #ab3ba73 ,le/ aga91 :5 ,i come1 ,god humble me among y1 & ,i m\rn _m ( !m t s9n$ be=e1 & h n done p5ance = ! uncleanness & =nication & lascivi\sness t !y h committ$4 ,!re=e x seems t also uncleanness & lascivi\sness %\ld be reckon$ species ( lu/1 z well z =nication4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ! ?+ divid$ is n to be reckon$ among its p>ts4 ,b lu/ is reckon$ toge!r ) ! a=esaid3 = x is writt5 7,gal4 #e3ai73 ,! works ( ! fle% are manife/1 :i* are =nication1 uncleanness1 immode/y1 lu/ ,d\ay3 'luxury'4 ,!re=e x seems t =nication is unfitt+ly reckon$ a species ( lu/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! a=esaid division is giv5 9 ! ,decretals #cf1 qu4 i 99,app5d4 ,grat4 ad c4 ,lex illa4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aec1 ,a4 #c71 ! s9 ( lu/ consi/s 9 seek+ v5]eal pleasure n 9 accordance ) "r reason4 ,?is may happ5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 respect ( ! matt] :]e9 ?is pleasure is s\ght2 secondly1 :51 :]eas !re is due matt]1 o!r due circum/ances are n obs]v$4 ,& s9ce a circum/ance1 z su*1 does n specify a moral act1 ^: species is d]iv$ f its object :i* is also its matt]1 x foll[s t ! species ( lu/ mu/ be assign$ ) respect to its matt] or object4 ,n[ ?is same matt] may be discordant ) "r reason 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because x is inconsi/5t ) ! end ( ! v5]eal act4 ,9 ?is way1 z h9d]+ ! begett+ ( *ildr51 !re is ! vice aga9/ nature1 :i* atta*es to e v5]eal act f :i* g5]ation _c foll[2 &1 z h9d]+ ! due upbr++ & advancem5t ( ! *ild :5 born1 !re is simple =nication1 :i* is ! union ( an unm>ri$ man ) an unm>ri$ woman4 ,secondly1 ! matt] :]e9 ! v5]eal act is consummat$ may be discordant ) "r reason 9 relation to o!r p]sons2 & ?is 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! woman1 ) :om a man has connection1 by reason ( due honor n be+ paid to h]2 & ?us !re is ince/1 :i* consi/s 9 ! misuse ( a woman :o is relat$ by consangu9ity or aff9ity4 ,secondly1 ) reg>d to ! p]son "u ^: au?ority ! woman is plac$3 & if %e be "u ! au?ority ( a husb&1 x is adult]y1 if "u ! au?ority ( h] fa!r1 x is s$uction1 9 ! abs5ce ( viol5ce1 & rape if viol5ce be employ$4 ,^! species are diff]5tiat$ on ! "p ( ! woman r ?an ( ! man1 because 9 ! v5]eal act ! woman is passive & is by way ( matt]1 :]eas ! man is by way ( ag5t2 & x has be5 /at$ above 7,obj4 #a7 t ! a=esaid species are assign$ ) reg>d to a diff]5ce ( matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! a=esaid div]sity ( matt] is connect$ ) a =mal diff]5ce ( object1 :i* diff]5ce results f diff]5t modes ( opposition to "r reason1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #g71 no?+ h9d]s ! de=mities ( diff]5t vices concurr+ 9 ! "o act1 & 9 ?is way adult]y is compris$ "u lu/ & inju/ice4 ,nor is ?is de=mity ( inju/ice altoge!r accid5tal to lu/3 s9ce ! lu/ t obeys concupisc5ce s f> z to lead to inju/ice1 is !reby %[n to be m griev\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce a woman1 by v[+ cont95ce1 contracts a spiritual m>riage ) ,god1 ! sacrilege t is committ$ 9 ! violation ( su* a woman is a spiritual adult]y4 ,9 l mann]1 ! o!r k9ds ( sacrilege p]ta9+ to lu/ful matt] are r$uc$ to o!r species ( lu/4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! s9 ( a husb& ) 8 wife is n connect$ ) undue matt]1 b ) o!r circum/ances1 :i* d n con/itute ! species ( a moral act1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,z a gloss says on ?is passage1 uncleanness /&s = lu/ aga9/ nature1 :ile lascivi\sness is a man's abuse ( boys1 :]e=e x w\ld appe> to p]ta9 to s$uction4 ,we may also reply t lascivi\sness relates to c]ta9 acts circum/antial to ! v5]eal act1 = in/ance kisses1 t\*es1 & s =?4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,accord+ to a gloss on ?is passage lu/ !re signifies any k9d ( excess4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aed1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,simple ,=nication ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t simple =nication is n a mortal s94 ,= ?+s t come "u ! same head w\ld seem to be on a p> ) "o ano!r4 ,n[ =nication comes "u ! same head z ?+s t are n mortal s9s3 = x is writt5 7,acts #ae3bi73 ,t y ab/a9 f ?+s sacrific$ to idols1 & f blood1 & f ?+s /rangl$1 & f =nication4 ,b !re is n mortal s9 9 ^! obs]vances1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #d3d1 ,no?+ is reject$ t is receiv$ ) ?anksgiv+4 ,!re=e =nication is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no mortal s9 is ! matt] ( a ,div9e precept4 ,b ! ,"l comm&$ 7,osee #a3b73 ,g take !e a wife ( =nications1 & h ( h] *ildr5 ( =nications4 ,!re=e =nication is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no mortal s9 is m5tion$ 9 ,holy ,writ )\t disapprobation4 ,yet simple =nication is m5tion$ )\t disapprobation by ,holy ,writ 9 connection ) ! patri>*s4 ,?us we read 7,g54 #af3d7 t ,abraham w5t 9 to 8 h&maid ,ag>2 & fur!r on 7,g54 #cj3e1 #i7 t ,jacob w5t 9 to ,bala & ,zelpha ! h&maids ( 8 wives2 & aga9 7,g54 #ch3ah7 t ,juda 0 ) ,?am> :om he ?\ght to be a h>lot4 ,!re=e simple =nication is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 e mortal s9 is contr>y to *>ity4 ,b simple =nication is n contr>y to *>ity1 nei!r z reg>ds ! love ( ,god1 s9ce x is n a s9 directly aga9/ ,god1 nor z reg>ds ! love ( our neighbor1 s9ce !reby no "o is injur$4 ,!re=e simple =nication is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 e mortal s9 leads to et]nal p]dition4 ,b simple =nication has n ?is result3 because a gloss ( ,ambrose 99,! quotation is f ! ,gloss ( ,pet] ,lomb>d1 :o ref]s x to ,/4 ,ambrose3 :]eas x is f ,hil>y ! deacon on #a ,tim4 #d3h1 ,godl9ess is pr(itable to all ?+s1 says3 ,! :ole ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ is summ$ up 9 m]cy & godl9ess3 if a man con=ms to ?is1 ev5 ?\gh he gives way to ! incon/ancy ( ! fle%1 d\btless he w be puni%$1 b he w n p]i%4 ,!re=e simple =nication is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,bono ,conjug4 xvi7 t :at food is to ! well-be+ ( ! body1 su* is sexual int]c\rse to ! welf>e ( ! human race4 ,b inord9ate use ( food is n always a mortal s94 ,!re=e nei!r is all inord9ate sexual int]c\rse2 & ?is w\ld seem to apply especially to simple =nication1 :i* is ! lea/ griev\s ( ! a=esaid species4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,tob4 #d3ac73 ,take he$ to keep ?yself 4 4 4 f all =nication1 & beside ?y wife nev] endure to "k a crime4 ,n[ crime d5otes a mortal s94 ,!re=e =nication & all int]c\rse ) o!r ?an "o's wife is a mortal s94 ,fur!r1 no?+ b mortal s9 deb>s a man f ,god's k+dom4 ,b =nication deb>s him1 z %[n by ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7,gal4 #e3ba71 :o aft] m5tion+ =nication & c]ta9 o!r vices1 adds3 ,!y :o d su* ?+s %all n obta9 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,!re=e simple =nication is a mortal s94 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xxii1 qu4 i1 c4 ,pra$ic&um73 ,!y %\ld "k t ! same p5ance is to be enjo9$ = p]jury z = adult]y1 =nication1 & wilful murd] & o!r crim9al (f5ses4 ,!re=e simple =nication is a crim9al or mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,)\t any d\bt we mu/ hold simple =nication to be a mortal s91 not)/&+ t a gloss 99,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,,qq4 9 ,deut41 qu4 #cg on ,deut4 #bc3ag1 says3 ,?is is a prohibition aga9/ go+ ) :ores1 ^: vil5ess is v5ial4 ,= in/ead ( v5ial x %\ld be v5al1 s9ce su* is ! wanton's trade4 ,9 ord] to make ?is evid5t1 we mu/ take note t e s9 committ$ directly aga9/ human life is a mortal s94 ,n[ simple =nication implies an inord9at5ess t t5ds to injure ! life ( ! (fspr+ to be born ( ?is union4 ,= we f9d 9 all animals :]e ! upbr++ ( ! (fspr+ ne$s c>e ( bo? male & female1 t ^! come toge!r n indet]m9ately1 b ! male ) a c]ta9 female1 :e!r "o or sev]al2 su* is ! case ) all birds3 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 among ^? animals1 :]e ! female alone suffices = ! (fspr+'s upbr++1 ! union is indet]m9ate1 z 9 ! case ( dogs & l animals4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! upbr++ ( a human *ild requires n only ! "m's c>e = 8 n\ri%m5t1 b mu* m ! c>e ( 8 fa!r z guide & gu>dian1 & "u :om he progresses 9 goods bo? int]nal & ext]nal4 ,h5ce human nature rebels aga9/ an indet]m9ate union ( ! sexes & dem&s t a man %\ld be unit$ to a det]m9ate woman & %\ld abide ) h] a long "t or ev5 = a :ole lifetime4 ,h5ce x is t 9 ! human race ! male has a natural solicitude = ! c]ta9ty ( (fspr+1 because on him devolves ! upbr++ ( ! *ild3 & ?is c]ta9ly w\ld cease if ! union ( sexes 7 indet]m9ate4 ,?is union ) a c]ta9 def9ite woman is call$ matrimony2 :i* = ! above reason is said to belong to ! natural law4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! union ( ! sexes is direct$ to ! common good ( ! :ole human race1 & common goods dep5d on ! law = _! det]m9ation1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #b71 x foll[s t ?is union ( man & woman1 :i* is call$ matrimony1 is det]m9$ by "s law4 ,:at ?is det]m9ation is = u w be /at$ 9 ! ,?ird ,"p ( ?is "w 7,suppl41 ,q4 #ej1 seqq471 :]e we %all treat ( ! sacram5t ( matrimony4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce =nication is an indet]m9ate union ( ! sexes1 z some?+ incompatible ) matrimony1 x is oppos$ to ! good ( ! *ild's upbr++1 & consequ5tly x is a mortal s94 ,nor does x matt] if a man hav+ k ( a woman by =nication1 make suffici5t provision = ! upbr++ ( ! *ild3 because a matt] t comes "u ! det]m9ation ( ! law is judg$ accord+ to :at happ5s 9 g5]al1 & n accord+ to :at may happ5 9 a p>ticul> case4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,=nication is reckon$ 9 conjunction ) ^! ?+s1 n z be+ on a p> ) !m 9 s9fulness1 b because ! matt]s m5tion$ !re 7 equally liable to cause dispute betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles1 & ?us prev5t !m f agree+ unanim\sly4 ,= among ! ,g5tiles1 =nication 0 n deem$ unlawful1 on acc\nt ( ! corruption ( natural reason3 :]eas ! ,jews1 taught by ! ,div9e law1 consid]$ x to be unlawful4 ,! o!r ?+s m5tion$ 7 loa?some to ! ,jews ?r\gh cu/om introduc$ by ! law into _! daily life4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/les =bade ^! ?+s to ! ,g5tiles1 n z ?\gh !y 7 unlawful 9 !mselves1 b because !y 7 loa?some to ! ,jews1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajc1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,=nication is said to be a s91 because x is contr>y to "r reason4 ,n[ man's reason is "r1 9 s f> z x is rul$ by ! ,div9e ,w1 ! fir/ & supreme rule4 ,:]e=e t :i* a man does by ,god's w & 9 ob$i5ce to ,8 comm&1 is n contr>y to "r reason1 ?\gh x may seem contr>y to ! g5]al ord] ( reason3 ev5 s1 t :i* is done miracul\sly by ! ,div9e p[] is n contr>y to nature1 ?\gh x be contr>y to ! usual c\rse ( nature4 ,!re=e j z ,abraham did n s9 9 be+ will+ to slay 8 innoc5t son1 because he obey$ ,god1 al?\gh consid]$ 9 itself x 0 contr>y to "r human reason 9 g5]al1 s1 too1 ,osee s9n$ n 9 committ+ =nication by ,god's comm&4 ,nor %\ld su* a copulation be /rictly call$ =nication1 ?\gh x be s call$ 9 ref]5ce to ! g5]al c\rse ( ?+s4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iii1 #h73 ,:5 ,god comm&s a ?+ to be done aga9/ ! cu/oms or agreem5t ( any p1 ?\gh x 7 nev] done by !m h]et(ore1 x is to be done2 & aft]w>ds he adds3 ,= z among ! p[]s ( human society1 ! great] au?ority is obey$ 9 pref]5ce to ! less]1 s mu/ ,god 9 pref]5ce to all4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,abraham & ,jacob w5t 9 to _! h&maid5s ) no purpose ( =nication1 z we %all %[ fur!r on :5 we treat ( matrimony 7,suppl41 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #e1 ad #b74 ,z to ,juda !re is no ne$ to excuse him1 = he also caus$ ,joseph to be sold4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,simple =nication is contr>y to ! love ( our neighbor1 because x is oppos$ to ! good ( ! *ild to be born1 z we h %[n1 s9ce x is an act ( g5]ation accompli%$ 9 a mann] disadvantage\s to ! future *ild4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,a p]son1 :o1 :ile giv5 to works ( piety1 yields to ! incon/ancy ( ! fle%1 is fre$ f et]nal loss1 9 s f> z ^! works dispose him to receive ! grace to rep5t1 & because by su* works he makes satisfaction = 8 pa/ incon/ancy2 b n s z to be fre$ by pi\s works1 if he p]si/ 9 c>nal incon/ancy imp5it5t until dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,"o copulation may result 9 ! begett+ ( a man1 :]e=e inord9ate copulation1 :i* h9d]s ! good ( ! future *ild1 is a mortal s9 z to ! v g5us ( ! act1 & n only z to ! inord9at5ess ( concupisc5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o meal does n h9d] ! good ( a man's :ole life1 :]e=e ! act ( gluttony is n a mortal s9 by reason ( its g5us4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a mortal s91 if a man 7 kn[+ly to p>take ( a food :i* w\ld alt] ! :ole condition ( 8 life1 z 0 ! case ) ,adam4 ,nor is x true t =nication is ! lea/ ( ! s9s compris$ "u lu/1 = ! m>riage act t is done out ( s5su\s pleasure is a less] s94 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aed1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,=nication ,is ! ,mo/ ,griev\s ( ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t =nication is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,= seem+ly a s9 is ! m griev\s accord+ z x proce$s f a great] s5su\s pleasure4 ,n[ ! greate/ s5su\s pleasure is 9 =nication1 = a gloss on #a ,cor4 #g3i says t ! flame ( s5su\s pleasure is mo/ fi]ce 9 lu/4 ,!re=e x seems t =nication is ! grave/ ( s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a s9 is ! m griev\s t is committ$ aga9/ a p]son m closely unit$ to ! s9n]3 ?us he s9s m griev\sly :o /rikes 8 fa!r ?an "o :o /rikes a /rang]4 ,n[ accord+ to #a ,cor4 #f3ah1 ,he t committe? =nication s9ne? aga9/ 8 own body1 :i* is mo/ intimately connect$ ) a man4 ,!re=e x seems t =nication is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! great] a good is1 ! grav] w\ld seem to be ! s9 committ$ aga9/ x4 ,n[ ! s9 ( =nication is seem+ly oppos$ to ! good ( ! :ole human race1 z appe>s f :at 0 said 9 ! =ego+ ,article4 ,x is also aga9/ ,*ri/1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #f3ae1 ,%all ,i 4 4 4 take ! memb]s ( ,*ri/1 & make !m ! memb]s ( a h>lot8 ,!re=e =nication is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxiii1 #ab7 t ! s9s ( ! fle% are less griev\s ?an spiritual s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! gravity ( a s9 may be measur$ 9 two ways1 fir/ ) reg>d to ! s9 9 itself1 secondly ) reg>d to "s accid5t4 ,! gravity ( a s9 is measur$ ) reg>d to ! s9 itself1 by reason ( its species1 :i* is det]m9$ accord+ to ! good to :i* t s9 is oppos$4 ,n[ =nication is contr>y to ! good ( ! *ild to be born4 ,:]e=e x is a grav] s91 z to its species1 ?an ^? s9s :i* are contr>y to ext]nal goods1 su* z !ft & ! l2 :ile x is less griev\s ?an ^? :i* are directly aga9/ ,god1 & s9s t are injuri\s to ! life ( "o already born1 su* z murd]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! s5sual pleasure t aggravates a s9 is t :i* is 9 ! incl9ation ( ! w4 ,b ! s5sual pleasure t is 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 less5s s91 because a s9 is ! less griev\s accord+ z x is committ$ "u ! impulse ( a great] passion4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! greate/ s5sual pleasure is 9 =nication4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,agone ,*ri/iano 99,s]m4 ccxciii2 ccl de ,temp42 see ,app5dix to ,/4 ,augu/9e's works7 t ( all a ,*ri/ian's conflicts1 ! mo/ difficult combats are ^? ( *a/ity2 :]e9 ! fight is a daily "o1 b victory r>e3 & ,isidore decl>es 7,de ,summo ,bono ii1 #ci7 t mank9d is subject$ to ! devil by c>nal lu/ m ?an by any?+ else1 because1 to wit1 ! vehem5ce ( ?is passion is m difficult to ov]come4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! =nicator is said to s9 aga9/ 8 own body1 n m]ely because ! pleasure ( =nication is consummat$ 9 ! fle%1 :i* is also ! case 9 gluttony1 b also because he acts aga9/ ! good ( 8 own body by an undue resolution & defilem5t !re(1 & an undue association ) ano!r4 ,nor does x foll[ f ?is t =nication is ! mo/ griev\s s91 because 9 man reason is ( great] value ?an ! body1 :]e=e if !re be a s9 m oppos$ to reason1 x w be m griev\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! s9 ( =nication is contr>y to ! good ( ! human race1 9 s f> z x is prejudicial to ! individual begett+ ( ! "o man t may be born4 ,n[ "o :o is already an actual memb] ( ! human species atta9s to ! p]fection ( ! species m ?an "o :o is a man pot5tially1 & f ?is po9t ( view murd] is a m griev\s s9 ?an =nication & e k9d ( lu/1 ?r\gh be+ m oppos$ to ! good ( ! human species4 ,aga91 a ,div9e good is great] ?an ! good ( ! human race3 & !re=e ^? s9s also t are aga9/ ,god are m griev\s4 ,moreov]1 =nication is a s9 aga9/ ,god1 n directly z ?\gh ! =nicator int5d$ to (f5d ,god1 b consequ5tly1 9 ! same way z all mortal s9s4 ,& j z ! memb]s ( our body are ,*ri/'s memb]s1 s too1 our _s is "o ) ,*ri/1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #f3ag1 ,he :o is jo9$ to ! ,"l is "o _s4 ,:]e=e also spiritual s9s are m aga9/ ,*ri/ ?an =nication is4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aed1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,mortal ,s9 9 ,t\*es & ,kisses8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no mortal s9 9 t\*es & kisses4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #e3c73 ,=nication & all uncleanness1 or covet\sness1 let x n s mu* z be nam$ among y1 z become? sa9ts1 !n he adds3 ,or obsc5ity 7:i* a gloss ref]s to kiss+ & fondl+71 or fooli% talk+ 7z s(t spee*es71 or scurrility 7:i* fools call g5iality--i4e4 jocul>ity71 & aft]w>ds he cont9ues 7,eph4 #e3e73 ,= "k ye ?is & und]/& t no =nicator1 or unclean1 or covet\s p]son 7:i* is ! s]v+ ( idols71 ha? inh]itance 9 ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ & ( ,god1 ?us mak+ no fur!r m5tion ( obsc5ity1 z nei!r ( fooli% talk+ or scurrility4 ,!re=e ^! are n mortal s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 =nication is /at$ to be a mortal s9 z be+ prejudicial to ! good ( ! future *ild's begett+ & upbr++4 ,b ^! are n affect$ by kisses & t\*es or bl&i%m5ts4 ,!re=e !re is no mortal s9 9 ^!4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?+s t are mortal s9s 9 !mselves c nev] be good actions4 ,yet kisses1 t\*es1 & ! l c be done sometimes )\t s94 ,!re=e !y are n mortal s9s 9 !mselves4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a lu/ful look is less ?an a t\*1 a c>ess or a kiss4 ,b accord+ to ,matt4 #e3bh1 ,:osoev] %all look on a woman to lu/ aft] h] ha? already committ$ adult]y ) h] 9 8 he>t4 ,mu* m !re=e are lu/ful kisses & o!r l ?+s mortal s9s4 ,fur!r1 ,cyprian says 7,ad ,pompon1 de ,virg941 ,ep4 lxii71 ,by _! v int]c\rse1 _! bl&i%m5ts1 _! conv]se1 _! embraces1 ^? :o are associat$ 9 a sleep t kn[s nei!r honor nor %ame1 ackn[l$ge _! disgrace & crime4 ,!re=e by do+ ^! ?+s a man is guilty ( a crime1 t is1 ( mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ is said to be a mortal s9 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by reason ( its species1 & 9 ?is way a kiss1 c>ess1 or t\* does n1 ( its v nature1 imply a mortal s91 = x is possible to d su* ?+s )\t lu/ful pleasure1 ei!r z be+ ! cu/om ( "o's c\ntry1 or on acc\nt ( "s obligation or reasonable cause4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is said to be a mortal s9 by reason ( its cause3 ?us he :o gives an alms1 9 ord] to lead someone into h]esy1 s9s mortally on acc\nt ( 8 corrupt int5tion4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #gd1 ,a4 #h71 t x is a mortal s9 n only to cons5t to ! act1 b also to ! delectation ( a mortal s94 ,:]e=e s9ce =nication is a mortal s91 & mu* m s ! o!r k9ds ( lu/1 x foll[s t 9 su* l s9s n only cons5t to ! act b also cons5t to ! pleasure is a mortal s94 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ^! kisses & c>esses are done = ?is delectation1 x foll[s t !y are mortal s9s1 & only 9 ?is way are !y said to be lu/ful4 ,!re=e 9 s f> z !y are lu/ful1 !y are mortal s9s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le makes no fur!r m5tion ( ^! ?ree because !y are n s9ful except z direct$ to ^? t he _h m5tion$ be=e4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh kisses & t\*es d n by _! v nature h9d] ! good ( ! human (fspr+1 !y proce$ f lu/1 :i* is ! s\rce ( ?is h9drance3 & on ?is acc\nt !y are mortally s9ful4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t proves t su* ?+s are n mortal s9s 9 _! species4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aed1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,nocturnal ,pollution ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t nocturnal pollution is a s94 ,= ! same ?+s are ! matt] ( m]it & dem]it4 ,n[ a man may m]it :ile he sleeps1 z 0 ! case ) ,solomon1 :o :ile asleep obta9$ ! gift ( wisdom f ! ,"l 7#c ,k+s #c3b1 ,p>4 #a74 ,!re=e a man may dem]it :ile asleep2 & ?us nocturnal pollution w\ld seem to be a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :oev] has ! use ( reason c s94 ,n[ a man has ! use ( reason :ile asleep1 s9ce 9 our sleep we frequ5tly discuss matt]s1 *oose ?is r ?an t1 cons5t+ to "o ?+1 or diss5t+ to ano!r4 ,!re=e "o may s9 :ile asleep1 s t nocturnal pollution is n prev5t$ by sleep f be+ a s91 see+ t x is a s9 accord+ to its g5us4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is useless to reprove & in/ruct "o :o _c act accord+ to or aga9/ reason4 ,n[ man1 :ile asleep1 is in/ruct$ & reprov$ by ,god1 accord+ to ,job #cc3ae1 #af1 ,by a dream 9 a vision by night1 :5 deep sleep is wont to lay hold ( m5 99,vulg43 ',:5 deep sleep falle? ^u m54' ,/4 ,?omas is app>5tly quot+ f memory1 z ! passage is giv5 correctly above1 ,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #f1 ,obj4 #a4 4 4 4 ,!n ,he op5e? ! e>s ( m51 & tea*+ in/ructe? !m 9 :at !y are to le>n4 ,!re=e a man1 :ile asleep1 c act accord+ to or aga9/ 8 reason1 & ?is is to d good or s9ful actions1 & ?us x seems t nocturnal pollution is a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ae73 ,:5 ! same image t comes into ! m9d ( a speak] pres5ts itself to ! m9d ( ! sleep]1 s t ! latt] is unable to di/+ui% ! imag9>y f ! real union ( bodies1 ! fle% is at once mov$1 ) ! result t usually foll[s su* motions2 & yet !re is z little s9 9 ?is z !re is 9 speak+ & !re=e ?9k+ ab\t su* ?+s :ile "o is awake4 ,i answ] t1 ,nocturnal pollution may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 itself2 & ?us x has n ! "* ( a s94 ,= e s9 dep5ds on ! judgm5t ( reason1 s9ce ev5 ! fir/ movem5t ( ! s5suality has no?+ s9ful 9 x1 except 9 s f> z x c be suppress$ by reason2 :]e=e 9 ! abs5ce ( reason's judgm5t1 !re is no s9 9 x4 ,n[ dur+ sleep reason has n a free judgm5t4 ,= !re is no "o :o :ile sleep+ does n reg>d "s ( ! images =m$ by 8 imag9ation z ?\gh !y 7 real1 z /at$ above 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #h1 ad #b74 ,:]e=e :at a man does :ile he sleeps & is depriv$ ( reason's judgm5t1 is n imput$ to him z a s91 z nei!r are ! actions ( a maniac or an imbecile4 ,secondly1 nocturnal pollution may be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to its cause4 ,?is may be ?reefold4 ,"o is a bodily cause4 ,= :5 !re is excess ( sem9al humor 9 ! body1 or :5 ! humor is dis9tegrat$ ei!r ?r\gh ov]heat+ ( ! body or "s o!r di/urbance1 ! sleep] dreams ?+s t are connect$ ) ! dis*>ge ( ?is excessive or dis9tegrat$ humor3 ! same ?+ happ5s :5 nature is cumb]$ ) o!r sup]fluities1 s t phantasms relat+ to ! dis*>ge ( ^? sup]fluities are =m$ 9 ! imag9ation4 ,accord+ly if ?is excess ( humor be due to a s9ful cause 7= in/ance excessive eat+ or dr9k+71 nocturnal pollution has ! "* ( s9 f its cause3 :]eas if ! excess or dis9tegration ( ^! sup]fluities be n due to a s9ful cause1 nocturnal pollution is n s9ful1 nei!r 9 itself nor 9 its cause4 ,a second cause ( nocturnal pollution is on ! "p ( ! s\l & ! inn] man3 = in/ance :5 x happ5s to ! sleep] on acc\nt ( "s previ\s ?\ght4 ,= ! ?\ght :i* prec$$ :ile he 0 awake1 is sometimes purely speculative1 = in/ance :5 "o ?9ks ab\t ! s9s ( ! fle% = ! purpose ( discussion2 :ile sometimes x is accompani$ by a c]ta9 emotion ei!r ( concupisc5ce or ( abhorr5ce4 ,n[ nocturnal pollution is m apt to arise f ?9k+ ab\t c>nal s9s ) concupisc5ce = su* pleasures1 because ?is leaves its trace & incl9ation 9 ! s\l1 s t ! sleep] is m easily l$ 9 8 imag9ation to cons5t to acts productive ( pollution4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac7 t 9 s f> z c]ta9 movem5ts 9 "s degree pass f ! wak+ /ate to ! /ate ( sleep1 ! dreams ( good m5 are bett] ?an ^? ( any o!r p3 & ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ae7 t ev5 dur+ sleep1 ! s\l may h conspicu\s m]it on acc\nt ( its good disposition4 ,?us x is evid5t t nocturnal pollution may be s9ful on ! "p ( its cause4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may happ5 t nocturnal pollution ensues aft] ?\ghts ab\t c>nal acts1 ?\gh !y 7 speculative1 or accompani$ by abhorr5ce1 & !n x is n s9ful1 nei!r 9 itself nor 9 its cause4 ,! ?ird cause is spiritual & ext]nal2 = in/ance :5 by ! "w ( a devil ! sleep]'s phantasms are di/urb$ s z to induce ! a=esaid result4 ,sometimes ?is is associat$ ) a previ\s s91 namely ! neglect to gu>d aga9/ ! wiles ( ! devil4 ,h5ce ! words ( ! hymn at ev53 ,our enemy repress1 t s our bodies no uncleanness "k 99,translation ,w4 ,k4 ,bl\nt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is may occur )\t any fault on man's "p1 & ?r\gh ! wick$ness ( ! devil alone4 ,?us we read 9 ! ,collationes ,patrum 7,coll4 xxii1 #f7 ( a man :o 0 ev] wont to suff] f nocturnal pollution on fe/ivals1 & t ! devil br\ght ?is ab\t 9 ord] to prev5t him f receiv+ ,holy ,communion4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t nocturnal pollution is nev] a s91 b is sometimes ! result ( a previ\s s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,solomon did n m]it to receive wisdom f ,god :ile he 0 asleep4 ,he receiv$ x 9 tok5 ( 8 previ\s desire4 ,x is = ?is reason t 8 petition is /at$ to h be5 pleas+ to ,god 7#c ,k+s #c3aj71 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ae74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! use ( reason is m or less h9d]$ 9 sleep1 accord+ z ! inn] s5sitive p[]s are m or less ov]come by sleep1 on acc\nt ( ! viol5ce or att5uation ( ! evaporations4 ,nev]!less x is always h9d]$ some:at1 s z to be unable to elicit a judgm5t altoge!r free1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #h1 ad #b74 ,!re=e :at x does !n is n imput$ to x z a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,reason's appreh5sion is n h9d]$ dur+ sleep to ! same ext5t z its judgm5t1 = ?is is accompli%$ by reason turn+ to s5sible objects1 :i* are ! fir/ pr9ciples ( human ?\ght4 ,h5ce no?+ h9d]s man's reason dur+ sleep f appreh5d+ anew some?+ aris+ out ( ! traces left by 8 previ\s ?\ghts & phantasms pres5t$ to him1 or aga9 ?r\gh ,div9e revelation1 or ! int]f]5ce ( a good or bad angel4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aed1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,s$uction ,%\ld ,be ,reckon$ a ,species ( ,lu/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t s$uction %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( lu/4 ,= s$uction d5otes ! unlawful violation ( a virg91 accord+ to ! ,decretals 7,,xxxvi1 qu4 #a7 99,app5d4 ,grat4 ad c4 ,lex illa4 ,b ?is may occur betwe5 an unm>ri$ man & an unm>ri$ woman1 :i* p]ta9s to =nication4 ,!re=e s$uction %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( lu/1 di/9ct f =nication4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose says 7,de ,patri>*4 99,de ,abraham i1 #d73 ,let no man be delud$ by human laws3 all s$uction is adult]y4 ,n[ a species is n conta9$ "u ano!r t is diff]5tiat$ 9 opposition to x4 ,!re=e s9ce adult]y is a species ( lu/1 x seems t s$uction %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( lu/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 to d a p]son an injury w\ld seem to p]ta9 to inju/ice r ?an to lu/4 ,n[ ! s$uc] does an injury to ano!r1 namely ! violat$ maid5's fa!r1 :o c take ! injury z p]sonal to himself 99,gratian1 ad c4 ,lex illa1 & sue ! s$uc] = damages4 ,!re=e s$uction %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( lu/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s$uction consi/s prop]ly 9 ! v5]eal act :]eby a virg9 is violat$4 ,!re=e1 s9ce lu/ is prop]ly ab\t v5]eal actions1 x w\ld seem t s$uction is a species ( lu/4 ,i answ] t1 ,:5 ! matt] ( a vice has a special de=mity1 we mu/ reckon x to be a det]m9ate species ( t vice4 ,n[ lu/ is a s9 conc]n$ ) v5]eal matt]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aec1 ,a4 #a74 ,& a special de=mity atta*es to ! violation ( a virg9 :o is "u h] fa!r's c>e3 bo? on ! "p ( ! maid1 :o ?r\gh be+ violat$ )\t any previ\s compact ( m>riage is bo? h9d]$ f contract+ a lawful m>riage & is put on ! road to a wanton life f :i* %e 0 )held le/ %e %\ld lose ! seal ( virg9ity3 & on ! "p ( ! fa!r1 :o is h] gu>dian1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #db3aa1 ,keep a sure wat* ov] a %ameless daught]1 le/ at any "t %e make !e become a laugh+-/ock to ?y enemies4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t s$uction :i* d5otes ! unlawful violation ( a virg91 :ile /ill "u ! gu>dian%ip ( h] p>5ts1 is a det]m9ate species ( lu/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh a virg9 is free f ! bond ( m>riage1 %e is n free f h] fa!r's p[]4 ,moreov]1 ! seal ( virg9ity is a special ob/acle to ! int]c\rse ( =nication1 9 t x %\ld be remov$ by m>riage only4 ,h5ce s$uction is n simple =nication1 s9ce ! latt] is int]c\rse ) h>lots1 wom51 namely1 :o are no long] virg9s1 z a gloss obs]ves on #b ,cor4 #ab3 ,& h n done p5ance = ! uncleanness & =nication1 etc4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ambrose "h takes s$uction 9 ano!r s5se1 z applicable 9 a g5]al way to any s9 ( lu/4 ,:]e=e s$uction1 9 ! words quot$1 signifies ! int]c\rse betwe5 a m>ri$ man & any woman o!r ?an 8 wife4 ,?is is cle> f 8 add+3 ,nor is x lawful = ! husb& to d :at ! wife may n4 ,9 ?is s5se1 too1 we are to und]/& ! words ( ,num4 #e3ac3 ,if ,vulg43 ',b' ! adult]y is secret1 & _c be provid$ by witnesses1 because %e 0 n f\nd 9 adult]y 7/upro74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,no?+ prev5ts a s9 f hav+ a great] de=mity ?r\gh be+ unit$ to ano!r s94 ,n[ ! s9 ( lu/ obta9s a great] de=mity f ! s9 ( inju/ice1 because ! concupisc5ce w\ld seem to be m inord9ate1 see+ t x refra9s n f ! pleasurable object s t x may avoid an inju/ice4 ,9 fact a tw(old inju/ice atta*es to x4 ,"o is on ! "p ( ! virg91 :o1 ?\gh n violat$ by =ce1 is nev]!less s$uc$1 & ?us ! s$uc] is b\nd to comp5sation4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ex4 #bb3af1 #ag73 ,if a man s$uce a virg9 n yet esp\s$1 & lie ) h]1 he %all end[ h] & h h] to wife4 ,if ! maid's fa!r w n give h] to him1 he %all give money accord+ to ! d[ry1 :i* virg9s are wont to receive4 ,! o!r injury is done to ! maid's fa!r3 :]e=e ! s$uc] is b\nd by ! ,law to a p5alty 9 8 reg>d4 ,= x is writt5 7,deut4 #bb3bh1 #bi73 ,if a man f9d a damsel t is a virg91 :o is n esp\s$1 & tak+ h]1 lie ) h]1 & ! matt] come to judgm5t3 he t lay ) h] %all give to ! fa!r ( ! maid fifty sicles ( silv]1 & %all h h] to wife1 & because he ha? humbl$ h]1 he may n put h] away all ! days ( 8 life3 & ?is1 le/ he %\ld prove to h m>ri$ h] 9 mock]y1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves4 99,,qq4 9 ,deut41 qu4 xxxiv4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aed1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,rape ,is a ,species ( ,lu/1 ,di/9ct f ,s$uction8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t rape is n a species ( lu/1 di/9ct f s$uction4 ,= ,isidore says 7,etym4 v1 #bf7 t s$uction 7/uprum71 or rape1 prop]ly speak+1 is unlawful int]c\rse1 & takes its "n f its caus+ corruption3 :]e=e he t is guilty ( rape is a s$uc]4 ,!re=e x seems t rape %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( lu/ di/9ct f s$uction4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 rape1 app>5tly1 implies viol5ce4 ,= x is /at$ 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xxxvi1 qu4 #a 99,app5d4 ,grat4 ad c4 ,lex illa7 t rape is committ$ :5 a maid is tak5 away by =ce f h] fa!r's h\se t aft] be+ violat$ %e may be tak5 to wife4 ,b ! employm5t ( =ce is accid5tal to lu/1 = ?is ess5tially reg>ds ! pleasure ( int]c\rse4 ,!re=e x seems t rape %\ld n be reckon$ a det]m9ate species ( lu/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! s9 ( lu/ is curb$ by m>riage3 = x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #g3b73 ,= fe> ( =nication1 let e man h 8 own wife4 ,n[ rape is an ob/acle to subsequ5t m>riage1 = x 0 enact$ 9 ! c\ncil ( ,meaux3 ,we decree t ^? :o are guilty ( rape1 or ( abduct+ or s$uc+ wom51 %\ld n h ^? wom5 9 m>riage1 al?\gh !y %\ld h subsequ5tly m>ri$ !m ) ! cons5t ( _! p>5ts4 ,!re=e rape is n a det]m9ate species ( lu/ di/9ct f s$uction4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a man may h k ( 8 newly m>ri$ wife )\t committ+ a s9 ( lu/4 ,yet he may commit rape if he take h] away by =ce f h] p>5ts' h\se1 & h c>nal k ( h]4 ,!re=e rape %\ld n be reckon$ a det]m9ate species ( lu/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,rape is unlawful sexual int]c\rse1 z ,isidore /ates 7,etym4 v1 #bf74 ,b ?is p]ta9s to ! s9 ( lu/4 ,!re=e rape is a species ( lu/4 ,i answ] t1 ,rape1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we speak ( x n[1 is a species ( lu/3 & sometimes x co9cides ) s$uction2 sometimes !re is rape )\t s$uction1 & sometimes s$uction )\t rape4 ,!y co9cide :5 a man employs =ce 9 ord] unlawfully to violate a virg94 ,?is =ce is employ$ sometimes bo? t[>ds ! virg9 & t[>ds h] fa!r2 & sometimes t[>ds ! fa!r & n to ! virg91 = in/ance if %e all[s h]self to be tak5 away by =ce f h] fa!r's h\se4 ,aga91 ! =ce employ$ 9 rape diff]s 9 ano!r way1 because sometimes a maid is tak5 away by =ce f h] p>5ts' h\se1 & is =cibly violat$3 :ile sometimes1 ?\gh tak5 away by =ce1 %e is n =cibly violat$1 b ( h] own cons5t1 :e!r by act ( =nication or by ! act ( m>riage3 = ! conditions ( rape rema9 no matt] h[ =ce is employ$4 ,!re is rape )\t s$uction if a man abduct a wid[ or "o :o is n a virg94 ,h5ce ,pope ,symma*us says 99,ep4 v ad ,caes>ium2 ,cf4 c4 ,raptores xxxvi1 qu4 #b1 ,we abhor abductors :e!r ( wid[s or ( virg9s on acc\nt ( ! he9\sness ( _! crime4 ,!re is s$uction )\t rape :5 a man1 )\t employ+ =ce1 violates a virg9 unlawfully4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce rape frequ5tly co9cides ) s$uction1 ! "o is sometimes us$ to signify ! o!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! employm5t ( =ce w\ld seem to arise f ! greatness ( concupisc5ce1 ! result be+ t a man does n fe> to endang] himself by (f]+ viol5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! rape ( a maid5 :o is promis$ 9 m>riage is to be judg$ diff]5tly f t ( "o :o is n s promis$4 ,= "o :o is promis$ 9 m>riage mu/ be re/or$ to h] betro!d1 :o has a "r to h] 9 virtue ( _! betro?al3 :]eas "o t is n promis$ to ano!r mu/ fir/ ( all be re/or$ to h] fa!r's c>e1 & !n ! abductor may lawfully m>ry h] ) h] p>5ts' cons5t4 ,o!rwise ! m>riage is unlawful1 s9ce :osoev] /eals a ?+ he is b\nd to re/ore x4 ,nev]!less rape does n dissolve a m>riage already contract$1 al?\gh x is an imp$im5t to its be+ contract$4 ,z to ! decree ( ! c\ncil 9 "q1 x 0 made 9 abhorr5ce ( ?is crime1 & has be5 abrogat$4 ,:]e=e ,j]ome 99,! quotation is f ,c4 ,tria4 xxxvi1 qu4 #b decl>es ! contr>y3 ,?ree k9ds ( lawful m>riage1 says he1 are m5tion$ 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,! fir/ is t ( a *a/e maid5 giv5 away lawfully 9 h] maid5hood to a man4 ,! second is :5 a man f9ds a maid5 9 ! city1 & by =ce has c>nal k ( h]4 ,if ! fa!r be will+1 ! man %all end[ h] accord+ to ! fa!r's e/imate1 & %all pay ! price ( h] purity 99,cf4 ,deut4 #bb3bc-bi4 ,! ?ird is1 :5 ! maid5 is tak5 away f su* a man1 & is giv5 to ano!r at ! fa!r's w4 ,we may also take ?is decree to ref] to ^? :o are promis$ to o!rs 9 m>riage1 especially if ! betro?al be express$ by words 9 ! pres5t t5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! man :o is j m>ri$ has1 9 virtue ( ! betro?al1 a c]ta9 "r 9 h]3 :]e=e1 al?\gh he s9s by us+ viol5ce1 he is n guilty ( ! crime ( rape4 ,h5ce ,pope ,gelasius says 99,c4 ,lex illa1 xxvii1 qu4 #b2 xxxvi1 qu4 #a3 ,?is law ( bygone rul]s /at$ t rape 0 committ$ :5 a maid51 ) reg>d to ^: m>riage no?+ _h s f> be5 decid$1 0 tak5 away by =ce4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aed1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,adult]y ,is ,det]m9ate ,species ( ,lu/1 ,di/9ct f ! ,o!r ,species8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t adult]y is n a det]m9ate species ( lu/1 di/9ct f ! o!r species4 ,= adult]y takes its "n f a man hav+ int]c\rse ) a woman :o is n 8 own ad alt]am1 accord+ to a gloss 99,/4 ,augu/9e3 ,s]m4 li1 #ac de ,div]s4 lxiii on ,ex4 #bj3ad4 ,n[ a woman :o is n "o's own may be ( v>i\s conditions1 namely ei!r a virg91 or "u h] fa!r's c>e1 or a h>lot1 or ( any o!r description4 ,!re=e x seems t adult]y is n a species ( lu/ di/9ct f ! o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome says 99,contra ,jov94 i3 ,x matt]s n = :at reason a man behaves z "o dem5t$4 ,h5ce ,sixtus ! ,py?agorean says 9 8 ,maxims3 ,he t is insatiable ( 8 wife is an adult]]1 & 9 l mann] "o :o is ov] enamor$ ( any woman4 ,n[ e k9d ( lu/ includes a too ard5t love4 ,!re=e adult]y is 9 e k9d ( lu/3 & consequ5tly x %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( lu/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :]e !re is ! same k9d ( de=mity1 !re w\ld seem to be ! same species ( s94 ,n[1 app>5tly1 !re is ! same k9d ( de=mity 9 s$uction & adult]y3 s9ce 9 ei!r case a woman is violat$ :o is "u ano!r p]son's au?ority4 ,!re=e adult]y is n a det]m9ate species ( lu/1 di/9ct f ! o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,pope ,leo 99,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,bono ,conjug4 iv2 ,cf4 ,app5d4 ,grat4 ad c4 ,ille autem4 xxxii1 qu4 #e says t adult]y is sexual int]c\rse ) ano!r man or woman 9 contrav5tion ( ! m>riage compact1 :e!r ?r\gh ! impulse ( "o's own lu/1 or ) ! cons5t ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,n[ ?is implies a special de=mity ( lu/4 ,!re=e adult]y is a det]m9ate species ( lu/4 ,i answ] t1 ,adult]y1 z its "n implies1 is access to ano!r's m>riage-b$ 7ad ali5um torum7 99,cf4 ,app5d4 ,gratian1 ad c4 ,ille autem4 xxxii1 qu4 #a4 ,by s do+ a man is guilty ( a tw(old (f5se aga9/ *a/ity & ! good ( human procreation4 ,fir/1 by accession to a woman :o is n jo9$ to him 9 m>riage1 :i* is contr>y to ! good ( ! upbr++ ( 8 own *ildr54 ,secondly1 by accession to a woman :o is unit$ to ano!r 9 m>riage1 & ?us he h9d]s ! good ( ano!r's *ildr54 ,! same applies to ! m>ri$ woman :o is corrupt$ by adult]y4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bc3cb1 #cc73 ,e woman 4 4 4 t leave? h] husb& 4 4 4 %all be guilty ( s94 ,= fir/ %e ha? be5 unfai?ful to ! law ( ! ,mo/ ,high 7s9ce !re x is comm&$3 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y72 & secondly1 %e ha? (f5d$ aga9/ h] husb&1 by mak+ x unc]ta9 t ! *ildr5 are 83 ?irdly1 %e ha? =nicat$ 9 adult]y1 & ha? gott5 *ildr5 ( ano!r man1 :i* is contr>y to ! good ( h] (fspr+4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 h[ev]1 is common to all mortal s9s1 :ile ! two o!rs belong especially to ! de=mity ( adult]y4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t adult]y is a det]m9ate species ( lu/1 ?r\gh hav+ a special de=mity 9 v5]eal acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,if a m>ri$ man has int]c\rse ) ano!r woman1 8 s9 may be d5om9at$ ei!r ) reg>d to him1 & ?us x is always adult]y1 s9ce 8 action is contr>y to ! fidelity ( m>riage1 or ) reg>d to ! woman ) :om he has int]c\rse2 & ?us sometimes x is adult]y1 z :5 a m>ri$ man has int]c\rse ) ano!r's wife2 & sometimes x has ! "* ( s$uction1 or ( "s o!r s91 accord+ to v>i\s conditions affect+ ! woman ) :om he has int]c\rse3 & x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 t ! species ( lu/ correspond to ! v>i\s conditions ( wom54 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,matrimony is specially orda9$ = ! good ( human (fspr+1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,b adult]y is specially oppos$ to matrimony1 9 ! po9t ( break+ ! m>riage fai? :i* is due betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,& s9ce ! man :o is too ard5t a lov] ( 8 wife acts c\nt] to ! good ( m>riage if he use h] indec5tly1 al?\gh he be n unfai?ful1 he may 9 a s5se be call$ an adult]]2 & ev5 m s ?an he t is too ard5t a lov] ( ano!r woman4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! wife is "u h] husb&'s au?ority1 z unit$ to him 9 m>riage3 :]eas ! maid is "u h] fa!r's au?ority1 z "o :o is to be m>ri$ by t au?ority4 ,h5ce ! s9 ( adult]y is contr>y to ! good ( m>riage 9 "o way1 & ! s9 ( s$uction 9 ano!r2 :]e=e !y are reckon$ to diff] specifically4 ,( o!r matt]s conc]n+ adult]y we %all speak 9 ! ,?ird ,"p 99 ,cf4 ,suppl41 ,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #c2 ,,qq4 #fj1 #fb1 :5 we treat ( matrimony4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aed1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,ince/ ,is a ,det]m9ate ,species ( ,lu/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ince/ is n a det]m9ate species ( lu/4 ,= ince/ 99 ,ince/us is equival5t to 9-ca/us un*a/e takes its "n f be+ a privation ( *a/ity4 ,b all k9ds ( lu/ are oppos$ to *a/ity4 ,!re=e x seems t ince/ is n a species ( lu/1 b is lu/ itself 9 g5]al4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is /at$ 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xxxvi1 qu4 #a 99,cf4 ,app5d4 ,grat4 ad c4 ,lex illa7 t ince/ is int]c\rse betwe5 a man & a woman relat$ by consangu9ity or aff9ity4 ,n[ aff9ity diff]s f consangu9ity4 ,!re=e x is n "o b sev]al species ( lu/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* does n1 ( itself1 imply a de=mity1 does n con/itute a det]m9ate species ( vice4 ,b int]c\rse betwe5 ^? :o are relat$ by consangu9ity or aff9ity does n1 ( itself1 conta9 any de=mity1 else x w\ld nev] h be5 lawful4 ,!re=e ince/ is n a det]m9ate species ( lu/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! species ( lu/ are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! v>i\s conditions ( wom5 ) :om a man has unlawful int]c\rse4 ,n[ ince/ implies a special condition on ! "p ( ! woman1 because x is unlawful int]c\rse ) a woman relat$ by consangu9ity or aff9ity z /at$ 7,obj4 #b74 ,!re=e ince/ is a det]m9ate species ( lu/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #f7 :]ev] we f9d some?+ incompatible ) ! "r use ( v5]eal actions1 !re mu/ ne$s be a det]m9ate species ( lu/4 ,n[ sexual int]c\rse ) wom5 relat$ by consangu9ity or aff9ity is unbecom+ to v5]eal union on ?ree c\nts4 ,fir/1 because man naturally owes a c]ta9 respect to 8 p>5ts & !re=e to 8 o!r blood relations1 :o are desc5d$ 9 ne> degree f ! same p>5ts3 s mu* s inde$ t among ! anci5ts1 z ,val]ius ,maximus relates 99,dict4 ,fact4 ,memor4 ii1 #a1 x 0 n deem$ "r = a son to ba! ) 8 fa!r1 le/ !y %\ld see "o ano!r nak$4 ,n[ f :at has be5 said 7,q4 #adb1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #aea1 ,a4 #d71 x is evid5t t 9 v5]eal acts !re is a c]ta9 %amefulness inconsi/5t ) respect1 :]e=e m5 are a%am$ ( !m4 ,:]e=e x is unseemly t su* p]sons %\ld be unit$ 9 v5]eal int]c\rse4 ,?is reason seems to be indicat$ 7,lev4 #ah3g7 :]e we read3 ,%e is ?y "m1 ?\ %alt n uncov] h] nak$ness1 & ! same is express$ fur!r on ) reg>d to o!rs4 ,! second reason is because blood relations mu/ ne$s live 9 close t\* ) "o ano!r4 ,:]e=e if !y 7 n deb>r$ f v5]eal union1 opportunities ( v5]eal int]c\rse w\ld be v frequ5t & ?us m5's m9ds w\ld be en]vat$ by lu/4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,old ,law 99,lev4 #ah ! prohibition 0 app>5tly direct$ specially to ^? p]sons :o mu/ ne$s live toge!r4 ,! ?ird reason is1 because ?is w\ld h9d] a man f hav+ _m fri5ds3 s9ce ?r\gh a man tak+ a /rang] to wife1 all 8 wife's relations are unit$ to him by a special k9d ( fri5d%ip1 z ?\gh !y 7 ( ! same blood z himself4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xv1 #af73 ,! dem&s ( *>ity are mo/ p]fectly satisfi$ by m5 unit+ toge!r 9 ! bonds t ! v>i\s ties ( fri5d%ip require1 s t !y may live toge!r 9 a useful & becom+ amity2 nor %\ld "o man h _m relation%ips 9 "o1 b ea* %\ld h "o4 ,ari/otle adds ano!r reason 7#b ,polit4 ii73 = s9ce x is natural t a man %\ld h a lik+ = a woman ( 8 k9dr$1 if to ?is be add$ ! love t has its orig9 9 v5]eal int]c\rse1 8 love w\ld be too ard5t & w\ld become a v great inc5tive to lu/3 & ?is is contr>y to *a/ity4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ince/ is a det]m9ate species ( lu/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,unlawful int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons relat$ to "o ano!r w\ld be mo/ prejudicial to *a/ity1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! opportunities x af=ds1 & because ( ! excessive ardor ( love1 z /at$ 9 ! ,article4 ,:]e=e ! unlawful int]c\rse betwe5 su* p]sons is call$ ince/ antonoma/ically4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,p]sons are relat$ by aff9ity ?r\gh "o :o is relat$ by consangu9ity3 & !re=e s9ce ! "o dep5ds on ! o!r1 consangu9ity & aff9ity entail ! same k9d ( unbecom+ness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is some?+ ess5tially unbecom+ & contr>y to natural reason 9 sexual int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons relat$ by blood1 = in/ance betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 :o are directly & imm$iately relat$ to "o ano!r1 s9ce *ildr5 naturally owe _! p>5ts honor4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] in/ances a horse 7,de ,animal4 ix1 #dg7 :i* cov]$ its own "m by mi/ake & ?rew itself ov] a precipice z ?\gh horrifi$ at :at x _h done1 because "s animals ev5 h a natural respect = ^? t h begott5 !m4 ,!re is n ! same ess5tial unbecom+ness atta*+ to o!r p]sons :o are relat$ to "o ano!r n directly b ?r\gh _! p>5ts3 &1 z to ?is1 becom+ness or unbecom+ness v>ies accord+ to cu/om1 & human or ,div9e law3 because1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 sexual int]c\rse1 be+ direct$ to ! common good1 is subject to law4 ,:]e=e1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xv1 #af71 :]eas ! union ( bro!rs & si/]s goes back to old5 times1 x became all ! m wor?y ( condemnation :5 religion =bade x4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aed1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,sacrilege ,c ,be a ,species ( ,lu/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t sacrilege _c be a species ( lu/4 ,= ! same species is n conta9$ "u diff]5t g5]a t are n subalt]nat$ to "o ano!r4 ,n[ sacrilege is a species ( irreligion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ii1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e sacrilege _c be reckon$ a species ( lu/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,decretals 7,,xxxvi1 qu4 #a 99,app5d4 ,grat4 ad c4 ,lex illa71 d n place sacrilege among o!r s9s :i* are reckon$ species ( lu/4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem n to be a species ( lu/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 some?+ d]ogatory to a sacr$ ?+ may be done by ! o!r k9ds ( vice1 z well z by lu/4 ,b sacrilege is n reckon$ a species ( gluttony1 or ( any o!r simil> vice4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld x be reckon$ a species ( lu/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xv1 #af7 t if x is wick$1 ?r\gh covet\sness1 to g beyond "o's e>?ly b\nds1 h[ mu* m wick$ is x ?r\gh v5]eal lu/ to transgress ! b\nds ( morals6 ,n[ to g beyond "o's e>?ly b\nds 9 sacr$ matt]s is a s9 ( sacrilege4 ,!re=e x is likewise a s9 ( sacrilege to ov]?r[ ! b\nds ( morals ?r\gh v5]eal desire 9 sacr$ matt]s4 ,b v5]eal desire p]ta9s to lu/4 ,!re=e sacrilege is a species ( lu/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #f1 #g71 ! act ( a virtue or vice1 t is direct$ to ! end ( ano!r virtue or vice1 assumes ! latt]'s species3 ?us1 !ft committ$ = ! sake ( adult]y1 passes into ! species ( adult]y4 ,n[ x is evid5t t z ,augu/9e /ates 7,de ,virg94 #h71 ! obs]vance ( *a/ity1 by be+ direct$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 becomes an act ( religion1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o v[ & keep *a/ity4 ,:]e=e x is manife/ t lu/ also1 by violat+ some?+ p]ta9+ to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 belongs to ! species ( sacrilege3 & 9 ?is way sacrilege may be acc\nt$ a species ( lu/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,lu/1 by be+ direct$ to ano!r vice z its end1 becomes a species ( t vice3 & s a species ( lu/ may be also a species ( irreligion1 z ( a high] g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! enum]ation ref]r$ to1 includes ^? s9s :i* are species ( lu/ by _! v nature3 :]eas sacrilege is a species ( lu/ 9 s f> z x is direct$ to ano!r vice z its end1 & may co9cide ) ! v>i\s species ( lu/4 ,= unlawful int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons mutually unit$ by spiritual relation%ip1 is a sacrilege aft] ! mann] ( ince/4 ,int]c\rse ) a virg9 consecrat$ to ,god1 inasmu* z %e is ! sp\se ( ,*ri/1 is sacrilege resembl+ adult]y4 ,if ! maid5 be "u h] fa!r's au?ority1 x w be spiritual s$uction2 & if =ce be employ$ x w be spiritual rape1 :i* k9d ( rape ev5 ! civil law puni%es m sev]ely ?an o!rs4 ,?us ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian says 99,cod4 i1 iii de ,episc4 et ,cl]4 #e3 ,if any man d>e1 ,i w n say to rape1 b ev5 to tempt a consecrat$ virg9 ) a view to m>riage1 he %all be liable to capital puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sacrilege is committ$ on a consecrat$ ?+4 ,n[ a consecrat$ ?+ is ei!r a consecrat$ p]son1 :o is desir$ = sexual int]c\rse1 & ?us x is a k9d ( lu/1 or x is desir$ = possession1 & ?us x is a k9d ( inju/ice4 ,sacrilege may also come "u ! head ( ang]1 = in/ance1 if ?r\gh ang] an injury be done to a consecrat$ p]son4 ,aga91 "o may commit a sacrilege by p>tak+ glutton\sly ( sacr$ food4 ,nev]!less1 sacrilege is ascrib$ m specially to lu/ :i* is oppos$ to *a/ity = ! obs]vance ( :i* c]ta9 p]sons are specially consecrat$4 ,,elev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aed1 ,art4 #aa ,:e!r ! ,unnatural ,vice ,is a ,species ( ,lu/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! unnatural vice is n a species ( lu/4 ,= no m5tion ( ! vice aga9/ nature is made 9 ! enum]ation giv5 above 7,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #a74 ,!re=e x is n a species ( lu/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 lu/ is contr>y to virtue2 & s x is compris$ "u vice4 ,b ! unnatural vice is compris$ n "u vice1 b "u be/iality1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #e74 ,!re=e ! unnatural vice is n a species ( lu/4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 lu/ reg>ds acts direct$ to human g5]ation1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aec1 ,a4 #b73 ,:]eas ! unnatural vice conc]ns acts f :i* g5]ation _c foll[4 ,!re=e ! unnatural vice is n a species ( lu/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is reckon$ toge!r ) ! o!r species ( lu/ 7#b ,cor4 #ab3ba7 :]e we read3 ,& h n done p5ance = ! uncleanness1 & =nication1 & lascivi\sness1 :]e a gloss says3 ,lascivi\sness1 i4e41 unnatural lu/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #f1 #i7 :]ev] !re occurs a special k9d ( de=mity :]eby ! v5]eal act is r5d]$ unbecom+1 !re is a det]m9ate species ( lu/4 ,?is may occur 9 two ways3 ,fir/1 ?r\gh be+ contr>y to "r reason1 & ?is is common to all lu/ful vices2 secondly1 because1 9 addition1 x is contr>y to ! natural ord] ( ! v5]eal act z becom+ to ! human race3 & ?is is call$ ! unnatural vice4 ,?is may happ5 9 sev]al ways4 ,fir/1 by procur+ pollution1 )\t any copulation1 = ! sake ( v5]eal pleasure3 ?is p]ta9s to ! s9 ( uncleanness :i* "s call effem9acy4 ,secondly1 by copulation ) a ?+ ( undue species1 & ?is is call$ be/iality4 ,?irdly1 by copulation ) an undue sex1 male ) male1 or female ) female1 z ! ,apo/le /ates 7,rom4 #a3bg73 & ?is is call$ ! vice ( sodomy4 ,f\r?ly1 by n obs]v+ ! natural mann] ( copulation1 ei!r z to undue means1 or z to o!r mon/r\s & be/ial mann]s ( copulation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,!re we enum]at$ ! species ( lu/ t are n contr>y to human nature3 :]e=e ! unnatural vice 0 omitt$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,be/iality diff]s f vice1 = ! latt] is oppos$ to human virtue by a c]ta9 excess 9 ! same matt] z ! virtue1 & !re=e is r$ucible to ! same g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! lu/ful man int5ds n human g5]ation b v5]eal pleasures4 ,x is possible to h ?is )\t ^? acts f :i* human g5]ation foll[s3 & x is t :i* is s\ght 9 ! unnatural vice4 ,,twelf? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aed1 ,art4 #ab ,:e!r ! ,unnatural ,vice ,is ! ,greate/ ,s9 ,among ! ,species ( ,lu/8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! unnatural vice is n ! greate/ s9 among ! species ( lu/4 ,= ! m a s9 is contr>y to *>ity ! grav] x is4 ,n[ adult]y1 s$uction & rape :i* are injuri\s to our neighbor are seem+ly m contr>y to ! love ( our neighbor1 ?an unnatural s9s1 by :i* no o!r p]son is injur$4 ,!re=e ! unnatural s9 is n ! greate/ among ! species ( lu/4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 s9s committ$ aga9/ ,god w\ld seem to be ! mo/ griev\s4 ,n[ sacrilege is committ$ directly aga9/ ,god1 s9ce x is injuri\s to ! ,div9e wor%ip4 ,!re=e sacrilege is a grav] s9 ?an ! unnatural vice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly1 a s9 is all ! m griev\s accord+ z we owe a great] love to ! p]son aga9/ :om t s9 is committ$4 ,n[ ! ord] ( *>ity requires t a man love m ^? p]sons :o are unit$ to him--& su* are ^? :om he defiles by ince/--?an p]sons :o are n connect$ ) him1 & :om 9 c]ta9 cases he defiles by ! unnatural vice4 ,!re=e ince/ is a grav] s9 ?an ! unnatural vice4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if ! unnatural vice is mo/ griev\s1 ! m x is aga9/ nature ! grav] x w\ld seem to be4 ,n[ ! s9 ( uncleanness or effem9acy w\ld seem to be mo/ contr>y to nature1 s9ce x w\ld seem especially 9 accord ) nature t ag5t & pati5t %\ld be di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,h5ce x w\ld foll[ t uncleanness is ! grave/ ( unnatural vices4 ,b ?is is n true4 ,!re=e unnatural vices are n ! mo/ griev\s among s9s ( lu/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de adult4 conjug4 99,! quotation is f ,cap4 ,adult]ii xxxii1 qu4 #g4 ,cf4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,bono ,conjugali1 viii47 t ( all ^!1 namely ! s9s belong+ to lu/1 t :i* is aga9/ nature is ! wor/4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 e g5us1 wor/ ( all is ! corruption ( ! pr9ciple on :i* ! re/ dep5d4 ,n[ ! pr9ciples ( reason are ^? ?+s t are accord+ to nature1 because reason presupposes ?+s z det]m9$ by nature1 be=e dispos+ ( o!r ?+s accord+ z x is fitt+4 ,?is may be obs]v$ bo? 9 speculative & 9 practical matt]s4 ,:]e=e j z 9 speculative matt]s ! mo/ griev\s & %ameful error is t :i* is ab\t ?+s ! k ( :i* is naturally be/[$ on man1 s 9 matt]s ( action x is mo/ grave & %ameful to act aga9/ ?+s z det]m9$ by nature4 ,!re=e1 s9ce by ! unnatural vices man transgresses t :i* has be5 det]m9$ by nature ) reg>d to ! use ( v5]eal actions1 x foll[s t 9 ?is matt] ?is s9 is grave/ ( all4 ,aft] x comes ince/1 :i*1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #i71 is contr>y to ! natural respect :i* we owe p]sons relat$ to u4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r species ( lu/ !y imply a transgression m]ely ( t :i* is det]m9$ by "r reason1 on ! presupposition1 h[ev]1 ( natural pr9ciples4 ,n[ x is m aga9/ reason to make use ( ! v5]eal act n only ) prejudice to ! future (fspr+1 b also s z to injure ano!r p]son besides4 ,:]e=e simple =nication1 :i* is committ$ )\t inju/ice to ano!r p]son1 is ! lea/ grave among ! species ( lu/4 ,!n1 x is a great] inju/ice to h int]c\rse ) a woman :o is subject to ano!r's au?ority z reg>ds ! act ( g5]ation1 ?an z reg>ds m]ely h] gu>dian%ip4 ,:]e=e adult]y is m griev\s ?an s$uction4 ,& bo? ( ^! are aggravat$ by ! use ( viol5ce4 ,h5ce rape ( a virg9 is grav] ?an s$uction1 & rape ( a wife ?an adult]y4 ,& all ^! are aggravat$ by com+ "u ! head ( sacrilege1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #aj1 ad #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z ! ord]+ ( "r reason proce$s f man1 s ! ord] ( nature is f ,god ,himself3 :]e=e 9 s9s contr>y to nature1 :]eby ! v ord] ( nature is violat$1 an injury is done to ,god1 ! ,au?or ( nature4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iii1 #h73 ,^? f\l (f5ses t are aga9/ nature %\ld be ev]y:]e & at all times dete/$ & puni%$1 su* z 7 ^? ( ! p ( ,sodom1 :i* %\ld all nations commit1 !y %\ld all /& guilty ( ! same crime1 by ! law ( ,god :i* ha? n s made m5 t !y %\ld s abuse "o ano!r4 ,= ev5 t v int]c\rse :i* %\ld be betwe5 ,god & u is violat$1 :5 t same nature1 ( :i* ,he is ! ,au?or1 is pollut$ by ! p]v]sity ( lu/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,vices aga9/ nature are also aga9/ ,god1 z /at$ above 7ad #a71 & are s mu* m griev\s ?an ! depravity ( sacrilege1 z ! ord] impress$ on human nature is prior to & m firm ?an any subsequ5tly e/abli%$ ord]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! nature ( ! species is m intimately unit$ to ea* individual1 ?an any o!r individual is4 ,:]e=e s9s aga9/ ! specific nature are m griev\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,gravity ( a s9 dep5ds m on ! abuse ( a ?+ ?an on ! omission ( ! "r use4 ,:]e=e among s9s aga9/ nature1 ! l[e/ place belongs to ! s9 ( uncleanness1 :i* consi/s 9 ! m]e omission ( copulation ) ano!r4 ,:ile ! mo/ griev\s is ! s9 ( be/iality1 because use ( ! due species is n obs]v$4 ,h5ce a gloss on ,g54 #cg3b1 ,he accus$ 8 bre?r5 ( a mo/ wick$ crime1 says t !y copulat$ ) cattle4 ,aft] ?is comes ! s9 ( sodomy1 because use ( ! "r sex is n obs]v$4 ,la/ly comes ! s9 ( n obs]v+ ! "r mann] ( copulation1 :i* is m griev\s if ! abuse reg>ds ! vas ?an if x affects ! mann] ( copulation 9 respect ( o!r circum/ances4 ,,"q #aee ,,( ,,cont95ce 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! pot5tial p>ts ( temp]ance3 7#a7 cont95ce2 7#b7 clem5cy2 7#c7 mode/y4 ,"u ! fir/ head we mu/ consid] cont95ce & incont95ce4 ,) reg>d to cont95ce !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r cont95ce is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:at is its matt]8 7#c7 ,:at is its subject8 7#d7 ,( its comp>ison ) temp]ance4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aee1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,cont95ce ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cont95ce is n a virtue4 ,= species & g5us are n co-ord9ate memb]s ( ! same division4 ,b cont95ce is co-ord9at$ ) virtue1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #a1 #i74 ,!re=e cont95ce is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "o s9s by us+ a virtue1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 ii1 #ah1 #ai71 a virtue is a ?+ t no "o makes ill use (4 ,yet "o may s9 by conta9+ oneself3 = in/ance1 if "o desire to d a good1 & conta9 oneself f do+ x4 ,!re=e cont95ce is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no virtue )draws man f t :i* is lawful1 b only f unlawful ?+s3 = a gloss on ,gal4 #e3bc1 ,fai?1 mode/y1 etc41 says t by cont95ce a man refra9s ev5 f ?+s t are lawful4 ,!re=e cont95ce is n a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,e praisewor?y habit w\ld seem to be a virtue4 ,n[ su* is cont95ce1 = ,&ronicus says 99,de ,affectibus t cont95ce is a habit unconqu]$ by pleasure4 ,!re=e cont95ce is a virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ^w cont95ce is tak5 by v>i\s p 9 two ways4 ,= "s und]/& cont95ce to d5ote ab/5tion f all v5]eal pleasure3 ?us ! ,apo/le jo9s cont95ce to *a/ity 7,gal4 #e3bc74 ,9 ?is s5se p]fect cont95ce is virg9ity 9 ! fir/ place1 & wid[hood 9 ! second4 ,:]e=e ! same applies to cont95ce und]/ood ?us1 z to virg9ity :i* we h /at$ above 7,q4 #aeb1 ,a4 #c7 to be a virtue4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 und]/& cont95ce z signify+ t :]eby a man resi/s evil desires1 :i* 9 him are vehem5t4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,philosoph] takes cont95ce 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g71 & ?us also x is us$ 9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,collat4 xii1 #aj1 #aa74 ,9 ?is way cont95ce has some?+ ( ! nature ( a virtue1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z ! reason /&s firm 9 opposition to ! passions1 le/ x be l$ a/ray by !m3 yet x does n atta9 to ! p]fect nature ( a moral virtue1 by :i* ev5 ! s5sitive appetite is subject to reason s t vehem5t passions contr>y to reason d n arise 9 ! s5sitive appetite4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #i7 t cont95ce is n a virtue b a mixture1 inasmu* z x has some?+ ( virtue1 & some:at falls %ort ( virtue4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we take virtue 9 a broad s5se1 = any pr9ciple ( comm5dable actions1 we may say t cont95ce is a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,philosoph] includes cont95ce 9 ! same division ) virtue 9 s f> z ! =m] falls %ort ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prop]ly speak+1 man is t :i* is accord+ to reason4 ,:]e=e f ! v fact t a man holds 7t5et se7 to t :i* is 9 accord ) reason1 he is said to conta9 himself4 ,n[ :atev] p]ta9s to p]v]sion ( reason is n accord+ to reason4 ,h5ce he alone is truly said to be cont95t :o /&s to t :i* is 9 accord ) "r reason1 & n to t :i* is 9 accord ) p]v]se reason4 ,n[ evil desires are oppos$ to "r reason1 ev5 z good desires are oppos$ to p]v]se reason4 ,:]e=e he is prop]ly & truly cont95t :o holds to "r reason1 by ab/a9+ f evil desires1 & n he :o holds to p]v]se reason1 by ab/a9+ f good desires3 inde$1 ! latt] %\ld r be said to be ob/9ate 9 evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! gloss quot$ takes cont95ce 9 ! fir/ s5se1 z d5ot+ a p]fect virtue1 :i* refra9s n m]ely f unlawful goods1 b also f c]ta9 lawful ?+s t are less] goods1 9 ord] to give its :ole att5tion to ! m p]fect goods4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aee1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,desires = ,pleasures ( ,t\* ,are ! ,matt] ( ,cont95ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t desires = pleasures ( t\* are n ! matt] ( cont95ce4 ,= ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #df73 ,g5]al decorum by its consi/5t =m & ! p]fection ( :at is virtu\s is re/ra9$99 9 its e action4 99,cont95tem accord+ to ,/4 ,?omas' read+2 ,/4 ,ambrose wrote conc95tem h>moni\s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 cont95ce takes its "n f a man /&+ = ! good ( "r reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,n[ o!r passions lead m5 a/ray f "r reason ) great] vehem5ce ?an ! desire = pleasures ( t\*3 = in/ance1 ! fe> ( mortal dang]s1 :i* /upefies a man1 & ang] :i* makes him behave l a madman1 z ,s5eca rem>ks 99,de ,ira i1 #a4 ,!re=e cont95ce does n prop]ly reg>d ! desires = pleasures ( t\*4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ed73 ,x is cont95ce t re/ra9s cupidity ) ! guid+ h& ( c\nsel4 ,n[ cupidity is g5]ally us$ to d5ote ! desire = ri*es r ?an ! desire = pleasures ( t\*1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #f3aj1 ,cupidity ,d\ay3 ',! desire ( money' 7phil>gyria71 is ! root ( all evils4 ,!re=e cont95ce is n prop]ly ab\t ! desires = pleasures ( t\*4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 !re are pleasures ( t\* n only 9 v5]eal matt]s b also 9 eat+4 ,b cont95ce is wont to be appli$ only to ! use ( v5]eal matt]s4 ,!re=e ! desire = pleasures ( t\* is n its prop] matt]4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 among pleasures ( t\* "s are n human b be/ial1 bo? z reg>ds food--= in/ance1 ! pleasure ( eat+ human fle%2 & z reg>ds v5]eal matt]s--= in/ance ! abuse ( animals or boys4 ,b cont95ce is n ab\t su* l ?+s1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #e4 ,!re=e desires = pleasures ( t\* are n ! prop] matt] ( cont95ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #d7 t cont95ce & incont95ce are ab\t ! same ?+s z temp]ance & intemp]ance4 ,n[ temp]ance & intemp]ance are ab\t ! desires = pleasures ( t\*1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e cont95ce & incont95ce are also ab\t t same matt]4 ,i answ] t1 ,cont95ce d5otes1 by its v "n1 a c]ta9 curb+1 9 s f> z a man conta9s himself f foll[+ 8 passions4 ,h5ce cont95ce is prop]ly said 9 ref]5ce to ^? passions :i* urge a man t[>ds ! pursuit ( some?+1 :]e9 x is praisewor?y t reason %\ld )hold man f pursu+3 :]eas x is n prop]ly ab\t ^? passions1 su* z fe> & ! l1 :i* d5ote "s k9d ( )drawal3 s9ce 9 ^! x is praisewor?y to rema9 firm 9 pursu+ :at reason dictates1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d74 ,n[ x is to be obs]v$ t natural incl9ations are ! pr9ciples ( all sup]v5+ incl9ations1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #b74 ,:]e=e ! m !y foll[ ! incl9ation ( nature1 ! m /rongly d ! passions urge to ! pursuance ( an object4 ,n[ nature incl9es *iefly to ^? ?+s t are necess>y to x1 :e!r = ! ma9t5ance ( ! individual1 su* z food1 or = ! ma9t5ance ( ! species1 su* z v5]eal acts1 ! pleasures ( :i* p]ta9 to ! t\*4 ,!re=e cont95ce & incont95ce ref] prop]ly to desires = pleasures ( t\*4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z temp]ance may be us$ 9 a g5]al s5se 9 connection ) any matt]2 b is prop]ly appli$ to t matt] :]e9 x is be/ = man to be curb$3 s1 too1 cont95ce prop]ly speak+ reg>ds t matt] :]e9 x is be/ & mo/ difficult to conta9 oneself1 namely desires = pleasures ( t\*1 & yet 9 a g5]al s5se & relatively may be appli$ to any o!r matt]3 & 9 ?is s5se ,ambrose speaks ( cont95ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prop]ly speak+ we d n speak ( cont95ce 9 relation to fe>1 b r ( firmness ( m9d :i* =titude implies4 ,z to ang]1 x is true t x begets an impulse to ! pursuit ( some?+1 b ?is impulse foll[s an appreh5sion ( ! s\l--9 s f> z a man appreh5ds t someone has injur$ him--r ?an an incl9ation ( nature4 ,:]e=e a man may be said to be cont95t ( ang]1 relatively b n simply4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ext]nal goods1 su* z honors1 ri*es & ! l1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #d71 seem to be objects ( *oice 9 !mselves inde$1 b n z be+ necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( nature4 ,:]e=e 9 ref]5ce to su* ?+s we speak ( a p]son z be+ cont95t or incont95t1 n simply1 b relatively1 by add+ t !y are cont95t or incont95t 9 reg>d to weal?1 or honor & s =?4 ,h5ce ,tully ei!r und]/ood cont95ce 9 a g5]al s5se1 z includ+ relative cont95ce1 or und]/ood cupidity 9 a re/rict$ s5se z d5ot+ desire = pleasures ( t\*4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,v5]eal pleasures are m vehem5t ?an pleasures ( ! palate3 :]e=e we are wont to speak ( cont95ce & incont95ce 9 ref]5ce to v5]eal matt]s r ?an 9 ref]5ce to food2 al?\gh accord+ to ! ,philosoph] !y are applicable to bo?4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,cont95ce is a good ( ! human reason3 :]e=e x reg>ds ^? passions :i* c be connatural to man4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #e7 t if a man 7 to lay hold ( a *ild ) desire ( eat+ him or ( satisfy+ an unnatural passion :e!r he foll[ up 8 desire or n1 he is said to be cont95t 99,see ,a4 #d1 n absolutely1 b relatively4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aee1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,subject ( ,cont95ce ,is ! ,concupiscible ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! subject ( cont95ce is ! concupiscible p[]4 ,= ! subject ( a virtue %\ld be proportionate to ! virtue's matt]4 ,n[ ! matt] ( cont95ce1 z /at$ 7,a4 #b71 is desires = ! pleasures ( t\*1 :i* p]ta9 to ! concupiscible p[]4 ,!re=e cont95ce is 9 ! concupiscible p[]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,opposites are ref]r$ to "o same ?+ 99,categ4 viii4 ,b incont95ce is 9 ! concupiscible1 ^: passions ov]come reason1 = ,&ronicus says 99,de ,affectibus t incont95ce is ! evil incl9ation ( ! concupiscible1 by foll[+ :i* x *ooses wick$ pleasures 9 disob$i5ce to reason4 ,!re=e cont95ce is likewise 9 ! concupiscible4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! subject ( a human virtue is ei!r ! reason1 or ! appetitive p[]1 :i* is divid$ into ! w1 ! concupiscible & ! irascible4 ,n[ cont95ce is n 9 ! reason1 = !n x w\ld be an intellectual virtue2 nor is x 9 ! w1 s9ce cont95ce is ab\t ! passions :i* are n 9 ! w2 nor aga9 is x 9 ! irascible1 because x is n prop]ly ab\t ! passions ( ! irascible1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,!re=e x foll[s t x is 9 ! concupiscible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,e virtue resid+ 9 a c]ta9 p[] removes ! evil act ( t p[]4 ,b cont95ce does n remove ! evil act ( ! concupiscible3 s9ce ! cont95t man has evil desires1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #i74 ,!re=e cont95ce is n 9 ! concupiscible p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,e virtue :ile resid+ 9 a subject1 makes t subject h a diff]5t disposition f t :i* x has :ile subject$ to ! opposite vice4 ,n[ ! concupiscible has ! same disposition 9 "o :o is cont95t & 9 "o :o is incont95t1 s9ce 9 bo? ( !m x breaks out into vehem5t evil desires4 ,:]e=e x is manife/ t cont95ce is n 9 ! concupiscible z its subject4 ,aga9 ! reason has ! same disposition 9 bo?1 s9ce bo? ! cont95t & ! incont95t h "r reason1 & ea* ( !m1 :ile undi/urb$ by passion1 purposes n to foll[ 8 unlawful desires4 ,n[ ! prim>y diff]5ce betwe5 !m is to be f\nd 9 _! *oice3 s9ce ! cont95t man1 ?\gh subject to vehem5t desires1 *ooses n to foll[ !m1 because ( 8 reason2 :]eas ! incont95t man *ooses to foll[ !m1 al?\gh 8 reason =bids4 ,h5ce cont95ce mu/ ne$s reside 9 t p[] ( ! s\l1 ^: act x is to *oose2 & t is ! w1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ac1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,cont95ce has = its matt] ! desires = pleasures ( t\*1 n z mod]at+ !m 7?is belongs to temp]ance :i* is 9 ! concupiscible71 b its bus9ess ) !m is to resi/ !m4 ,= ?is reason x mu/ be 9 ano!r p[]1 s9ce resi/ance is ( "o ?+ aga9/ ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! w /&s betwe5 reason & ! concupiscible1 & may be mov$ by ei!r4 ,9 ! cont95t man x is mov$ by ! reason1 9 ! incont95t man x is mov$ by ! concupiscible4 ,h5ce cont95ce may be ascrib$ to ! reason z to its fir/ mov]1 & incont95ce to ! concupiscible p[]3 ?\gh bo? belong imm$iately to ! w z _! prop] subject4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh ! passions are n 9 ! w z _! subject1 yet x is 9 ! p[] ( ! w to resi/ !m3 ?us x is t ! w ( ! cont95t man resi/s desires4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aee1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,cont95ce ,is ,bett] ,?an ,temp]ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cont95ce is bett] ?an temp]ance4 ,= x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bf3bj73 ,no price is wor?y ( a cont95t s\l4 ,!re=e no virtue c be equall$ to cont95ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! great] ! rew>d a virtue m]its1 ! great] ! virtue4 ,n[ cont95ce app>5tly m]its ! great] rew>d2 = x is writt5 7#b ,tim4 #b3e73 ,he 4 4 4 is n cr[n$1 except he /rive lawfully1 & ! cont95t man1 s9ce he is subject to vehem5t evil desires1 /rives m ?an ! temp]ate man1 9 :om ^! ?+s are n vehem5t4 ,!re=e cont95ce is a great] virtue ?an temp]ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! w is a m excell5t p[] ?an ! concupiscible4 ,b cont95ce is 9 ! w1 :]eas temp]ance is 9 ! concupiscible1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e cont95ce is a great] virtue ?an temp]ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ed7 & ,&ronicus 99,de ,affectibus reckon cont95ce to be annex$ to temp]ance1 z to a pr9cipal virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 cont95ce has a tw(old signification4 ,9 "o way x d5otes cessation f all v5]eal pleasures2 & if cont95ce be tak5 9 ?is s5se1 x is great] ?an temp]ance consid]$ absolutely1 z may be ga!r$ f :at we said above 7,q4 #aeb1 ,a4 #e7 conc]n+ ! preem95ce ( virg9ity ov] *a/ity consid]$ absolutely4 ,9 ano!r way cont95ce may be tak5 z d5ot+ ! resi/ance ( ! reason to evil desires :5 !y are vehem5t 9 a man3 & 9 ?is s5se temp]ance is f> great] ?an cont95ce1 because ! good ( a virtue d]ives its praise f t :i* is 9 accord ) reason4 ,n[ ! good ( reason fl\ri%es m 9 ! temp]ate man ?an 9 ! cont95t man1 because 9 ! =m] ev5 ! s5sitive appetite is ob$i5t to reason1 be+ tam$ by reason s to speak1 :]eas 9 ! cont95t man ! s5sitive appetite /rongly resi/s reason by its evil desires4 ,h5ce cont95ce is comp>$ to temp]ance1 z ! imp]fect to ! p]fect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passage quot$ may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/ 9 ref]5ce to ! s5se 9 :i* cont95ce d5otes ab/95ce f all ?+s v5]eal3 & ?us x means t no price is wor?y ( a cont95t s\l1 9 ! g5us ( *a/ity2 s9ce n ev5 ! fruitfulness ( ! fle% :i* is ! purpose ( m>riage is equall$ to ! cont95ce ( virg9ity or ( wid[hood1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aeb1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e74 ,secondly x may be und]/ood 9 ref]5ce to ! g5]al s5se 9 :i* cont95ce d5otes any ab/95ce f ?+s unlawful3 & ?us x means t no price is wor?y ( a cont95t s\l1 because its value is n measur$ ) gold or silv]1 :i* are appreciable accord+ to weight4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! /r5g? or weakness ( concupisc5ce may proce$ f two causes4 ,= sometimes x is ow+ to a bodily cause3 because "s p by _! natural temp]am5t are m prone to concupisc5ce ?an o!rs2 & aga9 opportunities = pleasure :i* inflame ! concupisc5ce are ne>] to h& = "s p ?an = o!rs4 ,su* l weakness ( concupisc5ce dim9i%es m]it1 :]eas /r5g? ( concupisc5ce increases x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 weakness or /r5g? ( concupisc5ce arises f a praisewor?y spiritual cause1 = in/ance ! vehem5ce ( *>ity1 or ! /r5g? ( reason1 z 9 ! case ( a temp]ate man4 ,9 ?is way weakness ( concupisc5ce1 by reason ( its cause1 increases m]it1 :]eas /r5g? ( concupisc5ce dim9i%es x4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! w is m ak9 to ! reason ?an ! concupiscible p[] is4 ,:]e=e ! good ( reason--on acc\nt ( :i* virtue is prais$ by ! v fact t x rea*es n only to ! w b also to ! concupiscible p[]1 z happ5s 9 ! temp]ate man--is %[n to be great] ?an if x rea* only to ! w1 z 9 ! case ( "o :o is cont95t4 ,,"q #aef ,,( ,,incont95ce 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] incont95ce3 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r incont95ce p]ta9s to ! s\l or to ! body8 7#b7 ,:e!r incont95ce is a s98 7#c7 ,! comp>ison betwe5 incont95ce & intemp]ance2 7#d7 ,:i* is ! worse1 incont95ce 9 ang]1 or incont95ce 9 desire8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aef1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,incont95ce ,p]ta9s to ! ,s\l or to ! ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t incont95ce p]ta9s n to ! s\l b to ! body4 ,= sexual div]sity comes n f ! s\l b f ! body4 ,n[ sexual div]sity causes div]sity ( incont95ce3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #e7 t wom5 are n describ$ ei!r z cont95t or z incont95t4 ,!re=e incont95ce p]ta9s n to ! s\l b to ! body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* p]ta9s to ! s\l does n result f ! temp]am5t ( ! body4 ,b incont95ce results f ! bodily temp]am5t3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g7 t x is especially p ( a quick or *ol]ic & atrabili\s temp] ^: incont95ce is "o ( unbridl$ desire4 ,!re=e incont95ce reg>ds ! body4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 victory conc]ns ! victor r ?an ! vanqui%$4 ,n[ a man is said to be incont95t1 because ! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! _s1 & ov]comes x4 ,!re=e incont95ce p]ta9s to ! fle% r ?an to ! s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,man diff]s f bea/ *iefly z reg>ds ! s\l4 ,n[ !y diff] 9 respect ( cont95ce & incont95ce1 = we ascribe nei!r cont95ce nor incont95ce to ! bea/s1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vii1 #c74 ,!re=e incont95ce is *iefly on ! "p ( ! s\l4 ,i answ] t1 ,?+s are ascrib$ to _! direct causes r ?an to ^? :i* m]ely occasion !m4 ,n[ t :i* is on ! "p ( ! body is m]ely an occasional cause ( incont95ce2 s9ce x is ow+ to a bodily disposition t vehem5t passions c arise 9 ! s5sitive appetite :i* is a p[] ( ! organic body4 ,yet ^! passions1 h[ev] vehem5t !y be1 are n ! suffici5t cause ( incont95ce1 b are m]ely ! occasion !re(1 s9ce1 s long z ! use ( reason rema9s1 man is always able to resi/ 8 passions4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! passions ga9 su* /r5g? z to take away ! use ( reason altoge!r--z 9 ! case ( ^? :o become insane ?r\gh ! vehem5ce ( _! passions--! ess5tial conditions ( cont95ce or incont95ce cease1 because su* p d n reta9 ! judgm5t ( reason1 :i* ! cont95t man foll[s & ! incont95t =sakes4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! direct cause ( incont95ce is on ! "p ( ! s\l1 :i* fails to resi/ a passion by ! reason4 ,?is happ5s 9 two ways1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g73 fir/1 :5 ! s\l yields to ! passions1 be=e ! reason has giv5 its c\nsel2 & ?is is call$ unbridl$ incont95ce or impetuosity3 secondly1 :5 a man does n /& to :at has be5 c\nsell$1 ?r\gh hold+ weakly to reason's judgm5t2 :]e=e ?is k9d ( incont95ce is call$ weakness4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t incont95ce p]ta9s *iefly to ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! human s\l is ! =m ( ! body1 & has c]ta9 p[]s :i* make use ( bodily organs4 ,! op]ations ( ^! organs conduce some:at to ^? op]ations ( ! s\l :i* are accompli%$ )\t bodily in/rum5ts1 namely to ! acts ( ! intellect & ( ! w1 9 s f> z ! intellect receives f ! s5ses1 & ! w is urg$ by passions ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce woman1 z reg>ds ! body1 has a weak temp]am5t1 ! result is t = ! mo/ "p1 :atev] %e holds to1 %e holds to x weakly2 al?\gh 9 r>e cases ! opposite occurs1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ca3aj1 ,:o %all f9d a valiant woman8 ,& s9ce small & weak ?+s are acc\nt$ z ?\gh !y 7 n 99,ari/otle1 ,phys4 ii1 #e ! ,philosoph] speaks ( wom5 z ?\gh !y _h n ! firm judgm5t ( reason1 al?\gh ! contr>y happ5s 9 "s wom54 ,h5ce he /ates t we d n describe wom5 z be+ cont95t1 because !y are vacillat+ ?r\gh be+ un/able ( reason1 & are easily l$ s t !y foll[ _! passions readily4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is ow+ to ! impulse ( passion t a man at once foll[s 8 passion be=e 8 reason c\nsels him4 ,n[ ! impulse ( passion may arise ei!r f its quickness1 z 9 bili\s p]sons 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,a4 #e1 or f its vehem5ce1 z 9 ! melan*olic1 :o on acc\nt ( _! e>?y temp]am5t are mo/ vehem5tly ar\s$4 ,ev5 s1 on ! o!r h&1 a man fails to /& to t :i* is c\nsell$1 because he holds to x 9 weakly fa%ion by reason ( ! s(tness ( 8 temp]am5t1 z we h /at$ ) reg>d to woman 7ad #a74 ,?is is also ! case ) phlegmatic temp]am5ts1 = ! same reason z 9 wom54 ,& ^! results are due to ! fact t ! bodily temp]am5t is an occasional b n a suffici5t cause ( incont95ce1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! incont95t man concupisc5ce ( ! fle% ov]comes ! _s1 n necess>ily1 b ?r\gh a c]ta9 neglig5ce ( ! _s 9 n resi/+ /rongly4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aef1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,incont95ce ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t incont95ce is n a s94 ,= z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #ah73 ,no man s9s 9 :at he _c avoid4 ,n[ no man c by himself avoid incont95ce1 accord+ to ,wis4 #h3ba1 ,i "k ,vulg43 'knew' t ,i c\ld n 4 4 4 be cont95t1 except ,god gave x4 ,!re=e incont95ce is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 app>5tly e s9 orig9ates 9 ! reason4 ,b ! judgm5t ( reason is ov]come 9 ! incont95t man4 ,!re=e incont95ce is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o s9s 9 lov+ ,god vehem5tly4 ,n[ a man becomes incont95t ?r\gh ! vehem5ce ( div9e love3 = ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ,paul1 ?r\gh incont95ce ( div9e love1 exclaim$3 ,i live1 n[ n ,i 7,gal4 #b3bj74 ,!re=e incont95ce is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is numb]$ toge!r ) o!r s9s 7#b ,tim4 #c3c7 :]e x is writt53 ,sl&]]s1 incont95t1 unm]ciful1 etc4 ,!re=e incont95ce is a s94 ,i answ] t1 ,incont95ce ab\t a matt] may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/ x may be consid]$ prop]ly & simply3 & ?us incont95ce is ab\t concupisc5ces ( pleasures ( t\*1 ev5 z intemp]ance is1 z we h said 9 ref]5ce to cont95ce 7,q4 #aee1 ,a4 #b74 ,9 ?is way incont95ce is a s9 = two reasons3 fir/1 because ! incont95t man goes a/ray f t :i* is 9 accord ) reason2 secondly1 because he plunges into %ameful pleasures4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #d7 t incont95ce is c5surable n only because x is wrong--t is1 by /ray+ f reason--b also because x is wick$--t is1 by foll[+ evil desires4 ,secondly1 incont95ce ab\t a matt] is consid]$1 prop]ly--inasmu* z x is a /ray+ f reason--b n simply2 = in/ance :5 a man does n obs]ve ! mode ( reason 9 8 desire = honor1 ri*es1 & s =?1 :i* seem to be good 9 !mselves4 ,ab\t su* ?+s !re is incont95ce1 n simply b relatively1 ev5 z we h said above 9 ref]5ce to cont95ce 7,q4 #aee1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c74 ,9 ?is way incont95ce is a s91 n f ! fact t "o gives way to wick$ desires1 b because "o fails to obs]ve ! mode ( reason ev5 9 ! desire = ?+s t are ( !mselves desirable4 ,?irdly1 incont95ce is said to be ab\t a matt]1 n prop]ly1 b metaphorically1 = in/ance ab\t ! desires = ?+s ( :i* "o _c make an evil use1 su* z ! desire = virtue4 ,a man may be said to be incont95t 9 ^! matt]s metaphorically1 because j z ! incont95t man is entirely l$ by 8 evil desire1 ev5 s is a man entirely l$ by 8 good desire :i* is 9 accord ) reason4 ,su* l incont95ce is no s91 b p]ta9s to ! p]fection ( virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man c avoid s9 & d good1 yet n )\t ,god's help1 accord+ to ,john #ae3e3 ,)\t ,me y c d no?+4 ,:]e=e ! fact t man ne$s ,god's help 9 ord] to be cont95t1 does n %[ incont95ce to be no s91 =1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #c1 :at we c d by means ( a fri5d we d1 9 a way1 ourselves4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! judgm5t ( reason is ov]come 9 ! incont95t man1 n necess>ily1 = !n he w\ld commit no s91 b ?r\gh a c]ta9 neglig5ce on acc\nt ( 8 n /&+ firm 9 resi/+ ! passion by hold+ to ! judgm5t =m$ by 8 reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t takes incont95ce metaphorically & n prop]ly4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aef1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,incont95t ,man ,s9s ,m ,gravely ,?an ! ,intemp]ate8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! incont95t man s9s m gravely ?an ! intemp]ate4 ,=1 seem+ly1 ! m a man acts aga9/ 8 consci5ce1 ! m gravely he s9s1 accord+ to ,luke #ab3dg1 ,t s]vant :o knew ! w ( 8 "l 4 4 4 & did n 4 4 4 %all be beat5 ) _m /ripes4 ,n[ ! incont95t man w\ld seem to act aga9/ 8 consci5ce m ?an ! intemp]ate because1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 vii1 #c1 ! incont95t man1 ?\gh kn[+ h[ wick$ are ! ?+s he desires1 nev]!less acts ?r\gh passion1 :]eas ! intemp]ate man judges :at he desires to be good4 ,!re=e ! incont95t man s9s m gravely ?an ! intemp]ate4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 app>5tly1 ! grav] a s9 is1 ! m incurable x is3 :]e=e ! s9s aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 be+ mo/ grave1 are decl>$ to be unp>donable4 ,n[ ! s9 ( incont95ce w\ld appe> to be m incurable ?an ! s9 ( intemp]ance4 ,= a p]son's s9 is cur$ by admoni%m5t & correction1 :i* seem+ly are no good to ! incont95t man1 s9ce he kn[s he is do+ wrong1 & does wrong not)/&+3 :]eas x seems to ! intemp]ate man t he is do+ well1 s t x 7 good = him to be admoni%$4 ,!re=e x w\ld appe> t ! incont95t man s9s m gravely ?an ! intemp]ate4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m eag]ly man s9s1 ! m griev\s 8 s94 ,n[ ! incont95t s9s m eag]ly ?an ! intemp]ate1 s9ce ! incont95t man has vehem5t passions & desires1 :i* ! intemp]ate man does n always h4 ,!re=e ! incont95t man s9s m gravely ?an ! intemp]ate4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,imp5it5ce aggravates e s93 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 s]m4 xi1 #ab1 #ac7 t imp5it5ce is a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #h7 ! intemp]ate man is n incl9$ to be p5it5t1 = he holds on to 8 *oice3 b e incont95t man is incl9$ to rep5tance4 ,!re=e ! intemp]ate man s9s m gravely ?an ! incont95t4 ,i answ] t1 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 99,de ,duab4 ,anim4 x1 xi s9 is *iefly an act ( ! w1 because by ! w we s9 & live aright 99,retract4 i1 #i4 ,consequ5tly :]e !re is a great] incl9ation ( ! w to s91 !re is a grav] s94 ,n[ 9 ! intemp]ate man1 ! w is incl9$ to s9 9 virtue ( its own *oice1 :i* proce$s f a habit acquir$ ?r\gh cu/om3 :]eas 9 ! incont95t man1 ! w is incl9$ to s9 ?r\gh a passion4 ,& s9ce passion soon passes1 :]eas a habit is a disposition difficult to remove1 ! result is t ! incont95t man rep5ts at once1 z soon z ! passion has pass$2 b n s ! intemp]ate man2 9 fact he rejoices 9 hav+ s9n$1 because ! s9ful act has become connatural to him by reason ( 8 habit4 ,:]e=e 9 ref]5ce to su* p]sons x is writt5 7,prov4 #b3ad7 t !y are glad :5 !y h done evil1 & rejoice 9 mo/ wick$ ?+s4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! intemp]ate man is mu* worse ?an ! incont95t1 z also ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ignorance 9 ! intellect sometimes prec$es ! incl9ation ( ! appetite & causes x1 & !n ! great] ! ignorance1 ! m does x dim9i% or entirely excuse ! s91 9 s f> z x r5d]s x involunt>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ignorance 9 ! reason sometimes foll[s ! incl9ation ( ! appetite1 & !n su* l ignorance1 ! great] x is1 ! grav] ! s91 because ! incl9ation ( ! appetite is %[n !reby to be great]4 ,n[ 9 bo? ! incont95t & ! intemp]ate man1 ignorance arises f ! appetite be+ incl9$ to some?+1 ei!r by passion1 z 9 ! incont95t1 or by habit1 z 9 ! intemp]ate4 ,nev]!less great] ignorance results ?us 9 ! intemp]ate ?an 9 ! incont95t4 ,9 "o respect z reg>ds duration1 s9ce 9 ! incont95t man ?is ignorance la/s only :ile ! passion endures1 j z an attack ( int]mitt5t fev] la/s z long z ! humor is di/urb$3 :]eas ! ignorance ( ! intemp]ate man endures )\t ceas+1 on acc\nt ( ! endurance ( ! habit1 :]e=e x is lik5$ to ph?isis or any *ronic disease1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #h74 ,9 ano!r respect ! ignorance ( ! intemp]ate man is great] z reg>ds ! ?+ ignor$4 ,= ! ignorance ( ! incont95t man reg>ds "s p>ticul> detail ( *oice 79 s f> z he deems t he mu/ *oose ?is p>ticul> ?+ n[73 :]eas ! intemp]ate man's ignorance is ab\t ! end itself1 inasmu* z he judges ?is ?+ good1 9 ord] t he may foll[ 8 desires )\t be+ curb$4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g1 #h7 t ! incont95t man is bett] ?an ! intemp]ate1 because he reta9s ! be/ pr9ciple 99,to belti/on1 e ar*e1 '! be/ ?+1 i4e4 ! pr9ciple'1 to wit1 ! "r e/imate ( ! end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,m]e k does n suffice to cure ! incont95t man1 = he ne$s ! inw>d assi/ance ( grace :i* qu5*es concupisc5ce1 besides ! application ( ! ext]nal rem$y ( admoni%m5t & correction1 :i* induce him to beg9 to resi/ 8 desires1 s t concupisc5ce is weak5$1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #adb1 ,a4 #b74 ,by ^! same means ! intemp]ate man c be cur$4 ,b 8 cur+ is m difficult1 = two reasons4 ,! fir/ is on ! "p ( reason1 :i* is corrupt z reg>ds ! e/imate ( ! la/ end1 :i* holds ! same position z ! pr9ciple 9 demon/rations4 ,n[ x is m difficult to br+ back to ! tru? "o :o errs z to ! pr9ciple2 & x is ! same 9 practical matt]s ) "o :o errs 9 reg>d to ! end4 ,! o!r reason is on ! "p ( ! incl9ation ( ! appetite3 = 9 ! intemp]ate man ?is proce$s f a habit1 :i* is difficult to remove1 :]eas ! incl9ation ( ! incont95t man proce$s f a passion1 :i* is m easily suppress$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! eag]ness ( ! w1 :i* increases a s91 is great] 9 ! intemp]ate man ?an 9 ! incont95t1 z expla9$ above4 ,b ! eag]ness ( concupisc5ce 9 ! s5sitive appetite is sometimes great] 9 ! incont95t man1 because he does n s9 except ?r\gh vehem5t concupisc5ce1 :]eas ! intemp]ate man s9s ev5 ?r\gh slight concupisc5ce & sometimes =e/alls x4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g7 t we blame m ! intemp]ate man1 because he pursues pleasure )\t desir+ x or ) calm1 i4e4 slight desire4 ,= :at w\ld he h done if he _h desir$ x ) passion8 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aef1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,incont95t 9 ,ang] ,is ,worse ,?an ! ,incont95t 9 ,desire8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! incont95t 9 ang] is worse ?an ! incont95t 9 desire4 ,= ! m difficult x is to resi/ ! passion1 ! less griev\s1 app>5tly is incont95ce3 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g73 ,x is n wond]ful1 inde$ x is p>donable if a p]son is ov]come by /rong & ov]:elm+ pleasures or pa9s4 ,n[1 z ,h]aclitus says1 x is m difficult to resi/ desire ?an ang] 99,e?ic4 ii4 #c4 ,!re=e incont95ce ( desire is less griev\s ?an incont95ce ( ang]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "o is altoge!r excus$ f s9 if ! passion be s vehem5t z to deprive "o ( ! judgm5t ( reason1 z 9 ! case ( "o :o becomes dem5t$ ?r\gh passion4 ,n[ he t is incont95t 9 ang] reta9s m ( ! judgm5t ( reason1 ?an "o :o is incont95t 9 desire3 s9ce ang] li/5s to reason some:at1 b desire does n z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f74 ,!re=e ! incont95t 9 ang] is worse ?an ! incont95t 9 desire4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m dang]\s a s9 ! m griev\s x is4 ,n[ incont95ce ( ang] w\ld seem to be m dang]\s1 s9ce x leads a man to a great] s91 namely murd]1 = ?is is a m griev\s s9 ?an adult]y1 to :i* incont95ce ( desire leads4 ,!re=e incont95ce ( ang] is grav] ?an incont95ce ( desire4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 t incont95ce ( ang] is less disgraceful ?an incont95ce ( desire4 ,i answ] t1 ,! s9 ( incont95ce may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! passion :i* occasions ! d[nfall ( reason4 ,9 ?is way incont95ce ( desire is worse ?an incont95ce ( ang]1 because ! movem5t ( desire is m inord9ate ?an ! movem5t ( ang]4 ,!re are f\r reasons = ?is1 & ! ,philosoph] indicates !m1 ,e?ic4 vii1 #f3 ,fir/1 because ! movem5t ( ang] p>takes some:at ( reason1 s9ce ! angry man t5ds to av5ge ! injury done to him1 & reason dictates ?is 9 a c]ta9 degree4 ,yet he does n t5d !reto p]fectly1 because he does n int5d ! due mode ( v5geance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! movem5t ( desire is altoge!r 9 accord ) s5se & n[ise 9 accord ) reason4 ,secondly1 because ! movem5t ( ang] results m f ! bodily temp]am5t ow+ to ! quickness ( ! movem5t ( ! bile :i* t5ds to ang]4 ,h5ce "o :o by bodily temp]am5t is dispos$ to ang] is m readily angry ?an "o :o is dispos$ to concupisc5ce is liable to be concupisc5t3 :]e=e also x happ5s m (t5 t ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o are dispos$ to ang] are !mselves dispos$ to ang]1 ?an t ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o are dispos$ to concupisc5ce are also dispos$ to concupisc5ce4 ,n[ t :i* results f ! natural disposition ( ! body is deem$ m des]v+ ( p>don4 ,?irdly1 because ang] seeks to "w op5ly1 :]eas concupisc5ce is fa9 to disguise itself & creeps 9 by /eal?4 ,f\r?ly1 because he :o is subject to concupisc5ce works ) pleasure1 :]eas ! angry man works z ?\gh =c$ by a c]ta9 previ\s displeasure4 ,secondly1 ! s9 ( incont95ce may be consid]$ ) reg>d to ! evil into :i* "o falls ?r\gh =sak+ reason2 & ?us incont95ce ( ang] is1 = ! mo/ "p1 m griev\s1 because x leads to ?+s t are h>mful to "o's neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is m difficult to resi/ pleasure p]sev]+ly ?an ang]1 because concupisc5ce is endur+4 ,b = ! mom5t x is m difficult to resi/ ang]1 on acc\nt ( its impetu\sness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,concupisc5ce is /at$ to be )\t reason1 n z ?\gh x de/roy$ altoge!r ! judgm5t ( reason1 b because n[ise does x foll[ ! judgm5t ( reason3 & = ?is reason x is m disgraceful4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s incont95ce ) reg>d to its result4 ,,"q #aeg ,,( ,,clem5cy ,,& ,,meekness 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] clem5cy & meekness1 & ! contr>y vices4 ,conc]n+ ! virtues !mselves !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r clem5cy & meekness are altoge!r id5tical8 7#b7 ,:e!r ea* ( !m is a virtue8 7#c7 ,:e!r ea* is a "p ( temp]ance8 7#d7 ,( _! comp>ison ) ! o!r virtues4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,clem5cy & ,meekness ,are ,absolutely ! ,same8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t clem5cy & meekness are absolutely ! same4 ,= meekness mod]ates ang]1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #e74 ,n[ ang] is desire ( v5geance 99,ari/otle1 ,rhet4 ii1 #b4 ,s9ce1 !n1 clem5cy is l5i5cy ( a sup]ior 9 inflict+ puni%m5t on an inf]ior1 z ,s5eca /ates 7,de ,clem5tia ii1 #c71 & v5geance is tak5 by means ( puni%m5t1 x w\ld seem t clem5cy & meekness are ! same4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ed7 t clem5cy is a virtue :]eby ! m9d is re/ra9$ by k9dness :5 unreasonably provok$ to hatr$ ( a p]son1 s t app>5tly clem5cy mod]ates hatr$4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 99,ep4 ccxi1 hatr$ is caus$ by ang]2 & ?is is ! matt] ( meekness & clem5cy4 ,!re=e seem+ly clem5cy & meekness are absolutely ! same4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same vice is n oppos$ to diff]5t virtues4 ,b ! same vice1 namely cruelty1 is oppos$ to meekness & clem5cy4 ,!re=e x seems t meekness & clem5cy are absolutely ! same4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,accord+ to ! a=esaid def9ition ( ,s5eca 7,obj4 #a7 clem5cy is l5i5cy ( a sup]ior t[>ds an inf]ior3 :]eas meekness is n m]ely ( sup]ior to inf]ior1 b ( ea* to ev]yone4 ,!re=e meekness & clem5cy are n absolutely ! same4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #c1 a moral virtue is ab\t passions & actions4 ,n[ int]nal passions are pr9ciples ( ext]nal actions1 & are likewise ob/acles !reto4 ,:]e=e virtues t mod]ate passions1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 concur t[>ds ! same effect z virtues t mod]ate actions1 al?\gh !y diff] specifically4 ,?us x belongs prop]ly to ju/ice to re/ra9 man f !ft1 :]eunto he is incl9$ by immod]ate love or desire ( money1 :i* is re/ra9$ by lib]ality2 s t lib]ality concurs ) ju/ice t[>ds ! effect1 :i* is ab/5tion f !ft4 ,?is applies to ! case 9 po9t2 because ?r\gh ! passion ( ang] a man is provok$ to inflict a too sev]e puni%m5t1 :ile x belongs directly to clem5cy to mitigate puni%m5t1 & ?is might be prev5t$ by excessive ang]4 ,consequ5tly meekness1 9 s f> z x re/ra9s ! onslaught ( ang]1 concurs ) clem5cy t[>ds ! same effect2 yet !y diff] f "o ano!r1 inasmu* z clem5cy mod]ates ext]nal puni%m5t1 :ile meekness prop]ly mitigates ! passion ( ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,meekness reg>ds prop]ly ! desire itself ( v5geance2 :]eas clem5cy reg>ds ! puni%m5t itself :i* is appli$ ext]nally = ! purpose ( v5geance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man's affections incl9e to ! mod]ation ( ?+s t are unpleasant to him 9 !mselves4 ,n[ x results f "o man lov+ ano!r t he takes no pleasure 9 ! latt]'s puni%m5t 9 itself1 b only z direct$ to some?+ else1 = in/ance ju/ice1 or ! correction ( ! p]son puni%$4 ,h5ce love makes "o quick to mitigate puni%m5t--& ?is p]ta9s to clem5cy--:ile hatr$ is an ob/acle to su* mitigation4 ,= ?is reason ,tully says t ! m9d provok$ to hatr$ t is to puni% too sev]ely1 is re/ra9$ by clem5cy1 f inflict+ too sev]e a puni%m5t1 s t clem5cy directly mod]ates n hatr$ b puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! vice ( ang]1 :i* d5otes excess 9 ! passion ( ang]1 is prop]ly oppos$ to meekness1 :i* is directly conc]n$ ) ! passion ( ang]2 :ile cruelty d5otes excess 9 puni%+4 ,:]e=e ,s5eca says 7,de ,clem5tia ii1 #d7 t ^? are call$ cruel :o h reason = puni%+1 b lack mod]ation 9 puni%+4 ,^? :o delight 9 a man's puni%m5t = its own sake may be call$ savage or brutal1 z ?\gh lack+ ! human feel+ t leads "o man to love ano!r4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,bo? ,clem5cy & ,meekness ,are ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t nei!r clem5cy nor meekness is a virtue4 ,= no virtue is oppos$ to ano!r virtue4 ,yet bo? ( ^! are app>5tly oppos$ to sev]ity1 :i* is a virtue4 ,!re=e nei!r clem5cy nor meekness is a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,virtue is de/roy$ by excess & defect 99,e?ic4 ii1 #b4 ,b bo? clem5cy & meekness consi/ 9 a c]ta9 decrease2 = clem5cy decreases puni%m5t1 & meekness decreases ang]4 ,!re=e nei!r clem5cy nor meekness is a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 meekness or mildness is includ$ 7,matt4 #e3d7 among ! beatitudes1 & 7,gal4 #e3bc7 among ! fruits4 ,n[ ! virtues diff] f ! beatitudes & fruits4 ,!re=e !y are n compris$ "u virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s5eca says 7,de ,clem5tia ii1 #e73 ,e good man is conspicu\s = 8 clem5cy & meekness4 ,n[ x is virtue prop]ly t belongs to a good man1 s9ce virtue x is t makes its possessor good1 & r5d]s 8 works good also 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f74 ,!re=e clem5cy & meekness are virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,! nature ( moral virtue consi/s 9 ! subjection ( appetite to reason1 z ! ,philosoph] decl>es 7,e?ic4 i1 #ac74 ,n[ ?is is v]ifi$ bo? 9 clem5cy & 9 meekness4 ,= clem5cy1 9 mitigat+ puni%m5t1 is guid$ by reason1 accord+ to ,s5eca 7,de ,clem5tia ii1 #e71 & meekness1 likewise1 mod]ates ang] accord+ to "r reason1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #e4 ,:]e=e x is manife/ t bo? clem5cy & meekness are virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,meekness is n directly oppos$ to sev]ity2 = meekness is ab\t ang]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sev]ity reg>ds ! ext]nal infliction ( puni%m5t1 s t accord+ly x w\ld seem r to be oppos$ to clem5cy1 :i* also reg>ds ext]nal puni%+1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,yet !y are n really oppos$ to "o ano!r1 s9ce !y are bo? accord+ to "r reason4 ,= sev]ity is inflexible 9 ! infliction ( puni%m5t :5 "r reason requires x2 :ile clem5cy mitigates puni%m5t also accord+ to "r reason1 :5 & :]e ?is is requisite4 ,:]e=e !y are n oppos$ to "o ano!r z !y are n ab\t ! same ?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #e71 ! habit t obs]ves ! mean 9 ang] is unnam$2 s t ! virtue is d5om9at$ f ! dim9ution ( ang]1 & is designat$ by ! "n ( meekness4 ,= ! virtue is m ak9 to dim9ution ?an to excess1 because x is m natural to man to desire v5geance = injuries done to him1 ?an to be lack+ 9 t desire1 s9ce sc>cely anyone belittles an injury done to himself1 z ,sallu/ obs]ves 99,cf4 ,q4 #abj4 ,z to clem5cy1 x mitigates puni%m5t1 n 9 respect ( t :i* is accord+ to "r reason1 b z reg>ds t :i* is accord+ to common law1 :i* is ! object ( legal ju/ice3 yet on acc\nt ( "s p>ticul> consid]ation1 x mitigates ! puni%m5t1 decid+1 z x 71 t a man is n to be puni%$ any fur!r4 ,h5ce ,s5eca says 7,de ,clem5tia ii1 #a73 ,clem5cy grants ?is1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ^? :om %e sets free are decl>$ immune f all fur!r puni%m5t2 & remission ( puni%m5t due am\nts to a p>don4 ,:]e=e x is cle> t clem5cy is relat$ to sev]ity z equity ! ,greek epieikeia 99,cf4 ,q4 #abj to legal ju/ice1 :]e( sev]ity is a "p1 z reg>ds ! infliction ( puni%m5t 9 accordance ) ! law4 ,yet clem5cy diff]s f equity1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,a4 #c1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! beatitudes are acts ( virtue3 :ile ! fruits are delights 9 virtu\s acts4 ,:]e=e no?+ h9d]s meekness be+ reckon$ bo? virtue1 & beatitude & fruit4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,a=esaid ,virtues ,are ,p>ts ( ,temp]ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! a=esaid virtues are n p>ts ( temp]ance4 ,= clem5cy mitigates puni%m5t1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,b ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #aj7 ascribes ?is to equity1 :i* p]ta9s to ju/ice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abj1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e seem+ly clem5cy is n a "p ( temp]ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 temp]ance is conc]n$ ) concupisc5ces2 :]eas meekness & clem5cy reg>d1 n concupisc5ces1 b ang] & v5geance4 ,!re=e !y %\ld n be reckon$ p>ts ( temp]ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,s5eca says 7,de ,clem5tia ii1 #d73 ,a man may be said to be ( uns\nd m9d :5 he takes pleasure 9 cruelty4 ,n[ ?is is oppos$ to clem5cy & meekness4 ,s9ce !n an uns\nd m9d is oppos$ to prud5ce1 x seems t clem5cy & meekness are p>ts ( prud5ce r ?an ( temp]ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s5eca says 7,de ,clem5tia ii1 #c7 t clem5cy is temp]ance ( ! s\l 9 ex]cis+ ! p[] ( tak+ rev5ge4 ,tully also 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ed7 reckons clem5cy a "p ( temp]ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,p>ts are assign$ to ! pr9cipal virtues1 9 s f> z !y imitate !m 9 "s second>y matt] z to ! mode :5ce ! virtue d]ives its praise & likewise its "n4 ,?us ! mode & "n ( ju/ice consi/ 9 a c]ta9 equality1 ^? ( =titude 9 a c]ta9 /r5g? ( m9d1 ^? ( temp]ance 9 a c]ta9 re/ra9t1 inasmu* z x re/ra9s ! mo/ vehem5t concupisc5ces ( ! pleasures ( t\*4 ,n[ clem5cy & meekness likewise consi/ 9 a c]ta9 re/ra9t1 s9ce clem5cy mitigates puni%m5t1 :ile meekness represses ang]1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,!re=e bo? clem5cy & meekness are annex$ to temp]ance z pr9cipal virtue1 & accord+ly are reckon$ to be p>ts !re(4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,two po9ts mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! mitigation ( puni%m5t4 ,"o is t puni%m5t %\ld be mitigat$ 9 accordance ) ! lawgiv]'s int5tion1 al?\gh n accord+ to ! lett] ( ! law2 & 9 ?is respect x p]ta9s to equity4 ,! o!r po9t is a c]ta9 mod]ation ( a man's inw>d disposition1 s t he does n ex]cise 8 p[] ( inflict+ puni%m5t4 ,?is belongs prop]ly to clem5cy1 :]e=e ,s5eca says 7,de ,clem5tia ii1 #c7 t x is temp]ance ( ! s\l 9 ex]cis+ ! p[] ( tak+ rev5ge4 ,?is mod]ation ( s\l comes f a c]ta9 sweetness ( disposition1 :]eby a man recoils f any?+ t may be pa9ful to ano!r4 ,:]e=e ,s5eca says 7,de ,clem5tia ii1 #c7 t clem5cy is a c]ta9 smoo?ness ( ! s\l2 =1 on ! o!r h&1 !re w\ld seem to be a c]ta9 r\ghness ( s\l 9 "o :o fe>s n to pa9 o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! annexation ( second>y to pr9cipal virtues dep5ds on ! mode ( virtue1 :i* is1 s to speak1 a k9d ( =m ( ! virtue1 r ?an on ! matt]4 ,n[ meekness & clem5cy agree ) temp]ance 9 mode1 z /at$ above1 ?\gh !y agree n 9 matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,uns\ndness is corruption ( s\ndness4 ,n[ j z s\ndness ( body is corrupt$ by ! body laps+ f ! condition due to ! human species1 s uns\ndness ( m9d is due to ! m9d laps+ f ! disposition due to ! human species4 ,?is occurs bo? 9 respect ( ! reason1 z :5 a man loses ! use ( reason1 & 9 respect ( ! appetitive p[]1 z :5 a man loses t humane feel+ :]eby e man is naturally fri5dly t[>ds all o!r m5 7,e?ic4 viii1 #a74 ,! uns\ndness ( m9d t excludes ! use ( reason is oppos$ to prud5ce4 ,b t a man :o takes pleasure 9 ! puni%m5t ( o!rs is said to be ( uns\nd m9d1 is because he seems on ?is acc\nt to be devoid ( ! humane feel+ :i* gives rise to clem5cy4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,clem5cy & ,meekness ,are ! ,greate/ ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t clem5cy & meekness are ! greate/ virtues4 ,= virtue is des]v+ ( praise *iefly because x directs man to happ9ess t consi/s 9 ! k ( ,god4 ,n[ meekness above all directs man to ! k ( ,god3 = x is writt5 7,james #a3ba73 ,) meekness receive ! +raft$ ^w1 & 7,ecclus4 #e3ac73 ,be meek to he> ! ^w ( ,god4 ,aga91 ,dionysius says 7,ep4 viii ad ,demophil47 t ,moses 0 deem$ wor?y ( ! ,div9e app>ition on acc\nt ( 8 great meekness4 ,!re=e meekness is ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly a virtue is all ! great] accord+ z x is m acceptable to ,god & m54 ,n[ meekness w\ld appe> to be mo/ acceptable to ,god4 ,= x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #a3cd1 #ce73 ,t :i* is agreeable to ,god is fai? & meekness2 :]e=e ,*ri/ expressly invites u to be meek l unto ,himself 7,matt4 #aa3bi71 :]e ,he says3 ,le>n ( ,me1 because ,i am meek & humble ( he>t2 & ,hil>y decl>es 99,comm5t4 9 ,mat?4 iv1 #c t ,*ri/ dwells 9 u by our meekness ( s\l4 ,aga91 x is mo/ acceptable to m52 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #c3ai73 ,my son1 d ?y works 9 meekness1 & ?\ %alt be belov$ above ! glory ( m53 = :i* reason x is also decl>$ 7,prov4 #bj3bh7 t ! ,k+'s ?rone is /r5g!n$ by clem5cy4 ,!re=e meekness & clem5cy are ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #b7 t ! meek are !y :o yield to reproa*es1 & resi/ n evil1 b ov]come evil by good4 ,n[ ?is seems to p]ta9 to m]cy or piety :i* w\ld seem to be ! greate/ ( virtues3 because a gloss ( ,ambrose 99,hil>y ! deacon on #a ,tim4 #d3h1 ,piety ,d\ay3 ',godl9ess' is pr(itable to all ?+s1 obs]ves t piety is ! sum total ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,!re=e meekness & clem5cy are ! greate/ virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,!y are n reckon$ z pr9cipal virtues1 b are annex$ to ano!r1 z to a pr9cipal1 virtue4 ,i answ] t1 ,no?+ prev5ts c]ta9 virtues f be+ greate/1 n inde$ simply1 nor 9 e respect1 b 9 a p>ticul> g5us4 ,x is impossible = clem5cy or meekness to be absolutely ! greate/ virtues1 s9ce !y owe _! praise to ! fact t !y )draw a man f evil1 by mitigat+ ang] or puni%m5t4 ,n[ x is m p]fect to obta9 good ?an to lack evil4 ,:]e=e ^? virtues l fai?1 hope1 *>ity1 & likewise prud5ce & ju/ice1 :i* direct "o to good simply1 are absolutely great] virtues ?an clem5cy & meekness4 ,yet no?+ prev5ts clem5cy & meekness f hav+ a c]ta9 re/rict$ excell5ce among ! virtues :i* resi/ evil incl9ations4 ,= ang]1 :i* is mitigat$ by meekness1 is1 on acc\nt ( its impetu\sness1 a v great ob/acle to man's free judgm5t ( tru?3 :]e=e meekness above all makes a man self-possess$4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #aj3ca73 ,my son1 keep ?y s\l 9 meekness4 ,yet ! concupisc5ces ( ! pleasures ( t\* are m %ameful1 & h>ass m incessantly1 = :i* reason temp]ance is m rightly reckon$ z a pr9cipal virtue4 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #g1 ad #b74 ,z to clem5cy1 inasmu* z x mitigates puni%m5t1 x w\ld seem to approa* ne>e/ to *>ity1 ! greate/ ( ! virtues1 s9ce !reby we d good t[>ds our neighbor1 & h9d] 8 evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,meekness disposes man to ! k ( ,god1 by remov+ an ob/acle2 & ?is 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because x makes man self-possess$ by mitigat+ 8 ang]1 z /at$ above2 secondly1 because x p]ta9s to meekness t a man does n contradict ! words ( tru?1 :i* _m d ?r\gh be+ di/urb$ by ang]4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #g73 ,to be meek is n to contradict ,holy ,writ1 :e!r we und]/& x1 if x condemn our evil ways1 or und]/& x n1 z ?\gh we might "k bett] & h a cle>] insight ( ! tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,meekness & clem5cy make u acceptable to ,god & m51 9 s f> z !y concur ) *>ity1 ! greate/ ( ! virtues1 t[>ds ! same effect1 namely ! mitigation ( our neighbor's evils4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,m]cy & piety agree inde$ ) meekness & clem5cy by concurr+ t[>ds ! same effect1 namely ! mitigation ( our neighbor's evils4 ,nev]!less !y diff] z to motive4 ,= piety relieves a neighbor's evil ?r\gh rev]5ce = a sup]ior1 = in/ance ,god or "o's p>5ts3 m]cy relieves a neighbor's evil1 because ?is evil is displeas+ to "o1 9 s f> z "o looks ^u x z affect+ oneself1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #b73 & ?is results f fri5d%ip :i* makes fri5ds rejoice & grieve = ! same ?+s3 meekness does ?is1 by remov+ ang] t urges to v5geance1 & clem5cy does ?is ?r\gh l5i5cy ( s\l1 9 s f> z x judges equitable t a p]son be no fur!r puni%$4 ,,"q #aeh ,,( ,,ang] 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! contr>y vices3 7#a7 ,ang] t is oppos$ to meekness2 7#b7 ,cruelty t is oppos$ to clem5cy4 ,conc]n+ ang] !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is lawful to be angry8 7#b7 ,:e!r ang] is a s98 7#c7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#d7 ,:e!r x is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s8 7#e7 ,( its species2 7#f7 ,:e!r ang] is a capital vice8 7#g7 ,( its daught]s2 7#h7 ,:e!r x has a contr>y vice8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,be ,angry8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x _c be lawful to be angry4 ,= ,j]ome 9 8 exposition on ,matt4 #e3bb1 ,:osoev] is angry ) 8 bro!r1 etc4 says3 ,"s codices add ')\t cause4' ,h[ev]1 9 ! g5u9e codices ! s5t5ce is unqualifi$1 & ang] is =bidd5 altoge!r4 ,!re=e x is n[ise lawful to be angry4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 ,! s\l's evil is to be )\t reason4 ,n[ ang] is always )\t reason3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 t ang] does n li/5 p]fectly to reason2 & ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #de7 t :5 ang] sund]s ! tranquil surface ( ! s\l1 x mangles & r5ds x by its riot2 & ,cassian says 7,de ,in/4 ,ca5ob4 viii1 #f73 ,f :atev] cause x arises1 ! angry passion boils ov] & bl9ds ! eye ( ! m9d4 ,!re=e x is always evil to be angry4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ang] is desire = v5geance 99,ari/otle1 ,rhet4 ii1 #b accord+ to a gloss on ,lev4 #ai3ag1 ,?\ %alt n hate ?y bro!r 9 ?y he>t4 ,n[ x w\ld seem unlawful to desire v5geance1 s9ce ?is %\ld be left to ,god1 accord+ to ,deut4 #cb3ce1 ,rev5ge is ,m9e4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t to be angry is always an evil4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 all t makes u dep>t f lik5ess to ,god is evil4 ,n[ ang] always makes u dep>t f lik5ess to ,god1 s9ce ,god judges ) tranquillity accord+ to ,wis4 #ab3ah4 ,!re=e to be angry is always an evil4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xi 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om says3 ,he t is angry )\t cause1 %all be 9 dang]2 b he t is angry ) cause1 %all n be 9 dang]3 = )\t ang]1 tea*+ w be useless1 judgm5ts un/able1 crimes un*eck$4 ,!re=e to be angry is n always an evil4 ,i answ] t1 ,prop]ly speak+ ang] is a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite1 & gives its "n to ! irascible p[]1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,a4 #a7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! passions ( ! s\l1 x is to be obs]v$ t evil may be f\nd 9 !m 9 two ways4 ,fir/ by reason ( ! passion's v species1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! passion's object4 ,?us envy1 9 respect ( its species1 d5otes an evil1 s9ce x is displeasure at ano!r's good1 & su* displeasure is 9 itself contr>y to reason3 :]e=e1 z ! ,philosoph] rem>ks 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f71 ! v m5tion ( envy d5otes some?+ evil4 ,n[ ?is does n apply to ang]1 :i* is ! desire = rev5ge1 s9ce rev5ge may be desir$ bo? well & ill4 ,secondly1 evil is f\nd 9 a passion 9 respect ( ! passion's quantity1 t is 9 respect ( its excess or defici5cy2 & ?us evil may be f\nd 9 ang]1 :51 to wit1 "o is angry1 m or less ?an "r reason dem&s4 ,b if "o is angry 9 accordance ) "r reason1 "o's ang] is des]v+ ( praise4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,/oics designat$ ang] & all ! o!r passions z emotions oppos$ to ! ord] ( reason2 & accord+ly !y deem$ ang] & all o!r passions to be evil1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #b7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,j]ome consid]s ang]2 = he speaks ( ! ang] :]eby "o is angry ) "o's neighbor1 ) ! int5t ( do+ him a wrong4--,b1 accord+ to ! ,p]ipatetics1 to ^: op9ion ,augu/9e incl9es 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ix1 #d71 ang] & ! o!r passions ( ! s\l are movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 :e!r !y be mod]at$ or n1 accord+ to reason3 & 9 ?is s5se ang] is n always evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ang] may /& 9 a tw(old relation to reason4 ,fir/1 antec$5tly2 9 ?is way x )draws reason f its rectitude1 & has !re=e ! "* ( evil4 ,secondly1 consequ5tly1 inasmu* z ! movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite is direct$ aga9/ vice & 9 accordance ) reason1 ?is ang] is good1 & is call$ zeal\s ang]4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #de73 ,we mu/ bew>e le/1 :5 we use ang] z an in/rum5t ( virtue1 x ov]rule ! m9d1 & g be=e x z its mi/ress1 in/ead ( foll[+ 9 reason's tra91 ev] ready1 z its h&maid1 to obey4 ,?is latt] ang]1 al?\gh x h9d] some:at ! judgm5t ( reason 9 ! execution ( ! act1 does n de/roy ! rectitude ( reason4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #de7 t zeal\s ang] tr\bles ! eye ( reason1 :]eas s9ful ang] bl9ds x4 ,nor is x incompatible ) virtue t ! delib]ation ( reason be int]rupt$ 9 ! execution ( :at reason has delib]at$3 s9ce art also w\ld be h9d]$ 9 its act1 if x 7 to delib]ate ab\t :at has to be done1 :ile hav+ to act4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is unlawful to desire v5geance consid]$ z evil to ! man :o is to be puni%$1 b x is praisewor?y to desire v5geance z a corrective ( vice & = ! good ( ju/ice2 & to ?is ! s5sitive appetite c t5d1 9 s f> z x is mov$ !reto by ! reason3 & :5 rev5ge is tak5 9 accordance ) ! ord] ( judgm5t1 x is ,god's "w1 s9ce he :o has p[] to puni% is ,god's m9i/]1 z /at$ 9 ,rom4 #ac3d4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,we c & ought to be l to ,god 9 ! desire = good2 b we _c be altoge!r lik5$ to ,him 9 ! mode ( our desire1 s9ce 9 ,god !re is no s5sitive appetite1 z 9 u1 ! movem5t ( :i* has to obey reason4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #de7 t ang] is m firmly erect 9 )/&+ vice1 :5 x b[s to ! comm& ( reason4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,ang] ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ang] is n a s94 ,= we dem]it by s9n+4 ,b we d n dem]it by ! passions1 ev5 z nei!r d we incur blame !reby1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #e4 ,consequ5tly no passion is a s94 ,n[ ang] is a passion z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,a4 #a7 9 ! treatise on ! passions4 ,!re=e ang] is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 e s9 !re is conv]sion to "s mutable good4 ,b 9 ang] !re is conv]sion n to a mutable good1 b to a p]son's evil4 ,!re=e ang] is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,no man s9s 9 :at he _c avoid1 z ,augu/9e ass]ts 99,de ,lib4 ,arb4 iii1 #ah4 ,b man _c avoid ang]1 = a gloss on ,ps4 #d3e1 ,be ye angry & s9 n1 says3 ,! movem5t ( ang] is n 9 our p[]4 ,aga91 ! ,philosoph] ass]ts 7,e?ic4 vii1 #f7 t ! angry man acts ) displeasure4 ,n[ displeasure is contr>y to ! w4 ,!re=e ang] is n a s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 s9 is contr>y to nature1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 99,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #d1 #cj4 ,b x is n contr>y to man's nature to be angry1 & x is ! natural act ( a p[]1 namely ! irascible2 :]e=e ,j]ome says 9 a lett] 99,ep4 xii ad ,anton4 ,mona*4 t to be angry is ! prop]ty ( man4 ,!re=e x is n a s9 to be angry4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #d3ca73 ,let all indignation & ang] 99,vulg43 ',ang] & indignation' 4 4 4 be put away f y4 ,i answ] t1 ,ang]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 is prop]ly ! "n ( a passion4 ,a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite is good 9 s f> z x is regulat$ by reason1 :]eas x is evil if x set ! ord] ( reason aside4 ,n[ ! ord] ( reason1 9 reg>d to ang]1 may be consid]$ 9 relation to two ?+s4 ,fir/1 9 relation to ! appetible object to :i* ang] t5ds1 & t is rev5ge4 ,:]e=e if "o desire rev5ge to be tak5 9 accordance ) ! ord] ( reason1 ! desire ( ang] is praisewor?y1 & is call$ zeal\s ang] 99,cf4 ,greg41 ,moral4 v1 #de4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "o desire ! tak+ ( v5geance 9 any way :atev] contr>y to ! ord] ( reason1 = in/ance if he desire ! puni%m5t ( "o :o has n des]v$ x1 or beyond 8 des]ts1 or aga9 contr>y to ! ord] prescrib$ by law1 or n = ! due end1 namely ! ma9ta9+ ( ju/ice & ! correction ( defaults1 !n ! desire ( ang] w be s9ful1 & ?is is call$ s9ful ang]4 ,secondly1 ! ord] ( reason 9 reg>d to ang] may be consid]$ 9 relation to ! mode ( be+ angry1 namely t ! movem5t ( ang] %\ld n be immod]ately fi]ce1 nei!r int]nally nor ext]nally2 & if ?is condition be disreg>d$1 ang] w n lack s91 ev5 ?\gh j v5geance be desir$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s9ce passion may be ei!r regulat$ or n regulat$ by reason1 x foll[s t a passion consid]$ absolutely does n include ! notion ( m]it or dem]it1 ( praise or blame4 ,b z regulat$ by reason1 x may be some?+ m]itori\s & des]v+ ( praise2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 z n regulat$ by reason1 x may be dem]itori\s & blamewor?y4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #e7 t x is he :o is angry 9 a c]ta9 way1 t is prais$ or blam$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! angry man desires ! evil ( ano!r1 n = its own sake b = ! sake ( rev5ge1 t[>ds :i* 8 appetite turns z to a mutable good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,man is ma/] ( 8 actions ?r\gh ! judgm5t ( 8 reason1 :]e=e z to ! movem5ts t =e/all t judgm5t1 x is n 9 man's p[] to prev5t !m z a :ole1 i4e4 s t none ( !m arise1 al?\gh 8 reason is able to *eck ea* "o1 if x arise4 ,accord+ly x is /at$ t ! movem5t ( ang] is n 9 man's p[]1 to ! ext5t namely t no su* movem5t arise4 ,yet s9ce ?is movem5t is some:at 9 8 p[]1 x is n entirely s9less if x be inord9ate4 ,! /atem5t ( ! ,philosoph] t ! angry man acts ) displeasure1 means t he is displeas$1 n ) 8 be+ angry1 b ) ! injury :i* he deems done to himself3 & ?r\gh ?is displeasure he is mov$ to seek v5geance4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! irascible p[] 9 man is naturally subject to 8 reason1 :]e=e its act is natural to man1 9 s f> z x is 9 accord ) reason1 & 9 s f> z x is aga9/ reason1 x is contr>y to man's nature4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,all ,ang] ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ang] is a mortal s94 ,= x is writt5 7,job #e3b73 ,ang] kille? ! fooli% man 99,vulg43 ',ang] inde$ kille? ! fooli%'1 & he speaks ( ! spiritual kill+1 :5ce mortal s9 takes its "n4 ,!re=e all ang] is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no?+ save mortal s9 is des]v+ ( et]nal condemnation4 ,n[ ang] des]ves et]nal condemnation2 = our ,"l said 7,matt4 #e3bb73 ,:osoev] is angry ) 8 bro!r %all be 9 dang] ( ! judgm5t3 & a gloss on ?is passage says t ! ?ree ?+s m5tion$ !re1 namely judgm5t1 c\ncil1 & hell-fire1 signify 9 a po9t$ mann] diff]5t abodes 9 ! /ate ( et]nal damnation correspond+ to v>i\s s9s4 ,!re=e ang] is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 :atsoev] is contr>y to *>ity is a mortal s94 ,n[ ang] is ( itself contr>y to *>ity1 z ,j]ome decl>es 9 8 comm5t>y on ,matt4 #e3bb1 ,:osoev] is angry ) 8 bro!r1 etc4 :]e he says t ?is is contr>y to ! love ( y\r neighbor4 ,!re=e ang] is a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,ps4 #d3e1 ,be ye angry & s9 n1 says3 ,ang] is v5ial if x does n proce$ to action4 ,i answ] t1 ,! movem5t ( ang] may be inord9ate & s9ful 9 two ways1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! appetible object1 z :5 "o desires unju/ rev5ge2 & ?us ang] is a mortal s9 9 ! po9t ( its g5us1 because x is contr>y to *>ity & ju/ice4 ,nev]!less su* l ang] may happ5 to be a v5ial s9 by reason ( ! imp]fection ( ! act4 ,?is imp]fection is consid]$ ei!r 9 relation to ! subject desir\s ( v5geance1 z :5 ! movem5t ( ang] =e/alls ! judgm5t ( 8 reason2 or 9 relation to ! desir$ object1 z :5 "o desires to be av5g$ 9 a trifl+ matt]1 :i* %\ld be deem$ ( no acc\nt1 s t ev5 if "o proce$$ to action1 x w\ld n be a mortal s91 = in/ance by pull+ a *ild slightly by ! hair1 or by "s o!r l action4 ,secondly1 ! movem5t ( ang] may be inord9ate 9 ! mode ( be+ angry1 = in/ance1 if "o be too fi]cely angry inw>dly1 or if "o exce$ 9 ! outw>d signs ( ang]4 ,9 ?is way ang] is n a mortal s9 9 ! po9t ( its g5us2 yet x may happ5 to be a mortal s91 = in/ance if ?r\gh ! fi]c5ess ( 8 ang] a man fall away f ! love ( ,god & 8 neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x does n foll[ f ! passage quot$ t all ang] is a mortal s91 b t ! fooli% are kill$ spiritually by ang]1 because1 ?r\gh n *eck+ ! movem5t ( ang] by _! reason1 !y fall into mortal s9s1 = in/ance by blasphem+ ,god or by do+ injury to _! neighbor4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,our ,"l said ?is ( ang]1 by way ( addition to ! words ( ! ,law3 ,:osoev] %all kill %all be 9 dang] ( ! judgm5t 7,matt4 #e3ba74 ,consequ5tly our ,"l is speak+ "h ( ! movem5t ( ang] :]e9 a man desires ! kill+ or any grave injury ( 8 neighbor3 & %\ld ! cons5t ( reason be giv5 to ?is desire1 )\t d\bt x w be a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 ! case :]e ang] is contr>y to *>ity1 x is a mortal s91 b x is n always s1 z appe>s f :at we h said4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,ang] ,is ! ,mo/ ,griev\s ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ang] is ! mo/ griev\s s94 ,= ,*ryso/om says 99,hom4 xlviii 9 ,joan4 t no?+ is m repulsive ?an ! look ( an angry man1 & no?+ ugli] ?an a ru?less99 face1 & mo/ ( all ?an a cruel s\l4 99,sev]o4 ,! correct text is ,si v]o4 ,! translation w\ld !n run ?us 4 4 4 & no?+ ugli]4 ,& if 8 face is ugly1 h[ mu* ugli] is 8 s\l64 ,!re=e ang] is ! mo/ griev\s s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! m hurtful a s9 is1 ! worse x w\ld seem to be2 s9ce1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,en*iridion xii71 a ?+ is said to be evil because x hurts4 ,n[ ang] is mo/ hurtful1 because x deprives man ( 8 reason1 :]eby he is ma/] ( himself2 = ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xlviii 9 ,joan47 t ang] diff]s 9 no way f madness2 x is a demon :ile x la/s1 inde$ m tr\blesome ?an "o h>ass$ by a demon4 ,!re=e ang] is ! mo/ griev\s s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 inw>d movem5ts are judg$ accord+ to _! outw>d effects4 ,n[ ! effect ( ang] is murd]1 :i* is a mo/ griev\s s94 ,!re=e ang] is a mo/ griev\s s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ang] is comp>$ to hatr$ z ! mote to ! beam2 = ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule 7,ep4 ccxi73 ,le/ ang] gr[ into hatr$ & a mote become a beam4 ,!re=e ang] is n ! mo/ griev\s s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 ! inord9at5ess ( ang] is consid]$ 9 a tw(old respect1 namely ) reg>d to an undue object1 & ) reg>d to an undue mode ( be+ angry4 ,z to ! appetible object :i* x desires1 ang] w\ld seem to be ! lea/ ( s9s1 = ang] desires ! evil ( puni%m5t = "s p]son1 "u ! aspect ( a good t is v5geance4 ,h5ce on ! "p ( ! evil :i* x desires ! s9 ( ang] agrees ) ^? s9s :i* desire ! evil ( our neighbor1 su* z envy & hatr$2 b :ile hatr$ desires absolutely ano!r's evil z su*1 & ! envi\s man desires ano!r's evil ?r\gh desire ( 8 own glory1 ! angry man desires ano!r's evil "u ! aspect ( j rev5ge4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t hatr$ is m griev\s ?an envy1 & envy ?an ang]3 s9ce x is worse to desire evil z an evil1 ?an z a good2 & to desire evil z an ext]nal good su* z honor or glory1 ?an "u ! aspect ( ! rectitude ( ju/ice4 ,on ! "p ( ! good1 "u ! aspect ( :i* ! angry man desires an evil1 ang] concurs ) ! s9 ( concupisc5ce t t5ds to a good4 ,9 ?is respect aga91 absolutely speak+1 ! s9 ( ang] is app>5tly less griev\s ?an t ( concupisc5ce1 accord+ z ! good ( ju/ice1 :i* ! angry man desires1 is bett] ?an ! pleasurable or useful good :i* is desir$ by ! subject ( concupisc5ce4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #d7 t ! incont95t 9 desire is m disgraceful ?an ! incont95t 9 ang]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z to ! inord9at5ess :i* reg>ds ! mode ( be+ angry1 ang] w\ld seem to h a c]ta9 pre-em95ce on acc\nt ( ! /r5g? & quickness ( its movem5t1 accord+ to ,prov4 #bg3d1 ,ang] ha? no m]cy1 nor fury :5 x breake? =?3 & :o c be> ! viol5ce ( "o provok$8 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 v1 #de73 ,! he>t goad$ by ! pricks ( ang] is convuls$1 ! body trembles1 ! tongue entangles itself1 ! face is inflam$1 ! eyes are enrag$ & fail utt]ly to recognize ^? :om we "k3 ! tongue makes s\nds inde$1 b !re is no s5se 9 its utt]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*ryso/om is allud+ to ! repulsiv5ess ( ! outw>d ge/ures :i* result f ! impetu\sness ( ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! inord9ate movem5t ( ang]1 t results f its impetu\sness1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,murd] results f hatr$ & envy no less ?an f ang]3 yet ang] is less griev\s1 inasmu* z x consid]s ! aspect ( ju/ice1 z /at$ above4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeh1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,philosoph] ,suitably ,assigns ! ,species ( ,ang]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! species ( ang] are unsuitably assign$ by ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #e7 :]e he says t "s angry p]sons are *ol]ic1 "s sull51 & "s ill-temp]$ or /]n4 ,accord+ to him1 a p]son is said to be sull5 ^: ang] is appeas$ ) difficulty & endures a long "t4 ,b ?is app>5tly p]ta9s to ! circum/ance ( "t4 ,!re=e x seems t ang] c be diff]5tiat$ specifically 9 respect also ( ! o!r circum/ances4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #e7 t ill-temp]$ or /]n p]sons are ^? ^: ang] is n appeas$ )\t rev5ge1 or puni%m5t4 ,n[ ?is also p]ta9s to ! unqu5*abl5ess ( ang]4 ,!re=e seem+ly ! ill-temp]$ is ! same z bitt]ness4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 our ,"l m5tions ?ree degrees ( ang]1 :5 ,he says 7,matt4 #e3bb73 ,:osoev] is angry ) 8 bro!r1 %all be 9 dang] ( ! judgm5t3 & :osoev] %all say to 8 bro!r1 ,raca1 %all be 9 dang] ( ! c\ncil1 & :osoev] %all say to 8 bro!r1 ,?\ fool4 ,b ^! degrees are n ref]able to ! a=esaid species4 ,!re=e x seems t ! above division ( ang] is n fitt+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 99,nemesius1 ,de ,nat4 ,hom4 xxi says !re are ?ree species ( irascibility1 namely1 ! ang] :i* is call$ wra? 99,fellea1 i4e4 l gall4 ,b 9 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,a4 #h1 ,/4 ,?omas quot+ ! same au?ority has ,*olos :i* we r5d] 'wra?'1 & ill-w :i* is a disease ( ! m9d1 & ranc\r4 ,n[ ^! ?ree seem to co9cide ) ! ?ree a=esaid4 ,= wra? he describes z hav+ beg9n+ & movem5t1 & ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #e7 ascribes ?is to *ol]ic p]sons3 ill-w he describes z an ang] t endures & gr[s old1 & ?is ! ,philosoph] ascribes to sull5ness2 :ile he describes ranc\r z reckon+ ! "t = v5geance1 :i* tallies ) ! ,philosoph]'s description ( ! ill-temp]$4 ,! same division is giv5 by ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #af74 ,!re=e ! a=esaid division assign$ by ! ,philosoph] is n unfitt+4 ,i answ] t1 ,! a=esaid di/9ction may be ref]r$ ei!r to ! passion1 or to ! s9 itself ( ang]4 ,we h already /at$ :5 treat+ ( ! passions 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,a4 #h7 h[ x is to be appli$ to ! passion ( ang]4 ,& x w\ld seem t ?is is *iefly :at ,gregory ( ,nyssa & ,damasc5e _h 9 view4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we h to take ! di/9ction ( ^! species 9 its application to ! s9 ( ang]1 & z set d[n by ! ,philosoph]4 ,= ! inord9at5ess ( ang] may be consid]$ 9 relation to two ?+s4 ,fir/1 9 relation to ! orig9 ( ang]1 & ?is reg>ds *ol]ic p]sons1 :o are angry too quickly & = any slight cause4 ,secondly1 9 relation to ! duration ( ang]1 = t ang] endures too long2 & ?is may happ5 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 because ! cause ( ang]1 to wit1 ! inflict$ injury1 rema9s too long 9 a man's memory1 ! result be+ t x gives rise to a la/+ displeasure1 :]e=e he is griev\s & sull5 to himself4 ,9 ano!r way1 x happ5s on ! "p ( v5geance1 :i* a man seeks ) a /ubborn desire3 ?is applies to ill-temp]$ or /]n p1 :o d n put aside _! ang] until !y h inflict$ puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is n "t1 b a man's prop5sity to ang]1 or 8 p]t9acity 9 ang]1 t is ! *ief po9t ( consid]ation 9 ! a=esaid species4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,bo? sull5 & ill-temp]$ p h a long-la/+ ang]1 b = diff]5t reasons4 ,= a sull5 p]son has an abid+ ang] on acc\nt ( an abid+ displeasure1 :i* he holds lock$ 9 8 brea/2 & z he does n break =? into ! outw>d signs ( ang]1 o!rs _c reason him out ( x1 nor does he ( 8 own accord lay aside 8 ang]1 except 8 displeasure we> away ) "t & ?us 8 ang] cease4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ang] ( ill-temp]$ p]sons is long-la/+ on acc\nt ( _! int5se desire = rev5ge1 s t x does n we> out ) "t1 & c be quell$ only by rev5ge4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! degrees ( ang] m5tion$ by our ,"l d n ref] to ! diff]5t species ( ang]1 b correspond to ! c\rse ( ! human act 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #df1 ,a4 #h1 ,obj4 #c4 ,= ! fir/ degree is an inw>d conception1 & 9 ref]5ce to ?is ,he says3 ,:osoev] is angry ) 8 bro!r4 ,! second degree is :5 ! ang] is manife/$ by outw>d signs1 ev5 be=e x breaks out into effect2 & 9 ref]5ce to ?is ,he says3 ,:osoev] %all say to 8 bro!r1 ,raca6 :i* is an angry exclamation4 ,! ?ird degree is :5 ! s9 conceiv$ inw>dly breaks out into effect4 ,n[ ! effect ( ang] is ano!r's hurt "u ! aspect ( rev5ge2 & ! lea/ ( hurts is t :i* is done by a m]e ^w2 :]e=e 9 ref]5ce to ?is ,he says3 ,:osoev] %all say to 8 bro!r ,?\ fool6 ,consequ5tly x is cle> t ! second adds to ! fir/1 & ! ?ird to bo? ! o!rs2 s t1 if ! fir/ is a mortal s91 9 ! case ref]r$ to by our ,"l1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #b71 mu* m s are ! o!rs4 ,:]e=e "s k9d ( condemnation is assign$ z correspond+ to ea* "o ( !m4 ,9 ! fir/ case judgm5t is assign$1 & ?is is ! lea/ sev]e1 = z ,augu/9e says 99,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #i1 :]e judgm5t is to be deliv]$1 !re is an opportunity = def5se3 9 ! second case c\ncil is assign$1 :]eby ! judges delib]ate toge!r on ! puni%m5t to be inflict$3 to ! ?ird case is assign$ hell-fire1 i4e4 decisive condemnation4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeh1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,ang] ,%\ld ,be ,reckon$ ,among ! ,capital ,vices8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ang] %\ld n be reckon$ among ! capital s9s4 ,= ang] is born ( sorr[ :i* is a capital vice kn[n by ! "n ( slo?4 ,!re=e ang] %\ld n be reckon$ a capital vice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 hatr$ is a grav] s9 ?an ang]4 ,!re=e x %\ld be reckon$ a capital vice r ?an ang]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,prov4 #bi3bb1 ,an angry ,d\ay3 'passionate' man provoke? qu>rels1 says3 ,ang] is ! door to all vices3 if x be clos$1 peace is ensur$ )9 to all ! virtues2 if x be op5$1 ! s\l is arm$ = e crime4 ,n[ no capital vice is ! orig9 ( all s9s1 b only ( c]ta9 def9ite ones4 ,!re=e ang] %\ld n be reckon$ among ! capital vices4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 places ang] among ! capital vices4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #c1 #d71 a capital vice is def9$ z "o f :i* _m vices arise4 ,n[ !re are two reasons = :i* _m vices c arise f ang]4 ,! fir/ is on ! "p ( its object :i* has mu* ( ! aspect ( desirability1 9 s f> z rev5ge is desir$ "u ! aspect ( j or hone/991 :i* is attractive by its excell5ce1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 99,hone/y mu/ be tak5 "h 9 its broad s5se z synonym\s ) moral goodness1 f ! po9t ( view ( decorum2 ,cf4 ,q4 #ade1 ,a4 #a4 ,! second is on ! "p ( its impetuosity1 :]eby x precipitates ! m9d into all k9ds ( inord9ate action4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t ang] is a capital vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! sorr[ :5ce ang] arises is n1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! vice ( slo?1 b ! passion ( sorr[1 :i* results f an injury inflict$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aah1 ,a4 #g2 ,q4 #adh1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #aec1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #d71 x belongs to ! notion ( a capital vice to h a mo/ desirable end1 s t _m s9s are committ$ ?r\gh ! desire !re(4 ,n[ ang]1 :i* desires evil "u ! aspect ( good1 has a m desirable end ?an hatr$ has1 s9ce ! latt] desires evil "u ! aspect ( evil3 :]e=e ang] is m a capital vice ?an hatr$ is4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ang] is /at$ to be ! door to ! vices accid5tally1 t is by remov+ ob/acles1 to wit by h9d]+ ! judgm5t ( reason1 :]eby man is )drawn f evil4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 directly ! cause ( c]ta9 special s9s1 :i* are call$ its daught]s4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeh1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,six ,daught]s ,are ,fitt+ly ,assign$ to ,ang]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t six daught]s are unfitt+ly assign$ to ang]1 namely qu>rel+1 swell+ ( ! m9d1 contumely1 clamor1 indignation & blasphemy4 ,= blasphemy is reckon$ by ,isidore 99,,qq4 9 ,deut41 qu4 xvi to be a daught] ( pride4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be acc\nt$ a daught] ( ang]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 hatr$ is born ( ang]1 z ,augu/9e says 9 8 rule 7,ep4 ccxi74 ,!re=e x %\ld be plac$ among ! daught]s ( ang]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a swoll5 m9d w\ld seem to be ! same z pride4 ,n[ pride is n ! daught] ( a vice1 b ! "m ( all vices1 z ,gregory /ates 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de74 ,!re=e swell+ ( ! m9d %\ld n be reckon$ among ! daught]s ( ang]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 assigns ^! daught]s to ang]4 ,i answ] t1 ,ang] may be consid]$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 z consi/+ 9 ?\ght1 & ?us two vices arise f ang]4 ,"o is on ! "p ( ! p]son ) :om a man is angry1 & :om he deems unwor?y 7indignum7 ( act+ ?us t[>ds him1 & ?is is call$ indignation4 ,! o!r vice is on ! "p ( ! man himself1 9 s f> z he devises v>i\s means ( v5geance1 & ) su* l ?\ghts fills 8 m9d1 accord+ to ,job #ae3b1 ,w a wise man 4 4 4 fill 8 /oma* ) burn+ heat8 ,& ?us we h swell+ ( ! m9d4 ,secondly1 ang] may be consid]$1 z express$ 9 words3 & ?us a tw(old disord] arises f ang]4 ,"o is :5 a man manife/s 8 ang] 9 8 mann] ( spee*1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #e1 ad #c7 ( ! man :o says to 8 bro!r1 ,raca3 & ?is ref]s to clamor1 :i* d5otes disord]ly & confus$ spee*4 ,! o!r disord] is :5 a man breaks out into injuri\s words1 & if ^! be aga9/ ,god1 x is blasphemy1 if aga9/ "o's neighbor1 x is contumely4 ,?irdly1 ang] may be consid]$ z proce$+ to de$s2 & ?us ang] gives rise to qu>rels1 by :i* we are to und]/& all mann] ( injuries inflict$ on "o's neighbor ?r\gh ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! blasphemy into :i* a man breaks out delib]ately proce$s f pride1 :]eby a man lifts himself up aga9/ ,god3 s9ce1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #aj3ad1 ! beg9n+ ( ! pride ( man is to fall (f f ,god1 i4e4 to fall away f rev]5ce = ,him is ! fir/ "p ( pride 99,cf4 ,q4 #afb1 ,a4 #g1 ad #b2 & ?is gives rise to blasphemy4 ,b ! blasphemy into :i* a man breaks out ?r\gh a di/urbance ( ! m9d1 proce$s f ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh hatr$ sometimes arises f ang]1 x has a previ\s cause1 f :i* x arises m directly1 namely displeasure1 ev5 z1 on ! o!r h&1 love is born ( pleasure4 ,n[ ?r\gh displeasure1 a man is mov$ sometimes to ang]1 sometimes to hatr$4 ,:]e=e x 0 fitt+ to reckon t hatr$ arises f slo? r ?an f ang]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,swell+ ( ! m9d is n tak5 "h z id5tical ) pride1 b = a c]ta9 ef=t or d>+ attempt to take v5geance2 & d>+ is a vice oppos$ to =titude4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aeh1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,!re ,is a ,vice ,oppos$ to ,ang] ,result+ f ,lack ( ,ang]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is n a vice oppos$ to ang]1 result+ f lack ( ang]4 ,= no vice makes u l to ,god4 ,n[ by be+ entirely )\t ang]1 a man becomes l to ,god1 ,:o judges ) tranquillity 7,wis4 #ab3ah74 ,!re=e seem+ly x is n a vice to be altoge!r )\t ang]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is n a vice to lack :at is altoge!r useless4 ,b ! movem5t ( ang] is useful = no purpose1 z ,s5eca proves 9 ! book he wrote on ang] 7,de ,ira i1 #i1 seqq474 ,!re=e x seems t lack ( ang] is n a vice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 man's evil is to be )\t reason4 ,n[ ! judgm5t ( reason rema9s unimpair$1 if all movem5t ( ang] be done away4 ,!re=e no lack ( ang] am\nts to a vice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xi 9 ,mat?4 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om says3 ,he :o is n angry1 :]eas he has cause to be1 s9s4 ,= unreasonable pati5ce is ! hotb$ ( _m vices1 x fo/]s neglig5ce1 & incites n only ! wick$ b ev5 ! good to d wrong4 ,i answ] t1 ,ang] may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 z a simple movem5t ( ! w1 :]eby "o inflicts puni%m5t1 n ?r\gh passion1 b 9 virtue ( a judgm5t ( ! reason3 & ?us )\t d\bt lack ( ang] is a s94 ,?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ang] is tak5 9 ! say+ ( ,*ryso/om1 = he says 7,hom4 xi 9 ,mat?41 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om73 ,ang]1 :5 x has a cause1 is n ang] b judgm5t4 ,= ang]1 prop]ly speak+1 d5otes a movem5t ( passion3 & :5 a man is angry ) reason1 8 ang] is no long] f passion3 :]e=e he is said to judge1 n to be angry4 ,9 ano!r way ang] is tak5 = a movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* is ) passion result+ f a bodily transmutation4 ,?is movem5t is a necess>y sequel1 9 man1 to ! movem5t ( 8 w1 s9ce ! l[] appetite necess>ily foll[s ! movem5t ( ! high] appetite1 unless !re be an ob/acle4 ,h5ce ! movem5t ( ang] 9 ! s5sitive appetite _c be lack+ altoge!r1 unless ! movem5t ( ! w be altoge!r lack+ or weak4 ,consequ5tly lack ( ! passion ( ang] is also a vice1 ev5 z ! lack ( movem5t 9 ! w direct$ to puni%m5t by ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he t is entirely )\t ang] :5 he ought to be angry1 imitates ,god z to lack ( passion1 b n z to ,god's puni%+ by judgm5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! passion ( ang]1 l all o!r movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 is useful1 z be+ conducive to ! m prompt execution 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #c ( reason's dictate3 else1 ! s5sitive appetite 9 man w\ld be to no purpose1 :]eas nature does no?+ )\t purpose 99,ari/otle1 ,de ,coelo i1 #d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 a man acts inord9ately1 ! judgm5t ( 8 reason is cause n only ( ! simple movem5t ( ! w b also ( ! passion 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 z /at$ above4 ,:]e=e j z ! removal ( ! effect is a sign t ! cause is remov$1 s ! lack ( ang] is a sign t ! judgm5t ( reason is lack+4 ,,"q #aei ,,( ,,cruelty 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] cruelty1 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r cruelty is oppos$ to clem5cy8 7#b7 ,( its comp>ison ) savag]y or brutality4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aei1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,cruelty ,is ,oppos$ to ,clem5cy8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cruelty is n oppos$ to clem5cy4 ,= ,s5eca says 7,de ,clem5tia ii1 #d7 t ^? are said to be cruel :o exce$ 9 puni%+1 :i* is contr>y to ju/ice4 ,n[ clem5cy is reckon$ a "p1 n ( ju/ice b ( temp]ance4 ,!re=e app>5tly cruelty is n oppos$ to clem5cy4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,j]4 #f3bc73 ,!y are cruel1 & w h no m]cy2 s t cruelty w\ld seem oppos$ to m]cy4 ,n[ m]cy is n ! same z clem5cy1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aeg1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c74 ,!re=e cruelty is n oppos$ to clem5cy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 clem5cy is conc]n$ ) ! infliction ( puni%m5t1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aeg1 ,a4 #a73 :]eas cruelty applies to ! )drawal ( b5efic5ce1 accord+ to ,prov4 #aa3ag1 ,b he t is cruel ca/e? (f ev5 8 own k9dr$4 ,!re=e cruelty is n oppos$ to clem5cy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s5eca says 7,de ,clem5tia ii1 #d7 t ! opposite ( clem5cy is cruelty1 :i* is no?+ else b h>dness ( he>t 9 exact+ puni%m5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,cruelty app>5tly takes its "n f cruditas 7rawness74 ,n[ j z ?+s :5 cook$ & prep>$ are wont to h an agreeable & sweet savor1 s :5 raw !y h a disagreeable & bitt] ta/e4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #aeg1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a2 ,a4 #d1 ad #c7 t clem5cy d5otes a c]ta9 smoo?ness or sweetness ( s\l1 :]eby "o is incl9$ to mitigate puni%m5t4 ,h5ce cruelty is directly oppos$ to clem5cy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z x belongs to equity to mitigate puni%m5t accord+ to reason1 :ile ! sweetness ( s\l :i* incl9es "o to ?is belongs to clem5cy3 s too1 excess 9 puni%+1 z reg>ds ! ext]nal action1 belongs to inju/ice2 b z reg>ds ! h>dness ( he>t1 :i* makes "o ready to increase puni%m5t1 belongs to cruelty4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,m]cy & clem5cy concur 9 ?is1 t bo? %un & recoil f ano!r's unhapp9ess1 b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,= x belongs to m]cy 99,cf4 ,q4 #cj1 ,a4 #a to relieve ano!r's unhapp9ess by a b5efic5t action1 :ile x belongs to clem5cy to mitigate ano!r's unhapp9ess by ! cessation ( puni%m5t4 ,& s9ce cruelty d5otes excess 9 exact+ puni%m5t1 x is m directly oppos$ to clem5cy ?an to m]cy2 yet on acc\nt ( ! mutual lik5ess ( ^! virtues1 cruelty is sometimes tak5 = m]cilessness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,cruelty is !re tak5 = m]cilessness1 :i* is lack ( b5efic5ce4 ,we may also reply t )drawal ( b5efic5ce is 9 itself a puni%m5t4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aei1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,cruelty ,diff]s f ,savag]y or ,brutality8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t cruelty diff]s n f savag]y or brutality4 ,= seem+ly "o vice is oppos$ 9 "o way to "o virtue4 ,n[ bo? savag]y & cruelty are oppos$ to clem5cy by way ( excess4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t savag]y & cruelty are ! same4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 t sev]ity is z x 7 savag]y ) v]ity1 because x holds to ju/ice )\t att5d+ to piety3 s t savag]y w\ld seem to exclude t mitigation ( puni%m5t 9 deliv]+ judgm5t :i* is dem&$ by piety4 ,n[ ?is has be5 /at$ to belong to cruelty 7,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,!re=e cruelty is ! same z savag]y4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z !re is a vice oppos$ to a virtue by way ( excess1 s is !re a vice oppos$ to x by way ( defici5cy1 :i* latt] is oppos$ bo? to ! virtue :i* is ! mean1 & to ! vice :i* is 9 excess4 ,n[ ! same vice p]ta9+ to defici5cy is oppos$ to bo? cruelty & savag]y1 namely remission or laxity4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 xx1 #e73 ,let !re be love1 b n t :i* en]vates1 let !re be sev]ity1 b )\t fury1 let !re be zeal )\t unseemly savag]y1 let !re be piety )\t undue clem5cy4 ,!re=e savag]y is ! same z cruelty4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,s5eca says 7,de ,clem5tia ii1 #d7 t a man :o is angry )\t be+ hurt1 or ) "o :o has n (f5d$ him1 is n said to be cruel1 b to be brutal or savage4 ,i answ] t1 ,savag]y & brutality take _! names f a lik5ess to wild bea/s :i* are also describ$ z savage4 ,= animals ( ?is k9d attack man t !y may fe$ on 8 body1 & n = "s motive ( ju/ice ! consid]ation ( :i* belongs to reason alone4 ,:]e=e1 prop]ly speak+1 brutality or savag]y applies to ^? :o 9 inflict+ puni%m5t h n 9 view a default ( ! p]son puni%$1 b m]ely ! pleasure !y d]ive f a man's torture4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t x is compris$ "u be/iality3 = su* l pleasure is n human b be/ial1 & result+ z x does ei!r f evil cu/om1 or f a corrupt nature1 z d o!r be/ial emotions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 cruelty n only reg>ds ! default ( ! p]son puni%$1 b exce$s 9 ! mode ( puni%+3 :]e=e cruelty diff]s f savag]y or brutality1 z human wick$ness diff]s f be/iality1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vii1 #e4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,clem5cy is a human virtue2 :]e=e directly oppos$ to x is cruelty :i* is a =m ( human wick$ness4 ,b savag]y or brutality is compris$ "u be/iality1 :]e=e x is directly oppos$ n to clem5cy1 b to a m excell5t virtue1 :i* ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 vii1 #e7 calls h]oic or god-l1 :i* accord+ to u1 w\ld seem to p]ta9 to ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,consequ5tly we may say t savag]y is directly oppos$ to ! gift ( piety4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a sev]e man is n said to be simply savage1 because ?is implies a vice2 b he is said to be savage z reg>ds ! tru?1 on acc\nt ( "s lik5ess to savag]y :i* is n incl9$ to mitigate puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,remission ( puni%m5t is n a vice1 except x disreg>d ! ord] ( ju/ice1 :i* requires a man to be puni%$ on acc\nt ( 8 (f5se1 & :i* cruelty exce$s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 cruelty disreg>ds ?is ord] altoge!r4 ,:]e=e remission ( puni%m5t is oppos$ to cruelty1 b n to savag]y4 ,,"q #afj ,,( ,,mode/y 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] mode/y3 & 7#a7 ,mode/y 9 g5]al2 7#b7 ,ea* ( its species4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r mode/y is a "p ( temp]ance8 7#b7 ,:at is ! matt] ( mode/y8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,mode/y ,is a ,"p ( ,temp]ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t mode/y is n a "p ( temp]ance4 ,= mode/y is d5om9at$ f mode4 ,n[ mode is requisite 9 e virtue3 s9ce virtue is direct$ to good2 & good1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,nat4 ,boni #c71 consi/s 9 mode1 species1 & ord]4 ,!re=e mode/y is a g5]al virtue1 & consequ5tly %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( temp]ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 temp]ance w\ld seem to be des]v+ ( praise *iefly on acc\nt ( its mod]ation4 ,n[ ?is gives mode/y its "n4 ,!re=e mode/y is ! same z temp]ance1 & n "o ( its p>ts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 mode/y w\ld seem to reg>d ! correction ( our neighbor1 accord+ to #b ,tim4 #b3bd1 #be1 ,! s]vant ( ! ,"l mu/ n wrangle1 b be mild t[>ds all m5 4 4 4 ) mode/y admoni%+ !m t resi/ ! tru?4 ,n[ admoni%+ wrong-do]s is an act ( ju/ice or ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cc1 ,a4 #a74 ,!re=e seem+ly mode/y is a "p ( ju/ice r ?an ( temp]ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ed7 reckons mode/y z a "p ( temp]ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #aeg1 ,a4 #c71 temp]ance br+s mod]ation into ^? ?+s :]e9 x is mo/ difficult to be mod]ate1 namely ! concupisc5ces ( pleasures ( t\*4 ,n[ :5ev] !re is a special virtue ab\t "s matt] ( v great mom5t1 !re mu/ ne$s be ano!r virtue ab\t matt]s ( less] import3 because ! life ( man requires to be regulat$ by ! virtues ) reg>d to ev]y?+3 ?us x 0 /at$ above 7,q4 #acd1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a71 t :ile magnific5ce is ab\t great exp5diture1 !re is ne$ 9 addition = lib]ality1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ord9>y exp5diture4 ,h5ce !re is ne$ = a virtue to mod]ate o!r less] matt]s :]e mod]ation is n s difficult4 ,?is virtue is call$ mode/y1 & is annex$ to temp]ance z its pr9cipal4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 a "n is common to _m x is sometimes appropriat$ to ^? ( ! l[e/ rank2 ?us ! common "n ( angel is appropriat$ to ! l[e/ ord] ( angels4 ,9 ! same way1 mode :i* is obs]v$ by all virtues 9 common1 is specially appropriat$ to ! virtue :i* prescribes ! mode 9 ! slighte/ ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"s ?+s ne$ temp]+ on acc\nt ( _! /r5g?1 ?us we temp] /rong w9e4 ,b mod]ation is necess>y 9 all ?+s3 :]e=e temp]ance is m conc]n$ ) /rong passions1 & mode/y ab\t weak] passions4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,mode/y is to be tak5 !re = ! g5]al mod]ation :i* is necess>y 9 all virtues4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,mode/y ,is ,only ,ab\t ,outw>d ,actions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t mode/y is only ab\t outw>d actions4 ,= ! inw>d movem5ts ( ! passions _c be kn[n to o!r p]sons4 ,yet ! ,apo/le enjo9s 7,phil4 #d3e73 ,let y\r mode/y be kn[n to all m54 ,!re=e mode/y is only ab\t outw>d actions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! virtues t are ab\t ! passions are di/+ui%$ f ju/ice :i* is ab\t op]ations4 ,n[ mode/y is seem+ly "o virtue4 ,!re=e1 if x be ab\t outw>d works1 x w n be conc]n$ ) inw>d passions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o same virtue is bo? ab\t ?+s p]ta9+ to ! appetite--:i* is prop] to ! moral virtues--& ab\t ?+s p]ta9+ to k--:i* is prop] to ! intellectual virtues--& aga9 ab\t ?+s p]ta9+ to ! irascible & concupiscible faculties4 ,!re=e1 if mode/y be "o virtue1 x _c be ab\t all ^! ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 all ^! ?+s x is necess>y to obs]ve ! mode :5ce mode/y takes its "n4 ,!re=e mode/y is ab\t all ( !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 mode/y diff]s f temp]ance1 9 t temp]ance mod]ates ^? matt]s :]e re/ra9t is mo/ difficult1 :ile mode/y mod]ates ^? t pres5t less difficulty4 ,au?orities seem to h _h v>i\s op9ions ab\t mode/y4 ,= :]ev] !y f\nd a special k9d ( good or a special difficulty ( mod]ation1 !y )drew x f ! prov9ce ( mode/y1 :i* !y conf9$ to less] matt]s4 ,n[ x is cle> to all t ! re/ra9t ( pleasures ( t\* pres5ts a special difficulty3 :]e=e all di/+ui%$ temp]ance f mode/y4 ,9 addition to ?is1 moreov]1 ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ed7 consid]$ t !re 0 a special k9d ( good 9 ! mod]ation ( puni%m5t2 :]e=e he sev]$ clem5cy also f mode/y1 & held mode/y to be ab\t ! rema9+ ord9>y matt]s t require mod]ation4 ,^! seem+ly are ( f\r k9ds4 ,"o is ! movem5t ( ! m9d t[>ds "s excell5ce1 & ?is is mod]at$ by humility4 ,! second is ! desire ( ?+s p]ta9+ to k1 & ?is is mod]at$ by /udi\sness :i* is oppos$ to curiosity4 ,! ?ird reg>ds bodily movem5ts & actions1 :i* require to be done becom+ly & hone/ly 99,cf4 ,q4 #ade1 ,a4 #a1 :e!r we act s]i\sly or 9 play4 ,! f\r? reg>ds outw>d %[1 = in/ance 9 dress & ! l4 ,to "s ( ^! matt]s1 h[ev]1 o!r au?orities appo9t$ c]ta9 special virtues3 ?us ,&ronicus 99,de ,affectibus m5tions meekness1 simplicity1 humility1 & o!r k9dr$ virtues1 ( :i* we h spok5 above 7,q4 #adc72 :ile ,ari/otle 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g7 assign$ eutrapelia to pleasures 9 games1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,a4 #e74 ,all ^! are compris$ "u mode/y z und]/ood by ,tully2 & 9 ?is way mode/y reg>ds n only outw>d b also inw>d actions4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le speaks ( mode/y z reg>d+ ext]nals4 ,nev]!less ! mod]ation ( ! inn] man may be %[n by c]ta9 outw>d signs4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,v>i\s virtues assign$ by v>i\s au?orities are compris$ "u mode/y4 ,:]e=e no?+ prev5ts mode/y f reg>d+ matt]s :i* require diff]5t virtues4 ,yet !re is n s great a diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( mode/y1 z !re is betwe5 ju/ice1 :i* is ab\t op]ations1 & temp]ance1 :i* is ab\t passions1 because 9 actions & passions t pres5t no great difficulty on ! "p ( ! matt]1 b only on ! "p ( mod]ation1 !re is b "o virtue1 "o namely = ea* k9d ( mod]ation4 ,:]e=e ! ,reply to ! ,?ird ,objection also is cle>4 ,,"q #afa ,,( ,,humility 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ consid] next ! species ( mode/y3 7#a7 ,humility1 & pride :i* is oppos$ to x2 7#b7 ,/udi\sness1 & its opposite1 ,curiosity2 7#c7 ,mode/y z affect+ words or de$s2 7#d7 ,mode/y z affect+ outw>d attire4 ,conc]n+ humility !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r humility is a virtue8 7#b7 ,:e!r x resides 9 ! appetite1 or 9 ! judgm5t ( reason8 7#c7 ,:e!r by humility "o ought to subject oneself to all m58 7#d7 ,:e!r x is a "p ( mode/y or temp]ance8 7#e7 ,( its comp>ison ) ! o!r virtues2 7#f7 ,( ! degrees ( humility4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afa1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,humility ,is a ,virtue8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t humility is n a virtue4 ,= virtue conveys ! notion ( a good4 ,b humility conveys ! notion ( a p5al evil1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ajd3ah1 ,!y humbl$ 8 feet 9 fett]s4 ,!re=e humility is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 virtue & vice are mutually oppos$4 ,n[ humility seem+ly d5otes a vice1 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ai3bc73 ,!re is "o t humble? himself wick$ly4 ,!re=e humility is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no virtue is oppos$ to ano!r virtue4 ,b humility is app>5tly oppos$ to ! virtue ( magnanimity1 :i* aims at great ?+s1 :]eas humility %uns !m4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t humility is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 virtue is ! disposition ( t :i* is p]fect 7,phys4 vii1 text4 #ag74 ,b humility seem+ly belongs to ! imp]fect3 :]e=e x becomes n ,god to be humble1 s9ce ,he c be subject to none4 ,!re=e x seems t humility is n a virtue4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 e moral virtue is ab\t actions & passions1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ii1 #c4 ,b humility is n reckon$ by ! ,philosoph] among ! virtues t are ab\t passions1 nor is x compris$ "u ju/ice :i* is ab\t actions4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem n to be a virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,orig5 comm5t+ on ,luke #a3dh1 ,he ha? reg>d$ ! humility ( ,8 h&maid1 says 7,hom4 viii 9 ,luc473 ,"o ( ! virtues1 humility1 is p>ticul>ly comm5d$ 9 ,holy ,writ2 = our ,savi\r said3 ',le>n ( ,me1 because ,i am meek1 & humble ( he>t4' ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bc1 ,a4 #b7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions1 ! difficult good has some?+ attractive to ! appetite1 namely ! aspect ( good1 & likewise some?+ repulsive to ! appetite1 namely ! difficulty ( obta9+ x4 ,9 respect ( ! =m] !re arises ! movem5t ( hope1 & 9 respect ( ! latt]1 ! movem5t ( despair4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #b7 t = ^? appetitive movem5ts :i* are a k9d ( impulse t[>ds an object1 !re is ne$ ( a mod]at+ & re/ra9+ moral virtue1 :ile = ^? :i* are a k9d ( recoil1 !re is ne$1 on ! "p ( ! appetite1 ( a moral virtue to /r5g!n x & urge x on4 ,:]e=e a tw(old virtue is necess>y ) reg>d to ! difficult good3 "o1 to temp] & re/ra9 ! m9d1 le/ x t5d to high ?+s immod]ately2 & ?is belongs to ! virtue ( humility3 & ano!r to /r5g!n ! m9d aga9/ despair1 & urge x on to ! pursuit ( great ?+s accord+ to "r reason2 & ?is is magnanimity4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t humility is a virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,isidore obs]ves 7,etym4 x71 a humble man is s call$ because he is1 z x 71 humo accl9is 99,lit]ally1 b5t to ! gr\nd1 i4e4 incl9$ to ! l[e/ place4 ,?is may happ5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh an extr9sic pr9ciple1 = in/ance :5 "o is ca/ d[n by ano!r1 & ?us humility is a puni%m5t4 ,secondly1 ?r\gh an intr9sic pr9ciple3 & ?is may be done sometimes well1 = in/ance :5 a man1 consid]+ 8 own fail+s1 assumes ! l[e/ place accord+ to 8 mode3 ?us ,abraham said to ! ,"l 7,g54 #ah3bg71 ,i w speak to my ,"l1 :]eas ,i am du/ & a%es4 ,9 ?is way humility is a virtue4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ?is may be ill-done1 = in/ance :5 man1 n und]/&+ 8 honor1 comp>es himself to s5seless bea/s1 & becomes l to !m 7,ps4 #dh3ac74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ 7ad #a71 humility1 9 s f> z x is a virtue1 conveys ! notion ( a praisewor?y self-abasem5t to ! l[e/ place4 ,n[ ?is is sometimes done m]ely z to outw>d signs & pret5se3 :]e=e ?is is false humility1 ( :i* ,augu/9e says 9 a lett] 7,ep4 cxlix7 t x is griev\s pride1 s9ce to wit1 x w\ld seem to aim at excell5ce ( glory4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ?is is done by an inw>d movem5t ( ! s\l1 & 9 ?is way1 prop]ly speak+1 humility is reckon$ a virtue1 because virtue does n consi/ 9 ext]nals1 b *iefly 9 ! inw>d *oice ( ! m9d1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ii1 #e74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,humility re/ra9s ! appetite f aim+ at great ?+s aga9/ "r reason3 :ile magnanimity urges ! m9d to great ?+s 9 accord ) "r reason4 ,h5ce x is cle> t magnanimity is n oppos$ to humility3 inde$ !y concur 9 ?is1 t ea* is accord+ to "r reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a ?+ is said to be p]fect 9 two ways4 ,fir/ absolutely2 su* a ?+ conta9s no defect1 nei!r 9 its nature nor 9 respect ( any?+ else1 & ?us ,god alone is p]fect4 ,to ,him humility is fitt+1 n z reg>ds ,8 ,div9e nature1 b only z reg>ds ,8 assum$ nature4 ,secondly1 a ?+ may be said to be p]fect 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 = in/ance 9 respect ( its nature or /ate or "t4 ,?us a virtu\s man is p]fect3 al?\gh 9 comp>ison ) ,god 8 p]fection is f\nd want+1 accord+ to ! ^w ( ,isa4 #dj3ag1 ,all nations are be=e ,him z if !y _h no be+ at all4 ,9 ?is way humility may be compet5t to e man4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! ,philosoph] int5d$ to treat ( virtues z direct$ to civic life1 :]e9 ! subjection ( "o man to ano!r is def9$ accord+ to ! ord9ance ( ! law1 & consequ5tly is a matt] ( legal ju/ice4 ,b humility1 consid]$ z a special virtue1 reg>ds *iefly ! subjection ( man to ,god1 = ,^: sake he humbles himself by subject+ himself to o!rs4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afa1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,humility ,has to ,d ) ! ,appetite8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t humility conc]ns1 n ! appetite b ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,because humility is oppos$ to pride4 ,n[ pride conc]ns ?+s p]ta9+ to k3 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxiv1 #bb7 t pride1 :5 x ext5ds outw>dly to ! body1 is fir/ ( all %[n 9 ! eyes3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ps4 #acj3a71 ,"l1 my he>t is n exalt$1 nor are my eyes l(ty4 ,n[ eyes are ! *ief aids to k4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t humility is *iefly conc]n$ ) k1 :]eby "o ?9ks little ( oneself4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg9it4 xxxi7 t almo/ ! :ole ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ is humility4 ,consequ5tly no?+ conta9$ 9 ,*ri/ian tea*+ is incompatible ) humility4 ,n[ ,*ri/ian tea*+ admoni%es u to seek ! bett] ?+s1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab3ca1 ,be zeal\s = ! bett] gifts4 ,!re=e x belongs to humility to re/ra9 n ! desire ( difficult ?+s b ! e/imate !re(4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ! same virtue bo? to re/ra9 excessive movem5t1 & to /r5g!n ! s\l aga9/ excessive )drawal3 ?us =titude bo? curbs d>+ & =tifies ! s\l aga9/ fe>4 ,n[ x is magnanimity t /r5g!ns ! s\l aga9/ ! difficulties t occur 9 ! pursuit ( great ?+s4 ,!re=e if humility 7 to curb ! desire ( great ?+s1 x w\ld foll[ t humility is n a di/9ct virtue f magnanimity1 :i* is evid5tly false4 ,!re=e humility is conc]n$1 n ) ! desire b ) ! e/imate ( great ?+s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,&ronicus 99,de ,affectibus assigns humility to outw>d %[2 = he says t humility is ! habit ( avoid+ excessive exp5diture & p>ade4 ,!re=e x is n conc]n$ ) ! movem5t ( ! appetite4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,po5it4 99,s]m4 cccli7 t ! humble man is "o :o *ooses to be an abject 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 r ?an to dwell 9 ! t5ts ( s9n]s4 ,b *oice conc]ns ! appetite4 ,!re=e humility has to d ) ! appetite r ?an ) ! e/imative p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 x belongs prop]ly to humility1 t a man re/ra9 himself f be+ borne t[>ds t :i* is above him4 ,= ?is purpose he mu/ "k 8 disproportion to t :i* surpasses 8 capacity4 ,h5ce k ( "o's own defici5cy belongs to humility1 z a rule guid+ ! appetite4 ,nev]!less humility is ess5tially 9 ! appetite itself2 & consequ5tly x mu/ be said t humility1 prop]ly speak+1 mod]ates ! movem5t ( ! appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,l(ty eyes are a sign ( pride1 inasmu* z x excludes respect & fe>3 = fe>+ & respectful p]sons are especially wont to l[] ! eyes1 z ?\gh n d>+ to comp>e !mselves ) o!rs4 ,b x does n foll[ f ?is t humility is ess5tially conc]n$ ) k4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is contr>y to humility to aim at great] ?+s ?r\gh confid+ 9 "o's own p[]s3 b to aim at great] ?+s ?r\gh confid5ce 9 ,god's help1 is n contr>y to humility2 especially s9ce ! m "o subjects oneself to ,god1 ! m is "o exalt$ 9 ,god's sight4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg9it4 xxxi73 ,x is "o ?+ to raise oneself to ,god1 & ano!r to raise oneself up aga9/ ,god4 ,he t abases himself be=e ,him1 him ,he raise? up2 he t raises himself up aga9/ ,him1 him ,he ca/e? d[n4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 =titude !re is ! same reason = re/ra9+ d>+ & = /r5g!n+ ! s\l aga9/ fe>3 s9ce ! reason 9 bo? cases is t man %\ld set ! good ( reason be=e dang]s ( dea?4 ,b ! reason = re/ra9+ presumptu\s hope :i* p]ta9s to humility is n ! same z ! reason = /r5g!n+ ! s\l aga9/ despair4 ,because ! reason = /r5g!n+ ! s\l aga9/ despair is ! acquisition ( "o's prop] good le/ man1 by despair1 r5d] himself unwor?y ( a good :i* 0 compet5t to him2 :ile ! *ief reason = suppress+ presumptu\s hope is bas$ on div9e rev]5ce1 :i* %[s t man ought n to ascribe to himself m ?an is compet5t to him accord+ to ! position 9 :i* ,god has plac$ him4 ,:]e=e humility w\ld seem to d5ote 9 ! fir/ place man's subjection to ,god2 & = ?is reason ,augu/9e 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte i1 #d7 ascribes humility1 :i* he und]/&s by pov]ty ( _s1 to ! gift ( fe> :]eby man rev]es ,god4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! relation ( =titude to d>+ diff]s f t ( humility to hope4 ,because =titude uses d>+ m ?an x suppresses x3 s t excess ( d>+ is m l =titude ?an lack ( d>+ is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 humility suppresses hope or confid5ce 9 self m ?an x uses x2 :]e=e excessive self-confid5ce is m oppos$ to humility ?an lack ( confid5ce is4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,excess 9 outw>d exp5diture & p>ade is wont to be done ) a view ( boa/+1 :i* is suppress$ by humility4 ,accord+ly humility has to d1 9 a second>y way1 ) ext]nals1 z signs ( ! inw>d movem5t ( ! appetite4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afa1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,"o ,ought1 by ,humility1 to ,subject ,oneself to ,all ,m58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o ought n1 by humility1 to subject oneself to all m54 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #c71 humility consi/s *iefly 9 man's subjection to ,god4 ,n[ "o ought n to (f] to a man t :i* is due to ,god1 z is ! case ) all acts ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,!re=e1 by humility1 "o ought n to subject oneself to man4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 et ,gratia xxxiv73 ,humility %\ld take ! "p ( tru?1 n ( falsehood4 ,n[ "s m5 are ( ! highe/ rank1 :o _c1 )\t falsehood1 subject !mselves to _! inf]iors4 ,!re=e "o ought n1 by humility1 to subject oneself to all m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r no "o ought to d t :i* conduces to ! detrim5t ( ano!r's spiritual welf>e4 ,b if a man subject himself to ano!r by humility1 ?is is detrim5tal to ! p]son to :om he subjects himself2 = ! latt] might wax pr\d1 or despise ! o!r4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule 7,ep4 ccxi73 ,le/ ?r\gh excessive humility ! sup]ior lose 8 au?ority4 ,!re=e a man ought n1 by humility1 to subject himself to all4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,phil4 #b3c73 ,9 humility1 let ea* e/eem o!rs bett] ?an !mselves4 ,i answ] t1 ,we may consid] two ?+s 9 man1 namely t :i* is ,god's1 & t :i* is man's4 ,:atev] p]ta9s to defect is man's3 b :atev] p]ta9s to man's welf>e & p]fection is ,god's1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,osee #ac3i1 ,de/ruction is ?y own1 ,o ,israel2 ?y help is only 9 ,me4 ,n[ humility1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #e2 ,a4 #b1 ad #c71 prop]ly reg>ds ! rev]5ce :]eby man is subject to ,god4 ,:]e=e e man1 9 respect ( t :i* is 8 own1 ought to subject himself to e neighbor1 9 respect ( t :i* ! latt] has ( ,god's3 b humility does n require a man to subject :at he has ( ,god's to t :i* may seem to be ,god's 9 ano!r4 ,= ^? :o h a %>e ( ,god's gifts "k t !y h !m1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #b3ab3 ,t we may "k ! ?+s t are giv5 u f ,god4 ,:]e=e )\t prejudice to humility !y may set ! gifts !y h receiv$ f ,god above ^? t o!rs appe> to h receiv$ f ,him2 ?us ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #c3e73 7,! my/]y ( ,*ri/7 0 n kn[n to ! sons ( m5 z x is n[ reveal$ to ,8 holy apo/les4 ,9 l mann]1 humility does n require a man to subject t :i* he has ( 8 own to t :i* 8 neighbor has ( man's3 o!rwise ea* "o w\ld h to e/eem himself a great] s9n] ?an anyone else3 :]eas ! ,apo/le says )\t prejudice to humility 7,gal4 #b3ae73 ,we by nature are ,jews1 & n ( ! ,g5tiles1 s9n]s4 ,nev]!less a man may e/eem 8 neighbor to h "s good :i* he lacks himself1 or himself to h "s evil :i* ano!r has n3 by reason ( :i*1 he may subject himself to him ) humility4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we mu/ n only rev]e ,god 9 ,himself1 b also t :i* is ,8 9 ea* "o1 al?\gh n ) ! same measure ( rev]5ce z we rev]e ,god4 ,:]e=e we %\ld subject ourselves ) humility to all our neighbors = ,god's sake1 accord+ to #a ,pet4 #b3ac1 ,be ye subject 4 4 4 to e human creature = ,god's sake2 b to ,god alone d we owe ! wor%ip ( latria4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if we set :at our neighbor has ( ,god's above t :i* we h ( our own1 we _c incur falsehood4 ,:]e=e a gloss 99,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #ga on ,phil4 #b3c1 ,e/eem o!rs bett] ?an !mselves1 says3 ,we mu/ n e/eem by pret5d+ to e/eem2 b we %\ld 9 tru? ?9k x possible = ano!r p]son to h some?+ t is hidd5 to u & :]eby he is bett] ?an we are1 al?\gh our own good :]eby we are app>5tly bett] ?an he1 be n hidd54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,humility1 l o!r virtues1 resides *iefly inw>dly 9 ! s\l4 ,consequ5tly a man1 by an inw>d act ( ! s\l1 may subject himself to ano!r1 )\t giv+ ! o!r man an occasion ( detrim5t to 8 spiritual welf>e4 ,?is is :at ,augu/9e means 9 8 ,rule 7,ep4 ccxi73 ,) fe>1 ! sup]ior %\ld pro/rate himself at y\r feet 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 due mod]ation mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ! outw>d acts ( humility ev5 z ( o!r virtues1 le/ !y conduce to ! detrim5t ( o!rs4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a man does z he ought1 & o!rs take !refrom an occasion ( s91 ?is is n imput$ to ! man :o acts ) humility2 s9ce he does n give sc&al1 al?\gh o!rs take x4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afa1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,humility ,is a ,"p ( ,mode/y or ,temp]ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t humility is n a "p ( mode/y or temp]ance4 ,= humility reg>ds *iefly ! rev]5ce :]eby "o is subject to ,god1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,n[ x belongs to a !ological virtue to h ,god = its object4 ,!re=e humility %\ld be reckon$ a !ological virtue r ?an a "p ( temp]ance or mode/y4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 temp]ance is 9 ! concupiscible1 :]eas humility w\ld seem to be 9 ! irascible1 j z pride :i* is oppos$ to x1 & ^: object is some?+ difficult4 ,!re=e app>5tly humility is n a "p ( temp]ance or mode/y4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 humility & magnanimity are ab\t ! same object1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,b magnanimity is reckon$ a "p1 n ( temp]ance b ( =titude1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abi1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t humility is n a "p ( temp]ance or mode/y4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,orig5 says 7,hom4 viii sup] ,luc473 ,if ?\ wilt he> ! "n ( ?is virtue1 & :at x 0 call$ by ! philosoph]s1 "k t humility :i* ,god reg>ds is ! same z :at !y call$ metriotes1 i4e4 measure or mod]ation4 ,n[ ?is evid5tly p]ta9s to mode/y or temp]ance4 ,!re=e humility is a "p ( mode/y or temp]ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #acg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a2 ,q4 #aeg1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b71 9 assign+ p>ts to a virtue we consid] *iefly ! lik5ess t results f ! mode ( ! virtue4 ,n[ ! mode ( temp]ance1 :5ce x *iefly d]ives its praise1 is ! re/ra9t or suppression ( ! impetuosity ( a passion4 ,h5ce :atev] virtues re/ra9 or suppress1 & ! actions :i* mod]ate ! impetuosity ( ! emotions1 are reckon$ p>ts ( temp]ance4 ,n[ j z meekness suppresses ! movem5t ( ang]1 s does humility suppress ! movem5t ( hope1 :i* is ! movem5t ( a _s aim+ at great ?+s4 ,:]e=e1 l meekness1 humility is acc\nt$ a "p ( temp]ance4 ,= ?is reason ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c7 says t a man :o aims at small ?+s 9 proportion to 8 mode is n magnanim\s b temp]ate1 & su* a man we may call humble4 ,moreov]1 = ! reason giv5 above 7,q4 #afj1 ,a4 #b71 among ! v>i\s p>ts ( temp]ance1 ! "o "u :i* humility is compris$ is mode/y z und]/ood by ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ed71 inasmu* z humility is no?+ else ?an a mod]ation ( _s3 :]e=e x is writt5 7#a ,pet4 #c3d73 ,9 ! incorruptibility ( a quiet & meek _s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! !ological virtues1 ^: object is our la/ end1 :i* is ! fir/ pr9ciple 9 matt]s ( appetite1 are ! causes ( all ! o!r virtues4 ,h5ce ! fact t humility is caus$ by rev]5ce = ,god does n prev5t x f be+ a "p ( mode/y or temp]ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,p>ts are assign$ to a pr9cipal virtue by reason ( a sam5ess1 n ( subject or matt]1 b ( =mal mode1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #acg1 ,a4 #b1 ad #a2 ,q4 #aeg1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b74 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh humility is 9 ! irascible z its subject1 x is assign$ z a "p ( mode/y or temp]ance by reason ( its mode4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,al?\gh humility & magnanimity agree z to matt]1 !y diff] z to mode1 by reason ( :i* magnanimity is reckon$ a "p ( =titude1 & humility a "p ( temp]ance4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afa1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,humility ,is ! ,greate/ ( ! ,virtues8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t humility is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,= ,*ryso/om1 exp\nd+ ! /ory ( ! ,ph>isee & ! publican 7,luke #ah71 says 99,eclog4 hom4 vii de ,humil4 ,animi4 t if humility is su* a fleet runn] ev5 :5 hamp]$ by s9 t x ov]takes ! ju/ice t is ! companion ( pride1 :i!r w x n rea* if y c\ple x ) ju/ice8 ,x w /& among ! angels by ! judgm5t seat ( ,god4 ,h5ce x is cle> t humility is set above ju/ice4 ,n[ ju/ice is ei!r ! mo/ exalt$ ( all ! virtues1 or includes all virtues1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #a74 ,!re=e humility is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 ,s]m4 99,s4 #aj1 ,c4 #a73 ,are y ?9k+ ( rais+ ! great fabric ( spirituality8 ,att5d fir/ ( all to ! f\ndation ( humility4 ,n[ ?is w\ld seem to imply t humility is ! f\ndation ( all virtue4 ,!re=e app>5tly x is great] ?an ! o!r virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! great] virtue des]ves ! great] rew>d4 ,n[ ! greate/ rew>d is due to humility1 s9ce he t humble? himself %all be exalt$ 7,luke #ad3aa74 ,!re=e humility is ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #af71 ,*ri/'s :ole life on e>? 0 a lesson 9 moral conduct ?r\gh ! human nature :i* ,he assum$4 ,n[ ,he especially propos$ ,8 humility = our example1 say+ 7,matt4 #aa3bi73 ,le>n ( ,me1 because ,i am meek & humble ( he>t4 ,moreov]1 ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 iii1 #a7 t ! lesson propos$ to u 9 ! my/]y ( our r$emption is ! humility ( ,god4 ,!re=e humility w\ld seem to be ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*>ity is set above all ! virtues1 accord+ to ,col4 #c3ad1 ,above all 4 4 4 ?+s h *>ity4 ,!re=e humility is n ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,i answ] t1 ,! good ( human virtue p]ta9s to ! ord] ( reason3 :i* ord] is consid]$ *iefly 9 ref]5ce to ! end3 :]e=e ! !ological virtues are ! greate/ because !y h ! la/ end = _! object4 ,second>ily1 h[ev]1 x is consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! ord]+ ( ! means to ! end4 ,?is ord9ance1 z to its ess5ce1 is 9 ! reason itself f :i* x issues1 b by p>ticipation x is 9 ! appetite ord]$ by ! reason2 & ?is ord9ance is ! effect ( ju/ice1 especially ( legal ju/ice4 ,n[ humility makes a man a good subject to ord9ance ( all k9ds & 9 all matt]s2 :ile e o!r virtue has ?is effect 9 "s special matt]4 ,!re=e aft] ! !ological virtues1 aft] ! intellectual virtues :i* reg>d ! reason itself1 & aft] ju/ice1 especially legal ju/ice1 humility /&s be=e all o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,humility is n set be=e ju/ice1 b be=e t ju/ice :i* is c\pl$ ) pride1 & is no long] a virtue2 ev5 s1 on ! o!r h&1 s9 is p>don$ ?r\gh humility3 = x is said ( ! publican 7,luke #ah3ad7 t ?r\gh ! m]it ( 8 humility he w5t d[n into 8 h\se ju/ifi$4 ,h5ce ,*ryso/om says 99,de incompr4 ,nat4 ,dei1 ,hom4 v3 ,br+ me a pair ( two-horse *>iots3 9 ! "o h>ness pride ) ju/ice1 9 ! o!r s9 ) humility3 & y w see t s9 outrunn+ ju/ice w9s n by its own /r5g?1 b by t ( humility3 :ile y w see ! o!r pair beat51 n by ! weakness ( ju/ice1 b by ! weight & size ( pride4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z ! ord]ly assembly ( virtues is1 by reason ( a c]ta9 lik5ess1 comp>$ to a build+1 s aga9 t :i* is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! acquisition ( virtue is lik5$ to ! f\ndation1 :i* is fir/ laid be=e ! re/ ( ! build+4 ,n[ ! virtues are 9 tru? infus$ by ,god4 ,:]e=e ! fir/ /ep 9 ! acquisition ( virtue may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/ by way ( remov+ ob/acles3 & ?us humility holds ! fir/ place1 inasmu* z x expels pride1 :i* ,god resi/e?1 & makes man submissive & ev] op5 to receive ! influx ( ,div9e grace4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,james #d3f73 ,god resi/e? ! pr\d1 & give? grace to ! humble4 ,9 ?is s5se humility is said to be ! f\ndation ( ! spiritual edifice4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is fir/ among virtues directly1 because x is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ,god4 ,n[ ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ,god is by fai?1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aa3f1 ,he t come? to ,god mu/ believe4 ,9 ?is s5se fai? is ! f\ndation 9 a m excell5t way ?an humility4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to him t despises e>?ly ?+s1 heav5ly ?+s are promis$3 ?us heav5ly treasures are promis$ to ^? :o despise e>?ly ri*es1 accord+ to ,matt4 #f3ai1 #bj1 ,lay n up to y\rselves treasures on e>? 4 4 4 b lay up to y\rselves treasures 9 heav54 ,likewise heav5ly consolations are promis$ to ^? :o despise worldly joys1 accord+ to ,matt4 #d3e1 ,bless$ are !y t m\rn1 = !y %all be com=t$4 ,9 ! same way spiritual uplift+ is promis$ to humility1 n t humility alone m]its x1 b because x is prop] to x to despise e>?ly uplift+4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,po5it4 99,s]m4 cccli73 ,?9k n t he :o humbles himself rema9s = ev] abas$1 = x is writt53 ',he %all be exalt$4' ,& d n imag9e t 8 exaltation 9 m5's eyes is effect$ by bodily uplift+4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! reason :y ,*ri/ *iefly propos$ humility to u1 0 because x especially removes ! ob/acle to man's spiritual welf>e consi/+ 9 man's aim+ at heav5ly & spiritual ?+s1 9 :i* he is h9d]$ by /riv+ to become great 9 e>?ly ?+s4 ,h5ce our ,"l1 9 ord] to remove an ob/acle to our spiritual welf>e1 %[$ by giv+ an example ( humility1 t outw>d exaltation is to be despis$4 ,?us humility is1 z x 71 a disposition to man's untrammel$ access to spiritual & div9e goods4 ,accord+ly z p]fection is great] ?an disposition1 s *>ity1 & o!r virtues :]eby man approa*es ,god directly1 are great] ?an humility4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afa1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,twelve ,degrees ( ,humility ,are ,fitt+ly ,di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,rule ( ! ,bless$ ,b5$ict8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! twelve degrees ( humility t are set d[n 9 ! ,rule ( ! ,bless$ ,b5$ict 99,/4 ,?omas gives ^! degrees 9 ! rev]se ord] to t foll[$ by ,/4 ,b5$ict are unfitt+ly di/+ui%$4 ,! fir/ is to be humble n only 9 he>t1 b also to %[ x 9 "o's v p]son1 "o's eyes fix$ on ! gr\nd2 ! second is to speak few & s5sible words1 & n to be l\d ( voice2 ! ?ird is n to be easily mov$1 & dispos$ to laught]2 ! f\r? is to ma9ta9 sil5ce until "o is ask$2 ! fif? is to d no?+ b to :at "o is exhort$ by ! common rule ( ! mona/]y2 ! six? is to believe & ackn[l$ge oneself vil] ?an all2 ! sev5? is to ?9k oneself wor?less & unpr(itable = all purposes2 ! eigh? is to confess "o's s92 ! n9? is to embrace pati5ce by obey+ "u difficult & contr>y circum/ances2 ! t5? is to subject oneself to a sup]ior2 ! elev5? is n to delight 9 fulfill+ "o's own desires2 ! twelf? is to fe> ,god & to be always m9dful ( ev]y?+ t ,god has comm&$4 ,= among ^! !re are "s ?+s p]ta9+ to ! o!r virtues1 su* z ob$i5ce & pati5ce4 ,aga9 !re are "s t seem to involve a false op9ion--& ?is is inconsi/5t ) any virtue--namely to decl>e oneself m despicable ?an all m51 & to confess & believe oneself to be 9 all ways wor?less & unpr(itable4 ,!re=e ^! are unfitt+ly plac$ among ! degrees ( humility4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 humility proce$s f )9 to ext]nals1 z d o!r virtues4 ,!re=e 9 ! a=esaid degrees1 ^? :i* conc]n outw>d actions are unfitt+ly plac$ be=e ^? :i* p]ta9 to inw>d actions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,anselm 7,de ,simil4 ci1 seqq47 gives sev5 degrees ( humility1 ! fir/ ( :i* is to ackn[l$ge oneself contemptible2 ! second1 to grieve = ?is2 ! ?ird1 to confess x2 ! f\r?1 to conv9ce o!rs ( ?is1 t is to wi% !m to believe x2 ! fif?1 to be> pati5tly t ?is be said ( u2 ! six?1 to suff] oneself to be treat$ ) contempt2 ! sev5?1 to love be+ ?us treat$4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid degrees w\ld seem to be too num]\s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,matt4 #c3ae says3 ,p]fect humility has ?ree degrees4 ,! fir/ is to subject ourselves to ^? :o are above u1 & n to set ourselves above our equals3 ?is is suffici5t4 ,! second is to submit to our equals1 & n to set ourselves be=e our inf]iors2 ?is is call$ abundant humility4 ,! ?ird degree is to subject ourselves to inf]iors1 & 9 ?is is p]fect righte\sness4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid degrees w\ld seem to be too num]\s4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg9it4 xxxi73 ,! measure ( humility is apportion$ to ea* "o accord+ to 8 rank4 ,x is imp]il$ by pride1 = ! great] a man is ! m liable is he to be entrapp$4 ,n[ ! measure ( a man's greatness _c be fix$ accord+ to a def9ite numb] ( degrees4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t x is n possible to assign ! a=esaid degrees to humility4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b7 humility has ess5tially to d ) ! appetite1 9 s f> z a man re/ra9s ! impetuosity ( 8 s\l1 f t5d+ inord9ately to great ?+s3 yet its rule is 9 ! cognitive faculty1 9 t we %\ld n deem ourselves to be above :at we are4 ,also1 ! pr9ciple & orig9 ( bo? ^! ?+s is ! rev]5ce we be> to ,god4 ,n[ ! inw>d disposition ( humility leads to c]ta9 outw>d signs 9 words1 de$s1 & ge/ures1 :i* manife/ t :i* is hidd5 )91 z happ5s also ) ! o!r virtues4 ,= a man is kn[n by 8 look1 & a wise man1 :5 ?\ meete/ him1 by 8 c\nt5ance 7,ecclus4 #ai3bf74 ,:]e=e ! a=esaid degrees ( humility include some?+ reg>d+ ! root ( humility1 namely ! twelf? degree1 t a man fe> ,god & be> all ,8 comm&m5ts 9 m9d4 ,aga91 !y include c]ta9 ?+s ) reg>d to ! appetite1 le/ "o aim inord9ately at "o's own excell5ce4 ,?is is done 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 by n foll[+ "o's own w1 & ?is p]ta9s to ! elev5? degree2 secondly1 by regulat+ x accord+ to "o's sup]ior judgm5t1 & ?is applies to ! t5? degree2 ?irdly1 by n be+ det]r$ f ?is on acc\nt ( ! difficulties & h>d%ips t come 9 our way1 & ?is belongs to ! n9? degree4 ,c]ta9 ?+s also are includ$ ref]r+ to ! e/imate a man =ms 9 ackn[l$g+ 8 own defici5cy1 & ?is 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/ by ackn[l$g+ & av[+ 8 own %ortcom+s2 ?is belongs to ! eigh? degree3 secondly1 by deem+ oneself incapable ( great ?+s1 & ?is p]ta9s to ! sev5? degree3 ?irdly1 t 9 ?is respect "o %\ld put o!rs be=e oneself1 & ?is belongs to ! six? degree4 ,aga91 "s ?+s are includ$ t ref] to outw>d signs4 ,"o ( ^! reg>ds de$s1 namely t 9 "o's "w "o %\ld n dep>t f ! ord9>y way2 ?is applies to ! fif? degree4 ,two o!rs h ref]5ce to words1 namely t "o %\ld n be 9 a hurry to speak1 :i* p]ta9s to ! f\r? degree1 & t "o be n immod]ate 9 spee*1 :i* ref]s to ! second4 ,! o!rs h to d ) outw>d ge/ures1 = in/ance 9 re/ra9+ haughty looks1 :i* reg>ds ! fir/1 & 9 outw>dly *eck+ laught] & o!r signs ( s5seless mir?1 & ?is belongs to ! ?ird degree4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is possible1 )\t falsehood1 to deem & av[ oneself ! mo/ despicable ( m51 z reg>ds ! hidd5 faults :i* we ackn[l$ge 9 ourselves1 & ! hidd5 gifts ( ,god :i* o!rs h4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg9it4 lii73 ,be?9k y t "s p]sons are 9 "s hidd5 way bett] ?an y1 al?\gh outw>dly y are bett] ?an !y4 ,aga91 )\t falsehood "o may av[ & believe oneself 9 all ways unpr(itable & useless 9 respect ( "o's own capability1 s z to ref] all "o's suffici5cy to ,god1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #c3e1 ,n t we are suffici5t to ?9k any?+ ( ourselves z ( ourselves3 b our suffici5cy is f ,god4 ,& !re is no?+ unbecom+ 9 ascrib+ to humility ^? ?+s t p]ta9 to o!r virtues1 s9ce1 j z "o vice arises f ano!r1 s1 by a natural sequ5ce1 ! act ( "o virtue proce$s f ! act ( ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man arrives at humility 9 two ways4 ,fir/ & *iefly by a gift ( grace1 & 9 ?is way ! inn] man prec$es ! outw>d man4 ,! o!r way is by human ef=t1 :]eby he fir/ ( all re/ra9s ! outw>d man1 & aft]w>ds succe$s 9 pluck+ out ! inw>d root4 ,x is accord+ to ?is ord] t ! degrees ( humility are "h enum]at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ! degrees m5tion$ by ,anselm are r$ucible to k1 av[al1 & desire ( "o's own abasem5t4 ,= ! fir/ degree belongs to ! k ( "o's own defici5cy2 b s9ce x w\ld be wrong = "o to love "o's own fail+s1 ?is is exclud$ by ! second degree4 ,! ?ird & f\r? degrees reg>d ! av[al ( "o's own defici5cy2 namely t n m]ely "o simply ass]t "o's fail+1 b t "o conv9ce ano!r ( x4 ,! o!r ?ree degrees h to d ) ! appetite1 :i* seeks1 n outw>d excell5ce1 b outw>d abasem5t1 or be>s x ) equanimity1 :e!r x consi/ ( words or de$s4 ,= z ,gregory says 7,regi/4 ii1 #aj1 ,ep4 #cf71 !re is no?+ great 9 be+ humble t[>ds ^? :o treat u ) reg>d1 = ev5 worldly p d ?is3 b we %\ld especially be humble t[>ds ^? :o make u suff]1 & ?is belongs to ! fif? & six? degrees3 or ! appetite may ev5 g s f> z lov+ly to embrace ext]nal abasem5t1 & ?is p]ta9s to ! sev5? degree2 s t all ^! degrees are compris$ "u ! six? & sev5? m5tion$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^! degrees ref]1 n to ! ?+ itself1 namely ! nature ( humility1 b to ! degrees among m51 :o are ei!r ( high] or l[] or ( equal degree4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,?is argum5t also consid]s ! degrees ( humility n accord+ to ! nature ( ! ?+1 9 respect ( :i* ! a=esaid degrees are assign$1 b accord+ to ! v>i\s conditions ( m54 ,,"q #afb ,,( ,,pride 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] pride1 & 7#a7 pride 9 g5]al2 7#b7 ! fir/ man's s91 :i* we hold to h be5 pride4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r pride is a s98 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a special vice8 7#c7 ,:]e9 does x reside z 9 its subject8 7#d7 ,( its species2 7#e7 ,:e!r x is a mortal s98 7#f7 ,:e!r x is ! mo/ griev\s ( all s9s8 7#g7 ,( its relation to o!r s9s2 7#h7 ,:e!r x %\ld be reckon$ a capital vice8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,pride ,is a ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pride is n a s94 ,= no s9 is ! object ( ,god's promise4 ,= ,god's promises ref] to :at ,he w d2 & ,he is n ! au?or ( s94 ,n[ pride is numb]$ among ! ,div9e promises3 = x is writt5 7,isa4 #fj3ae73 ,i w make !e to be an ev]la/+ pride ,d\ay3 'glory'1 a joy unto g5]ation & g5]ation4 ,!re=e pride is n a s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is n a s9 to wi% to be l unto ,god3 = e creature has a natural desire = ?is2 & especially does ?is become ! rational creature :i* is made to ,god's image & lik5ess4 ,n[ x is said 9 ,prosp]'s ,lib4 ,s5t4 #bid1 t pride is love ( "o's own excell5ce1 :]eby "o is lik5$ to ,god :o is supremely excell5t4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 ii1 #f73 ,pride imitates exalt$ness2 :]eas ,?\ alone art ,god exalt$ ov] all4 ,!re=e pride is n a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a s9 is oppos$ n only to a virtue b also to a contr>y vice1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ii1 #h74 ,b no vice is f\nd to be oppos$ to pride4 ,!re=e pride is n a s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,tob4 #d3ad73 ,nev] suff] pride to reign 9 ?y m9d or 9 ?y words4 ,i answ] t1 ,pride 7sup]bia7 is s call$ because a man !reby aims high] 7supra7 ?an he is2 :]e=e ,isidore says 7,etym4 x73 ,a man is said to be pr\d1 because he wi%es to appe> above 7sup]7 :at he really is2 = he :o wi%es to ov]/ep beyond :at he is1 is pr\d4 ,n[ "r reason requires t e man's w %\ld t5d to t :i* is proportionate to him4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t pride d5otes some?+ oppos$ to "r reason1 & ?is %[s x to h ! "* ( s91 because accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv1 #d71 ! s\l's evil is to be oppos$ to reason4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t pride is a s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,pride 7sup]bia7 may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z ov]pass+ 7sup]gr$itur7 ! rule ( reason1 & 9 ?is s5se we say t x is a s94 ,secondly1 x may simply d5om9ate sup]-abundance2 9 :i* s5se any sup]-abundant ?+ may be call$ pride3 & x is ?us t ,god promises pride z significant ( sup]-abundant good4 ,h5ce a gloss ( ,j]ome on ! same passage 7,isa4 #fa3f7 says t !re is a good & an evil pride2 or a s9ful pride :i* ,god resi/s1 & a pride t d5otes ! glory :i* ,he be/[s4 ,x may also be repli$ t pride !re signifies abundance ( ^? ?+s 9 :i* m5 may take pride4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,reason has ! direction ( ^? ?+s = :i* man has a natural appetite2 s t if ! appetite w&] f ! rule ( reason1 :e!r by excess or by default1 x w be s9ful1 z is ! case ) ! appetite = food :i* man desires naturally4 ,n[ pride is ! appetite = excell5ce 9 excess ( "r reason4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #ac7 t pride is ! desire = inord9ate exaltation3 & h5ce x is t1 z he ass]ts 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #ac2 xix1 #ab71 pride imitates ,god inord9ately3 = x ha? equality ( fell[%ip "u ,him1 & wi%es to usurp ,8 dom9ion ov] our fell[-creatures4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pride is directly oppos$ to ! virtue ( humility1 :i*1 9 a way1 is conc]n$ ab\t ! same matt] z magnanimity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #afa1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,h5ce ! vice oppos$ to pride by default is ak9 to ! vice ( pusillanimity1 :i* is oppos$ by default to magnanimity4 ,= j z x belongs to magnanimity to urge ! m9d to great ?+s aga9/ despair1 s x belongs to humility to )draw ! m9d f ! inord9ate desire ( great ?+s aga9/ presumption4 ,n[ pusillanimity1 if we take x = a defici5cy 9 pursu+ great ?+s1 is prop]ly oppos$ to magnanimity by default2 b if we take x = ! m9d's atta*m5t to ?+s b5ea? :at is becom+ to a man1 x is oppos$ to humility by default2 s9ce ea* proce$s f a smallness ( m9d4 ,9 ! same way1 on ! o!r h&1 pride may be oppos$ by excess1 bo? to magnanimity & humility1 f diff]5t po9ts ( view3 to humility1 inasmu* z x scorns subjection1 to magnanimity1 inasmu* z x t5ds to great ?+s inord9ately4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 pride implies a c]ta9 elation1 x is m directly oppos$ to humility1 ev5 z pusillanimity1 :i* d5otes littl5ess ( s\l 9 t5d+ t[>ds great ?+s1 is m directly oppos$ to magnanimity4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,pride ,is a ,special ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pride is n a special s94 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 et ,grat4 xxix7 t y w f9d no s9 t is n labell$ pride2 & ,prosp] says 7,de ,vita ,contempl4 iii1 #b7 t )\t pride no s9 is1 or 01 or ev] w be possible4 ,!re=e pride is a g5]al s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,job #cc3ag1 ,t ,he may )draw man f wick$ness 99,vulg43 ',f ! ?+s t he is do+1 & may deliv] him f pride'1 says t a man prides himself :5 he transgresses ,8 comm&m5ts by s94 ,n[ accord+ to ,ambrose 99,de ,p>ad4 viii1 e s9 is a transgression ( ! ,div9e law1 & a disob$i5ce ( ! heav5ly comm&m5ts4 ,!re=e e s9 is pride4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e special s9 is oppos$ to a special virtue4 ,b pride is oppos$ to all ! virtues1 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxiv1 #bc73 ,pride is by no means cont5t ) ! de/ruction ( "o virtue2 x raises itself up aga9/ all ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 & l an all-p]vad+ & poison\s disease corrupts ! :ole body2 & ,isidore says 7,etym4 99,de ,summo ,bono ii1 #ch7 t x is ! d[nfall ( all virtues4 ,!re=e pride is n a special s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 e special s9 has a special matt]4 ,n[ pride has a g5]al matt]1 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxiv1 #bc7 t "o man is pr\d ( 8 gold1 ano!r ( 8 eloqu5ce3 "o is elat$ by mean & e>?ly ?+s1 ano!r by sublime & heav5ly virtues4 ,!re=e pride is n a special b a g5]al s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 et ,grat4 xxix73 ,if he look into ! "q c>efully1 he w f9d t1 accord+ to ,god's law1 pride is a v diff]5t s9 f o!r vices4 ,n[ ! g5us is n diff]5t f its species4 ,!re=e pride is n a g5]al b a special s94 ,i answ] t1 ,! s9 ( pride may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/ ) reg>d to its prop] species1 :i* x has "u ! aspect ( its prop] object4 ,9 ?is way pride is a special s91 because x has a special object3 = x is inord9ate desire ( "o's own excell5ce1 z /at$ 7,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,secondly1 x may be consid]$ z hav+ a c]ta9 influ5ce t[>ds o!r s9s4 ,9 ?is way x has some:at ( a g5]ic "*1 inasmu* z all s9s may arise f pride1 9 two ways4 ,fir/ directly1 ?r\gh o!r s9s be+ direct$ to ! end ( pride :i* is "o's own excell5ce1 to :i* may be direct$ any?+ t is inord9ately desir$4 ,secondly1 indirectly & accid5tally z x 71 t is by remov+ an ob/acle1 s9ce pride makes a man despise ! ,div9e law :i* h9d]s him f s9n+1 accord+ to ,j]4 #b3bj1 ,?\ ha/ brok5 ,my yoke1 ?\ ha/ bur/ ,my b&s1 & ?\ said/3 ,i w n s]ve4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t ?is g5]ic "* ( pride admits ( ! possibility ( all vices aris+ f pride sometimes1 b x does n imply t all vices orig9ate f pride always4 ,= ?\gh "o may break ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law by any k9d ( s91 ?r\gh contempt :i* p]ta9s to pride1 yet "o does n always break ! ,div9e comm&m5ts ?r\gh contempt1 b sometimes ?r\gh ignorance1 & sometimes ?r\gh weakness3 & = ?is reason ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 et ,grat4 xxix7 t _m ?+s are done amiss :i* are n done ?r\gh pride4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! words are introduc$ by ,augu/9e into 8 book ,de ,nat4 et ,grat41 n z be+ 8 own1 b z ^? ( someone ) :om he is argu+4 ,h5ce he subsequ5tly disproves ! ass]tion1 & %[s t n all s9s are committ$ ?r\gh pride4 ,we might1 h[ev]1 reply t ^! au?orities mu/ be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! outw>d effect ( pride1 namely ! break+ ( ! comm&m5ts1 :i* applies to e s91 & n to ! inw>d act ( pride1 namely contempt ( ! comm&m5t4 ,= s9 is committ$1 n always ?r\gh contempt1 b sometimes ?r\gh ignorance1 sometimes ?r\gh weakness1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man may sometimes commit a s9 effectively1 b n affectively2 ?us he :o1 9 ignorance1 slays 8 fa!r1 is a p>ricide effectively1 b n affectively1 s9ce he did n int5d x4 ,accord+ly he :o breaks ,god's comm&m5t is said to pride himself aga9/ ,god1 effectively always1 b n always affectively4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a s9 may de/roy a virtue 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way by direct contr>iety to a virtue1 & ?us pride does n corrupt e virtue1 b only humility2 ev5 z e special s9 de/roys ! special virtue oppos$ to x1 by act+ c\nt] !reto4 ,9 ano!r way a s9 de/roys a virtue1 by mak+ ill use ( t virtue3 & ?us pride de/roys e virtue1 9 s f> z x f9ds an occasion ( pride 9 e virtue1 j z 9 ev]y?+ else p]ta9+ to excell5ce4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t x is a g5]al s94 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,pride reg>ds a special aspect 9 its object1 :i* aspect may be f\nd 9 v>i\s matt]s3 = x is inord9ate love ( "o's excell5ce1 & excell5ce may be f\nd 9 v>i\s ?+s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,subject ( ,pride ,is ! ,irascible ,faculty8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! subject ( pride is n ! irascible faculty4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxiii1 #ag73 ,a swoll5 m9d is an ob/acle to tru?1 = ! swell+ %uts out ! light4 ,n[ ! k ( tru? p]ta9s1 n to ! irascible b to ! rational faculty4 ,!re=e pride is n 9 ! irascible4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxiv1 #h7 t ! pr\d obs]ve o!r p's conduct n s z to set !mselves b5ea? !m ) humility1 b s z to set !mselves above !m ) pride3 :]e=e x w\ld seem t pride orig9ates 9 undue obs]vation4 ,n[ obs]vation p]ta9s n to ! irascible b to ! rational faculty4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 pride seeks pre-em95ce n only 9 s5sible ?+s1 b also 9 spiritual & intelligible ?+s3 :ile x consi/s ess5tially 9 ! contempt ( ,god1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #aj3ad1 ,! beg9n+ ( ! pride ( man is to fall (f f ,god4 ,n[ ! irascible1 s9ce x is a "p ( ! s5sitive appetite1 _c ext5d to ,god & ?+s intelligible4 ,!re=e pride _c be 9 ! irascible4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ 9 ,prosp]'s ,lib] ,s5t5ti>um1 s5t4 #bid1 ,pride is love ( "o's own excell5ce4 ,b love is n 9 ! irascible1 b 9 ! concupiscible4 ,!re=e pride is n 9 ! irascible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 ii1 #di7 opposes pride to ! gift ( fe>4 ,n[ fe> belongs to ! irascible4 ,!re=e pride is 9 ! irascible4 ,i answ] t1 ,! subject ( any virtue or vice is to be asc]ta9$ f its prop] object3 = ! object ( a habit or act _c be o!r ?an ! object ( ! p[]1 :i* is ! subject ( bo?4 ,n[ ! prop] object ( pride is some?+ difficult1 = pride is ! desire ( "o's own excell5ce1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,:]e=e pride mu/ ne$s p]ta9 9 "s way to ! irascible faculty4 ,n[ ! irascible may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,fir/ 9 a /rict s5se1 & ?us x is a "p ( ! s5sitive appetite1 ev5 z ang]1 /rictly speak+1 is a passion ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,secondly1 ! irascible may be tak5 9 a broad] s5se1 s z to belong also to ! intellective appetite1 to :i* also ang] is sometimes ascrib$4 ,x is ?us t we attribute ang] to ,god & ! angels1 n z a passion1 b z d5ot+ ! s5t5ce ( ju/ice pron\nc+ judgm5t4 ,nev]!less ! irascible und]/ood 9 ?is broad s5se is n di/9ct f ! concupiscible p[]1 z /at$ above 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ei1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #e1 ad #a & #b74 ,consequ5tly if ! difficult ?+ :i* is ! object ( pride1 7 m]ely "s s5sible object1 :]eto ! s5sitive appetite might t5d1 pride w\ld h to be 9 ! irascible :i* is "p ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,b s9ce ! difficult ?+ :i* pride has 9 view is common bo? to s5sible & to spiritual ?+s1 we mu/ ne$s say t ! subject ( pride is ! irascible n only /rictly s call$1 z a "p ( ! s5sitive appetite1 b also 9 its wid] acceptation1 z applicable to ! intellective appetite4 ,:]e=e pride is ascrib$ also to ! demons4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,k ( tru? is tw(old4 ,"o is purely speculative1 & pride h9d]s ?is indirectly by remov+ its cause4 ,= ! pr\d man subjects n 8 intellect to ,god1 t he may receive ! k ( tru? f ,him1 accord+ to ,matt4 #aa3be1 ,?\ ha/ hid ^! ?+s f ! wise & ! prud5t1 i4e4 f ! pr\d1 :o are wise & prud5t 9 _! own eyes1 & ha/ reveal$ !m to little ones1 i4e4 to ! humble4 ,nor does he deign to le>n any?+ f man1 :]eas x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #f3cd73 ,if ?\ wilt incl9e ?y e>1 ?\ %alt receive in/ruction4 ,! o!r k ( tru? is affective1 & ?is is directly h9d]$ by pride1 because ! pr\d1 ?r\gh delight+ 9 _! own excell5ce1 disda9 ! excell5ce ( tru?2 ?us ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxiii1 #ag7 t ! pr\d1 al?\gh c]ta9 hidd5 tru?s be convey$ to _! und]/&+1 _c realize _! sweetness3 & if !y "k ( !m !y _c reli% !m4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,prov4 #aa3b73 ,:]e humility is !re also is wisdom4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #afa1 ,,aa4 #b1 #f71 humility obs]ves ! rule ( "r reason :]eby a man has true self-e/eem4 ,n[ pride does n obs]ve ?is rule ( "r reason1 = he e/eems himself great] ?an he is3 & ?is is ! outcome ( an inord9ate desire = 8 own excell5ce1 s9ce a man is ready to believe :at he desires v mu*1 ! result be+ t 8 appetite is borne t[>ds ?+s high] ?an :at become him4 ,consequ5tly :atsoev] ?+s lead a man to inord9ate self-e/eem lead him to pride3 & "o ( ^? is ! obs]v+ ( o!r p's fail+s1 j z1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! words ( ,gregory 7,moral4 xxiii1 #ag71 holy m51 by a l obs]vation ( o!r p's virtues1 set o!rs above !mselves4 ,accord+ly ! conclusion is n t pride is 9 ! rational faculty1 b t "o ( its causes is 9 ! reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pride is 9 ! irascible1 n only z a "p ( ! s5sitive appetite1 b also z hav+ a m g5]al signification1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g1 #i71 love prec$es all o!r emotions ( ! s\l1 & is _! cause1 :]e=e x may be employ$ to d5ote any ( ! o!r emotions4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t pride is said to be love ( "o's own excell5ce1 inasmu* z love makes a man presume inord9ately on 8 sup]iority ov] o!rs1 & ?is belongs prop]ly to pride4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,f\r ,species ( ,pride ,are ,fitt+ly ,assign$ by ,gregory8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ! f\r species ( pride are unfitt+ly assign$ by ,gregory1 :o says 7,moral4 xxiii1 #f73 ,!re are f\r m>ks by :i* e k9d ( pride ( ! arrogant betrays itself2 ei!r :5 !y ?9k t _! good is f !mselves1 or if !y believe x to be f above1 yet !y ?9k t x is due to _! own m]its2 or :5 !y boa/ ( hav+ :at !y h n1 or despise o!rs & wi% to appe> ! exclusive possessors ( :at !y h4 ,= pride is a vice di/9ct f unbelief1 j z humility is a di/9ct virtue f fai?4 ,n[ x p]ta9s to unbelief1 if a man deem t he has n receiv$ 8 good f ,god1 or t he has ! good ( grace ?r\gh 8 own m]its4 ,!re=e ?is %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( pride4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( diff]5t g5]a4 ,n[ boa/+ is reckon$ a species ( ly+1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #aab74 ,!re=e x %\ld n be acc\nt$ a species ( pride4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "s o!r ?+s app>5tly p]ta9 to pride1 :i* are n m5tion$ "h4 ,= ,j]ome 99,ref]5ce unkn[n says t no?+ is s indicative ( pride z to %[ oneself ungrateful3 & ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #ad7 t x belongs to pride to excuse oneself ( a s9 "o has committ$4 ,aga91 presumption :]eby "o aims at hav+ :at is above "o1 w\ld seem to h mu* to d ) pride4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid division does n suffici5tly acc\nt = ! diff]5t species ( pride4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 we f9d o!r divisions ( pride4 ,= ,anselm 99,eadm]1 ,de ,similit4 xxii1 seqq4 divides ! uplift+ ( pride1 say+ t !re is pride ( w1 pride ( spee*1 end pride ( de$4 ,b]n>d 99,de ,grad4 ,humil4 et ,sup]b4 x1 seqq4 also reckons twelve degrees ( pride1 namely curiosity1 frivolity ( m9d1 s5seless mir?1 boa/+1 s+ul>ity1 arrogance1 presumption1 def5se ( "o's s9s1 deceitful confession1 rebelli\sness1 lic5se1 s9ful habit4 ,n[ ^! app>5tly are n compris$ "u ! species m5tion$ by ,gregory4 ,!re=e ! latt] w\ld seem to be assign$ unfitt+ly4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! au?ority ( ,gregory suffices4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c71 pride d5otes immod]ate desire ( "o's own excell5ce1 a desire1 to wit1 t is n 9 accord ) "r reason4 ,n[ x mu/ be obs]v$ t all excell5ce results f a good possess$4 ,su* a good may be consid]$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 9 itself4 ,= x is evid5t t ! great] ! good t "o has1 ! great] ! excell5ce t "o d]ives f x4 ,h5ce :5 a man ascribes to himself a good great] ?an :at he has1 x foll[s t 8 appetite t5ds to 8 own excell5ce 9 a measure exce$+ 8 compet5cy3 & ?us we h ! ?ird species ( pride1 namely boa/+ ( hav+ :at "o has n4 ,secondly1 x may be consid]$ ) reg>d to its cause1 9 s f> z to h a ?+ ( oneself is m excell5t ?an to h x ( ano!r4 ,h5ce :5 a man e/eems ! good he has receiv$ ( ano!r z ?\gh he _h x ( himself1 ! result is t 8 appetite is borne t[>ds 8 own excell5ce immod]ately4 ,n[ "o is cause ( "o's own good 9 two ways1 effici5tly & m]itori\sly3 & ?us we h ! fir/ two species ( pride1 namely :5 a man ?9ks he has f himself t :i* he has f ,god1 or :5 he believes t :i* he has receiv$ f above to be due to 8 own m]its4 ,?irdly1 x may be consid]$ ) reg>d to ! mann] ( hav+ x1 9 s f> z a man obta9s great] excell5ce ?r\gh possess+ "s good m excell5tly ?an o!r m52 ! result aga9 be+ t 8 appetite is borne inord9ately t[>ds 8 own excell5ce3 & ?us we h ! f\r? species ( pride1 :i* is :5 a man despises o!rs & wi%es to be s+ul>ly conspicu\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a true judgm5t may be de/roy$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 univ]sally3 & ?us 9 matt]s ( fai?1 a true judgm5t is de/roy$ by unbelief4 ,secondly1 9 "s p>ticul> matt] ( *oice1 & unbelief does n d ?is4 ,?us a man :o commits =nication1 judges t = ! "t be+ x is good = him to commit =nication2 yet he is n an unbeliev]1 z he w\ld be1 7 he to say t univ]sally =nication is good4 ,x is ?us 9 ! "q 9 po9t3 = x p]ta9s to unbelief to ass]t univ]sally t !re is a good :i* is n f ,god1 or t grace is giv5 to m5 = _! m]its1 :]eas1 prop]ly speak+1 x belongs to pride & n to unbelief1 ?r\gh inord9ate desire ( "o's own excell5ce1 to boa/ ( "o's goods z ?\gh "o _h !m ( oneself1 or ( "o's own m]its4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,boa/+ is reckon$ a species ( ly+1 z reg>ds ! outw>d act :]eby a man falsely ascribes to himself :at he has n3 b z reg>ds ! inw>d arrogance ( ! he>t x is reckon$ by ,gregory to be a species ( pride4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ungrateful man ascribes to himself :at he has f ano!r3 :]e=e ! fir/ two species ( pride p]ta9 to +ratitude4 ,to excuse oneself ( a s9 "o has committ$1 belongs to ! ?ird species1 s9ce by s do+ a man ascribes to himself ! good ( innoc5ce :i* he has n4 ,to aim presumptu\sly at :at is above "o1 w\ld seem to belong *iefly to ! f\r? species1 :i* consi/s 9 wi%+ to be pref]r$ to o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! ?ree m5tion$ by ,anselm correspond to ! progress ( any p>ticul> s93 = x beg9s by be+ conceiv$ 9 ?\ght1 !n is utt]$ 9 ^w1 & ?irdly is accompli%$ 9 de$4 ,! twelve degrees m5tion$ by ,b]n>d are reckon$ by way ( opposition to ! twelve degrees ( humility1 ( :i* we h spok5 above 7,q4 #afa1 ,a4 #f74 ,= ! fir/ degree ( humility is to be humble 9 he>t1 & to %[ x 9 "o's v p]son1 "o's eyes fix$ on ! gr\nd3 & to ?is is oppos$ curiosity1 :i* consi/s 9 look+ ar\nd 9 all directions curi\sly & inord9ately4 ,! second degree ( humility is to speak few & s5sible words1 & n to be l\d ( voice3 to ?is is oppos$ frivolity ( m9d1 by :i* a man is pr\d ( spee*4 ,! ?ird degree ( humility is n to be easily mov$ & dispos$ to laught]1 to :i* is oppos$ s5seless mir?4 ,! f\r? degree ( humility is to ma9ta9 sil5ce until "o is ask$1 to :i* is oppos$ boa/+4 ,! fif? degree ( humility is to d no?+ b to :at "o is exhort$ by ! common rule ( ! mona/]y1 to :i* is oppos$ s+ul>ity1 :]eby a man wi%es to seem m holy ?an o!rs4 ,! six? degree ( humility is to believe & ackn[l$ge oneself vil] ?an all1 to :i* is oppos$ arrogance1 :]eby a man sets himself above o!rs4 ,! sev5? degree ( humility is to ?9k oneself wor?less & unpr(itable = all purposes1 to :i* is oppos$ presumption1 :]eby a man ?9ks himself capable ( ?+s t are above him4 ,! eigh? degree ( humility is to confess "o's s9s1 to :i* is oppos$ def5se ( "o's s9s4 ,! n9? degree is to embrace pati5ce by obey+ "u difficult & contr>y circum/ances1 to :i* is oppos$ deceitful confession1 :]eby a man be+ unwill+ to be puni%$ = 8 s9s confesses !m deceitfully4 ,! t5? degree ( humility is ob$i5ce1 to :i* is oppos$ rebelli\sness4 ,! elev5? degree ( humility is n to delight 9 fulfill+ "o's own desires2 to ?is is oppos$ lic5se1 :]eby a man delights 9 do+ freely :atev] he w4 ,! la/ degree ( humility is fe> ( ,god3 to ?is is oppos$ ! habit ( s9n+1 :i* implies contempt ( ,god4 ,9 ^! twelve degrees n only are ! species ( pride indicat$1 b also c]ta9 ?+s t prec$e & foll[ !m1 z we h /at$ above ) reg>d to humility 7,q4 #afa1 ,a4 #f74 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afb1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,pride ,is a ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pride is n a mortal s94 ,= a gloss on ,ps4 #g3d1 ,o ,"l my ,god1 if ,i h done ?is ?+1 says3 ,namely1 ! univ]sal s9 :i* is pride4 ,!re=e if pride 7 a mortal s91 s w\ld e s9 be4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e mortal s9 is contr>y to *>ity4 ,b pride is app>5tly n contr>y to *>ity1 nei!r z to ! love ( ,god1 nor z to ! love ( "o's neighbor1 because ! excell5ce :i*1 by pride1 "o desires inord9ately1 is n always oppos$ to ,god's honor1 or our neighbor's good4 ,!re=e pride is n a mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e mortal s9 is oppos$ to virtue4 ,b pride is n oppos$ to virtue2 on ! contr>y1 x arises !refrom1 = z ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxiv1 #bc71 sometimes a man is elat$ by sublime & heav5ly virtues4 ,!re=e pride is n a mortal s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxiv1 #bc7 t pride is a mo/ evid5t sign ( ! reprobate1 & contr>iwise1 humility ( ! elect4 ,b m5 d n become reprobate on acc\nt ( v5ial s9s4 ,!re=e pride is n a v5ial b a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,pride is oppos$ to humility4 ,n[ humility prop]ly reg>ds ! subjection ( man to ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #afa1 ,a4 #a1 ad #e74 ,h5ce pride prop]ly reg>ds lack ( ?is subjection1 9 s f> z a man raises himself above t :i* is appo9t$ to him accord+ to ! ,div9e rule or measure1 aga9/ ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #aj3ac71 ,b we w n glory beyond our measure2 b accord+ to ! measure ( ! rule :i* ,god ha? measur$ to u4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #aj3ad73 ,! beg9n+ ( ! pride ( man is to fall (f f ,god because1 to wit1 ! root ( pride is f\nd to consi/ 9 man n be+1 9 "s way1 subject to ,god & ,8 rule4 ,n[ x is evid5t t n to be subject to ,god is ( its v nature a mortal s91 = ?is consi/s 9 turn+ away f ,god3 & consequ5tly pride is1 ( its g5us1 a mortal s94 ,nev]!less j z 9 o!r s9s :i* are mortal by _! g5us 7= in/ance =nication & adult]y7 !re are c]ta9 motions t are v5ial by reason ( _! imp]fection 7?r\gh =e/all+ ! judgm5t ( reason1 & be+ )\t its cons5t71 s too 9 ! matt] ( pride x happ5s t c]ta9 motions ( pride are v5ial s9s1 :5 reason does n cons5t to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b7 pride is a g5]al s91 n by its ess5ce b by a k9d ( influ5ce1 9 s f> z all s9s may h _! orig9 9 pride4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t all s9s are mortal1 b only su* z arise f p]fect pride1 :i* we h /at$ to be a mortal s94 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,pride is always contr>y to ! love ( ,god1 inasmu* z ! pr\d man does n subject himself to ! ,div9e rule z he ought4 ,sometimes x is also contr>y to ! love ( our neighbor2 :51 namely1 a man sets himself inord9ately above 8 neighbor3 & ?is aga9 is a transgression ( ! ,div9e rule1 :i* has e/abli%$ ord] among m51 s t "o ought to be subject to ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pride arises f virtue1 n z f its direct cause1 b z f an accid5tal cause1 9 s f> z a man makes a virtue an occasion = pride4 ,& no?+ prev5ts "o contr>y f be+ ! accid5tal cause ( ano!r1 z /at$ 9 ,phys4 viii1 #a4 ,h5ce "s are ev5 pr\d ( _! humility4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afb1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,pride ,is ! ,mo/ ,griev\s ( ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pride is n ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,= ! m difficult a s9 is to avoid1 ! less griev\s x w\ld seem to be4 ,n[ pride is mo/ difficult to avoid2 = ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule 7,ep4 ccxi71 ,o!r s9s f9d _! v5t 9 ! accompli%m5t ( evil de$s1 :]eas pride lies 9 wait = good de$s to de/roy !m4 ,!re=e pride is n ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,! great] evil is oppos$ to ! great] good1 z ! ,philosoph] ass]ts 7,e?ic4 viii1 #aj74 ,n[ humility to :i* pride is oppos$ is n ! greate/ ( virtues1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #fa1 ,a4 #e74 ,!re=e ! vices t are oppos$ to great] virtues1 su* z unbelief1 despair1 hatr$ ( ,god1 murd]1 & s =?1 are m griev\s s9s ?an pride4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! great] evil is n puni%$ by a less] evil4 ,b pride is sometimes puni%$ by o!r s9s accord+ to ,rom4 #a3bh1 :]e x is /at$ t on acc\nt ( _! pride ( he>t1 m5 ( sci5ce 7 deliv]$ to a reprobate s5se1 to d ^? ?+s :i* are n conv5i5t4 ,!re=e pride is n ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,ps4 #aah3ea1 ,! pr\d did iniquit\sly1 says3 ,! greate/ s9 9 man is pride4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s are to be obs]v$ 9 s91 conv]sion to a mutable good1 & ?is is ! mat]ial "p ( s92 & av]sion f ! immutable good1 & ?is gives s9 its =mal aspect & complem5t4 ,n[ on ! "p ( ! conv]sion1 !re is no reason = pride be+ ! greate/ ( s9s1 because uplift+ :i* pride covets inord9ately1 is n ess5tially mo/ incompatible ) ! good ( virtue4 ,b on ! "p ( ! av]sion1 pride has extreme gravity1 because 9 o!r s9s man turns away f ,god1 ei!r ?r\gh ignorance or ?r\gh weakness1 or ?r\gh desire = any o!r good :atev]2 :]eas pride d5otes av]sion f ,god simply ?r\gh be+ unwill+ to be subject to ,god & ,8 rule4 ,h5ce ,boe?ius 99,cf4 ,cassian1 de ,ca5ob4 ,in/4 xii1 #g says t :ile all vices flee f ,god1 pride alone )/&s ,god2 = :i* reason x is specially /at$ 7,james #d3f7 t ,god resi/e? ! pr\d4 ,:]e=e av]sion f ,god & ,8 comm&m5ts1 :i* is a consequ5ce z x 7 9 o!r s9s1 belongs to pride by its v nature1 = its act is ! contempt ( ,god4 ,& s9ce t :i* belongs to a ?+ by its nature is always ( great] weight ?an t :i* belongs to x ?r\gh some?+ else1 x foll[s t pride is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s by its g5us1 because x exce$s 9 av]sion :i* is ! =mal complem5t ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a s9 is difficult to avoid 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! viol5ce ( its onslaught2 ?us ang] is viol5t 9 its onslaught on acc\nt ( its impetuosity2 & /ill m difficult is x to resi/ concupisc5ce1 on acc\nt ( its connaturality1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #c1 #i4 ,a difficulty ( ?is k9d 9 avoid+ s9 dim9i%es ! gravity ( ! s92 because a man s9s ! m griev\sly1 accord+ z he yields to a less impetu\s temptation1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #ab1 #ae74 ,secondly1 x is difficult to avoid a s91 on acc\nt ( its be+ hidd54 ,9 ?is way x is difficult to avoid pride1 s9ce x takes occasion ev5 f good de$s1 z /at$ 7,a4 #e1 ad #c74 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says po9t$ly t x lies 9 wait = good de$s2 & x is writt5 7,ps4 #ada3d73 ,9 ! way :]e9 ,i walk$1 ! pr\d 99,cf4 ,ps4 #aci3f1 ',! pr\d h hidd5 a net = me4' ,vulg43 '!y' h hidd5 a sn>e = me4 ,h5ce no v great gravity atta*es to ! movem5t ( pride :ile creep+ 9 secretly1 & be=e x is discov]$ by ! judgm5t ( reason3 b once discov]$ by reason1 x is easily avoid$1 bo? by consid]+ "o's own infirmity1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #aj3i1 ,:y is e>? & a%es pr\d8 & by consid]+ ,god's greatness1 accord+ to ,job #ae3ac1 ,:y do? ?y _s swell aga9/ ,god8 z well z by consid]+ ! imp]fection ( ! goods on :i* man prides himself1 accord+ to ,isa4 #dj3f1 ,all fle% is grass1 & all ! glory !re( z ! fl[] ( ! field2 & f>!r on 7,isa4 #fd3f71 all our ju/ices are become l ! rag ( a m5/ru\s woman4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,opposition betwe5 a vice & a virtue is inf]r$ f ! object1 :i* is consid]$ on ! "p ( conv]sion4 ,9 ?is way pride has no claim to be ! greate/ ( s9s1 z nei!r has humility to be ! greate/ ( virtues4 ,b x is ! greate/ on ! "p ( av]sion1 s9ce x br+s greatness ^u o!r s9s4 ,= unbelief1 by ! v fact ( its aris+ out ( pr\d contempt1 is r5d]$ m griev\s ?an if x be ! outcome ( ignorance or weakness4 ,! same applies to despair & ! l4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z 9 syllogisms t lead to an impossible conclusion "o is sometimes conv9c$ by be+ fac$ ) a m evid5t absurdity1 s too1 9 ord] to ov]come _! pride1 ,god puni%es c]ta9 m5 by all[+ !m to fall into s9s ( ! fle%1 :i* ?\gh !y be less griev\s are m evid5tly %ameful4 ,h5ce ,isidore says 7,de ,summo ,bono ii1 #ch7 t pride is ! wor/ ( all vices2 :e!r because x is appropriate to ^? :o are ( highe/ & =emo/ rank1 or because x orig9ates f j & virtu\s de$s1 s t its guilt is less p]ceptible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c>nal lu/ is app>5t to all1 because f ! outset x is ( a %ameful nature3 & yet1 "u ,god's disp5sation1 x is less griev\s ?an pride4 ,= he :o is 9 ! clut*es ( pride & feels x n1 falls into ! lu/s ( ! fle%1 t be+ ?us humbl$ he may rise f 8 abasem5t4 ,f ?is inde$ ! gravity ( pride is made manife/4 ,= j z a wise physician1 9 ord] to cure a worse disease1 all[s ! pati5t to contract "o t is less dang]\s1 s ! s9 ( pride is %[n to be m griev\s by ! v fact t1 z a rem$y1 ,god all[s m5 to fall into o!r s9s4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afb1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,pride ,is ! ,fir/ ,s9 ( ,all8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pride is n ! fir/ s9 ( all4 ,= ! fir/ is ma9ta9$ 9 all t foll[s4 ,n[ pride does n accompany all s9s1 nor is x ! orig9 ( all3 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 et ,grat4 xx7 t _m ?+s are done amiss :i* are n done ) pride4 ,!re=e pride is n ! fir/ s9 ( all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #aj3ad7 t ! beg9n+ ( 4 4 4 pride is to fall (f f ,god4 ,!re=e fall+ away f ,god prec$es pride4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ord] ( s9s w\ld seem to be accord+ to ! ord] ( virtues4 ,n[1 n humility b fai? is ! fir/ ( all virtues4 ,!re=e pride is n ! fir/ s9 ( all4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7#b ,tim4 #c3ac73 ,evil m5 & s$uc]s %all gr[ worse & worse2 s t app>5tly man's beg9n+ ( wick$ness is n ! greate/ ( s9s4 ,b pride is ! greate/ ( s9s z /at$ 9 ! =ego+ ,article4 ,!re=e pride is n ! fir/ s94 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 resemblance & pret5se come aft] ! reality4 ,n[ ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #g7 t pride apes =titude & d>+4 ,!re=e ! vice ( d>+ prec$es ! vice ( pride4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #aj3ae73 ,pride is ! beg9n+ ( all s94 ,i answ] t1 ,! fir/ ?+ 9 e g5us is t :i* is ess5tial4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,a4 #f7 t av]sion f ,god1 :i* is ! =mal complem5t ( s91 belongs to pride ess5tially1 & to o!r s9s1 consequ5tly4 ,h5ce x is t pride fulfils ! conditions ( a fir/ ?+1 & is ! beg9n+ ( all s9s1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #b71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! causes ( s9 on ! "p ( ! av]sion :i* is ! *ief "p ( s94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,pride is said to be ! beg9n+ ( all s91 n z ?\gh e s9 orig9at$ f pride1 b because any k9d ( s9 is naturally liable to arise f pride4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to fall (f f ,god is said to be ! beg9n+ ( pride1 n z ?\gh x 7 a di/9ct s9 f pride1 b z be+ ! fir/ "p ( pride4 ,= x has be5 said above 7,a4 #e7 t pride reg>ds *iefly subjection to ,god :i* x scorns1 & 9 consequ5ce x scorns to be subject to a creature = ,god's sake4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re is no ne$ = ! ord] ( virtues to be ! same z t ( vices4 ,= vice is corruptive ( virtue4 ,n[ t :i* is fir/ to be g5]at$ is ! la/ to be corrupt$4 ,:]e=e z fai? is ! fir/ ( virtues1 s unbelief is ! la/ ( s9s1 to :i* sometimes man is l$ by o!r s9s4 ,h5ce a gloss on ,ps4 #acf3g1 ,rase x1 rase x1 ev5 to ! f\ndation !re(1 says t by heap+ vice ^u vice a man w lapse into unbelief1 & ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #a3ai7 t "s reject+ a good consci5ce h made %ipwreck conc]n+ ! fai?4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,pride is said to be ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s because t :i* gives s9 its gravity is ess5tial to pride4 ,h5ce pride is ! cause ( gravity 9 o!r s9s4 ,accord+ly previ\s to pride !re may be c]ta9 less griev\s s9s t are committ$ ?r\gh ignorance or weakness4 ,b among ! griev\s s9s ! fir/ is pride1 z ! cause :]eby o!r s9s are r5d]$ m griev\s4 ,& z t :i* is ! fir/ 9 caus+ s9s is ! la/ 9 ! )drawal f s91 a gloss on ,ps4 #ah3ac1 ,i %all be cleans$ f ! greate/ s91 says3 ,namely f ! s9 ( pride1 :i* is ! la/ 9 ^? :o return to ,god1 & ! fir/ 9 ^? :o )draw f ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! ,philosoph] associates pride ) feign$ =titude1 n t x consi/s precisely 9 ?is1 b because man ?9ks he is m likely to be uplift$ be=e m51 if he seem to be d>+ or brave4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afb1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,pride ,%\ld ,be ,reckon$ a ,capital ,vice8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pride %\ld be reckon$ a capital vice1 s9ce ,isidore 99,comm5t4 9 ,deut4 xvi & ,cassian 99,de ,in/4 ,ca5ob4 v1 #a3 ,collat4 v1 #b numb] pride among ! capital vices4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 pride is app>5tly ! same z va+lory1 s9ce bo? covet excell5ce4 ,n[ va+lory is reckon$ a capital vice4 ,!re=e pride also %\ld be reckon$ a capital vice4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg9it4 xxxi7 t pride begets envy1 nor is x ev] )\t ?is companion4 ,n[ envy is reckon$ a capital vice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #cf1 ,a4 #d74 ,mu* m !re=e is pride a capital vice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de7 does n include pride among ! capital vices4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #e1 ad #a7 pride may be consid]$ 9 two ways2 fir/ 9 itself1 z be+ a special s92 secondly1 z hav+ a g5]al influ5ce t[>ds all s9s4 ,n[ ! capital vices are said to be c]ta9 special s9s f :i* _m k9ds ( s9 arise4 ,:]e=e "s1 consid]+ pride 9 ! light ( a special s91 numb]$ x toge!r ) ! o!r capital vices4 ,b ,gregory1 tak+ into consid]ation its g5]al influ5ce t[>ds all vices1 z expla9$ above 7,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #c71 did n place x among ! capital vices1 b held x to be ! que5 & "m ( all ! vices4 ,h5ce he says 7,moral4 xxxi1 #de73 ,pride1 ! que5 ( vices1 :5 x has vanqui%$ & captur$ ! he>t1 =?) deliv]s x into ! h&s ( its lieut5ants ! sev5 pr9cipal vices1 t !y may despoil x & produce vices ( all k9ds4 ,?is suffices = ! ,reply to ! ,fir/ ,objection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,pride is n ! same z va+lory1 b is ! cause !re(3 = pride covets excell5ce inord9ately3 :ile va+lory covets ! outw>d %[ ( excell5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fact t envy1 :i* is a capital vice1 arises f pride1 does n prove t pride is a capital vice1 b t x is /ill m pr9cipal ?an ! capital vices !mselves4 ,,"q #afc ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,man',s ,,s9 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! fir/ man's s9 :i* 0 pride3 & 7#a7 8 s92 7#b7 its puni%m5t2 7#c7 ! temptation :]eby he 0 l$ to s94 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r pride 0 ! fir/ man's fir/ s98 7#b7 ,:at ! fir/ man covet$ by s9n+8 7#c7 ,:e!r 8 s9 0 m griev\s ?an all o!r s9s8 7#d7 ,:i* s9n$ m griev\sly1 ! man or ! woman8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,pride ,0 ! ,fir/ ,man's ,fir/ ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pride 0 n ! fir/ man's fir/ s94 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3ai7 t by ! disob$i5ce ( "o man _m 7 made s9n]s4 ,n[ ! fir/ man's fir/ s9 is ! "o by :i* all m5 7 made s9n]s 9 ! po9t ( orig9al s94 ,!re=e disob$i5ce1 & n pride1 0 ! fir/ man's fir/ s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,ambrose says1 comm5t+ on ,luke #d3c1 ,& ! devil said to ,him1 t ! devil 9 tempt+ ,*ri/ obs]v$ ! same ord] z 9 ov]com+ ! fir/ man4 ,n[ ,*ri/ 0 fir/ tempt$ to gluttony1 z appe>s f ,matt4 #d3c1 :]e x 0 said to ,him3 ,if ?\ be ! ,son ( ,god1 comm& t ^! /ones be made bread4 ,!re=e ! fir/ man's fir/ s9 0 n pride b gluttony4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man s9n$ at ! devil's sugge/ion4 ,n[ ! devil 9 tempt+ man promis$ him k 7,g54 #c3e74 ,!re=e inord9at5ess 9 man 0 ?r\gh ! desire ( k1 :i* p]ta9s to curiosity4 ,!re=e curiosity1 & n pride1 0 ! fir/ s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a gloss 99,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,g54 ad lit4 xi on #a ,tim4 #b3ad1 ,! woman be+ s$uc$ 0 9 ! transgression1 says3 ,! ,apo/le rightly calls ?is s$uction1 = !y 7 p]suad$ to accept a falsehood z be+ true2 namely t ,god _h =bidd5 !m to t\* t tree1 because ,he knew t if !y t\*$ x1 !y w\ld be l gods1 z ?\gh ,he :o made !m m51 begrudg$ !m ! godhead 4 4 4 ,n[ x p]ta9s to unbelief to believe su* a ?+4 ,!re=e man's fir/ s9 0 unbelief & n pride4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #aj3ae73 ,pride is ! beg9n+ ( all s94 ,n[ man's fir/ s9 is ! beg9n+ ( all s91 accord+ to ,rom4 #e3ab1 ,by "o man s9 ent]$ into ?is _w4 ,!re=e man's fir/ s9 0 pride4 ,i answ] t1 ,_m movem5ts may concur t[>ds "o s91 & ! "* ( s9 atta*es to t "o 9 :i* inord9at5ess is fir/ f\nd4 ,& x is evid5t t inord9at5ess is 9 ! inw>d movem5t ( ! s\l be=e be+ 9 ! outw>d act ( ! body2 s9ce1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei i1 #ah71 ! sanctity ( ! body is n =feit$ s long z ! sanctity ( ! s\l rema9s4 ,also1 among ! inw>d movem5ts1 ! appetite is mov$ t[>ds ! end be=e be+ mov$ t[>ds t :i* is desir$ = ! sake ( ! end2 & consequ5tly man's fir/ s9 0 :]e x 0 possible = 8 appetite to be direct$ to an inord9ate end4 ,n[ man 0 s appo9t$ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 t !re 0 no rebellion ( ! fle% aga9/ ! _s4 ,:]e=e x 0 n possible = ! fir/ inord9at5ess 9 ! human appetite to result f 8 covet+ a s5sible good1 to :i* ! concupisc5ce ( ! fle% t5ds aga9/ ! ord] ( reason4 ,x rema9s !re=e t ! fir/ inord9at5ess ( ! human appetite result$ f 8 covet+ inord9ately "s spiritual good4 ,n[ he w\ld n h covet$ x inord9ately1 by desir+ x accord+ to 8 measure z e/abli%$ by ! ,div9e rule4 ,h5ce x foll[s t man's fir/ s9 consi/$ 9 8 covet+ "s spiritual good above 8 measure3 & ?is p]ta9s to pride4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t man's fir/ s9 0 pride4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man's disob$i5ce to ! ,div9e comm& 0 n will$ by man = 8 own sake1 = ?is c\ld n happ5 unless "o presuppose inord9at5ess 9 8 w4 ,x rema9s !re=e t he will$ x = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,n[ ! fir/ ?+ he covet$ inord9ately 0 8 own excell5ce2 & consequ5tly 8 disob$i5ce 0 ! result ( 8 pride4 ,?is agrees ) ! /atem5t ( ,augu/9e1 :o says 7,ad ,oros 99,dial4 ,,qq4 lxv1 qu4 #d7 t man puff$ up ) pride obey$ ! s]p5t's prompt+1 & scorn$ ,god's comm&s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,gluttony also _h a place 9 ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5ts4 ,= x is writt5 7,g54 #c3f73 ,! woman saw t ! tree 0 good to eat1 & fair to ! eyes1 & delightful to behold1 & %e took ( ! fruit !re(1 & did eat4 ,yet ! v goodness & beauty ( ! fruit 0 n _! fir/ motive = s9n+1 b ! p]suasive words ( ! s]p5t1 :o said 7,g54 #c3e73 ,y\r eyes %all be op5$ & y %all be z ,gods3 & x 0 by covet+ ?is t ! woman fell into pride4 ,h5ce ! s9 ( gluttony result$ f ! s9 ( pride4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! desire = k result$ 9 our fir/ p>5ts f _! inord9ate desire = excell5ce4 ,h5ce ! s]p5t began by say+3 ,y %all be z ,gods1 & add$3 ,kn[+ good & evil4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #cj71 ! woman _h n believ$ ! s]p5t's /atem5t t !y 7 deb>r$ by ,god f a good & useful ?+1 7 h] m9d n already fill$ ) ! love ( h] own p[]1 & a c]ta9 pr\d self-presumption4 ,?is does n mean t pride prec$$ ! prompt+s ( ! s]p5t1 b t z soon z ! s]p5t _h spok5 8 words ( p]suasion1 h] m9d 0 puff$ up1 ! result be+ t %e believ$ ! demon to h spok5 truly4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,fir/ ,man's ,pride ,consi/$ 9 ,8 ,covet+ ,god's ,lik5ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! fir/ man's pride did n consi/ 9 8 covet+ ! ,div9e lik5ess4 ,= no "o s9s by covet+ t :i* is compet5t to him accord+ to 8 nature4 ,n[ ,god's lik5ess is compet5t to man accord+ to 8 nature3 = x is writt5 7,g54 #a3bf73 ,let u make man to our image & lik5ess4 ,!re=e he did n s9 by covet+ ,god's lik5ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x w\ld seem t man covet$ ,god's lik5ess 9 ord] t he might obta9 k ( good & evil3 = ?is 0 ! s]p5t's sugge/ion3 ,y %all be z ,gods kn[+ good & evil4 ,n[ ! desire ( k is natural to man1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,philosoph] at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,metaphysics i1 #a3 ,all m5 naturally desire k4 ,!re=e he did n s9 by covet+ ,god's lik5ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no wise man *ooses ! impossible4 ,n[ ! fir/ man 0 end[$ ) wisdom1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ag3e1 ,he fill$ !m ) ! k ( und]/&+4 ,s9ce !n e s9 consi/s 9 a delib]ate act ( ! appetite1 namely *oice1 x w\ld seem t ! fir/ man did n s9 by covet+ some?+ impossible4 ,b x is impossible = man to be l ,god1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,ex4 #ae3aa1 ,:o is l to ,!e among ! /rong1 ,o ,"l8 ,!re=e ! fir/ man did n s9 by covet+ ,god's lik5ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e comm5t+ on ,ps4 #fh3e 99,en>r4 9 ,ps4 #fh1 ,!n did ,i re/ore ,d\ay3 'pay' t :i* ,i took n away1 says3 ,adam & ,eve wi%$ to rob ! ,godhead & !y lo/ happ9ess4 ,i answ] t1 lik5ess is tw(old4 ,"o is a lik5ess ( absolute equality 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #ic1 ,a4 #a3 & su* a lik5ess to ,god our fir/ p>5ts did n covet1 s9ce su* a lik5ess to ,god is n conceivable to ! m9d1 especially ( a wise man4 ,! o!r is a lik5ess ( imitation1 su* z is possible = a creature 9 ref]5ce to ,god1 9 s f> z ! creature p>ticipates some:at ( ,god's lik5ess accord+ to its measure4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 ix73 ,! same ?+s are l & unlike to ,god2 l1 accord+ z !y imitate ,him1 z f> z ,he c be imitat$2 unlike1 accord+ z an effect falls %ort ( its cause4 ,n[ e good exi/+ 9 a creature is a p>ticipat$ lik5ess ( ! fir/ good4 ,:]e=e f ! v fact t man covet$ a spiritual good above 8 measure1 z /at$ 9 ! =ego+ ,article1 x foll[s t he covet$ ,god's lik5ess inord9ately4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t ! prop] object ( ! appetite is a ?+ n possess$4 ,n[ spiritual good1 9 s f> z ! rational creature p>ticipates 9 ! ,div9e lik5ess1 may be consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ?ree ?+s4 ,fir/1 z to natural be+3 & ?is lik5ess 0 impr9t$ f ! v outset ( _! creation1 bo? on man--( :om x is writt5 7,g54 #a3bf7 t ,god made man to ,8 image & lik5ess--& on ! angel1 ( :om x is writt5 7,eze*4 #bh3ab73 ,?\ wa/ ! seal ( resemblance4 ,secondly1 z to k3 & ?is lik5ess 0 be/[$ on ! angel at 8 creation1 :]e=e imm$iately aft] ! words j quot$1 ,?\ wa/ ! seal ( resemblance1 we read3 ,full ( wisdom4 ,b ! fir/ man1 at 8 creation1 _h n yet receiv$ ?is lik5ess actually b only 9 pot5tiality4 ,?irdly1 z to ! p[] ( op]ation3 & nei!r angel nor man receiv$ ?is lik5ess actually at ! v outset ( 8 creation1 because to ea* !re rema9$ some?+ to be done :]eby to obta9 happ9ess4 ,accord+ly1 :ile bo? 7namely ! devil & ! fir/ man7 covet$ ,god's lik5ess inord9ately1 nei!r ( !m s9n$ by covet+ a lik5ess ( nature4 ,b ! fir/ man s9n$ *iefly by covet+ ,god's lik5ess z reg>ds k ( good & evil1 accord+ to ! s]p5t's in/igation1 namely t by 8 own natural p[] he might decide :at 0 good1 & :at 0 evil = him to d2 or aga9 t he %\ld ( himself =ekn[ :at good & :at evil w\ld befall him4 ,second>ily he s9n$ by covet+ ,god's lik5ess z reg>ds 8 own p[] ( op]ation1 namely t by 8 own natural p[] he might act s z to obta9 happ9ess4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #cj7 t ! woman's m9d 0 fill$ ) love ( h] own p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! devil s9n$ by covet+ ,god's lik5ess1 z reg>ds p[]4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #ac7 t he wi%$ to enjoy 8 own p[] r ?an ,god's4 ,nev]!less bo? covet$ some:at to be equal to ,god1 9 s f> z ea* wi%$ to rely on himself 9 contempt ( ! ord] ( ! ,div9e rule4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! lik5ess ( nature3 & man did n s9 by covet+ ?is1 z /at$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is n a s9 to covet ,god's lik5ess z to k1 absolutely2 b to covet ?is lik5ess inord9ately1 t is1 above "o's measure1 ?is is a s94 ,h5ce ,augu/9e comm5t+ on ,ps4 #gj3ah1 ,o ,god1 :o is l ,!e8 says3 ,he :o desires to be ( himself1 ev5 z ,god is ( no "o1 wi%es wick$ly to be l ,god4 ,?us did ! devil1 :o 0 unwill+ to be subject to ,him1 & man :o refus$ to be1 z a s]vant1 b\nd by ,8 comm&4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! lik5ess ( equality4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afc1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,s9 ( ,our ,fir/ ,p>5ts ,0 ,m ,griev\s ,?an ,o!r ,s9s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5ts 0 m griev\s ?an o!r s9s4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #ae73 ,great 0 ! wick$ness 9 s9n+1 :5 x 0 s easy to avoid s94 ,n[ x 0 v easy = our fir/ p>5ts to avoid s91 because !y _h no?+ )9 !m urg+ !m to s94 ,!re=e ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5ts 0 m griev\s ?an o!r s9s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 puni%m5t is proportionate to guilt4 ,n[ ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5ts 0 mo/ sev]ely puni%$1 s9ce by x dea? ent]$ into ?is _w1 z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3ab74 ,!re=e t s9 0 m griev\s ?an o!r s9s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! fir/ 9 e g5us is seem+ly ! greate/ 7,metaph4 ii1 #d 99,ed4 ,diel4 i1 #a74 ,n[ ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5ts 0 ! fir/ among s9s ( m54 ,!re=e x 0 ! greate/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,orig5 says 99,p]i ,ar*on i1 #c3 ,i ?9k t a man :o /&s on ! highe/ /ep ( p]fection _c fail or fall sudd5ly3 ?is c happ5 only by degrees & little by little4 ,n[ our fir/ p>5ts 7 e/abli%$ on ! highe/ & p]fect grade4 ,!re=e _! fir/ s9 0 n ! greate/ ( all s9s4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re is a tw(old gravity to be obs]v$ 9 s94 "o results f ! v species ( ! s93 ?us we say t adult]y is a grav] s9 ?an simple =nication4 ,! o!r gravity ( s9 results f "s circum/ance ( place1 p]son1 or "t4 ,! =m] gravity is m ess5tial to s9 & is ( great] mom5t3 h5ce a s9 is said to be grave 9 respect ( ?is gravity r ?an ( ! o!r4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t ! fir/ man's s9 0 n grav] ?an all o!r s9s ( m51 z reg>ds ! species ( ! s94 ,= ?\gh pride1 ( its g5us1 has a c]ta9 pre-em95ce ov] o!r s9s1 yet ! pride :]eby "o d5ies or blasphemes ,god is great] ?an ! pride :]eby "o covets ,god's lik5ess inord9ately1 su* z ! pride ( our fir/ p>5ts1 z /at$ 7,a4 #b74 ,b if we consid] ! circum/ances ( ! p]sons :o s9n$1 t s9 0 mo/ grave on acc\nt ( ! p]fection ( _! /ate4 ,we mu/ accord+ly conclude t ?is s9 0 mo/ griev\s relatively b n simply4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! gravity ( s9 z result+ f ! p]son ( ! s9n]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! sev]ity ( ! puni%m5t aw>d$ to t fir/ s9 corresponds to ! magnitude ( ! s91 n z reg>ds its species b z reg>ds its be+ ! fir/ s93 because x de/roy$ ! innoc5ce ( our orig9al /ate1 & by robb+ x ( innoc5ce br\ght disord] ^u ! :ole human nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:]e ?+s are directly subord9ate1 ! fir/ mu/ ne$s be ! greate/4 ,su* is n ! ord] among s9s1 = "o foll[s f ano!r accid5tally4 ,& ?us x does n foll[ t ! fir/ s9 is ! greate/4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,adam's ,s9 ,0 ,m ,griev\s ,?an ,eve's8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,adam's s9 0 m griev\s ?an ,eve's4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,tim4 #b3ad73 ,adam 0 n s$uc$1 b ! woman be+ s$uc$ 0 9 ! transgression3 & s x w\ld seem t ! woman s9n$ ?r\gh ignorance1 b ! man ?r\gh assur$ k4 ,n[ ! latt] is ! grav] s91 accord+ to ,luke #ab3dg1 #dh1 ,t s]vant :o knew ! w ( 8 "l 4 4 4 & did n accord+ to 8 w1 %all be beat5 ) _m /ripes3 b he t knew n1 & did ?+s wor?y ( /ripes1 %all be beat5 ) few /ripes4 ,!re=e ,adam's s9 0 m griev\s ?an ,eve's4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,decem ,*ordis #c 99,s]m4 ix2 xcvi de ,temp473 ,if ! man is ! head1 he %\ld live bett]1 & give an example ( good de$s to 8 wife1 t %e may imitate him4 ,n[ he :o ought to d bett]1 s9s m griev\sly1 if he commit a s94 ,!re=e ,adam s9n$ m griev\sly ?an ,eve4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ w\ld seem to be ! mo/ griev\s4 ,n[ ,adam1 app>5tly1 s9n$ aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 because :ile s9n+ he reli$ on ,god's m]cy 99,cf4 ,q4 #ba1 ,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #c4 ,/4 ,?omas is evid5tly allud+ to ! words ( ,pet] ,lomb>d quot$ !re1 & ?is p]ta9s to ! s9 ( presumption4 ,!re=e x seems t ,adam s9n$ m griev\sly ?an ,eve4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,puni%m5t corresponds to guilt4 ,n[ ! woman 0 m griev\sly puni%$ ?an ! man1 z appe>s f ,g54 #c4 ,!re=e %e s9n$ m griev\sly ?an ! man4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 7,a4 #c71 ! gravity ( a s9 dep5ds on ! species r ?an on a circum/ance ( t s94 ,accord+ly we mu/ ass]t t1 if we consid] ! condition atta*+ to ^! p]sons1 ! man's s9 is ! m griev\s1 because he 0 m p]fect ?an ! woman4 ,z reg>ds ! g5us itself ( ! s91 ! s9 ( ea* is consid]$ to be equal1 = ea* s9n$ by pride4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #ce73 ,eve 9 excus+ h]self betrays disp>ity ( sex1 ?\gh p>ity ( pride4 ,b z reg>ds ! species ( pride1 ! woman s9n$ m griev\sly1 = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because %e 0 m puff$ up ?an ! man4 ,= ! woman believ$ 9 ! s]p5t's p]suasive words1 namely t ,god _h =bidd5 !m to eat ( ! tree1 le/ !y %\ld become l to ,him2 s t 9 wi%+ to atta9 to ,god's lik5ess by eat+ ( ! =bidd5 fruit1 h] pride rose to ! height ( desir+ to obta9 some?+ aga9/ ,god's w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! man did n believe ?is to be true2 :]e=e he did n wi% to atta9 to ,god's lik5ess aga9/ ,god's w3 b 8 pride consi/$ 9 wi%+ to atta9 !reto by 8 own p[]4 ,secondly1 ! woman n only h]self s9n$1 b sugge/$ s9 to ! man2 :]e=e %e s9n$ aga9/ bo? ,god & h] neighbor4 ,?irdly1 ! man's s9 0 dim9i%$ by ! fact t1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #db71 he cons5t$ to ! s9 out ( a c]ta9 fri5dly good-w1 on acc\nt ( :i* a man sometimes w (f5d ,god r ?an make an enemy ( 8 fri5d4 ,t he ought n to h done s is %[n by ! j issue ( ! ,div9e s5t5ce4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! woman's s9 0 m griev\s ?an ! man's4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! woman 0 deceiv$ because %e 0 fir/ ( all puff$ up ) pride4 ,:]e=e h] ignorance did n excuse1 b aggravat$ h] s91 9 s f> z x 0 ! cause ( h] be+ puff$ up ) /ill great] pride4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t consid]s ! circum/ance ( p]sonal condition1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! man's s9 0 m griev\s ?an ! woman's4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! man's reliance on ,god's m]cy did n rea* to contempt ( ,god's ju/ice1 :]e9 consi/s ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 b z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi 99,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #aa71 x 0 due to ! fact t1 hav+ _h no exp]i5ce ( ,god's sev]ity1 he ?\ght ! s9 to be v5ial1 i4e4 easily =giv5 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hi1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a4 ,,"q #afd ,,( ,,! ,,puni%m5ts ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,man',s ,,s9 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! puni%m5ts ( ! fir/ s92 & "u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,dea?1 :i* is ! common puni%m5t2 7#b7 ! o!r p>ticul> puni%m5ts m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,dea? ,is ! ,puni%m5t ( ,our ,fir/ ,p>5ts' ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t dea? is n ! puni%m5t ( our fir/ p>5ts' s94 ,= t :i* is natural to man _c be call$ a puni%m5t ( s91 because s9 does n p]fect nature b vitiates x4 ,n[ dea? is natural to man3 & ?is is evid5t bo? f ! fact t 8 body is compos$ ( contr>ies1 & because mortal is includ$ 9 ! def9ition ( man4 ,!re=e dea? is n a puni%m5t ( our fir/ p>5ts' s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 dea? & o!r bodily defects are simil>ly f\nd 9 man z well z 9 o!r animals1 accord+ to ,eccles4 #c3ai1 ,! dea? ( man & ( bea/s is "o1 & ! condition ( !m bo? equal4 ,b 9 dumb animals dea? is n a puni%m5t ( s94 ,!re=e nei!r is x s 9 m54 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5ts 0 ! s9 ( p>ticul> individuals3 :]eas dea? affects ! entire human nature4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t x is n a puni%m5t ( our fir/ p>5ts' s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 all are equally desc5d$ f our fir/ p>5ts4 ,!re=e if dea? 7 ! puni%m5t ( our fir/ p>5ts' s91 x w\ld foll[ t all m5 w\ld suff] dea? 9 equal measure4 ,b ?is is cle>ly untrue1 s9ce "s die soon]1 & "s m pa9fully1 ?an o!rs4 ,!re=e dea? is n ! puni%m5t ( ! fir/ s94 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! evil ( puni%m5t is f ,god1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #f2 ,q4 #di1 ,a4 #b74 ,b dea?1 app>5tly1 is n f ,god3 = x is writt5 7,wis4 #a3ac73 ,god made n dea?4 ,!re=e dea? is n ! puni%m5t ( ! fir/ s94 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly1 puni%m5ts are n m]itori\s1 s9ce m]it is compris$ "u good1 & puni%m5t "u evil4 ,n[ dea? is sometimes m]itori\s1 z 9 ! case ( a m>tyr's dea?4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t dea? is n a puni%m5t4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 puni%m5t w\ld seem to be pa9ful4 ,b dea? app>5tly _c be pa9ful1 s9ce man does n feel x :5 he is dead1 & he _c feel x :5 he is n dy+4 ,!re=e dea? is n a puni%m5t ( s94 ,obj4 #h3 ,fur!r1 if dea? 7 a puni%m5t ( s91 x w\ld h foll[$ s9 imm$iately4 ,b ?is is n true1 = our fir/ p>5ts liv$ a long "t aft] _! s9 7,g54 #e3e74 ,!re=e1 seem+ly1 dea? is n a puni%m5t ( s94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #e3ab73 ,by "o man s9 ent]$ into ?is _w1 & by s9 dea?4 ,i answ] t1 ,if any "o1 on acc\nt ( 8 fault1 be depriv$ ( a favor be/[$ on him ! privation ( t favor is a puni%m5t ( t fault4 ,n[ z we /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #a71 ,god be/[$ ?is favor on man1 9 8 primitive /ate1 t z long z 8 m9d 0 subject to ,god1 ! l[] p[]s ( 8 s\l w\ld be subject to 8 rational m9d1 & 8 body to 8 s\l4 ,b inasmu* z ?r\gh s9 man's m9d )drew f subjection to ,god1 ! result 0 t nei!r 7 8 l[] p[]s :olly subject to 8 reason1 :5ce !re foll[$ s great a rebellion ( ! c>nal appetite aga9/ ! reason3 nor 0 ! body :olly subject to ! s\l2 :5ce arose dea? & o!r bodily defects4 ,= life & s\ndness ( body dep5d on ! body be+ subject to ! s\l1 z ! p]fectible is subject to its p]fection4 ,consequ5tly1 on ! o!r h&1 dea?1 sickness1 & all defects ( ! body are due to ! lack ( ! body's subjection to ! s\l4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t z ! rebellion ( ! c>nal appetite aga9/ ! _s is a puni%m5t ( our fir/ p>5ts' s91 s also are dea? & all defects ( ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,a ?+ is said to be natural if x proce$s f ! pr9ciples ( nature4 ,n[ ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( nature are =m & matt]4 ,! =m ( man is 8 rational s\l1 :i* is1 ( itself1 immortal3 :]e=e dea? is n natural to man on ! "p ( 8 =m4 ,! matt] ( man is a body su* z is compos$ ( contr>ies1 ( :i* corruptibility is a necess>y consequ5ce1 & 9 ?is respect dea? is natural to man4 ,n[ ?is condition atta*$ to ! nature ( ! human body results f a natural necessity1 s9ce x 0 necess>y = ! human body to be ! organ ( t\*1 & consequ5tly a mean betwe5 objects ( t\*3 & ?is 0 impossible1 7 x n compos$ ( contr>ies1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,de ,anima ii1 #aa74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is condition is n atta*$ to ! adaptability ( matt] to =m because1 if x 7 possible1 s9ce ! =m is incorruptible1 its matt] %\ld r be incorruptible4 ,9 ! same way a saw ne$s to be ( iron1 ?is be+ suitable to its =m & action1 s t its h>dness may make x fit = cutt+4 ,b t x be liable to ru/ is a necess>y result ( su* a matt] & is n accord+ to ! ag5t's *oice2 =1 if ! craftsman 7 able1 ( ! iron he w\ld make a saw t w\ld n ru/4 ,n[ ,god ,:o is ! au?or ( man is all-p[]ful1 :]e=e :5 ,he fir/ made man1 ,he conf]r$ on him ! favor ( be+ exempt f ! necessity result+ f su* a matt]3 :i* favor1 h[ev]1 0 )drawn ?r\gh ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5ts4 ,accord+ly dea? is bo? natural on acc\nt ( a condition atta*+ to matt]1 & p5al on acc\nt ( ! loss ( ! ,div9e favor pres]v+ man f dea? 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #f4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is lik5ess ( man to o!r animals reg>ds a condition atta*+ to matt]1 namely ! body be+ compos$ ( contr>ies4 ,b x does n reg>d ! =m1 = man's s\l is immortal1 :]eas ! s\ls ( dumb animals are mortal4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,our fir/ p>5ts 7 made by ,god n only z p>ticul> individuals1 b also z pr9ciples ( ! :ole human nature to be transmitt$ by !m to _! po/]ity1 toge!r ) ! ,div9e favor pres]v+ !m f dea?4 ,h5ce ?r\gh _! s9 ! entire human nature1 be+ depriv$ ( t favor 9 _! po/]ity1 incurr$ dea?4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a tw(old defect arises f s94 ,"o is by way ( a puni%m5t appo9t$ by a judge3 & su* a defect %\ld be equal 9 ^? to :om ! s9 p]ta9s equally4 ,! o!r defect is t :i* results accid5tally f ?is puni%m5t2 = in/ance1 t "o :o has be5 depriv$ ( 8 sight = a s9 he has committ$1 %\ld fall d[n 9 ! road4 ,su* a defect is n proportionate to ! s91 nor does a human judge take x into acc\nt1 s9ce he _c =esee *ance happ5+s4 ,accord+ly1 ! puni%m5t appo9t$ = ! fir/ s9 & proportionately correspond+ !reto1 0 ! )drawal ( ! ,div9e favor :]eby ! rectitude & integrity ( human nature 0 ma9ta9$4 ,b ! defects result+ f ?is )drawal are dea? & o!r p5alties ( ! pres5t life4 ,:]e=e ^! puni%m5ts ne$ n be equal 9 ^? to :om ! fir/ s9 equally app]ta9s4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce ,god =ekn[s all future ev5ts1 ,div9e provid5ce has s dispos$ t ^! p5alties are apportion$ 9 diff]5t ways to v>i\s p4 ,?is is n on acc\nt ( any m]its or dem]its previ\s to ?is life1 z ,orig5 held 99,p]i ,ar*on ii1 #i3 = ?is is contr>y to ! words ( ,rom4 #i3aa1 ,:5 !y 4 4 4 _h n done any good or evil2 & also contr>y to /atem5ts made 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #d2 ,q4 #aah1 ,a4 #c71 namely t ! s\l is n creat$ be=e ! body3 b ei!r 9 puni%m5t ( _! p>5ts' s9s1 inasmu* z ! *ild is some?+ belong+ to ! fa!r1 :]e=e p>5ts are (t5 puni%$ 9 _! *ildr52 or aga9 x is = a rem$y int5d$ = ! spiritual welf>e ( ! p]son :o suff]s ^! p5alties1 to wit t he may ?us be turn$ away f 8 s9s1 or le/ he take pride 9 8 virtues1 & t he may be cr[n$ = 8 pati5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,dea? may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z an evil ( human nature1 & ?us x is n ( ,god1 b is a defect befall+ man ?r\gh 8 fault4 ,secondly1 z hav+ an aspect ( good1 namely z be+ a j puni%m5t1 & ?us x is f ,god4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,retract4 i1 #ba7 t ,god is n ! au?or ( dea?1 except 9 s f> z x is a puni%m5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiii1 #e71 j z ! wick$ abuse n only evil b also good ?+s1 s d ! righte\s make good use n only ( good b also ( evil ?+s4 ,h5ce x is t bo? evil m5 make evil use ( ! law1 ?\gh ! law is good1 :ile good m5 die well1 al?\gh dea? is an evil4 ,:]e=e inasmu* z holy m5 make good use ( dea?1 _! dea? is to !m m]itori\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,dea? may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z ! privation ( life1 & ?us dea? _c be felt1 s9ce x is ! privation ( s5se & life4 ,9 ?is way x involves n pa9 ( s5se b pa9 ( loss4 ,secondly1 x may be consid]$ z d5ot+ ! corruption :i* ends 9 ! a=esaid privation4 ,n[ we may speak ( corruption ev5 z ( g5]ation 9 two ways3 9 "o way z be+ ! t]m ( alt]ation1 & ?us 9 ! fir/ in/ant 9 :i* life dep>ts1 dea? is said to be pres5t4 ,9 ?is way also dea? has no pa9 ( s5se4 ,9 ano!r way corruption may be tak5 z includ+ ! previ\s alt]ation3 ?us a p]son is said to die1 :5 he is 9 motion t[>ds dea?2 j z a ?+ is said to be eng5d]$1 :ile 9 motion t[>ds ! /ate ( hav+ be5 eng5d]$3 & ?us dea? may be pa9ful4 ,reply ,obj4 #h3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 99,de ,pecc4 ,m]4 et ,rem4 i1 #af4 ,cf4 ,g54 ad lit4 ii4 #cb71 al?\gh our fir/ p>5ts liv$ !reaft] _m ye>s1 !y began to die on ! day :5 !y he>d ! dea?-decree1 condemn+ !m to decl9e to old age4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,p>ticul> ,puni%m5ts ( ,our ,fir/ ,p>5ts ,are ,suitably ,appo9t$ 9 ,scripture8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! p>ticul> puni%m5ts ( our fir/ p>5ts are unsuitably appo9t$ 9 ,scripture4 ,= t :i* w\ld h occurr$ ev5 )\t s9 %\ld n be describ$ z a puni%m5t = s94 ,n[ seem+ly !re w\ld h be5 pa9 9 *ild-be>+1 ev5 _h !re be5 no s93 = ! disposition ( ! female sex is su* t (fspr+ _c be born )\t pa9 to ! be>]4 ,likewise ! subjection ( woman to man results f ! p]fection ( ! male1 & ! imp]fection ( ! female sex4 ,aga9 x belongs to ! nature ( ! e>? to br+ =? ?orns & ?i/les1 & ?is w\ld h occurr$ ev5 _h !re be5 no s94 ,!re=e ^! are unsuitable puni%m5ts ( ! fir/ s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* p]ta9s to a p]son's dignity does n1 seem+ly1 p]ta9 to 8 puni%m5t4 ,b ! multiply+ ( conceptions p]ta9s to a woman's dignity4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be describ$ z ! woman's puni%m5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! puni%m5t ( our fir/ p>5ts' s9 is transmitt$ to all1 z we h /at$ ) reg>d to dea? 7,a4 #a74 ,b all wom5's conceptions are n multipli$1 nor does e man eat bread 9 ! sweat ( 8 face4 ,!re=e ^! are n suitable puni%m5ts ( ! fir/ s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! place ( p>adise 0 made = man4 ,n[ no?+ 9 ! ord] ( ?+s %\ld be )\t purpose4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! exclusion ( man f p>adise 0 n a suitable puni%m5t ( man4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ?is place ( ! e>?ly p>adise is said to be naturally inaccessible4 ,!re=e x 0 useless to put o!r ob/acles 9 ! way le/ man %\ld return ?i!r1 to wit ! *]ubim1 & ! flam+ sword turn+ e way4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 imm$iately aft] 8 s9 man 0 subject to ! necessity ( dy+1 s t he c\ld n be re/or$ to immortality by ! b5eficial tree ( life4 ,!re=e x 0 useless to =bid him to eat ( ! tree ( life1 z in/anc$ by ! words ( ,g54 #c3bb3 ,see1 le/ p]haps he 4 4 4 take 4 4 4 ( ! tree ( life 4 4 4 & live = ev]4 ,obj4 #g3 ,fur!r1 to mock ! unhappy seems inconsi/5t ) m]cy & clem5cy1 :i* are mo/ ( all ascrib$ to ,god 9 ,scripture1 accord+ to ,ps4 #add3i1 ,8 t5d] m]cies are ov] all ,8 works4 ,!re=e ,god is unbecom+ly describ$ z mock+ our fir/ p>5ts1 already r$uc$ ?r\gh s9 to unhappy /raits1 9 ! words ( ,g54 #c3bb1 ,behold ,adam is become z "o ( ,u1 kn[+ good & evil4 ,obj4 #h3 ,fur!r1 clo!s are necess>y to man1 l food1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #f3h1 ,hav+ food1 & :]e) to be cov]$1 ) ^! we are cont5t4 ,!re=e j z food 0 appo9t$ to our fir/ p>5ts be=e _! s91 s also %\ld clo?+ h be5 ascrib$ to !m4 ,!re=e aft] _! s9 x 0 unsuitable to say t ,god made = !m g>m5ts ( sk94 ,objection #i3 ,fur!r1 ! puni%m5t inflict$ = a s9 %\ld outweigh 9 evil ! ga9 realiz$ ?r\gh ! s93 else ! puni%m5t w\ld n det] "o f s9n+4 ,n[ ?r\gh s9 our fir/ p>5ts ga9$ 9 ?is1 t _! eyes 7 op5$1 accord+ to ,g54 #c3g4 ,b ?is outweighs 9 good all ! p5al evils :i* are /at$ to h result$ f s94 ,!re=e ! puni%m5ts result+ f our fir/ p>5ts' s9 are unsuitably describ$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,^! puni%m5ts 7 appo9t$ by ,god1 ,:o does all ?+s1 9 numb]1 weight1 & measure 99,vulg43 ',?\ ha/ ord]$ all ?+s 9 measure1 & numb]1 & weight4' 7,wis4 #aa3ba74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 9 ! =ego+ ,article1 on acc\nt ( _! s91 our fir/ p>5ts 7 depriv$ ( ! ,div9e favor1 :]eby ! integrity ( human nature 0 ma9ta9$ 9 !m1 & by ! )drawal ( ?is favor human nature incurr$ p5al defects4 ,h5ce !y 7 puni%$ 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place by be+ depriv$ ( t :i* 0 befitt+ ! /ate ( integrity1 namely ! place ( ! e>?ly p>adise3 & ?is is indicat$ 7,g54 #c3bc7 :]e x is /at$ t ,god s5t him out ( ! p>adise ( pleasure4 ,& s9ce he 0 unable1 ( himself1 to return to t /ate ( orig9al innoc5ce1 x 0 fitt+ t ob/acles %\ld be plac$ aga9/ 8 recov]+ ^? ?+s t 7 befitt+ 8 orig9al /ate1 namely food 7le/ he %\ld take ( ! tree ( life7 & place2 = ,god plac$ be=e 4 4 4 p>adise 4 4 4 ,*]ubim1 & a flam+ sword4 ,secondly1 !y 7 puni%$ by hav+ appo9t$ to !m ?+s befitt+ a nature b]eft ( ! a=esaid favor3 & ?is z reg>ds bo? ! body & ! s\l4 ,) reg>d to ! body1 to :i* p]ta9s ! di/9ction ( sex1 "o puni%m5t 0 appo9t$ to ! woman & ano!r to ! man4 ,to ! woman puni%m5t 0 appo9t$ 9 respect ( two ?+s on acc\nt ( :i* %e is unit$ to ! man2 & ^! are ! begett+ ( *ildr51 & community ( works p]ta9+ to family life4 ,z reg>ds ! begett+ ( *ildr51 %e 0 puni%$ 9 two ways3 fir/ 9 ! we>9ess to :i* %e is subject :ile c>ry+ ! *ild aft] conception1 & ?is is indicat$ 9 ! words 7,g54 #c3af71 ,i w multiply ?y sorr[s1 & ?y conceptions2 secondly1 9 ! pa9 :i* %e suff]s 9 giv+ bir?1 & ?is is indicat$ by ! words 7,g54 #c3af71 ,9 sorr[ %alt ?\ br+ =?4 ,z reg>ds family life %e 0 puni%$ by be+ subject$ to h] husb&'s au?ority1 & ?is is convey$ 9 ! words 7,g54 #c3af71 ,?\ %alt be "u ?y husb&'s p[]4 ,n[1 j z x belongs to ! woman to be subject to h] husb& 9 matt]s relat+ to ! family life1 s x belongs to ! husb& to provide ! necess>ies ( t life4 ,9 ?is respect he 0 puni%$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 by ! b>r5ness ( ! e>?1 9 ! words 7,g54 #c3ag71 ,curs$ is ! e>? 9 ?y "w4 ,secondly1 by ! c>es ( 8 toil1 )\t :i* he does n w9 ! fruits ( ! e>?2 h5ce ! words 7,g54 #c3ag71 ,) labor & toil %alt ?\ eat !re( all ! days ( ?y life4 ,?irdly1 by ! ob/acles enc\nt]$ by ! till]s ( ! soil1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,g54 #c3ah71 ,?orns & ?i/les %all x br+ =? to !e4 ,likewise a triple puni%m5t is ascrib$ to !m on ! "p ( ! s\l4 ,fir/1 by reason ( ! confusion !y exp]i5c$ at ! rebellion ( ! fle% aga9/ ! _s2 h5ce x is writt5 7,g54 #c3g73 ,! eyes ( !m bo? 7 op5$2 & 4 4 4 !y p]ceiv$ !mselves to be nak$4 ,secondly1 by ! reproa* = _! s91 indicat$ by ! words 7,g54 #c3bb71 ,behold ,adam is become z "o ( ,u4 ,?irdly1 by ! rem9d] ( _! com+ dea?1 :5 x 0 said to him 7,g54 #c3ai73 ,du/ ?\ art & into du/ ?\ %alt return4 ,to ?is also p]ta9s t ,god made !m g>m5ts ( sk91 z a sign ( _! mortality4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce *ild-be>+ w\ld h be5 pa9less3 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #bf73 ,j z1 9 giv+ bir?1 ! "m w\ld !n be reliev$ n by groans ( pa91 b by ! in/igations ( maturity1 s 9 be>+ & conceiv+ ! union ( bo? sexes w\ld be "o n ( lu/ful desire b ( delib]ate action 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #ih1 ,a4 #b4 ,! subjection ( ! woman to h] husb& is to be und]/ood z inflict$ 9 puni%m5t ( ! woman1 n z to 8 head%ip 7s9ce ev5 be=e s9 ! man 0 ! head & gov]nor ( ! woman71 b z to h] hav+ n[ to obey h] husb&'s w ev5 aga9/ h] own4 ,if man _h n s9n$1 ! e>? w\ld h br\ght =? ?orns & ?i/les to be ! food ( animals1 b n to puni% man1 because _! gr[? w\ld br+ no labor or puni%m5t = ! till] ( ! soil1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 iii1 #ah74 ,alcu9 99,int]rog4 et ,resp4 9 ,g54 lxxix1 h[ev]1 holds t1 be=e s91 ! e>? br\ght =? no ?orns & ?i/les1 :atev]3 b ! =m] op9ion is ! bett]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! multiply+ ( h] conceptions 0 appo9t$ z a puni%m5t to ! woman1 n on acc\nt ( ! begett+ ( *ildr51 = ?is w\ld h be5 ! same ev5 be=e s91 b on acc\nt ( ! num]\s suff]+s to :i* ! woman is subject1 ?r\gh c>ry+ h] (fspr+ aft] conception4 ,h5ce x is expressly /at$3 ,i w multiply ?y sorr[s1 & ?y conceptions4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! puni%m5ts affect all some:at4 ,= any woman :o conceives mu/ ne$s suff] sorr[s & br+ =? h] *ild ) pa93 except ! ,bless$ ,virg91 :o conceiv$ )\t corruption1 & bore )\t pa9 99,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,s]m4 9 ,dom4 inf4 oct4 ,assum4 ,b4 ,v4 ,m41 because h] conceiv+ 0 n accord+ to ! law ( nature1 transmitt$ f our fir/ p>5ts4 ,& if a woman nei!r conceives nor be>s1 %e suff]s f ! defect ( b>r5ness1 :i* outweighs ! a=esaid puni%m5ts4 ,likewise :oev] tills ! soil mu/ ne$s eat 8 bread 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[3 :ile ^? :o d n !mselves "w on ! l&1 are busi$ ) o!r labors1 = man is born to labor 7,job #e3g73 & ?us !y eat ! bread = :i* o!rs h labor$ 9 ! sweat ( _! br[4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,al?\gh ! place ( ! e>?ly p>adise avails n man = 8 use1 x avails him = a lesson2 because he kn[s himself depriv$ ( t place on acc\nt ( s91 & because by ! ?+s t h a bodily exi/5ce 9 t p>adise1 he is in/ruct$ 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to ! heav5ly p>adise1 ! way to :i* is prep>$ = man by ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,ap>t f ! my/]ies ( ! spiritual int]pretation1 ?is place w\ld seem to be inaccessible1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! extreme heat 9 ! middle zone by reason ( ! nighness ( ! sun4 ,?is is d5ot$ by ! flam+ sword1 :i* is describ$ z turn+ e way1 z be+ appropriate to ! circul> movem5t t causes ?is heat4 ,& s9ce ! movem5ts ( corporal creatures are set 9 ord] ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( ! angels1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #d71 x 0 fitt+ t1 besides ! sword turn+ e way1 !re %\ld be *]ubim to keep ! way ( ! tree ( life4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #dj73 ,x is to be believ$ t ev5 9 ! visible p>adise ?is 0 done by heav5ly p[]s inde$1 s t !re 0 a fi]y gu>d set !re by ! m9i/ry ( angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,aft] s91 if man _h eat5 ( ! tree ( life1 he w\ld n !reby h recov]$ immortality1 b by means ( t b5eficial food he might h prolong$ 8 life4 ,h5ce 9 ! words ,& live = ev]1 = ev] signifies = a long "t4 ,= x 0 n exp$i5t = man to rema9 long] 9 ! unhapp9ess ( ?is life4 ,reply ,obj4 #g3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #ci71 ^! words ( ,god are n s mu* a mock]y ( our fir/ p>5ts z a det]r5t to o!rs1 = ^: b5efit ^! ?+s are writt51 le/ !y be pr\d likewise1 because ,adam n only fail$ to become t :i* he covet$ to be1 b did n keep t to :i* he 0 made4 ,reply ,obj4 #h3 ,clo?+ is necess>y to man 9 8 pres5t /ate ( unhapp9ess = two reasons4 ,fir/1 to supply a defici5cy 9 respect ( ext]nal h>m caus$ by1 = in/ance1 extreme heat or cold4 ,secondly1 to hide 8 ignom9y & to cov] ! %ame ( ^? memb]s :]e9 ! rebellion ( ! fle% aga9/ ! _s is mo/ manife/4 ,n[ ^! two motives d n apply to ! primitive /ate4 because !n man's body c\ld n be hurt by any outw>d ?+1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ig1 ,a4 #b71 nor 0 !re 9 man's body any?+ %ameful t w\ld br+ confusion on him4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,g54 #b3bc73 ,& !y 7 bo? nak$1 to wit ,adam & 8 wife1 & 7 n a%am$4 ,! same _c be said ( food1 :i* is necess>y to ent]ta9 ! natural heat1 & to su/a9 ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #i3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #ca71 ,we mu/ n imag9e t our fir/ p>5ts 7 creat$ ) _! eyes clos$1 especially s9ce x is /at$ t ! woman saw t ! tree 0 fair1 & good to eat4 ,accord+ly ! eyes ( bo? 7 op5$ s t !y saw & ?\ght on ?+s :i* _h n occurr$ to _! m9ds be=e1 ?is 0 a mutual concupisc5ce su* z !y _h n hi!rto4 ,,"q #afe ,,( ,,our ,,fir/ ,,p>5ts' ,,temptation 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] our fir/ p>5ts' temptation1 conc]n+ :i* !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x 0 fitt+ = man to be tempt$ by ! devil8 7#b7 ,( ! mann] & ord] ( t temptation4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afe1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,0 ,fitt+ = ,man to ,be ,tempt$ by ! ,devil8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x 0 n fitt+ = man to be tempt$ by ! devil4 ,= ! same f9al puni%m5t is appo9t$ to ! angels' s9 & to man's1 accord+ to ,matt4 #be3da1 ,g ,vulg43 ',dep>t f ,me' y curs$ into ev]la/+ fire1 :i* 0 prep>$ = ! devil & 8 angels4 ,n[ ! angels' fir/ s9 did n foll[ a temptation f )\t4 ,!re=e nei!r %\ld man's fir/ s9 h result$ f an outw>d temptation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god1 ,:o =ekn[s ! future1 knew t ?r\gh ! demon's temptation man w\ld fall into s91 & ?us ,he knew full well t x 0 n exp$i5t = man to be tempt$4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem unfitt+ = ,god to all[ him to be tempt$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems to savor ( puni%m5t t anyone %\ld h an assailant1 j z on ! o!r h& ! cessation ( an assault is ak9 to a rew>d4 ,n[ puni%m5t %\ld n prec$e fault4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ = man to be tempt$ be=e he s9n$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cd3aa73 ,he t ha? n be5 tempt$ ,d\ay3 'tri$'1 :at mann] ( ?+s do? he "k8 ,i answ] t1 ,god's wisdom ord]s all ?+s sweetly 7,wis4 #h3a71 inasmu* z ,8 provid5ce appo9ts to ea* "o t :i* is befitt+ x accord+ to its nature4 ,= z ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv71 x belongs to provid5ce n to de/roy1 b to ma9ta91 nature4 ,n[ x is a condition atta*+ to human nature t "o creature c be help$ or imp$$ by ano!r4 ,:]e=e x 0 fitt+ t ,god %\ld bo? all[ man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce to be tempt$ by evil angels1 & %\ld cause him to be help$ by good angels4 ,& by a special favor ( grace1 x 0 grant$ him t no creature outside himself c\ld h>m him aga9/ 8 own w1 :]eby he 0 able ev5 to resi/ ! temptation ( ! demon4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,above ! human nature !re is ano!r t admits ( ! possibility ( ! evil ( fault3 b !re is n above ! angelic nature4 ,n[ only "o t is already become evil ?r\gh s9 c tempt by lead+ ano!r into evil4 ,h5ce x 0 fitt+ t by an evil angel man %\ld be tempt$ to s91 ev5 z accord+ to ! ord] ( nature he is mov$ =w>d to p]fection by means ( a good angel4 ,an angel c\ld be p]fect$ 9 good by some?+ above him1 namely by ,god1 b he c\ld n ?us be l$ into s91 because accord+ to ,james #a3ac1 ,god is n a tempt] ( evils4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z ,god knew t man1 ?r\gh be+ tempt$1 w\ld fall into s91 s too ,he knew t man 0 able1 by 8 free w1 to resi/ ! tempt]4 ,n[ ! condition atta*+ to man's nature requir$ t he %\ld be left to 8 own w1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ae3ad1 ,god left man 9 ! h& ( 8 own c\nsel4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #d73 ,x seems to me t man w\ld h _h no prospect ( any special praise1 if he 7 able to lead a good life simply because !re 0 none to p]suade him to lead an evil life2 s9ce bo? by nature he _h ! p[]1 & 9 8 p[] he _h ! w1 n to cons5t to ! p]suad]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an assault is p5al if x be difficult to resi/ x3 b1 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 man 0 able1 )\t any difficulty1 to resi/ temptation4 ,consequ5tly ! tempt]'s assault 0 n a puni%m5t to man4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afe1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,mann] & ,ord] ( ! ,fir/ ,temptation ,0 ,fitt+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! mann] & ord] ( ! fir/ temptation 0 n fitt+4 ,= j z 9 ! ord] ( nature ! angel 0 above man1 s 0 ! man above ! woman4 ,n[ s9 came ^u man ?r\gh an angel3 !re=e 9 l mann] x %\ld h come ^u ! woman ?r\gh ! man2 9 o!r words ! woman %\ld h be5 tempt$ by ! man1 & n ! o!r way ab\t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! temptation ( our fir/ p>5ts 0 by sugge/ion4 ,n[ ! devil is able to make sugge/ions to man )\t mak+ use ( an outw>d s5sible creature4 ,s9ce !n our fir/ p>5ts 7 end[$ ) a spiritual m9d1 & adh]$ less to s5sible ?an to intelligible ?+s1 x w\ld h be5 m fitt+ = man to be tempt$ ) a m]ely spiritual1 in/ead ( an outw>d1 temptation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o _c fitt+ly sugge/ an evil except ?r\gh "s app>5t good4 ,b _m o!r animals h a great] appe>ance ( good ?an ! s]p5t has4 ,!re=e man 0 unfitt+ly tempt$ by ! devil ?r\gh a s]p5t4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! s]p5t is an irrational animal4 ,n[ wisdom1 spee*1 & puni%m5t are n befitt+ an irrational animal4 ,!re=e ! s]p5t is unfitt+ly describ$ 7,g54 #c3a7 z m subtle ?an any ( ! bea/s ( ! e>?1 or z ! mo/ prud5t ( all bea/s accord+ to ano!r v]sion 99,! ,septuag9t3 & likewise is unfitt+ly /at$ to h spok5 to ! woman1 & to h be5 puni%$ by ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,t :i* is fir/ 9 any g5us %\ld be proportionate to all t foll[ x 9 t g5us4 ,n[ 9 e k9d ( s9 we f9d ! same ord] z 9 ! fir/ temptation4 ,=1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #ab71 x beg9s ) ! concupisc5ce ( s9 9 ! s5suality1 signifi$ by ! s]p5t2 ext5ds to ! l[] reason1 by pleasure1 signifi$ by ! woman2 & rea*es to ! high] reason by cons5t 9 ! s91 signifi$ by ! man4 ,!re=e ! ord] ( ! fir/ temptation 0 fitt+4 ,i answ] t1 ,man is compos$ ( a tw(old nature1 intellective & s5sitive4 ,h5ce ! devil1 9 tempt+ man1 made use ( a tw(old inc5tive to s93 "o on ! "p ( ! intellect1 by promis+ ! ,div9e lik5ess ?r\gh ! acquisition ( k :i* man naturally desires to h2 ! o!r on ! "p ( s5se4 ,?is he did by hav+ rec\rse to ^? s5sible ?+s1 :i* are mo/ ak9 to man1 p>tly by tempt+ ! man ?r\gh ! woman :o 0 ak9 to him 9 ! same species2 p>tly by tempt+ ! woman ?r\gh ! s]p5t1 :o 0 ak9 to !m 9 ! same g5us2 p>tly by sugge/+ to !m to eat ( ! =bidd5 fruit1 :i* 0 ak9 to !m 9 ! proximate g5us4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ! act ( tempt+ ! devil 0 by way ( pr9cipal ag5t2 :]eas ! woman 0 employ$ z an in/rum5t ( temptation 9 br++ ab\t ! d[nfall ( ! man1 bo? because ! woman 0 weak] ?an ! man1 & consequ5tly m liable to be deceiv$1 & because1 on acc\nt ( h] union ) man1 ! devil 0 able to deceive ! man especially ?r\gh h]4 ,n[ !re is no p>ity betwe5 pr9cipal ag5t & in/rum5t1 because ! pr9cipal ag5t mu/ exce$ 9 p[]1 :i* is n requisite 9 ! in/rum5tal ag5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a sugge/ion :]eby ! devil sugge/s some?+ to man spiritually1 %[s ! devil to h m p[] aga9/ man ?an outw>d sugge/ion has1 s9ce by an inw>d sugge/ion1 at lea/1 man's imag9ation is *ang$ by ! devil 99,cf4 ,fir/ ,"p1 ,q4 #ia1 ,a4 #c2 :]eas by an outw>d sugge/ion1 a *ange is wr\ght m]ely on an outw>d creature4 ,n[ ! devil _h a m9imum ( p[] aga9/ man be=e s91 :]e=e he 0 unable to tempt him by inw>d sugge/ion1 b only by outw>d sugge/ion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #c71 we are n to suppose t ! devil *ose ! s]p5t z 8 means ( temptation2 b z he 0 possess$ ( ! lu/ ( deceit1 he c\ld only d s by ! animal he 0 all[$ to use = t purpose4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #bi71 ! s]p5t is describ$ z mo/ prud5t or subtle1 on acc\nt ( ! cunn+ ( ! devil1 :o wr\ght 8 wiles 9 x3 ?us1 we speak ( a prud5t or cunn+ tongue1 because x is ! in/rum5t ( a prud5t or cunn+ man 9 advis+ some?+ prud5tly or cunn+ly4 ,nor inde$ 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #bh7 did ! s]p5t und]/& ! s\nds :i* 7 convey$ ?r\gh x to ! woman2 nor aga9 are we to believe t its s\l 0 *ang$ into a rational nature1 s9ce n ev5 m51 :o are rational by nature1 "k :at !y say :5 a demon speaks 9 !m4 ,accord+ly 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #bi7 ! s]p5t spoke to man1 ev5 z ! ass on :i* ,balaam sat spoke to him1 except t ! =m] 0 ! "w ( a devil1 :]eas ! latt] 0 ! "w ( an angel4 ,h5ce 7,g54 ad lit4 xi1 #cf7 ! s]p5t 0 n ask$ :y x _h done ?is1 because x _h n done ?is 9 its own nature1 b ! devil 9 x1 :o 0 already condemn$ to ev]la/+ fire on acc\nt ( 8 s93 & ! words address$ to ! s]p5t 7 direct$ to him :o wr\ght ?r\gh ! s]p5t4 ,moreov]1 z aga9 ,augu/9e says 7,sup] ,g54 contra ,mani*4 ii1 #ag1 #ah71 81 t is1 ! devil's1 puni%m5t m5tion$ "h is t = :i* we mu/ be on our gu>d aga9/ him1 n t :i* is res]v$ till ! la/ judgm5t4 ,= :5 x 0 said to him3 ',?\ art curs$ among all cattle & bea/s ( ! e>?1' ! cattle are set above him1 n 9 p[]1 b 9 ! pres]vation ( _! nature1 s9ce ! cattle lo/ no heav5ly bliss1 see+ t !y nev] _h x1 b !y cont9ue to live 9 ! nature :i* !y receiv$4 ,x is also said to him3 ',^u ?y brea/ & belly %alt ?\ creep1' accord+ to ano!r v]sion 99,! ,septuag9t ,"h ! brea/ signifies pride1 because x is !re t ! impulse ( ! s\l dom9ates1 :ile ! belly d5otes c>nal desire1 because ?is "p ( ! body is s(te/ to ! t\*3 & on ^! he creeps to ^? :om he wi%es to deceive4 ,! words1 ',e>? %alt ?\ eat all ! days ( ?y life' may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,ei!r ',^? %all belong to !e1 :om ?\ %alt deceive by e>?ly lu/1' namely s9n]s :o are signifi$ "u ! "n ( e>?1 or a ?ird k9d ( temptation1 namely curiosity1 is signifi$ by ^! words3 = to eat e>? is to look into ?+s deep & d>k4 ,! putt+ ( enmities betwe5 him & ! woman means t we _c be tempt$ by ! devil1 except ?r\gh t "p ( ! s\l :i* be>s or reflects ! lik5ess ( a woman4 ,! se$ ( ! devil is ! temptation to evil1 ! se$ ( ! woman is ! fruit ( good works1 :]eby ! temptation to evil is resi/$4 ,:]e=e ! s]p5t lies 9 wait = ! woman's heel1 t if at any "t %e fall away t[>ds :at is unlawful1 pleasure may seize hold ( h]3 & %e wat*es 8 head t %e may %ut him out at ! v outset ( ! evil temptation4 ,,"q #aff ,,( ,,/udi\sness 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] /udi\sness & its opposite1 curiosity4 ,conc]n+ /udi\sness !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at is ! matt] ( /udi\sness8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a "p ( temp]ance8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aff1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,prop] ,matt] ( ,/udi\sness ,is ,k8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t k is n ! prop] matt] ( /udi\sness4 ,= a p]son is said to be /udi\s because he applies /udy to c]ta9 ?+s4 ,n[ a man ought to apply /udy to e matt]1 9 ord] to d aright :at has to be done4 ,!re=e seem+ly k is n ! special matt] ( /udi\sness4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 /udi\sness is oppos$ to curiosity4 ,n[ curiosity1 :i* is d]iv$ f cura 7c>e71 may also ref] to elegance ( app>el & o!r su* ?+s1 :i* reg>d ! body2 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3ad73 ,make n provision 7curam7 = ! fle% 9 its concupisc5ces4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r x is writt5 7,j]4 #f3ac73 ,f ! lea/ ( !m ev5 to ! greate/1 all /udy ,d\ay3 'are giv5 to' covet\sness4 ,n[ covet\sness is n prop]ly ab\t k1 b r ab\t ! possession ( weal?1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aah1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e /udi\sness1 :i* is d]iv$ f /udy1 is n prop]ly ab\t k4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,prov4 #bg3aa73 ,/udy wisdom1 my son1 & make my he>t joyful1 t ?\ maye/ give an answ] to him t reproa*e?4 ,n[ /udy1 :i* is comm5d$ z a virtue1 is ! same z t to :i* ! ,law urges4 ,!re=e /udi\sness is prop]ly ab\t k4 ,i answ] t1 ,prop]ly speak+1 /udy d5otes ke5 application ( ! m9d to some?+4 ,n[ ! m9d is n appli$ to a ?+ except by kn[+ t ?+4 ,:]e=e ! m9d's application to k prec$es its application to ^? ?+s to :i* man is direct$ by 8 k4 ,h5ce /udy reg>ds k 9 ! fir/ place1 & z a result x reg>ds any o!r ?+s ! work+ ( :i* requires to be direct$ by k4 ,n[ ! virtues lay claim to t matt] ab\t :i* !y are fir/ & =emo/2 ?us =titude is conc]n$ ab\t dang]s ( dea?1 & temp]ance ab\t pleasures ( t\*4 ,!re=e /udi\sness is prop]ly ascrib$ to k4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,no?+ c be done aright z reg>ds o!r matt]s1 except 9 s f> z is previ\sly direct$ by ! kn[+ reason4 ,h5ce /udi\sness1 to :atev] matt] x be appli$1 has a prior reg>d = k4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man's m9d is drawn1 on acc\nt ( 8 affections1 t[>ds ! ?+s = :i* he has an affection1 accord+ to ,matt4 #f3ba1 ,:]e ?y treasure is1 !re is ?y he>t also4 ,& s9ce man has special affection = ^? ?+s :i* fo/] ! fle%1 x foll[s t man's ?\ghts are conc]n$ ab\t ?+s t fo/] 8 fle%1 s t man seeks to "k h[ he may be/ su/a9 8 body4 ,accord+ly curiosity is acc\nt$ to be ab\t ?+s p]ta9+ to ! body by reason ( ?+s p]ta9+ to k4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,covet\sness craves ! acquisition ( ga91 & = ?is x is v necess>y to be skill$ 9 e>?ly ?+s4 ,accord+ly /udi\sness is ascrib$ to ?+s p]ta9+ to covet\sness4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aff1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,/udi\sness ,is a ,"p ( ,temp]ance8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t /udi\sness is n a "p ( temp]ance4 ,= a man is said to be /udi\s by reason ( 8 /udi\sness4 ,n[ all virtu\s p]sons )\t exception are call$ /udi\s accord+ to ! ,philosoph]1 :o frequ5tly employs ! t]m /udi\s 7sp\daios7 9 ?is s5se 7,e?ic4 ix1 #d1 #h1 #i74 99,9 ! same s5se ,ari/otle says 9 ,e?ic4 iii1 #b1 t e vici\s p]son is ignorant ( :at he ought to d4 ,!re=e /udi\sness is a g5]al virtue1 & n a "p ( temp]ance4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 /udi\sness1 z /at$ 7,a4 #a71 p]ta9s to k4 ,b k has no connection ) ! moral virtues :i* are 9 ! appetitive "p ( ! s\l1 & p]ta9s r to ! intellectual virtues :i* are 9 ! cognitive "p3 :]e=e solicitude is an act ( prud5ce z /at$ above 7,q4 #dg1 ,a4 #i74 ,!re=e /udi\sness is n a "p ( temp]ance4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a virtue t is ascrib$ z "p ( a pr9cipal virtue resembles ! latt] z to mode4 ,n[ /udi\sness does n resemble temp]ance z to mode1 because temp]ance takes its "n f be+ a k9d ( re/ra9t1 :]e=e x is m oppos$ to ! vice t is 9 excess3 :]eas /udi\sness is d5om9at$ f be+ ! application ( ! m9d to some?+1 s t x w\ld seem to be oppos$ to ! vice t is 9 default1 namely1 neglect ( /udy1 r ?an to ! vice :i* is 9 excess1 namely curiosity4 :]e=e1 on acc\nt ( its resemblance to ! latt]1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 x7 t a /udi\s man is "o :o is curi\s to /udy4 ,!re=e /udi\sness is n a "p ( temp]ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 #ba73 ,we are =bidd5 to be curi\s3 & ?is is a great gift t temp]ance be/[s4 ,n[ curiosity is prev5t$ by mod]ate /udi\sness4 ,!re=e /udi\sness is a "p ( temp]ance4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ada1 ,,aa4 #c1 #d1 #e71 x belongs to temp]ance to mod]ate ! movem5t ( ! appetite1 le/ x t5d excessively to t :i* is desir$ naturally4 ,n[ j z 9 respect ( 8 corporeal nature man naturally desires ! pleasures ( food & sex1 s1 9 respect ( 8 s\l1 he naturally desires to "k some?+2 ?us ! ,philosoph] obs]ves at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,metaphysics 7i1 #a73 ,all m5 h a natural desire = k4 ,! mod]ation ( ?is desire p]ta9s to ! virtue ( /udi\sness2 :]e=e x foll[s t /udi\sness is a pot5tial "p ( temp]ance1 z a subord9ate virtue annex$ to a pr9cipal virtue4 ,moreov]1 x is compris$ "u mode/y = ! reason giv5 above 7,q4 #afj1 ,a4 #b74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,prud5ce is ! complem5t ( all ! moral virtues1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 vi1 #ac4 ,consequ5tly1 9 s f> z ! k ( prud5ce p]ta9s to all ! virtues1 ! t]m /udi\sness1 :i* prop]ly reg>ds k1 is appli$ to all ! virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! act ( a cognitive p[] is comm&$ by ! appetitive p[]1 :i* moves all ! p[]s1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,:]e=e k reg>ds a tw(old good4 ,"o is connect$ ) ! act ( k itself2 & ?is good p]ta9s to ! intellectual virtues1 & consi/s 9 man hav+ a true e/imate ab\t ea* ?+4 ,! o!r good p]ta9s to ! act ( ! appetitive p[]1 & consi/s 9 man's appetite be+ direct$ aright 9 apply+ ! cognitive p[] 9 ?is or t way to ?is or t ?+4 ,& ?is belongs to ! virtue ( s]i\sness4 ,:]e=e x is reckon$ among ! moral virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #ic7 9 ord] to be virtu\s we mu/ avoid ^? ?+s to :i* we are mo/ naturally incl9$4 ,h5ce x is t1 s9ce nature incl9es u *iefly to fe> dang]s ( dea?1 & to seek pleasures ( ! fle%1 =titude is *iefly comm5d$ = a c]ta9 /eadfa/ p]sev]ance aga9/ su* dang]s1 & temp]ance = a c]ta9 re/ra9t f pleasures ( ! fle%4 ,b z reg>ds k1 man has contr>y incl9ations4 ,= on ! "p ( ! s\l1 he is incl9$ to desire k ( ?+s2 & s x behooves him to ex]cise a praisewor?y re/ra9t on ?is desire1 le/ he seek k immod]ately3 :]eas on ! "p ( 8 bodily nature1 man is incl9$ to avoid ! tr\ble ( seek+ k4 ,accord+ly1 z reg>ds ! fir/ incl9ation /udi\sness is a k9d ( re/ra9t1 & x is 9 ?is s5se t x is reckon$ a "p ( temp]ance4 ,b z to ! second incl9ation1 ?is virtue d]ives its praise f a c]ta9 ke5ness ( int]e/ 9 seek+ k ( ?+s2 & f ?is x takes its "n4 ,! =m] is m ess5tial to ?is virtue ?an ! latt]3 s9ce ! desire to "k directly reg>ds k1 to :i* /udi\sness is direct$1 :]eas ! tr\ble ( le>n+ is an ob/acle to k1 :]e=e x is reg>d$ by ?is virtue indirectly1 z by t :i* removes an ob/acle4 ,,"q #afg ,,( ,,curiosity 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] curiosity1 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! vice ( curiosity c reg>d intellective k8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is ab\t s5sitive k8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,curiosity ,c ,be ,ab\t ,intellective ,k8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t curiosity _c be ab\t intellective k4 ,because1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f71 !re c be no mean & extremes 9 ?+s :i* are ess5tially good4 ,n[ intellective k is ess5tially good3 because man's p]fection w\ld seem to consi/ 9 8 intellect be+ r$uc$ f pot5tiality to act1 & ?is is done by ! k ( tru?4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! good ( ! human s\l is to be 9 accordance ) reason1 ^: p]fection consi/s 9 kn[+ ! tru?4 ,!re=e ! vice ( curiosity _c be ab\t intellective k4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* makes man l to ,god1 & :i* he receives f ,god1 _c be an evil4 ,n[ all abundance ( k is f ,god1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #a3a1 ,all wisdom is f ! ,"l ,god1 & ,wis4 #g3ag1 ,he ha? giv5 me ! true k ( ?+s t are1 to "k ! disposition ( ! :ole _w1 & ! virtues ( ! elem5ts1 etc4 ,aga91 by kn[+ ! tru? man is lik5$ to ,god1 s9ce all ?+s are nak$ & op5 to ,8 eyes 7,heb4 #d3ac71 & ! ,"l is a ,god ( all k 7#a ,k+s #b3c74 ,!re=e h[ev] abundant k ( tru? may be1 x is n evil b good4 ,n[ ! desire ( good is n s9ful4 ,!re=e ! vice ( curiosity _c be ab\t ! intellective k ( tru?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ! vice ( curiosity c be ab\t any k9d ( intellective k1 x w\ld be *iefly ab\t ! philosophical sci5ces4 ,b1 seem+ly1 !re is no s9 9 be+ int5t on !m3 = ,j]ome says 7,sup] ,daniel #a3h73 ,^? :o refus$ to p>take ( ! k+'s meat & w9e1 le/ !y %\ld be defil$1 if !y _h consid]$ ! wisdom & tea*+ ( ! ,babylonians to be s9ful1 w\ld nev] h cons5t$ to le>n t :i* 0 unlawful3 & ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #dj7 t if ! philosoph]s made any true /atem5ts1 we mu/ claim !m = our own use1 z f unju/ possessors4 ,!re=e curiosity ab\t intellective k _c be s9ful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome 99,comm5t4 9 ,ep4 ad ,ephes4 iv1 #ag says3 ,is x n evid5t t a man :o day & night wre/les ) ! dialectic art1 ! /ud5t ( natural sci5ce ^: gaze pi]ces ! heav5s1 walks 9 vanity ( und]/&+ & d>kness ( m9d8 ,n[ vanity ( und]/&+ & d>kness ( m9d are s9ful4 ,!re=e curiosity ab\t intellective sci5ces may be s9ful4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aff1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b7 /udi\sness is directly1 n ab\t k itself1 b ab\t ! desire & /udy 9 ! pursuit ( k4 ,n[ we mu/ judge diff]5tly ( ! k itself ( tru?1 & ( ! desire & /udy 9 ! pursuit ( ! k ( tru?4 ,= ! k ( tru?1 /rictly speak+1 is good1 b x may be evil accid5tally1 by reason ( "s result1 ei!r because "o takes pride 9 kn[+ ! tru?1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #h3a1 ,k puffe? up1 or because "o uses ! k ( tru? 9 ord] to s94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! desire or /udy 9 pursu+ ! k ( tru? may be "r or wrong4 ,fir/1 :5 "o t5ds by 8 /udy to ! k ( tru? z hav+ evil accid5tally annex$ to x1 = in/ance ^? :o /udy to "k ! tru? t !y may take pride 9 _! k4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 #ba73 ,"s !re are :o =sak+ virtue1 & ignorant ( :at ,god is1 & ( ! maje/y ( t nature :i* ev] rema9s ! same1 imag9e !y are do+ some?+ great1 if ) surpass+ curiosity & ke5ness !y explore ! :ole mass ( ?is body :i* we call ! _w4 ,s great a pride is ?us begott51 t "o w\ld ?9k !y dwelt 9 ! v heav5s ab\t :i* !y argue4 ,9 l mann]1 ^? :o /udy to le>n some?+ 9 ord] to s9 are engag$ 9 a s9ful /udy1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,j]4 #i3e1 ,!y h taught _! tongue to speak lies1 !y h labor$ to commit iniquity4 ,secondly1 !re may be s9 by reason ( ! appetite or /udy direct$ to ! le>n+ ( tru? be+ itself inord9ate2 & ?is 9 f\r ways4 ,fir/1 :5 a man is )drawn by a less pr(itable /udy f a /udy t is an obligation incumb5t on him2 h5ce ,j]ome says 99,epi/4 xxi ad ,damas3 ,we see prie/s =sak+ ! gospels & ! prophets1 read+ /age-plays1 & s++ ! love songs ( pa/oral idylls4 ,secondly1 :5 a man /udies to le>n ( "o1 by :om x is unlawful to be taught1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o seek to "k ! future ?r\gh ! demons4 ,?is is sup]/iti\s curiosity1 ( :i* ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #d73 ,maybe1 ! philosoph]s 7 deb>r$ f ! fai? by _! s9ful curiosity 9 seek+ k f ! demons4 ,?irdly1 :5 a man desires to "k ! tru? ab\t creatures1 )\t ref]r+ 8 k to its due end1 namely1 ! k ( ,god4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #bi7 t 9 /udy+ creatures1 we mu/ n be mov$ by empty & p]i%able curiosity2 b we %\ld ev] m\nt t[>ds immortal & abid+ ?+s4 ,f\r?ly1 :5 a man /udies to "k ! tru? above ! capacity ( 8 own intellig5ce1 s9ce by s do+ m5 easily fall into error3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #c3bb73 ,seek n ! ?+s t are too high = !e1 & se>* n into ?+s above ?y ability 4 4 4 & 9 _m ( ,8 works be n curi\s1 & fur!r on 7,ecclus4 #c3bf71 ,= 4 4 4 ! suspicion ( !m ha? deceiv$ _m1 & ha? deta9$ _! m9ds 9 vanity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man's good consi/s 9 ! k ( tru?2 yet man's sov]eign good consi/s1 n 9 ! k ( any tru?1 b 9 ! p]fect k ( ! sov]eign tru?1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 x1 #g1 #h74 ,h5ce !re may be s9 9 ! k ( c]ta9 tru?s1 9 s f> z ! desire ( su* k is n direct$ 9 due mann] to ! k ( ! sov]eign tru?1 :]e9 supreme happ9ess consi/s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ?is argum5t %[s t ! k ( tru? is good 9 itself1 ?is does n prev5t a man f misus+ ! k ( tru? = an evil purpose1 or f desir+ ! k ( tru? inord9ately1 s9ce ev5 ! desire = good %\ld be regulat$ 9 due mann]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! /udy ( philosophy is 9 itself lawful & comm5dable1 on acc\nt ( ! tru? :i* ! philosoph]s acquir$ ?r\gh ,god reveal+ x to !m1 z /at$ 9 ,rom4 #a3ai4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 philosoph]s misuse ! tru? 9 ord] to assail ! fai?1 ! ,apo/le says 7,col4 #b3h73 ,bew>e le/ any man *eat y by philosophy & va9 deceit1 accord+ to ! tradition ( m5 4 4 4 & n accord+ to ,*ri/3 & ,dionysius says 7,ep4 vii ad ,polyc>p47 ( c]ta9 philosoph]s t !y make an unholy use ( div9e ?+s aga9/ t :i* is div9e1 & by div9e wisdom /rive to de/roy ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,vice ( ,curiosity ,is ,ab\t ,s5sitive ,k8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! vice ( curiosity is n ab\t s5sitive k4 ,= j z "s ?+s are kn[n by ! s5se ( sight1 s too are "s ?+s kn[n by ! s5ses ( t\* & ta/e4 ,n[ ! vice conc]n$ ab\t objects ( t\* & ta/e is n curiosity b lu/ or gluttony4 ,!re=e seem+ly nei!r is ! vice ( curiosity ab\t ?+s kn[n by ! sight4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 curiosity w\ld seem to ref] to wat*+ games2 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 vi1 #h7 t :5 a fall occurr$ 9 ! fight1 a mighty cry ( ! :ole p /ruck him /rongly1 & ov]come by curiosity ,alypius op5$ 8 eyes4 ,b x does n seem to be s9ful to wat* games1 because x gives pleasure on acc\nt ( ! repres5tation1 :]e9 man takes a natural delight1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,poet4 vi74 ,!re=e ! vice ( curiosity is n ab\t ! k ( s5sible objects4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x w\ld seem to p]ta9 to curiosity to inquire into our neighbor's actions1 z ,b$e obs]ves 99,comm5t4 9 #a ,john #b3af4 ,n[1 seem+ly1 x is n a s9 to inquire into ! actions ( o!rs1 because accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ag3ab1 ,god gave to e "o ( !m comm&m5t conc]n+ 8 neighbor4 ,!re=e ! vice ( curiosity does n reg>d ! k ( su* l p>ticul> s5sible objects4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #ch7 t concupisc5ce ( ! eyes makes m5 curi\s4 ,n[ accord+ to ,b$e 7,comm5t4 9 #a ,john #b3af7 concupisc5ce ( ! eyes ref]s n only to ! le>n+ ( magic arts1 b also to sight-see+1 & to ! discov]y & dispraise ( our neighbor's faults1 & all ^! are p>ticul> objects ( s5se4 ,!re=e s9ce concupisc5ce ( ! eves is a s91 ev5 z concupisc5ce ( ! fle% & pride ( life1 :i* are memb]s ( ! same division 7#a ,john #b3af71 x seems t ! vice ( curiosity is ab\t ! k ( s5sible ?+s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! k ( s5sible ?+s is direct$ to two ?+s4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 bo? 9 man & 9 o!r animals1 x is direct$ to ! upkeep ( ! body1 because by k ( ?is k9d1 man & o!r animals avoid :at is h>mful to !m1 & seek ^? ?+s t are necess>y = ! body's su/5ance4 ,9 ! second place1 x is direct$ 9 a mann] special to man1 to intellective k1 :e!r speculative or practical4 ,accord+ly to employ /udy = ! purpose ( kn[+ s5sible ?+s may be s9ful 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 :5 ! s5sitive k is n direct$ to some?+ useful1 b turns man away f "s useful consid]ation4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 x1 #ce71 ,i g no m to see a dog c\rs+ a h>e 9 ! circus2 b 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 if ,i happ5 to be pass+1 t c\rs+ haply w di/ract me f "s weighty ?\ght1 & draw me aft] x 4 4 4 & unless ,?\1 hav+ made me see my weakness1 did/ spe$ily admoni% me1 ,i become fooli%ly dull4 ,secondly1 :5 ! k ( s5sible ?+s is direct$ to some?+ h>mful1 z look+ on a woman is direct$ to lu/3 ev5 s ! busy inquiry into o!r p's actions is direct$ to detraction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "o be ord9ately int5t on ! k ( s5sible ?+s by reason ( ! necessity ( su/a9+ nature1 or = ! sake ( ! /udy ( intelligible tru?1 ?is /udi\sness ab\t ! k ( s5sible ?+s is virtu\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,lu/ & gluttony are ab\t pleasures aris+ f ! use ( objects ( t\*1 :]eas curiosity is ab\t pleasures aris+ f ! k acquir$ ?r\gh all ! s5ses4 ,accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,confess4 x1 #ce7 x is call$ concupisc5ce ( ! eyes because ! sight is ! s5se *iefly us$ = obta9+ k1 s t all s5sible ?+s are said to be se51 & z he says fur!r on3 ,by ?is x may m evid5tly be disc]n$ :]e9 pleasure & :]e9 curiosity is ! object ( ! s5ses2 = pleasure seeke? objects beautiful1 melodi\s1 fragrant1 savory1 s(t2 b curiosity1 = trial's sake1 seeke? ev5 ! contr>ies ( ^!1 n = ! sake ( suff]+ annoyance1 b out ( ! lu/ ( exp]im5t & k4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,sight-see+ becomes s9ful1 :5 x r5d]s a man prone to ! vices ( lu/ & cruelty on acc\nt ( ?+s he sees repres5t$4 ,h5ce ,*ryso/om says 99,hom4 vi 9 ,mat?4 t su* sights make m5 adult]]s & %ameless4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,"o may wat* o!r p's actions or inquire into !m1 ) a good int5t1 ei!r = "o's own good--t is 9 ord] to be enc\rag$ to bett] de$s by ! de$s ( our neighbor--or = our neighbor's good--t is 9 ord] to correct him1 if he d any?+ wrong1 accord+ to ! rule ( *>ity & ! duty ( "o's position4 ,?is is praisewor?y1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aj3bd1 ,consid] "o ano!r to provoke unto *>ity & to good works4 ,b to obs]ve our neighbor's faults ) ! int5tion ( look+ d[n ^u !m1 or ( detract+ !m1 or ev5 ) no fur!r purpose ?an t ( di/urb+ !m1 is s9ful3 h5ce x is writt5 7,prov4 #bd3ae71 ,lie n 9 wait1 nor seek aft] wick$ness 9 ! h\se ( ! j1 nor spoil 8 re/4 ,,"q #afh ,,( ,,mode/y ,,z ,,consi/+ ,,9 ,,! ,,outw>d ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,body 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] mode/y z consi/+ 9 ! outw>d movem5ts ( ! body1 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re c be virtue & vice 9 ! outw>d movem5ts ( ! body t are done s]i\sly8 7#b7 ,:e!r !re c be a virtue ab\t playful actions8 7#c7 ,( ! s9 consi/+ 9 excess ( play2 7#d7 ,( ! s9 consi/+ 9 lack ( play4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,any ,virtue ,reg>ds ! ,outw>d ,movem5ts ( ! ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no virtue reg>ds ! outw>d movem5ts ( ! body4 ,= e virtue p]ta9s to ! spiritual beauty ( ! s\l1 accord+ to ,ps4 #dd3ad1 ,all ! glory ( ! k+'s daught] is )91 & a gloss adds1 namely1 9 ! consci5ce4 ,n[ ! movem5ts ( ! body are n )91 b )\t4 ,!re=e !re c be no virtue ab\t !m4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,virtues are n 9 u by nature1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a74 ,b outw>d bodily movem5ts are 9 man by nature1 s9ce x is by nature t "s are quick1 & "s sl[ ( movem5t1 & ! same applies to o!r diff]5ces ( outw>d movem5ts4 ,!re=e !re is no virtue ab\t movem5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e moral virtue is ei!r ab\t actions direct$ to ano!r p]son1 z ju/ice1 or ab\t passions1 z temp]ance & =titude4 ,n[ outw>d bodily movem5ts are n direct$ to ano!r p]son1 nor are !y passions4 ,!re=e no virtue is connect$ ) !m4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 /udy %\ld be appli$ to all works ( virtue1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aff1 ,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #a2 ,a4 #b1 ad #a74 ,n[ x is c5surable to apply /udy to ! ord]+ ( "o's outw>d movem5ts3 = ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #ah73 ,a becom+ gait is "o t reflects ! c>riage ( au?ority1 has ! tread ( gravity1 & ! foot-pr9t ( tranquillity3 yet s t !re be nei!r /udy nor affectation1 b natural & artless movem5t4 ,!re=e seem+ly !re is no virtue ab\t ! /yle ( outw>d movem5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! beauty ( hone/y 99,cf4 ,q4 #ade1 ,a4 #a p]ta9s to virtue4 ,n[ ! /yle ( outw>d movem5ts p]ta9s to ! beauty ( hone/y4 ,= ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #ah73 ,! s\nd ( ! voice & ! ge/ure ( ! body are di/a/eful to me1 :e!r !y be unduly s(t & n]veless1 or co>se & boori%4 ,let nature be our model2 h] reflection is gracefulness ( conduct & beauty ( hone/y4 ,!re=e !re is a virtue ab\t ! /yle ( outw>d movem5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,moral virtue consi/s 9 ! ?+s p]ta9+ to man be+ direct$ by 8 reason4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! outw>d movem5ts ( man are dirigible by reason1 s9ce ! outw>d memb]s are set 9 motion at ! comm& ( reason4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t !re is a moral virtue conc]n$ ) ! direction ( ^! movem5ts4 ,n[ ! direction ( ^! movem5ts may be consid]$ f a tw(old /&po9t4 ,fir/1 9 respect ( fitt+ness to ! p]son2 secondly1 9 respect ( fitt+ness to ext]nals1 :e!r p]sons1 bus9ess1 or place4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #ah73 ,beauty ( conduct consi/s 9 becom+ behavior t[>ds o!rs1 accord+ to _! sex & p]son1 & ?is reg>ds ! fir/4 ,z to ! second1 he adds3 ,?is is ! be/ way to ord] our behavior1 ?is is ! poli% becom+ to e action4 ,h5ce ,&ronicus 99,de ,affectibus ascribes two ?+s to ^! outw>d movem5ts3 namely ta/e 7ornatus7 :i* reg>ds :at is becom+ to ! p]son1 :]e=e he says t x is ! k ( :at is becom+ 9 movem5t & behavior2 & me?odicalness 7bona ord9atio7 :i* reg>ds :at is becom+ to ! bus9ess 9 h&1 & to "o's surr\nd+s1 :]e=e he calls x ! practical k ( sep>ation1 i4e4 ( ! di/9ction ( acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,outw>d movem5ts are signs ( ! inw>d disposition1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ai3bg1 ,! attire ( ! body1 & ! laught] ( ! tee?1 & ! gait ( ! man1 %[ :at he is2 & ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #ah7 t ! habit ( m9d is se5 9 ! ge/ure ( ! body1 & t ! body's movem5t is an index ( ! s\l4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh x is f natural disposition t a man is incl9$ to ?is or t /yle ( outw>d movem5t1 nev]!less :at is lack+ to nature c be suppli$ by ! ef=ts ( reason4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #ah73 ,let nature guide ! movem5t3 & if nature fail 9 any respect1 surely ef=t w supply ! defect4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 7ad #a7 outw>d movem5ts are indications ( ! inw>d disposition1 & ?is reg>ds *iefly ! passions ( ! s\l4 ,:]e=e ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #ah7 t f ^! ?+s1 i4e4 ! outw>d movem5ts1 ! man t lies hidd5 9 our he>ts is e/eem$ to be ei!r frivol\s1 or boa/ful1 or impure1 or on ! o!r h& s$ate1 /eady1 pure1 & free f blemi%4 ,x is moreov] f our outw>d movem5ts t o!r m5 =m _! judgm5t ab\t u1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ai3bf1 ,a man is kn[n by 8 look1 & a wise man1 :5 ?\ meete/ him1 is kn[n by 8 c\nt5ance4 ,h5ce mod]ation ( outw>d movem5ts is direct$ some:at to o!r p]sons1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,augu/9e 9 8 ,rule 7,ep4 ccxi71 ,9 all y\r movem5ts1 let no?+ be done to (f5d ! eye ( ano!r1 b only t :i* is becom+ to ! hol9ess ( y\r /ate4 ,:]e=e ! mod]ation ( outw>d movem5ts may be r$uc$ to two virtues1 :i* ! ,philosoph] m5tions 9 ,e?ic4 iv1 #f1 #g4 ,=1 9 s f> z by outw>d movem5ts we are direct$ to o!r p]sons1 ! mod]ation ( our outw>d movem5ts belongs to fri5dl9ess or affability 99,cf4 ,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #a4 ,?is reg>ds pleasure or pa9 :i* may arise f words or de$s 9 ref]5ce to o!rs ) :om a man comes 9 contact4 ,&1 9 s f> z outw>d movem5ts are signs ( our inw>d disposition1 _! mod]ation belongs to ! virtue ( tru?fulness 99,cf4 ,q4 #i1 :]eby a man1 by ^w & de$1 %[s himself to be su* z he is inw>dly4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x is c5surable to /udy ! /yle ( "o's outw>d movem5ts1 by hav+ rec\rse to pret5se 9 !m1 s t !y d n agree ) "o's inw>d disposition4 ,nev]!less x behooves "o to /udy !m1 s t if !y be 9 any way inord9ate1 ?is may be correct$4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #ah73 ,let !m be )\t artifice1 b n )\t correction4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be a ,virtue ,ab\t ,games8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re _c be a virtue ab\t games4 ,= ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bc73 ,our ,"l said3 ',woe to y :o laugh1 = y %all weep4' ,:]e=e ,i consid] t all1 & n only excessive1 games %\ld be avoid$4 ,n[ t :i* c be done virtu\sly is n to be avoid$ altoge!r4 ,!re=e !re _c be a virtue ab\t games4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,virtue is t :i* ,god =ms 9 u1 )\t u1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ ,*ryso/om says 99,hom4 vi 9 ,mat?43 ,x is n ,god1 b ! devil1 t is ! au?or ( fun4 ,li/5 to :at happ5$ to ^? :o play$3 ',! p sat d[n to eat & dr9k1 & !y rose up to play4' ,!re=e !re c be no virtue ab\t games4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #f7 t playful actions are n direct$ to some?+ else4 ,b x is a requisite ( virtue t ! ag5t 9 *oos+ %\ld direct 8 action to some?+ else1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ii1 #d74 ,!re=e !re c be no virtue ab\t games4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,music4 ii1 #ae73 ,i pray !e1 sp>e ?yself at times3 = x becomes a wise man sometimes to relax ! high pressure ( 8 att5tion to "w4 ,n[ ?is relaxation ( ! m9d f "w consi/s 9 playful words or de$s4 ,!re=e x becomes a wise & virtu\s man to h rec\rse to su* ?+s at times4 ,moreov] ! ,philosoph] 99,e?ic4 ii1 #g2 iv1 #h assigns to games ! virtue ( eutrapelia1 :i* we may call pleasantness4 ,i answ] t1 ,j z man ne$s bodily re/ = ! body's refre%m5t1 because he _c always be at "w1 s9ce 8 p[] is f9ite & equal to a c]ta9 fix$ am\nt ( labor1 s too is x ) 8 s\l1 ^: p[] is also f9ite & equal to a fix$ am\nt ( "w4 ,consequ5tly :5 he goes beyond 8 measure 9 a c]ta9 "w1 he is oppress$ & becomes we>y1 & all ! m s9ce :5 ! s\l works1 ! body is at "w likewise1 9 s f> z ! intellective s\l employs =ces t op]ate ?r\gh bodily organs4 ,n[ s5sible goods are connatural to man1 & !re=e1 :5 ! s\l arises above s5sibles1 ?r\gh be+ int5t on ! op]ations ( reason1 !re results 9 consequ5ce a c]ta9 we>9ess ( s\l1 :e!r ! op]ations ) :i* x is occupi$ be ^? ( ! practical or ( ! speculative reason4 ,yet ?is we>9ess is great] if ! s\l be occupi$ ) ! "w ( contemplation1 s9ce !reby x is rais$ high] above s5sible ?+s2 al?\gh p]haps c]ta9 outw>d works ( ! practical reason entail a great] bodily labor4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 "o man is m s\l-we>i$ ?an ano!r1 accord+ z he is m int5sely occupi$ ) works ( reason4 ,n[ j z we>9ess ( ! body is dispell$ by re/+ ! body1 s we>9ess ( ! s\l mu/ ne$s be rem$i$ by re/+ ! s\l3 & ! s\l's re/ is pleasure1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,consequ5tly1 ! rem$y = we>9ess ( s\l mu/ ne$s consi/ 9 ! application ( "s pleasure1 by slack5+ ! t5sion ( ! reason's /udy4 ,?us 9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7xxiv1 #ba71 x is relat$ ( ,bless$ ,john ! ,evangeli/1 t :5 "s p 7 sc&aliz$ on f9d+ him play+ toge!r ) 8 disciples1 he is said to h told "o ( !m :o c>ri$ a b[ to %oot an arr[4 ,& :5 ! latt] _h done ?is sev]al times1 he ask$ him :e!r he c\ld d x indef9itely1 & ! man answ]$ t if he cont9u$ do+ x1 ! b[ w\ld break4 ,:5ce ! ,bless$ ,john drew ! inf]5ce t 9 l mann] man's m9d w\ld break if its t5sion 7 nev] relax$4 ,n[ su* l words or de$s :]e9 no?+ fur!r is s\ght ?an ! s\l's delight1 are call$ playful or humor\s4 ,h5ce x is necess>y at times to make use ( !m1 9 ord] to give re/1 z x 71 to ! s\l4 ,?is is 9 agreem5t ) ! /atem5t ( ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #h7 t 9 ! int]c\rse ( ?is life !re is a k9d ( re/ t is associat$ ) games3 & consequ5tly x is sometimes necess>y to make use ( su* ?+s4 ,nev]!less x w\ld seem t 9 ?is matt] !re are ?ree po9ts :i* require especial caution4 ,! fir/ & *ief is t ! pleasure 9 "q %\ld n be s\ght 9 indec5t or injuri\s de$s or words4 ,:]e=e ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bi7 t "o k9d ( joke is disc\rte\s1 insol5t1 sc&al\s1 obsc5e4 ,ano!r ?+ to be obs]v$ is t "o lose n ! balance ( "o's m9d altoge!r4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bj73 ,we %\ld bew>e le/1 :5 we seek relaxation ( m9d1 we de/roy all t h>mony :i* is ! concord ( good works3 & ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bi71 t1 j z we d n all[ *ildr5 to enjoy absolute fre$om 9 _! games1 b only t :i* is consi/5t ) good behavior1 s our v fun %\ld reflect some?+ ( an upright m9d4 ,?irdly1 we mu/ be c>eful1 z 9 all o!r human actions1 to con=m ourselves to p]sons1 "t1 & place1 & take due acc\nt ( o!r circum/ances1 s t our fun befit ! h\r & ! man1 z ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bi74 ,n[ ^! ?+s are direct$ accord+ to ! rule ( reason3 & a habit t op]ates accord+ to reason is virtue4 ,!re=e !re c be a virtue ab\t games4 ,! ,philosoph] gives x ! "n ( witt9ess 7eutrapelia71 & a man is said to be pleasant ?r\gh hav+ a happy turn99 ( m9d1 :]eby he gives 8 words & de$s a *e]ful turn3 & inasmu* z ?is virtue re/ra9s a man f immod]ate fun1 x is compris$ "u mode/y4 99,eutrapelia is d]iv$ f trepe9 to turn4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above1 fun %\ld fit ) bus9ess & p]sons2 :]e=e ,tully says 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 i1 #ag7 t :5 ! audi5ce is we>y1 x w be useful = ! speak] to try some?+ novel or amus+1 provid$ t jok+ be n incompatible ) ! gravity ( ! subject4 ,n[ ! sacr$ doctr9e is conc]n$ ) ?+s ( ! greate/ mom5t1 accord+ to ,prov4 #h3f1 ,he>1 = ,i w speak ( great ?+s4 ,:]e=e ,ambrose does n altoge!r exclude fun f human spee*1 b f ! sacr$ doctr9e2 h5ce he beg9s by say+3 ,al?\gh jokes are at times fitt+ & pleasant1 nev]!less !y are incompatible ) ! ecclesia/ical rule2 s9ce h[ c we h rec\rse to ?+s :i* are n to be f\nd 9 ,holy ,writ8 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is say+ ( ,*ryso/om ref]s to ! inord9ate use ( fun1 especially by ^? :o make ! pleasure ( games _! end2 ( :om x is writt5 7,wis4 #ae3ab73 ,!y h acc\nt$ our life a pa/ime4 ,aga9/ ^! ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bi73 ,we are s begott5 by nature t we appe> to be made n = play & fun1 b r = h>d%ips1 & = occupations ( great] gravity & mom5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,playful actions !mselves consid]$ 9 _! species are n direct$ to an end3 b ! pleasure d]iv$ f su* actions is direct$ to ! recreation & re/ ( ! s\l1 & accord+ly if ?is be done ) mod]ation1 x is lawful to make use ( fun4 ,h5ce ,tully says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bi73 ,x is inde$ lawful to make use ( play & fun1 b 9 ! same way z we h rec\rse to sleep & o!r k9ds ( re/1 !n only :5 we h done our duty by grave & s]i\s matt]s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,s9 9 ! ,excess ( ,play8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re _c be s9 9 ! excess ( play4 ,= t :i* is an excuse = s9 is n held to be s9ful4 ,n[ play is sometimes an excuse = s91 = _m ?+s w\ld be grave s9s if !y 7 done s]i\sly1 :]eas if !y be done 9 fun1 are ei!r no s9 or b slightly s9ful4 ,!re=e x seems t !re is no s9 9 excessive play4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all o!r vices are r$ucible to ! sev5 capital vices1 z ,gregory /ates 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag74 ,b excess ( play does n seem r$ucible to any ( ! capital vices4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem n to be a s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 com$ians especially w\ld seem to exce$ 9 play1 s9ce !y direct _! :ole life to play+4 ,!re=e if excess ( play 7 a s91 all actors w\ld be 9 a /ate ( s92 moreov] all ^? :o employ !m1 z well z ^? :o make !m any paym5t1 w\ld s9 z accomplices ( _! s94 ,b ?is w\ld seem untrue2 = x is relat$ 9 ! ,lives ( ! ,fa!rs 7ii4 #af2 viii4 #fc7 t is 0 reveal$ to ! ,bless$ ,paphnutius t a c]ta9 je/] w\ld be ) him 9 ! life to come4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,prov4 #ad3ac1 ,laught] %all be m+l$ ) sorr[ & m\rn+ take? hold ( ! end ( joy1 rem>ks3 ,a m\rn+ t w la/ = ev]4 ,n[ !re is inord9ate laught] & inord9ate joy 9 excessive play4 ,!re=e !re is mortal s9 !re91 s9ce mortal s9 alone is des]v+ ( ev]la/+ m\rn+4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 all ?+s dirigible accord+ to reason1 ! excessive is t :i* goes beyond1 & ! defici5t is t :i* falls %ort ( ! rule ( reason4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #b7 t playful or je/+ words or de$s are dirigible accord+ to reason4 ,:]e=e excessive play is t :i* goes beyond ! rule ( reason3 & ?is happ5s 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! v species ( ! acts employ$ = ! purpose ( fun1 & ?is k9d ( je/+1 accord+ to ,tully 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bi71 is /at$ to be disc\rte\s1 insol5t1 sc&al\s1 & obsc5e1 :5 to wit a man1 = ! purpose ( je/+1 employs indec5t words or de$s1 or su* z are injuri\s to 8 neighbor1 ^! be+ ( !mselves mortal s9s4 ,& ?us x is evid5t t excessive play is a mortal s94 ,secondly1 !re may be excess 9 play1 ?r\gh lack ( due circum/ances3 = in/ance :5 p make use ( fun at undue times or places1 or out ( keep+ ) ! matt] 9 h&1 or p]sons4 ,?is may be sometimes a mortal s9 on acc\nt ( ! /rong atta*m5t to play1 :5 a man pref]s ! pleasure he d]ives !refrom to ! love ( ,god1 s z to be will+ to disobey a comm&m5t ( ,god or ( ! ,*ur* r ?an =ego1 su* l amusem5ts4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is a v5ial s91 = in/ance :]e a man is n s atta*$ to amusem5t z to be will+ = its sake to d any?+ 9 disob$i5ce to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,c]ta9 ?+s are s9ful on acc\nt ( ! int5tion alone1 because !y are done 9 ord] to injure someone4 ,su* an int5tion is exclud$ by _! be+ done 9 fun1 ! int5tion ( :i* is to please1 n to injure3 9 ^! cases fun excuses f s91 or dim9i%es x4 ,o!r ?+s1 h[ev]1 are s9s accord+ to _! species1 su* z murd]1 =nication1 & ! l3 & fun is no excuse = ^!2 9 fact !y make fun sc&al\s & obsc5e4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,excessive play p]ta9s to s5seless mir?1 :i* ,gregory 7,moral4 xxxi1 #ag7 calls a daught] ( gluttony4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,ex4 #cb3f73 ,! p sat d[n to eat & dr9k1 & !y rose up to play4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 7,a4 #b71 play is necess>y = ! int]c\rse ( human life4 ,n[ :atev] is useful to human int]c\rse may h a lawful employm5t ascrib$ to x4 ,:]e=e ! occupation ( play-actors1 ! object ( :i* is to *e] ! he>t ( man1 is n unlawful 9 itself2 nor are !y 9 a /ate ( s9 provid$ t _! play+ be mod]at$1 namely t !y use no unlawful words or de$s 9 ord] to amuse1 & t !y d n introduce play into undue matt]s & seasons4 ,& al?\gh 9 human affairs1 !y h no o!r occupation 9 ref]5ce to o!r m51 nev]!less 9 ref]5ce to !mselves1 & to ,god1 !y p]=m o!r actions bo? s]i\s & virtu\s1 su* z pray] & ! mod]ation ( _! own passions & op]ations1 :ile sometimes !y give alms to ! poor4 ,:]e=e ^? :o ma9ta9 !m 9 mod]ation d n s9 b act ju/ly1 by rew>d+ !m = _! s]vices4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a man sp5ds too mu* on su* p]sons1 or ma9ta9s ^? com$ians :o practice unlawful mir?1 he s9s z enc\rag+ !m 9 _! s94 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 c4 9 ,joan47 t to give "o's prop]ty to com$ians is a great s91 n a virtue2 unless by *ance "s play-actor 7 9 extreme ne$1 9 :i* case "o w\ld h to assi/ him1 = ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 99,quot$ 9 ,canon ,pasce1 di/4 #hf73 ,fe$ him t dies ( hung]2 = :5ev] ?\ can/ save a man by fe$+ him1 if ?\ ha/ n f$ him1 ?\ ha/ sla9 him4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,!re ,is a ,s9 9 ,lack ( ,mir?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no s9 9 lack ( mir?4 ,= no s9 is prescrib$ to a p5it5t4 ,b ,augu/9e speak+ ( a p5it5t says 7,de ,v]a et ,falsa ,po5it4 #ae7 99,spuri\s3 ,let him refra9 f games & ! sights ( ! _w1 if he wi%es to obta9 ! grace ( a full p>don4 ,!re=e !re is no s9 9 lack ( mir?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no s9 is includ$ 9 ! praise giv5 to holy m54 ,b "s p]sons are prais$ = hav+ refra9$ f mir?2 = x is writt5 7,j]4 #ae3ag73 ,i sat n 9 ! assembly ( je/]s1 & 7,tobias #c3ag73 ,nev] h ,i jo9$ myself ) !m t play2 nei!r h ,i made myself p>tak] ) !m t walk 9 lightness4 ,!re=e !re c be no s9 9 ! lack ( mir?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,&ronicus c\nts au/]ity to be "o ( ! virtues1 & he describes x z a habit :]eby a man nei!r gives nor receives ! pleasures ( conv]sation4 ,n[ ?is p]ta9s to ! lack ( mir?4 ,!re=e ! lack ( mir? is virtu\s r ?an s9ful4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g2 iv1 #h7 reckons ! lack ( mir? to be a vice4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 human affairs :atev] is aga9/ reason is a s94 ,n[ x is aga9/ reason = a man to be burd5some to o!rs1 by (f]+ no pleasure to o!rs1 & by h9d]+ _! enjoym5t4 ,:]e=e ,s5eca 99,m>t9 ( ,braga1 ,=mula ,vitae ,hone/ae3 cap4 ,de ,cont95tia says 7,de ,quat4 ,virt41 cap4 ,de ,cont95tia73 ,let y\r conduct be guid$ by wisdom s t no "o w ?9k y rude1 or despise y z a cad4 ,n[ a man :o is )\t mir?1 n only is lack+ 9 playful spee*1 b is also burd5some to o!rs1 s9ce he is deaf to ! mod]ate mir? ( o!rs4 ,consequ5tly !y are vici\s1 & are said to be boori% or rude1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 iv1 #h74 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 mir? is useful = ! sake ( ! re/ & pleasures x af=ds2 & s9ce1 9 human life1 pleasure & re/ are n 9 que/ = _! own sake1 b = ! sake ( op]ation1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #f1 x foll[s t lack ( mir? is less s9ful ?an excess !re(4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ix1 #aj73 ,we %\ld make few fri5ds = ! sake ( pleasure1 s9ce b little sweetness suffices to season life1 j z little salt suffices = our meat4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,mir? is =bidd5 ! p5it5t because he is call$ ^u to m\rn = 8 s9s4 ,nor does ?is imply a vice 9 default1 because ?is v dim9i%m5t ( mir? 9 !m is 9 accordance ) reason4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j]emias speaks !re 9 accordance ) ! times1 ! /ate ( :i* requir$ t man %\ld m\rn2 :]e=e he adds3 ,i sat alone1 because ,?\ ha/ fill$ me ) ?reats4 ,! words ( ,tobias #c ref] to excessive mir?2 & ?is is evid5t f 8 add+3 ,nei!r h ,i made myself p>tak] ) !m t walk 9 lightness4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,au/]ity1 z a virtue1 does n exclude all pleasures1 b only su* z are excessive & inord9ate2 :]e=e x w\ld seem to p]ta9 to affability1 :i* ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 iv1 #f7 calls fri5dl9ess1 or eutrapelia1 o!rwise witt9ess4 ,nev]!less he names & def9es x ?us 9 respect ( its agreem5t ) temp]ance1 to :i* x belongs to re/ra9 pleasure4 ,,"q #afi ,,( ,,mode/y ,,9 ,,! ,,outw>d ,,app>el 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] mode/y z connect$ ) ! outw>d app>el1 & "u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re c be virtue & vice 9 connection ) outw>d app>el8 7#b7 ,:e!r wom5 s9 mortally by excessive adornm5t8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,c ,be ,virtue & ,vice 9 ,connection ) ,outw>d ,app>el8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re _c be virtue & vice 9 connection ) outw>d app>el4 ,= outw>d adornm5t does n belong to u by nature1 :]e=e x v>ies accord+ to diff]5t times & places4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 iii1 #ab7 t among ! anci5t ,romans x 0 sc&al\s = "o to we> a cloak ) sleeves & rea*+ to ! ankles1 :]eas n[ x is sc&al\s = anyone hail+ f a reputable place to be )\t !m4 ,n[ accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a7 !re is 9 u a natural aptitude = ! virtues4 ,!re=e !re is no virtue or vice ab\t su* ?+s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 if !re 7 virtue & vice 9 connection ) outw>d attire1 excess 9 ?is matt] w\ld be s9ful4 ,n[ excess 9 outw>d attire is n app>5tly s9ful1 s9ce ev5 ! m9i/]s ( ! alt> use mo/ preci\s ve/m5ts 9 ! sacr$ m9i/ry4 ,likewise x w\ld seem n to be s9ful to be lack+ 9 ?is1 = x is said 9 praise ( c]ta9 p 7,heb4 #aa3cg73 ,!y w&]$ ab\t 9 %eepsk9s & 9 goatsk9s4 ,!re=e x seems t !re _c be virtue & vice 9 ?is matt]4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e virtue is ei!r !ological1 or moral1 or intellectual4 ,n[ an intellectual virtue is n conv]sant ) matt] ( ?is k9d1 s9ce x is a p]fection reg>d+ ! k ( tru?4 ,nor is !re a !ological virtue connect$ !re)1 s9ce t has ,god = its object2 nor are any ( ! moral virtues enum]at$ by ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g71 connect$ ) x4 ,!re=e x seems t !re _c be virtue & vice 9 connection ) ?is k9d ( attire4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hone/y 99,cf4 ,q4 #ade p]ta9s to virtue4 ,n[ a c]ta9 hone/y is obs]v$ 9 ! outw>d app>el2 = ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #ai73 ,! body %\ld be b$eck$ naturally & )\t affectation1 ) simplicity1 ) neglig5ce r ?an nicety1 n ) co/ly & dazzl+ app>el1 b ) ord9>y clo!s1 s t no?+ be lack+ to hone/y & necessity1 yet no?+ be add$ to increase its beauty4 ,!re=e !re c be virtue & vice 9 ! outw>d attire4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is n 9 ! outw>d ?+s !mselves :i* man uses1 t !re is vice1 b on ! "p ( man :o uses !m immod]ately4 ,?is lack ( mod]ation occurs 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 comp>ison ) ! cu/oms ( ^? among :om "o lives2 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 iii1 #h73 ,^? (f5ses :i* are contr>y to ! cu/oms ( m51 are to be avoid$ accord+ to ! cu/oms g5]ally prevail+1 s t a ?+ agre$ ^u & confirm$ by cu/om or law ( any city or nation may n be violat$ at ! lawless pleasure ( any1 :e!r citiz5 or =eign]4 ,= any "p1 :i* h>monize? n ) its :ole1 is (f5sive4 ,secondly1 ! lack ( mod]ation 9 ! use ( ^! ?+s may arise f ! inord9ate atta*m5t ( ! us]1 ! result be+ t a man sometimes takes too mu* pleasure 9 us+ !m1 ei!r 9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( ^? among :om he dwells or contr>y to su* cu/om4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 iii1 #ab73 ,we mu/ avoid excessive pleasure 9 ! use ( ?+s1 = x leads n only wick$ly to abuse ! cu/oms ( ^? among :om we dwell1 b frequ5tly to exce$ _! b\nds1 s t1 :]eas x lay hidd51 :ile "u ! re/ra9t ( e/abli%$ morality1 x displays its de=mity 9 a mo/ lawless outbreak4 ,9 po9t ( excess1 ?is inord9ate atta*m5t occurs 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/ :5 a man seeks glory f excessive att5tion to dress2 9 s f> z dress & su* l ?+s are a k9d ( ornam5t4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,hom4 xl 9 ,ev473 ,!re are "s :o ?9k t att5tion to f9]y & co/ly dress is no s94 ,surely1 if ?is 7 no fault1 ! ^w ( ,god w\ld n say s expressly t ! ri* man :o 0 tortur$ 9 hell _h be5 clo!d 9 purple & f9e l954 ,no "o1 =soo?1 seeks co/ly app>el 7su*1 namely1 z exce$s 8 e/ate7 save = va+lory4 ,secondly1 :5 a man seeks s5su\s pleasure f excessive att5tion to dress1 9 s f> z dress is direct$ to ! body's com=t4 ,?irdly1 :5 a man is too solicit\s 99,cf4 ,q4 #ee1 ,a4 #f 9 8 att5tion to outw>d app>el4 ,accord+ly ,&ronicus 99,de ,affectibus reckons ?ree virtues 9 connection ) outw>d attire2 namely humility1 :i* excludes ! seek+ ( glory1 :]e=e he says t humility is ! habit ( avoid+ excessive exp5diture & p>ade2 cont5tm5t 99,cf4 ,q4 #adc1 ,obj4 #d1 :i* excludes ! seek+ ( s5su\s pleasure1 :]e=e he says t cont5t$ness is ! habit t makes a man satisfi$ ) :at is suitable1 & enables him to det]m9e :at is becom+ 9 8 mann] ( life 7accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le1 #a ,tim4 #f3h73 ,hav+ food & :]e) to be cov]$1 ) ^! let u be cont5t2--& simplicity1 :i* excludes excessive solicitude ab\t su* ?+s1 :]e=e he says t simplicity is a habit t makes a man cont5t$ ) :at he has4 ,9 ! po9t ( defici5cy !re may be inord9ate atta*m5t 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh a man's neglect to give ! requisite /udy or tr\ble to ! use ( outw>d app>el4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 vii1 #g7 t x is a m>k ( effem9acy to let "o's cloak trail on ! gr\nd to avoid ! tr\ble ( lift+ x up4 ,secondly1 by seek+ glory f ! v lack ( att5tion to outw>d attire4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ab7 t n only ! gl>e & pomp ( outw>d ?+s1 b ev5 dirt & ! we$s ( m\rn+ may be a subject ( o/5tation1 all ! m dang]\s z be+ a decoy "u ! guise ( ,god's s]vice2 & ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #g7 t bo? excess & inord9ate defect are a subject ( o/5tation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh outw>d attire does n come f nature1 x belongs to natural reason to mod]ate x2 s t we are naturally incl9$ to be ! recipi5ts ( ! virtue t mod]ates outw>d raim5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o are plac$ 9 a position ( dignity1 or aga9 ! m9i/]s ( ! alt>1 are attir$ 9 m co/ly app>el ?an o!rs1 n = ! sake ( _! own glory1 b to indicate ! excell5ce ( _! (fice or ( ! ,div9e wor%ip3 :]e=e ?is is n s9ful 9 !m4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 iii1 #ab73 ,:oev] uses outw>d ?+s 9 su* a way z to exce$ ! b\nds obs]v$ by ! good p among :om he dwells1 ei!r signifies some?+ by s do+1 or is guilty ( s91 inasmu* z he uses ^! ?+s = s5sual pleasure or o/5tation4 ,likewise !re may be s9 on ! "p ( defici5cy3 al?\gh x is n always a s9 to we> co>s] clo!s ?an o!r p4 ,=1 if ?is be done ?r\gh o/5tation or pride1 9 ord] to set oneself above o!rs1 x is a s9 ( sup]/ition2 :]eas1 if ?is be done to tame ! fle%1 or to humble ! _s1 x belongs to ! virtue ( temp]ance4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 iii1 #ab73 ,:oev] uses transitory ?+s ) great] re/ra9t ?an is cu/om>y ) ^? among :om he dwells1 is ei!r temp]ate or sup]/iti\s4 ,especially1 h[ev]1 is ! use ( co>se raim5t befitt+ to ^? :o by ^w & example urge o!rs to rep5tance1 z did ! prophets ( :om ! ,apo/le is speak+ 9 ! passage quot$4 ,:]e=e a gloss on ,matt4 #c3d1 says3 ,he :o prea*es p5ance1 we>s ! g>b ( p5ance4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is outw>d app>el is an indication ( man's e/ate2 :]e=e excess1 defici5cy1 & mean !re91 are ref]able to ! virtue ( tru?fulness1 :i* ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #g7 assigns to de$s & words1 :i* are indications ( some?+ connect$ ) man's e/ate4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #afi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,adornm5t ( ,wom5 ,is ,devoid ( ,mortal ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! adornm5t ( wom5 is n devoid ( mortal s94 ,= :atev] is contr>y to a precept ( ! ,div9e law is a mortal s94 ,n[ ! adornm5t ( wom5 is contr>y to a precept ( ! ,div9e law2 = x is writt5 7#a ,pet4 #c3c73 ,^:1 namely wom5's1 adorn+1 let x n be ! outw>d plait+ ( ! hair1 or ! we>+ ( gold1 or ! putt+ on ( app>el4 ,:]e=e a gloss ( ,cyprian says3 ,^? :o are clo!d 9 silk & purple _c s9c]ely put on ,*ri/3 ^? :o are b$eck$ ) gold & pe>ls & tr9kets h =feit$ ! adornm5ts ( m9d & body4 ,n[ ?is is n done )\t a mortal s94 ,!re=e ! adornm5t ( wom5 _c be devoid ( mortal s94 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,cyprian says 7,de ,habit4 ,virg473 ,i hold t n only virg9s & wid[s1 b also wives & all wom5 )\t exception1 %\ld be admoni%$ t n[ise %\ld !y deface ,god's "w & fabric1 ! clay t ,he has fa%ion$1 ) ! aid ( yell[ pigm5ts1 black p[d]s or r\ge1 or by apply+ any dye t alt]s ! natural features4 ,& aft]w>ds he adds3 ,!y lay h&s on ,god1 :5 !y /rive to re=m :at ,he has =m$4 ,?is is an assault on ! ,div9e h&iwork1 a di/ortion ( ! tru?4 ,?\ %alt n be able to see ,god1 hav+ no long] ! eyes t ,god made1 b ^? ! devil has unmade2 ) him %alt ?\ burn on ^: acc\nt ?\ art b$eck$4 ,b ?is is n due except to mortal s94 ,!re=e ! adornm5t ( wom5 is n devoid ( mortal s94 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z x is unbecom+ = a woman to we> man's clo!s1 s is x unbecom+ = h] to adorn h]self inord9ately4 ,n[ ! =m] is a s91 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #bb3e73 ,a woman %all n be clo!d ) man's app>el1 nei!r %all a man use woman's app>el4 ,!re=e x seems t also ! excessive adornm5t ( wom5 is a mortal s94 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! contr>y1 ,if ?is 7 true x w\ld seem t ! mak]s ( ^! means ( adornm5t s9 mortally4 ,i answ] t1 ,z reg>ds ! adornm5t ( wom51 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! g5]al /atem5ts made above 7,a4 #a7 conc]n+ outw>d app>el1 & also some?+ special1 namely t a woman's app>el may incite m5 to lu/1 accord+ to ,prov4 #g3aj1 ,behold a woman meete? him 9 h>lot's attire1 prep>$ to deceive s\ls4 ,nev]!less a woman may use means to please h] husb&1 le/ ?r\gh despis+ h] he fall into adult]y4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #g3cd7 t ! woman t is m>ri$ ?9ke? on ! ?+s ( ! _w1 h[ %e may please h] husb&4 ,:]e=e if a m>ri$ woman adorn h]self 9 ord] to please h] husb& %e c d ?is )\t s94 ,b ^? wom5 :o h no husb& nor wi% to h "o1 or :o are 9 a /ate ( life inconsi/5t ) m>riage1 _c )\t s9 desire to give lu/ful pleasure to ^? m5 :o see !m1 because ?is is to incite !m to s94 ,& if inde$ !y adorn !mselves ) ?is int5tion ( provok+ o!rs to lu/1 !y s9 mortally2 :]eas if !y d s f frivolity1 or f vanity = ! sake ( o/5tation1 x is n always mortal1 b sometimes v5ial4 ,& ! same applies to m5 9 ?is respect4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ccxlv ad ,possid473 ,i d n wi% y to be ha/y 9 =bidd+ ! we>+ ( gold or co/ly attire except 9 ! case ( ^? :o be+ nei!r m>ri$ nor wi%ful to m>ry1 %\ld ?9k h[ !y may please ,god3 :]eas ! o!rs ?9k on ! ?+s ( ! _w1 ei!r husb&s h[ !y may please _! wives1 or wives h[ !y may please _! husb&s1 except t x is unbecom+ = wom5 ?\gh m>ri$ to uncov] _! hair1 s9ce ! ,apo/le comm&s !m to cov] ! head4 ,yet 9 ?is case "s might be excus$ f s91 :5 !y d ?is n ?r\gh vanity b on acc\nt ( "s contr>y cu/om3 al?\gh su* a cu/om is n to be comm5d$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z a gloss says on ?is passage1 ,! wives ( ^? :o 7 9 di/ress despis$ _! husb&s1 & deck$ !mselves t !y might please o!r m53 & ! ,apo/le =bids ?is4 ,cyprian is speak+ 9 ! same s5se2 yet he does n =bid m>ri$ wom5 to adorn !mselves 9 ord] to please _! husb&s1 le/ ! latt] be af=d$ an occasion ( s9 ) o!r wom54 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #b3i73 ,wom5 4 4 4 9 ornate ,d\ay3 'dec5t' app>el1 adorn+ !mselves ) mode/y & sobriety1 n ) plait$ hair1 or gold1 or pe>ls1 or co/ly attire3 :5ce we are giv5 to und]/& t wom5 are n =bidd5 to adorn !mselves sob]ly & mod]ately b to d s excessively1 %amelessly1 & immode/ly4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,cyprian is speak+ ( wom5 pa9t+ !mselves3 ?is is a k9d ( falsification1 :i* _c be devoid ( s94 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ccxlv ad ,possid473 ,to dye oneself ) pa9ts 9 ord] to h a rosi] or a pal] complexion is a ly+ c\nt]feit4 ,i d\bt :e!r ev5 _! husb&s are will+ to be deceiv$ by x1 by :om alone 7i4e4 ! husb&s7 are !y to be p]mitt$1 b n ord]$1 to adorn !mselves4 ,h[ev]1 su* pa9t+ does n always involve a mortal s91 b only :5 x is done = ! sake ( s5su\s pleasure or 9 contempt ( ,god1 & x is to l cases t ,cyprian ref]s4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t x is "o ?+ to c\nt]feit a beauty "o has n1 & ano!r to hide a disfigurem5t aris+ f "s cause su* z sickness or ! l4 ,= ?is is lawful1 s9ce accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #ab3bc71 su* z we ?9k to be ! less honorable memb]s ( ! body1 ab\t ^! we put m abundant honor4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ 9 ! =ego+ ,article1 outw>d app>el %\ld be consi/5t ) ! e/ate ( ! p]son1 accord+ to ! g5]al cu/om4 ,h5ce x is 9 itself s9ful = a woman to we> man's clo!s1 or vice v]sa2 especially s9ce ?is may be a cause ( s5su\s pleasure2 & x is expressly =bidd5 9 ! ,law 7,deut4 #bb7 because ! ,g5tiles us$ to practice ?is *ange ( attire = ! purpose ( idolatr\s sup]/ition4 ,nev]!less ?is may be done sometimes )\t s9 on acc\nt ( "s necessity1 ei!r 9 ord] to hide oneself f enemies1 or ?r\gh lack ( o!r clo!s1 or = "s simil> motive4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 ! case ( an art direct$ to ! production ( goods :i* m5 _c use )\t s91 x foll[s t ! workm5 s9 9 mak+ su* ?+s1 z directly af=d+ o!rs an occasion ( s92 = in/ance1 if a man 7 to make idols or any?+ p]ta9+ to idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,b 9 ! case ( an art ! products ( :i* may be employ$ by man ei!r = a good or = an evil use1 su* z swords1 arr[s1 & ! l1 ! practice ( su* an art is n s9ful4 ,^! alone %\ld be call$ arts2 :]e=e ,*ryso/om says 99,hom4 xlix sup] ,mat?43 ,! "n ( art %\ld be appli$ to ^? only :i* contribute t[>ds & produce necess>ies & ma9/ays ( life4 ,9 ! case ( an art t produces ?+s :i* = ! mo/ "p "s p put to an evil use1 al?\gh su* arts are n unlawful 9 !mselves1 nev]!less1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,plato1 !y %\ld be extirpat$ f ! ,/ate by ! gov]n+ au?ority4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce wom5 may lawfully adorn !mselves1 :e!r to ma9ta9 ! fitness ( _! e/ate1 or ev5 by add+ some?+ !reto1 9 ord] to please _! husb&s1 x foll[s t ^? :o make su* means ( adornm5t d n s9 9 ! practice ( _! art1 except p]haps by inv5t+ means t are sup]flu\s & fanta/ic4 ,h5ce ,*ryso/om says 7,sup] ,mat?47 t ev5 ! %oemak]s' & clo?i]s' arts /& 9 ne$ ( re/ra9t1 = !y h l5t _! art to lu/1 by abus+ its ne$s1 & debas+ art by art4 ,,"q #agj ,,( ,,! ,,precepts ,,( ,,temp]ance 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! precepts ( temp]ance3 7#a7 ,! precepts ( temp]ance itself2 7#b7 ,! precepts ( its p>ts4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,precepts ( ,temp]ance ,are ,suitably ,giv5 9 ! ,div9e ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! precepts ( temp]ance are unsuitably giv5 9 ! ,div9e law4 ,because =titude is a great] virtue ?an temp]ance1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #abc1 ,a4 #ab2 ,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #h2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ff1 ,a4 #d74 ,n[ !re is no precept ( =titude among ! precepts ( ! decalogue1 :i* are ! mo/ important among ! precepts ( ! ,law4 ,!re=e x 0 unfitt+ to include among ! precepts ( ! decalogue ! prohibition ( adult]y1 :i* is contr>y to temp]ance1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aed1 ,,aa4 #a1 #h74 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 temp]ance is n only ab\t v5]eal matt]s1 b also ab\t pleasures ( meat & dr9k4 ,n[ ! precepts ( ! decalogue include no prohibition ( a vice p]ta9+ to pleasures ( meat & dr9k1 or to any o!r species ( lu/4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 %\ld !y include a precept prohibit+ adult]y1 :i* p]ta9s to v5]eal pleasure4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! lawgiv]'s int5tion inducem5t to virtue prec$es ! prohibition ( vice1 s9ce vices are =bidd5 9 ord] t ob/acles to virtue may be remov$4 ,n[ ! precepts ( ! decalogue are ! mo/ important 9 ! ,div9e law4 ,!re=e ! precepts ( ! decalogue %\ld h includ$ an affirmative precept directly prescrib+ ! virtue ( temp]ance1 r ?an a negative precept =bidd+ adult]y :i* is directly oppos$ !reto4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,scripture 9 ! decalogue 7,ex4 #bj3ad1 #ag74 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #a3e71 ! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity1 :i* is enjo9$ ^u u 9 ! two precepts conc]n+ ! love ( ,god & ( our neighbor4 ,:]e=e ! decalogue conta9s ^? precepts :i* t5d m directly to ! love ( ,god & ( our neighbor4 ,n[ among ! vices oppos$ to temp]ance1 adult]y w\ld seem mo/ ( all oppos$ to ! love ( our neighbor1 s9ce !reby a man lays hold ( ano!r's prop]ty = 8 own use1 by abus+ 8 neighbor's wife4 ,:]e=e ! precepts ( ! decalogue include a special prohibition ( adult]y1 n only z committ$ 9 de$1 b also z desir$ 9 ?\ght4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,among ! species ( vices oppos$ to =titude !re is n "o t is s directly oppos$ to ! love ( our neighbor z adult]y1 :i* is a species ( lu/ t is oppos$ to temp]ance4 ,& yet ! vice ( d>+1 :i* is oppos$ to =titude1 is wont to be sometimes ! cause ( murd]1 :i* is =bidd5 by "o ( ! precepts ( ! decalogue3 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #h3ah73 ,g n on ! way ) a bold man le/ he burd5 !e ) 8 evils4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,gluttony is n directly oppos$ to ! love ( our neighbor1 z adult]y is4 ,nor inde$ is any o!r species ( lu/1 = a fa!r is n s wrong$ by ! s$uction ( ! virg9 ov] :om he has no connubial "r1 z is ! husb& by ! adult]y ( 8 wife1 = he1 n ! wife h]self1 has p[] ov] h] body 99#a ,cor4 #g3d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #abb1 ,,aa4 #a1 #d7 ! precepts ( ! decalogue are univ]sal pr9ciples ( ! ,div9e law2 h5ce !y ne$ to be common precepts4 ,n[ x 0 n possible to give any common affirmative precepts ( temp]ance1 because ! practice ( temp]ance v>ies accord+ to diff]5t times1 z ,augu/9e rem>ks 7,de ,bono ,conjug4 xv1 #g71 & accord+ to diff]5t human laws & cu/oms4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,precepts ( ! ,virtues ,annex$ to ,temp]ance ,are ,suitably ,giv5 9 ! ,div9e ,law8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! precepts ( ! virtues annex$ to temp]ance are unsuitably giv5 9 ! ,div9e law4 ,= ! precepts ( ! ,decalogue1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c71 are c]ta9 univ]sal pr9ciples ( ! :ole ,div9e law4 ,n[ pride is ! beg9n+ ( all s91 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #aj3ae4 ,!re=e among ! precepts ( ! ,decalogue !re %\ld h be5 "o =bidd+ pride4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a place be=e all %\ld h be5 giv5 9 ! decalogue to ^? precepts by :i* m5 are especially induc$ to fulfil ! ,law1 because ^! w\ld seem to be ! mo/ important4 ,n[ s9ce humility subjects man to ,god1 x w\ld seem mo/ ( all to dispose man to ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,div9e law2 :]e=e ob$i5ce is acc\nt$ "o ( ! degrees ( humility1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #afa1 ,a4 #f72 & ! same app>5tly applies to meekness1 ! effect ( :i* is t a man does n contradict ! ,div9e ,scriptures1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 ii1 #g74 ,!re=e x seems t ! ,decalogue %\ld h conta9$ precepts ( humility & meekness4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x 0 /at$ 9 ! =ego+ ,article t adult]y is =bidd5 9 ! decalogue1 because x is contr>y to ! love ( our neighbor4 ,b inord9at5ess ( outw>d movem5ts1 :i* is contr>y to mode/y1 is oppos$ to neighborly love3 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,rule 7,ep4 ccxii73 ,9 all y\r movem5ts let no?+ be done to (f5d ! eye ( any p]son :atev]4 ,!re=e x seems t ?is k9d ( inord9at5ess %\ld also h be5 =bidd5 by a precept ( ! ,decalogue4 ,on ! contr>y1 suffices ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,i answ] t1 ,! virtues annex$ to temp]ance may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 !mselves2 secondly1 9 _! effects4 ,consid]$ 9 !mselves !y h no direct connection ) ! love ( ,god or ( our neighbor2 r d !y reg>d a c]ta9 mod]ation ( ?+s p]ta9+ to man himself4 ,b consid]$ 9 _! effects1 !y may reg>d ! love ( ,god or ( our neighbor3 & 9 ?is respect ! decalogue conta9s precepts t relate to ! prohibition ( ! effects ( ! vices oppos$ to ! p>ts ( temp]ance4 ,?us ! effect ( ang]1 :i* is oppos$ to meekness1 is sometimes t a man goes on to commit murd] 7& ?is is =bidd5 9 ! ,decalogue71 & sometimes t he refuses due honor to 8 p>5ts1 :i* may also be ! result ( pride1 :i* leads _m to transgress ! precepts ( ! fir/ table4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,pride is ! beg9n+ ( s91 b x lies hidd5 9 ! he>t2 & its inord9at5ess is n p]ceiv$ by all 9 common4 ,h5ce !re 0 no place = its prohibition among ! precepts ( ! ,decalogue1 :i* are l fir/ self-evid5t pr9ciples4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? precepts :i* are ess5tially an inducem5t to ! obs]vance ( ! ,law presuppose ! ,law to be already giv51 :]e=e !y _c be fir/ precepts ( ! ,law s z to h a place 9 ! ,decalogue4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,inord9ate outw>d movem5t is n injuri\s to "o's neighbor1 if we consid] ! species ( ! act1 z are murd]1 adult]y1 & !ft1 :i* are =bidd5 9 ! decalogue2 b only z be+ signs ( an inw>d inord9at5ess1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #afh1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a1 #c74 ,,treatise ,,on ,,gratuit\s ,,graces 7,,qq4 #aga-ahb7 ,,"q #aga ,,( ,,prophecy 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,aft] treat+ individually ( all ! virtues & vices t p]ta9 to m5 ( all conditions & e/ates1 we mu/ n[ consid] ^? ?+s :i* p]ta9 especially to c]ta9 m54 ,n[ !re is a triple diff]5ce betwe5 m5 z reg>ds ?+s connect$ ) ! s\l's habits & acts4 ,fir/1 9 ref]5ce to ! v>i\s gratuit\s graces1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab3d1 #g3 ,!re are div]sities ( graces 4 4 4 & to "o 4 4 4 by ! ,_s is giv5 ! ^w ( wisdom1 to ano!r ! ^w ( k1 etc4 ,ano!r diff]5ce arises f ! div]sities ( life1 namely ! active & ! contemplative life1 :i* correspond to div]se purposes ( op]ation1 :]e=e x is /at$ 7#a ,cor4 #ab3d1 #g7 t !re are div]sities ( op]ations4 ,= ! purpose ( op]ation 9 ,m>?a1 :o 0 busy ab\t mu* s]v+1 :i* p]ta9s to ! active life1 diff]$ f ! purpose ( op]ation 9 ,m>y1 :o sitt+ 4 4 4 at ! ,"l's feet1 he>d ,8 ^w 7,luke #aj3ci1 #dj71 :i* p]ta9s to ! contemplative life4 ,a ?ird diff]5ce corresponds to ! v>i\s duties & /ates ( life1 z express$ 9 ,eph4 #d3aa1 ,& ,he gave "s apo/les2 & "s prophets2 & o!r "s evangeli/s2 & o!r "s pa/ors & doctors3 & ?is p]ta9s to div]sity ( m9i/ries1 ( :i* x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ab3e73 ,!re are div]sities ( m9i/ries4 ,) reg>d to gratuit\s graces1 :i* are ! fir/ object to be consid]$1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t "s ( !m p]ta9 to k1 "s to spee*1 & "s to op]ation4 ,n[ all ?+s p]ta9+ to k may be compris$ "u prophecy1 s9ce prophetic revelation ext5ds n only to future ev5ts relat+ to man1 b also to ?+s relat+ to ,god1 bo? z to ^? :i* are to be believ$ by all & are matt]s ( fai?1 & z to yet high] my/]ies1 :i* conc]n ! p]fect & belong to wisdom4 ,aga91 prophetic revelation is ab\t ?+s p]ta9+ to spiritual sub/ances1 by :om we are urg$ to good or evil2 ?is p]ta9s to ! disc]nm5t ( spirits4 ,moreov] x ext5ds to ! direction ( human acts1 & ?is p]ta9s to k1 z we %all expla9 fur!r on 7,q4 #agg74 ,accord+ly we mu/ fir/ ( all consid] prophecy1 & rapture :i* is a degree ( prophecy4 ,prophecy admits ( f\r heads ( consid]ation3 7#a7 its ess5ce2 7#b7 its cause2 7#c7 ! mode ( prophetic k2 7#d7 ! division ( prophecy4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r prophecy p]ta9s to k8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is a habit8 7#c7 ,:e!r x is only ab\t future cont+5cies8 7#d7 ,:e!r a prophet kn[s all possible matt]s ( prophecy8 7#e7 ,:e!r a prophet di/+ui%es t :i* he p]ceives by ! gift ( ,god1 f t :i* he p]ceives by 8 own _s8 7#f7 ,:e!r any?+ false c be ! matt] ( prophecy8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aga1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,prophecy ,p]ta9s to ,k8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prophecy does n p]ta9 to k4 ,= x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #dh3ad7 t aft] dea? ! body ( ,eliseus prophesi$1 & fur!r on 7,ecclus4 #di3ah7 x is said ( ,joseph t 8 bones 7 visit$1 & aft] dea? !y prophesi$4 ,n[ no k rema9s 9 ! body or 9 ! bones aft] dea?4 ,!re=e prophecy does n p]ta9 to k4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ad3c73 ,he t prophesie?1 speake? to m5 unto edification4 ,n[ spee* is n k itself1 b its effect4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t prophecy does n p]ta9 to k4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 e cognitive p]fection excludes folly & madness4 ,yet bo? ( ^! are consi/5t ) prophecy2 = x is writt5 7,osee #i3g73 ,"k ye1 ,o ,israel1 t ! prophet 0 fooli% & mad 99,vulg43 '! spiritual man 0 mad'4 ,!re=e prophecy is n a cognitive p]fection4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 j z revelation reg>ds ! intellect1 s inspiration reg>ds1 app>5tly1 ! affections1 s9ce x d5otes a k9d ( motion4 ,n[ prophecy is describ$ z inspiration or revelation1 accord+ to ,cassiodorus 99,prolog4 sup] ,psalt4 i4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t prophecy does n p]ta9 to ! intellect m ?an to ! affections4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,k+s #i3i73 ,= he t is n[ call$ a prophet1 9 "t pa/ 0 call$ a se]4 ,n[ sight p]ta9s to k4 ,!re=e prophecy p]ta9s to k4 ,i answ] t1 ,prophecy fir/ & *iefly consi/s 9 k1 because1 to wit1 prophets "k ?+s t are f> 7procul7 remov$ f man's k4 ,:]e=e !y may be said to take _! "n f phanos1 app>ition1 because ?+s appe> to !m f af>4 ,:]e=e1 z ,isidore /ates 7,etym4 vii1 #h71 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !y 7 call$ ,se]s1 because !y saw :at o!rs saw n1 & survey$ ?+s hidd5 9 my/]y4 ,h5ce among hea!n nations !y 7 kn[n z vates1 on acc\nt ( _! p[] ( m9d 7vi m5tis71 99,! ,lat9 vates is f ! ,greek phates1 & may be r5d]$ soo?say] 7ibid4 viii1 #g74 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ab3g73 ,! manife/ation ( ! ,_s is giv5 to e man unto pr(it1 & fur!r on 7#a ,cor4 #ad3ab73 ,seek to ab\nd unto ! edification ( ! ,*ur*1 x foll[s t prophecy consi/s second>ily 9 spee*1 9 s f> z ! prophets decl>e = ! in/ruction ( o!rs1 ! ?+s !y "k ?r\gh be+ taught ( ,god1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,isa4 #ba3aj1 ,t :i* ,i h he>d ( ! ,"l ( ho/s1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 ,i h decl>$ unto y4 ,accord+ly1 z ,isidore says 7,etym4 viii1 #g71 prophets may be describ$ z praefatores 7=etell]s71 because !y tell f af> 7porro fantur71 t is1 speak f a di/ance1 & =etell ! tru? ab\t ?+s to come4 ,n[ ^? ?+s above human k5 :i* are reveal$ by ,god _c be confirm$ by human reason1 :i* !y surpass z reg>ds ! op]ation ( ! ,div9e p[]1 accord+ to ,mk4 #af3bj1 ,!y 4 4 4 prea*$ ev]y:]e1 ! ,"l work+ )al & confirm+ ! ^w ) signs t foll[$4 ,h5ce1 ?irdly1 prophecy is conc]n$ ) ! work+ ( miracles1 z a k9d ( confirmation ( ! prophetic utt]ances4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #cd3aj1 #aa73 ,!re arose no m a prophet 9 ,israel l unto ,moses1 :om ! ,"l knew face to face1 9 all ! signs & wond]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! passages speak ( prophecy 9 ref]5ce to ! ?ird po9t j m5tion$1 :i* reg>ds ! pro( ( prophecy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,apo/le is speak+ !re ( ! prophetic utt]ances4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? prophets :o are describ$ z fooli% & mad are n true b false prophets1 ( :om x is said 7,j]4 #c3af73 ,he>k5 n to ! words ( ! prophets t prophesy to y1 & deceive y2 !y speak a vision ( _! own he>t1 & n out ( ! m\? ( ! ,"l1 & 7,eze*4 #ac3c73 ,woe to ! fooli% prophets1 t foll[ _! own _s1 & see no?+4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x is requisite to prophecy t ! int5tion ( ! m9d be rais$ to ! p]ception ( ,div9e ?+s3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,eze*4 #b3a73 ,son ( man1 /& ^u ?y feet1 & ,i w speak to !e4 ,?is rais+ ( ! int5tion is br\ght ab\t by ! motion ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :]e=e ! text goes on to say3 ,& ! ,_s ent]$ into me 4 4 4 & ,he set me ^u my feet4 ,aft] ! m9d's int5tion has be5 rais$ to heav5ly ?+s1 x p]ceives ! ?+s ( ,god2 h5ce ! text cont9ues3 ,& ,i he>d ,him speak+ to me4 ,accord+ly inspiration is requisite = prophecy1 z reg>ds ! rais+ ( ! m9d1 accord+ to ,job #cb3h1 ,! inspiration ( ! ,almighty give? und]/&+3 :ile revelation is necess>y1 z reg>ds ! v p]ception ( ,div9e ?+s1 :]eby prophecy is complet$2 by its means ! veil ( d>kness & ignorance is remov$1 accord+ to ,job #ab3bb1 ,he discov]e? great ?+s out ( d>kness4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aga1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,prophecy ,is a ,habit8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prophecy is a habit4 ,= accord+ to ,e?ic4 ii1 #e1 !re are ?ree ?+s 9 ! s\l1 p[]1 passion1 & habit4 ,n[ prophecy is n a p[]1 = !n x w\ld be 9 all m51 s9ce ! p[]s ( ! s\l are common to !m4 ,aga9 x is n a passion1 s9ce ! passions belong to ! appetitive faculty1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bb1 ,a4 #b72 :]eas prophecy p]ta9s pr9cipally to k1 z /at$ 9 ! =ego+ ,article4 ,!re=e prophecy is a habit4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e p]fection ( ! s\l1 :i* is n always 9 act1 is a habit4 ,n[ prophecy is a p]fection ( ! s\l2 & x is n always 9 act1 else a prophet c\ld n be describ$ z asleep4 ,!re=e seem+ly prophecy is a habit4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prophecy is reckon$ among ! gratuit\s graces4 ,n[ grace is some?+ 9 ! s\l1 aft] ! mann] ( a habit1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaj1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e prophecy is a habit4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a habit is some?+ :]eby we act :5 we w1 z ! ,comm5tator 99,av]roes or ,ibn ,ro%d1 #aabj-aaih says 7,de ,anima iii74 ,b a man _c make use ( prophecy :5 he w1 z appe>s 9 ! case ( ,eliseus 7#d ,k+s #c3ae71 :o on ,josaphat inquir+ ( him conc]n+ ! future1 & ! _s ( prophecy fail+ him1 caus$ a m9/rel to be br\ght to him1 t ! _s ( prophecy might come d[n ^u him ?r\gh ! praise ( psalmody1 & fill 8 m9d ) ?+s to come1 z ,gregory obs]ves 7,hom4 i sup] ,eze*474 ,!re=e prophecy is n a habit4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #e3ac71 all t is made manife/ is light1 because1 to wit1 j z ! manife/ation ( ! mat]ial sight takes place ?r\gh mat]ial light1 s too ! manife/ation ( intellectual sight takes place ?r\gh intellectual light4 ,accord+ly manife/ation mu/ be proportionate to ! light by means ( :i* x takes place1 ev5 z an effect is proportionate to its cause4 ,s9ce !n prophecy p]ta9s to a k t surpasses natural reason1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 x foll[s t prophecy requires an intellectual light surpass+ ! light ( natural reason4 ,h5ce ! say+ ( ,micah #g3h3 ,:5 ,i sit 9 d>kness1 ! ,"l is my light4 ,n[ light may be 9 a subject 9 two ways3 fir/1 by way ( an abid+ =m1 z mat]ial light is 9 ! sun1 & 9 fire2 secondly1 by way ( a passion1 or pass+ impression1 z light is 9 ! air4 ,n[ ! prophetic light is n 9 ! prophet's intellect by way ( an abid+ =m1 else a prophet w\ld always be able to prophesy1 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,= ,gregory says 7,hom4 i sup] ,eze*473 ,sometimes ! _s ( prophecy is lack+ to ! prophet1 nor is x always )9 ! call ( 8 m9d1 yet s t 9 its abs5ce he kn[s t its pres5ce is due to a gift4 ,h5ce ,eliseus said ( ! ,sunamite woman 7#d ,k+s #d3bg73 ,h] s\l is 9 angui%1 & ! ,"l ha? hid x f me1 & ha? n told me4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! intellectual light t is 9 a subject by way ( an abid+ & complete =m1 p]fects ! intellect *iefly to ! effect ( kn[+ ! pr9ciple ( ! ?+s manife/$ by t light2 ?us by ! light ( ! active intellect ! intellect kn[s *iefly ! fir/ pr9ciples ( all ?+s kn[n naturally4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( ?+s p]ta9+ to sup]natural k1 :i* are manife/$ by prophecy1 is ,god ,himself1 ,:om ! prophets d n see 9 ,8 ess5ce1 al?\gh ,he is se5 by ! bless$ 9 heav51 9 :om ?is light is by way ( an abid+ & complete =m1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ce3aj1 ,9 ,?y light we %all see light4 ,x foll[s !re=e t ! prophetic light is 9 ! prophet's s\l by way ( a passion or transitory impression4 ,?is is indicat$ ,ex4 #cc3bb3 ,:5 my glory %all pass1 ,i w set !e 9 a hole ( ! rock1 etc41 & #c ,k+s #ai3aa3 ,g =? & /& ^u ! m\nt be=e ! ,"l2 & behold ! ,"l passe?1 etc4 ,h5ce x is t ev5 z ! air is ev] 9 ne$ ( a fre% enlight5+1 s too ! prophet's m9d is always 9 ne$ ( a fre% revelation2 ?us a disciple :o has n yet acquir$ ! pr9ciples ( an art ne$s to h e detail expla9$ to him4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,isa4 #a3d73 ,9 ! morn+ ,he wak5e? my e>1 s t ,i may he> ,him z a ma/]4 ,?is is also indicat$ by ! v mann] 9 :i* prophecies are utt]$3 ?us x is /at$ t ! ,"l spake to su* & su* a prophet1 or t ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 or ! h& ( ! ,"l 0 made ^u him4 ,b a habit is an abid+ =m4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t1 prop]ly speak+1 prophecy is n a habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is division ( ! ,philosoph]'s does n comprise absolutely all t is 9 ! s\l1 b only su* z c be pr9ciples ( moral actions1 :i* are done sometimes f passion1 sometimes f habit1 sometimes f m]e p[]1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o p]=m an action f ! judgm5t ( _! reason be=e hav+ ! habit ( t action4 ,h[ev]1 prophecy may be r$uc$ to a passion1 provid$ we und]/& passion to d5ote any k9d ( receiv+1 9 :i* s5se ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #d7 t to und]/& is1 9 a way1 to be passive4 ,= j z1 9 natural k1 ! possible intellect is passive to ! light ( ! active intellect1 s too 9 prophetic k ! human intellect is passive to ! enlight5+ ( ! ,div9e light4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z 9 corporeal ?+s1 :5 a passion ceases1 !re rema9s a c]ta9 aptitude to a repetition ( ! passion--?us wood once ignit$ is m easily ignit$ aga91 s too 9 ! prophet's intellect1 aft] ! actual enlight5m5t has ceas$1 !re rema9s an aptitude to be enlight5$ anew--?us :5 ! m9d has once be5 ar\s$ to devotion1 x is m easily recall$ to its =m] devotion4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de or&o ,deum4 ,ep4 cxxx1 #i7 t our pray]s ne$ to be frequ5t1 le/ devotion be ext+ui%$ z soon z x is k9dl$4 ,we might1 h[ev]1 reply t a p]son is call$ a prophet1 ev5 :ile 8 prophetic enlight5m5t ceases to be actual1 on acc\nt ( 8 be+ deput$ by ,god1 accord+ to ,j]4 #a3e1 ,& ,i made !e a prophet unto ! nations4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e gift ( grace raises man to some?+ above human nature1 & ?is may happ5 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z to ! sub/ance ( ! act--= in/ance1 ! work+ ( miracles1 & ! k ( ! unc]ta9 & hidd5 ?+s ( ,div9e wisdom--& = su* acts man is n grant$ a habitual gift ( grace4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is above human nature z to ! mode b n ! sub/ance ( ! act--= in/ance to love ,god & to "k ,him 9 ! mirror ( ,8 creatures--& = ?is a habitual gift ( grace is be/[$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aga1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,prophecy ,is ,only ,ab\t ,future ,cont+5cies8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prophecy is only ab\t future cont+5cies4 ,= ,cassiodorus says 99,prol4 sup] ,psalt4 i t prophecy is a ,div9e inspiration or revelation1 ann\nc+ ! issue ( ?+s ) un*angeable tru?4 ,n[ issues p]ta9 to future cont+5cies4 ,!re=e ! prophetic revelation is ab\t future cont+5cies alone4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab1 ! grace ( prophecy is diff]5tiat$ f wisdom & fai?1 :i* are ab\t ,div9e ?+s2 & f ! disc]nm5t ( spirits1 :i* is ab\t creat$ spirits2 & f k1 :i* is ab\t human ?+s4 ,n[ habits & acts are diff]5tiat$ by _! objects1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e x seems t ! object ( prophecy is n connect$ ) any ( ! above4 ,!re=e x foll[s t x is ab\t future cont+5cies alone4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 diff]5ce ( object causes diff]5ce ( species1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ed1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e1 if "o prophecy is ab\t future cont+5cies1 & ano!r ab\t o!r ?+s1 x w\ld seem to foll[ t ^! are diff]5t species ( prophecy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 i sup] ,eze*47 t "s prophecies are ab\t ! future1 = in/ance 7,isa4 #g3ad71 ',behold a virg9 %all conceive1 & be> a son'2 "s are ab\t ! pa/1 z 7,g54 #a3a71 ',9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?'2 "s are ab\t ! pres5t1 z 7#a ,cor4 #ad3bd1 #be71 ,if all prophesy1 & !re come 9 "o t believe? n 4 4 4 ! secrets ( 8 he>t are made manife/4 ,!re=e prophecy is n ab\t future cont+5cies alone4 ,i answ] t1 ,a manife/ation made by means ( a c]ta9 light c ext5d to all ^? ?+s t are subject to t light3 ?us ! body's sight ext5ds to all colors1 & ! s\l's natural k ext5ds to :atev] is subject to ! light ( ! active intellect4 ,n[ prophetic k comes ?r\gh a ,div9e light1 :]eby x is possible to "k all ?+s bo? ,div9e & human1 bo? spiritual & corporeal2 & consequ5tly ! prophetic revelation ext5ds to !m all4 ,?us by ! m9i/ry ( spirits a prophetic revelation conc]n+ ! p]fections ( ,god & ! angels 0 made to ,isa4 #f3a1 :]e x is writt51 ,i saw ! ,"l sitt+ ^u a ?rone high & elevat$4 ,moreov] 8 prophecy conta9s matt]s ref]r+ to natural bodies1 accord+ to ! words ( ,isa4 #dj3ab1 ,:o ha? measur$ ! wat]s 9 ! holl[ ( ,8 h&1 etc4 ,x also conta9s matt]s relat+ to human conduct1 accord+ to ,isa4 #eh3a1 ,deal ?y bread to ! hungry1 etc42 & besides ?is x conta9s ?+s p]ta9+ to future ev5ts1 accord+ to ,isa4 #dg3i1 ,two ?+s %all come ^u !e sudd5ly 9 "o day1 b>r5ness & wid[hood4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 prophecy is ab\t ?+s remote f our k1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! m remote ?+s are f our k ! m p]t95t !y are to prophecy4 ,( su* ?+s !re are ?ree degrees4 ,"o degree comprises ?+s remote f ! k1 ei!r s5sitive or intellective1 ( "s p>ticul> man1 b n f ! k ( all m52 ?us a p>ticul> man kn[s by s5se ?+s pres5t to him locally1 :i* ano!r man does n "k by human s5se1 s9ce !y are remov$ f him4 ,?us ,eliseus knew prophetically :at 8 disciple ,giezi _h done 9 8 abs5ce 7#d ,k+s #e3bf71 & 9 l mann] ! secret ?\ghts ( "o man are manife/$ prophetically to ano!r1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ad3be2 & aga9 9 ?is way :at "o man kn[s by demon/ration may be reveal$ to ano!r prophetically4 ,! second degree comprises ^? ?+s :i* surpass ! k ( all m5 )\t exception1 n t !y are 9 !mselves unkn[able1 b on acc\nt ( a defect 9 human k2 su* z ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i* 0 reveal$ by ! ,s]aphim say+3 ,holy1 ,holy1 ,holy1 etc4 7,isa4 #f3c74 ,! la/ degree comprises ?+s remote f ! k ( all m51 ?r\gh be+ 9 !mselves unkn[able2 su* are future cont+5cies1 ! tru? ( :i* is indet]m9ate4 ,& s9ce t :i* is pr$icat$ univ]sally & by its v nature1 takes prec$5ce ( t :i* is pr$icat$ 9 a limit$ & relative s5se1 x foll[s t revelation ( future ev5ts belongs mo/ prop]ly to prophecy1 & f ?is prophecy app>5tly takes its "n4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,hom4 i sup] ,eze*473 ,& s9ce a prophet is s call$ because he =etells ! future1 8 "n loses its significance :5 he speaks ( ! pa/ or pres5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,prophecy is !re def9$ accord+ to its prop] signification2 & x is 9 ?is s5se t x is diff]5tiat$ f ! o!r gratuit\s graces4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is is evid5t f :at has j be5 said4 ,we might also reply t all ^? ?+s t are ! matt] ( prophecy h ! common aspect ( be+ unkn[able to man except by ,div9e revelation2 :]eas ^? t are ! matt] ( wisdom1 k1 & ! int]pretation ( spee*es1 c be kn[n by man ?r\gh natural reason1 b are manife/$ 9 a high] way ?r\gh ! enlight5+ ( ! ,div9e light4 ,z to fai?1 al?\gh x is ab\t ?+s invisible to man1 x is n conc]n$ ) ! k ( ! ?+s believ$1 b ) a man's c]titude ( ass5t to ?+s kn[n by o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! =mal elem5t 9 prophetic k is ! ,div9e light1 :i* be+ "o1 gives unity ( species to prophecy1 al?\gh ! ?+s prophetically manife/$ by ! ,div9e light are div]se4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aga1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r by ! ,div9e ,revelation a ,prophet ,kn[s ,all ,t ,c ,be ,kn[n ,prophetically8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t by ! ,div9e revelation a prophet kn[s all t c be kn[n prophetically4 ,= x is writt5 7,amos #c3g73 ,! ,"l ,god do? no?+ )\t reveal+ ,8 secret to ,8 s]vants ! prophets4 ,n[ :atev] is reveal$ prophetically is some?+ done by ,god4 ,!re=e !re is n "o ( !m b :at is reveal$ to ! prophet4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god's works are p]fect 7,deut4 #cb3d74 ,n[ prophecy is a ,div9e revelation1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e x is p]fect2 & ?is w\ld n be s unless all possible matt]s ( prophecy 7 reveal$ prophetically1 s9ce ! p]fect is t :i* lacks no?+ 7,phys4 iii1 #f74 ,!re=e all possible matt]s ( prophecy are reveal$ to ! prophet4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ,div9e light :i* causes prophecy is m p[]ful ?an ! "r ( natural reason :i* is ! cause ( human sci5ce4 ,n[ a man :o has acquir$ a sci5ce kn[s :atev] p]ta9s to t sci5ce2 ?us a gramm>ian kn[s all matt]s ( gramm>4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t a prophet kn[s all matt]s ( prophecy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 i sup] ,eze*47 t sometimes ! _s ( prophecy indicates ! pres5t to ! prophet's m9d & n[ise ! future2 & sometimes x po9ts n to ! pres5t b to ! future4 ,!re=e ! prophet does n "k all matt]s ( prophecy4 ,i answ] t1 ,?+s :i* diff] f "o ano!r ne$ n exi/ simultane\sly1 save by reason ( "s "o ?+ 9 :i* !y are connect$ & on :i* !y dep5d3 ?us x has be5 /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fe1 ,,aa4 #a1 #b7 t all ! virtues mu/ ne$s exi/ simultane\sly on acc\nt ( prud5ce & *>ity4 ,n[ all ! ?+s t are kn[n ?r\gh "s pr9ciple are connect$ 9 t pr9ciple & dep5d !reon4 ,h5ce he :o kn[s a pr9ciple p]fectly1 z reg>ds all to :i* its virtue ext5ds1 kn[s at ! same "t all t c be kn[n ?r\gh t pr9ciple2 :]eas if ! common pr9ciple is unkn[n1 or kn[n only 9 a g5]al way1 x does n foll[ t "o kn[s all ^? ?+s at ! same "t1 b ea* ( !m has to be manife/$ by itself1 s t consequ5tly "s ( !m may be kn[n1 & "s n4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( ^? ?+s t are prophetically manife/$ by ! ,div9e light is ! fir/ tru?1 :i* ! prophets d n see 9 itself4 ,:]e=e !re is no ne$ = _! kn[+ all possible matt]s ( prophecy2 b ea* "o kn[s "s ( !m accord+ to ! special revelation ( ?is or t matt]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,"l reveals to ! prophets all ?+s t are necess>y = ! in/ruction ( ! fai?ful2 yet n all to e "o1 b "s to "o1 & "s to ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prophecy is by way ( be+ some?+ imp]fect 9 ! g5us ( ,div9e revelation3 h5ce x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ac3h7 t prophecies %all be made void1 & t we prophesy 9 "p1 i4e4 imp]fectly4 ,! ,div9e revelation w be br\ght to its p]fection 9 heav52 :]e=e ! same text cont9ues 7#a ,cor4 #aac3aj73 ,:5 t :i* is p]fect is come1 t :i* is 9 "p %all be done away4 ,consequ5tly x does n foll[ t no?+ is lack+ to prophetic revelation1 b t x lacks none ( ^? ?+s to :i* prophecy is direct$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he :o has a sci5ce kn[s ! pr9ciples ( t sci5ce1 :5ce :atev] is p]t95t to t sci5ce dep5ds2 :]e=e to h ! habit ( a sci5ce p]fectly1 is to "k :atev] is p]t95t to t sci5ce4 ,b ,god ,:o is ! pr9ciple ( prophetic k is n kn[n 9 ,himself ?r\gh prophecy2 :]e=e ! comp>ison fails4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aga1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ! ,prophet ,always ,di/+ui%es ,:at ,he ,says by ,8 ,own ,_s f ,:at ,he ,says by ! ,prophetic ,_s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! prophet always di/+ui%es :at he says by 8 own _s f :at he says by ! prophetic _s4 ,= ,augu/9e /ates 7,confess4 vi1 #ac7 t 8 "m said %e c\ld1 ?r\gh a c]ta9 feel+1 :i* 9 words %e c\ld n express1 disc]n betwixt ,div9e revelations1 & ! dreams ( h] own s\l4 ,n[ prophecy is a ,div9e revelation1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e ! prophet always di/+ui%es :at he says by ! _s ( prophecy1 f :at he says by 8 own _s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god comm&s no?+ impossible1 z ,j]ome 99,pelagius4 ,ep4 xvi1 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,j]ome says4 ,n[ ! prophets 7 comm&$ 7,j]4 #bc3bh73 ,! prophet t ha? a dream1 let him tell a dream2 & he t ha? ,my ^w1 let him speak ,my ^w ) tru?4 ,!re=e ! prophet c di/+ui% :at he has ?r\gh ! _s ( prophecy f :at he sees o!rwise4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! c]titude result+ f a ,div9e light is great] ?an t :i* results f ! light ( natural reason4 ,n[ he t has sci5ce1 by ! light ( natural reason kn[s = c]ta9 t he has x4 ,!re=e he t has prophecy by a ,div9e light is mu* m c]ta9 t he has x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 i sup] ,eze*473 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t sometimes ! holy prophets1 :5 consult$1 utt] c]ta9 ?+s by _! own _s1 ?r\gh be+ mu* accu/om$ to prophesy+1 & ?9k !y are speak+ by ! prophetic _s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! prophet's m9d is in/ruct$ by ,god 9 two ways3 9 "o way by an express revelation1 9 ano!r way by a mo/ my/]i\s in/9ct to :i* ! human m9d is subject$ )\t kn[+ x1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 ii1 #ag74 ,accord+ly ! prophet has ! greate/ c]titude ab\t ^? ?+s :i* he kn[s by an express revelation1 & he has x = c]ta9 t !y are reveal$ to him by ,god2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,j]4 #bf3ae73 ,9 tru? ! ,"l s5t me to y1 to speak all ^! words 9 y\r he>+4 ,else1 7 he n c]ta9 ab\t ?is1 ! fai? :i* relies on ! utt]ances ( ! prophet w\ld n be c]ta94 ,a sign ( ! prophet's c]titude may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ,abraham be+ admoni%$ 9 a prophetic vision1 prep>$ to sacrifice 8 only-begott5 son1 :i* he n[ise w\ld h done _h he n be5 mo/ c]ta9 ( ! ,div9e revelation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 position ) reg>d to ! ?+s he kn[s by in/9ct is sometimes su* t he is unable to di/+ui% fully :e!r 8 ?\ghts are conceiv$ ( ,div9e in/9ct or ( 8 own _s4 ,& ^? ?+s :i* we "k by ,div9e in/9ct are n all manife/$ ) prophetic c]titude1 = ?is in/9ct is some?+ imp]fect 9 ! g5us ( prophecy4 ,x is ?us t we are to und]/& ! say+ ( ,gregory4 ,le/1 h[ev]1 ?is %\ld lead to error1 !y are v soon set aright by ! ,holy ,gho/ 99,= in/ance1 cf4 #b ,k+s #g3c seqq41 & f ,him !y he> ! tru?1 s t !y reproa* !mselves = hav+ said :at 0 untrue1 z ,gregory adds 7,hom4 i sup] ,eze*474 ,! argum5ts set d[n 9 ! fir/ place consid] ! revelation t is made by ! prophetic _s2 :]e=e ! answ] to all ! objections is cle>4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aga1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,?+s ,kn[n or ,decl>$ ,prophetically ,c ,be ,false8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ?+s kn[n or decl>$ prophetically c be false4 ,= prophecy is ab\t future cont+5cies1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,n[ future cont+5cies may possibly n happ52 else !y w\ld happ5 ( necessity4 ,!re=e ! matt] ( prophecy c be false4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,isaias prophesi$ to ,eze*ias say+ 7,isa4 #ch3a73 ,take ord] ) ?y h\se1 = ?\ %alt surely die1 & %alt n live1 & yet fifte5 ye>s 7 add$ to 8 life 7#d ,k+s #bj3f74 ,aga9 ! ,"l said 7,j]4 #ah3g1 #h73 ,i w sudd5ly speak aga9/ a nation & aga9/ a k+dom1 to root out & to pull d[n & to de/roy x4 ,if t nation aga9/ :i* ,i h spok5 %all rep5t ( _! evil1 ,i also w rep5t ( ! evil t ,i h ?\ght to d !m4 ,?is is in/anc$ 9 ! example ( ! ,n9evites1 accord+ to ,john #c3aj3 ,! ,"l ,vulg43 ',god' _h m]cy ) reg>d to ! evil :i* ,he _h said t ,he w\ld d to !m1 & ,he did x n4 ,!re=e ! matt] ( prophecy c be false4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 a conditional proposition1 :5ev] ! antec$5t is absolutely necess>y1 ! consequ5t is absolutely necess>y1 because ! consequ5t ( a conditional proposition /&s 9 ! same relation to ! antec$5t1 z ! conclusion to ! premises 9 a syllogism1 & a syllogism ^: premises are necess>y always leads to a necess>y conclusion1 z we f9d prov$ 9 ,i ,po/]4 #f4 ,b if ! matt] ( a prophecy _c be false1 ! foll[+ conditional proposition mu/ ne$s be true3 ,if a ?+ has be5 prophesi$1 x w be4 ,n[ ! antec$5t ( ?is conditional proposition is absolutely necess>y1 s9ce x is ab\t ! pa/4 ,!re=e ! consequ5t is also necess>y absolutely2 yet ?is is unfitt+1 = !n prophecy w\ld n be ab\t cont+5cies4 ,!re=e x is untrue t ! matt] ( prophecy _c be false4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,cassiodorus says 99,prol4 9 ,psalt4 i t prophecy is a ,div9e inspiration or revelation1 ann\nc+ ! issue ( ?+s ) inv>iable tru?4 ,n[ ! tru? ( prophecy w\ld n be inv>iable1 if its matt] c\ld be false4 ,!re=e no?+ false c come "u prophecy4 ,i answ] t1 ,z may be ga!r$ f :at has be5 said 7,,aa4 #a1 #c1 #e71 prophecy is a k9d ( k impress$ "u ! =m ( tea*+ on ! prophet's intellect1 by ,div9e revelation4 ,n[ ! tru? ( k is ! same 9 disciple & tea*] s9ce ! k ( ! disciple is a lik5ess ( ! k ( ! tea*]1 ev5 z 9 natural ?+s ! =m ( ! ?+ g5]at$ is a lik5ess ( ! =m ( ! g5]ator4 ,j]ome speaks 9 ?is s5se :5 he says 99,comm5t4 9 ,daniel ii1 #aj t prophecy is ! seal ( ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge4 ,consequ5tly ! same tru? mu/ ne$s be 9 prophetic k & utt]ances1 z 9 ! ,div9e k1 "u :i* no?+ false c possibly come1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #af1 ,a4 #h74 ,!re=e no?+ false c come "u prophecy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #ac7 ! c]titude ( ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge does n exclude ! cont+5cy ( future s+ul> ev5ts1 because t k reg>ds ! future z pres5t & already det]m9ate to "o ?+4 ,:]e=e prophecy also1 :i* is an impress$ lik5ess or seal ( ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge1 does n by its un*angeable tru? exclude ! cont+5cy ( future ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge reg>ds future ?+s 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z !y are 9 !mselves1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z x sees !m 9 _! pres5tiality3 secondly1 z 9 _! causes1 inasmu* z x sees ! ord] ( causes 9 relation to _! effects4 ,& ?\gh future cont+5cies1 consid]$ z 9 !mselves1 are det]m9ate to "o ?+1 yet1 consid]$ z 9 _! causes1 !y are n s det]m9$ b t !y c happ5 o!rwise4 ,aga91 ?\gh ?is tw(old k is always unit$ 9 ! ,div9e intellect1 x is n always unit$ 9 ! prophetic revelation1 because an impr9t made by an active cause is n always on a p> ) ! virtue ( t cause4 ,h5ce sometimes ! prophetic revelation is an impr9t$ lik5ess ( ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge1 9 s f> z ! latt] reg>ds future cont+5cies 9 !mselves3 & su* ?+s happ5 9 ! same way z =etold1 = example ?is say+ ( ,isa4 #g3ad3 ,behold a virg9 %all conceive4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! prophetic revelation is an impr9t$ lik5ess ( ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge z kn[+ ! ord] ( causes to effects2 & !n at times ! ev5t is o!rwise ?an =etold4 ,yet ! prophecy does n cov] a falsehood1 = ! mean+ ( ! prophecy is t inf]ior causes1 :e!r !y be natural causes or human acts1 are s dispos$ z to lead to su* a result4 ,9 ?is way we are to und]/& ! say+ ( ,isa4 #ch3a3 ,?\ %alt die1 & n live2 9 o!r words1 ,! disposition ( ?y body has a t5d5cy to dea?3 & ! say+ ( ,jonah #c3d1 ,yet =ty days1 & ,n9eveh %all be de/roy$1 t is to say1 ,its m]its dem& t x %\ld be de/roy$4 ,god is said to rep5t1 metaphorically1 inasmu* z ,he be>s ,himself aft] ! mann] ( "o :o rep5ts1 by *ang+ ,8 s5t5ce1 al?\gh ,he *anges n ,8 c\nsel 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #ai1 ,a4 #g1 ad #b4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce ! same tru? ( prophecy is ! same z ! tru? ( ,div9e =ekn[l$ge1 z /at$ above1 ! conditional proposition3 ,if ?is 0 prophesi$1 x w be1 is true 9 ! same way z ! proposition3 ,if ?is 0 =ekn[n1 x w be3 = 9 bo? cases x is impossible = ! antec$5t n to be4 ,h5ce ! consequ5t is necess>y1 consid]$1 n z some?+ future 9 our reg>d1 b z be+ pres5t to ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #ac1 ad #b74 ,,"q #agb ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,prophecy 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! cause ( prophecy4 ,"u ?is head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r prophecy is natural8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is f ,god by means ( ! angels8 7#c7 ,:e!r a natural disposition is requisite = prophecy8 7#d7 ,:e!r a good life is requisite8 7#e7 ,:e!r any prophecy is f ! demons8 7#f7 ,:e!r prophets ( ! demons ev] tell :at is true8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,prophecy ,c ,be ,natural8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prophecy c be natural4 ,= ,gregory says 7,dial4 iv1 #bf7 t sometimes ! m]e /r5g? ( ! s\l is suffici5tly cunn+ to =esee c]ta9 ?+s3 & ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ac7 t ! human s\l1 accord+ z x is )drawn f ! s5se ( ! body1 is able to =esee ! future 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #hf1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b4 ,n[ ?is p]ta9s to prophecy4 ,!re=e ! s\l c acquire prophecy naturally4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! human s\l's k is m al]t :ile "o wakes ?an :ile "o sleeps4 ,n[ "s1 dur+ sleep1 naturally =esee ! future1 z ! ,philosoph] ass]ts 7,de ,somn4 et ,vigil4 99,de ,div9at4 p] ,somn4 ii1 :i* is annex$ to ! "w quot$74 ,mu* m !re=e c a man naturally =ekn[ ! future4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man1 by 8 nature1 is m p]fect ?an dumb animals4 ,yet "s dumb animals h =ekn[l$ge ( future ?+s t conc]n !m4 ,?us ants =ekn[ ! com+ ra9s1 :i* is evid5t f _! ga!r+ gra9 into _! ne/ be=e ! ra9 comm5ces2 & 9 l mann] fi% =ekn[ a com+ /orm1 z may be ga!r$ f _! movem5ts 9 avoid+ places expos$ to /orm4 ,mu* m !re=e c m5 =ekn[ ! future t conc]ns !mselves1 & ( su* ?+s is prophecy4 ,!re=e prophecy comes f nature4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #bi3ah73 ,:5 prophecy %all fail1 ! p %all be scatt]$ abroad2 :]e=e x is evid5t t prophecy is necess>y = ! /ability ( ! human race4 ,n[ nature does n fail 9 necess>ies 99,ari/otle1 ,de ,anima iii1 #i4 ,!re=e x seems t prophecy is f nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#b ,pet4 #a3ba73 ,= prophecy came n by ! w ( man at any "t1 b ! holy m5 ( ,god spoke1 inspir$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!re=e prophecy comes n f nature1 b ?r\gh ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aga1 ,a4 #f1 ad #b7 prophetic =ekn[l$ge may reg>d future ?+s 9 two ways3 9 "o way1 z !y are 9 !mselves2 9 ano!r way1 z !y are 9 _! causes4 ,n[1 to =ekn[ future ?+s1 z !y are 9 !mselves1 is prop] to ! ,div9e intellect1 to ,^: et]nity all ?+s are pres5t1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ad1 ,a4 #ac74 ,:]e=e su* l =ekn[l$ge ( ! future _c come f nature1 b f ,div9e revelation alone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 future ?+s c be =ekn[n 9 _! causes ) a natural k ev5 by man3 ?us a physician =ekn[s future heal? or dea? 9 c]ta9 causes1 ?r\gh previ\s exp]im5tal k ( ! ord] ( ^? causes to su* effects4 ,su* l k ( ! future may be und]/ood to be 9 a man by nature 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way t ! s\l1 f t :i* x holds1 is able to =ekn[ ! future1 & ?us ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ac73 ,"s h deem$ ! human s\l to conta9 a c]ta9 p[] ( div9ation4 ,?is seems to be 9 accord ) ! op9ion ( ,plato 99,pha$4 xxvii2 ,civit4 vi1 :o held t our s\ls h k ( all ?+s by p>ticipat+ 9 ! ideas2 b t ?is k is obscur$ 9 !m by union ) ! body2 yet 9 "s m1 9 o!rs less1 accord+ to a diff]5ce 9 bodily purity4 ,accord+ to ?is x might be said t m51 ^: s\ls are n mu* obscur$ ?r\gh union ) ! body1 are able to =ekn[ su* l future ?+s by _! own k4 ,aga9/ ?is op9ion ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ac73 ,h[ is x t ! s\l _c always h ?is p[] ( div9ation1 s9ce x always wi%es to h x8 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x seems tru]1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 t ! s\l acquires k f s5sibles1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #f71 x is bett] to h rec\rse to ano!r explanation1 & to hold t m5 h no su* =ekn[l$ge ( ! future1 b t !y c acquire x by means ( exp]i5ce1 :]e9 !y are help$ by _! natural disposition1 :i* dep5ds on ! p]fection ( a man's imag9ative p[]1 & ! cl>ity ( 8 und]/&+4 ,nev]!less ?is latt] =ekn[l$ge ( ! future diff]s 9 two ways f ! =m]1 :i* comes ?r\gh ,div9e revelation4 ,fir/1 because ! =m] c be ab\t any ev5ts :atev]1 & ?is infallibly2 :]eas ! latt] =ekn[l$ge1 :i* c be _h naturally1 is ab\t c]ta9 effects1 to :i* human exp]i5ce may ext5d4 ,secondly1 because ! =m] prophecy is accord+ to ! un*angeable tru? 99,q4 #aga1 ,a4 #c1 ,obj4 #a1 :ile ! latt] is n1 & c cov] a falsehood4 ,n[ ! =m] =ekn[l$ge1 & n ! latt]1 prop]ly belongs to prophecy1 because1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aga1 ,a4 #c71 prophetic k is ( ?+s :i* naturally surpass human k4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ say t prophecy /rictly s call$ _c be f nature1 b only f ,div9e revelation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 ! s\l is )drawn f corporeal ?+s1 x becomes m adapt$ to receive ! influ5ce ( spiritual sub/ances 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b1 & also is m incl9$ to receive ! subtle motions :i* take place 9 ! human imag9ation ?r\gh ! impression ( natural causes1 :]eas x is h9d]$ f receiv+ !m :ile occupi$ ) s5sible ?+s4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,dial4 iv1 #bf7 t ! s\l1 at ! approa* ( dea?1 =esees c]ta9 future ?+s1 by reason ( ! subtlety ( its nature1 inasmu* z x is receptive ev5 ( slight impressions4 ,or aga91 x kn[s future ?+s by a revelation ( ! angels2 b n by its own p[]1 because accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ac71 if ?is 7 s1 x w\ld be able to =ekn[ ! future :5ev] x will$1 :i* is cle>ly false4 ,obj4 #b3 ,k ( ! future by means ( dreams1 comes ei!r f ! revelation ( spiritual sub/ances1 or f a corporeal cause1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ie1 ,a4 #f71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( div9ation4 ,n[ bo? ^! causes are m applicable to a p]son :ile asleep ?an :ile awake1 because1 :ile awake1 ! s\l is occupi$ ) ext]nal s5sibles1 s t x is less receptive ( ! subtle impressions ei!r ( spiritual sub/ances1 or ev5 ( natural causes2 al?\gh z reg>ds ! p]fection ( judgm5t1 ! reason is m al]t 9 wak+ ?an 9 sleep+4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 dumb animals h no =ekn[l$ge ( future ev5ts1 except z ^! are =ekn[n 9 _! causes1 :]eby _! imag9ation is mov$ m ?an man's1 because man's imag9ation1 especially 9 wak+1 is m dispos$ accord+ to reason ?an accord+ to ! impression ( natural causes4 ,yet reason effects mu* m amply 9 man1 t :i* ! impression ( natural causes effects 9 dumb animals2 & ,div9e grace by inspir+ ! prophecy assi/s man /ill m4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! prophetic light ext5ds ev5 to ! direction ( human acts2 & 9 ?is way prophecy is requisite = ! gov]nm5t ( a p1 especially 9 relation to ,div9e wor%ip2 s9ce = ?is nature is n suffici5t1 & grace is necess>y4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,prophetic ,revelation ,comes ,?r\gh ! ,angels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prophetic revelation does n come ?r\gh ! angels4 ,= x is writt5 7,wis4 #g3bg7 t ,div9e wisdom conveye? h]self into holy s\ls1 & make? ! fri5ds ( ,god1 & ! prophets4 ,n[ wisdom makes ! fri5ds ( ,god imm$iately4 ,!re=e x also makes ! prophets imm$iately1 & n ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! angels4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 prophecy is reckon$ among ! gratuit\s graces4 ,b ! gratuit\s graces are f ! ,holy ,gho/1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab3d1 ,!re are div]sities ( graces1 b ! same ,_s4 ,!re=e ! prophetic revelation is n made by means ( an angel4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,cassiodorus 99,prol4 9 ,psalt4 i says t prophecy is a ,div9e revelation3 :]eas if x 7 convey$ by ! angels1 x w\ld be call$ an angelic revelation4 ,!re=e prophecy is n be/[$ by means ( ! angels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv73 ,our glori\s fa!rs receiv$ ,div9e visions by means ( ! heav5ly p[]s2 & he is speak+ !re ( prophetic visions4 ,!re=e prophetic revelation is convey$ by means ( ! angels4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #ac3a71 ,?+s t are ( ,god are well ord]$ 99,vulg43 ',^? t are1 are orda9$ ( ,god4'4 ,n[ ! ,div9e ord]+1 accord+ to ,dionysius 99,coel4 ,hi]4 iv2 ,eccl4 ,hi]4 v1 is su* t ! l[e/ ?+s are direct$ by middle ?+s4 ,n[ ! angels hold a middle position betwe5 ,god & m51 9 t !y h a great] %>e 9 ! p]fection ( ! ,div9e goodness ?an m5 h4 ,:]e=e ! ,div9e enlight5m5ts & revelations are convey$ f ,god to m5 by ! angels4 ,n[ prophetic k is be/[$ by ,div9e enlight5m5t & revelation4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t x is convey$ by ! angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,*>ity :i* makes man a fri5d ( ,god1 is a p]fection ( ! w1 9 :i* ,god alone c =m an impression2 :]eas prophecy is a p]fection ( ! intellect1 9 :i* an angel also c =m an impression1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #a71 :]e=e ! comp>ison fails betwe5 ! two4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! gratuit\s graces are ascrib$ to ! ,holy ,gho/ z _! fir/ pr9ciple3 yet ,he works grace ( ?is k9d 9 m5 by means ( ! angels4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! "w ( ! in/rum5t is ascrib$ to ! pr9cipal ag5t by ^: p[] ! in/rum5t acts4 ,& s9ce a m9i/] is l an in/rum5t1 prophetic revelation1 :i* is convey$ by ! m9i/ry ( ! angels1 is said to be ,div9e4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,natural ,disposition ,is ,requisite = ,prophecy8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a natural disposition is requisite = prophecy4 ,= prophecy is receiv$ by ! prophet accord+ to ! disposition ( ! recipi5t1 s9ce a gloss ( ,j]ome on ,amos #a3b1 ,! ,"l w ro> f ,sion1 says3 ,anyone :o wi%es to make a comp>ison naturally turns to ^? ?+s ( :i* he has exp]i5ce1 & among :i* 8 life is sp5t4 ,= example1 sailors comp>e _! enemies to ! w9ds1 & _! losses to a %ipwreck4 ,9 l mann] ,amos1 :o 0 a %eph]d1 lik5s ! fe> ( ,god to t :i* is inspir$ by ! lion's ro>4 ,n[ t :i* is receiv$ by a ?+ accord+ to ! mode ( ! recipi5t requires a natural disposition4 ,!re=e prophecy requires a natural disposition4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! consid]ations ( prophecy are m l(ty ?an ^? ( acquir$ sci5ce4 ,n[ natural indisposition h9d]s ! consid]ations ( acquir$ sci5ce1 s9ce _m are prev5t$ by natural indisposition f succe$+ to grasp ! speculations ( sci5ce4 ,mu* m !re=e is a natural disposition requisite = ! contemplation ( prophecy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 natural indisposition is a mu* great] ob/acle ?an an accid5tal imp$im5t4 ,n[ ! consid]ations ( prophecy are h9d]$ by an accid5tal occurr5ce4 ,= ,j]ome says 9 8 comm5t>y on ,mat!w 99,! quotation is f ,orig51 ,hom4 vi 9 ,num4 t at ! "t ( ! m>riage act1 ! pres5ce ( ! ,holy ,gho/ w n be v\*saf$1 ev5 ?\gh x be a prophet t fulfils ! duty ( procreation4 ,mu* m !re=e does a natural indisposition h9d] prophecy2 & ?us x w\ld seem t a good natural disposition is requisite = prophecy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 9 a homily = ,p5teco/ 7xxx 9 ,ev473 ,he1 namely ! ,holy ,gho/1 fills ! boy h>pi/ & makes him a ,psalmi/2 ,he fills ! h]dsman pluck+ wild figs1 & makes him a prophet4 ,!re=e prophecy requires no previ\s disposition1 b dep5ds on ! w alone ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ( ,:om x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ab3b73 ,all ^! ?+s1 "o & ! same ,_s worke?1 divid+ to e "o accord+ z ,he w4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 prophecy 9 its true & exact s5se comes f ,div9e inspiration2 :ile t :i* comes f a natural cause is n call$ prophecy except 9 a relative s5se4 ,n[ we mu/ obs]ve t z ,god ,:o is ! univ]sal effici5t cause requires nei!r previ\s matt] nor previ\s disposition ( matt] 9 ,8 corporeal effects1 = ,he is able at ! same in/ant to br+ into be+ matt] & disposition & =m1 s nei!r does ,he require a previ\s disposition 9 ,8 spiritual effects1 b is able to produce bo? ! spiritual effect & at ! same "t ! fitt+ disposition z requisite accord+ to ! ord] ( nature4 ,m ?an ?is1 ,he is able at ! same "t1 by creation1 to produce ! subject1 s z to dispose a s\l = prophecy & give x ! prophetic grace1 at ! v in/ant ( its creation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x matt]s n to prophecy by :at comp>isons ! ?+ prophesi$ is express$2 & s ! ,div9e op]ation makes no *ange 9 a prophet 9 ?is respect4 ,yet if !re be any?+ 9 him incompatible ) prophecy1 x is remov$ by ! ,div9e p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! consid]ations ( sci5ce proce$ f a natural cause1 & nature _c "w )\t a previ\s disposition 9 matt]4 ,?is _c be said ( ,god ,:o is ! cause ( prophecy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a natural indisposition1 if n remov$1 might be an ob/acle to prophetic revelation1 = in/ance if a man 7 altoge!r depriv$ ( ! natural s5ses4 ,9 ! same way a man might be h9d]$ f ! act ( prophesy+ by "s v /rong passion1 :e!r ( ang]1 or ( concupisc5ce z 9 coition1 or by any o!r passion4 ,b su* a natural indisposition z ?is is remov$ by ! ,div9e p[]1 :i* is ! cause ( prophecy4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,good ,life ,is ,requisite = ,prophecy8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a good life is requisite = prophecy4 ,= x is writt5 7,wis4 #g3bg7 t ! wisdom ( ,god ?r\gh nations conveye? h]self into holy s\ls1 & make? ! fri5ds ( ,god1 & prophets4 ,n[ !re c be no hol9ess )\t a good life & sanctify+ grace4 ,!re=e prophecy _c be )\t a good life & sanctify+ grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 secrets are n reveal$ save to a fri5d1 accord+ to ,john #ae3ae1 ,b ,i h call$ y fri5ds1 because all ?+s :atsoev] ,i h he>d ( ,my ,fa!r1 ,i h made kn[n to y4 ,n[ ,god reveals ,8 secrets to ! prophets 7,amos #c3g74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! prophets are ! fri5ds ( ,god2 :i* is impossible )\t *>ity4 ,!re=e seem+ly prophecy _c be )\t *>ity2 & *>ity is impossible )\t sanctify+ grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,matt4 #g3ae73 ,bew>e ( false prophets1 :o come to y 9 ! clo?+ ( %eep1 b inw>dly !y are rav5+ wolves4 ,n[ all :o are )\t grace are lik5$ inw>dly to a rav5+ wolf1 & consequ5tly all su* are false prophets4 ,!re=e no man is a true prophet except he be good by grace4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,somn4 et ,vigil4 99,cf4 ,de ,div9at4 p] ,somn4 i1 :i* is annex$ to ! "w quot$7 t if int]pretation ( dreams is f ,god1 x is unfitt+ = x to be be/[$ on any b ! be/4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! gift ( prophecy is f ,god4 ,!re=e ! gift ( prophecy is v\*saf$ only to ! be/ m54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,to ^? :o _h said1 ,"l1 h we n prophesi$ 9 ,?y "n8 ?is reply is made3 ,i nev] knew y 7,matt4 #g3bb1 #bc74 ,n[ ! ,"l kn[e? :o are ,8 7#b ,tim4 #b3ai74 ,!re=e prophecy c be 9 ^? :o are n ,god's by grace4 ,i answ] t1 ,a good life may be consid]$ f two po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to its inw>d root1 :i* is sanctify+ grace4 ,secondly1 ) reg>d to ! inw>d passions ( ! s\l & ! outw>d actions4 ,n[ sanctify+ grace is giv5 *iefly 9 ord] t man's s\l may be unit$ to ,god by *>ity4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ah73 ,a man is n transf]r$ f ! left side to ! "r1 unless he receive ! ,holy ,gho/1 by ,:om he is made a lov] ( ,god & ( 8 neighbor4 ,h5ce :atev] c be )\t *>ity c be )\t sanctify+ grace1 & consequ5tly )\t goodness ( life4 ,n[ prophecy c be )\t *>ity2 & ?is is cle> on two c\nts4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( _! respective acts3 = prophecy p]ta9s to ! intellect1 ^: act prec$es ! act ( ! w1 :i* p[] is p]fect$ by *>ity4 ,= ?is reason ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #ac7 reckons prophecy ) o!r ?+s p]t95t to ! intellect1 t c be _h )\t *>ity4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( _! respective ends4 ,= prophecy l o!r gratuit\s graces is giv5 = ! good ( ! ,*ur*1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab3g1 ,! manife/ation ( ! ,_s is giv5 to e man unto pr(it2 & is n directly int5d$ to unite man's affections to ,god1 :i* is ! purpose ( *>ity4 ,!re=e prophecy c be )\t a good life1 z reg>ds ! fir/ root ( ?is goodness4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid] a good life1 ) reg>d to ! passions ( ! s\l1 & ext]nal actions1 f ?is po9t ( view an evil life is an ob/acle to prophecy4 ,= prophecy requires ! m9d to be rais$ v high 9 ord] to contemplate spiritual ?+s1 & ?is is h9d]$ by /rong passions1 & ! inord9ate pursuit ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,h5ce we read ( ! sons ( ! prophets 7#d ,k+s #d3ch7 t !y dwelt toge!r ) ,vulg43 'be=e' ,eliseus1 lead+ a solit>y life1 z x 71 le/ worldly employm5t %\ld be a h9drance to ! gift ( prophecy4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sometimes ! gift ( prophecy is giv5 to a man bo? = ! good ( o!rs1 & 9 ord] to enlight5 8 own m9d2 & su* are ^? :om ,div9e wisdom1 convey+ itself by sanctify+ grace to _! m9ds1 make? ! fri5ds ( ,god1 & prophets4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 receive ! gift ( prophecy m]ely = ! good ( o!rs4 ,h5ce ,j]ome comm5t+ on ,matt4 #g3bb1 says3 ,sometimes prophesy+1 ! work+ ( miracles1 & ! ca/+ out ( demons are accord$ n to ! m]it ( ^? :o d ^! ?+s1 b ei!r to ! invok+ ! "n ( ,*ri/1 or to ! condemnation ( ^? :o invoke1 & = ! good ( ^? :o see & he>4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,gregory 99,hom4 xxvii 9 ,ev4 exp\nd+ ?is passage 99,john #ae3ae says3 ,s9ce we love ! l(ty ?+s ( heav5 z soon z we he> !m1 we "k !m z soon z we love !m1 = to love is to "k4 ,accord+ly ,he _h made all ?+s kn[n to !m1 because hav+ r5\nc$ e>?ly desires !y 7 k9dl$ by ! tor*es ( p]fect love4 ,9 ?is way ! ,div9e secrets are n always reveal$ to prophets4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,n all wick$ m5 are rav5+ wolves1 b only ^? ^: purpose is to injure o!rs4 ,= ,*ryso/om says 99,opus ,imp]f4 9 ,mat?41 ,hom4 xix1 among ! works ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 & falsely ascrib$ to him t ,ca?olic tea*]s1 ?\gh !y be s9n]s1 are call$ slaves ( ! fle%1 b nev] rav5+ wolves1 because !y d n purpose ! de/ruction ( ,*ri/ians4 ,& s9ce prophecy is direct$ to ! good ( o!rs1 x is manife/ t su* are false prophets1 because !y are n s5t = ?is purpose by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,god's gifts are n always be/[$ on ^? :o are simply ! be/1 b sometimes are v\*saf$ to ^? :o are be/ z reg>ds ! receiv+ ( ?is or t gift4 ,accord+ly ,god grants ! gift ( prophecy to ^? :om ,he judges be/ to give x to4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agb1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,any ,prophecy ,comes f ! ,demons8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no prophecy comes f ! demons4 ,= prophecy is a ,div9e revelation1 accord+ to ,cassiodorus 99,prol4 9 ,psalt4 i4 ,b t :i* is done by a demon is n ,div9e4 ,!re=e no prophecy c be f a demon4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 "s k9d ( enlight5m5t is requisite = prophetic k1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aga1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,n[ ! demons d n enlight5 ! human intellect1 z /at$ above 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aai1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e no prophecy c come f ! demons4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a sign is wor?less if x betok5s contr>ies4 ,n[ prophecy is a sign 9 confirmation ( fai?2 :]e=e a gloss on ,rom4 #ab3f1 ,ei!r prophecy to be us$ accord+ to ! rule ( fai?1 says3 ,obs]ve t 9 reckon+ ! graces1 he beg9s ) prophecy1 :i* is ! fir/ pro( ( ! reasonabl5ess ( our fai?2 s9ce believ]s1 aft] receiv+ ! ,_s1 prophesi$4 ,!re=e prophecy _c be be/[$ by ! demons4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#c ,k+s #ah3ai73 ,ga!r unto me all ,israel unto m\nt ,c>mel1 & ! prophets ( ,baal f\r hundr$ & fifty1 & ! prophets ( ! grove f\r hundr$1 :o eat at ,jezebel's table4 ,n[ ^! 7 wor%ipp]s ( demons4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !re is also a prophecy f ! demons4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aga1 ,a4 #a71 prophecy d5otes k f> remov$ f human k4 ,n[ x is evid5t t an intellect ( a high] ord] c "k "s ?+s t are f> remov$ f ! k ( an inf]ior intellect4 ,aga91 above ! human intellect !re is n only ! ,div9e intellect1 b also ! intellects ( good & bad angels accord+ to ! ord] ( nature4 ,h5ce ! demons1 ev5 by _! natural k1 "k c]ta9 ?+s remote f m5's k1 :i* !y c reveal to m53 al?\gh ^? ?+s :i* ,god alone kn[s are remote simply & mo/ ( all4 ,accord+ly prophecy1 prop]ly & simply1 is convey$ by ,div9e revelations alone2 yet ! revelation :i* is made by ! demons may be call$ prophecy 9 a re/rict$ s5se4 ,:]e=e ^? m5 to :om some?+ is reveal$ by ! demons are /yl$ 9 ! ,scriptures z prophets1 n simply1 b ) an addition1 = in/ance z false prophets1 or prophets ( idols4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ai73 ,:5 ! evil _s lays hold ( a man = su* purposes z ^!1 namely visions1 he makes him ei!r devili%1 or possess$1 or a false prophet4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,cassiodorus is "h def9+ prophecy 9 its prop] & simple acceptation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! demons reveal :at !y "k to m51 n by enlight5+ ! intellect1 b by an imag9>y vision1 or ev5 by audible spee*2 & 9 ?is way ?is prophecy diff]s f true prophecy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! prophecy ( ! demons c be di/+ui%$ f ,div9e prophecy by c]ta91 & ev5 outw>d1 signs4 ,h5ce ,*ryso/om says 99,opus ,imp]f4 9 ,mat?41 ,hom4 xix1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om t "s prophesy by ! _s ( ! devil1 su* z div9]s1 b !y may be disc]n$ by ! fact t ! devil sometimes utt]s :at is false1 ! ,holy ,gho/ nev]4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #ah3ba1 #bb73 ,if 9 sil5t ?\ght ?\ answ]3 ,h[ %all ,i "k ! ^w t ! ,"l ha? spok58 ,?\ %alt h ?is sign3 ,:atsoev] t same prophet =etelle? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 & x come n to pass1 t ?+ ! ,"l ha? n spok54 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agb1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,prophets ( ! ,demons ,ev] ,=etell ! ,tru?8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! prophets ( ! demons nev] =etell ! tru?4 ,= ,ambrose 99,hil>y ! ,deacon 7,ambrosia/]7 on #a ,cor4 #ab3c says t ,e tru?1 by :omsoev] spok51 is f ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ ! prophets ( ! demons d n speak f ! ,holy ,gho/1 because !re is no concord betwe5 ,*ri/ & ,belial 99',:at concord ha? ,*ri/ ) ,belial8' 7#b ,cor4 #f3ae74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !y nev] =etell ! tru?4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z true prophets are inspir$ by ! ,_s ( tru?1 s ! prophets ( ! demons are inspir$ by ! _s ( untru?1 accord+ to #c ,k+s #bb3bb1 ,i w g =?1 & be a ly+ _s 9 ! m\? ( all 8 prophets4 ,n[ ! prophets inspir$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ nev] speak false1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aaa1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e ! prophets ( ! demons nev] speak tru?4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is said ( ! devil 7,john #h3dd7 t :5 he speake? a lie1 he speake? ( 8 own1 = ! devil is a li>1 & ! fa!r !re(1 i4e4 ( ly+4 ,n[ by inspir+ 8 prophets1 ! devil speaks only ( 8 own1 = he is n appo9t$ ,god's m9i/] to decl>e ! tru?1 s9ce light ha? no fell[%ip ) d>kness 99,vulg43 ',:at fell[%ip ha? light ) d>kness8' 7#b ,cor4 #f3ad74 ,!re=e ! prophets ( ! demons nev] =etell ! tru?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,num4 #bb3ad1 says t ,balaam 0 a div9]1 = he sometimes =eknew ! future by help ( ! demons & ! magic art4 ,n[ he =etold _m true ?+s1 = in/ance t :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,num4 #bd3ag3 ,a /> %all rise out ( ,jacob1 & a scept] %all spr+ up f ,israel4 ,!re=e ev5 ! prophets ( ! demons =etell ! tru?4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ! good is 9 relation to ?+s1 s is ! true 9 relation to k4 ,n[ 9 ?+s x is impossible to f9d "o t is :olly devoid ( good4 ,:]e=e x is also impossible = any k to be :olly false1 )\t "s mixture ( tru?4 ,h5ce ,b$e says 99,comm5t4 9 ,luc4 xvii1 #ab2 ,cf4 ,augu/9e1 ,,qq4 ,evang4 ii1 #dj t no tea*+ is s false t x nev] m+les tru? ) falsehood4 ,h5ce ! tea*+ ( ! demons1 ) :i* !y in/ruct _! prophets1 conta9s "s tru?s :]eby x is r5d]$ acceptable4 ,= ! intellect is l$ a/ray to falsehood by ! semblance ( tru?1 ev5 z ! w is s$uc$ to evil by ! semblance ( goodness4 ,:]e=e ,*ryso/om says 99,opus ,imp]f4 9 ,mat?41 ,hom4 xix1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om3 ,! devil is all[$ sometimes to speak true ?+s1 9 ord] t 8 unwont$ tru?fulness may ga9 cr$it = 8 lie4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! prophets ( ! demons d n always speak f ! demons' revelation1 b sometimes by ,div9e inspiration4 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! case ) ,balaam1 ( :om we read t ! ,"l spoke to him 7,num4 #bb3ab71 ?\gh he 0 a prophet ( ! demons1 because ,god makes use ev5 ( ! wick$ = ! pr(it ( ! good4 ,h5ce ,he =etells c]ta9 tru?s ev5 by ! demons' prophets1 bo? t ! tru? may be r5d]$ m cr$ible1 s9ce ev5 its foes be> witness to x1 & also 9 ord] t m51 by believ+ su* m51 may be m easily l$ on to tru?4 ,:]e=e also ! ,sibyls =etold _m true ?+s ab\t ,*ri/4 ,yet ev5 :5 ! demons' prophets are in/ruct$ by ! demons1 !y =etell ! tru?1 sometimes by virtue ( _! own nature1 ! au?or ( :i* is ! ,holy ,gho/1 & sometimes by revelation ( ! good spirits1 z ,augu/9e decl>es 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ai73 s t ev5 !n ?is tru? :i* ! demons proclaim is f ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a true prophet is always inspir$ by ! ,_s ( tru?1 9 ,:om !re is no falsehood1 :]e=e ,he nev] says :at is n true2 :]eas a false prophet is n always in/ruct$ by ! _s ( untru?1 b sometimes ev5 by ! ,_s ( tru?4 ,ev5 ! v _s ( untru? sometimes decl>es true ?+s1 sometimes false1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^? ?+s are call$ ! demons' own1 :i* !y h ( !mselves1 namely lies & s9s2 :ile !y h1 n ( !mselves b ( ,god1 ^? ?+s :i* belong to !m by nature3 & x is by virtue ( _! own nature t !y sometimes =etell ! tru?1 z /at$ above 7ad #a74 ,moreov] ,god makes use ( !m to make kn[n ! tru? :i* is to be accompli%$ ?r\gh !m1 by reveal+ ,div9e my/]ies to !m ?r\gh ! angels1 z already /at$ 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ai2 ,i1 ,q4 #aji1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a74 ,,"q #agc ,,( ,,! ,,mann] ,,9 ,,:i* ,,prophetic ,,k ,,is ,,convey$ 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! mann] 9 :i* prophetic k is convey$1 & "u ?is head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! prophets see ,god's v ess5ce8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! prophetic revelation is effect$ by ! infusion ( c]ta9 species1 or by ! infusion ( ,div9e light alone8 7#c7 ,:e!r prophetic revelation is always accompani$ by ab/raction f ! s5se8 7#d7 ,:e!r prophecy is always accompani$ by k ( ! ?+s prophesi$8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,prophets ,see ! ,v ,ess5ce ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! prophets see ! v ess5ce ( ,god1 = a gloss on ,isa4 #ch3a1 ,take ord] ) ?y h\se1 = ?\ %alt die & n live1 says3 ,prophets c read 9 ! book ( ,god's =ekn[l$ge 9 :i* all ?+s are writt54 ,n[ ,god's =ekn[l$ge is ,8 v ess5ce4 ,!re=e prophets see ,god's v ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #g7 t 9 t et]nal tru? f :i* all temporal ?+s are made1 we see ) ! m9d's eye ! type bo? ( our be+ & ( our actions4 ,n[1 ( all m51 prophets h ! highe/ k ( ,div9e ?+s4 ,!re=e !y1 especially1 see ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 future cont+5cies are =ekn[n by ! prophets ) un*angeable tru?4 ,n[ future cont+5cies exi/ ?us 9 ,god alone4 ,!re=e ! prophets see ,god ,himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! vision ( ! ,div9e ess5ce is n made void 9 heav52 :]eas prophecy is made void 7#a ,cor4 #ac3h74 ,!re=e prophecy is n convey$ by a vision ( ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,prophecy d5otes ,div9e k z exi/+ af> (f4 ,:]e=e x is said ( ! prophets 7,heb4 #aa3ac7 t !y 7 behold+ 4 4 4 af> (f4 ,b ^? :o are 9 heav5 & 9 ! /ate ( bliss see1 n z f af> (f1 b r1 z x 71 f ne> at h&1 accord+ to ,ps4 #aci3ad1 ,! upright %all dwell ) ,?y c\nt5ance4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t prophetic k diff]s f ! p]fect k1 :i* we %all h 9 heav51 s t x is di/+ui%$ !refrom z ! imp]fect f ! p]fect1 & :5 ! latt] comes ! =m] is made void1 z appe>s f ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #ac3aj74 ,"s1 h[ev]1 wi%+ to discrim9ate betwe5 prophetic k & ! k ( ! bless$1 h ma9ta9$ t ! prophets see ! v ess5ce ( ,god 7:i* !y call ! mirror ( et]nity7 99,cf4 ,de ,v]itate1 xii1 #f2 ,s5t4 ,,ii1 ,d1 ,,xi1 "p #b1 art4 #b1 ad #d1 n1 h[ev]1 9 ! way 9 :i* x is ! object ( ! bless$1 b z conta9+ ! types 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #ae ( future ev5ts4 ,b ?is is altoge!r impossible4 ,= ,god is ! object ( bliss 9 ,8 v ess5ce1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,augu/9e 7,confess4 v1 #d73 ,happy :oso kn[e? ,!e1 ?\gh he "k n ^!1 i4e4 creatures4 ,n[ x is n possible to see ! types ( creatures 9 ! v ess5ce ( ,god )\t see+ ,x1 bo? because ! ,div9e ess5ce is ,itself ! type ( all ?+s t are made--! ideal type add+ no?+ to ! ,div9e ess5ce save only a relation%ip to ! creature--& because k ( a ?+ 9 itself--& su* is ! k ( ,god z ! object ( heav5ly bliss--prec$es k ( t ?+ 9 its relation to some?+ else--& su* is ! k ( ,god z conta9+ ! types ( ?+s4 ,consequ5tly x is impossible = prophets to see ,god z conta9+ ! types ( creatures1 & yet n z ! object ( bliss4 ,!re=e we mu/ conclude t ! prophetic vision is n ! vision ( ! v ess5ce ( ,god1 & t ! prophets d n see 9 ! ,div9e ess5ce ,itself ! ?+s !y d see1 b t !y see !m 9 c]ta9 images1 accord+ z !y are enlight5$ by ! ,div9e light4 ,:]e=e ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 iv71 9 speak+ ( prophetic visions1 says t ! wise !ologian calls t vision div9e :i* is effect$ by images ( ?+s lack+ a bodily =m ?r\gh ! se] be+ rapt 9 div9e ?+s4 ,& ^! images illum9$ by ! ,div9e light h m ( ! nature ( a mirror ?an ! ,div9e ess5ce3 s9ce 9 a mirror images are =m$ f o!r ?+s1 & ?is _c be said ( ,god4 ,yet ! prophet's m9d ?us enlight5$ may be call$ a mirror1 9 s f> z a lik5ess ( ! tru? ( ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge is =m$ !re91 = :i* reason x is call$ ! mirror ( et]nity1 z repres5t+ ,god's =ekn[l$ge1 = ,god 9 ,8 et]nity sees all ?+s z pres5t be=e ,him1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #agb1 ,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! prophets are said to read ! book ( ,god's =ekn[l$ge1 inasmu* z ! tru? is reflect$ f ,god's =ekn[l$ge on ! prophet's m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man is said to see 9 ! ,fir/ ,tru? ! type ( 8 exi/5ce1 9 s f> z ! image ( ! ,fir/ ,tru? %9es =? on man's m9d1 s t he is able to "k himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,f ! v fact t future cont+5cies are 9 ,god accord+ to unalt]able tru?1 x foll[s t ,god c impress a l k on ! prophet's m9d )\t ! prophet see+ ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r1 9 ,prophetic ,revelation1 ,new ,species ( ,?+s ,are ,impress$ on ! ,prophet's ,m9d1 or ,m]ely a ,new ,light8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 prophetic revelation no new species ( ?+s are impress$ on ! prophet's m9d1 b only a new light4 ,= a gloss ( ,j]ome on ,amos #a3b says t prophets draw comp>isons f ?+s ) :i* !y are conv]sant4 ,b if prophetic vision 7 effect$ by means ( species newly impress$1 ! prophet's previ\s exp]i5ce ( ?+s w\ld be inop]ative4 ,!re=e no new species are impress$ on ! prophet's s\l1 b only ! prophetic light4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #i71 x is n imag9ative b intellective vision t makes ! prophet2 :]e=e x is decl>$ 7,dan4 #aj3a7 t !re is ne$ ( und]/&+ 9 a vision4 ,n[ intellective vision1 z /at$ 9 ! same book 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #f7 is n effect$ by means ( images1 b by ! v tru? ( ?+s4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t prophetic revelation is n effect$ by impress+ species on ! s\l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by ! gift ( prophecy ! ,holy ,gho/ end[s man ) some?+ t surpasses ! faculty ( nature4 ,n[ man c by 8 natural faculties =m all k9ds ( species ( ?+s4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t 9 prophetic revelation no new species ( ?+s are impress$1 b m]ely an intellectual light4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,osee #ab3aj73 ,i h multipli$ _! visions1 & ,i h us$ similitudes1 by ! m9i/ry ( ! prophets4 ,n[ multiplicity ( visions results1 n f a div]sity ( intellectual light1 :i* is common to e prophetic vision1 b f a div]sity ( species1 :5ce similitudes also result4 ,!re=e x seems t 9 prophetic revelation new species ( ?+s are impress$1 & n m]ely an intellectual light4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #i71 prophetic k p]ta9s mo/ ( all to ! intellect4 ,n[ two ?+s h to be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! k possess$ by ! human m9d1 namely ! acceptance or repres5tation ( ?+s1 & ! judgm5t ( ! ?+s repres5t$4 ,n[ ?+s are repres5t$ to ! human m9d "u ! =m ( species3 & accord+ to ! ord] ( nature1 !y mu/ be repres5t$ fir/ to ! s5ses1 secondly to ! imag9ation1 ?irdly to ! passive intellect1 & ^! are *ang$ by ! species d]iv$ f ! phantasms1 :i* *ange results f ! enlight5+ action ( ! active intellect4 ,n[ 9 ! imag9ation !re are ! =ms ( s5sible ?+s n only z receiv$ f ! s5ses1 b also trans=m$ 9 v>i\s ways1 ei!r on acc\nt ( "s bodily trans=mation 7z 9 ! case ( p :o are asleep or out ( _! s5ses71 or ?r\gh ! coord9ation ( ! phantasms1 at ! comm& ( reason1 = ! purpose ( und]/&+ some?+4 ,= j z ! v>i\s arrangem5ts ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet convey v>i\s ideas to ! und]/&+1 s ! v>i\s coord9ations ( ! phantasms produce v>i\s intelligible species ( ! intellect4 ,z to ! judgm5t =m$ by ! human m9d1 x dep5ds on ! p[] ( ! intellectual light4 ,n[ ! gift ( prophecy conf]s on ! human m9d some?+ :i* surpasses ! natural faculty 9 bo? ^! respects1 namely z to ! judgm5t :i* dep5ds on ! infl[ ( intellectual light1 & z to ! acceptance or repres5tation ( ?+s1 :i* is effect$ by means ( c]ta9 species4 ,human tea*+ may be lik5$ to prophetic revelation 9 ! second ( ^! respects1 b n 9 ! fir/4 ,= a man repres5ts c]ta9 ?+s to 8 disciple by signs ( spee*1 b he _c enlight5 him inw>dly z ,god does4 ,b x is ! fir/ ( ^! two t holds ! *ief place 9 prophecy1 s9ce judgm5t is ! complem5t ( k4 ,:]e=e if c]ta9 ?+s are div9ely repres5t$ to any man by means ( imag9>y lik5esses1 z happ5$ to ,ph>aoh 7,g54 #da3a-g7 & to ,nabu*odonosor 7,dan4 #d3a-b71 or ev5 by bodily lik5esses1 z happ5$ to ,bal?as> 7,dan4 #e3e71 su* a man is n to be consid]$ a prophet1 unless 8 m9d be enlight5$ = ! purpose ( judgm5t2 & su* an app>ition is some?+ imp]fect 9 ! g5us ( prophecy4 ,:]e=e "s 99,rabbi ,moyses1 ,doct4 ,p]plex4 ,,ii1 xxxvi h call$ ?is prophetic ec/asy1 & su* is div9ation by dreams4 ,& yet a man w be a prophet1 if 8 intellect be enlight5$ m]ely = ! purpose ( judg+ ( ?+s se5 9 imag9ation by o!rs1 z 9 ! case ( ,joseph :o int]pret$ ,ph>aoh's dream4 ,b1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #i71 especially is he a prophet :o excels 9 bo? respects1 s1 to wit1 z to see 9 _s lik5esses significant ( ?+s corporeal1 & und]/& !m by ! quickness ( 8 intellect4 ,n[ s5sible =ms are div9ely pres5t$ to ! prophet's m9d1 sometimes ext]nally by means ( ! s5ses--?us ,daniel saw ! writ+ on ! wall 7,dan4 #e3be7--sometimes by means ( imag9>y =ms1 ei!r ( exclusively ,div9e orig9 & n receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses 7= in/ance1 if images ( colors 7 impr9t$ on ! imag9ation ( "o bl9d f bir?71 or div9ely coord9at$ f ^? d]iv$ f ! s5ses--?us ,j]emiah saw ! boil+ caldron 4 4 4 f ! face ( ! nor? 7,j]4 #a3ac7--or by ! direct impression ( intelligible species on ! m9d1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o receive infus$ sci5tific k or wisdom1 su* z ,solomon or ! apo/les4 ,b intellectual light is div9ely impr9t$ on ! human m9d--sometimes = ! purpose ( judg+ ( ?+s se5 by o!rs1 z 9 ! case ( ,joseph1 quot$ above1 & ( ! apo/les ^: und]/&+ our ,"l op5$ t !y might und]/& ! scriptures 7,luke #bd3de72 & to ?is p]ta9s ! int]pretation ( spee*es--sometimes = ! purpose ( judg+ accord+ to ,div9e tru?1 ( ! ?+s :i* a man appreh5ds 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature--sometimes = ! purpose ( disc]n+ tru?fully & efficaci\sly :at is to be done1 accord+ to ,isa4 #fc3ad1 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l 0 _! lead]4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t prophetic revelation is convey$ sometimes by ! m]e infusion ( light1 sometimes by impr9t+ species anew1 or by a new coord9ation ( species4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above1 sometimes 9 prophetic revelation imag9>y species previ\sly d]iv$ f ! s5ses are div9ely coord9at$ s z to accord ) ! tru? to be reveal$1 & !n previ\s exp]i5ce is op]ative 9 ! production ( ! images1 b n :5 !y are impress$ on ! m9d :olly f )\t4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,intellectual vision is n effect$ by means ( bodily & individual images1 b by an intelligible image4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 ix1 #aa7 t ! s\l possesses a c]ta9 lik5ess ( ! species kn[n to x4 ,sometimes ?is intelligible image is1 9 prophetic revelation1 impr9t$ imm$iately by ,god1 sometimes x results f pictures 9 ! imag9ation1 by ! aid ( ! prophetic light1 s9ce a deep] tru? is ga!r$ f ^! pictures 9 ! imag9ation by means ( ! enlight5m5t ( ! high] light4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is true t man is able by 8 natural p[]s to =m all k9ds ( pictures 9 ! imag9ation1 by simply consid]+ ^! pictures1 b n s t !y be direct$ to ! repres5tation ( intelligible tru?s t surpass 8 intellect1 s9ce = ?is purpose he ne$s ! assi/ance ( a sup]natural light4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,prophetic ,vision ,is ,always ,accompani$ by ,ab/raction f ! ,s5ses8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! prophetic vision is always accompani$ by ab/raction f ! s5ses4 ,= x is writt5 7,num4 #ab3f73 ,if !re be among y a prophet ( ! ,"l1 ,i w appe> to him 9 a vision1 or ,i w speak to him 9 a dream4 ,n[ a gloss says at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,psalt]1 a vision t takes place by dreams & app>itions consi/s ( ?+s :i* seem to be said or done4 ,b :5 ?+s seem to be said or done1 :i* are nei!r said nor done1 !re is ab/raction f ! s5ses4 ,!re=e prophecy is always accompani$ by ab/raction f ! s5ses4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :5 "o p[] is v int5t on its own op]ation1 o!r p[]s are drawn away f !irs2 ?us m5 :o are v int5t on he>+ some?+ fail to see :at takes place be=e !m4 ,n[ 9 ! prophetic vision ! intellect is v mu* uplift$1 & int5t on its act4 ,!re=e x seems t ! prophetic vision is always accompani$ by ab/raction f ! s5ses4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! same ?+ _c1 at ! same "t1 t5d 9 opposite directions4 ,n[ 9 ! prophetic vision ! m9d t5ds to ! acceptance ( ?+s f above1 & consequ5tly x _c at ! same "t t5d to s5sible objects4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem necess>y = prophetic revelation to be always accompani$ by ab/raction f ! s5ses4 ,obj4 #d3 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ad3cb73 ,! spirits ( ! prophets are subject to ! prophets4 ,n[ ?is 7 impossible if ! prophet 7 n 9 possession ( 8 faculties1 b ab/ract$ f 8 s5ses4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t prophetic vision is n accompani$ by ab/raction f ! s5ses4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ 9 ! =ego+ ,article1 ! prophetic revelation takes place 9 f\r ways3 namely1 by ! infusion ( an intelligible light1 by ! infusion ( intelligible species1 by impression or coord9ation ( pictures 9 ! imag9ation1 & by ! outw>d pres5tation ( s5sible images4 ,n[ x is evid5t t !re is no ab/raction f ! s5ses1 :5 some?+ is pres5t$ to ! prophet's m9d by means ( s5sible species--:e!r ^! be div9ely =m$ = ?is special purpose1 z ! bu% %[n to ,moses 7,ex4 #c3b71 & ! writ+ %[n to ,daniel 7,dan4 #e37--or :e!r !y be produc$ by o!r causes2 yet s t !y are orda9$ by ,div9e provid5ce to be prophetically significant ( some?+1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,*ur* 0 signifi$ by ! ark ( ,noah4 ,aga91 ab/raction f ! ext]nal s5ses is n r5d]$ necess>y :5 ! prophet's m9d is enlight5$ by an intellectual light1 or impress$ ) intelligible species1 s9ce 9 u ! p]fect judgm5t ( ! intellect is effect$ by its turn+ to s5sible objects1 :i* are ! fir/ pr9ciples ( our k1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #f74 ,:51 h[ev]1 prophetic revelation is convey$ by images 9 ! imag9ation1 ab/raction f ! s5ses is necess>y le/ ! ?+s ?us se5 9 imag9ation be tak5 = objects ( ext]nal s5sation4 ,yet ?is ab/raction f ! s5ses is sometimes complete1 s t a man p]ceives no?+ ) 8 s5ses2 & sometimes x is incomplete1 s t he p]ceives some?+ ) 8 s5ses1 yet does n fully disc]n ! ?+s he p]ceives outw>dly f ^? he sees 9 imag9ation4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #ab73 ,^? images ( bodies :i* are =m$ 9 ! s\l are se5 j z bodily ?+s !mselves are se5 by ! body1 s t we see ) our eyes "o :o is pres5t1 & at ! same "t we see ) ! s\l "o :o is abs5t1 z ?\gh we saw him ) our eyes4 ,yet ?is ab/raction f ! s5ses takes place 9 ! prophets )\t subv]t+ ! ord] ( nature1 z is ! case ) ^? :o are possess$ or out ( _! s5ses2 b is due to "s well-ord]$ cause4 ,?is cause may be natural--= in/ance1 sleep--or spiritual--= in/ance1 ! int5s5ess ( ! prophets' contemplation2 ?us we read ( ,pet] 7,acts #aj3i7 t :ile he 0 pray+ 9 ! supp]-room 99,vulg43 '! h\se-top' or 'upp]-*amb]' he fell into an ec/asy--or he may be c>ri$ away by ! ,div9e p[]1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,eze*iel #a3c3 ,! h& ( ! ,"l 0 ^u him4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passage quot$ ref]s to prophets 9 :om imag9>y pictures 7 =m$ or coord9at$1 ei!r :ile asleep1 :i* is d5ot$ by ! ^w dream1 or :ile awake1 :i* is signifi$ by ! ^w vision4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,:5 ! m9d is int5t1 9 its act1 ^u di/ant ?+s :i* are f> remov$ f ! s5ses1 ! int5sity ( its application leads to ab/raction f ! s5ses2 b :5 x is int5t1 9 its act1 ^u ! coord9ation ( or judgm5t conc]n+ objects ( s5se1 !re is no ne$ = ab/raction f ! s5ses4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! movem5t ( ! prophetic m9d results n f its own p[]1 b f a p[] act+ on x f above4 ,h5ce !re is no ab/raction f ! s5ses :5 ! prophet's m9d is l$ to judge or coord9ate matt]s relat+ to objects ( s5se1 b only :5 ! m9d is rais$ to ! contemplation ( c]ta9 m l(ty ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! _s ( ! prophets is said to be subject to ! prophets z reg>ds ! prophetic utt]ances to :i* ! ,apo/le ref]s 9 ! words quot$2 because1 to wit1 ! prophets 9 decl>+ :at !y h se5 speak _! own m9d1 & are n ?r[n (f _! m5tal balance1 l p]sons :o are possess$1 z ,priscilla & ,montanus ma9ta9$4 ,b z reg>ds ! prophetic revelation itself1 x w\ld be m correct to say t ! prophets are subject to ! _s ( prophecy1 i4e4 to ! prophetic gift4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,prophets ,always ,"k ! ,?+s ,:i* ,!y ,prophesy8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! prophets always "k ! ?+s :i* !y prophesy4 ,=1 z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #i71 ^? to :om signs 7 %[n 9 _s by means ( ! lik5esses ( bodily ?+s1 _h n ! gift ( prophecy1 unless ! m9d 0 br\ght into action1 s t ^? signs 7 also und]/ood by !m4 ,n[ :at is und]/ood _c be unkn[n4 ,!re=e ! prophet is n ignorant ( :at he prophesies4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! light ( prophecy surpasses ! light ( natural reason4 ,n[ "o :o possesses a sci5ce by 8 natural light1 is n ignorant ( 8 sci5tific acquirem5ts4 ,!re=e he :o utt]s ?+s by ! prophetic light _c ignore !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prophecy is direct$ = man's enlight5m5t2 :]e=e x is writt5 7#b ,pet4 #a3ai73 ,we h ! m firm prophetical ^w1 :]eunto y d well to att5d1 z to a light t %9e? 9 a d>k place4 ,n[ no?+ c enlight5 o!rs unless x be lightsome 9 itself4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! prophet is fir/ enlight5$ s z to "k :at he decl>es to o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,john #aa3ea73 ,& ?is he 7,caiphas7 spoke1 n ( himself1 b be+ ! ,high ,prie/ ( t ye>1 he prophesi$ t ,jesus %\ld die = ! nation1 etc4 ,n[ ,caiphas knew ?is n4 ,!re=e n e prophet kn[s :at he prophesies4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 prophetic revelation ! prophet's m9d is mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 z an in/rum5t t is defici5t 9 reg>d to ! pr9cipal ag5t4 ,n[ ! prophet's m9d is mov$ n only to appreh5d some?+1 b also to speak or to d some?+2 sometimes inde$ to all ^! ?ree toge!r1 sometimes to two1 sometimes to "o only1 & 9 ea* case !re may be a defect 9 ! prophet's k4 ,= :5 ! prophet's m9d is mov$ to ?9k or appreh5d a ?+1 sometimes he is l$ m]ely to appreh5d t ?+1 & sometimes he is fur!r l$ to "k t x is div9ely reveal$ to him4 ,aga91 sometimes ! prophet's m9d is mov$ to speak some?+1 s t he und]/&s :at ! ,holy ,gho/ means by ! words he utt]s2 l ,david :o said 7#b ,k+s #bc3b73 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l ha? spok5 by me2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 sometimes ! p]son ^: m9d is mov$ to utt] c]ta9 words kn[s n :at ! ,holy ,gho/ means by !m1 z 0 ! case ) ,caiphas 7,john #aa3ea74 ,aga91 :5 ! ,holy ,gho/ moves a man's m9d to d some?+1 sometimes ! latt] und]/&s ! mean+ ( x1 l ,j]emias :o hid 8 lo9-clo? 9 ! ,euphrates 7,j]4 #ac3a-aa72 :ile sometimes he does n und]/& x--?us ! soldi]s1 :o divid$ ,*ri/'s g>m5ts1 und]/ood n ! mean+ ( :at !y did4 ,accord+ly1 :5 a man kn[s t he is be+ mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ to ?9k some?+1 or signify some?+ by ^w or de$1 ?is belongs prop]ly to prophecy2 :]eas :5 he is mov$1 )\t 8 kn[+ x1 ?is is n p]fect prophecy1 b a prophetic in/9ct4 ,nev]!less x mu/ be obs]v$ t s9ce ! prophet's m9d is a defective in/rum5t1 z /at$ above1 ev5 true prophets "k n all t ! ,holy ,gho/ means by ! ?+s !y see1 or speak1 or ev5 d4 ,& ?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections1 s9ce ! argum5ts giv5 at ! beg9n+ ref] to true prophets ^: m9ds are p]fectly enlight5$ f above4 ,,"q #agd ,,( ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,prophecy 7,,six ,,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! division ( prophecy1 & "u ?is head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,! division ( prophecy into its species2 7#b7 ,:e!r ! m excell5t prophecy is t :i* is )\t imag9ative vision8 7#c7 ,! v>i\s degrees ( prophecy2 7#d7 ,:e!r ,moses 0 ! greate/ ( ! prophets8 7#e7 ,:e!r a compreh5sor c be a prophet8 7#f7 ,:e!r prophecy advanc$ 9 p]fection z "t w5t on8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,prophecy ,is ,fitt+ly ,divid$ into ! ,prophecy ( ,div9e ,pr$e/9ation1 ( ,=ekn[l$ge1 & ( ,d5unciation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prophecy is unfitt+ly divid$ accord+ to a gloss on ,matt4 #a3bc1 ,behold a virg9 %all be ) *ild1 :]e x is /at$ t "o k9d ( prophecy proce$s f ! ,div9e pr$e/9ation1 & mu/ 9 all respects be accompli%$ s t its fulfillm5t is indep5d5t ( our w1 = in/ance ! "o 9 "q4 ,ano!r prophecy proce$s f ,god's =ekn[l$ge3 & into ?is our w ent]s4 ,& ano!r prophecy is call$ d5unciation1 :i* is significative ( ,god's disapproval4 ,= t :i* results f e prophecy %\ld n be reckon$ a "p ( prophecy4 ,n[ all prophecy is accord+ to ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge1 s9ce ! prophets read 9 ! book ( =ekn[l$ge1 z a gloss says on ,isa4 #ch3a4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t prophecy accord+ to =ekn[l$ge %\ld n be reckon$ a species ( prophecy4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z some?+ is =etold 9 d5unciation1 s is some?+ =etold 9 promise1 & bo? ( ^! are subject to alt]ation4 ,= x is writt5 7,j]4 #ah3g1 #h73 ,i w sudd5ly speak aga9/ a nation & aga9/ a k+dom1 to root out1 & to pull d[n1 & to de/roy x4 ,if t nation aga9/ :i* ,i h spok5 %all rep5t ( _! evil1 ,i also w rep5t--& ?is p]ta9s to ! prophecy ( d5unciation1 & aft]w>ds ! text cont9ues 9 ref]5ce to ! prophecy ( promise 7,j]4 #ah3i1 #aj73 ,i w sudd5ly speak ( a nation & ( a k+dom1 to build up & plant x4 ,if x %all d evil 9 ,my sight 4 4 4 ,i w rep5t ( ! good t ,i h spok5 to d unto x4 ,!re=e z !re is reckon$ to be a prophecy ( d5unciation1 s %\ld !re be a prophecy ( promise4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 vii1 #h73 ,!re are sev5 k9ds ( prophecy4 ,! fir/ is an ec/asy1 :i* is ! transport ( ! m9d3 ?us ,pet] saw a vessel desc5d+ f heav5 ) all mann] ( bea/s !re94 ,! second k9d is a vision1 z we read 9 ,isaias1 :o says 7,isa4 #f3a73 ',i saw ! ,"l sitt+1' etc4 ,! ?ird k9d is a dream3 ?us ,jacob 9 a dream1 saw a ladd]4 ,! f\r? k9d is f ! mid/ ( a cl\d3 ?us ,god spake to ,moses4 ,! fif? k9d is a voice f heav51 z t :i* call$ to ,abraham say+ 7,g54 #bb3aa73 ',lay n ?y h& ^u ! boy4' ,! six? k9d is tak+ up a p>able1 z 9 ! example ( ,balaam 7,num4 #bc3g2 #bd3ae74 ,! sev5? k9d is ! fullness ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z 9 ! case ( ne>ly all ! prophets4 ,fur!r1 he m5tions ?ree k9ds ( vision2 "o by ! eyes ( ! body1 ano!r by ! s\l's imag9ation1 a ?ird by ! eyes ( ! m9d4 ,n[ ^! are n includ$ 9 ! a=esaid division4 ,!re=e x is insuffici5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,j]ome to :om ! gloss above quot$ is ascrib$4 ,i answ] t1 ,! species ( moral habits & acts are di/+ui%$ accord+ to _! objects4 ,n[ ! object ( prophecy is some?+ kn[n by ,god & surpass+ ! faculty ( man4 ,:]e=e1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( su* ?+s1 prophecy is divid$ into v>i\s species1 z assign$ above4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #ga1 ,a4 #f1 ad #b7 t ! future is conta9$ 9 ! ,div9e k 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z 9 its cause3 & ?us we h ! prophecy ( d5unciation1 :i* is n always fulfill$4 b x =etells ! relation ( cause to effect1 :i* is sometimes h9d]$ by "s o!r occurr5ce sup]v5+4 ,secondly1 ,god =ekn[s c]ta9 ?+s 9 !mselves--ei!r z to be accompli%$ by ,himself1 & ( su* ?+s is ! prophecy ( pr$e/9ation1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #cj71 ,god pr$e/9es ?+s :i* are n 9 our p[]--or z to be accompli%$ ?r\gh man's free-w1 & ( su* is ! prophecy ( =ekn[l$ge4 ,?is may reg>d ei!r good or evil1 :i* does n apply to ! prophecy ( pr$e/9ation1 s9ce ! latt] reg>ds good alone4 ,& s9ce pr$e/9ation is compris$ "u =ekn[l$ge1 ! gloss 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,psalt] assigns only two species to prophecy1 namely ( =ekn[l$ge1 & ( d5unciation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,=ekn[l$ge1 prop]ly speak+1 d5otes precognition ( future ev5ts 9 !mselves1 & 9 ?is s5se x is reckon$ a species ( prophecy4 ,b 9 s f> z x is us$ 9 connection ) future ev5ts1 :e!r z 9 !mselves1 or z 9 _! causes1 x is common to e species ( prophecy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! prophecy ( promise is includ$ 9 ! prophecy ( d5unciation1 because ! aspect ( tru? is ! same 9 bo?4 ,b x is d5om9at$ 9 pref]5ce f d5unciation1 because ,god is m incl9$ to remit puni%m5t ?an to )draw promis$ bless+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,isidore divides prophecy accord+ to ! mann] ( prophesy+4 ,n[ we may di/+ui% ! mann] ( prophesy+--ei!r accord+ to man's cognitive p[]s1 :i* are s5se1 imag9ation1 & intellect1 & !n we h ! ?ree k9ds ( vision m5tion$ bo? by him & by ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #f1 #g7--or accord+ to ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! prophetic curr5t is receiv$4 ,?us z reg>ds ! enlight5+ ( ! intellect !re is ! fullness ( ! ,holy ,gho/ :i* he m5tions 9 ! sev5? place4 ,z to ! impr9t+ ( pictures on ! imag9ation he m5tions ?ree1 namely dreams1 to :i* he gives ! ?ird place2 vision1 :i* occurs to ! prophet :ile awake & reg>ds any k9d ( ord9>y object1 & ?is he puts 9 ! second place2 & ec/asy1 :i* results f ! m9d be+ uplift$ to c]ta9 l(ty ?+s1 & to ?is he assigns ! fir/ place4 ,z reg>ds s5sible signs he reckons ?ree k9ds ( prophecy1 because a s5sible sign is--ei!r a corporeal ?+ (f]$ ext]nally to ! sight1 su* z a cl\d1 :i* he m5tions 9 ! f\r? place--or a voice s\nd+ f )\t & convey$ to man's he>+--?is he puts 9 ! fif? place--or a voice proce$+ f a man1 convey+ some?+ "u a similitude1 & ?is p]ta9s to ! p>able to :i* he assigns ! six? place4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,prophecy ,:i* ,is ,accompani$ by ,intellective & ,imag9ative ,vision ,is ,m ,excell5t ,?an ,t ,:i* ,is ,accompani$ by ,intellective ,vision ,alone8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! prophecy :i* has intellective & imag9ative vision is m excell5t ?an t :i* is accompani$ by intellective vision alone4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #i73 ,he is less a prophet1 :o sees 9 _s no?+ b ! signs repres5tative ( ?+s1 by means ( ! images ( ?+s corporeal3 he is m a prophet1 :o is m]ely end[$ ) ! und]/&+ ( ^! signs2 b mo/ ( all is he a prophet1 :o excels 9 bo? ways1 & ?is ref]s to ! prophet :o has intellective toge!r ) imag9ative vision4 ,!re=e ?is k9d ( prophecy is m excell5t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! great] a ?+'s p[] is1 ! great] ! di/ance to :i* x ext5ds4 ,n[ ! prophetic light p]ta9s *iefly to ! m9d1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #agc1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e app>5tly ! prophecy t ext5ds to ! imag9ation is great] ?an t :i* is conf9$ to ! intellect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome 7,prol4 9 ,lib4 ,reg47 di/+ui%es ! prophets f ! sacr$ writ]s4 ,n[ all ^? :om he calls prophets 7su* z ,isaias1 ,j]emias1 & ! l7 _h intellective toge!r ) imag9ative vision3 b n ^? :om he calls sacr$ writ]s1 z writ+ by ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7su* z ,job1 ,david1 ,solomon1 & ! l74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem m prop] to call prophets ^? :o _h intellective toge!r ) imag9ative vision1 ?an ^? :o _h intellective vision alone4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i7 t x is impossible = ! ,div9e ray to %9e on u1 except z scre5$ r\nd ab\t by ! _m-color$ sacr$ veils4 ,n[ ! prophetic revelation is convey$ by ! infusion ( ! div9e ray4 ,!re=e x seems t x _c be )\t ! veils ( phantasms4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss says at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,psalt] t ! mo/ excell5t mann] ( prophecy is :5 a man prophesies by ! m]e inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ap>t f any outw>d assi/ance ( de$1 ^w1 vision1 or dream4 ,i answ] t1 ,! excell5ce ( ! means is measur$ *iefly by ! end4 ,n[ ! end ( prophecy is ! manife/ation ( a tru? t surpasses ! faculty ( man4 ,:]e=e ! m effective ?is manife/ation is1 ! m excell5t ! prophecy4 ,b x is evid5t t ! manife/ation ( div9e tru? by means ( ! b>e contemplation ( ! tru? itself1 is m effective ?an t :i* is convey$ "u ! similitude ( corporeal ?+s1 = x approa*es ne>] to ! heav5ly vision :]eby ! tru? is se5 9 ,god's ess5ce4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! prophecy :]eby a sup]natural tru? is se5 by intellectual vision1 is m excell5t ?an t 9 :i* a sup]natural tru? is manife/$ by means ( ! similitudes ( corporeal ?+s 9 ! vision ( ! imag9ation4 ,moreov] ! prophet's m9d is %[n !reby to be m l(ty3 ev5 z 9 human tea*+ ! he>]1 :o is able to grasp ! b>e intelligible tru? ! ma/] prop\nds1 is %[n to h a bett] und]/&+ ?an "o :o ne$s to be tak5 by ! h& & help$ by means ( examples tak5 f objects ( s5se4 ,h5ce x is said 9 comm5dation ( ,david's prophecy 7#b ,k+s #bc3c73 ,! /rong "o ( ,israel spoke to me1 & fur!r on 7#b ,k+s #bc3d73 ,z ! light ( ! morn+1 :5 ! sun rise?1 %9e? 9 ! morn+ )\t cl\ds4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,:5 a p>ticul> sup]natural tru? has to be reveal$ by means ( corporeal images1 he t has bo?1 namely ! intellectual light & ! imag9>y vision1 is m a prophet ?an he t has only "o1 because 8 prophecy is m p]fect2 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ,augu/9e speaks z quot$ above4 ,nev]!less ! prophecy 9 :i* ! b>e intelligible tru? is reveal$ is great] ?an all4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! same judgm5t does n apply to ?+s t are s\ght = _! own sake1 z to ?+s s\ght = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,= 9 ?+s s\ght = _! own sake1 ! ag5t's p[] is ! m effective accord+ z x ext5ds to m num]\s & m remote objects2 ev5 s a physician is ?\ght m (1 if he is able to heal m p1 & ^? :o are fur!r remov$ f heal?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ?+s s\ght only = ! sake ( some?+ else1 t ag5t w\ld seem to h great] p[]1 :o is able to a*ieve 8 purpose ) few] means & ^? ne>e/ to h&3 ?us m praise is aw>d$ ! physician :o is able to heal a sick p]son by means ( few] & m g5tle rem$ies4 ,n[1 9 ! prophetic k1 imag9>y vision is requir$1 n = its own sake1 b on acc\nt ( ! manife/ation ( ! intelligible tru?4 ,:]e=e prophecy is all ! m excell5t accord+ z x ne$s x less4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! fact t a p>ticul> pr$icate is applicable to "o ?+ & less prop]ly to ano!r1 does n prev5t ?is latt] f be+ simply bett] ?an ! =m]3 ?us ! k ( ! bless$ is m excell5t ?an ! k ( ! wayf>]1 al?\gh fai? is m prop]ly pr$icat$ ( ! latt] k1 because fai? implies an imp]fection ( k4 ,9 l mann] prophecy implies a c]ta9 obscurity1 & remot5ess f ! intelligible tru?2 :]e=e ! "n ( prophet is m prop]ly appli$ to ^? :o see by imag9>y vision4 ,& yet ! m excell5t prophecy is t :i* is convey$ by intellectual vision1 provid$ ! same tru? be reveal$ 9 ei!r case4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! intellectual light be div9ely infus$ 9 a p]son1 n t he may "k "s sup]natural ?+s1 b t he may be able to judge1 ) ! c]titude ( div9e tru?1 ( ?+s t c be kn[n by human reason1 su* intellectual prophecy is b5ea? t :i* is convey$ by an imag9>y vision lead+ to a sup]natural tru?4 ,x 0 ?is k9d ( prophecy t all ^? _h :o are includ$ 9 ! ranks ( ! prophets1 :o moreov] 7 call$ prophets = ! special reason t !y ex]cis$ ! prophetic call+ (ficially4 ,h5ce !y spoke z ,god's repres5tatives1 say+ to ! p3 ,?us sai? ! ,"l3 b n s ! au?ors ( ! sacr$ writ+s1 sev]al ( :om treat$ m frequ5tly ( ?+s t c be kn[n by human reason1 n 9 ,god's "n1 b 9 _! own1 yet ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,div9e light )al4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 ! pres5t life ! enlight5m5t by ! div9e ray is n altoge!r )\t any veil ( phantasms1 because accord+ to 8 pres5t /ate ( life x is unnatural to man n to und]/& )\t a phantasm4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is suffici5t to h phantasms ab/ract$ 9 ! usual way f ! s5ses )\t any imag9>y vision div9ely v\*saf$1 & ?us prophetic vision is said to be )\t imag9>y vision4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,degrees ( ,prophecy ,c ,be ,di/+ui%$ ,accord+ to ! ,imag9>y ,vision8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! degrees ( prophecy _c be di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! imag9>y vision4 ,= ! degrees ( a ?+ be> relation to some?+ t is on its own acc\nt1 n on acc\nt ( some?+ else4 ,n[1 9 prophecy1 intellectual vision is s\ght on its own acc\nt1 & imag9>y vision on acc\nt ( some?+ else1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #b74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! degrees ( prophecy are di/+ui%$ n accord+ to imag9>y1 b only accord+ to intellectual1 vision4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly = "o prophet !re is "o degree ( prophecy4 ,n[ "o prophet receives revelation ?r\gh v>i\s imag9>y visions4 ,!re=e a diff]5ce ( imag9>y visions does n entail a diff]5ce ( prophecy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to a gloss 99,cassiodorus1 sup] ,prolog4 ,hi]on4 9 ,psalt41 prophecy consi/s ( words1 de$s1 dreams1 & visions4 ,!re=e ! degrees ( prophecy %\ld n be di/+ui%$ accord+ to imag9>y vision1 to :i* vision & dreams p]ta91 r ?an accord+ to words & de$s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! m$ium diff]5tiates ! degrees ( k3 ?us sci5ce bas$ on direct 99,propt] quid pro(s is m excell5t ?an sci5ce bas$ on indirect 99,quia premises or ?an op9ion1 because x comes ?r\gh a m excell5t m$ium4 ,n[ imag9>y vision is a k9d ( m$ium 9 prophetic k4 ,!re=e ! degrees ( prophecy %\ld be di/+ui%$ accord+ to imag9>y vision4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #agc1 ,a4 #b71 ! prophecy :]e91 by ! intelligible light1 a sup]natural tru? is reveal$ ?r\gh an imag9>y vision1 holds ! mean betwe5 ! prophecy :]e9 a sup]natural tru? is reveal$ )\t imag9>y vision1 & t :]e9 ?r\gh ! intelligible light & )\t an imag9>y vision1 man is direct$ to "k or d ?+s p]ta9+ to human conduct4 ,n[ k is m prop] to prophecy ?an is action2 :]e=e ! l[e/ degree ( prophecy is :5 a man1 by an inw>d in/9ct1 is mov$ to p]=m "s outw>d action4 ,?us x is relat$ ( ,samson 7,judges #ae3ad7 t ! ,_s ( ! ,"l came /rongly ^u him1 & z ! flax 99,l9a4 ,/4 ,?omas app>5tly read ligna 7'wood'7 is wont to be consum$ at ! approa* ( fire1 s ! b&s ) :i* he 0 b\nd 7 brok5 & loos$4 ,! second degree ( prophecy is :5 a man is enlight5$ by an inw>d light s z to "k c]ta9 ?+s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n g beyond ! b\nds ( natural k3 ?us x is relat$ ( ,solomon 7#c ,k+s #d3cb1 #cc7 t he spoke 4 4 4 p>ables 4 4 4 & he treat$ ab\t trees f ! c$> t is 9 ,libanus unto ! hyssop t come? out ( ! wall1 & he disc\rs$ ( bea/s & ( f[ls1 & ( creep+ ?+s & ( fi%es3 & all ( ?is came f div9e inspiration1 = x 0 /at$ previ\sly 7#c ,k+s #d3bi73 ,god gave to ,solomon wisdom & und]/&+ exce$+ mu*4 ,nev]!less ^! two degrees are b5ea? prophecy prop]ly s call$1 because !y d n atta9 to sup]natural tru?4 ,! prophecy :]e9 sup]natural tru? is manife/$ ?r\gh imag9>y vision is diff]5tiat$ fir/ accord+ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 dreams :i* occur dur+ sleep1 & vision :i* occurs :ile "o is awake4 ,! latt] belongs to a high] degree ( prophecy1 s9ce ! prophetic light t draws ! s\l away to sup]natural ?+s :ile x is awake & occupi$ ) s5sible ?+s w\ld seem to be /rong] ?an t :i* f9ds a man's s\l asleep & )drawn f objects ( s5se4 ,secondly ! degrees ( ?is prophecy are diff]5tiat$ accord+ to ! expressiv5ess ( ! imag9>y signs :]eby ! intelligible tru? is convey$4 ,& s9ce words are ! mo/ expressive signs ( intelligible tru?1 x w\ld seem to be a high] degree ( prophecy :5 ! prophet1 :e!r awake or asleep1 he>s words expressive ( an intelligible tru?1 ?an :5 he sees ?+s significative ( tru?1 = in/ance ! sev5 full e>s ( corn signifi$ sev5 ye>s ( pl5ty 7,g54 #da3bb1 #bf74 ,9 su* l signs prophecy w\ld seem to be ! m excell5t1 accord+ z ! signs are m expressive1 = in/ance :5 ,j]emias saw ! burn+ ( ! city "u ! figure ( a boil+ cauldron 7,j]4 #a3ac74 ,?irdly1 x is evid5tly a /ill high] degree ( prophecy :5 a prophet n only sees signs ( words or de$s1 b also1 ei!r awake or asleep1 sees someone speak+ or %[+ some?+ to him1 s9ce ?is proves ! prophet's m9d to h approa*$ ne>] to ! cause ( ! revelation4 ,f\r?ly1 ! height ( a degree ( prophecy may be measur$ accord+ to ! appe>ance ( ! p]son se53 = x is a high] degree ( prophecy1 if he :o speaks or %[s some?+ to ! wak+ or sleep+ prophet be se5 by him "u ! =m ( an angel1 ?an if he be se5 by him "u ! =m ( man3 & high] /ill is x1 if he be se5 by ! prophet :e!r asleep or awake1 "u ! appe>ance ( ,god1 accord+ to ,isa4 #f3a1 ,i saw ! ,"l sitt+4 ,b above all ^! degrees !re is a ?ird k9d ( prophecy1 :]e9 an intelligible & sup]natural tru? is %[n )\t any imag9>y vision4 ,h[ev]1 ?is goes beyond ! b\nds ( prophecy prop]ly s call$1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #c72 & consequ5tly ! degrees ( prophecy are prop]ly di/+ui%$ accord+ to imag9>y vision4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we are unable to "k h[ to di/+ui% ! intellectual light1 except by means ( imag9>y or s5sible signs4 ,h5ce ! diff]5ce 9 ! intellectual light is ga!r$ f ! diff]5ce 9 ! ?+s pres5t$ to ! imag9ation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aga1 ,a4 #b71 prophecy is by way1 n ( an abid+ habit1 b ( a transitory passion2 :]e=e !re is no?+ inconsi/5t if "o & ! same prophet1 at diff]5t times1 receive v>i\s degrees ( prophetic revelation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! words & de$s m5tion$ !re d n p]ta9 to ! prophetic revelation1 b to ! ann\ncem5t1 :i* is made accord+ to ! disposition ( ^? to :om t :i* is reveal$ to ! prophet is ann\nc$2 & ?is is done sometimes by words1 sometimes by de$s4 ,n[ ?is ann\ncem5t1 & ! work+ ( miracles1 are some?+ consequ5t ^u prophecy1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aga1 ,a4 #a74 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,moses ,0 ! ,greate/ ( ! ,prophets8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,moses 0 n ! greate/ ( ! prophets4 ,= a gloss at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,psalt] says t ,david is call$ ! prophet by way ( excell5ce4 ,!re=e ,moses 0 n ! greate/ ( all4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 great] miracles 7 wr\ght by ,josue1 :o made ! sun & moon to /& /ill 7,jo%4 #aj3ab-ad71 & by ,isaias1 :o made ! sun to turn back 7,isa4 #ch3h71 ?an by ,moses1 :o divid$ ! ,r$ ,sea 7,ex4 #ad3ba74 ,9 l mann] great] miracles 7 wr\ght by ,elias1 ( :om x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #dh3d1 #e73 ,:o c glory l to !e8 ,:o rais$/ up a dead man f bel[4 ,!re=e ,moses 0 n ! greate/ ( ! prophets4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,matt4 #aa3aa7 t !re ha? n ris51 among !m t are born ( wom51 a great] ?an ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,!re=e ,moses 0 n great] ?an all ! prophets4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #cd3aj73 ,!re arose no m a prophet 9 ,israel l unto ,moses4 ,i answ] t1 ,al?\gh 9 "s respect "o or o!r ( ! prophets 0 great] ?an ,moses1 yet ,moses 0 simply ! greate/ ( all4 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c2 ,q4 #aga1 ,a4 #a71 9 prophecy we may consid] n only ! k1 :e!r by intellectual or by imag9>y vision1 b also ! ann\ncem5t & ! confirmation by miracles4 ,accord+ly ,moses 0 great] ?an ! o!r prophets4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! intellectual vision1 s9ce he saw ,god's v ess5ce1 ev5 z ,paul 9 8 rapture did1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #bg74 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,num4 #ab3h7 t he saw ,god pla9ly & n by riddles4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! imag9>y vision1 :i* he _h at 8 call1 z x 71 = n only did he he> words1 b also saw "o speak+ to him "u ! =m ( ,god1 & ?is n only :ile asleep1 b ev5 :5 he 0 awake4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ex4 #cc3aa7 t ! ,"l spoke to ,moses face to face1 z a man is wont to speak to 8 fri5d4 ,?irdly1 z reg>ds ! work+ ( miracles :i* he wr\ght on a :ole nation ( unbeliev]s4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 7,deut4 #cd3aj1 #aa73 ,!re arose no m a prophet 9 ,israel l unto ,moses1 :om ! ,"l knew face to face3 9 all ! signs & wond]s1 :i* ,he s5t by him1 to d 9 ! l& ( ,egypt to ,ph>aoh1 & to all 8 s]vants1 & to 8 :ole l&4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! prophecy ( ,david approa*es ne> to ! vision ( ,moses1 z reg>ds ! intellectual vision1 because bo? receiv$ a revelation ( intelligible & sup]natural tru?1 )\t any imag9>y vision4 ,yet ! vision ( ,moses 0 m excell5t z reg>ds ! k ( ! ,godhead2 :ile ,david m fully knew & express$ ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/'s inc>nation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^! signs ( ! prophets m5tion$ 7 great] z to ! sub/ance ( ! ?+ done2 yet ! miracles ( ,moses 7 great] z reg>ds ! way 9 :i* !y 7 done1 s9ce !y 7 wr\ght on a :ole p4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,john belongs to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ^: m9i/]s take prec$5ce ev5 ( ,moses1 s9ce !y are spectators ( a full] revelation1 z /at$ 9 #b ,cor4 #c4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agd1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,!re ,is a ,degree ( ,prophecy 9 ! ,bless$8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is a degree ( prophecy 9 ! bless$4 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 ,moses saw ! ,div9e ess5ce1 & yet he is call$ a prophet4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] ! bless$ c be call$ prophets4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 prophecy is a div9e revelation4 ,n[ div9e revelations are made ev5 to ! bless$ angels4 ,!re=e ev5 bless$ angels c be prophets4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,*ri/ 0 a compreh5sor f ! mom5t ( ,8 conception2 & yet ,he calls ,himself a prophet 7,matt4 #ac3eg71 :5 ,he says3 ,a prophet is n )\t honor1 save 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,!re=e ev5 compreh5sors & ! bless$ c be call$ prophets4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 ( ,samuel 7,ecclus4 #df3bc73 ,he lift$ up 8 voice f ! e>? 9 prophecy to blot out ! wick$ness ( ! nation4 ,!re=e o!r sa9ts c likewise be call$ prophets aft] !y h di$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! prophetic ^w is comp>$ 7#b ,pet4 #a3ai7 to a light t %9e? 9 a d>k place4 ,n[ !re is no d>kness 9 ! bless$4 ,!re=e !y _c be call$ prophets4 ,i answ] t1 ,prophecy d5otes vision ( "s sup]natural tru? z be+ f> remote f u4 ,?is happ5s 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on ! "p ( ! k itself1 because1 to wit1 ! sup]natural tru? is n kn[n 9 itself1 b 9 "s ( its effects2 & ?is tru? w be m remote if x be kn[n by means ( images ( corporeal ?+s1 ?an if x be kn[n 9 its intelligible effects2 & su* mo/ ( all is ! prophetic vision1 :i* is convey$ by images & lik5esses ( corporeal ?+s4 ,secondly1 vision is remote on ! "p ( ! se]1 because1 to wit1 he has n yet atta9$ completely to 8 ultimate p]fection1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #e3f1 ,:ile we are 9 ! body1 we are abs5t f ! ,"l4 ,n[ 9 nei!r ( ^! ways are ! bless$ remote2 :]e=e !y _c be call$ prophets4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is vision ( ,moses 0 int]rupt$ aft] ! mann] ( a passion1 & 0 n p]man5t l ! beatific vision1 :]e=e he 0 z yet a se] f af>4 ,= ?is reason 8 vision did n entirely lose ! "* ( prophecy4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! div9e revelation is made to ! angels1 n z be+ f> di/ant1 b z already :olly unit$ to ,god2 :]e=e _! revelation has n ! "* ( prophecy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*ri/ 0 at ! same "t compreh5sor & wayf>] 99,cf4 ,,iii1 ,,qq4 #i1 seqq44 ,consequ5tly ! notion ( prophecy is n applicable to ,him z a compreh5sor1 b only z a wayf>]4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,samuel _h n yet atta9$ to ! /ate ( bless$ness4 ,:]e=e al?\gh by ,god's w ! s\l itself ( ,samuel =etold to ,saul ! issue ( ! w> z reveal$ to him by ,god1 ?is p]ta9s to ! nature ( prophecy4 ,x is n ! same ) ! sa9ts :o are n[ 9 heav54 ,nor does x make any diff]5ce t ?is is /at$ to h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! demons' art1 because al?\gh ! demons are unable to evoke ! s\l ( a sa9t1 or to =ce x to d any p>ticul> ?+1 ?is c be done by ! p[] ( ,god1 s t :5 ! demon is consult$1 ,god ,himself decl>es ! tru? by ,8 mess5g]3 ev5 z ,he gave a true answ] by ,elias to ! ,k+'s mess5g]s :o 7 s5t to consult ! god ( ,acc>on 7#d ,k+s #a74 ,x might also be repli$ 99,! ,book ( ,ecclesia/icus 0 n z yet decl>$ by ! ,*ur* to be ,canonical ,scripture2 ,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #hi1 ,a4 #h1 ad #b t x 0 n ! s\l ( ,samuel1 b a demon imp]sonat+ him2 & t ! wise man calls him ,samuel1 & describes 8 pr$iction z prophetic1 9 accordance ) ! ?\ghts ( ,saul & ! by/&]s :o 7 ( ?is op9ion4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agd1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,degrees ( ,prophecy ,*ange ,z ,"t ,goes ,on8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! degrees ( prophecy *ange z "t goes on4 ,= prophecy is direct$ to ! k ( ,div9e ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b74 ,n[ accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 9 ,eze*471 k ( ,god w5t on increas+ z "t w5t on4 ,!re=e degrees ( prophecy %\ld be di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! process ( "t4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 prophetic revelation is convey$ by ,god speak+ to man2 :ile ! prophets decl>$ bo? 9 words & 9 writ+ ! ?+s reveal$ to !m4 ,n[ x is writt5 7#a ,k+s #c3a7 t be=e ! "t ( ,samuel ! ^w ( ! ,"l 0 preci\s1 i4e4 r>e2 & yet aft]w>ds x 0 deliv]$ to _m4 ,9 l mann] ! books ( ! prophets d n appe> to h be5 writt5 be=e ! "t ( ,isaias1 to :om x 0 said 7,isa4 #h3a73 ,take !e a great book & write 9 x ) a man's p51 aft] :i* _m prophets wrote _! prophecies4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t 9 c\rse ( "t ! degree ( prophecy made progress4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 our ,"l said 7,matt4 #aa3ac73 ,! prophets & ! law prophesi$ until ,john2 & aft]w>ds ! gift ( prophecy 0 9 ,*ri/'s disciples 9 a mu* m excell5t mann] ?an 9 ! prophets ( old1 accord+ to ,eph4 #c3e1 ,9 o!r g5]ations ! my/]y ( ,*ri/ 0 n kn[n to ! sons ( m51 z x is n[ reveal$ to ,8 holy apo/les & prophets 9 ! ,_s4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t 9 c\rse ( "t ! degree ( prophecy advanc$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 ,moses 0 ! greate/ ( ! prophets1 & yet he prec$$ ! o!r prophets4 ,!re=e prophecy did n advance 9 degree z "t w5t on4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 prophecy is direct$ to ! k ( ,div9e tru?1 by ! contemplation ( :i* we are n only in/ruct$ 9 fai?1 b also guid$ 9 our actions1 accord+ to ,ps4 #db3c1 ,s5d =? ,?y light & ,?y tru?3 !y h conduct$ me4 ,n[ our fai? consi/s *iefly 9 two ?+s3 fir/1 9 ! true k ( ,god1 accord+ to ,heb4 #aa3f1 ,he t come? to ,god mu/ believe t ,he is2 secondly1 9 ! my/]y ( ,*ri/'s inc>nation1 accord+ to ,john #ad3a1 ,y believe 9 ,god1 believe also 9 ,me4 ,accord+ly1 if we speak ( prophecy z direct$ to ! ,godhead z its end1 x progress$ accord+ to ?ree divisions ( "t1 namely be=e ! law1 "u ! law1 & "u grace4 ,= be=e ! law1 ,abraham & ! o!r patri>*s 7 prophetically taught ?+s p]t95t to fai? 9 ! ,godhead4 ,h5ce !y are call$ prophets1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ajd3ae1 ,d no evil to ,my prophets1 :i* words are said especially on behalf ( ,abraham & ,isaac4 ,"u ! ,law prophetic revelation ( ?+s p]t95t to fai? 9 ! ,godhead 0 made 9 a yet m excell5t way ?an hi!rto1 because !n n only c]ta9 special p]sons or families b ! :ole p _h to be in/ruct$ 9 ^! matt]s4 ,h5ce ! ,"l said to ,moses 7,ex4 #f3b1 #c73 ,i am ! ,"l t appe>$ to ,abraham1 to ,isaac1 & to ,jacob1 by ! "n ( ,god almighty1 & ,my "n ,adonai ,i did n %[ to !m2 because previ\sly ! patri>*s _h be5 taught to believe 9 a g5]al way 9 ,god1 "o & ,almighty1 :ile ,moses 0 m fully in/ruct$ 9 ! simplicity ( ! ,div9e ess5ce1 :5 x 0 said to him 7,ex4 #c3ad73 ,i am ,:o am2 & ?is "n is signifi$ by ,jews 9 ! ^w ,adonai on acc\nt ( _! v5]ation = t unspeakable "n4 ,aft]w>ds 9 ! "t ( grace ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity 0 reveal$ by ! ,son ( ,god ,himself1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bh3ai3 ,go+ 4 4 4 tea* ye all nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,9 ea* /ate1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ excell5t revelation 0 t :i* 0 giv5 fir/4 ,n[ ! fir/ revelation1 be=e ! ,law1 0 giv5 to ,abraham1 = x 0 at t "t t m5 began to /ray f fai? 9 "o ,god by turn+ aside to idolatry1 :]eas hi!rto no su* revelation 0 necess>y :ile all p]sev]$ 9 ! wor%ip ( "o ,god4 ,a less excell5t revelation 0 made to ,isaac1 be+ f\nd$ on t :i* 0 made to ,abraham4 ,:]e=e x 0 said to him 7,g54 #bf3bd73 ,i am ! ,god ( ,abraham ?y fa!r1 & 9 l mann] to ,jacob 7,g54 #bh3ac73 ,i am ! ,god ( ,abraham ?y fa!r1 & ! ,god ( ,isaac4 ,aga9 9 ! /ate ( ! ,law ! fir/ revelation :i* 0 giv5 to ,moses 0 m excell5t1 & on ?is revelation all ! o!r revelations to ! prophets 7 f\nd$4 ,& s1 too1 9 ! "t ( grace ! entire fai? ( ! ,*ur* is f\nd$ on ! revelation v\*saf$ to ! apo/les1 conc]n+ ! fai? 9 "o ,god & ?ree ,p]sons1 accord+ to ,matt4 #af3ah1 ,on ?is rock1 i4e4 ( ?y confession1 ,i w build ,my ,*ur*4 ,z to ! fai? 9 ,*ri/'s inc>nation1 x is evid5t t ! ne>] m5 7 to ,*ri/1 :e!r be=e or aft] ,him1 ! m fully1 = ! mo/ "p1 7 !y in/ruct$ on ?is po9t1 & aft] ,him m fully ?an be=e1 z ! ,apo/le decl>es 7,eph4 #c3e74 ,z reg>ds ! guidance ( human acts1 ! prophetic revelation v>i$ n accord+ to ! c\rse ( "t1 b accord+ z circum/ances requir$1 because z x is writt5 7,prov4 #bi3ah71 ,:5 prophecy %all fail1 ! p %all be scatt]$ abroad4 ,:]e=e at all times m5 7 div9ely in/ruct$ ab\t :at !y 7 to d1 accord+ z x 0 exp$i5t = ! spiritual welf>e ( ! elect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! say+ ( ,gregory is to be ref]r$ to ! "t be=e ,*ri/'s inc>nation1 z reg>ds ! k ( ?is my/]y4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xviii1 #bg71 j z 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,assyrian k+dom promises 7 made mo/ explicitly to ,abraham1 s at ! outset ( ! we/]n ,babylon1 :i* is ,rome1 & "u its sway ,*ri/ 0 to come1 9 ,:om 7 to be fulfill$ ! promises made ?r\gh ! prophetic oracles te/ify+ 9 ^w & writ+ to t great ev5t to come1 ! promises1 namely1 :i* 7 made to ,abraham4 ,= :ile prophets 7 sc>cely ev] lack+ to ! p ( ,israel f ! "t t !y began to h k+s1 x 0 exclusively = _! b5efit1 n = t ( ! nations4 ,b :5 ^? prophetic writ+s 7 be+ set up ) great] publicity1 :i* at "s future "t 7 to b5efit ! nations1 x 0 fitt+ to beg9 :5 ?is city1 ,rome to wit1 0 be+ built1 :i* 0 to gov]n ! nations4 ,! reason :y x behoov$ t nation to h a numb] ( prophets especially at ! "t ( ! k+s1 0 t !n x 0 n ov]-ridd5 by o!r nations1 b _h its own k+2 :]e=e x behoov$ ! p1 z enjoy+ lib]ty1 to h prophets to tea* !m :at to d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! prophets :o =etold ! com+ ( ,*ri/ c\ld n cont9ue fur!r ?an ,john1 :o ) 8 f+] po9t$ to ,*ri/ actually pres5t4 ,nev]!less z ,j]ome says on ?is passage1 ,?is does n mean t !re 7 no m prophets aft] ,john4 ,= we read 9 ! ,acts ( ! apo/les t ,agabus & ! f\r maid5s1 daught]s ( ,philip1 prophesi$4 ,john1 too1 wrote a prophetic book ab\t ! end ( ! ,*ur*2 & at all times !re h n be5 lack+ p]sons hav+ ! _s ( prophecy1 n inde$ = ! decl>ation ( any new doctr9e ( fai?1 b = ! direction ( human acts4 ,?us ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei v1 #bf7 t ! emp]or ,!odosius s5t to ,john :o dwelt 9 ! ,egyptian des]t1 & :om he knew by 8 ev]-increas+ fame to be end[$ ) ! prophetic _s3 & f him he receiv$ a message assur+ him ( victory4 ,,"q #age ,,( ,,rapture 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] rapture4 ,"u ?is head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! s\l ( man is c>ri$ away to ?+s div9e8 7#b7 ,:e!r rapture p]ta9s to ! cognitive or to ! appetitive p[]8 7#c7 ,:e!r ,paul :5 9 rapture saw ! ess5ce ( ,god8 7#d7 ,:e!r he 0 )drawn f 8 s5ses8 7#e7 ,:e!r1 :5 9 t /ate1 8 s\l 0 :olly sep>at$ f 8 body8 7#f7 ,:at did he "k1 & :at did he n "k ab\t ?is matt]8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #age1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,s\l ( ,man ,is ,c>ri$ ,away to ,?+s ,div9e8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! s\l ( man is n c>ri$ away to ?+s div9e4 ,= "s def9e rapture z an uplift+ by ! p[] ( a high] nature1 f t :i* is accord+ to nature to t :i* is above nature 99,ref]5ce unkn[n2 ,cf4 ,de ,v]itate xiii1 #a4 ,n[ x is 9 accordance ) man's nature t he be uplift$ to ?+s div9e2 = ,augu/9e says at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,confessions3 ,?\ made/ u1 ,"l1 = ,?yself1 & our he>t is re/less1 till x re/ 9 ,!e4 ,!re=e man's s\l is n c>ri$ away to ?+s div9e4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 viii7 t ,god's ju/ice is se5 9 ?is t ,he treats all ?+s accord+ to _! mode & dignity4 ,b x is n 9 accordance ) man's mode & wor? t he be rais$ above :at he is accord+ to nature4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t man's s\l is n c>ri$ away to ?+s div9e4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 rapture d5otes viol5ce ( "s k9d4 ,b ,god rules u n by viol5ce or =ce1 z ,damasc5e says 99,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #cj4 ,!re=e man's s\l is n c>ri$ away to ?+s div9e4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #ab3b73 ,i "k a man 9 ,*ri/ 4 4 4 rapt ev5 to ! ?ird heav54 ,on :i* words a gloss says3 ,rapt1 t is to say1 uplift$ contr>y to nature4 ,i answ] t1 ,rapture d5otes viol5ce ( a k9d z /at$ above 7,obj4 #c72 & ! viol5t is t :i* has its pr9ciple )\t1 & 9 :i* he t suff]s viol5ce concurs n at all 7,e?ic4 iii1 #a74 ,n[ ev]y?+ concurs 9 t to :i* x t5ds 9 accordance ) its prop] incl9ation1 :e!r volunt>y or natural4 ,:]e=e he :o is c>ri$ away by "s ext]nal ag5t1 mu/ be c>ri$ to some?+ diff]5t f t to :i* 8 incl9ation t5ds4 ,?is diff]5ce arises 9 two ways3 9 "o way f ! end ( ! incl9ation--= in/ance a /one1 :i* is naturally incl9$ to be borne d[nw>ds1 may be ?r[n upw>ds2 9 ano!r way f ! mann] ( t5d+--= in/ance a /one may be ?r[n d[nw>ds ) great] velocity ?an consi/5t ) its natural movem5t4 ,accord+ly man's s\l also is said to be c>ri$ away1 9 a tw(old mann]1 to t :i* is contr>y to its nature3 9 "o way1 z reg>ds ! t]m ( transport--z :5 x is c>ri$ away to puni%m5t1 accord+ to ,ps4 #di3bb1 ,le/ ,he snat* y away1 & !re be none to deliv] y2 9 ano!r way1 z reg>ds ! mann] connatural to man1 :i* is t he %\ld und]/& ! tru? ?r\gh s5sible ?+s4 ,h5ce :5 he is )drawn f ! appreh5sion ( s5sibles1 he is said to be c>ri$ away1 ev5 ?\gh he be uplift$ to ?+s :]eunto he is direct$ naturally3 provid$ ?is be n done int5tionally1 z :5 a man betakes himself to sleep :i* is 9 accordance ) nature1 :]e=e sleep _c be call$ rapture1 prop]ly speak+4 ,?is )drawal1 :atev] its t]m may be1 may arise f a ?reefold cause4 ,fir/1 f a bodily cause1 z happ5s to ^? :o suff] ab/raction f ! s5ses ?r\gh weakness3 secondly1 by ! p[] ( ! demons1 z 9 ^? :o are possess$3 ?irdly1 by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,9 ?is la/ s5se we are n[ speak+ ( rapture1 :]eby a man is uplift$ by ! _s ( ,god to ?+s sup]natural1 & )drawn f 8 s5ses1 accord+ to ,eze*4 #h3c1 ,! _s lift$ me up betwe5 ! e>? & ! heav51 & br\ght me 9 ! vision ( ,god into ,j]usalem4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t sometimes a p]son is said to be c>ri$ away1 n only ?r\gh be+ )drawn f 8 s5ses1 b also ?r\gh be+ )drawn f ! ?+s to :i* he 0 att5d+1 z :5 a p]son's m9d w&]s contr>y to 8 purpose4 ,b ?is is to use ! expression 9 a less prop] signification4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is natural to man to t5d to div9e ?+s ?r\gh ! appreh5sion ( ?+s s5sible1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3bj1 ,! invisible ?+s ( ,god 4 4 4 are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made4 ,b ! mode1 :]eby a man is uplift$ to div9e ?+s & )drawn f 8 s5ses1 is n natural to man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x belongs to man's mode & dignity t he be uplift$ to div9e ?+s1 f ! v fact t he is made to ,god's image4 ,& s9ce a div9e good inf9itely surpasses ! faculty ( man 9 ord] to atta9 t good1 he ne$s ! div9e assi/ance :i* is be/[$ on him 9 e gift ( grace4 ,h5ce x is n contr>y to nature1 b above ! faculty ( nature t man's m9d be ?us uplift$ 9 rapture by ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! say+ ( ,damasc5e ref]s to ^? ?+s :i* a man does by himself4 ,b z to ^? ?+s :i* are beyond ! scope ( ! free-w1 man ne$s to be uplift$ by a /rong] op]ation1 :i* 9 a c]ta9 respect may be call$ =ce if we consid] ! mode ( op]ation1 b n if we consid] its t]m to :i* man is direct$ bo? by nature & by 8 int5tion4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #age1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,rapture ,p]ta9s to ! ,cognitive ,r ,?an to ! ,appetitive ,p[]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t rapture p]ta9s to ! appetitive r ?an to ! cognitive p[]4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv73 ,! ,div9e love causes ec/asy4 ,n[ love p]ta9s to ! appetitive p[]4 ,!re=e s does ec/asy or rapture4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,dial4 ii1 #c7 t he :o f$ ! sw9e debas$ himself by a dissipat$ m9d & an unclean life2 :]eas ,pet]1 :5 ! angel deliv]$ him & c>ri$ him into ec/asy1 0 n beside himself1 b above himself4 ,n[ ! prodigal son sank into ! dep?s by 8 appetite4 ,!re=e 9 ^? also :o are c>ri$ up into ! heights x is ! appetite t is affect$4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,ps4 #cj3a1 ,9 ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 h ,i hop$1 let me nev] be conf\nd$1 says 9 expla9+ ! title 99,unto ! end1 a psalm = ,david1 9 an ec/asy3 ,ek/asis 9 ,greek signifies 9 ,lat9 excessus m5tis1 an ab]ration ( ! m9d4 ,?is happ5s 9 two ways1 ei!r ?r\gh dread ( e>?ly ?+s or ?r\gh ! m9d be+ rapt 9 heav5ly ?+s & =getful ( ?is l[] _w4 ,n[ dread ( e>?ly ?+s p]ta9s to ! appetite4 ,!re=e rapture ( ! m9d 9 heav5ly ?+s1 be+ plac$ 9 opposition to ?is dread1 also p]ta9s to ! appetite4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,a gloss on ,ps4 #aae3b1 ,i said 9 my excess3 ,e man is a li>1 says3 ,we speak ( ec/asy1 n :5 ! m9d w&]s ?r\gh fe>1 b :5 x is c>ri$ al(t on ! w+s ( revelation4 ,n[ revelation p]ta9s to ! intellective p[]4 ,!re=e ec/asy or rapture does also4 ,i answ] t1 ,we c speak ( rapture 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! t]m ( rapture1 & ?us1 prop]ly speak+1 rapture _c p]ta9 to ! appetitive1 b only to ! cognitive p[]4 ,= x 0 /at$ 7,a4 #a7 t rapture is outside ! incl9ation ( ! p]son :o is rapt2 :]eas ! movem5t ( ! appetitive p[] is an incl9ation to an appetible good4 ,:]e=e1 prop]ly speak+1 9 desir+ some?+1 a man is n rapt1 b is mov$ by himself4 ,secondly1 rapture may be consid]$ ) reg>d to its cause1 & ?us x may h a cause on ! "p ( ! appetitive p[]4 ,= f ! v fact t ! appetite is /rongly affect$ t[>ds some?+1 x may happ51 ow+ to ! viol5ce ( 8 affection1 t a man is c>ri$ away f ev]y?+ else4 ,moreov]1 x has an effect on ! appetitive p[]1 :5 = in/ance a man delights 9 ! ?+s to :i* he is rapt4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le said t he 0 rapt1 n only to ! ?ird heav5--:i* p]ta9s to ! contemplation ( ! intellect--b also into p>adise1 :i* p]ta9s to ! appetite4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,rapture adds some?+ to ec/asy4 ,= ec/asy means simply a go+ out ( oneself by be+ plac$ outside "o's prop] ord] 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #bh1 ,a4 #c2 :ile rapture d5otes a c]ta9 viol5ce 9 addition4 ,accord+ly ec/asy may p]ta9 to ! appetitive p[]1 z :5 a man's appetite t5ds to some?+ outside him1 & 9 ?is s5se ,dionysius says t ! ,div9e love causes ec/asy1 inasmu* z x makes man's appetite t5d to ! object lov$4 ,h5ce he says aft]w>ds t ev5 ,god ,himself1 ! cause ( all ?+s1 ?r\gh ! ov]fl[ ( ,8 lov+ goodness1 goes outside ,himself 9 ,8 provid5ce = all be+s4 ,b ev5 if ?is 7 said expressly ( rapture1 x w\ld m]ely signify t love is ! cause ( rapture4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re is a tw(old appetite 9 man2 to wit1 ! intellective appetite :i* is call$ ! w1 & ! s5sitive appetite kn[n z ! s5suality4 ,n[ x is prop] to man t 8 l[] appetite be subject to ! high] appetite1 & t ! high] move ! l[]4 ,h5ce man may become outside himself z reg>ds ! appetite1 9 two ways4 ,9 "o way1 :5 a man's intellective appetite t5ds :olly to div9e ?+s1 & takes no acc\nt ( ^? ?+s :]eto ! s5sitive appetite incl9es him2 ?us ,dionysius says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ,paul be+ 9 ec/asy ?r\gh ! vehem5ce ( ,div9e love exclaim$3 ,i live1 n[ n ,i1 b ,*ri/ live? 9 me4 ,9 ano!r way1 :5 a man t5ds :olly to ?+s p]ta9+ to ! l[] appetite1 & takes no acc\nt ( 8 high] appetite4 ,x is ?us t he :o f$ ! sw9e debas$ himself2 & ?is latt] k9d ( go+ out ( oneself1 or be+ beside oneself1 is m ak9 ?an ! =m] to ! nature ( rapture because ! high] appetite is m prop] to man4 ,h5ce :5 ?r\gh ! viol5ce ( 8 l[] appetite a man is )drawn f ! movem5t ( 8 high] appetite1 x is m a case ( be+ )drawn f t :i* is prop] to him4 ,yet1 because !re is no viol5ce !re91 s9ce ! w is able to resi/ ! passion1 x falls %ort ( ! true nature ( rapture1 unless p]*ance ! passion be s /rong t x takes away entirely ! use ( reason1 z happ5s to ^? :o are mad ) ang] or love4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t bo? ^! excesses affect+ ! appetite may cause an excess 9 ! cognitive p[]1 ei!r because ! m9d is c>ri$ away to c]ta9 intelligible objects1 ?r\gh be+ drawn away f objects ( s5se1 or because x is caught up into "s imag9>y vision or fanciful app>ition4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z love is a movem5t ( ! appetite ) reg>d to good1 s fe> is a movem5t ( ! appetite ) reg>d to evil4 ,:]e=e ei!r ( !m may equally cause an ab]ration ( m9d2 & all ! m s9ce fe> arises f love1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #g1 #i74 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #age1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,paul1 ,:5 9 ,rapture1 ,saw ! ,ess5ce ( ,god8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,paul1 :5 9 rapture1 did n see ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,= j z we read ( ,paul t he 0 rapt to ! ?ird heav51 s we read ( ,pet] 7,acts #aj3aj7 t !re came ^u him an ec/asy ( m9d4 ,n[ ,pet]1 9 8 ec/asy1 saw n ,god's ess5ce b an imag9>y vision4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t nei!r did ,paul see ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! vision ( ,god is beatific4 ,b ,paul1 9 8 rapture1 0 n beatifi$2 else he w\ld nev] h return$ to ! unhapp9ess ( ?is life1 b 8 body w\ld h be5 glorifi$ by ! ov]fl[ f 8 s\l1 z w happ5 to ! sa9ts aft] ! resurrection1 & ?is cle>ly 0 n ! case4 ,!re=e ,paul :5 9 rapture saw n ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3aj-ab1 fai? & hope are incompatible ) ! vision ( ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,b ,paul :5 9 ?is /ate _h fai? & hope4 ,!re=e he saw n ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 z ,augu/9e /ates 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #f1 #g71 pictures ( bodies are se5 9 ! imag9>y vision4 ,n[ ,paul is /at$ 7#b ,cor4 #ab3b1 #d7 to h se5 c]ta9 pictures 9 8 rapture1 = in/ance ( ! ?ird heav5 & ( p>adise4 ,!re=e he w\ld seem to h be5 rapt to an imag9>y vision r ?an to ! vision ( ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e 7,ep4 ,,cxlvii1 #ac2 ad ,paul941 de vid5do ,deum7 concludes t possibly ,god's v sub/ance 0 se5 by "s :ile yet 9 ?is life3 = in/ance by ,moses1 & by ,paul :o 9 rapture he>d unspeakable words1 :i* x is n grant$ unto man to utt]4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s h said t ,paul1 :5 9 rapture1 saw n ! v ess5ce ( ,god1 b a c]ta9 reflection ( ,8 cl>ity4 ,b ,augu/9e cle>ly comes to an opposite decision1 n only 9 8 book 7,de vid5do ,deum71 b also 9 ,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #bh 7quot$ 9 a gloss on #b ,cor4 #ab3b74 ,inde$ ! words !mselves ( ! ,apo/le indicate ?is4 ,= he says t he he>d secret words1 :i* x is n grant$ unto man to utt]3 & su* w\ld seem to be words p]ta9+ to ! vision ( ! bless$1 :i* transc5ds ! /ate ( ! wayf>]1 accord+ to ,isa4 #fd3d1 ,eye ha? n se51 ,o ,god1 besides ,!e1 :at ?+s ,?\ ha/ prep>$ = !m t love ,vulg43 'wait =' ,!e 99#a ,cor4 #b3i4 ,!re=e x is m becom+ to hold t he saw ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,man's m9d is rapt by ,god to ! contemplation ( div9e tru? 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 s t he contemplates x ?r\gh c]ta9 imag9>y pictures1 & su* 0 ! ec/asy t came ^u ,pet]4 ,secondly1 s t he contemplates ! div9e tru? ?r\gh its intelligible effects2 su* 0 ! ec/asy ( ,david1 :o said 7,ps4 #aae3aa73 ,i said 9 my excess3 ,e man is a li>4 ,?irdly1 s t he contemplates x 9 its ess5ce4 ,su* 0 ! rapture ( ,paul1 z also ( ,moses 99,cf4 ,q4 #agd1 ,a4 #d2 & n )\t reason1 s9ce z ,moses 0 ! fir/ ,tea*] ( ! ,jews1 s 0 ,paul ! fir/ ,tea*] ( ! g5tiles 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #fh1 ,a4 #d4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,div9e ess5ce _c be se5 by a creat$ intellect save ?r\gh ! light ( glory1 ( :i* x is writt5 7,ps4 #ce3aj73 ,9 ,?y light we %all see light4 ,b ?is light c be %>$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/ by way ( an abid+ =m1 & ?us x beatifies ! sa9ts 9 heav54 ,secondly1 by way ( a transitory passion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aga1 ,a4 #b7 ( ! light ( prophecy2 & 9 ?is way t light 0 9 ,paul :5 he 0 9 rapture4 ,h5ce ?is vision did n beatify him simply1 s z to ov]fl[ into 8 body1 b only 9 a re/rict$ s5se4 ,consequ5tly ?is rapture p]ta9s some:at to prophecy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,s9ce1 9 8 rapture1 ,paul 0 beatifi$ n z to ! habit1 b only z to ! act ( ! bless$1 x foll[s t he _h n ! act ( fai? at ! same "t1 al?\gh he _h ! habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,9 "o way by ! ?ird heav5 we may und]/& some?+ corporeal1 & ?us ! ?ird heav5 d5otes ! empyrean 99#a ,tim4 #b3g2 ,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #aa1 ad #b1 :i* is describ$ z ! ?ird1 9 relation to ! a]ial & />ry heav5s1 or bett] /ill1 9 relation to ! aque\s & cry/all9e heav5s4 ,moreov] ,paul is /at$ to be rapt to ! ?ird heav51 n z ?\gh 8 rapture consi/$ 9 ! vision ( some?+ corporeal1 b because ?is place is appo9t$ = ! contemplation ( ! bless$4 ,h5ce ! gloss on #b ,cor4 #ab says t ! ?ird heav5 is a spiritual heav51 :]e ! angels & ! holy s\ls enjoy ! contemplation ( ,god3 & :5 ,paul says t he 0 rapt to ?is heav5 he means t ,god %[$ him ! life :]e9 ,he is to be se5 =ev]more4 ,9 ano!r way ! ?ird heav5 may signify a supra-mundane vision4 ,su* a vision may be call$ ! ?ird heav5 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ! cognitive p[]s4 ,9 ?is way ! fir/ heav5 w\ld indicate a supramundane bodily vision1 convey$ ?r\gh ! s5ses2 ?us 0 se5 ! h& ( "o writ+ on ! wall 7,dan4 #e3e72 ! second heav5 w\ld be an imag9>y vision su* z ,isaias saw1 & ,john 9 ! ,apocalypse2 & ! ?ird heav5 w\ld d5ote an intellectual vision accord+ to ,augu/9e's explanation 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #bf1 #bh1 #cd74 ,secondly1 ! ?ird heav5 may be tak5 accord+ to ! ord] ( ?+s kn[able1 ! fir/ heav5 be+ ! k ( heav5ly bodies1 ! second ! k ( heav5ly spirits1 ! ?ird ! k ( ,god ,himself4 ,?irdly1 ! ?ird heav5 may d5ote ! contemplation ( ,god accord+ to ! degrees ( k :]eby ,god is se54 ,! fir/ ( ^! degrees belongs to ! angels ( ! l[e/ hi]>*y 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,a4 #a1 ! second to ! angels ( ! middle hi]>*y1 ! ?ird to ! angels ( ! highe/ hi]>*y1 accord+ to ! gloss on #b ,cor4 #ab4 ,& s9ce ! vision ( ,god _c be )\t delight1 he says t he 0 n only rapt to ! ?ird heav5 by reason ( 8 contemplation1 b also into ,p>adise by reason ( ! consequ5t delight4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #age1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,paul1 ,:5 9 ,rapture1 ,0 ,)drawn f ,8 ,s5ses8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,paul1 :5 9 rapture1 0 n )drawn f 8 s5ses4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #bh73 ,:y %\ld we n believe t :5 s great an apo/le1 ! tea*] ( ! g5tiles1 0 rapt to ?is mo/ sublime vision1 ,god 0 will+ to v\*safe him a glimpse ( t et]nal life :i* is to take ! place ( ! pres5t life8 ,n[ 9 t future life aft] ! resurrection ! sa9ts w see ! ,div9e ess5ce )\t be+ )drawn f ! s5ses ( ! body4 ,!re=e nei!r did su* a )drawal take place 9 ,paul4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,*ri/ 0 truly a wayf>]1 & also enjoy$ an un9t]rupt$ vision ( ! ,div9e ess5ce1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ )drawn f ,8 s5ses4 ,!re=e !re 0 no ne$ = ,paul to be )drawn f 8 s5ses 9 ord] = him to see ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 aft] see+ ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce1 ,paul rememb]$ :at he _h se5 9 t vision2 h5ce he said 7#b ,cor4 #ab3d73 ,he he>d secret words1 :i* x is n grant$ to man to utt]4 ,n[ ! memory belongs to ! s5sitive faculty accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,mem4 et ,rem94 i74 ,!re=e x seems t ,paul1 :ile see+ ! ess5ce ( ,god1 0 n )drawn f 8 s5ses4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #bg73 ,unless a man 9 "s way dep>t ?is life1 :e!r by go+ altoge!r out ( 8 body or by turn+ away & )draw+ f 8 c>nal s5ses1 s t he truly kn[s n z ! ,apo/le said1 :e!r he be 9 ! body or out ( ! body1 he is n rapt & caught up into t vision499 99,! text ( ,/4 ,augu/9e reads3 :5 he is rapt1 etc4 ,i answ] t1 ,! ,div9e ess5ce _c be se5 by man ?r\gh any cognitive p[] o!r ?an ! intellect4 ,n[ ! human intellect does n turn to intelligible objects except by means ( ! phantasms 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g :i* x takes f ! s5ses ?r\gh ! intelligible species2 & x is 9 consid]+ ^! phantasms t ! intellect judges ( & coord9ates s5sible objects4 ,h5ce 9 any op]ation t requires ab/raction ( ! intellect f phantasms1 !re mu/ be also )drawal ( ! intellect f ! s5ses4 ,n[ 9 ! /ate ( ! wayf>] x is necess>y = man's intellect1 if x see ,god's ess5ce1 to be )drawn f phantasms4 ,= ,god's ess5ce _c be se5 by means ( a phantasm1 nor inde$ by any creat$ intelligible species 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #b1 s9ce ,god's ess5ce inf9itely transc5ds n only all bodies1 :i* are repres5t$ by phantasms1 b also all intelligible creatures4 ,n[ :5 man's intellect is uplift$ to ! sublime vision ( ,god's ess5ce1 x is necess>y t 8 m9d's :ole att5tion %\ld be summon$ to t purpose 9 su* a way t he und]/& naught else by phantasms1 & be absorb$ entirely 9 ,god4 ,!re=e x is impossible = man :ile a wayf>] to see ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce )\t be+ )drawn f 8 s5ses4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ,obj4 #b71 aft] ! resurrection1 9 ! bless$ :o see ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce1 !re w be an ov]fl[ f ! intellect to ! l[] p[]s & ev5 to ! body4 ,h5ce x is 9 keep+ ) ! rule itself ( ! div9e vision t ! s\l w turn t[>ds phantasms & s5sible objects4 ,b !re is no su* ov]fl[ 9 ^? :o are raptur$1 z /at$ 7,a4 #c1 ,obj4 #b1 ad #b71 & consequ5tly ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! intellect ( ,*ri/'s s\l 0 glorifi$ by ! habit ( ! light ( glory1 :]eby ,he saw ! ,div9e ess5ce mu* m fully ?an an angel or a man4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 a wayf>] on acc\nt ( ! passibility ( ,8 body1 9 respect ( :i* ,he 0 made a little l[] ?an ! angels 7,heb4 #b3i71 by disp5sation1 & n on acc\nt ( any defect on ! "p ( ,8 intellect4 ,h5ce !re is no comp>ison betwe5 ,him & o!r wayf>]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,paul1 aft] see+ ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce1 rememb]$ :at he _h kn[n 9 t vision1 by means ( c]ta9 intelligible species t rema9$ 9 8 intellect by way ( habit2 ev5 z 9 ! abs5ce ( ! s5sible object1 c]ta9 impressions rema9 9 ! s\l :i* x recollects :5 x turns to ! phantasms4 ,& s ?is 0 ! k t he 0 unable :olly to ?9k ov] or express 9 words4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #age1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r1 ,:ile 9 ,?is ,/ate1 ,paul's ,s\l ,0 ,:olly ,sep>at$ f ,8 ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t1 :ile 9 ?is /ate1 ,paul's s\l 0 :olly sep>at$ f 8 body4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #e3f1 #g73 ,:ile we are 9 ! body we are abs5t f ! ,"l4 ,= we walk by fai?1 & n by sight 99,p] speciem1 i4e4 by an intelligible species4 ,n[1 :ile 9 t /ate1 ,paul 0 n abs5t f ! ,"l1 = he saw ,him by a species1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e he 0 n 9 ! body4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a p[] ( ! s\l _c be uplift$ above ! s\l's ess5ce :]e9 x is root$4 ,n[ 9 ?is rapture ! intellect1 :i* is a p[] ( ! s\l1 0 )drawn f its bodily surr\nd+s ?r\gh be+ uplift$ to div9e contemplation4 ,mu* m !re=e 0 ! ess5ce ( ! s\l sep>at$ f ! body4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! =ces ( ! vegetative s\l are m mat]ial ?an ^? ( ! s5sitive s\l4 ,n[ 9 ord] = him to be rapt to ! vision ( ,god1 x 0 necess>y = him to be )drawn f ! =ces ( ! s5sitive s\l1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 0 x necess>y = him to be )drawn f ! =ces ( ! vegetative s\l4 ,n[ :5 ^! =ces cease to op]ate1 ! s\l is no long] 9 any way unit$ to ! body4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t 9 ,paul's rapture x 0 necess>y = ! s\l to be :olly sep>at$ f ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ,,cxlvii1 #ac1 ad ,paul942 de vid5do ,deum73 ,x is n incr$ible t ?is sublime revelation 7namely1 t !y %\ld see ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce7 0 v\*saf$ c]ta9 sa9ts1 )\t _! dep>t+ ?is life s completely z to leave no?+ b a corpse = burial4 ,!re=e x 0 n necess>y = ,paul's s\l1 :5 9 rapture1 to be :olly sep>at$ f 8 body4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #a71 9 ! rapture ( :i* we are speak+ n[1 man is uplift$ by ,god's p[]1 f t :i* is accord+ to nature to t :i* is above nature4 ,:]e=e two ?+s h to be consid]$3 fir/1 :at p]ta9s to man accord+ to nature2 secondly1 :at has to be done by ,god 9 man above 8 nature4 ,n[1 s9ce ! s\l is unit$ to ! body z its natural =m1 x belongs to ! s\l to h a natural disposition to und]/& by turn+ to phantasms2 & ?is is n )drawn by ! div9e p[] f ! s\l 9 rapture1 s9ce its /ate und]goes no *ange1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #b1 #c74 ,yet1 ?is /ate rema9+1 actual conv]sion to phantasms & s5sible objects is )drawn f ! s\l1 le/ x be h9d]$ f be+ uplift$ to t :i* transc5ds all phantasms1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,!re=e x 0 n necess>y t 8 s\l 9 rapture %\ld be s sep>at$ f ! body z to cease to be unit$ !reto z its =m2 & yet x 0 necess>y = 8 intellect to be )drawn f phantasms & ! p]ception ( s5sible objects4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ?is rapture ,paul 0 abs5t f ! ,"l z reg>ds 8 /ate1 s9ce he 0 /ill 9 ! /ate ( a wayf>]1 b n z reg>ds ! act by :i* he saw ,god by a species1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #b1 #c74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a faculty ( ! s\l is n uplift$ by ! natural p[] above ! mode becom+ ! ess5ce ( ! s\l2 b x c be uplift$ by ! div9e p[] to some?+ high]1 ev5 z a body by ! viol5ce ( a /rong] p[] is lift$ up above ! place befitt+ x accord+ to its specific nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! =ces ( ! vegetative s\l d n op]ate ?r\gh ! s\l be+ int5t !reon1 z d ! s5sitive =ces1 b by way ( nature4 ,h5ce 9 ! case ( rapture !re is no ne$ = )drawal f !m1 z f ! s5sitive p[]s1 ^: op]ations w\ld less5 ! int5tness ( ! s\l on intellective k4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #age1 ,art4 #f ,did ,paul ,"k ,:e!r ,8 ,s\l ,7 ,sep>at$ f ,8 ,body8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ,paul 0 n ignorant :e!r 8 s\l 7 sep>at$ f 8 body4 ,= he says 7#b ,cor4 #ab3b73 ,i "k a man 9 ,*ri/ rapt ev5 to ! ?ird heav54 ,n[ man d5otes some?+ compos$ ( s\l & body2 & rapture diff]s f dea?4 ,seem+ly !re=e he knew t 8 s\l 0 n sep>at$ f 8 body by dea?1 :i* is ! m probable see+ t ?is is ! common op9ion ( ! ,doctors4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x appe>s f ! same words ( ! ,apo/le t he knew :i!r he 0 rapt1 s9ce x 0 to ! ?ird heav54 ,n[ ?is %[s t he knew :e!r he 0 9 ! body or n1 = if he knew ! ?ird heav5 to be some?+ corporeal1 he mu/ h kn[n t 8 s\l 0 n sep>at$ f 8 body1 s9ce a corporeal ?+ _c be an object ( sight save ?r\gh ! body4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t he 0 n ignorant :e!r 8 s\l 7 sep>at$ f 8 body4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #bh7 t :5 9 rapture1 he saw ,god ) ! same vision z ! sa9ts see ,him 9 heav54 ,n[ f ! v fact t ! sa9ts see ,god1 !y "k :e!r _! s\l is sep>at$ f _! body4 ,!re=e ,paul too knew ?is4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7#b ,cor4 #ab3c73 ,:e!r 9 ! body1 or out ( ! body1 ,i "k n1 ,god kn[e?4 ,i answ] t1 ,! true answ] to ?is "q mu/ be ga!r$ f ! ,apo/le's v words1 :]eby he says he knew some?+1 namely t he 0 rapt ev5 to ! ?ird heav51 & t some?+ he knew n1 namely :e!r he 7 9 ! body or out ( ! body4 ,?is may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ! words :e!r 9 ! body or out ( ! body may ref] n to ! v be+ ( ! man :o 0 rapt 7z ?\gh he knew n :e!r 8 s\l 7 9 8 body or n71 b to ! mode ( rapture1 s t he ignor$ :e!r 8 body besides 8 s\l1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 8 s\l alone1 7 rapt to ! ?ird heav54 ,?us ,eze*iel is /at$ 7,eze*4 #h3c7 to h be5 br\ght 9 ! vision ( ,god into ,j]usalem4 ,?is 0 ! explanation ( a c]ta9 ,jew accord+ to ,j]ome 7,prolog4 sup] ,daniel471 :]e he says t la/ly our ,apo/le 7?us said ! ,jew7 dur/ n ass]t t he 0 rapt 9 8 body1 b said3 ',:e!r 9 ! body or out ( ! body1 ,i "k n4' ,augu/9e1 h[ev]1 disapproves ( ?is explanation 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #c seqq47 = ?is reason t ! ,apo/le /ates t he knew he 0 rapt ev5 to ! ?ird heav54 ,:]e=e he knew x to be really ! ?ird heav5 to :i* he 0 rapt1 & n an imag9>y lik5ess ( ! ?ird heav53 o!rwise if he gave ! "n ( ?ird heav5 to an imag9>y ?ird heav51 9 ! same way he might /ate t he 0 rapt 9 ! body1 mean+1 by body1 an image ( 8 body1 su* z appe>s 9 "o's dreams4 ,n[ if he knew x to be really ! ?ird heav51 x foll[s t ei!r he knew x to be some?+ spiritual & incorporeal1 & !n 8 body c\ld n be rapt ?i!r2 or he knew x to be some?+ corporeal1 & !n 8 s\l c\ld n be rapt ?i!r )\t 8 body1 unless x 7 sep>at$ f 8 body4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ expla9 ! matt] o!rwise1 by say+ t ! ,apo/le knew himself to be rapt bo? 9 s\l & body1 b t he ignor$ h[ 8 s\l /ood 9 relation to 8 body1 to wit1 :e!r x 7 accompani$ by 8 body or n4 ,"h we f9d a div]sity ( op9ions4 ,= "s say t ! ,apo/le knew 8 s\l to be unit$ to 8 body z its =m1 b ignor$ :e!r x 7 ab/ract$ f its s5ses1 or aga9 :e!r x 7 ab/ract$ f ! op]ations ( ! vegetative s\l4 ,b he c\ld n b "k t x 0 ab/ract$ f ! s5ses1 see+ t he knew himself to be rapt2 & z to 8 be+ ab/ract$ f ! op]ation ( ! vegetative s\l1 ?is 0 n ( su* importance z to require him to be s c>eful 9 m5tion+ x4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! ,apo/le ignor$ :e!r 8 s\l 7 unit$ to 8 body z its =m1 or sep>at$ f x by dea?4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 grant+ ?is say t ! ,apo/le did n consid] ! matt] :ile he 0 9 rapture1 because he 0 :olly int5t ^u ,god1 b t aft]w>ds he que/ion$ ! po9t1 :5 tak+ cognizance ( :at he _h se54 ,b ?is also is contr>y to ! ,apo/le's words1 = he !re di/+ui%es betwe5 ! pa/ & :at happ5$ subsequ5tly1 s9ce he /ates t at ! pres5t "t he kn[s t he 0 rapt f\rte5 ye>s ago1 & t at ! pres5t "t he kn[s n :e!r he 0 9 ! body or out ( ! body4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ ass]t t bo? be=e & aft] he ignor$ :e!r 8 s\l 7 sep>at$ f 8 body4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #e71 aft] discuss+ ! "q at l5g?1 concludes3 ,p]haps !n we mu/ inf] t he ignor$ :e!r1 :5 he 0 rapt to ! ?ird heav51 8 s\l 0 9 8 body 79 ! same way z ! s\l is 9 ! body1 :5 we speak ( a liv+ body ei!r ( a wak+ or ( a sleep+ man1 or ( "o t is )drawn f 8 bodily s5ses dur+ ec/asy71 or :e!r 8 s\l w5t out ( 8 body altoge!r1 s t 8 body lay dead4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,sometimes by ! figure ( synecdo*e a "p ( man1 especially ! s\l :i* is ! pr9cipal "p1 d5otes a man4 ,or aga9 we might take ?is to mean t he :om he /ates to h be5 rapt 0 a man n at ! "t ( 8 rapture1 b f\rte5 ye>s aft]w>ds3 = he says ,i "k a man1 n ,i "k a rapt man4 ,aga9 no?+ h9d]s dea? br\ght ab\t by ,god be+ call$ rapture2 & ?us ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #c73 ,if ! ,apo/le d\bt$ ! matt]1 :o ( u w d>e to be c]ta9 ab\t x8 ,:]e=e ^? :o h some?+ to say on ?is subject speak ) m conjecture ?an c]ta9ty4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,apo/le knew t ei!r ! heav5 9 "q 0 some?+ incorporeal1 or t he saw some?+ incorporeal 9 t heav52 yet ?is c\ld be done by 8 intellect1 ev5 )\t 8 s\l be+ sep>at$ f 8 body4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,paul's vision1 :ile he 0 9 rapture1 0 l ! vision ( ! bless$ 9 "o respect1 namely z to ! ?+ se52 &1 unlike1 9 ano!r respect1 namely z to ! mode ( see+1 because he saw n s p]fectly z d ! sa9ts 9 heav54 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #cf73 ,al?\gh1 :5 ! ,apo/le 0 rapt f 8 c>nal s5ses to ! ?ird heav51 he lack$ t full & p]fect k ( ?+s :i* is 9 ! angels1 9 t he knew n :e!r he 0 9 ! body1 or out ( ! body1 ?is w surely n be lack+ aft] reunion ) ! body 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 :5 ?is corruptible w put on incorruption4 ,,"q #agf ,,( ,,! ,,grace ,,( ,,tongues 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ^? gratuit\s graces t p]ta9 to spee*1 & 7#a7 ! grace ( tongues2 7#b7 ! grace ( ! ^w ( wisdom & k4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r by ! grace ( tongues a man acquires ! k ( all languages8 7#b7 ,( ! comp>ison betwe5 ?is gift & ! grace ( prophecy4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,^? ,:o ,receiv$ ! ,gift ( ,tongues ,spoke 9 ,e ,language8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t ^? :o receiv$ ! gift ( tongues did n speak 9 e language4 ,= t :i* is grant$ to c]ta9 p]sons by ! div9e p[] is ! be/ ( its k9d3 ?us our ,"l turn$ ! wat] into good w9e1 z /at$ 9 ,john #b3aj4 ,n[ ^? :o _h ! gift ( tongues spoke bett] 9 _! own language2 s9ce a gloss on ,heb4 #a1 says t x is n surpris+ t ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews is m graceful 9 /yle ?an ! o!r epi/les1 s9ce x is natural = a man to h m comm& ov] 8 own ?an ov] a /range language4 ,= ! ,apo/le wrote ! o!r epi/les 9 a =eign1 namely ! ,greek1 idiom2 :]eas he wrote ?is 9 ! ,hebrew tongue4 ,!re=e ! apo/les did n receive ! k ( all languages by a gratuit\s grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 nature does n employ _m means :]e "o is suffici5t2 & mu* less does ,god ,^: "w is m ord]ly ?an nature's4 ,n[ ,god c\ld make ,8 disciples to be und]/ood by all1 :ile speak+ "o tongue3 h5ce a gloss on ,acts #b3f1 ,e man he>d !m speak 9 8 own tongue1 says t !y spoke 9 e tongue1 or speak+ 9 _! own1 namely ! ,hebrew language1 7 und]/ood by all1 z ?\gh !y spoke ! language prop] to ea*4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !y _h n ! k to speak 9 all languages4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 all graces fl[ f ,*ri/ to ,8 body1 :i* is ! ,*ur*1 accord+ to ,john #a3af1 ,( ,8 fullness we all h receiv$4 ,n[ we d n read t ,*ri/ spoke m ?an "o language1 nor does ea* "o ( ! fai?ful n[ speak save 9 "o tongue4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ,*ri/'s disciples did n receive ! grace to ! ext5t ( speak+ 9 all languages4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,acts #b3d7 t !y 7 all fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 & !y began to speak ) div]s tongues1 accord+ z ! ,holy ,gho/ gave !m to speak2 on :i* passage a gloss ( ,gregory 99,hom4 xxx 9 ,ev4 says t ! ,holy ,gho/ appe>$ ov] ! disciples "u ! =m ( fi]y tongues1 & gave !m ! k ( all tongues4 ,i answ] t1 ,*ri/'s fir/ disciples 7 *os5 by ,him 9 ord] t !y might disp]se ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 & prea* ,8 fai? ev]y:]e1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bh3ai1 ,go+ 4 4 4 tea* ye all nations4 ,n[ x 0 n fitt+ t !y :o 7 be+ s5t to tea* o!rs %\ld ne$ to be taught by o!rs1 ei!r z to h[ !y %\ld speak to o!r p1 or z to h[ !y 7 to und]/& ^? :o spoke to !m2 & all ! m see+ t ^? :o 7 be+ s5t 7 ( "o nation1 t ( ,judea1 accord+ to ,isa4 #bg3f1 ,:5 !y %all ru% out f ,jacob 99,vulg43 ',:5 !y %all ru% 9 unto ,jacob1' etc4 4 4 4 !y %all fill ! face ( ! _w ) se$4 ,moreov] ^? :o 7 be+ s5t 7 poor & p[]less2 nor at ! outset c\ld !y h easily f\nd someone to int]pret _! words fai?fully to o!rs1 or to expla9 :at o!rs said to !m1 especially z !y 7 s5t to unbeliev]s4 ,consequ5tly x 0 necess>y1 9 ?is respect1 t ,god %\ld provide !m ) ! gift ( tongues2 9 ord] t1 z ! div]sity ( tongues 0 br\ght ^u ! nations :5 !y fell away to idolatry1 accord+ to ,g54 #aa1 s :5 ! nations 7 to be recall$ to ! wor%ip ( "o ,god a rem$y to ?is div]sity might be appli$ by ! gift ( tongues4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ab3g71 ! manife/ation ( ! ,_s is giv5 to e man unto pr(it2 & consequ5tly bo? ,paul & ! o!r apo/les 7 div9ely in/ruct$ 9 ! languages ( all nations suffici5tly = ! requirem5ts ( ! tea*+ ( ! fai?4 ,b z reg>ds ! grace & elegance ( /yle :i* human art adds to a language1 ! ,apo/le 0 in/ruct$ 9 8 own1 b n 9 a =eign tongue4 ,ev5 s !y 7 suffici5tly in/ruct$ 9 wisdom & sci5tific k1 z requir$ = tea*+ ! fai?1 b n z to all ?+s kn[n by acquir$ sci5ce1 = in/ance ! conclusions ( ari?metic & geometry4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,al?\gh ei!r 0 possible1 namely t1 :ile speak+ 9 "o tongue !y %\ld be und]/ood by all1 or t !y %\ld speak 9 all tongues1 x 0 m fitt+ t !y %\ld speak 9 all tongues1 because ?is p]ta9$ to ! p]fection ( _! k1 :]eby !y 7 able n only to speak1 b also to und]/& :at 0 said by o!rs4 ,:]eas if _! "o language 7 intelligible to all1 ?is w\ld ei!r h be5 due to ! k ( ^? :o und]/ood _! spee*1 or x w\ld h am\nt$ to an illusion1 s9ce a man's words w\ld h _h a diff]5t s\nd 9 ano!r's e>s1 f t ) :i* !y 7 utt]$4 ,h5ce a gloss says on ,acts #b3f t x 0 a great] miracle t !y %\ld speak all k9ds ( tongues2 & ,paul says 7#a ,cor4 #ad3ah73 ,i ?ank my ,god ,i speak ) all y\r tongues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,*ri/ 9 ,8 own p]son purpos$ prea*+ to only "o nation1 namely ! ,jews4 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh )\t any d\bt ,he possess$ mo/ p]fectly ! k ( all languages1 !re 0 no ne$ = ,him to speak 9 e tongue4 ,& !re=e1 z ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xxxii 9 ,joan471 :]eas ev5 n[ ! ,holy ,gho/ is receiv$1 yet no "o speaks 9 ! tongues ( all nations1 because ! ,*ur* h]self already speaks ! languages ( all nations3 s9ce :oev] is n 9 ! ,*ur*1 receives n ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,gift ( ,tongues ,is ,m ,excell5t ,?an ! ,grace ( ,prophecy8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! gift ( tongues is m excell5t ?an ! grace ( prophecy4 ,=1 seem+ly1 bett] ?+s are prop] to bett] p]sons1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,topic4 iii1 #a74 ,n[ ! gift ( tongues is prop] to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h5ce we s+ 9 ! sequ5ce ( ,p5teco/ 99,! sequ5ce3 ,sancti ,spiritus adsit nobis gratia ascrib$ to ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,france1 ! reput$ au?or ( ! ,v5i ,sancte ,spiritus4 ,cf4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat4 tom4 ,,cxli3 ,on ?is day ,?\ gave/ ,*ri/'s apo/les an unwont$ gift1 a m>vel to all "t3 :]eas prophecy is m p]t95t to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 accord+ to ,heb4 #a3a1 ,god ,:o at sundry times & 9 div]s mann]s spoke 9 times pa/ to ! fa!rs by ! prophets4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! gift ( tongues is m excell5t ?an ! gift ( prophecy4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :]eby we are direct$ to ,god is seem+ly m excell5t ?an t :]eby we are direct$ to m54 ,n[1 by ! gift ( tongues1 man is direct$ to ,god1 :]eas by prophecy he is direct$ to man2 = x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ad3b1 #c73 ,he t speake? 9 a tongue1 speake? n unto m51 b unto ,god 4 4 4 b he t prophesie?1 speake? unto m5 unto edification4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! gift ( tongues is m excell5t ?an ! gift ( prophecy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! gift ( tongues abides l a habit 9 ! p]son :o has x1 & he c use x :5 he w2 :]e=e x is writt5 7#a ,cor4 #ad3ah73 ,i ?ank my ,god ,i speak ) all y\r tongues4 ,b x is n s ) ! gift ( prophecy1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aga1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e ! gift ( tongues w\ld seem to be m excell5t ?an ! gift ( prophecy4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! int]pretation ( spee*es w\ld seem to be conta9$ "u prophecy1 because ! ,scriptures are exp\nd$ by ! same ,_s f ,:om !y orig9at$4 ,n[ ! int]pretation ( spee*es is plac$ aft] div]s k9ds ( tongues 7#a ,cor4 #ab3aj74 ,!re=e x seems t ! gift ( tongues is m excell5t ?an ! gift ( prophecy1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds a "p ( ! latt]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ad3e73 ,great] is he t prophesie? ?an he t speake? ) tongues4 ,i answ] t1 ,! gift ( prophecy surpasses ! gift ( tongues1 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 because ! gift ( tongues reg>ds ! utt]ance ( c]ta9 words1 :i* signify an intelligible tru?1 & ?is aga9 is signifi$ by ! phantasms :i* appe> 9 an imag9>y vision2 :]e=e ,augu/9e comp>es 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #h7 ! gift ( tongues to an imag9>y vision4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #agc1 ,a4 #b7 t ! gift ( prophecy consi/s 9 ! m9d itself be+ enlight5$ s z to "k an intelligible tru?4 ,:]e=e1 z ! prophetic enlight5m5t is m excell5t ?an ! imag9>y vision1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #agd1 ,a4 #b71 s also is prophecy m excell5t ?an ! gift ( tongues consid]$ 9 itself4 ,secondly1 because ! gift ( prophecy reg>ds ! k ( ?+s1 :i* is m excell5t ?an ! k ( words1 to :i* ! gift ( tongues p]ta9s4 ,?irdly1 because ! gift ( prophecy is m pr(itable4 ,! ,apo/le proves ?is 9 ?ree ways 7#a ,cor4 #ad72 fir/1 because prophecy is m pr(itable to ! edification ( ! ,*ur*1 = :i* purpose he t speake? 9 tongues pr(ite? no?+1 unless int]pretation foll[ 7#a ,cor4 #ad3d1 #e74 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! speak] himself1 = if he be enabl$ to speak 9 div]s tongues )\t und]/&+ !m1 :i* p]ta9s to ! gift ( prophecy1 8 own m9d w\ld n be edifi$ 7#a ,cor4 #ad3g-ad74 ,?irdly1 z to unbeliev]s = ^: especial b5efit ! gift ( tongues seems to h be5 giv52 s9ce p]*ance !y might ?9k ^? :o speak 9 tongues to be mad 7#a ,cor4 #ad3bc71 = in/ance ! ,jews deem$ ! apo/les drunk :5 ! latt] spoke 9 v>i\s tongues 7,acts #b3ac73 :]eas by prophecies ! unbeliev] is conv9c$1 because ! secrets ( 8 he>t are made manife/ 7,acts #b3be74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #agd1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a71 x belongs to ! excell5ce ( prophecy t a man is n only enlight5$ by an intelligible light1 b also t he %\ld p]ceive an imag9>y vision3 & s aga9 x belongs to ! p]fection ( ! ,holy ,gho/'s op]ation1 n only to fill ! m9d ) ! prophetic light1 & ! imag9ation ) ! imag9>y vision1 z happ5$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b also to end[ ! tongue ) ext]nal erudition1 9 ! utt]ance ( v>i\s signs ( spee*4 ,all ?is is done 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ad3bf1 ,e "o ( y ha? a psalm1 ha? a doctr9e1 ha? a tongue1 ha? a revelation1 i4e4 a prophetic revelation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by ! gift ( prophecy man is direct$ to ,god 9 8 m9d1 :i* is m excell5t ?an be+ direct$ to ,him 9 8 tongue4 ,he t speake? 9 a tongue is said to speak n unto m51 i4e4 to m5's und]/&+ or pr(it1 b unto ,god's und]/&+ & praise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by prophecy a man is direct$ bo? to ,god & to man2 :]e=e x is ! m p]fect gift4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,prophetic revelation ext5ds to ! k ( all ?+s sup]natural2 :]e=e f its v p]fection x results t 9 ?is imp]fect /ate ( life x _c be _h p]fectly by way ( habit1 b only imp]fectly by way ( passion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gift ( tongues is conf9$ to a c]ta9 p>ticul> k1 namely ( human words2 :]e=e x is n inconsi/5t ) ! imp]fection ( ?is life1 t x %\ld be _h p]fectly & by way ( habit4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! int]pretation ( spee*es is r$ucible to ! gift ( prophecy1 inasmu* z ! m9d is enlight5$ s z to und]/& & expla9 any obscurities ( spee* aris+ ei!r f a difficulty 9 ! ?+s signifi$1 or f ! words utt]$ be+ unkn[n1 or f ! figures ( spee* employ$1 accord+ to ,dan4 #e3af1 ,i h he>d ( !e1 t ?\ can/ int]pret obscure ?+s1 & resolve difficult ?+s4 ,h5ce ! int]pretation ( spee*es is m excell5t ?an ! gift ( tongues1 z appe>s f ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #ad3e71 ,great] is he t prophesie? ?an he t speake? ) tongues2 unless p]haps he int]pret4 ,yet ! int]pretation ( spee*es is plac$ aft] ! gift ( tongues1 because ! int]pretation ( spee*es ext5ds ev5 to ! int]pretation ( div]s k9ds ( tongues4 ,,"q #agg ,,( ,,! ,,gratuit\s ,,grace ,,consi/+ ,,9 ,,words 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! gratuit\s grace t atta*es to words2 ( :i* ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ab3h73 ,to "o 4 4 4 by ! ,_s is giv5 ! ^w ( wisdom1 & to ano!r ! ^w ( k4 ,"u ?is head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r any gratuit\s grace atta*es to words8 7#b7 ,to :om is ! grace becom+8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,any ,gratuit\s ,grace ,atta*es to ,words8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a gratuit\s grace does n atta* to words4 ,= grace is giv5 = t :i* surpasses ! faculty ( nature4 ,b natural reason has devis$ ! art ( rhetoric :]eby a man is able to speak s z to tea*1 please1 & p]suade1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 iv1 #ab74 ,n[ ?is belongs to ! grace ( words4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! grace ( words is n a gratuit\s grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all grace p]ta9s to ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,b ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #d3bj73 ,! k+dom ( ,god is n 9 spee*1 b 9 p[]4 ,!re=e !re is no gratuit\s grace connect$ ) words4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no grace is giv5 ?r\gh m]it1 s9ce if by grace1 x is n n[ ( works 7,rom4 #aa3f74 ,b ! ^w is sometimes giv5 to a man on 8 m]its4 ,= ,gregory says 7,moral4 xi1 #ae7 9 explanation ( ,ps4 #aah3dc1 ,take n ,?\ ! ^w ( tru? utt]ly out ( my m\? t ! ^w ( tru? is t :i* ,almighty ,god gives to !m t d x1 & takes away f !m t d x n4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! gift ( ! ^w is n a gratuit\s grace4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x behooves man to decl>e 9 words ?+s p]ta9+ to ! virtue ( fai?1 no less ?an ^? p]ta9+ to ! gift ( wisdom or ( k4 ,!re=e if ! ^w ( wisdom & ! ^w ( k are reckon$ gratuit\s graces1 ! ^w ( fai? %\ld likewise be plac$ among ! gratuit\s graces4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #f3e73 ,a graci\s tongue 9 a good man %all ab\nd ,vulg43 'ab\nde?'4 ,n[ man's goodness is by grace4 ,!re=e graci\sness 9 words is also by grace4 ,i answ] t1 ,! gratuit\s graces are giv5 = ! pr(it ( o!rs1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aaa1 ,,aa4 #a1 #d74 ,n[ ! k a man receives f ,god _c be turn$ to ano!r's pr(it1 except by means ( spee*4 ,& s9ce ! ,holy ,gho/ does n fail 9 any?+ t p]ta9s to ! pr(it ( ! ,*ur*1 ,he provides also ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ) spee*2 to ! effect t a man n only speaks s z to be und]/ood by diff]5t p1 :i* p]ta9s to ! gift ( tongues1 b also speaks ) effect1 & ?is p]ta9s to ! grace ( ! ^w4 ,?is happ5s 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 9 ord] to in/ruct ! intellect1 & ?is is ! case :5 a man speaks s z to tea*4 ,secondly1 9 ord] to move ! affections1 s t a man will+ly he>k5s to ! ^w ( ,god4 ,?is is ! case :5 a man speaks s z to please 8 he>]s1 n inde$ ) a view to 8 own favor1 b 9 ord] to draw !m to li/5 to ,god's ^w4 ,?irdly1 9 ord] t m5 may love t :i* is signifi$ by ! ^w1 & desire to fulfill x1 & ?is is ! case :5 a man s speaks z to sway 8 he>]s4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is ! ,holy ,gho/ makes use ( ! human tongue z ( an in/rum5t2 b ,he x is ,:o p]fects ! "w )94 ,h5ce ,gregory says 9 a homily = ,p5teco/ 7,hom4 xxx 9 ,ev473 ,unless ! ,holy ,gho/ fill ! he>ts ( ! he>]s1 9 va9 does ! voice ( ! tea*] res\nd 9 ! e>s ( ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ev5 z by a miracle ,god sometimes works 9 a m excell5t way ^? ?+s :i* nature also c "w1 s too ! ,holy ,gho/ effects m excell5tly by ! grace ( words t :i* art c effect 9 a less effici5t mann]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ,apo/le is speak+ !re ( ! ^w t relies on human eloqu5ce )\t ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,:]e=e he says j be=e 7#a ,cor4 #d3ai73 ,i 4 4 4 w "k1 n ! spee* ( !m t are puff$ up1 b ! p[]3 & ( himself he _h already said 7#a ,cor4 #b3d73 ,my spee* & my prea*+ 0 n 9 ! p]suasive words ( human wisdom1 b 9 ! %[+ ( ! _s & p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above1 ! grace ( ! ^w is giv5 to a man = ! pr(it ( o!rs4 ,h5ce x is )drawn sometimes ?r\gh ! fault ( ! he>]1 & sometimes ?r\gh ! fault ( ! speak]4 ,! good works ( ei!r ( !m d n m]it ?is grace directly1 b only remove ! ob/acles !reto4 ,= sanctify+ grace also is )drawn on acc\nt ( a p]son's fault1 & yet he does n m]it x by 8 good works1 :i*1 h[ev]1 remove ! ob/acles to grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z /at$ above1 ! grace ( ! ^w is direct$ to ! pr(it ( o!rs4 ,n[ if a man communicates 8 fai? to o!rs ?is is by ! ^w ( k or ( wisdom4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #a7 t to "k h[ fai? may pr(it ! godly & be def5d$ aga9/ ! ungodly1 is app>5tly :at ! ,apo/le means by k4 ,h5ce x 0 n necess>y = him to m5tion ! ^w ( fai?1 b x 0 suffici5t = him to m5tion ! ^w ( k & ( wisdom4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,grace ( ! ,^w ( ,wisdom & ,k ,is ,becom+ to ,wom58 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! grace ( ! ^w ( wisdom & k is becom+ ev5 to wom54 ,= tea*+ is p]t95t to ?is grace1 z /at$ 9 ! =ego+ ,article4 ,n[ x is becom+ to a woman to tea*2 = x is writt5 7,prov4 #d3c1 #d73 ,i 0 an only son 9 ! sight ( my "m1 & %e taught me 99,vulg43 ',i 0 my fa!r's son1 t5d]1 & z an only son 9 ! sight ( my "m4 ,& he taught me4'4 ,!re=e ?is grace is becom+ to wom54 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! grace ( prophecy is great] ?an ! grace ( ! ^w1 ev5 z ! contemplation ( tru? is great] ?an its utt]ance4 ,b prophecy is grant$ to wom51 z we read ( ,deborah 7,judges #d3d71 & ( ,holda ! prophetess1 ! wife ( ,sellum 7#d ,k+s #bb3ad71 & ( ! f\r daught]s ( ,philip 7,acts #ba3i74 ,moreov] ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #aa3e73 ,e woman pray+ or prophesy+1 etc4 ,mu* m !re=e w\ld x seem t ! grace ( ! ^w is becom+ to a woman4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7#a ,pet4 #d3aj73 ,z e man ha? receiv$ grace m9i/]+ ! same "o to ano!r4 ,n[ "s wom5 receive ! grace ( wisdom & k1 :i* !y _c m9i/] to o!rs except by ! grace ( ! ^w4 ,!re=e ! grace ( ! ^w is becom+ to wom54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ad3cd73 ,let wom5 keep sil5ce 9 ! *ur*es1 & 7#a ,tim4 #b3ab73 ,i suff] n a woman to tea*4 ,n[ ?is p]ta9s especially to ! grace ( ! ^w4 ,!re=e ! grace ( ! ^w is n becom+ to wom54 ,i answ] t1 ,spee* may be employ$ 9 two ways3 9 "o way privately1 to "o or a few1 9 famili> conv]sation1 & 9 ?is respect ! grace ( ! ^w may be becom+ to wom52 9 ano!r way1 publicly1 address+ oneself to ! :ole *ur*1 & ?is is n p]mitt$ to wom54 ,fir/ & *iefly1 on acc\nt ( ! condition atta*+ to ! female sex1 :]eby woman %\ld be subject to man1 z appe>s f ,g54 #c3af4 ,n[ tea*+ & p]suad+ publicly 9 ! *ur* belong n to subjects b to ! prelates 7al?\gh m5 :o are subjects may d ^! ?+s if !y be s commission$1 because _! subjection is n a result ( _! natural sex1 z x is ) wom51 b ( "s ?+ sup]v5+ by accid5t74 ,secondly1 le/ m5's m9ds be entic$ to lu/1 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #i3aa73 ,h] conv]sation burne? z fire4 ,?irdly1 because z a rule wom5 are n p]fect$ 9 wisdom1 s z to be fit to be intru/$ ) public tea*+4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! passage quot$ speaks ( private tea*+ :]eby a fa!r in/ructs 8 son4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! grace ( prophecy consi/s 9 ,god enlight5+ ! m9d1 on ! "p ( :i* !re is no diff]5ce ( sex among m51 accord+ to ,col4 #c3aj1 #aa1 ,putt+ on ! new man1 him :o is r5ew$ unto k1 accord+ to ! image ( ,him t creat$ him1 :]e !re is nei!r male nor female 99,vulg43 ',nei!r ,g5tile nor ,jew1 circumcision nor uncircumcision1 ,b>b>ian nor ,scy?ian1 bond nor free4' ,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #ic1 ,a4 #f1 ad #b footnote4 ,n[ ! grace ( ! ^w p]ta9s to ! in/ruction ( m5 among :om ! diff]5ce ( sex is f\nd4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! recipi5ts ( a div9ely conf]r$ grace adm9i/] x 9 diff]5t ways accord+ to _! v>i\s conditions4 ,h5ce wom51 if !y h ! grace ( wisdom or ( k1 c adm9i/] x by tea*+ privately b n publicly4 ,,"q #agh ,,( ,,! ,,grace ,,( ,,miracles 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] ! grace ( miracles1 "u :i* head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re is a gratuit\s grace ( work+ miracles8 7#b7 ,to :om is x becom+8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is a ,gratuit\s ,grace ( ,work+ ,miracles8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no gratuit\s grace is direct$ to ! work+ ( miracles4 ,= e grace puts some?+ 9 ! "o to :om x is giv5 7,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ij1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! work+ ( miracles puts no?+ 9 ! s\l ( ! man :o receives x s9ce miracles are wr\ght at ! t\* ev5 ( a dead body4 ,?us we read 7#d ,k+s #ac3ba7 t "s 4 4 4 ca/ ! body into ! sepul*re ( ,eliseus4 ,& :5 x _h t\*$ ! bones ( ,eliseus1 ! man came to life1 & /ood ^u 8 feet4 ,!re=e ! work+ ( miracles does n belong to a gratuit\s grace4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! gratuit\s graces are f ! ,holy ,gho/1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab3d1 ,!re are div]sities ( graces1 b ! same ,_s4 ,n[ ! work+ ( miracles is effect$ ev5 by ! unclean _s1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bd3bd1 ,!re %all arise false ,*ri/s & false prophets1 & %all %[ great signs & wond]s4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! work+ ( miracles does n belong to a gratuit\s grace4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 miracles are divid$ into signs1 wond]s or port5ts1 & virtues4 99,cf4 #b ,!ss4 #b3i1 :]e ! ,d\ay v]sion r5d]s virtus by p[]4 ,! use ( ! ^w virtue 9 ! s5se ( a miracle is n[ obsolete1 & ! g5]ic t]m miracle is else:]e us$ 9 its /ead3 ,cf4 #a ,cor4 #ab3aj1 #bh2 ,heb4 #b3d2 ,acts #b3bb4 ,!re=e x is unreasonable to reckon ! work+ ( miracles a gratuit\s grace1 any m ?an ! work+ ( signs & wond]s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! miracul\s re/or+ to heal? is done by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,!re=e ! grace ( heal+ %\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ! work+ ( miracles4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! work+ ( miracles results f fai?--ei!r ( ! work]1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3b1 ,if ,i %\ld h all fai?1 s t ,i c\ld remove m\nta9s1 or ( o!r p]sons = ^: sake miracles are wr\ght1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ac3eh1 ,& ,he wr\ght n _m miracles !re1 because ( _! unbelief4 ,!re=e1 if fai? be reckon$ a gratuit\s grace1 x is sup]flu\s to reckon 9 addition ! work+ ( signs z ano!r gratuit\s grace4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #ab3i1 #aj7 says t among o!r gratuit\s graces1 to ano!r is giv5 ! grace ( heal+ 4 4 4 to ano!r1 ! work+ ( miracles4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #agg1 ,a4 #a71 ! ,holy ,gho/ provides suffici5tly = ! ,*ur* 9 matt]s pr(itable unto salvation1 to :i* purpose ! gratuit\s graces are direct$4 ,n[ j z ! k :i* a man receives f ,god ne$s to be br\ght to ! k ( o!rs ?r\gh ! gift ( tongues & ! grace ( ! ^w1 s too ! ^w utt]$ ne$s to be confirm$ 9 ord] t x be r5d]$ cr$ible4 ,?is is done by ! work+ ( miracles1 accord+ to ,mk4 #af3bj1 ,& confirm+ ! ^w ) signs t foll[$3 & reasonably s4 ,= x is natural to man to arrive at ! intelligible tru? ?r\gh its s5sible effects4 ,:]e=e j z man l$ by 8 natural reason is able to arrive at "s k ( ,god ?r\gh ,8 natural effects1 s is he br\ght to a c]ta9 degree ( sup]natural k ( ! objects ( fai? by c]ta9 sup]natural effects :i* are call$ miracles4 ,!re=e ! work+ ( miracles belongs to a gratuit\s grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j z prophecy ext5ds to :atev] c be kn[n sup]naturally1 s ! work+ ( miracles ext5ds to all ?+s t c be done sup]naturally2 ! cause :]e( is ! div9e omnipot5ce :i* _c be communicat$ to any creature4 ,h5ce x is impossible = ! pr9ciple ( work+ miracles to be a quality abid+ z a habit 9 ! s\l4 ,on ! o!r h&1 j z ! prophet's m9d is mov$ by div9e inspiration to "k some?+ sup]naturally1 s too is x possible = ! m9d ( ! miracle work] to be mov$ to d some?+ result+ 9 ! miracul\s effect :i* ,god causes by ,8 p[]4 ,sometimes ?is takes place aft] pray]1 z :5 ,pet] rais$ to life ! dead ,tabi?a 7,acts #i3dj73 sometimes )\t any previ\s pray] be+ express$1 z :5 ,pet] by upbraid+ ! ly+ ,ananias & ,saphira deliv]$ !m to dea? 7,acts #e3d1 #i74 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,dial4 ii1 #cj7 t ! sa9ts "w miracles1 sometimes by au?ority1 sometimes by pray]4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 ,god is ! pr9cipal work]1 = ,he uses in/rum5tally ei!r man's inw>d movem5t1 or 8 spee*1 or "s outw>d action1 or aga9 ! bodily contact ( ev5 a dead body4 ,?us :5 ,josue _h said z ?\gh au?oritatively 7,jo%4 #aj3ab73 ,move n1 ,o sun1 t[>d ,gabaon1 x is said aft]w>ds 7,jo%4 #aj3ad73 ,!re 0 n be=e or aft] s long a day1 ! ,"l obey+ ! voice ( a man4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,our ,"l is speak+ !re ( ! miracles to be wr\ght at ! "t ( ,anti*ri/1 ( :i* ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,!ss4 #b3i7 t ! com+ ( ,anti*ri/ w be accord+ to ! work+ ( ,satan1 9 all p[]1 & signs1 & ly+ wond]s4 ,to quote ! words ( ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xx1 #ai71 x is a matt] ( debate :e!r !y are call$ signs & ly+ wond]s1 because he w deceive ! s5ses ( mortals by imag9>y visions1 9 t he w seem to d :at he does n1 or because1 ?\gh !y be real wond]s1 !y w s$uce into falsehood !m t believe4 ,!y are said to be real1 because ! ?+s !mselves w be real1 j z ,ph>aoh's magicians made real frogs & real s]p5ts2 b !y w n be real miracles1 because !y w be done by ! p[] ( natural causes1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #d72 :]eas ! work+ ( miracles :i* is ascrib$ to a gratuit\s grace1 is done by ,god's p[] = man's pr(it4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,two ?+s may be consid]$ 9 miracles4 ,"o is t :i* is done3 ?is is some?+ surpass+ ! faculty ( nature1 & 9 ?is respect miracles are call$ virtues4 ,! o!r ?+ is ! purpose = :i* miracles are wr\ght1 namely ! manife/ation ( some?+ sup]natural1 & 9 ?is respect !y are commonly call$ signs3 b on acc\nt ( "s excell5ce !y receive ! "n ( wond] or prodigy1 z %[+ some?+ f af> 7procul74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! grace ( heal+ is m5tion$ sep>ately1 because by its means a b5efit1 namely bodily heal?1 is conf]r$ on man 9 addition to ! common b5efit be/[$ 9 all miracles1 namely ! br++ ( m5 to ! k ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! work+ ( miracles is ascrib$ to fai? = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because x is direct$ to ! confirmation ( fai?1 secondly1 because x proce$s f ,god's omnipot5ce on :i* fai? relies4 ,nev]!less1 j z besides ! grace ( fai?1 ! grace ( ! ^w is necess>y t p may be in/ruct$ 9 ! fai?1 s too is ! grace ( miracles necess>y t p may be confirm$ 9 _! fai?4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,wick$ ,c ,"w ,miracles8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! wick$ _c "w miracles4 ,= miracles are wr\ght ?r\gh pray]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a74 ,n[ ! pray] ( a s9n] is n grant$1 accord+ to ,john #i3ca1 ,we "k t ,god do? n he> s9n]s1 & ,prov4 #bh3i1 ,he t turne? away 8 e> f he>+ ! law1 8 pray] %all be an abom9ation4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! wick$ _c "w miracles4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 miracles are ascrib$ to fai?1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ag3ai1 ,if y h fai? z a gra9 ( mu/>d se$ y %all say to ?is m\nta93 ,remove f h5ce hi!r1 & x %all remove4 ,n[ fai? )\t works is dead1 accord+ to ,james #b3bj1 s t1 seem+ly1 x is devoid ( its prop] op]ation4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! wick$1 s9ce !y d n good works1 _c "w miracles4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 miracles are div9e atte/ations1 accord+ to ,heb4 #b3d1 ,god also be>+ !m witness by signs & wond]s & div]s miracles3 :]e=e 9 ! ,*ur* ! canonization ( c]ta9 p]sons is bas$ on ! atte/ation ( miracles4 ,n[ ,god _c be> witness to a falsehood4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t wick$ m5 _c "w miracles4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! good are m closely unit$ to ,god ?an ! wick$4 ,b ! good d n all "w miracles4 ,mu* less !re=e d ! wick$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3b73 ,if ,i %\ld h all fai?1 s t ,i c\ld remove m\nta9s1 & h n *>ity1 ,i am no?+4 ,n[ :osoev] has n *>ity is wick$1 because ?is gift alone ( ! ,holy ,gho/ di/+ui%es ! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom f ! *ildr5 ( p]dition1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xv1 #ah74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ev5 ! wick$ c "w miracles4 ,i answ] t1 ,"s miracles are n true b imag9>y de$s1 because !y delude man by ! appe>ance ( t :i* is n2 :ile o!rs are true de$s1 yet !y h n ! "* ( a true miracle1 because !y are done by ! p[] ( "s natural cause4 ,bo? ( ^! c be done by ! demons1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b74 ,true miracles _c be wr\ght save by ! p[] ( ,god1 because ,god works !m = man's b5efit1 & ?is 9 two ways3 9 "o way = ! confirmation ( tru? decl>$1 9 ano!r way 9 pro( ( a p]son's hol9ess1 :i* ,god desires to propose z an example ( virtue4 ,9 ! fir/ way miracles c be wr\ght by any "o :o prea*es ! true fai? & calls ^u ,*ri/'s "n1 z ev5 ! wick$ d sometimes4 ,9 ?is way ev5 ! wick$ c "w miracles4 ,h5ce ,j]ome comm5t+ on ,matt4 #g3bb1 ,h n we prophesi$ 9 ,?y "n8 says3 ,sometimes prophesy+1 ! work+ ( miracles1 & ! ca/+ out ( demons are accord$ n to ! m]it ( ^? :o d ^! ?+s1 b to ! invok+ ( ,*ri/'s "n1 t m5 may honor ,god1 by invok+ ,:om su* great miracles are wr\ght4 ,9 ! second way miracles are n wr\ght except by ! sa9ts1 s9ce x is 9 pro( ( _! hol9ess t miracles are wr\ght dur+ _! lifetime or aft] dea?1 ei!r by !mselves or by o!rs4 ,= we read 7,acts #ai3aa1 #ab7 t ,god wr\ght by ! h& ( ,paul 4 4 4 miracles & ev5 !re 7 br\ght f 8 body to ! sick1 h&k]*iefs 4 4 4 & ! diseases dep>t$ f !m4 ,9 ?is way inde$ !re is no?+ to prev5t a s9n] f work+ miracles by invok+ a sa9t2 b ! miracle is ascrib$ n to him1 b to ! "o 9 pro( ( ^: hol9ess su* ?+s are done4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #hc1 ,a4 #af7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( pray]1 ! pray] ( impetration relies n on m]it b on ,god's m]cy1 :i* ext5ds ev5 to ! wick$1 :]e=e ! pray]s ev5 ( s9n]s are sometimes grant$ by ,god4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,tract4 xliv 9 ,joan47 t ! bl9d man spoke ^! words be=e he 0 ano9t$1 t is1 be=e he 0 p]fectly enlight5$2 s9ce ,god does he> s9n]s4 ,:5 x is said t ! pray] ( "o :o he>s n ! law is an abom9ation1 ?is mu/ be und]/ood s f> z ! s9n]'s m]it is conc]n$2 yet x is sometimes grant$1 ei!r = ! spiritual welf>e ( ! "o :o prays--z ! publican 0 he>d 7,luke #ah3ad7--or = ! good ( o!rs & = ,god's glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,fai? )\t works is said to be dead1 z reg>ds ! believ]1 :o lives n1 by fai?1 ) ! life ( grace4 ,b no?+ h9d]s a liv+ ?+ f work+ ?r\gh a dead in/rum5t1 z a man ?r\gh a /ick4 ,x is ?us t ,god works :ile employ+ in/rum5tally ! fai? ( a s9n]4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,miracles are always true witnesses to ! purpose = :i* !y are wr\ght4 ,h5ce wick$ m5 :o tea* a false doctr9e nev] "w true miracles 9 confirmation ( _! tea*+1 al?\gh sometimes !y may d s 9 praise ( ,*ri/'s "n :i* !y invoke1 & by ! p[] ( ! sacram5ts :i* !y adm9i/]4 ,if !y tea* a true doctr9e1 sometimes !y "w true miracles z confirm+ _! tea*+1 b n z an atte/ation ( hol9ess4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #gi73 ,magicians "w miracles 9 "o way1 good ,*ri/ians 9 ano!r1 wick$ ,*ri/ians 9 ano!r4 ,magicians by private compact ) ! demons1 good ,*ri/ians by _! manife/ righte\sness1 evil ,*ri/ians by ! outw>d signs ( righte\sness4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #gi71 ! reason :y ^! are n grant$ to all holy m5 is le/ by a mo/ baneful error ! weak be deceiv$ into ?9k+ su* de$s to imply great] gifts ?an ! de$s ( righte\sness :]eby et]nal life is obta9$4 ,,"q #agi ,,( ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,life ,,into ,,active ,,& ,,contemplative 7,9 ,two ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] active & contemplative life4 ,?is consid]ation w be f\rfold3 7#a7 ,( ! division ( life into active & contemplative2 7#b7 ,( ! contemplative life2 7#c7 ,( ! active life2 7#d7 ,( ! comp>ison betwe5 ! active & ! contemplative life4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are two po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r life is fitt+ly divid$ into active & contemplative8 7#b7 ,:e!r ?is is an adequate division8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,life ,is ,fitt+ly ,divid$ into ,active & ,contemplative8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t life is n fitt+ly divid$ into active & contemplative4 ,= ! s\l is ! pr9ciple ( life by its ess5ce3 s9ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima ii1 #d7 t 9 liv+ ?+s to live is to be4 ,n[ ! s\l is ! pr9ciple ( action & contemplation by its p[]s4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t life is n fitt+ly divid$ into active & contemplative4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! division ( t :i* comes aft]w>ds is unfitt+ly appli$ to t :i* comes fir/4 ,n[ active & contemplative1 or speculative & practical1 are diff]5ces ( ! intellect 7,de ,anima iii1 #aj72 :ile to live comes be=e to und]/&1 s9ce to live comes fir/ to liv+ ?+s ?r\gh ! vegetative s\l1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,de ,anima ii1 #d74 ,!re=e life is unfitt+ly divid$ into active & contemplative4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ^w life implies movem5t1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 vi73 :]eas contemplation consi/s r 9 re/1 accord+ to ,wis4 #h3af3 ,:5 ,i ent] into my h\se1 ,i %all repose myself ) h]4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t life is unfitt+ly divid$ into active & contemplative4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv sup] ,eze*473 ,!re is a tw(old life :]e9 ,almighty ,god in/ructs u by ,8 holy ^w1 ! active life & ! contemplative4 ,i answ] t1 ,prop]ly speak+1 ^? ?+s are said to live ^: movem5t or op]ation is f )9 !mselves4 ,n[ t :i* is prop] to a ?+ & to :i* x is mo/ incl9$ is t :i* is mo/ becom+ to x f itself2 :]e=e e liv+ ?+ gives pro( ( its life by t op]ation :i* is mo/ prop] to x1 & to :i* x is mo/ incl9$4 ,?us ! life ( plants is said to consi/ 9 n\ri%m5t & g5]ation2 ! life ( animals 9 s5sation & movem5t2 & ! life ( m5 9 _! und]/&+ & act+ accord+ to reason4 ,:]e=e also 9 m5 ! life ( e man w\ld seem to be t :]e9 he delights mo/1 & on :i* he is mo/ int5t2 ?us especially does he wi% to associate ) 8 fri5ds 7,e?ic4 ix1 #ab74 ,accord+ly s9ce c]ta9 m5 are especially int5t on ! contemplation ( tru?1 :ile o!rs are especially int5t on ext]nal actions1 x foll[s t man's life is fitt+ly divid$ into active & contemplative4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ea* ?+'s prop] =m t makes x actually to be is prop]ly t ?+'s pr9ciple ( op]ation4 ,h5ce to live is1 9 liv+ ?+s1 to be1 because liv+ ?+s ?r\gh hav+ be+ f _! =m1 act 9 su* & su* a way4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,life 9 g5]al is n divid$ into active & contemplative1 b ! life ( man1 :o d]ives 8 species f hav+ an intellect1 :]e=e ! same division applies to intellect & human life4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is true t contemplation enjoys re/ f ext]nal movem5ts4 ,nev]!less to contemplate is itself a movem5t ( ! intellect1 9 s f> z e op]ation is describ$ z a movem5t2 9 :i* s5se ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,anima iii1 #g7 t s5sation & und]/&+ are movem5ts ( a k9d1 9 s f> z movem5t is def9$ ! act ( a p]fect ?+4 ,9 ?is way ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 ascribes ?ree movem5ts to ! s\l 9 contemplation1 namely1 /raight1 circul>1 & oblique 99,cf4 ,q4 #ahj1 ,a4 #f4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #agi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,life ,is ,adequately ,divid$ into ,active & ,contemplative8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t life is n adequately divid$ into active & contemplative4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #e7 t !re are ?ree mo/ prom95t k9ds ( life1 ! life ( pleasure1 ! civil :i* w\ld seem to be ! same z ! active1 & ! contemplative life4 ,!re=e ! division ( life into active & contemplative w\ld seem to be inadequate4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #ai7 m5tions ?ree k9ds ( life1 namely ! life ( leisure :i* p]ta9s to ! contemplative1 ! busy life :i* p]ta9s to ! active1 & a ?ird compos$ ( bo?4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t life is inadequately divid$ into active & contemplative4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 man's life is div]sifi$ accord+ to ! div]s actions 9 :i* m5 are occupi$4 ,n[ !re are m ?an two occupations ( human actions4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t life %\ld be divid$ into m k9ds ?an ! active & ! contemplative4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,^! two lives are signifi$ by ! two wives ( ,jacob2 ! active by ,lia1 & ! contemplative by ,ra*el3 & by ! two ho/esses ( our ,"l2 ! contemplative life by ,m>y1 & ! active life by ,m>?a1 z ,gregory decl>es 7,moral4 vi1 #cg 99,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*474 ,n[ ?is signification w\ld n be fitt+ if !re 7 m ?an two lives4 ,!re=e life is adequately divid$ into active & contemplative4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b71 ?is division applies to ! human life z d]iv$ f ! intellect4 ,n[ ! intellect is divid$ into active & contemplative1 s9ce ! end ( intellective k is ei!r ! k itself ( tru?1 :i* p]ta9s to ! contemplative intellect1 or "s ext]nal action1 :i* p]ta9s to ! practical or active intellect4 ,!re=e life too is adequately divid$ into active & contemplative4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! life ( pleasure places its end 9 pleasures ( ! body1 :i* are common to u & dumb animals2 :]e=e z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ,e?ic4 i1 #e71 x is ! life ( a bea/4 ,h5ce x is n includ$ 9 ?is division ( ! life ( a man into active & contemplative4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a mean is a comb9ation ( extremes1 :]e=e x is virtually conta9$ 9 !m1 z tepid 9 hot & cold1 & pale 9 :ite & black4 ,9 l mann] active & contemplative comprise t :i* is compos$ ( bo?4 ,nev]!less z 9 e mixture "o ( ! simples pr$om9ates1 s too 9 ! mean /ate ( life sometimes ! contemplative1 sometimes ! active elem5t1 ab\nds4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,all ! occupations ( human actions1 if direct$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! pres5t life 9 accord ) "r reason1 belong to ! active life :i* provides = ! necessities ( ! pres5t life by means ( well-ord]$ activity4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y m9i/] to any concupisc5ce :atev]1 !y belong to ! life ( pleasure1 :i* is n compris$ "u ! active life4 ,^? human occupations t are direct$ to ! consid]ation ( tru? belong to ! contemplative life4 ,,"q #ahj ,,( ,,! ,,contemplative ,,life 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! contemplative life1 "u :i* head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! contemplative life p]ta9s to ! intellect only1 or also to ! affections8 7#b7 ,:e!r ! moral virtues p]ta9 to ! contemplative life8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! contemplative life consi/s 9 "o action or 9 sev]al8 7#d7 ,:e!r ! consid]ation ( any tru? :atev] p]ta9s to ! contemplative life8 7#e7 ,:e!r ! contemplative life ( man 9 ?is /ate c arise to ! vision ( ,god8 7#f7 ,( ! movem5ts ( contemplation assign$ by ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv72 7#g7 ,( ! pleasure ( contemplation2 7#h7 ,( ! duration ( contemplation4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahj1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,contemplative ,life ,has ,no?+ to ,d ) ! ,affections1 & ,p]ta9s ,:olly to ! ,intellect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! contemplative life has no?+ to d ) ! affections & p]ta9s :olly to ! intellect4 ,= ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 ii1 text4 #c 99,ed ,did4 ia1 #a7 t ! end ( contemplation is tru?4 ,n[ tru? p]ta9s :olly to ! intellect4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! contemplative life :olly reg>ds ! intellect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi1 #cg2 ,hom4 xix 9 ,eze*47 t ,ra*el1 :i* is int]pret$ 'vision ( ! pr9ciple' 99,or r1 ',"o see+ ! pr9ciple1' if d]iv$ f rah & irzn2 ,cf4 ,j]ome1 ,de ,nom4 ,hebr41 signifies ! contemplative life4 ,n[ ! vision ( a pr9ciple belongs prop]ly to ! intellect4 ,!re=e ! contemplative life belongs prop]ly to ! intellect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t x belongs to ! contemplative life1 to re/ f ext]nal action4 ,n[ ! affective or appetitive p[] incl9es to ext]nal actions4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! contemplative life has no?+ to d ) ! appetitive p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t ! contemplative life is to cl+ ) our :ole m9d to ! love ( ,god & our neighbor1 & to desire no?+ beside our ,creator4 ,n[ desire & love p]ta9 to ! affective or appetitive p[]1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #be1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #b74 ,!re=e ! contemplative life has also some?+ to d ) ! affective or appetitive p[]4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #agi1 ,a4 #a7 !irs is said to be ! contemplative :o are *iefly int5t on ! contemplation ( tru?4 ,n[ int5tion is an act ( ! w1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #a71 because int5tion is ( ! end :i* is ! object ( ! w4 ,consequ5tly ! contemplative life1 z reg>ds ! ess5ce ( ! action1 p]ta9s to ! intellect1 b z reg>ds ! motive cause ( ! ex]cise ( t action x belongs to ! w1 :i* moves all ! o!r p[]s1 ev5 ! intellect1 to _! actions1 z /at$ above 7,i1 ,q4 #hb1 ,a4 #d2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #i1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! appetitive p[] moves "o to obs]ve ?+s ei!r ) ! s5ses or ) ! intellect1 sometimes = love ( ! ?+ se5 because1 z x is writt5 7,matt4 #f3ba71 :]e ?y treasure is1 !re is ?y he>t also1 sometimes = love ( ! v k t "o acquires by obs]vation4 ,:]e=e ,gregory makes ! contemplative life to consi/ 9 ! love ( ,god1 inasmu* z ?r\gh lov+ ,god we are aflame to gaze on ,8 beauty4 ,& s9ce ev]yone delights :5 he obta9s :at he loves1 x foll[s t ! contemplative life t]m9ates 9 delight1 :i* is seat$ 9 ! affective p[]1 ! result be+ t love also becomes m int5se4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,f ! v fact t tru? is ! end ( contemplation1 x has ! aspect ( an appetible good1 bo? lovable & delightful1 & 9 ?is respect x p]ta9s to ! appetitive p[]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,we are urg$ to ! vision ( ! fir/ pr9ciple1 namely ,god1 by ! love !re(2 :]e=e ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t ! contemplative life tramples on all c>es & longs to see ! face ( its ,creator4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! appetitive p[] moves n only ! bodily memb]s to p]=m ext]nal actions1 b also ! intellect to practice ! act ( contemplation1 z /at$ above4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahj1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,moral ,virtues ,p]ta9 to ! ,contemplative ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! moral virtues p]ta9 to ! contemplative life4 ,= ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t ! contemplative life is to cl+ to ! love ( ,god & our neighbor ) ! :ole m9d4 ,n[ all ! moral virtues1 s9ce _! acts are prescrib$ by ! precepts ( ! ,law1 are r$ucible to ! love ( ,god & ( our neighbor1 = love 4 4 4 is ! fulfill+ ( ! ,law 7,rom4 #ac3aj74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! moral virtues belong to ! contemplative life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! contemplative life is *iefly direct$ to ! contemplation ( ,god2 = ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t ! m9d tramples on all c>es & longs to gaze on ! face ( its ,creator4 ,n[ no "o c accompli% ?is )\t cleanness ( he>t1 :i* is a result ( moral virtue 99,cf4 ,q4 #h1 ,a4 #g4 ,= x is writt5 7,matt4 #e3h73 ,bless$ are ! clean ( he>t1 = !y %all see ,god3 & 7,heb4 #ab3ad73 ,foll[ peace ) all m51 & hol9ess1 )\t :i* no man %all see ,god4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! moral virtues p]ta9 to ! contemplative life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t ! contemplative life gives beauty to ! s\l1 :]e=e x is signifi$ by ,ra*el1 ( :om x is said 7,g54 #bi3ag7 t %e 0 ( a beautiful c\nt5ance4 ,n[ ! beauty ( ! s\l consi/s 9 ! moral virtues1 especially temp]ance1 z ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #dc1 #de1 #df74 ,!re=e x seems t ! moral virtues p]ta9 to ! contemplative life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! moral virtues are direct$ to ext]nal actions4 ,n[ ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi 99,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*42 ,cf4 ,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #c7 t x belongs to ! contemplative life to re/ f ext]nal action4 ,!re=e ! moral virtues d n p]ta9 to ! contemplative life4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may belong to ! contemplative life 9 two ways1 ess5tially or dispositively4 ,! moral virtues d n belong to ! contemplative life ess5tially1 because ! end ( ! contemplative life is ! consid]ation ( tru?3 & z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,e?ic4 ii1 #d71 k1 :i* p]ta9s to ! consid]ation ( tru?1 has little influ5ce on ! moral virtues3 :]e=e he decl>es 7,e?ic4 x1 #h7 t ! moral virtues p]ta9 to active b n to contemplative happ9ess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! moral virtues belong to ! contemplative life dispositively4 ,= ! act ( contemplation1 :]e9 ! contemplative life ess5tially consi/s1 is h9d]$ bo? by ! impetuosity ( ! passions :i* )draw ! s\l's int5tion f intelligible to s5sible ?+s1 & by outw>d di/urbances4 ,n[ ! moral virtues curb ! impetuosity ( ! passions1 & quell ! di/urbance ( outw>d occupations4 ,h5ce moral virtues belong dispositively to ! contemplative life4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! contemplative life has its motive cause on ! "p ( ! affections1 & 9 ?is respect ! love ( ,god & our neighbor is requisite to ! contemplative life4 ,n[ motive causes d n ent] into ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 b dispose & p]fect x4 ,:]e=e x does n foll[ t ! moral virtues belong ess5tially to ! contemplative life4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,hol9ess or cleanness ( he>t is caus$ by ! virtues t are conc]n$ ) ! passions :i* h9d] ! purity ( ! reason2 & peace is caus$ by ju/ice :i* is ab\t op]ations1 accord+ to ,isa4 #cb3ag1 ,! "w ( ju/ice %all be peace3 s9ce he :o refra9s f wrong+ o!rs less5s ! occasions ( qu>rels & di/urbances4 ,h5ce ! moral virtues dispose "o to ! contemplative life by caus+ peace & cleanness ( he>t4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,beauty1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ade1 ,a4 #b71 consi/s 9 a c]ta9 cl>ity & due proportion4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! is f\nd radically 9 ! reason2 because bo? ! light t makes beauty se51 & ! e/abli%+ ( due proportion among ?+s belong to reason4 ,h5ce s9ce ! contemplative life consi/s 9 an act ( ! reason1 !re is beauty 9 x by its v nature & ess5ce2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,wis4 #h3b7 ( ! contemplation ( wisdom3 ,i became a lov] ( h] beauty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 beauty is 9 ! moral virtues by p>ticipation1 9 s f> z !y p>ticipate 9 ! ord] ( reason2 & especially is x 9 temp]ance1 :i* re/ra9s ! concupisc5ces :i* especially d>k5 ! light ( reason4 ,h5ce x is t ! virtue ( *a/ity mo/ ( all makes man apt = contemplation1 s9ce v5]eal pleasures mo/ ( all weigh ! m9d d[n to s5sible objects1 z ,augu/9e says 7,soliloq4 i1 #aj74 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahj1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,!re ,are ,v>i\s ,actions ,p]ta9+ to ! ,contemplative ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re are v>i\s actions p]ta9+ to ! contemplative life4 ,= ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor 99,de ,grat4 ,contempl4 i1 #c1 #d di/+ui%es betwe5 contemplation1 m$itation1 & cogitation4 ,yet all ^! app>5tly p]ta9 to contemplation4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !re are v>i\s actions p]ta9+ to ! contemplative life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #c3ah73 ,b we 4 4 4 behold+ 7speculantes7 ! glory ( ! ,"l ) op5 face1 are trans=m$ into ! same cl>ity 99,vulg43 'into ! same image f glory to glory4'4 ,n[ ?is belongs to ! contemplative life4 ,!re=e 9 addition to ! ?ree a=esaid1 vision 7speculatio7 belongs to ! contemplative life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,b]n>d says 7,de ,consid4 v1 #ad7 t ! fir/ & greate/ contemplation is admiration ( ! ,maje/y4 ,n[ accord+ to ,damasc5e 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ae7 admiration is a k9d ( fe>4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t sev]al acts are requisite = ! contemplative life4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,pray]1 read+1 & m$itation 99,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor1 ,alleg4 9 ,n4,t4 iii1 #d are said to belong to ! contemplative life4 ,aga91 he>+ belongs to ! contemplative life3 s9ce x is /at$ t ,m>y 7by :om ! contemplative life is signifi$7 sitt+ 4 4 4 at ! ,"l's feet1 he>d ,8 ^w 7,luke #aj3ci74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t sev]al acts are requisite = ! contemplative life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,life signifies "h ! op]ation on :i* a man is *iefly int5t4 ,:]e=e if !re are sev]al op]ations ( ! contemplative life1 !re w be1 n "o1 b sev]al contemplative lives4 ,i answ] t1 ,we are n[ speak+ ( ! contemplative life z applicable to man4 ,n[ accord+ to ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 vii7 betwe5 man & angel !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t an angel p]ceives ! tru? by simple appreh5sion1 :]eas man arrives at ! p]ception ( a simple tru? by a process f sev]al premises4 ,accord+ly1 !n1 ! contemplative life has "o act :]e9 x is f9ally complet$1 namely ! contemplation ( tru?1 & f ?is act x d]ives its unity4 ,yet x has _m acts :]eby x arrives at ?is f9al act4 ,"s ( ^! p]ta9 to ! reception ( pr9ciples1 f :i* x proce$s to ! contemplation ( tru?2 o!rs are conc]n$ ) d$uc+ f ! pr9ciples1 ! tru?1 ! k ( :i* is s\ght2 & ! la/ & cr[n+ act is ! contemplation itself ( ! tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,accord+ to ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor cogitation w\ld seem to reg>d ! consid]ation ( ! _m ?+s f :i* a p]son int5ds to ga!r "o simple tru?4 ,h5ce cogitation may comprise n only ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses 9 tak+ cognizance ( c]ta9 effects1 b also ! imag9ations4 ,& aga9 ! reason's discussion ( ! v>i\s signs or ( any?+ t conduces to ! tru? 9 view3 al?\gh1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #g71 cogitation may signify any actual op]ation ( ! intellect4 ,m$itation w\ld seem to be ! process ( reason f c]ta9 pr9ciples t lead to ! contemplation ( "s tru?3 & consid]ation has ! same mean+1 accord+ to ,b]n>d 7,de ,consid4 ii1 #b71 al?\gh1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima ii1 #a71 e op]ation ( ! intellect may be call$ consid]ation4 ,b contemplation reg>ds ! simple act ( gaz+ on ! tru?2 :]e=e ,ri*>d says aga9 7,de ,grat4 ,contempl4 i1 #d7 t contemplation is ! s\l's cle> & free dwell+ ^u ! object ( its gaze2 m$itation is ! survey ( ! m9d :ile occupi$ 9 se>*+ = ! tru?3 & cogitation is ! m9d's glance :i* is prone to w&]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to a gloss 99,cf4 ,de ,tr94 xv1 #h ( ,augu/9e on ?is passage1 behold+ 7speculatio7 d5otes see+ 9 a mirror 7speculo71 n f a wat*-t[] 7specula74 ,n[ to see a ?+ 9 a mirror is to see a cause 9 its effect :]e9 its lik5ess is reflect$4 ,h5ce behold+ w\ld seem to be r$ucible to m$itation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,admiration is a k9d ( fe> result+ f ! appreh5sion ( a ?+ t surpasses our faculties3 h5ce x results f ! contemplation ( ! sublime tru?4 ,= x 0 /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 t contemplation t]m9ates 9 ! affections4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,man rea*es ! k ( tru? 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by means ( ?+s receiv$ f ano!r4 ,9 ?is way1 z reg>ds ! ?+s he receives f ,god1 he ne$s pray]1 accord+ to ,wis4 #g3g1 ,i call$ ^u ,god1 & ! _s ( wisdom came ^u me3 :ile z reg>ds ! ?+s he receives f man1 he ne$s he>+1 9 s f> z he receives f ! spok5 ^w1 & read+1 9 s f> z he receives f ! tradition ( ,holy ,writ4 ,secondly1 he ne$s to apply himself by 8 p]sonal /udy1 & ?us he requires m$itation4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahj1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,contemplative ,life ,consi/s 9 ! ,m]e ,contemplation ( ,god1 or ,also 9 ! ,consid]ation ( ,any ,tru? ,:atev]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! contemplative life consi/s n only 9 ! contemplation ( ,god1 b also 9 ! consid]ation ( any tru?4 ,= x is writt5 7,ps4 #ach3ad73 ,wond]ful are ,?y works1 & my s\l kn[e? "r well4 ,n[ ! k ( ,god's works is effect$ by any contemplation ( ! tru?4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t x p]ta9s to ! contemplative life to contemplate n only ! div9e tru?1 b also any o!r4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,b]n>d says 7,de ,consid4 v1 #ad7 t contemplation consi/s 9 admiration fir/ ( ,god's maje/y1 secondly ( ,8 judgm5ts1 ?irdly ( ,8 b5efits1 f\r?ly ( ,8 promises4 ,n[ ( ^! f\r ! fir/ alone reg>ds ! div9e tru?1 & ! o!r ?ree p]ta9 to ,8 effects4 ,!re=e ! contemplative life consi/s n only 9 ! contemplation ( ! div9e tru?1 b also 9 ! consid]ation ( tru? reg>d+ ! div9e effects4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor 99,de ,grat4 ,contempl4 i1 #f di/+ui%es six species ( contemplation4 ,! fir/ belongs to ! imag9ation alone1 & consi/s 9 ?9k+ ( corporeal ?+s4 ,! second is 9 ! imag9ation guid$ by reason1 & consi/s 9 consid]+ ! ord] & disposition ( s5sible objects4 ,! ?ird is 9 ! reason bas$ on ! imag9ation2 :51 to wit1 f ! consid]ation ( ! visible we rise to ! invisible4 ,! f\r? is 9 ! reason & conduct$ by ! reason1 :5 ! m9d is int5t on ?+s invisible ( :i* ! imag9ation has no cognizance4 ,! fif? is above ! reason1 b n contr>y to reason1 :5 by div9e revelation we become cognizant ( ?+s t _c be compreh5d$ by ! human reason4 ,! six? is above reason & contr>y to reason2 :51 to wit1 by ! div9e enlight5+ we "k ?+s t seem contr>y to human reason1 su* z ! doctr9e ( ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,n[ only ! la/ ( ^! w\ld seem to p]ta9 to ! div9e tru?4 ,!re=e ! contemplation ( tru? reg>ds n only ! div9e tru?1 b also t :i* is consid]$ 9 creatures4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 9 ! contemplative life ! contemplation ( tru? is s\ght z be+ ! p]fection ( man4 ,n[ any tru? is a p]fection ( ! human intellect4 ,!re=e ! contemplative life consi/s 9 ! contemplation ( any tru?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi1 #cg7 t 9 contemplation we seek ! pr9ciple :i* is ,god4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 a ?+ may belong to ! contemplative life 9 two ways3 pr9cipally1 & second>ily1 or dispositively4 ,t :i* belongs pr9cipally to ! contemplative life is ! contemplation ( ! div9e tru?1 because ?is contemplation is ! end ( ! :ole human life4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 i1 #h7 t ! contemplation ( ,god is promis$ u z be+ ! goal ( all our actions & ! ev]la/+ p]fection ( our joys4 ,?is contemplation w be p]fect 9 ! life to come1 :5 we %all see ,god face to face1 :]e=e x w make u p]fectly happy3 :]eas n[ ! contemplation ( ! div9e tru? is compet5t to u imp]fectly1 namely ?r\gh a glass & 9 a d>k mann] 7#a ,cor4 #ac3ab74 ,h5ce x be/[s on u a c]ta9 in*oate beatitude1 :i* beg9s n[ & w be cont9u$ 9 ! life to come2 :]e=e ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 x1 #g7 places man's ultimate happ9ess 9 ! contemplation ( ! supreme intelligible good4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ,god's effects %[ u ! way to ! contemplation ( ,god ,himself1 accord+ to ,rom4 #a3bj1 ,! invisible ?+s ( ,god 4 4 4 are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made1 x foll[s t ! contemplation ( ! div9e effects also belongs to ! contemplative life1 inasmu* z man is guid$ !reby to ! k ( ,god4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 xxix7 t 9 ! /udy ( creatures we mu/ n ex]cise an empty & futile curiosity1 b %\ld make !m ! /epp+-/one to ?+s unp]i%able & ev]la/+4 ,accord+ly x is cle> f :at has be5 said 7,,aa4 #a1 #b1 #c7 t f\r ?+s p]ta91 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 to ! contemplative life2 fir/1 ! moral virtues2 secondly1 o!r acts exclusive ( contemplation2 ?irdly1 contemplation ( ! div9e effects2 f\r?ly1 ! complem5t ( all :i* is ! contemplation ( ! div9e tru? itself4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,david s\ght ! k ( ,god's works1 s t he might be l$ by !m to ,god2 :]e=e he says else:]e 7,ps4 #adb3e1 #f73 ,i m$itat$ on all ,?y works3 ,i m$itat$ ^u ! works ( ,?y h&s3 ,i /ret*$ =? my h&s to ,!e4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,by consid]+ ! div9e judgm5ts man is guid$ to ! consid]ation ( ! div9e ju/ice2 & by consid]+ ! div9e b5efits & promises1 man is l$ to ! k ( ,god's m]cy or goodness1 z by effects already manife/$ or yet to be v\*saf$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! six d5ote ! /eps :]eby we asc5d by means ( creatures to ! contemplation ( ,god4 ,= ! fir/ /ep consi/s 9 ! m]e consid]ation ( s5sible objects2 ! second /ep consi/s 9 go+ =w>d f s5sible to intelligible objects2 ! ?ird /ep is to judge ( s5sible objects accord+ to intelligible ?+s2 ! f\r? is ! absolute consid]ation ( ! intelligible objects to :i* "o has atta9$ by means ( s5sibles2 ! fif? is ! contemplation ( ^? intelligible objects t are unatta9able by means ( s5sibles1 b :i* ! reason is able to grasp2 ! six? /ep is ! consid]ation ( su* intelligible ?+s z ! reason c nei!r discov] nor grasp1 :i* p]ta9 to ! sublime contemplation ( div9e tru?1 :]e9 contemplation is ultimately p]fect$4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! ultimate p]fection ( ! human intellect is ! div9e tru?3 & o!r tru?s p]fect ! intellect 9 relation to ! div9e tru?4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahj1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r 9 ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,life ! ,contemplative ,life ,c ,rea* to ! ,vision ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( life ! contemplative life c rea* to ! vision ( ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,=1 z /at$ 9 ,g54 #cb3cj1 ,jacob said3 ,i h se5 ,god face to face1 & my s\l has be5 sav$4 ,n[ ! vision ( ,god's face is ! vision ( ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t 9 ! pres5t life "o may come1 by means ( contemplation1 to see ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi1 #cg7 t contemplative m5 )draw )9 !mselves 9 ord] to explore spiritual ?+s1 nor d !y ev] c>ry ) !m ! %ad[s ( ?+s corporeal1 or if ^! foll[ !m !y prud5tly drive !m away3 b be+ desir\s ( see+ ! incompreh5sible light1 !y suppress all ! images ( _! limit$ compreh5sion1 & ?r\gh long+ to rea* :at is above !m1 !y ov]come t :i* !y are4 ,n[ man is n h9d]$ f see+ ! ,div9e ess5ce1 :i* is ! incompreh5sible light1 save by ! necessity ( turn+ to corporeal phantasms4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! contemplation ( ! pres5t life c ext5d to ! vision ( ! incompreh5sible light 9 its ess5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,dial4 ii1 #ce73 ,all creatures are small to ! s\l t sees its ,creator3 :]e=e :5 ! man ( ,god1 ! bless$ ,b5$ict1 to wit1 saw a fi]y globe 9 ! t[] & angels return+ to heav51 )\t d\bt he c\ld only see su* ?+s by ! light ( ,god4 ,n[ ! bless$ ,b5$ict 0 /ill 9 ?is life4 ,!re=e ! contemplation ( ! pres5t life c ext5d to ! vision ( ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*473 ,z long z we live 9 ?is mortal fle%1 no "o rea*es su* a height ( contemplation z to fix ! eyes ( 8 m9d on ! ray itself ( incompreh5sible light4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #bg71 no "o see+ ,god lives ?is mortal life :]e9 ! bodily s5ses h _! play3 & unless 9 "s way he dep>t ?is life1 :e!r by go+ altoge!r out ( 8 body1 or by )draw+ f 8 c>nal s5ses1 he is n caught up into t vision4 ,?is has be5 c>efully discuss$ above 7,q4 #age1 ,,aa4 #d1 #e71 :]e we spoke ( rapture1 & 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #b71 :]e we treat$ ( ! vision ( ,god4 ,accord+ly we mu/ /ate t "o may be 9 ?is life 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to act1 t is to say by actually mak+ use ( ! bodily s5ses1 & ?us contemplation 9 ! pres5t life c n[ise atta9 to ! vision ( ,god's ess5ce4 ,secondly1 "o may be 9 ?is life pot5tially & n ) reg>d to act1 t is to say1 :5 ! s\l is unit$ to ! mortal body z its =m1 yet s z to make use nei!r ( ! bodily s5ses1 nor ev5 ( ! imag9ation1 z happ5s 9 rapture2 & 9 ?is way ! contemplation ( ! pres5t life c atta9 to ! vision ( ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,consequ5tly ! highe/ degree ( contemplation 9 ! pres5t life is t :i* ,paul _h 9 rapture1 :]eby he 0 9 a middle /ate betwe5 ! pres5t life & ! life to come4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,dionysius says 7,ep4 i ad ,caium4 ,mona*471 if anyone see+ ,god1 und]/ood :at he saw1 he saw n ,god ,himself1 b some?+ belong+ to ,god4 ,& ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*473 ,by no means is ,god se5 n[ 9 ,8 glory2 b ! s\l sees some?+ ( l[] degree1 & is !reby refre%$ s t aft]w>ds x may atta9 to ! glory ( vision4 ,accord+ly ! words ( ,jacob1 ,i saw ,god face to face d n imply t he saw ,god's ess5ce1 b t he saw "s %ape 99,cf4 ,i1 ,q4 #ab1 ,a4 #aa1 ad #a1 imag9>y ( c\rse1 :]e9 ,god spoke to him4 ,or1 s9ce we "k a man by 8 face1 by ! face ( ,god he signifi$ 8 k ( ,him1 accord+ to a gloss ( ,gregory on ! same passage4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( life human contemplation is impossible )\t phantasms1 because x is connatural to man to see ! intelligible species 9 ! phantasms1 z ! ,philosoph] /ates 7,de ,anima iii1 #g74 ,yet intellectual k does n consi/ 9 ! phantasms !mselves1 b 9 our contemplat+ 9 !m ! purity ( ! intelligible tru?3 & ?is n only 9 natural k1 b also 9 t :i* we obta9 by revelation4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,coel4 ,hi]4 i7 t ! ,div9e glory %[s u ! angelic hi]>*ies "u c]ta9 symbolic figures1 & by its p[] we are br\ght back to ! s+le ray ( light1 i4e4 to ! simple k ( ! intelligible tru?4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we mu/ und]/& ! /atem5t ( ,gregory t contemplatives d n c>ry along ) !m ! %ad[s ( ?+s corporeal1 s9ce _! contemplation is n fix$ on !m1 b on ! consid]ation ( ! intelligible tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,by ^! words ,gregory does n imply t ! bless$ ,b5$ict1 9 t vision1 saw ,god 9 ,8 ess5ce1 b he wi%es to %[ t because all creatures are small to him t sees ,god1 x foll[s t all ?+s c easily be se5 ?r\gh ! enlight5m5t ( ! ,div9e light4 ,:]e=e he adds3 ,= h[ev] little he may see ( ! ,creator's light1 all creat$ ?+s become petty to him4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahj1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ! ,op]ation ( ,contemplation ,is ,fitt+ly ,divid$ into a ,?reefold ,movem5t1 ,circul>1 ,/raight & ,oblique8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! op]ation ( contemplation is unfitt+ly divid$ into a ?reefold movem5t1 circul>1 /raight1 & oblique 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,= contemplation p]ta9s exclusively to re/1 accord+ to ,wis4 #h3af1 ,:5 ,i g into my h\se1 ,i %all repose myself ) h]4 ,n[ movem5t is oppos$ to re/4 ,!re=e ! op]ations ( ! contemplative life %\ld n be describ$ z movem5ts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! action ( ! contemplative life p]ta9s to ! intellect1 :]eby man is l ! angels4 ,n[ ,dionysius describes ^! movem5ts z be+ diff]5t 9 ! angels f :at !y are 9 ! s\l4 ,= he says 7,div4 ,nom4 iv7 t ! circul> movem5t 9 ! angel is accord+ to 8 enlight5m5t by ! beautiful & ! good4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he assigns ! circul> movem5t ( ! s\l to sev]al ?+s3 ! fir/ ( :i* is ! )drawal ( ! s\l into itself f ext]nals2 ! second is a c]ta9 conc5tration ( its p[]s1 :]eby x is r5d]$ free ( error & ( outw>d occupation2 & ! ?ird is union ) ^? ?+s t are above x4 ,aga91 he describes diff]5tly _! respective /raight movem5ts4 ,= he says t ! /raight movem5t ( ! angel is t by :i* he proce$s to ! c>e ( ^? ?+s t are b5ea? him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he describes ! /raight movem5t ( ! s\l z be+ tw(old3 fir/1 its progress t[>ds ?+s t are ne> x2 secondly1 its uplift+ f ext]nal ?+s to simple contemplation4 ,fur!r1 he assigns a diff]5t oblique movem5t to ea*4 ,= he assigns ! oblique movem5t ( ! angels to ! fact t :ile provid+ = ^? :o h less !y rema9 un*ang$ 9 relation to ,god3 :]eas he assigns ! oblique movem5t ( ! s\l to ! fact t ! s\l is enlight5$ 9 ,div9e k by reason+ & disc\rs+4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! op]ations ( contemplation are unfitt+ly assign$ accord+ to ! ways m5tion$ above4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,ri*>d ( ,/4 ,victor 7,de ,contempl4 i1 #e7 m5tions _m o!r diff]5t movem5ts 9 lik5ess to ! birds ( ! air4 ,= "s ( ^! rise at "o "t to a great height1 at ano!r swoop d[n to e>?1 & !y d s repeat$ly2 o!rs fly n[ to ! "r1 n[ to ! left aga9 & aga92 o!rs g =w>ds or lag beh9d _m times2 o!rs fly 9 a circle n[ m n[ less ext5d$2 & o!rs rema9 susp5d$ almo/ immovably 9 "o place4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !re are only ?ree movem5ts ( contemplation4 ,on ! contr>y1 /&s ! au?ority ( ,dionysius 7,div4 ,nom4 iv74 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aai1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c71 ! op]ation ( ! intellect1 :]e9 contemplation ess5tially consi/s1 is call$ a movem5t1 9 s f> z movem5t is ! act ( a p]fect ?+1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,de ,anima iii1 #a74 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x is ?r\gh s5sible objects t we come to ! k ( intelligible ?+s1 & s9ce s5sible op]ations d n take place )\t movem5t1 ! result is t ev5 intelligible op]ations are describ$ z movem5ts1 & are diff]5tiat$ 9 lik5ess to v>i\s movem5ts4 ,n[ ( bodily movem5ts1 local movem5ts are ! mo/ p]fect & come fir/1 z prov$ 9 ,phys4 viii1 #g2 :]e=e ! =emo/ among intelligible op]ations are describ$ by be+ lik5$ to !m4 ,^! movem5ts are ( ?ree k9ds2 = !re is ! circul> movem5t1 by :i* a ?+ moves uni=mly r\nd "o po9t z c5t]1 ano!r is ! /raight movem5t1 by :i* a ?+ goes f "o po9t to ano!r2 ! ?ird is oblique1 be+ compos$ z x 7 ( bo? ! o!rs4 ,consequ5tly1 9 intelligible op]ations1 t :i* is simply uni=m is comp>$ to circul> movem5t2 ! intelligible op]ation by :i* "o proce$s f "o po9t to ano!r is comp>$ to ! /raight movem5t2 :ile ! intelligible op]ation :i* unites some?+ ( uni=mity ) progress to v>i\s po9ts is comp>$ to ! oblique movem5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ext]nal bodily movem5ts are oppos$ to ! quiet ( contemplation1 :i* consi/s 9 re/ f outw>d occupations3 b ! movem5ts ( intellectual op]ations belong to ! quiet ( contemplation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,man is l ! angels 9 intellect g5]ically1 b ! intellective p[] is mu* high] 9 ! angel ?an 9 man4 ,consequ5tly ^! movem5ts mu/ be ascrib$ to s\ls & angels 9 diff]5t ways1 accord+ z !y are diff]5tly relat$ to uni=mity4 ,= ! angelic intellect has uni=m k 9 two respects4 ,fir/1 because x does n acquire intelligible tru? f ! v>iety ( composite objects2 secondly1 because x und]/&s ! tru? ( intelligible objects n discursively1 b by simple intuition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! intellect ( ! s\l acquires intelligible tru? f s5sible objects1 & und]/&s x by a c]ta9 disc\rs+ ( ! reason4 ,:]e=e ,dionysius assigns ! circul> movem5t ( ! angels to ! fact t _! intuition ( ,god is uni=m & unceas+1 hav+ nei!r beg9n+ nor end3 ev5 z a circul> movem5t hav+ nei!r beg9n+ nor end is uni=mly ar\nd ! "o same c5t]4 ,b on ! "p ( ! s\l1 ere x arrive at ?is uni=mity1 its tw(old lack ( uni=mity ne$s to be remov$4 ,fir/1 t :i* arises f ! v>iety ( ext]nal ?+s3 ?is is remov$ by ! s\l )draw+ f ext]nals1 & s ! fir/ ?+ he m5tions reg>d+ ! circul> movem5t ( ! s\l is ! s\l's )drawal into itself f ext]nal objects4 ,secondly1 ano!r lack ( uni=mity requires to be remov$ f ! s\l1 & ?is is ow+ to ! disc\rs+ ( reason4 ,?is is done by direct+ all ! s\l's op]ations to ! simple contemplation ( ! intelligible tru?1 & ?is is indicat$ by 8 say+ 9 ! second place t ! s\l's intellectual p[]s mu/ be uni=mly conc5trat$1 9 o!r words t disc\rs+ mu/ be laid aside & ! s\l's gaze fix$ on ! contemplation ( ! "o simple tru?4 ,9 ?is op]ation ( ! s\l !re is no error1 ev5 z !re is cle>ly no error 9 ! und]/&+ ( fir/ pr9ciples :i* we "k by simple intuition4 ,aft]w>ds ^! two ?+s be+ done1 he m5tions ?irdly ! uni=mity :i* is l t ( ! angels1 = !n all ?+s be+ laid aside1 ! s\l cont9ues 9 ! contemplation ( ,god alone4 ,?is he expresses by say+3 ,!n be+ ?us made uni=m unit$ly1 i4e4 con=mably1 by ! union ( its p[]s1 x is conduct$ to ! good & ! beautiful4 ,! /raight movem5t ( ! angel _c apply to 8 proce$+ f "o ?+ to ano!r by consid]+ !m1 b only to ! ord] ( 8 provid5ce1 namely to ! fact t ! high] angel enlight5s ! l[] angels ?r\gh ! angels t are int]m$iate4 ,he indicates ?is :5 he says3 ,! angel's movem5t takes a /raight l9e :5 he proce$s to ! c>e ( ?+s subject to him1 tak+ 9 8 c\rse :atev] ?+s are direct1 i4e4 9 keep+ ) ! dispositions ( ! direct ord]4 ,:]eas he ascribes ! /raight movem5t 9 ! s\l to ! s\l's proce$+ f ext]ior s5sibles to ! k ( intelligible objects4 ,! oblique movem5t 9 ! angels he describes z be+ compos$ ( ! /raight & circul> movem5ts1 inasmu* z _! c>e = ^? b5ea? !m is 9 accordance ) _! contemplation ( ,god3 :ile ! oblique movem5t 9 ! s\l he also decl>es to be p>tly /raight & p>tly circul>1 9 s f> z 9 reason+ x makes use ( ! light receiv$ f ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! v>ieties ( movem5t t are tak5 f ! di/9ction betwe5 above & bel[1 "r & left1 =w>ds & backw>ds1 & f v>y+ circles1 are all compris$ "u ei!r /raight or oblique movem5t1 because !y all d5ote discursions ( reason4 ,= if ! reason pass f ! g5us to ! species1 or f ! "p to ! :ole1 x w be1 z he expla9s1 f above to bel[3 if f "o opposite to ano!r1 x w be f "r to left2 if f ! cause to ! effect1 x w be backw>ds & =w>ds2 if x be ab\t accid5ts t surr\nd a ?+ ne> at h& or f> remote1 ! movem5t w be circul>4 ,! disc\rs+ ( reason f s5sible to intelligible objects1 if x be accord+ to ! ord] ( natural reason1 belongs to ! /raight movem5t2 b if x be accord+ to ! ,div9e enlight5m5t1 x w belong to ! oblique movem5t z expla9$ above 7ad #b74 ,t alone :i* he describes z immobility belongs to ! circul> movem5t4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t ,dionysius describes ! movem5t ( contemplation ) mu* great] fulness & dep?4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahj1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,delight 9 ,contemplation8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no delight 9 contemplation4 ,= delight belongs to ! appetitive p[]2 :]eas contemplation resides *iefly 9 ! intellect4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !re is no delight 9 contemplation4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all /rife & /ruggle is a h9drance to delight4 ,n[ !re is /rife & /ruggle 9 contemplation4 ,= ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t :5 ! s\l /rives to contemplate ,god1 x is 9 a /ate ( /ruggle2 at "o "t x almo/ ov]comes1 because by und]/&+ & feel+ x ta/es some?+ ( ! incompreh5sible light1 & at ano!r "t x almo/ succumbs1 because ev5 :ile ta/+1 x fails4 ,!re=e !re is no delight 9 contemplation4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 delight is ! result ( a p]fect op]ation1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 x1 #d4 ,n[ ! contemplation ( wayf>]s is imp]fect1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3ab1 ,we see n[ ?r\gh a glass 9 a d>k mann]4 ,!re=e seem+ly !re is no delight 9 ! contemplative life4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a lesion ( ! body is an ob/acle to delight4 ,n[ contemplation causes a lesion ( ! body2 :]e=e x is /at$ 7,g54 #cb7 t aft] ,jacob _h said 7,g54 #cb3cj71 ',i h se5 ,god face to face' 4 4 4 he halt$ on 8 foot 7,g54 #cb3ca7 4 4 4 because he t\*$ ! s9ew ( 8 ?igh & x %rank 7,g54 #cb3cb74 ,!re=e seem+ly !re is no delight 9 contemplation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 ( ! contemplation ( wisdom 7,wis4 #h3af73 ,h] conv]sation ha? no bitt]ness1 nor h] company any t$i\sness1 b joy & gladness3 & ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t ! contemplative life is sweetness exce$+ly lovable4 ,i answ] t1 ,!re may be delight 9 any p>ticul> contemplation 9 two ways4 ,fir/ by reason ( ! op]ation itself 99,cf4 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #c1 ,a4 #e1 because ea* individual delights 9 ! op]ation :i* befits him accord+ to 8 own nature or habit4 ,n[ contemplation ( ! tru? befits a man accord+ to 8 nature z a rational animal3 ! result be+ t all m5 naturally desire to "k1 s t consequ5tly !y delight 9 ! k ( tru?4 ,& m delightful /ill does ?is become to "o :o has ! habit ( wisdom & k1 ! result ( :i* is t he contemplates )\t difficulty4 ,secondly1 contemplation may be delightful on ! "p ( its object1 9 s f> z "o contemplates t :i* "o loves2 ev5 z bodily vision gives pleasure1 n only because to see is pleasurable 9 itself1 b because "o sees a p]son :om "o loves4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! contemplative life consi/s *iefly 9 ! contemplation ( ,god1 ( :i* *>ity is ! motive1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b1 ad #a71 x foll[s t !re is delight 9 ! contemplative life1 n only by reason ( ! contemplation itself1 b also by reason ( ! ,div9e love4 ,9 bo? respects ! delight !re( surpasses all human delight1 bo? because spiritual delight is great] ?an c>nal pleasure1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ca1 ,a4 #e71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! passions1 & because ! love :]eby ,god is lov$ out ( *>ity surpasses all love4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #cc3i73 ,o ta/e & see t ! ,"l is sweet4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh ! contemplative life consi/s *iefly 9 an act ( ! intellect1 x has its beg9n+ 9 ! appetite1 s9ce x is ?r\gh *>ity t "o is urg$ to ! contemplation ( ,god4 ,& s9ce ! end corresponds to ! beg9n+1 x foll[s t ! t]m also & ! end ( ! contemplative life has its be+ 9 ! appetite1 s9ce "o delights 9 see+ ! object lov$1 & ! v delight 9 ! object se5 ar\ses a yet great] love4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t :5 we see "o :om we love1 we are s aflame z to love him m4 ,& ?is is ! ultimate p]fection ( ! contemplative life1 namely t ! ,div9e tru? be n only se5 b also lov$4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,/rife or /ruggle aris+ f ! opposition ( an ext]nal ?+1 h9d]s delight 9 t ?+4 ,= a man delights n 9 a ?+ aga9/ :i* he /rives3 b 9 t = :i* he /rives2 :5 he has obta9$ x1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 he delights yet m3 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 viii1 #c7 t ! m p]il !re 0 9 ! battle1 ! great] ! joy 9 ! triumph4 ,b !re is no /rife or /ruggle 9 contemplation on ! "p ( ! tru? :i* we contemplate1 ?\gh !re is on ! "p ( our defective und]/&+ & our corruptible body :i* drags u d[n to l[] ?+s1 accord+ to ,wis4 #i3ae1 ,! corruptible body is a load ^u ! s\l1 & ! e>?ly habitation presse? d[n ! m9d t muse? ^u _m ?+s4 ,h5ce x is t :5 man atta9s to ! contemplation ( tru?1 he loves x yet m1 :ile he hates ! m 8 own defici5cy & ! weight ( 8 corruptible body1 s z to say ) ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #g3bd73 ,unhappy man t ,i am1 :o %all deliv] me f ! body ( ?is dea?8 ,:]e=e ,gregory say 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*473 ,:5 ,god is once kn[n by desire & und]/&+1 ,he )]s all c>nal pleasure 9 u4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! contemplation ( ,god 9 ?is life is imp]fect 9 comp>ison ) ! contemplation 9 heav52 & 9 l mann] ! delight ( ! wayf>]'s contemplation is imp]fect z comp>$ ) ! delight ( contemplation 9 heav51 ( :i* x is writt5 7,ps4 #ce3i73 ,?\ %alt make !m dr9k ( ! torr5t ( ,?y pleasure4 ,yet1 ?\gh ! contemplation ( ,div9e ?+s :i* is to be _h by wayf>]s is imp]fect1 x is m delightful ?an all o!r contemplation h[ev] p]fect1 on acc\nt ( ! excell5ce ( t :i* is contemplat$4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,de ,"p4 ,animal4 i1 #e73 ,we may happ5 to h our own little !ories ab\t ^? sublime be+s & godlike sub/ances1 & ?\gh we grasp !m b feebly1 nev]!less s elevat+ is ! k t !y give u m delight ?an any ( ^? ?+s t are r\nd ab\t u3 & ,gregory says 9 ! same s5se 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*473 ,! contemplative life is sweetness exce$+ly lovable2 = x c>ries ! s\l away above itself1 x op5s heav5 & discov]s ! spiritual _w to ! eyes ( ! m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,aft] contemplation ,jacob halt$ ) "o foot1 because we ne$ to gr[ weak 9 ! love ( ! _w ere we wax /rong 9 ! love ( ,god1 z ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*474 ,?us :5 we h kn[n ! sweetness ( ,god1 we h "o foot s\nd :ile ! o!r halts2 s9ce e "o :o halts on "o foot leans only on t foot :i* is s\nd4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahj1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,contemplative ,life ,is ,cont9u\s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! contemplative life is n cont9u\s4 ,= ! contemplative life consi/s ess5tially 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to ! intellect4 ,n[ all ! intellectual p]fections ( ?is life w be made void1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3h1 ,:e!r prophecies %all be made void1 or tongues %all cease1 or k %all be de/roy$4 ,!re=e ! contemplative life is made void4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a man ta/es ! sweetness ( contemplation by snat*es & = a %ort "t only3 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 x1 #dj71 ,?\ admitte/ me to a mo/ unwont$ affection 9 my inmo/ s\l1 to a /range sweetness 4 4 4 yet ?r\gh my griev\s weight ,i s9k d[n aga94 ,aga91 ,gregory comm5t+ on ! words ( ,job #d3ae1 ,:5 a _s pass$ be=e me1 says 7,moral4 v1 #cc73 ,! m9d does n rema9 long at re/ 9 ! sweetness ( inw>d contemplation1 = x is recall$ to itself & beat5 back by ! v imm5sity ( ! light4 ,!re=e ! contemplative life is n cont9u\s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is n connatural to man _c be cont9u\s4 ,n[ ! contemplative life1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 x1 #g71 is bett] ?an ! life :i* is accord+ to man4 ,!re=e seem+ly ! contemplative life is n cont9u\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 our ,"l said 7,luke #aj3db73 ,m>y ha? *os5 ! be/ "p1 :i* %all n be tak5 away f h]1 s9ce z ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*471 ! contemplative life beg9s "h s t x may be p]fect$ 9 our heav5ly home4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ may be describ$ z cont9u\s 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 reg>d to its nature2 secondly1 9 reg>d to u4 ,x is evid5t t 9 reg>d to itself contemplative life is cont9u\s = two reasons3 fir/1 because x is ab\t incorruptible & un*angeable ?+s2 secondly1 because x has no contr>y1 = !re is no?+ contr>y to ! pleasure ( contemplation1 z /at$ 9 ,topic4 i1 #ac4 ,b ev5 9 our reg>d contemplative life is cont9u\s--bo? because x is compet5t to u 9 respect ( ! incorruptible "p ( ! s\l1 namely ! intellect1 :]e=e x c endure aft] ?is life--& because 9 ! works ( ! contemplative life we "w n ) our bodies1 s t we are ! m able to p]sev]e 9 ! works !re(1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 x1 #g74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! mann] ( contemplation is n ! same "h z 9 heav53 yet ! contemplative life is said to rema9 by reason ( *>ity1 :]e9 x has bo? its beg9n+ & its end4 ,gregory speaks 9 ?is s5se 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*473 ,! contemplative life beg9s "h1 s z to be p]fect$ 9 our heav5ly home1 because ! fire ( love :i* beg9s to burn "h is aflame ) a yet great] love :5 we see ,him ,:om we love4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no action c la/ long at its highe/ pit*4 ,n[ ! highe/ po9t ( contemplation is to rea* ! uni=mity ( ,div9e contemplation1 accord+ to ,dionysius 99,cf4 ,coel4 ,hi]4 iii1 & z we h /at$ above 7,a4 #f1 ad #b74 ,h5ce al?\gh contemplation _c la/ long 9 ?is respect1 x c be ( long duration z reg>ds ! o!r contemplative acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,philosoph] decl>es ! contemplative life to be above man1 because x befits u s f> z !re is 9 u some?+ div9e 7,e?ic4 x1 #g71 namely ! intellect1 :i* is incorruptible & impassible 9 itself1 :]e=e its act c endure long]4 ,,"q #aha ,,( ,,! ,,active ,,life 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! active life1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r all ! works ( ! moral virtues p]ta9 to ! active life8 7#b7 ,:e!r prud5ce p]ta9s to ! active life8 7#c7 ,:e!r tea*+ p]ta9s to ! active life8 7#d7 ,( ! duration ( ! active life4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aha1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,all ! ,actions ( ! ,moral ,virtues ,p]ta9 to ! ,active ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! acts ( ! moral virtues d n all p]ta9 to ! active life4 ,= seem+ly ! active life reg>ds only our relations ) o!r p]sons3 h5ce ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t ! active life is to give bread to ! hungry1 & aft] m5tion+ _m ?+s t reg>d our relations ) o!r p he adds f9ally1 & to give to ea* & e "o :atev] he ne$s4 ,n[ we are direct$ 9 our relations to o!rs1 n by all ! acts ( moral virtues1 b only by ^? ( ju/ice & its p>ts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #eh1 ,,aa4 #b1 #h2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #fj1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,!re=e ! acts ( ! moral virtues d n all p]ta9 to ! active life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t ,lia :o 0 ble>-ey$ b fruitful signifies ! active life3 :i* be+ occupi$ ) "w1 sees less1 & yet s9ce x urges "o's neighbor bo? by ^w & example to its imitation x begets a num]\s (fspr+ ( good de$s4 ,n[ ?is w\ld seem to belong to *>ity1 :]eby we love our neighbor1 r ?an to ! moral virtues4 ,!re=e seem+ly ! acts ( moral virtue d n p]ta9 to ! active life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahj1 ,a4 #b71 ! moral virtues dispose "o to ! contemplative life4 ,n[ disposition & p]fection belong to ! same ?+4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! moral virtues d n p]ta9 to ! active life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,de ,summo ,bono iii1 #ae73 ,9 ! active life all vices mu/ fir/ ( all be extirpat$ by ! practice ( good works1 9 ord] t 9 ! contemplative life ! m9d's eye be+ purifi$ "o may advance to ! contemplation ( ! ,div9e light4 ,n[ all vices are n extirpat$ save by acts ( ! moral virtues4 ,!re=e ! acts ( ! moral virtues p]ta9 to ! active life4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #agi1 ,a4 #a7 ! active & ! contemplative life diff] accord+ to ! diff]5t occupations ( m5 int5t on diff]5t ends3 "o ( :i* occupations is ! consid]ation ( ! tru?2 & ?is is ! end ( ! contemplative life1 :ile ! o!r is ext]nal "w to :i* ! active life is direct$4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! moral virtues are direct$ *iefly1 n to ! contemplation ( tru? b to op]ation4 ,:]e=e ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #d7 t = virtue k is ( little or no avail4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! moral virtues belong ess5tially to ! active life2 = :i* reason ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 x1 #h7 subord9ates ! moral virtues to active happ9ess4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! *ief ( ! moral virtues is ju/ice by :i* "o man is direct$ 9 8 relations t[>ds ano!r1 z ! ,philosoph] proves 7,e?ic4 v1 #a74 ,h5ce ! active life is describ$ ) ref]5ce to our relations ) o!r p1 because x consi/s 9 ^! ?+s1 n exclusively1 b pr9cipally4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is possible1 by ! acts ( all ! moral virtues1 = "o to direct "o's neighbor to good by example3 & ?is is :at ,gregory "h ascribes to ! active life4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 z ! virtue t is direct$ to ! end ( ano!r virtue passes1 z x 71 into ! species ( ! latt] virtue1 s aga9 :5 a man makes use ( ?+s p]ta9+ to ! active life1 m]ely z dispositions to contemplation1 su* ?+s are compris$ "u ! contemplative life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we practice ! works ( ! moral virtues1 z be+ good 9 !mselves1 & n z dispositions to ! contemplative life1 ! moral virtues belong to ! active life4 ,x may also be repli$1 h[ev]1 t ! active life is a disposition to ! contemplative life4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aha1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,prud5ce ,p]ta9s to ! ,active ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prud5ce does n p]ta9 to ! active life4 ,= j z ! contemplative life belongs to ! cognitive p[]1 s ! active life belongs to ! appetitive p[]4 ,n[ prud5ce belongs n to ! appetitive b to ! cognitive p[]4 ,!re=e prud5ce does n belong to ! active life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t ! active life be+ occupi$ ) "w1 sees less1 :]e=e x is signifi$ by ,lia :o 0 ble>-ey$4 ,b prud5ce requires cle> eyes1 s t "o may judge aright ( :at has to be done4 ,!re=e x seems t prud5ce does n p]ta9 to ! active life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 prud5ce /&s betwe5 ! moral & ! intellectual virtues4 ,n[ j z ! moral virtues belong to ! active life1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 s d ! intellectual virtues p]ta9 to ! contemplative life4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t prud5ce p]ta9s nei!r to ! active nor to ! contemplative life1 b to an int]m$iate k9d ( life1 ( :i* ,augu/9e makes m5tion 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #b1 #c1 #ai74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #h7 t prud5ce p]ta9s to active happ9ess1 to :i* ! moral virtues belong4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,a4 #f71 if "o ?+ be direct$ to ano!r z its end1 x is drawn1 especially 9 moral matt]s1 to ! species ( ! ?+ to :i* x is direct$3 = in/ance he :o commits adult]y t he may /eal1 is a ?ief r ?an an adult]]1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 v1 #b74 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! k ( prud5ce is direct$ to ! works ( ! moral virtues z its end1 s9ce x is "r reason appli$ to action 7,e?ic4 vi1 #e72 s t ! ends ( ! moral virtues are ! pr9ciples ( prud5ce1 z ! ,philosoph] says 9 ! same book4 ,accord+ly1 z x 0 /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c7 t ! moral virtues 9 "o :o directs !m to ! quiet ( contemplation belong to ! contemplative life1 s ! k ( prud5ce1 :i* is ( itself direct$ to ! works ( ! moral virtues1 belongs directly to ! active life1 provid$ we take prud5ce 9 its prop] s5se z ! ,philosoph] speaks ( x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we take x 9 a m g5]al s5se1 z compris+ any k9d ( human k1 !n prud5ce1 z reg>ds a c]ta9 "p !re(1 belongs to ! contemplative life4 ,9 ?is s5se ,tully 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #e7 says t ! man :o is able mo/ cle>ly & quickly to grasp ! tru? & to unfold 8 reasons1 is wont to be consid]$ mo/ prud5t & wise4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,moral works take _! species f _! end1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ah1 ,,aa4 #d1 #f71 :]e=e ! k p]ta9+ to ! contemplative life is t :i* has its end 9 ! v k ( tru?2 :]eas ! k ( prud5ce1 ?r\gh hav+ its end 9 an act ( ! appetitive p[]1 belongs to ! active life4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ext]nal occupation makes a man see less 9 intelligible ?+s1 :i* are sep>at$ f s5sible objects ) :i* ! works ( ! active life are conc]n$4 ,nev]!less ! ext]nal occupation ( ! active life enables a man to see m cle>ly 9 judg+ ( :at is to be done1 :i* belongs to prud5ce1 bo? on acc\nt ( exp]i5ce1 & on acc\nt ( ! m9d's att5tion1 s9ce bra9s avail :5 ! m9d is att5tive z ,sallu/ obs]ves 99,bell4 ,catil941 ,,li4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,prud5ce is said to be int]m$iate betwe5 ! intellectual & ! moral virtues because x resides 9 ! same subject z ! intellectual virtues1 & has absolutely ! same matt] z ! moral virtues4 ,b ?is ?ird k9d ( life is int]m$iate betwe5 ! active & ! contemplative life z reg>ds ! ?+s ab\t :i* x is occupi$1 because x is occupi$ sometimes ) ! contemplation ( ! tru?1 sometimes ) et]nal ?+s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #haa1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,tea*+ ,is a ,"w ( ! ,active or ( ! ,contemplative ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t tea*+ is a "w n ( ! active b ( ! contemplative life4 ,= ,gregory says 7,hom4 v 9 ,eze*47 t ! p]fect :o h be5 able to contemplate heav5ly goods1 at lea/ ?r\gh a glass1 proclaim !m to _! bre?r51 ^: m9ds !y inflame ) love = _! hidd5 beauty4 ,b ?is p]ta9s to tea*+4 ,!re=e tea*+ is a "w ( ! contemplative life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 act & habit w\ld seem to be ref]able to ! same k9d ( life4 ,n[ tea*+ is an act ( wisdom3 = ! ,philosoph] says 7,metaph4 i1 #a7 t to be able to tea* is an indication ( k4 ,!re=e s9ce wisdom or k p]ta9 to ! contemplative life1 x w\ld seem t tea*+ also belongs to ! contemplative life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 pray]1 no less ?an contemplation1 is an act ( ! contemplative life4 ,n[ pray]1 ev5 :5 "o prays = ano!r1 belongs to ! contemplative life4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t x belongs also to ! contemplative life to acqua9t ano!r1 by tea*+ him1 ( ! tru? we h m$itat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*473 ,! active life is to give bread to ! hungry1 to tea* ! ignorant ! words ( wisdom4 ,i answ] t1 ,! act ( tea*+ has a tw(old object4 ,= tea*+ is convey$ by spee*1 & spee* is ! audible sign ( ! int]ior concept4 ,accord+ly "o object ( tea*+ is ! matt] or object ( ! int]ior concept2 & z to ?is object tea*+ belongs sometimes to ! active1 sometimes to ! contemplative life4 ,x belongs to ! active life1 :5 a man conceives a tru? inw>dly1 s z to be direct$ !reby 9 8 outw>d action2 b x belongs to ! contemplative life :5 a man conceives an intelligible tru?1 9 ! consid]ation & love :]e( he delights4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 ,s]m4 civ1 #a73 ,let !m *oose = !mselves ! bett] "p1 namely ! contemplative life1 let !m be busy ) ! ^w1 long = ! sweetness ( tea*+1 occupy !mselves ) salut>y k1 ?us /at+ cle>ly t tea*+ belongs to ! contemplative life4 ,! o!r object ( tea*+ is on ! "p ( ! spee* he>d1 & ?us ! object ( tea*+ is ! he>]4 ,z to ?is object all doctr9e belongs to ! active life to :i* ext]nal actions p]ta94 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! au?ority quot$ speaks expressly ( doctr9e z to its matt]1 9 s f> z x is conc]n$ ) ! consid]ation & love ( tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,habit & act h a common object4 ,h5ce ?is argum5t cle>ly consid]s ! matt] ( ! int]ior concept4 ,= x p]ta9s to ! man hav+ wisdom & k to be able to tea*1 9 s f> z he is able to express 8 int]ior concept 9 words1 s z to br+ ano!r man to und]/& ! tru?4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he :o prays = ano!r does no?+ t[>ds ! man = :om he prays1 b only t[>ds ,god ,:o is ! intelligible tru?2 :]eas he :o tea*es ano!r does some?+ 9 8 reg>d by ext]nal action4 ,h5ce ! comp>ison fails4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #aha1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,active ,life ,rema9s ,aft] ,?is ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! active life rema9s aft] ?is life4 ,= ! acts ( ! moral virtues belong to ! active life1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,b ! moral virtues endure aft] ?is life accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr94 xiv1 #i74 ,!re=e ! active life rema9s aft] ?is life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 tea*+ o!rs belongs to ! active life1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,b 9 ! life to come :5 we %all be l ! angels1 tea*+ w be possible3 ev5 z app>5tly x is 9 ! angels ( :om "o enlight5s1 cleanses1 & p]fects 99,coel4 ,hi]4 iii1 viii ano!r1 :i* ref]s to ! receiv+ ( k1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,coel4 ,hi]4 vii74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! active life rema9s aft] ?is life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! m la/+ a ?+ is 9 itself1 ! m is x able to endure aft] ?is life4 ,b ! active life is seem+ly m la/+ 9 itself3 = ,gregory says 7,hom4 v 9 ,eze*47 t we c rema9 fix$ 9 ! active life1 :]eas we are n[ise able to ma9ta9 an att5tive m9d 9 ! contemplative life4 ,!re=e ! active life is mu* m able ?an ! contemplative to endure aft] ?is life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*473 ,! active life ends ) ?is _w1 b ! contemplative life beg9s "h1 to be p]fect$ 9 our heav5ly home4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! active life has its end 9 ext]nal actions3 & if ^! be ref]r$ to ! quiet ( contemplation1 = t v reason !y belong to ! contemplative life4 ,b 9 ! future life ( ! bless$ ! occupation ( ext]nal actions w cease1 & if !re be any ext]nal actions at all1 ^! w be ref]r$ to contemplation z _! end4 ,=1 z ,augu/9e says at ! end ( ,de ,civitate ,dei xxii1 #cj1 !re we %all re/ & we %all see1 we %all see & love1 we %all love & praise4 ,& he _h said be=e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xxii1 #cj7 t !re ,god w be se5 )\t end1 lov$ )\t we>y+1 prais$ )\t tir+3 su* w be ! occupation ( all1 ! common love1 ! univ]sal activity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #acf1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a71 ! moral virtues w rema9 n z to ^? actions :i* are ab\t ! means1 b z to ! actions :i* are ab\t ! end4 ,su* acts are ^? t conduce to ! quiet ( contemplation1 :i* 9 ! words quot$ above ,augu/9e d5otes by re/1 & ?is re/ excludes n only outw>d di/urbances b also ! inw>d di/urbance ( ! passions4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! contemplative life1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahj1 ,a4 #d71 consi/s *iefly 9 ! contemplation ( ,god1 & z to ?is1 "o angel does n tea* ano!r1 s9ce accord+ to ,matt4 #ah3aj1 ! little ones' angels1 :o belong to ! l[] ord]1 always see ! face ( ! ,fa!r2 & s1 9 ! life to come1 no man w tea* ano!r ( ,god1 b we %all all see ,him z ,he is 7#a ,john #c3b74 ,?is is 9 keep+ ) ! say+ ( ,j]emiah #ca3cd3 ,!y %all tea* no m e man 8 neighbor 4 4 4 say+3 ,"k ! ,"l3 = all %all "k me1 f ! lea/ ( !m ev5 to ! greate/4 ,b z reg>ds ?+s p]ta9+ to ! disp5sation ( ! my/]ies ( ,god1 "o angel tea*es ano!r by cleans+1 enlight5+1 & p]fect+ him3 & ?us !y h some?+ ( ! active life s long z ! _w la/s1 f ! fact t !y are occupi$ 9 adm9i/]+ to ! creatures bel[ !m4 ,?is is signifi$ by ! fact t ,jacob saw angels asc5d+ ! ladd]--:i* ref]s to contemplation--& desc5d+--:i* ref]s to action4 ,nev]!less1 z ,gregory rem>ks 7,moral4 ii1 #c71 !y d n w&] abroad f ! ,div9e vision1 s z to be depriv$ ( ! joys ( inw>d contemplation4 ,h5ce 9 !m ! active life does n diff] f ! contemplative life z x does 9 u = :om ! works ( ! active life are a h9drance to contemplation4 ,nor is ! lik5ess to ! angels promis$ to u z reg>ds ! adm9i/]+ to l[] creatures1 = ?is is compet5t to u n by reason ( our natural ord]1 z x is to ! angels1 b by reason ( our see+ ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,t ! durability ( ! active life 9 ! pres5t /ate surpasses ! durability ( ! contemplative life arises n f any prop]ty ( ei!r life consid]$ 9 itself1 b f our own defici5cy1 s9ce we are )held f ! heights ( contemplation by ! weight ( ! body4 ,h5ce ,gregory adds 7,moral4 ii1 #c7 t ! m9d ?r\gh its v weakness be+ repell$ f t imm5se height recoils on itself4 ,,"q #ahb ,,( ,,! ,,active ,,life ,,9 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,contemplative ,,life 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! active life 9 comp>ison ) ! contemplative life1 "u :i* head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:i* ( !m is ( great] import or excell5ce8 7#b7 ,:i* ( !m has ! great] m]it8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! contemplative life is h9d]$ by ! active life8 7#d7 ,( _! ord]4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahb1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,active ,life ,is ,m ,excell5t ,?an ! ,contemplative8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! active life is m excell5t ?an ! contemplative4 ,= t :i* belongs to bett] m5 w\ld seem to be wor?i] & bett]1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,top4 iii1 #a74 ,n[ ! active life belongs to p]sons ( high] rank1 namely prelates1 :o are plac$ 9 a position ( honor & p[]2 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai7 t 9 our actions we mu/ n love honor or p[] 9 ?is life4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! active life is m excell5t ?an ! contemplative4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 all habits & acts1 direction belongs to ! m important2 ?us ! milit>y art1 be+ ! m important1 directs ! art ( ! bridle-mak] 99,e?ic4 i1 #a4 ,n[ x belongs to ! active life to direct & comm& ! contemplative1 z appe>s f ! words address$ to ,moses 7,ex4 #ai3ba71 ,g d[n & *>ge ! p1 le/ !y %\ld h a m9d to pass ! fix$ limits to see ! ,"l4 ,!re=e ! active life is m excell5t ?an ! contemplative4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no man %\ld be tak5 away f a great] ?+ 9 ord] to be occupi$ ) less] ?+s3 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ab3ca73 ,be zeal\s = ! bett] gifts4 ,n[ "s are tak5 away f ! /ate ( ! contemplative life to ! occupations ( ! active life1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o are transf]r$ to ! /ate ( prelacy4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! active life is m excell5t ?an ! contemplative4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,our ,"l said 7,luke #aj3db73 ,m>y ha? *os5 ! be/ "p1 :i* %all n be tak5 away f h]4 ,n[ ,m>y figures ! contemplative life4 ,!re=e ! contemplative life is m excell5t ?an ! active4 ,i answ] t1 ,no?+ prev5ts c]ta9 ?+s be+ m excell5t 9 !mselves1 :]eas !y are surpass$ by ano!r 9 "s respect4 ,accord+ly we mu/ reply t ! contemplative life is simply m excell5t ?an ! active3 & ! ,philosoph] proves ?is by eight reasons 7,e?ic4 x1 #g1 #h74 ,! fir/ is1 because ! contemplative life becomes man accord+ to t :i* is be/ 9 him1 namely ! intellect1 & accord+ to its prop] objects1 namely ?+s intelligible2 :]eas ! active life is occupi$ ) ext]nals4 ,h5ce ,ra*ael1 by :om ! contemplative life is signifi$1 is int]pret$ ! vision ( ! pr9ciple1 99,or r1 ',"o see+ ! pr9ciple1' if d]iv$ f rah & irzn2 ,cf4 ,j]ome1 ,de ,nom4 ,hebr4 :]eas z ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi1 #cg7 ! active life is signifi$ by ,lia :o 0 ble>-ey$4 ,! second reason is because ! contemplative life c be m cont9u\s1 al?\gh n z reg>ds ! highe/ degree ( contemplation1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahj1 ,a4 #h1 ad #b2 ,q4 #aha1 ,a4 #d1 ad #c71 :]e=e ,m>y1 by :om ! contemplative life is signifi$1 is describ$ z sitt+ all ! "t at ! ,"l's feet4 ,?irdly1 because ! contemplative life is m delightful ?an ! active2 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 ,s]m4 ciii7 t ,m>?a 0 tr\bl$1 b ,m>y fea/$4 ,f\r?ly1 because 9 ! contemplative life man is m self-suffici5t1 s9ce he ne$s few] ?+s = t purpose2 :]e=e x 0 said 7,luke #aj3da73 ,m>?a1 ,m>?a1 ?\ art c>eful & art tr\bl$ ab\t _m ?+s4 ,fif?ly1 because ! contemplative life is lov$ m = its own sake1 :ile ! active life is direct$ to some?+ else4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ps4 #cf3d73 ,"o ?+ ,i h ask$ ( ! ,"l1 ?is w ,i seek aft]1 t ,i may dwell 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l all ! days ( my life1 t ,i may see ! delight ( ! ,"l4 ,six?ly1 because ! contemplative life consi/s 9 leisure & re/1 accord+ to ,ps4 #de3aa1 ,be /ill & see t ,i am ,god4 ,sev5?ly1 because ! contemplative life is accord+ to ,div9e ?+s1 :]eas active life is accord+ to human ?+s2 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 ,s]m4 civ73 ',9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w'3 to ,him 0 ,m>y he>k5+3 ',! ,^w 0 made fle%'3 ,him 0 ,m>?a s]v+4 ,eigh?ly1 because ! contemplative life is accord+ to t :i* is mo/ prop] to man1 namely 8 intellect2 :]eas 9 ! works ( ! active life ! l[] p[]s also1 :i* are common to u & brutes1 h _! "p2 :]e=e 7,ps4 #ce3g7 aft] ! words1 ,m5 & bea/s ,?\ wilt pres]ve1 ,o ,"l1 t :i* is special to man is add$ 7,ps4 #ce3aj73 ,9 ,?y light we %all see light4 ,our ,"l adds a n9? reason 7,luke #aj3db7 :5 ,he says3 ,m>y ha? *os5 ! be/ "p1 :i* %all n be tak5 away f h]1 :i* words ,augu/9e 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom4 ,s]m4 ciii7 exp\nds ?us3 ,n--,?\ ha/ *os5 badly b--,%e has *os5 bett]4 ,:y bett]8 ,li/5--because x %all n be tak5 away f h]4 ,b ! burd5 ( necessity %all at l5g? be tak5 f !e3 :]eas ! sweetness ( tru? is et]nal4 ,yet 9 a re/rict$ s5se & 9 a p>ticul> case "o %\ld pref] ! active life on acc\nt ( ! ne$s ( ! pres5t life4 ,?us too ! ,philosoph] says 7,topic4 iii1 #b73 ,x is bett] to be wise ?an to be ri*1 yet = "o :o is 9 ne$1 x is bett] to be ri* 4 4 4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n only ! active life conc]ns prelates1 !y %\ld also excel 9 ! contemplative life2 h5ce ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 ii1 #a73 ,a prelate %\ld be =emo/ 9 action1 m uplift$ ?an o!rs 9 contemplation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! contemplative life consi/s 9 a c]ta9 lib]ty ( m9d4 ,= ,gregory says 7,hom4 iii 9 ,eze*47 t ! contemplative life obta9s a c]ta9 fre$om ( m9d1 = x ?9ks n ( temporal b ( et]nal ?+s4 ,& ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 v1 #b73 ,! s\l ( man mu/ ne$s be m free :ile x cont9ues to gaze on ! ,div9e m9d1 & less s :5 x /oops to bodily ?+s4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t ! active life does n directly comm& ! contemplative life1 b prescribes c]ta9 works ( ! active life z dispositions to ! contemplative life2 :i* x accord+ly s]ves r ?an comm&s4 ,gregory ref]s to ?is :5 he says 7,hom4 iii 9 ,eze*47 t ! active life is bondage1 :]eas ! contemplative life is fre$om4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,sometimes a man is call$ away f ! contemplative life to ! works ( ! active life1 on acc\nt ( "s necessity ( ! pres5t life1 yet n s z to be compell$ to =sake contemplation altoge!r4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai73 ,! love ( tru? seeks a holy leisure1 ! dem&s ( *>ity und]take an hone/ toil1 ! "w namely ( ! active life4 ,if no "o imposes ?is burd5 ^u u we mu/ devote ourselves to ! rese>* & contemplation ( tru?1 b if x be impos$ on u1 we mu/ be> x because *>ity dem&s x ( u4 ,yet ev5 !n we mu/ n altoge!r =sake ! delights ( tru?1 le/ we deprive ourselves ( its sweetness1 & ?is burd5 ov]:elm u4 ,h5ce x is cle> t :5 a p]son is call$ f ! contemplative life to ! active life1 ?is is done by way n ( subtraction b ( addition4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahb1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ! ,active ,life ,is ( ,great] ,m]it ,?an ! ,contemplative8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! active life is ( great] m]it ?an ! contemplative4 ,= m]it implies relation to me$2 & me$ is due to labor1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #c3h1 ,e man %all receive 8 own rew>d accord+ to 8 own labor4 ,n[ labor is ascrib$ to ! active life1 & re/ to ! contemplative life2 = ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*473 ,:osoev] is conv]t$ to ,god mu/ fir/ ( all sweat f labor1 i4e4 he mu/ take ,lia1 t aft]w>ds he may re/ 9 ! embraces ( ,ra*el s z to see ! pr9ciple4 ,!re=e ! active life is ( great] m]it ?an ! contemplative4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! contemplative life is a beg9n+ ( ! happ9ess to come2 :]e=e ,augu/9e comm5t+ on ,john #ba3bb1 ,s ,i w h him to rema9 till ,i come1 says 7,tract4 cxxiv 9 ,joan473 ,?is may be express$ m cle>ly3 ,let p]fect works foll[ ,me con=m$ to ! example ( ,my passion1 & let contemplation begun "h rema9 until ,i come1 t x may be p]fect$ :5 ,i %all come4 ,& ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t contemplation beg9s "h1 s z to be p]fect$ 9 our heav5ly home4 ,n[ ! life to come w be a /ate n ( m]it+ b ( receiv+ ! rew>d ( our m]its4 ,!re=e ! contemplative life w\ld seem to h less ( ! "* ( m]it ?an ! active1 b m ( ! "* ( rew>d4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xii 9 ,eze*47 t no sacrifice is m acceptable to ,god ?an zeal = s\ls4 ,n[ by ! zeal = s\ls a man turns to ! occupations ( ! active life4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! contemplative life is n ( great] m]it ?an ! active4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi1 #cg73 ,great are ! m]its ( ! active life1 b great] /ill ^? ( ! contemplative4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #aad1 ,a4 #d71 ! root ( m]it is *>ity2 &1 :ile1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a71 *>ity consi/s 9 ! love ( ,god & our neighbor1 ! love ( ,god is by itself m m]itori\s ?an ! love ( our neighbor1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bg1 ,a4 #h74 ,:]e=e t :i* p]ta9s m directly to ! love ( ,god is g5]ically m m]itori\s ?an t :i* p]ta9s directly to ! love ( our neighbor = ,god's sake4 ,n[ ! contemplative life p]ta9s directly & imm$iately to ! love ( ,god2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai7 t ! love ( ! ,div9e tru? seeks a holy leisure1 namely ( ! contemplative life1 = x is t tru? above all :i* ! contemplative life seeks1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aha1 ,a4 #d1 ad #b74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! active life is m directly conc]n$ ) ! love ( our neighbor1 because x is busy ab\t mu* s]v+ 7,luke #aj3dj74 ,:]e=e ! contemplative life is g5]ically ( great] m]it ?an ! active life4 ,?is is moreov] ass]t$ by ,gregory 7,hom4 iii 9 ,eze*473 ,! contemplative life surpasses 9 m]it ! active life1 because ! latt] labors "u ! /ress ( pres5t "w1 by reason ( ! necessity ( assi/+ our neighbor1 :ile ! =m] ) he>tfelt reli% has a =eta/e ( ! com+ re/1 i4e4 ! contemplation ( ,god4 ,nev]!less x may happ5 t "o man m]its m by ! works ( ! active life ?an ano!r by ! works ( ! contemplative life4 ,= in/ance ?r\gh excess ( ,div9e love a man may n[ & !n suff] sep>ation f ! sweetness ( ,div9e contemplation = ! "t be+1 t ,god's w may be done & = ,8 glory's sake4 ,?us ! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #i3c73 ,i wi%$ myself to be an ana!ma f ,*ri/1 = my bre?r52 :i* words ,*ryso/om exp\nds z foll[s 7,de ,compunct4 i1 #g 99,ad ,demetr4 de ,compunct4 ,cordis473 ,8 m9d 0 s /eep$ 9 ! love ( ,*ri/ t1 al?\gh he desir$ above all to be ) ,*ri/1 he despis$ ev5 ?is1 because ?us he pleas$ ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,ext]nal labor conduces to ! increase ( ! accid5tal rew>d2 b ! increase ( m]it ) reg>d to ! ess5tial rew>d consi/s *iefly 9 *>ity1 :]e( ext]nal labor borne = ,*ri/'s sake is a sign4 ,yet a mu* m expressive sign !re( is %[n :5 a man1 r5\nc+ :atsoev] p]ta9s to ?is life1 delights to occupy himself entirely ) ,div9e contemplation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,9 ! /ate ( future happ9ess man has arriv$ at p]fection1 :]e=e !re is no room = advancem5t by m]it2 & if !re 71 ! m]it w\ld be m efficaci\s by reason ( ! great] *>ity4 ,b 9 ! pres5t life contemplation is n )\t "s imp]fection1 & c always become m p]fect2 :]e=e x does n remove ! idea ( m]it1 b causes a yet great] m]it on acc\nt ( ! practice ( great] ,div9e *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a sacrifice is r5d]$ to ,god spiritually :5 some?+ is (f]$ to ,him2 & ( all man's goods1 ,god specially accepts t ( ! human s\l :5 x is (f]$ to ,him 9 sacrifice4 ,n[ a man ought to (f] to ,god1 9 ! fir/ place1 8 s\l1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #cj3bd1 ,h pity on ?y own s\l1 pleas+ ,god2 9 ! second place1 ! s\ls ( o!rs1 accord+ to ,apoc4 #bb3ag1 ,he t he>e?1 let him say3 ,come4 ,& ! m closely a man unites 8 own or ano!r's s\l to ,god1 ! m acceptable is 8 sacrifice to ,god2 :]e=e x is m acceptable to ,god t "o apply "o's own s\l & ! s\ls ( o!rs to contemplation ?an to action4 ,consequ5tly ! /atem5t t no sacrifice is m acceptable to ,god ?an zeal = s\ls1 does n mean t ! m]it ( ! active life is pref]able to ! m]it ( ! contemplative life1 b t x is m m]itori\s to (f] to ,god "o's own s\l & ! s\ls ( o!rs1 ?an any o!r ext]nal gifts4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahb1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ! ,contemplative ,life ,is ,h9d]$ by ! ,active ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! contemplative life is h9d]$ by ! active life4 ,= ! contemplative life requires a c]ta9 /illness ( m9d1 accord+ to ,ps4 #de3aa1 ,be /ill1 & see t ,i am ,god2 :]eas ! active life involves re/lessness1 accord+ to ,luke #aj3da1 ,m>?a1 ,m>?a1 ?\ art c>eful & tr\bl$ ab\t _m ?+s4 ,!re=e ! active life h9d]s ! contemplative4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 cle>ness ( vision is a requisite = ! contemplative life4 ,n[ active life is a h9drance to cle> vision2 = ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 t x is ble>-ey$ & fruitful1 because ! active life1 be+ occupi$ ) "w1 sees less4 ,!re=e ! active life h9d]s ! contemplative4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 "o contr>y h9d]s ! o!r4 ,n[ ! active & ! contemplative life are app>5tly contr>y to "o ano!r1 s9ce ! active life is busy ab\t _m ?+s1 :ile ! contemplative life att5ds to ! contemplation ( "o2 :]e=e !y diff] 9 opposition to "o ano!r4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! contemplative life is h9d]$ by ! active4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi1 #cg73 ,^? :o wi% to hold ! =tress ( contemplation1 mu/ fir/ ( all tra9 9 ! camp ( action4 ,i answ] t1 ,! active life may be consid]$ f two po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! att5tion to & practice ( ext]nal works3 & ?us x is evid5t t ! active life h9d]s ! contemplative1 9 s f> z x is impossible = "o to be busy ) ext]nal action1 & at ! same "t give oneself to ,div9e contemplation4 ,secondly1 active life may be consid]$ z quiet+ & direct+ ! int]nal passions ( ! s\l2 & f ?is po9t ( view ! active life is a help to ! contemplative1 s9ce ! latt] is h9d]$ by ! inord9at5ess ( ! int]nal passions4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi1 #cg73 ,^? :o wi% to hold ! =tress ( contemplation mu/ fir/ ( all tra9 9 ! camp ( action4 ,?us aft] c>eful /udy !y w le>n :e!r !y no long] wrong _! neighbor1 :e!r !y be> ) equanimity ! wrongs _! neighbors d to !m1 :e!r _! s\l is nei!r ov]come ) joy 9 ! pres5ce ( temporal goods1 nor ca/ d[n ) too great a sorr[ :5 ^? goods are )drawn4 ,9 ?is way !y w "k :5 !y )draw )9 !mselves1 9 ord] to explore spiritual ?+s1 :e!r !y no long] c>ry ) !m ! %ad[s ( ! ?+s corporeal1 or1 if ^! foll[ !m1 :e!r !y prud5tly drive !m away4 ,h5ce ! "w ( ! active life conduces to ! contemplative1 by quell+ ! int]ior passions :i* give rise to ! phantasms :]eby contemplation is h9d]$4 ,?is suffices = ! ,replies to ! ,objections2 = ^! argum5ts consid] ! occupation itself ( ext]nal actions1 & n ! effect :i* is ! quell+ ( ! passions4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahb1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,active ,life ,prec$es ! ,contemplative8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! active life does n prec$e ! contemplative4 ,= ! contemplative life p]ta9s directly to ! love ( ,god2 :ile ! active life p]ta9s to ! love ( our neighbor4 ,n[ ! love ( ,god prec$es ! love ( our neighbor1 s9ce we love our neighbor = ,god's sake4 ,seem+ly !re=e ! contemplative life also prec$es ! active life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*473 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t :ile a well-ord]$ life proce$s f action to contemplation1 sometimes x is useful = ! s\l to turn f ! contemplative to ! active life4 ,!re=e ! active is n simply prior to ! contemplative4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x w\ld seem t !re is n necess>ily any ord] betwe5 ?+s t are suitable to diff]5t subjects4 ,n[ ! active & ! contemplative life are suitable to diff]5t subjects2 = ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi1 #cg73 ,(t5 ^? :o 7 able to contemplate ,god s long z !y 7 undi/urb$ h fall5 :5 press$ ) occupation2 & frequ5tly !y :o might live advantage\sly occupi$ ) ! s]vice ( _! fell[-creatures are kill$ by ! sword ( _! inaction4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ is said to prec$e 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to its nature2 & 9 ?is way ! contemplative life prec$es ! active1 inasmu* z x applies itself to ?+s :i* prec$e & are bett] ?an o!rs1 :]e=e x moves & directs ! active life4 ,= ! high] reason :i* is assign$ to contemplation is comp>$ to ! l[] reason :i* is assign$ to action1 & ! husb& is comp>$ to 8 wife1 :o %\ld be rul$ by h] husb&1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 xii1 #c1 #g1 #ab74 ,secondly1 a ?+ prec$es ) reg>d to u1 because x comes fir/ 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation4 ,9 ?is way ! active prec$es ! contemplative life1 because x disposes "o to x1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a2 ,q4 #aha1 ,a4 #a1 ad #c72 &1 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation1 disposition prec$es =m1 al?\gh ! latt] prec$es simply & accord+ to its nature4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! contemplative life is direct$ to ! love ( ,god1 n ( any degree1 b to t :i* is p]fect2 :]eas ! active life is necess>y = any degree ( ! love ( our neighbor4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,hom4 iii 9 ,eze*473 ,)\t ! contemplative life x is possible to ent] ! heav5ly k+dom1 provid$ "o omit n ! good actions we are able to d2 b we _c ent] !re9 )\t ! active life1 if we neglect to d ! good we c d4 ,f ?is x is also evid5t t ! active prec$es ! contemplative life1 z t :i* is common to all prec$es1 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation1 t :i* is prop] to ! p]fect4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,progress f ! active to ! contemplative life is accord+ to ! ord] ( g5]ation2 :]eas ! return f ! contemplative life to ! active is accord+ to ! ord] ( direction1 9 s f> z ! active life is direct$ by ! contemplative4 ,ev5 ?us habit is acquir$ by acts1 & by ! acquir$ habit "o acts yet m p]fectly1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #g4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he t is prone to yield to 8 passions on acc\nt ( 8 impulse to action is simply m apt = ! active life by reason ( 8 re/less _s4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi1 #cg7 t !re be "s s re/less t :5 !y are free f labor !y labor all ! m1 because ! m leisure !y h = ?\ght1 ! worse int]ior turmoil !y h to be>4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 h ! m9d naturally pure & re/ful1 s t !y are apt = contemplation1 & if !y 7 to apply !mselves :olly to action1 ?is w\ld be detrim5tal to !m4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi1 #cg7 t "s are s slo?ful ( m9d t if !y *ance to h any h>d "w to d !y give way at ! v outset4 ,yet1 z he adds fur!r on1 (t5 4 4 4 love /imulates slo?ful s\ls to "w1 & fe> re/ra9s s\ls t are di/urb$ 9 contemplation4 ,consequ5tly ^? :o are m adapt$ to ! active life c prep>e !mselves = ! contemplative by ! practice ( ! active life2 :ile none ! less1 ^? :o are m adapt$ to ! contemplative life c take ^u !mselves ! works ( ! active life1 s z to become yet m apt = contemplation4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,/ates ,,( ,,life 7,,qq4 #ahc-ahi7 ,,( ,,man',s ,,v>i\s ,,duties ,,& ,,/ates ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,9 ,f\r ,articles7 ,we mu/ next consid] man's v>i\s /ates & duties4 ,we %all consid] 7#a7 man's duties & /ates 9 g5]al2 7#b7 ! /ate ( ! p]fect 9 p>ticul>4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are f\r po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:at con/itutes a /ate among m58 7#b7 ,:e!r among m5 !re %\ld be v>i\s /ates & duties8 7#c7 ,( ! div]sity ( duties2 7#d7 ,( ! div]sity ( /ates4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahc1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,notion ( a ,/ate ,d5otes a ,condition ( ,fre$om or ,s]vitude8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! notion ( a /ate does n d5ote a condition ( fre$om or s]vitude4 ,= /ate takes its "n f /&+4 ,n[ a p]son is said to /& on acc\nt ( 8 be+ upright2 & ,gregory says 7,moral4 vii1 #ag73 ,to fall by speak+ h>mful words is to =feit entirely ! /ate ( righte\sness4 ,b a man acquires spiritual uprightness by submitt+ 8 w to ,god2 :]e=e a gloss on ,ps4 #cb3a1 ,praise become? ! upright1 says3 ,! upright are ^? :o direct _! he>t accord+ to ,god's w4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ob$i5ce to ! ,div9e comm&m5ts suffices alone = ! notion ( a /ate4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ^w /ate seems to d5ote immobility accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ae3dh1 ,be ye /eadfa/ 7/abiles7 & immovable2 :]e=e ,gregory says 7,hom4 xxi 9 ,eze*473 ,! /one is f\rsqu>e1 & is /able on all sides1 if no di/urbance w make x fall4 ,n[ x is virtue t enables u to act ) immobility1 accord+ to ,e?ic4 ii1 #d4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t a /ate is acquir$ by e virtu\s action4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! ^w /ate seems to indicate height ( a k9d2 because to /& is to be rais$ upw>ds4 ,n[ "o man is made high] ?an ano!r by v>i\s duties2 & 9 l mann] m5 are rais$ upw>ds 9 v>i\s ways by v>i\s grades & ord]s4 ,!re=e ! m]e diff]5ce ( grades1 ord]s1 or duties suffices = a diff]5ce ( /ates4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is ?us laid d[n 9 ! ,decretals 7,,ii1 qu4 vi1 c4 ,si ,qu&o73 ,:5ev] anyone int]v5e 9 a cause :]e life or /ate is at /ake he mu/ d s1 n by a proxy1 b 9 8 own p]son2 & /ate "h has ref]5ce to fre$om or s]vitude4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t no?+ diff]5tiates a man's /ate1 except t :i* ref]s to fre$om or s]vitude4 ,i answ] t1 ,/ate1 prop]ly speak+1 d5otes a k9d ( position1 :]eby a ?+ is dispos$ ) a c]ta9 immobility 9 a mann] accord+ ) its nature4 ,= x is natural to man t 8 head %\ld be direct$ upw>ds1 8 feet set firmly on ! gr\nd1 & 8 o!r int]m$iate memb]s dispos$ 9 becom+ ord]2 & ?is is n ! case if he lie d[n1 sit1 or recl9e1 b only :5 he /&s upright3 nor aga9 is he said to /&1 if he move1 b only :5 he is /ill4 ,h5ce x is aga9 t ev5 9 human acts1 a matt] is said to h /ability 7/atum7 9 ref]5ce to its own disposition 9 ! po9t ( a c]ta9 immobility or re/fulness4 ,consequ5tly matt]s :i* easily *ange & are extr9sic to !m d n con/itute a /ate among m51 = in/ance t a man be ri* or poor1 ( high or l[ rank1 & s =?4 ,:]e=e 9 ! civil law 99,dig4 ,i1 ,,ix1 ,de ,s5atoribus 7,lib4 ,cassius ff4 ,de ,s5atoribus7 x is said t if a man be remov$ f ! s5ate1 he is depriv$ ( 8 dignity r ?an ( 8 /ate4 ,b t alone seem+ly p]ta9s to a man's /ate1 :i* reg>ds an obligation b9d+ 8 p]son1 9 s f>1 to wit1 z a man is 8 own ma/] or subject to ano!r1 n inde$ f any slight or un/able cause1 b f "o t is firmly e/abli%$2 & ?is is some?+ p]ta9+ to ! nature ( fre$om or s]vitude4 ,!re=e /ate prop]ly reg>ds fre$om or s]vitude :e!r 9 spiritual or 9 civil matt]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,uprightness z su* does n p]ta9 to ! notion ( /ate1 except 9 s f> z x is connatural to man ) ! addition ( a c]ta9 re/fulness4 ,h5ce o!r animals are said to /& )\t its be+ requir$ t !y %\ld be upright2 nor aga9 are m5 said to /&1 h[ev] upright _! position be1 unless !y be /ill4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,immobility does n suffice = ! notion ( /ate2 s9ce ev5 "o :o sits or lies d[n is /ill1 & yet he is n said to /&4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,duty implies relation to act2 :ile grades d5ote an ord] ( sup]iority & inf]iority4 ,b /ate requires immobility 9 t :i* reg>ds a condition ( ! p]son himself4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahc1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,!re ,%\ld ,be ,diff]5t ,duties or ,/ates 9 ! ,*ur*8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re %\ld n be diff]5t duties or /ates 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,= di/9ction is oppos$ to unity4 ,n[ ! fai?ful ( ,*ri/ are call$ to unity accord+ to ,john #ag3ba1 #bb3 ,t !y 4 4 4 may be "o 9 ,u 4 4 4 z ,we also are "o4 ,!re=e !re %\ld n be a di/9ction ( duties & /ates 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 nature does n employ _m means :]e "o suffices4 ,b ! work+ ( grace is mu* m ord]ly ?an ! work+ ( nature4 ,!re=e x 7 m fitt+ = ?+s p]ta9+ to ! op]ations ( grace to be adm9i/]$ by ! same p]sons1 s t !re w\ld n be a di/9ction ( duties & /ates 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! good ( ! ,*ur* seem+ly consi/s *iefly 9 peace1 accord+ to ,ps4 #adg3c1 ,:o ha? plac$ peace 9 ?y bord]s1 & #b ,cor4 #ac3aa1 ,h peace1 & ! ,god ( peace 4 4 4 %all be ) y4 ,n[ di/9ction is a h9drance to peace1 = peace w\ld seem to result f lik5ess1 accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ac3ai1 ,e bea/ love? its l1 :ile ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 vii1 #e7 t a little diff]5ce causes diss5sion 9 a /ate4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !re ought n to be a di/9ction ( /ates & duties 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 9 praise ( ! ,*ur* 7,ps4 #dd3aj7 t %e is surr\nd$ ) v>iety3 & a gloss on ^! words says t ! ,que51 namely ! ,*ur*1 is b$eck$ ) ! tea*+ ( ! apo/les1 ! confession ( m>tyrs1 ! purity ( virg9s1 ! sorr[+s ( p5it5ts4 ,i answ] t1 ,! diff]5ce ( /ates & duties 9 ! ,*ur* reg>ds ?ree ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place x reg>ds ! p]fection ( ! ,*ur*4 ,= ev5 z 9 ! ord] ( natural ?+s1 p]fection1 :i* 9 ,god is simple & uni=m1 is n to be f\nd 9 ! creat$ univ]se except 9 a multi=m & manifold mann]1 s too1 ! fulness ( grace1 :i* is c5t]$ 9 ,*ri/ z head1 fl[s =? to ,8 memb]s 9 v>i\s ways1 = ! p]fect+ ( ! body ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! ,apo/le's words 7,eph4 #d3aa1 #ab73 ,he gave "s apo/les1 & "s prophets1 & o!r "s evangeli/s1 & o!r "s pa/ors & doctors = ! p]fect+ ( ! sa9ts4 ,secondly1 x reg>ds ! ne$ ( ^? actions :i* are necess>y 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,= a div]sity ( actions requires a div]sity ( m5 appo9t$ to !m1 9 ord] t all ?+s may be accompli%$ )\t delay or confusion2 & ?is is indicat$ by ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #ab3d1 #e71 ,z 9 "o body we h _m memb]s1 b all ! memb]s h n ! same (fice1 s we be+ _m are "o body 9 ,*ri/4 ,?irdly1 ?is belongs to ! dignity & beauty ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* consi/ 9 a c]ta9 ord]2 :]e=e x is writt5 7#c ,k+s #aj3d1 #e7 t :5 ! que5 ( ,saba saw all ! wisdom ( ,solomon 4 4 4 & ! ap>tm5ts ( 8 s]vants1 & ! ord] ( 8 m9i/]s 4 4 4 %e _h no long] any _s 9 h]4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,tim4 #b3bj7 t 9 a great h\se !re are n only vessels ( gold & silv]1 b also ( wood & ( e>?4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! di/9ction ( /ates & duties is n an ob/acle to ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 = ?is results f ! unity ( fai?1 *>ity1 & mutual s]vice1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7,eph4 #d3af73 ,f :om ! :ole body be+ compact$1 namely by fai?1 & fitly jo9$ toge!r1 namely by *>ity1 by :at e jo9t supplie?1 namely by "o man s]v+ ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z nature does n employ _m means :]e "o suffices1 s nei!r does x conf9e itself to "o :]e _m are requir$1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #ab3ag71 ,if ! :ole body 7 ! eye1 :]e w\ld be ! he>+8 ,h5ce !re 0 ne$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 :i* is ,*ri/'s body1 = ! memb]s to be diff]5tiat$ by v>i\s duties1 /ates1 & grades4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z 9 ! natural body ! v>i\s memb]s are held toge!r 9 unity by ! p[] ( ! quick5+ _s1 & are dissociat$ f "o ano!r z soon z t _s dep>ts1 s too 9 ! ,*ur*'s body ! peace ( ! v>i\s memb]s is pres]v$ by ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ,:o quick5s ! body ( ! ,*ur*1 z /at$ 9 ,john #f3fd4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,eph4 #d3c73 ,c>eful to keep ! unity ( ! ,_s 9 ! bond ( peace4 ,n[ a man dep>ts f ?is unity ( _s :5 he seeks 8 own2 j z 9 an e>?ly k+dom peace ceases :5 ! citiz5s seek ea* man 8 own4 ,besides1 ! peace bo? ( m9d & ( an e>?ly commonweal? is ! bett] pres]v$ by a di/9ction ( duties & /ates1 s9ce !reby ! great] numb] h a %>e 9 public actions4 ,:]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ab3bd1 #be7 t ,god ha? temp]$ 7! body7 toge!r t !re might be no s*ism 9 ! body1 b ! memb]s might be mutually c>eful "o = ano!r4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahc1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,duties ,diff] ,accord+ to ,_! ,actions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t duties d n diff] accord+ to _! actions4 ,= !re are inf9ite v>ieties ( human acts bo? 9 spirituals & 9 temporals4 ,n[ !re c be no c]ta9 di/9ction among ?+s t are inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,!re=e human duties _c be diff]5tiat$ accord+ to a diff]5ce ( acts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! active & ! contemplative life diff] accord+ to _! acts1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #agi1 ,a4 #a74 ,b ! di/9ction ( duties seems to be o!r ?an ! di/9ction ( lives4 ,!re=e duties d n diff] accord+ to _! acts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ev5 ecclesia/ical ord]s1 /ates1 & grades seem+ly diff] accord+ to _! acts4 ,if1 !n1 duties diff] accord+ to _! acts x w\ld seem t duties1 grades1 & /ates diff] 9 ! same way4 ,yet ?is is n true1 s9ce !y are divid$ into _! respective p>ts 9 diff]5t ways4 ,!re=e duties d n diff] accord+ to _! acts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,isidore says 7,etym4 vi1 #ai7 t (ficium 7duty7 takes its "n f effic]e 7to effect71 z ?\gh x 7 in/ead ( efficium1 by ! *ange ( "o lett] = ! sake ( ! s\nd4 ,b effect+ p]ta9s to action4 ,!re=e duties diff] accord+ to _! acts4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 diff]5ce among ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* is direct$ to ?ree ?+s3 p]fection1 action1 & beauty2 & accord+ to ^! ?ree we may di/+ui% a ?reefold di/9ction among ! fai?ful4 ,"o1 ) reg>d to p]fection1 & ?us we h ! diff]5ce ( /ates1 9 ref]5ce to :i* "s p]sons are m p]fect ?an o!rs4 ,ano!r di/9ction reg>ds action & ?is is ! di/9ction ( duties3 = p]sons are said to h v>i\s duties :5 !y are appo9t$ to v>i\s actions4 ,a ?ird di/9ction reg>ds ! ord] ( ecclesia/ical beauty3 & ?us we di/+ui% v>i\s grades accord+ z 9 ! same /ate or duty "o p]son is above ano!r4 ,h5ce accord+ to a v>iant text 99,! ,septuag9t x is writt5 7,ps4 #dg3d73 ,9 h] grades %all ,god be kn[n4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! mat]ial div]sity ( human acts is inf9ite4 ,x is n ?us t duties diff]1 b by _! =mal div]sity :i* results f div]se species ( acts1 & 9 ?is way human acts are n inf9ite4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,life is pr$icat$ ( a ?+ absolutely3 :]e=e div]sity ( lives results f a div]sity ( acts :i* are becom+ to man consid]$ 9 himself4 ,b effici5cy1 :5ce we h ! ^w (fice 7z /at$ above71 d5otes action t5d+ to some?+ else accord+ to ,metaph4 ix1 text4 #af 99,ed4 ,did4 viii1 #h4 ,h5ce (fices diff] prop]ly 9 respect ( acts t are ref]r$ to o!r p]sons2 ?us a tea*] is said to h an (fice1 & s is a judge1 & s =?4 ,:]e=e ,isidore says 7,etym4 vi1 #ai7 t to h an (fice is to be (fici\s1 i4e4 h>mful to no "o1 b to be useful to all4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,diff]5ces ( /ate1 (fices & grades are tak5 f diff]5t ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,yet ^! ?ree ?+s may concur 9 ! same subject3 ?us :5 a p]son is appo9t$ to a high] action1 he atta9s !reby bo? (fice & grade1 & sometimes1 besides ?is1 a /ate ( p]fection1 on acc\nt ( ! sublimity ( ! act1 z 9 ! case ( a bi%op4 ,! ecclesia/ical ord]s are p>ticul>ly di/9ct accord+ to div9e (fices4 ,= ,isidore says 7,etym4 vi73 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( (fices2 b ! =emo/ is t :i* relates to sacr$ & ,div9e ?+s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahc1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ! ,diff]5ce ( ,/ates ,applies to ,^? ,:o ,are ,beg9n+1 ,progress+1 or ,p]fect8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! diff]5ce ( /ates does n apply to ^? :o are beg9n+1 progress+1 or p]fect4 ,= div]se g5]a h div]se species & diff]5ces 99,ari/otle1 ,categ4 ii4 ,n[ ?is diff]5ce ( beg9n+1 progress1 & p]fection is appli$ to ! degrees ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #bd1 ,a4 #i71 :]e we 7 treat+ ( *>ity4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! diff]5ces ( /ates %\ld n be assign$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 /ate reg>ds a condition ( s]vitude or fre$om1 :i* app>5tly has no connection ) ! a=esaid diff]5ce ( beg9n+1 progress1 & p]fection4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ to divide /ate 9 ?is way4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! di/9ction ( beg9n+1 progress1 & p]fection seems to ref] to m & less1 & ?is seem+ly implies ! notion ( grades4 ,b ! di/9ction ( grades diff]s f t ( /ates1 z we h said above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c74 ,!re=e /ate is unfitt+ly divid$ accord+ to beg9n+1 progress1 & p]fection4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxiv1 #aa73 ,!re are ?ree /ates ( ! conv]t$1 ! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & ! p]fection2 & 7,hom4 xv 9 ,eze*473 ,o!r is ! beg9n+ ( virtue1 o!r its progress1 & o!r /ill its p]fection4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a7 /ate reg>ds fre$om or s]vitude4 ,n[ 9 spiritual ?+s !re is a tw(old s]vitude & a tw(old fre$om3 = !re is ! s]vitude ( s9 & ! s]vitude ( ju/ice2 & !re is likewise a tw(old fre$om1 f s91 & f ju/ice1 z appe>s f ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7,rom4 #f3bj1 #bb71 ,:5 y 7 ! s]vants ( s91 y 7 free m5 to ju/ice 4 4 4 b n[ be+ made free f s91 y are 4 4 4 become s]vants to ,god4 ,n[ ! s]vitude ( s9 or ju/ice consi/s 9 be+ incl9$ to evil by a habit ( s91 or incl9$ to good by a habit ( ju/ice3 & 9 l mann] fre$om f s9 is n to be ov]come by ! incl9ation to s91 & fre$om f ju/ice is n to be held back f evil = ! love ( ju/ice4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce man1 by 8 natural reason1 is incl9$ to ju/ice1 :ile s9 is contr>y to natural reason1 x foll[s t fre$om f s9 is true fre$om :i* is unit$ to ! s]vitude ( ju/ice1 s9ce !y bo? incl9e man to t :i* is becom+ to him4 ,9 l mann] true s]vitude is ! s]vitude ( s91 :i* is connect$ ) fre$om f ju/ice1 because man is !reby h9d]$ f atta9+ t :i* is prop] to him4 ,t a man become ! s]vant ( ju/ice or s9 results f 8 ef=ts1 z ! ,apo/le decl>es 7,rom4 #f3af73 ,to :om y yield y\rselves s]vants to obey1 8 s]vants y are :om y obey1 :e!r x be ( s9 unto dea?1 or ( ob$i5ce unto ju/ice4 ,n[ 9 e human ef=t we c di/+ui% a beg9n+1 a middle1 & a t]m2 & consequ5tly ! /ate ( spiritual s]vitude & fre$om is diff]5tiat$ accord+ to ^! ?+s1 namely1 ! beg9n+--to :i* p]ta9s ! /ate ( beg9n]s--! middle1 to :i* p]ta9s ! /ate ( ! pr(ici5t--& ! t]m1 to :i* belongs ! /ate ( ! p]fect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,fre$om f s9 results f *>ity :i* is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,:o is giv5 to u 7,rom4 #e3e74 ,h5ce x is writt5 7#b ,cor4 #c3ag73 ,:]e ! ,_s ( ! ,"l is1 !re is lib]ty4 ,:]e=e ! same division applies to *>ity z to ! /ate ( ^? :o enjoy spiritual fre$om4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,m5 are said to be beg9n]s1 pr(ici5t1 & p]fect 7s f> z ^! t]ms indicate diff]5t /ates71 n 9 relation to any occupation :atev]1 b 9 relation to su* occupations z p]ta9 to spiritual fre$om or s]vitude1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z already obs]v$ 7,a4 #c1 ad #c71 no?+ h9d]s grade & /ate f concurr+ 9 ! same subject4 ,= ev5 9 e>?ly affairs ^? :o are free1 n only belong to a diff]5t /ate f ^? :o are 9 s]vice1 b are also ( a diff]5t grade4 ,,"q #ahd ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,p]fection ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ^? ?+s t p]ta9 to ! /ate ( p]fection :]eto ! o!r /ates are direct$4 ,= ! consid]ation ( (fices 9 relation to o!r acts belongs to ! legislator2 & 9 relation to ! sacr$ m9i/ry x comes "u ! consid]ation ( ord]s ( :i* we %all treat 9 ! ,?ird ,"p 99,suppl41 ,q4 #cd4 ,conc]n+ ! /ate ( ! p]fect1 a ?ree-fold consid]ation pres5ts itself3 7#a7 ,! /ate ( p]fection 9 g5]al2 7#b7 ,?+s relat+ to ! p]fection ( bi%ops2 7#c7 ,?+s relat+ to ! p]fection ( religi\s4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r p]fection be>s any relation to *>ity8 7#b7 ,:e!r "o c be p]fect 9 ?is life8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! p]fection ( ?is life consi/s *iefly 9 obs]v+ ! c\nsels or ! comm&m5ts8 7#d7 ,:e!r :oev] is p]fect is 9 ! /ate ( p]fection8 7#e7 ,:e!r especially prelates & religi\s are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection8 7#f7 ,:e!r all prelates are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection8 7#g7 ,:i* is ! m p]fect1 ! episcopal or ! religi\s /ate8 7#h7 ,! comp>ison betwe5 religi\s & p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons4 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahd1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ! ,p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian ,life ,consi/s ,*iefly 9 ,*>ity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life does n consi/ *iefly 9 *>ity4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ad3bj73 ,9 malice be *ildr51 b 9 s5se be p]fect4 ,b *>ity reg>ds n ! s5ses b ! affections4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life does n *iefly consi/ 9 *>ity4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,eph4 #f3ac73 ,take unto y ! armor ( ,god1 t y may be able to resi/ 9 ! evil day1 & to /& 9 all ?+s p]fect2 & ! text cont9ues 7,eph4 #f3ad1 #af71 speak+ ( ! armor ( ,god3 ,/& !re=e hav+ y\r lo9s girt ab\t ) tru?1 & hav+ on ! brea/-plate ( ju/ice 4 4 4 9 all ?+s tak+ ! %ield ( fai?4 ,!re=e ! p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life consi/s n only 9 *>ity1 b also 9 o!r virtues4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 virtues l o!r habits1 are specifi$ by _! acts4 ,n[ x is writt5 7,james #a3d7 t pati5ce ha? a p]fect "w4 ,!re=e seem+ly ! /ate ( p]fection consi/s m specially 9 pati5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,col4 #c3ad73 ,above all ?+s h *>ity1 :i* is ! bond ( p]fection1 because x b9ds1 z x 71 all ! o!r virtues toge!r 9 p]fect unity4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ is said to be p]fect 9 s f> z x atta9s its prop] end1 :i* is ! ultimate p]fection !re(4 ,n[ x is *>ity t unites u to ,god1 ,:o is ! la/ end ( ! human m9d1 s9ce he t abide? 9 *>ity abide? 9 ,god1 & ,god 9 him 7#a ,john #d3af74 ,!re=e ! p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life consi/s radically 9 *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! p]fection ( ! human s5ses w\ld seem to consi/ *iefly 9 _! concurr+ toge!r 9 ! unity ( tru?1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #a3aj1 ,t y be p]fect 9 ! same m9d 7s5su71 & 9 ! same judgm5t4 ,n[ ?is is effect$ by *>ity :i* op]ates cons5t 9 u m54 ,:]e=e ev5 ! p]fection ( ! s5ses consi/s radically 9 ! p]fection ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man may be said to be p]fect 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 simply3 & ?is p]fection reg>ds t :i* belongs to a ?+'s nature1 = in/ance an animal may be said to be p]fect :5 x lacks no?+ 9 ! disposition ( its memb]s & 9 su* ?+s z are necess>y = an animal's life4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is said to be p]fect relatively3 & ?is p]fection reg>ds some?+ connect$ ) ! ?+ ext]nally1 su* z :it5ess or blackness or some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,n[ ! ,*ri/ian life consi/s *iefly 9 *>ity :]eby ! s\l is unit$ to ,god2 :]e=e x is writt5 7#a ,john #c3ad73 ,he t love? n abide? 9 dea?4 ,h5ce ! p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life consi/s simply 9 *>ity1 b 9 ! o!r virtues relatively4 ,& s9ce t :i* is simply1 is p>am\nt & greate/ 9 comp>ison ) o!r ?+s1 x foll[s t ! p]fection ( *>ity is p>am\nt 9 relation to ! p]fection t reg>ds ! o!r virtues4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,pati5ce is /at$ to h a p]fect "w 9 relation to *>ity1 9 s f> z x is an effect ( ! abundance ( *>ity t a man be>s h>d%ips pati5tly1 accord+ to ,rom4 #h3ce1 ,:o 4 4 4 %all sep>ate u f ! love ( ,*ri/8 ,%all tribulation8 ,or di/ress8 etc4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahd1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,any ,"o ,c ,be ,p]fect 9 ,?is ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t none c be p]fect 9 ?is life4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #ac3aj73 ,:5 t :i* is p]fect is come1 t :i* is 9 "p %all be done away4 ,n[ 9 ?is life t :i* is 9 "p is n done away2 = 9 ?is life fai? & hope1 :i* are 9 "p1 rema94 ,!re=e none c be p]fect 9 ?is life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,! p]fect is t :i* lacks no?+ 7,phys4 iii1 #f74 ,n[ !re is no "o 9 ?is life :o lacks no?+2 = x is writt5 7,james #c3b73 ,9 _m ?+s we all (f5d2 & 7,ps4 #ach3af73 ,?y eyes did see my imp]fect be+4 ,!re=e none is p]fect 9 ?is life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life1 z /at$ 7,a4 #a71 relates to *>ity1 :i* comprises ! love ( ,god & ( our neighbor4 ,n[1 nei!r z to ! love ( ,god c "o h p]fect *>ity 9 ?is life1 s9ce accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,eze*47 ! furnace ( love :i* beg9s to burn "h1 w burn m fi]cely :5 we see ,him ,:om we love2 nor z to ! love ( our neighbor1 s9ce 9 ?is life we _c love all our neighbors actually1 ev5 ?\gh we love !m habitually2 & habitual love is imp]fect4 ,!re=e x seems t no "o c be p]fect 9 ?is life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,div9e law does n prescribe ! impossible4 ,yet x prescribes p]fection accord+ to ,matt4 #e3dh1 ,be y 4 4 4 p]fect1 z also y\r heav5ly ,fa!r is p]fect4 ,!re=e seem+ly "o c be p]fect 9 ?is life4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life consi/s 9 *>ity4 ,n[ p]fection implies a c]ta9 univ]sality because accord+ to ,phys4 iii1 #f1 ! p]fect is t :i* lacks no?+4 ,h5ce we may consid] a ?reefold p]fection4 ,"o is absolute1 & answ]s to a totality n only on ! "p ( ! lov]1 b also on ! "p ( ! object lov$1 s t ,god be lov$ z mu* z ,he is lovable4 ,su* p]fection z ?is is n possible to any creature1 b is compet5t to ,god alone1 9 ,:om good is :olly & ess5tially4 ,ano!r p]fection answ]s to an absolute totality on ! "p ( ! lov]1 s t ! affective faculty always actually t5ds to ,god z mu* z x possibly c2 & su* p]fection z ?is is n possible s long z we are on ! way1 b we %all h x 9 heav54 ,! ?ird p]fection answ]s to a totality nei!r on ! "p ( ! object s]v$1 nor on ! "p ( ! lov] z reg>ds 8 always actually t5d+ to ,god1 b on ! "p ( ! lov] z reg>ds ! removal ( ob/acles to ! movem5t ( love t[>ds ,god1 9 :i* s5se ,augu/9e says 7,,qq4 ,,lxxxiii1 qu4 #cf7 t c>nal desire is ! bane ( *>ity2 to h no c>nal desires is ! p]fection ( *>ity4 ,su* p]fection z ?is c be _h 9 ?is life1 & 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by ! removal f man's affections ( all t is contr>y to *>ity1 su* z mortal s92 & !re c be no *>ity ap>t f ?is p]fection1 :]e=e x is necess>y = salvation4 ,secondly1 by ! removal f man's affections n only ( :atev] is contr>y to *>ity1 b also ( :atev] h9d]s ! m9d's affections f t5d+ :olly to ,god4 ,*>ity is possible ap>t f ?is p]fection1 = in/ance 9 ^? :o are beg9n]s & 9 ^? :o are pr(ici5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! ,apo/le is speak+ !re ( heav5ly p]fection :i* is n possible to ^? :o are on ! way4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o are p]fect 9 ?is life are said to (f5d 9 _m ?+s ) reg>d to v5ial s9s1 :i* result f ! weakness ( ! pres5t life3 & 9 ?is respect !y h an imp]fect be+ 9 comp>ison ) ! p]fection ( heav54 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ! conditions ( ! pres5t life d n all[ ( a man always t5d+ actually to ,god1 s nei!r does x all[ ( 8 t5d+ actually to ea* individual neighbor2 b x suffices = him to t5d to all 9 common & collectively1 & to ea* individual habitually & accord+ to ! prep>$ness ( 8 m9d4 ,n[ 9 ! love ( our neighbor1 z 9 ! love ( ,god we may obs]ve a tw(old p]fection3 "o )\t :i* *>ity is impossible1 & consi/+ 9 "o's hav+ 9 "o's affections no?+ t is contr>y to ! love ( "o's neighbor2 & ano!r )\t :i* x is possible to h *>ity4 ,! latt] p]fection may be consid]$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 z to ! ext5t ( love1 ?r\gh a man lov+ n only 8 fri5ds & acqua9tances b also /rang]s & ev5 8 enemies1 = z ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion lxxiii7 ?is is a m>k ( ! p]fect *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,secondly1 z to ! int5sity ( love1 :i* is %[n by ! ?+s :i* man despises = 8 neighbor's sake1 ?r\gh 8 despis+ n only ext]nal goods = ! sake ( 8 neighbor1 b also bodily h>d%ips & ev5 dea?1 accord+ to ,john #ae3ac1 ,great] love ?an ?is no man ha?1 t a man lay d[n 8 life = 8 fri5ds4 ,?irdly1 z to ! effect ( love1 s t a man w surr5d] n only temporal b also spiritual goods & ev5 himself1 = 8 neighbor's sake1 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #ab3ae71 ,b ,i mo/ gladly w sp5d & be sp5t myself = y\r s\ls4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahd1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r1 9 ,?is ,life1 ,p]fection ,consi/s 9 ! ,obs]vance ( ! ,comm&m5ts or ( ! ,c\nsels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t1 9 ?is life1 p]fection consi/s 9 ! obs]vance n ( ! comm&m5ts b ( ! c\nsels4 ,= our ,"l said 7,matt4 #ai3ba73 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g sell all ,vulg43 ':at' ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor 4 4 4 & come1 foll[ ,me4 ,n[ ?is is a c\nsel4 ,!re=e p]fection reg>ds ! c\nsels & n ! precepts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 all are b\nd to ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts1 s9ce ?is is necess>y = salvation4 ,!re=e1 if ! p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life consi/s 9 obs]v+ ! comm&m5ts1 x foll[s t p]fection is necess>y = salvation1 & t all are b\nd !reto2 & ?is is evid5tly false4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life is gaug$ accord+ to *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! p]fection ( *>ity1 seem+ly1 does n consi/ 9 ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts1 s9ce ! p]fection ( *>ity is prec$$ bo? by its increase & by its beg9n+1 z ,augu/9e says 7,sup] ,canonic4 ,joan4 ,tract4 ix74 ,b ! beg9n+ ( *>ity _c prec$e ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts1 s9ce accord+ to ,john #ad3bc1 ,if any "o love ,me1 he w keep ,my ^w4 ,!re=e ! p]fection ( life reg>ds n ! comm&m5ts b ! c\nsels4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,deut4 #f3e73 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) ?y :ole he>t1 & 7,lev4 #ai3ah73 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor ,vulg43 'fri5d' z ?yself2 & ^! are ! comm&m5ts ( :i* our ,"l said 7,matt4 #bb3dj73 ,on ^! two comm&m5ts dep5de? ! :ole law & ! prophets4 ,n[ ! p]fection ( *>ity1 9 respect ( :i* ! ,*ri/ian life is said to be p]fect1 consi/s 9 our lov+ ,god ) our :ole he>t1 & our neighbor z ourselves4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t p]fection consi/s 9 ! obs]vance ( ! precepts4 ,i answ] t1 ,p]fection is said to consi/ 9 a ?+ 9 two ways3 9 "o way1 prim>ily & ess5tially2 9 ano!r1 second>ily & accid5tally4 ,prim>ily & ess5tially ! p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life consi/s 9 *>ity1 pr9cipally z to ! love ( ,god1 second>ily z to ! love ( our neighbor1 bo? ( :i* are ! matt] ( ! *ief comm&m5ts ( ! ,div9e law1 z /at$ above4 ,n[ ! love ( ,god & ( our neighbor is n comm&$ accord+ to a measure1 s t :at is 9 excess ( ! measure be a matt] ( c\nsel4 ,?is is evid5t f ! v =m ( ! comm&m5t1 po9t+1 z x does1 to p]fection--= in/ance 9 ! words1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) ?y :ole he>t3 s9ce ! :ole is ! same z ! p]fect1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,phys4 iii1 #f71 & 9 ! words1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself1 s9ce e "o loves himself mo/4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7#a ,tim4 #a3e72 & ! end is n subject to a measure1 b only su* ?+s z are direct$ to ! end1 z ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,polit4 i1 #c72 ?us a physician does n measure ! am\nt ( 8 heal+1 b h[ mu* m$ic9e or diet he %all employ = ! purpose ( heal+4 ,consequ5tly x is evid5t t p]fection consi/s ess5tially 9 ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts2 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]f4 ,ju/it4 viii73 ,:y !n %\ld n ?is p]fection be prescrib$ to man1 al?\gh no man has x 9 ?is life8 ,second>ily & in/rum5tally1 h[ev]1 p]fection consi/s 9 ! obs]vance ( ! c\nsels1 all ( :i*1 l ! comm&m5ts1 are direct$ to *>ity2 yet n 9 ! same way4 ,= ! comm&m5ts1 o!r ?an ! precepts ( *>ity1 are direct$ to ! removal ( ?+s contr>y to *>ity1 ) :i*1 namely1 *>ity is incompatible1 :]eas ! c\nsels are direct$ to ! removal ( ?+s t h9d] ! act ( *>ity1 & yet are n contr>y to *>ity1 su* z m>riage1 ! occupation ( worldly bus9ess1 & s =?4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,en*iridion cxxi73 ,:atev] ?+s ,god comm&s1 = in/ance1 ',?\ %alt n commit adult]y1' & :atev] are n comm&$1 yet sugge/$ by a special c\nsel1 = in/ance1 ',x is good = a man n to t\* a woman1' are !n done aright :5 !y are ref]r$ to ! love ( ,god1 & ( our neighbor = ,god's sake1 bo? 9 ?is _w & 9 ! _w to come4 ,h5ce x is t 9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,coll4 i1 cap4 vii7 ! abbot ,moses says3 ,fa/+s1 wat*+s1 m$itat+ on ! ,scriptures1 p5ury & loss ( all "o's weal?1 ^! are n p]fection b means to p]fection1 s9ce n 9 !m does ! s*ool ( p]fection f9d its end1 b ?r\gh !m x a*ieves its end1 & he _h already said t we endeavor to asc5d by ^! /eps to ! p]fection ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,9 ?is say+ ( our ,"l some?+ is indicat$ z be+ ! way to p]fection by ! words1 ,g1 sell all ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor2 & some?+ else is add$ :]e9 p]fection consi/s1 :5 ,he said1 ,& foll[ ,me4 ,h5ce ,j]ome 9 8 comm5t>y on ,matt4 #ai3bg1 says t s9ce x is n en\gh m]ely to leave1 ,pet] add$ t :i* is p]fect3 ',& h foll[$ ,!e'2 & ,ambrose1 comm5t+ on ,luke #e3bg1 ,foll[ ,me1 says3 ,he comm&s him to foll[1 n ) /eps ( ! body1 b ) devotion ( ! s\l1 :i* is ! effect ( *>ity4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t f ! v way ( speak+ t ! c\nsels are means ( atta9+ to p]fection1 s9ce x is ?us express$3 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g1 sell1 etc41 z ?\gh ,he said3 ,by s do+ ?\ %alt accompli% ?is end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]f4 ,ju/it4 viii7 ! p]fection ( *>ity is prescrib$ to man 9 ?is life1 because "o runs n "r unless "o kn[s :i!r to run4 ,& h[ %all we "k ?is if no comm&m5t decl>es x to u8 ,& s9ce t :i* is a matt] ( precept c be fulfill$ v>i\sly1 "o does n break a comm&m5t ?r\gh n fulfill+ x 9 ! be/ way1 b x is en\gh to fulfil x 9 any way :atev]4 ,n[ ! p]fection ( ,div9e love is a matt] ( precept = all )\t exception1 s t ev5 ! p]fection ( heav5 is n except$ f ?is precept1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,p]f4 ,ju/it4 viii 99,cf4 ,de ,spir4 et ,lit4 ,,xxxvi71 & "o escapes transgress+ ! precept1 9 :atev] measure "o atta9s to ! p]fection ( ,div9e love4 ,! l[e/ degree ( ,div9e love is to love no?+ m ?an ,god1 or contr>y to ,god1 or equally ) ,god1 & :oev] fails f ?is degree ( p]fection n[ise fulfils ! precept4 ,!re is ano!r degree ( ! ,div9e love1 :i* _c be fulfill$ s long z we are on ! way1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 & x is evid5t t to fail f ?is is n to be a transgressor ( ! precept2 & 9 l mann] "o does n transgress ! precept1 if "o does n atta9 to ! int]m$iate degrees ( p]fection1 provid$ "o atta9 to ! l[e/4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,j z man has a c]ta9 p]fection ( 8 nature z soon z he is born1 :i* p]fection belongs to ! v ess5ce ( 8 species1 :ile !re is ano!r p]fection :i* he acquires by gr[?1 s aga9 !re is a p]fection ( *>ity :i* belongs to ! v ess5ce ( *>ity1 namely t man love ,god above all ?+s1 & love no?+ contr>y to ,god1 :ile !re is ano!r p]fection ( *>ity ev5 9 ?is life1 :]eto a man atta9s by a k9d ( spiritual gr[?1 = in/ance :5 a man refra9s ev5 f lawful ?+s1 9 ord] m freely to give himself to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahd1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,:oev] ,is ,p]fect ,is 9 ! ,/ate ( ,p]fection8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t :oev] is p]fect is 9 ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,=1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #c71 j z bodily p]fection is rea*$ by bodily gr[?1 s spiritual p]fection is acquir$ by spiritual gr[?4 ,n[ aft] bodily gr[? "o is said to h rea*$ ! /ate ( p]fect age4 ,!re=e seem+ly also aft] spiritual gr[?1 :5 "o has already rea*$ spiritual p]fection1 "o is 9 ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,phys4 v1 #b1 movem5t f "o contr>y to ano!r has ! same aspect z movem5t f less to m4 ,n[ :5 a man is *ang$ f s9 to grace1 he is said to *ange 8 /ate1 9 s f> z ! /ate ( s9 diff]s f ! /ate ( grace4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t 9 ! same mann]1 :5 "o progresses f a less] to a great] grace1 s z to rea* ! p]fect degree1 "o is 9 ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a man acquires a /ate by be+ fre$ f s]vitude4 ,b "o is fre$ f ! s]vitude ( s9 by *>ity1 because *>ity cov]e? all s9s 7,prov4 #aj3ab74 ,n[ "o is said to be p]fect on acc\nt ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,!re=e1 seem+ly1 :oev] has p]fection1 = ?is v reason has ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,"s are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection1 :o are :olly lack+ 9 *>ity & grace1 = in/ance wick$ bi%ops or religi\s4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t on ! o!r h& "s h ! p]fection ( life1 :o nev]!less h n ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahc1 ,a4 #a71 /ate prop]ly reg>ds a condition ( fre$om or s]vitude4 ,n[ spiritual fre$om or s]vitude may be consid]$ 9 man 9 two ways3 fir/1 ) respect to 8 int]nal actions2 secondly1 ) respect to 8 ext]nal actions4 ,& s9ce accord+ to #a ,k+s #af3g1 man see? ^? ?+s t appe>1 b ! ,"l beholde? ! he>t1 x foll[s t ) reg>d to man's int]nal disposition we consid] 8 spiritual /ate 9 relation to ! ,div9e judgm5t1 :ile ) reg>d to 8 ext]nal actions we consid] man's spiritual /ate 9 relation to ! ,*ur*4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] s5se t we are n[ speak+ ( /ates1 namely 9 s f> z ! ,*ur* d]ives a c]ta9 beauty f ! v>iety ( /ates 99,cf4 ,q4 #ahc1 ,a4 #b4 ,n[ x mu/ be obs]v$1 t s f> z m5 are conc]n$1 9 ord] t any "o atta9 to a /ate ( fre$om or s]vitude !re is requir$ fir/ ( all an obligation or a release4 ,= ! m]e fact ( s]v+ someone does n make a man a slave1 s9ce ev5 ! free s]ve1 accord+ to ,gal4 #e3ac1 ,by *>ity ( ! _s s]ve "o ano!r3 nor aga9 does ! m]e fact ( ceas+ to s]ve make a man free1 z 9 ! case ( a runaway slave2 b prop]ly speak+ a man is a slave if he be b\nd to s]ve1 & a man is free if he be releas$ f s]vice4 ,secondly1 x is requir$ t ! a=esaid obligation be impos$ ) a c]ta9 solemnity2 ev5 z a c]ta9 solemnity is obs]v$ 9 o!r matt]s :i* among m5 obta9 a settlem5t 9 p]petuity4 ,accord+ly1 prop]ly speak+1 "o is said to be 9 ! /ate ( p]fection1 n ?r\gh hav+ ! act ( p]fect love1 b ?r\gh b9d+ himself 9 p]petuity & ) a c]ta9 solemnity to ^? ?+s t p]ta9 to p]fection4 ,moreov] x happ5s t "s p]sons b9d !mselves to t :i* !y d n keep1 & "s fulfil t to :i* !y h n b\nd !mselves1 z 9 ! case ( ! two sons 7,matt4 #ba3bh1 #cj71 "o ( :om :5 8 fa!r said3 ,"w 9 my v9ey>d1 answ]$3 ,i w n1 & aft]w>ds 4 4 4 he w5t1 :ile ! o!r answ]+ said3 ,i g 4 4 4 & he w5t n4 ,:]e=e no?+ h9d]s "s f be+ p]fect )\t be+ 9 ! /ate ( p]fection1 & "s 9 ! /ate ( p]fection )\t be+ p]fect4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,by bodily gr[? a man progresses 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to nature1 :]e=e he atta9s to ! /ate ( nature2 especially s9ce :at is accord+ to nature is1 9 a way1 un*angeable 99,e?ic4 v1 #g1 inasmu* z nature is det]m9ate to "o ?+4 ,9 l mann] by inw>d spiritual gr[? a man rea*es ! /ate ( p]fection 9 relation to ! ,div9e judgm5t4 ,b z reg>ds ! di/9ctions ( ecclesia/ical /ates1 a man does n rea* ! /ate ( p]fection except by gr[? 9 respect ( ext]nal actions4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is argum5t also reg>ds ! int]ior /ate4 ,yet :5 a man passes f s9 to grace1 he passes f s]vitude to fre$om2 & ?is does n result f a m]e progress 9 grace1 except :5 a man b9ds himself to ?+s p]ta9+ to grace4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,aga9 ?is argum5t consid]s ! int]ior /ate4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh *>ity causes ! *ange ( condition f spiritual s]vitude to spiritual fre$om1 an increase ( *>ity has n ! same effect4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahd1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,religi\s & ,prelates ,are 9 ! ,/ate ( ,p]fection8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t prelates & religi\s are n 9 ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,= ! /ate ( p]fection diff]s f ! /ate ( ! beg9n]s & ! pr(ici5t4 ,n[ no class ( m5 is specially assign$ to ! /ate ( ! pr(ici5t or ( ! beg9n]s4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t nei!r %\ld any class ( m5 be assign$ to ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! outw>d /ate %\ld answ] to ! inw>d1 else "o is guilty ( ly+1 :i* consi/s n only 9 false words1 b also 9 deceitful de$s1 accord+ to ,ambrose 9 "o ( 8 s]mons 7xxx de ,tempore74 ,n[ !re are _m prelates & religi\s :o h n ! inw>d p]fection ( *>ity4 ,!re=e1 if all religi\s & prelates are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection1 x w\ld foll[ t all ( !m t are n p]fect are 9 mortal s91 z deceiv]s & li>s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 p]fection is measur$ accord+ to *>ity4 ,n[ ! mo/ p]fect *>ity w\ld seem to be 9 ! m>tyrs1 accord+ to ,john #ae3ac1 ,great] love ?an ?is no man ha?1 t a man lay d[n 8 life = 8 fri5ds3 & a gloss on ,heb4 #ab3d1 ,= y h n yet resi/$ unto blood1 says3 ,9 ?is life no love is m p]fect ?an t to :i* ! holy m>tyrs atta9$1 :o /rove aga9/ s9 ev5 unto blood4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! /ate ( p]fection %\ld be ascrib$ to ! m>tyrs r ?an to religi\s & bi%ops4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 v7 ascribes p]fection to bi%ops z be+ p]fect]s1 & 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi7 to religi\s 7:om he calls monks or !rapeutai1 i4e4 s]vants ( ,god7 z be+ p]fect$4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #d71 !re is requir$ = ! /ate ( p]fection a p]petual obligation to ?+s p]ta9+ to p]fection1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 solemnity4 ,n[ bo? ^! conditions are compet5t to religi\s & bi%ops4 ,= religi\s b9d !mselves by v[ to refra9 f worldly affairs1 :i* !y might lawfully use1 9 ord] m freely to give !mselves to ,god1 :]e9 consi/s ! p]fection ( ! pres5t life4 ,h5ce ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi71 speak+ ( religi\s3 ,"s call !m !rapeutai1 i4e4 s]vants1 on acc\nt ( _! r5d]+ pure s]vice & homage to ,god2 o!rs call !m mona*oi 99i4e4 solit>ies2 :5ce ! ,engli% ^w 'monk'1 on acc\nt ( ! indivisible & s+le-m9d$ life :i* by _! be+ wrapp$ 91 i4e4 contemplat+1 indivisible ?+s1 unites !m 9 a ,godlike union & a p]fection belov$ ( ,god 99,cf4 ,q4 #ahj1 ,a4 #f4 ,moreov]1 ! obligation 9 bo? cases is und]tak5 ) a c]ta9 solemnity ( pr(ession & consecration2 :]e=e ,dionysius adds 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi73 ,h5ce ! holy legislation 9 be/[+ p]fect grace on !m accords !m a hall[+ invocation4 ,9 l mann] bi%ops b9d !mselves to ?+s p]ta9+ to p]fection :5 !y take up ! pa/oral duty1 to :i* x belongs t a %eph]d lay d[n 8 life = 8 %eep1 accord+ to ,john #aj3ae4 ,:]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #f3ab73 ,?\ 4 4 4 ha/ confess$ a good confession be=e _m witnesses1 t is to say1 :5 he 0 orda9$1 z a gloss says on ?is passage4 ,aga91 a c]ta9 solemnity ( consecration is employ$ toge!r ) ! a=esaid pr(ession1 accord+ to #b ,tim4 #a3f3 ,/ir up ! grace ( ,god :i* is 9 !e by ! imposition ( my h&s1 :i* ! gloss ascribes to ! grace ( ! episcopate4 ,& ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 v7 t :5 ! high prie/1 i4e4 ! bi%op1 is orda9$1 he receives on 8 head ! mo/ holy imposition ( ! sacr$ oracles1 :]eby x is signifi$ t he is a p>ticipator 9 ! :ole & entire hi]>*ical p[]1 & t n only is he ! enlight5] 9 all ?+s p]ta9+ to 8 holy disc\rses & actions1 b t he also conf]s ?is on o!rs4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,beg9n+ & increase are s\ght n = _! own sake1 b = ! sake ( p]fection2 h5ce x is only to ! /ate ( p]fection t "s are admitt$ "u c]ta9 obligations & ) solemnity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? :o ent] ! /ate ( p]fection d n pr(ess to be p]fect1 b to t5d to p]fection4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #c3ab73 ,n z ?\gh ,i _h already atta9$1 or 7 already p]fect2 b ,i foll[ aft]1 if ,i may by any means appreh5d3 & aft]w>ds 7,phil4 #c3ae73 ,let u !re=e z _m z are p]fect1 be ?us m9d$4 ,h5ce a man :o takes up ! /ate ( p]fection is n guilty ( ly+ or deceit ?r\gh n be+ p]fect1 b ?r\gh )draw+ 8 m9d f ! int5tion ( rea*+ p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,m>tyrdom is ! mo/ p]fect act ( *>ity4 ,b an act ( p]fection does n suffice to make ! /ate ( p]fection1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahd1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,all ,ecclesia/ical ,prelates ,are 9 ! ,/ate ( ,p]fection8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t all ecclesia/ical prelates are 9 a /ate ( p]fection4 ,= ,j]ome comm5t+ on ,titus #a3e1 ,orda9 4 4 4 9 e city1 etc4 says3 ,=m]ly prie/ 0 ! same z bi%op1 & aft]w>ds he adds3 ,j z prie/s "k t by ! cu/om ( ! ,*ur* !y are subject to ! "o :o is plac$ ov] !m1 s too1 bi%ops %\ld recognize t1 by cu/om r ?an by ! v ord9ance ( our ,"l1 !y are above ! prie/s1 & are toge!r ! rightful gov]nors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,n[ bi%ops are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,!re=e ^? prie/s also are :o h ! cure ( s\ls4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 j z bi%ops toge!r ) _! consecration receive ! cure ( s\ls1 s also d p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons1 ( :om a gloss on ,acts #f3c1 ,bre?r51 look ye out 4 4 4 sev5 m5 ( good reputation1 says3 ,! apo/les decid$ "h to appo9t ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur* sev5 deacons1 :o 7 to be ( a high] degree1 & z x 7 ! supports ( t :i* is ne>e/ to ! alt>4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ^! also are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 j z bi%ops are b\nd to lay d[n _! life = _! %eep1 s too are p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons4 ,b ?is belongs to ! p]fection ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #c74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons also are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 v73 ,! ord] ( pontiffs is consummative & p]fect+1 t ( ! prie/s is illum9ative & light-giv+1 t ( ! m9i/]s is cleans+ & discretive4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t p]fection is ascrib$ to bi%ops only4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 prie/s & deacons hav+ cure ( s\ls two ?+s may be consid]$1 namely _! ord] & _! cure4 ,_! ord] is direct$ to "s act 9 ! ,div9e (fices4 ,:]e=e x has be5 /at$ above 7,q4 #ahc1 ,a4 #c1 ad #c7 t ! di/9ction ( ord]s is compris$ "u ! di/9ction ( (fices4 ,h5ce by receiv+ a c]ta9 ord] a man receives ! p[] ( ex]cis+ c]ta9 sacr$ acts1 b he is n b\nd on ?is acc\nt to ?+s p]ta9+ to p]fection1 except 9 s f> z 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* ! receiv+ ( a sacr$ ord] includes ! tak+ ( a v[ ( cont95ce1 :i* is "o ( ! ?+s p]ta9+ to p]fection1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #ahf1 ,a4 #d74 ,!re=e x is cle> t f ! fact t a man receives a sacr$ ord] a man is n plac$ simply 9 ! /ate ( p]fection1 al?\gh inw>d p]fection is requir$ 9 ord] t "o ex]cise su* acts wor?ily4 ,9 l mann]1 nei!r are !y plac$ 9 ! /ate ( p]fection on ! "p ( ! cure :i* !y take ^u !mselves4 ,= !y are n b\nd by ?is v fact "u ! obligation ( a p]petual v[ to reta9 ! cure ( s\ls2 b !y c surr5d] x--ei!r by ent]+ religion1 ev5 )\t _! bi%op's p]mission 7cf4 ,decret4 xix1 qu4 #b1 c4 ,duae sunt7--or aga9 an ar*deacon may ) 8 bi%op's p]mission resign 8 ar*-deaconry or p>i%1 & accept a simple preb5d )\t cure1 :i* w\ld be n[ise lawful1 if he 7 9 ! /ate ( p]fection2 = no man putt+ 8 h& to ! pl\gh & look+ back is fit = ! k+dom ( ,god 7,luke #i3fb74 ,on ! o!r h& bi%ops1 s9ce !y are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection1 _c ab&on ! episcopal cure1 save by ! au?ority ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff 7to :om alone x belongs also to disp5se f p]petual v[s71 & ?is = c]ta9 causes1 z we %all /ate fur!r on 7,q4 #ahe1 ,a4 #d74 ,:]e=e x is manife/ t n all prelates are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection1 b only bi%ops4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we may speak ( prie/ & bi%op 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! "n3 & ?us =m]ly bi%ops & prie/s 7 n di/9ct4 ,= bi%ops are s call$ because !y wat* ov] o!rs1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai72 :ile ! prie/s accord+ to ! ,greek are eld]s4 99,ref]r+ to ! ,greek episkopos & presbyt]os f :i* ! ,engli% 'bi%op' & 'prie/' are d]iv$4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le employs ! t]m prie/s 9 ref]5ce to bo?1 :5 he says 7#a ,tim4 #e3ag73 ,let ! prie/s t rule well be e/eem$ wor?y ( d\ble honor2 & aga9 he uses ! t]m bi%ops 9 ! same way1 :]e=e address+ ! prie/s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus he says 7,acts #bj3bh73 ,take he$ to y\rselves & to ! :ole flock1 :]e9 ! ,holy ,gho/ ha? plac$ y bi%ops1 to rule ! *ur* ( ,god4 ,b z reg>ds ! ?+ signifi$ by ^! t]ms1 !re 0 always a diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 ev5 at ! "t ( ! apo/les4 ,?is is cle> on ! au?ority ( ,dionysius 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 v71 & ( a gloss on ,luke #aj3a1 ,aft] ^! ?+s ! ,"l appo9t$1 etc4 :i* says3 ,j z ! apo/les 7 made bi%ops1 s ! sev5ty-two disciples 7 made prie/s ( ! second ord]4 ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to avoid s*ism1 x became necess>y to di/+ui% ev5 ! t]ms1 by call+ ! high] ones bi%ops & ! l[] ones prie/s4 ,b to ass]t t prie/s n[ise diff] f bi%ops is reckon$ by ,augu/9e among h]etical doctr9es 7,de ,h]es4 liii71 :]e he says t ! ,arians ma9ta9$ t no di/9ction exi/$ betwe5 a prie/ & a bi%op4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,bi%ops h ! *ief cure ( ! %eep ( _! diocese1 :ile p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons ex]cise an inf]ior m9i/ry "u ! bi%ops4 ,h5ce a gloss on #a ,cor4 #ab3bh1 to "o1 helps1 to ano!r1 gov]nm5ts 99,vulg43 ',god ha? set "s 9 ! *ur* 4 4 4 helps1 gov]nm5ts1' etc41 says3 ,helps1 namely assi/ants to ^? :o are 9 au?ority1 z ,titus 0 to ! ,apo/le1 or z ar*deacons to ! bi%op2 gov]nm5ts1 namely p]sons ( less] au?ority1 su* z prie/s :o h to in/ruct ! p3 & ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 v7 t j z we see ! :ole hi]>*y culm9at+ 9 ,jesus1 s ea* (fice culm9ates 9 its respective godlike hi]>* or bi%op4 ,also x is said 7,,xvi1 qu4 i1 c4 ,cunctis73 ,prie/s & deacons mu/ all take c>e n to d any?+ )\t _! bi%op's p]mission4 ,:]e=e x is evid5t t !y /& 9 relation to _! bi%op z w>d5s or mayors to ! k+2 & = ?is reason1 j z 9 e>?ly gov]nm5ts ! k+ alone receives a solemn bless+1 :ile o!rs are appo9t$ by simple commission1 s too 9 ! ,*ur* ! episcopal cure is conf]r$ ) ! solemnity ( consecration1 :ile ! ar*deacon or p>i% prie/ receives 8 cure by simple appo9tm5t2 al?\gh !y are consecrat$ by receiv+ ord]s be=e hav+ a cure4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons h n ! *ief cure1 b a c]ta9 m9i/ry z committ$ to !m by ! bi%op1 s ! pa/oral (fice does n belong to !m 9 *ief1 nor are !y b\nd to lay d[n _! life = ! %eep1 except 9 s f> z !y h a %>e 9 _! cure4 ,h5ce we %\ld say t !y h an (fice p]ta9+ to p]fection r ?an t !y atta9 ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahd1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ! ,religi\s ,/ate ,is ,m ,p]fect ,?an ,t ( ,prelates8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! religi\s /ate is m p]fect ?an t ( prelates4 ,= our ,"l said 7,matt4 #ai3ba73 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g & sell all ,vulg43 ':at' ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor2 & religi\s d ?is4 ,b bi%ops are n b\nd to d s2 = x is said 7,,xii1 qu4 i1 c4 ,episcopi de rebus73 ,bi%ops1 if !y wi%1 may bequea? to _! heirs _! p]sonal or acquir$ prop]ty1 & :atev] belongs to !m p]sonally4 ,!re=e religi\s are 9 a m p]fect /ate ?an bi%ops4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 p]fection consi/s m especially 9 ! love ( ,god ?an 9 ! love ( our neighbor4 ,n[ ! religi\s /ate is directly ord]$ to ! love ( ,god1 :]e=e x takes its "n f s]vice & homage to ,god1 z ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi72 99,quot$ above ,a4 #e :]eas ! bi%op's /ate w\ld seem to be ord]$ to ! love ( our neighbor1 ( ^: cure he is ! w>d51 & f ?is he takes 8 "n1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de ,civ4 ,dei4 xix1 #ai74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! religi\s /ate is m p]fect ?an t ( bi%ops4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! religi\s /ate is direct$ to ! contemplative life1 :i* is m excell5t ?an ! active life to :i* ! episcopal /ate is direct$4 ,= ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 i1 #g7 t ,isaias wi%+ to be ( pr(it to 8 neighbor by means ( ! active life desir$ ! (fice ( prea*+1 :]eas ,j]emias1 :o 0 fa9 to hold fa/ to ! love ( 8 ,creator1 exclaim$ aga9/ be+ s5t to prea*4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! religi\s /ate is m p]fect ?an ! episcopal /ate4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is n lawful = anyone to pass f a m excell5t to a less excell5t /ate2 = ?is w\ld be to look back 99,cf4 ,luke #i3fb4 ,yet a man may pass f ! religi\s to ! episcopal /ate1 = x is said 7,,xviii1 qu4 i1 c4 ,/atutum7 t ! holy ord9ation makes a monk to be a bi%op4 ,!re=e ! episcopal /ate is m p]fect ?an ! religi\s4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,g54 ad lit4 xii1 #af71 ! ag5t is ev] m excell5t ?an ! pati5t4 ,n[ 9 ! g5us ( p]fection accord+ to ,dionysius 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 v1 vi71 bi%ops are 9 ! position ( p]fect]s1 :]eas religi\s are 9 ! position ( be+ p]fect$2 ! =m] ( :i* p]ta9s to action1 & ! latt] to passion4 ,:5ce x is evid5t t ! /ate ( p]fection is m excell5t 9 bi%ops ?an 9 religi\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,r5unciation ( "o's possessions may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z be+ actual3 & ?us x is n ess5tial1 b a means1 to p]fection1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,h5ce no?+ h9d]s ! /ate ( p]fection f be+ )\t r5unciation ( "o's possessions1 & ! same applies to o!r outw>d practices4 ,secondly1 x may be consid]$ 9 relation to "o's prep>$ness1 9 ! s5se ( be+ prep>$ to r5\nce or give away all3 & ?is belongs directly to p]fection4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,,qq4 ,evang4 ii1 qu4 #aa73 ,our ,"l %[s t ! *ildr5 ( wisdom und]/& righte\sness to consi/ nei!r 9 eat+ nor 9 ab/a9+1 b 9 be>+ want pati5tly4 ,:]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #d3ab73 ,i "k 4 4 4 bo? to ab\nd & to suff] ne$4 ,n[ bi%ops especially are b\nd to despise all ?+s = ! honor ( ,god & ! spiritual welf>e ( _! flock1 :5 x is necess>y = !m to d s1 ei!r by giv+ to ! poor ( _! flock1 or by suff]+ ) joy ! be+ /ripp$ ( _! own goods 99,heb4 #aj3cd4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,t bi%ops are busy ab\t ?+s p]ta9+ to ! love ( _! neighbor1 arises out ( ! abundance ( _! love ( ,god4 ,h5ce our ,"l ask$ ,pet] fir/ ( all :e!r he lov$ ,him1 & aft]w>ds committ$ ! c>e ( ,8 flock to him4 ,& ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 i1 #e73 ,if ! pa/oral c>e is a pro( ( love1 he :o refuses to fe$ ,god's flock1 ?\gh hav+ ! means to d s1 is convict$ ( n lov+ ! supreme ,pa/or4 ,& x is a sign ( great] love if a man devotes himself to o!rs = 8 fri5d's sake1 ?an if he be will+ only to s]ve 8 fri5d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 ii1 #a71 a prelate %\ld be =emo/ 9 action1 & m uplift$ ?an o!rs 9 contemplation1 because x is incumb5t on him to contemplate1 n only = 8 own sake1 b also = ! purpose ( in/ruct+ o!rs4 ,h5ce ,gregory applies 7,hom4 v 9 ,eze*47 ! words ( ,ps4 #add3g1 ,!y %all publi% ! memory 4 4 4 ( ,?y sweetness1 to p]fect m5 return+ aft] _! contemplation4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahd1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,p>i% ,prie/s & ,ar*deacons ,are ,m ,p]fect ,?an ,religi\s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t also p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons are m p]fect ?an religi\s4 ,= ,*ryso/om says 9 8 ,dialogue 7,de ,sac]dot4 vi73 ,take = example a monk1 su* z ,elias1 if ,i may exagg]ate some:at1 he is n to be comp>$ ) "o :o1 ca/ among ! p & compell$ to c>ry ! s9s ( _m1 rema9s firm & /rong4 ,a little fur!r on he says3 ,if ,i 7 giv5 ! *oice1 :]e w\ld ,i pref] to please1 9 ! prie/ly (fice1 or 9 ! mona/ic solitude1 )\t hesitation ,i %\ld *oose ! =m]4 ,aga9 9 ! same book 7*4 #e7 he says3 ,if y comp>e ! toils ( ?is project1 namely ( ! mona/ic life1 ) a well-employ$ prie/hood1 y w f9d !m z f> di/ant f "o ano!r z a common citiz5 is f a k+4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t prie/s :o h ! cure ( s\ls are m p]fect ?an religi\s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7ad ,val]ium1 ,ep4 xxi73 ,let ?y religi\s prud5ce obs]ve t 9 ?is life1 & especially at ^! times1 !re is no?+ s difficult1 s on]\s1 s p]il\s z ! (fice ( bi%op1 prie/1 or deacon2 :ile 9 ,god's sight !re is no great] bless+1 if "o engage 9 ! fight z ord]$ by our ,comm&]-9-*ief4 ,!re=e religi\s are n m p]fect ?an prie/s or deacons4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 lx1 ad ,aurel473 ,x w\ld be mo/ regrettable1 7 we to exalt monks to su* a disa/r\s degree ( pride1 & deem ! cl]gy des]v+ ( su* a griev\s insult1 z to ass]t t 'a bad monk is a good cl]k1' s9ce sometimes ev5 a good monk makes a bad cl]k4 ,& a little be=e ?is he says t ,god's s]vants1 i4e4 monks1 mu/ n be all[$ to ?9k t !y may easily be *os5 = some?+ bett]1 namely ! cl]ical /ate1 if !y %\ld become worse !reby1 namely by leav+ ! mona/ic /ate4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ^? :o are 9 ! cl]ical /ate are m p]fect ?an religi\s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is n lawful to pass f a m p]fect to a less p]fect /ate4 ,yet x is lawful to pass f ! mona/ic /ate to a prie/ly (fice ) a cure atta*$1 z appe>s 7,,xvi1 qu4 i1 c4 ,si quis mona*us7 f a decree ( ,pope ,gelasius1 :o says3 ,if !re be a monk1 :o by ! m]it ( 8 exempl>y life is wor?y ( ! prie/hood1 & ! abbot "u ^: au?ority he fights = ,*ri/ 8 ,k+1 ask t he be made a prie/1 ! bi%op %all take him & orda9 him 9 su* place z he %all *oose fitt+4 ,& ,j]ome says 7,ad ,ru/ic4 ,mona*41 ,ep4 cxxv73 ,9 ! mona/]y s live z to des]ve to be a cl]k4 ,!re=e p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons are m p]fect ?an religi\s4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 bi%ops are 9 a m p]fect /ate ?an religi\s1 z %[n above 7,a4 #g74 ,b p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons1 ?r\gh hav+ cure ( s\ls1 are m l bi%ops ?an religi\s are4 ,!re=e !y are m p]fect4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 virtue is conc]n$ ) ! difficult & ! good 7,e?ic4 ii1 #c74 ,n[ x is m difficult to lead a good life 9 ! (fice ( p>i% prie/ or ar*deacon ?an 9 ! religi\s /ate4 ,!re=e p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons h m p]fect virtue ?an religi\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 7,,xix1 qu4 ii1 cap4 ,duce73 ,if a man :ile gov]n+ ! p 9 8 *ur* "u ! bi%op & lead+ a secul> life is inspir$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ to desire to "w out 8 salvation 9 a mona/]y or "u "s canonical rule1 s9ce he is l$ by a private law1 !re is no reason :y he %\ld be con/ra9$ by a public law4 ,n[ a man is n l$ by ! law ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* is "h call$ a private law1 except to some?+ m p]fect4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t religi\s are m p]fect ?an ar*deacons or p>i% prie/s4 ,i answ] t1 ,:5 we comp>e ?+s 9 ! po9t ( sup]-em95ce1 we look n at t 9 :i* !y agree1 b at t :]e9 !y diff]4 ,n[ 9 p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons ?ree ?+s may be consid]$1 _! /ate1 _! ord]1 & _! (fice4 ,x belongs to _! /ate t !y are secul>s1 to _! ord] t !y are prie/s or deacons1 to _! (fice t !y h ! cure ( s\ls committ$ to !m4 ,accord+ly1 if we comp>e ^! ) "o :o is a religi\s by /ate1 a deacon or prie/ by ord]1 hav+ ! cure ( s\ls by (fice1 z _m monks & canons regul> h1 ?is "o w excel 9 ! fir/ po9t1 & 9 ! o!r po9ts he w be equal4 ,b if ! latt] diff] f ! =m] 9 /ate & (fice1 b agree 9 ord]1 su* z religi\s prie/s & deacons n hav+ ! cure ( s\ls1 x is evid5t t ! latt] w be m excell5t ?an ! =m] 9 /ate1 less excell5t 9 (fice1 & equal 9 ord]4 ,we mu/ !re=e consid] :i* is ! great]1 preem95ce ( /ate or ( (fice2 & "h1 seem+ly1 we %\ld take note ( two ?+s1 goodness & difficulty4 ,accord+ly1 if we make ! comp>ison ) a view to goodness1 ! religi\s /ate surpasses ! (fice ( p>i% prie/ or ar*deacon1 because a religi\s pl$ges 8 :ole life to ! que/ ( p]fection1 :]eas ! p>i% prie/ or ar*deacon does n pl$ge 8 :ole life to ! cure ( s\ls1 z a bi%op does1 nor is x compet5t to him1 z x is to a bi%op1 to ex]cise ! cure ( s\ls 9 *ief1 b only 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s reg>d+ ! cure ( s\ls committ$ to 8 *>ge1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #f1 ad #b74 ,:]e=e ! comp>ison ( _! religi\s /ate ) _! (fice is l ! comp>isons ( ! univ]sal ) ! p>ticul>1 & ( a holocau/ ) a sacrifice :i* is less ?an a holocau/ accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 xx 9 ,eze*474 ,h5ce x is said 7,,xix1 qu4 i1 c4 ,cl]ici qui mona*orum473 ,cl]ics :o wi% to take ! mona/ic v[s ?r\gh be+ desir\s ( a bett] life mu/ be all[$ by _! bi%ops ! free entrance into ! mona/]y4 ,?is comp>ison1 h[ev]1 mu/ be consid]$ z reg>d+ ! g5us ( ! de$2 = z reg>ds ! *>ity ( ! do] x happ5s sometimes t a de$ :i* is ( less acc\nt 9 its g5us is ( great] m]it if x be done out ( great] *>ity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we consid] ! difficulty ( lead+ a good life 9 religion1 & 9 ! (fice ( "o hav+ ! cure ( s\ls1 9 ?is way x is m difficult to lead a good life toge!r ) ! ex]cise ( ! cure ( s\ls1 on acc\nt ( outw>d dang]s3 al?\gh ! religi\s life is m difficult z reg>ds ! g5us ( ! de$1 by reason ( ! /rictness ( religi\s obs]vance4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! religi\s is also )\t ord]s1 z 9 ! case ( religi\s lay bre?r51 !n x is evid5t t ! pre-em95ce ( ord] excels 9 ! po9t ( dignity1 s9ce by holy ord]s a man is appo9t$ to ! mo/ augu/ m9i/ry ( s]v+ ,*ri/ ,himself 9 ! sacram5t ( ! alt>4 ,= ?is requires a great] inw>d hol9ess ?an t :i* is requisite = ! religi\s /ate1 s9ce z ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi7 ! mona/ic ord] mu/ foll[ ! prie/ly ord]s1 & asc5d to ,div9e ?+s 9 imitation ( !m4 ,h5ce1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a cl]ic :o is 9 holy ord]s1 s9s m griev\sly if he d some?+ contr>y to hol9ess ?an a religi\s :o is n 9 holy ord]s3 al?\gh a religi\s :o is n 9 ord]s is b\nd to regul> obs]vance to :i* p]sons 9 holy ord]s are n b\nd4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,we might answ] briefly ^! quotations f ,*ryso/om by say+ t he speaks n ( a prie/ ( less] ord] :o has ! cure ( s\ls1 b ( a bi%op1 :o is call$ a high-prie/2 & ?is agrees ) ! purpose ( t book :]e9 he consoles himself & ,basil 9 t !y 7 *os5 to be bi%ops4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 pass ?is ov] & reply t he speaks 9 view ( ! difficulty4 ,= he _h already said3 ,:5 ! pilot is surr\nd$ by ! /ormy sea & is able to br+ ! %ip safely out ( ! tempe/1 !n he des]ves to be ackn[l$g$ by all z a p]fect pilot2 & aft]w>ds he concludes1 z quot$1 ) reg>d to ! monk1 :o is n to be comp>$ ) "o :o1 ca/ among ! p 4 4 4 rema9s firm2 & he gives ! reason :y1 because bo? 9 ! calm & 9 ! /orm he pilot$ himself to safety4 ,?is proves no?+ m ?an t ! /ate ( "o :o has ! cure ( s\ls is fraught ) m dang] ?an ! mona/ic /ate2 & to keep oneself innoc5t 9 face ( a great] p]il is pro( ( great] virtue4 on ! o!r h&1 x also indicates greatness ( virtue if a man avoid dang]s by ent]+ religion2 h5ce he does n say t he w\ld pref] ! prie/ly (fice to ! mona/ic solitude1 b t he w\ld r please 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]1 s9ce ?is is a pro( ( great] virtue4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is passage quot$ f ,augu/9e also cle>ly ref]s to ! "q ( difficulty :i* proves ! greatness ( virtue 9 ^? :o lead a good life1 z /at$ above 7ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,augu/9e !re comp>es monks ) cl]ics z reg>ds ! pre-em95ce ( ord]1 n z reg>ds ! di/9ction betwe5 religi\s & secul> life4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^? :o are tak5 f ! religi\s /ate to receive ! cure ( s\ls1 be+ already 9 sacr$ ord]s1 atta9 to some?+ !y _h n hi!rto1 namely ! (fice ( ! cure1 yet !y d n put aside :at !y _h already4 ,= x is said 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xvi1 qu4 i1 c4 ,de ,mona*is73 ,) reg>d to ^? monks :o aft] long resid5ce 9 a mona/]y atta9 to ! ord] ( cl]ics1 we bid !m n to lay aside _! =m] purpose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons1 :5 !y ent] religion1 resign _! cure1 9 ord] to ent] ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,?is v fact %[s ! excell5ce ( ! religi\s life4 ,:5 religi\s :o are n 9 ord]s are admitt$ to ! cl]ical /ate & to ! sacr$ ord]s1 !y are cle>ly promot$ to some?+ bett]1 z /at$3 ?is is indicat$ by ! v way 9 :i* ,j]ome expresses himself3 ,s live 9 ! mona/]y z to des]ve to be a cl]k4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons are m l bi%ops ?an religi\s are1 9 a c]ta9 respect1 namely z reg>ds ! cure ( s\ls :i* !y h subord9ately2 b z reg>ds ! obligation 9 p]petuity1 religi\s are m l a bi%op1 z appe>s f :at we h said above 7,,aa4 #e1 #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,! difficulty t arises f ! ardu\sness ( ! de$ adds to ! p]fection ( virtue2 b ! difficulty t results f outw>d ob/acles sometimes less5s ! p]fection ( virtue--= in/ance1 :5 a man loves n virtue s mu* z to wi% to avoid ! ob/acles to virtue1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #i3be71 ,ev]yone t /rive? = ! ma/]y refra9e? himself f all ?+s3 & sometimes x is a sign ( p]fect virtue--= in/ance1 :5 a man =sakes n virtue1 al?\gh he is h9d]$ 9 ! practice ( virtue unaw>es or by "s unavoidable cause4 ,9 ! religi\s /ate !re is great] difficulty aris+ f ! ardu\sness ( de$s2 :]eas = ^? :o 9 any way at all live 9 ! _w1 !re is great] difficulty result+ f ob/acles to virtue1 :i* ob/acles ! religi\s has _h ! =esight to avoid4 ,,"q #ahe ,,( ,,?+s ,,p]ta9+ ,,to ,,! ,,episcopal ,,/ate 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ?+s p]ta9+ to ! episcopal /ate4 ,"u ?is head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is lawful to desire ! (fice ( a bi%op8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful to refuse ! (fice ( bi%op def9itively8 7#c7 ,:e!r ! bett] man %\ld be *os5 = ! episcopal (fice8 7#d7 ,:e!r a bi%op may pass ov] to ! religi\s /ate8 7#e7 ,:e!r he may lawfully ab&on 8 subjects 9 a bodily mann]8 7#f7 ,:e!r he c h any?+ ( 8 own8 7#g7 ,:e!r he s9s mortally by n di/ribut+ ecclesia/ical goods to ! poor8 7#h7 ,:e!r religi\s :o are appo9t$ to ! episcopal (fice are b\nd to religi\s obs]vances8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahe1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,desire ! ,(fice ( a ,bi%op8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is lawful to desire ! (fice ( a bi%op4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #c3a73 ,he t desires ,vulg43 ',if a man desire' ! (fice ( a bi%op1 he desire? a good "w4 ,n[ x is lawful & praisewor?y to desire a good "w4 ,!re=e x is ev5 praisewor?y to desire ! (fice ( a bi%op4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! episcopal /ate is m p]fect ?an ! religi\s1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #g74 ,b x is praisewor?y to desire to ent] ! religi\s /ate4 ,!re=e x is also praisewor?y to desire promotion to ! episcopal /ate4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #aa3bf73 ,he t hide? up corn %all be curs$ among ! p2 b a bless+ ^u ! head ( !m t sell4 ,n[ a man :o is apt1 bo? 9 mann] ( life & by k1 = ! episcopal (fice1 w\ld seem to hide up ! spiritual corn1 if he %un ! episcopal /ate1 :]eas by accept+ ! episcopal (fice he ent]s ! /ate ( a disp5s] ( spiritual corn4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem praisewor?y to desire ! (fice ( a bi%op1 & blamewor?y to refuse x4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! de$s ( ! sa9ts relat$ 9 ,holy ,writ are set be=e u z an example1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ae3d1 ,:at ?+s soev] 7 writt51 7 writt5 = our le>n+4 ,n[ we read 7,isa4 #f3h7 t ,isaias (f]$ himself = ! (fice ( prea*]1 :i* belongs *iefly to bi%ops4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem praisewor?y to desire ! (fice ( a bi%op4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai73 ,! high] place1 )\t :i* ! p _c be rul$1 ?\gh x be fill$ becom+ly1 is unbecom+ly desir$4 ,i answ] t1 ,?ree ?+s may be consid]$ 9 ! episcopal (fice4 ,"o is pr9cipal & f9al1 namely ! bi%op's "w1 :]eby ! good ( our neighbor is int5d$1 accord+ to ,john #ba3ag1 ,fe$ ,my %eep4 ,ano!r ?+ is ! height ( degree1 = a bi%op is plac$ above o!rs1 accord+ to ,matt4 #bd3de1 ,a fai?ful & a wise s]vant1 :om 8 "l ha? appo9t$ ov] 8 family4 ,! ?ird is some?+ result+ f ^!1 namely rev]5ce1 honor1 & a suffici5cy ( temporalities1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #e3ag1 ,let ! prie/s t rule well be e/eem$ wor?y ( d\ble honor4 ,accord+ly1 to desire ! episcopal (fice on acc\nt ( ^! incid5tal goods is manife/ly unlawful1 & p]ta9s to covet\sness or ambition4 ,:]e=e our ,"l said aga9/ ! ,ph>isees 7,matt4 #bc3f1 #g73 ,!y love ! fir/ places at fea/s1 & ! fir/ *airs 9 ! synagogues1 & salutations 9 ! m>ket-place1 & to be call$ by m51 ,rabbi4 ,z reg>ds ! second1 namely ! height ( degree1 x is presumptu\s to desire ! episcopal (fice4 ,h5ce our ,"l reprov$ ,8 disciples = seek+ prec$5ce1 by say+ to !m 7,matt4 #bj3be73 ,y "k t ! pr9ces ( ! g5tiles "l x ov] !m4 ,"h ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 lxv 9 ,mat?47 t 9 ^! words ,he po9ts out t x is hea!ni% to seek prec$5ce2 & ?us by comp>+ !m to ! g5tiles ,he conv]t$ _! impetu\s s\l4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to desire to d good to "o's neighbor is 9 itself praisewor?y1 & virtu\s4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce consid]$ z an episcopal act x has ! height ( degree atta*$ to x1 x w\ld seem t1 unless !re be manife/ & urg5t reason = x1 x w\ld be presumptu\s = any man to desire to be set ov] o!rs 9 ord] to d !m good4 ,?us ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 i1 #h7 t x 0 praisewor?y to seek ! (fice ( a bi%op :5 x 0 c]ta9 to br+ "o into grav] dang]s4 ,:]e=e x 0 n easy to f9d a p]son to accept ?is burd51 especially see+ t x is ?r\gh ! zeal ( *>ity t "o div9ely in/igat$ to d s1 accord+ to ,gregory1 :o says 7,pa/or4 i1 #g7 t ,isaias be+ desir\s ( pr(it+ 8 neighbor1 comm5dably desir$ ! (fice ( prea*]4 ,nev]!less1 anyone may1 )\t presumption1 desire to d su* l works if he %\ld happ5 to be 9 t (fice1 or to be wor?y ( do+ !m2 s t ! object ( 8 desire is ! good "w & n ! prec$5ce 9 dignity4 ,h5ce ,*ryso/om99 says3 ,x is inde$ good to desire a good "w1 b to desire ! primacy ( honor is vanity4 ,= primacy seeks "o t %uns x1 & abhors "o t desires x4 99,! quotation is f ! ,opus ,imp]fectum 9 ,mat?4 7,hom4 xxxv71 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 i1 #h71 :5 ! ,apo/le said ?is he :o 0 set ov] ! p 0 ! fir/ to be dragg$ to ! torm5ts ( m>tyrdom1 s t !re 0 no?+ to be desir$ 9 ! episcopal (fice1 save ! good "w4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai7 t :5 ! ,apo/le said1 ',:oev] desire? ! (fice ( bi%op1 desire? a good "w1' he wi%$ to expla9 :at ! episcopacy is3 = x d5otes "w & n honor3 s9ce skopos signifies 'wat*+4' ,:]e=e if we l we may r5d] episkope9 by ! ,lat9 sup]9t5d]e 7to wat* ov]73 ?us a man may "k himself to be no bi%op if he loves to prec$e r ?an to pr(it o!rs4 ,=1 z he obs]v$ %ortly be=e1 9 our actions we %\ld seek1 n honor nor p[] 9 ?is life1 s9ce all ?+s b5ea? ! sun are vanity1 b ! "w itself :i* t honor or p[] enables u to d4 ,nev]!less1 z ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 i1 #h71 :ile prais+ ! desire 7namely ( ! good "w7 he =?) turns ?is object ( praise into "o ( fe>1 :5 he adds3 ,x behoove? 4 4 4 a bi%op to be blameless1 z ?\gh to say3 ,i praise :at y seek1 b le>n fir/ :at x is y seek4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,!re is no p>ity betwe5 ! religi\s & ! episcopal /ate1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because p]fection ( life is a pr]equisite ( ! episcopal /ate1 z appe>s f our ,"l ask+ ,pet] if he lov$ ,him m ?an ! o!rs1 be=e committ+ ! pa/oral (fice to him1 :]eas p]fection is n a pr]equisite ( ! religi\s /ate1 s9ce ! latt] is ! way to p]fection4 ,h5ce our ,"l did n say 7,matt4 #ai3ba73 ,if ?\ art p]fect1 g1 sell all ,vulg43 ':at' ?\ ha/1 b ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect4 ,! reason = ?is diff]5ce is because1 accord+ to ,dionysius 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi71 p]fection p]ta9s actively to ! bi%op1 z ! p]fect]1 b to ! monk passively z "o :o is p]fect$3 & "o ne$s to be p]fect 9 ord] to br+ o!rs to p]fection1 b n 9 ord] to be br\ght to p]fection4 ,n[ x is presumptu\s to ?9k oneself p]fect1 b x is n presumptu\s to t5d to p]fection4 ,secondly1 because he :o ent]s ! religi\s /ate subjects himself to o!rs = ! sake ( a spiritual pr(it1 & anyone may lawfully d ?is4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai73 ,no man is deb>r$ f /riv+ = ! k ( tru?1 s9ce ?is p]ta9s to a praisewor?y ease4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o ent]s ! episcopal /ate is rais$ up 9 ord] to wat* ov] o!rs1 & no man %\ld seek to be rais$ ?us1 accord+ to ,heb4 #e3d1 ,nei!r do? any man take ! honor to himself1 b he t is call$ by ,god3 & ,*ryso/om says3 ,to desire supremacy 9 ! ,*ur* is nei!r j nor useful4 ,= :at wise man seeks ( 8 own accord to submit to su* s]vitude & p]il1 z to h to r5d] an acc\nt ( ! :ole ,*ur*8 ,none save him :o fe>s n ,god's judgm5t1 & makes a secul> abuse ( 8 ecclesia/ical au?ority1 by turn+ x to secul> uses4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! disp5s+ ( spiritual corn is n to be c>ri$ on 9 an arbitr>y fa%ion1 b *iefly accord+ to ! appo9tm5t & disposition ( ,god1 & 9 ! second place accord+ to ! appo9tm5t ( ! high] prelates1 9 ^: p]son x is said 7#a ,cor4 #d3a73 ,let a man s acc\nt ( u z ( ! m9i/]s ( ,*ri/1 & ! disp5s]s ( ! my/]ies ( ,god4 ,:]e=e a man is n deem$ to hide spiritual corn if he avoids gov]n+ or correct+ o!rs1 & is n compet5t to d s1 nei!r 9 virtue ( 8 (fice nor ( 8 sup]ior's comm&2 ?us alone is he deem$ to hide x1 :5 he neglects to disp5se x :ile "u obligation to d s 9 virtue ( 8 (fice1 or ob/9ately refuses to accept ! (fice :5 x is impos$ on him4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai73 ,! love ( tru? seeks a holy leisure1 ! dem&s ( *>ity und]take an hone/ labor4 ,if no "o imposes ?is burd5 ^u u1 we mu/ devote ourselves to ! rese>* & contemplation ( tru?1 b if x be impos$ on u1 we mu/ be> x because *>ity dem&s x ( u4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 i1 #g71 ,isaias1 :o wi%+ to be s5t1 knew himself to be already cleans$ by ! live coal tak5 f ! alt>1 %[s u t no "o %\ld d>e uncleans$ to approa* ! sacr$ m9i/ry4 ,s9ce1 !n1 x is v difficult = anyone to be able to "k t he is cleans$1 x is saf] to decl9e ! (fice ( prea*]4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahe1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = a ,man to ,refuse ,absolutely an ,appo9tm5t to ! ,episcopate8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is lawful to refuse absolutely an appo9tm5t to ! episcopate4 ,= z ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 i1 #g71 ,isaias wi%+ to be ( pr(it to 8 neighbor by means ( ! active life1 desir$ ! (fice ( prea*+1 :]eas ,j]emias :o 0 fa9 to hold fa/ to ! love ( 8 ,creator by contemplation exclaim$ aga9/ be+ s5t to prea*4 ,n[ no man s9s by be+ unwill+ to =go bett] ?+s 9 ord] to adh]e to ?+s t are n s good4 ,s9ce !n ! love ( ,god surpasses ! love ( our neighbor1 & ! contemplative life is pref]able to ! active1 z %[n above 7,q4 #be1 ,a4 #a2 ,q4 #bf1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ahb1 ,a4 #a7 x w\ld seem t a man s9s n if he refuse absolutely ! episcopal (fice4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 z ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 i1 #g71 x is v difficult = anyone to be able to "k t he is cleans$3 nor %\ld anyone uncleans$ approa* ! sacr$ m9i/ry4 ,!re=e if a man p]ceives t he is n cleans$1 h[ev] urg5tly ! episcopal (fice be enjo9$ him1 he ought n to accept x4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome 7,prologue1 sup] ,m>c47 says t x is relat$ ( ! ,bless$ ,m>k99 t aft] receiv+ ! fai? he cut (f 8 ?umb t he might be exclud$ f ! prie/hood4 99,?is prologue 0 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,j]ome1 & ! passage quot$ ref]s1 n to ,/4 ,m>k ! ,evangeli/1 b to a h]mit ( t "n4 7,cf4 ,b>onius1 ,anno ,*ri/i1 #de1 num4 ,,xliv7 ,likewise "s take a v[ nev] to accept a bi%opric4 ,n[ to place an ob/acle to a ?+ am\nts to ! same z refus+ x altoge!r4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t "o may1 )\t s91 refuse ! episcopal (fice absolutely4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 xlviii ad ,eudox473 ,if ,"m ,*ur* requires y\r s]vice1 nei!r accept ) gre$y conceit1 nor refuse ) fawn+ indol5ce2 & aft]w>ds he adds3 ,nor pref] y\r ease to ! ne$s ( ! ,*ur*3 = if no good m5 7 will+ to assi/ h] 9 h] labor1 y w\ld seek 9 va9 h[ we c\ld be born ( h]4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s h to be consid]$ 9 ! acceptance ( ! episcopal (fice3 fir/1 :at a man may fitt+ly desire accord+ to 8 own w2 secondly1 :at x behooves a man to d accord+ to ! w ( ano!r4 ,z reg>ds 8 own w x becomes a man to look *iefly to 8 own spiritual welf>e1 :]eas t he look to ! spiritual welf>e ( o!rs becomes a man accord+ to ! appo9tm5t ( ano!r hav+ au?ority1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #c74 ,h5ce j z x is a m>k ( an inord9ate w t a man ( 8 own *oice incl9e to be appo9t$ to ! gov]nm5t ( o!rs1 s too x indicates an inord9ate w if a man def9itively refuse ! a=esaid (fice ( gov]nm5t 9 direct opposition to ! appo9tm5t ( 8 sup]ior3 & ?is = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ?is is contr>y to ! love ( our neighbor1 = ^: good a man %\ld (f] himself accord+ z place & "t dem&3 h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai7 t ! dem&s ( *>ity und]take an hone/ labor4 ,secondly1 because ?is is contr>y to humility1 :]eby a man submits to 8 sup]ior's comm&s3 h5ce ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 i1 #f73 ,9 ,god's sight humility is g5u9e :5 x does n ob/9ately refuse to submit to :at is usefully prescrib$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,al?\gh simply & absolutely speak+ ! contemplative life is m excell5t ?an ! active1 & ! love ( ,god bett] ?an ! love ( our neighbor1 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! good ( ! _m %\ld be pref]r$ to ! good ( ! individual4 ,:]e=e ,augu/9e says 9 ! passage quot$ above3 ,nor pref] y\r own ease to ! ne$s ( ! ,*ur*1 & all ! m s9ce x belongs to ! love ( ,god t a man und]take ! pa/oral c>e ( ,*ri/'s %eep4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e1 comm5t+ on ,john #ba3ag1 ,fe$ ,my %eep1 says 7,tract4 cxxiii 9 ,joan473 ,be x ! task ( love to fe$ ! ,"l's flock1 ev5 z x 0 ! m>k ( fe> to d5y ! ,%eph]d4 ,moreov] prelates are n transf]r$ to ! active life1 s z to =sake ! contemplative2 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai7 t if ! burd5 ( ! pa/oral (fice be impos$1 we mu/ n ab&on ! delights ( tru?1 :i* are d]iv$ f contemplation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,no "o is b\nd to obey 8 sup]ior by do+ :at is unlawful1 z appe>s f :at 0 said above conc]n+ ob$i5ce 7,q4 #ajd1 ,a4 #e74 ,accord+ly x may happ5 t he :o is appo9t$ to ! (fice ( prelate p]ceive some?+ 9 himself on acc\nt ( :i* x is unlawful = him to accept a prelacy4 ,b ?is ob/acle may sometimes be remov$ by ! v p]son :o is appo9t$ to ! pa/oral cure--= in/ance1 if he h a purpose to s91 he may ab&on x--& = ?is reason he is n excus$ f be+ b\nd to obey def9itely ! sup]ior :o has appo9t$ him4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 he is unable himself to remove ! imp$im5t t makes ! pa/oral (fice unlawful to him1 yet ! prelate :o appo9ts him c d s--= in/ance1 if he be irregul> or excommunicate4 ,9 su* a case he ought to make kn[n 8 defect to ! prelate :o has appo9t$ him2 & if ! latt] be will+ to remove ! imp$im5t1 he is b\nd humbly to obey4 ,h5ce :5 ,moses _h said 7,ex4 #d3aj73 ,i besee* !e1 ,"l1 ,i am n eloqu5t f ye/]day1 & ! day be=e1 ! ,"l answ]$ 7,ex4 #d3ab73 ,i w be 9 ?y m\?1 & ,i w tea* !e :at ?\ %alt speak4 ,at o!r times ! imp$im5t _c be remov$1 nei!r by ! p]son appo9t+ nor by ! "o appo9t$--= in/ance1 if an ar*bi%op be unable to disp5se f an irregul>ity2 :]e=e a subject1 if irregul>1 w\ld n be b\nd to obey him by accept+ ! episcopate or ev5 sacr$ ord]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is n 9 itself necess>y = salvation to accept ! episcopal (fice1 b x becomes necess>y by reason ( ! sup]ior's comm&4 ,n[ "o may lawfully place an ob/acle to ?+s ?us necess>y = salvation1 be=e ! comm& is giv52 else x w\ld n be lawful to m>ry a second "t1 le/ "o %\ld ?us incur an imp$im5t to ! episcopate or holy ord]s4 ,b ?is w\ld n be lawful 9 ?+s necess>y = salvation4 ,h5ce ! ,bless$ ,m>k did n act aga9/ a precept by cutt+ (f 8 f+]1 al?\gh x is cr$ible t he did ?is by ! in/igation ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 )\t :i* x w\ld be unlawful = anyone to lay h&s on himself4 ,if a man take a v[ n to accept ! bi%op's (fice1 & by ?is int5d to b9d himself n ev5 to accept x 9 ob$i5ce to 8 sup]ior prelate1 8 v[ is unlawful2 b if he int5d to b9d himself1 s f> z x lies ) him1 n to seek ! episcopal (fice1 nor to accept x except "u urg5t necessity1 8 v[ is lawful1 because he v[s to d :at x becomes a man to d4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahe1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,he ,t ,is ,appo9t$ to ! ,episcopate ,ought to ,be ,bett] ,?an ,o!rs8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o :o is appo9t$ to ! episcopate ought to be bett] ?an o!rs4 ,= our ,"l1 :5 ab\t to commit ! pa/oral (fice to ,pet]1 ask$ him if he lov$ ,him m ?an ! o!rs4 ,n[ a man is ! bett] ?r\gh lov+ ,god ! m4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t "o ought n to be appo9t$ to ! episcopal (fice except he be bett] ?an o!rs4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,pope ,symma*us says 7c4 ,vilissimus ,i1 qu4 #a73 ,a man is ( v little wor? :o ?\gh excell+ 9 dignity1 excels n 9 k & hol9ess4 ,n[ he :o excels 9 k & hol9ess is bett]4 ,!re=e a man ought n to be appo9t$ to ! episcopate unless he be bett] ?an o!rs4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 e g5us ! less] are gov]n$ by ! great]1 z corporeal ?+s are gov]n$ by ?+s spiritual1 & ! l[] bodies by ! high]1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,tr94 iii1 #c74 ,n[ a bi%op is appo9t$ to gov]n o!rs4 ,!re=e he %\ld be bett] ?an o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,decretal 99,c4 ,cum dilectus1 de ,electione says t x suffices to *oose a good man1 nor is x necess>y to *oose ! bett] man4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 designat+ a man = ! episcopal (fice1 some?+ has to be consid]$ on ! "p ( ! p]son designate1 & some?+ on ! "p ( ! designator4 ,= on ! "p ( ! designator1 :e!r by election or by appo9tm5t1 x is requir$ t he *oose su* a "o z w disp5se ! div9e my/]ies fai?fully4 ,^! %\ld be disp5s$ = ! good ( ! ,*ur*1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ad3ab1 ,seek to ab\nd unto ! edify+ ( ! ,*ur*2 & ! div9e my/]ies are n committ$ to m5 = _! own me$1 :i* !y %\ld await 9 ! life to come4 ,consequ5tly he :o has to *oose or appo9t "o = a bi%op is n b\nd to take "o :o is be/ simply1 i4e4 accord+ to *>ity1 b "o :o is be/ = gov]n+ ! ,*ur*1 "o namely :o is able to in/ruct1 def5d1 & gov]n ! ,*ur* peacefully4 ,h5ce ,j]ome1 comm5t+ on ,titus #a3e1 says aga9/ c]ta9 p]sons t "s seek to erect z pill>s ( ! ,*ur*1 n ^? :om !y "k to be m useful to ! ,*ur*1 b ^? :om !y love m1 or ^? by ^: obsequi\sness !y h be5 cajol$ or undone1 or = :om "s p]son 9 au?ority has spok51 &1 n to say worse ?an ?is1 h succe$$ by means ( gifts 9 be+ made cl]ics4 ,n[ ?is p]ta9s to ! respect ( p]sons1 :i* 9 su* matt]s is a grave s94 ,:]e=e a gloss ( ,augu/9e 99,ep4 clxvii ad ,hi]on4 on ,james #b3a1 ,bre?r51 h n 4 4 4 ) respect ( p]sons1 says3 ,if ?is di/9ction ( sitt+ & /&+ be ref]r$ to ecclesia/ical honors1 we mu/ n deem x a slight s9 to 'h ! fai? ( ! ,"l ( glory ) respect ( p]sons4' ,= :o w\ld suff] a ri* man to be *os5 = ! ,*ur*'s seat ( honor1 9 despite ( a poor man :o is bett] in/ruct$ & holi]8 ,on ! "p ( ! p]son appo9t$1 x is n requir$ t he e/eem himself bett] ?an o!rs1 = ?is w\ld be pr\d & presumptu\s2 b x suffices t he p]ceive no?+ 9 himself :i* w\ld make x unlawful = him to take up ! (fice ( prelate4 ,h5ce al?\gh ,pet] 0 ask$ by our ,"l if he lov$ ,him m ?an ! o!rs1 he did n1 9 8 reply1 set himself be=e ! o!rs1 b answ]$ simply t he lov$ ,*ri/4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our ,"l knew t1 by ,8 own be/[al1 ,pet] 0 9 o!r respects fitt$ to gov]n ! ,*ur*3 :]e=e ,he que/ion$ him ab\t 8 great] love1 to %[ t :5 we f9d a man o!rwise fitt$ = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur*1 we mu/ look *iefly to 8 pre-em95ce 9 ! love ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is /atem5t ref]s to ! pursuits ( ! man :o is plac$ 9 au?ority4 ,= he %\ld aim at %[+ himself to be m excell5t ?an o!rs 9 bo? k & hol9ess4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,pa/or4 ii1 #a7 ! occupations ( a prelate ought to excel ^? ( ! p1 z mu* z ! %eph]d's life excels t ( 8 flock4 ,b he is n to be blam$ & look$ ^u z wor?less if he excell$ n be=e be+ rais$ to ! prelacy4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ab3d seqq41 !re are div]sities ( graces 4 4 4 & 4 4 4 ( m9i/ries 4 4 4 & 4 4 4 ( op]ations4 ,h5ce no?+ h9d]s "o f be+ m fitt$ = ! (fice ( gov]n+1 :o does n excel 9 ! grace ( hol9ess4 ,x is o!rwise 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! natural ord]1 :]e t :i* is high] 9 ! natural ord] is = t v reason m fitt$ to dispose ( ^? t are l[]4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahe1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,bi%op ,may ,lawfully ,=sake ! ,episcopal ,cure1 9 ,ord] to ,ent] ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems t a bi%op _c lawfully =sake 8 episcopal cure 9 ord] to ent] religion4 ,= no "o c lawfully pass f a m p]fect to a less p]fect /ate2 s9ce ?is is to look back1 :i* is condemn$ by ! words ( our ,"l 7,luke #i3fb71 ,no man putt+ 8 h& to ! pl\gh1 & look+ back1 is fit = ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,n[ ! episcopal /ate is m p]fect ?an ! religi\s1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #g74 ,!re=e j z x is unlawful to return to ! _w f ! religi\s /ate1 s is x unlawful to pass f ! episcopal to ! religi\s /ate4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ord] ( grace is m congru\s ?an ! ord] ( nature4 ,n[ accord+ to nature a ?+ is n mov$ 9 contr>y directions2 ?us if a /one be naturally mov$ d[nw>ds1 x _c naturally return upw>ds f bel[4 ,b accord+ to ! ord] ( grace x is lawful to pass f ! religi\s to ! episcopal /ate4 ,!re=e x is n lawful to pass contr>iwise f ! episcopal to ! religi\s /ate4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 9 ! works ( grace no?+ %\ld be inop]ative4 ,n[ :5 once a man is consecrat$ bi%op he reta9s 9 p]petuity ! spiritual p[] ( giv+ ord]s & do+ l ?+s t p]ta9 to ! episcopal (fice3 & ?is p[] w\ld seem+ly rema9 inop]ative 9 "o :o gives up ! episcopal cure4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t a bi%op may n =sake ! episcopal cure & ent] religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,no man is compell$ to d :at is 9 itself unlawful4 ,n[ ^? :o seek to resign _! episcopal cure are compell$ to resign 7,extra1 de ,r5unt4 cap4 ,quidam74 ,!re=e app>5tly x is n unlawful to give up ! episcopal cure4 ,i answ] t1 ,! p]fection ( ! episcopal /ate consi/s 9 ?is t = love ( ,god a man b9ds himself to "w = ! salvation ( 8 neighbor1 :]e=e he is b\nd to reta9 ! pa/oral cure s long z he is able to procure ! spiritual welf>e ( ! subjects entru/$ to 8 c>e3 a matt] :i* he mu/ n neglect--nei!r = ! sake ( ! quiet ( div9e contemplation1 s9ce ! ,apo/le1 on acc\nt ( ! ne$s ( 8 subjects1 suff]$ pati5tly to be delay$ ev5 f ! contemplation ( ! life to come1 accord+ to ,phil4 #a3bb-be1 ,:at ,i %all *oose ,i "k n1 b ,i am /rait5$ betwe5 two1 hav+ a desire to be dissolv$1 & to be ) ,*ri/1 a ?+ by f> bett]4 ,b to abide /ill 9 ! fle% is ne$ful = y4 ,& hav+ ?is confid5ce1 ,i "k t ,i %all abide2 nor = ! sake ( avoid+ any h>d%ips or ( acquir+ any ga9 :atsoev]1 because z x is writt5 7,john #aj3aa71 ! good %eph]d give? 8 life = 8 %eep4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 x happ5s 9 sev]al ways t a bi%op is h9d]$ f procur+ ! spiritual welf>e ( 8 subjects4 ,sometimes on acc\nt ( 8 own defect1 ei!r ( consci5ce 7= in/ance if he be guilty ( murd] or simony71 or ( body 7= example if he be old or infirm71 or ( irregul>ity aris+1 = in/ance1 f bigamy4 ,sometimes he is h9d]$ ?r\gh "s defect 9 8 subjects1 :om he is unable to pr(it4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,dial4 ii1 #c73 ,! wick$ mu/ be borne pati5tly1 :5 !re are "s good :o c be succor$1 b :5 !re is no pr(it at all = ! good1 x is sometimes useless to labor = ! wick$4 ,:]e=e ! p]fect :5 !y f9d t !y labor 9 va9 are (t5 m9d$ to g else:]e 9 ord] to labor ) fruit4 ,sometimes aga9 ?is h9drance arises on ! "p ( o!rs1 z :5 sc&al results f a c]ta9 p]son be+ 9 au?ority3 = ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #h3ac73 ,if meat sc&alize my bro!r1 ,i w nev] eat fle%3 provid$1 h[ev]1 ! sc&al is n caus$ by ! wick$ness ( p]sons desir\s ( subv]t+ ! fai? or ! righte\sness ( ! ,*ur*2 because ! pa/oral cure is n to be laid aside on acc\nt ( sc&al ( ?is k9d1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ae3ad1 ,let !m alone1 ^? namely :o 7 sc&aliz$ at ! tru? ( ,*ri/'s tea*+1 !y are bl9d1 & lead]s ( ! bl9d4 ,nev]!less j z a man takes ^u himself ! *>ge ( au?ority at ! appo9tm5t ( a high] sup]ior1 s too x behooves him to be subject to ! latt]'s au?ority 9 lay+ aside ! accept$ *>ge = ! reasons giv5 above4 ,h5ce ,innoc5t ,,iii says 7,extra1 de ,r5unt41 cap4 ,nisi cum pridem73 ,?\gh ?\ ha/ w+s :]e) ?\ art anxi\s to fly away into solitude1 !y are s ti$ by ! bonds ( au?ority1 t ?\ art n free to fly )\t our p]mission4 ,= ! ,pope alone c disp5se f ! p]petual v[1 by :i* a man b9ds himself to ! c>e ( 8 subjects1 :5 he took ^u himself ! episcopal (fice4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! p]fection ( religi\s & t ( bi%ops are reg>d$ f diff]5t /&po9ts4 ,= x belongs to ! p]fection ( a religi\s to occupy oneself 9 work+ out "o's own salvation1 :]eas x belongs to ! p]fection ( a bi%op to occupy oneself 9 work+ = ! salvation ( o!rs4 ,h5ce s long z a man c be useful to ! salvation ( 8 neighbor1 he w\ld be go+ back1 if he wi%$ to pass to ! religi\s /ate1 to busy himself only ) 8 own salvation1 s9ce he has b\nd himself to "w n only = 8 own b also = o!rs' salvation4 ,:]e=e ,innoc5t ,,iii says 9 ! ,decretal quot$ above t x is m easily all[able = a monk to asc5d to ! episcopacy1 ?an = a bi%op to desc5d to ! mona/ic life4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he be unable to procure ! salvation ( o!rs x is meet he %\ld seek 8 own4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,on acc\nt ( no ob/acle %\ld a man =ego ! "w ( 8 own salvation1 :i* p]ta9s to ! religi\s /ate4 ,b !re may be an ob/acle to ! procur+ ( ano!r's salvation2 :]e=e a monk may be rais$ to ! episcopal /ate :]e9 he is able also to "w out 8 own salvation4 ,& a bi%op1 if he be h9d]$ f procur+ ! salvation ( o!rs1 may ent] ! religi\s life1 & may return to 8 bi%opric %\ld ! ob/acle cease1 = in/ance by ! correction ( 8 subjects1 cessation ( ! sc&al1 heal+ ( 8 infirmity1 removal ( 8 ignorance by suffici5t in/ruction4 ,aga91 if he ow$ 8 promotion to simony ( :i* he 0 9 ignorance1 & resign+ 8 episcopate ent]$ ! religi\s life1 he c be reappo9t$ to ano!r bi%opric 99,cap4 ,po/ translat41 de ,r5unt44 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a man be depos$ f ! episcopal (fice = "s s91 & conf9$ 9 a mona/]y t he may d p5ance1 he _c be reappo9t$ to a bi%opric4 ,h5ce x is /at$ 7,,vii1 qu4 i1 c4 ,hoc nequaquam73 ,! holy synod ord]s t any man :o has be5 degrad$ f ! episcopal dignity to ! mona/ic life & a place ( rep5tance1 %\ld by no means rise aga9 to ! episcopate4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 9 natural ?+s p[] rema9s inactive on acc\nt ( a sup]v5+ ob/acle1 = in/ance ! act ( sight ceases ?r\gh an affliction ( ! eye4 ,s nei!r is x unreasonable if1 ?r\gh ! occurr5ce ( "s ob/acle f )\t1 ! episcopal p[] rema9 )\t ! ex]cise ( its act4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahe1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = a ,bi%op on ,acc\nt ( ,bodily ,p]secution to ,ab&on ! ,flock ,committ$ to ,8 ,c>e8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is unlawful = a bi%op1 on acc\nt ( "s temporal p]secution1 to )draw 8 bodily pres5ce f ! flock committ$ to 8 c>e4 ,= our ,"l said 7,john #aj3ab7 t he is a hirel+ & no true %eph]d1 :o see? ! wolf com+1 & leave? ! %eep & flie?3 & ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,ev47 t ! wolf comes ^u ! %eep :5 any man by 8 inju/ice & robb]y oppresses ! fai?ful & ! humble4 ,!re=e if1 on acc\nt ( ! p]secution ( a tyrant1 a bi%op )draws 8 bodily pres5ce f ! flock entru/$ to 8 c>e1 x w\ld seem t he is a hirel+ & n a %eph]d4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #f3a73 ,my son1 if ?\ be surety = ?y fri5d1 ?\ ha/ engag$ fa/ ?y h& to a /rang]1 & aft]w>ds 7,prov4 #f3c73 ,run ab\t1 make ha/e1 /ir up ?y fri5d4 ,gregory exp\nds ^! words & says 7,pa/or4 iii1 #d73 ,to be surety = a fri5d1 is to v\* = 8 good conduct by engag+ oneself to a /rang]4 ,& :oev] is put =w>d z an example to ! lives ( o!rs1 is w>n$ n only to wat* b ev5 to r\se 8 fri5d4 ,n[ he _c d ?is if he )draw 8 bodily pres5ce f 8 flock4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t a bi%op %\ld n on acc\nt ( p]secution )draw 8 bodily pres5ce f 8 flock4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to ! p]fection ( ! bi%op's /ate t he devote himself to ! c>e ( 8 neighbor4 ,n[ x is unlawful = "o :o has pr(ess$ ! /ate ( p]fection to =sake altoge!r ! ?+s t p]ta9 to p]fection4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem unlawful = a bi%op to )draw 8 bodily pres5ce f ! execution ( 8 (fice1 except p]haps = ! purpose ( devot+ himself to works ( p]fection 9 a mona/]y4 ,on ! contr>y1 our ,"l comm&$ ! apo/les1 ^: successors bi%ops are 7,matt4 #aj3bc73 ,:5 !y %all p]secute y 9 ?is city1 flee into ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,9 any obligation ! *ief ?+ to be consid]$ is ! end ( ! obligation4 ,n[ bi%ops b9d !mselves to fulfil ! pa/oral (fice = ! sake ( ! salvation ( _! subjects4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! salvation ( 8 subjects dem&s ! p]sonal pres5ce ( ! pa/or1 ! pa/or %\ld n )draw 8 p]sonal pres5ce f 8 flock1 nei!r = ! sake ( "s temporal advantage1 nor ev5 on acc\nt ( "s imp5d+ dang] to 8 p]son1 s9ce ! good %eph]d is b\nd to lay d[n 8 life = 8 %eep4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! salvation ( 8 subjects c be suffici5tly provid$ = by ano!r p]son 9 ! abs5ce ( ! pa/or1 x is lawful = ! pa/or to )draw 8 bodily pres5ce f 8 flock1 ei!r = ! sake ( "s advantage to ! ,*ur*1 or on acc\nt ( "s dang] to 8 p]son4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ccxxviii ad ,honorat473 ,*ri/'s s]vants may flee f "o city to ano!r1 :5 "o ( !m is specially s\ght out by p]secutors3 9 ord] t ! ,*ur* be n ab&on$ by o!rs :o are n s s\ght =4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! same dang] ?reat5s all1 ^? :o /& 9 ne$ ( o!rs mu/ n be ab&on$ by ^? :om !y ne$4 ,= if x is dang]\s = ! helmsman to leave ! %ip :5 ! sea is calm1 h[ mu* m s :5 x is /ormy1 z ,pope ,ni*olas ,i says 7cf4 ,,vii1 qu4 i1 c4 ,sciscit>is74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to flee z a hirel+ is to pref] temporal advantage or "o's bodily welf>e to ! spiritual welf>e ( "o's neighbor4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,ev473 ,a man _c endang] himself = ! sake ( 8 %eep1 if he uses 8 au?ority ov] !m n ?r\gh love ( !m b = ! sake ( e>?ly ga93 :]e=e he fe>s to /& 9 ! way ( dang] le/ he lose :at he loves4 ,b he :o1 9 ord] to avoid dang]1 leaves ! flock )\t endang]+ ! flock1 does n flee z a hirel+4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,if he :o is surety = ano!r be unable to fulfil 8 engagem5t1 x suffices t he fulfil x ?r\gh ano!r4 ,h5ce if a sup]ior is h9d]$ f att5d+ p]sonally to ! c>e ( 8 subjects1 he fulfils 8 obligation if he d s ?r\gh ano!r4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,:5 a man is appo9t$ to a bi%opric1 he embraces ! /ate ( p]fection z reg>ds "o k9d ( p]fection2 & if he be h9d]$ f ! practice !re(1 he is n b\nd to ano!r k9d ( p]fection1 s z to be oblig$ to ent] ! religi\s /ate4 ,yet he is "u ! obligation ( reta9+ ! int5tion ( devot+ himself to 8 neighbor's salvation1 %\ld an opportunity (f]1 & necessity require x ( him4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahe1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = a ,bi%op to ,h ,prop]ty ( ,8 ,own8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n lawful = a bi%op to h prop]ty ( 8 own4 ,= our ,"l said 7,matt4 #ai3ba73 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g sell all ,vulg43 ':at' ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor 4 4 4 & come1 foll[ ,me2 :5ce x w\ld seem to foll[ t volunt>y pov]ty is requisite = p]fection4 ,n[ bi%ops are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem unlawful = !m to possess any?+ z _! own4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 bi%ops take ! place ( ! apo/les 9 ! ,*ur*1 accord+ to a gloss on ,luke #aj3a4 ,n[ our ,"l comm&$ ! apo/les to possess no?+ ( _! own1 accord+ to ,matt4 #aj3i1 ,d n possess gold1 nor silv]1 nor money 9 y\r purses2 :]e=e ,pet] said = himself & ! o!r apo/les 7,matt4 #ai3bg73 ,behold we h left all ?+s & h foll[$ ,!e4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t bi%ops are b\nd to keep ?is comm&1 & to possess no?+ ( _! own4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome says 7,ep4 lii ad ,nepotian473 ,! ,greek kl]os d5otes ! ,lat9 sors4 ,h5ce cl]ics are s call$ ei!r because !y are ( ! ,"l's e/ate1 or because ! ,"l ,himself is ! e/ate1 i4e4 portion ( cl]ics4 ,n[ he t possesses ! ,"l1 c h no?+ besides ,god2 & if he h gold & silv]1 possessions1 & *attels ( all k9ds1 ) su* a portion ! ,"l does n v\*safe to be 8 portion also4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t n only bi%ops b ev5 cl]ics %\ld h no?+ ( _! own4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 7,,xii1 qu4 i1 c4 ,episcopi de rebus73 ,bi%ops1 if !y wi%1 may bequea? to _! heirs _! p]sonal or acquir$ prop]ty1 & :atev] belongs to !m p]sonally4 ,i answ] t1 ,no "o is b\nd to works ( sup]]ogation1 unless he b9ds himself specially !reto by v[4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 cxxvii ad ,paul94 et ,arm5t473 ,s9ce y h tak5 ! v[1 y h already b\nd y\rself1 y c no long] d o!rwise4 ,be=e y 7 b\nd by ! v[1 y 7 free to submit4 ,n[ x is evid5t t to live )\t possess+ any?+ is a "w ( sup]]ogation1 = x is a matt] n ( precept b ( c\nsel4 ,:]e=e our ,"l aft] say+ to ! "y man3 ,if ?\ wilt ent] into life1 keep ! comm&m5ts1 said aft]w>ds by way ( addition3 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect g sell all t ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor 7,matt4 #ai3ag1 #ba74 ,bi%ops1 h[ev]1 d n b9d !mselves at _! ord9ation to live )\t possessions ( _! own2 nor inde$ does ! pa/oral (fice1 to :i* !y b9d !mselves1 make x necess>y = !m to live )\t any?+ ( _! own4 ,!re=e bi%ops are n b\nd to live )\t possessions ( _! own4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a7 ! p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life does n ess5tially consi/ 9 volunt>y pov]ty1 b volunt>y pov]ty conduces in/rum5tally to ! p]fection ( life4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t :]e !re is great] pov]ty !re is great] p]fection2 inde$ ! highe/ p]fection is compatible ) great weal?1 s9ce ,abraham1 to :om x 0 said 7,g54 #ag3a73 ,walk be=e ,me & be p]fect1 is /at$ to h be5 ri* 7,g54 #ac3b74 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is say+ ( our ,"l c be und]/ood 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 my/ically1 t we %\ld possess nei!r gold nor silv] means t ! prea*] %\ld n rely *iefly on temporal wisdom & eloqu5ce2 ?us ,j]ome exp\nds ! passage4 ,secondly1 accord+ to ,augu/9e's explanation 7,de ,cons5s4 ,ev4 ii1 #cj71 we are to und]/& t our ,"l said ?is n 9 comm& b 9 p]mission4 ,= he p]mitt$ !m to g prea*+ )\t gold or silv] or o!r means1 s9ce !y 7 to receive ! means ( livelihood f ^? to :om !y prea*$2 :]e=e ,he add$3 ,= ! workman is wor?y ( 8 meat4 ,& yet if anyone 7 to use 8 own means 9 prea*+ ! ,gospel1 ?is w\ld be a "w ( sup]]ogation1 z ,paul says 9 ref]5ce to himself 7#a ,cor4 #i3ab1 #ae74 ,?irdly1 accord+ to ! exposition ( ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 ii 9 ,rom4 xvi1 #c1 we are to und]/& t our ,"l laid ^! comm&s on ,8 disciples 9 ref]5ce to ! mission on :i* !y 7 s5t to prea* to ! ,jews1 s t !y might be enc\rag$ to tru/ 9 ,8 p[]1 see+ t ,he provid$ = _! wants )\t _! hav+ means ( _! own4 ,b x does n foll[ f ?is t !y1 or _! successors1 7 oblig$ to prea* ! ,gospel )\t hav+ means ( _! own3 s9ce we read ( ,paul 7#b ,cor4 #aa3h7 t he receiv$ wages ( o!r *ur*es = prea*+ to ! ,cor9?ians1 :]e=e x is cle> t he possess$ some?+ s5t to him by o!rs4 ,& x seems fooli% to say t s _m holy bi%ops z ,a?anasius1 ,ambrose1 & ,augu/9e w\ld h disobey$ ^! comm&m5ts if !y believ$ !mselves b\nd to obs]ve !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,e "p is less ?an ! :ole4 ,accord+ly a man has o!r portions toge!r ) ,god1 if he becomes less int5t on ?+s p]ta9+ to ,god by occupy+ himself ) ?+s ( ! _w4 ,n[ nei!r bi%ops nor cl]ics ought ?us to possess means ( _! own1 t :ile busy ) _! own !y neglect ^? t conc]n ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahe1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,bi%ops ,s9 ,mortally ,if ,!y ,di/ribute ,n to ! ,poor ! ,ecclesia/ical ,goods ,:i* ,accrue to ,!m8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t bi%ops s9 mortally if !y di/ribute n to ! poor ! ecclesia/ical goods :i* !y acquire4 ,= ,ambrose 99,basil1 ,s]m4 lxiv1 de ,temp41 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,j]ome exp\nd+ ,luke #ab3af1 ,! l& ( a c]ta9 4 4 4 man br\ght =? pl5ty ( fruits1 says3 ,let no man claim z 8 own t :i* he has tak5 & obta9$ by viol5ce f ! common prop]ty 9 excess ( 8 requirem5ts2 & aft]w>ds he adds3 ,x is n less crim9al to take f him :o has1 ?an1 :5 y are able & h pl5ty to refuse him :o has n4 ,n[ x is a mortal s9 to take ano!r's prop]ty by viol5ce4 ,!re=e bi%ops s9 mortally if !y give n to ! poor t :i* !y h 9 excess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a gloss ( ,j]ome on ,isa4 #c3ad1 ,! spoil ( ! poor is 9 y\r h\se1 says t ecclesia/ical goods belong to ! poor4 ,n[ :oev] keeps = himself or gives to o!rs t :i* belongs to ano!r1 s9s mortally & is b\nd to re/itution4 ,!re=e if bi%ops keep = !mselves1 or give to _! relations or fri5ds1 _! surplus ( ecclesia/ical goods1 x w\ld seem t !y are b\nd to re/itution4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 mu* m may "o take :at is necess>y = oneself f ! goods ( ! ,*ur*1 ?an accumulate a surplus !refrom4 ,yet ,j]ome says 9 a lett] to ,pope ,damasus 99,cf4 ,c4 ,cl]icos1 cause4 i1 qu4 #b2 ,c4 ,quoniam2 cause4 xvi1 qu4 #a2 ,regul4 ,mona*4 iv1 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,j]ome3 ,x is "r t ^? cl]ics :o receive no goods f _! p>5ts & relations %\ld be support$ f ! funds ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b ^? :o h suffici5t income f _! p>5ts & _! own possessions1 if !y take :at belongs to ! poor1 !y commit & incur ! guilt ( sacrilege4 ,:]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #e3af73 ,if any ( ! fai?ful h wid[s1 let him m9i/] to !m1 & let n ! ,*ur* be *>g$1 t !re may be suffici5t = !m t are wid[s inde$4 ,mu* m !re=e d bi%ops s9 mortally if !y give n to ! poor ! surplus ( _! ecclesia/ical goods4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,_m bi%ops d n give _! surplus to ! poor1 b w\ld seem comm5dably to lay x out s z to increase ! rev5ue ( ! ,*ur*4 ,i answ] t1 ,! same is n to be said ( _! own goods :i* bi%ops may possess1 & ( ecclesia/ical goods4 ,= !y h real dom9ion ov] _! own goods2 :]e=e f ! v nature ( ! case !y are n b\nd to give ^! ?+s to o!rs1 & may ei!r keep !m = !mselves or be/[ !m on o!rs at w4 ,nev]!less !y may s9 9 ?is disposal by inord9ate affection1 :i* leads !m ei!r to accumulate m ?an !y %\ld1 or n to assi/ o!rs1 9 accordance ) ! dem&s ( *>ity2 yet !y are n b\nd to re/itution1 because su* ?+s are entru/$ to _! own]%ip4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y hold ecclesia/ical goods z disp5s]s or tru/ees4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 clxxxv ad ,bonif473 ,if we possess privately :at is en\gh = u1 o!r ?+s belong n to u b to ! poor1 & we h ! disp5s+ ( !m2 b we c claim own]%ip ( !m only by wick$ !ft4 ,n[ disp5s+ requires good fai?1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #d3b1 ,"h n[ x is requir$ among ! disp5s]s t a man be f\nd fai?ful4 ,moreov] ecclesia/ical goods are to be appli$ n only to ! good ( ! poor1 b also to ! div9e wor%ip & ! ne$s ( its m9i/]s4 ,h5ce x is said 7,,xii1 qu4 ii1 c4 de r$itibus73 ,( ! ,*ur*'s rev5ues or ! (f]+s ( ! fai?ful only "o "p is to be assign$ to ! bi%op1 two p>ts are to be us$ by ! prie/1 "u pa9 ( susp5sion1 = ! ecclesia/ical fabric1 & = ! b5efit ( ! poor2 ! rema9+ "p is to be divid$ among ! cl]gy accord+ to _! respective m]its4 ,accord+ly if ! goods :i* are assign$ to ! use ( ! bi%op are di/9ct f ^? :i* are appo9t$ = ! use ( ! poor1 or ! m9i/]s1 or = ! ecclesia/ical wor%ip1 & if ! bi%op keeps back = himself "p ( t :i* %\ld be giv5 to ! poor1 or to ! m9i/]s = _! use1 or exp5d$ on ! div9e wor%ip1 )\t d\bt he is an unfai?ful disp5s]1 s9s mortally1 & is b\nd to re/itution4 ,b z reg>ds ^? goods :i* are deput$ to 8 private use1 ! same app>5tly applies z to 8 own prop]ty1 namely t he s9s ?r\gh immod]ate atta*m5t !reto or use !re(1 if he exce$s mod]ation 9 :at he keeps = himself1 & fails to assi/ o!rs accord+ to ! dem&s ( *>ity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if no di/9ction is made 9 ! a=esaid goods1 _! di/ribution is entru/$ to 8 good fai?2 & if he fail or exce$ 9 a slight degree1 ?is may happ5 )\t prejudice to 8 good fai?1 because 9 su* matt]s a man _c possibly decide precisely :at ought to be done4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! excess be v great he _c be ignorant ( ! fact2 consequ5tly he w\ld seem to be lack+ 9 good fai?1 & is guilty ( mortal s94 ,= x is writt5 7,matt4 #bd3dh-ea7 t if t evil s]vant %all say 9 8 he>t3 ,my "l is long a-com+1 :i* %[s contempt ( ,god's judgm5t1 & %all beg9 to /rike 8 fell[-s]vants1 :i* is a sign ( pride1 & %all eat & dr9k ) drunk>ds1 :i* proce$s f lu/1 ! "l ( t s]vant %all come 9 a day t he hope? n 4 4 4 & %all sep>ate him1 namely f ! fell[%ip ( good m51 & appo9t 8 portion ) hypocrites1 namely 9 hell4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is say+ ( ,ambrose ref]s to ! adm9i/ration n only ( ecclesia/ical ?+s b also ( any goods :atev] f :i* a man is b\nd1 z a duty ( *>ity1 to provide = ^? :o are 9 ne$4 ,b x is n possible to /ate def9itely :5 ?is ne$ is su* z to impose an obligation "u pa9 ( mortal s91 z is ! case 9 o!r po9ts ( detail t h to be consid]$ 9 human acts3 = ! decision 9 su* matt]s is left to human prud5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above ! goods ( ! ,*ur* h to be employ$ n only = ! use ( ! poor1 b also = o!r purposes4 ,h5ce if a bi%op or cl]ic wi% to deprive himself ( t :i* is assign$ to 8 own use1 & give x to 8 relations or o!rs1 he s9s n s long z he obs]ves mod]ation1 s1 to wit1 t !y cease to be 9 want )\t becom+ ! ri*] !reby4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #cj73 ,x is a comm5dable lib]ality if y ov]look n y\r k9dr$ :5 y "k !m to be 9 want2 yet n s z to wi% to make !m ri* ) :at y c give to ! poor4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! goods ( *ur*es %\ld n all be giv5 to ! poor1 except 9 a case ( necessity3 = !n1 z ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 ii1 #bh71 ev5 ! vessels consecrat$ to ! div9e wor%ip are to be sold = ! ransom ( prison]s1 & o!r ne$s ( ! poor4 ,9 su* a case ( necessity a cl]ic w\ld s9 if he *ose to ma9ta9 himself on ! goods ( ! ,*ur*1 always suppos+ him to h a patrimony ( 8 own on :i* to support himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! goods ( ! *ur*es %\ld be employ$ = ! good ( ! poor4 ,consequ5tly a man is to be comm5d$ if1 !re be+ no pres5t necessity = help+ ! poor1 he sp5ds ! surplus f ! ,*ur* rev5ue1 9 buy+ prop]ty1 or lays x by = "s future use connect$ ) ! ,*ur* or ! ne$s ( ! poor4 ,b if !re be a press+ ne$ = help+ ! poor1 to lay by = ! future is a sup]flu\s & inord9ate sav+1 & is =bidd5 by our ,"l ,:o said 7,matt4 #f3cd73 ,be 4 4 4 n solicit\s = ! morr[4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahe1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,religi\s ,:o ,are ,rais$ to ! ,episcopate ,are ,b\nd to ,religi\s ,obs]vances8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t religi\s :o are rais$ to ! episcopate are n b\nd to religi\s obs]vances4 ,= x is said 7,,xviii1 qu4 i1 c4 ,/atutum7 t a canonical election loos5s a monk f ! yoke impos$ by ! rule ( ! mona/ic pr(ession1 & ! holy ord9ation makes ( a monk a bi%op4 ,n[ ! regul> obs]vances p]ta9 to ! yoke ( ! rule4 ,!re=e religi\s :o are appo9t$ bi%ops are n b\nd to religi\s obs]vances4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 he :o asc5ds f a l[] to a high] degree is seem+ly n b\nd to ^? ?+s :i* p]ta9 to ! l[] degree3 ?us x 0 /at$ above 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #ab1 ad #a7 t a religi\s is n b\nd to keep ! v[s he made 9 ! _w4 ,b a religi\s :o is appo9t$ to ! episcopate asc5ds to some?+ great]1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hd1 ,a4 #g74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t a bi%op is n b\nd to ^? ?+s :]eto he 0 b\nd 9 ! /ate ( religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 religi\s w\ld seem to be b\nd above all to ob$i5ce1 & to live )\t prop]ty ( _! own4 ,b religi\s :o are appo9t$ bi%ops1 are n b\nd to obey ! sup]iors ( _! ord]1 s9ce !y are above !m2 nor app>5tly are !y b\nd to pov]ty1 s9ce accord+ to ! decree quot$ above 7,obj4 #a7 :5 ! holy ord9ation has made ( a monk a bi%op he enjoys ! "r1 z ! lawful heir1 ( claim+ 8 pat]nal inh]itance4 ,moreov] !y are sometimes all[$ to make a w4 ,mu* less !re=e are !y b\nd to o!r regul> obs]vances4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xvi1 qu4 i1 c4 ,de ,mona*is73 ,) reg>d to ^? :o aft] long resid5ce 9 a mona/]y atta9 to ! ord] ( cl]ics1 we bid !m n to lay aside _! =m] purpose4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #b7 ! religi\s /ate p]ta9s to p]fection1 z a way ( t5d+ to p]fection1 :ile ! episcopal /ate p]ta9s to p]fection1 z a pr(essor%ip ( p]fection4 ,h5ce ! religi\s /ate is comp>$ to ! episcopal /ate1 z ! s*ool to ! pr(essorial *air1 & z disposition to p]fection4 ,n[ ! disposition is n void$ at ! adv5t ( p]fection1 except z reg>ds :at p]*ance is incompatible ) p]fection1 :]eas z to t :]e9 x is 9 accord ) p]fection1 x is confirm$ ! m4 ,?us :5 ! s*ol> has become a pr(essor x no long] becomes him to be a li/5]1 b x becomes him to read & m$itate ev5 m ?an be=e4 ,accord+ly we mu/ ass]t t if !re be among religi\s obs]vances any t in/ead ( be+ an ob/acle to ! episcopal (fice1 are a safegu>d ( p]fection1 su* z cont95ce1 pov]ty1 & s =?1 a religi\s1 ev5 aft] he has be5 made a bi%op1 rema9s b\nd to obs]ve ^!1 & consequ5tly to we> ! habit ( 8 ord]1 :i* is a sign ( ?is obligation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a man is n b\nd to keep su* religi\s obs]vances z may be incompatible ) ! episcopal (fice1 = in/ance solitude1 sil5ce1 & c]ta9 sev]e ab/95ces or wat*+s & su* z w\ld r5d] him bodily unable to ex]cise ! episcopal (fice4 ,= ! re/ he may disp5se himself f !m1 accord+ to ! ne$s ( 8 p]son or (fice1 & ! mann] ( life ( ^? among :om he dwells1 9 ! same way z religi\s sup]iors disp5se !mselves 9 su* matt]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he :o f be+ a monk becomes a bi%op is loos5$ f ! yoke ( ! mona/ic pr(ession1 n 9 ev]y?+1 b 9 ^? t are incompatible ) ! episcopal (fice1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! v[s ( ^? :o are liv+ 9 ! _w are comp>$ to ! v[s ( religion z ! p>ticul> to ! univ]sal1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #ab1 ad #a74 ,b ! v[s ( religion are comp>$ to ! episcopal dignity z disposition to p]fection4 ,n[ ! p>ticul> is sup]flu\s :5 "o has ! univ]sal1 :]eas ! disposition is /ill necess>y :5 p]fection has be5 atta9$4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,x is accid5tal t religi\s :o are bi%ops are n b\nd to obey ! sup]iors ( _! ord]1 because1 to wit1 !y h ceas$ to be _! subjects2 ev5 z ^? same religi\s sup]iors4 ,nev]!less ! obligation ( ! v[ rema9s virtually1 s t if any p]son be lawfully set above !m1 !y w\ld be b\nd to obey !m1 inasmu* z !y are b\nd to obey bo? ! /atutes ( _! rule 9 ! way m5tion$ above1 & _! sup]iors if !y h any4 ,z to prop]ty !y c n[ise h x4 ,= !y claim _! pat]nal inh]itance n z _! own1 b z due to ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce x is add$ 7,,xviii1 qu4 i1 c4 ,/atutum7 t aft] he has be5 orda9$ bi%op at ! alt> to :i* he is consecrat$ & appo9t$ accord+ to ! holy canons1 he mu/ re/ore :atev] he may acquire4 ,nor c he make any te/am5t at all1 because he is entru/$ ) ! sole adm9i/ration ( ?+s ecclesia/ical1 & ?is ends ) 8 dea?1 aft] :i* a te/am5t comes into =ce accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7,heb4 #i3ag74 ,if1 h[ev]1 by ! ,pope's p]mission he make a w1 he is n to be und]/ood to bequea? prop]ty ( 8 own1 b we are to und]/& t by apo/olic au?ority ! p[] ( 8 adm9i/ration has be5 prolong$ s z to rema9 9 =ce aft] 8 dea?4 ,,"q #ahf ,,( ,,^? ,,?+s ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,religi\s ,,/ate ,,prop]ly ,,consi/s 7,9 ,t5 ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ?+s p]ta9+ to ! religi\s /ate3 :i* consid]ation w be f\rfold4 ,9 ! fir/ place we %all consid] ^? ?+s 9 :i* ! religi\s /ate consi/s *iefly2 secondly1 ^? ?+s :i* are lawfully befitt+ to religi\s2 ?irdly1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( religi\s ord]s2 f\r?ly1 ! entrance into ! religi\s /ate4 ,"u ! fir/ head !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! religi\s /ate is p]fect8 7#b7 ,:e!r religi\s are b\nd to all ! c\nsels8 7#c7 ,:e!r volunt>y pov]ty is requir$ = ! religi\s /ate8 7#d7 ,:e!r cont95cy is necess>y8 7#e7 ,:e!r ob$i5ce is necess>y8 7#f7 ,:e!r x is necess>y t ^! %\ld be ! matt] ( a v[8 7#g7 ,( ! suffici5cy ( ^! v[s2 7#h7 ,( _! comp>ison "o ) ano!r2 7#i7 ,:e!r a religi\s s9s mortally :5ev] he transgresses a /atute ( 8 rule8 7#aj7 ,:e!r1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a religi\s s9s m griev\sly by ! same k9d ( s9 ?an a secul> p]son8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahf1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,religion ,implies a ,/ate ( ,p]fection8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t religion does n imply a /ate ( p]fection4 ,= t :i* is necess>y = salvation does n seem+ly p]ta9 to p]fection4 ,b religion is necess>y = salvation1 :e!r because !reby we are b\nd 7religamur7 to ! "o almighty ,god1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]a ,relig4 #ee71 or because x takes its "n f our return+ 7religimus7 to ,god ,:om we _h lo/ by neglect+ ,him 99,cf4 ,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a1 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #c74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t religion does n d5ote ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 religion accord+ to ,tully 7,de ,inv5t4 ,rhet4 ii1 #ec7 is t :i* (f]s wor%ip & c]emony to ! ,div9e nature4 ,n[ ! (f]+ ( wor%ip & c]emony to ,god w\ld seem to p]ta9 to ! m9i/ry ( holy ord]s r ?an to ! div]sity ( /ates1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #dj1 ,a4 #b2 ,q4 #ahc1 ,a4 #c74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t religion does n d5ote ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! /ate ( p]fection is di/9ct f ! /ate ( beg9n]s & t ( ! pr(ici5t4 ,b 9 religion also "s are beg9n]s1 & "s are pr(ici5t4 ,!re=e religion does n d5ote ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 religion w\ld seem a place ( rep5tance2 = x is said 9 ! ,decrees 7,,vii1 qu4 i1 c4 ,hoc nequaquam73 ,! holy synod ord]s t any man :o has be5 degrad$ f ! episcopal dignity to ! mona/ic life & a place ( rep5tance1 %\ld by no means rise aga9 to ! episcopate4 ,n[ a place ( rep5tance is oppos$ to ! /ate ( p]fection2 h5ce ,dionysius 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi7 places p5it5ts 9 ! l[e/ place1 namely among ^? :o are to be cleans$4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t religion is n ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,collat4 i1 #g7 abbot ,moses speak+ ( religi\s says3 ,we mu/ recognize t we h to und]take ! hung] ( fa/+1 wat*+s1 bodily toil1 privation1 read+1 & o!r acts ( virtue1 9 ord] by ^! degrees to m\nt to ! p]fection ( *>ity4 ,n[ ?+s p]ta9+ to human acts are specifi$ & d5om9at$ f ! int5tion ( ! end4 ,!re=e religi\s belong to ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,moreov] ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi7 t ^? :o are call$ s]vants ( ,god1 by reason ( _! r5d]+ pure s]vice & subjection to ,god1 are unit$ to ! p]fection belov$ ( ,him4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ada1 ,a4 #b7 t :i* is applicable to _m ?+s 9 common is ascrib$ antonoma/ically to t to :i* x is applicable by way ( excell5ce4 ,?us ! "n ( =titude is claim$ by ! virtue :i* pres]ves ! firmness ( ! m9d 9 reg>d to mo/ difficult ?+s1 & ! "n ( temp]ance1 by t virtue :i* temp]s ! greate/ pleasures4 ,n[ religion z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #b2 ,a4 #c1 ad #b7 is a virtue :]eby a man (f]s some?+ to ! s]vice & wor%ip ( ,god4 ,:]e=e ^? are call$ religi\s antonoma/ically1 :o give !mselves up entirely to ! div9e s]vice1 z (f]+ a holocau/ to ,god4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,hom4 xx 9 ,eze*473 ,"s !re are :o keep no?+ = !mselves1 b sacrifice to almighty ,god _! tongue1 _! s5ses1 _! life1 & ! prop]ty !y possess4 ,n[ ! p]fection ( man consi/s 9 adh]+ :olly to ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #b71 & 9 ?is s5se religion d5otes ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to (f] some?+ to ! wor%ip ( ,god is necess>y = salvation1 b to (f] oneself :olly1 & "o's possessions to ! wor%ip ( ,god belongs to p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a2 ,a4 #d1 ad #a1 #b2 ,q4 #he1 ,a4 #c7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! virtue ( religion1 religion has ref]5ce n only to ! (f]+ ( sacrifices & o!r l ?+s t are prop] to religion1 b also to ! acts ( all ! virtues :i* 9 s f> z ^! are ref]r$ to ,god's s]vice & honor become acts ( religion4 ,accord+ly if a man devotes 8 :ole life to ! div9e s]vice1 8 :ole life belongs to religion1 & ?us by reason ( ! religi\s life t !y lead1 ^? :o are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection are call$ religi\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahd1 ,,aa4 #d1 #f7 religion d5otes ! /ate ( p]fection by reason ( ! end int5d$4 ,h5ce x does n foll[ t :oev] is 9 ! /ate ( p]fection is already p]fect1 b t he t5ds to p]fection4 ,h5ce ,orig5 comm5t+ on ,matt4 #ai3ba1 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 etc41 says 7,tract4 viii 9 ,mat?47 t he :o has ex*ang$ ri*es = pov]ty 9 ord] to become p]fect does n become p]fect at ! v mom5t ( giv+ 8 goods to ! poor2 b f t day ! contemplation ( ,god w beg9 to lead him to all ! virtues4 ,?us all are n p]fect 9 religion1 b "s are beg9n]s1 "s pr(ici5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! religi\s /ate 0 in/itut$ *iefly t we might obta9 p]fection by means ( c]ta9 ex]cises1 :]eby ! ob/acles to p]fect *>ity are remov$4 ,by ! removal ( ! ob/acles ( p]fect *>ity1 mu* m are ! occasions ( s9 cut (f1 = s9 de/roys *>ity altoge!r4 ,:]e=e s9ce x belongs to p5ance to cut out ! causes ( s91 x foll[s t ! religi\s /ate is a mo/ fitt+ place = p5ance4 ,h5ce 7,,xxxiii1 qu4 ii1 cap4 ,admon]e7 a man :o _h kill$ 8 wife is c\nsel$ to ent] a mona/]y :i* is describ$ z bett] & light]1 r ?an to d public p5ance :ile rema9+ 9 ! _w4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahf1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,e ,religi\s ,is ,b\nd to ,keep ,all ! ,c\nsels8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t e religi\s is b\nd to keep all ! c\nsels4 ,= :oev] pr(esses a c]ta9 /ate ( life is b\nd to obs]ve :atev] belongs to t /ate4 ,n[ ea* religi\s pr(esses ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,!re=e e religi\s is b\nd to keep all ! c\nsels t p]ta9 to ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xx 9 ,eze*47 t he :o r5\nces ?is _w1 & does all ! good he c1 is l "o :o has gone out ( ,egypt & (f]s sacrifice 9 ! wild]ness4 ,n[ x belongs specially to religi\s to r5\nce ! _w4 ,!re=e x belongs to !m also to d all ! good !y c4 & s x w\ld seem t ea* ( !m is b\nd to fulfil all ! c\nsels4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if x is n requisite = ! /ate ( p]fection to fulfil all ! c\nsels1 x w\ld seem en\gh to fulfil "s ( !m4 ,b ?is is false1 s9ce "s :o lead a secul> life fulfil "s ( ! c\nsels1 = in/ance ^? :o obs]ve cont95ce4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t e religi\s :o is 9 ! /ate ( p]fection is b\nd to fulfil :atev] p]ta9s to p]fection3 & su* are ! c\nsels4 ,on ! contr>y1 "o is n b\nd1 unless "o b9d oneself1 to d works ( sup]]ogation4 ,b e religi\s does n b9d himself to keep all ! c\nsels1 b to c]ta9 def9ite ones1 "s to "s1 o!rs to o!rs4 ,!re=e all are n b\nd to keep all ( !m4 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ p]ta9s to p]fection 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 ess5tially1 & ?us1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #c7 ! p]fect obs]vance ( ! precepts ( *>ity belongs to p]fection4 ,secondly1 a ?+ belongs to p]fection consequ5tly3 su* are ^? ?+s t result f ! p]fection ( *>ity1 = in/ance to bless !m t curse y 7,luke #f3bg71 & to keep c\nsels ( a l k9d1 :i* ?\gh !y be b9d+ z reg>ds ! prep>$ness ( ! m9d1 s t "o has to fulfil !m :5 necessity requires2 yet are sometimes fulfill$1 )\t !re be+ any necessity1 ?r\gh sup]abundance ( *>ity4 ,?irdly1 a ?+ belongs to p]fection in/rum5tally & dispositively1 z pov]ty1 cont95ce1 ab/95ce1 & ! l4 ,n[ x has be5 /at$ 7,a4 #a7 t ! p]fection ( *>ity is ! end ( ! religi\s /ate4 ,& ! religi\s /ate is a s*ool or ex]cise = ! atta9m5t ( p]fection1 :i* m5 /rive to rea* by v>i\s practices1 j z a physician may use v>i\s rem$ies 9 ord] to heal4 ,b x is evid5t t = him :o works = an end x is n necess>y t he %\ld already h atta9$ ! end1 b x is requisite t he %\ld by "s means t5d !reto4 ,h5ce he :o ent]s ! religi\s /ate is n b\nd to h p]fect *>ity1 b he is b\nd to t5d to ?is1 & use 8 endeavors to h p]fect *>ity4 ,= ! same reason he is n b\nd to fulfil ^? ?+s t result f ! p]fection ( *>ity1 al?\gh he is b\nd to int5d to fulfil !m3 aga9/ :i* int5tion he acts if he contemns !m1 :]e=e he s9s n by omitt+ !m b by contempt ( !m4 ,9 l mann] he is n b\nd to obs]ve all ! practices :]eby p]fection may be atta9$1 b only ^? :i* are def9itely prescrib$ to him by ! rule :i* he has pr(ess$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he :o ent]s religion does n make pr(ession to be p]fect1 b he pr(esses to endeavor to atta9 p]fection2 ev5 z he :o ent]s ! s*ools does n pr(ess to h k1 b to /udy 9 ord] to acquire k4 ,:]e=e z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei viii1 #b71 ,py?agoras 0 unwill+ to pr(ess to be a wise man1 b ackn[l$g$ himself1 a lov] ( wisdom4 ,h5ce a religi\s does n violate 8 pr(ession if he be n p]fect1 b only if he despises to t5d to p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j z1 ?\gh all are b\nd to love ,god ) _! :ole he>t1 yet !re is a c]ta9 :ol5ess ( p]fection :i* _c be omitt$ )\t s91 & ano!r :ol5ess :i* c be omitt$ )\t s9 7,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c71 provid$ !re be no contempt1 z /at$ above 7ad #a71 s too1 all1 bo? religi\s & secul>s1 are b\nd1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 to d :atev] good !y c1 = to all )\t exception x is said 7,eccles4 #i3aj73 ,:atsoev] ?y h& is able to d1 d x e>ne/ly4 ,yet !re is a way ( fulfill+ ?is precept1 s z to avoid s91 namely if "o d :at "o c z requir$ by ! conditions ( "o's /ate ( life3 provid$ !re be no contempt ( do+ bett] ?+s1 :i* contempt sets ! m9d aga9/ spiritual progress4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,!re are "s c\nsels su* t if !y be omitt$1 man's :ole life w\ld be tak5 up ) secul> bus9ess2 = in/ance if he h prop]ty ( 8 own1 or ent] ! m>ri$ /ate1 or d some?+ ( ! k9d t reg>ds ! ess5tial v[s ( religion !mselves2 :]e=e religi\s are b\nd to keep all su* l c\nsels4 ,o!r c\nsels !re are1 h[ev]1 ab\t c]ta9 p>ticul> bett] actions1 :i* c be omitt$ )\t "o's life be+ tak5 up ) secul> actions2 :]e=e !re is no ne$ = religi\s to be b\nd to fulfil all ( !m4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahf1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,pov]ty ,is ,requir$ = ,religi\s ,p]fection8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t pov]ty is n requir$ = religi\s p]fection4 ,= t :i* x is unlawful to d does n app>5tly belong to ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,b x w\ld seem to be unlawful = a man to give up all he possesses2 s9ce ! ,apo/le 7#b ,cor4 #h3ab7 lays d[n ! way 9 :i* ! fai?ful are to give alms say+3 ,if ! w be =w>d1 x is accept$ accord+ to t :i* a man ha?1 i4e4 y %\ld keep back :at y ne$1 & aft]w>ds he adds 7#b ,cor4 #h3ac73 ,= ,i mean n t o!rs %\ld be eas$1 & y bur!n$1 i4e4 ) pov]ty1 accord+ to a gloss4 ,moreov] a gloss on #a ,tim4 #f3h1 ,hav+ food1 & :]e) to be cov]$1 says3 ,?\gh we br\ght no?+1 & w c>ry no?+ away1 we mu/ n give up ^! temporal ?+s altoge!r4 ,!re=e x seems t volunt>y pov]ty is n requisite = religi\s p]fection4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :osoev] exposes himself to dang] s9s4 ,b he :o r5\nces all he has & embraces volunt>y pov]ty exposes himself to dang]--n only spiritual1 accord+ to ,prov4 #cj3i1 ,le/ p]haps 4 4 4 be+ compell$ by pov]ty1 ,i %\ld /eal & =swe> ! "n ( my ,god1 & ,ecclus4 #bg3a1 ,?r\gh pov]ty _m h s9n$--b also corporal1 = x is writt5 7,eccles4 #g3ac73 ,z wisdom is a def5se1 s money is a def5se1 & ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #a7 t ! wa/e ( prop]ty appe>s to be a sort ( ru9+ ( "o's self1 s9ce !reby man lives4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t volunt>y pov]ty is n requisite = ! p]fection ( religi\s life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,virtue obs]ves ! mean1 z /at$ 9 ,e?ic4 ii1 #f4 ,b he :o r5\nces all by volunt>y pov]ty seems to g to ! extreme r ?an to obs]ve ! mean4 ,!re=e he does n act virtu\sly3 & s ?is does n p]ta9 to ! p]fection ( life4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ! ultimate p]fection ( man consi/s 9 happ9ess4 ,n[ ri*es conduce to happ9ess2 = x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #ca3h73 ,bless$ is ! ri* man t is f\nd )\t blemi%1 & ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #h7 t ri*es contribute in/rum5tally to happ9ess4 ,!re=e volunt>y pov]ty is n requisite = religi\s p]fection4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! episcopal /ate is m p]fect ?an ! religi\s /ate4 ,b bi%ops may h prop]ty1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahe1 ,a4 #f74 ,!re=e religi\s may also4 ,obj4 #f3 ,fur!r1 almsgiv+ is a "w mo/ acceptable to ,god1 & z ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 ix 9 ,ep4 ad ,hebr47 is a mo/ effective rem$y 9 rep5tance4 ,n[ pov]ty excludes almsgiv+4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t pov]ty does n p]ta9 to religi\s p]fection4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 viii1 #bf73 ,!re are "s ( ! righte\s :o brac+ !mselves up to lay hold ( ! v height ( p]fection1 :ile !y aim at high] objects )91 ab&on all ?+s )\t4 ,n[1 z /at$ above1 7,,aa4 #a1 #b71 x belongs prop]ly to religi\s to brace !mselves up 9 ord] to lay hold ( ! v height ( p]fection4 ,!re=e x belongs to !m to ab&on all outw>d ?+s by volunt>y pov]ty4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 ! religi\s /ate is an ex]cise & a s*ool = atta9+ to ! p]fection ( *>ity4 ,= ?is x is necess>y t a man :olly )draw 8 affections f worldly ?+s2 s9ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 x1 #bi71 speak+ to ,god3 ,too little do? he love ,!e1 :o loves any?+ ) ,!e1 :i* he love? n = ,!e4 ,:]e=e he says 7,,qq4 lxxxiii1 qu4 #cf7 t great] *>ity means less cupidity1 p]fect *>ity means no cupidity4 ,n[ ! possession ( worldly ?+s draws a man's m9d to ! love ( !m3 h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 xxxi ad ,paul94 et ,!ras47 t we are m firmly atta*$ to e>?ly ?+s :5 we h !m ?an :5 we desire !m3 s9ce :y did t "y man g away sad1 save because he _h great weal?8 ,= x is "o ?+ n to wi% to lay hold ( :at "o has n1 & ano!r to r5\nce :at "o already has2 ! =m] are reject$ z =eign to u1 ! latt] are cut (f z a limb4 ,& ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 lxiii 9 ,mat?47 t ! possession ( weal? k9dles a great] flame & ! desire = x becomes /rong]4 ,h5ce x is t 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! p]fection ( *>ity ! fir/ f\ndation is volunt>y pov]ty1 :]eby a man lives )\t prop]ty ( 8 own1 accord+ to ! say+ ( our ,"l 7,matt4 #ai3ba71 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g1 sell all ,vulg43 ':at' ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor 4 4 4 & come1 foll[ ,me4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z ! gloss adds1 :5 ! ,apo/le said ?is 7namely 'n t y %\ld be bur!n$1' i4e4 ) pov]ty71 he did n mean t x 7 bett] n to give3 b he fe>$ = ! weak1 :om he admoni%$ s to give z n to suff] privation4 ,h5ce 9 l mann] ! o!r gloss means n t x is unlawful to r5\nce all "o's temporal goods1 b t ?is is n requir$ ( necessity4 ,:]e=e ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #cj73 ,our ,"l does n wi%1 namely does n comm& u to p\r out our weal? all at once1 b to disp5se x2 or p]haps to d z did ,eliseus :o slew 8 ox51 & f$ ! poor ) t :i* 0 8 own s t no h\sehold c>e might hold him back4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,he :o r5\nces all 8 possessions = ,*ri/'s sake exposes himself to no dang]1 nei!r spiritual nor corporal4 ,= spiritual dang] ensues f pov]ty :5 ! latt] is n volunt>y2 because ^? :o are unwill+ly poor1 ?r\gh ! desire ( money-gett+1 fall into _m s9s1 accord+ to #a ,tim4 #f3i1 ,!y t w become ri*1 fall into temptation & into ! sn>e ( ! devil4 ,?is atta*m5t is put away by ^? :o embrace volunt>y pov]ty1 b x ga!rs /r5g? 9 ^? :o h weal?1 z /at$ above4 ,aga9 bodily dang] does n ?reat5 ^? :o1 int5t on foll[+ ,*ri/1 r5\nce all _! possessions & entru/ !mselves to div9e provid5ce4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ag73 ,^? :o seek fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god & ,8 ju/ice are n weigh$ d[n by anxiety le/ !y lack :at is necess>y4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 ii1 #f71 ! mean ( virtue is tak5 accord+ to "r reason1 n accord+ to ! quantity ( a ?+4 ,consequ5tly :atev] may be done 9 accordance ) "r reason is n r5d]$ s9ful by ! greatness ( ! quantity1 b all ! m virtu\s4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be aga9/ "r reason to ?r[ away all "o's possessions ?r\gh intemp]ance1 or )\t any useful purpose2 :]eas x is 9 accordance ) "r reason to r5\nce weal? 9 ord] to devote oneself to ! contemplation ( wisdom4 ,ev5 c]ta9 philosoph]s are said to h done ?is2 = ,j]ome says 7,ep4 xlviii ad ,paul9473 ,! fam\s ,!ban1 ,crates1 once a v weal?y man1 :5 he 0 go+ to ,a!ns to /udy philosophy1 ca/ away a l>ge am\nt ( gold2 = he consid]$ t he c\ld n possess bo? gold & virtue at ! same "t4 ,mu* m !re=e is x accord+ to "r reason = a man to r5\nce all he has1 9 ord] p]fectly to foll[ ,*ri/4 ,:]e=e ,j]ome says 7,ep4 cxxv ad ,ru/4 ,mona*473 ,poor ?yself1 foll[ ,*ri/ poor4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,happ9ess or felicity is tw(old4 ,"o is p]fect1 to :i* we look =w>d 9 ! life to come2 ! o!r is imp]fect1 9 respect ( :i* "s are said to be happy 9 ?is life4 ,! happ9ess ( ?is life is tw(old1 "o is accord+ to ! active life1 ! o!r accord+ to ! contemplative life1 z ! ,philosoph] ass]ts 7,e?ic4 x1 #g1 #h74 ,n[ weal? conduces in/rum5tally to ! happ9ess ( ! active life :i* consi/s 9 ext]nal actions1 because z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 i1 #h7 we d _m ?+s by fri5ds1 by ri*es1 by political influ5ce1 z x 7 by in/rum5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x does n conduce to ! happ9ess ( ! contemplative life1 r is x an ob/acle !reto1 inasmu* z ! anxiety x involves di/urbs ! quiet ( ! s\l1 :i* is mo/ necess>y to "o :o contemplates4 ,h5ce x is t ! ,philosoph] ass]ts 7,e?ic4 x1 #h7 t = actions _m ?+s are ne$$1 b ! contemplative man ne$s no su* ?+s1 namely ext]nal goods1 = 8 op]ation2 9 fact !y are ob/acles to 8 contemplation4 ,man is direct$ to future happ9ess by *>ity2 & s9ce volunt>y pov]ty is an effici5t ex]cise = ! atta9+ ( p]fect *>ity1 x foll[s t x is ( great avail 9 acquir+ ! happ9ess ( heav54 ,:]e=e our ,"l said 7,matt4 #ai3ba73 ,g1 sell all ,vulg43 ':at' ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor1 & ?\ %alt h treasure 9 heav54 ,n[ ri*es once !y are possess$ are 9 !mselves ( a nature to h9d] ! p]fection ( *>ity1 especially by entic+ & di/ract+ ! m9d4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,matt4 #ac3bb7 t ! c>e ( ?is _w & ! deceitfulness ( ri*es *oke? up ! ^w ( ,god1 = z ,gregory says 7,hom4 xv 9 ,ev47 by prev5t+ ! good desire f ent]+ into ! he>t1 !y de/roy life at its v outset4 ,consequ5tly x is difficult to safegu>d *>ity amid/ ri*es3 :]e=e our ,"l said 7,matt4 #ai3bc7 t a ri* man %all h>dly ent] into ! k+dom ( heav51 :i* we mu/ und]/& z ref]r+ to "o :o actually has weal?1 s9ce ,he says t ?is is impossible = him :o places 8 affection 9 ri*es1 accord+ to ! explanation ( ,*ryso/om 7,hom4 lxiii 9 ,mat?471 = ,he adds 7,matt4 #ai3bd73 ,x is easi] = a camel to pass ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le1 ?an = a ri* man to ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,h5ce x is n said simply t ! ri* man is bless$1 b ! ri* man t is f\nd )\t blemi%1 & t ha? n gone aft] gold1 & ?is because he has done a difficult ?+1 :]e=e ! text cont9ues 7,matt4 #ai3i73 ,:o is he8 & we w praise him2 = he ha? done wond]ful ?+s 9 8 life1 namely by n lov+ ri*es ?\gh plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! episcopal /ate is n direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( p]fection1 b r to ! effect t1 9 virtue ( ! p]fection :i* he already has1 a man may gov]n o!rs1 by adm9i/]+ n only spiritual b also temporal ?+s4 ,?is belongs to ! active life1 :]e9 _m ?+s occur t may be done by means ( weal? z an in/rum5t1 z /at$ 7ad #d74 ,:]e=e x is n requir$ ( bi%ops1 :o make pr(ession ( gov]n+ ,*ri/'s flock1 t !y h no?+ ( _! own1 :]eas x is requir$ ( religi\s :o make pr(ession ( le>n+ to obta9 p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #f3 ,! r5\ncem5t ( "o's own weal? is comp>$ to almsgiv+ z ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>1 & z ! holocau/ to ! sacrifice4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,hom4 xx 9 ,eze*47 t ^? :o assi/ ! ne$y ) ! ?+s !y possess1 by _! good de$s (f] sacrifice1 s9ce !y (f] up some?+ to ,god & keep back some?+ = !mselves2 :]eas ^? :o keep no?+ = !mselves (f] a holocau/ :i* is great] ?an a sacrifice4 ,:]e=e ,j]ome also says 7,contra ,vigilant473 ,:5 y decl>e t ^? d bett] :o reta9 ! use ( _! possessions1 & dole out ! fruits ( _! possessions to ! poor1 x is n ,i b ! ,"l ,:o answ]s y2 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 etc41 & aft]w>ds he goes on to say3 ,?is man :om y praise belongs to ! second & ?ird degree1 & we too comm5d him3 provid$ we ackn[l$ge ! fir/ z to be pref]r$ to ! second & ?ird4 ,= ?is reason 9 ord] to exclude ! error ( ,vigilantius x is said 7,de ,eccl4 ,dogm4 xxxviii73 ,x is a good ?+ to give away "o's goods by disp5s+ !m to ! poor3 x is bett] to give !m away once = all ) ! int5tion ( foll[+ ! ,"l1 &1 free ( solicitude1 to be poor ) ,*ri/4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahf1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,p]petual ,cont95ce ,is ,requir$ = ,religi\s ,p]fection8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t p]petual cont95ce is n requir$ = religi\s p]fection4 ,= all p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life began ) ,*ri/'s apo/les4 ,n[ ! apo/les d n appe> to h obs]v$ cont95ce1 z evid5c$ by ,pet]1 ( ^: "m-9-law we read ,matt4 #h3ad4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t p]petual cont95ce is n requisite = religi\s p]fection4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! fir/ example ( p]fection is %[n to u 9 ! p]son ( ,abraham1 to :om ! ,"l said 7,g54 #ag3a73 ,walk be=e ,me1 & be p]fect4 ,n[ ! copy %\ld n surpass ! example4 ,!re=e p]petual cont95ce is n requisite = religi\s p]fection4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is requir$ = religi\s p]fection is to be f\nd 9 e religi\s ord]4 ,n[ !re are "s religi\s :o lead a m>ri$ life4 ,!re=e religi\s p]fection does n require p]petual cont95ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #g3a73 ,let u cleanse ourselves f all defilem5t ( ! fle% & ( ! _s1 p]fect+ sanctification 9 ! fe> ( ,god4 ,n[ cleanness ( fle% & _s is safegu>d$ by cont95ce1 = x is said 7#a ,cor4 #g3cd73 ,! unm>ri$ woman & ! virg9 ?9ke? on ! ?+s ( ! ,"l t %e may be holy bo? 9 _s & 9 body ,vulg43 'bo? 9 body & 9 _s'4 ,!re=e religi\s p]fection requires cont95ce4 ,i answ] t1 ,! religi\s /ate requires ! removal ( :atev] h9d]s man f devot+ himself entirely to ,god's s]vice4 ,n[ ! use ( sexual union h9d]s ! m9d f giv+ itself :olly to ! s]vice ( ,god1 & ?is = two reasons4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( its vehem5t delectation1 :i* by frequ5t repetition increases concupisc5ce1 z also ! ,philosoph] obs]ves 7,e?ic4 iii1 #ab73 & h5ce x is t ! use ( v5]y )draws ! m9d f t p]fect int5tness on t5d+ to ,god4 ,augu/9e expresses ?is :5 he says 7,solil4 i1 #aj73 ,i consid] t no?+ s ca/s d[n ! manly m9d f its height z ! fondl+ ( wom51 & ^? bodily contacts :i* belong to ! m>ri$ /ate4 ,secondly1 because x involves man 9 solicitude = ! control ( 8 wife1 8 *ildr51 & 8 temporalities :i* s]ve = _! upkeep4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,cor4 #g3cb1 #cc73 ,he t is )\t a wife is solicit\s = ! ?+s t belong to ! ,"l1 h[ he may please ,god3 b he t is ) a wife is solicit\s = ! ?+s ( ! _w1 h[ he may please 8 wife4 ,!re=e p]petual cont95ce1 z well z volunt>y pov]ty1 is requisite = religi\s p]fection4 ,:]e=e j z ,vigilantius 0 condemn$ = equal+ ri*es to pov]ty1 s 0 ,jov9ian condemn$ = equal+ m>riage to virg9ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! p]fection n only ( pov]ty b also ( cont95ce 0 introduc$ by ,*ri/ ,:o said 7,matt4 #ai3ab73 ,!re are eunu*s :o h made !mselves eunu*s1 = ! k+dom ( heav51 & !n add$3 ,he t c take1 let him take x4 ,& le/ anyone %\ld be depriv$ ( ! hope ( atta9+ p]fection1 he admitt$ to ! /ate ( p]fection ^? ev5 :o 7 m>ri$4 ,n[ ! husb&s c\ld n )\t committ+ an inju/ice =sake _! wives1 :]eas m5 c\ld )\t inju/ice r5\nce ri*es4 ,:]e=e ,pet] :om ,he f\nd m>ri$1 ,he sev]$ n f 8 wife1 :ile ,he )held f m>riage ,john :o wi%$ to m>ry 99,prolog4 9 ,joan4 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,bono ,conjug4 xxii71 ! *a/ity ( celibacy is bett] ?an ! *a/ity ( m>riage1 "o ( :i* ,abraham _h 9 use1 bo? ( !m 9 habit4 ,= he liv$ *a/ely1 & he might h be5 *a/e )\t m>ry+1 b x 0 n requisite !n4 ,nev]!less if ! patri>*s ( old _h p]fection ( m9d toge!r ) weal? & m>riage1 :i* is a m>k ( ! greatness ( _! virtue1 ?is is no reason :y any weak] p]son %\ld presume to h su* great virtue t he c atta9 to p]fection ?\gh ri* & m>ri$2 z nei!r does a man un>m$ presume to attack 8 enemy1 because ,samson slew _m foes ) ! jaw-bone ( an ass4 ,= ^? fa!rs1 _h x be5 seasonable to obs]ve cont95ce & pov]ty1 w\ld h be5 mo/ c>eful to obs]ve !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,su* ways ( liv+ z admit ( ! use ( m>riage are n ! religi\s life simply & absolutely speak+1 b 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 9 s f> z !y h a c]ta9 %>e 9 ^? ?+s t belong to ! religi\s /ate4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahf1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,ob$i5ce ,belongs to ,religi\s ,p]fection8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ob$i5ce does n belong to religi\s p]fection4 ,= ^? ?+s seem+ly belong to religi\s p]fection1 :i* are works ( sup]]ogation & are n b9d+ ^u all4 ,b all are b\nd to obey _! sup]iors1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le 7,heb4 #ac3ag71 ,obey y\r prelates1 & be subject to !m4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ob$i5ce does n belong to religi\s p]fection4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ob$i5ce w\ld seem to belong prop]ly to ^? :o h to be guid$ by ! s5se ( o!rs1 & su* p]sons are lack+ 9 disc]nm5t4 ,n[ ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #e3ad7 t /rong meat is = ! p]fect1 = !m :o by cu/om h _! s5ses ex]cis$ to ! disc]n+ ( good & evil4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ob$i5ce does n belong to ! /ate ( ! p]fect4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 if ob$i5ce 7 requisite = religi\s p]fection1 x w\ld foll[ t x is befitt+ to all religi\s4 ,b x is n becom+ to all2 s9ce "s religi\s lead a solit>y life1 & h no sup]ior :om !y obey4 ,aga9 religi\s sup]iors app>5tly are n b\nd to ob$i5ce4 ,!re=e ob$i5ce w\ld seem n to p]ta9 to religi\s p]fection4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 if ! v[ ( ob$i5ce 7 requisite = religion1 x w\ld foll[ t religi\s are b\nd to obey _! sup]iors 9 all ?+s1 j z !y are b\nd to ab/a9 f all v5]y by _! v[ ( cont95ce4 ,b !y are n b\nd to obey !m 9 all ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ajd1 ,a4 #e71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( ! virtue ( ob$i5ce4 ,!re=e ! v[ ( ob$i5ce is n requisite = religion4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ^? s]vices are mo/ acceptable to ,god :i* are done freely & n ( necessity1 accord+ to #b ,cor4 #i3g1 ,n ) sadness or ( necessity4 ,n[ t :i* is done out ( ob$i5ce is done ( necessity ( precept4 ,!re=e ^? good works are m des]v+ ( praise :i* are done ( "o's own accord4 ,!re=e ! v[ ( ob$i5ce is unbecom+ to religion :]eby m5 seek to atta9 to t :i* is bett]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,religi\s p]fection consi/s *iefly 9 ! imitation ( ,*ri/1 accord+ to ,matt4 #ai3ba1 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g sell all ,vulg43 ':at' ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor1 & foll[ ,me4 ,n[ 9 ,*ri/ ob$i5ce is comm5d$ above all accord+ to ,phil4 #b3h1 ,he became ,vulg43 'becom+' ob$i5t unto dea?4 ,!re=e seem+ly ob$i5ce belongs to religi\s p]fection4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #b1 #c7 ! religi\s /ate is a s*ool & ex]cise = t5d+ to p]fection4 ,n[ ^? :o are be+ in/ruct$ or ex]cis$ 9 ord] to atta9 a c]ta9 end mu/ ne$s foll[ ! direction ( someone "u ^: control !y are in/ruct$ or ex]cis$ s z to atta9 t end z disciples "u a ma/]4 ,h5ce religi\s ne$ to be plac$ "u ! in/ruction & comm& ( someone z reg>ds ?+s p]ta9+ to ! religi\s life2 :]e=e x is said 7,,vii1 qu4 i1 c4 ,hoc nequaquam73 ,! mona/ic life d5otes subjection & disciple%ip4 ,n[ "o man is subject$ to ano!r's comm& & in/ruction by ob$i5ce3 & consequ5tly ob$i5ce is requisite = religi\s p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,to obey "o's sup]iors 9 matt]s t are ess5tial to virtue is n a "w ( sup]]ogation1 b is common to all3 :]eas to obey 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! practice ( p]fection belongs prop]ly to religi\s4 ,?is latt] ob$i5ce is comp>$ to ! =m] z ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>4 ,= ^? :o live 9 ! _w1 keep some?+ = !mselves1 & (f] some?+ to ,god2 & 9 ! latt] respect !y are "u ob$i5ce to _! sup]iors3 :]eas ^? :o live 9 religion give !mselves :olly & _! possessions to ,god1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #c74 ,h5ce _! ob$i5ce is univ]sal4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 ii1 #a1 #b71 by p]=m+ actions we contract c]ta9 habits1 & :5 we h acquir$ ! habit we are be/ able to p]=m ! actions4 ,accord+ly ^? :o h n atta9$ to p]fection1 acquire p]fection by obey+1 :ile ^? :o h already acquir$ p]fection are mo/ ready to obey1 n z ?\gh !y ne$ to be direct$ to ! acquisition ( p]fection1 b z ma9ta9+ !mselves by ?is means 9 t :i* belongs to p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! subjection ( religi\s is *iefly 9 ref]5ce to bi%ops1 :o are comp>$ to !m z p]fect]s to p]fect$1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi71 :]e he also says t ! mona/ic ord] is subject$ to ! p]fect+ virtues ( ! bi%ops1 & is taught by _! godlike enlight5m5t4 ,h5ce nei!r h]mits nor religi\s sup]iors are exempt f ob$i5ce to bi%ops2 & if !y be :olly or p>tly exempt f ob$i5ce to ! bi%op ( ! diocese1 !y are nev]!less b\nd to obey ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 n only 9 matt]s affect+ all 9 common1 b also 9 ^? :i* p]ta9 specially to religi\s discipl9e4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! v[ ( ob$i5ce tak5 by religi\s1 ext5ds to ! disposition ( a man's :ole life1 & 9 ?is way x has a c]ta9 univ]sality1 al?\gh x does n ext5d to all individual acts4 ,= "s ( ^! d n belong to religion1 ?r\gh n be+ ( ^? ?+s t conc]n ! love ( ,god & ( our neighbor1 su* z rubb+ "o's be>d1 lift+ a /ick f ! gr\nd & s =?1 :i* d n come "u a v[ nor "u ob$i5ce2 & "s are contr>y to religion4 ,nor is !re any comp>ison ) cont95ce :]eby acts are exclud$ :i* are altoge!r contr>y to religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! necessity ( co]cion makes an act involunt>y & consequ5tly deprives x ( ! "* ( praise or m]it2 :]eas ! necessity :i* is consequ5t ^u ob$i5ce is a necessity n ( co]cion b ( a free w1 inasmu* z a man is will+ to obey1 al?\gh p]haps he w\ld n be will+ to d ! ?+ comm&$ consid]$ 9 itself4 ,:]e=e s9ce by ! v[ ( ob$i5ce a man lays himself "u ! necessity ( do+ = ,god's sake c]ta9 ?+s t are n pleas+ 9 !mselves1 = ?is v reason t :i* he does is ! m acceptable to ,god1 ?\gh x be ( less acc\nt1 because man c give no?+ great] to ,god1 ?an by subject+ 8 w to ano!r man's = ,god's sake4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,coll4 xviii1 #g7 x is /at$ t ! ,s>abaitae are ! wor/ class ( monks1 because ?r\gh provid+ = _! own ne$s )\t be+ subject to sup]iors1 !y are free to d z !y w2 & yet day & night !y are m busily occupi$ 9 "w ?an ^? :o live 9 mona/]ies4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahf1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,x ,is ,requisite = ,religi\s ,p]fection ,t ,pov]ty1 ,cont95ce1 & ,ob$i5ce ,%\ld ,come ,"u a ,v[8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n requisite = religi\s p]fection t ! ?ree a=esaid1 namely pov]ty1 cont95ce1 & ob$i5ce1 %\ld come "u a v[4 ,= ! s*ool ( p]fection is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciples laid d[n by our ,"l4 ,n[ our ,"l 9 =mulat+ p]fection 7,matt4 #ai3ba7 said3 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g1 sell all ,vulg43 ':at' ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor1 )\t any m5tion ( a v[4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t a v[ is n necess>y = ! s*ool ( religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a v[ is a promise made to ,god1 :]e=e 7,eccles4 #e3c7 ! wise man aft] say+3 ,if ?\ ha/ v[$ any?+ to ,god1 def] n to pay x1 adds at once1 = an unfai?ful & fooli% promise displease? ,him4 ,b :5 a ?+ is be+ actually giv5 !re is no ne$ = a promise4 ,!re=e x suffices = religi\s p]fection t "o keep pov]ty1 cont95ce1 & ob$i5ce )\t4 v[+ !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,ad ,poll5t41 de ,adult4 ,conjug4 i1 #ad73 ,! s]vices we r5d] are m pleas+ :5 we might lawfully n r5d] !m1 yet d s out ( love4 ,n[ x is lawful n to r5d] a s]vice :i* we h n v[$1 :]eas x is unlawful if we h v[$ to r5d] x4 ,!re=e seem+ly x is m pleas+ to ,god to keep pov]ty1 cont95ce1 & ob$i5ce )\t a v[4 ,!re=e a v[ is n requisite = religi\s p]fection4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ! ,old ,law ! ,naz>eans 7 consecrat$ by v[ accord+ to ,num4 #f3b1 ,:5 a man or woman %all make a v[ to be sanctifi$ & w consecrate !mselves to ! ,"l1 etc4 ,n[ ^! 7 a figure ( ^? :o atta9 ! summit ( p]fection1 z a gloss 99,cf4 ,moral4 ii ( ,gregory /ates4 ,!re=e a v[ is requisite = religi\s p]fection4 ,i answ] t1 ,x belongs to religi\s to be 9 ! /ate ( p]fection1 z %[n above 7,q4 #agd1 ,a4 #e74 ,n[ ! /ate ( p]fection requires an obligation to :atev] belongs to p]fection3 & ?is obligation consi/s 9 b9d+ oneself to ,god by means ( a v[4 ,b x is evid5t f :at has be5 said 7,,aa4 #c1 #d1 #e7 t pov]ty1 cont95ce1 & ob$i5ce belong to ! p]fection ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,consequ5tly ! religi\s /ate requires t "o be b\nd to ^! ?ree by v[4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,hom4 xx 9 ,eze*473 ,:5 a man v[s to ,god all 8 possessions1 all 8 life1 all 8 k1 x is a holocau/2 & aft]w>ds he says t ?is ref]s to ^? :o r5\nce ! pres5t _w4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,our ,"l decl>$ t x belongs to ! p]fection ( life t a man foll[ ,him1 n anyh[1 b 9 su* a way z n to turn back4 ,:]e=e ,he says aga9 7,luke #i3fb73 ,no man putt+ 8 h& to ! pl\gh1 & look+ back1 is fit = ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,& ?\gh "s ( ,8 disciples w5t back1 yet :5 our ,"l ask$ 7,john #f3fh1 #fi71 ,w y also g away8 ,pet] answ]$ = ! o!rs3 ,"l1 to :om %all we g8 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,cons5su ,ev4 ii1 #ag7 t z ,mat!w & ,m>k relate1 ,pet] & ,&rew foll[$ ,him aft] draw+ _! boats on to ! bea*1 n z ?\gh !y purpos$ to return1 b z foll[+ ,him at ,8 comm&4 ,n[ ?is unwav]+ foll[+ ( ,*ri/ is made fa/ by a v[3 :]e=e a v[ is requisite = religi\s p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,gregory says 7,moral4 ii7 religi\s p]fection requires t a man give 8 :ole life to ,god4 ,b a man _c actually give ,god 8 :ole life1 because t life tak5 z a :ole is n simultane\s b successive4 ,h5ce a man _c give 8 :ole life to ,god o!rwise ?an by ! obligation ( a v[4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,among o!r s]vices t we c lawfully give1 is our lib]ty1 :i* is de>] to man ?an aught else4 ,consequ5tly :5 a man ( 8 own accord deprives himself by v[ ( ! lib]ty ( ab/a9+ f ?+s p]ta9+ to ,god's s]vice1 ?is is mo/ acceptable to ,god4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 cxxvii ad ,paul94 et ,arm5t473 ,rep5t n ( ?y v[2 rejoice r t ?\ can/ no long] d lawfully1 :at ?\ mighte/ h done lawfully b to ?y own co/4 ,happy ! obligation t compels to bett] ?+s4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahf1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,x ,is ,"r to ,say ,t ,religi\s ,p]fection ,consi/s 9 ,^! ,?ree ,v[s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t x is n "r to say t religi\s p]fection consi/s 9 ^! ?ree v[s4 ,= ! p]fection ( life consi/s ( inw>d r ?an ( outw>d acts1 accord+ to ,rom4 #ad3ag1 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god is n meat & dr9k1 b ju/ice & peace & joy 9 ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ ! religi\s v[ b9ds a man to ?+s belong+ to p]fection4 ,!re=e v[s ( inw>d actions1 su* z contemplation1 love ( ,god & our neighbor1 & s =?1 %\ld p]ta9 to ! religi\s /ate1 r ?an ! v[s ( pov]ty1 cont95ce1 & ob$i5ce :i* ref] to outw>d actions4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ?ree a=esaid come "u ! religi\s v[1 9 s f> z !y belong to ! practice ( t5d+ to p]fection4 ,b !re are _m o!r ?+s t religi\s practice1 su* z ab/95ce1 wat*+s1 & ! l4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ^! ?ree v[s are incorrectly describ$ z p]ta9+ to ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 by ! v[ ( ob$i5ce a man is b\nd to d accord+ to 8 sup]ior's comm& :atev] p]ta9s to ! practice ( p]fection4 ,!re=e ! v[ ( ob$i5ce suffices )\t ! two o!r v[s4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ext]nal goods comprise n only ri*es b also honors4 ,!re=e1 if religi\s1 by ! v[ ( pov]ty1 r5\nce e>?ly ri*es1 !re %\ld be ano!r v[ :]eby !y may despise worldly honors4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 7,extra1 de ,/atu ,mona*41 cap4 ,cum ad mona/]ium7 t ! keep+ ( *a/ity & ! r5\nc+ ( prop]ty are affix$ to ! mona/ic rule4 ,i answ] t1 ,! religi\s /ate may be consid]$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 z be+ a practice ( t5d+ to ! p]fection ( *>ity3 secondly1 z quiet+ ! human m9d f outw>d solicitude1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #g3cb3 ,i w\ld h y to be )\t solicitude3 ?irdly1 z a holocau/ :]eby a man (f]s himself & 8 possessions :olly to ,god2 & 9 correspond+ mann] ! religi\s /ate is con/itut$ by ^! ?ree v[s4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! practice ( p]fection a man is requir$ to remove f himself :atev] may h9d] 8 affections f t5d+ :olly to ,god1 = x is 9 ?is t ! p]fection ( *>ity consi/s4 ,su* h9drances are ( ?ree k9ds4 ,fir/1 ! atta*m5t to ext]nal goods1 :i* is remov$ by ! v[ ( pov]ty2 secondly1 ! concupisc5ce ( s5sible pleasures1 *ief among :i* are v5]eal pleasures1 & ^! are remov$ by ! v[ ( cont95ce2 ?irdly1 ! inord9at5ess ( ! human w1 & ?is is remov$ by ! v[ ( ob$i5ce4 ,9 l mann] ! disquiet ( worldly solicitude is ar\s$ 9 man 9 ref]5ce especially to ?ree ?+s4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! disp5s+ ( ext]nal ?+s1 & ?is solicitude is remov$ f man by ! v[ ( pov]ty2 secondly1 z reg>ds ! control ( wife & *ildr51 :i* is cut away by ! v[ ( cont95ce2 ?irdly1 z reg>ds ! disposal ( "o's own actions1 :i* is elim9at$ by ! v[ ( ob$i5ce1 :]eby a man commits himself to ! disposal ( ano!r4 ,aga91 a holocau/ is ! (f]+ to ,god ( all t "o has1 accord+ to ,gregory 7,hom4 xx 9 ,eze*474 ,n[ man has a ?reefold good1 accord+ to ! ,philosoph] 7,e?ic4 i1 #h74 ,fir/1 ! good ( ext]nal ?+s1 :i* he :olly (f]s to ,god by ! v[ ( volunt>y pov]ty3 secondly1 ! good ( 8 own body1 & ?is good he (f]s to ,god especially by ! v[ ( cont95ce1 :]eby he r5\nces ! greate/ bodily pleasures4 ,! ?ird is ! good ( ! s\l1 :i* man :olly (f]s to ,god by ! v[ ( ob$i5ce1 :]eby he (f]s ,god 8 own w by :i* he makes use ( all ! p[]s & habits ( ! s\l4 ,!re=e ! religi\s /ate is fitt+ly con/itut$ by ! ?ree v[s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! end :]eunto ! religi\s v[ is direct$ is ! p]fection ( *>ity1 s9ce all ! int]ior acts ( virtue belong to *>ity z to _! "m1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #ac3d1 ,*>ity is pati5t1 is k9d1 etc4 ,h5ce ! int]ior acts ( virtue1 = in/ance humility1 pati5ce1 & s =?1 d n come "u ! religi\s v[1 b ?is is direct$ to !m z its end4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,all o!r religi\s obs]vances are direct$ to ! ?ree a=esaid pr9cipal v[s2 = if any ( !m are orda9$ = ! purpose ( procur+ a livelihood1 su* z labor1 que/+1 & s on1 !y are to be ref]r$ to pov]ty2 = ! safegu>d+ ( :i* religi\s seek a livelihood by ^! means4 ,o!r obs]vances :]eby ! body is *a/is$1 su* z wat*+1 fa/+1 & ! l1 are directly orda9$ = ! obs]vance ( ! v[ ( cont95ce4 ,& su* religi\s obs]vances z reg>d human actions :]eby a man is direct$ to ! end ( religion1 namely ! love ( ,god & 8 neighbor 7su* z read+1 pray]1 visit+ ! sick1 & ! l71 are compris$ "u ! v[ ( ob$i5ce t applies to ! w1 :i* directs its actions to ! end accord+ to ! ord]+ ( ano!r p]son4 ,! di/9ction ( habit belongs to all ?ree v[s1 z a sign ( be+ b\nd by !m3 :]e=e ! religi\s habit is giv5 or bless$ at ! "t ( pr(ession4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,by ob$i5ce a man (f]s to ,god 8 w1 to :i* ?\gh all human affairs are subject1 yet "s are subject to x alone 9 a special mann]1 namely human actions1 s9ce passions belong also to ! s5sitive appetite4 ,:]e=e 9 ord] to re/ra9 ! passions ( c>nal pleasures & ( ext]nal objects ( appetite1 :i* h9d] ! p]fection ( life1 !re 0 ne$ = ! v[s ( cont95ce & pov]ty2 b = ! ord]+ ( "o's own actions accord+ly z ! /ate ( p]fection requires1 !re 0 ne$ = ! v[ ( ob$i5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iv1 #c71 /rictly & truly speak+ honor is n due save to virtue4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ext]nal goods s]ve in/rum5tally = c]ta9 acts ( virtue1 ! consequ5ce is t a c]ta9 honor is giv5 to _! excell5ce especially by ! common p :o ackn[l$ge none b outw>d excell5ce4 ,!re=e s9ce religi\s t5d to ! p]fection ( virtue x becomes !m n to r5\nce ! honor :i* ,god & all holy m5 accord to virtue1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ach3ag1 ,b to me ,?y fri5ds1 ,o ,god1 are made exce$+ly honorable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y r5\nce ! honor t is giv5 to outw>d excell5ce1 by ! v fact t !y )draw f a worldly life3 h5ce no special v[ is ne$$ = ?is4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahf1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,v[ ( ,ob$i5ce ,is ! ,*ief ( ! ,?ree ,religi\s ,v[s8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! v[ ( ob$i5ce is n ! *ief ( ! ?ree religi\s v[s4 ,= ! p]fection ( ! religi\s life 0 inaugurat$ by ,*ri/4 ,n[ ,*ri/ gave a special c\nsel ( pov]ty2 :]eas ,he is n /at$ to h giv5 a special c\nsel ( ob$i5ce4 ,!re=e ! v[ ( pov]ty is great] ?an ! v[ ( ob$i5ce4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #bf3bj7 t no price is wor?y ( a cont95t s\l4 ,n[ ! v[ ( t :i* is m wor?y is itself m excell5t4 ,!re=e ! v[ ( cont95ce is m excell5t ?an ! v[ ( ob$i5ce4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! great] a v[ ! m indisp5sable x w\ld seem to be4 ,n[ ! v[s ( pov]ty & cont95ce are s insep>able f ! mona/ic rule1 t n ev5 ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff c all[ !m to be brok51 accord+ to a ,decretal 7,de ,/atu ,mona*41 cap4 ,cum ad mona/]ium73 yet he c disp5se a religi\s f obey+ 8 sup]ior4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! v[ ( ob$i5ce is less ?an ! v[ ( pov]ty & cont95ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxxv1 #ad73 ,ob$i5ce is rightly plac$ be=e victims1 s9ce by victims ano!r's fle%1 b by ob$i5ce "o's own w1 is sacrific$4 ,n[ ! religi\s v[s are holocau/s1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #c1 ad #f74 ,!re=e ! v[ ( ob$i5ce is ! *ief ( all religi\s v[s4 ,i answ] t1 ,! v[ ( ob$i5ce is ! *ief ( ! ?ree religi\s v[s1 & ?is = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because by ! v[ ( ob$i5ce man (f]s ,god some?+ great]1 namely 8 own w2 = ?is is ( m acc\nt ?an 8 own body1 :i* he (f]s ,god by cont95ce1 & ?an ext]nal ?+s1 :i* he (f]s ,god by ! v[ ( pov]ty4 ,:]e=e t :i* is done out ( ob$i5ce is m acceptable to ,god ?an t :i* is done ( "o's own w1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,j]ome 7,ep4 cxxv ad ,ru/ic ,mona*473 ,my words are int5d$ to tea* y n to rely on y\r own judgm5t3 & a little fur!r on he says3 ,y may n d :at y w2 y mu/ eat :at y are bidd5 to eat1 y may possess z mu* z y receive1 clo! y\rself ) :at is giv5 to y4 ,h5ce fa/+ is n acceptable to ,god if x is done ( "o's own w1 accord+ to ,isa4 #eh3c1 ,behold 9 ! day ( y\r fa/ y\r own w is f\nd4 ,secondly1 because ! v[ ( ob$i5ce includes ! o!r v[s1 b n vice v]sa3 = a religi\s1 ?\gh b\nd by v[ to obs]ve cont95ce & pov]ty1 yet ^! also come "u ob$i5ce1 z well z _m o!r ?+s besides ! keep+ ( cont95ce & pov]ty4 ,?irdly1 because ! v[ ( ob$i5ce ext5ds prop]ly to ^? acts t are closely connect$ ) ! end ( religion2 & ! m closely a ?+ is connect$ ) ! end1 ! bett] x is4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! v[ ( ob$i5ce is m ess5tial to ! religi\s life4 ,= if a man )\t tak+ a v[ ( ob$i5ce 7 to obs]ve1 ev5 by v[1 volunt>y pov]ty & cont95ce1 he w\ld n !re=e belong to ! religi\s /ate1 :i* is to be pref]r$ to virg9ity obs]v$ ev5 by v[2 = ,augu/9e says 7,de ,virg94 xlvi73 ,no "o1 me?9ks1 w\ld pref] virg9ity to ! mona/ic life4 99,/4 ,augu/9e wrote n mona/]io b m>tyrio--to m>tyrdom2 & ,/4 ,?omas quotes ! passage correctly above1 ,q4 #abd1 ,a4 #c1 & ,q4 #aeb1 ,a4 #e4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! c\nsel ( ob$i5ce 0 includ$ 9 ! v foll[+ ( ,*ri/1 s9ce to obey is to foll[ ano!r's w4 ,consequ5tly x is m p]t95t to p]fection ?an ! v[ ( pov]ty1 because z ,j]ome1 comm5t+ on ,matt4 #ai3bg1 ,behold we h left all ?+s1 obs]ves1 ,pet] add$ t :i* is p]fect :5 he said3 ,& h foll[$ ,!e4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! words quot$ mean t cont95ce is to be pref]r$1 n to all o!r acts ( virtue1 b to conjugal *a/ity1 or to ext]nal ri*es ( gold & silv] :i* are measur$ by weight 99,pond]e1 ref]r+ to ! ,lat9 pond]atio 9 ! ,vulgate1 :i* ! ,d\ay v]sion r5d]s price44 ,or aga9 cont95ce is tak5 9 a g5]al s5se = ab/95ce f all evil1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #aee1 ,a4 #d1 ad #a74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! ,pope _c disp5se a religi\s f 8 v[ ( ob$i5ce s z to release him f ob$i5ce to e sup]ior 9 matt]s relat+ to ! p]fection ( life1 = he _c exempt him f ob$i5ce to himself4 ,he c1 h[ev]1 exempt him f subjection to a l[] sup]ior1 b ?is is n to disp5se him f 8 v[ ( ob$i5ce4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahf1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r a ,religi\s ,s9s ,mortally ,:5ev] ,he ,transgresses ! ,?+s ,conta9$ 9 ,8 ,rule8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a religi\s s9s mortally :5ev] he transgresses ! ?+s conta9$ 9 8 rule4 ,= to break a v[ is a s9 wor?y ( condemnation1 z appe>s f #a ,tim4 #e3aa1 #ab1 :]e ! ,apo/le says t wid[s :o w m>ry h ,vulg43 'hav+' damnation1 because !y h made void _! fir/ fai?4 ,b religi\s are b\nd to a rule by ! v[s ( _! pr(ession4 ,!re=e !y s9 mortally by transgress+ ! ?+s conta9$ 9 _! rule4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! rule is enjo9$ ^u a religi\s 9 ! same way z a law4 ,n[ he :o transgresses a precept ( law s9s mortally4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t a monk s9s mortally if he transgresses ! ?+s conta9$ 9 8 rule4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 contempt involves a mortal s94 ,n[ :oev] repeat$ly does :at he ought n to d seems to s9 f contempt4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t a religi\s s9s mortally by frequ5tly transgress+ ! ?+s conta9$ 9 8 rule4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! religi\s /ate is saf] ?an ! secul> /ate2 :]e=e ,gregory at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,morals 99,epi/4 ,missoria1 ad ,le&4 ,episc4 i comp>es ! secul> life to ! /ormy sea1 & ! religi\s life to ! calm port4 ,b if e transgression ( ! ?+s conta9$ 9 8 rule 7 to involve a religi\s 9 mortal s91 ! religi\s life w\ld be fraught ) dang] ( acc\nt ( its multitude ( obs]vances4 ,!re=e n e transgression ( ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! rule is a mortal s94 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a1 ad #a1 #b71 a ?+ is conta9$ 9 ! rule 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z ! end ( ! rule1 = in/ance ?+s t p]ta9 to ! acts ( ! virtues2 & ! transgression ( ^!1 z reg>ds ^? :i* come "u a common precept1 involves a mortal s92 b z reg>ds ^? :i* are n includ$ 9 ! common obligation ( a precept1 ! transgression !re( does n involve a mortal s91 except by reason ( contempt1 because1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 a religi\s is n b\nd to be p]fect1 b to t5d to p]fection1 to :i* ! contempt ( p]fection is oppos$4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is conta9$ 9 ! rule ?r\gh p]ta9+ to ! outw>d practice1 su* z all ext]nal obs]vances1 to "s ( :i* a religi\s is b\nd by ! v[ ( 8 pr(ession4 ,n[ ! v[ ( pr(ession reg>ds *iefly ! ?ree ?+s a=esaid1 namely pov]ty1 cont95ce1 & ob$i5ce1 :ile all o!rs are direct$ to ^!4 ,consequ5tly ! transgression ( ^! ?ree involves a mortal s91 :ile ! transgression ( ! o!rs does n involve a mortal s91 except ei!r by reason ( contempt ( ! rule 7s9ce ?is is directly contr>y to ! pr(ession :]eby a man v[s to live accord+ to ! rule71 or by reason ( a precept1 :e!r giv5 orally by a sup]ior1 or express$ 9 ! rule1 s9ce ?is w\ld be to act contr>y to ! v[ ( ob$i5ce4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he :o pr(esses a rule does n v[ to obs]ve all ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! rule1 b he v[s ! regul> life :i* consi/s ess5tially 9 ! ?ree a=esaid ?+s4 ,h5ce 9 c]ta9 religi\s ord]s precaution is tak5 to pr(ess1 n ! rule1 b to live accord+ to ! rule1 i4e4 to t5d to =m "o's conduct 9 accordance ) ! rule z a k9d ( model2 & ?is is set aside by contempt4 ,yet great] precaution is obs]v$ 9 "s religi\s ord]s by pr(ess+ ob$i5ce accord+ to ! rule1 s t only t :i* is contr>y to a precept ( ! rule is contr>y to ! pr(ession1 :ile ! transgression or omission ( o!r ?+s b9ds only "u pa9 ( v5ial s91 because1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #g1 ad #b71 su* ?+s are dispositions to ! *ief v[s4 ,& v5ial s9 is a disposition to mortal1 z /at$ above 7,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #c71 inasmu* z x h9d]s ^? ?+s :]eby a man is dispos$ to keep ! *ief precepts ( ,*ri/'s law1 namely ! precepts ( *>ity4 ,!re is also a religi\s ord]1 t ( ! ,fri>s ,prea*]s1 :]e su* l transgressions or omissions d n1 by _! v nature1 involve s91 ei!r mortal or v5ial2 b !y b9d "o to suff] ! puni%m5t affix$ !reto1 because x is 9 ?is way t !y are b\nd to obs]ve su* ?+s4 ,nev]!less !y may s9 v5ially or mortally ?r\gh neglect1 concupisc5ce1 or contempt4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,n all ! cont5ts ( ! law are set =? by way ( precept2 = "s are express$ "u ! =m ( ord9ance or /atute b9d+ "u pa9 ( a fix$ puni%m5t4 ,accord+ly1 j z 9 ! civil law ! transgression ( a legal /atute does n always r5d] a man des]v+ ( bodily dea?1 s nei!r 9 ! law ( ! ,*ur* does e ord9ance or /atute b9d "u mortal s92 & ! same applies to ! /atutes ( ! rule4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,an action or transgression proce$s f contempt :5 a man's w refuses to submit to ! ord9ance ( ! law or rule1 & f ?is he proce$s to act aga9/ ! law or rule4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he does n s9 f contempt1 b f "s o!r cause1 :5 he is l$ to d some?+ aga9/ ! ord9ance ( ! law or rule ?r\gh "s p>ticul> cause su* z concupisc5ce or ang]1 ev5 ?\gh he (t5 repeat ! same k9d ( s9 ?r\gh ! same or "s o!r cause4 ,?us ,augu/9e says 7,de ,nat4 et ,grat4 xxix7 t n all s9s are committ$ ?r\gh pr\d contempt4 ,nev]!less ! frequ5t repetition ( a s9 leads dispositively to contempt1 accord+ to ! words ( ,prov4 #ah3c1 ,! wick$ man1 :5 he is come into ! dep? ( s9s1 contemne?4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahf1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r a ,religi\s ,s9s ,m ,griev\sly ,?an a ,secul> by ! ,same ,k9d ( ,s98 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a religi\s does n s9 m griev\sly ?an a secul> by ! same k9d ( s94 ,= x is writt5 7#b ,p>alip4 #cj3ah1 #ai73 ,! ,"l ,:o is good w %[ m]cy to all !m :o ) _! :ole he>t seek ! ,"l ! ,god ( _! fa!rs1 & w n impute x to !m t !y are n sanctifi$4 ,n[ religi\s app>5tly foll[ ! ,"l ! ,god ( _! fa!rs ) _! :ole he>t r ?an secul>s1 :o p>tly give !mselves & _! possessions to ,god & res]ve "p = !mselves1 z ,gregory says 7,hom4 xx 9 ,eze*474 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t x is less imput$ to !m if !y fall %ort some:at ( _! sanctification4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,god is less ang]$ at a man's s9s if he does "s good de$s1 accord+ to #b ,p>alip4 #ai3b1 #c1 ,?\ helpe/ ! ungodly1 & ?\ art jo9$ 9 fri5d%ip ) !m t hate ! ,"l1 & !re=e ?\ did/ des]ve inde$ ! wra? ( ! ,"l3 b good works are f\nd 9 !e4 ,n[ religi\s d m good works ?an secul>s4 ,!re=e if !y commit any s9s1 ,god is less angry ) !m4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ?is pres5t life is n c>ri$ ?r\gh )\t s91 accord+ to ,james #c3b1 ,9 _m ?+s we all (f5d4 ,!re=e if ! s9s ( religi\s 7 m griev\s ?an ^? ( secul>s x w\ld foll[ t religi\s are worse (f ?an secul>s3 & consequ5tly x w\ld n be a :olesome c\nsel to ent] religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! great] ! evil ! m x w\ld seem to be deplor$4 ,b seem+ly ! s9s ( ^? :o are 9 ! /ate ( hol9ess & p]fection are ! mo/ deplorable1 = x is writt5 7,j]4 #bc3i73 ,my he>t is brok5 )9 me1 & aft]w>ds 7,j]4 #bc3aa73 ,= ! prophet & ! prie/ are defil$2 & 9 ,my h\se ,i h f\nd _! wick$ness4 ,!re=e religi\s & o!rs :o are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 s9 m griev\sly4 ,i answ] t1 ,a s9 committ$ by a religi\s may be 9 ?ree ways m griev\s ?an a l s9 committ$ by a secul>4 ,fir/1 if x be aga9/ 8 religi\s v[2 = in/ance if he be guilty ( =nication or !ft1 because by =nication he acts aga9/ ! v[ ( cont95ce1 & by !ft aga9/ ! v[ ( pov]ty2 & n m]ely aga9/ a precept ( ! div9e law4 ,secondly1 if he s9 out ( contempt1 because !reby he w\ld seem to be ! m ungrateful = ! div9e favors :i* h rais$ him to ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,?us ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aj3bi7 t ! believ] des]ve? worse puni%m5ts :o ?r\gh contempt tramples "u foot ! ,son ( ,god4 ,h5ce ! ,"l compla9s 7,j]4 #aa3ae73 ,:at is ! mean+ t ,my belov$ ha? wr\ght mu* wick$ness 9 ,my h\se8 ,?irdly1 ! s9 ( a religi\s may be great] on acc\nt ( sc&al1 because _m take note ( 8 mann] ( life3 :]e=e x is writt5 7,j]4 #bc3ad73 ,i h se5 ! lik5ess ( adult]]s1 & ! way ( ly+ 9 ! ,prophets ( ,j]usalem2 & !y /r5g!n$ ! h&s ( ! wick$1 t no man %\ld return f 8 evil do+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a religi\s1 n out ( contempt1 b out ( weakness or ignorance1 commit a s9 t is n aga9/ ! v[ ( 8 pr(ession1 )\t giv+ sc&al 7= in/ance if he commit x 9 secret7 he s9s less griev\sly 9 ! same k9d ( s9 ?an a secul>1 because 8 s9 if slight is absorb$ z x 7 by 8 _m good works1 & if x be mortal1 he m easily recov]s f x4 ,fir/1 because he has a "r int5tion t[>ds ,god1 & ?\gh x be int]cept$ = ! mom5t1 x is easily re/or$ to its =m] object4 ,h5ce ,orig5 comm5t+ on ,ps4 #cf3bd1 ,:5 he %all fall he %all n be bruis$1 says 7,hom4 iv 9 ,ps4 #cf73 ,! wick$ man1 if he s91 rep5ts n1 & fails to make am5ds = 8 s94 ,b ! j man kn[s h[ to make am5ds & recov] himself2 ev5 z he :o _h said3 ',i "k n ! man1' %ortly aft]w>ds :5 ! ,"l _h look$ on him1 knew to %$ mo/ bitt] te>s1 & he :o f ! ro( _h se5 a woman & desir$ h] knew to say3 ',i h s9n$ & done evil be=e ,!e4' ,secondly1 he is assi/$ by 8 fell[-religi\s to rise aga91 accord+ to ,eccles4 #d3aj1 ,if "o fall he %all be support$ by ! o!r3 woe to him t is alone1 = :5 he falle? he ha? none to lift him up4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! words quot$ ref] to ?+s done ?r\gh weakness or ignorance1 b n to ^? t are done out ( contempt4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,josaphat also1 to :om ^! words 7 address$1 s9n$ n out ( contempt1 b out ( a c]ta9 weakness ( human affection4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! j s9 n easily out ( contempt2 b sometimes !y fall into a s9 ?r\gh ignorance or weakness f :i* !y easily arise4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y g s f> z to s9 out ( contempt1 !y become mo/ wick$ & incorrigible1 accord+ to ! ^w ( ,j]4 #b3bj3 ,?\ ha/ brok5 ,my yoke1 ?\ ha/ bur/ ,my b&s1 & ?\ ha/ said3 ',i w n s]ve4' ,= on e high hill & "u e gre5 tree ?\ did/ pro/itute ?yself4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 lxxviii ad ,pleb4 ,hippon473 ,f ! "t ,i began to s]ve ,god1 ev5 z ,i sc>cely f\nd bett] m5 ?an ^? :o made progress 9 mona/]ies1 s h ,i n f\nd worse ?an ^? :o 9 ! mona/]y h fall54 ,,"q #ahg ,,( ,,^? ,,?+s ,,t ,,are ,,compet5t ,,to ,,religi\s 7,9 ,six ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! ?+s t are compet5t to religi\s2 & "u ?is head !re are six po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r x is lawful = !m to tea*1 prea*1 & d l ?+s8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful = !m to m$dle 9 secul> bus9ess8 7#c7 ,:e!r !y are b\nd to manual labor8 7#d7 ,:e!r x is lawful = !m to live on alms8 7#e7 ,:e!r x is lawful = !m to que/8 7#f7 ,:e!r x is lawful = !m to we> co>s] clo!s ?an o!r p]sons8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahg1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = ,religi\s to ,tea*1 ,prea*1 & ! ,l8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful = religi\s to tea*1 prea*1 & ! l4 ,= x is said 7,,vii1 qu4 i1 c4 ,hoc nequaquam7 9 an ord9ance ( a synod ( ,con/ant9ople 99,pseudosynod held by ,photius 9 ! ye> #hgi3 ,! mona/ic life is "o ( subjection & disciple%ip1 n ( tea*+1 au?ority1 or pa/oral c>e4 ,& ,j]ome says 7ad ,rip>4 et ,desid]4 99,contra ,vigilant4 xvi73 ,a monk's duty is n to tea* b to lam5t4 ,aga9 ,pope ,leo 99,leo ,i1 ,ep4 cxx ad ,!odoret41 #f1 cf4 ,,xvi1 qu4 i1 c4 ,adjicimus3 says ,let none d>e to prea* save ! prie/s ( ! ,"l1 be he monk or layman1 & no matt] :at k he may boa/ ( hav+4 ,n[ x is n lawful to exce$ ! b\nds ( "o's (fice or transgress ! ord9ance ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!re=e seem+ly x is unlawful = religi\s to tea*1 prea*1 & ! l4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 9 an ord9ance ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicea 7cf4 ,,xvi1 qu4 i1 c4 ,placuit7 x is laid d[n z foll[s3 ,x is our absolute & p]emptory comm& address$ to all t monks %all n he> confessions except ( "o ano!r1 z is "r1 t !y %all n bury ! dead except ^? dwell+ ) !m 9 ! mona/]y1 or if by *ance a bro!r happ5 to die :ile on a visit4 ,b j z ! above belong to ! duty ( cl]ics1 s also d prea*+ & tea*+4 ,!re=e s9ce ! bus9ess ( a monk diff]s f t ( a cl]ic1 z ,j]ome says 7,ep4 xiv ad ,heliod471 x w\ld seem unlawful = religi\s to prea*1 tea*1 & ! l4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,regi/4 v1 ,ep4 #a73 ,no man c fulfil ecclesia/ical duties1 & keep consi/5tly to ! mona/ic rule3 & ?is is quot$ ,,xvi1 qu4 i1 c4 ,nemo pote/4 ,n[ monks are b\nd to keep consi/5tly to ! mona/ic rule4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !y _c fulfil ecclesia/ical duties1 :]e( tea*+ & prea*+ are a "p4 ,!re=e seem+ly x is unlawful = !m to prea*1 tea*1 & d simil> ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory is quot$ 7,,xvi1 qu4 i1 c4 ,ex auctoritate7 z say+3 ,by au?ority ( ?is decree fram$ 9 virtue ( our apo/olic p[] & ! duty ( our (fice1 be x lawful to monk prie/s :o are configur$ to ! apo/les1 to prea*1 baptize1 give communion1 pray = s9n]s1 impose p5ance1 & absolve f s94 ,i answ] t1 ,a ?+ is decl>$ to be unlawful to a p]son 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 because !re is some?+ 9 him contr>y to t :i* is decl>$ unlawful to him3 ?us to no man is x lawful to s91 because ea* man has 9 himself reason & an obligation to ,god's law1 to :i* ?+s s9 is contr>y4 ,& 9 ?is way x is said to be unlawful = a p]son to prea*1 tea*1 or d l ?+s1 because !re is 9 him some?+ incompatible ) ^! ?+s1 ei!r by reason ( a precept--?us ^? :o are irregul> by ord9ance ( ! ,*ur* may n be rais$ to ! sacr$ ord]s--or by reason ( s91 accord+ to ,ps4 #di3af1 ,b to ! s9n] ,god ha? said3 ,:y do/ ?\ decl>e ,my ju/ice8 ,9 ?is way x is n unlawful = religi\s to prea*1 tea*1 & d l ?+s1 bo? because !y are b\nd nei!r by v[ nor by precept ( _! rule to ab/a9 f ^! ?+s1 & because !y are n r5d]$ less apt = ^! ?+s by any s9 committ$1 b on ! contr>y !y are ! m apt ?r\gh hav+ tak5 ^u !mselves ! practice ( hol9ess4 ,= x is fooli% to say t a man is r5d]$ less fit = spiritual duties ?r\gh advanc+ himself 9 hol9ess2 & consequ5tly x is fooli% to decl>e t ! religi\s /ate is an ob/acle to ! fulfilm5t ( su* l duties4 ,?is error is reject$ by ,pope ,boniface 99,boniface ,,iv = ! reasons giv5 above4 ,8 words :i* are quot$ 7,,xvi1 qu4 i1 c4 ,sunt4 nonnulli7 are ^!3 ,!re are "s :o )\t any dogmatic pro(1 & ) extreme d>+1 inspir$ ) a zeal r ( bitt]ness ?an ( love1 ass]t t monks ?\gh !y be dead to ! _w & live to ,god1 are unwor?y ( ! p[] ( ! prie/ly (fice1 & t !y _c conf] p5ance1 nor *ri/51 nor absolve 9 virtue ( ! p[] div9ely be/[$ on !m 9 ! prie/ly (fice4 ,b !y are altoge!r wrong4 ,he proves ?is fir/ because x is n contr>y to ! rule2 ?us he cont9ues3 ,= nei!r did ! ,bless$ ,b5$ict ! sa9tly tea*] ( monks =bid ?is 9 any way1 nor is x =bidd5 9 o!r rules4 ,secondly1 he refutes ! above error f ! usefulness ( ! monks1 :5 he adds at ! end ( ! same *apt]3 ,! m p]fect a man is1 ! m effective is he 9 ^!1 namely 9 spiritual works4 ,secondly1 a ?+ is said to be unlawful = a man1 n on acc\nt ( !re be+ 9 him some?+ contr>y !reto1 b because he lacks t :i* enables him to d x3 ?us x is unlawful = a deacon to say mass1 because he is n 9 prie/ly ord]s2 & x is unlawful = a prie/ to deliv] judgm5t because he lacks ! episcopal au?ority4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 a di/9ction mu/ be made4 ,because ^? ?+s :i* are a matt] ( an ord]1 _c be deput$ to "o :o has n ! ord]1 :]eas matt]s ( jurisdiction c be deput$ to ^? :o h n ord9>y jurisdiction3 ?us ! deliv]y ( a judgm5t is deput$ by ! bi%op to a simple prie/4 ,9 ?is s5se x is said to be unlawful = monks & o!r religi\s to prea*1 tea*1 & s =?1 because ! religi\s /ate does n give !m ! p[] to d ^! ?+s4 ,!y c1 h[ev]1 d !m if !y receive ord]s1 or ord9>y jurisdiction1 or if matt]s ( jurisdiction be delegat$ to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x results f ! words quot$ t ! fact ( _! be+ monks does n give monks ! p[] to d ^! ?+s1 yet x does n involve 9 !m any?+ contr>y to ! p]=mance ( ^! acts4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,aga91 ?is ord9ance ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicea =bids monks to claim ! p[] ( ex]cis+ ^? acts on ! gr\nd ( _! be+ monks1 b x does n =bid ^? acts be+ delegat$ to !m4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,^! two ?+s are incompatible1 namely1 ! ord9>y cure ( ecclesia/ical duties1 & ! obs]vance ( ! mona/ic rule 9 a mona/]y4 ,b ?is does n prev5t monks & o!r religi\s f be+ sometimes occupi$ ) ecclesia/ical duties ?r\gh be+ deput$ !reto by sup]iors hav+ ord9>y cure2 especially memb]s ( religi\s ord]s t are especially in/itut$ = t purpose1 z we %all say fur!r on 7,q4 #ahh1 ,a4 #d74 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahg1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = ,religi\s to ,occupy ,!mselves ) ,secul> ,bus9ess8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful = religi\s to occupy !mselves ) secul> bus9ess4 ,= 9 ! decree quot$ above 7,a4 #a7 ( ,pope ,boniface x is said t ! ,bless$ ,b5$ict bade !m to be altoge!r free f secul> bus9ess2 & ?is is mo/ explicitly prescrib$ by ! apo/olic doctr9e & ! tea*+ ( all ! ,fa!rs1 n only to religi\s1 b also to all ! canonical cl]gy1 accord+ to #b ,tim4 #b3d1 ,no man be+ a soldi] to ,god1 entangle? himself ) secul> bus9ess4 ,n[ x is ! duty ( all religi\s to be soldi]s ( ,god4 ,!re=e x is unlawful = !m to occupy !mselves ) secul> bus9ess4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,!ss4 #d3aa73 ,t y use y\r endeavor to be quiet1 & t y d y\r own bus9ess1 :i* a gloss expla9s ?us--by refra9+ f o!r p's affairs1 s z to be ! bett] able to att5d to ! am5dm5t ( y\r own life4 ,n[ religi\s devote !mselves 9 a special way to ! am5dm5t ( _! life4 ,!re=e !y %\ld n occupy !mselves ) secul> bus9ess4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome1 comm5t+ on ,matt4 #aa3h1 ,behold !y t are clo!d 9 s(t g>m5ts are 9 ! h\ses ( k+s1 says3 ,h5ce we ga!r t an au/]e life & sev]e prea*+ %\ld avoid ! palaces ( k+s & ! mansions ( ! voluptu\s4 ,b ! ne$s ( secul> bus9ess induce m5 to frequ5t ! palaces ( k+s4 ,!re=e x is unlawful = religi\s to occupy !mselves ) secul> bus9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,rom4 #af3a73 ,i comm5d to y ,phoebe our ,si/]1 & fur!r on 7,rom4 #af3b71 t y assi/ h] 9 :atsoev] bus9ess %e %all h ne$ ( y4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahf1 ,,aa4 #a1 #g1 ad #a71 ! religi\s /ate is direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( ! p]fection ( *>ity1 consi/+ pr9cipally 9 ! love ( ,god & second>ily 9 ! love ( our neighbor4 ,consequ5tly t :i* religi\s int5d *iefly & = its own sake is to give !mselves to ,god4 ,yet if _! neighbor be 9 ne$1 !y %\ld att5d to 8 affairs out ( *>ity1 accord+ to ,gal4 #f3b1 ,be> ye "o ano!r's bur!ns3 & s y %all fulfil ! law ( ,*ri/1 s9ce ?r\gh s]v+ _! neighbor = ,god's sake1 !y are ob$i5t to ! div9e love4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,james #a3bg73 ,religion clean & undefil$ be=e ,god & ! ,fa!r1 is ?is3 to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! tribulation1 :i* means1 accord+ to a gloss1 to assi/ ! helpless 9 _! "t ( ne$4 ,we mu/ conclude !re=e t x is unlawful = ei!r monks or cl]ics to c>ry on secul> bus9ess f motives ( av>ice2 b f motives ( *>ity1 & ) _! sup]ior's p]mission1 !y may occupy !mselves ) due mod]ation 9 ! adm9i/ration & direction ( secul> bus9ess4 ,:]e=e x is said 9 ! ,decretals 7,di/4 xxxviii1 c4 ,decrevit73 ,! holy synod decrees t h5ce=? no cl]ic %all buy prop]ty or occupy himself ) secul> bus9ess1 save ) a view to ! c>e ( ! fa!rless1 orphans1 or wid[s1 or :5 ! bi%op ( ! city comm&s him to take *>ge ( ! bus9ess connect$ ) ! ,*ur*4 ,& ! same applies to religi\s z to cl]ics1 because !y are bo? deb>r$ f secul> bus9ess on ! same gr\nds1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,monks are =bidd5 to occupy !mselves ) secul> bus9ess f motives ( av>ice1 b n f motives ( *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,to occupy oneself ) secul> bus9ess on acc\nt ( ano!r's ne$ is n (fici\sness b *>ity4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,to haunt ! palaces ( k+s f motives ( pleasure1 glory1 or av>ice is n becom+ to religi\s1 b !re is no?+ unseemly 9 _! visit+ !m f motives ( piety4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7#d ,k+s #d3ac73 ,ha/ ?\ any bus9ess1 & wilt ?\ t ,i speak to ! k+ or to ! g5]al ( ! army8 ,likewise x becomes religi\s to g to ! palaces ( k+s to rebuke & guide !m1 ev5 z ,john ! ,bapti/ rebuk$ ,h]od1 z relat$ 9 ,matt4 #ad3d4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahg1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,religi\s ,are ,b\nd to ,manual ,labor8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t religi\s are b\nd to manual labor4 ,= religi\s are n exempt f ! obs]vance ( precepts4 ,n[ manual labor is a matt] ( precept accord+ to #a ,!ss4 #d3aa1 ,"w ) y\r own h&s z we comm&$ y2 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xxx73 ,b :o c all[ ^! insol5t m51 namely religi\s t d no "w1 ( :om he is speak+ !re1 :o disreg>d ! mo/ salut>y admoni%m5t ( ! ,apo/le1 n m]ely to be borne ) z be+ weak] ?an o!rs1 b ev5 to prea* z ?\gh !y 7 holi] ?an o!rs4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t religi\s are b\nd to manual labor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 a gloss 99,/4 ,augu/9e1 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xxi7 on #b ,!ss4 #c3aj1 ,if any man w n "w1 nei!r let him eat1 says3 ,"s say t ?is comm& ( ! ,apo/le ref]s to spiritual works1 & n to ! bodily labor ( ! f>m] or craftsman2 & fur!r on3 ,b x is useless = !m to try to hide f !mselves & f o!rs ! fact t !y are unwill+ n only to fulfil1 b ev5 to und]/& ! useful admoni%m5ts ( *>ity2 & aga93 ,he wi%es ,god's s]vants to make a liv+ by work+ ) _! bodies4 ,n[ religi\s especially are call$ s]vants ( ,god1 because !y give !mselves entirely to ! s]vice ( ,god1 z ,dionysius ass]ts 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !y are b\nd to manual labor4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ,augu/9e says 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xvii73 ,i w\ld fa9 "k h[ !y w\ld occupy !mselves1 :o are unwill+ to "w ) _! body4 ,we occupy our "t1 say !y1 ) pray]s1 psalms1 read+1 & ! ^w ( ,god4 ,yet ^! ?+s are no excuse1 & he proves ?is1 z reg>ds ea* 9 p>ticul>4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 z to pray]1 he says3 ,"o pray] ( ! ob$i5t man is soon] grant$ ?an t5 ?\s& pray]s ( ! contemptu\s3 mean+ t ^? are contemptu\s & unwor?y to be he>d :o "w n ) _! h&s4 ,secondly1 z to ! div9e praises he adds3 ,ev5 :ile work+ ) _! h&s !y c easily s+ hymns to ,god4 ,?irdly1 ) reg>d to read+1 he goes on to say3 ,^? :o say !y are occupi$ 9 read+1 d !y n f9d !re :at ! ,apo/le comm&$8 ,:at sort ( p]v]s5ess is ?is1 to wi% to read b n to obey :at "o reads8 ,f\r?ly1 he adds 9 ref]5ce to prea*+ 99,cap4 xviii3 ,if "o has to speak1 & is s busy t he _c sp>e "t = manual "w1 c all 9 ! mona/]y d ?is8 ,& s9ce all _c d ?is1 :y %\ld all make ?is a pretext = be+ exempt8 ,& ev5 if all 7 able1 !y %\ld d s by turns1 n only s t ! o!rs may be occupi$ 9 o!r works1 b also because x suffices t "o speak :ile _m li/54 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t religi\s %\ld n desi/ f manual labor on acc\nt ( su* l spiritual works to :i* !y devote !mselves4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,luke #ab3cc1 ,sell :at y possess1 says3 ,n only give y\r clo!s to ! poor1 b sell :at y possess1 t hav+ once = all r5\nc$ all y\r possessions = ! ,"l's sake1 y may h5ce=? "w ) ! labor ( y\r h&s1 s z to h :]e) to live or to give alms4 ,n[ x belongs prop]ly to religi\s to r5\nce all !y h4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem likewise to belong to !m to live & give alms ?r\gh ! labor ( _! h&s4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 religi\s especially w\ld seem to be b\nd to imitate ! life ( ! apo/les1 s9ce !y pr(ess ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,n[ ! apo/les work$ ) _! own h&s1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #d3ab3 ,we labor1 work+ ) our own h&s4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t religi\s are b\nd to manual labor4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,^? precepts t are commonly enjo9$ ^u all are equally b9d+ on religi\s & secul>s4 ,b ! precept ( manual labor is enjo9$ ^u all 9 common1 z appe>s f #b ,!ss4 #c3f1 ,)draw y\rselves f e bro!r walk+ disord]ly1 etc4 7= by bro!r he signifies e ,*ri/ian1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #g3ab1 ,if any bro!r h a wife t believe? n74 ,n[ x is writt5 9 ! same passage 7#b ,!ss4 #c3aj73 ,if any man w n "w1 nei!r let him eat4 ,!re=e religi\s are n b\nd to manual labor any m ?an secul>s are4 ,i answ] t1 ,manual labor is direct$ to f\r ?+s4 ,fir/ & pr9cipally to obta9 food2 :]e=e x 0 said to ! fir/ man 7,g54 #c3ai73 ,9 ! sweat ( ?y face %alt ?\ eat bread1 & x is writt5 7,ps4 #abg3b73 ,= ?\ %alt eat ! labors ( ?y h&s4 ,secondly1 x is direct$ to ! removal ( idl5ess :5ce arise _m evils2 h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cc3bh1 #bi73 ,s5d ?y slave to "w1 t he be n idle1 = idl5ess ha? taught mu* evil4 ,?irdly1 x is direct$ to ! curb+ ( concupisc5ce1 inasmu* z x is a means ( afflict+ ! body2 h5ce x is writt5 7#b ,cor4 #f3e1 #f73 ,9 labors1 9 wat*+s1 9 fa/+s1 9 *a/ity4 ,f\r?ly1 x is direct$ to almsgiv+1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,eph4 #d3bh73 ,he t /ole1 let him n[ /eal no m2 b r let him labor1 work+ ) 8 h&s ! ?+ :i* is good1 t he may h some?+ to give to him t suff]e? ne$4 ,accord+ly1 9 s f> z manual labor is direct$ to obta9+ food1 x comes "u a necessity ( precept 9 s f> z x is necess>y = t end3 s9ce t :i* is direct$ to an end d]ives its necessity f t end1 be+1 9 effect1 s f> necess>y z ! end _c be obta9$ )\t x4 ,consequ5tly he :o has no o!r means ( livelihood is b\nd to "w ) 8 h&s1 :atev] 8 condition may be4 ,?is is signifi$ by ! words ( ! ,apo/le3 ,if any man w n "w1 nei!r let him eat1 z ?\gh to say3 ,! necessity ( manual labor is ! necessity ( meat4 ,s t if "o c\ld live )\t eat+1 "o w\ld n be b\nd to "w ) "o's h&s4 ,! same applies to ^? :o h no o!r lawful means ( livelihood3 s9ce a man is und]/ood to be unable to d :at he _c d lawfully4 ,:]e=e we f9d t ! ,apo/le prescrib$ manual labor m]ely z a rem$y = ! s9 ( ^? :o ga9$ _! livelihood by unlawful means4 ,= ! ,apo/le ord]$ manual labor fir/ ( all 9 ord] to avoid !ft1 z appe>s f ,eph4 #d3bh1 ,he t /ole1 let him n[ /eal no m2 b r let him labor1 work+ ) 8 h&s4 ,secondly1 to avoid ! covet+ ( o!rs' prop]ty1 :]e=e x is writt5 7#a ,!ss4 #d3aa73 ,"w ) y\r own h&s1 z we comm&$ y1 & t y walk hone/ly t[>ds !m t are )\t4 ,?irdly1 to avoid ! discr$itable pursuits :]eby "s seek a livelihood4 ,h5ce he says 7#b ,!ss4 #c3aj-ab73 ,:5 we 7 ) y1 ?is we decl>$ to y3 t if any man w n "w1 nei!r let him eat4 ,= we h he>d t !re are "s among y :o walk disord]ly1 work+ n at all1 b curi\sly m$dl+ 7namely1 z a gloss expla9s x1 :o make a liv+ by m$dl+ 9 unlawful ?+s74 ,n[ we *>ge !m t are su*1 & besee* !m 4 4 4 t work+ ) sil5ce1 !y w\ld eat _! own bread4 ,h5ce ,j]ome /ates 7,sup] epi/4 ad ,galat4 99,preface to ,bk4 ii ( ,comm5t>y7 t ! ,apo/le said ?is n s mu* 9 8 capacity ( tea*] z on acc\nt ( ! faults ( ! p4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t "u manual labor are compris$ all ^? human occupations :]eby man c lawfully ga9 a livelihood1 :e!r by us+ 8 h&s1 8 feet1 or 8 tongue4 ,= wat*m51 c\ri]s1 & su* l :o live by _! labor1 are und]/ood to live by _! h&iwork3 because1 s9ce ! h& is ! organ ( organs 99,de ,anima iii1 #h1 h&iwork d5otes all k9ds ( "w1 :]eby a man may lawfully ga9 a livelihood4 ,9 s f> z manual labor is direct$ to ! removal ( idl5ess1 or ! affliction ( ! body1 x does n come "u a necessity ( precept if we consid] x 9 itself1 s9ce !re are _m o!r means besides manual labor ( afflict+ ! body or ( remov+ idl5ess3 = ! fle% is afflict$ by fa/+s & wat*+s1 & idl5ess is remov$ by m$itation on ! ,holy ,scriptures & by ! div9e praises4 ,h5ce a gloss on ,ps4 #aah3hb1 ,my eyes h fail$ = ,?y ^w1 says3 ,he is n idle :o m$itates only on ,god's ^w2 nor is he :o works abroad any bett] ?an he :o devotes himself to ! /udy ( kn[+ ! tru?4 ,consequ5tly = ^! reasons religi\s are n b\nd to manual labor1 z nei!r are secul>s1 except :5 !y are s b\nd by ! /atutes ( _! ord]4 ,?us ,j]ome says 7,ep4 cxxv ad ,ru/ic ,mona*473 ,! ,egyptian mona/]ies are wont to admit none unless !y "w or labor1 n s mu* = ! necessities ( life1 z = ! welf>e ( ! s\l1 le/ x be l$ a/ray by wick$ ?\ghts4 ,b 9 s f> z manual labor is direct$ to almsgiv+1 x does n come "u ! necessity ( precept1 save p]*ance 9 "s p>ticul> case1 :5 a man is "u an obligation to give alms1 & has no o!r means ( hav+ ! :]e)al to assi/ ! poor3 = 9 su* a case religi\s w\ld be b\nd z well z secul>s to d manual labor4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is comm& ( ! ,apo/le is ( natural law3 :]e=e a gloss on #b ,!ss4 #c3f1 ,t y )draw y\rselves f e bro!r walk+ disord]ly1 says1 o!rwise ?an ! natural ord] requires1 & he is speak+ ( ^? :o ab/a9$ f manual labor4 ,h5ce nature has provid$ man ) h&s in/ead ( arms & clo!s1 ) :i* %e has provid$ o!r animals1 9 ord] t ) 8 h&s he may obta9 ^! & all o!r necess>ies4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ?is precept1 ev5 z all ! precepts ( ! natural law1 is b9d+ on bo? religi\s & secul>s alike4 ,yet n ev]yone s9s t works n ) 8 h&s1 because ^? precepts ( ! natural law :i* reg>d ! good ( ! _m are n b9d+ on ea* individual1 b x suffices t "o p]son apply himself to ?is bus9ess & ano!r to t2 = in/ance1 t "s be craftsm51 o!rs husb&m51 o!rs judges1 & o!rs tea*]s1 & s =?1 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 #ab3ag71 ,if ! :ole body 7 ! eye1 :]e w\ld be ! he>+8 ,if ! :ole 7 ! he>+1 :]e w\ld be ! smell+8 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,?is gloss is tak5 f ,augu/9e's ,de op]ibus ,mona*orum1 cap4 #ba1 :]e he speaks aga9/ c]ta9 monks :o decl>$ x to be unlawful = ! s]vants ( ,god to "w ) _! h&s1 on acc\nt ( our ,"l's say+ 7,matt4 #f3be73 ,be n solicit\s = y\r life1 :at y %all eat4 ,nev]!less 8 words d n imply t religi\s are b\nd to "w ) _! h&s1 if !y h o!r means ( livelihood4 ,?is is cle> f 8 add+3 ,he wi%es ! s]vants ( ,god to make a liv+ by work+ ) _! bodies4 ,n[ ?is does n apply to religi\s any m ?an to secul>s1 :i* is evid5t = two reasons4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,apo/le expresses himself1 by say+3 ,t y )draw y\rselves f e bro!r walk+ disord]ly4 ,= he calls all ,*ri/ians bro!rs1 s9ce at t "t religi\s ord]s 7 n z yet f\nd$4 ,secondly1 because religi\s h no o!r obligations ?an :at secul>s h1 except z requir$ by ! rule !y pr(ess3 :]e=e if _! rule conta9 no?+ ab\t manual labor1 religi\s are n o!rwise b\nd to manual labor ?an secul>s are4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a man may devote himself 9 two ways to all ! spiritual works m5tion$ by ,augu/9e 9 ! passage quot$3 9 "o way ) a view to ! common good1 9 ano!r ) a view to 8 private advantage4 ,accord+ly ^? :o devote !mselves publicly to ! a=esaid spiritual works are !reby exempt f manual labor = two reasons3 fir/1 because x behooves !m to be occupi$ exclusively ) su* l works2 secondly1 because ^? :o devote !mselves to su* works h a claim to be support$ by ^? = ^: advantage !y "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o devote !mselves to su* works n publicly b privately z x 71 ought n on t acc\nt to be exempt f manual labor1 nor h !y a claim to be support$ by ! (f]+s ( ! fai?ful1 & x is ( ^! t ,augu/9e is speak+4 ,= :5 he says3 ,!y c s+ hymns to ,god ev5 :ile work+ ) _! h&s2 l ! craftsm5 :o give tongue to fable tell+ )\t )draw+ _! h&s f _! "w1 x is cle> t he _c ref] to ^? :o s+ ! canonical h\rs 9 ! *ur*1 b to ^? :o tell psalms or hymns z private pray]s4 ,likewise :at he says ( read+ & pray] is to be ref]r$ to ! private pray] & read+ :i* ev5 lay p d at times1 & n to ^? :o p]=m public pray]s 9 ! *ur*1 or give public lectures 9 ! s*ools4 ,h5ce he does n say3 ,^? :o say !y are occupi$ 9 tea*+ & in/ruct+1 b3 ,^? :o say !y are occupi$ 9 read+4 ,aga9 he speaks ( t prea*+ :i* is address$1 n publicly to ! p1 b to "o or a few 9 p>ticul> by way ( private admoni%m5t4 ,h5ce he says expressly3 ,if "o has to speak4 ,= accord+ to a gloss on #a ,cor4 #b3d1 ,spee* is address$ privately1 prea*+ to _m4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,^? :o despise all = ,god's sake are b\nd to "w ) _! h&s1 :5 !y h no o!r means ( livelihood1 or ( almsgiv+ 7%\ld ! case occur :]e almsgiv+ 7 a matt] ( precept71 b n o!rwise1 z /at$ 9 ! ,article4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! gloss quot$ is to be und]/ood4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,t ! apo/les work$ ) _! h&s 0 sometimes a matt] ( necessity1 sometimes a "w ( sup]]ogation4 ,x 0 ( necessity :5 !y fail$ to receive a livelihood f o!rs4 ,h5ce a gloss on #a ,cor4 #d3ab1 ,we labor1 work+ ) our own h&s1 adds1 because no man give? to u4 ,x 0 sup]]ogation1 z appe>s f #a ,cor4 #i3ab1 :]e ! ,apo/le says t he did n use ! p[] he _h ( liv+ by ! ,gospel4 ,! ,apo/le _h rec\rse to ?is sup]]ogation = ?ree motives4 ,fir/1 9 ord] to deprive ! false apo/les ( ! pretext = prea*+1 = !y prea*$ m]ely = a temporal advantage2 h5ce he says 7#b ,cor4 #aa3ab73 ,b :at ,i d1 t ,i w d t ,i may cut (f ! occasion f !m1 etc4 ,secondly1 9 ord] to avoid burd5+ ^? to :om he prea*$2 h5ce he says 7#b ,cor4 #ab3ac73 ,:at is !re t y h _h less ?an ! o!r *ur*es1 b t ,i myself 0 n bur!nsome to y8 ,?irdly1 9 ord] to give an example ( "w to ! idle2 h5ce he says 7#b ,!ss4 #c3h1 #i73 ,we work$ night & day 4 4 4 t we might give ourselves a patt]n unto y1 to imitate u4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,apo/le did n d ?is 9 places l ,a!ns :]e he _h facilities = prea*+ daily1 z ,augu/9e obs]ves 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xviii74 ,yet religi\s are n = ?is reason b\nd to imitate ! ,apo/le 9 ?is matt]1 s9ce !y are n b\nd to all works ( sup]]ogation3 :]e=e nei!r did ! o!r apo/les "w ) _! h&s4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahg1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = ,religi\s to ,live on ,alms8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful = religi\s to live on alms4 ,= ! ,apo/le 7#a ,tim4 #e3af7 =bids ^? wid[s :o h o!r means ( livelihood to live on ! alms ( ! ,*ur*1 s t ! ,*ur* may h suffici5t = !m t are wid[s inde$4 ,& ,j]ome says to ,pope ,damasus 99,cf4 ,cf4 ,c4 ,cl]icos1 cause4 i1 qu4 #b2 ,c4 ,quoniam1 cause xvi1 qu4 #a2 ,regul4 ,mona*4 iv among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,j]ome t ^? :o h suffici5t income f _! p>5ts & _! own possessions1 if !y take :at belongs to ! poor !y commit & incur ! guilt ( sacrilege1 & by ! abuse ( su* ?+s !y eat & dr9k judgm5t to !mselves4 ,n[ religi\s if !y be able-bodi$ c support !mselves by ! "w ( _! h&s4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !y s9 if !y consume ! alms belong+ to ! poor4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 to live at ! exp5se ( ! fai?ful is ! /ip5d appo9t$ to ^? :o prea* ! ,gospel 9 paym5t ( _! labor or "w1 accord+ to ,matt4 #aj3aj3 ,! workman is wor?y ( 8 meat4 ,n[ x belongs n to religi\s to prea* ! ,gospel1 b *iefly to prelates :o are pa/ors & tea*]s4 ,!re=e religi\s _c lawfully live on ! alms ( ! fai?ful4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 religi\s are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,b x is m p]fect to give ?an to receive alms2 = x is writt5 7,acts #bj3ce73 ,x is a m bless$ ?+ to give1 r ?an to receive4 ,!re=e !y %\ld n live on alms1 b r %\ld !y give alms ( _! h&iwork4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x belongs to religi\s to avoid ob/acles to virtue & occasions ( s94 ,n[ ! receiv+ ( alms (f]s an occasion ( s91 & h9d]s an act ( virtue2 h5ce a gloss on #b ,!ss4 #c3i1 ,t we might give ourselves a patt]n unto y1 says3 ,he :o ?r\gh idl5ess eats (t5 at ano!r's table1 mu/ ne$s flatt] ! "o :o fe$s him4 ,x is also writt5 7,ex4 #bc3h73 ,nei!r %alt ?\ take bribes :i* 4 4 4 bl9d ! wise1 & p]v]t ! words ( ! j1 & 7,prov4 #bb3g73 ,! borr[] is s]vant to him t l5de?4 ,?is is contr>y to religion1 :]e=e a gloss on #b ,!ss4 #c3i1 ,t we might give ourselves a patt]n1 etc41 says1 our religion calls m5 to lib]ty4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t religi\s %\ld n live on alms4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 religi\s especially are b\nd to imitate ! p]fection ( ! apo/les2 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7,phil4 #c3ae73 ,let u 4 4 4 z _m z are p]fect1 be ?us m9d$4 ,b ! ,apo/le 0 unwill+ to live at ! exp5se ( ! fai?ful1 ei!r 9 ord] to cut (f ! occasion f ! false apo/les z he himself says 7#b ,cor4 #aa3ab71 or to avoid giv+ sc&al to ! weak1 z appe>s f #a ,cor4 #i3ab4 ,x w\ld seem !re=e t religi\s ought = ! same reasons to refra9 f liv+ on alms4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 #bh73 ,cut (f ! occasion ( disgraceful m>ket+ :]eby y l[] y\rselves 9 ! e/eem ( o!rs1 & give sc&al to ! weak3 & %[ m5 t y seek n an easy livelihood 9 idl5ess1 b ! k+dom ( ,god by ! n>r[ & /rait way4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,gregory says 7,dial4 ii1 #a73 ,! ,bless$ ,b5$ict aft] leav+ 8 home & p>5ts dwelt = ?ree ye>s 9 a cave1 & :ile !re liv$ on ! food br\ght to him by a monk f ,rome4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh he 0 able-bodi$1 we d n read t he s\ght to live by ! labor ( 8 h&s4 ,!re=e religi\s may lawfully live on alms4 ,i answ] t1 ,a man may lawfully live on :at is 8 or due to him4 ,n[ t :i* is giv5 out ( lib]ality becomes ! prop]ty ( ! p]son to :om x is giv54 ,:]e=e religi\s & cl]ics ^: mona/]ies or *ur*es h receiv$ f ! munific5ce ( pr9ces or ( any ( ! fai?ful any end[m5t :atsoev] = _! support1 c lawfully live on su* end[m5t )\t work+ ) _! h&s1 & yet )\t d\bt !y live on alms4 ,:]e=e 9 l mann] if religi\s receive movable goods f ! fai?ful !y c lawfully live on !m4 ,= x is absurd to say t a p]son may accept an alms ( "s great prop]ty b n bread or "s small sum ( money4 ,nev]!less s9ce ^! gifts w\ld seem to be be/[$ on religi\s 9 ord] t !y may h m leisure = religi\s works1 9 :i* ! donors ( temporal goods wi% to h a %>e1 ! use ( su* gifts w\ld become unlawful = !m if !y ab/a9$ f religi\s works1 because 9 t case1 s f> z !y are conc]n$1 !y w\ld be ?w>t+ ! int5tion ( ^? :o be/[$ ^? gifts4 ,a ?+ is due to a p]son 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( necessity1 :i* makes all ?+s common1 z ,ambrose 99,basil1 ,s]m4 de ,temp4 lxiv1 among ! supposititi\s works ( ,/4 ,ambrose ass]ts4 ,consequ5tly if religi\s be 9 ne$ !y c lawfully live on alms4 ,su* necessity may occur 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh weakness ( body1 ! result be+ t !y are unable to make a liv+ by work+ ) _! h&s4 ,secondly1 because t :i* !y ga9 by _! h&iwork is insuffici5t = _! livelihood3 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xvii7 t ! good works ( ! fai?ful %\ld n leave ,god's s]vants :o "w ) _! h&s )\t a supply ( necess>ies1 t :5 ! h\r comes = !m to n\ri% _! s\ls1 s z to make x impossible = !m to d ^! corporal works1 !y be n oppress$ by want4 ,?irdly1 because ( ! =m] mode ( life ( ^? :o 7 unwont to "w ) _! h&s3 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xxi7 t if !y _h 9 ! _w ! :]e)al easily to support ?is life )\t work+1 & gave x to ! ne$y :5 !y 7 conv]t$ to ,god1 we mu/ cr$it _! weakness & be> ) x4 ,= ^? :o h ?us be5 delicately br\ght up are wont to be unable to be> ! toil ( bodily labor4 ,9 ano!r way a ?+ becomes due to a p]son ?r\gh 8 af=d+ o!rs some?+ :e!r temporal or spiritual1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #i3aa1 ,if we h s[n unto y spiritual ?+s1 is x a great matt] if we reap y\r c>nal ?+s8 ,& 9 ?is s5se religi\s may live on alms z be+ due to !m 9 f\r ways4 ,fir/1 if !y prea* by ! au?ority ( ! prelates4 ,secondly1 if !y be m9i/]s ( ! alt>1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #i3ac1 #ad1 ,!y t s]ve ! alt> p>take ) ! alt>4 ,s also ! "l orda9$ t !y :o prea* ! ,gospel %\ld live by ! ,gospel4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xxi73 ,if !y be gospel]s1 ,i all[1 !y h 7a claim to live at ! *>ge ( ! fai?ful73 if !y be m9i/]s ( ! alt> & disp5s]s ( ! sacram5ts1 !y ne$ n insi/ on x1 b x is !irs by p]fect "r4 ,! reason = ?is is because ! sacram5t ( ! alt> :]ev] x be (f]$ is common to all ! fai?ful4 ,?irdly1 if !y devote !mselves to ! /udy ( ,holy ,writ to ! common pr(it ( ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,:]e=e ,j]ome says 7,contra ,vigil4 xiii73 ,x is /ill ! cu/om 9 ,judea1 n only among u b also among ! ,hebrews1 = ^? :o m$itate on ! law ( ! ,"l day & night1 & h no o!r %>e on e>? b ,god alone1 to be support$ by ! subscriptions ( ! synagogues & ( ! :ole _w4 ,f\r?ly1 if !y h end[$ ! mona/]y ) ! goods !y possess$1 !y may live on ! alms giv5 to ! mona/]y4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xxv7 t ^? :o r5\nc+ or di/ribut+ _! means1 :e!r ample or ( any am\nt :atev]1 h desir$ ) pi\s & salut>y humility to be numb]$ among ! poor ( ,*ri/1 h a claim on ! community & on bro!rly love to receive a livelihood 9 return4 ,!y are to be comm5d$ inde$ if !y "w ) _! h&s1 b if !y be unwill+1 :o w d>e to =ce !m8 ,nor does x matt]1 z he goes on to say1 to :i* mona/]ies1 or 9 :at place any "o ( !m has be/[$ 8 goods on 8 ne$y bre?r52 = all ,*ri/ians belong to "o commonweal?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! default ( any necessity1 or ( _! af=d+ any pr(it to o!rs1 x is unlawful = religi\s to wi% to live 9 idl5ess on ! alms giv5 to ! poor4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xxii73 ,sometimes ^? :o ent] ! pr(ession ( ,god's s]vice come f a s]vile condition ( life1 f till+ ! soil or work+ at "s trade or l[ly occupation4 ,9 _! case x is n s cle> :e!r !y came ) ! purpose ( s]v+ ,god1 or ( evad+ a life ( want & toil ) a view to be+ f$ & clo!d 9 idl5ess1 & fur!rmore to be+ honor$ by ^? by :om !y 7 wont to be despis$ & d[ntrodd54 ,su* p]sons surely _c excuse !mselves f "w on ! score ( bodily weakness1 = _! =m] mode ( life is evid5ce aga9/ !m4 ,& he adds fur!r on 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xxv73 ,if !y be unwill+ to "w1 nei!r let !m eat4 ,= if ! ri* humble !mselves to piety1 x is n t ! poor may be exalt$ to pride2 s9ce x is altoge!r unseemly t 9 a life :]e9 s5ators become labor]s1 labor]s %\ld become idle1 & t :]e ! lords ( ! manor h come aft] r5\nc+ _! ease1 ! s]fs %\ld live 9 com=t4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^! au?orities mu/ be und]/ood z ref]r+ to cases ( necessity1 t is to say1 :5 !re is no o!r means ( succor+ ! poor3 = !n !y w\ld be b\nd n only to refra9 f accept+ alms1 b also to give :at !y h = ! support ( ! ne$y4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,prelates are compet5t to prea* 9 virtue ( _! (fice1 b religi\s may be compet5t to d s 9 virtue ( delegation2 & ?us :5 !y "w 9 ! field ( ! ,"l1 !y may make _! liv+ !reby1 accord+ to #b ,tim4 #b3f1 ,! husb&man t labore? mu/ fir/ p>take ( ! fruits1 :i* a gloss expla9s ?us1 t is to say1 ! prea*]1 :o 9 ! field ( ! ,*ur* tills ! he>ts ( 8 he>]s ) ! pl\gh ( ,god's ^w4 ,^? also :o m9i/] to ! prea*]s may live on alms4 ,h5ce a gloss on ,rom4 #ae3bg1 ,if ! ,g5tiles h be5 made p>tak]s ( _! spiritual ?+s1 !y ought also 9 c>nal ?+s to m9i/] to !m1 says1 namely1 to ! ,jews :o s5t prea*]s f ,j]usalem4 ,!re are moreov] o!r reasons = :i* a p]son has a claim to live at ! *>ge ( ! fai?ful1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x is m p]fect to give ?an to receive4 ,nev]!less to give or to give up all "o's possessions = ,*ri/'s sake1 & to receive a little = "o's livelihood is bett] ?an to give to ! poor "p by "p1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahf1 ,a4 #c1 ad #f74 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,to receive gifts s z to increase "o's weal?1 or to accept a livelihood f ano!r )\t hav+ a claim to x1 & )\t pr(it to o!rs or be+ 9 ne$ oneself1 af=ds an occasion ( s94 ,b ?is does n apply to religi\s1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,:5ev] !re is evid5t necessity = religi\s liv+ on alms )\t do+ any manual "w1 z well z an evid5t pr(it to be d]iv$ by o!rs1 x is n ! weak :o are sc&aliz$1 b ^? :o are full ( malice l ! ,ph>isees1 ^: sc&al our ,"l tea*es u to despise 7,matt4 #ae3ab-ad74 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! motives ( necessity & pr(it be lack+1 ! weak might possibly be sc&aliz$ !reby2 & ?is %\ld be avoid$4 ,yet ! same sc&al might be occasion$ ?r\gh ^? :o live 9 idl5ess on ! common rev5ues4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahg1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = ,religi\s to ,beg8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful = religi\s to beg4 ,= ,augu/9e says 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xxviii73 ,! mo/ cunn+ foe has scatt]$ on all sides a great numb] ( hypocrites we>+ ! mona/ic habit1 :o g w&]+ ab\t ! c\ntry1 & aft]w>ds he adds3 ,!y all ask1 !y all dem& to be support$ 9 _! pr(itable p5ury1 or to be paid = a pret5d$ hol9ess4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! life ( m5dicant religi\s is to be condemn$4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7#a ,!ss4 #d3aa73 ,t y 4 4 4 "w ) y\r own h&s z we comm&$ y1 & t y walk hone/ly t[>ds !m t are )\t3 & t y want no?+ ( any man's3 & a gloss on ?is passage says3 ,y mu/ "w & n be idle1 because "w is bo? honorable & a light to ! unbeliev]3 & y mu/ n covet t :i* belongs to ano!r & mu* less beg or take any?+4 ,aga9 a gloss 99,/4 ,augu/9e1 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 iii7 on #b ,!ss4 #c3aj1 ,if any man w n "w1 etc4 says3 ,he wi%es ! s]vants ( ,god to "w ) ! body1 s z to ga9 a livelihood1 & n be compell$ by want to ask = necess>ies4 ,n[ ?is is to beg4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem unlawful to beg :ile omitt+ to "w ) "o's h&s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is =bidd5 by law & contr>y to ju/ice1 is unbecom+ to religi\s4 ,n[ begg+ is =bidd5 9 ! div9e law2 = x is writt5 7,deut4 #ae3d73 ,!re %all be no poor nor begg> among y1 & 7,ps4 #cf3be73 ,i h n se5 ! j =sak51 nor 8 se$ seek+ bread4 ,moreov] an able-bodi$ m5dicant is puni%$ by civil law1 accord+ to ! law 7,,xi1 xxvi1 de ,valid4 ,m5dicant474 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ = religi\s to beg4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,%ame is ab\t t :i* is disgraceful1 z ,damasc5e says 7,de ,fide ,or?4 ii1 #ae74 ,n[ ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #cj7 t to be a%am$ to beg is a sign ( good bir?4 ,!re=e x is disgraceful to beg3 & consequ5tly ?is is unbecom+ to religi\s4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 accord+ to our ,"l's comm& x is especially becom+ to prea*]s ( ! ,gospel to live on alms1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #d74 ,yet x is n becom+ t !y %\ld beg1 s9ce a gloss on #b ,tim4 #b3f1 ,! husb&man1 t labore?1 etc4 says3 ,! ,apo/le wi%es ! gospel] to und]/& t to accept necess>ies f ^? among :om he labors is n m5dicancy b a "r4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem unbecom+ = religi\s to beg4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x becomes religi\s to live 9 imitation ( ,*ri/4 ,n[ ,*ri/ 0 a m5dicant1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ci3ah1 ,b ,i am a begg> & poor2 :]e a gloss says3 ,*ri/ said ?is ( ,himself z be>+ ! '=m ( a s]vant1' & fur!r on3 ,a begg> is "o :o entreats ano!r1 & a poor man is "o :o has n en\gh = himself4 ,aga9 x is writt5 7,ps4 #fi3f73 ,i am ne$y & poor2 :]e a gloss says3 ',ne$y1' t is a suppliant2 '& poor1' t is1 n hav+ en\gh = myself1 because ,i h no worldly weal?4 ,& ,j]ome says 9 a lett] 99,ref]5ce unkn[n3 ,bew>e le/ :]eas ?y ,"l1 i4e4 ,*ri/1 begg$1 ?\ amass o!r p's weal?4 ,!re=e x becomes religi\s to beg4 ,i answ] t1 ,two ?+s may be consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to m5dicancy4 ,! fir/ is on ! "p ( ! act itself ( begg+1 :i* has a c]ta9 abasem5t atta*+ to x2 s9ce ( all m5 ^? w\ld seem mo/ abas$ :o are n only poor1 b are s ne$y t !y h to receive _! meat f o!rs4 ,9 ?is way "s des]ve praise = begg+ out ( humility1 j z !y abase !mselves 9 o!r ways1 z be+ ! mo/ efficaci\s rem$y aga9/ pride :i* !y desire to qu5* ei!r 9 !mselves or 9 o!rs by _! example4 ,= j z a disease t arises f excessive heat is mo/ efficaci\sly heal$ by ?+s t excel 9 cold1 s pron5ess to pride is mo/ efficaci\sly heal$ by ^? ?+s :i* savor mo/ ( abasem5t4 ,h5ce x is said 9 ! ,decretals 7,,ii1 cap4 ,si quis semel1 de ,pa5it5tia73 ,to condesc5d to ! humble/ duties1 & to devote oneself to ! l[lie/ s]vice is an ex]cise ( humility2 = ?us "o is able to heal ! disease ( pride & human glory4 ,h5ce ,j]ome praises ,fabiola 7,ep4 lxxvii ad ocean47 = t %e desir$ to receive alms1 hav+ p\r$ =? all h] weal? = ,*ri/'s sake4 ,! ,bless$ ,alexis act$ 9 l mann]1 =1 hav+ r5\nc$ all 8 possessions = ,*ri/'s sake he rejoic$ 9 receiv+ alms ev5 f 8 own s]vants4 ,x is also relat$ ( ! ,bless$ ,ars5ius 9 ! ,lives ( ! ,fa!rs 7v1 #f7 t he gave ?anks because he 0 =c$ by necessity to ask = alms4 ,h5ce x is enjo9$ to "s p z a p5ance = griev\s s9s to g on a pilgrimage begg+4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 humility l ! o!r virtues %\ld n be )\t discretion1 x behooves "o to be discreet 9 becom+ a m5dicant = ! purpose ( humiliation1 le/ a man !reby incur ! m>k ( covet\sness or ( any?+ else unbecom+4 ,secondly1 m5dicancy may be consid]$ on ! "p ( t :i* "o gets by begg+3 & ?us a man may be l$ to beg by a tw(old motive4 ,fir/1 by ! desire to h weal? or meat )\t work+ = x1 & su* l m5dicancy is unlawful2 secondly1 by a motive ( necessity or usefulness4 ,! motive is "o ( necessity if a man has no o!r means ( livelihood save begg+2 & x is a motive ( usefulness if he wi%es to accompli% some?+ useful1 & is unable to d s )\t ! alms ( ! fai?ful4 ,?us alms are bes\ght = ! build+ ( a bridge1 or *ur*1 or = any o!r "w :atev] t is conducive to ! common good3 ?us s*ol>s may seek alms t !y may devote !mselves to ! /udy ( wisdom4 ,9 ?is way m5dicancy is lawful to religi\s no less ?an to secul>s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,augu/9e is speak+ !re explicitly ( ^? :o beg f motives ( covet\sness4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! fir/ gloss speaks ( begg+ f motives ( covet\sness1 z appe>s f ! words ( ! ,apo/le2 :ile ! second gloss speaks ( ^? :o )\t effect+ any useful purpose1 beg _! livelihood 9 ord] to live 9 idl5ess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he lives n idly :o 9 any way lives usefully4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,?is precept ( ! div9e law does n =bid anyone to beg1 b x =bids ! ri* to be s /+y t "s are compell$ by necessity to beg4 ,! civil law imposes a p5alty on able-bodi$ m5dicants :o beg f motives nei!r ( utility nor ( necessity4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,disgrace is tw(old2 "o arises f lack ( hone/y 99,cf4 ,q4 #ade1 ,a4 #a1 ! o!r f an ext]nal defect1 ?us x is disgraceful = a man to be sick or poor4 ,su* l uncomel9ess ( m5dicancy does n p]ta9 to s91 b x may p]ta9 to humility1 z /at$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,prea*]s h ! "r to be f$ by ^? to :om !y prea*3 yet if !y wi% to seek ?is by begg+ s z to receive x z a free gift & n z a "r ?is w be a m>k ( great] humility4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahg1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful = ,religi\s to ,we> ,co>s] ,clo!s ,?an ,o!rs8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem unlawful = religi\s to we> co>s] clo!s ?an o!rs4 ,= accord+ to ! ,apo/le 7#a ,!ss4 #e3bb7 we ought to refra9 f all appe>ance ( evil4 ,n[ co>s5ess ( clo!s has an appe>ance ( evil2 = our ,"l said 7,matt4 #g3ae73 ,bew>e ( false prophets :o come to y 9 ! clo?+ ( %eep3 & a gloss on ,apoc4 #f3h1 ,behold a pale horse1 says3 ,! devil f9d+ t he _c succe$1 nei!r by outw>d afflictions nor by manife/ h]esies1 s5ds 9 advance false bre?r51 :o "u ! guise ( religion assume ! *>act]i/ics ( ! black & r$ horses by corrupt+ ! fai?4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t religi\s %\ld n we> co>se clo!s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,j]ome says 7,ep4 lii ad ,nepotian473 ,avoid somb]1 i4e4 black1 equally ) glitt]+ app>el4 ,f9e & co>se clo!s are equally to be %unn$1 = ! "o exhales pleasure1 ! o!r va+lory4 ,!re=e1 s9ce va+lory is a grav] s9 ?an ! use ( pleasure1 x w\ld seem t religi\s :o %\ld aim at :at is m p]fect ought to avoid co>se r ?an f9e clo!s4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 religi\s %\ld aim especially at do+ works ( p5ance4 ,n[ 9 works ( p5ance we %\ld use1 n outw>d signs ( sorr[1 b r signs ( joy2 = our ,"l said 7,matt4 #f3af73 ,:5 y fa/1 be n1 z ! hypocrites1 sad1 & aft]w>ds ,he add$3 ,b ?\1 :5 ?\ fa/e/1 ano9t ?y head & wa% ?y face4 ,augu/9e comm5t+ on ^! words 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ab73 ,9 ?is *apt] we mu/ obs]ve t n only ! gl>e & pomp ( outw>d ?+s1 b ev5 ! we$s ( m\rn+ may be a subject ( o/5tation1 all ! m dang]\s z be+ a decoy "u ! guise ( ,god's s]vice4 ,!re=e seem+ly religi\s ought n to we> co>se clo!s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aa3cg73 ,!y w&]$ ab\t 9 %eep-sk9s1 9 goat-sk9s1 & a gloss adds--z ,elias & o!rs4 ,moreov] x is said 9 ! ,decretal ,,xxi1 qu4 iv1 c4 ,omnis jactantia3 ,if any p]sons be f\nd to d]ide ^? :o we> co>se & religi\s app>el !y mu/ be reprov$4 ,= 9 ! e>ly times all ^? :o 7 consecrat$ to ,god w5t ab\t 9 common & co>se app>el4 ,i answ] t1 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,doctr4 ,*ri/4 iii1 #ab71 9 all ext]nal ?+s1 x is n ! use b ! int5tion ( ! us] t is at fault4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ?is x is necess>y to obs]ve t co>se & homely app>el may be consid]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z be+ a sign ( a man's disposition or condition1 because accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ai3bg1 ! attire 4 4 4 ( ! man %[s :at he is4 ,9 ?is way co>s5ess ( attire is sometimes a sign ( sorr[3 :]e=e ^? :o are beset ) sorr[ are wont to we> co>s] clo!s1 j z on ! o!r h& 9 times ( fe/ivity & joy !y we> f9] clo!s4 ,h5ce p5it5ts make use ( co>se app>el1 = example1 ! k+ 7,jonah #c3f7 :o 0 clo!d ) sack-clo?1 & ,a*ab 7#c ,k+s #ba3bg7 :o put hair-clo? ^u 8 fle%4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is a sign ( ! contempt ( ri*es & worldly o/5tation4 ,:]e=e ,j]ome says 7,ep4 cxxv ad ,ru/ico ,mona*473 ,let y\r somb] attire indicate y\r purity ( m9d1 y\r co>se robe prove y\r contempt ( ! _w1 yet s t y\r m9d be n inflat$ )al1 le/ y\r spee* belie y\r habit4 ,9 bo? ^! ways x is becom+ = religi\s to we> co>se attire1 s9ce religion is a /ate ( p5ance & ( contempt ( worldly glory4 ,b t a p]son wi% to signify ?is to o!rs arises f ?ree motives4 ,fir/1 9 ord] to humble himself3 = j z a man's m9d is uplift$ by f9e clo!s1 s is x humbl$ by l[ly app>el4 ,h5ce speak+ ( ,a*ab :o put hair-clo? on 8 fle%1 ! ,"l said to ,elias3 ,ha/ ?\ n se5 ,a*ab humbl$ be=e ,me8 7#c ,k+s #ba3bi74 ,secondly1 9 ord] to set an example to o!rs2 :]e=e a gloss on ,matt4 #c3d1 7,john7 _h 8 g>m5ts ( camel's hair1 says3 ,he :o prea*es p5ance is clo!d 9 ! habit ( p5ance4 ,?irdly1 on acc\nt ( va+lory2 ?us ,augu/9e says 7cf4 ,obj4 #c7 t ev5 ! we$s ( m\rn+ may be a subject ( o/5tation4 ,accord+ly 9 ! fir/ two ways x is praisewor?y to we> humble app>el1 b 9 ! ?ird way x is s9ful4 ,secondly1 co>se & homely attire may be consid]$ z ! result ( covet\sness or neglig5ce1 & ?us also x is s9ful4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,co>s5ess ( attire has n ( itself ! appe>ance ( evil1 inde$ x has m ! appe>ance ( good1 namely ( ! contempt ( worldly glory4 ,h5ce x is t wick$ p]sons hide _! wick$ness "u co>se clo?+4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #bd7 t ! %eep %\ld n dislike _! clo?+ = ! reason t ! wolves sometimes hide !mselves "u x4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,j]ome is speak+ !re ( ! co>se attire t is worn on acc\nt ( human glory4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,accord+ to our ,"l's tea*+ m5 %\ld d no de$s ( hol9ess = ! sake ( %[3 & ?is is especially ! case :5 "o does some?+ /range4 ,h5ce ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xiii 9 ,mat?4 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om says3 ,:ile pray+ a man %\ld d no?+ /range1 s z to draw ! gaze ( o!rs1 ei!r by %\t+ or /rik+ 8 brea/1 or ca/+ up 8 h&s1 because ! v /rang5ess draws p's att5tion to him4 ,yet blame does n atta* to all /range behavior t draws p's att5tion1 = x may be done well or ill4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ab7 t 9 ! practice ( ! ,*ri/ian religion :5 a man draws att5tion to himself by unwont$ squalor & %abb9ess1 s9ce he acts ?us volunt>ily & n ( necessity1 we c ga!r f 8 o!r de$s :e!r 8 behavior is motivat$ by contempt ( excessive dress or by affectation4 ,religi\s1 h[ev]1 w\ld especially seem n to act ?us f affectation1 s9ce !y we> a co>se habit z a sign ( _! pr(ession :]eby !y pr(ess contempt ( ! _w4 ,,"q #ahh ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,religi\s ,,life 7,9 ,eight ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! diff]5t k9ds ( religi\s life1 & "u ?is head !re are eight po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r !re are diff]5t k9ds ( religi\s life or only "o8 7#b7 ,:e!r a religi\s ord] c be e/abli%$ = ! works ( ! active life8 7#c7 ,:e!r a religi\s ord] c be direct$ to soldi]+8 7#d7 ,:e!r a religi\s ord] c be e/abli%$ = prea*+ & ! ex]cise ( l works8 7#e7 ,:e!r a religi\s ord] c be e/abli%$ = ! /udy ( sci5ce8 7#f7 ,:e!r a religi\s ord] t is direct$ to ! contemplative life is m excell5t ?an "o t is direct$ to ! active life8 7#g7 ,:e!r religi\s p]fection is dim9i%$ by possess+ some?+ 9 common8 7#h7 ,:e!r ! religi\s life ( solit>ies is to be pref]r$ to ! religi\s life ( ^? :o live 9 community8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahh1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,!re ,is ,only ,"o ,religi\s ,ord]8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t !re is b "o religi\s ord]4 ,= !re c be no div]sity 9 t :i* is possess$ :olly & p]fectly2 :]e=e !re c be only "o sov]eign good1 z /at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p 7,q4 #f1 ,,aa4 #b1 #c1 #d74 ,n[ z ,gregory says 7,hom4 xx 9 ,eze*471 :5 a man v[s to ,almighty ,god all t he has1 all 8 life1 all 8 k1 x is a holocau/1 )\t :i* !re is no religi\s life4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !re are n _m religi\s ord]s b only "o4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ?+s :i* agree 9 ess5tials diff] only accid5tally4 ,n[ !re is no religi\s ord] )\t ! ?ree ess5tial v[s ( religion1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahf1 ,,aa4 #f1 #g74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t religi\s ord]s diff] n specifically1 b only accid5tally4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! /ate ( p]fection is compet5t bo? to religi\s & to bi%ops1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahe1 ,,aa4 #e1 #g74 ,n[ ! episcopate is n div]sifi$ specifically1 b is "o :]ev] x may be2 :]e=e ,j]ome says 7,ep4 cxlvi ad ,evan473 ,:]ev] a bi%op is1 :e!r at ,rome1 or ,gubbio1 or ,con/ant9ople1 or ,reggio1 he has ! same excell5ce1 ! same prie/hood4 ,!re=e 9 l mann] !re is b "o religi\s ord]4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 any?+ t may lead to confusion %\ld be remov$ f ! ,*ur*4 ,n[ x w\ld seem t a div]sity ( religi\s ord]s might confuse ! ,*ri/ian p1 z /at$ 9 ! ,decretal de ,/atu ,mona*4 et ,canon4 ,reg4 99,cap4 ,ne ,nimia1 de ,relig4 ,dom44 ,!re=e seem+ly !re ought n to be diff]5t religi\s ord]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ps4 #dd3aj7 t x p]ta9s to ! adornm5t ( ! que5 t %e is surr\nd$ ) v>iety4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahf1 ,a1 #g2 ,q4 #ahg1 ,a4 #b71 ! religi\s /ate is a tra9+ s*ool :]e9 "o aims by practice at ! p]fection ( *>ity4 ,n[ !re are v>i\s works ( *>ity to :i* a man may devote himself2 & !re are also v>i\s k9ds ( ex]cise4 ,:]e=e religi\s ord]s may be diff]5tiat$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 accord+ to ! diff]5t ?+s to :i* !y may be direct$3 ?us "o may be direct$ to ! lodg+ ( pilgrims1 ano!r to visit+ or ransom+ captives4 ,secondly1 !re may be v>i\s religi\s ord]s accord+ to ! div]sity ( practices2 ?us 9 "o religi\s ord] ! body is *a/is$ by ab/95ce 9 food1 9 ano!r by ! practice ( manual labor1 scant9ess ( clo!s1 or ! l4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! end imports mo/ 9 e matt]1 99,ari/41 ,topic4 vi #h religi\s ord]s diff] m especially accord+ to _! v>i\s ends ?an accord+ to _! v>i\s practices4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! obligation to devote oneself :olly to ,god's s]vice is common to e religi\s ord]2 h5ce religi\s d n diff] 9 ?is respect1 z ?\gh 9 "o religi\s ord] a p]son reta9$ "s "o ?+ ( 8 own1 & 9 ano!r ord] "s o!r ?+4 ,b ! diff]5ce is 9 respect ( ! diff]5t ?+s :]e9 "o may s]ve ,god1 & :]eby a man may dispose himself to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! ?ree ess5tial v[s ( religion p]ta9 to ! practice ( religion z pr9ciples to :i* all o!r matt]s are r$uc$1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahf1 ,a4 #g74 ,b !re are v>i\s ways ( dispos+ oneself to ! obs]vance ( ea* ( !m4 ,= in/ance "o disposes oneself to obs]ve ! v[ ( cont95ce1 by solitude ( place1 by ab/95ce1 by mutual fell[%ip1 & by _m l means4 ,accord+ly x is evid5t t ! community ( ! ess5tial v[s is compatible ) div]sity ( religi\s life1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t dispositions & on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t ends1 z expla9$ above4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,9 matt]s relat+ to p]fection1 ! bi%op /&s 9 ! position ( ag5t1 & ! religi\s z passive1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #g74 ,n[ ! ag5t1 ev5 9 natural ?+s1 ! high] x is1 is s mu* ! m "o1 :]eas ! ?+s t are passive are v>i\s4 ,h5ce ) reason ! episcopal /ate is "o1 :ile religi\s ord]s are _m4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,confusion is oppos$ to di/9ction & ord]4 ,accord+ly ! multitude ( religi\s ord]s w\ld lead to confusion1 if diff]5t religi\s ord]s 7 direct$ to ! same end & 9 ! same way1 )\t necessity or utility4 ,:]e=e to prev5t ?is happ5+ x has be5 :olesomely =bidd5 to e/abli% a new religi\s ord] )\t ! au?ority ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahh1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r a ,religi\s ,ord] ,%\ld ,be ,e/abli%$ = ! ,works ( ! ,active ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no religi\s ord] %\ld be e/abli%$ = ! works ( ! active life4 ,= e religi\s ord] belongs to ! /ate ( p]fection1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #e2 ,q4 #ahf1 ,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! p]fection ( ! religi\s /ate consi/s 9 ! contemplation ( div9e ?+s4 ,= ,dionysius says 7,eccl4 ,hi]4 vi7 t !y are call$ s]vants ( ,god by reason ( _! r5d]+ pure s]vice & subjection to ,god1 & on acc\nt ( ! indivisible & s+ul> life :i* unites !m by holy reflections1 i4e4 contemplations1 on invisible ?+s1 to ! ,godlike unity & ! p]fection belov$ ( ,god4 ,!re=e seem+ly no religi\s ord] %\ld be e/abli%$ = ! works ( ! active life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly ! same judgm5t applies to canons regul> z to monks1 accord+ to ,extra1 ,de ,po/ul41 cap4 ,ex p>te2 & ,de ,/atu ,mona*41 cap4 ,quod ,dei timorem3 = x is /at$ t !y are n consid]$ to be sep>at$ f ! fell[%ip ( monks3 & ! same w\ld seem to apply to all o!r religi\s4 ,n[ ! mona/ic rule 0 e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( ! contemplative life2 :]e=e ,j]ome says 7,ep4 lviii ad ,paul9473 ,if y wi% to be :at y are call$1 a monk1 i4e4 a solit>y1 :at bus9ess h y 9 a city8 ,! same is f\nd /at$ 9 ,extra1 ,de ,r5untiatione1 cap4 ,nisi cum pridem2 & ,de ,regul>41 cap4 ,licet quibusdam4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t e religi\s ord] is direct$ to ! contemplative life1 & none to ! active life4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! active life is conc]n$ ) ! pres5t _w4 ,n[ all religi\s are said to r5\nce ! _w2 :]e=e ,gregory says 7,hom4 xx 9 ,eze*473 ,he :o r5\nces ?is _w1 & does all ! good he c1 is l "o :o has gone out ( ,egypt & (f]s sacrifice 9 ! wild]ness4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t no religi\s ord] c be direct$ to ! active life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,james #a3bg73 ,religion clean & undefil$ be=e ,god & ! ,fa!r1 is ?is3 to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! tribulation4 ,n[ ?is belongs to ! active life4 ,!re=e religi\s life c be fitt+ly direct$ to ! active life4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! religi\s /ate is direct$ to ! p]fection ( *>ity1 :i* ext5ds to ! love ( ,god & ( our neighbor4 ,n[ ! contemplative life :i* seeks to devote itself to ,god alone belongs directly to ! love ( ,god1 :ile ! active life1 :i* m9i/]s to our neighbor's ne$s1 belongs directly to ! love ( "o's neighbor4 ,& j z out ( *>ity we love our neighbor = ,god's sake1 s ! s]vices we r5d] our neighbor r$\nd to ,god1 accord+ to ,matt4 #be3dj1 ,:at y h done ,vulg43 ',z long z y did x' to "o ( ^! ,my lea/ bre?r51 y did x to ,me4 ,consequ5tly ^? s]vices :i* we r5d] our neighbor1 9 s f> z we ref] !m to ,god1 are describ$ z sacrifices1 accord+ to ,heb4 #ac3af1 ,d n =get to d good & to imp>t1 = by su* sacrifices ,god's favor is obta9$4 ,& s9ce x belongs prop]ly to religion to (f] sacrifice to ,god1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a1 ad #a2 ,a4 #d1 ad #a71 x foll[s t c]ta9 religi\s ord]s are fitt+ly direct$ to ! works ( ! active life4 ,:]e=e 9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,coll4 xiv1 #d7 ! ,abbot ,ne/]os 9 di/+ui%+ ! v>i\s aims ( religi\s ord]s says3 ,"s direct _! int5tion exclusively to ! hidd5 life ( ! des]t & purity ( he>t2 "s are occupi$ ) ! in/ruction ( ! bre?r5 & ! c>e ( ! mona/]ies2 :ile o!rs delight 9 ! s]vice ( ! gue/h\se1 i4e4 9 hospitality4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,s]vice & subjection r5d]$ to ,god are n preclud$ by ! works ( ! active life1 :]eby a man s]ves 8 neighbor = ,god's sake1 z /at$ 9 ! ,article4 ,nor d ^! works preclude s+ul>ity ( life2 n t !y involve man's liv+ ap>t f 8 fell[-m51 b 9 ! s5se t ea* man individually devotes himself to ?+s p]ta9+ to ! s]vice ( ,god2 & s9ce religi\s occupy !mselves ) ! works ( ! active life = ,god's sake1 x foll[s t _! action results f _! contemplation ( div9e ?+s4 ,h5ce !y are n entirely depriv$ ( ! fruit ( ! contemplative life4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! same judgm5t applies to monks & to all o!r religi\s1 z reg>ds ?+s common to all religi\s ord]s3 = in/ance z reg>ds _! devot+ !mselves :olly to ! div9e s]vice1 _! obs]vance ( ! ess5tial v[s ( religion1 & _! refra9+ f worldly bus9ess4 ,b x does n foll[ t ?is lik5ess ext5ds to o!r ?+s t are prop] to ! mona/ic pr(ession1 & are direct$ especially to ! contemplative life4 ,h5ce 9 ! a=esaid ,decretal1 ,de ,po/ul&o1 x is n simply /at$ t ! same judgm5t applies to canons regul> z to monks1 b t x applies 9 matt]s already m5tion$1 namely t !y are n to act z advocates 9 lawsuits4 ,aga9 ! ,decretal quot$1 ,de ,/atu ,mona*41 aft] ! /atem5t t canons regul> are n consid]$ to be sep>at$ f ! fell[%ip ( monks1 goes on to say3 ,nev]!less !y obey an easi] rule4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t !y are n b\nd to all t monks are b\nd4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,a man may be 9 ! _w 9 two ways3 9 "o way by 8 bodily pres5ce1 9 ano!r way by ! b5t ( 8 m9d4 ,h5ce our ,"l said to ,8 disciples 7,john #ae3ai73 ,i h *os5 y out ( ! _w1 & yet speak+ ( !m to ,8 ,fa!r ,he said 7,john #ag3aa73 ,^! are 9 ! _w1 & ,i come to ,!e4 ,al?\gh1 !n1 religi\s :o are occupi$ ) ! works ( ! active life are 9 ! _w z to ! pres5ce ( ! body1 !y are n 9 ! _w z reg>ds _! b5t ( m9d1 because !y are occupi$ ) ext]nal ?+s1 n z seek+ any?+ ( ! _w1 b m]ely = ! sake ( s]v+ ,god3 = !y 4 4 4 use ?is _w1 z if !y us$ x n1 to quote #a ,cor4 #g3ca4 ,h5ce 7,james #a3bg7 aft] x is /at$ t religion clean & undefil$ 4 4 4 is 4 4 4 to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! tribulation1 x is add$1 & to keep "o's self unspott$ f ?is _w1 namely to avoid be+ atta*$ to worldly ?+s4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahh1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r a ,religi\s ,ord] ,c ,be ,direct$ to ,soldi]+8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no religi\s ord] c be direct$ to soldi]+4 ,= all religi\s ord]s belong to ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,n[ our ,"l said ) ref]5ce to ! p]fection ( ,*ri/ian life 7,matt4 #e3ci73 ,i say to y n to resi/ evil2 b if "o /rike !e on ! "r *eek1 turn to him also ! o!r1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! duties ( a soldi]4 ,!re=e no religi\s ord] c be e/abli%$ = soldi]+4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! bodily enc\nt] ( ! battlefield is m griev\s ?an ! enc\nt] 9 words t takes place betwe5 c\nsel at law4 ,yet religi\s are =bidd5 to plead at law1 z appe>s f ! ,decretal ,de ,po/ul&o quot$ above 7,a4 #b1 ,obj4 #b74 ,!re=e x is mu* less seemly = a religi\s ord] to be e/abli%$ = soldi]+4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! religi\s /ate is a /ate ( p5ance1 z we h said above 7,q4 #ahg1 ,a4 #f74 ,n[ accord+ to ! code ( laws soldi]+ is =bidd5 to p5it5ts4 ,= x is said 9 ! ,decretal ,de ,po5it41 ,di/4 v1 cap4 #c3 ,x is altoge!r oppos$ to ! rules ( ! ,*ur*1 to return to worldly soldi]+ aft] do+ p5ance4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ = any religi\s ord] to be e/abli%$ = soldi]+4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 no religi\s ord] may be e/abli%$ = an unju/ object4 ,b z ,isidore says 7,etym4 xviii1 #a71 ,a j w> is "o t is wag$ by ord] ( ! emp]or4 ,s9ce !n religi\s are private individuals1 x w\ld seem unlawful = !m to wage w>2 & consequ5tly no religi\s ord] may be e/abli%$ = ?is purpose4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 clxxxix2 ad ,bonifac471 ,bew>e ( ?9k+ t none ( ^? c please ,god :o h&le w>-l weapons4 ,( su* 0 holy ,david to :om ! ,"l gave great te/imony4 ,n[ religi\s ord]s are e/abli%$ 9 ord] t m5 may please ,god4 ,!re=e no?+ h9d]s ! e/abli%+ ( a religi\s ord] = ! purpose ( soldi]+4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 a religi\s ord] may be e/abli%$ n only = ! works ( ! contemplative life1 b also = ! works ( ! active life1 9 s f> z !y are conc]n$ 9 help+ our neighbor & 9 ! s]vice ( ,god1 b n 9 s f> z !y are direct$ to a worldly object4 ,n[ ! occupation ( soldi]+ may be direct$ to ! assi/ance ( our neighbor1 n only z reg>ds private individuals1 b also z reg>ds ! def5se ( ! :ole commonweal?4 ,h5ce x is said ( ,judas ,ma*abeus 7#a ,macc4 #c3b1 #c7 t he ,vulg43 '!y' f\ght ) *e]fulness ! battle ( ,israel1 & he got 8 p great honor4 ,x c also be direct$ to ! upkeep ( div9e wor%ip1 :]e=e 7#a ,macc4 #c3ba7 ,judas is /at$ to h said3 ,we w fight = our lives & our laws1 & fur!r on 7#a ,macc4 #ac3c7 ,simon said3 ,y "k :at great battles ,i & my bre?r51 & ! h\se ( my fa!r1 h f\ght = ! laws & ! sanctu>y4 ,h5ce a religi\s ord] may be fitt+ly e/abli%$ = soldi]+1 n inde$ = any worldly purpose1 b = ! def5se ( div9e wor%ip & public safety1 or also ( ! poor & oppress$1 accord+ to ,ps4 #ha3d3 ,rescue ! poor1 & deliv] ! ne$y out ( ! h& ( ! s9n]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,n to resi/ evil may be und]/ood 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 9 ! s5se ( =giv+ ! wrong done to oneself1 & ?us x may p]ta9 to p]fection1 :5 x is exp$i5t to act ?us = ! spiritual welf>e ( o!rs4 ,secondly1 9 ! s5se ( tol]at+ pati5tly ! wrongs done to o!rs3 & ?is p]ta9s to imp]fection1 or ev5 to vice1 if "o be able to resi/ ! wrongdo] 9 a becom+ mann]4 ,h5ce ,ambrose says 7,de ,(fic4 i1 #bg73 ,! c\rage :]eby a man 9 battle def5ds 8 c\ntry aga9/ b>b>ians1 or protects ! weak at home1 or 8 fri5ds aga9/ robb]s is full ( ju/ice3 ev5 s our ,"l says 9 ! passage quot$ 99,luke #f3cj3 ,( him t take? away ?y goods1 ask !m n aga92 ,cf4 ,matt4 #e3dj1 4 4 4 ?y goods1 ask !m n aga94 ,if1 h[ev]1 a man 7 n to dem& ! return ( t :i* belongs to ano!r1 he w\ld s9 if x 7 8 bus9ess to d s3 = x is praisewor?y to give away "o's own1 b n ano!r's prop]ty4 ,& mu* less %\ld ! ?+s ( ,god be neglect$1 = z ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 v 9 ,mat?4 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om says1 x is mo/ wick$ to ov]look ! wrongs done to ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,x is inconsi/5t ) any religi\s ord] to act z c\nsel at law = a worldly object1 b x is n inconsi/5t to d s at ! ord]s ( "o's sup]ior & 9 favor ( "o's mona/]y1 z /at$ 9 ! same ,decretal1 or = ! def5se ( ! poor & wid[s4 ,:]e=e x is said 9 ! ,decretals 7,di/4 lxxxviii1 cap4 #a73 ,! holy synod has decre$ t h5ce=? no cl]ic is to buy prop]ty or occupy himself ) secul> bus9ess1 save ) a view to ! c>e ( ! fa!rless 4 4 4 & wid[s4 ,likewise to be a soldi] = ! sake ( "s worldly object is contr>y to all religi\s life1 b ?is does n apply to ^? :o are soldi]s = ! sake ( ,god's s]vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,worldly soldi]+ is =bidd5 to p5it5ts1 b ! soldi]+ :i* is direct$ to ! s]vice ( ,god is impos$ z a p5ance on "s p1 z 9 ! case ( ^? ^u :om x is enjo9$ to take arms 9 def5se ( ! ,holy ,l&4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a religi\s ord] = ! purpose ( soldi]+ does n imply t ! religi\s c wage w> on _! own au?ority2 b !y c d s only on ! au?ority ( ! sov]eign or ( ! ,*ur*4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahh1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r a ,religi\s ,ord] ,c ,be ,e/abli%$ = ,prea*+ or ,he>+ ,confessions8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no religi\s ord] may be e/abli%$ = prea*+1 or he>+ confessions4 ,= x is said 7,,vii1 qu4 i 99,cap4 ,hoc nequaquam2 ,cf4 ,q4 #ahg1 ,a4 #a1 ,obj4 #a73 ,! mona/ic life is "o ( subjection & disciple%ip1 n ( tea*+1 au?ority1 or pa/oral c>e1 & ! same app>5tly applies to religi\s4 ,n[ prea*+ & he>+ confessions are ! actions ( a pa/or & tea*]4 ,!re=e a religi\s ord] %\ld n be e/abli%$ = ?is purpose4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! purpose = :i* a religi\s ord] is e/abli%$ w\ld seem to be some?+ mo/ prop] to ! religi\s life1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #a74 ,n[ ! a=esaid actions are n prop] to religi\s b to bi%ops4 ,!re=e a religi\s ord] %\ld n be e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( su* actions4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 x seems unfitt+ t ! au?ority to prea* & he> confessions %\ld be committ$ to an unlimit$ numb] ( m52 & !re is no fix$ numb] ( ^? :o are receiv$ into a religi\s ord]4 ,!re=e x is unfitt+ = a religi\s ord] to be e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( ! a=esaid actions4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 prea*]s h a "r to receive _! livelihood f ! fai?ful ( ,*ri/1 accord+ to #a ,cor4 #i4 ,if !n ! (fice ( prea*+ be committ$ to a religi\s ord] e/abli%$ = t purpose1 x foll[s t ! fai?ful ( ,*ri/ are b\nd to support an unlimit$ numb] ( p]sons1 :i* w\ld be a heavy burd5 on !m4 ,!re=e a religi\s ord] %\ld n be e/abli%$ = ! ex]cise ( ^! actions4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 ! organization ( ! ,*ur* %\ld be 9 accordance ) ,*ri/'s in/itution4 ,n[ ,*ri/ s5t fir/ ! twelve apo/les to prea*1 z relat$ 9 ,luke #i1 & aft]w>ds ,he s5t ! sev5ty-two disciples1 z /at$ 9 ,luke #aj4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ! gloss ( ,b$e on ,& aft] ^! ?+s 7,luke #aj3a71 ! apo/les are repres5t$ by ! bi%ops1 ! sev5ty-two disciples by ! less] prie/s1 i4e4 ! p>i% prie/s4 ,!re=e 9 addition to bi%ops & p>i% prie/s1 no religi\s ord] %\ld be e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( prea*+ & he>+ confessions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,coll4 xiv1 #d71 ,abbot ,ne/]os1 speak+ ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( religi\s ord]s1 says3 ,"s *oos+ ! c>e ( ! sick1 o!rs devot+ !mselves to ! relief ( ! afflict$ & oppress$1 or apply+ !mselves to tea*+1 or giv+ alms to ! poor1 h be5 mo/ highly e/eem$ on acc\nt ( _! devotion & piety4 ,!re=e j z a religi\s ord] may be e/abli%$ = ! c>e ( ! sick1 s also may "o be e/abli%$ = tea*+ ! p by prea*+ & l works4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 x is fitt+ = a religi\s ord] to be e/abli%$ = ! works ( ! active life1 9 s f> z !y are direct$ to ! good ( our neighbor1 ! s]vice ( ,god1 & ! upkeep ( div9e wor%ip4 ,n[ ! good ( our neighbor is advanc$ by ?+s p]ta9+ to ! spiritual welf>e ( ! s\l r ?an by ?+s p]ta9+ to ! supply+ ( bodily ne$s1 9 proportion to ! excell5ce ( spiritual ov] corporal ?+s4 ,h5ce x 0 /at$ above 7,q4 #cb1 ,a4 #c7 t spiritual works ( m]cy surpass corporal works ( m]cy4 ,moreov] ?is is m p]t95t to ! s]vice ( ,god1 to ,:om no sacrifice is m acceptable ?an zeal = s\ls1 z ,gregory says 7,hom4 xii 9 ,eze*474 ,fur!rmore1 x is a great] ?+ to employ spiritual arms 9 def5d+ ! fai?ful aga9/ ! errors ( h]etics & ! temptations ( ! devil1 ?an to protect ! fai?ful by means ( bodily weapons4 ,!re=e x is mo/ fitt+ = a religi\s ord] to be e/abli%$ = prea*+ & simil> works p]ta9+ to ! salvation ( s\ls4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,he :o works by virtue ( ano!r1 acts z an in/rum5t4 ,& a m9i/] is l an animat$ in/rum5t1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #b 99,cf4 ,e?ic4 viii1 #aa74 ,h5ce if a man prea* or d some?+ simil> by ! au?ority ( 8 sup]iors1 he does n rise above ! degree ( disciple%ip or subjection1 :i* is compet5t to religi\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,"s religi\s ord]s are e/abli%$ = soldi]+1 to wage w>1 n inde$ on _! own au?ority1 b on t ( ! sov]eign or ( ! ,*ur* :o are compet5t to wage w> by virtue ( _! (fice1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #d74 ,9 ! same way c]ta9 religi\s ord]s are e/abli%$ = prea*+ & he>+ confessions1 n inde$ by _! own au?ority1 b by ! au?ority ( ! high] & l[] sup]iors1 to :om ^! ?+s belong by virtue ( _! (fice4 ,consequ5tly to assi/ "o's sup]iors 9 su* a m9i/ry is prop] to a religi\s ord] ( ?is k9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,bi%ops d n all[ ^! religi\s sev]ally & indiscrim9ately to prea* or he> confessions1 b accord+ to ! discretion ( ! religi\s sup]iors1 or accord+ to _! own appo9tm5t4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,! fai?ful are n b\nd by law to contribute to ! support ( o!r ?an _! ord9>y prelates1 :o receive ! ti!s & (f]+s ( ! fai?ful = t purpose1 z well z o!r ecclesia/ical rev5ues4 ,b if "s m5 are will+ to m9i/] to ! fai?ful by ex]cis+ ! a=esaid acts gratuit\sly1 & )\t dem&+ paym5t z ( "r1 ! fai?ful are n burd5$ !reby because _! temporal contributions c be lib]ally repaid by ^? m51 nor are !y b\nd by law to contribute1 b by *>ity1 & yet n s t !y be burd5$ !reby & o!rs eas$1 z /at$ 9 #b ,cor4 #h3ac4 ,if1 h[ev]1 none be f\nd to devote !mselves gratuit\sly to s]vices ( ?is k9d1 ! ord9>y prelate is b\nd1 if he _c suffice by himself1 to seek o!r suitable p]sons & support !m himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! sev5ty-two disciples are repres5t$ n only by ! p>i% prie/s1 b by all ^? ( l[] ord] :o 9 any way assi/ ! bi%ops 9 _! (fice4 ,= we d n read t our ,"l appo9t$ ! sev5ty-two disciples to c]ta9 fix$ p>i%es1 b t ,he s5t !m two & two be=e ,8 face into e city & place :i!r ,he ,himself 0 to come4 ,x 0 fitt+1 h[ev]1 t 9 addition to ! ord9>y prelates o!rs %\ld be *os5 = ^! duties on acc\nt ( ! multitude ( ! fai?ful1 & ! difficulty ( f9d+ a suffici5t numb] ( p]sons to be appo9t$ to ea* locality1 j z x 0 necess>y to e/abli% religi\s ord]s = milit>y s]vice1 on acc\nt ( ! secul> pr9ces be+ unable to cope ) unbeliev]s 9 c]ta9 c\ntries4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahh1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r a ,religi\s ,ord] ,%\ld ,be ,e/abli%$ = ! ,purpose ( ,/udy8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a religi\s ord] %\ld n be e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( /udy4 ,= x is writt5 7,ps4 #gj3ae1 #af73 ,because ,i h n kn[n lett]s ,d\ay3 'le>n+'1 ,i w ent] into ! p[]s ( ! ,"l1 i4e4 ,*ri/ian virtue1 accord+ to a gloss4 ,n[ ! p]fection ( ,*ri/ian virtue1 seem+ly1 p]ta9s especially to religi\s4 ,!re=e x is n = !m to apply !mselves to ! /udy ( lett]s4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is a s\rce ( diss5t is unbecom+ to religi\s1 :o are ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! unity ( peace4 ,n[ /udy leads to diss5t3 :]e=e diff]5t s*ools ( ?\ght arose among ! philosoph]s4 ,h5ce ,j]ome 7,sup] ,epi/4 ad ,tit4 #a3e7 says3 ,be=e a diabolical in/9ct br\ght /udy into religion1 & p said3 ,i am ( ,paul1 ,i ( ,apollo1 ,i ( ,cephas1 etc4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t no religi\s ord] %\ld be e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( /udy4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ^? :o pr(ess ! ,*ri/ian religion %\ld pr(ess no?+ 9 common ) ! ,g5tiles4 ,n[ among ! ,g5tiles 7 "s :o pr(ess$ philosophy1 & ev5 n[ "s secul> p]sons are kn[n z pr(essors ( c]ta9 sci5ces4 ,!re=e ! /udy ( lett]s does n become religi\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,j]ome 7,ep4 liii ad ,paul947 urges him to acquire le>n+ 9 ! mona/ic /ate1 say+3 ,let u le>n on e>? ^? ?+s ! k ( :i* w rema9 9 heav51 & fur!r on3 ,:atev] y seek to "k1 ,i w endeavor to "k ) y4 ,i answ] t ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b71 religion may be orda9$ to ! active & to ! contemplative life4 ,n[ *ief among ! works ( ! active life are ^? :i* are directly orda9$ to ! salvation ( s\ls1 su* z prea*+ & ! l4 ,accord+ly ! /udy ( lett]s is becom+ to ! religi\s life 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds t :i* is prop] to ! contemplative life1 to :i* ! /udy ( lett]s helps 9 a tw(old mann]4 ,9 "o way by help+ directly to contemplate1 namely by enlight5+ ! intellect4 ,= ! contemplative life ( :i* we are n[ speak+ is direct$ *iefly to ! consid]ation ( div9e ?+s1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahj1 ,a4 #d71 to :i* consid]ation man is direct$ by /udy2 = :i* reason x is said 9 praise ( ! righte\s 7,ps4 #a3b7 t he %all m$itate day & night on ! law ( ! ,"l1 & 7,ecclus4 #ci3a73 ,! wise man w seek out ! wisdom ( all ! anci5ts1 & w be occupi$ 9 ! prophets4 ,9 ano!r way ! /udy ( lett]s is a help to ! contemplative life indirectly1 by remov+ ! ob/acles to contemplation1 namely ! errors :i* 9 ! contemplation ( div9e ?+s frequ5tly beset ^? :o are ignorant ( ! scriptures4 ,?us we read 9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,coll4 x1 #c7 t ! ,abbot ,s]apion ?r\gh simplicity fell into ! error ( ! ,an?ropomorphites1 :o ?\ght t ,god _h a human %ape4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,moral4 vi7 t "s ?r\gh seek+ 9 contemplation m ?an !y are able to grasp1 fall away into p]v]se doctr9es1 & by fail+ to be ! humble disciples ( tru? become ! ma/]s ( error4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,eccles4 #b3c73 ,i ?\ght 9 my he>t to )draw my fle% f w9e1 t ,i might turn my m9d to wisdom & might avoid folly4 ,secondly1 ! /udy ( lett]s is necess>y 9 ^? religi\s ord]s t are f\nd$ = prea*+ & o!r l works2 :]e=e ! ,apo/le 7,titus #a3i71 speak+ ( bi%ops to ^: (fice ^! acts belong1 says3 ,embrac+ t fai?ful ^w :i* is accord+ to doctr9e1 t he may be able to exhort 9 s\nd doctr9e & to conv9ce ! ga9say]s4 ,nor does x matt] t ! apo/les 7 s5t to prea* )\t hav+ /udi$ lett]s1 because1 z ,j]ome says 7,ep4 liii ad ,paul9471 :atev] o!rs acquire by ex]cise & daily m$itation 9 ,god's law1 0 taught !m by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?irdly1 ! /udy ( lett]s is becom+ to religi\s z reg>ds t :i* is common to all religi\s ord]s4 ,= x helps u to avoid ! lu/s ( ! fle%2 :]e=e ,j]ome says 7,ep4 cxxv ad ,ru/4 ,mona*473 ,love ! sci5ce ( ! ,scriptures & ?\ %alt h no love = c>nal vice4 ,= x turns ! m9d away f lu/ful ?\ghts1 & tames ! fle% on acc\nt ( ! toil t /udy entails accord+ to ,ecclus4 #ca3a1 ,wat*+ = ri*es99 consume? ! fle%4 99,vigilia hone/atis4 ,/4 ,?omas w\ld seem to h tak5 hone/as 9 ! s5se ( virtue4 ,x also helps to remove ! desire ( ri*es1 :]e=e x is writt5 7,wis4 #g3h73 ,i 4 4 4 e/eem$ ri*es no?+ 9 comp>ison ) h]1 & 7#a ,macc4 #ab3i73 ,we ne$$ none ( ^! ?+s1 namely assi/ance f )\t1 hav+ = our com=t ! holy books t are 9 our h&s4 ,x also helps to tea* ob$i5ce1 :]e=e ,augu/9e says 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xvii73 ,:at sort ( p]v]s5ess is ?is1 to wi% to read1 b n to obey :at "o reads8 ,h5ce x is cle>ly fitt+ t a religi\s ord] be e/abli%$ = ! /udy ( lett]s4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is comm5t>y ( ! gloss is an exposition ( ! ,old ,law ( :i* ! ,apo/le says 7#b ,cor4 #c3f73 ,! lett] kille?4 ,h5ce n to "k lett]s is to disapprove ( ! circumcision ( ! lett] & o!r c>nal obs]vances4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,/udy is direct$ to k :i*1 )\t *>ity1 puffe? up1 & consequ5tly leads to diss5t1 accord+ to ,prov4 #ac3aj1 ,among ! pr\d !re are always diss5sions3 :]eas1 ) *>ity1 x edifie? & begets concord4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le aft] say+ 7#a ,cor4 #a3e73 ,y are made ri* 4 4 4 9 all utt]ance & 9 all k1 adds 7#a ,cor4 #a3aj73 ,t y all speak ! same ?+1 & t !re be no s*isms among y4 ,b ,j]ome is n speak+ "h ( ! /udy ( lett]s1 b ( ! /udy ( diss5sions :i* h]etics & s*ismatics h br\ght into ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! philosoph]s pr(ess$ ! /udy ( lett]s 9 ! matt] ( secul> le>n+3 :]eas x becomes religi\s to devote !mselves *iefly to ! /udy ( lett]s 9 ref]5ce to ! doctr9e t is accord+ to godl9ess 7,titus #a3a74 ,x becomes n religi\s1 ^: :ole life is devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,god1 to seek = o!r le>n+1 save 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! sacr$ doctr9e4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says at ! end ( ,de ,musica vi1 #ag3 ,:il/ we ?9k t we %\ld n ov]look ^? :om h]etics delude by ! deceitful assurance ( reason & k1 we are sl[ to advance 9 ! consid]ation ( _! me?ods4 ,yet we %\ld n be prais$ = do+ ?is1 7 x n t _m holy sons ( _! mo/ lov+ "m ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h done ! same "u ! necessity ( conf\nd+ h]etics4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahh1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r a ,religi\s ,ord] ,t ,is ,devot$ to ! ,contemplative ,life ,is ,m ,excell5t ,?an on ,t ,is ,giv5 to ! ,active ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t a religi\s ord] :i* is devot$ to ! contemplative life is n m excell5t ?an "o :i* is giv5 to ! active life4 ,= x is said 7,extra1 de ,regul>4 et ,transeunt4 ad ,relig41 cap4 ,licet71 quot+ ! words ( ,innoc5t ,,iii3 ,ev5 z a great] good is pref]r$ to a less]1 s ! common pr(it takes prec$5ce ( private pr(it3 & 9 ?is case tea*+ is rightly pref]r$ to sil5ce1 responsibility to contemplation1 "w to re/4 ,n[ ! religi\s ord] :i* is direct$ to ! great] good is bett]4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ^? religi\s ord]s t are direct$ to ! active life are m excell5t ?an ^? :i* are direct$ to ! contemplative life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 e religi\s ord] is direct$ to ! p]fection ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,,aa4 #a1 #b74 ,n[ a gloss on ,heb4 #ab3d1 ,= y h n yet resi/$ unto blood1 says3 ,9 ?is life !re is no m p]fect love ?an t to :i* ! holy m>tyrs atta9$1 :o f\ght aga9/ s9 unto blood4 ,n[ to fight unto blood is becom+ ^? religi\s :o are direct$ to milit>y s]vice1 & yet ?is p]ta9s to ! active life4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t religi\s ord]s ( ?is k9d are ! mo/ excell5t4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly ! /rict] a religi\s ord] is1 ! m excell5t x is4 ,b !re is no reason :y c]ta9 religi\s ord]s direct$ to ! active life %\ld n be ( /rict] obs]vance ?an ^? direct$ to ! contemplative life4 ,!re=e !y are m excell5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 our ,"l said 7,luke #aj3db7 t ! be/ "p 0 ,m>y's1 by :om ! contemplative life is signifi$4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #a71 ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o religi\s ord] & ano!r dep5ds *iefly on ! end1 & second>ily on ! ex]cise4 ,& s9ce "o ?+ _c be said to be m excell5t ?an ano!r save 9 respect ( t 9 :i* x diff]s !refrom1 x foll[s t ! excell5ce ( "o religi\s ord] ov] ano!r dep5ds *iefly on _! ends1 & second>ily on _! respective ex]cises4 ,nev]!less ea* ( ^! comp>isons is consid]$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,= ! comp>ison ) respect to ! end is absolute1 s9ce ! end is s\ght = its own sake2 :]eas ! comp>ison ) respect to ex]cise is relative1 s9ce ex]cise is s\ght n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( ! end4 ,h5ce a religi\s ord] is pref]able to ano!r1 if x be direct$ to an end t is absolutely m excell5t ei!r because x is a great] good or because x is direct$ to m goods4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! end be ! same1 ! excell5ce ( "o religi\s ord] ov] ano!r dep5ds second>ily1 n on ! am\nt ( ex]cise1 b on ! proportion ( ! ex]cise to ! end 9 view4 ,:]e=e 9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,coll4 ii1 #b7 ,bless$ ,antony is quot$1 z pref]r+ discretion :]eby a man mod]ates all 8 actions1 to fa/+s1 wat*+s1 & all su* obs]vances4 ,accord+ly we mu/ say t ! "w ( ! active life is tw(old4 "o proce$s f ! fulness ( contemplation1 su* z tea*+ & prea*+4 ,:]e=e ,gregory says 7,hom4 v 9 ,eze*47 t ! words ( ,ps4 #add3g1 ,!y %all publi% ! memory ( 4 4 4 ,?y sweetness1 ref] to p]fect m5 return+ f _! contemplation4 ,& ?is "w is m excell5t ?an simple contemplation4 ,= ev5 z x is bett] to enlight5 ?an m]ely to %9e1 s is x bett] to give to o!rs ! fruits ( "o's contemplation ?an m]ely to contemplate4 ,! o!r "w ( ! active life consi/s entirely 9 outw>d occupation1 = in/ance almsgiv+1 receiv+ gue/s1 & ! l1 :i* are less excell5t ?an ! works ( contemplation1 except 9 cases ( necessity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahb1 ,a4 #a74 ,accord+ly ! highe/ place 9 religi\s ord]s is held by ^? :i* are direct$ to tea*+ & prea*+1 :i*1 moreov]1 are ne>e/ to ! episcopal p]fection1 ev5 z 9 o!r ?+s ! end ( t :i* is fir/ is 9 conjunction ) ! beg9n+ ( t :i* is second1 z ,dionysius /ates 7,div4 ,nom4 vii74 ,! second place belongs to ^? :i* are direct$ to contemplation1 & ! ?ird to ^? :i* are occupi$ ) ext]nal actions4 ,moreov]1 9 ea* ( ^! degrees x may be not$ t "o religi\s ord] excels ano!r ?r\gh be+ direct$ to high] action 9 ! same g5us2 ?us among ! works ( ! active life x is bett] to ransom captives ?an to receive gue/s1 & among ! works ( ! contemplative life pray] is bett] ?an /udy4 ,aga9 "o w excel ano!r if x be direct$ to m ( ^! actions ?an ano!r1 or if x h /atutes m adapt$ to ! atta9m5t ( ! end 9 view4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is ,decretal ref]s to ! active life z direct$ to ! salvation ( s\ls4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,^? religi\s ord]s t are e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( milit>y s]vice aim m directly at %$d+ ! enemy's blood ?an at ! %$d+ ( _! own1 :i* latt] is m prop]ly compet5t to m>tyrs4 ,yet !re is no reason :y religi\s ( ?is description %\ld n acquire ! m]it ( m>tyrdom 9 c]ta9 cases1 & 9 ?is respect /& high] ?an o!r religi\s2 ev5 z 9 "s cases ! works ( ! active life take prec$5ce ( contemplation4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,/rictness ( obs]vances1 z ! ,bless$ ,antony rem>ks 7,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs2 ,coll4 ii1 #b71 is n ! *ief object ( comm5dation 9 a religi\s ord]2 & x is writt5 7,isa4 #eh3e73 ,is ?is su* a fa/ z ,i h *os51 = a man to afflict 8 s\l = a day8 ,nev]!less x is adopt$ 9 religi\s life z be+ necess>y = tam+ ! fle%1 :i* if done )\t discretion1 is liable to make u fail altoge!r1 z ! ,bless$ ,antony obs]ves4 ,:]e=e a religi\s ord] is n m excell5t ?r\gh hav+ /rict] obs]vances1 b because its obs]vances are direct$ by great] discretion to ! end ( religion4 ,?us ! tam+ ( ! fle% is m efficaci\sly direct$ to cont95ce by means ( ab/95ce 9 meat & dr9k1 :i* p]ta9 to hung] & ?ir/1 ?an by ! privation ( clo?+1 :i* p]ta9s to cold & nak$ness1 or by bodily labor4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahh1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,religi\s ,p]fection ,is ,dim9i%$ by ,possess+ ,some?+ 9 ,common8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t religi\s p]fection is dim9i%$ by possess+ some?+ 9 common4 ,= our ,"l said 7,matt4 #ai3ba73 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g sell all ,vulg43 ':at' ?\ ha/ & give to ! poor4 ,h5ce x is cle> t to lack worldly weal? belongs to ! p]fection ( ,*ri/ian life4 ,n[ ^? :o possess some?+ 9 common d n lack worldly weal?4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t !y d n q rea* to ! p]fection ( ,*ri/ian life4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! p]fection ( ! c\nsels requires t "o %\ld be )\t worldly solicitude2 :]e=e ! ,apo/le 9 giv+ ! c\nsel ( virg9ity said 7#a ,cor4 #g3cb73 ,i w\ld h y to be )\t solicitude4 ,n[ x belongs to ! solicitude ( ! pres5t life t c]ta9 p keep some?+ to !mselves = ! morr[2 & ?is solicitude 0 =bidd5 ,8 disciples by our ,"l 7,matt4 #f3cd7 say+3 ,be n 4 4 4 solicit\s = tomorr[4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! p]fection ( ,*ri/ian life is dim9i%$ by hav+ some?+ 9 common4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 possessions held 9 common belong 9 "s way to ea* memb] ( ! community2 :]e=e ,j]ome 7,ep4 lx ad ,heliod4 ,episc47 says 9 ref]5ce to c]ta9 p3 ,!y are ri*] 9 ! mona/]y ?an !y _h be5 9 ! _w2 ?\gh s]v+ ! poor ,*ri/ !y h weal? :i* !y _h n :ile s]v+ ! ri* devil2 ! ,*ur* rejects !m n[ t !y are ri*1 :o 9 ! _w 7 begg>s4 ,b x is d]ogatory to religi\s p]fection t "o %\ld possess weal? ( "o's own4 ,!re=e x is also d]ogatory to religi\s p]fection to possess any?+ 9 common4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory 7,dial4 iii1 #ad7 relates ( a v holy man nam$ ,isaac1 t :5 8 disciples humbly signifi$ t he %\ld accept ! possessions (f]$ to him = ! use ( ! mona/]y1 he be+ solicit\s = ! safegu>d+ ( 8 pov]ty1 held firmly to 8 op9ion1 say+3 ,a monk :o seeks e>?ly possessions is no monk at all3 & ?is ref]s to possessions held 9 common1 & :i* 7 (f]$ him = ! common use ( ! mona/]y4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem de/ructive ( religi\s p]fection to possess any?+ 9 common4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 our ,"l 9 prescrib+ religi\s p]fection to ,8 disciples1 said 7,matt4 #aj3i1 #aj73 ,d n possess gold1 nor silv]1 nor money 9 y\r purses1 nor script = y\r j\rney4 ,by ^! words1 z ,j]ome says 9 8 comm5t>y1 ,he reproves ^? philosoph]s :o are commonly call$ ,bactrop]atae 99i4e4 /aff & scrip be>]s1 :o z despis+ ! _w & valu+ all ?+s at naught c>ri$ _! pantry ab\t ) !m4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem d]ogatory to religi\s p]fection t "o %\ld keep some?+ :e!r = oneself or = ! common use4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,prosp] 99,julianus ,pom]ius1 among ! works ( ,prosp] says 7,de ,vita ,contempl4 ix7 & 8 words are quot$ 7,,xii1 qu4 #a1 c4 ,exp$it73 ,x is suffici5tly cle> bo? t = ! sake ( p]fection "o %\ld r5\nce hav+ any?+ ( "o's own1 & t ! possession ( rev5ues1 :i* are ( c\rse common prop]ty1 is no h9drance to ! p]fection ( ! ,*ur*4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a2 ,q4 #ahe1 ,a4 #f1 ad #a71 p]fection consi/s1 ess5tially1 n 9 pov]ty1 b 9 foll[+ ,*ri/1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,j]ome 7,sup] ,mat?4 xix1 #bg73 ,s9ce x is n en\gh to leave all1 ,pet] adds t :i* is p]fect1 namely1 ',we h foll[$ ,!e1' :ile pov]ty is l an in/rum5t or ex]cise = ! atta9m5t ( p]fection4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,coll4 i1 #g7 ! abbot ,moses says3 ,fa/+s1 wat*+s1 m$itat+ on ! ,scriptures1 pov]ty1 & privation ( all "o's possessions are n p]fection1 b means ( p]fection4 ,n[ ! privation ( "o's possessions1 or pov]ty1 is a means ( p]fection1 inasmu* z by do+ away ) ri*es we remove c]ta9 ob/acles to *>ity2 & ^! are *iefly ?ree4 ,! fir/ is ! c>es :i* ri*es br+ ) !m2 :]e=e our ,"l said 7,matt4 #ac3bb73 ,t :i* 0 s[n ,vulg43 ',he t receiv$ ! se$' among ?orns1 is he t he>e? ! ^w1 & ! c>e ( ?is _w1 & ! deceitfulness ( ri*es1 *oke? up ! ^w4 ,! second is ! love ( ri*es1 :i* increases ) ! possession ( weal?2 :]e=e ,j]ome says 7,sup] ,mat?4 xix1 #bc7 t s9ce x is difficult to despise ri*es :5 we h !m1 our ,"l did n say3 ',x is impossible = a ri* man to ent] ! k+dom ( heav51' b3 ',x is difficult4' ,! ?ird is va+lory or elation :i* results f ri*es1 accord+ to ,ps4 #dh3g1 ,!y t tru/ 9 _! own /r5g?1 & glory 9 ! multitude ( _! ri*es4 ,accord+ly ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree _c be altoge!r sep>at$ f ri*es :e!r great or small4 ,= man mu/ ne$s take a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>e 9 acquir+ or keep+ ext]nal ?+s4 ,b s long z ext]nal ?+s are s\ght or possess$ only 9 a small quantity1 & z mu* z is requir$ = a m]e livelihood1 su* l c>e does n h9d] "o mu*2 & consequ5tly is n inconsi/5t ) ! p]fection ( ,*ri/ian life4 ,= our ,"l did n =bid all c>e1 b only su* z is excessive & hurtful2 :]e=e ,augu/9e1 comm5t+ on ,matt4 #f3be1 ,be n solicit\s = y\r life1 :at y %all eat1 says 7,de ,s]m4 9 ,monte 99,! words quot$ are f ,de ,op]ibus ,mona*4 xxvi73 ,9 say+ ?is ,he does n =bid !m to procure ^! ?+s 9 s f> z !y ne$$ !m1 b to be int5t on !m1 & = _! sake to d :atev] !y are bidd5 to d 9 prea*+ ! ,gospel4 ,yet ! possession ( mu* weal? increases ! weight ( c>e1 :i* is a great di/raction to man's m9d & h9d]s him f giv+ himself :olly to ,god's s]vice4 ,! o!r two1 h[ev]1 namely ! love ( ri*es & tak+ pride or glory+ 9 ri*es1 result only f an abundance ( weal?4 ,nev]!less x makes a diff]5ce 9 ?is matt] if ri*es1 :e!r abundant or mod]ate1 be possess$ 9 private or 9 common4 ,= ! c>e t "o takes ( "o's own weal?1 p]ta9s to love ( self1 :]eby a man loves himself 9 temporal matt]s2 :]eas ! c>e t is giv5 to ?+s held 9 common p]ta9s to ! love ( *>ity :i* seeke? n h] own1 b looks to ! common good4 ,& s9ce religion is direct$ to ! p]fection ( *>ity1 & *>ity is p]fect$ 9 ! love ( ,god ext5d+ to contempt ( self 99,augu/9e1 ,de ,civ4 ,dei xiv1 #bh1 x is contr>y to religi\s p]fection to possess any?+ 9 private4 ,b ! c>e t is giv5 to common goods may p]ta9 to *>ity1 al?\gh x may prove an ob/acle to "s high] act ( *>ity1 su* z div9e contemplation or ! in/ruct+ ( "o's neighbor4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t to h excessive ri*es 9 common1 :e!r 9 movable or 9 immovable prop]ty1 is an ob/acle to p]fection1 ?\gh n absolutely incompatible ) x2 :ile x is n an ob/acle to religi\s p]fection to h en\gh ext]nal ?+s1 :e!r movables or immovables1 z suffice = a livelihood1 if we consid] pov]ty 9 relation to ! common end ( religi\s ord]s1 :i* is to devote oneself to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,b if we consid] pov]ty 9 relation to ! special end ( any religi\s ord]1 !n ?is end be+ presuppos$1 a great] or less] degree ( pov]ty is adapt$ to t religi\s ord]2 & ea* religi\s ord] w be ! m p]fect 9 respect ( pov]ty1 accord+ z x pr(esses a pov]ty m adapt$ to its end4 ,= x is evid5t t = ! purpose ( ! outw>d & bodily works ( ! active life a man ne$s ! assi/ance ( outw>d ?+s1 :]eas few are requir$ = contemplation4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 x1 #h7 t _m ?+s are ne$$ = action1 & ! m s1 ! great] & nobl] ! actions are4 ,b ! contemplative man requires no su* ?+s = ! ex]cise ( 8 act3 he ne$s only ! necess>ies2 o!r ?+s are an ob/acle to 8 contemplation4 ,accord+ly x is cle> t a religi\s ord] direct$ to ! bodily actions ( ! active life1 su* z soldi]+ or ! lodg+ ( gue/s1 w\ld be imp]fect if x lack$ common ri*es2 :]eas ^? religi\s ord]s :i* are direct$ to ! contemplative life are ! m p]fect1 accord+ z ! pov]ty !y pr(ess burd5s !m ) less c>e = temporal ?+s4 ,& ! c>e ( temporal ?+s is s mu* a great] ob/acle to religi\s life z ! religi\s life requires a great] c>e ( spiritual ?+s4 ,n[ x is manife/ t a religi\s ord] e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( contemplat+ & ( giv+ to o!rs ! fruits ( "o's contemplation by tea*+ & prea*+1 requires great] c>e ( spiritual ?+s ?an "o t is e/abli%$ = contemplation only4 ,:]e=e x becomes a religi\s ord] ( ?is k9d to embrace a pov]ty t burd5s "o ) ! lea/ am\nt ( c>e4 ,aga9 x is cle> t to keep :at "o has acquir$ at a fitt+ "t = "o's necess>y use involves ! lea/ burd5 ( c>e4 ,:]e=e a ?reefold degree ( pov]ty corresponds to ! ?ree a=esaid degrees ( religi\s life4 ,= x is fitt+ t a religi\s ord] :i* is direct$ to ! bodily actions ( ! active life %\ld h an abundance ( ri*es 9 common2 t ! common possession ( a religi\s ord] direct$ to contemplation %\ld be m mod]ate1 unless ! said religi\s be b\nd1 ei!r !mselves or ?r\gh o!rs1 to give hospitality or to assi/ ! poor2 & t ^? :o aim at giv+ ! fruits ( _! contemplation to o!rs %\ld h _! life mo/ exempt f ext]nal c>es2 ?is be+ accompli%$ by _! lay+ up ! necess>ies ( life procur$ at a fitt+ "t4 ,?is1 our ,"l1 ! ,f\nd] ( pov]ty1 taught by ,8 example4 ,= ,he _h a purse :i* ,he entru/$ to ,judas1 & 9 :i* 7 kept ! ?+s t 7 (f]$ to ,him1 z relat$ 9 ,john #ab3f4 ,nor %\ld x be argu$ t ,j]ome 7,sup] ,mat?4 xvii1 #bf7 says3 ,if anyone object t ,judas c>ri$ money 9 ! purse1 we answ] t ,he deem$ x unlawful to sp5d ! prop]ty ( ! poor on ,8 own uses1 namely by pay+ ! tax--because among ^? poor ,8 disciples held a =emo/ place1 & ! money 9 ,*ri/'s purse 0 sp5t *iefly on _! ne$s4 ,= x is /at$ 7,john #d3h7 t ,8 disciples 7 gone into ! city to buy meats1 & 7,john #ac3bi7 t ! disciples ?\ght1 because ,judas _h ! purse1 t ,jesus _h said to him3 ,b ^? ?+s :i* we h ne$ ( = ! fe/ival day1 or t he %\ld give some?+ to ! poor4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t to keep money by1 or any o!r common prop]ty = ! support ( religi\s ( ! same ord]1 or ( any o!r poor1 is 9 accordance ) ! p]fection :i* ,*ri/ taught by ,8 example4 ,moreov]1 aft] ! resurrection1 ! disciples f :om all religi\s ord]s took _! orig9 kept ! price ( ! l&s1 & di/ribut$ x accord+ z ea* "o _h ne$ 7,acts #d3cd1 #ce74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #c1 ad #a71 ?is say+ ( our ,"l does n mean t pov]ty itself is p]fection1 b t x is ! means ( p]fection4 ,inde$1 z %[n above 7,q4 #ahf1 ,a4 #h71 x is ! lea/ ( ! ?ree *ief means ( p]fection2 s9ce ! v[ ( cont95ce excels ! v[ ( pov]ty1 & ! v[ ( ob$i5ce excels !m bo?4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! means are s\ght n = _! own sake1 b = ! sake ( ! end1 a ?+ is bett]1 n = be+ a great] in/rum5t1 b = be+ m adapt$ to ! end4 ,?us a physician does n heal ! m ! m m$ic9e he gives1 b ! m ! m$ic9e is adapt$ to ! disease4 ,accord+ly x does n foll[ t a religi\s ord] is ! m p]fect1 accord+ z ! pov]ty x pr(esses is m p]fect1 b accord+ z its pov]ty is m adapt$ to ! end bo? common & special4 ,grant$ ev5 t ! religi\s ord] :i* exce$s o!rs 9 pov]ty be m p]fect 9 s f> z x is poor]1 ?is w\ld n make x m p]fect simply4 ,= possibly "s o!r religi\s ord] might surpass x 9 matt]s relat+ to cont95ce1 or ob$i5ce1 & ?us be m p]fect simply1 s9ce to excel 9 bett] ?+s is to be bett] simply4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,our ,"l's words 7,matt4 #f3cd71 ,be n solicit\s = tomorr[1 d n mean t we are to keep no?+ = ! morr[2 = ! ,bless$ ,antony %[s ! dang] ( s do+1 9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,coll4 ii1 #b71 :]e he says3 ,x has be5 our exp]i5ce t ^? :o h attempt$ to practice ! privation ( all means ( livelihood1 s z n to h ! :]e)al to procure !mselves food = "o day1 h be5 deceiv$ s unaw>es t !y 7 unable to f9i% prop]ly ! "w !y _h und]tak54 ,&1 z ,augu/9e says 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xxiii71 if ?is say+ ( our ,"l1 ',be n solicit\s = tomorr[1' means t we are to lay no?+ by = ! morr[1 ^? :o %ut !mselves up = _m days f ! sight ( m51 & apply _! :ole m9d to a life ( pray]1 w be unable to provide !mselves ) ^! ?+s4 ,aga9 he adds aft]w>ds3 ,are we to suppose t ! m holy !y are1 ! less d !y resemble ! birds8 ,& fur!r on 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xxiv73 ,= if x be argu$ f ! ,gospel t !y %\ld lay no?+ by1 !y answ] rightly3 ,:y !n did our ,"l h a purse1 :]e9 ,he kept ! money t 0 collect$8 ,:y1 9 days long gone by1 :5 fam9e 0 imm95t1 0 gra9 s5t to ! holy fa!rs8 ,:y did ! apo/les ?us provide = ! ne$s ( ! sa9ts8 ,accord+ly ! say+3 ,be n solicit\s = tomorr[1 accord+ to ,j]ome 7,sup] ,mat?47 is to be r5d]$ ?us3 ,x is en\gh t we ?9k ( ! pres5t2 ! future be+ unc]ta91 let u leave x to ,god3 accord+ to ,*ryso/om 99,hom4 xvi 9 ! ,opus ,imp]fectum1 falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 ,x is en\gh to endure ! toil = necess>y ?+s1 labor n 9 excess = unnecess>y ?+s3 accord+ to ,augu/9e 7,de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte ii1 #ag73 ,:5 we d any good action1 we %\ld be> 9 m9d n temporal ?+s :i* are d5ot$ by ! morr[1 b et]nal ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! say+ ( ,j]ome applies :]e !re are excessive ri*es1 possess$ 9 private z x 71 or by ! abuse ( :i* ev5 ! individual memb]s ( a community wax pr\d & wanton4 ,b !y d n apply to mod]ate weal?1 set by = ! common use1 m]ely z a means ( livelihood ( :i* ea* "o /&s 9 ne$4 ,= x am\nts to ! same t ea* "o makes use ( ?+s p]ta9+ to ! necess>ies ( life1 & t ^! ?+s be set by = ! common use4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,isaac refus$ to accept ! (f] ( possessions1 because he fe>$ le/ ?is %\ld lead him to h excessive weal?1 ! abuse ( :i* w\ld be an ob/acle to religi\s p]fection4 ,h5ce ,gregory adds 7,dial4 iii1 #ad73 ,he 0 z afraid ( =feit+ ! security ( 8 pov]ty1 z ! ri* mis] is c>eful ( 8 p]i%able weal?4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 relat$ t he refus$ to accept su* ?+s z are commonly necess>y = ! upkeep ( life4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #e1 #f7 t bread1 w9e1 & ! l are natural ri*es1 :ile money is artificial ri*es4 ,h5ce x is t c]ta9 philosoph]s decl9$ to make use ( money1 & employ$ o!r ?+s1 liv+ accord+ to nature4 ,:]e=e ,j]ome %[s by ! words ( our ,"l1 ,:o equally =bade bo?1 t x comes to ! same to h money & to possess o!r ?+s necess>y = life4 ,& ?\gh our ,"l comm&$ ^? :o 7 s5t to prea* n to c>ry ^! ?+s on ! way1 ,he did n =bid !m to be possess$ 9 common4 ,h[ ^! words ( our ,"l %\ld be und]/ood has be5 %[n above 7,q4 #ahe1 ,a4 #f ad #b2 ,i-,,ii1 ,q4 #ajh1 ,a4 #b1 ad #c74 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahh1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ! ,religi\s ,life ( ,^? ,:o ,live 9 ,community ,is ,m ,p]fect ,?an ,t ( ,^? ,:o ,lead a ,solit>y ,life8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t ! religi\s life ( ^? :o live 9 community is m p]fect ?an t ( ^? :o lead a solit>y life4 ,= x is writt5 7,eccles4 #d3i73 ,x is bett] 4 4 4 t two %\ld be toge!r1 ?an "o2 = !y h ! advantage ( _! society4 ,!re=e ! religi\s life ( ^? :o live 9 community w\ld seem to be m p]fect4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,matt4 #ah3bj73 ,:]e !re are two or ?ree ga!r$ toge!r 9 ,my "n1 !re am ,i 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,b no?+ c be bett] ?an ! fell[%ip ( ,*ri/4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem bett] to live 9 community ?an 9 solitude4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! v[ ( ob$i5ce is m excell5t ?an ! o!r religi\s v[s2 & humility is mo/ acceptable to ,god4 ,n[ ob$i5ce & humility are bett] obs]v$ 9 company ?an 9 solitude2 = ,j]ome says 7,ep4 cxxv ad ,ru/ic4 ,mona*473 ,9 solitude pride quickly takes man unaw>es1 he sleeps z mu* z he w1 he does :at he likes2 :]eas :5 in/ruct+ "o :o lives 9 community1 he says3 ,y may n d :at y w1 y mu/ eat :at y are bidd5 to eat1 y may possess s mu* z y receive1 y mu/ obey "o y pref] n to obey1 y mu/ be a s]vant to y\r bre?r51 y mu/ fe> ! sup]ior ( ! mona/]y z ,god1 love him z a fa!r4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! religi\s life ( ^? :o live 9 community is m p]fect ?an t ( ^? :o lead a solit>y life4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 our ,"l said 7,luke #aa3cc73 ,no man lighte? a c&le & putte? x 9 a hidd5 place1 nor "u a bu%el4 ,n[ ^? :o lead a solit>y life are seem+ly 9 a hidd5 place1 & to be do+ no good to any man4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t _! religi\s life is n m p]fect4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 t :i* is 9 accord ) man's nature is app>5tly m p]t95t to ! p]fection ( virtue4 ,b man is naturally a social animal1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #a74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t to lead a solit>y life is n m p]fect ?an to lead a community life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,augu/9e says 7,de op]4 ,mona*4 xxiii7 t ^? are holi] :o keep !mselves alo( f ! approa* ( all1 & give _! :ole m9d to a life ( pray]4 ,i answ] t1 ,solitude1 l pov]ty1 is n ! ess5ce ( p]fection1 b a means !reto4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,coll4 i1 #g7 ! ,abbot ,moses says t solitude1 ev5 z fa/+ & o!r l ?+s1 is a sure means ( acquir+ purity ( he>t4 ,n[ x is evid5t t solitude is a means adapt$ n to action b to contemplation1 accord+ to ,osee #b3ad1 ,i 4 4 4 w lead h] into solitude ,d\ay3 '! wild]ness'2 & ,i w speak to h] he>t4 ,:]e=e x is n suitable to ^? religi\s ord]s t are direct$ to ! works :e!r corporal or spiritual ( ! active life2 except p]haps = a "t1 aft] ! example ( ,*ri/1 ,:o z ,luke relates 7#f3ab71 w5t out into a m\nta9 to pray2 & ,he pass$ ! :ole night 9 ! pray] ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is suitable to ^? religi\s ord]s t are direct$ to contemplation4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t :at is solit>y %\ld be self-suffic+ by itself4 ,n[ su* a ?+ is "o t lacks no?+1 & ?is belongs to ! idea ( a p]fect ?+ 99,ari/otle1 ,phys4 iii1 #f4 ,:]e=e solitude befits ! contemplative :o has already atta9$ to p]fection4 ,?is happ5s 9 two ways3 9 "o way by ! gift only ( ,god1 z 9 ! case ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 :o 0 fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/ ev5 f 8 "m's womb 7,luke #a3aa71 s t he 0 9 ! des]t ev5 z a boy2 9 ano!r way by ! practice ( virtu\s action1 accord+ to ,heb4 #e3ad3 ,/rong meat is = ! p]fect2 = !m :o by cu/om h _! s5ses ex]cis$ to ! disc]n+ ( good & evil4 ,n[ man is assi/$ 9 ?is practice by ! fell[%ip ( o!rs 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds 8 intellect1 to ! effect ( 8 be+ in/ruct$ 9 t :i* he has to contemplate2 :]e=e ,j]ome says 7ad ,ru/ic4 ,mona*41 ,ep4 cxxv73 ,x pleases me t y h ! fell[%ip ( holy m51 & tea* n y\rself4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! affections1 see+ t man's noisome affections are re/ra9$ by ! example & repro( :i* he receives f o!rs2 = z ,gregory says 7,moral4 xxx1 #bc71 comm5t+ on ! words1 ,to :om ,i h giv5 a h\se 9 ! wild]ness 7,job #ci3f71 ,:at pr(its solitude ( ! body1 if solitude ( ! he>t be lack+8 ,h5ce a social life is necess>y = ! practice ( p]fection4 ,n[ solitude befits ^? :o are already p]fect2 :]e=e ,j]ome says 7ad ,ru/ic4 ,mona*41 ,ep4 cxxv73 ,f> f condemn+ ! solit>y life1 we h (t5 comm5d$ x4 ,b we wi% ! soldi]s :o pass f ! mona/ic s*ool to be su* z n to be det]r$ by ! h>d noviciate ( ! des]t1 & su* z h giv5 pro( ( _! conduct = a consid]able "t4 ,accord+ly1 j z t :i* is already p]fect surpasses t :i* is be+ s*ool$ 9 p]fection1 s ! life ( ! solit>ies1 if duly practic$1 surpasses ! community life4 ,b if x be und]tak5 )\t ! a=esaid practice1 x is fraught ) v great dang]1 unless ! grace ( ,god supply t :i* o!rs acquire by practice1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,bless$ ,antony & ! ,bless$ ,b5$ict4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,solomon %[s t two are bett] ?an "o1 on acc\nt ( ! help :i* "o af=ds ! o!r ei!r by lift+ him up1 or by w>m+ him1 i4e4 giv+ him spiritual heat 7,eccles4 #d3aj1 #aa74 ,b ^? :o h already atta9$ to p]fection d n require ?is help4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to #a ,john #d3af1 ,he t abide? 9 *>ity abide? 9 ,god & ,god 9 him4 ,:]e=e j z ,*ri/ is 9 ! mid/ ( ^? :o are unit$ toge!r 9 ! fell[%ip ( bro!rly love1 s does ,he dwell 9 ! he>t ( ! man :o devotes himself to div9e contemplation ?r\gh love ( ,god4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,actual ob$i5ce is requir$ ( ^? :o ne$ to be s*ool$ accord+ to ! direction ( o!rs 9 ! atta9m5t ( p]fection2 b ^? :o are already p]fect are suffici5tly l$ by ! _s ( ,god s t !y ne$ n to obey o!rs actually4 ,nev]!less !y h ob$i5ce 9 ! prep>$ness ( ! m9d4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai71 no "o is =bidd5 to seek ! k ( tru?1 = ?is p]ta9s to a praisewor?y leisure4 ,t a man be plac$ on a c&le/ick1 does n conc]n him b 8 sup]iors1 & if ?is burd5 is n plac$ on u1 z ,augu/9e goes on to say 7,de ,civ4 ,dei xix1 #ai71 we mu/ devote ourselves to ! contemplation ( tru?1 = :i* purpose solitude is mo/ helpful4 ,nev]!less1 ^? :o lead a solit>y life are mo/ useful to mank9d4 ,h5ce1 ref]r+ to !m1 ,augu/9e says 7,de ,morib4 ,eccl4 xxxi73 ,!y dwell 9 ! mo/ lonely places1 cont5t to live on wat] & ! bread t is br\ght to !m f "t to "t1 enjoy+ colloquy ) ,god to :om !y h adh]$ ) a pure m9d4 ,to "s !y seem to h r5\nc$ human int]c\rse m ?an is "r3 b ^! und]/& n h[ mu* su* m5 pr(it u by ! _s ( _! pray]s1 :at an example to u is ! life ( ^? :om we are =bidd5 to see 9 ! body4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,a man may lead a solit>y life = two motives4 ,"o is because he is unable1 z x 71 to be> ) human fell[%ip on acc\nt ( 8 unc\?ness ( m9d2 & ?is is bea/-l4 ,! o!r is ) a view to adh]+ :olly to div9e ?+s2 & ?is is sup]human4 ,h5ce ! ,philosoph] says 7,polit4 i1 #a7 t he :o associates n ) o!rs is ei!r a bea/ or a god1 i4e4 a godly man4 ,,"q #ahi ,,( ,,! ,,entrance ,,into ,,religi\s ,,life 7,9 ,t5 ,articles7 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! entrance into religi\s life4 ,"u ?is head !re are t5 po9ts ( inquiry3 7#a7 ,:e!r ^? :o are n practic$ 9 ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts %\ld ent] religion8 7#b7 ,:e!r x is lawful = a p]son to be b\nd by v[ to ent] religion8 7#c7 ,:e!r ^? :o are b\nd by v[ to ent] religion are b\nd to fulfil _! v[8 7#d7 ,:e!r ^? :o v[ to ent] religion are b\nd to rema9 !re 9 p]petuity8 7#e7 ,:e!r *ildr5 %\ld be receiv$ into religion8 7#f7 ,:e!r "o %\ld be )held f ent]+ religion ?r\gh def]5ce to "o's p>5ts8 7#g7 ,:e!r p>i% prie/s or ar*deacons may ent] religion8 7#h7 ,:e!r "o may pass f "o religi\s ord] to ano!r8 7#i7 ,:e!r "o ought to induce o!rs to ent] religion8 7#aj7 ,:e!r s]i\s delib]ation ) "o's relations & fri5ds is requisite = entrance into religion8 ,,fir/ ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahi1 ,art4 #a ,:e!r ,^? ,:o ,are ,n ,practic$ 9 ,keep+ ! ,comm&m5ts ,%\ld ,ent] ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t none %\ld ent] religion b ^? :o are practic$ 9 ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts4 ,= our ,"l gave ! c\nsel ( p]fection to ! "y man :o said t he _h kept ! comm&m5ts f 8 y\?4 ,n[ all religi\s ord]s orig9ate f ,*ri/4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t none %\ld be all[$ to ent] religion b ^? :o are practic$ 9 ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,hom4 xv 9 ,eze*41 & ,moral4 xxii73 ,no "o comes sudd5ly to ! summit2 b he mu/ make a beg9n+ ( a good life 9 ! smalle/ matt]s1 s z to accompli% great ?+s4 ,n[ ! great ?+s are ! c\nsels :i* p]ta9 to ! p]fection ( life1 :ile ! less] ?+s are ! comm&m5ts :i* belong to common righte\sness4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t "o ought n to ent] religion = ! purpose ( keep+ ! c\nsels1 unless "o be already practic$ 9 ! obs]vance ( ! precepts4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! religi\s /ate1 l ! holy ord]s1 has a place ( em95ce 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,n[1 z ,gregory writes to ! bi%op ,siagrius 99,regi/4 ix1 ,ep4 #ajf1 ord] %\ld be obs]v$ 9 asc5d+ to ord]s4 ,= he seeks a fall :o aspires to m\nt to ! summit by ov]pass+ ! /eps4 99,! re/ ( ! quotation is f ,regi/4 v1 ,ep4 #ec1 ad ,virgil4 ,episc44 ,= we are well aw>e t walls :5 built receive n ! weight ( ! beams until ! new fabric is rid ( its moi/ure1 le/ if !y %\ld be burd5$ ) weight be=e !y are season$ !y br+ d[n ! :ole build+ 7,di/4 xlviii1 c4 ,sicut neophytus74 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t "o %\ld n ent] religion unless "o be practic$ 9 ! obs]vance ( ! precepts4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 a gloss on ,ps4 #acj3b1 ,z a *ild t is wean$ is t[>ds 8 "m1 says3 ,fir/ we are conceiv$ 9 ! womb ( ,"m ,*ur*1 by be+ taught ! rudim5ts ( fai?4 ,!n we are n\ri%$ z x 7 9 h] womb1 by progress+ 9 ^? same elem5ts4 ,aft]w>ds we are br\ght =? to ! light by be+ reg5]at$ 9 baptism4 ,!n ! ,*ur* be>s u z x 7 9 h] h&s & fe$s u ) milk1 :5 aft] baptism we are in/ruct$ 9 good works & are n\ri%$ ) ! milk ( simple doctr9e :ile we progress2 until hav+ gr[n out ( infancy we leave our "m's milk = a fa!r's control1 t is to say1 we pass f simple doctr9e1 by :i* we are taught ! ,^w made fle%1 to ! ,^w t 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god4 ,aft]w>ds x goes on to say3 ,= ^? :o are j baptiz$ on ,holy ,saturday are borne 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*ur* z x 7 & f$ ) milk until ,p5teco/1 dur+ :i* "t no?+ ardu\s is prescrib$1 no fa/s1 no ris+ at midnight4 ,aft]w>ds !y are confirm$ by ! ,p>aclete ,_s1 & be+ wean$ s to speak1 beg9 to fa/ & keep o!r difficult obs]vances4 ,_m1 l ! h]etics & s*ismatics1 h p]v]t$ ?is ord] by be+ wean$ be=e ! "t4 ,h5ce !y h come to naught4 ,n[ ?is ord] is app>5tly p]v]t$ by ^? :o ent] religion1 or induce o!rs to ent] religion1 be=e !y are practic$ 9 ! easi] obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts4 ,!re=e !y w\ld seem to be h]etics or s*ismatics4 ,obj4 #e3 ,fur!r1 "o %\ld proce$ f t :i* prec$es to t :i* foll[s aft]4 ,n[ ! comm&m5ts prec$e ! c\nsels1 because !y are m univ]sal1 = ! implication ( ! "o by ! o!r is n conv]tible 99,categor4 ix1 s9ce :oev] keeps ! c\nsels keeps ! comm&m5ts1 b ! conv]se does n hold4 ,see+ !n t ! "r ord] requires "o to pass f t :i* comes fir/ to t :i* comes aft]1 x foll[s t "o ought n to pass to ! obs]vance ( ! c\nsels 9 religion1 )\t be+ fir/ ( all practic$ 9 ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,mat!w ! publican :o 0 n practic$ 9 ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts 0 call$ by our ,"l to ! obs]vance ( ! c\nsels4 ,= x is /at$ 7,luke #e3bh7 t leav+ all ?+s he 4 4 4 foll[$ ,him4 ,!re=e x is n necess>y = a p]son to be practic$ 9 ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts be=e pass+ to ! p]fection ( ! c\nsels4 ,i answ] t1 ,z %[n above 7,q4 #ahh1 ,a4 #a71 ! religi\s /ate is a spiritual s*ool+ = ! atta9m5t ( ! p]fection ( *>ity4 ,?is is accompli%$ ?r\gh ! removal ( ! ob/acles to p]fect *>ity by religi\s obs]vances2 & ^! ob/acles are ^? ?+s :i* atta* man's affections to e>?ly ?+s4 ,n[ ! atta*m5t ( man's affections to e>?ly ?+s is n only an ob/acle to ! p]fection ( *>ity1 b sometimes leads to ! loss ( *>ity1 :5 ?r\gh turn+ inord9ately to temporal goods man turns away f ! immutable good by s9n+ mortally4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! obs]vances ( ! religi\s /ate1 :ile remov+ ! ob/acles to p]fect *>ity1 remove also ! occasions ( s93 = in/ance1 x is cle> t fa/+1 wat*+1 ob$i5ce1 & ! l )draw man f s9s ( gluttony & lu/ & all o!r mann] ( s9s4 ,consequ5tly x is "r t n only ^? :o are practic$ 9 ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts %\ld ent] religion 9 ord] to atta9 to yet great] p]fection1 b also ^? :o are n practic$1 9 ord] ! m easily to avoid s9 & atta9 to p]fection4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,j]ome 7,sup] ,mat?4 xix1 #bj7 says3 ,! "y man lies :5 he says3 ',all ^! h ,i kept f my y\?4' ,= if he _h fulfill$ ?is comm&m5t1 ',?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself1' :y did he g away sad :5 he he>d3 ,g1 sell all ?\ ha/ & give to ! poor8 ,b ?is means t he li$ z to ! p]fect obs]vance ( ?is comm&m5t4 ,h5ce ,orig5 says 7,tract4 viii sup] ,mat?47 t x is writt5 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews t :5 our ,"l _h said to him3 ',g1 sell all ?\ ha/1' ! ri* man began to scrat* 8 head2 & t our ,"l said to him3 ,h[ saye/ ?\3 ,i h fulfill$ ! law & ! prophets1 see+ t x is writt5 9 ! law3 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself8 ,behold _m ( ?y bre?r51 *ildr5 ( ,abraham1 are clo!d 9 fil?1 & die ( hung]1 :il/ ?y h\se is full ( all mann] ( good ?+s1 & no?+ :atev] ha? pass$ !nce to !m4 ,& ?us our ,"l reproves him say+3 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g1 etc4 ,= x is impossible to fulfil ! comm&m5t :i* says1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself1 & to be ri*1 especially to h su* great weal?4 ,?is also ref]s to ! p]fect fulfilm5t ( ?is precept4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is true t he kept ! comm&m5ts imp]fectly & 9 a g5]al way4 ,= p]fection consi/s *iefly 9 ! obs]vance ( ! precepts ( *>ity1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #c74 ,:]e=e 9 ord] to %[ t ! p]fection ( ! c\nsels is useful bo? to ! innoc5t & to s9n]s1 our ,"l call$ n only ! innoc5t y\? b also ! s9n] ,mat!w4 ,yet ,mat!w obey$ ,8 call1 & ! y\? obey$ n1 because s9n]s are conv]t$ to ! religi\s life m easily ?an ^? :o presume on _! innoc5cy4 ,x is to ! =m] t our ,"l says 7,matt4 #ba3ca73 ,! publicans & ! h>lots %all g into ! k+dom ( ,god be=e y4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! highe/ & ! l[e/ place c be tak5 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 9 ref]5ce to ! same /ate & ! same man2 & ?us x is evid5t t no "o comes to ! summit sudd5ly1 s9ce e man t lives aright1 progresses dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life1 s z to arrive at ! summit4 ,secondly1 9 comp>ison ) v>i\s /ates2 & ?us he :o desires to rea* to a high] /ate ne$ n beg9 f a l[] /ate3 = in/ance1 if a man wi% to be a cl]ic he ne$ n fir/ ( all be practic$ 9 ! life ( a layman4 ,?irdly1 9 comp>ison ) diff]5t p]sons2 & 9 ?is way x is cle> t "o man beg9s /raightway n only f a high] /ate1 b ev5 f a high] degree ( hol9ess1 ?an ! highe/ degree to :i* ano!r man atta9s ?r\gh\t 8 :ole life4 ,h5ce ,gregory says 7,dial4 ii1 #a73 ,all are agre$ t ! boy ,b5$ict began at a high degree ( grace & p]fection 9 8 daily life4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #f7 ! holy ord]s pr]equire hol9ess1 :]eas ! religi\s /ate is a s*ool = ! atta9m5t ( hol9ess4 ,h5ce ! burd5 ( ord]s %\ld be laid on ! walls :5 ^! are already season$ ) hol9ess1 :]eas ! burd5 ( religion seasons ! walls1 i4e4 m51 by draw+ out ! damp ( vice4 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,x is manife/ f ! words ( ?is gloss t x is *iefly a "q ( ! ord] ( doctr9e1 9 s f> z "o has to pass f easy matt] to t :i* is m difficult4 ,h5ce x is cle> f :at foll[s t ! /atem5t t c]ta9 h]etics & s*ismatics h p]v]t$ ?is ord] ref]s to ! ord] ( doctr9e4 ,= x cont9ues ?us3 ,b he says t he has kept ^! ?+s1 namely ! a=esaid ord]1 b9d+ himself by an oa? 99,ref]r+ to ! la/ words ( ! v]se1 & tak+ retributio1 :i* ,d\ay r5d]s rew>d1 z mean+ 'puni%m5t'4 ,?us ,i 0 humble n only 9 o!r ?+s b also 9 k1 = ',i 0 humbly m9d$'2 because ,i 0 fir/ ( all f$ ) milk1 :i* is ! ,^w made fle%1 s t ,i grew up to p>take ( ! bread ( angels1 namely ! ,^w t is 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god4 ,! example :i* is giv5 9 pro(1 ( ! newly baptiz$ n be+ comm&$ to fa/ until ,p5teco/1 %[s t no difficult ?+s are to be laid on !m z an obligation be=e ! ,holy ,gho/ inspires !m inw>dly to take ^u !mselves difficult ?+s ( _! own *oice4 ,h5ce aft] ,p5teco/ & ! receiv+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ! ,*ur* obs]ves a fa/4 ,n[ ! ,holy ,gho/1 accord+ to ,ambrose 7,sup] ,luc4 #a3ae71 is n conf9$ to any p>ticul> age2 ,he ceases n :5 m5 die1 ,he is n exclud$ f ! mat]nal womb4 ,gregory also 9 a homily = ,p5teco/ 7xxx 9 ,ev47 says3 ,he fills ! boy h>pi/ & makes him a psalmi/3 ,he fills ! boy ab/a9] & makes him a wise judge 99,dan4 #a3h-ag1 & aft]w>ds he adds3 ,no "t is ne$$ to le>n :atsoev] ,he w1 = ,he tea*es ! m9d by ! m]e/ t\*4 ,aga9 x is writt5 7,eccles4 #h3h71 ,x is n 9 man's p[] to /op ! ,_s1 & ! ,apo/le admoni%es u 7#a ,!ss4 #e3ai73 ,ext+ui% n ! ,_s1 & 7,acts #g3ea7 x is said aga9/ c]ta9 p]sons3 ,y always resi/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,reply ,obj4 #e3 ,!re are c]ta9 *ief precepts :i* are ! ends1 s to say1 ( ! comm&m5ts & c\nsels4 ,^! are ! precepts ( *>ity1 & ! c\nsels are direct$ to !m1 n t ^! precepts _c be obs]v$ )\t keep+ ! c\nsels1 b t ! keep+ ( ! c\nsels conduces to ! bett] obs]vance ( ! precepts4 ,! o!r precepts are second>y & are direct$ to ! precepts ( *>ity2 9 su* a way t unless "o obs]ve !m x is altoge!r impossible to keep ! precepts ( *>ity4 ,accord+ly 9 ! int5tion ! p]fect obs]vance ( ! precepts ( *>ity prec$es ! c\nsels1 & yet sometimes x foll[s !m 9 po9t ( "t4 ,= su* is ! ord] ( ! end 9 relation to ?+s direct$ to ! end4 ,b ! obs]vance 9 a g5]al way ( ! precepts ( *>ity toge!r ) ! o!r precepts1 is comp>$ to ! c\nsels z ! common to ! prop]1 because "o c obs]ve ! precepts )\t obs]v+ ! c\nsels1 b n vice v]sa4 ,h5ce ! common obs]vance ( ! precepts prec$es ! c\nsels 9 ! ord] ( nature2 b x does n foll[ t x prec$es !m 9 po9t ( "t1 = a ?+ is n 9 ! g5us be=e be+ 9 "o ( ! species4 ,b ! obs]vance ( ! precepts ap>t f ! c\nsels is direct$ to ! obs]vance ( ! precepts toge!r ) ! c\nsels2 z an imp]fect to a p]fect species1 ev5 z ! irrational to ! rational animal4 ,n[ ! p]fect is naturally prior to ! imp]fect1 s9ce nature1 z ,boe?ius says 7,de ,consol4 iii1 #aj71 beg9s ) p]fect ?+s4 ,& yet x is n necess>y = ! precepts fir/ ( all to be obs]v$ )\t ! c\nsels1 & aft]w>ds ) ! c\nsels1 j z x is n necess>y = "o to be an ass be=e be+ a man1 or m>ri$ be=e be+ a virg94 ,9 l mann] x is n necess>y = a p]son fir/ ( all to keep ! comm&m5ts 9 ! _w be=e ent]+ religion2 especially z ! worldly life does n dispose "o to religi\s p]fection1 b is m an ob/acle !reto4 ,,second ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahi1 ,art4 #b ,:e!r ,"o ,ought to ,be ,b\nd by ,v[ to ,ent] ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o ought n to be b\nd by v[ to ent] religion4 ,= 9 mak+ 8 pr(ession a man is b\nd by ! religi\s v[4 ,n[ be=e pr(ession a ye> ( probation is all[$1 accord+ to ! rule ( ! ,bless$ ,b5$ict 7lviii7 & accord+ to ! decree ( ,innoc5t ,,iv 99,sext4 ,decret41 cap4 ,non solum41 de ,regul>4 et ,transeunt1 ad ,relig4 :o moreov] =bade anyone to be b\nd to ! religi\s life by pr(ession be=e complet+ ! ye> ( probation4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t mu* less ought anyone :ile yet 9 ! _w to be b\nd by v[ to ent] religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ,gregory says 7,regi/4 xi1 ,ep4 #ae73 ,jews %\ld be p]suad$ to be conv]t$1 n by compulsion b ( _! own free w 7,di/4 xlv1 c4 ,de ,judaeis74 ,n[ "o is compell$ to fulfil :at "o has v[$4 ,!re=e no "o %\ld be b\nd by v[ to ent] religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o %\ld give ano!r an occasion ( fall+2 :]e=e x is writt5 7,ex4 #ba3cc1 #cd73 ,if a man op5 a pit 4 4 4 & an ox or an ass fall into x1 ! own] ( ! pit %all pay ! price ( ! bea/s4 ,n[ ?r\gh be+ b\nd by v[ to ent] religion x (t5 happ5s t p fall into despair & v>i\s s9s4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t "o ought n to be b\nd by v[ to ent] religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt51 7,ps4 #ge3ab73 ,v[ ye1 & pay to ! ,"l y\r ,god2 & a gloss ( ,augu/9e says t "s v[s conc]n ! individual1 su* z v[s ( *a/ity1 virg9ity1 & ! l4 ,consequ5tly ,holy ,scripture invites u to v[ ^! ?+s4 ,b ,holy ,scripture invites u only to t :i* is bett]4 ,!re=e x is bett] to b9d oneself by v[ to ent] religion4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #f71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( v[s1 "o & ! same "w done 9 fulfilm5t ( a v[ is m praisewor?y ?an if x be done ap>t f a v[1 bo? because to v[ is an act ( religion1 :i* has a c]ta9 pre-em95ce among ! virtues1 & because a v[ /r5g!ns a man's w to d good2 & j z a s9 is m griev\s ?r\gh proce$+ f a w ob/9ate 9 evil1 s a good "w is ! m praisewor?y ?r\gh proce$+ f a w confirm$ 9 good by means ( a v[4 ,!re=e x is 9 itself praisewor?y to b9d oneself by v[ to ent] religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! religi\s v[ is tw(old4 ,"o is ! solemn v[ :i* makes a man a monk or a bro!r 9 "s o!r religi\s ord]4 ,?is is call$ ! pr(ession1 & su* a v[ %\ld be prec$$ by a ye>'s probation1 z ! objection proves4 ,! o!r is ! simple v[ :i* does n make a man a monk or a religi\s1 b only b9ds him to ent] religion1 & su* a v[ ne$ n be prec$$ by a ye>'s probation4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! words quot$ f ,gregory mu/ be und]/ood z ref]r+ to absolute viol5ce4 ,b ! compulsion aris+ f ! obligation ( a v[ is n absolute necessity1 b a necessity ( end1 because aft] su* a v[ "o _c atta9 to ! end ( salvation unless "o fulfil t v[4 ,su* a necessity is n to be avoid$2 inde$1 z ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 cxxvii ad ,arm5t>4 et ,paul9471 happy is ! necessity t compels u to bett] ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! v[ to ent] religion is a /r5g!n+ ( ! w = bett] ?+s1 & consequ5tly1 consid]$ 9 itself1 in/ead ( giv+ a man an occasion ( fall+1 )draws him f x4 ,b if "o :o breaks a v[ falls m griev\sly1 ?is does n d]ogate f ! goodness ( ! v[1 z nei!r does x d]ogate f ! goodness ( ,baptism t "s s9 m griev\sly aft] be+ baptiz$4 ,,?ird ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahi1 ,art4 #c ,:e!r ,"o ,:o ,is ,b\nd by a ,v[ to ,ent] ,religion ,is ,"u an ,obligation ( ,ent]+ ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o :o is b\nd by ! v[ to ent] religion is n "u an obligation ( ent]+ religion4 ,= x is said 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xvii1 qu4 ii1 c4 ,consaldus73 ,consaldus1 a prie/ "u pressure ( sickness & emotional f]v\r1 promis$ to become a monk4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 b9d himself to a mona/]y or abbot2 nor did he commit 8 promise to writ+1 b he r5\nc$ 8 b5efice 9 ! h&s ( a not>y2 & :5 he 0 re/or$ to heal? he refus$ to become a monk4 ,& aft]w>ds x is add$3 ,we adjudge & by apo/olic au?ority we comm& t ! a=esaid prie/ be admitt$ to 8 b5efice & sacr$ duties1 & t he be all[$ to reta9 !m 9 peace4 ,n[ ?is w\ld n be if he 7 b\nd to ent] religion4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t "o is n b\nd to keep "o's v[ ( ent]+ religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 no "o is b\nd to d :at is n 9 8 p[]4 ,n[ x is n 9 a p]son's p[] to ent] religion1 s9ce ?is dep5ds on ! cons5t ( ^? :om he wi%es to jo94 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t a man is n oblig$ to fulfil ! v[ by :i* he b\nd himself to ent] religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a less useful v[ _c remit a m useful "o4 ,n[ ! fulfilm5t ( a v[ to ent] religion might h9d] ! fulfilm5t ( a v[ to take up ! cross 9 def5se ( ! ,holy ,l&2 & ! latt] app>5tly is ! m useful v[1 s9ce !reby a man obta9s ! =giv5ess ( 8 s9s4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t ! v[ by :i* a man has b\nd himself to ent] religion is n necess>ily to be fulfill$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,eccles4 #e3c73 ,if ?\ ha/ v[$ any?+ to ,god1 def] n to pay x1 = an unfai?ful & fooli% promise displease? him2 & a gloss on ,ps4 #ge3ab1 ,v[ ye1 & pay to ! ,"l y\r ,god1 says3 ,to v[ dep5ds on ! w3 b aft] ! v[ has be5 tak5 ! fulfilm5t is ( obligation4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #a71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( v[s1 a v[ is a promise made to ,god 9 matt]s conc]n+ ,god4 ,n[1 z ,gregory says 9 a lett] to ,boniface 99,innoc4 ,i1 ,epi/4 ii1 ,victricio ,epo4 ,rotomag41 cap4 #ad2 ,cf4 c4 ,viduas3 cause4 xxvii1 qu4 #a3 ,if among m5 ( good fai? contracts are wont to be absolutely irrevocable1 h[ mu* m %all ! break+ ( ?is promise giv5 to ,god be des]v+ ( puni%m5t6 ,!re=e a man is "u an obligation to fulfil :at he has v[$1 provid$ ?is be some?+ p]ta9+ to ,god4 ,n[ x is evid5t t entrance into religion p]ta9s v mu* to ,god1 s9ce !reby man devotes himself entirely to ! div9e s]vice1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahf1 ,a4 #a74 ,h5ce x foll[s t he :o b9ds himself to ent] religion is "u an obligation to ent] religion accord+ z he int5ds to b9d himself by 8 v[3 s t if he int5d to b9d himself absolutely1 he is oblig$ to ent] z soon z he c1 ?r\gh ! cessation ( a lawful imp$im5t2 :]eas if he int5d to b9d himself to a c]ta9 fix$ "t1 or "u a c]ta9 fix$ condition1 he is b\nd to ent] religion :5 ! "t comes or ! condition is fulfill$4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,?is prie/ _h made1 n a solemn1 b a simple v[4 ,h5ce he 0 n a monk 9 effect1 s z to be b\nd by law to dwell 9 a mona/]y & r5\nce 8 cure4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! c\rt ( consci5ce "o ought to advise him to r5\nce all & ent] religion4 ,h5ce 7,extra1 ,de ,voto et ,voti ,r$emptione1 cap4 ,p] tuas7 ! ,bi%op ( ,gr5oble1 :o _h accept$ ! episcopate aft] v[+ to ent] religion1 )\t hav+ fulfill$ 8 v[1 is c\nsel$ t if he wi% to heal 8 consci5ce he %\ld r5\nce ! gov]nm5t ( 8 see & pay 8 v[s to ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #c1 ad #b71 :5 we 7 treat+ ( v[s1 he :o has b\nd himself by v[ to ent] a c]ta9 religi\s ord] is b\nd to d :at is 9 8 p[] 9 ord] to be receiv$ 9 t ord]2 & if he int5d to b9d himself simply to ent] ! religi\s life1 if he be n admitt$ to "o1 he is b\nd to g to ano!r2 :]eas if he int5d to b9d himself only to "o p>ticul> ord]1 he is b\nd only accord+ to ! measure ( ! obligation to :i* he has engag$ himself4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! v[ to ent] religion be+ p]petual is great] ?an ! v[ ( pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l&1 :i* is a temporal v[2 & z ,alex&] ,,iii says 7,extra1 ,de ,voto et ,voti ,r$emptione1 cap4 ,scripturae71 he :o ex*anges a tempor>y s]vice = ! p]petual s]vice ( religion is 9 no way guilty ( break+ 8 v[4 ,moreov] x may be reasonably /at$ t also by entrance into religion a man obta9s remission ( all 8 s9s4 ,= if by giv+ alms a man may =?) satisfy = 8 s9s1 accord+ to ,dan4 #d3bd1 ,r$eem ?\ ?y s9s ) alms1 mu* m does x suffice to satisfy = all 8 s9s t a man devote himself :olly to ! div9e s]vice by ent]+ religion1 = ?is surpasses all mann] ( satisfaction1 ev5 t ( public p5ance1 accord+ to ! ,decretals 7,,xxxiii1 qu4 i1 cap4 ,admon]e7 j z a holocau/ exce$s a sacrifice1 z ,gregory decl>es 7,hom4 xx 9 ,eze*474 ,h5ce we read 9 ! ,lives ( ! ,fa!rs 7vi1 #a7 t by ent]+ religion "o receives ! same grace z by be+ baptiz$4 ,& yet ev5 if "o 7 n !reby absolv$ f all debt ( puni%m5t1 nev]!less ! entrance into religion is m pr(itable ?an a pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l&1 z reg>ds ! advancem5t 9 good1 :i* is pref]able to absolution f puni%m5t4 ,,f\r? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahi1 ,art4 #d ,:e!r ,he ,:o ,has ,v[$ to ,ent] ,religion ,is ,b\nd to ,rema9 9 ,religion 9 ,p]petuity8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t he :o has v[$ to ent] religion1 is b\nd 9 p]petuity to rema9 9 religion4 ,= x is bett] n to ent] religion ?an to leave aft] ent]+1 accord+ to #b ,pet4 #b3ba1 ,x _h be5 bett] = !m n to h kn[n ! way ( ju/ice1 ?an aft] !y h kn[n x to turn back1 & ,luke #i3fb1 ,no man putt+ 8 h& to ! pl\gh1 & look+ back1 is fit = ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,b he :o b\nd himself by ! v[ to ent] religion1 is "u ! obligation to ent]1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c74 ,!re=e he is also b\nd to rema9 = always4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ev]yone is b\nd to avoid t :i* gives rise to sc&al1 & is a bad example to o!rs4 ,n[ by leav+ aft] ent]+ religion a man gives a bad example & is an occasion ( sc&al to o!rs1 :o are !reby )drawn f ent]+ or incit$ to leave4 ,!re=e x seems t he :o ent]s religion 9 ord] to fulfil a v[ :i* he _h previ\sly tak51 is b\nd to rema9 ev]more4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! v[ to ent] religion is acc\nt$ a p]petual v[3 :]e=e x is pref]r$ to temporal v[s1 z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #c2 ,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #ab1 ad #a74 ,b ?is w\ld n be s if a p]son aft] v[+ to ent] religion 7 to ent] ) ! int5tion ( leav+4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t he :o v[s to ent] religion is b\nd also to rema9 9 p]petuity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,! v[ ( religi\s pr(ession1 = ! reason t x b9ds a man to rema9 9 religion = ev]more1 has to be prec$$ by a ye> ( probation2 :]eas ?is is n requir$ be=e ! simple v[ :]eby a man b9ds himself to ent] religion4 ,!re=e x seems t he :o v[s to ent] religion is n = t reason b\nd to rema9 !re 9 p]petuity4 ,i answ] t1 ,! obligation ( a v[ proce$s f ! w3 because to v[ is an act ( ! w accord+ to ,augu/9e 99,gloss ( ,pet] ,lomb>d on ,ps4 #ge3ab4 ,consequ5tly ! obligation ( a v[ ext5ds z f> z ! w & int5tion ( ! p]son :o takes ! v[4 ,accord+ly if 9 v[+ he int5d to b9d himself n only to ent] religion1 b also to rema9 !re ev]more1 he is b\nd to rema9 9 p]petuity4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he int5d to b9d himself to ent] religion = ! purpose ( trial1 :ile reta9+ ! fre$om to rema9 or n rema91 x is cle> t he is n b\nd to rema94 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 v[+ he ?\ght m]ely ( ent]+ religion1 )\t ?9k+ ( be+ free to leave1 or ( rema9+ 9 p]petuity1 x w\ld seem t he is b\nd to ent] religion accord+ to ! =m prescrib$ by common law1 :i* is t ^? :o ent] %\ld be giv5 a ye>'s probation4 ,:]e=e he is n b\nd to rema9 = ev]4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,x is bett] to ent] religion ) ! purpose ( mak+ a trial ?an n to ent] at all1 because by s do+ "o disposes oneself to rema9 always4 ,nor is a p]son acc\nt$ to turn or to look back1 save :5 he omits to d t :i* he engag$ to d3 else :oev] does a good "w = a "t1 w\ld be unfit = ! k+dom ( ,god1 unless he did x always1 :i* is evid5tly false4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,a man :o has ent]$ religion gives nei!r sc&al nor bad example by leav+1 especially if he d s = a reasonable motive2 & if o!rs are sc&aliz$1 x w be passive sc&al on _! "p1 & n active sc&al on ! "p ( ! p]son leav+1 s9ce 9 do+ s1 he has done :at 0 lawful1 & exp$i5t on acc\nt ( "s reasonable motive1 su* z sickness1 weakness1 & ! l4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he :o ent]s ) ! purpose ( leav+ =?)1 does n seem to fulfil 8 v[1 s9ce ?is 0 n 8 int5tion 9 v[+4 ,h5ce he mu/ *ange t purpose1 at lea/ s z to wi% to try :e!r x is good = him to rema9 9 religion1 b he is n b\nd to rema9 = ev]more4 ,,fif? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahi1 ,art4 #e ,:e!r ,*ildr5 ,%\ld ,be ,receiv$ 9 ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t *ildr5 ought n to be receiv$ 9 religion4 ,because x is said 7,extra1 ,de ,regul>4 et ,transeunt4 ad ,relig41 cap4 ,nullus73 ,no "o %\ld be tonsur$ unless he be ( legal age & will+4 ,b *ildr51 seem+ly1 are n ( legal age2 nor h !y a w ( _! own1 n hav+ p]fect use ( reason4 ,!re=e x seems t !y ought n to be receiv$ 9 religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! /ate ( religion w\ld seem to be a /ate ( rep5tance2 :]e=e religion is d]iv$ 99,cf4 ,q4 #ha1 ,a4 #a f relig>e 7to b9d7 or f re-elig]e 7to *oose aga971 z ,augu/9e says 7,de ,civ4 ,dei x1 #c 99,cf4 ,de ,v]a ,relig4 lv74 ,b rep5tance does n become *ildr54 ,!re=e x seems t !y %\ld n ent] religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 ! obligation ( a v[ is l t ( an oa?4 ,b *ildr5 "u ! age ( f\rte5 ought n to be b\nd by oa? 7,decret4 ,,xxii1 qu4 v1 cap4 ,pu]i & cap4 ,hone/um474 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t nei!r %\ld !y be b\nd by v[4 ,obj4 #d3 ,fur!r1 x is seem+ly unlawful to b9d a p]son to an obligation t c be ju/ly cancel$4 ,n[ if any p]sons ( unripe age b9d !mselves to religion1 !y c be )drawn by _! p>5ts or gu>dians4 ,= x is writt5 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xx1 qu4 ii1 c4 ,puella7 t if a maid "u twelve ye>s ( age %all take ! sacr$ veil ( h] own accord1 h] p>5ts or gu>dians1 if !y *oose1 c at once decl>e ! de$ null & void4 ,x is !re=e unlawful = *ildr51 especially ( unripe age1 to be admitt$ or b\nd to religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 our ,"l said 7,matt4 #ai3ad73 ,suff] ! little *ildr51 & =bid !m n to come to ,me4 ,exp\nd+ ^! words ,orig5 says 7,tract4 vii 9 ,mat?47 t ! disciples ( ,jesus be=e !y h be5 taught ! conditions ( righte\sness 99,cf4 ,matt4 #ai3af-cj1 rebuke ^? :o (f] *ildr5 & babes to ,*ri/3 b our ,"l urges ,8 disciples to /oop to ! s]vice ( *ildr54 ,we mu/ !re=e take note ( ?is1 le/ deem+ ourselves to excel 9 wisdom we despise ! ,*ur*'s little ones1 z ?\gh we 7 great1 & =bid ! *ildr5 to come to ,jesus4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #b1 ad #a71 ! religi\s v[ is tw(old4 ,"o is ! simple v[ consi/+ 9 a m]e promise made to ,god1 & proce$+ f ! int]ior delib]ation ( ! m9d4 ,su* a v[ d]ives its efficacy f ! div9e law4 ,nev]!less x may enc\nt] a tw(old ob/acle4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh lack ( delib]ation1 z 9 ! case ( ! insane1 ^: v[s are n b9d+ 99,extra1 ,de ,regul>4 et ,transeunt4 ad ,relig41 cap4 ,sicut t5or4 ,! same applies to *ildr5 :o h n rea*$ ! requir$ use ( reason1 s z to be capable ( guile1 :i* use boys atta91 z a rule1 at ab\t ! age ( f\rte51 & girls at ! age ( twelve1 ?is be+ :at is call$ ! age ( pub]ty1 al?\gh 9 "s x comes e>li] & 9 o!rs x is delay$1 accord+ to ! v>i\s dispositions ( nature4 ,secondly1 ! efficacy ( a simple v[ enc\nt]s an ob/acle1 if ! p]son :o makes a v[ to ,god is n 8 own ma/]2 = in/ance1 if a slave1 ?\gh hav+ ! use ( reason1 v[s to ent] religion1 or ev5 is orda9$1 )\t ! k ( 8 ma/]3 = 8 ma/] c annul ?is1 z /at$ 9 ! ,decretals 7,di/4 ,,liv1 cap4 ,si s]vus74 ,& s9ce boys & girls "u ! age ( pub]ty are naturally 9 _! fa!r's p[] z reg>ds ! disposal ( _! mann] ( life1 _! fa!r may ei!r cancel or approve _! v[1 if x please him to d s1 z x is expressly said ) reg>d to a woman 7,num4 #cj3d74 ,accord+ly if be=e rea*+ ! age ( pub]ty a *ild makes a simple v[1 n yet hav+ full use ( reason1 he is n b\nd 9 virtue ( ! v[2 b if he has ! use ( reason be=e rea*+ ! age ( pub]ty1 he is b\nd1 s f> z he is conc]n$1 by 8 v[2 yet ?is obligation may be remov$ by 8 fa!r's au?ority1 "u ^: control he /ill rema9s1 because ! ord9ance ( ! law :]eby "o man is subject to ano!r consid]s :at happ5s 9 ! majority ( cases4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! *ild has pass$ ! age ( pub]ty1 8 v[ _c be annull$ by ! au?ority ( 8 p>5ts2 ?\gh if he has n ! full use ( reason1 he w\ld n be b\nd 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,! o!r is ! solemn v[ :i* makes a man a monk or a religi\s4 ,su* a v[ is subject to ! ord9ance ( ! ,*ur*1 on acc\nt ( ! solemnity atta*$ to x4 ,& s9ce ! ,*ur* consid]s :at happ5s 9 ! majority ( cases1 a pr(ession made be=e ! age ( pub]ty1 h[ev] mu* ! p]son :o makes pr(ession may h ! use ( reason1 or be capable ( guile1 does n take effect s z to make him a religi\s 7,extra1 ,de ,regul>41 etc4 cap4 ,significatum e/474 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh !y _c be pr(ess$ be=e ! age ( pub]ty1 !y c1 ) ! cons5t ( _! p>5ts1 be receiv$ into religion to be educat$ !re3 ?us x is relat$ ( ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,luke #a3hj7 t ! *ild grew & 0 /r5g!n$ 9 _s1 & 0 9 ! des]ts4 ,h5ce1 z ,gregory /ates 7,dial4 ii1 #c71 ! ,roman nobles began to give _! sons to ! bless$ ,b5$ict to be nurtur$ = ,almighty ,god2 & ?is is mo/ fitt+1 accord+ to ,lam4 #c3bg1 ,x is good = a man :5 he has borne ! yoke f 8 y\?4 ,x is = ?is reason t by common cu/om *ildr5 are made to apply !mselves to ^? duties or arts ) :i* !y are to pass _! lives4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! legal age = receiv+ ! tonsure & tak+ ! solemn v[ ( religion is ! age ( pub]ty1 :5 a man is able to make use ( 8 own w2 b be=e ! age ( pub]ty x is possible to h rea*$ ! lawful age to receive ! tonsure & be educat$ 9 a religi\s h\se4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,! religi\s /ate is *iefly direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( p]fection1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahf1 ,a4 #a1 ad #d72 & accord+ly x is becom+ to *ildr51 :o are easily drawn to x4 ,b z a consequ5ce x is call$ a /ate ( rep5tance1 inasmu* z occasions ( s9 are remov$ by religi\s obs]vances1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahf1 ,a4 #a1 ad #d74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,ev5 z *ildr5 are n b\nd to take oa?s 7z ! canon /ates71 s are !y n b\nd to take v[s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y b9d !mselves by v[ or oa? to d some?+1 !y are b\nd 9 ,god's sight1 if !y h ! use ( reason1 b !y are n b\nd 9 ! sight ( ! ,*ur* be=e rea*+ ! age ( f\rte54 ,reply ,obj4 #d3 ,a woman :o has n rea*$ ! age ( pub]ty is n rebuk$ 7,num4 #cj3d7 = tak+ a v[ )\t h] p>5ts' cons5t3 b ! v[ c be made void by h] p>5ts4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t %e does n s9 9 v[+4 ,b we are giv5 to und]/& t %e b9ds h]self by v[1 s f> z %e may1 )\t prejudice to h] p>5ts' au?ority4 ,,six? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahi1 ,art4 #f ,:e!r ,"o ,ought to ,be ,)drawn f ,ent]+ ,religion ,?r\gh ,def]5ce to ,"o's ,p>5ts8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t "o ought to be )drawn f ent]+ religion ?r\gh def]5ce to "o's p>5ts4 ,= x is n lawful to omit t :i* is ( obligation 9 ord] to d t :i* is optional4 ,n[ def]5ce to "o's p>5ts comes "u an obligation ( ! precept conc]n+ ! honor+ ( our p>5ts 7,ex4 #bj3ab72 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says 7#a ,tim4 #e3d73 ,if any wid[ h *ildr5 or gr&*ildr51 let h] le>n fir/ to gov]n h] own h\se1 & to make a return ( duty to h] p>5ts4 ,b ! entrance to religion is optional4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t "o ought n to omit def]5ce to "o's p>5ts = ! sake ( ent]+ religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 seem+ly ! subjection ( a son to 8 fa!r is great] ?an t ( a slave to 8 ma/]1 s9ce son%ip is natural1 :ile slav]y results f ! curse ( s91 z appe>s f ,g54 #i3be4 ,n[ a slave _c set aside ! s]vice ( 8 ma/] 9 ord] to ent] religion or take holy ord]s1 z /at$ 9 ! ,decretals 7,di/4 ,,liv1 cap4 ,si s]vus74 ,mu* less !re=e c a son set aside ! def]5ce due to 8 fa!r 9 ord] to ent] religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a man is m indebt$ to 8 p>5ts ?an to ^? to :om he owes money4 ,n[ p]sons :o owe money to anyone _c ent] religion4 ,= ,gregory says 7,regi/4 viii1 ,ep4 #e7 t ^? :o are engag$ 9 trade mu/ by no means be admitt$ into a mona/]y1 :5 !y seek admittance1 unless fir/ ( all !y )draw f public bus9ess 7,di/4 liii1 c4 ,legem474 ,!re=e seem+ly mu* less may *ildr5 ent] religion 9 despite ( _! duty to _! p>5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is relat$ 7,matt4 #d3bb7 t ,james & ,john left _! nets & fa!r1 & foll[$ our ,"l4 ,by ?is1 says ,hil>y 7,c4 iii 9 ,mat?471 we le>n t we :o int5d to foll[ ,*ri/ are n b\nd by ! c>es ( ! secul> life1 & by ! ties ( home4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,q4 #aja1 ,a4 #b1 ad #b7 :5 we 7 treat+ ( piety1 p>5ts z su* h ! "* ( a pr9ciple1 :]e=e x is compet5t to !m z su* to h ! c>e ( _! *ildr54 ,h5ce x is unlawful = a p]son hav+ *ildr5 to ent] religion s z altoge!r to set aside ! c>e = _! *ildr51 namely )\t provid+ = _! education4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,tim4 #e3h7 t if any man h n c>e ( 8 own 4 4 4 he ha? d5i$ ! fai?1 & is worse ?an an infidel4 ,nev]!less x is accid5tally compet5t to p>5ts to be assi/$ by _! *ildr51 9 s f>1 to wit1 z !y are plac$ 9 a condition ( necessity4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ say t :5 _! p>5ts are 9 su* ne$ t !y _c fitt+ly be support$ o!rwise ?an by ! help ( _! *ildr51 ^! latt] may n lawfully ent] religion 9 despite ( _! duty to _! p>5ts4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! p>5ts' necessity be n su* z to /& 9 great ne$ ( _! *ildr5's assi/ance1 ! latt] may1 9 despite ( ! duty !y owe _! p>5ts1 ent] religion ev5 aga9/ _! p>5ts' comm&1 because aft] ! age ( pub]ty e freeman enjoys fre$om 9 ?+s conc]n+ ! ord]+ ( 8 /ate ( life1 especially 9 su* z belong to ! s]vice ( ,god1 & we %\ld m obey ! ,fa!r ( spirits t we may live 99',%all we n mu* m obey ! ,fa!r ( ,spirits1 & live8'1 z says ! ,apo/le 7,heb4 #ab3i71 ?an obey our p>5ts4 ,h5ce z we read 7,matt4 #h3bb2 ,luke #i3fb7 our ,"l rebuk$ ! disciple :o 0 unwill+ to foll[ him =?) on acc\nt ( 8 fa!r's burial3 = !re 7 o!rs :o c\ld see to ?is1 z ,*ryso/om rem>ks 99,hom4 xxvii 9 ,mat?44 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! comm&m5t ( honor+ our p>5ts ext5ds n only to bodily b also to spiritual s]vice1 & to ! pay+ ( def]5ce4 ,h5ce ev5 ^? :o are 9 religion c fulfil ! comm&m5t ( honor+ _! p>5ts1 by pray+ = !m & by rev]+ & assi/+ !m1 z becomes religi\s1 s9ce ev5 ^? :o live 9 ! _w honor _! p>5ts 9 diff]5t ways z befits _! condition4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,s9ce slav]y 0 impos$ 9 puni%m5t ( s91 x foll[s t by slav]y man =feits some?+ :i* o!rwise he w\ld be compet5t to h1 namely ! free disposal ( 8 p]son1 = a slave belongs :olly to 8 ma/] 99,ari/otle1 ,polit4 i1 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! son1 ?r\gh be+ subject to 8 fa!r1 is n h9d]$ f freely dispos+ ( 8 p]son by transf]r+ himself to ! s]vice ( ,god2 :i* is mo/ conducive to man's good4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,he :o is "u a c]ta9 fix$ obligation _c lawfully set x aside s long z he is able to fulfil x4 ,:]e=e if a p]son is "u an obligation to give an acc\nt to someone or to pay a c]ta9 fix$ debt1 he _c lawfully evade ?is obligation 9 ord] to ent] religion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he owes a sum ( money1 & has n :]e)al to pay ! debt1 he mu/ d :at he c1 namely by surr5d]+ 8 goods to 8 cr$itor4 ,accord+ to civil law 99,cod4 ,,iv1 x1 de ,oblig4 et ,action1 #ab money lays an obligation n on ! p]son ( a freeman1 b on 8 prop]ty1 because ! p]son ( a freeman is above all pecuni>y consid]ation 99,dig4 ,l1 xvii1 de div4 reg4 ,jur4 ant4 #ajf1 #agf4 ,h5ce1 aft] surr5d]+ 8 prop]ty1 he may lawfully ent] religion1 nor is he b\nd to rema9 9 ! _w 9 ord] to e>n ! means ( pay+ ! debt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he does n owe 8 fa!r a special debt1 except z may arise 9 a case ( necessity1 z /at$ above4 ,,sev5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahi1 ,art4 #g ,:e!r ,p>i% ,prie/s ,may ,lawfully ,ent] ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t p>i% prie/s _c lawfully ent] religion4 ,= ,gregory says 7,pa/4 iii1 #d7 t he :o und]takes ! cure ( s\ls1 receives an awful w>n+ 9 ! words3 ',my son1 if ?\ be surety = ?y fri5d1 ?\ ha/ engag$ fa/ ?y h& to a /rang]' 7,prov4 #f3a72 & he goes on to say1 because to be surety = a fri5d is to take *>ge ( ! s\l ( ano!r on ! surety ( "o's own behavior4 ,n[ he :o is "u an obligation to a man = a debt1 _c ent] religion1 unless he pay :at he owes1 if he c4 ,s9ce !n a prie/ is able to fulfil ! cure ( s\ls1 to :i* obligation he has pl$g$ 8 s\l1 x w\ld seem unlawful = him to lay aside ! cure ( s\ls 9 ord] to ent] religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 :at is lawful to "o is likewise lawful to all4 ,b if all prie/s hav+ cure ( s\ls 7 to ent] religion1 ! p w\ld be left )\t a pa/or's c>e1 :i* w\ld be unfitt+4 ,!re=e x seems t p>i% prie/s _c lawfully ent] religion4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 *ief among ! acts to :i* religi\s ord]s are direct$ are ^? :]eby a man gives to o!rs ! fruit ( 8 contemplation4 ,n[ su* acts are compet5t to p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons1 :om x becomes by virtue ( _! (fice to prea* & he> confessions4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem unlawful = a p>i% prie/ or ar*deacon to pass ov] to religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xix1 qu4 ii1 cap4 ,duce sunt leges473 ,if a man1 :ile gov]n+ ! p 9 8 *ur* "u ! bi%op & lead+ a secul> life1 is inspir$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ to desire to "w out 8 salvation 9 a mona/]y or "u "s canonical rule1 ev5 ?\gh 8 bi%op )/& him1 we au?orize him to g freely4 ,i answ] t1 ,z /at$ above 7,a4 #c1 ad #c2 ,q4 #hh1 ,a4 #ab1 ad #a71 ! obligation ( a p]petual v[ /&s be=e e o!r obligation4 ,n[ x belongs prop]ly to bi%ops & religi\s to be b\nd by p]petual v[ to devote !mselves to ! div9e s]vice 99,cf4 ,q4 #ahd1 ,a4 #e1 :ile p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons are n1 z bi%ops are1 b\nd by a p]petual & solemn v[ to reta9 ! cure ( s\ls4 ,:]e=e bi%ops _c lay aside _! bi%opric = any pretext :atev]1 )\t ! au?ority ( ! ,roman ,pontiff 7,extra1 ,de ,regul>4 et ,transeunt4 ad ,relig41 cap4 ,licet473 :]eas ar*deacons & p>i% prie/s are free to r5\nce 9 ! h&s ( ! bi%op ! cure entru/$ to !m1 )\t ! ,pope's special p]mission1 :o alone c disp5se f p]petual v[s4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t ar*deacons & p>i% prie/s may lawfully ent] religion4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,p>i% prie/s & ar*deacons h b\nd !mselves to ! c>e ( _! subjects1 z long z !y reta9 _! ar*deaconry or p>i%1 b !y did n b9d !mselves to reta9 _! ar*deaconry or p>i% = ev]4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,z ,j]ome says 7,contra ,vigil473 ,al?\gh !y1 namely religi\s1 are sorely smitt5 by ?y poison\s tongue1 ab\t :om y argue1 say+2 ',if all %ut !mselves up & live 9 solitude1 :o w g to *ur*8 :o w conv]t worldl+s8 :o w be able to urge s9n]s to virtue8' ,if ?is holds true1 if all are fools ) !e1 :o c be wise8 ,nor w virg9ity be comm5dable1 = if all be virg9s1 & none m>ry1 ! human race w p]i%4 ,virtue is r>e1 & is n desir$ by _m4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ?is is a fooli% al>m2 ?us might a man fe> to draw wat] le/ ! riv] run dry4 99,/4 ,?omas gives no reply to ! ?ird objection1 :i* is suffici5tly solv$ 9 ! body ( ! article4 ,,eigh? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahi1 ,art4 #h ,:e!r ,x ,is ,lawful to ,pass f ,"o ,religi\s ,ord] to ,ano!r8 ,objection #a3 ,x seems unlawful to pass f "o religi\s ord] to ano!r1 ev5 a /rict] "o4 ,= ! ,apo/le says 7,heb4 #aj3be73 ,n =sak+ our assembly1 z "s are accu/om$2 & a gloss obs]ves3 ,^? namely :o yield ?r\gh fe> ( p]secution1 or :o presum+ on !mselves )draw f ! company ( s9n]s or ( ! imp]fect1 t !y may appe> to be righte\s4 ,n[ ^? :o pass f "o religi\s ord] to ano!r m p]fect "o w\ld seem to d ?is4 ,!re=e ?is is seem+ly unlawful4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 ! pr(ession ( monks is /rict] ?an t ( canons regul> 7,extra1 ,de ,/atu ,mona*4 et ,canonic4 ,reg41 cap4 ,quod ,dei timorem74 ,b x is unlawful = anyone to pass f ! /ate ( canon regul> to ! mona/ic /ate4 ,= x is said 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xix1 qu4 iii1 c4 ,m&amus73 ,we orda9 & )\t any exception =bid any pr(ess$ canon regul> to become a monk1 unless 7:i* ,god =bid7 he h fall5 into public s94 ,!re=e x w\ld seem unlawful = anyone to pass f "o religi\s ord] to ano!r ( high] rank4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 a p]son is b\nd to fulfil :at he has v[$1 z long z he is able lawfully to d s2 ?us if a man has v[$ to obs]ve cont95ce1 he is b\nd1 ev5 aft] contract+ m>riage by words 9 ! pres5t t5se1 to fulfil 8 v[ s long z ! m>riage is n consummat$1 because he c fulfil ! v[ by ent]+ religion4 ,!re=e if a p]son may lawfully pass f "o religi\s ord] to ano!r1 he w be b\nd to d s if he v[$ x previ\sly :ile 9 ! _w4 ,b ?is w\ld seem objectionable1 s9ce 9 _m cases x might give rise to sc&al4 ,!re=e a religi\s may n pass f "o religi\s ord] to ano!r /rict] "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is said 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xx1 qu4 iv1 c4 ,virg9es73 ,if sacr$ virg9s design = ! good ( _! s\l to pass to ano!r mona/]y on acc\nt ( a /rict] life1 & decide to rema9 !re1 ! holy synod all[s !m to d s3 & ! same w\ld seem to apply to any religi\s4 ,!re=e "o may lawfully pass f "o religi\s ord] to ano!r4 ,i answ] t1 ,x is n comm5dable to pass f "o religi\s ord] to ano!r3 bo? because ?is frequ5tly gives sc&al to ^? :o rema92 & because1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x is easi] to make progress 9 a religi\s ord] to :i* "o is accu/om$ ?an 9 "o to :i* "o is n habituat$4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,coll4 xiv1 #e7 ,abbot ,ne/]os says3 ,x is be/ = ea* "o t he %\ld1 accord+ to ! resolve he has made1 ha/5 ) ! greate/ zeal & c>e to rea* ! p]fection ( ! "w he has und]tak51 & n[ise =sake ! pr(ession he has *os54 ,& fur!r on he adds 7cap4 #f7 by way ( reason3 ,= x is impossible t "o & ! same man %\ld excel 9 all ! virtues at once1 s9ce if he endeavor to practice !m equally1 he w ( necessity1 :ile try+ to atta9 !m all1 end 9 acquir+ none ( !m p]fectly3 because ! v>i\s religi\s ord]s excel 9 respect ( v>i\s works ( virtue4 ,nev]!less "o may comm5dably pass f "o religi\s ord] to ano!r = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 ?r\gh zeal = a m p]fect religi\s life1 :i* excell5ce dep5ds1 z /at$ above 7,q4 #ahh1 ,a4 #f71 n m]ely on sev]ity1 b *iefly on ! end to :i* a religi\s ord] is direct$1 & second>ily on ! discretion :]eby ! obs]vances are proportionate to ! due end4 ,secondly1 on acc\nt ( a religi\s ord] fall+ away f ! p]fection x ought to h3 = in/ance1 if 9 a m sev]e religi\s ord]1 ! religi\s beg9 to live less /rictly1 x is comm5dable = "o to pass ev5 to a less sev]e religi\s ord] if ! obs]vance is bett]4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,conf]5ces ( ! ,fa!rs 7,coll4 xix1 #c1 #e1 #f7 ,abbot ,john says ( himself t he _h pass$ f ! solit>y life1 9 :i* he 0 pr(ess$1 to a less sev]e life1 namely ( ^? :o liv$ 9 community1 because ! h]metical life _h fall5 into decl9e & laxity4 ,?irdly1 on acc\nt ( sickness or weakness1 ! result ( :i* sometimes is t "o is unable to keep ! ord9ances ( a m sev]e religi\s ord]1 ?\gh able to obs]ve ^? ( a less /rict religion4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce 9 ^! ?ree cases4 ,= 9 ! fir/ case "o ought1 on acc\nt ( humility1 to seek p]mission3 yet ?is _c be d5i$1 provid$ x be c]ta9 t ?is o!r religion is m sev]e4 ,& if !re be a probable d\bt ab\t ?is1 "o %\ld ask "o's sup]ior to decide 7,extra1 ,de ,regul>4 et ,transeunt4 ad ,relig41 cap4 ,licet474 ,9 l mann] ! sup]ior's decision %\ld be s\ght 9 ! second case4 ,9 ! ?ird case x is also necess>y to h a disp5sation4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? :o pass to a /rict] religi\s ord]1 d s n out ( presumption t !y may appe> righte\s1 b out ( devotion1 t !y may become m righte\s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,religi\s ord]s :e!r ( monks or ( canons regul> are de/9$ to ! works ( ! contemplative life4 ,*ief among ^! are ^? :i* are p]=m$ 9 ! div9e my/]ies1 & ^! are ! direct object ( ! ord]s ( canons regul>1 ! memb]s ( :i* are ess5tially religi\s cl]ics4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mona/ic religi\s are n ess5tially cl]ics1 accord+ to ! ,decretals 7,,xvi1 qu4 i1 cap4 ,alia causa74 ,h5ce al?\gh mona/ic ord]s are m sev]e1 x w\ld be lawful1 suppos+ ! memb]s to be lay monks1 to pass f ! mona/ic ord] to an ord] ( canons regul>1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ,j]ome 7,ep4 cxxv1 ad ,ru/ic4 ,mona*473 ,s live 9 ! mona/]y z to des]ve to become a cl]ic2 b n conv]sely1 z express$ 9 ! ,decretal quot$ 7,,xix1 qu4 iii74 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! monks be cl]ics devot+ !mselves to ! sacr$ m9i/ry1 !y h ?is 9 common ) canons regul> c\pl$ ) great] sev]ity1 & consequ5tly x w be lawful to pass f an ord] ( canons regul> to a mona/ic ord]1 provid$ )al t "o seek ! sup]ior's p]mission 7,,xix1 qu4 iii2 cap4 ,/atuimus74 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! solemn v[ :]eby a p]son is b\nd to a less /rict ord]1 is m b9d+ ?an ! simple v[ :]eby a p]son is b\nd to a /rict] ord]4 ,= if aft] tak+ a simple v[ a p]son 7 to be m>ri$1 8 m>riage w\ld n be invalid1 z x w\ld be aft] 8 tak+ a solemn v[4 ,consequ5tly a p]son :o is pr(ess$ 9 a less sev]e ord] is n b\nd to fulfil a simple v[ he has tak5 on ent]+ a m sev]e ord]4 ,,n9? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahi1 ,art4 #i ,:e!r ,"o ,ought to ,induce ,o!rs to ,ent] ,religion8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld seem t no "o ought to induce o!rs to ent] religion4 ,= ! bless$ ,b5$ict prescribes 9 8 ,rule 7lviii7 t ^? :o seek to ent] religion mu/ n easily be admitt$1 b spirits mu/ be te/$ :e!r !y be ( ,god2 & ,cassian has ! same in/ruction 7,de ,in/4 ,ca5ob4 iv1 #c74 ,mu* less !re=e is x lawful to induce anyone to ent] religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 our ,"l said 7,matt4 #bc3ae73 ,woe to y 4 4 4 because y g r\nd ab\t ! sea & ! l& to make "o proselyte1 & :5 he is made y make him ! *ild ( hell tw(old m ?an y\rselves4 ,n[ ?us w\ld seem to d ^? :o induce p]sons to ent] religion4 ,!re=e ?is w\ld seem blamewor?y4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 no "o %\ld induce ano!r to d :at is to 8 prejudice4 ,b ^? :o are induc$ to ent] religion1 sometimes take h>m !refrom1 = sometimes !y are "u obligation to ent] a /rict] religion4 ,!re=e x w\ld n seem praisewor?y to induce o!rs to ent] religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is writt5 7,ex4 #bf3c1 seqq4 99,/4 ,?omas quotes ! s5se1 n ! words73 ,let "o curta9 draw ! o!r4 ,!re=e "o man %\ld draw ano!r to ,god's s]vice4 ,i answ] t1 ,^? :o induce o!rs to ent] religion n only d n s91 b m]it a great rew>d4 ,= x is writt5 7,james #e3bj73 ,he :o cause? a s9n] to be conv]t$ f ! error ( 8 way1 %all save 8 s\l f dea?1 & %all cov] a multitude ( s9s2 & 7,dan4 #ab3c73 ,!y t in/ruct _m to ju/ice %all be z />s = all et]nity4 ,nev]!less su* inducem5t may be affect$ by a ?reefold inord9at5ess4 ,fir/1 if "o p]son =ce ano!r by viol5ce to ent] religion3 & ?is is =bidd5 9 ! ,decretals 7,,xx1 qu4 iii1 cap4 ,praes5s74 ,secondly1 if "o p]son p]suade ano!r simoniacally to ent] religion1 by giv+ him pres5ts3 & ?is is =bidd5 9 ! ,decretal 7,i1 qu4 ii1 cap4 ,quam pio74 ,b ?is does n apply to ! case :]e "o provides a poor p]son ) necess>ies by educat+ him 9 ! _w = ! religi\s life2 or :5 )\t any compact "o gives a p]son little pres5ts = ! sake ( good fell[%ip4 ,?irdly1 if "o p]son entices ano!r by lies3 = x is to be fe>$ t ! p]son ?us entic$ may turn back on f9d+ himself deceiv$1 & ?us ! la/ /ate ( t man may become worse ?an ! fir/ 7,luke #aa3bf74 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,^? :o are induc$ to ent] religion h /ill a "t ( probation :]e9 !y make a trial ( ! h>d%ips ( religion1 s t !y are n easily admitt$ to ! religi\s life4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,accord+ to ,hil>y 7,c4 xxiv 9 ,mat?47 ?is say+ ( our ,"l 0 a =eca/ ( ! wick$ endeavors ( ! ,jews1 aft] ! prea*+ ( ,*ri/1 to draw ,g5tiles or ev5 ,*ri/ians to obs]ve ! ,jewi% ritual1 !reby mak+ !m d\bly *ildr5 ( hell1 because1 to wit1 !y 7 n =giv5 ! =m] s9s :i* !y committ$ :ile adh]5ts ( ,judaism1 & fur!rmore !y incurr$ ! guilt ( ,jewi% p]fidy2 & ?us int]pret$ ^! words h no?+ to d ) ! case 9 po9t4 ,accord+ to ,j]ome1 h[ev]1 9 8 comm5t>y on ?is passage ( ,mat!w1 ! ref]5ce is to ! ,jews ev5 at ! "t :5 x 0 yet lawful to keep ! legal obs]vances1 9 s f> z he :om !y conv]t$ to ,judaism f paganism1 0 m]ely misl$2 b :5 he saw ! wick$ness ( 8 tea*]s1 he return$ to 8 vomit1 & becom+ a pagan des]v$ great] puni%m5t = 8 trea*]y4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t x is n blamewor?y to draw o!rs to ! s]vice ( ,god or to ! religi\s life1 b only :5 "o gives a bad example to ! p]son conv]t$1 :5ce he becomes worse4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! less] is includ$ 9 ! great]4 ,:]e=e a p]son :o is b\nd by v[ or oa? to ent] a less] ord]1 may be lawfully induc$ to ent] a great] "o1 unless !re be "s special ob/acle1 su* z ill-heal?1 or ! hope ( mak+ great] progress 9 ! less] ord]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o :o is b\nd by v[ or oa? to ent] a great] ord]1 _c be lawfully induc$ to ent] a less] ord]1 except = "s special & evid5t motive1 & !n ) ! sup]ior's disp5sation4 ,,t5? ,,article ,,ii-,,ii1 ,q4 #ahi1 ,art4 #aj ,:e!r ,x ,is ,praisewor?y to ,ent] ,religion ,)\t ,tak+ ,c\nsel ( ,_m1 & ,previ\sly ,delib]at+ = a ,long ,"t8 ,objection #a3 ,x w\ld n seem praisewor?y to ent] religion )\t tak+ c\nsel ( _m1 & previ\sly delib]at+ = a long "t4 ,= x is writt5 7#a ,john #d3a73 ,believe n e _s1 b try ! spirits if !y be ( ,god4 ,n[ sometimes a man's purpose ( ent]+ religion is n ( ,god1 s9ce x (t5 comes to naught ?r\gh 8 leav+ ! religi\s life2 = x is writt5 7,acts #e3ch1 #ci73 ,if ?is c\nsel or ?is "w be ( ,god1 y _c ov]?r[ x4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t "o ought to make a se>*+ inquiry be=e ent]+ religion4 ,obj4 #b3 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 7,prov4 #be3i73 ,treat ?y cause ) ?y fri5d4 ,n[ a man's cause w\ld seem to be especially "o t conc]ns a *ange 9 8 /ate ( life4 ,!re=e seem+ly "o ought n to ent] religion )\t discuss+ ! matt] ) "o's fri5ds4 ,obj4 #c3 ,fur!r1 our ,"l 7,luke #ad3bh7 9 mak+ a comp>ison ) a man :o has a m9d to build a t[]1 says t he do? fir/ sit d[n & reckon ! *>ges t are necess>y1 :e!r he h :]e)al to f9i% x1 le/ he become an object ( mock]y1 = t ?is man began to build & 0 n able to f9i%4 ,n[ ! :]e)al to build ! t[]1 z ,augu/9e says 7,ep4 ad ,laetum ccxliii71 is no?+ less ?an t ea* "o %\ld r5\nce all 8 possessions4 ,yet x happ5s sometimes t _m _c d ?is1 nor keep o!r religi\s obs]vances2 & 9 signification ( ?is x is /at$ 7#a ,k+s #ag3ci7 t ,david c\ld n walk 9 ,saul's armor1 = he 0 n us$ to x4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem t "o ought n to ent] religion )\t long delib]ation be=eh& & tak+ c\nsel ( _m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,x is /at$ 7,matt4 #d3bj7 t ^u our ,"l's call+ !m1 ,pet] & ,&rew imm$iately leav+ _! nets1 foll[$ ,him4 ,"h ,*ryso/om says 7,hom4 xiv 9 ,mat?473 ,su* ob$i5ce z ?is does ,*ri/ require ( u1 t we delay n ev5 = a mom5t4 ,i answ] t1 ,long delib]ation & ! advice ( _m are requir$ 9 great matt]s ( d\bt1 z ! ,philosoph] says 7,e?ic4 iii1 #c72 :ile advice is unnecess>y 9 matt]s t are c]ta9 & fix$4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ent]+ religion ?ree po9ts may be consid]$4 ,fir/1 ! entrance itself into religion1 consid]$ by itself2 & ?us x is c]ta9 t entrance into religion is a great] good1 & to d\bt ab\t ?is is to disp>age ,*ri/ ,:o gave ?is c\nsel4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,de ,v]b4 ,dom41 ,s]m4 c1 #b73 ,! ,ea/1 t is ,*ri/1 calle? !e1 & ?\ turne/ to ! ,we/1 namely mortal & fallible man4 ,secondly1 ! entrance into religion may be consid]$ 9 relation to ! /r5g? ( ! p]son :o int5ds to ent]4 ,& "h aga9 !re is no room = d\bt ab\t ! entrance to religion1 s9ce ^? :o ent] religion tru/ n to be able to /ay by _! own p[]1 b by ! assi/ance ( ! div9e p[]1 accord+ to ,isa4 #dj3ca1 ,!y t hope 9 ! ,"l %all r5ew _! /r5g?1 !y %all take w+s z eagles1 !y %all run & n be we>y1 !y %all walk & n fa9t4 ,yet if !re be "s special ob/acle 7su* z bodily weakness1 a burd5 ( debts1 or ! l7 9 su* cases a man mu/ delib]ate & take c\nsel ) su* z are likely to help & n h9d] him4 ,h5ce x is writt5 7,ecclus4 #cg3ab73 ,treat ) a man )\t religion conc]n+ hol9ess 99,! ,d\ay v]sion supplies ! negative3 ',treat n 4 4 4 nor ) 4 4 4'1 ) an unju/ man conc]n+ ju/ice1 mean+ t "o %\ld n d s1 :]e=e ! text goes on 7,ecclus4 #cg3ad1 #ae71 ,give no he$ to ^! 9 any matt] ( c\nsel1 b be cont9ually ) a holy man4 ,9 ^! matt]s1 h[ev]1 "o %\ld n take long delib]ation4 ,:]e=e ,j]ome says 7,ep4 & ,paul94 liii73 ,ha/51 ,i pray !e1 cut (f r ?an loos5 ! rope t holds ! boat to ! %ore4 ,?irdly1 we may consid] ! way ( ent]+ religion1 & :i* ord] "o ought to ent]1 & ab\t su* matt]s also "o may take c\nsel ( ^? :o w n /& 9 "o's way4 ,reply ,obj4 #a3 ,! say+3 ,try ! spirits1 if !y be ( ,god1 applies to matt]s admitt+ ( d\bt :e!r ! spirits be ( ,god2 ?us ^? :o are already 9 religion may d\bt :e!r he :o (f]s himself to religion be l$ by ! _s ( ,god1 or be mov$ by hypocrisy4 ,:]e=e !y mu/ try ! po/ulant :e!r he be mov$ by ! div9e _s4 ,b = him :o seeks to ent] religion !re c be no d\bt b t ! purpose ( ent]+ religion to :i* 8 he>t has giv5 bir? is f ! _s ( ,god1 = x is ,8 _s t leads man into ! l& ( uprightness 7,ps4 #adb3aj74 ,nor does ?is prove t x is n ( ,god t "s turn back2 s9ce n all t is ( ,god is incorruptible3 else corruptible creatures w\ld n be ( ,god1 z ! ,mani*eans hold1 nor c\ld "s :o h grace f ,god lose x1 :i* is also h]etical4 ,b ,god's c\nsel :]eby ,he makes ev5 ?+s corruptible & *angeable1 is imp]i%able accord+ to ,isa4 #df3aj1 ,my c\nsel %all /& & all ,my w %all be done4 ,h5ce ! purpose ( ent]+ religion ne$s n to be tri$ :e!r x be ( ,god1 because x requires no fur!r demon/ration1 z a gloss says on #a ,!ss4 #e3ba1 ,prove all ?+s4 ,reply ,obj4 #b3 ,ev5 z ! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! _s 7,gal4 #e3ag71 s too c>nal fri5ds (t5 ?w>t our spiritual progress1 accord+ to ,mic4 #g3f1 ,a man's enemies are !y ( 8 own h\sehold4 ,:]e=e ,cyril exp\nd+ ,luke #i3fa1 ,let me fir/ take my leave ( !m t are at my h\se1 says 99,cf4 ,/4 ,?omas's ,cat5a ,aurea3 ,by ask+ fir/ to take 8 leave ( !m t 7 at 8 h\se1 he %[s he 0 some:at ( two m9ds4 ,= to communicate ) 8 neighbors1 & consult ^? :o are unwill+ to reli% righte\sness1 is an indication ( weakness & turn+ back4 ,h5ce he he>s our ,"l say3 ',no man putt+ 8 h& to ! pl\gh1 & look+ back1 is fit = ! k+dom ( ,god1' because he looks back :o seeks delay 9 ord] to g home & conf] ) 8 k9sfolk4 ,reply ,obj4 #c3 ,! build+ ( ! t[] signifies ! p]fection ( ,*ri/ian life2 & ! r5unciation ( "o's possessions is ! :]e)al to build ?is t[]4 ,n[ no "o d\bts or delib]ates ab\t wi%+ to h ! :]e)al1 or :e!r he is able to build ! t[] if he h ! :]e)al1 b :at does come "u delib]ation is :e!r "o has ! :]e)al4 ,aga9 x ne$ n be a matt] ( delib]ation :e!r "o ought to r5\nce all t "o has1 or :e!r by s do+ "o may be able to atta9 to p]fection2 :]eas x is a matt] ( delib]ation :e!r t :i* "o is do+ am\nts to ! r5unciation ( all t he has1 s9ce unless he does r5\nce 7:i* is to h ! :]e)al7 he _c1 z ! text goes on to /ate1 be ,*ri/'s disciple1 & ?is is to build ! t[]4 ,! misgiv+ ( ^? :o hesitate z to :e!r !y may be able to atta9 to p]fection by ent]+ religion is %[n by _m examples to be unreasonable4 ,h5ce ,augu/9e says 7,confess4 viii1 #aa73 ,on t side :i!r ,i _h set my face1 & :i!r ,i trembl$ to g1 !re appe>$ to me ! *a/e dignity ( cont95cy 4 4 4 hone/ly allur+ me to come & d\bt n1 & /ret*+ =? to receive & embrace me1 h] holy h&s full ( multitudes ( good examples4 ,!re 7 s _m "y m5 & maid5s "h1 a multitude ( y\? & e age1 grave wid[s & ag$ virg9s 4 4 4 ,& %e smil$ at me ) a p]suasive mock]y z ?\gh to say3 ,can/ n ?\ :at ^! y\?s & ^! maid5s c8 ,or c !y ei!r 9 !mselves1 & n r 9 ! ,"l _! ,god8 4 4 4 ,:y /&e/ ?\ 9 ?yself1 & s /&e/ n8 ,ca/ ?yself ^u ,him2 fe> n1 ,he w n )draw ,himself t ?\ %\ld/ fall4 ,ca/ ?yself fe>lessly ^u ,him3 ,he w receive & w heal !e4 ,! example quot$ ( ,david is n to ! po9t1 because ! arms ( ,saul1 z a gloss on ! passage obs]ves1 are ! sacram5ts ( ! ,law1 z be+ burd5some3 :]eas religion is ! sweet yoke ( ,*ri/1 = z ,gregory says 7,moral4 iv1 #cc71 :at burd5 does ,he lay on ! %\ld]s ( ! m9d1 ,:o comm&s u to %un all tr\blesome desires1 ,:o w>ns u to turn aside f ! r\gh pa?s ( ?is _w8 ,to ^? inde$ :o take ?is sweet yoke ^u !mselves ,he promises ! refre%m5t ( ! div9e fruition & ! et]nal re/ ( _! s\ls4 ,to :i* may ,he ,:o made ?is promise br+ u1 ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l1 ,:o is ov] all ?+s ,god bless$ = ev]4 ,am54